diff --git a/inferredbugs-0023/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0023/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2236fcfc01503283f5c239f52f0975a6d310874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0023/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** UABEA
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using AssetsTools.NET;
+using AssetsTools.NET.Extra;
+using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia.Collections;
+using Avalonia.Controls;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace UABEAvalonia
+{
+    public class AssetDataTreeView : TreeView
+    {
+        private AssetWorkspace workspace;
+
+        private AvaloniaList<TreeViewItem> ListItems => (AvaloniaList<TreeViewItem>)Items;
+
+        public void Init(AssetWorkspace workspace)
+        {
+            this.workspace = workspace;
+            Reset();
+        }
+
+        public void Reset()
+        {
+            Items = new AvaloniaList<TreeViewItem>();
+        }
+
+        public void LoadComponent(AssetContainer container)
+        {
+            if (workspace == null)
+                return;
+
+            AssetTypeValueField baseField = workspace.GetBaseField(container);
+            TreeViewItem baseItem = CreateTreeItem($"{baseField.GetFieldType()} {baseField.GetName()}");
+
+            TreeViewItem arrayIndexTreeItem = CreateTreeItem("Loading...");
+            baseItem.Items = new AvaloniaList<TreeViewItem>() { arrayIndexTreeItem };
+            ListItems.Add(baseItem);
+
+            SetTreeItemEvents(baseItem, container.FileInstance, container.PathId, baseField);
+            baseItem.IsExpanded = true;
+        }
+
+        private TreeViewItem CreateTreeItem(string text)
+        {
+            return new TreeViewItem() { Header = text };
+        }
+
+        //lazy load tree items. avalonia is really slow to load if
+        //we just throw everything in the treeview at once
+        private void SetTreeItemEvents(TreeViewItem item, AssetsFileInstance fromFile, long fromPathId, AssetTypeValueField field)
+        {
+            item.Tag = new AssetDataTreeViewItem(fromFile, fromPathId);
+            //avalonia's treeviews have no Expanded event so this is all we can do
+            var expandObs = item.GetObservable(TreeViewItem.IsExpandedProperty);
+            expandObs.Subscribe(isExpanded =>
+            {
+                AssetDataTreeViewItem itemInfo = (AssetDataTreeViewItem)item.Tag;
+                if (isExpanded && !itemInfo.loaded)
+                {
+                    itemInfo.loaded = true; //don't load this again
+                    TreeLoad(fromFile, field, fromPathId, item);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        private void SetPPtrEvents(TreeViewItem item, AssetsFileInstance fromFile, long fromPathId, AssetContainer cont)
+        {
+            item.Tag = new AssetDataTreeViewItem(fromFile, fromPathId);
+            var expandObs = item.GetObservable(TreeViewItem.IsExpandedProperty);
+            expandObs.Subscribe(isExpanded =>
+            {
+                AssetDataTreeViewItem itemInfo = (AssetDataTreeViewItem)item.Tag;
+                if (isExpanded && !itemInfo.loaded)
+                {
+                    itemInfo.loaded = true; //don't load this again
+
+                    if (cont != null)
+                    {
+                        AssetTypeValueField baseField = workspace.GetBaseField(cont);
+                        TreeViewItem baseItem = CreateTreeItem($"{baseField.GetFieldType()} {baseField.GetName()}");
+
+                        TreeViewItem arrayIndexTreeItem = CreateTreeItem("Loading...");
+                        baseItem.Items = new List<TreeViewItem>() { arrayIndexTreeItem };
+                        item.Items = new List<TreeViewItem>() { baseItem };
+                        SetTreeItemEvents(baseItem, cont.FileInstance, fromPathId, baseField);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        item.Items = new List<TreeViewItem>() { CreateTreeItem("[null asset]") };
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        private void TreeLoad(AssetsFileInstance fromFile, AssetTypeValueField assetField, long fromPathId, TreeViewItem treeItem)
+        {
+            if (assetField.childrenCount == 0) return;
+
+            int arrayIdx = 0;
+            List<TreeViewItem> items = new List<TreeViewItem>(assetField.childrenCount + 1);
+
+            AssetTypeTemplateField assetFieldTemplate = assetField.GetTemplateField();
+            bool isArray = assetFieldTemplate.isArray;
+
+            if (isArray)
+            {
+                int size = assetField.GetValue().AsArray().size;
+                AssetTypeTemplateField sizeTemplate = assetFieldTemplate.children[0];
+                TreeViewItem arrayIndexTreeItem = CreateTreeItem($"{sizeTemplate.type} {sizeTemplate.name} = {size}");
+                items.Add(arrayIndexTreeItem);
+            }
+
+            foreach (AssetTypeValueField childField in assetField.children)
+            {
+                if (childField == null) return;
+                string value = "";
+                if (childField.GetValue() != null)
+                {
+                    EnumValueTypes evt = childField.GetValue().GetValueType();
+                    string quote = "";
+                    if (evt == EnumValueTypes.String) quote = "\"";
+                    if (1 <= (int)evt && (int)evt <= 12)
+                    {
+                        value = $" = {quote}{childField.GetValue().AsString()}{quote}";
+                    }
+                    if (evt == EnumValueTypes.Array ||
+                        evt == EnumValueTypes.ByteArray)
+                    {
+                        value = $" (size {childField.childrenCount})";
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (isArray)
+                {
+                    TreeViewItem arrayIndexTreeItem = CreateTreeItem($"{arrayIdx}");
+                    items.Add(arrayIndexTreeItem);
+
+                    TreeViewItem childTreeItem = CreateTreeItem($"{childField.GetFieldType()} {childField.GetName()}{value}");
+                    arrayIndexTreeItem.Items = new List<TreeViewItem>() { childTreeItem };
+
+                    if (childField.childrenCount > 0)
+                    {
+                        TreeViewItem dummyItem = CreateTreeItem("Loading...");
+                        childTreeItem.Items = new List<TreeViewItem>() { dummyItem };
+                        SetTreeItemEvents(childTreeItem, fromFile, fromPathId, childField);
+                    }
+
+                    arrayIdx++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    TreeViewItem childTreeItem = CreateTreeItem($"{childField.GetFieldType()} {childField.GetName()}{value}");
+                    items.Add(childTreeItem);
+
+                    if (childField.childrenCount > 0)
+                    {
+                        TreeViewItem dummyItem = CreateTreeItem("Loading...");
+                        childTreeItem.Items = new List<TreeViewItem>() { dummyItem };
+                        SetTreeItemEvents(childTreeItem, fromFile, fromPathId, childField);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            string templateFieldType = assetField.templateField.type;
+            if (templateFieldType.StartsWith("PPtr<") && templateFieldType.EndsWith(">"))
+            {
+                var fileIdField = assetField.Get("m_FileID");
+                var pathIdField = assetField.Get("m_PathID");
+                bool pptrValid = !fileIdField.IsDummy() && !pathIdField.IsDummy();
+
+                if (pptrValid)
+                {
+                    int fileId = fileIdField.GetValue().AsInt();
+                    long pathId = pathIdField.GetValue().AsInt64();
+
+                    AssetContainer cont = workspace.GetAssetContainer(fromFile, fileId, pathId, false);
+
+                    TreeViewItem childTreeItem = CreateTreeItem($"[view asset]");
+                    items.Add(childTreeItem);
+
+                    TreeViewItem dummyItem = CreateTreeItem("Loading...");
+                    childTreeItem.Items = new List<TreeViewItem>() { dummyItem };
+                    SetPPtrEvents(childTreeItem, fromFile, pathId, cont);
+                }
+            }
+
+            treeItem.Items = items;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class AssetDataTreeViewItem
+    {
+        public bool loaded;
+        public AssetsFileInstance fromFile;
+        public long fromPathId;
+
+        public AssetDataTreeViewItem(AssetsFileInstance fromFile, long fromPathId)
+        {
+            this.loaded = false;
+            this.fromFile = fromFile;
+            this.fromPathId = fromPathId;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `baseField` last assigned on line 36 could be null and is dereferenced at line 38, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AssetDataTreeView.LoadComponent(AssetContainer)
+
+### File:
+UABEAvalonia/AssetDataTreeView.cs
+
+### Key:
+AssetDataTreeView.cs|LoadComponent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0a2f2289efc1b4f27401d167fdf3ab36
+
+### Hash:
+ae3ba6ba176748ccddff32104e180bcf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0024/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0024/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ca401d70f6ed9e3e9dcaf5a236ba5ea56f239d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0024/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** luban
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Luban.Common.Utils
+{
+    public static class LogUtil
+    {
+        public static void InitSimpleNLogConfigure(NLog.LogLevel minConsoleLogLevel)
+        {
+            var logConfig = new NLog.Config.LoggingConfiguration();
+            //var layout = NLog.Layouts.Layout.FromString("${longdate}|${level:uppercase=true}|${threadid}|${message}${onexception:${newline}${exception:format=tostring}${exception:format=StackTrace}}");
+            var layout = NLog.Layouts.Layout.FromString("${longdate}|${message}${onexception:${newline}${exception:format=tostring}${exception:format=StackTrace}}");
+            logConfig.AddTarget("console", new NLog.Targets.ColoredConsoleTarget() { Layout = layout });
+            logConfig.AddRule(minConsoleLogLevel, NLog.LogLevel.Fatal, "console");
+            NLog.LogManager.Configuration = logConfig;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of NLog.Targets.ColoredConsoleTarget::.ctor() at Line 10) of type NLog.Targets.ColoredConsoleTarget in method "Void LogUtil.InitSimpleNLogConfigure(LogLevel)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void LogUtil.InitSimpleNLogConfigure(LogLevel)
+
+### File:
+src/Luban.Common/Source/Utils/LogUtil.cs
+
+### Key:
+LogUtil.cs|InitSimpleNLogConfigure|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+33fce8b9796d5ea4930c2b3942928fd5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0102/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0102/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..021da3c7549c18566363241ec0feccb35ddecbec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0102/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mandrill-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Mandrill.Requests;
+using Mandrill.Utilities;
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Mandrill.Tests.UnitTests
+{
+  public class PostTests : IDisposable
+  {
+    public PostTests()
+    {
+      var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+      var messageHandler = new FakeHttpMessageHandler(responseMessage);
+      httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler);
+    }
+    public void Dispose() {
+      httpClient?.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    private void RespondWith(MandrillApi api, HttpStatusCode statusCode, string content)
+    {
+      var responseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage(statusCode);
+      responseMessage.Content = new FakeHttpContent(content);
+      var messageHandler = new FakeHttpMessageHandler(responseMessage);
+      var httpClient = new HttpClient(messageHandler)
+      {
+          BaseAddress = new Uri(Configuration.BASE_SECURE_URL)
+      };
+      api.SetHttpClient(httpClient);
+    }
+
+    private HttpClient httpClient;
+
+    private class SampleObject
+    {
+      public string Name { get; set; }
+      public int Id { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    private class SamplePayload : RequestBase
+    {
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Should_Serialize_Response_When_Json_Content_Is_Recieved()
+    {
+      string responseString = @"{
+	      ""Name"": ""Shawn"",
+	      ""Id"": 1
+      }";
+      var api = new MandrillApi("");
+      RespondWith(api, HttpStatusCode.OK, responseString);
+
+      SampleObject response = await api.Post<SampleObject>("", new SamplePayload());
+
+      Assert.Equal("Shawn", response.Name);
+      Assert.Equal(1, response.Id);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Should_Throw_Mandrill_Exception_When_Server_Error()
+    {
+      string responseString = @"{
+	      ""code"": ""501"",
+	      ""message"": ""m1"",
+	      ""name"": ""n1"",
+	      ""status"": ""s1""
+      }";
+
+      var api = new MandrillApi("");
+      RespondWith(api, HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError, responseString);
+
+      var ex = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<MandrillException>(async () => await api.Post<object>("", new SamplePayload()));
+      Assert.Equal(501, ex.Error.Code);
+      Assert.Equal("m1", ex.Error.Message);
+      Assert.Equal("n1", ex.Error.Name);
+      Assert.Equal("s1", ex.Error.Status);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Should_Allow_Multiple_Requests_With_Single_HttpClient()
+    {
+        string responseString = @"{
+	    ""Name"": ""Shawn"",
+	    ""Id"": 1
+        }";
+        var api = new MandrillApi("");
+        RespondWith(api, HttpStatusCode.OK, responseString);
+        await api.Post<SampleObject>("", new SamplePayload());
+        await api.Post<SampleObject>("", new SamplePayload());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Should_Throw_Mandrill_Exception_When_Serialization_Error()
+    {
+      string responseString = @"<html></html>";
+
+      var api = new MandrillApi("");
+      RespondWith(api, HttpStatusCode.OK, responseString);
+
+      var ex = await Assert.ThrowsAsync<MandrillSerializationException>(async () => await api.Post<object>("", new SamplePayload()));
+      var content = await ex.HttpResponseMessage.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+      Assert.Equal(responseString, content);
+    }
+    public class FakeHttpMessageHandler : HttpMessageHandler
+    {
+      private HttpResponseMessage response;
+
+      public FakeHttpMessageHandler(HttpResponseMessage response)
+      {
+        this.response = response;
+      }
+
+      protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+      {
+        var responseTask = new TaskCompletionSource<HttpResponseMessage>();
+        responseTask.SetResult(response);
+
+        return responseTask.Task;
+      }
+    }
+
+    public class FakeHttpContent : HttpContent
+    {
+      public string Content { get; set; }
+
+      public FakeHttpContent(string content)
+      {
+        Content = content;
+      }
+
+      protected override async Task SerializeToStreamAsync(Stream stream, TransportContext context)
+      {
+        byte[] byteArray = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(Content);
+        await stream.WriteAsync(byteArray, 0, Content.Length).ConfigureAwait(false);
+      }
+
+      protected override bool TryComputeLength(out long length)
+      {
+        length = Content.Length;
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource httpClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient, Leaked resource messageHandler of type Mandrill.Tests.UnitTests.PostTests$FakeHttpMessageHandler, Leaked resource responseMessage of type System.Net.Http.HttpResponseMessage, Leaked resource (output of Mandrill.Tests.UnitTests.PostTests$FakeHttpContent::.ctor() at Line 29) of type Mandrill.Tests.UnitTests.PostTests$FakeHttpContent in method "Void PostTests.RespondWith(MandrillApi,HttpStatusCode,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PostTests.RespondWith(MandrillApi,HttpStatusCode,String)
+
+### File:
+tests/Mandrill.Tests/UnitTests/PostTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+PostTests.cs|RespondWith|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+61c50933994f3a8d1b0e87779d82a058
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0105/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0105/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84a49d49fbb8875b5043f6d339f7b7c5d47bbb12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0105/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-functions-openapi-extension
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+using System.Linq;
+
+using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.OpenApi.Core.Abstractions;
+using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.OpenApi.Core.Attributes;
+using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.OpenApi.Core.Extensions;
+
+using Microsoft.OpenApi.Any;
+using Microsoft.OpenApi.Models;
+
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.OpenApi.Core.Visitors
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This represents the visitor entity for type. This MUST be inherited.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class TypeVisitor : IVisitor
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="TypeVisitor"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="visitorCollection"><see cref="VisitorCollection"/> instance.</param>
+        protected TypeVisitor(VisitorCollection visitorCollection)
+        {
+            this.VisitorCollection = visitorCollection.ThrowIfNullOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="Type"/> object.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected Type Type { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="VisitorCollection"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected VisitorCollection VisitorCollection { get; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public virtual bool IsVisitable(Type type)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public virtual void Visit(IAcceptor acceptor, KeyValuePair<string, Type> type, NamingStrategy namingStrategy, params Attribute[] attributes)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public virtual bool IsNavigatable(Type type)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public virtual bool IsParameterVisitable(Type type)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public virtual OpenApiSchema ParameterVisit(Type type, NamingStrategy namingStrategy)
+        {
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public virtual bool IsPayloadVisitable(Type type)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public virtual OpenApiSchema PayloadVisit(Type type, NamingStrategy namingStrategy)
+        {
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether the type is visitable or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">Type to check.</param>
+        /// <param name="code"><see cref="TypeCode"/> value.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns <c>True</c>, if the type is visitable; otherwise returns <c>False</c>.</returns>
+        protected bool IsVisitable(Type type, TypeCode code)
+        {
+            var @enum = Type.GetTypeCode(type);
+            var isVisitable = @enum == code;
+
+            if (isVisitable)
+            {
+                this.Type = type;
+            }
+
+            return isVisitable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether the type can be referenced or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">Type to check.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns <c>True</c>, if the type can be referenced; otherwise returns <c>False</c>.</returns>
+        protected bool IsReferential(Type type)
+        {
+            var isReferential = type.IsReferentialType();
+
+            return isReferential;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Visits and processes the acceptor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="acceptor"><see cref="IAcceptor"/> instance.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">Property name.</param>
+        /// <param name="title">Type name.</param>
+        /// <param name="dataType">Data type.</param>
+        /// <param name="dataFormat">Data format.</param>
+        /// <param name="attributes">List of attribute instances.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns the name as the schema key.</returns>
+        protected string Visit(IAcceptor acceptor, string name, string title, string dataType, string dataFormat, params Attribute[] attributes)
+        {
+            var instance = acceptor as OpenApiSchemaAcceptor;
+            if (instance.IsNullOrDefault())
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (instance.Schemas.ContainsKey(name))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var schema = new OpenApiSchema()
+            {
+                Title = title,
+                Type = dataType,
+                Format = dataFormat
+            };
+
+            // Adds the extra properties.
+            if (attributes.Any())
+            {
+                schema.ApplyValidationAttributes(attributes.OfType<ValidationAttribute>());
+
+                Attribute attr = attributes.OfType<OpenApiPropertyAttribute>().SingleOrDefault();
+                if (!attr.IsNullOrDefault())
+                {
+                    if (dataType != "object")
+                    {
+                        schema.Nullable = this.GetOpenApiPropertyNullable(attr as OpenApiPropertyAttribute);
+                        schema.Default = this.GetOpenApiPropertyDefault(attr as OpenApiPropertyAttribute);
+                    }
+                    schema.Description = this.GetOpenApiPropertyDescription(attr as OpenApiPropertyAttribute);
+                }
+
+                attr = attributes.OfType<OpenApiSchemaVisibilityAttribute>().SingleOrDefault();
+                if (!attr.IsNullOrDefault())
+                {
+                    var extension = new OpenApiString((attr as OpenApiSchemaVisibilityAttribute).Visibility.ToDisplayName());
+
+                    schema.Extensions.Add("x-ms-visibility", extension);
+                }
+            }
+
+            instance.Schemas.Add(name, schema);
+
+            return name;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Visits and processes the <see cref="OpenApiSchema"/> for parameters.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dataType">Data type.</param>
+        /// <param name="dataFormat">Data format.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns <see cref="OpenApiSchema"/> instance.</returns>
+        protected OpenApiSchema ParameterVisit(string dataType, string dataFormat)
+        {
+            var schema = new OpenApiSchema()
+            {
+                Type = dataType,
+                Format = dataFormat
+            };
+
+            return schema;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Visits and processes the <see cref="OpenApiSchema"/> for payloads.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dataType">Data type.</param>
+        /// <param name="dataFormat">Data format.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns <see cref="OpenApiSchema"/> instance.</returns>
+        protected OpenApiSchema PayloadVisit(string dataType, string dataFormat)
+        {
+            var schema = new OpenApiSchema()
+            {
+                Type = dataType,
+                Format = dataFormat
+            };
+
+            return schema;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value indicating whether the property is nullable or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="attr"><see cref="OpenApiPropertyAttribute"/> instance.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns <c>True</c>, if nullable; otherwise returns <c>False</c>.</returns>
+        protected bool GetOpenApiPropertyNullable(OpenApiPropertyAttribute attr)
+        {
+            return attr.Nullable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the default value from the <see cref="OpenApiPropertyAttribute"/> instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="attr"><see cref="OpenApiPropertyAttribute"/> instance.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns the default data.</returns>
+        protected IOpenApiAny GetOpenApiPropertyDefault(OpenApiPropertyAttribute attr)
+        {
+            var @default = attr.Default;
+            if (@default.IsNullOrDefault())
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (@default is bool)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiBoolean((bool) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is DateTime)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiDateTime((DateTime) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is DateTimeOffset)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiDateTime((DateTimeOffset) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is float)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiFloat((float) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is double)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiDouble((double) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is decimal)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiDouble(Convert.ToDouble(@default));
+            }
+
+            if (@default is short)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger((short) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is int)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger((int) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is long)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiLong((long) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is ushort)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger(Convert.ToInt16(@default));
+            }
+
+            if (@default is uint)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger(Convert.ToInt32(@default));
+            }
+
+            if (@default is ulong)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiLong(Convert.ToInt64(@default));
+            }
+
+            if (@default is Guid)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiString(Convert.ToString(@default));
+            }
+
+            return new OpenApiString((string) @default);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the default value from the <see cref="OpenApiPropertyAttribute"/> instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type to compare.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="attr"><see cref="OpenApiPropertyAttribute"/> instance.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns the default data.</returns>
+        protected IOpenApiAny GetOpenApiPropertyDefault<T>(OpenApiPropertyAttribute attr)
+        {
+            var @default = attr.Default;
+            if (@default.IsNullOrDefault())
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (typeof(T) == typeof(short))
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger((short) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (typeof(T) == typeof(int))
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger((int) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (typeof(T) == typeof(long))
+            {
+                return new OpenApiLong((long) @default);
+            }
+
+            if (@default is ushort)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger(Convert.ToInt16(@default));
+            }
+
+            if (@default is uint)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiInteger(Convert.ToInt32(@default));
+            }
+
+            if (@default is ulong)
+            {
+                return new OpenApiLong(Convert.ToInt64(@default));
+            }
+
+            if (typeof(T) == typeof(string) && @default.GetType().IsEnumType())
+            {
+                var @enum = (Enum)Convert.ChangeType(@default, typeof(Enum));
+
+                return new OpenApiString((string) EnumExtensions.ToDisplayName(@enum));
+            }
+
+            return new OpenApiString((string) @default);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the property description.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="attr"><see cref="OpenApiPropertyAttribute"/> instance.</param>
+        /// <returns>Returns the property description.</returns>
+        protected string GetOpenApiPropertyDescription(OpenApiPropertyAttribute attr)
+        {
+            return attr.Description;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `instance` last assigned on line 125 could be null and is dereferenced at line 131, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String TypeVisitor.Visit(IAcceptor,String,String,String,String,Attribute[])
+
+### File:
+src/Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.OpenApi.Core/Visitors/TypeVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+TypeVisitor.cs|Visit|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cd898c0a5096d52146136ed94834c132
+
+### Hash:
+4f0543853d960e01f9c15cc682e178ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0133/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0133/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3475fbf674d8ecc279469bd60cafc16206f3062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0133/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Rhisis
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Design;
+using Rhisis.Core.Common;
+using Rhisis.Core.DependencyInjection;
+using Rhisis.Core.Helpers;
+using Rhisis.Database.Context;
+using System;
+
+namespace Rhisis.Database
+{
+    public sealed class DatabaseFactory : Singleton<DatabaseFactory>, IDesignTimeDbContextFactory<DatabaseContext>
+    {
+        private const string MigrationConfigurationEnv = "DB_CONFIG";
+
+        public DatabaseConfiguration Configuration { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize the <see cref="DatabaseFactory"/> and Data Access Layer assembly.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Initialize()
+        {
+            DependencyContainer.Instance.Register<IDatabase, Database>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize the <see cref="DatabaseFactory"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="databaseConfigurationPath"></param>
+        public void Initialize(string databaseConfigurationPath) 
+            => this.Initialize(ConfigurationHelper.Load<DatabaseConfiguration>(databaseConfigurationPath));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize the <see cref="DatabaseFactory"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="configuration">Database configuration object</param>
+        public void Initialize(DatabaseConfiguration configuration)
+        {
+            this.Configuration = configuration;
+
+            using (var dbContext = this.CreateDbContext())
+            {
+                dbContext.Migrate();
+                if (!dbContext.DatabaseExists())
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"The database '{this.Configuration.Database}' doesn't exists.");
+            }
+
+            this.Initialize();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="DatabaseContext"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DatabaseContext CreateDbContext() => this.CreateDbContext(this.Configuration);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="DatabaseContext"/> with a specific configuration.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="configuration"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DatabaseContext CreateDbContext(DatabaseConfiguration configuration) => new DatabaseContext(configuration);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="DatabaseContext"/> by passing context options.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="options"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public DatabaseContext CreateDbContext(DbContextOptions options) => new DatabaseContext(options);
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public DatabaseContext CreateDbContext(string[] args)
+        {
+            var configurationPath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(MigrationConfigurationEnv);
+            var configuration = ConfigurationHelper.Load<DatabaseConfiguration>(configurationPath);
+            var context = new DatabaseContext(configuration);
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(configurationPath) && !context.DatabaseExists())
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"The database '{configuration.Database}' doesn't exists.");
+
+            return context;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext, Leaked resource context of type Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext in method "DatabaseContext DatabaseFactory.CreateDbContext(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+DatabaseContext DatabaseFactory.CreateDbContext(String[])
+
+### File:
+src/Rhisis.Database/DatabaseFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseFactory.cs|CreateDbContext|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a0b28d053da435d30dff346c03fbb819
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0134/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0134/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8b1a89d38bd3d2bb803b846c22b9544fa513a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0134/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Rhisis
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Rhisis.Game.Abstractions.Entities;
+using Rhisis.Game.Abstractions.Features;
+using Rhisis.Game.Abstractions.Systems;
+using Rhisis.Game.Common;
+using Rhisis.Network;
+using Rhisis.Network.Snapshots;
+using System;
+
+namespace Rhisis.Game.Abstractions.Components
+{
+    public class Health : IHealth
+    {
+        private readonly IMover _mover;
+        private readonly Lazy<IHealthFormulas> _healthFormulas;
+
+        public bool IsDead => Hp < 0;
+
+        public int Hp { get; set; }
+
+        public int Mp { get; set; }
+
+        public int Fp { get; set; }
+
+        public int MaxHp => _healthFormulas.Value.GetMaxHp(_mover);
+
+        public int MaxMp => _healthFormulas.Value.GetMaxMp(_mover);
+
+        public int MaxFp => _healthFormulas.Value.GetMaxFp(_mover);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <see cref="Health"/> instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="player">Current player.</param>
+        public Health(IMover mover)
+        {
+            _mover = mover;
+            _healthFormulas = new Lazy<IHealthFormulas>(() => mover.Systems.GetService<IHealthFormulas>());
+        }
+
+        public void RegenerateAll()
+        {
+            Hp = MaxHp;
+            Mp = MaxMp;
+            Fp = MaxFp;
+
+            using var healthSnapshot = new FFSnapshot();
+            healthSnapshot.Merge(new UpdateParamPointSnapshot(_mover, DefineAttributes.HP, Hp));
+            healthSnapshot.Merge(new UpdateParamPointSnapshot(_mover, DefineAttributes.MP, Mp));
+            healthSnapshot.Merge(new UpdateParamPointSnapshot(_mover, DefineAttributes.FP, Fp));
+
+            _mover.SendToVisible(healthSnapshot);
+
+            if (_mover is IPlayer)
+            {
+                _mover.Send(healthSnapshot);
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Rhisis.Network.Snapshots.UpdateParamPointSnapshot::.ctor() at Line 50) of type Sylver.Network.Data.NetPacketStream, Leaked resource (output of Rhisis.Network.Snapshots.UpdateParamPointSnapshot::.ctor() at Line 49) of type Sylver.Network.Data.NetPacketStream, Leaked resource (output of Rhisis.Network.Snapshots.UpdateParamPointSnapshot::.ctor() at Line 48) of type Sylver.Network.Data.NetPacketStream in method "Void Health.RegenerateAll()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Health.RegenerateAll()
+
+### File:
+src/Rhisis.Game/Features/Health.cs
+
+### Key:
+Health.cs|RegenerateAll|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+62a7a3edfca648cef7d92b28d56f8518
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0150/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0150/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79cd1ec20a83b62b40e0d8d98fa7a45fb259456f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0150/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Drawing.Imaging;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Information about media file
+    /// </summary>
+    public class VideoInfo : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     _sourceFile info
+        /// </summary>
+
+        public readonly string FilePath;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Return extension of file
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FilePath);
+
+        private FFMpeg _ffmpeg;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Fires when conversion progress changed
+        /// </summary>
+        public ConversionHandler OnConversionProgress;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sourceFileInfo">_sourceFile</param>
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo) : this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">FilePath to file</param>
+        public VideoInfo(string filePath)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {filePath} doesn't exists.");
+            }
+            FilePath = filePath;
+            new FFProbe().ProbeDetails(this);
+        }
+
+        private FFMpeg FFmpeg
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(_ffmpeg != null &&
+                   _ffmpeg.IsRunning)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Operation on this file is in progress.");
+
+                return _ffmpeg ?? (_ffmpeg = new FFMpeg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     duration of video
+        /// </summary>
+        public TimeSpan Duration { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Audio format
+        /// </summary>
+        public string AudioFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Video format
+        /// </summary>
+        public string VideoFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Screen ratio
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Ratio { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Frame rate
+        /// </summary>
+        public double FrameRate { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Height
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Height { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Width
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Width { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     size
+        /// </summary>
+        public double Size { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get the ffmpeg process status
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsRunning => FFmpeg.IsRunning;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Create VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileInfo">_sourceFile</param>
+        /// <returns>VideoInfo</returns>
+        public static VideoInfo FromFile(FileInfo fileInfo)
+        {
+            return new VideoInfo(fileInfo);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get formated info about video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Formated info about vidoe</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Video FilePath : " + FilePath + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Root : " + Path.GetDirectoryName(FilePath)+ Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Name: " + Path.GetFileName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Extension : " + Extension + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video duration : " + Duration + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Audio format : " + AudioFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video format : " + VideoFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Aspect Ratio : " + Ratio + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Framerate : " + FrameRate + "fps" + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Resolution : " + Width + "x" + Height + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Size : " + Size + " MB";
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to TS
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToTs(string outputPath)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToTs(this, outputPath);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to WebM
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToWebM(string outputPath, VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToWebM(this, outputPath, size, audioQuality);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to OGV
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">Use multithread</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToOgv(string outputPath, VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToOgv(this, outputPath, size, audioQuality, multithread);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to MP4
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="speed">Conversion speed</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">Use multithread</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToMp4(string outputPath, Speed speed = Speed.SuperFast,
+            VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToMp4(this, outputPath, speed, size, audioQuality, multithread);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Extract video from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output audio stream</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool ExtractVideo(string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.ExtractVideo(this, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Extract audio from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output video stream</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool ExtractAudio(string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.ExtractAudio(this, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Add audio to file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="audio">Audio file</param>
+        /// <param name="output">Output file</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool AddAudio(FileInfo audio, string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.AddAudio(this, audio, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get snapshot of video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension of snapshot</param>
+        /// <param name="captureTime"></param>
+        /// <returns>Snapshot</returns>
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            var output = $"{Environment.TickCount}.png";
+
+            bool success = FFmpeg.Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(output))
+            {
+                using(var ms = new MemoryStream())
+                {
+                    bmp.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
+
+                    result = new Bitmap(ms);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(File.Exists(output))
+                File.Delete(output);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Saves snapshot of video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension of snapshot</param>
+        /// <param name="captureTime"></param>
+        /// <returns>Snapshot</returns>
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(string output, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            bool success = FFmpeg.Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(System.IO.Path.ChangeExtension(output, ".png")))
+            {
+                result = (Bitmap) bmp.Clone();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Concat multiple videos
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Concatenated videos</param>
+        /// <param name="videos">Videos to add</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool JoinWith(string output, params VideoInfo[] videos)
+        {
+            List<VideoInfo> queuedVideos = videos.ToList();
+
+            queuedVideos.Insert(0, this);
+
+            return FFmpeg.Join(output, queuedVideos.ToArray());
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            FFmpeg.Stop();
+            _ffmpeg?.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 286) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg in method "Bitmap VideoInfo.Snapshot(String,Nullable`1<!0>,Nullable`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Bitmap VideoInfo.Snapshot(String,Nullable`1<!0>,Nullable`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|Snapshot|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+92597941ea68210d8e69b13d90bd76c8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0151/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0151/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc4b9d2294fc15698ec3e5ad3d9fb8561962d514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0151/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.IO;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg.Test
+{
+    public class VideoInfoTests
+
+    {
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideoWithAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "input.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleAudio = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "audio.mp3"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "mute.mp4"));
+        private static readonly FileInfo SampleMkvVideo = new FileInfo(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "Resources", "sampleMkv.mkv"));
+
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToTs()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".ts");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToTs(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToWebM()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".webm");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToWebM(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToOGV()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".ogv");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToOgv(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ToMp4()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleMkvVideo;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".mp4");
+
+            VideoInfo outputVideo = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ToMp4(output);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(outputVideo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), outputVideo.Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddAudio()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideo);
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.AddAudio(SampleAudio, output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+            Assert.Equal(videoInfo.Duration, new VideoInfo(output).Duration);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractAudio()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), ".mp3");
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractAudio(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ExtractVideo()
+        {
+            FileInfo fileInfo = SampleVideoWithAudio;
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), fileInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = new VideoInfo(fileInfo).ExtractVideo(output);
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void JoinWith()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            var output = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), videoInfo.Extension);
+
+            bool result = videoInfo.JoinWith(output, new VideoInfo(SampleVideo));
+
+            Assert.True(result);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void MkvPropertiesTest()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleMkvVideo);
+
+            Assert.Equal("none", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mkv", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(29.97, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(1080, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(1920, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("sampleMkv.mkv", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("16:9", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void PropertiesTest()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+
+            Assert.Equal("aac", videoInfo.AudioFormat);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(13), videoInfo.Duration);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.Equal(".mp4", videoInfo.Extension);
+            Assert.Equal(25, videoInfo.FrameRate);
+            Assert.Equal(720, videoInfo.Height);
+            Assert.Equal(1280, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.Equal("input.mp4", Path.GetFileName(videoInfo.FilePath));
+            Assert.False(videoInfo.IsRunning);
+            Assert.Equal("16:9", videoInfo.Ratio);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Snapshot()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot();
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void SnapshotWithOutput()
+        {
+            var videoInfo = new VideoInfo(SampleVideoWithAudio);
+            var output = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), Guid.NewGuid() + Extensions.Png); 
+            Image snapshot = videoInfo.Snapshot(output);
+
+            Assert.Equal(snapshot.Width, videoInfo.Width);
+            Assert.True(File.Exists(output));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource outputVideo of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo, Leaked resource (output of Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::.ctor() at Line 46) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo in method "Void VideoInfoTests.ToOGV()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void VideoInfoTests.ToOGV()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg.Test/VideoInfoTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfoTests.cs|ToOGV|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9ad643a6d4c49516eccb2a12f7481a84
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0158/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0158/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..507df19163d533b1f3258255686ded466c3f2b2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0158/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Drawing.Imaging;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo" />
+    public class VideoInfo: IDisposable, IVideoInfo
+    {
+        private FFMpeg _ffmpeg;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo): this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">FilePath to file</param>
+        public VideoInfo(string filePath)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(filePath))
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {filePath} doesn't exists.");
+            FilePath = filePath;
+            new FFProbe().ProbeDetails(this);
+        }
+
+        private FFMpeg FFmpeg
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(_ffmpeg != null &&
+                   _ffmpeg.IsRunning)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Operation on this file is in progress.");
+
+                return _ffmpeg ?? (_ffmpeg = new FFMpeg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.Dispose" />
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            FFmpeg.Stop();
+            _ffmpeg?.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string FilePath { get; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public ConversionHandler OnConversionProgress { get; set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FilePath);
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public TimeSpan Duration { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string AudioFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string VideoFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Ratio { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double FrameRate { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Height { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Width { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double Size { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool IsRunning => FFmpeg.IsRunning;
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.ToString" />
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Video FilePath : " + FilePath + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Root : " + Path.GetDirectoryName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Name: " + Path.GetFileName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Extension : " + Extension + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video duration : " + Duration + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Audio format : " + AudioFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video format : " + VideoFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Aspect Ratio : " + Ratio + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Framerate : " + FrameRate + "fps" + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Resolution : " + Width + "x" + Height + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Size : " + Size + " MB";
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool ToTs(string outputPath)
+        {
+            return new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Video, Filter.H264_Mp4ToAnnexB)
+                .SetCodec(VideoCodec.MpegTs)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                .Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool ToWebM(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal)
+        {
+            return new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibVpx, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                .Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool ToOgv(string outputPath, string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            return new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibTheora, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(16)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.LibVorbis, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                .Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool ToMp4(string outputPath, Speed speed = Speed.SuperFast,
+            string size = "", AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            return new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(FilePath)
+                .UseMultiThread(multithread)
+                .SetScale(size)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibX264, 2400)
+                .SetSpeed(speed)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, audioQuality)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                .Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool ExtractVideo(string output)
+        {
+            return new Conversion().SetInput(this.FilePath)
+                                   .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                   .DisableChannel(Channel.Audio)
+                                   .SetOutput(output)
+                                   .Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool ExtractAudio(string output)
+        {
+            return new Conversion().SetInput(FilePath)
+                                               .DisableChannel(Channel.Video)
+                                               .SetOutput(output)
+                                               .Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool AddAudio(FileInfo audio, string output)
+        {
+            return new Conversion().SetInput(new FileInfo(this.FilePath), audio)
+                                   .StreamCopy(Channel.Video)
+                                   .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, AudioQuality.Hd)
+                                   .SetOutput(output)
+                                   .Start();
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            string output = $"{Environment.TickCount}.png";
+
+            bool success = this.Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(output))
+            {
+                using(var ms = new MemoryStream())
+                {
+                    bmp.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
+
+                    result = new Bitmap(ms);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(File.Exists(output))
+                File.Delete(output);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(string output, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            bool success = Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(Path.ChangeExtension(output, ".png")))
+            {
+                result = (Bitmap) bmp.Clone();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Saves snapshot of video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source">Video</param>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Output file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension of snapshot</param>
+        /// <param name="captureTime"></param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public bool Snapshot(VideoInfo source, string outputPath, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            if (captureTime == null)
+                captureTime = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(source.Duration.TotalSeconds / 3);
+
+            size = GetSize(source, size);
+
+            return new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(source.FilePath)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.Png)
+                .SetOutputFramesCount(1)
+                .SetSeek(captureTime)
+                .SetSize(size)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                .Start();
+        }
+
+        private static Size? GetSize(VideoInfo source, Size? size)
+        {
+            if (size == null ||
+                size.Value.Height == 0 && size.Value.Width == 0)
+                size = new Size(source.Width, source.Height);
+
+            if (size.Value.Width != size.Value.Height)
+            {
+                if (size.Value.Width == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Width / (double)size.Value.Width;
+
+                    size = new Size((int)(source.Width * ratio), (int)(source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+
+                if (size.Value.Height == 0)
+                {
+                    double ratio = source.Height / (double)size.Value.Height;
+
+                    size = new Size((int)(source.Width * ratio), (int)(source.Height * ratio));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Adds a poster image to an audio file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="image">Source image file.</param>
+        /// <param name="audio">Source audio file.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Output video file.</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool PosterWithAudio(FileInfo image, FileInfo audio, string outputPath)
+        {
+            return new Conversion()
+                .SetInput(image, audio)
+                .SetLoop(1)
+                .SetVideo(VideoCodec.LibX264, 2400)
+                .SetAudio(AudioCodec.Aac, AudioQuality.Normal)
+                .UseShortest(true)
+                .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                .Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Records M3U8 streams to the specified output.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="uri">URI to stream.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Output file</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool SaveM3U8Stream(Uri uri, string outputPath)
+        {
+            if (uri.Scheme != "http" ||
+                uri.Scheme != "https")
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid uri {uri.AbsolutePath}");
+
+            return new Conversion().SetInput(uri)
+                                               .SetOutput(outputPath)
+                                               .Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public bool JoinWith(string output, params VideoInfo[] videos)
+        {
+            List<VideoInfo> queuedVideos = videos.ToList();
+
+            queuedVideos.Insert(0, this);
+
+            var pathList = new List<string>();
+
+            foreach (VideoInfo video in videos)
+            {
+                string tempFileName = Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetTempFileName(), Extensions.Ts);
+                pathList.Add(tempFileName);
+                video.ToTs(tempFileName);
+            }
+
+            return new Conversion().Concat(pathList.ToArray())
+                                               .StreamCopy(Channel.Both)
+                                               .SetBitstreamFilter(Channel.Audio, Filter.Aac_AdtstoAsc)
+                                               .SetOutput(output)
+                                               .Start();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Create VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileInfo">_sourceFile</param>
+        /// <returns>VideoInfo</returns>
+        public static IVideoInfo FromFile(FileInfo fileInfo)
+        {
+            return new VideoInfo(fileInfo);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 50) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg in method "Void VideoInfo.Dispose()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void VideoInfo.Dispose()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|Dispose|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b18476885ed02cb73ce8888bd969aaed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0159/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0159/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..639264dd75904f101cd17e6f28415045491f2d08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0159/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Drawing.Imaging;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Information about media file
+    /// </summary>
+    public class VideoInfo : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     _sourceFile info
+        /// </summary>
+
+        public readonly string FilePath;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Return extension of file
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FilePath);
+
+        private FFMpeg _ffmpeg;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Fires when conversion progress changed
+        /// </summary>
+        public ConversionHandler OnConversionProgress;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sourceFileInfo">_sourceFile</param>
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo) : this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">FilePath to file</param>
+        public VideoInfo(string filePath)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {filePath} doesn't exists.");
+            }
+            FilePath = filePath;
+            new FFProbe().ProbeDetails(this);
+        }
+
+        private FFMpeg FFmpeg
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(_ffmpeg != null &&
+                   _ffmpeg.IsRunning)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Operation on this file is in progress.");
+
+                return _ffmpeg ?? (_ffmpeg = new FFMpeg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     duration of video
+        /// </summary>
+        public TimeSpan Duration { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Audio format
+        /// </summary>
+        public string AudioFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Video format
+        /// </summary>
+        public string VideoFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Screen ratio
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Ratio { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Frame rate
+        /// </summary>
+        public double FrameRate { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Height
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Height { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Width
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Width { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     size
+        /// </summary>
+        public double Size { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get the ffmpeg process status
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsRunning => FFmpeg.IsRunning;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Create VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileInfo">_sourceFile</param>
+        /// <returns>VideoInfo</returns>
+        public static VideoInfo FromFile(FileInfo fileInfo)
+        {
+            return new VideoInfo(fileInfo);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get formated info about video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Formated info about vidoe</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Video FilePath : " + FilePath + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Root : " + Path.GetDirectoryName(FilePath)+ Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Name: " + Path.GetFileName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Extension : " + Extension + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video duration : " + Duration + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Audio format : " + AudioFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video format : " + VideoFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Aspect Ratio : " + Ratio + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Framerate : " + FrameRate + "fps" + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Resolution : " + Width + "x" + Height + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Size : " + Size + " MB";
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to TS
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToTs(string outputPath)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToTs(this, outputPath);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to WebM
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToWebM(string outputPath, VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToWebM(this, outputPath, size, audioQuality);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to OGV
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">Use multithread</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToOgv(string outputPath, VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToOgv(this, outputPath, size, audioQuality, multithread);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to MP4
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="speed">Conversion speed</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">Use multithread</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToMp4(string outputPath, Speed speed = Speed.SuperFast,
+            VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToMp4(this, outputPath, speed, size, audioQuality, multithread);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Extract video from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output audio stream</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool ExtractVideo(string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.ExtractVideo(this, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Extract audio from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output video stream</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool ExtractAudio(string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.ExtractAudio(this, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Add audio to file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="audio">Audio file</param>
+        /// <param name="output">Output file</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool AddAudio(FileInfo audio, string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.AddAudio(this, audio, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get snapshot of video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension of snapshot</param>
+        /// <param name="captureTime"></param>
+        /// <returns>Snapshot</returns>
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            var output = $"{Environment.TickCount}.png";
+
+            bool success = FFmpeg.Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(output))
+            {
+                using(var ms = new MemoryStream())
+                {
+                    bmp.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
+
+                    result = new Bitmap(ms);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(File.Exists(output))
+                File.Delete(output);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Saves snapshot of video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension of snapshot</param>
+        /// <param name="captureTime"></param>
+        /// <returns>Snapshot</returns>
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(string output, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            bool success = FFmpeg.Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(System.IO.Path.ChangeExtension(output, ".png")))
+            {
+                result = (Bitmap) bmp.Clone();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Concat multiple videos
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Concatenated videos</param>
+        /// <param name="videos">Videos to add</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool JoinWith(string output, params VideoInfo[] videos)
+        {
+            List<VideoInfo> queuedVideos = videos.ToList();
+
+            queuedVideos.Insert(0, this);
+
+            return FFmpeg.Join(output, queuedVideos.ToArray());
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            FFmpeg.Stop();
+            _ffmpeg?.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo, Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 189) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg, Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 186) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg, Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 185) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg in method "VideoInfo VideoInfo.ToOgv(String,VideoSize,AudioQuality,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+VideoInfo VideoInfo.ToOgv(String,VideoSize,AudioQuality,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|ToOgv|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+e710ba6c9a1bdcbadbb5fff33803ba39
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0161/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0161/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4482eeda4f3678b5c7e39c7eea98afe1ab235ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0161/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Drawing.Imaging;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Xabe.FFMpeg.Enums;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Information about media file
+    /// </summary>
+    public class VideoInfo : IDisposable
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     _sourceFile info
+        /// </summary>
+
+        public readonly string FilePath;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Return extension of file
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FilePath);
+
+        private FFMpeg _ffmpeg;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Fires when conversion progress changed
+        /// </summary>
+        public ConversionHandler OnConversionProgress;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sourceFileInfo">_sourceFile</param>
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo) : this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filePath">FilePath to file</param>
+        public VideoInfo(string filePath)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {filePath} doesn't exists.");
+            }
+            FilePath = filePath;
+            new FFProbe().ProbeDetails(this);
+        }
+
+        private FFMpeg FFmpeg
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(_ffmpeg != null &&
+                   _ffmpeg.IsRunning)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        "Operation on this file is in progress.");
+
+                return _ffmpeg ?? (_ffmpeg = new FFMpeg());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     duration of video
+        /// </summary>
+        public TimeSpan Duration { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Audio format
+        /// </summary>
+        public string AudioFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Video format
+        /// </summary>
+        public string VideoFormat { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Screen ratio
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Ratio { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Frame rate
+        /// </summary>
+        public double FrameRate { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Height
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Height { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Width
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Width { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     size
+        /// </summary>
+        public double Size { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get the ffmpeg process status
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsRunning => FFmpeg.IsRunning;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Create VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileInfo">_sourceFile</param>
+        /// <returns>VideoInfo</returns>
+        public static VideoInfo FromFile(FileInfo fileInfo)
+        {
+            return new VideoInfo(fileInfo);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get formated info about video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Formated info about vidoe</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Video FilePath : " + FilePath + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Root : " + Path.GetDirectoryName(FilePath)+ Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Name: " + Path.GetFileName(FilePath) + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video Extension : " + Extension + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video duration : " + Duration + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Audio format : " + AudioFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Video format : " + VideoFormat + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Aspect Ratio : " + Ratio + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Framerate : " + FrameRate + "fps" + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Resolution : " + Width + "x" + Height + Environment.NewLine +
+                   "Size : " + Size + " MB";
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to TS
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToTs(string outputPath)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToTs(this, outputPath);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to WebM
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToWebM(string outputPath, VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToWebM(this, outputPath, size, audioQuality);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to OGV
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">Use multithread</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToOgv(string outputPath, VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToOgv(this, outputPath, size, audioQuality, multithread);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Convert file to MP4
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="outputPath">Destination file</param>
+        /// <param name="speed">Conversion speed</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension</param>
+        /// <param name="audioQuality">Audio quality</param>
+        /// <param name="multithread">Use multithread</param>
+        /// <returns>Output VideoInfo</returns>
+        public VideoInfo ToMp4(string outputPath, Speed speed = Speed.SuperFast,
+            VideoSize size = VideoSize.Original, AudioQuality audioQuality = AudioQuality.Normal, bool multithread = false)
+        {
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress += OnConversionProgress;
+            var success = FFmpeg.ToMp4(this, outputPath, speed, size, audioQuality, multithread);
+            if (!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("The conversion process could not be completed.");
+            FFmpeg.OnProgress -= OnConversionProgress;
+            return new VideoInfo(outputPath);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Extract video from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output audio stream</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool ExtractVideo(string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.ExtractVideo(this, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Extract audio from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output video stream</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool ExtractAudio(string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.ExtractAudio(this, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Add audio to file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="audio">Audio file</param>
+        /// <param name="output">Output file</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool AddAudio(FileInfo audio, string output)
+        {
+            return FFmpeg.AddAudio(this, audio, output);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get snapshot of video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension of snapshot</param>
+        /// <param name="captureTime"></param>
+        /// <returns>Snapshot</returns>
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            var output = $"{Environment.TickCount}.png";
+
+            bool success = FFmpeg.Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(output))
+            {
+                using(var ms = new MemoryStream())
+                {
+                    bmp.Save(ms, ImageFormat.Png);
+
+                    result = new Bitmap(ms);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if(File.Exists(output))
+                File.Delete(output);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Saves snapshot of video
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Output file</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Dimension of snapshot</param>
+        /// <param name="captureTime"></param>
+        /// <returns>Snapshot</returns>
+        public Bitmap Snapshot(string output, Size? size = null, TimeSpan? captureTime = null)
+        {
+            bool success = FFmpeg.Snapshot(this, output, size, captureTime);
+
+            if(!success)
+                throw new OperationCanceledException("Could not take snapshot!");
+
+            Bitmap result;
+
+
+            using(Image bmp = Image.FromFile(System.IO.Path.ChangeExtension(output, ".png")))
+            {
+                result = (Bitmap) bmp.Clone();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Concat multiple videos
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="output">Concatenated videos</param>
+        /// <param name="videos">Videos to add</param>
+        /// <returns>Conversion result</returns>
+        public bool JoinWith(string output, params VideoInfo[] videos)
+        {
+            List<VideoInfo> queuedVideos = videos.ToList();
+
+            queuedVideos.Insert(0, this);
+
+            return FFmpeg.Join(output, queuedVideos.ToArray());
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            FFmpeg.Stop();
+            _ffmpeg?.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo, Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 209) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg, Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 206) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg, Leaked resource (returned from Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg Xabe.FFMpeg.VideoInfo::get_FFmpeg() at Line 205) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFMpeg in method "VideoInfo VideoInfo.ToMp4(String,Speed,VideoSize,AudioQuality,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+VideoInfo VideoInfo.ToMp4(String,Speed,VideoSize,AudioQuality,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|ToMp4|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3a319136da2fb4c3103b2c2f1a2cd68c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0166/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0166/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9985383be1bffb8156d7f9e2ad2ad5cf4aaedc56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0166/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Xabe.FFmpeg
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+
+namespace Xabe.FFMpeg
+{
+    /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo" />
+    public class VideoInfo: IVideoInfo
+    {
+        private TimeSpan _videoDuration;
+        private bool _wasInitalized;
+        private TimeSpan _duration;
+        private string _audioFormat;
+        private TimeSpan _audioDuration;
+        private string _videoFormat;
+        private string _ratio;
+        private long _size;
+        private int _width;
+        private int _height;
+        private double _frameRate;
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public VideoInfo(FileInfo sourceFileInfo): this(sourceFileInfo.FullName)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Get VideoInfo from file
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fullName">FullName to file</param>
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public VideoInfo(string fullName)
+        {
+            if(!File.Exists(fullName))
+                throw new ArgumentException($"Input file {fullName} doesn't exists.");
+            FullName = fullName;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string FullName { get; }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public TimeSpan VideoDuration
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if(!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _videoDuration;
+            }
+            internal set => _videoDuration = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Extension => Path.GetExtension(FullName);
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public TimeSpan Duration
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _duration;
+            }
+            internal set => _duration = value;
+        }
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string AudioFormat
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _audioFormat;
+            }
+            internal set => _audioFormat = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public TimeSpan AudioDuration
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _audioDuration;
+            }
+            internal set => _audioDuration = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string VideoFormat
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _videoFormat;
+            }
+            internal set => _videoFormat = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public string Ratio
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _ratio;
+            }
+            internal set => _ratio = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public double FrameRate
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _frameRate;
+            }
+            internal set => _frameRate = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Height
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _height;
+            }
+            internal set => _height = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public int Width
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _width;
+            }
+            internal set => _width = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc />
+        public long Size
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (!_wasInitalized)
+                    // ReSharper disable once ObjectCreationAsStatement
+                    { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+                return _size;
+            }
+            internal set => _size = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc cref="IVideoInfo.ToString" />
+        [UsedImplicitly]
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            if(!_wasInitalized)
+                { _wasInitalized = true; new FFProbe(this); }
+            return $"Video fullName : {FullName}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Video root : {Path.GetDirectoryName(FullName)}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Video name: {Path.GetFileName(FullName)}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Video extension : {Extension}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Video duration : {VideoDuration}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Video format : {VideoFormat}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Audio format : {AudioFormat}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Audio duration : {AudioDuration}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Aspect Ratio : {Ratio}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Framerate : {Ratio} fps{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Resolution : {Width} x {Height}{Environment.NewLine}" +
+                   $"Size : {Size} b";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Xabe.FFMpeg.FFProbe::.ctor() at Line 179) of type Xabe.FFMpeg.FFProbe in method "String VideoInfo.ToString()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String VideoInfo.ToString()
+
+### File:
+Xabe.FFMpeg/VideoInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+VideoInfo.cs|ToString|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7b4ae160fba656dd8ed844d7481d02f8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0167/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0167/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4eb3c4e69adfbd21b5ccceeb809677d70fab5f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0167/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Lockstep-Tutorial
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Lockstep.Logging;
+using Lockstep.Math;
+using Lockstep.Serialization;
+using NetMsg.Common;
+using Lockstep.Util;
+using Random = System.Random;
+
+namespace Lockstep.FakeServer {
+    public class Game : BaseLogger {
+        private delegate void DealNetMsg(Player player, BaseMsg data);
+
+        private delegate BaseMsg ParseNetMsg(Deserializer reader);
+
+
+        public const int MaxPlayerCount = 2;
+
+        public int MapId { get; set; }
+        public string GameHash { get; set; }
+
+        public IPEndInfo TcpEnd { get; set; }
+        public IPEndInfo UdpEnd { get; set; }
+
+        public EGameState State = EGameState.Idle;
+        public int GameType { get; set; }
+        public int GameId { get; set; }
+
+        public long[] UserIds => _userId2LocalId.Keys.ToArray();
+
+        public int CurPlayerCount {
+            get {
+                int count = 0;
+                foreach (var player in Players) {
+                    if (player != null) {
+                        count++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return count;
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        public bool IsRunning { get; private set; }
+        public string Name;
+        public float TimeSinceCreate;
+        public bool IsFinished = false;
+
+        public Msg_G2C_GameStartInfo GameStartInfo { get; set; }
+
+
+        private Dictionary<long, byte> _userId2LocalId = new Dictionary<long, byte>();
+        public Player[] Players { get; private set; }
+
+
+        //hashcode 
+        public int Tick = 0;
+        private Dictionary<int, HashCodeMatcher> _hashCodes = new Dictionary<int, HashCodeMatcher>();
+
+
+        private const int MaxMsgIdx = (short) EMsgSC.EnumCount;
+        private DealNetMsg[] allMsgDealFuncs = new DealNetMsg[MaxMsgIdx];
+        private ParseNetMsg[] allMsgParsers = new ParseNetMsg[MaxMsgIdx];
+
+
+        private float _timeSinceLoaded;
+        private float _firstFrameTimeStamp = 0;
+        private float _waitTimer = 0;
+
+        //所有需要等待输入到来的Ids
+        private List<byte> _allNeedWaitInputPlayerIds;
+        private List<ServerFrame> _allHistoryFrames = new List<ServerFrame>(); //所有的历史帧
+
+        private byte[] _playerLoadingProgress;
+        public const int MaxRepMissFrameCountPerPack = 600;
+
+        public int Seed { get; set; }
+
+        public void OnRecvPlayerGameData(Player player){
+            if (player == null || MaxPlayerCount <= player.LocalId || Players[player.LocalId] != player) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            bool hasRecvAll = true;
+            foreach (var user in Players) {
+                if (user != null && user.GameData == null) {
+                    hasRecvAll = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var playerCount = MaxPlayerCount;
+            if (hasRecvAll) {
+                //TODO 
+                for (int i = 0; i < playerCount; i++) {
+                    var helloMsg = new Msg_G2C_Hello() {
+                        LocalId = (byte) i
+                    };
+                    Players[i].SendTcp(EMsgSC.G2C_Hello, helloMsg);
+                }
+
+                var userInfos = new GameData[playerCount];
+                for (int i = 0; i < playerCount; i++) {
+                    userInfos[i] = Players[i]?.GameData;
+                }
+
+                //all user data ready notify game start
+                SetStartInfo(new Msg_G2C_GameStartInfo() {
+                    MapId = MapId,
+                    RoomId = GameId,
+                    Seed = Seed,
+                    UserCount = MaxPlayerCount,
+                    TcpEnd = TcpEnd,
+                    UdpEnd = UdpEnd,
+                    SimulationSpeed = 30,
+                    UserInfos = userInfos
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        public int GetUserLocalId(long userId){
+            if (_userId2LocalId.TryGetValue(userId, out var id)) {
+                return id;
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+
+        #region  life cycle
+
+        public void DoStart(int gameId, int gameType, int mapId, Player[] playerInfos, string gameHash){
+            State = EGameState.Loading;
+            Seed = LRandom.Range(1, 100000);
+            Tick = 0;
+            _timeSinceLoaded = 0;
+            _firstFrameTimeStamp = 0;
+            RegisterMsgHandlers();
+            Debug = new DebugInstance("Room" + GameId + ": ");
+            var count = playerInfos.Length;
+            GameType = gameType;
+            GameHash = gameHash;
+            GameId = gameId;
+            Name = gameId.ToString();
+            MapId = mapId;
+            Players = playerInfos;
+            _userId2LocalId.Clear();
+            TimeSinceCreate = LTime.timeSinceLevelLoad;
+            for (byte i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                var player = Players[i];
+                _userId2LocalId.Add(player.UserId, player.LocalId);
+            }
+
+            //Temp code 
+            for (byte i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                var player = Players[i];
+                player.GameData = new GameData();
+                OnRecvPlayerGameData(player);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void DoUpdate(float deltaTime){
+            _timeSinceLoaded += deltaTime;
+            _waitTimer += deltaTime;
+            if (State != EGameState.Playing) return;
+            while (Tick < _tickSinceGameStart) {
+                _CheckBorderServerFrame(true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void DoDestroy(){
+            Log($"Room {GameId} Destroy");
+            DumpGameFrames();
+        }
+
+        Player CreatePlayer(GamePlayerInfo playerInfo, byte localId){
+            var player = Pool.Get<Player>();
+            player.UserId = playerInfo.UserId;
+            player.Account = playerInfo.Account;
+            player.LoginHash = playerInfo.LoginHash;
+            player.LocalId = localId;
+            player.Game = this;
+            return player;
+        }
+
+        private bool _CheckBorderServerFrame(bool isForce = false){
+            if (State != EGameState.Playing) return false;
+            var frame = GetOrCreateFrame(Tick);
+            var inputs = frame.Inputs;
+            //超时等待 移除超时玩家
+            //if (_waitTimer > (NetworkDefine.MAX_DELAY_TIME_MS / 1000.0f)) {
+            //    _waitTimer = 0;
+            //    //移除还没有到来的帧的Player
+            //    for (int i = 0; i < inputs.Length; i++) {
+            //        if (inputs[i] == null) {
+            //            if (Players[i] != null) {
+            //                Log($"Overtime wait remove localId = {i}");
+            //            }
+//
+            //            _allNeedWaitInputPlayerIds.Remove((byte) i);
+            //        }
+            //    }
+            //}
+
+            //if (!isForce) {
+            //    //是否所有的输入  都已经等到
+            //    foreach (var id in _allNeedWaitInputPlayerIds) {
+            //        if (inputs[id] == null) {
+            //            return false;
+            //        }
+            //    }
+            //}
+            if (!isForce) {
+                //是否所有的输入  都已经等到
+                for (int i = 0; i < inputs.Length; i++) {
+                    if (inputs[i] == null) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            //将所有未到的包 给予默认的输入
+            for (int i = 0; i < inputs.Length; i++) {
+                if (inputs[i] == null) {
+                    inputs[i] = new Msg_PlayerInput(Tick, (byte) i);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //Debug.Log("Border input " + Tick);
+            var msg = new Msg_ServerFrames();
+            int count = Tick < 2 ? Tick + 1 : 3;
+            var frames = new ServerFrame[count];
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                frames[count - i - 1] = _allHistoryFrames[Tick - i];
+            }
+
+            msg.startTick = frames[0].tick;
+            msg.frames = frames;
+            BorderUdp(EMsgSC.G2C_FrameData, msg);
+            if (_firstFrameTimeStamp <= 0) {
+                _firstFrameTimeStamp = _timeSinceLoaded;
+            }
+
+            Tick++;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+
+        private void DumpGameFrames(){
+            var msg = new Msg_RepMissFrame();
+            int count = System.Math.Min((Tick - 1), _allHistoryFrames.Count);
+            if (count <= 0) return;
+            var writer = new Serializer();
+            GameStartInfo.Serialize(writer);
+            var frames = new ServerFrame[count];
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                frames[i] = _allHistoryFrames[i];
+                Logging.Debug.Assert(frames[i] != null, "!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!");
+            }
+
+            msg.startTick = frames[0].tick;
+            msg.frames = frames;
+            msg.Serialize(writer);
+            var bytes = Compressor.Compress(writer);
+            var path = Path.Combine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory,
+                "../Record/" + System.DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyyMMddHHmmss") + "_" + GameType + "_" + GameId +
+                ".record");
+            var dir = Path.GetDirectoryName(path);
+            if (!Directory.Exists(dir)) {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
+            }
+
+            Log("Create Record " + path);
+            File.WriteAllBytes(path, bytes);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region net msg
+
+        public void SetStartInfo(Msg_G2C_GameStartInfo info){
+            Debug.Log("SetStartInfo");
+            GameStartInfo = info;
+            BorderTcp(EMsgSC.G2C_GameStartInfo, GameStartInfo);
+        }
+
+        public void OnRecvMsg(Player player, Deserializer reader){
+            if (reader.IsEnd) {
+                DealMsgHandlerError(player, $"{player.UserId} send a Error:Net Msg");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var msgType = reader.ReadInt16();
+            if (msgType >= MaxMsgIdx) {
+                DealMsgHandlerError(player, $"{player.UserId} send a Error msgType out of range {msgType}");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            //Debug.Log($"OnDataReceived netID = {player.localId}  type:{(EMsgCS) msgType}");
+            {
+                var _func = allMsgDealFuncs[msgType];
+                var _parser = allMsgParsers[msgType];
+                if (_func != null && _parser != null) {
+                    var data = _parser(reader);
+                    if (data == null) {
+                        DealMsgHandlerError(player,
+                            $"ErrorMsg type :parser data error playerID = {player.UserId} msgType:{msgType}");
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    _func(player, data);
+                }
+                else {
+                    DealMsgHandlerError(player,
+                        $" {player.UserId} ErrorMsg type :no msg handler or parser {msgType}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void DealMsgHandlerError(Player player, string msg){
+            LogError(msg);
+            TickOut(player, 0);
+        }
+
+        public void TickOut(Player player, int reason){
+            //_gameServer.TickOut(player, reason);
+        }
+
+        private void RegisterMsgHandlers(){
+            RegisterHandler(EMsgSC.C2G_PlayerInput, C2G_PlayerInput,
+                (reader) => { return ParseData<Msg_PlayerInput>(reader); });
+            RegisterHandler(EMsgSC.C2G_HashCode, C2G_HashCode,
+                (reader) => { return ParseData<Msg_HashCode>(reader); });
+            RegisterHandler(EMsgSC.C2G_LoadingProgress, C2G_LoadingProgress,
+                (reader) => { return ParseData<Msg_C2G_LoadingProgress>(reader); });
+            RegisterHandler(EMsgSC.C2G_ReqMissFrame, C2G_ReqMissFrame,
+                (reader) => { return ParseData<Msg_ReqMissFrame>(reader); });
+            RegisterHandler(EMsgSC.C2G_RepMissFrameAck, C2G_RepMissFrameAck,
+                (reader) => { return ParseData<Msg_RepMissFrameAck>(reader); });
+        }
+
+        private void RegisterHandler(EMsgSC type, DealNetMsg func, ParseNetMsg parseFunc){
+            allMsgDealFuncs[(int) type] = func;
+            allMsgParsers[(int) type] = parseFunc;
+        }
+
+        T ParseData<T>(Deserializer reader) where T : BaseMsg, new(){
+            T data = null;
+            try {
+                data = reader.Parse<T>();
+                if (!reader.IsEnd) {
+                    data = null;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                LogError("Parse Msg Error:" + e);
+                data = null;
+            }
+
+            return data;
+        }
+
+        public void BorderTcp(EMsgSC type, BaseMsg data){
+            var bytes = data.ToBytes();
+            foreach (var player in Players) {
+                player?.SendTcp(type, bytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void BorderUdp(EMsgSC type, byte[] data){
+            foreach (var player in Players) {
+                SendUdp(player, type, data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void BorderUdp(EMsgSC type, ISerializable body){
+            var writer = new Serializer();
+            body.Serialize(writer);
+            var bytes = writer.CopyData();
+            foreach (var player in Players) {
+                player?.SendUdp(type, bytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        public void SendUdp(Player player, EMsgSC type, byte[] data){
+            player?.SendUdp(type, data);
+        }
+
+        public void SendUdp(Player player, EMsgSC type, ISerializable body, bool isNeedDebugSize = false){
+            var writer = new Serializer();
+            body.Serialize(writer);
+            player?.SendUdp(type, writer.CopyData());
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region net status
+
+        public void OnPlayerConnect(Player player){
+            if (GameStartInfo != null) {
+                player.SendTcp(EMsgSC.G2C_GameStartInfo, GameStartInfo);
+            }
+        }
+
+        //net status
+        public void OnPlayerReconnect(GamePlayerInfo playerInfo){
+            var localId = _userId2LocalId[playerInfo.UserId];
+            var player = CreatePlayer(playerInfo, localId);
+            Players[localId] = player;
+        }
+
+        public void OnPlayerReconnect(Player player){
+            player.LocalId = _userId2LocalId[player.UserId];
+            Players[player.LocalId] = player;
+        }
+
+        public void OnPlayerDisconnect(Player player){
+            Log($"Player{player.UserId} OnDisconnect room {GameId}");
+            RemovePlayer(player);
+        }
+
+        public void OnPlayerLeave(long userId){
+            if (_userId2LocalId.TryGetValue(userId, out var localId)) {
+                var player = Players[localId];
+                if (player != null) {
+                    OnPlayerLeave(player);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void OnPlayerLeave(Player player){
+            RemovePlayer(player);
+            _userId2LocalId.Remove(player.UserId); //同时还需要彻底的移除记录 避免玩家重连
+            Log($"Player{player.UserId} OnPlayerLeave room {GameId}");
+        }
+
+        void RemovePlayer(Player player){
+            if (Players[player.LocalId] == null) return;
+            Players[player.LocalId] = null;
+            var peer = player.PeerTcp;
+            peer?.Dispose();
+
+            player.PeerTcp = null;
+            peer = player.PeerUdp;
+            peer?.Dispose();
+
+            player.PeerUdp = null;
+
+            var curCount = CurPlayerCount;
+            if (curCount == 0) {
+                Log("All players left, stopping current simulation...");
+                IsRunning = false;
+                State = EGameState.Idle;
+                //_gameServer.OnGameEmpty(this);
+            }
+            else {
+                Log(curCount + " players remaining.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region game status
+
+        public void StartGame(){ }
+
+        public void FinishedGame(){ }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IRecyclable
+
+        //回收时候调用
+        public void OnReuse(){ }
+
+        public void OnRecycle(){
+            _userId2LocalId.Clear();
+            _hashCodes.Clear();
+            Tick = 0;
+            GameId = -1;
+            if (Players == null) return;
+            foreach (var player in Players) {
+                Pool.Return(player);
+            }
+
+            Players = null;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Net msg handler
+
+        public void OnNetMsg(Player player, ushort opcode, BaseMsg msg){
+            var type = (EMsgSC) opcode;
+            switch (type) {
+                //login
+                //room
+                case EMsgSC.C2G_PlayerInput:
+                    C2G_PlayerInput(player, msg);
+                    break;
+                case EMsgSC.C2G_HashCode:
+                    C2G_HashCode(player, msg);
+                    break;
+                case EMsgSC.C2G_LoadingProgress:
+                    C2G_LoadingProgress(player, msg);
+                    break;
+                case EMsgSC.C2G_ReqMissFrame:
+                    C2G_ReqMissFrame(player, msg);
+                    break;
+                case EMsgSC.C2G_RepMissFrameAck:
+                    C2G_RepMissFrameAck(player, msg);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    Debug.Log("Unknow msg " + type);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long _gameStartTimestampMs;
+        public int _ServerTickDealy = 2;
+
+        public int _tickSinceGameStart =>
+            (int) ((LTime.realtimeSinceStartupMS - _gameStartTimestampMs) / NetworkDefine.UPDATE_DELTATIME);
+
+        void C2G_PlayerInput(Player player, BaseMsg data){
+            if (State != EGameState.PartLoaded && State != EGameState.Playing) return;
+            if (State == EGameState.PartLoaded) {
+                Log("First input: game start playing");
+                State = EGameState.Playing;
+                _gameStartTimestampMs =
+                    LTime.realtimeSinceStartupMS + NetworkDefine.UPDATE_DELTATIME * _ServerTickDealy;
+            }
+
+            var input = data as Msg_PlayerInput;
+#if DEBUG_SHOW_INPUT
+            if (input.Commands.Length > 0) {
+                var cmd = input.Commands[0];
+                var playerInput = new Deserializer(cmd.content).Parse<Lockstep.Game.PlayerInput>();
+                if (playerInput.inputUV != LVector2.zero) {
+                    Debug.Log( $"curTick{Tick} isOutdate{input.Tick < Tick} RecvInput actorID:{input.ActorId}  inputTick:{input.Tick}  move:{playerInput.inputUV}");
+                }
+            }
+#endif
+
+            //Debug.Log($"RecvInput actorID:{input.ActorId} inputTick:{input.Tick} Tick{Tick}");
+            if (input.Tick < Tick) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var frame = GetOrCreateFrame(input.Tick);
+
+            var id = input.ActorId;
+            if (!_allNeedWaitInputPlayerIds.Contains(id)) {
+                _allNeedWaitInputPlayerIds.Add(id);
+            }
+
+            frame.Inputs[id] = input;
+
+            while (_CheckBorderServerFrame(false)) { }
+        }
+
+        ServerFrame GetOrCreateFrame(int tick){
+            //扩充帧队列
+            var frameCount = _allHistoryFrames.Count;
+            if (frameCount <= tick) {
+                var count = tick - _allHistoryFrames.Count + 1;
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    _allHistoryFrames.Add(null);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (_allHistoryFrames[tick] == null) {
+                _allHistoryFrames[tick] = new ServerFrame() {tick = tick};
+            }
+
+            var frame = _allHistoryFrames[tick];
+            if (frame.Inputs == null || frame.Inputs.Length != MaxPlayerCount) {
+                frame.Inputs = new Msg_PlayerInput[MaxPlayerCount];
+            }
+
+            return frame;
+        }
+
+
+        void C2G_HashCode(Player player, BaseMsg data){
+            var hashInfo = data as Msg_HashCode;
+            var id = player.LocalId;
+            for (int i = 0; i < hashInfo.HashCodes.Length; i++) {
+                var code = hashInfo.HashCodes[i];
+                var tick = hashInfo.StartTick + i;
+                //Debug.Log($"tick: {tick} Hash {code}"  );
+                if (_hashCodes.TryGetValue(tick, out HashCodeMatcher matcher1)) {
+                    if (matcher1 == null || matcher1.sendResult[id]) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (matcher1.hashCode != code) {
+                        OnHashMatchResult(tick, code, false);
+                    }
+
+                    matcher1.count = matcher1.count + 1;
+                    matcher1.sendResult[id] = true;
+                    if (matcher1.IsMatchered) {
+                        OnHashMatchResult(tick, code, true);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    var matcher2 = new HashCodeMatcher(MaxPlayerCount);
+                    matcher2.count = 1;
+                    matcher2.hashCode = code;
+                    matcher2.sendResult[id] = true;
+                    _hashCodes.Add(tick, matcher2);
+                    if (matcher2.IsMatchered) {
+                        OnHashMatchResult(tick, code, true);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        void OnHashMatchResult(int tick, long hash, bool isMatched){
+            if (isMatched) {
+                _hashCodes[tick] = null;
+            }
+
+            if (!isMatched) {
+                Log($"!!!!!!!!!!!! Hash not match tick{tick} hash{hash} ");
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        void C2G_ReqMissFrame(Player player, BaseMsg data){
+            var reqMsg = data as Msg_ReqMissFrame;
+            var nextCheckTick = reqMsg.StartTick;
+            Log($"C2G_ReqMissFrame nextCheckTick id:{player.LocalId}:{nextCheckTick}");
+            int count = System.Math.Min(System.Math.Min((Tick - 1), _allHistoryFrames.Count) - nextCheckTick,
+                MaxRepMissFrameCountPerPack);
+            if (count <= 0) return;
+            var msg = new Msg_RepMissFrame();
+            var frames = new ServerFrame[count];
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                frames[i] = _allHistoryFrames[nextCheckTick + i];
+                Logging.Debug.Assert(frames[i] != null);
+            }
+
+            msg.startTick = frames[0].tick;
+            msg.frames = frames;
+            SendUdp(player, EMsgSC.G2C_RepMissFrame, msg, true);
+        }
+
+        void C2G_RepMissFrameAck(Player player, BaseMsg data){
+            var msg = data as Msg_RepMissFrameAck;
+            Log($"C2G_RepMissFrameAck missFrameTick:{msg.MissFrameTick}");
+        }
+
+
+        void C2G_LoadingProgress(Player player, BaseMsg data){
+            if (State != EGameState.Loading) return;
+            var msg = data as Msg_C2G_LoadingProgress;
+            if (_playerLoadingProgress == null) {
+                _playerLoadingProgress = new byte[MaxPlayerCount];
+            }
+
+            _playerLoadingProgress[player.LocalId] = msg.Progress;
+
+            //Log($"palyer{player.LocalId} Load {msg.Progress}");
+
+            BorderTcp(EMsgSC.G2C_LoadingProgress, new Msg_G2C_LoadingProgress() {
+                Progress = _playerLoadingProgress
+            });
+
+            if (msg.Progress < 100) return;
+            var isDone = true;
+            foreach (var progress in _playerLoadingProgress) {
+                if (progress < 100) {
+                    isDone = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isDone) {
+                OnFinishedLoaded();
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        void OnFinishedLoaded(){
+            Log("All Load done");
+            State = EGameState.PartLoaded;
+            for (int i = 0; i < _playerLoadingProgress.Length; i++) {
+                _playerLoadingProgress[i] = 0;
+            }
+
+            _allNeedWaitInputPlayerIds = new List<byte>();
+            foreach (var val in _userId2LocalId.Values) {
+                _allNeedWaitInputPlayerIds.Add(val);
+            }
+
+            //BorderTcp(EMsgSC.G2C_GameStartInfo, GameStartInfo);
+            BorderTcp(EMsgSC.G2C_AllFinishedLoaded, new Msg_G2C_AllFinishedLoaded() { });
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `input` last assigned on line 539 could be null and is dereferenced at line 551, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Game.C2G_PlayerInput(Player,BaseMsg)
+
+### File:
+Server/Src/SimpleServer/Src/Server/Game.cs
+
+### Key:
+Game.cs|C2G_PlayerInput|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+09edcf2a75ac2f8cb6226ac52778403c
+
+### Hash:
+290197c80f46558e40231c567b2f004d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0168/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0168/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f27d89a9118d32639b935c3ea3c230555fc9611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0168/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ServiceStack.Text
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//
+// https://github.com/ServiceStack/ServiceStack.Text
+// ServiceStack.Text: .NET C# POCO JSON, JSV and CSV Text Serializers.
+//
+// Authors:
+//   Demis Bellot (demis.bellot@gmail.com)
+//
+// Copyright 2012 ServiceStack Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the same terms of ServiceStack: new BSD license.
+//
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Linq;
+using ServiceStack.Text.Json;
+
+namespace ServiceStack.Text.Common
+{
+    internal delegate void WriteMapDelegate(
+        TextWriter writer,
+        object oMap,
+        WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn,
+        WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn);
+
+    internal static class WriteDictionary<TSerializer>
+        where TSerializer : ITypeSerializer
+    {
+        private static readonly ITypeSerializer Serializer = JsWriter.GetTypeSerializer<TSerializer>();
+
+        internal class MapKey
+        {
+            internal Type KeyType;
+            internal Type ValueType;
+
+            public MapKey(Type keyType, Type valueType)
+            {
+                KeyType = keyType;
+                ValueType = valueType;
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(MapKey other)
+            {
+                if (ReferenceEquals(null, other)) return false;
+                if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;
+                return Equals(other.KeyType, KeyType) && Equals(other.ValueType, ValueType);
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;
+                if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj)) return true;
+                if (obj.GetType() != typeof(MapKey)) return false;
+                return Equals((MapKey)obj);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                unchecked
+                {
+                    return ((KeyType != null ? KeyType.GetHashCode() : 0) * 397) ^ (ValueType != null ? ValueType.GetHashCode() : 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate> CacheFns = new Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate>();
+
+        public static Action<TextWriter, object, WriteObjectDelegate, WriteObjectDelegate>
+            GetWriteGenericDictionary(Type keyType, Type valueType)
+        {
+            WriteMapDelegate writeFn;
+            var mapKey = new MapKey(keyType, valueType);
+            if (CacheFns.TryGetValue(mapKey, out writeFn)) return writeFn.Invoke;
+
+            var genericType = typeof(ToStringDictionaryMethods<,,>).MakeGenericType(keyType, valueType, typeof(TSerializer));
+            var mi = genericType.GetPublicStaticMethod("WriteIDictionary");
+            writeFn = (WriteMapDelegate)mi.MakeDelegate(typeof(WriteMapDelegate));
+
+            Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate> snapshot, newCache;
+            do
+            {
+                snapshot = CacheFns;
+                newCache = new Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate>(CacheFns);
+                newCache[mapKey] = writeFn;
+
+            } while (!ReferenceEquals(
+                Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref CacheFns, newCache, snapshot), snapshot));
+
+            return writeFn.Invoke;
+        }
+
+        public static void WriteIDictionary(TextWriter writer, object oMap)
+        {
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn = null;
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn = null;
+
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapStartChar);
+            var encodeMapKey = false;
+
+            var map = (IDictionary)oMap;
+            var ranOnce = false;
+            foreach (var key in map.Keys)
+            {
+                var dictionaryValue = map[key];
+
+                var isNull = (dictionaryValue == null);
+                if (isNull && !Serializer.IncludeNullValues) continue;
+
+                if (writeKeyFn == null)
+                {
+                    var keyType = key.GetType();
+                    writeKeyFn = Serializer.GetWriteFn(keyType);
+                    encodeMapKey = Serializer.GetTypeInfo(keyType).EncodeMapKey;
+                }
+
+                if (writeValueFn == null)
+                    writeValueFn = Serializer.GetWriteFn(dictionaryValue.GetType());
+
+                JsWriter.WriteItemSeperatorIfRanOnce(writer, ref ranOnce);
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount++;
+                JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+
+                if (encodeMapKey)
+                {
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true; //prevent ""null""
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, key);
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, key);
+                }
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount--;
+
+                writer.Write(JsWriter.MapKeySeperator);
+
+                if (isNull)
+                {
+                    writer.Write(JsonUtils.Null);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true;
+                    writeValueFn(writer, dictionaryValue);
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapEndChar);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal static class ToStringDictionaryMethods<TKey, TValue, TSerializer>
+        where TSerializer : ITypeSerializer
+    {
+        private static readonly ITypeSerializer Serializer = JsWriter.GetTypeSerializer<TSerializer>();
+
+        public static void WriteIDictionary(
+            TextWriter writer,
+            object oMap,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn)
+        {
+            if (writer == null) return; //AOT
+            WriteGenericIDictionary(writer, (IDictionary<TKey, TValue>)oMap, writeKeyFn, writeValueFn);
+        }
+
+        public static void WriteGenericIDictionary(
+            TextWriter writer,
+            IDictionary<TKey, TValue> map,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn)
+        {
+            if (map == null)
+            {
+                writer.Write(JsonUtils.Null);
+                return;
+            }
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapStartChar);
+
+            var encodeMapKey = Serializer.GetTypeInfo(typeof(TKey)).EncodeMapKey;
+
+            var ranOnce = false;
+            foreach (var kvp in map)
+            {
+                var isNull = (kvp.Value == null);
+                if (isNull && !Serializer.IncludeNullValues) continue;
+
+                JsWriter.WriteItemSeperatorIfRanOnce(writer, ref ranOnce);
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount++;
+                JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+
+                if (encodeMapKey)
+                {
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true; //prevent ""null""
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, kvp.Key);
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, kvp.Key);
+                }
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount--;
+
+                writer.Write(JsWriter.MapKeySeperator);
+
+                if (isNull)
+                {
+                    writer.Write(JsonUtils.Null);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true;
+                    writeValueFn(writer, kvp.Value);
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapEndChar);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `dictionaryValue` last assigned on line 107 could be null and is dereferenced at line 120, column 6.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WriteDictionary`1<TSerializer>.WriteIDictionary(TextWriter,Object)
+
+### File:
+src/ServiceStack.Text/Common/WriteDictionary.cs
+
+### Key:
+WriteDictionary.cs|WriteIDictionary|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+277c5e4fc7793eba679254e42372b233
+
+### Hash:
+61e59a1bd1b57f50d7ea49062f87a00a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0169/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0169/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42b3136ed2ce74ca17e25abb896b581c82676711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0169/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ServiceStack.Text
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//
+// https://github.com/ServiceStack/ServiceStack.Text
+// ServiceStack.Text: .NET C# POCO JSON, JSV and CSV Text Serializers.
+//
+// Authors:
+//   Demis Bellot (demis.bellot@gmail.com)
+//
+// Copyright 2012 Service Stack LLC. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the same terms of ServiceStack.
+//
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Linq;
+using ServiceStack.Text.Json;
+
+namespace ServiceStack.Text.Common
+{
+    internal delegate void WriteMapDelegate(
+        TextWriter writer,
+        object oMap,
+        WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn,
+        WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn);
+
+    internal static class WriteDictionary<TSerializer>
+        where TSerializer : ITypeSerializer
+    {
+        private static readonly ITypeSerializer Serializer = JsWriter.GetTypeSerializer<TSerializer>();
+
+        internal class MapKey
+        {
+            internal Type KeyType;
+            internal Type ValueType;
+
+            public MapKey(Type keyType, Type valueType)
+            {
+                KeyType = keyType;
+                ValueType = valueType;
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(MapKey other)
+            {
+                if (ReferenceEquals(null, other)) return false;
+                if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;
+                return Equals(other.KeyType, KeyType) && Equals(other.ValueType, ValueType);
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;
+                if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj)) return true;
+                if (obj.GetType() != typeof(MapKey)) return false;
+                return Equals((MapKey)obj);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                unchecked
+                {
+                    return ((KeyType != null ? KeyType.GetHashCode() : 0) * 397) ^ (ValueType != null ? ValueType.GetHashCode() : 0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate> CacheFns = new Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate>();
+
+        public static Action<TextWriter, object, WriteObjectDelegate, WriteObjectDelegate>
+            GetWriteGenericDictionary(Type keyType, Type valueType)
+        {
+            WriteMapDelegate writeFn;
+            var mapKey = new MapKey(keyType, valueType);
+            if (CacheFns.TryGetValue(mapKey, out writeFn)) return writeFn.Invoke;
+
+            var genericType = typeof(ToStringDictionaryMethods<,,>).MakeGenericType(keyType, valueType, typeof(TSerializer));
+            var mi = genericType.GetStaticMethod("WriteIDictionary");
+            writeFn = (WriteMapDelegate)mi.MakeDelegate(typeof(WriteMapDelegate));
+
+            Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate> snapshot, newCache;
+            do
+            {
+                snapshot = CacheFns;
+                newCache = new Dictionary<MapKey, WriteMapDelegate>(CacheFns);
+                newCache[mapKey] = writeFn;
+
+            } while (!ReferenceEquals(
+                Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref CacheFns, newCache, snapshot), snapshot));
+
+            return writeFn.Invoke;
+        }
+
+        public static void WriteIDictionary(TextWriter writer, object oMap)
+        {
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn = null;
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn = null;
+
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapStartChar);
+            var encodeMapKey = false;
+            Type lastKeyType = null;
+            Type lastValueType = null;
+
+            var map = (IDictionary)oMap;
+            var ranOnce = false;
+            foreach (var key in map.Keys)
+            {
+                var dictionaryValue = map[key];
+
+                var isNull = (dictionaryValue == null);
+                if (isNull && !Serializer.IncludeNullValues) continue;
+
+                var keyType = key.GetType();
+                if (writeKeyFn == null || lastKeyType != keyType)
+                {
+                    lastKeyType = keyType;
+                    writeKeyFn = Serializer.GetWriteFn(keyType);
+                    encodeMapKey = Serializer.GetTypeInfo(keyType).EncodeMapKey;
+                }
+
+                JsWriter.WriteItemSeperatorIfRanOnce(writer, ref ranOnce);
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount++;
+                JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+
+                if (encodeMapKey)
+                {
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true; //prevent ""null""
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, key);
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, key);
+                }
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount--;
+
+                writer.Write(JsWriter.MapKeySeperator);
+
+                if (isNull)
+                {
+                    writer.Write(JsonUtils.Null);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var valueType = dictionaryValue.GetType();
+                    if (writeValueFn == null || lastValueType != valueType)
+                    {
+                        lastValueType = valueType;
+                        writeValueFn = Serializer.GetWriteFn(valueType);
+                    }
+
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true;
+                    writeValueFn(writer, dictionaryValue);
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapEndChar);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class ToStringDictionaryMethods<TKey, TValue, TSerializer>
+        where TSerializer : ITypeSerializer
+    {
+        private static readonly ITypeSerializer Serializer = JsWriter.GetTypeSerializer<TSerializer>();
+
+        public static void WriteIDictionary(
+            TextWriter writer,
+            object oMap,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn)
+        {
+            if (writer == null) return; //AOT
+            WriteGenericIDictionary(writer, (IDictionary<TKey, TValue>)oMap, writeKeyFn, writeValueFn);
+        }
+
+        public static void WriteGenericIDictionary(
+            TextWriter writer,
+            IDictionary<TKey, TValue> map,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeKeyFn,
+            WriteObjectDelegate writeValueFn)
+        {
+            if (map == null)
+            {
+                writer.Write(JsonUtils.Null);
+                return;
+            }
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapStartChar);
+
+            var encodeMapKey = Serializer.GetTypeInfo(typeof(TKey)).EncodeMapKey;
+
+            var ranOnce = false;
+            foreach (var kvp in map)
+            {
+                var isNull = (kvp.Value == null);
+                if (isNull && !Serializer.IncludeNullValues) continue;
+
+                JsWriter.WriteItemSeperatorIfRanOnce(writer, ref ranOnce);
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount++;
+                JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+
+                if (encodeMapKey)
+                {
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true; //prevent ""null""
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, kvp.Key);
+                    writer.Write(JsWriter.QuoteChar);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    writeKeyFn(writer, kvp.Key);
+                }
+
+                JsState.WritingKeyCount--;
+
+                writer.Write(JsWriter.MapKeySeperator);
+
+                if (isNull)
+                {
+                    writer.Write(JsonUtils.Null);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = true;
+                    writeValueFn(writer, kvp.Value);
+                    JsState.IsWritingValue = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            writer.Write(JsWriter.MapEndChar);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `dictionaryValue` last assigned on line 107 could be null and is dereferenced at line 120, column 6.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WriteDictionary`1<TSerializer>.WriteIDictionary(TextWriter,Object)
+
+### File:
+src/ServiceStack.Text/Common/WriteDictionary.cs
+
+### Key:
+WriteDictionary.cs|WriteIDictionary|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+277c5e4fc7793eba679254e42372b233
+
+### Hash:
+61e59a1bd1b57f50d7ea49062f87a00a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0192/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0192/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2aba50957ce3d007bdd078c3ef2eb6d8a0513ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0192/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NEventStore
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace EventStore
+{
+	using System;
+	using System.Collections.Generic;
+	using Dispatcher;
+	using Persistence;
+
+	public class OptimisticEventStore : IStoreEvents, ICommitEvents
+	{
+		private readonly CommitTracker tracker = new CommitTracker();
+		private readonly IPersistStreams persistence;
+		private readonly IDispatchCommits dispatcher;
+
+		public OptimisticEventStore(IPersistStreams persistence, IDispatchCommits dispatcher)
+		{
+			this.persistence = persistence;
+			this.dispatcher = dispatcher;
+		}
+
+		public virtual IEventStream CreateStream(Guid streamId)
+		{
+			return new OptimisticEventStream(streamId, this.persistence);
+		}
+		public virtual IEventStream OpenStream(Guid streamId, int minRevision, int maxRevision)
+		{
+			var commits = this.persistence.GetFrom(streamId, minRevision, maxRevision);
+			var stream = new OptimisticEventStream(streamId, this, minRevision, maxRevision, commits);
+			return stream.CommitSequence == 0 ? null : stream;
+		}
+
+		public virtual IEnumerable<Commit> GetFrom(Guid streamId, int minRevision, int maxRevision)
+		{
+			var commits = this.persistence.GetFrom(streamId, minRevision, maxRevision);
+			foreach (var commit in commits)
+			{
+				this.tracker.Track(commit);
+				yield return commit;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public virtual void Commit(Commit attempt)
+		{
+			if (!attempt.IsValid() || attempt.IsEmpty())
+				return;
+
+			this.ThrowOnDuplicateOrConcurrentWrites(attempt);
+			this.PersistAndDispatch(attempt);
+		}
+		protected virtual void ThrowOnDuplicateOrConcurrentWrites(Commit attempt)
+		{
+			if (this.tracker.Contains(attempt))
+				throw new DuplicateCommitException();
+
+			var head = this.tracker.GetStreamHead(attempt.StreamId);
+			if (head == null)
+				return;
+
+			if (head.CommitSequence >= attempt.CommitSequence)
+				throw new ConcurrencyException();
+
+			if (head.StreamRevision >= attempt.StreamRevision)
+				throw new ConcurrencyException();
+
+			if (head.CommitSequence < attempt.CommitSequence)
+				throw new StorageException(); // beyond the end of the stream
+
+			if (head.StreamRevision < attempt.StreamRevision - attempt.Events.Count)
+				throw new StorageException(); // beyond the end of the stream
+		}
+		protected virtual void PersistAndDispatch(Commit attempt)
+		{
+			this.persistence.Commit(attempt);
+			this.tracker.Track(attempt);
+			this.dispatcher.Dispatch(attempt);
+		}
+
+		public virtual Snapshot GetSnapshot(Guid streamId, int maxRevision)
+		{
+			// TODO: cache
+			return this.persistence.GetSnapshot(streamId, maxRevision);
+		}
+		public virtual bool AddSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot)
+		{
+			// TODO: update cache
+			return this.persistence.AddSnapshot(snapshot);
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type EventStore.OptimisticEventStream, Leaked resource stream of type EventStore.OptimisticEventStream in method "IEventStream OptimisticEventStore.OpenStream(Guid,Int32,Int32)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEventStream OptimisticEventStore.OpenStream(Guid,Int32,Int32)
+
+### File:
+src/proj/EventStore.Core/OptimisticEventStore.cs
+
+### Key:
+OptimisticEventStore.cs|OpenStream|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7662e6ac925bdc48f65917a14cae4b94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0193/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0193/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af5cbea5fa4104c227e1a52bb2b81e77c31d5c65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0193/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** linq2db.EntityFrameworkCore
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using LinqToDB.Linq;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace LinqToDB.EntityFrameworkCore
+{
+	using Data;
+
+	public static partial class LinqToDBForEFTools
+	{
+		#region BulkCopy
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Performs bulk insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Mapping type of inserted record.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="options">Operation options.</param>
+		/// <param name="source">Records to insert.</param>
+		/// <returns>Bulk insert operation status.</returns>
+		public static BulkCopyRowsCopied BulkCopy<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, BulkCopyOptions options, IEnumerable<T> source)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+
+			return context.CreateLinqToDbConnection().BulkCopy(options, source);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Performs bulk insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Mapping type of inserted record.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="maxBatchSize">Number of rows in each batch. At the end of each batch, the rows in the batch are sent to the server. </param>
+		/// <param name="source">Records to insert.</param>
+		/// <returns>Bulk insert operation status.</returns>
+		public static BulkCopyRowsCopied BulkCopy<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, int maxBatchSize, IEnumerable<T> source)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+
+			var dataConnection = context.CreateLinqToDbConnection();
+
+			return dataConnection.DataProvider.BulkCopy(
+				dataConnection,
+				new BulkCopyOptions { MaxBatchSize = maxBatchSize },
+				source);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Performs bulk insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Mapping type of inserted record.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="source">Records to insert.</param>
+		/// <returns>Bulk insert operation status.</returns>
+		public static BulkCopyRowsCopied BulkCopy<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, IEnumerable<T> source)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+
+			var dataConnection = context.CreateLinqToDbConnection();
+
+			return dataConnection.DataProvider.BulkCopy(
+				dataConnection,
+				new BulkCopyOptions(),
+				source);
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region Value Insertable
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Starts LINQ query definition for insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Target table mapping class.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="target">Target table.</param>
+		/// <returns>Insertable source query.</returns>
+		[LinqTunnel]
+		[Pure]
+		public static IValueInsertable<T> Into<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, [NotNull] ITable<T> target)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+			if (target == null)  throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+
+			return context.CreateLinqToDbConnection().Into(target);
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource dataConnection of type LinqToDB.Data.DataConnection in method "BulkCopyRowsCopied LinqToDBForEFTools.BulkCopy(DbContext,IEnumerable`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+BulkCopyRowsCopied LinqToDBForEFTools.BulkCopy(DbContext,IEnumerable`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Source/LinqToDB.EntityFrameworkCore/LinqToDBForEFTools.ContextExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+LinqToDBForEFTools.ContextExtensions.cs|BulkCopy|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+75f64d3b817b09748a3500438eddf3d0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0194/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0194/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71b9c6878456da622c70b94cf8c98437ed47c2a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0194/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** linq2db.EntityFrameworkCore
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using JetBrains.Annotations;
+using LinqToDB.Linq;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace LinqToDB.EntityFrameworkCore
+{
+	using Data;
+
+	public static partial class LinqToDBForEFTools
+	{
+		#region BulkCopy
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Performs bulk insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Mapping type of inserted record.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="options">Operation options.</param>
+		/// <param name="source">Records to insert.</param>
+		/// <returns>Bulk insert operation status.</returns>
+		public static BulkCopyRowsCopied BulkCopy<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, BulkCopyOptions options, IEnumerable<T> source)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+
+			return context.CreateLinqToDbConnection().BulkCopy(options, source);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Performs bulk insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Mapping type of inserted record.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="maxBatchSize">Number of rows in each batch. At the end of each batch, the rows in the batch are sent to the server. </param>
+		/// <param name="source">Records to insert.</param>
+		/// <returns>Bulk insert operation status.</returns>
+		public static BulkCopyRowsCopied BulkCopy<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, int maxBatchSize, IEnumerable<T> source)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+
+			var dataConnection = context.CreateLinqToDbConnection();
+
+			return dataConnection.DataProvider.BulkCopy(
+				dataConnection,
+				new BulkCopyOptions { MaxBatchSize = maxBatchSize },
+				source);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Performs bulk insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Mapping type of inserted record.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="source">Records to insert.</param>
+		/// <returns>Bulk insert operation status.</returns>
+		public static BulkCopyRowsCopied BulkCopy<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, IEnumerable<T> source)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+
+			var dataConnection = context.CreateLinqToDbConnection();
+
+			return dataConnection.DataProvider.BulkCopy(
+				dataConnection,
+				new BulkCopyOptions(),
+				source);
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region Value Insertable
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Starts LINQ query definition for insert operation.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <typeparam name="T">Target table mapping class.</typeparam>
+		/// <param name="context">Database context.</param>
+		/// <param name="target">Target table.</param>
+		/// <returns>Insertable source query.</returns>
+		[LinqTunnel]
+		[Pure]
+		public static IValueInsertable<T> Into<T>([NotNull] this DbContext context, [NotNull] ITable<T> target)
+		{
+			if (context == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
+			if (target == null)  throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(target));
+
+			return context.CreateLinqToDbConnection().Into(target);
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from LinqToDB.Data.DataConnection LinqToDB.EntityFrameworkCore.LinqToDBForEFTools::CreateLinqToDbConnection(Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext,Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Storage.IDbContextTransaction) at Line 27) of type LinqToDB.Data.DataConnection in method "BulkCopyRowsCopied LinqToDBForEFTools.BulkCopy(DbContext,BulkCopyOptions,IEnumerable`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+BulkCopyRowsCopied LinqToDBForEFTools.BulkCopy(DbContext,BulkCopyOptions,IEnumerable`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Source/LinqToDB.EntityFrameworkCore/LinqToDBForEFTools.ContextExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+LinqToDBForEFTools.ContextExtensions.cs|BulkCopy|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+bdfaa036462ad9e1013f0709b6117e68
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0216/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0216/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbc93ad5b10c6d73cad481f3edff5d6619015e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0216/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PluginCore
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using PluginCore.Models;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Infrastructure;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.Extensions;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders;
+using PluginCore.Authorization;
+using PluginCore.AdminUI;
+using PluginCore.Middlewares;
+
+namespace PluginCore.Extensions
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class PluginCoreStartupExtensions
+    {
+        private static IWebHostEnvironment _webHostEnvironment;
+
+        public static void AddPluginCore(this IServiceCollection services)
+        {
+            // 用于添加插件Controller 时，通知Controller.Action发生变化
+            services.AddSingleton<IActionDescriptorChangeProvider>(PluginActionDescriptorChangeProvider.Instance);
+            services.AddSingleton(PluginActionDescriptorChangeProvider.Instance);
+            services.AddTransient<PluginControllerManager>();
+            services.AddTransient<PluginManager>();
+            services.AddTransient<PluginFinder>();
+
+            using (var serviceProvider = services.BuildServiceProvider())
+            {
+                using (var scope = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>().CreateScope())
+                {
+                    PluginManager pluginManager = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<PluginManager>();
+
+                    // 初始化 PluginCore 相关目录
+                    PluginPathProvider.PluginsRootPath();
+
+                    // 在程序启动时加载所有 已安装的插件
+
+                    // 获取PluginConfigModel
+                    #region 获取 获取PluginConfigModel
+                    PluginConfigModel pluginConfigModel = PluginConfigModelFactory.Create();
+                    #endregion
+
+                    // 已启用的插件
+                    #region 加载 已启用插件的Assemblies
+                    IList<string> enabledPluginIds = pluginConfigModel.EnabledPlugins;
+                    foreach (var pluginId in enabledPluginIds)
+                    {
+                        pluginManager.LoadPlugin(pluginId);
+                    }
+                    #endregion
+
+
+
+                    // 将本 Assembly 内的 Controller 添加
+                    var ass = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+                    PluginControllerManager pluginControllerManager = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<PluginControllerManager>();
+                    pluginControllerManager.AddControllers(ass);
+
+
+                    // IWebHostEnvironment
+                    _webHostEnvironment = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IWebHostEnvironment>();
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 1. 先 Authentication (我是谁) 2. 再 Authorization (我能做什么)
+
+            // fixed: https://github.com/yiyungent/PluginCore/issues/4
+            // System.InvalidOperationException: No authenticationScheme was specified, and there was no DefaultChallengeScheme found. The default schemes can be set using either AddAuthentication(string defaultScheme) or AddAuthentication(Action<AuthenticationOptions> configureOptions).
+            #region 添加认证 Authentication
+            // 没通过 Authentication: 401 Unauthorized
+            services.AddAuthentication("PluginCore.Authentication")
+                .AddScheme<Authentication.PluginCoreAuthenticationSchemeOptions,
+                    Authentication.PluginCoreAuthenticationHandler>("PluginCore.Authentication", "PluginCore.Authentication",
+                    options => { });
+            #endregion
+
+            #region 添加授权策略-所有标记 [PluginCoreAdminAuthorize] 都需要权限检查
+            services.AddSingleton<IAuthorizationHandler, PluginCoreAdminAuthorizationHandler>();
+
+            services.AddAuthorization(options =>
+            {
+                options.AddPolicy("PluginCoreAdmin", policy =>
+                {
+                    // 无法满足 下方任何一项：HTTP 403 错误
+                    // 3.需要 检查是否拥有当前请求资源的权限
+                    policy.Requirements.Add(new PluginCoreAdminRequirement());
+                });
+            });
+            #endregion
+
+
+            // AccountManager
+            services.AddTransient<AccountManager>();
+            // HttpContext.Current
+            services.TryAddSingleton<IHttpContextAccessor, HttpContextAccessor>();
+            //services.AddHttpContextAccessor();
+
+        }
+
+        public static IApplicationBuilder UsePluginCore(this IApplicationBuilder app)
+        {
+            app.UsePluginCoreAdminUI();
+
+            // 由于没办法在运行时, 动态 UseStaticFiles(), 因此不再为每一个插件都 UseStaticFiles(),
+            // 而是统一在一个文件夹下, 插件启用时, 将插件的wwwroot复制到 Plugins_wwwroot/{PluginId}, 禁用时, 再删除
+            string pluginwwwrootDir = PluginPathProvider.PluginsWwwRootDir();
+            app.UseStaticFiles(new StaticFileOptions
+            {
+                FileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(
+                    pluginwwwrootDir),
+                RequestPath = "/Plugins"
+            });
+
+
+            // 发现 UseAuthentication 认证中间件重复添加, 也只会执行一次 认证
+            // 但 UseAuthorization 重复添加2次, 则会执行 2次 授权
+            app.UseAuthentication();
+            app.UseAuthorization();
+
+            // Plugin Middleware
+            //app.UseMiddleware<PluginContentFilterMiddleware>();
+
+
+
+            Config.PluginCoreConfig pluginCoreConfig = Config.PluginCoreConfigFactory.Create();
+
+            Utils.LogUtil.Info("启动成功:");
+            Utils.LogUtil.Info($"前端模式: {pluginCoreConfig.FrontendMode}");
+            Utils.LogUtil.Info($"注意: 更新前端模式 需要 重启站点");
+
+            return app;
+        }
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider::.ctor() at Line 120) of type Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider in method "IApplicationBuilder PluginCoreStartupExtensions.UsePluginCore(IApplicationBuilder)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IApplicationBuilder PluginCoreStartupExtensions.UsePluginCore(IApplicationBuilder)
+
+### File:
+src/PluginCore/Extensions/PluginCoreStartupExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+PluginCoreStartupExtensions.cs|UsePluginCore|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8658203f92b8758367489a5309831f46
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0229/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0229/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..106f3028c0ed2c965b5477b1795e1365fd325f17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0229/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Jil
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Jil.Deserialize
+{
+    static class NewtonsoftStyleTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(NewtonsoftStyleTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.NewtonsoftStyleMillisecondsSinceUnixEpoch, allowHashing: true, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class NewtonsoftStyleNoHashingTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(NewtonsoftStyleNoHashingTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.NewtonsoftStyleMillisecondsSinceUnixEpoch, allowHashing: false, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class MillisecondStyleTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(MillisecondStyleTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.MillisecondsSinceUnixEpoch, allowHashing: true, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class MillisecondStyleNoHashingTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(MillisecondStyleNoHashingTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.MillisecondsSinceUnixEpoch, allowHashing: false, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class SecondStyleTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(SecondStyleTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.SecondsSinceUnixEpoch, allowHashing: true, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class SecondStyleNoHashingTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+        
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(SecondStyleNoHashingTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.SecondsSinceUnixEpoch, allowHashing: false, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class ISO8601StyleTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+        
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(ISO8601StyleTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.ISO8601, allowHashing: true, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class ISO8601StyleNoHashingTypeCache<T>
+    {
+        static readonly object InitLock = new object();
+        static Func<TextReader, T> Thunk;
+        public static Exception ExceptionDuringBuild;
+        
+        public static Func<TextReader, T> Get()
+        {
+            if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+            lock (InitLock)
+            {
+                if (Thunk != null) return Thunk;
+
+                Thunk = InlineDeserializerHelper.Build<T>(typeof(ISO8601StyleNoHashingTypeCache<>), DateTimeFormat.ISO8601, allowHashing: false, exceptionDuringBuild: out ExceptionDuringBuild);
+
+                return Thunk;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `SecondStyleTypeCache`1<T>.Get()` reads without synchronization from `Deserialize.SecondStyleTypeCache`1<T>.Jil.Deserialize.SecondStyleTypeCache`1<T>.Thunk`. Potentially races with write in method `SecondStyleTypeCache`1<T>.Get()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+WARNING
+
+### Procedure:
+Func`2<!0,!1> SecondStyleTypeCache`1<T>.Get()
+
+### File:
+Jil/Deserialize/TypeCaches.cs
+
+### Key:
+TypeCaches.cs|Get|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Hash:
+f742c4353ea14b92c475e8245b816487
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0301/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0301/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b021a363853fefc05df3ea63f40cf489291b8e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0301/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiota
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Linq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Kiota.Builder.Refiners.Tests {
+    public class RubyLanguageRefinerTests {
+
+        private readonly CodeNamespace graphNS;
+        private readonly CodeClass parentClass;
+        private readonly CodeNamespace root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+        public RubyLanguageRefinerTests() {
+            root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+            graphNS = root.AddNamespace("graph");
+            parentClass = new (graphNS) {
+                Name = "parentClass"
+            };
+            graphNS.AddClass(parentClass);
+        }
+        #region CommonLanguageRefinerTests
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddsDefaultImports() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "model",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var requestBuilder = root.AddClass(new CodeClass(root) {
+                Name = "rb",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.RequestBuilder,
+            }).First();
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.NotEmpty(model.StartBlock.Usings);
+            Assert.NotEmpty(requestBuilder.StartBlock.Usings);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsSubNamespace() {
+            var rootNS = parentClass.Parent as CodeNamespace;
+            rootNS.RemoveChildElement(parentClass);
+            graphNS.AddClass(parentClass);
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = graphNS.AddNamespace($"{graphNS.Name}.messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "graph",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsParentNamespace() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = root.AddNamespace("messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            subNS.AddClass(messageClassDef);
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "messages",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("../messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsSameNamespace() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(graphNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "graph",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        #endregion
+        #region RubyLanguageRefinerTests
+        [Fact]
+        public void EscapesReservedKeywords() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "break",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.NotEqual("break", model.Name);
+            Assert.Contains("escaped", model.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddInheritedAndMethodTypesImports() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "model",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var declaration = model.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.Inherits = new (parentClass){
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            };
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./someInterface", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void FixInheritedEntityType() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "model",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var entity = graphNS.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "entity",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            var declaration = model.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.Inherits = new (entity){
+                Name = "entity"
+            };
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("Graph::Entity", declaration.Inherits.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddNamespaceModuleImports() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = graphNS.AddNamespace("messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            subNS.AddClass(messageClassDef);
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "messages",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.Ruby }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("../messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+            Assert.Equal("./graph", declaration.Usings.Last().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `declaration` last assigned on line 73 could be null and is dereferenced at line 77, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RubyLanguageRefinerTests.ReplacesImportsSameNamespace()
+
+### File:
+tests/Kiota.Builder.Tests/Refiners/RubyLanguageRefinerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+RubyLanguageRefinerTests.cs|ReplacesImportsSameNamespace|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ef91c4941a914fb0bf4a21cb3664ec51
+
+### Hash:
+bf0015206a7c301c2dc7dd21293504ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0306/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0306/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e266f14458efd738f8249ebb20c545296bf5b9ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0306/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiota
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Linq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Kiota.Builder.Refiners.Tests {
+    public class TypeScriptLanguageRefinerTests {
+        private readonly CodeNamespace root;
+        private readonly CodeNamespace graphNS;
+        private readonly CodeClass parentClass;
+        public TypeScriptLanguageRefinerTests() {
+            root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+            graphNS = root.AddNamespace("graph");
+            parentClass = new (graphNS) {
+                Name = "parentClass"
+            };
+            graphNS.AddClass(parentClass);
+        }
+#region common
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsSubNamespace() {
+            var rootNS = parentClass.Parent as CodeNamespace;
+            rootNS.RemoveChildElement(parentClass);
+            graphNS.AddClass(parentClass);
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = graphNS.AddNamespace($"{graphNS.Name}.messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "graph",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.TypeScript }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsParentNamespace() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var subNS = root.AddNamespace("messages");
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(subNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            subNS.AddClass(messageClassDef);
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "messages",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.TypeScript }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("../messages/message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void ReplacesImportsSameNamespace() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var messageClassDef = new CodeClass(graphNS) {
+                Name = "Message",
+            };
+            declaration.Usings.Add(new (parentClass) {
+                Name = "graph",
+                Declaration = new(parentClass) {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClassDef,
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.TypeScript }, root);
+            Assert.Equal("./message", declaration.Usings.First().Declaration.Name);
+        }
+#endregion
+#region typescript
+        private const string HttpCoreDefaultName = "IHttpCore";
+        private const string FactoryDefaultName = "ISerializationWriterFactory";
+        private const string DeserializeDefaultName = "IDictionary<string, Action<Model, IParseNode>>";
+        private const string DateTimeOffsetDefaultName = "DateTimeOffset";
+        private const string AddiationalDataDefaultName = "new Dictionary<string, object>()";
+        private const string HandlerDefaultName = "IResponseHandler";
+        [Fact]
+        public void EscapesReservedKeywords() {
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "break",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration { Language = GenerationLanguage.TypeScript }, root);
+            Assert.NotEqual("break", model.Name);
+            Assert.Contains("escaped", model.Name);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void CorrectsCoreType() {
+
+            var model = root.AddClass(new CodeClass (root) {
+                Name = "model",
+                ClassKind = CodeClassKind.Model
+            }).First();
+            model.AddProperty(new (model) {
+                Name = "core",
+                PropertyKind = CodePropertyKind.HttpCore,
+                Type = new CodeType(model) {
+                    Name = HttpCoreDefaultName
+                }
+            }, new (model) {
+                Name = "someDate",
+                PropertyKind = CodePropertyKind.Custom,
+                Type = new CodeType(model) {
+                    Name = DateTimeOffsetDefaultName,
+                }
+            }, new (model) {
+                Name = "additionalData",
+                PropertyKind = CodePropertyKind.AdditionalData,
+                Type = new CodeType(model) {
+                    Name = AddiationalDataDefaultName
+                }
+            });
+            var executorMethod = model.AddMethod(new CodeMethod(model) {
+                Name = "executor",
+                MethodKind = CodeMethodKind.RequestExecutor,
+                ReturnType = new CodeType(model) {
+                    Name = "string"
+                }
+            }).First();
+            executorMethod.AddParameter(new CodeParameter(executorMethod) {
+                Name = "handler",
+                ParameterKind = CodeParameterKind.ResponseHandler,
+                Type = new CodeType(executorMethod) {
+                    Name = HandlerDefaultName,
+                }
+            });
+            const string serializerDefaultName = "ISerializationWriter";
+            var serializationMethod = model.AddMethod(new CodeMethod(model) {
+                Name = "seriailization",
+                MethodKind = CodeMethodKind.Serializer,
+                ReturnType = new CodeType(model) {
+                    Name = "string"
+                }
+            }).First();
+            serializationMethod.AddParameter(new CodeParameter(serializationMethod) {
+                Name = "handler",
+                ParameterKind = CodeParameterKind.Serializer,
+                Type = new CodeType(executorMethod) {
+                    Name = serializerDefaultName,
+                }
+            });
+            var responseHandlerMethod = model.AddMethod(new CodeMethod(model) {
+                Name = "defaultResponseHandler",
+                ReturnType = new CodeType(model) {
+                    Name = "string"
+                }
+            }, new (model) {
+                Name = "deserializeFields",
+                ReturnType = new CodeType(model) {
+                    Name = DeserializeDefaultName,
+                },
+                MethodKind = CodeMethodKind.Deserializer
+            }).First();
+            const string streamDefaultName = "Stream";
+            responseHandlerMethod.AddParameter(new CodeParameter(responseHandlerMethod) {
+                Name = "param1",
+                Type = new CodeType(responseHandlerMethod) {
+                    Name = streamDefaultName
+                }
+            });
+            ILanguageRefiner.Refine(new GenerationConfiguration{ Language = GenerationLanguage.TypeScript }, root);
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeProperty>().Where(x => HttpCoreDefaultName.Equals(x.Type.Name)));
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeProperty>().Where(x => FactoryDefaultName.Equals(x.Type.Name)));
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeProperty>().Where(x => DateTimeOffsetDefaultName.Equals(x.Type.Name)));
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeProperty>().Where(x => AddiationalDataDefaultName.Equals(x.Type.Name)));
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeMethod>().Where(x => DeserializeDefaultName.Equals(x.ReturnType.Name)));
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeMethod>().SelectMany(x => x.Parameters).Where(x => HandlerDefaultName.Equals(x.Type.Name)));
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeMethod>().SelectMany(x => x.Parameters).Where(x => serializerDefaultName.Equals(x.Type.Name)));
+            Assert.Empty(model.GetChildElements(true).OfType<CodeMethod>().SelectMany(x => x.Parameters).Where(x => streamDefaultName.Equals(x.Type.Name)));
+        }
+    }
+#endregion
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `declaration` last assigned on line 40 could be null and is dereferenced at line 46, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TypeScriptLanguageRefinerTests.ReplacesImportsParentNamespace()
+
+### File:
+tests/Kiota.Builder.Tests/Refiners/TypeScriptLanguageRefinerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+TypeScriptLanguageRefinerTests.cs|ReplacesImportsParentNamespace|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ef91c4941a914fb0bf4a21cb3664ec51
+
+### Hash:
+1a2a2ce11981f39b7bd8de91aa5b82a7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0308/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0308/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6c271a69e84cf6be10fd4804e8b3b6463e3e1e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0308/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiota
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Kiota.Builder.Writers.Ruby.Tests {
+    public class CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests : IDisposable
+    {
+        private const string DefaultPath = "./";
+        private const string DefaultName = "name";
+        private readonly StringWriter tw;
+        private readonly LanguageWriter writer;
+        private readonly CodeClassDeclarationWriter codeElementWriter;
+        private readonly CodeClass parentClass;
+
+        public CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests() {
+            codeElementWriter = new CodeClassDeclarationWriter(new RubyConventionService(), "graph");
+            writer = LanguageWriter.GetLanguageWriter(GenerationLanguage.Ruby, DefaultPath, DefaultName);
+            tw = new StringWriter();
+            writer.SetTextWriter(tw);
+            var root = CodeNamespace.InitRootNamespace();
+            parentClass = new () {
+                Name = "parentClass"
+            };
+            root.AddClass(parentClass);
+        }
+        public void Dispose() {
+            tw?.Dispose();
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesSimpleDeclaration() {
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("class", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesImplementation() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.AddImplements(new CodeType {
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("include", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesInheritance() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.Inherits = new (){
+                Name = "someInterface"
+            };
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("<", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesImports() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            var messageClass = parentClass.GetImmediateParentOfType<CodeNamespace>().AddClass( new CodeClass {
+                Name = "Message"
+            }).First();
+            declaration.AddUsings(new () {
+                Name = "Objects",
+                Declaration = new() {
+                    Name = "util",
+                    IsExternal = true,
+                }
+            },
+            new () {
+                Name = "project-graph",
+                Declaration = new() {
+                    Name = "Message",
+                    TypeDefinition = messageClass,
+                }
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("require_relative", result);
+            Assert.Contains("message", result);
+            Assert.Contains("require", result);
+        }
+        [Fact]
+        public void WritesMixins() {
+            var declaration = parentClass.StartBlock as CodeClass.Declaration;
+            declaration.AddImplements(new CodeType {
+                Name = "test"
+            });
+            codeElementWriter.WriteCodeElement(declaration, writer);
+            var result = tw.ToString();
+            Assert.Contains("include", result);
+            Assert.Contains("test", result);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `declaration` last assigned on line 85 could be null and is dereferenced at line 86, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.WritesMixins()
+
+### File:
+tests/Kiota.Builder.Tests/Writers/Ruby/CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+CodeClassDeclarationWriterTests.cs|WritesMixins|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9ff6f66912dc2a3a36e0c52dc18cdd65
+
+### Hash:
+6dd8b45918f24f343132fe00eb4b2afe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0330/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0330/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0335b46cb2a928f2aaecb21d0d189387e5a4b1c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0330/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sentakki
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (c) ppy Pty Ltd <contact@ppy.sh>. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics.Textures;
+using osu.Framework.Input.Bindings;
+using osu.Game.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Difficulty;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.maimai.Beatmaps;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.maimai.Mods;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.maimai.UI;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.UI;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.maimai
+{
+    public class maimaiRuleset : Ruleset
+    {
+        public maimaiRuleset(RulesetInfo rulesetInfo = null)
+            : base(rulesetInfo)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public override string Description => "Washing machine rhythm game.";
+
+        public override DrawableRuleset CreateDrawableRulesetWith(IWorkingBeatmap beatmap, IReadOnlyList<Mod> mods) =>
+            new DrawablemaimaiRuleset(this, beatmap, mods);
+
+        public override IBeatmapConverter CreateBeatmapConverter(IBeatmap beatmap) =>
+            new maimaiBeatmapConverter(beatmap);
+
+        public override DifficultyCalculator CreateDifficultyCalculator(WorkingBeatmap beatmap) =>
+            new maimaiDifficultyCalculator(this, beatmap);
+
+        public override IEnumerable<Mod> GetModsFor(ModType type)
+        {
+            switch (type)
+            {
+                case ModType.Automation:
+                    return new[] { new maimaiModAutoplay() };
+
+                default:
+                    return new Mod[] { null };
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override string ShortName => "maimai";
+
+        public override IEnumerable<KeyBinding> GetDefaultKeyBindings(int variant = 0) => new[]
+        {
+            new KeyBinding(InputKey.Z, maimaiAction.Button1),
+            new KeyBinding(InputKey.X, maimaiAction.Button2),
+        };
+
+        public override Drawable CreateIcon() => new Sprite
+        {
+            Texture = new TextureStore(new TextureLoaderStore(CreateResourceStore()), false).Get("Textures/coin"),
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type osu.Framework.Graphics.Sprites.Sprite, Leaked resource (output of osu.Framework.Graphics.Textures.TextureStore::.ctor() at Line 57) of type osu.Framework.Graphics.Textures.TextureStore, Leaked resource (output of osu.Framework.Graphics.Textures.TextureLoaderStore::.ctor() at Line 57) of type osu.Framework.Graphics.Textures.TextureLoaderStore in method "Drawable maimaiRuleset.CreateIcon()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Drawable maimaiRuleset.CreateIcon()
+
+### File:
+osu.Game.Rulesets.maimai/maimaiRuleset.cs
+
+### Key:
+maimaiRuleset.cs|CreateIcon|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+853f1cc6cde2a880707d25406252392b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0337/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0337/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31498c6e5efafbea9af5bba642916127b9d01217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0337/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FbxWriter
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Fbx
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+	    static void Encrypt(byte[] a, byte[] b)
+	    {
+		    byte c = 64;
+		    for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+		    {
+			    a[i] = (byte)(a[i] ^ (byte)(c ^ b[i]));
+			    c = a[i];
+		    }
+	    }
+
+	    static void PrintBytes(byte[] array)
+	    {
+		    foreach(var b in array)
+				Console.Write(b + " ");
+			Console.Write("\n");
+	    }
+
+	    private static readonly byte[] sourceId = { 0x58, 0xAB, 0xA9, 0xF0, 0x6C, 0xA2, 0xD8, 0x3F, 0x4D, 0x47, 0x49, 0xA3, 0xB4, 0xB2, 0xE7, 0x3D };
+	    private static readonly byte[] key =      { 0xE2, 0x4F, 0x7B, 0x5F, 0xCD, 0xE4, 0xC8, 0x6D, 0xDB, 0xD8, 0xFB, 0xD7, 0x40, 0x58, 0xC6, 0x78 };
+
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+			Console.WriteLine("Start");
+			var stream = new FileStream(args[0], FileMode.Open);
+	        int version;
+	        var node = (new FbxBinaryReader(stream)).Read(out version);
+			stream.Close();
+
+			stream = new FileStream(args[1], FileMode.Create);
+			(new FbxBinaryWriter(stream)).Write(node);
+			stream.Close();
+
+	        /*var timestamp = node["FBXHeaderExtension"]["CreationTimeStamp"];
+
+	        var year = (int)timestamp["Year"].Properties[0];
+			var month = (int)timestamp["Month"].Properties[0];
+			var day = (int)timestamp["Day"].Properties[0];
+			var hour = (int)timestamp["Hour"].Properties[0];
+			var minute = (int)timestamp["Minute"].Properties[0];
+			var second = (int)timestamp["Second"].Properties[0];
+			var millisecond = (int)timestamp["Millisecond"].Properties[0];
+
+	        var mangledtime = $"{second:00}{month:00}{hour:00}{day:00}{(millisecond/10):00}{year:0000}{minute:00}";
+
+			Console.WriteLine(mangledtime);
+
+	        var mangledBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(mangledtime);
+
+			if(mangledBytes.Length != 16)
+				throw new Exception();
+
+	        var str = (byte[])sourceId.Clone();
+			Encrypt(str, mangledBytes);
+			Encrypt(str, key);
+			Encrypt(str, mangledBytes);
+
+			PrintBytes(footer);
+			PrintBytes(str);*/
+
+
+			//Console.ReadLine();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter::.ctor() at Line 39).Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter.stream of type System.IO.BinaryWriter, Leaked resource (output of Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter::.ctor() at Line 39).Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter.memory of type System.IO.MemoryStream, Leaked resource (output of Fbx.FbxBinaryReader::.ctor() at Line 35).Fbx.FbxBinaryReader.stream of type System.IO.BinaryReader in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Fbx/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+69e8c8694f3f8b3c8a01309ed06c58a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0339/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0339/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36c6963aa9f3015a88478fc80c25f3f49ce80f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0339/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FbxWriter
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Fbx
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+			Console.WriteLine("Start");
+			var stream = new FileStream(args[0], FileMode.Open);
+	        int version;
+	        var node = (new FbxBinaryReader(stream)).Read(out version);
+			stream.Close();
+
+			stream = new FileStream(args[1], FileMode.Create);
+			(new FbxBinaryWriter(stream)).Write(node);
+			stream.Close();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter::.ctor() at Line 19).Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter.stream of type System.IO.BinaryWriter, Leaked resource (output of Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter::.ctor() at Line 19).Fbx.FbxBinaryWriter.memory of type System.IO.MemoryStream, Leaked resource (output of Fbx.FbxBinaryReader::.ctor() at Line 15).Fbx.FbxBinaryReader.stream of type System.IO.BinaryReader in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Fbx/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+aa3888919cadbb2bc15a4a3e1608853e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0352/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0352/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2a1430fe3d4432c6b67bb4f5ea6e55310d802ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0352/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** platyPS
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Markdown.MAML.Model;
+
+namespace Markdown.MAML.Transformer
+{
+    public class ModelTransformer
+    {
+        private DocumentNode _root;
+        private IEnumerator<MarkdownNode> _rootEnumerator;
+
+        private const int COMMAND_NAME_HEADING_LEVEL = 2;
+        private const int COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL = 3;
+
+        private MarkdownNode GetCurrentNode()
+        {
+            return _rootEnumerator.Current;
+        }
+
+        private MarkdownNode GetNextNode()
+        {
+            if (_rootEnumerator.MoveNext())
+            {
+                return _rootEnumerator.Current;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private string GetSynopsis()
+        {
+            var node = GetNextNode();
+
+            // check for appropriate header
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Heading)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            var headingNode = node as HeadingNode;
+            if (headingNode.HeadingLevel != COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            if (StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase.Compare(headingNode.Text, "SYNOPSIS") != 0)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            node = GetNextNode();
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Paragraph)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect SYNOPSIS text");
+            }
+
+            return (node as ParagraphNode).Text;
+        }
+
+        private string GetDescription()
+        {
+            var node = GetNextNode();
+
+            if (node == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // check for appropriate header
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Heading)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###DESCRIPTION");
+            }
+
+            var headingNode = node as HeadingNode;
+            if (headingNode.HeadingLevel != COMMAND_ENTRIES_HEADING_LEVEL)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            if (StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase.Compare(headingNode.Text, "SYNOPSIS") != 0)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect ###SYNOPSIS");
+            }
+
+            node = GetNextNode();
+            if (node.NodeType != MarkdownNodeType.Paragraph)
+            {
+                throw new HelpSchemaException("Expect SYNOPSIS text");
+            }
+
+            return ((node as ParagraphNode).Text);
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<MamlCommand> NodeModelToMamlModel(DocumentNode node)
+        {
+            _root = node;
+            if (_root.Children == null)
+            {
+                // HACK:
+                _rootEnumerator = (new LinkedList<MarkdownNode>()).GetEnumerator();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _rootEnumerator = _root.Children.GetEnumerator();
+            }
+
+            List<MamlCommand> commands = new List<MamlCommand>();
+            MarkdownNode markdownNode;
+            while ((markdownNode = GetNextNode()) != null)
+            {
+                if (markdownNode is HeadingNode)
+                {
+                    var headingNode = markdownNode as HeadingNode;
+                    switch (headingNode.HeadingLevel)
+                    {
+                        case COMMAND_NAME_HEADING_LEVEL:
+                            {
+                                MamlCommand command = new MamlCommand()
+                                {
+                                    Name = headingNode.Text,
+                                    Synopsis = GetSynopsis(),
+                                    Description = GetDescription()
+                                };
+                                commands.Add(command);
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        default: throw new HelpSchemaException("Booo, I don't know what is the heading level " + headingNode.HeadingLevel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return commands;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `headingNode` last assigned on line 75 could be null and is dereferenced at line 76, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String ModelTransformer.GetDescription()
+
+### File:
+src/Markdown.MAML/Transformer/ModelTransformer.cs
+
+### Key:
+ModelTransformer.cs|GetDescription|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+294b0a0dd7f8cf7f922c909d0d662e2c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0353/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0353/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9841ae22663c240d5bbcccaa26d41afd31ac521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0353/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (C) 2015-2022 The Neo Project.
+// 
+// The neo is free software distributed under the MIT software license, 
+// see the accompanying file LICENSE in the main directory of the
+// project or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php 
+// for more details.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms with or without
+// modifications are permitted.
+
+#pragma warning disable IDE0051
+
+using Neo.Cryptography.ECC;
+using Neo.IO;
+using Neo.Persistence;
+using Neo.SmartContract.Iterators;
+using Neo.VM;
+using Neo.VM.Types;
+using System;
+using System.Buffers.Binary;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace Neo.SmartContract.Native
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents the NEO token in the NEO system.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class NeoToken : FungibleToken<NeoToken.NeoAccountState>
+    {
+        public override string Symbol => "NEO";
+        public override byte Decimals => 0;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates the total amount of NEO.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BigInteger TotalAmount { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates the effective voting turnout in NEO. The voted candidates will only be effective when the voting turnout exceeds this value.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const decimal EffectiveVoterTurnout = 0.2M;
+
+        private const byte Prefix_VotersCount = 1;
+        private const byte Prefix_Candidate = 33;
+        private const byte Prefix_Committee = 14;
+        private const byte Prefix_GasPerBlock = 29;
+        private const byte Prefix_RegisterPrice = 13;
+        private const byte Prefix_VoterRewardPerCommittee = 23;
+
+        private const byte NeoHolderRewardRatio = 10;
+        private const byte CommitteeRewardRatio = 10;
+        private const byte VoterRewardRatio = 80;
+
+        internal NeoToken()
+        {
+            this.TotalAmount = 100000000 * Factor;
+        }
+
+        public override BigInteger TotalSupply(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            return TotalAmount;
+        }
+
+        internal override void OnBalanceChanging(ApplicationEngine engine, UInt160 account, NeoAccountState state, BigInteger amount)
+        {
+            GasDistribution distribution = DistributeGas(engine, account, state);
+            if (distribution is not null)
+            {
+                var list = engine.CurrentContext.GetState<List<GasDistribution>>();
+                list.Add(distribution);
+            }
+            if (amount.IsZero) return;
+            if (state.VoteTo is null) return;
+            engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VotersCount)).Add(amount);
+            StorageKey key = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).Add(state.VoteTo);
+            CandidateState candidate = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(key).GetInteroperable<CandidateState>();
+            candidate.Votes += amount;
+            CheckCandidate(engine.Snapshot, state.VoteTo, candidate);
+        }
+
+        private protected override async ContractTask PostTransfer(ApplicationEngine engine, UInt160 from, UInt160 to, BigInteger amount, StackItem data, bool callOnPayment)
+        {
+            await base.PostTransfer(engine, from, to, amount, data, callOnPayment);
+            var list = engine.CurrentContext.GetState<List<GasDistribution>>();
+            foreach (var distribution in list)
+                await GAS.Mint(engine, distribution.Account, distribution.Amount, callOnPayment);
+        }
+
+        private GasDistribution DistributeGas(ApplicationEngine engine, UInt160 account, NeoAccountState state)
+        {
+            // PersistingBlock is null when running under the debugger
+            if (engine.PersistingBlock is null) return null;
+
+            BigInteger gas = CalculateBonus(engine.Snapshot, state.VoteTo, state.Balance, state.BalanceHeight, engine.PersistingBlock.Index);
+            state.BalanceHeight = engine.PersistingBlock.Index;
+
+            if (gas == 0) return null;
+            return new GasDistribution
+            {
+                Account = account,
+                Amount = gas
+            };
+        }
+
+        private BigInteger CalculateBonus(DataCache snapshot, ECPoint vote, BigInteger value, uint start, uint end)
+        {
+            if (value.IsZero || start >= end) return BigInteger.Zero;
+            if (value.Sign < 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value));
+
+            BigInteger neoHolderReward = CalculateNeoHolderReward(snapshot, value, start, end);
+            if (vote is null) return neoHolderReward;
+
+            byte[] border = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VoterRewardPerCommittee).Add(vote).ToArray();
+            byte[] keyStart = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VoterRewardPerCommittee).Add(vote).AddBigEndian(start).ToArray();
+            (_, var item) = snapshot.FindRange(keyStart, border, SeekDirection.Backward).FirstOrDefault();
+            BigInteger startRewardPerNeo = item ?? BigInteger.Zero;
+
+            byte[] keyEnd = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VoterRewardPerCommittee).Add(vote).AddBigEndian(end).ToArray();
+            (_, item) = snapshot.FindRange(keyEnd, border, SeekDirection.Backward).FirstOrDefault();
+            BigInteger endRewardPerNeo = item ?? BigInteger.Zero;
+
+            return neoHolderReward + value * (endRewardPerNeo - startRewardPerNeo) / 100000000L;
+        }
+
+        private BigInteger CalculateNeoHolderReward(DataCache snapshot, BigInteger value, uint start, uint end)
+        {
+            BigInteger sum = 0;
+            foreach (var (index, gasPerBlock) in GetSortedGasRecords(snapshot, end - 1))
+            {
+                if (index > start)
+                {
+                    sum += gasPerBlock * (end - index);
+                    end = index;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    sum += gasPerBlock * (end - start);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            return value * sum * NeoHolderRewardRatio / 100 / TotalAmount;
+        }
+
+        private void CheckCandidate(DataCache snapshot, ECPoint pubkey, CandidateState candidate)
+        {
+            if (!candidate.Registered && candidate.Votes.IsZero)
+            {
+                foreach (var (rewardKey, _) in snapshot.Find(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VoterRewardPerCommittee).Add(pubkey).ToArray()).ToArray())
+                    snapshot.Delete(rewardKey);
+                snapshot.Delete(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).Add(pubkey));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Determine whether the votes should be recounted at the specified height.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="height">The height to be checked.</param>
+        /// <param name="committeeMembersCount">The number of committee members in the system.</param>
+        /// <returns><see langword="true"/> if the votes should be recounted; otherwise, <see langword="false"/>.</returns>
+        public static bool ShouldRefreshCommittee(uint height, int committeeMembersCount) => height % committeeMembersCount == 0;
+
+        internal override ContractTask Initialize(ApplicationEngine engine)
+        {
+            var cachedCommittee = new CachedCommittee(engine.ProtocolSettings.StandbyCommittee.Select(p => (p, BigInteger.Zero)));
+            engine.Snapshot.Add(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Committee), new StorageItem(cachedCommittee));
+            engine.Snapshot.Add(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VotersCount), new StorageItem(System.Array.Empty<byte>()));
+            engine.Snapshot.Add(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_GasPerBlock).AddBigEndian(0u), new StorageItem(5 * GAS.Factor));
+            engine.Snapshot.Add(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_RegisterPrice), new StorageItem(1000 * GAS.Factor));
+            return Mint(engine, Contract.GetBFTAddress(engine.ProtocolSettings.StandbyValidators), TotalAmount, false);
+        }
+
+        internal override ContractTask OnPersist(ApplicationEngine engine)
+        {
+            // Set next committee
+            if (ShouldRefreshCommittee(engine.PersistingBlock.Index, engine.ProtocolSettings.CommitteeMembersCount))
+            {
+                StorageItem storageItem = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Committee));
+                var cachedCommittee = storageItem.GetInteroperable<CachedCommittee>();
+                cachedCommittee.Clear();
+                cachedCommittee.AddRange(ComputeCommitteeMembers(engine.Snapshot, engine.ProtocolSettings));
+            }
+            return ContractTask.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        internal override async ContractTask PostPersist(ApplicationEngine engine)
+        {
+            // Distribute GAS for committee
+
+            int m = engine.ProtocolSettings.CommitteeMembersCount;
+            int n = engine.ProtocolSettings.ValidatorsCount;
+            int index = (int)(engine.PersistingBlock.Index % (uint)m);
+            var gasPerBlock = GetGasPerBlock(engine.Snapshot);
+            var committee = GetCommitteeFromCache(engine.Snapshot);
+            var pubkey = committee[index].PublicKey;
+            var account = Contract.CreateSignatureRedeemScript(pubkey).ToScriptHash();
+            await GAS.Mint(engine, account, gasPerBlock * CommitteeRewardRatio / 100, false);
+
+            // Record the cumulative reward of the voters of committee
+
+            if (ShouldRefreshCommittee(engine.PersistingBlock.Index, m))
+            {
+                BigInteger voterRewardOfEachCommittee = gasPerBlock * VoterRewardRatio * 100000000L * m / (m + n) / 100; // Zoom in 100000000 times, and the final calculation should be divided 100000000L
+                for (index = 0; index < committee.Count; index++)
+                {
+                    var member = committee[index];
+                    var factor = index < n ? 2 : 1; // The `voter` rewards of validator will double than other committee's
+                    if (member.Votes > 0)
+                    {
+                        BigInteger voterSumRewardPerNEO = factor * voterRewardOfEachCommittee / member.Votes;
+                        StorageKey voterRewardKey = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VoterRewardPerCommittee).Add(member.PublicKey).AddBigEndian(engine.PersistingBlock.Index + 1);
+                        byte[] border = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VoterRewardPerCommittee).Add(member.PublicKey).ToArray();
+                        (_, var item) = engine.Snapshot.FindRange(voterRewardKey.ToArray(), border, SeekDirection.Backward).FirstOrDefault();
+                        voterSumRewardPerNEO += (item ?? BigInteger.Zero);
+                        engine.Snapshot.Add(voterRewardKey, new StorageItem(voterSumRewardPerNEO));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 15, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.States)]
+        private void SetGasPerBlock(ApplicationEngine engine, BigInteger gasPerBlock)
+        {
+            if (gasPerBlock < 0 || gasPerBlock > 10 * GAS.Factor)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(gasPerBlock));
+            if (!CheckCommittee(engine)) throw new InvalidOperationException();
+
+            uint index = engine.PersistingBlock.Index + 1;
+            StorageItem entry = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_GasPerBlock).AddBigEndian(index), () => new StorageItem(gasPerBlock));
+            entry.Set(gasPerBlock);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the amount of GAS generated in each block.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <returns>The amount of GAS generated.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 15, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        public BigInteger GetGasPerBlock(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            return GetSortedGasRecords(snapshot, Ledger.CurrentIndex(snapshot) + 1).First().GasPerBlock;
+        }
+
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 15, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.States)]
+        private void SetRegisterPrice(ApplicationEngine engine, long registerPrice)
+        {
+            if (registerPrice <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(registerPrice));
+            if (!CheckCommittee(engine)) throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_RegisterPrice)).Set(registerPrice);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the fees to be paid to register as a candidate.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <returns>The amount of the fees.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 15, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        public long GetRegisterPrice(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            return (long)(BigInteger)snapshot[CreateStorageKey(Prefix_RegisterPrice)];
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<(uint Index, BigInteger GasPerBlock)> GetSortedGasRecords(DataCache snapshot, uint end)
+        {
+            byte[] key = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_GasPerBlock).AddBigEndian(end).ToArray();
+            byte[] boundary = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_GasPerBlock).ToArray();
+            return snapshot.FindRange(key, boundary, SeekDirection.Backward)
+                .Select(u => (BinaryPrimitives.ReadUInt32BigEndian(u.Key.Key.Span[^sizeof(uint)..]), (BigInteger)u.Value));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the amount of unclaimed GAS in the specified account.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <param name="account">The account to check.</param>
+        /// <param name="end">The block index used when calculating GAS.</param>
+        /// <returns>The amount of unclaimed GAS.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 17, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        public BigInteger UnclaimedGas(DataCache snapshot, UInt160 account, uint end)
+        {
+            StorageItem storage = snapshot.TryGet(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Account).Add(account));
+            if (storage is null) return BigInteger.Zero;
+            NeoAccountState state = storage.GetInteroperable<NeoAccountState>();
+            return CalculateBonus(snapshot, state.VoteTo, state.Balance, state.BalanceHeight, end);
+        }
+
+        [ContractMethod(RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.States)]
+        private bool RegisterCandidate(ApplicationEngine engine, ECPoint pubkey)
+        {
+            if (!engine.CheckWitnessInternal(Contract.CreateSignatureRedeemScript(pubkey).ToScriptHash()))
+                return false;
+            engine.AddGas(GetRegisterPrice(engine.Snapshot));
+            StorageKey key = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).Add(pubkey);
+            StorageItem item = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(key, () => new StorageItem(new CandidateState()));
+            CandidateState state = item.GetInteroperable<CandidateState>();
+            state.Registered = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 16, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.States)]
+        private bool UnregisterCandidate(ApplicationEngine engine, ECPoint pubkey)
+        {
+            if (!engine.CheckWitnessInternal(Contract.CreateSignatureRedeemScript(pubkey).ToScriptHash()))
+                return false;
+            StorageKey key = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).Add(pubkey);
+            if (engine.Snapshot.TryGet(key) is null) return true;
+            StorageItem item = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(key);
+            CandidateState state = item.GetInteroperable<CandidateState>();
+            state.Registered = false;
+            CheckCandidate(engine.Snapshot, pubkey, state);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 16, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.States)]
+        private async ContractTask<bool> Vote(ApplicationEngine engine, UInt160 account, ECPoint voteTo)
+        {
+            if (!engine.CheckWitnessInternal(account)) return false;
+            NeoAccountState state_account = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Account).Add(account))?.GetInteroperable<NeoAccountState>();
+            if (state_account is null) return false;
+            CandidateState validator_new = null;
+            if (voteTo != null)
+            {
+                validator_new = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).Add(voteTo))?.GetInteroperable<CandidateState>();
+                if (validator_new is null) return false;
+                if (!validator_new.Registered) return false;
+            }
+            if (state_account.VoteTo is null ^ voteTo is null)
+            {
+                StorageItem item = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VotersCount));
+                if (state_account.VoteTo is null)
+                    item.Add(state_account.Balance);
+                else
+                    item.Add(-state_account.Balance);
+            }
+            GasDistribution gasDistribution = DistributeGas(engine, account, state_account);
+            if (state_account.VoteTo != null)
+            {
+                StorageKey key = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).Add(state_account.VoteTo);
+                StorageItem storage_validator = engine.Snapshot.GetAndChange(key);
+                CandidateState state_validator = storage_validator.GetInteroperable<CandidateState>();
+                state_validator.Votes -= state_account.Balance;
+                CheckCandidate(engine.Snapshot, state_account.VoteTo, state_validator);
+            }
+            state_account.VoteTo = voteTo;
+            if (validator_new != null)
+            {
+                validator_new.Votes += state_account.Balance;
+            }
+            if (gasDistribution is not null)
+                await GAS.Mint(engine, gasDistribution.Account, gasDistribution.Amount, true);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the first 256 registered candidates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <returns>All the registered candidates.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 22, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        private (ECPoint PublicKey, BigInteger Votes)[] GetCandidates(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            return GetCandidatesInternal(snapshot)
+                .Select(p => (p.PublicKey, p.State.Votes))
+                .Take(256)
+                .ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the registered candidates iterator.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <returns>All the registered candidates.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 22, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        private IIterator GetAllCandidates(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            const FindOptions options = FindOptions.RemovePrefix | FindOptions.DeserializeValues | FindOptions.PickField1;
+            var enumerator = GetCandidatesInternal(snapshot)
+                .Select(p => (p.Key, p.Value))
+                .GetEnumerator();
+            return new StorageIterator(enumerator, 1, options);
+        }
+
+        internal IEnumerable<(StorageKey Key, StorageItem Value, ECPoint PublicKey, CandidateState State)> GetCandidatesInternal(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            byte[] prefix_key = CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).ToArray();
+            return snapshot.Find(prefix_key)
+                .Select(p => (p.Key, p.Value, PublicKey: p.Key.Key[1..].AsSerializable<ECPoint>(), State: p.Value.GetInteroperable<CandidateState>()))
+                .Where(p => p.State.Registered)
+                .Where(p => !Policy.IsBlocked(snapshot, Contract.CreateSignatureRedeemScript(p.PublicKey).ToScriptHash()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets votes from specific candidate.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <param name="pubKey">Specific public key</param>
+        /// <returns>Votes or -1 if it was not found.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 15, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        public BigInteger GetCandidateVote(DataCache snapshot, ECPoint pubKey)
+        {
+            StorageItem storage = snapshot.TryGet(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Candidate).Add(pubKey));
+            CandidateState state = storage?.GetInteroperable<CandidateState>();
+            return state?.Registered == true ? state.Votes : -1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets all the members of the committee.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <returns>The public keys of the members.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 16, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        public ECPoint[] GetCommittee(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            return GetCommitteeFromCache(snapshot).Select(p => p.PublicKey).OrderBy(p => p).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get account state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <param name="account">account</param>
+        /// <returns>The state of the account.</returns>
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 15, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        public NeoAccountState GetAccountState(DataCache snapshot, UInt160 account)
+        {
+            return snapshot.TryGet(CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Account).Add(account))?.GetInteroperable<NeoAccountState>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the address of the committee.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <returns>The address of the committee.</returns>
+        public UInt160 GetCommitteeAddress(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            ECPoint[] committees = GetCommittee(snapshot);
+            return Contract.CreateMultiSigRedeemScript(committees.Length - (committees.Length - 1) / 2, committees).ToScriptHash();
+        }
+
+        private CachedCommittee GetCommitteeFromCache(DataCache snapshot)
+        {
+            return snapshot[CreateStorageKey(Prefix_Committee)].GetInteroperable<CachedCommittee>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Computes the validators of the next block.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <param name="settings">The <see cref="ProtocolSettings"/> used during computing.</param>
+        /// <returns>The public keys of the validators.</returns>
+        public ECPoint[] ComputeNextBlockValidators(DataCache snapshot, ProtocolSettings settings)
+        {
+            return ComputeCommitteeMembers(snapshot, settings).Select(p => p.PublicKey).Take(settings.ValidatorsCount).OrderBy(p => p).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<(ECPoint PublicKey, BigInteger Votes)> ComputeCommitteeMembers(DataCache snapshot, ProtocolSettings settings)
+        {
+            decimal votersCount = (decimal)(BigInteger)snapshot[CreateStorageKey(Prefix_VotersCount)];
+            decimal voterTurnout = votersCount / (decimal)TotalAmount;
+            var candidates = GetCandidatesInternal(snapshot)
+                .Select(p => (p.PublicKey, p.State.Votes))
+                .ToArray();
+            if (voterTurnout < EffectiveVoterTurnout || candidates.Length < settings.CommitteeMembersCount)
+                return settings.StandbyCommittee.Select(p => (p, candidates.FirstOrDefault(k => k.PublicKey.Equals(p)).Votes));
+            return candidates
+                .OrderByDescending(p => p.Votes)
+                .ThenBy(p => p.PublicKey)
+                .Take(settings.CommitteeMembersCount);
+        }
+
+        [ContractMethod(CpuFee = 1 << 16, RequiredCallFlags = CallFlags.ReadStates)]
+        private ECPoint[] GetNextBlockValidators(ApplicationEngine engine)
+        {
+            return GetNextBlockValidators(engine.Snapshot, engine.ProtocolSettings.ValidatorsCount);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the validators of the next block.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="snapshot">The snapshot used to read data.</param>
+        /// <param name="validatorsCount">The number of validators in the system.</param>
+        /// <returns>The public keys of the validators.</returns>
+        public ECPoint[] GetNextBlockValidators(DataCache snapshot, int validatorsCount)
+        {
+            return GetCommitteeFromCache(snapshot)
+                .Take(validatorsCount)
+                .Select(p => p.PublicKey)
+                .OrderBy(p => p)
+                .ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Represents the account state of <see cref="NeoToken"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class NeoAccountState : AccountState
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The height of the block where the balance changed last time.
+            /// </summary>
+            public uint BalanceHeight;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The voting target of the account. This field can be <see langword="null"/>.
+            /// </summary>
+            public ECPoint VoteTo;
+
+            public override void FromStackItem(StackItem stackItem)
+            {
+                base.FromStackItem(stackItem);
+                Struct @struct = (Struct)stackItem;
+                BalanceHeight = (uint)@struct[1].GetInteger();
+                VoteTo = @struct[2].IsNull ? null : ECPoint.DecodePoint(@struct[2].GetSpan(), ECCurve.Secp256r1);
+            }
+
+            public override StackItem ToStackItem(ReferenceCounter referenceCounter)
+            {
+                Struct @struct = (Struct)base.ToStackItem(referenceCounter);
+                @struct.Add(BalanceHeight);
+                @struct.Add(VoteTo?.ToArray() ?? StackItem.Null);
+                return @struct;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal class CandidateState : IInteroperable
+        {
+            public bool Registered = true;
+            public BigInteger Votes;
+
+            public void FromStackItem(StackItem stackItem)
+            {
+                Struct @struct = (Struct)stackItem;
+                Registered = @struct[0].GetBoolean();
+                Votes = @struct[1].GetInteger();
+            }
+
+            public StackItem ToStackItem(ReferenceCounter referenceCounter)
+            {
+                return new Struct(referenceCounter) { Registered, Votes };
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal class CachedCommittee : InteroperableList<(ECPoint PublicKey, BigInteger Votes)>
+        {
+            public CachedCommittee() { }
+            public CachedCommittee(IEnumerable<(ECPoint, BigInteger)> collection) => AddRange(collection);
+
+            protected override (ECPoint, BigInteger) ElementFromStackItem(StackItem item)
+            {
+                Struct @struct = (Struct)item;
+                return (ECPoint.DecodePoint(@struct[0].GetSpan(), ECCurve.Secp256r1), @struct[1].GetInteger());
+            }
+
+            protected override StackItem ElementToStackItem((ECPoint PublicKey, BigInteger Votes) element, ReferenceCounter referenceCounter)
+            {
+                return new Struct(referenceCounter) { element.PublicKey.ToArray(), element.Votes };
+            }
+        }
+
+        private record GasDistribution
+        {
+            public UInt160 Account { get; init; }
+            public BigInteger Amount { get; init; }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Neo.SmartContract.KeyBuilder Neo.SmartContract.Native.NativeContract::CreateStorageKey(System.Byte) at Line 307).Neo.SmartContract.KeyBuilder.stream of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Boolean NeoToken.UnregisterCandidate(ApplicationEngine,ECPoint)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean NeoToken.UnregisterCandidate(ApplicationEngine,ECPoint)
+
+### File:
+src/neo/SmartContract/Native/NeoToken.cs
+
+### Key:
+NeoToken.cs|UnregisterCandidate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7b137895cac6c99f6467ce6040b3e9d6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0354/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0354/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b3b10f7687ca71e5cf261bf9acf8530d3c50c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0354/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (C) 2015-2022 The Neo Project.
+// 
+// The neo is free software distributed under the MIT software license, 
+// see the accompanying file LICENSE in the main directory of the
+// project or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php 
+// for more details.
+// 
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms with or without
+// modifications are permitted.
+
+using Akka.Actor;
+using Neo.Cryptography;
+using Neo.IO.Caching;
+using Neo.Ledger;
+using Neo.Network.P2P.Capabilities;
+using Neo.Network.P2P.Payloads;
+using Neo.Persistence;
+using Neo.SmartContract.Native;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+
+namespace Neo.Network.P2P
+{
+    public delegate bool MessageReceivedHandler(NeoSystem system, Message message);
+
+    partial class RemoteNode
+    {
+        private class Timer { }
+        private class PendingKnownHashesCollection : KeyedCollection<UInt256, (UInt256, DateTime)>
+        {
+            protected override UInt256 GetKeyForItem((UInt256, DateTime) item)
+            {
+                return item.Item1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static event MessageReceivedHandler MessageReceived
+        {
+            add => handlers.Add(value);
+            remove => handlers.Remove(value);
+        }
+
+        private static readonly List<MessageReceivedHandler> handlers = new();
+        private readonly PendingKnownHashesCollection pendingKnownHashes = new();
+        private readonly HashSetCache<UInt256> knownHashes;
+        private readonly HashSetCache<UInt256> sentHashes;
+        private bool verack = false;
+        private BloomFilter bloom_filter;
+
+        private static readonly TimeSpan TimerInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30);
+        private readonly ICancelable timer = Context.System.Scheduler.ScheduleTellRepeatedlyCancelable(TimerInterval, TimerInterval, Context.Self, new Timer(), ActorRefs.NoSender);
+
+        private void OnMessage(Message msg)
+        {
+            foreach (MessageReceivedHandler handler in handlers)
+                if (!handler(system, msg))
+                    return;
+            if (Version == null)
+            {
+                if (msg.Command != MessageCommand.Version)
+                    throw new ProtocolViolationException();
+                OnVersionMessageReceived((VersionPayload)msg.Payload);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!verack)
+            {
+                if (msg.Command != MessageCommand.Verack)
+                    throw new ProtocolViolationException();
+                OnVerackMessageReceived();
+                return;
+            }
+            switch (msg.Command)
+            {
+                case MessageCommand.Addr:
+                    OnAddrMessageReceived((AddrPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Block:
+                case MessageCommand.Extensible:
+                    OnInventoryReceived((IInventory)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.FilterAdd:
+                    OnFilterAddMessageReceived((FilterAddPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.FilterClear:
+                    OnFilterClearMessageReceived();
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.FilterLoad:
+                    OnFilterLoadMessageReceived((FilterLoadPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.GetAddr:
+                    OnGetAddrMessageReceived();
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.GetBlocks:
+                    OnGetBlocksMessageReceived((GetBlocksPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.GetBlockByIndex:
+                    OnGetBlockByIndexMessageReceived((GetBlockByIndexPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.GetData:
+                    OnGetDataMessageReceived((InvPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.GetHeaders:
+                    OnGetHeadersMessageReceived((GetBlockByIndexPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Headers:
+                    OnHeadersMessageReceived((HeadersPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Inv:
+                    OnInvMessageReceived((InvPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Mempool:
+                    OnMemPoolMessageReceived();
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Ping:
+                    OnPingMessageReceived((PingPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Pong:
+                    OnPongMessageReceived((PingPayload)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Transaction:
+                    if (msg.Payload.Size <= Transaction.MaxTransactionSize)
+                        OnInventoryReceived((Transaction)msg.Payload);
+                    break;
+                case MessageCommand.Verack:
+                case MessageCommand.Version:
+                    throw new ProtocolViolationException();
+                case MessageCommand.Alert:
+                case MessageCommand.MerkleBlock:
+                case MessageCommand.NotFound:
+                case MessageCommand.Reject:
+                default: break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void OnAddrMessageReceived(AddrPayload payload)
+        {
+            ref bool sent = ref sentCommands[(byte)MessageCommand.GetAddr];
+            if (!sent) return;
+            sent = false;
+            system.LocalNode.Tell(new Peer.Peers
+            {
+                EndPoints = payload.AddressList.Select(p => p.EndPoint).Where(p => p.Port > 0)
+            });
+        }
+
+        private void OnFilterAddMessageReceived(FilterAddPayload payload)
+        {
+            bloom_filter?.Add(payload.Data);
+        }
+
+        private void OnFilterClearMessageReceived()
+        {
+            bloom_filter = null;
+        }
+
+        private void OnFilterLoadMessageReceived(FilterLoadPayload payload)
+        {
+            bloom_filter = new BloomFilter(payload.Filter.Length * 8, payload.K, payload.Tweak, payload.Filter);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Will be triggered when a MessageCommand.GetAddr message is received.
+        /// Randomly select nodes from the local RemoteNodes and tells to RemoteNode actors a MessageCommand.Addr message.
+        /// The message contains a list of networkAddresses from those selected random peers.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void OnGetAddrMessageReceived()
+        {
+            Random rand = new();
+            IEnumerable<RemoteNode> peers = localNode.RemoteNodes.Values
+                .Where(p => p.ListenerTcpPort > 0)
+                .GroupBy(p => p.Remote.Address, (k, g) => g.First())
+                .OrderBy(p => rand.Next())
+                .Take(AddrPayload.MaxCountToSend);
+            NetworkAddressWithTime[] networkAddresses = peers.Select(p => NetworkAddressWithTime.Create(p.Listener.Address, p.Version.Timestamp, p.Version.Capabilities)).ToArray();
+            if (networkAddresses.Length == 0) return;
+            EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Addr, AddrPayload.Create(networkAddresses)));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Will be triggered when a MessageCommand.GetBlocks message is received.
+        /// Tell the specified number of blocks' hashes starting with the requested HashStart until payload.Count or MaxHashesCount
+        /// Responses are sent to RemoteNode actor as MessageCommand.Inv Message.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="payload">A GetBlocksPayload including start block Hash and number of blocks requested.</param>
+        private void OnGetBlocksMessageReceived(GetBlocksPayload payload)
+        {
+            // The default value of payload.Count is -1
+            int count = payload.Count < 0 || payload.Count > InvPayload.MaxHashesCount ? InvPayload.MaxHashesCount : payload.Count;
+            DataCache snapshot = system.StoreView;
+            UInt256 hash = payload.HashStart;
+            TrimmedBlock state = NativeContract.Ledger.GetTrimmedBlock(snapshot, hash);
+            if (state == null) return;
+            uint currentHeight = NativeContract.Ledger.CurrentIndex(snapshot);
+            List<UInt256> hashes = new();
+            for (uint i = 1; i <= count; i++)
+            {
+                uint index = state.Index + i;
+                if (index > currentHeight)
+                    break;
+                hash = NativeContract.Ledger.GetBlockHash(snapshot, index);
+                if (hash == null) break;
+                hashes.Add(hash);
+            }
+            if (hashes.Count == 0) return;
+            EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Inv, InvPayload.Create(InventoryType.Block, hashes.ToArray())));
+        }
+
+        private void OnGetBlockByIndexMessageReceived(GetBlockByIndexPayload payload)
+        {
+            uint count = payload.Count == -1 ? InvPayload.MaxHashesCount : Math.Min((uint)payload.Count, InvPayload.MaxHashesCount);
+            for (uint i = payload.IndexStart, max = payload.IndexStart + count; i < max; i++)
+            {
+                Block block = NativeContract.Ledger.GetBlock(system.StoreView, i);
+                if (block == null)
+                    break;
+
+                if (bloom_filter == null)
+                {
+                    EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Block, block));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    BitArray flags = new(block.Transactions.Select(p => bloom_filter.Test(p)).ToArray());
+                    EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.MerkleBlock, MerkleBlockPayload.Create(block, flags)));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Will be triggered when a MessageCommand.GetData message is received.
+        /// The payload includes an array of hash values.
+        /// For different payload.Type (Tx, Block, Consensus),
+        /// get the corresponding (Txs, Blocks, Consensus) and tell them to RemoteNode actor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="payload">The payload containing the requested information.</param>
+        private void OnGetDataMessageReceived(InvPayload payload)
+        {
+            var notFound = new List<UInt256>();
+            foreach (UInt256 hash in payload.Hashes.Where(p => sentHashes.Add(p)))
+            {
+                switch (payload.Type)
+                {
+                    case InventoryType.TX:
+                        if (system.MemPool.TryGetValue(hash, out Transaction tx))
+                            EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Transaction, tx));
+                        else
+                            notFound.Add(hash);
+                        break;
+                    case InventoryType.Block:
+                        Block block = NativeContract.Ledger.GetBlock(system.StoreView, hash);
+                        if (block != null)
+                        {
+                            if (bloom_filter == null)
+                            {
+                                EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Block, block));
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                BitArray flags = new(block.Transactions.Select(p => bloom_filter.Test(p)).ToArray());
+                                EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.MerkleBlock, MerkleBlockPayload.Create(block, flags)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            notFound.Add(hash);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        if (system.RelayCache.TryGet(hash, out IInventory inventory))
+                            EnqueueMessage(Message.Create((MessageCommand)payload.Type, inventory));
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (notFound.Count > 0)
+            {
+                foreach (InvPayload entry in InvPayload.CreateGroup(payload.Type, notFound.ToArray()))
+                    EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.NotFound, entry));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Will be triggered when a MessageCommand.GetHeaders message is received.
+        /// Tell the specified number of blocks' headers starting with the requested IndexStart to RemoteNode actor.
+        /// A limit set by HeadersPayload.MaxHeadersCount is also applied to the number of requested Headers, namely payload.Count.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="payload">A GetBlockByIndexPayload including start block index and number of blocks' headers requested.</param>
+        private void OnGetHeadersMessageReceived(GetBlockByIndexPayload payload)
+        {
+            DataCache snapshot = system.StoreView;
+            if (payload.IndexStart > NativeContract.Ledger.CurrentIndex(snapshot)) return;
+            List<Header> headers = new();
+            uint count = payload.Count == -1 ? HeadersPayload.MaxHeadersCount : (uint)payload.Count;
+            for (uint i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                var header = NativeContract.Ledger.GetHeader(snapshot, payload.IndexStart + i);
+                if (header == null) break;
+                headers.Add(header);
+            }
+            if (headers.Count == 0) return;
+            EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Headers, HeadersPayload.Create(headers.ToArray())));
+        }
+
+        private void OnHeadersMessageReceived(HeadersPayload payload)
+        {
+            UpdateLastBlockIndex(payload.Headers[^1].Index);
+            system.Blockchain.Tell(payload.Headers);
+        }
+
+        private void OnInventoryReceived(IInventory inventory)
+        {
+            if (!knownHashes.Add(inventory.Hash)) return;
+            pendingKnownHashes.Remove(inventory.Hash);
+            system.TaskManager.Tell(inventory);
+            switch (inventory)
+            {
+                case Transaction transaction:
+                    if (!system.ContainsTransaction(transaction.Hash))
+                        system.TxRouter.Tell(new TransactionRouter.Preverify(transaction, true));
+                    break;
+                case Block block:
+                    UpdateLastBlockIndex(block.Index);
+                    if (block.Index > NativeContract.Ledger.CurrentIndex(system.StoreView) + InvPayload.MaxHashesCount) return;
+                    system.Blockchain.Tell(inventory);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    system.Blockchain.Tell(inventory);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void OnInvMessageReceived(InvPayload payload)
+        {
+            UInt256[] hashes = payload.Hashes.Where(p => !pendingKnownHashes.Contains(p) && !knownHashes.Contains(p) && !sentHashes.Contains(p)).ToArray();
+            if (hashes.Length == 0) return;
+            switch (payload.Type)
+            {
+                case InventoryType.Block:
+                    {
+                        DataCache snapshot = system.StoreView;
+                        hashes = hashes.Where(p => !NativeContract.Ledger.ContainsBlock(snapshot, p)).ToArray();
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case InventoryType.TX:
+                    {
+                        DataCache snapshot = system.StoreView;
+                        hashes = hashes.Where(p => !NativeContract.Ledger.ContainsTransaction(snapshot, p)).ToArray();
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+            if (hashes.Length == 0) return;
+            foreach (UInt256 hash in hashes)
+                pendingKnownHashes.Add((hash, TimeProvider.Current.UtcNow));
+            system.TaskManager.Tell(new TaskManager.NewTasks { Payload = InvPayload.Create(payload.Type, hashes) });
+        }
+
+        private void OnMemPoolMessageReceived()
+        {
+            foreach (InvPayload payload in InvPayload.CreateGroup(InventoryType.TX, system.MemPool.GetVerifiedTransactions().Select(p => p.Hash).ToArray()))
+                EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Inv, payload));
+        }
+
+        private void OnPingMessageReceived(PingPayload payload)
+        {
+            UpdateLastBlockIndex(payload.LastBlockIndex);
+            EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Pong, PingPayload.Create(NativeContract.Ledger.CurrentIndex(system.StoreView), payload.Nonce)));
+        }
+
+        private void OnPongMessageReceived(PingPayload payload)
+        {
+            UpdateLastBlockIndex(payload.LastBlockIndex);
+        }
+
+        private void OnVerackMessageReceived()
+        {
+            verack = true;
+            system.TaskManager.Tell(new TaskManager.Register { Version = Version });
+            CheckMessageQueue();
+        }
+
+        private void OnVersionMessageReceived(VersionPayload payload)
+        {
+            Version = payload;
+            foreach (NodeCapability capability in payload.Capabilities)
+            {
+                switch (capability)
+                {
+                    case FullNodeCapability fullNodeCapability:
+                        IsFullNode = true;
+                        LastBlockIndex = fullNodeCapability.StartHeight;
+                        break;
+                    case ServerCapability serverCapability:
+                        if (serverCapability.Type == NodeCapabilityType.TcpServer)
+                            ListenerTcpPort = serverCapability.Port;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!localNode.AllowNewConnection(Self, this))
+            {
+                Disconnect(true);
+                return;
+            }
+            SendMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Verack));
+        }
+
+        private void OnTimer()
+        {
+            DateTime oneMinuteAgo = TimeProvider.Current.UtcNow.AddMinutes(-1);
+            while (pendingKnownHashes.Count > 0)
+            {
+                var (_, time) = pendingKnownHashes[0];
+                if (oneMinuteAgo <= time) break;
+                pendingKnownHashes.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+            if (oneMinuteAgo > lastSent)
+                EnqueueMessage(Message.Create(MessageCommand.Ping, PingPayload.Create(NativeContract.Ledger.CurrentIndex(system.StoreView))));
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateLastBlockIndex(uint lastBlockIndex)
+        {
+            if (lastBlockIndex > LastBlockIndex)
+            {
+                LastBlockIndex = lastBlockIndex;
+                system.TaskManager.Tell(new TaskManager.Update { LastBlockIndex = LastBlockIndex });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Neo.Persistence.DataCache Neo.NeoSystem::get_StoreView() at Line 420) of type Neo.Persistence.SnapshotCache in method "Void RemoteNode.OnTimer()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RemoteNode.OnTimer()
+
+### File:
+src/Neo/Network/P2P/RemoteNode.ProtocolHandler.cs
+
+### Key:
+RemoteNode.ProtocolHandler.cs|OnTimer|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+fcee7327e2b8c246be727213b4cb307d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0355/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0355/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4fe1e6dcaa1041c1ba6a994cbb90646e4d48122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0355/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** StackExchange.Metrics
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+using BosunReporter;
+
+namespace Scratch
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            Debug.Listeners.Add(new TextWriterTraceListener(Console.Out));
+            Debug.AutoFlush = true;
+
+            var options = new BosunReporterOptions()
+            {
+                MetricsNamePrefix = "bret.",
+                BosunUrl = new Uri("http://192.168.59.104:8070/"),
+                ThrowOnPostFail = true,
+                ReportingInterval = 5
+            };
+            var reporter = new BosunReporter.BosunReporter(options);
+            var counter = reporter.GetMetric<TestCounter>("my_counter");
+            counter.Increment();
+            counter.Increment();
+
+            var gauge = reporter.GetMetric<TestAggregateGauge>("my_gauge");
+            if (gauge != reporter.GetMetric<TestAggregateGauge>("my_gauge"))
+                throw new Exception("WAT?");
+
+            //reporter.GetMetric<TestAggregateGauge>("my_gauge_95"); // <- should throw an exception
+
+            var rand = new Random();
+            while (true)
+            {
+                gauge.Record(rand.NextDouble());
+                Thread.Sleep(5);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    [GaugeAggregator(AggregateMode.Average)]
+    [GaugeAggregator(AggregateMode.Max)]
+    [GaugeAggregator(AggregateMode.Min)]
+    [GaugeAggregator(AggregateMode.Median)]
+    [GaugeAggregator(AggregateMode.Percentile, 0.95)]
+    [GaugeAggregator(AggregateMode.Percentile, 0.25)]
+    public class TestAggregateGauge : BosunAggregateGauge
+    {
+        [BosunTag("host")]
+        public readonly string Host;
+
+        public TestAggregateGauge()
+        {
+            Host = "bret-host";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class TestCounter : BosunCounter
+    {
+        [BosunTag("host")]
+        public readonly string Host;
+
+        public TestCounter()
+        {
+            Host = "bret-host";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Diagnostics.TextWriterTraceListener::.ctor() at Line 12) of type System.Diagnostics.TextWriterTraceListener in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Scratch/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8e58a18cae1bf1f6099a7800e0abb700
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0362/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0362/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e1f16b68bd93bcf442ce83aa981543fa5376eed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0362/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-streams-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Confluent.Kafka;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Errors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Kafka;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.Internal;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.SerDes;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.State.Internal;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Table;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Metrics;
+using ThreadState = Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.ThreadState;
+
+namespace Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests.Private
+{
+    public class StreamThreadTests
+    {
+        #region State Test
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestCreatedState()
+        {
+            var state = ThreadState.CREATED;
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, state.Ordinal);
+            Assert.AreEqual("CREATED", state.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<int> {1, 5}, state.Transitions);
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsRunning());
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.DEAD));
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.STARTING));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestStartingState()
+        {
+            var state = ThreadState.STARTING;
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, state.Ordinal);
+            Assert.AreEqual("STARTING", state.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<int> {2, 3, 5}, state.Transitions);
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsRunning());
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.CREATED));
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.PARTITIONS_ASSIGNED));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestPartitionsRevokedState()
+        {
+            var state = ThreadState.PARTITIONS_REVOKED;
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, state.Ordinal);
+            Assert.AreEqual("PARTITIONS_REVOKED", state.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<int> {2, 3, 5}, state.Transitions);
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsRunning());
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.DEAD));
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.PARTITIONS_ASSIGNED));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestPartitionsAssignedState()
+        {
+            var state = ThreadState.PARTITIONS_ASSIGNED;
+            Assert.AreEqual(3, state.Ordinal);
+            Assert.AreEqual("PARTITIONS_ASSIGNED", state.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<int> {2, 3, 4, 5}, state.Transitions);
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsRunning());
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.DEAD));
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.RUNNING));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestRunningState()
+        {
+            var state = ThreadState.RUNNING;
+            Assert.AreEqual(4, state.Ordinal);
+            Assert.AreEqual("RUNNING", state.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<int> {2, 3, 4, 5}, state.Transitions);
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsRunning());
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.CREATED));
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.PARTITIONS_ASSIGNED));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestPendingShutdownState()
+        {
+            var state = ThreadState.PENDING_SHUTDOWN;
+            Assert.AreEqual(5, state.Ordinal);
+            Assert.AreEqual("PENDING_SHUTDOWN", state.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<int> {6}, state.Transitions);
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsRunning());
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.CREATED));
+            Assert.IsTrue(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.DEAD));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestDeadState()
+        {
+            var state = ThreadState.DEAD;
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, state.Ordinal);
+            Assert.AreEqual("DEAD", state.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<int> { }, state.Transitions);
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsRunning());
+            Assert.IsFalse(state.IsValidTransition(ThreadState.CREATED));
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region StreamThread Id
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GetConsumerClientIdTest()
+        {
+            var result = StreamThread.GetConsumerClientId("thread-client");
+            Assert.AreEqual($"thread-client-consumer", result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GetRestoreConsumerClientIdTest()
+        {
+            var result = StreamThread.GetRestoreConsumerClientId("thread-client");
+            Assert.AreEqual($"thread-client-restore-consumer", result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GetSharedAdminClientIdTest()
+        {
+            var result = StreamThread.GetSharedAdminClientId("thread-client");
+            Assert.AreEqual($"thread-client-admin", result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GetTaskProducerClientIdTest()
+        {
+            var taskId = new TaskId {Id = 0, Partition = 0};
+            var result = StreamThread.GetTaskProducerClientId("thread-client", taskId);
+            Assert.AreEqual($"thread-client-0-0-producer", result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GetThreadProducerClientIdTest()
+        {
+            var result = StreamThread.GetThreadProducerClientId("thread-client");
+            Assert.AreEqual($"thread-client-producer", result);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region StreamThread Workflow
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CreateStreamThread()
+        {
+            var config = new StreamConfig<StringSerDes, StringSerDes>();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test";
+
+            var builder = new StreamBuilder();
+            builder.Stream<string, string>("topic").To("topic2");
+
+            var topo = builder.Build();
+
+            var supplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var thread = StreamThread.Create(
+                "thread-0", "c0",
+                topo.Builder, new StreamMetricsRegistry(), config,
+                supplier, supplier.GetAdmin(config.ToAdminConfig("admin")),
+                0) as StreamThread;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("thread-0", thread.Name);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void StreamThreadNormalWorkflow()
+        {
+            List<ThreadState> allStates = new List<ThreadState>();
+            var expectedStates = new List<ThreadState>
+            {
+                ThreadState.CREATED,
+                ThreadState.STARTING,
+                ThreadState.PARTITIONS_ASSIGNED,
+                ThreadState.RUNNING,
+                ThreadState.PENDING_SHUTDOWN,
+                ThreadState.DEAD
+            };
+
+            var source = new System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource();
+            var config = new StreamConfig<StringSerDes, StringSerDes>();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test";
+            config.Guarantee = ProcessingGuarantee.AT_LEAST_ONCE;
+            config.PollMs = 1;
+
+            var serdes = new StringSerDes();
+            var builder = new StreamBuilder();
+            builder.Stream<string, string>("topic").To("topic2");
+
+            var topo = builder.Build();
+
+            var supplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var producer = supplier.GetProducer(config.ToProducerConfig());
+            var consumer = supplier.GetConsumer(config.ToConsumerConfig("test-consum"), null);
+            consumer.Subscribe("topic2");
+            var thread = StreamThread.Create(
+                "thread-0", "c0",
+                topo.Builder, new StreamMetricsRegistry(), config,
+                supplier, supplier.GetAdmin(config.ToAdminConfig("admin")),
+                0) as StreamThread;
+            allStates.Add(thread.State);
+            thread.StateChanged += (t, o, n) =>
+            {
+                Assert.IsInstanceOf<ThreadState>(n);
+                allStates.Add(n as ThreadState);
+            };
+
+            thread.Start(source.Token);
+            producer.Produce("topic", new Confluent.Kafka.Message<byte[], byte[]>
+            {
+                Key = serdes.Serialize("key1", new SerializationContext()),
+                Value = serdes.Serialize("coucou", new SerializationContext())
+            });
+            //WAIT STREAMTHREAD PROCESS MESSAGE
+            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(100);
+            var message = consumer.Consume(100);
+
+            source.Cancel();
+            thread.Dispose();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("key1", serdes.Deserialize(message.Message.Key, new SerializationContext()));
+            Assert.AreEqual("coucou", serdes.Deserialize(message.Message.Value, new SerializationContext()));
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedStates, allStates);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void StreamThreadCommitIntervalWorkflow()
+        {
+            var source = new System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource();
+            var config = new StreamConfig<StringSerDes, StringSerDes>();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test";
+            config.Guarantee = ProcessingGuarantee.AT_LEAST_ONCE;
+            config.PollMs = 1;
+            config.CommitIntervalMs = 1;
+
+            var serdes = new StringSerDes();
+            var builder = new StreamBuilder();
+            builder.Stream<string, string>("topic").To("topic2");
+
+            var topo = builder.Build();
+
+            var supplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var producer = supplier.GetProducer(config.ToProducerConfig());
+            var consumer = supplier.GetConsumer(config.ToConsumerConfig("test-consum"), null);
+            consumer.Subscribe("topic2");
+            var thread = StreamThread.Create(
+                "thread-0", "c0",
+                topo.Builder, new StreamMetricsRegistry(), config,
+                supplier, supplier.GetAdmin(config.ToAdminConfig("admin")),
+                0) as StreamThread;
+
+            thread.Start(source.Token);
+            producer.Produce("topic", new Confluent.Kafka.Message<byte[], byte[]>
+            {
+                Key = serdes.Serialize("key1", new SerializationContext()),
+                Value = serdes.Serialize("coucou", new SerializationContext())
+            });
+            //WAIT STREAMTHREAD PROCESS MESSAGE
+            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(100);
+            var message = consumer.Consume(100);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("key1", serdes.Deserialize(message.Message.Key, new SerializationContext()));
+            Assert.AreEqual("coucou", serdes.Deserialize(message.Message.Value, new SerializationContext()));
+
+            var offsets = thread.GetCommittedOffsets(new List<TopicPartition> {new TopicPartition("topic", 0)},
+                TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10)).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, offsets.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, offsets[0].Offset.Value);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, offsets[0].TopicPartition.Partition.Value);
+            Assert.AreEqual("topic", offsets[0].Topic);
+
+            source.Cancel();
+            thread.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region StreamThread SetState
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CheckIncorrectStateTransition()
+        {
+            var config = new StreamConfig<StringSerDes, StringSerDes>();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test";
+
+            var builder = new StreamBuilder();
+            builder.Stream<string, string>("topic").To("topic2");
+
+            var topo = builder.Build();
+
+            var supplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var thread = StreamThread.Create(
+                "thread-0", "c0",
+                topo.Builder, new StreamMetricsRegistry(), config,
+                supplier, supplier.GetAdmin(config.ToAdminConfig("admin")),
+                0) as StreamThread;
+
+            // MUST BE IN CREATED STATE
+            Assert.AreEqual(ThreadState.CREATED, thread.State);
+            Assert.Throws<StreamsException>(() => thread.SetState(ThreadState.DEAD));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CheckSetStateWithoutStateChangedHandler()
+        {
+            var config = new StreamConfig<StringSerDes, StringSerDes>();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test";
+
+            var builder = new StreamBuilder();
+            builder.Stream<string, string>("topic").To("topic2");
+
+            var topo = builder.Build();
+
+            var supplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var thread = StreamThread.Create(
+                "thread-0", "c0",
+                topo.Builder, new StreamMetricsRegistry(), config,
+                supplier, supplier.GetAdmin(config.ToAdminConfig("admin")),
+                0) as StreamThread;
+
+            // MUST BE IN CREATED STATE
+            Assert.AreEqual(ThreadState.CREATED, thread.State);
+            thread.SetState(ThreadState.STARTING);
+            Assert.AreEqual(ThreadState.STARTING, thread.State);
+        }
+
+
+        [Test]
+        public void CheckSetStateStartingWithDeadThread()
+        {
+            var config = new StreamConfig<StringSerDes, StringSerDes>();
+            config.ApplicationId = "test";
+
+            var builder = new StreamBuilder();
+            builder.Stream<string, string>("topic").To("topic2");
+
+            var topo = builder.Build();
+
+            var supplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var thread = StreamThread.Create(
+                "thread-0", "c0",
+                topo.Builder, new StreamMetricsRegistry(), config,
+                supplier, supplier.GetAdmin(config.ToAdminConfig("admin")),
+                0) as StreamThread;
+
+            // MUST BE IN CREATED STATE
+            Assert.AreEqual(ThreadState.CREATED, thread.State);
+            thread.SetState(ThreadState.STARTING);
+            thread.SetState(ThreadState.PENDING_SHUTDOWN);
+            thread.SetState(ThreadState.DEAD);
+            thread.Start(default);
+            Assert.IsFalse(thread.IsRunning);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region StreamThread Commit Requested TODO
+
+        // TODO:
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource supplier.Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncKafkaSupplier.producer of type Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncProducer, Leaked resource supplier.Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncKafkaSupplier.admin of type Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncAdminClient, Leaked resource (returned from Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.IThread Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.StreamThread::Create(System.String,System.String,Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.Internal.InternalTopologyBuilder,Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Metrics.StreamMetricsRegistry,Streamiz.Kafka.Net.IStreamConfig,Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Kafka.IKafkaSupplier,Confluent.Kafka.IAdminClient,System.Int32) at Line 165) of type Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.StreamThread in method "Void StreamThreadTests.CreateStreamThread()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void StreamThreadTests.CreateStreamThread()
+
+### File:
+test/Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests/Private/StreamThreadTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+StreamThreadTests.cs|CreateStreamThread|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ecacf16cb461c62650234d878a6a2cf2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0363/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0363/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57d743fad4852850da88357f660be8851b0f3a0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0363/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kafka-streams-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Confluent.Kafka;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Errors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Processors.Internal;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.State;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Stream.Internal;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync;
+
+namespace Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests.Private
+{
+    public class GlobalStateManagerTests
+    {
+        private GlobalStateManager stateManager;
+        private Mock<IKeyValueStore<object, object>> kvStoreMock;
+        private Mock<IKeyValueStore<object, object>> otherStoreMock;
+        private Mock<IAdminClient> adminClientMock;
+        private ProcessorTopology topology;
+        private Mock<IStreamConfig> streamConfigMock;
+        private ProcessorContext context;
+
+        private readonly string kvStoreName = "kv-store";
+        private readonly string kvStoreTopic = "kv-store-topic";
+        private readonly string otherStoreName = "other-store";
+        private readonly string otherStoreTopic = "other-store-topic";
+
+        [SetUp]
+        public void SetUp()
+        {
+            var mockSupplier = new SyncKafkaSupplier();
+            var consumerConfig = new ConsumerConfig();
+            consumerConfig.GroupId = "global-consulmer";
+            var globalConsumer = mockSupplier.GetConsumer(consumerConfig, null);
+            
+            streamConfigMock = new Mock<IStreamConfig>();
+            streamConfigMock.Setup(c => c.StateDir).Returns(".");
+            streamConfigMock.Setup(c => c.ApplicationId).Returns("app");
+
+            kvStoreMock = CreateMockStore<IKeyValueStore<object, object>>(kvStoreName);
+            otherStoreMock = CreateMockStore<IKeyValueStore<object, object>>(otherStoreName);
+            var globalStateStores = new Dictionary<string, IStateStore>() {
+                { kvStoreMock.Object.Name, kvStoreMock.Object },
+                { otherStoreMock.Object.Name, otherStoreMock.Object }
+            };
+            var storesToTopics = new Dictionary<string, string>() {
+                { kvStoreMock.Object.Name, kvStoreTopic },
+                { otherStoreMock.Object.Name, otherStoreTopic }
+            };
+
+            topology = new ProcessorTopology(
+                    null,
+                    new Dictionary<string, IProcessor>(),
+                    new Dictionary<string, IProcessor>(),
+                    new Dictionary<string, IProcessor>(),
+                    new Dictionary<string, IStateStore>(),
+                    globalStateStores,
+                    storesToTopics);
+
+            adminClientMock = new Mock<IAdminClient>();
+            RegisterPartitionInAdminClient(kvStoreTopic);
+            RegisterPartitionInAdminClient(otherStoreTopic);
+
+            stateManager = new GlobalStateManager(globalConsumer, topology,
+                    adminClientMock.Object,
+                    streamConfigMock.Object
+                );
+
+            context = new GlobalProcessorContext(
+                streamConfigMock.Object,
+                stateManager);
+            
+            stateManager.SetGlobalProcessorContext(context);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldInitializeStateStores()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(store => store.Init(It.IsAny<ProcessorContext>(), It.IsAny<IStateStore>()), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldInitializeWithGlobalContext()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(store => store.Init(context, It.IsAny<IStateStore>()), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldReturnInitializedStoreNames()
+        {
+            ISet<string> storeNames = stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(new HashSet<string>() { kvStoreName, otherStoreName }, storeNames);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldThrowIfSameStoreTwiceTwiceInTopology()
+        {
+            // this was already registered once
+            topology.GlobalStateStores.Add($"kvStoreMock.Object.Name{1}", kvStoreMock.Object);
+
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => stateManager.Initialize());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldThrowIfNoPartitionsFoundForStore()
+        {
+            kvStoreMock
+                .Setup(s => s.Init(context, It.IsAny<IStateStore>()))
+                .Callback((ProcessorContext c, IStateStore store) =>
+                {
+                    stateManager.Register(store, (k, v) => { });
+                });
+            
+            adminClientMock.Setup(client => client.GetMetadata(kvStoreTopic, It.IsAny<TimeSpan>())).Returns((Metadata)null);
+            Assert.Throws<StreamsException>(() => stateManager.Initialize());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldSetChangelogOffsetToZero()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(-2, stateManager.ChangelogOffsets.Single(x => x.Key.Topic == kvStoreTopic).Value);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldReturnStore()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            var result = stateManager.GetStore(kvStoreName);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(kvStoreMock.Object, result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldReturnNullIfNoStore()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+
+            var result = stateManager.GetStore("some-store-name");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldFlushStateStores()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            stateManager.Register(otherStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            stateManager.Flush();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Flush(), Times.Once);
+            otherStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Flush(), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldCloseStateStores()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            stateManager.Register(otherStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            stateManager.Close();
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+            otherStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldThrowIfStoreCloseFailed()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            kvStoreMock.Setup(x => x.Close()).Throws(new ProcessorStateException("boom!"));
+
+            Assert.Throws<ProcessorStateException>(() => stateManager.Close());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ShouldAttemptToCloseAllStoresEvenWhenSomeException()
+        {
+            stateManager.Initialize();
+            stateManager.Register(kvStoreMock.Object, null);
+            stateManager.Register(otherStoreMock.Object, null);
+
+            kvStoreMock.Setup(x => x.Close()).Throws(new ProcessorStateException("boom!"));
+
+            try
+            {
+                stateManager.Close();
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+            kvStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+            otherStoreMock.Verify(x => x.Close(), Times.Once);
+        }
+
+        private Mock<T> CreateMockStore<T>(string name, bool isOpen = true) where T : class, IStateStore
+        {
+            var store = new Mock<T>();
+            store.Setup(kvStore => kvStore.Name).Returns(name);
+            store.Setup(kvStore => kvStore.IsOpen).Returns(isOpen);
+            return store;
+        }
+
+        private void RegisterPartitionInAdminClient(string topic)
+        {
+            adminClientMock.Setup(client => client.GetMetadata(topic, It.IsAny<TimeSpan>())).Returns(
+                new Metadata(
+                    null,
+                    new List<TopicMetadata>() {
+                        new TopicMetadata(
+                            topic,
+                            new List<PartitionMetadata>() { new PartitionMetadata(0, 0, new int[] { }, new int[] { }, null) },
+                            null)
+                    }, 0, "")
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource globalConsumer of type Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncConsumer, Leaked resource mockSupplier.Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncKafkaSupplier.producer of type Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncProducer, Leaked resource mockSupplier.Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncKafkaSupplier.admin of type Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Mock.Sync.SyncAdminClient in method "Void GlobalStateManagerTests.SetUp()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GlobalStateManagerTests.SetUp()
+
+### File:
+test/Streamiz.Kafka.Net.Tests/Private/GlobalStateManagerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+GlobalStateManagerTests.cs|SetUp|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+88eb5c046426ea67120ff60b06ab12a4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0391/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0391/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..beffc675a7fdd253a15a617d1ed354e56f737ad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0391/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opengl4csharp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+
+namespace OpenGL.Constructs
+{
+    public class Geometry
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a basic quad by storing two triangles into a VAO.
+        /// This quad includes UV co-ordinates from 0,0 to 1,1.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="program">The ShaderProgram assigned to this quad.</param>
+        /// <param name="location">The location of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <param name="size">The size of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <returns>The VAO object representing this quad.</returns>
+        public static VAO CreateQuad(ShaderProgram program, Vector2 location, Vector2 size)
+        {
+            Vector3[] vertices = new Vector3[] { new Vector3(location.x, location.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y, 0), 
+                new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y + size.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x, location.y + size.y, 0) };
+            Vector2[] uvs = new Vector2[] { new Vector2(0, 0), new Vector2(1, 0), new Vector2(1, 1), new Vector2(0, 1) };
+            int[] indices = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 };
+
+            return new VAO(program, new VBO<Vector3>(vertices), new VBO<Vector2>(uvs), new VBO<int>(indices, BufferTarget.ElementArrayBuffer, BufferUsageHint.StaticRead));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a basic quad by storing two triangles into a VAO.
+        /// This quad includes UV co-ordinates from uvloc to uvloc+uvsize.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="program">The ShaderProgram assigned to this quad.</param>
+        /// <param name="location">The location of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <param name="size">The size of the VAO (assigned to the vertices).</param>
+        /// <param name="uvloc">The origin of the UV co-ordinates.</param>
+        /// <param name="uvsize">The size of the UV co-ordinates.</param>
+        /// <returns>The VAO object representing this quad.</returns>
+        public static VAO CreateQuad(ShaderProgram program, Vector2 location, Vector2 size, Vector2 uvloc, Vector2 uvsize)
+        {
+            Vector3[] vertices = new Vector3[] { new Vector3(location.x, location.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y, 0), 
+                new Vector3(location.x + size.x, location.y + size.y, 0), new Vector3(location.x, location.y + size.y, 0) };
+            Vector2[] uvs = new Vector2[] { uvloc, new Vector2(uvloc.x + uvsize.x, uvloc.y), new Vector2(uvloc.x + uvsize.x, uvloc.y + uvsize.y), new Vector2(uvloc.x, uvloc.y + uvsize.y) };
+            int[] indices = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 };
+
+            return new VAO(program, new VBO<Vector3>(vertices), new VBO<Vector2>(uvs), new VBO<int>(indices, BufferTarget.ElementArrayBuffer, BufferUsageHint.StaticRead));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a basic cube and store into a VAO.
+        /// This cube consists of 12 triangles and 6 faces.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="program">The ShaderProgram assigned to this cube.</param>
+        /// <param name="min">The 3 minimum values of the cube (lower left back corner).</param>
+        /// <param name="max">The 3 maximum values of the cube (top right front corner).</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static VAO CreateCube(ShaderProgram program, Vector3 min, Vector3 max)
+        {
+            Vector3[] vertex = new Vector3[] {
+                new Vector3(min.x, min.y, min.z),
+                new Vector3(min.x, min.y, max.z),
+                new Vector3(min.x, max.y, min.z),
+                new Vector3(min.x, max.y, max.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, min.y, min.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, min.y, max.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, max.y, min.z),
+                new Vector3(max.x, max.y, max.z) };
+            int[] element = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 5, 3, 5, 7, 3, 4, 0, 2, 4, 2, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 7, 2, 3, 6, 6, 3, 7, 0, 1, 5, 5, 4, 0 };
+
+            return new VAO(program, new VBO<Vector3>(vertex), new VBO<int>(element));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type OpenGL.VAO, Leaked resource (output of OpenGL.VBO`1<T>::.ctor() at Line 66) of type OpenGL.VBO`1<T>, Leaked resource (output of OpenGL.VBO`1<T>::.ctor() at Line 66) of type OpenGL.VBO`1<T> in method "VAO Geometry.CreateCube(ShaderProgram,Vector3,Vector3)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+VAO Geometry.CreateCube(ShaderProgram,Vector3,Vector3)
+
+### File:
+OpenGL/Constructs/Geometry.cs
+
+### Key:
+Geometry.cs|CreateCube|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+447d4d4381cafcccacb11d5ef3478e2a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0396/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0396/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f9a765179f6e3f7c3e590e98b9632ce7294c477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0396/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Blazor-Hackathon
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Blazor.Components;
+using Blazor.Runtime.Components;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace Blazor.Routing
+{
+    public static class Router
+    {
+        private static string _mountInElementSelector;
+        private static string _currentPageComponentPath;
+        private static Component _currentPageComponent;
+        public static IEnumerable<Assembly> ViewAssemblies;
+        private static BlazorContext _context;
+
+        public static void MountInElement(string selector)
+        {
+            _mountInElementSelector = selector;
+        }
+
+        internal static Component OnNavigation(string descriptor)
+        {
+            var parsed = MiniJSON.Json.Deserialize(descriptor) as Dictionary<string, object>;
+            var url = (string)parsed["url"];
+            var absoluteUrl = (string)parsed["absoluteUrl"];
+            if (_context == null)
+            {
+                _context = new BlazorContext(absoluteUrl);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _context.AbsoluteUrl = absoluteUrl;
+            }
+            return MountPageFromUrl(url, _context);
+        }
+
+        internal static Component MountPageFromUrl(string url, BlazorContext context)
+        {
+            // By holding the _currentPageComponent in a static property, we ensure that it doesn't
+            // get GCed while the user can still see and try to interact with it.
+            // TODO: Instead of just using "MountAsPage" which destroys the entire previous element content,
+            //       somehow find the nearest common layout ancestor between the old and new page, and retain
+            //       the DOM/vdom up to and including that layout, and just insert the new sequence of child
+            //       layouts and the new page into it.
+            _currentPageComponentPath = UrlToComponentPath(url);
+            return _currentPageComponent = RazorComponent
+                .Instantiate(_currentPageComponentPath, context)
+                .MountAsPage(_mountInElementSelector);
+        }
+
+        private static string UrlToComponentPath(string url)
+        {
+            if (url.Equals("/"))
+            {
+                url = url + "Index";
+            }
+            if (url[url.Length - 1] == '/')
+            {
+                url = url.Substring(0, url.Length - 1);
+            }
+            var split = url.Split(new char[] { '/' });
+            var id = split[split.Length - 1];
+            int res;
+            if (int.TryParse(id, out res))
+            {
+                // We have an int, remove id and continue
+                string temp = "/";
+                for (int i =0; i < split.Length - 1; i++)
+                {
+                    temp += split[i];
+                }
+                Console.WriteLine(temp);
+                return $".{temp.Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar)}.cshtml";
+            }
+            
+            return $".{url.Replace('/', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar)}.cshtml";
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `parsed` last assigned on line 25 could be null and is dereferenced at line 26, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Component Router.OnNavigation(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Blazor.Runtime/Routing/Router.cs
+
+### Key:
+Router.cs|OnNavigation|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4c5a0b70536cd3f04e9da256c6c8ae68
+
+### Hash:
+7b039b3a86cbe7d9bf21bb6b15de9c32
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0398/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0398/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f6574b41e804efe6057fdab848b5cdc772bacde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0398/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AspNetCoreCertificates
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using CertificateManager;
+using CertificateManager.Models;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace CertificateManagerTests
+{
+    public class DistinguishedNameTests
+    {
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DnCompleteValid()
+        {
+            var serviceProvider = new ServiceCollection()
+                .AddCertificateManager()
+                .BuildServiceProvider();
+
+            var certManagerService = serviceProvider.GetService<CertificateManagerService>();
+
+
+            var rootCaL1 = certManagerService.CreateRootCertificateForClientServerAuth(
+                new DistinguishedName { 
+                    CommonName = "root dev", 
+                    Country = "IT", 
+                    Locality = "DD", 
+                    Organisation="SS", 
+                    OrganisationUnit="unit",
+                    StateProvince= "yes"
+                },
+                new ValidityPeriod { ValidFrom = DateTime.UtcNow, ValidTo = DateTime.UtcNow.AddYears(10) },
+                3, "localhost");
+
+            Assert.Equal("CN=root dev, C=IT, O=SS, OU=unit, L=DD, S=yes", rootCaL1.Subject);
+            Assert.Equal("CN=root dev, C=IT, O=SS, OU=unit, L=DD, S=yes", rootCaL1.Issuer);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DnHalfCompleteValid()
+        {
+            var serviceProvider = new ServiceCollection()
+                .AddCertificateManager()
+                .BuildServiceProvider();
+
+            var certManagerService = serviceProvider.GetService<CertificateManagerService>();
+
+
+            var rootCaL1 = certManagerService.CreateRootCertificateForClientServerAuth(
+                new DistinguishedName
+                {
+                    CommonName = "root dev",
+                    Country = "IT",
+                    Locality = "DD",
+                    Organisation = "SS"
+
+                },
+                new ValidityPeriod { ValidFrom = DateTime.UtcNow, ValidTo = DateTime.UtcNow.AddYears(10) },
+                3, "localhost");
+
+            Assert.Equal("CN=root dev, C=IT, O=SS, L=DD", rootCaL1.Subject);
+            Assert.Equal("CN=root dev, C=IT, O=SS, L=DD", rootCaL1.Issuer);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DnMissingCountry()
+        {
+            var serviceProvider = new ServiceCollection()
+                .AddCertificateManager()
+                .BuildServiceProvider();
+
+            var certManagerService = serviceProvider.GetService<CertificateManagerService>();
+
+
+            certManagerService.CreateRootCertificateForClientServerAuth(
+                new DistinguishedName
+                {
+                    CommonName = "root dev",
+                    Locality = "DD",
+                    Organisation = "SS",
+                    OrganisationUnit = "unit",
+                    StateProvince = "yes"
+                },
+                new ValidityPeriod { ValidFrom = DateTime.UtcNow, ValidTo = DateTime.UtcNow.AddYears(10) },
+                3, "localhost");
+
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DnMissingCommonName()
+        {
+            var serviceProvider = new ServiceCollection()
+                .AddCertificateManager()
+                .BuildServiceProvider();
+
+            var certManagerService = serviceProvider.GetService<CertificateManagerService>();
+
+
+            certManagerService.CreateRootCertificateForClientServerAuth(
+                new DistinguishedName
+                {
+                    Country = "IT",
+                    Locality = "DD",
+                    Organisation = "SS",
+                    OrganisationUnit = "unit",
+                    StateProvince = "yes"
+                },
+                new ValidityPeriod { ValidFrom = DateTime.UtcNow, ValidTo = DateTime.UtcNow.AddYears(10) },
+                3, "localhost");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DnNull()
+        {
+            var serviceProvider = new ServiceCollection()
+                .AddCertificateManager()
+                .BuildServiceProvider();
+
+            var certManagerService = serviceProvider.GetService<CertificateManagerService>();
+
+
+            certManagerService.CreateRootCertificateForClientServerAuth(
+                null,
+                new ValidityPeriod { ValidFrom = DateTime.UtcNow, ValidTo = DateTime.UtcNow.AddYears(10) },
+                3, "localhost");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+null (last assigned on line 123) is dereferenced in call to `CertificateManagerService.CreateRootCertificateForClientServerAuth(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DistinguishedNameTests.DnNull()
+
+### File:
+CertificatesCreation/CertificateManagerTests/DistinguishedNameTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+DistinguishedNameTests.cs|DnNull|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+95ce4460b8ee68a538110727a2fd7dba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0399/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0399/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5afac9b213a63f5ba12abcbaca306bf968c566ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0399/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** design-patterns-explained-with-food
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace CreationalPatterns.Prototype.DiningRoomIcons.Chairs {
+    public class CafeChairIcon : IChairIcon {
+        public bool HasSeatCushions => false;
+
+        public IDeepCloneable DeepClone() {
+            CafeChairIcon cafeChairIcon = null;
+            return cafeChairIcon.DeepClone();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`cafeChairIcon` could be null (last assigned on line 6) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IDeepCloneable CafeChairIcon.DeepClone()
+
+### File:
+CreationalPatterns/Prototype/DiningRoomIcons/Chairs/CafeChairIcon.cs
+
+### Key:
+CafeChairIcon.cs|DeepClone|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+505c395db673e44f4f391084e8de2943
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0440/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0440/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f3d09747710b037f665fe8fc00801572ad039cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0440/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,637 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** apm-agent-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Elastic.Apm.Api;
+using Elastic.Apm.Model.Payload;
+using Elastic.Apm.Tests.Mocks;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Elastic.Apm.Tests.ApiTests
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Tests the API for manual instrumentation.
+	/// Only tests scenarios when using the convenient API and only test transactions.
+	/// Spans are covered by <see cref="ConvenientApiSpanTests" />.
+	/// Scenarios with manually calling <see cref="Tracer.StartTransaction" />,
+	/// <see cref="Transaction.StartSpan" />, <see cref="Transaction.End" />
+	/// are covered by <see cref="ApiTests" />
+	/// Very similar to <see cref="ConvenientApiSpanTests" />. The test cases are the same,
+	/// but this one tests the CaptureTransaction method - including every single overload.
+	/// </summary>
+	public class ConvenientApiTransactionTests
+	{
+		private const string ExceptionMessage = "Foo";
+		private const int SleepLength = 45;
+		private const string TransactionName = "ConvenientApiTest";
+		private const string TransactionType = "Test";
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Action)" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) into the CaptureTransaction method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured by the agent.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleAction() => AssertWith1Transaction(agent =>
+		{
+			agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType,
+				() => { Thread.Sleep(SleepLength); });
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Action)" /> method with an exception.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the exception are captured by the agent.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleActionWithException() => AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error(agent =>
+		{
+			Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+			{
+				agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, new Action(() =>
+				{
+					Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+					throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+				}));
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Action{ITransaction})" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) into the CaptureTransaction method with an <see cref="Action{T}" />
+		/// parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured by the agent and the <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// is not null
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleActionWithParameter() => AssertWith1Transaction(agent =>
+		{
+			agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType,
+				t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+				});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Action{ITransaction})" /> method with an exception.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction method with an
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the error are captured by the agent and the
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter is not null
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleActionWithExceptionAndParameter() => AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error(agent =>
+		{
+			Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+			{
+				agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, new Action<ITransaction>(t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+					throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+				}));
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{T})" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) with a return value into the CaptureTransaction method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured by the agent and the return value is correct.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleActionWithReturnType() => AssertWith1Transaction(agent =>
+		{
+			var res = agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, () =>
+			{
+				Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+				return 42;
+			});
+
+			Assert.Equal(42, res);
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{ITransaction,T})" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) with a return value into the CaptureTransaction method with an
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured by the agent and the return value is correct and the
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> is not null.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleActionWithReturnTypeAndParameter() => AssertWith1Transaction(agent =>
+		{
+			var res = agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType,
+				t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+					return 42;
+				});
+
+			Assert.Equal(42, res);
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{ITransaction,T})" /> method with an
+		/// exception.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) with a return value that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction
+		/// method with an <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the error are captured by the agent and the return value is correct and the
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> is not null.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleActionWithReturnTypeAndExceptionAndParameter() => AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error(agent =>
+		{
+			Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+			{
+				var result = agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+
+					if (new Random().Next(1) == 0) //avoid unreachable code warning.
+						throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+
+					return 42;
+				});
+
+				Assert.True(false); //Should not be executed because the agent isn't allowed to catch an exception.
+				Assert.Equal(42, result); //But if it'd not throw it'd be 42.
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{T})" /> method with an exception.
+		/// It wraps a fake transaction (Thread.Sleep) with a return value that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction
+		/// method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the error are captured by the agent.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SimpleActionWithReturnTypeAndException() => AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error(agent =>
+		{
+			Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException>(() =>
+			{
+				var result = agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, () =>
+				{
+					Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+
+					if (new Random().Next(1) == 0) //avoid unreachable code warning.
+						throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+
+					return 42;
+				});
+
+				Assert.True(false); //Should not be executed because the agent isn't allowed to catch an exception.
+				Assert.Equal(42, result); //But if it'd not throw it'd be 42.
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Func{Task})" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) into the CaptureTransaction method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTask() => await AssertWith1TransactionAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType,
+				async () => { await Task.Delay(SleepLength); });
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Func{Task})" /> method with an exception
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the error are captured.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTaskWithException() => await AssertWith1TransactionAnd1ErrorAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+			{
+				await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, async () =>
+				{
+					await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+					throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+				});
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Func{ITransaction, Task})" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) into the CaptureTransaction method with an
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured and the <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter is not null.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTaskWithParameter() => await AssertWith1TransactionAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType,
+				async t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+				});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction(string,string,System.Func{ITransaction, Task})" /> method with an
+		/// exception.
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction method with an
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the error are captured and the <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// is not null.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTaskWithExceptionAndParameter() => await AssertWith1TransactionAnd1ErrorAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+			{
+				await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, async t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+					throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+				});
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{Task{T}})" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) with a return value into the CaptureTransaction method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured by the agent and the return value is correct.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTaskWithReturnType() => await AssertWith1TransactionAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			var res = await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, async () =>
+			{
+				await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+				return 42;
+			});
+			Assert.Equal(42, res);
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{ITransaction,Task{T}})" /> method.
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) with a return value into the CaptureTransaction method with an
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction is captured by the agent and the return value is correct and the
+		/// <see cref="ITransaction" /> is not null.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTaskWithReturnTypeAndParameter() => await AssertWith1TransactionAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			var res = await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType,
+				async t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+					return 42;
+				});
+
+			Assert.Equal(42, res);
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{ITransaction,Task{T}})" /> method with an
+		/// exception.
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) with a return value that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction
+		/// method with an <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> parameter
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the error are captured by the agent and the return value is correct and the
+		/// <see cref="Action{ITransaction}" /> is not null.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTaskWithReturnTypeAndExceptionAndParameter() => await AssertWith1TransactionAnd1ErrorAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+			{
+				var result = await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, async t =>
+				{
+					Assert.NotNull(t);
+					await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+
+					if (new Random().Next(1) == 0) //avoid unreachable code warning.
+						throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+
+					return 42;
+				});
+
+				Assert.True(false); //Should not be executed because the agent isn't allowed to catch an exception.
+				Assert.Equal(42, result); //But if it'd not throw it'd be 42.
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="Tracer.CaptureTransaction{T}(string,string,System.Func{Task{T}})" /> method with an exception.
+		/// It wraps a fake async transaction (Task.Delay) with a return value that throws an exception into the CaptureTransaction
+		/// method
+		/// and it makes sure that the transaction and the error are captured by the agent.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task AsyncTaskWithReturnTypeAndException() => await AssertWith1TransactionAnd1ErrorAsync(async agent =>
+		{
+			await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+			{
+				var result = await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, async () =>
+				{
+					await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+
+					if (new Random().Next(1) == 0) //avoid unreachable code warning.
+						throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+
+					return 42;
+				});
+
+				Assert.True(false); //Should not be executed because the agent isn't allowed to catch an exception.
+				Assert.Equal(42, result); //But if it'd not throw it'd be 42.
+			});
+		});
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Wraps a cancelled task into the CaptureTransaction method and
+		/// makes sure that the cancelled task is captured by the agent.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task CancelledAsyncTask()
+		{
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+
+			var cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
+			var token = cancellationTokenSource.Token;
+			cancellationTokenSource.Cancel();
+
+			await Assert.ThrowsAsync<OperationCanceledException>(async () =>
+			{
+				await agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType,
+					async () =>
+					{
+						// ReSharper disable once MethodSupportsCancellation, we want to delay before we throw the exception
+						await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+						token.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+					});
+			});
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions);
+
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionName, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Name);
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionType, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Type);
+
+			//`await Task.Delay` is inaccurate, so we enable 10% error in the test
+			var expectedTransactionLength = SleepLength - (SleepLength * 0.1);
+			var duration = payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Duration;
+			Assert.True(duration >= expectedTransactionLength, $"Expected {duration} to be greater or equal to: {expectedTransactionLength}");
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Errors);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors);
+
+			Assert.Equal("A task was canceled", payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors[0].Culprit);
+			Assert.Equal("Task canceled", payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors[0].Exception.Message);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a custom transaction and adds a tag to it.
+		/// Makes sure that the tag is stored on Transaction.Context.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void TagsOnTransaction()
+		{
+			var payloadSender = AssertWith1Transaction(
+				t =>
+				{
+					t.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, transaction =>
+					{
+						Thread.Sleep(SleepLength);
+						transaction.Tags["foo"] = "bar";
+					});
+				});
+
+			//According to the Intake API tags are stored on the Context (and not on Transaction.Tags directly).
+			Assert.Equal("bar", payloadSender.FirstTransaction.Context.Tags["foo"]);
+
+			//Also make sure the tag is visible directly on Transaction.Tags.
+			Assert.Equal("bar", payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Tags["foo"]);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a custom async transaction and adds a tag to it.
+		/// Makes sure that the tag is stored on Transaction.Context.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task TagsOnTransactionAsync()
+		{
+			var payloadSender = await AssertWith1TransactionAsync(
+				async t =>
+				{
+					await t.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, async transaction =>
+					{
+						await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+						transaction.Tags["foo"] = "bar";
+					});
+				});
+
+			//According to the Intake API tags are stored on the Context (and not on Transaction.Tags directly).
+			Assert.Equal("bar", payloadSender.FirstTransaction.Context.Tags["foo"]);
+
+			//Also make sure the tag is visible directly on Transaction.Tags.
+			Assert.Equal("bar", payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Tags["foo"]);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a custom async Transaction that ends with an error and adds a tag to it.
+		/// Makes sure that the tag is stored on Transaction.Context.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public async Task TagsOnTransactionAsyncError()
+		{
+			var payloadSender = await AssertWith1TransactionAnd1ErrorAsync(
+				async t =>
+				{
+					await Assert.ThrowsAsync<InvalidOperationException>(async () =>
+					{
+						await t.Tracer.CaptureTransaction(TransactionName, TransactionType, async transaction =>
+						{
+							await Task.Delay(SleepLength);
+							transaction.Tags["foo"] = "bar";
+
+							if (new Random().Next(1) == 0) //avoid unreachable code warning.
+								throw new InvalidOperationException(ExceptionMessage);
+						});
+					});
+				});
+
+			//According to the Intake API tags are stored on the Context (and not on Transaction.Tags directly).
+			Assert.Equal("bar", payloadSender.FirstTransaction.Context.Tags["foo"]);
+
+			//Also make sure the tag is visible directly on Transaction.Tags.
+			Assert.Equal("bar", payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Tags["foo"]);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asserts on 1 transaction with async code
+		/// </summary>
+		private async Task<MockPayloadSender> AssertWith1TransactionAsync(Func<ApmAgent, Task> func)
+		{
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+
+			await func(agent);
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions);
+
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionName, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Name);
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionType, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Type);
+
+			//`await Task.Delay` is inaccurate, so we enable 10% error in the test
+			var expectedTransactionLength = SleepLength - (SleepLength * 0.1);
+			var duration = payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Duration;
+			Assert.True(duration >= expectedTransactionLength, $"Expected {duration} to be greater or equal to: {expectedTransactionLength}");
+
+			return payloadSender;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asserts on 1 async transaction and 1 error
+		/// </summary>
+		private async Task<MockPayloadSender> AssertWith1TransactionAnd1ErrorAsync(Func<ApmAgent, Task> func)
+		{
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+
+			await func(agent);
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions);
+
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionName, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Name);
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionType, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Type);
+
+			//`await Task.Delay` is inaccurate, so we enable 10% error in the test
+			var expectedTransactionLength = SleepLength - (SleepLength * 0.1);
+			var duration = payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Duration;
+			Assert.True(duration >= expectedTransactionLength, $"Expected {duration} to be greater or equal to: {expectedTransactionLength}");
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Errors);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors);
+
+			Assert.Equal(typeof(InvalidOperationException).FullName, payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors[0].Exception.Type);
+			Assert.Equal(ExceptionMessage, payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors[0].Exception.Message);
+			return payloadSender;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asserts on 1 transaction
+		/// </summary>
+		private MockPayloadSender AssertWith1Transaction(Action<ApmAgent> action)
+		{
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+
+			action(agent);
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions);
+
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionName, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Name);
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionType, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Type);
+
+			//`await Task.Delay` is inaccurate, so we enable 10% error in the test
+			var expectedTransactionLength = SleepLength - (SleepLength * 0.1);
+			var duration = payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Duration;
+			Assert.True(duration >= expectedTransactionLength, $"Expected {duration} to be greater or equal to: {expectedTransactionLength}");
+
+			return payloadSender;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asserts on 1 transaction and 1 error
+		/// </summary>
+		private void AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error(Action<ApmAgent> action)
+		{
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+
+			action(agent);
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions);
+
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionName, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Name);
+			Assert.Equal(TransactionType, payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Type);
+
+
+			//`await Task.Delay` is inaccurate, so we enable 10% error in the test
+			var expectedTransactionLength = SleepLength - (SleepLength * 0.1);
+			var duration = payloadSender.Payloads[0].Transactions[0].Duration;
+			Assert.True(duration >= expectedTransactionLength, $"Expected {duration} to be greater or equal to: {expectedTransactionLength}");
+
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Errors);
+			Assert.NotEmpty(payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors);
+
+			Assert.Equal(typeof(InvalidOperationException).FullName, payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors[0].Exception.Type);
+			Assert.Equal(ExceptionMessage, payloadSender.Errors[0].Errors[0].Exception.Message);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource agent of type Elastic.Apm.ApmAgent, Leaked resource (output of Elastic.Apm.Tests.Mocks.TestAgentComponents::.ctor() at Line 555) of type Elastic.Apm.AgentComponents in method "Void ConvenientApiTransactionTests.AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error(Action`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ConvenientApiTransactionTests.AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error(Action`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+test/Elastic.Apm.Tests/ApiTests/ConvenientApiTransactionTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ConvenientApiTransactionTests.cs|AssertWith1TransactionAnd1Error|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+801ec49d4a6bf7108ce39e00432b095f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0447/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0447/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a9bf41509174adcb3125ce14552103989bc816e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0447/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** apm-agent-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 72
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using Elastic.Apm.Config;
+using Elastic.Apm.Logging;
+using Elastic.Apm.Tests.Mocks;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Elastic.Apm.Tests
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Tests the configuration through environment variables
+	/// </summary>
+	public class EnvVarConfigTest : IDisposable
+	{
+		[Fact]
+		public void ServerUrlsSimpleTest()
+		{
+			var serverUrl = "http://myServer.com:1234";
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(serverUrls: serverUrl));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.ServerUrls[0].OriginalString.Should().Be(serverUrl);
+			var rootedUrl = serverUrl + "/";
+			rootedUrl.Should().BeEquivalentTo(agent.ConfigurationReader.ServerUrls[0].AbsoluteUri);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void ServerUrlsInvalidUrlTest()
+		{
+			var serverUrl = "InvalidUrl";
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(serverUrls: serverUrl));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.ServerUrls[0].Should().Be(ConfigConsts.DefaultServerUri);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void ServerUrlInvalidUrlLogTest()
+		{
+			var serverUrl = "InvalidUrl";
+			var logger = new TestLogger();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(logger, serverUrl));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.ServerUrls[0].Should().Be(ConfigConsts.DefaultServerUri);
+
+			logger.Lines.Should().NotBeEmpty();
+			logger.Lines[0]
+				.Should()
+				.ContainAll(
+					$"{{{nameof(TestAgentConfigurationReader)}}}",
+					"Failed parsing server URL from",
+					TestAgentConfigurationReader.Origin,
+					ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.ServerUrls,
+					serverUrl
+				);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets 2 servers and makes sure that they are all parsed
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void ServerUrlsMultipleUrlsTest()
+		{
+			var serverUrl1 = "http://myServer1.com:1234";
+			var serverUrl2 = "http://myServer2.com:1234";
+			var serverUrls = $"{serverUrl1},{serverUrl2}";
+
+			var logger = new TestLogger();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(logger, serverUrls));
+
+			var parsedUrls = agent.ConfigurationReader.ServerUrls;
+			parsedUrls[0].OriginalString.Should().Be(serverUrl1);
+			parsedUrls[0].AbsoluteUri.Should().BeEquivalentTo($"{serverUrl1}/");
+
+			parsedUrls[1].OriginalString.Should().Be(serverUrl2);
+			parsedUrls[1].AbsoluteUri.Should().BeEquivalentTo($"{serverUrl2}/");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets 3 server urls, 2 of them are valid, 1 is invalid
+		/// Makes sure that the 2 valid urls are parsed and there is a log line for the invalid server url
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void ServerUrlsMultipleUrlsWith1InvalidUrlTest()
+		{
+			var serverUrl1 = "http://myServer1.com:1234";
+			var serverUrl2 = "invalidUrl";
+			var serverUrl3 = "http://myServer2.com:1234";
+			var serverUrls = $"{serverUrl1},{serverUrl2},{serverUrl3}";
+			var logger = new TestLogger();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(logger, serverUrls));
+
+			var parsedUrls = agent.ConfigurationReader.ServerUrls;
+			parsedUrls.Should().NotBeEmpty().And.HaveCount(2, "seeded 3 but one was invalid");
+			parsedUrls[0].OriginalString.Should().Be(serverUrl1);
+			parsedUrls[0].AbsoluteUri.Should().BeEquivalentTo($"{serverUrl1}/");
+
+			parsedUrls[1].OriginalString.Should().Be(serverUrl3);
+			parsedUrls[1].AbsoluteUri.Should().BeEquivalentTo($"{serverUrl3}/");
+
+			logger.Lines.Should().NotBeEmpty();
+			logger.Lines[0]
+				.Should()
+				.ContainAll(
+					$"{{{nameof(TestAgentConfigurationReader)}}}",
+					"Failed parsing server URL from",
+					TestAgentConfigurationReader.Origin,
+					ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.ServerUrls,
+					serverUrl2
+				);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SecretTokenSimpleTest()
+		{
+			var secretToken = "secretToken";
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(secretToken: secretToken));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.SecretToken.Should().Be(secretToken);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void DefaultCaptureHeadersTest() => Agent.Config.CaptureHeaders.Should().Be(true);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetCaptureHeadersTest()
+		{
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.CaptureHeaders, "false");
+			var config = new EnvironmentConfigurationReader();
+			config.CaptureHeaders.Should().Be(false);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void DefaultTransactionSampleRateTest() =>
+			Agent.Config.TransactionSampleRate.Should().Be(ConfigConsts.DefaultValues.TransactionSampleRate);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetTransactionSampleRateTest()
+		{
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.TransactionSampleRate, "0.789");
+			var config = new EnvironmentConfigurationReader();
+			config.TransactionSampleRate.Should().Be(0.789);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void TransactionSampleRateExpectsDotForFloatingPoint()
+		{
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.TransactionSampleRate, "0,789");
+			var config = new EnvironmentConfigurationReader();
+			// Since comma was used instead of dot then default value will be used
+			config.TransactionSampleRate.Should().Be(ConfigConsts.DefaultValues.TransactionSampleRate);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void DefaultLogLevelTest() => Agent.Config.LogLevel.Should().Be(LogLevel.Error);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetDebugLogLevelTest()
+		{
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents("Debug"));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.LogLevel.Should().Be(LogLevel.Debug);
+			agent.Logger.Level.Should().Be(LogLevel.Debug);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetErrorLogLevelTest()
+		{
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents("Error"));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.LogLevel.Should().Be(LogLevel.Error);
+			agent.Logger.Level.Should().Be(LogLevel.Error);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetInfoLogLevelTest()
+		{
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents("Information"));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.LogLevel.Should().Be(LogLevel.Information);
+			agent.Logger.Level.Should().Be(LogLevel.Information);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetWarningLogLevelTest()
+		{
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents("Warning"));
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.LogLevel.Should().Be(LogLevel.Warning);
+			agent.Logger.Level.Should().Be(LogLevel.Warning);
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetInvalidLogLevelTest()
+		{
+			var logLevelValue = "InvalidLogLevel";
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new TestAgentComponents(logLevelValue));
+			var logger = agent.Logger as TestLogger;
+
+			agent.ConfigurationReader.LogLevel.Should().Be(LogLevel.Error);
+			logger.Lines.Should().NotBeEmpty();
+			logger.Lines[0]
+				.Should()
+				.ContainAll(
+					$"{{{nameof(TestAgentConfigurationReader)}}}",
+					"Failed parsing log level from",
+					TestAgentConfigurationReader.Origin,
+					ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.LogLevel,
+					"Defaulting to "
+				);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// The server doesn't accept services with '.' in it.
+		/// This test makes sure we don't have '.' in the default service name.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void DefaultServiceNameTest()
+		{
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new AgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+			agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction("TestTransactionName", "TestTransactionType", t => { Thread.Sleep(2); });
+
+			//By default XUnit uses 'testhost' as the entry assembly, and that is what the
+			//agent reports if we don't set it to anything:
+			var serviceName = agent.Service.Name;
+			serviceName.Should().NotBeNullOrWhiteSpace();
+			serviceName.Should().NotContain(".");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the ELASTIC_APM_SERVICE_NAME environment variable and makes sure that
+		/// when the agent sends data to the server it has the value from the
+		/// ELASTIC_APM_SERVICE_NAME environment variable as service name.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void ReadServiceNameViaEnvironmentVariable()
+		{
+			var serviceName = "MyService123";
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.ServiceName, serviceName);
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new AgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+			agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction("TestTransactionName", "TestTransactionType", t => { Thread.Sleep(2); });
+
+			agent.Service.Name.Should().Be(serviceName);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the ELASTIC_APM_SERVICE_NAME environment variable to a value that contains a '.'
+		/// Makes sure that when the agent sends data to the server it has the value from the
+		/// ELASTIC_APM_SERVICE_NAME environment variable as service name and also makes sure that
+		/// the '.' is replaced.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void ReadServiceNameWithDotViaEnvironmentVariable()
+		{
+			var serviceName = "My.Service.Test";
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.ServiceName, serviceName);
+			var payloadSender = new MockPayloadSender();
+			var agent = new ApmAgent(new AgentComponents(payloadSender: payloadSender));
+			agent.Tracer.CaptureTransaction("TestTransactionName", "TestTransactionType", t => { Thread.Sleep(2); });
+
+
+			agent.Service.Name.Should().Be(serviceName.Replace('.', '_'));
+			agent.Service.Name.Should().NotContain(".");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// In case the user does not provide us a service name we try to calculate it based on the callstack.
+		/// This test makes sure we recognize mscorlib and our own assemblies correctly in the
+		/// <see cref="AbstractConfigurationReader.IsMsOrElastic(byte[])" /> method.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void TestAbstractConfigurationReaderIsMsOrElastic()
+		{
+			var elasticToken = new byte[] { 174, 116, 0, 210, 193, 137, 207, 34 };
+			var mscorlibToken = new byte[] { 183, 122, 92, 86, 25, 52, 224, 137 };
+
+			AbstractConfigurationReader.IsMsOrElastic(elasticToken).Should().BeTrue();
+
+			AbstractConfigurationReader.IsMsOrElastic(new byte[] { 0 }).Should().BeFalse();
+			AbstractConfigurationReader.IsMsOrElastic(new byte[] { }).Should().BeFalse();
+
+			AbstractConfigurationReader
+				.IsMsOrElastic(new[]
+				{
+					elasticToken[0], mscorlibToken[1], elasticToken[2],
+					mscorlibToken[3], elasticToken[4], mscorlibToken[5], elasticToken[6], mscorlibToken[7]
+				})
+				.Should()
+				.BeFalse();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Makes sure that the <see cref="EnvironmentConfigurationReader" /> logs
+		/// in case it reads an invalid URL.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void LoggerNotNull()
+		{
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.ServerUrls, "localhost"); //invalid, it should be "http://localhost"
+			var testLogger = new TestLogger();
+			var config = new EnvironmentConfigurationReader(testLogger);
+			var serverUrl = config.ServerUrls.FirstOrDefault();
+
+			serverUrl.Should().NotBeNull();
+			testLogger.Lines.Should().NotBeEmpty();
+		}
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsIntervalTo10S()
+		 => MetricsInterValTestCommon("10s").Should().Be(10 * 1000);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the metrics interval to '500ms'
+		/// Makes sure that 500ms defaults to 0, since the minimum is 1s
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValTo500Ms()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("500ms").Should().Be(0);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValTo1500Ms()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("1500ms").Should().Be(1500);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValTo1HourAs60minutes()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("60m").Should().Be(60*60*1000);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValTo1HourUsingUnsupportedUnits()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("1h").Should().Be(ConfigConsts.DefaultValues.MetricsIntervalInMilliseconds);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValTo1M()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("1m").Should().Be(60 * 1000);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the metrics interval to '10'.
+		/// Makes sure that '10' defaults to '10s'
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValTo10()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("10").Should().Be(10 * 1000);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Any negative value should be treated as 0
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValToNegative5()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("-1").Should().Be(0);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValToNegative5S()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("-0.3s").Should().Be(0);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValToNegative5M()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("-5m").Should().Be(0);
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void SetMetricsInterValToNegative5Ms()
+			=> MetricsInterValTestCommon("-5ms").Should().Be(0);
+
+		private static double MetricsInterValTestCommon(string configValue)
+		{
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.MetricsInterval, configValue);
+			var testLogger = new TestLogger();
+			var config = new EnvironmentConfigurationReader(testLogger);
+			return config.MetricsIntervalInMillisecond;
+		}
+
+		public void Dispose()
+		{
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.ServerUrls, null);
+			Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(ConfigConsts.EnvVarNames.MetricsInterval, null);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource agent of type Elastic.Apm.ApmAgent, Leaked resource (output of Elastic.Apm.Tests.Mocks.TestAgentComponents::.ctor() at Line 40) of type Elastic.Apm.AgentComponents in method "Void EnvVarConfigTest.ServerUrlInvalidUrlLogTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void EnvVarConfigTest.ServerUrlInvalidUrlLogTest()
+
+### File:
+test/Elastic.Apm.Tests/ConfigTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ConfigTest.cs|ServerUrlInvalidUrlLogTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f098404337617fd6f485df310805b8b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0478/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0478/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a6d19849bca05622d62a96e4e17f74ced42f926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0478/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** apm-agent-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Text;
+using Elastic.Apm.Model.Payload;
+using Elastic.Apm.Report.Serialization;
+using Elastic.Apm.Tests.Mocks;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Elastic.Apm.Tests
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Contains tests related to json serialization.
+	/// </summary>
+	public class SerializationTests
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Tests the <see cref="StringTruncationValueResolver"/>. It serializes a transaction with Transaction.Name.Length > 1024
+		/// And makes sure that the Transaction.Name is truncated correctly.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void StringTruncationTest()
+		{
+			var sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+			for (var i = 0; i < 1200; i++)
+			{
+				sb.Append('a');
+			}
+
+			var transaction = new Transaction(new TestAgentComponents(), sb.ToString(), "test") { Duration = 1, Result = "fail" };
+
+			var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings { ContractResolver = new StringTruncationValueResolver() };
+			var json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(transaction, settings);
+			var deserializedTransaction = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(json) as JObject;
+
+			Assert.NotNull(deserializedTransaction);
+
+			Assert.Equal(Consts.PropertyMaxLength, deserializedTransaction["name"]?.Value<string>()?.Length);
+			Assert.Equal("...", deserializedTransaction["name"].Value<string>().Substring(1021, 3));
+			Assert.Equal("test", deserializedTransaction["type"].Value<string>());
+			Assert.Equal("fail", deserializedTransaction["result"].Value<string>());
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Test <see cref="NoTruncationInJsonNetAttribute"/>.
+		/// It creates an instance of <see cref="DummyType"/> with a <see cref="DummyType.StringProp"/> that has a string
+		/// which is longer than <see cref="Consts.PropertyMaxLength"/>.
+		/// Makes sure that the serialized instance still contains the whole string (aka it was not trimmed), since
+		/// the property pointing to the string was marked with <see cref="NoTruncationInJsonNetAttribute"/>.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Fact]
+		public void NoTruncateAttributeTest()
+		{
+			var sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+			for (var i = 0; i < 1200; i++)
+			{
+				sb.Append('a');
+			}
+
+			var dummyInstance = new DummyType { IntProp = 42, StringProp = sb.ToString() };
+
+			var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings { ContractResolver = new StringTruncationValueResolver() };
+			var json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(dummyInstance, settings);
+			var deserializedDummyInstance = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<DummyType>(json);
+
+			Assert.NotNull(deserializedDummyInstance);
+
+			Assert.Equal(sb.Length, deserializedDummyInstance.StringProp.Length);
+			Assert.Equal(sb.ToString(), deserializedDummyInstance.StringProp);
+			Assert.Equal(42, deserializedDummyInstance.IntProp);
+		}
+
+		private class DummyType
+		{
+			[NoTruncationInJsonNet]
+			public string StringProp { get; set; }
+
+			public int IntProp { get; set; }
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Elastic.Apm.Tests.Mocks.TestAgentComponents::.ctor() at Line 30) of type Elastic.Apm.AgentComponents in method "Void SerializationTests.StringTruncationTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SerializationTests.StringTruncationTest()
+
+### File:
+test/Elastic.Apm.Tests/SerializationTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+SerializationTests.cs|StringTruncationTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a73134bb83a168e73665407c757efa63
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0502/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0502/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a65beebce1f0f06d8f527cb2c7cc9a88f6d4824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0502/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** R2API
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Mono.Cecil.Cil;
+using MonoMod.Utils;
+
+namespace R2API.Utils {
+    public static class Reflection {
+
+        private const BindingFlags AllFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static |
+                                              BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegate<out T>(object instance);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegate<in T>(object instance, T value);
+
+        //private delegate object CallDelegate(object instance, object[] arguments);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegateRef<TInstance, in TValue>(ref TInstance instance, TValue value) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegateRef<TInstance, out T>(ref TInstance instance) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        #region Caches
+
+        // Field
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo> FieldCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldSetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Property
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo> PropertyCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertyGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertySetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Method
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo> MethodCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>
+            OverloadedMethodCache =
+                new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate> DelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate>();
+
+
+        // Class
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo> ConstructorCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type> NestedTypeCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type>();
+
+
+        // Helper methods
+        private static TValue GetOrAddOnNull<TKey, TValue>(this ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, TKey key,
+            Func<TKey, TValue> factory) {
+            if (dict.TryGetValue(key, out var val) && val != null)
+                return val;
+
+            return dict[key] = factory(key);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Field
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetFieldCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo" /> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            FieldCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetFieldFull(x.name)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(FieldInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the field on the object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the field's value from</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string fieldName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to get the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string fieldName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="SetStructFieldValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this object instance, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the field to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructFieldValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string fieldName, TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> on the specified <see cref="Type"/> and searches base types if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The <see cref="Type"/> to search and get base types from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to search for.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private static FieldInfo GetFieldFull(this Type T, string name) {
+            while (T != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = T.GetField(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return fieldInfo;
+                }
+
+                T = T.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static T GetMemberFull<T>(this Type type, string name) where T : MemberInfo {
+            while (type != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = type.GetMember(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return (T)fieldInfo.First();
+                }
+
+                type = type.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Property
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type on which to find the property</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetPropertyCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to get the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            PropertyCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetProperty(x.name, AllFlags));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the property on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="GetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string)"></see> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the property's value from</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string propName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the static property on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to get the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string propName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the property on the specified class; if you're setting the property on a
+        /// struct use <see cref="SetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this object instance, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the static property on the specified static class
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType.GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName,
+            TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TValue GetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance);
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(
+            this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Method
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            MethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name, argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            OverloadedMethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name, argumentTypes),
+                x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags, null, x.argumentTypes, null)
+                     ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name} and arguments: " +
+                                            $"{string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                    ? instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                    : instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                ) ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {instance.GetType()} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(instance, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams">The method parameters</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                ? staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                : staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray()))
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {staticType} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(null, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+
+        private static FastReflectionDelegate GetMethodDelegateCached(this MethodInfo methodInfo) =>
+            DelegateCache.GetOrAdd(methodInfo, method => method.CreateFastDelegate());
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Class
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached<T>(Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            GetConstructorCached(typeof(T), argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified static type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached(this Type T, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            ConstructorCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, argumentTypes), x => x.T.GetConstructor(x.argumentTypes)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(ConstructorInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the arguments {string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedType<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            NestedTypeCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetNestedType(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find nested {nameof(Type)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type) =>
+            Activator.CreateInstance(type, true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type with specified constructor arguments
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <param name="constructorArguments">The constructor arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type, params object[] constructorArguments) =>
+            type.GetConstructorCached(constructorArguments.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                .Invoke(constructorArguments);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The type of the generic type argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The types of the generic type arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type[] typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates a list of the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static IList InstantiateList(this Type type) =>
+            (IList)typeof(List<>).MakeGenericType(type).Instantiate();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Fast Reflection
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(field.FieldType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {field.FieldType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+                if (field.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, field.DeclaringType);
+                }
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Ldfld : OpCodes.Ldsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!field.FieldType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (field.FieldType != typeof(TValue)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType() });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            // Cache this as well?
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>));
+        }
+
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        // Partial hack from https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        // to get fast call delegates
+        //private static CallDelegate GenerateCallDelegate(this MethodInfo method) {
+        //    if (method == null) {
+        //        throw new ArgumentException("Method cannot be null.", nameof(method));
+        //    }
+
+        //    var dmd = new DynamicMethodDefinition(
+        //        $"CallDelegate<{method.Name}>", typeof(object), new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object[]) });
+        //    var il = dmd.GetILProcessor();
+
+        //    var args = method.GetParameters();
+
+        //    if (!method.IsStatic) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+        //        if (method.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, method.DeclaringType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) {
+        //        var argType = args[i].ParameterType;
+        //        var argIsByRef = argType.IsByRef;
+        //        if (argIsByRef)
+        //            argType = argType.GetElementType();
+        //        var argIsValueType = argType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType;
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && argIsValueType) {
+        //            // Used later when storing back the reference to the new box in the array.
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //            il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+        //        }
+
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //        il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && !argIsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelema, typeof(object));
+        //        }
+        //        else {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem_Ref);
+        //            if (!argIsValueType) continue;
+        //            il.Emit(!argIsByRef ? OpCodes.Unbox_Any : OpCodes.Unbox, argType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    if (method.IsFinal || !method.IsVirtual) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, method);
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, method);
+        //    }
+
+        //    var returnType = method.IsConstructor ? method.DeclaringType : method.ReturnType;
+        //    if (returnType != typeof(void)) {
+        //        if (returnType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, returnType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull);
+        //    }
+
+        //    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+        //    return (CallDelegate) dmd.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(CallDelegate));
+        //}
+
+        // https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        public static void EmitFast_Ldc_I4(this ILProcessor il, int value) {
+            switch (value) {
+                case -1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1);
+                    return;
+                case 0:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+                    return;
+                case 1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+                    return;
+                case 2:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2);
+                    return;
+                case 3:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3);
+                    return;
+                case 4:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4);
+                    return;
+                case 5:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5);
+                    return;
+                case 6:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6);
+                    return;
+                case 7:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7);
+                    return;
+                case 8:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8);
+                    return;
+            }
+
+            if (value > -129 && value < 128)
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte)value);
+            else
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4, value);
+        }
+
+        public static byte ReadLocalIndex(OpCode opCode, object operand) {
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_0 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_1 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_1) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_2 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_2) {
+                return 2;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_3 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_3) {
+                return 3;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_S || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_S) {
+                return (byte)operand;
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception($"Could not read index for opcode and operand: {opCode} - {operand}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource method of type MonoMod.Utils.DynamicMethodDefinition in method "Reflection$SetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateSetDelegate(FieldInfo)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Reflection$SetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateSetDelegate(FieldInfo)
+
+### File:
+R2API/Utils/Reflection.cs
+
+### Key:
+Reflection.cs|CreateSetDelegate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d76a985c5e6960c1e71552cad3ba809d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0503/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0503/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43281d2f672a2aa724803d178ff1a3fa14f9e606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0503/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** R2API
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Mono.Cecil.Cil;
+using MonoMod.Utils;
+
+namespace R2API.Utils {
+    public static class Reflection {
+
+        private const BindingFlags AllFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static |
+                                              BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegate<out T>(object instance);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegate<in T>(object instance, T value);
+
+        //private delegate object CallDelegate(object instance, object[] arguments);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegateRef<TInstance, in TValue>(ref TInstance instance, TValue value) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegateRef<TInstance, out T>(ref TInstance instance) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        #region Caches
+
+        // Field
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo> FieldCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldSetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Property
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo> PropertyCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertyGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertySetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Method
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo> MethodCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>
+            OverloadedMethodCache =
+                new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate> DelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate>();
+
+
+        // Class
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo> ConstructorCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type> NestedTypeCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type>();
+
+
+        // Helper methods
+        private static TValue GetOrAddOnNull<TKey, TValue>(this ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, TKey key,
+            Func<TKey, TValue> factory) {
+            if (dict.TryGetValue(key, out var val) && val != null)
+                return val;
+
+            return dict[key] = factory(key);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Field
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetFieldCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo" /> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            FieldCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetFieldFull(x.name)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(FieldInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the field on the object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the field's value from</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string fieldName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to get the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string fieldName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="SetStructFieldValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this object instance, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the field to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructFieldValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string fieldName, TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> on the specified <see cref="Type"/> and searches base types if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The <see cref="Type"/> to search and get base types from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to search for.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private static FieldInfo GetFieldFull(this Type T, string name) {
+            while (T != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = T.GetField(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return fieldInfo;
+                }
+
+                T = T.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static T GetMemberFull<T>(this Type type, string name) where T : MemberInfo {
+            while (type != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = type.GetMember(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return (T)fieldInfo.First();
+                }
+
+                type = type.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Property
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type on which to find the property</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetPropertyCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to get the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            PropertyCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetProperty(x.name, AllFlags));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the property on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="GetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string)"></see> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the property's value from</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string propName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the static property on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to get the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string propName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the property on the specified class; if you're setting the property on a
+        /// struct use <see cref="SetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this object instance, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the static property on the specified static class
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType.GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName,
+            TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TValue GetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance);
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(
+            this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Method
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            MethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name, argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            OverloadedMethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name, argumentTypes),
+                x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags, null, x.argumentTypes, null)
+                     ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name} and arguments: " +
+                                            $"{string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                    ? instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                    : instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                ) ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {instance.GetType()} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(instance, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams">The method parameters</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                ? staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                : staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray()))
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {staticType} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(null, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+
+        private static FastReflectionDelegate GetMethodDelegateCached(this MethodInfo methodInfo) =>
+            DelegateCache.GetOrAdd(methodInfo, method => method.CreateFastDelegate());
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Class
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached<T>(Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            GetConstructorCached(typeof(T), argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified static type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached(this Type T, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            ConstructorCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, argumentTypes), x => x.T.GetConstructor(x.argumentTypes)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(ConstructorInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the arguments {string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedType<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            NestedTypeCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetNestedType(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find nested {nameof(Type)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type) =>
+            Activator.CreateInstance(type, true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type with specified constructor arguments
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <param name="constructorArguments">The constructor arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type, params object[] constructorArguments) =>
+            type.GetConstructorCached(constructorArguments.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                .Invoke(constructorArguments);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The type of the generic type argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The types of the generic type arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type[] typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates a list of the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static IList InstantiateList(this Type type) =>
+            (IList)typeof(List<>).MakeGenericType(type).Instantiate();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Fast Reflection
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(field.FieldType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {field.FieldType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+                if (field.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, field.DeclaringType);
+                }
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Ldfld : OpCodes.Ldsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!field.FieldType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (field.FieldType != typeof(TValue)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType() });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            // Cache this as well?
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>));
+        }
+
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        // Partial hack from https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        // to get fast call delegates
+        //private static CallDelegate GenerateCallDelegate(this MethodInfo method) {
+        //    if (method == null) {
+        //        throw new ArgumentException("Method cannot be null.", nameof(method));
+        //    }
+
+        //    var dmd = new DynamicMethodDefinition(
+        //        $"CallDelegate<{method.Name}>", typeof(object), new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object[]) });
+        //    var il = dmd.GetILProcessor();
+
+        //    var args = method.GetParameters();
+
+        //    if (!method.IsStatic) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+        //        if (method.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, method.DeclaringType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) {
+        //        var argType = args[i].ParameterType;
+        //        var argIsByRef = argType.IsByRef;
+        //        if (argIsByRef)
+        //            argType = argType.GetElementType();
+        //        var argIsValueType = argType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType;
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && argIsValueType) {
+        //            // Used later when storing back the reference to the new box in the array.
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //            il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+        //        }
+
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //        il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && !argIsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelema, typeof(object));
+        //        }
+        //        else {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem_Ref);
+        //            if (!argIsValueType) continue;
+        //            il.Emit(!argIsByRef ? OpCodes.Unbox_Any : OpCodes.Unbox, argType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    if (method.IsFinal || !method.IsVirtual) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, method);
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, method);
+        //    }
+
+        //    var returnType = method.IsConstructor ? method.DeclaringType : method.ReturnType;
+        //    if (returnType != typeof(void)) {
+        //        if (returnType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, returnType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull);
+        //    }
+
+        //    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+        //    return (CallDelegate) dmd.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(CallDelegate));
+        //}
+
+        // https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        public static void EmitFast_Ldc_I4(this ILProcessor il, int value) {
+            switch (value) {
+                case -1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1);
+                    return;
+                case 0:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+                    return;
+                case 1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+                    return;
+                case 2:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2);
+                    return;
+                case 3:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3);
+                    return;
+                case 4:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4);
+                    return;
+                case 5:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5);
+                    return;
+                case 6:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6);
+                    return;
+                case 7:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7);
+                    return;
+                case 8:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8);
+                    return;
+            }
+
+            if (value > -129 && value < 128)
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte)value);
+            else
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4, value);
+        }
+
+        public static byte ReadLocalIndex(OpCode opCode, object operand) {
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_0 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_1 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_1) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_2 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_2) {
+                return 2;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_3 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_3) {
+                return 3;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_S || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_S) {
+                return (byte)operand;
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception($"Could not read index for opcode and operand: {opCode} - {operand}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource method of type MonoMod.Utils.DynamicMethodDefinition in method "Reflection$SetDelegateRef`2<TInstance,TValue> Reflection.CreateSetDelegateRef(PropertyInfo)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Reflection$SetDelegateRef`2<TInstance,TValue> Reflection.CreateSetDelegateRef(PropertyInfo)
+
+### File:
+R2API/Utils/Reflection.cs
+
+### Key:
+Reflection.cs|CreateSetDelegateRef|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+956d446b2799643ff693e066d4ac4a7b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0504/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0504/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e8475a43ad7a6c142738b2a74d536b57bc4a0ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0504/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** R2API
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Mono.Cecil.Cil;
+using MonoMod.Utils;
+
+namespace R2API.Utils {
+    public static class Reflection {
+
+        private const BindingFlags AllFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static |
+                                              BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegate<out T>(object instance);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegate<in T>(object instance, T value);
+
+        //private delegate object CallDelegate(object instance, object[] arguments);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegateRef<TInstance, in TValue>(ref TInstance instance, TValue value) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegateRef<TInstance, out T>(ref TInstance instance) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        #region Caches
+
+        // Field
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo> FieldCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldSetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Property
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo> PropertyCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertyGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertySetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Method
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo> MethodCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>
+            OverloadedMethodCache =
+                new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate> DelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate>();
+
+
+        // Class
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo> ConstructorCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type> NestedTypeCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type>();
+
+
+        // Helper methods
+        private static TValue GetOrAddOnNull<TKey, TValue>(this ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, TKey key,
+            Func<TKey, TValue> factory) {
+            if (dict.TryGetValue(key, out var val) && val != null)
+                return val;
+
+            return dict[key] = factory(key);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Field
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetFieldCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo" /> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            FieldCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetFieldFull(x.name)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(FieldInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the field on the object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the field's value from</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string fieldName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to get the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string fieldName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="SetStructFieldValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this object instance, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the field to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructFieldValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string fieldName, TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> on the specified <see cref="Type"/> and searches base types if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The <see cref="Type"/> to search and get base types from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to search for.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private static FieldInfo GetFieldFull(this Type T, string name) {
+            while (T != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = T.GetField(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return fieldInfo;
+                }
+
+                T = T.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static T GetMemberFull<T>(this Type type, string name) where T : MemberInfo {
+            while (type != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = type.GetMember(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return (T)fieldInfo.First();
+                }
+
+                type = type.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Property
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type on which to find the property</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetPropertyCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to get the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            PropertyCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetProperty(x.name, AllFlags));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the property on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="GetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string)"></see> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the property's value from</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string propName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the static property on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to get the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string propName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the property on the specified class; if you're setting the property on a
+        /// struct use <see cref="SetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this object instance, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the static property on the specified static class
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType.GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName,
+            TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TValue GetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance);
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(
+            this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Method
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            MethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name, argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            OverloadedMethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name, argumentTypes),
+                x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags, null, x.argumentTypes, null)
+                     ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name} and arguments: " +
+                                            $"{string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                    ? instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                    : instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                ) ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {instance.GetType()} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(instance, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams">The method parameters</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                ? staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                : staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray()))
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {staticType} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(null, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+
+        private static FastReflectionDelegate GetMethodDelegateCached(this MethodInfo methodInfo) =>
+            DelegateCache.GetOrAdd(methodInfo, method => method.CreateFastDelegate());
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Class
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached<T>(Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            GetConstructorCached(typeof(T), argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified static type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached(this Type T, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            ConstructorCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, argumentTypes), x => x.T.GetConstructor(x.argumentTypes)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(ConstructorInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the arguments {string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedType<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            NestedTypeCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetNestedType(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find nested {nameof(Type)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type) =>
+            Activator.CreateInstance(type, true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type with specified constructor arguments
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <param name="constructorArguments">The constructor arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type, params object[] constructorArguments) =>
+            type.GetConstructorCached(constructorArguments.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                .Invoke(constructorArguments);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The type of the generic type argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The types of the generic type arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type[] typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates a list of the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static IList InstantiateList(this Type type) =>
+            (IList)typeof(List<>).MakeGenericType(type).Instantiate();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Fast Reflection
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(field.FieldType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {field.FieldType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+                if (field.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, field.DeclaringType);
+                }
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Ldfld : OpCodes.Ldsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!field.FieldType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (field.FieldType != typeof(TValue)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType() });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            // Cache this as well?
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>));
+        }
+
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        // Partial hack from https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        // to get fast call delegates
+        //private static CallDelegate GenerateCallDelegate(this MethodInfo method) {
+        //    if (method == null) {
+        //        throw new ArgumentException("Method cannot be null.", nameof(method));
+        //    }
+
+        //    var dmd = new DynamicMethodDefinition(
+        //        $"CallDelegate<{method.Name}>", typeof(object), new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object[]) });
+        //    var il = dmd.GetILProcessor();
+
+        //    var args = method.GetParameters();
+
+        //    if (!method.IsStatic) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+        //        if (method.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, method.DeclaringType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) {
+        //        var argType = args[i].ParameterType;
+        //        var argIsByRef = argType.IsByRef;
+        //        if (argIsByRef)
+        //            argType = argType.GetElementType();
+        //        var argIsValueType = argType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType;
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && argIsValueType) {
+        //            // Used later when storing back the reference to the new box in the array.
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //            il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+        //        }
+
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //        il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && !argIsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelema, typeof(object));
+        //        }
+        //        else {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem_Ref);
+        //            if (!argIsValueType) continue;
+        //            il.Emit(!argIsByRef ? OpCodes.Unbox_Any : OpCodes.Unbox, argType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    if (method.IsFinal || !method.IsVirtual) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, method);
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, method);
+        //    }
+
+        //    var returnType = method.IsConstructor ? method.DeclaringType : method.ReturnType;
+        //    if (returnType != typeof(void)) {
+        //        if (returnType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, returnType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull);
+        //    }
+
+        //    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+        //    return (CallDelegate) dmd.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(CallDelegate));
+        //}
+
+        // https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        public static void EmitFast_Ldc_I4(this ILProcessor il, int value) {
+            switch (value) {
+                case -1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1);
+                    return;
+                case 0:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+                    return;
+                case 1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+                    return;
+                case 2:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2);
+                    return;
+                case 3:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3);
+                    return;
+                case 4:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4);
+                    return;
+                case 5:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5);
+                    return;
+                case 6:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6);
+                    return;
+                case 7:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7);
+                    return;
+                case 8:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8);
+                    return;
+            }
+
+            if (value > -129 && value < 128)
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte)value);
+            else
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4, value);
+        }
+
+        public static byte ReadLocalIndex(OpCode opCode, object operand) {
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_0 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_1 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_1) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_2 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_2) {
+                return 2;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_3 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_3) {
+                return 3;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_S || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_S) {
+                return (byte)operand;
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception($"Could not read index for opcode and operand: {opCode} - {operand}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource method of type MonoMod.Utils.DynamicMethodDefinition in method "Reflection$GetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateGetDelegate(PropertyInfo)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Reflection$GetDelegate`1<T> Reflection.CreateGetDelegate(PropertyInfo)
+
+### File:
+R2API/Utils/Reflection.cs
+
+### Key:
+Reflection.cs|CreateGetDelegate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+39ac3bfb236bcca6a582621a0432a137
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0505/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0505/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97d4a371af3fbbb5501da71ba89c53d71348a655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0505/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,956 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** R2API
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using Mono.Cecil.Cil;
+using MonoMod.Utils;
+
+namespace R2API.Utils {
+    public static class Reflection {
+
+        private const BindingFlags AllFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static |
+                                              BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegate<out T>(object instance);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegate<in T>(object instance, T value);
+
+        //private delegate object CallDelegate(object instance, object[] arguments);
+
+        private delegate void SetDelegateRef<TInstance, in TValue>(ref TInstance instance, TValue value) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        private delegate T GetDelegateRef<TInstance, out T>(ref TInstance instance) where TInstance : struct;
+
+        #region Caches
+
+        // Field
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo> FieldCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), FieldInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate> FieldSetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<FieldInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Property
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo> PropertyCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), PropertyInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertyGetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate> PropertySetDelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<PropertyInfo, Delegate>();
+
+
+        // Method
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo> MethodCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>
+            OverloadedMethodCache =
+                new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes), MethodInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate> DelegateCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, FastReflectionDelegate>();
+
+
+        // Class
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo> ConstructorCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, Type[] argumentTypes), ConstructorInfo>();
+
+        private static readonly ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type> NestedTypeCache =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<(Type T, string name), Type>();
+
+
+        // Helper methods
+        private static TValue GetOrAddOnNull<TKey, TValue>(this ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> dict, TKey key,
+            Func<TKey, TValue> factory) {
+            if (dict.TryGetValue(key, out var val) && val != null)
+                return val;
+
+            return dict[key] = factory(key);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Field
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetFieldCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo" /> of the type by name and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the field to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static FieldInfo GetFieldCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            FieldCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetFieldFull(x.name)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(FieldInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the field on the object
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the field's value from</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string fieldName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to get the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetFieldValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string fieldName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="SetStructFieldValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this object instance, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified static field on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified static field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetFieldValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string fieldName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified field on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="fieldName">The type to set the specified field's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the field to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructFieldValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string fieldName, TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetFieldCached(fieldName)
+                .GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="FieldInfo"/> on the specified <see cref="Type"/> and searches base types if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The <see cref="Type"/> to search and get base types from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to search for.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private static FieldInfo GetFieldFull(this Type T, string name) {
+            while (T != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = T.GetField(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return fieldInfo;
+                }
+
+                T = T.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static T GetMemberFull<T>(this Type type, string name) where T : MemberInfo {
+            while (type != null) {
+                var fieldInfo = type.GetMember(name, AllFlags);
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    return (T)fieldInfo.First();
+                }
+
+                type = type.BaseType;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetFieldGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetFieldSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetFieldSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct =>
+            FieldSetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(field, x => x.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Property
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type on which to find the property</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetPropertyCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> of the type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to get the <see cref="PropertyInfo"/> from</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the property to get</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static PropertyInfo GetPropertyCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            PropertyCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetProperty(x.name, AllFlags));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the property on the specified object; if the object is a struct use
+        /// <see cref="GetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string)"></see> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The type of the return value</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to get the property's value from</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The name of the field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this object instance, string propName) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (instance);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the static property on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to get the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to get the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn GetPropertyValue<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string propName) =>
+            staticType
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>()
+                (null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the property on the specified class; if you're setting the property on a
+        /// struct use <see cref="SetStructPropertyValue{TInstance, TValue}(ref TInstance, string, TValue)"/> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this object instance, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            instance.GetType()
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the static property on the specified static class
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The name of the static field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified static property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetPropertyValue<TValue>(this Type staticType, string propName, TValue value) =>
+            staticType.GetPropertyCached(propName)?
+                .GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>()
+                (null, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the instance of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <param name="value">The value to set the property to</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static void SetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName,
+            TValue value)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance, value);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the specified property on the specified struct
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TInstance">The type of the struct</typeparam>
+        /// <typeparam name="TValue">The type of the value to set</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The name of the field to set the value of</param>
+        /// <param name="propName">The type to set the specified property's value on</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TValue GetStructPropertyValue<TInstance, TValue>(this ref TInstance instance, string propName)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            typeof(TInstance)
+                .GetPropertyCached(propName)
+                .GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>()
+                (ref instance);
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegate<TReturn>>();
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> GetPropertyGetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertyGetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>())
+                .CastDelegate<GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> GetPropertySetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegate<TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegate<TValue>>();
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> GetPropertySetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(
+            this PropertyInfo property)
+            where TInstance : struct =>
+            PropertySetDelegateCache.GetOrAdd(property, prop => prop.CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>())
+                .CastDelegate<SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>>();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Method
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            MethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached<T>(string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            typeof(T).GetMethodCached(name, argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the method on the specified static type and caches it. This overload is used when the method is ambiguous
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the method to find</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the argument</param>
+        public static MethodInfo GetMethodCached(this Type T, string name, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            OverloadedMethodCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name, argumentTypes),
+                x => x.T.GetMethod(x.name, AllFlags, null, x.argumentTypes, null)
+                     ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(MethodInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name} and arguments: " +
+                                            $"{string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<TReturn>(methodName, null);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this object instance, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                    ? instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                    : instance.GetType()
+                        .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                ) ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {instance.GetType()} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(instance, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TReturn">The return type of the method</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams">The method parameters</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static TReturn InvokeMethod<TReturn>(this Type staticType, string methodName,
+            params object[] methodParams) {
+            var methodInfo = (methodParams == null
+                ? staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName)
+                : staticType
+                    .GetMethodCached(methodName, methodParams.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray()))
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find method on type {staticType} with the name of {methodName} with the arguments specified.");
+
+            return (TReturn)methodInfo.GetMethodDelegateCached()(null, methodParams);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a method on the specified object by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="instance">The object to invoke the method on</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this object instance, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            instance.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Invoke a static method on the specified type by name with parameters
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="staticType">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="methodName">The name of the method to invoke</param>
+        /// <param name="methodParams"></param>
+        public static void InvokeMethod(this Type staticType, string methodName, params object[] methodParams) =>
+            staticType.InvokeMethod<object>(methodName, methodParams);
+
+
+        private static FastReflectionDelegate GetMethodDelegateCached(this MethodInfo methodInfo) =>
+            DelegateCache.GetOrAdd(methodInfo, method => method.CreateFastDelegate());
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Class
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached<T>(Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            GetConstructorCached(typeof(T), argumentTypes);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the constructor on the specified static type with specified arguments and caches it
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="argumentTypes">The types of the arguments on the constructor to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static ConstructorInfo GetConstructorCached(this Type T, Type[] argumentTypes) =>
+            ConstructorCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, argumentTypes), x => x.T.GetConstructor(x.argumentTypes)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find {nameof(ConstructorInfo)} on {T.FullName} with the arguments {string.Join(",", argumentTypes.Select(a => a.FullName))}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedType<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type to search</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached<T>(string name) =>
+            typeof(T).GetNestedTypeCached(name);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the nested type on the specified static type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="T">The static type to search</param>
+        /// <param name="name">The name of the nested type to find</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetNestedTypeCached(this Type T, string name) =>
+            NestedTypeCache.GetOrAddOnNull((T, name), x => x.T.GetNestedType(x.name, AllFlags)
+                ?? throw new Exception($"Could not find nested {nameof(Type)} on {T.FullName} with the name {name}"));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type) =>
+            Activator.CreateInstance(type, true);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instatiates the specified type with specified constructor arguments
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to instantiate</param>
+        /// <param name="constructorArguments">The constructor arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object Instantiate(this Type type, params object[] constructorArguments) =>
+            type.GetConstructorCached(constructorArguments.Select(x => x.GetType()).ToArray())
+                .Invoke(constructorArguments);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The type of the generic type argument</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates the specified generic types
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TClass">The type to instantiate</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="typeArgument">The types of the generic type arguments</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static object InstantiateGeneric<TClass>(this Type[] typeArgument) =>
+            typeof(TClass).MakeGenericType(typeArgument).Instantiate();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Instantiates a list of the specified generic type
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static IList InstantiateList(this Type type) =>
+            (IList)typeof(List<>).MakeGenericType(type).Instantiate();
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Fast Reflection
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(field.FieldType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {field.FieldType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+                if (field.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, field.DeclaringType);
+                }
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Ldfld : OpCodes.Ldsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this FieldInfo field) {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (!field.FieldType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this FieldInfo field) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (field == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Field cannot be null.", nameof(field));
+            }
+
+            if (field.FieldType != typeof(TValue)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {field.FieldType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{field} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            if (!field.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(!field.IsStatic ? OpCodes.Stfld : OpCodes.Stsfld, field);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegate<TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(object) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegate<TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegate<TReturn>));
+        }
+
+        private static GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn> CreateGetDelegate<TInstance, TReturn>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!typeof(TReturn).IsAssignableFrom(property.PropertyType)) {
+                throw new Exception($"Field type {property.PropertyType} does not match the requested type {typeof(TReturn)}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Getter", typeof(TReturn), new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType() });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            // Cache this as well?
+            var getMethod = property.GetGetMethod(nonPublic: true);
+
+            if (!getMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, getMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(GetDelegateRef<TInstance, TReturn>));
+        }
+
+
+        private static SetDelegate<TValue> CreateSetDelegate<TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} Setter", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(object), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegate<TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegate<TValue>));
+        }
+
+        private static SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue> CreateSetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>(this PropertyInfo property) where TInstance : struct {
+            if (property == null) {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Property cannot be null.", nameof(property));
+            }
+
+            if (!property.PropertyType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(TValue))) {
+                throw new Exception($"Value type type {typeof(TValue)} does not match the requested type {property.PropertyType}.");
+            }
+
+            var method = new DynamicMethodDefinition($"{property} SetterByRef", typeof(void),
+                new[] { typeof(TInstance).MakeByRefType(), typeof(TValue) });
+            var il = method.GetILProcessor();
+
+            var setMethod = property.GetSetMethod(true);
+
+            if (!setMethod.IsStatic) {
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            }
+
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, setMethod);
+            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+            return (SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>)method.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(SetDelegateRef<TInstance, TValue>));
+        }
+
+        // Partial hack from https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        // to get fast call delegates
+        //private static CallDelegate GenerateCallDelegate(this MethodInfo method) {
+        //    if (method == null) {
+        //        throw new ArgumentException("Method cannot be null.", nameof(method));
+        //    }
+
+        //    var dmd = new DynamicMethodDefinition(
+        //        $"CallDelegate<{method.Name}>", typeof(object), new[] { typeof(object), typeof(object[]) });
+        //    var il = dmd.GetILProcessor();
+
+        //    var args = method.GetParameters();
+
+        //    if (!method.IsStatic) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+        //        if (method.DeclaringType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Unbox_Any, method.DeclaringType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) {
+        //        var argType = args[i].ParameterType;
+        //        var argIsByRef = argType.IsByRef;
+        //        if (argIsByRef)
+        //            argType = argType.GetElementType();
+        //        var argIsValueType = argType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType;
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && argIsValueType) {
+        //            // Used later when storing back the reference to the new box in the array.
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //            il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+        //        }
+
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_1);
+        //        il.EmitFast_Ldc_I4(i);
+
+        //        if (argIsByRef && !argIsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelema, typeof(object));
+        //        }
+        //        else {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldelem_Ref);
+        //            if (!argIsValueType) continue;
+        //            il.Emit(!argIsByRef ? OpCodes.Unbox_Any : OpCodes.Unbox, argType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+
+        //    if (method.IsFinal || !method.IsVirtual) {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Call, method);
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, method);
+        //    }
+
+        //    var returnType = method.IsConstructor ? method.DeclaringType : method.ReturnType;
+        //    if (returnType != typeof(void)) {
+        //        if (returnType.GetTypeInfo().IsValueType) {
+        //            il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, returnType);
+        //        }
+        //    }
+        //    else {
+        //        il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldnull);
+        //    }
+
+        //    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);
+
+        //    return (CallDelegate) dmd.Generate().CreateDelegate(typeof(CallDelegate));
+        //}
+
+        // https://github.com/0x0ade/MonoMod/blob/master/MonoMod.Utils/FastReflectionHelper.cs
+        public static void EmitFast_Ldc_I4(this ILProcessor il, int value) {
+            switch (value) {
+                case -1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_M1);
+                    return;
+                case 0:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+                    return;
+                case 1:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+                    return;
+                case 2:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_2);
+                    return;
+                case 3:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_3);
+                    return;
+                case 4:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_4);
+                    return;
+                case 5:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_5);
+                    return;
+                case 6:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_6);
+                    return;
+                case 7:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_7);
+                    return;
+                case 8:
+                    il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_8);
+                    return;
+            }
+
+            if (value > -129 && value < 128)
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4_S, (sbyte)value);
+            else
+                il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldc_I4, value);
+        }
+
+        public static byte ReadLocalIndex(OpCode opCode, object operand) {
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_0 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_1 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_1) {
+                return 1;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_2 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_2) {
+                return 2;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_3 || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_3) {
+                return 3;
+            }
+            if (opCode == OpCodes.Ldloc_S || opCode == OpCodes.Stloc_S) {
+                return (byte)operand;
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception($"Could not read index for opcode and operand: {opCode} - {operand}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource method of type MonoMod.Utils.DynamicMethodDefinition in method "Reflection$GetDelegateRef`2<TInstance,T> Reflection.CreateGetDelegate(PropertyInfo)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Reflection$GetDelegateRef`2<TInstance,T> Reflection.CreateGetDelegate(PropertyInfo)
+
+### File:
+R2API/Utils/Reflection.cs
+
+### Key:
+Reflection.cs|CreateGetDelegate|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+bfc0ebc68cc4be799f26f2fc387c8f4b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0534/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0534/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4acabaa5ac6bc10127126d94511e917a7eb19565
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0534/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** USharp
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using UnrealEngine.Engine;
+
+namespace UnrealEngine.Runtime
+{
+    public partial class CodeGenerator
+    {
+        private Dictionary<UStruct, StructInfo> structInfos = new Dictionary<UStruct, StructInfo>();
+
+        // Helper for working with function info to determine function hierarchy (implemented interface functions,
+        // virtual functions, override functions, redeclared functions, etc)
+        class FunctionInfo
+        {
+            // The function we are working with
+            UFunction Function { get; set; }
+
+            // The direct super function (used if this is an overridden function)
+            UFunction SuperFunction { get; set; }
+
+            // The super-most function in a virtual/override chain
+            UFunction SupermostFunction { get; set; }
+
+            // The original function in the class hierarchy (searched obtained by function name)
+            // - This can be different to SupermostFunction where the function chain is broken
+            UFunction OriginalFunction { get; set; }
+        
+            void callme()
+            {
+                Function.GetSuperFunction();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Holds onto structure info (UClass, UScriptStruct) and info on if blittable and collapsed functions
+        class StructInfo
+        {
+            private CodeGenerator codeGenerator;
+
+            public bool IsBlueprintType { get; private set; }
+            public UStruct Struct { get; private set; }
+            public UScriptStruct ScriptStruct { get; private set; }
+            public UClass Class { get; private set; }            
+            public bool IsClass { get; private set; }
+            public bool IsStruct { get; private set; }
+            public bool IsInterface { get; private set; }
+            public bool IsBlittable { get; private set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// This is a struct but it should be generated as a class.
+            /// </summary>
+            public bool StructAsClass { get; private set; }
+
+            // <UProperty, BPStructVarName (null for non BP struct vars)>
+            private Dictionary<UProperty, string> allProperties = new Dictionary<UProperty, string>();
+            private Dictionary<UProperty, string> nonExportableProperties = new Dictionary<UProperty, string>();
+            private Dictionary<UProperty, string> exportableProperties = new Dictionary<UProperty, string>();
+
+            private List<UFunction> allFunctions = new List<UFunction>();
+            private List<UFunction> nonExportableFunctions = new List<UFunction>();
+            private List<UFunction> exportableFunctions = new List<UFunction>();
+
+            private List<CollapsedMember> collapsedMembers = new List<CollapsedMember>();
+            private Dictionary<UFunction, CollapsedMember> collapsedMembersByFunction = new Dictionary<UFunction, CollapsedMember>();
+            private Dictionary<UProperty, CollapsedMember> collapsedMembersByProperty = new Dictionary<UProperty, CollapsedMember>();
+
+            private NameConflictInfo conflictInfo;
+
+            public bool HasStaticFunction { get; private set; }
+            public bool HasStaticNonExportableFunction { get; set; }
+
+            public bool HasContent
+            {
+                get { return exportableProperties.Count > 0 || exportableFunctions.Count > 0; }
+            }
+
+            public StructInfo(CodeGenerator codeGenerator, UStruct unrealStruct, bool isBlueprintType)
+            {
+                this.codeGenerator = codeGenerator;
+                IsBlueprintType = isBlueprintType;
+                Struct = unrealStruct;
+                ScriptStruct = unrealStruct as UScriptStruct;
+                Class = unrealStruct as UClass;
+                IsClass = Class != null;
+                IsStruct = ScriptStruct != null;
+                IsInterface = unrealStruct.IsChildOf<UInterface>();
+
+                if (IsStruct)
+                {
+                    // Start with a IsPlainOldData check for initial IsBlittable state. Is this enough? Or too verbose?
+                    // - May need to take into account non-zero constructor / EForceInit constructor if IsBlittable state
+                    //   is used for construction. However since IsBlittable is only currently used to determine marshaling
+                    //   using FromNative / ToNative on existing memory the ctor check shouldn't be required.
+                    // - The user can use StructDefault<T>.Value if they want a new native default instance of a struct 
+                    //   which will use the UScriptStruct.IsPODZeroInit check.
+                    IsBlittable = ScriptStruct.StructFlags.HasFlag(EStructFlags.IsPlainOldData);
+
+                    if (codeGenerator.Settings.AlwaysGenerateStructsAsClasses)
+                    {
+                        StructAsClass = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (codeGenerator.Settings.StructsAsClassesByPath.Contains(unrealStruct.GetPathName().ToLower()))
+                    {
+                        StructAsClass = true;
+                    }
+
+                    if (StructAsClass)
+                    {
+                        // Can't use blittable functions if the struct is being generated as a class
+                        IsBlittable = false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Post process the struct after adding all of the members
+            /// </summary>
+            public void PostProcess()
+            {
+                if (IsStruct && !StructAsClass)
+                {
+                    if (IsBlittable)
+                    {
+                        if (codeGenerator.Settings.StructsAsClassesAtXProps_Blittable > 0 &&
+                            exportableProperties.Count >= codeGenerator.Settings.StructsAsClassesAtXProps_Blittable)
+                        {
+                            IsBlittable = false;
+                            StructAsClass = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (codeGenerator.Settings.StructsAsClassesAtXProps_NonBlittable > 0 &&
+                            exportableProperties.Count >= codeGenerator.Settings.StructsAsClassesAtXProps_NonBlittable)
+                        {
+                            StructAsClass = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (!StructAsClass)
+                    {
+                        ProjectDefinedType structureType;
+                        if (projectDefinedTypes.TryGetValue(Struct.GetPathName(), out structureType))
+                        {
+                            if (structureType == ProjectDefinedType.BlittableStruct)
+                            {
+                                IsBlittable = true;
+                            }
+                            else if (structureType == ProjectDefinedType.Struct)
+                            {
+                                IsBlittable = false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerable<UProperty> GetProperties()
+            {
+                return exportableProperties.Keys;
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerable<UFunction> GetFunctions()
+            {
+                return exportableFunctions;
+            }
+
+            public IEnumerable<CollapsedMember> GetCollapsedMembers()
+            {
+                return collapsedMembers;
+            }
+
+            public bool IsCollapsedProperty(UProperty property)
+            {
+                return collapsedMembersByProperty.ContainsKey(property);
+            }
+
+            public bool IsCollapsedFunction(UFunction function)
+            {
+                return collapsedMembersByFunction.ContainsKey(function);
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Gets the custom property name (blueprint struct var names)
+            /// </summary>
+            public string GetPropertyName(UProperty property)
+            {
+                string propertyName;
+                exportableProperties.TryGetValue(property, out propertyName);
+                return propertyName;
+            }
+
+            public void AddProperty(UProperty property, string bpVarName, bool exportable)
+            {
+                // If the ScriptName metadata is set use that for the property name instead
+                string scriptName = property.GetMetaData(MDProp.ScriptName);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(scriptName))
+                {
+                    bpVarName = scriptName;
+                }
+
+                allProperties.Add(property, bpVarName);
+
+                if (exportable)
+                {
+                    exportableProperties.Add(property, bpVarName);
+                    if (IsBlittable && (!codeGenerator.IsBlittablePropertyType(property) || property.IsFixedSizeArray))
+                    {
+                        IsBlittable = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    nonExportableProperties.Add(property, bpVarName);
+
+                    // This property isn't being exported, our struct size wont match the real struct size
+                    IsBlittable = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void AddFunction(UFunction function, bool exportable)
+            {
+                allFunctions.Add(function);
+
+                if (exportable)
+                {
+                    exportableFunctions.Add(function);
+                    if (function.HasAnyFunctionFlags(EFunctionFlags.Static))
+                    {
+                        HasStaticFunction = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    nonExportableFunctions.Add(function);
+                    if (function.HasAnyFunctionFlags(EFunctionFlags.Static))
+                    {
+                        HasStaticNonExportableFunction = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void ResolveCollapsedMembers()
+            {
+                if (IsInterface || !codeGenerator.Settings.UseCollapsedMembers)
+                {
+                    // Interface shouldn't have any C# properties, leave everything as functions
+                    ResolveNameConflicts();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                collapsedMembers.Clear();
+                collapsedMembersByFunction.Clear();
+                collapsedMembersByProperty.Clear();
+
+                var getters = new Dictionary<UFunction, CodeGeneratorSettings.CollapsedMemberSettings>();
+                var setters = new Dictionary<UFunction, CodeGeneratorSettings.CollapsedMemberSettings>();
+
+                // Conflicts aren't resolved at this point. May have multiple functions for a given name.
+                // - If there are conflicts avoid collapsing those functions.
+                Dictionary<string, List<UFunction>> gettersByName = new Dictionary<string, List<UFunction>>();
+                Dictionary<string, List<UFunction>> settersByName = new Dictionary<string, List<UFunction>>();
+
+                foreach (UFunction function in exportableFunctions)
+                {
+                    string functionName = codeGenerator.GetFunctionName(function, false);
+
+                    // 1 param either as return value or parameter and no return
+                    if (function.NumParms == 1)
+                    {
+                        UProperty returnProperty = function.GetReturnProperty();
+                        if (returnProperty != null)
+                        {
+                            // Getter
+                            foreach (var collapsedSetting in codeGenerator.Settings.CollapsedMembers)
+                            {
+                                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collapsedSetting.GetPrefix) &&
+                                    functionName.StartsWith(collapsedSetting.GetPrefix) &&
+                                    (!collapsedSetting.RequiresBool || returnProperty.IsA<UBoolProperty>()))
+                                {
+                                    getters.Add(function, collapsedSetting);
+
+                                    string trimmedName = functionName.Substring(collapsedSetting.GetPrefix.Length);
+                                    if (trimmedName.Length > 0)
+                                    {
+                                        List<UFunction> functions;
+                                        if (!gettersByName.TryGetValue(trimmedName, out functions))
+                                        {
+                                            gettersByName.Add(trimmedName, functions = new List<UFunction>());
+                                        }
+                                        functions.Add(function);
+                                    }
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            // Setter
+                            UProperty firstParam = function.GetFirstParam();
+                            if (firstParam != null)
+                            {
+                                foreach (var collapsedSetting in codeGenerator.Settings.CollapsedMembers)
+                                {
+                                    if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(collapsedSetting.SetPrefix) &&
+                                        functionName.StartsWith(collapsedSetting.SetPrefix) &&
+                                        (!collapsedSetting.RequiresBool || firstParam.IsA<UBoolProperty>()))
+                                    {
+                                        setters.Add(function, collapsedSetting);
+
+                                        string trimmedName = functionName.Substring(collapsedSetting.GetPrefix.Length);
+                                        if (trimmedName.Length > 0)
+                                        {
+                                            List<UFunction> functions;
+                                            if (!settersByName.TryGetValue(trimmedName, out functions))
+                                            {
+                                                settersByName.Add(trimmedName, functions = new List<UFunction>());
+                                            }
+                                            functions.Add(function);
+                                        }
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+                {
+                    bool isGetter = i == 0;
+                    Dictionary<string, List<UFunction>> collection = isGetter ? gettersByName : settersByName;                    
+
+                    foreach (KeyValuePair<string, List<UFunction>> funcs in collection)
+                    {
+                        if (funcs.Value.Count != 1)
+                        {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        string name = funcs.Key;
+                        UFunction getter = isGetter ? funcs.Value[0] : null;
+                        UFunction setter = !isGetter ? funcs.Value[0] : null;
+                        CodeGeneratorSettings.CollapsedMemberSettings settings = null;
+                        UProperty paramOrRetValProperty = null;
+
+                        Dictionary<string, List<UFunction>> otherCollection = isGetter ? settersByName : gettersByName;
+                        List<UFunction> otherFuncs;
+                        if (otherCollection.TryGetValue(funcs.Key, out otherFuncs))
+                        {
+                            if (otherFuncs.Count > 1)
+                            {
+                                // Other function has a conflict
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            if (isGetter)
+                            {
+                                setter = otherFuncs[0];
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                getter = otherFuncs[0];
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if ((getter != null && collapsedMembersByFunction.ContainsKey(getter)) ||
+                            (setter != null && collapsedMembersByFunction.ContainsKey(setter)))
+                        {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (getter != null && setter != null)
+                        {
+                            UProperty returnProperty = getter.GetReturnProperty();
+                            UProperty firstParam = setter.GetFirstParam();
+                            if (returnProperty != null && firstParam != null && !returnProperty.SameType(firstParam))
+                            {
+                                // Property type mismatch on Get/Set functions
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (getter != null)
+                        {
+                            paramOrRetValProperty = getter.GetReturnProperty();
+                            settings = getters[getter];
+                        }
+                        else if (setter != null)
+                        {
+                            paramOrRetValProperty = setter.GetFirstParam();
+                            settings = setters[setter];
+                        }
+
+                        if (paramOrRetValProperty == null)
+                        {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        UProperty backingProperty = null;
+                        bool backingPropertyExportable = false;
+
+                        foreach (KeyValuePair<UProperty, string> property in exportableProperties)
+                        {
+                            if (name == codeGenerator.GetMemberName(property.Key, false, property.Value) &&
+                                property.Key.SameType(paramOrRetValProperty))
+                            {
+                                if (backingProperty != null)
+                                {
+                                    // Skip conflicts
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                backingProperty = property.Key;
+                                backingPropertyExportable = true;                                
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (backingProperty == null)
+                        {
+                            foreach (KeyValuePair<UProperty, string> property in nonExportableProperties)
+                            {
+                                if (name == codeGenerator.GetMemberName(property.Key, false, property.Value) &&
+                                    property.Key.SameType(paramOrRetValProperty))
+                                {
+                                    if (backingProperty != null)
+                                    {
+                                        // Skip conflicts
+                                        continue;
+                                    }
+                                    backingProperty = property.Key;
+                                    backingPropertyExportable = false;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (getter == null && setter != null)
+                        {
+                            // SetXXX exists but there isn't a backing property or the backing property isn't
+                            // exportable so there wouldn't be any way access the property. Leave the function
+                            // as it is rather than creating a setter-only C# property unless the getter is injected.
+                            if (backingProperty == null || (!backingPropertyExportable && !settings.InjectNonExportableProperty))
+                            {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            if (settings.SetRequiresGet)
+                            {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else if (getter != null && setter == null)
+                        {
+                            if (settings.GetRequiresSet)
+                            {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if ((getter != null && getter.HasAllFunctionFlags(EFunctionFlags.BlueprintEvent)) ||
+                            (setter != null && setter.HasAnyFunctionFlags(EFunctionFlags.BlueprintEvent)))
+                        {
+                            // Skip events as they need a normal method body
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        string finalName = name;
+                        if (!settings.StripPrefix && (getter == null || setter == null))
+                        {
+                            if (getter != null)
+                            {
+                                finalName = settings.GetPrefix + finalName;
+                            }
+                            else if (setter != null)
+                            {
+                                finalName = settings.SetPrefix + finalName;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (backingProperty != null && backingProperty.HasAnyPropertyFlags(EPropertyFlags.BlueprintReadOnly) &&
+                            IsCollectionProperty(backingProperty) && setter != null)
+                        {
+                            // If there is a backing property which is a readonly collection and there is a setter method then
+                            // there will be type conflicts. Don't collapse them.
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        // Some validation on bool properties
+                        {
+                            UBoolProperty getterReturn = getter == null ? null : getter.GetReturnProperty() as UBoolProperty;
+                            UBoolProperty setterParam = setter == null ? null : setter.GetFirstParam() as UBoolProperty;
+
+                            if (getterReturn != null && setterParam != null)
+                            {
+                                System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(getterReturn.ElementSize == setterParam.ElementSize,
+                                    "Get/Set use different bool size");
+                            }
+
+                            UBoolProperty backingBoolProperty = backingProperty as UBoolProperty;
+                            if (backingBoolProperty != null)
+                            {
+                                if (getter != null)
+                                {
+                                    System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(backingBoolProperty.ElementSize == getterReturn.ElementSize,
+                                    "BackingProperty/Get use different bool size");
+                                }
+                                else if (setter != null)
+                                {
+                                    System.Diagnostics.Debug.Assert(backingBoolProperty.ElementSize == setterParam.ElementSize,
+                                    "BackingProperty/Set use different bool size");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        CollapsedMember collapsedMember = new CollapsedMember(settings);
+                        collapsedMember.BackingProperty = backingProperty;
+                        collapsedMember.IsBackingPropertyExportable = backingPropertyExportable;                        
+                        collapsedMember.Getter = getter;
+                        collapsedMember.Setter = setter;
+                        collapsedMember.Name = finalName;
+                        collapsedMember.Property = paramOrRetValProperty;
+                        collapsedMembers.Add(collapsedMember);
+                        if (getter != null)
+                        {
+                            collapsedMembersByFunction.Add(getter, collapsedMember);
+                        }
+                        if (setter != null)
+                        {
+                            collapsedMembersByFunction.Add(setter, collapsedMember);
+                        }
+                        if (backingPropertyExportable)
+                        {
+                            collapsedMembersByProperty.Add(backingProperty, collapsedMember);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ResolveNameConflicts();
+            }
+
+            private void ResolveNameConflicts()
+            {
+                List<NameConflictInfo> baseConflictInfos = new List<NameConflictInfo>();
+
+                UStruct parentStruct = Struct.GetSuperStruct();
+                if (parentStruct != null)
+                {
+                    StructInfo parentInfo = codeGenerator.GetStructInfo(parentStruct);
+                    if (parentInfo != null && parentInfo.conflictInfo != null)
+                    {
+                        baseConflictInfos.Add(parentInfo.conflictInfo);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (Class != null)
+                {
+                    foreach (FImplementedInterface implementedInterface in Class.Interfaces)
+                    {
+                        UClass interfaceClass = implementedInterface.InterfaceClass;
+                        if (interfaceClass != null)
+                        {
+                            StructInfo interfaceInfo = codeGenerator.GetStructInfo(interfaceClass);
+                            if (interfaceInfo != null && interfaceInfo.conflictInfo != null)
+                            {
+                                baseConflictInfos.Add(interfaceInfo.conflictInfo);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                conflictInfo = new NameConflictInfo(this);
+
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<UProperty, string> property in exportableProperties)
+                {
+                    conflictInfo.AddMember(property.Key, codeGenerator.GetMemberName(property.Key, false, property.Value));
+                }
+
+                foreach (UFunction function in exportableFunctions)
+                {
+                    // Functions are a special case. They can be redefined in the hierarchy but for name resolving
+                    // we want them to have the same name throughout. Therefore only resolve the base-most function
+                    // name (even if redefined later in the hierarchy). Then when we do a name conflict lookup find that
+                    // base-most function and use that name for all of the functions in the hierarchy with that name.
+                    // - This is lookup is done in ResolveNameConflict().
+                    if (codeGenerator.GetOriginalFunctionOwner(function) == Class)
+                    {
+                        conflictInfo.AddMember(function, codeGenerator.GetFunctionName(function, false));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                foreach (NameConflictInfo baseConflictInfo in baseConflictInfos)
+                {
+                    foreach (KeyValuePair<string, NameConflictFieldInfo> baseMembersByName in baseConflictInfo.MembersByName)
+                    {
+                        NameConflictFieldInfo baseMembers;
+                        if (!conflictInfo.BaseMembersByName.TryGetValue(baseMembersByName.Key, out baseMembers))
+                        {
+                            conflictInfo.BaseMembersByName.Add(baseMembersByName.Key,
+                                baseMembers = new NameConflictFieldInfo(baseMembersByName.Key));
+                        }
+
+                        foreach (KeyValuePair<UField, CollapsedMember> baseMember in baseMembersByName.Value.Fields)
+                        {
+                            baseMembers.AddField(baseMember.Key, baseMember.Value);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    foreach (KeyValuePair<string, NameConflictFieldInfo> baseBaseMembersByName in baseConflictInfo.BaseMembersByName)
+                    {
+                        NameConflictFieldInfo baseBaseMembers;
+                        if (!conflictInfo.BaseMembersByName.TryGetValue(baseBaseMembersByName.Key, out baseBaseMembers))
+                        {
+                            conflictInfo.BaseMembersByName.Add(baseBaseMembersByName.Key,
+                                baseBaseMembers = new NameConflictFieldInfo(baseBaseMembersByName.Key));
+                        }
+
+                        foreach (KeyValuePair<UField, CollapsedMember> baseBaseMember in baseBaseMembersByName.Value.Fields)
+                        {
+                            baseBaseMembers.AddField(baseBaseMember.Key, baseBaseMember.Value);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var tempMembersByName = new Dictionary<string, NameConflictFieldInfo>(conflictInfo.MembersByName);
+
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, NameConflictFieldInfo> membersByName in tempMembersByName)
+                {
+                    // What about overridden functions? where do they appear?
+                    if (membersByName.Value.HasConflict() || conflictInfo.BaseMembersByName.ContainsKey(membersByName.Key))
+                    {
+                        foreach (KeyValuePair<UField, CollapsedMember> field in membersByName.Value.Fields)
+                        {
+                            if (field.Value == null)
+                            {
+                                string hashedName = membersByName.Key + "_" + field.Key.GetPathName().GetHashCode().ToString("X8");
+                                NameConflictResolved(field.Key, hashedName);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        foreach (KeyValuePair<CollapsedMember, List<UField>> collapsedMember in membersByName.Value.FieldsByCollapsedMember)
+                        {
+                            UField field = null;
+                            if (collapsedMember.Key.Getter != null)
+                            {
+                                field = collapsedMember.Key.Getter;
+                            }
+                            else if (collapsedMember.Key.Setter != null)
+                            {
+                                field = collapsedMember.Key.Setter;
+                            }
+                            else if (collapsedMember.Key.BackingProperty != null)
+                            {
+                                field = collapsedMember.Key.BackingProperty;
+                            }
+                            
+                            string hashedName = membersByName.Key + "_" + field.GetPathName().GetHashCode().ToString("X8");
+                            if (collapsedMember.Key.Getter != null)
+                            {
+                                NameConflictResolved(collapsedMember.Key.Getter, hashedName);
+                            }
+                            if (collapsedMember.Key.Setter != null)
+                            {
+                                NameConflictResolved(collapsedMember.Key.Setter, hashedName);
+                            }
+                            if (collapsedMember.Key.BackingProperty != null)
+                            {
+                                NameConflictResolved(collapsedMember.Key.BackingProperty, hashedName);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // All fields with this name should have been renamed. Remove the old name.
+                        conflictInfo.MembersByName.Remove(membersByName.Key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void NameConflictResolved(UField field, string resolvedName)
+            {                
+                int conflictIndex = -1;
+                string baseResolvedName = null;
+                while (conflictInfo.MembersByName.ContainsKey(resolvedName) || conflictInfo.BaseMembersByName.ContainsKey(resolvedName))
+                {
+                    // The resolved name has as a conflict (double conflict) - rename until no more conflicts
+                    if (conflictIndex == -1)
+                    {
+                        conflictIndex = 1;
+                        baseResolvedName = resolvedName;
+                    }
+                    
+                    resolvedName = baseResolvedName + "_" + conflictIndex;
+                    conflictIndex++;
+                }
+
+                conflictInfo.AddResolvedMember(field, resolvedName);
+                conflictInfo.ResolvedName[field] = resolvedName;
+            }
+
+            public string ResolveNameConflict(UField field, string name)
+            {
+                UFunction function = field as UFunction;
+                if (function != null)
+                {
+                    // Functions are a special case and must use the base-most function for name resolving.
+                    // See above for more info on this.
+                    UFunction originalFunction;
+                    UClass originalOwner = codeGenerator.GetOriginalFunctionOwner(function, out originalFunction);
+                    if (originalOwner != Class)
+                    {
+                        StructInfo originalOwnerStructInfo = codeGenerator.GetStructInfo(originalOwner);
+                        return originalOwnerStructInfo.ResolveNameConflict(originalFunction, name);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                string resolvedName;
+                if (conflictInfo.ResolvedName.TryGetValue(field, out resolvedName))
+                {
+                    return resolvedName;
+                }
+
+                return name;
+            }
+
+            class NameConflictInfo
+            {
+                private StructInfo structInfo;
+
+                // MembersByName names are updated where there are name conflicts
+                // BaseMembersByName is set to base types MembersByName (chained to all base types)
+                public Dictionary<string, NameConflictFieldInfo> BaseMembersByName { get; private set; }// <Name(ResolvedName if name is a conflict), Member>
+                public Dictionary<string, NameConflictFieldInfo> MembersByName { get; private set; }// <Name(ResolvedName if name is a conflict), Member>
+                public Dictionary<UField, string> ResolvedName { get; private set; }// <Member, ResolvedName>
+
+                public NameConflictInfo(StructInfo structInfo)
+                {
+                    this.structInfo = structInfo;
+                    BaseMembersByName = new Dictionary<string, NameConflictFieldInfo>();
+                    MembersByName = new Dictionary<string, NameConflictFieldInfo>();
+                    ResolvedName = new Dictionary<UField, string>();
+                }
+
+                public void AddMember(UField field, string name)
+                {
+                    AddMember(field, name, false);
+                }
+
+                public void AddResolvedMember(UField field, string name)
+                {
+                    AddMember(field, name, true);
+                }
+
+                private void AddMember(UField field, string name, bool isResolvedName)
+                {
+                    CollapsedMember collapsedMember = null;
+
+                    UProperty property = field as UProperty;
+                    if (property != null)
+                    {
+                        structInfo.collapsedMembersByProperty.TryGetValue(property, out collapsedMember);
+                    }
+
+                    UFunction function = field as UFunction;
+                    if (function != null)
+                    {
+                        structInfo.collapsedMembersByFunction.TryGetValue(function, out collapsedMember);
+                    }
+
+                    if (collapsedMember != null)
+                    {
+                        if (isResolvedName)
+                        {
+                            collapsedMember.ResolvedName = name;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            name = collapsedMember.Name;
+                        }                        
+                    }
+
+                    NameConflictFieldInfo fieldInfo;
+                    if (!MembersByName.TryGetValue(name, out fieldInfo))
+                    {
+                        MembersByName.Add(name, fieldInfo = new NameConflictFieldInfo(name));
+                    }
+                    fieldInfo.AddField(field, collapsedMember);
+                }
+            }
+
+            class NameConflictFieldInfo
+            {
+                public string Name { get; set; }
+                public Dictionary<UField, CollapsedMember> Fields { get; private set; }
+                public Dictionary<CollapsedMember, List<UField>> FieldsByCollapsedMember { get; private set; }
+
+                public NameConflictFieldInfo(string name)
+                {
+                    Name = name;
+                    Fields = new Dictionary<UField, CollapsedMember>();
+                    FieldsByCollapsedMember = new Dictionary<CollapsedMember, List<UField>>();
+                }
+
+                public IEnumerable<UField> GetFields()
+                {
+                    return Fields.Keys;
+                }
+
+                public bool IsCollapsed(UField field)
+                {
+                    CollapsedMember collapsed;
+                    return Fields.TryGetValue(field, out collapsed) && collapsed != null;
+                }
+
+                public void AddField(UField field, CollapsedMember collapsedMember)
+                {
+                    Fields[field] = collapsedMember;
+                    if (collapsedMember != null)
+                    {
+                        List<UField> fields;
+                        if (!FieldsByCollapsedMember.TryGetValue(collapsedMember, out fields))
+                        {
+                            FieldsByCollapsedMember.Add(collapsedMember, fields = new List<UField>());
+                        }
+                        fields.Add(field);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                public bool HasConflict()
+                {
+                    if (Fields.Count == 1)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    if (FieldsByCollapsedMember.Count == 1 && FieldsByCollapsedMember.First().Value.Count == Fields.Count)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        class CollapsedMember
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// The property/field which this targets (null if no property with same name as function)
+            /// </summary>
+            public UProperty BackingProperty { get; set; }
+            public bool HasBackingProperty
+            {
+                get { return BackingProperty != null; }
+            }            
+            public bool IsBackingPropertyExportable { get; set; }
+
+            public UFunction Getter { get; set; }
+            public UFunction Setter { get; set; }
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// If there is a name conflict this will hold the resolved name
+            /// </summary>
+            public string ResolvedName { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Either the return of the Get or the parameter of the Set
+            /// </summary>
+            public UProperty Property { get; set; }            
+
+            public CodeGeneratorSettings.CollapsedMemberSettings Settings { get; private set; }
+
+            public CollapsedMember(CodeGeneratorSettings.CollapsedMemberSettings settings)
+            {
+                Settings = settings;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool IsBlittablePropertyType(UProperty property)
+        {
+            return property.IsBlittableType ||
+                (property.IsA<UObjectProperty>() && Settings.UObjectAsBlittableType) ||
+                (property.IsA<UStructProperty>() && IsBlittableStructProperty(property as UStructProperty));
+        }
+
+        private bool IsBlittableStructProperty(UStructProperty property)
+        {
+            if (property == null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            UStruct unrealStruct = property.Struct;
+            if (unrealStruct != null)
+            {
+                StructInfo structInfo;
+                if (structInfos.TryGetValue(unrealStruct, out structInfo))
+                {
+                    return structInfo.IsBlittable;
+                }
+
+                structInfo = GetStructInfo(unrealStruct);
+                return structInfo.IsBlittable;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private string GetBlittablePropertyTypeName(UProperty property)
+        {
+            return GetBlittablePropertyTypeName(property, null);
+        }
+
+        private string GetBlittablePropertyTypeName(UProperty property, List<string> namespaces)
+        {
+            if (!IsBlittablePropertyType(property))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            switch (property.PropertyType)
+            {
+                case EPropertyType.Name: return Names.FName;
+                case EPropertyType.Int8: return "sbyte";
+                case EPropertyType.Byte: return "byte";
+                case EPropertyType.Int16: return "short";
+                case EPropertyType.UInt16: return "ushort";
+                case EPropertyType.Int: return "int";
+                case EPropertyType.UInt32: return "uint";
+                case EPropertyType.Int64: return "long";
+                case EPropertyType.UInt64: return "ulong";
+                case EPropertyType.Float: return "float";
+                case EPropertyType.Double: return "double";
+                case EPropertyType.Struct: return GetTypeName(property, namespaces);
+                default: return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private StructInfo GetStructInfo(UStruct unrealStruct)
+        {
+            bool isBlueprintType = unrealStruct.IsA<UUserDefinedStruct>() || unrealStruct.IsA<UBlueprintGeneratedClass>();
+            return GetStructInfo(unrealStruct, isBlueprintType);
+        }
+
+        private StructInfo GetStructInfo(UStruct unrealStruct, bool isBlueprintType)
+        {
+            StructInfo structInfo;
+            if (structInfos.TryGetValue(unrealStruct, out structInfo))
+            {
+                return structInfo;
+            }
+
+            structInfo = new StructInfo(this, unrealStruct, isBlueprintType);
+            foreach (UFunction function in unrealStruct.GetFields<UFunction>(false, true, true))
+            {
+                structInfo.AddFunction(function, CanExportFunction(function, isBlueprintType));
+            }
+
+            if (isBlueprintType)
+            {
+                UUserDefinedStruct userDefinedStruct = unrealStruct as UUserDefinedStruct;
+                if (userDefinedStruct != null)
+                {
+                    Dictionary<UProperty, string> variableNames = GetStructBPVariableNames(userDefinedStruct);
+
+                    foreach (UProperty property in unrealStruct.GetFields<UProperty>(false))
+                    {
+                        structInfo.AddProperty(property, variableNames[property], CanExportProperty(property, unrealStruct, isBlueprintType));
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    foreach (UProperty property in unrealStruct.GetProperties<UProperty>(false))
+                    {
+                        structInfo.AddProperty(property, null, CanExportProperty(property, unrealStruct, isBlueprintType));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (UProperty property in unrealStruct.GetFields<UProperty>(false))
+                {
+                    structInfo.AddProperty(property, null, CanExportProperty(property, unrealStruct, isBlueprintType));
+                }
+            }
+
+            structInfo.ResolveCollapsedMembers();
+            structInfo.PostProcess();
+
+            structInfos.Add(unrealStruct, structInfo);
+            return structInfo;
+        }
+
+        private string ResolveNameConflict(UField field, string name)
+        {
+            UStruct unrealStruct = field.GetOwnerStruct();
+            if ((field as UFunction) != null)
+            {
+                // GetOwnerStruct will return itself if it is a UStruct (which is true for UFunction)
+                unrealStruct = field.GetOwnerClass();
+            }
+
+            if (unrealStruct != null)
+            {
+                StructInfo structInfo = GetStructInfo(unrealStruct);
+                if (structInfo != null)
+                {
+                    return structInfo.ResolveNameConflict(field, name);
+                }
+            }
+            return name;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T> UnrealEngine.Runtime.UStruct::GetFields<UnrealEngine.Runtime.UProperty>(System.Boolean,System.Boolean,System.Boolean) at Line 961) of type UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T>, Leaked resource (returned from UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T> UnrealEngine.Runtime.UStruct::GetProperties<UnrealEngine.Runtime.UProperty>(System.Boolean,System.Boolean,System.Boolean) at Line 968) of type UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T>, Leaked resource (returned from UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T> UnrealEngine.Runtime.UStruct::GetFields<UnrealEngine.Runtime.UProperty>(System.Boolean,System.Boolean,System.Boolean) at Line 976) of type UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T>, Leaked resource (returned from UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T> UnrealEngine.Runtime.UStruct::GetFields<UnrealEngine.Runtime.UFunction>(System.Boolean,System.Boolean,System.Boolean) at Line 949) of type UnrealEngine.Runtime.TFieldIterator`1<T> in method "CodeGenerator$StructInfo CodeGenerator.GetStructInfo(UStruct,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+CodeGenerator$StructInfo CodeGenerator.GetStructInfo(UStruct,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Managed/UnrealEngine.Runtime/UnrealEngine.Runtime/Internal/CodeGenerator/CodeGenerator.StructInfo.cs
+
+### Key:
+CodeGenerator.StructInfo.cs|GetStructInfo|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+93a75f6ab85223500d15b871bd44fa11
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0535/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0535/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4168abea78a347d9e137af645de2fc7300531572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0535/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** USharp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace UnrealEngine.Runtime
+{
+    public partial class CodeGenerator
+    {
+        private void AppendAttribute(CSharpTextBuilder builder, UField field, UnrealModuleInfo module, StructInfo structInfo)
+        {
+            AppendAttribute(builder, field, module);
+            //if (field.IsA<UScriptStruct>() && structInfo.StructAsClass)
+            //{
+            //    builder.AppendLine("[" + Names.UStructAsClassAttributeShort + "]");
+            //}
+        }
+
+        private void AppendAttribute(CSharpTextBuilder builder, UField field, UnrealModuleInfo module)
+        {
+			UnrealModuleType moduleType;
+			UnrealModuleType moduleAssetType;
+			string moduleName = GetModuleName(field, out moduleType, out moduleAssetType);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(moduleName))
+            {
+				moduleName = module.Name;
+            }
+
+            List<string> attributes = new List<string>();
+
+            // TODO: Combine all of this into EPropertyType (add some TypeCode into UField?)
+            bool isInterface = false;
+			UEnum unrealEnum = field as UEnum;
+			UClass unrealClass = field as UClass;            
+            UScriptStruct unrealStruct = field as UScriptStruct;
+
+            UFunction unrealFunction = field as UFunction;
+            if (unrealFunction != null)
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UFunction(Flags=0x" + ((uint)unrealFunction.FunctionFlags).ToString("X8") + ")");
+            }
+
+            UProperty unrealProperty = field as UProperty;
+            if (unrealProperty != null)
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UProperty(Flags=(PropFlags)0x" + ((ulong)unrealProperty.PropertyFlags).ToString("X16") + ")");
+            }
+
+            if (unrealStruct != null)
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UStruct(Flags=0x" + ((uint)unrealStruct.StructFlags).ToString("X8") + ")");
+            }
+            else if (unrealClass != null)
+            {
+                // Abstract isn't really required but might help with code browsing to know what is abstract
+                // and what isn't. Therefore put it at the start of the attributes list.
+                if (unrealClass.HasAnyClassFlags(EClassFlags.Abstract))
+                {
+                    attributes.Add("Abstract");
+                }
+
+                isInterface = unrealClass.IsChildOf<UInterface>();
+                if (isInterface)
+                {
+                    attributes.Add("UInterface(Flags=0x" + ((uint)unrealClass.ClassFlags).ToString("X8") + ")");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // Should we skip "inherit" config name?
+                    string configNameStr = string.Empty;
+                    if (unrealClass.ClassConfigName != FName.None &&
+                        !unrealClass.ClassConfigName.ToString().Equals("inherit", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
+                    {
+                        configNameStr = ", Config=\"" + unrealClass.ClassConfigName + "\"";
+                    }
+
+                    attributes.Add("UClass(Flags=(ClassFlags)0x" + ((uint)unrealClass.ClassFlags).ToString("X8") +
+                        configNameStr + ")");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (unrealEnum != null)
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UEnum");
+            }
+
+            if (unrealEnum != null || unrealClass != null || unrealStruct != null)
+            {
+                bool blueprintType = false;
+                bool blueprintable = false;
+                if (unrealEnum != null)
+                {
+                    blueprintType = field.GetBoolMetaData(MDClass.BlueprintType);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GetBlueprintability(field as UStruct, out blueprintType, out blueprintable);
+                }
+                if (blueprintType)
+                {
+                    attributes.Add(UMeta.GetKey(MDClass.BlueprintType));
+                }
+                if (blueprintable)
+                {
+                    attributes.Add(UMeta.GetKey(MDClass.Blueprintable));
+                }
+
+                if (isInterface)
+                {
+                }
+
+                attributes.Add("UMetaPath(\"" + field.GetPathName() + "\", \"" + moduleName +
+                    "\", UnrealModuleType." + GetUnrealModuleTypeString(moduleType, moduleAssetType) + 
+                    (isInterface ? ", InterfaceImpl=typeof(" + GetTypeName(unrealClass) + "Impl" + ")" : string.Empty) + ")");
+
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                attributes.Add("UMetaPath(\"" + field.GetPathName() + "\")");
+            }
+
+            if (attributes.Count > 0)
+            {
+                builder.AppendLine("[" + string.Join(", ", attributes) + "]");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `null` is dereferenced by call to `GetPathName(...)` at line 136, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CodeGenerator.AppendAttribute(CSharpTextBuilder,UField,CodeGenerator$UnrealModuleInfo,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Managed/UnrealEngine.Runtime/UnrealEngine.Runtime/Internal/CodeGenerator/CodeGenerator.Attributes.cs
+
+### Key:
+CodeGenerator.Attributes.cs|AppendAttribute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a3c356fd9293cbe0aa600beb1ca2d657
+
+### Hash:
+c698cc1f6c94a76b74ab8dfce284dd93
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0557/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0557/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fc7a5b69e86ceb78b0e7c0a42ee42b2cf2f6aa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0557/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+using System;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace TZM.XFramework
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 扩展帮助类
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class XFrameworkExtensions
+    {
+        #region 表达式树
+
+        private static readonly string _anonymousName = "<>h__TransparentIdentifier";
+        private static Func<Type, bool> _isGrouping = t => t.IsGenericType && t.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(IGrouping<,>);
+        private static Func<string, bool> _isAnonymous = name => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) && name.StartsWith(_anonymousName, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 返回真表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> True<T>()
+            where T : class
+        {
+            return f => true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 返回假表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> False<T>()
+            where T : class
+        {
+            return f => false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 拼接真表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> AndAlso<T>(this Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp1,
+            Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp2) where T : class
+        {
+            if (TExp1 == null) return TExp2;
+            if (TExp2 == null) return TExp1;
+
+            var invokeExp = System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Invoke(TExp2, TExp1.Parameters.Cast<System.Linq.Expressions.Expression>());
+            return System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>
+                  (System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.AndAlso(TExp1.Body, invokeExp), TExp1.Parameters);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 拼接假表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> OrElse<T>(this Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp1,
+            Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp2) where T : class
+        {
+            if (TExp1 == null) return TExp2;
+            if (TExp2 == null) return TExp1;
+
+            var invokeExp = System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Invoke(TExp2, TExp1.Parameters.Cast<System.Linq.Expressions.Expression>());
+            return System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>
+                  (System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.OrElse(TExp1.Body, invokeExp), TExp1.Parameters);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 去掉一元表达式的操作符
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Expression ReduceUnary(this Expression exp)
+        {
+            UnaryExpression unaryExpression = exp as UnaryExpression;
+            return unaryExpression != null
+                ? unaryExpression.Operand.ReduceUnary()
+                : exp;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 判断表达式链是否能通过动态计算，计算出它的值
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool CanEvaluate(this Expression node)
+        {
+            // => 5
+            // => a.ActiveDate == DateTime.Now
+            // => a.State == (byte)state
+
+            if (node == null) return false;
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Constant) return true;
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.ArrayIndex) return true;
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call)
+            {
+                // List<int>{0}[]
+                MethodCallExpression methodCallExpression = node as MethodCallExpression;
+                Expression expression = methodCallExpression.Object;
+                //if (expression != null && expression.Type.IsGenericType && expression.Type.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(List<>) && methodCallExpression.Method.Name == "get_Item")
+                if (expression != null && Data.TypeUtils.IsCollectionType(expression.Type) && methodCallExpression.Method.Name == "get_Item")
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var member = node as MemberExpression;
+            if (member == null) return false;
+            if (member.Expression == null) return true;
+            if (member.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Constant) return true;
+
+            return member.Expression.CanEvaluate();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 计算表达式的值
+        /// </summary>
+        public static ConstantExpression Evaluate(this Expression e)
+        {
+            ConstantExpression node = null;
+            if (e.NodeType == ExpressionType.Constant)
+            {
+                node = e as ConstantExpression;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                LambdaExpression lambda = e is LambdaExpression ? Expression.Lambda(((LambdaExpression)e).Body) : Expression.Lambda(e);
+                Delegate fn = lambda.Compile();
+
+                node = Expression.Constant(fn.DynamicInvoke(null), e is LambdaExpression ? ((LambdaExpression)e).Body.Type : e.Type);
+            }
+
+            // 枚举要转成 INT
+            if (node.Type.IsEnum) node = Expression.Constant(Convert.ToInt32(node.Value));
+
+            // 返回最终处理的常量表达式s
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 判断属性访问表达式是否有系统动态生成前缀
+        /// <code>
+        /// h__TransparentIdentifier.a.CompanyName
+        /// </code>
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsAnonymous(this Expression node)
+        {
+            // <>h__TransparentIdentifier => h__TransparentIdentifier.a.CompanyName
+            Expression exp = node;
+            ParameterExpression paramExp = exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda
+                ? (node as LambdaExpression).Parameters[0]
+                : exp as ParameterExpression;
+            if (paramExp != null) return _isAnonymous(paramExp.Name);
+
+            if (exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)    // <>h__TransparentIdentifier.a.CompanyName
+            {
+                MemberExpression memExp = exp as MemberExpression;
+                if (_isAnonymous(memExp.Member.Name)) return true;
+
+                return IsAnonymous(memExp.Expression);
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 判断是否是分组表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsGrouping(this Expression node)
+        {
+            //g.Key
+            //g.Key.CompanyName
+            //g.Max()
+            //g=>g.xxx
+            //g.Key.CompanyId.Length
+            //g.Key.Length 
+
+            // g | g=>g.xx
+            Expression exp = node;
+            ParameterExpression paramExp = exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda
+                ? (node as LambdaExpression).Parameters[0]
+                : exp as ParameterExpression;
+            if (paramExp != null) return _isGrouping(paramExp.Type);
+
+            // g.Max
+            MethodCallExpression callExp = exp as MethodCallExpression;
+            if (callExp != null) return _isGrouping(callExp.Arguments[0].Type);
+
+
+            MemberExpression memExp = exp as MemberExpression;
+            if (memExp != null)
+            {
+                // g.Key
+                var g1 = memExp.Member.Name == "Key" && _isGrouping(memExp.Expression.Type);
+                if (g1) return g1;
+
+                // g.Key.Length | g.Key.Company | g.Key.CompanyId.Length
+                memExp = memExp.Expression as MemberExpression;
+                if (memExp != null)
+                {
+                    g1 = memExp.Member.Name == "Key" && _isGrouping(memExp.Expression.Type) && memExp.Type.Namespace == null; //匿名类没有命令空间
+                    if (g1) return g1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 在递归访问 MemberAccess 表达式时，判定节点是否能够被继续递归访问
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool Acceptable(this Expression node)
+        {
+            // a 
+            // <>h__TransparentIdentifier.a
+            // <>h__TransparentIdentifier0.<>h__TransparentIdentifier1.a
+
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter) return false;
+
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+            {
+                MemberExpression m = node as MemberExpression;
+                if (m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter)
+                {
+                    string name = (m.Expression as ParameterExpression).Name;
+                    if (_isAnonymous(name)) return false;
+                }
+
+                if (m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+                {
+                    string name = (m.Expression as MemberExpression).Member.Name;
+                    if (_isAnonymous(name)) return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 取剔除掉系统动态生成前缀后的表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string GetKeyWidthoutAnonymous(this MemberExpression node, bool isDesciptor = false)
+        {
+            List<string> segs = new List<string>();
+            segs.Add(node.Member.Name);
+
+            Expression expression = node.Expression;
+            while (expression.Acceptable())
+            {
+                MemberExpression memberExpression = null;
+                if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess) memberExpression = (MemberExpression)expression;
+                else if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call) memberExpression = (expression as MethodCallExpression).Object as MemberExpression;
+
+                segs.Add(memberExpression.Member.Name);
+                expression = memberExpression.Expression;
+            }
+
+            // 如果读取
+            if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter) segs.Add(isDesciptor ? expression.Type.Name : (expression as ParameterExpression).Name);
+            if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess) segs.Add((expression as MemberExpression).Member.Name);
+
+            segs.Reverse();
+            string result = string.Join(".", segs);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 列表扩展
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 取指定列表中符合条件的元素索引
+        /// </summary>
+        public static int IndexOf<T>(this IEnumerable<T> collection, Func<T, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            int i = -1;
+            foreach (T value in collection)
+            {
+                i++;
+                if (predicate(value)) return i;
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 创建一个集合
+        /// </summary>
+        public static List<TResult> ToList<T, TResult>(this IEnumerable<T> collection, Func<T, TResult> selector)
+        {
+            return collection.Select(selector).ToList();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 列表转换扩展
+        /// </summary>
+        public static List<TResult> ToList<T, TResult>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, TResult> selector, Func<T, bool> predicate = null)
+        {
+            if (predicate != null) source = source.Where(predicate);
+            return source.Select(selector).ToList();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 根据页长计算总页码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="collection">数据集合</param>
+        /// <param name="pageSize">页码</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static int Page<T>(this IEnumerable<T> collection, int pageSize)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            if ((collection as ICollection<T>) != null) count = (collection as ICollection<T>).Count;
+            else if ((collection as T[]) != null) count = (collection as T[]).Length;
+            else count = collection.Count();
+
+            int page = (count + pageSize - 1) / pageSize;
+            return page;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 批量添加命令参数
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void AddRange(this IDataParameterCollection source, IEnumerable<IDbDataParameter> parameters)
+        {
+            if (parameters != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var p in parameters) source.Add(p);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `methodCallExpression` last assigned on line 94 could be null and is dereferenced at line 95, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean XFrameworkExtensions.CanEvaluate(Expression)
+
+### File:
+net45/TZM.XFramework/Common/XFrameworkExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+XFrameworkExtensions.cs|CanEvaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+d37146aef0c1f61eb7f3bdca4b334d37
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0559/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0559/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69f58371ca34faa4b5888ed1ea4f2fe9b99edf86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0559/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace TZM.XFramework.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// UPDATE 表达式解析器
+    /// </summary>
+    public class UpdateExpressionVisitor : ExpressionVisitorBase
+    {
+        private IDbQueryProvider _provider = null;
+        private TableAliasCache _aliases = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 初始化 <see cref="UpdateExpressionVisitor"/> 类的新实例
+        /// </summary>
+        public UpdateExpressionVisitor(IDbQueryProvider provider, TableAliasCache aliases, Expression exp)
+            : base(provider, aliases, exp)
+        {
+            _provider = provider;
+            _aliases = aliases;
+        }
+
+        //{new App() {Id = p.Id}}
+        protected override Expression VisitMemberInit(MemberInitExpression node)
+        {
+            if (node.Bindings == null || node.Bindings.Count == 0)
+                throw new XFrameworkException("Update<T> at least update one member.");
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < node.Bindings.Count; ++index)
+            {
+                MemberAssignment member = node.Bindings[index] as MemberAssignment;
+                _builder.AppendMember("t0", member.Member.Name);
+                _builder.Append(" = ");
+
+                if (member.Expression.CanEvaluate())
+                    _builder.Append(member.Expression.Evaluate().Value, member.Member, node.Type);
+                //base.VisitConstant(member.Expression.Evaluate(), member.Member);
+                else
+                    base.Visit(member.Expression);
+
+                if (index < node.Bindings.Count - 1)
+                {
+                    _builder.Append(",");
+                    _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                }
+            }
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        protected override Expression VisitNew(NewExpression node)
+        {
+            // 匿名类的New
+            if (node == null) return node;
+            if (node.Arguments == null || node.Arguments.Count == 0)
+                throw new XFrameworkException("Update<T> at least update one member.");
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < node.Arguments.Count; index++)
+            {
+                var member = node.Members[index];
+                _builder.AppendMember("t0", member.Name);
+                _builder.Append(" = ");
+
+                if (node.Arguments[index].CanEvaluate())
+                    _builder.Append(node.Arguments[index].Evaluate().Value, member, node.Type);
+                else
+                    base.Visit(node.Arguments[index]);
+
+                if (index < node.Arguments.Count - 1)
+                {
+                    _builder.Append(",");
+                    _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `member` last assigned on line 32 could be null and is dereferenced at line 33, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression UpdateExpressionVisitor.VisitMemberInit(MemberInitExpression)
+
+### File:
+net45/TZM.XFramework/Data/ExpressionVisitor/UpdateExpressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+UpdateExpressionVisitor.cs|VisitMemberInit|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+91b8c216590cdce695b1f86e7c48e6c5
+
+### Hash:
+ca68bae44360dc2f736535b6624c50e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0561/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0561/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b25b25484c975688fc45f0512bb1a60d87cb487b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0561/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace TZM.XFramework.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// DELETE 或者 UPDATE 语法中的 JOIN 解析成 EXISTS
+    /// </summary>
+    public class OracleExistsExpressionVisitor : ExpressionVisitorBase
+    {
+        private IDbQueryProvider _provider = null;
+        private List<DbExpression> _qJoin = null;
+        private TableAliasCache _aliases = null;
+        private DbExpression _where = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 初始化 <see cref="OracleExistsExpressionVisitor"/> 类的新实例
+        /// </summary>
+        public OracleExistsExpressionVisitor(IDbQueryProvider provider, TableAliasCache aliases, List<DbExpression> qJoin, DbExpression qWhere)
+            : base(provider, aliases, null, false)
+        {
+            _provider = provider;
+            _qJoin = qJoin;
+            _aliases = aliases;
+            _where = qWhere;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 将表达式所表示的SQL片断写入SQL构造器
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Write(OracleSelectInfoCommand cmd)
+        {
+            ISqlBuilder jf = cmd.JoinFragment;
+            ISqlBuilder on = cmd.OnPhrase;
+            ISqlBuilder wf = cmd.WhereFragment;
+
+            if (_qJoin != null && _qJoin.Count > 0)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < _qJoin.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    DbExpression qj = _qJoin[i];
+                    if (qj.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.GroupJoin || qj.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Join)
+                        this.AppendLfInJoin(jf, wf, on, qj, _aliases);
+                    else if (qj.DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.SelectMany)
+                        this.AppendCrossJoin(jf, qj, _aliases);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // LEFT OR INNER JOIN
+        private void AppendLfInJoin(ISqlBuilder jf, ISqlBuilder wf, ISqlBuilder on, DbExpression exp, TableAliasCache aliases)
+        {
+            bool useExists = false;
+            LambdaExpression left = exp.Expressions[1] as LambdaExpression;
+            LambdaExpression right = exp.Expressions[2] as LambdaExpression;
+            NewExpression body1 = left.Body as NewExpression;
+            NewExpression body2 = right.Body as NewExpression;
+
+            // t0(t1)
+            string alias = body1 == null
+                ? aliases.GetTableAlias(exp.Expressions[2])
+                : aliases.GetTableAlias(right.Parameters[0]);//(body2.Arguments[0]);
+
+            IDbQueryable sQuery = (IDbQueryable)((exp.Expressions[0] as ConstantExpression).Value);
+            if (sQuery.DbExpressions.Count == 1 && sQuery.DbExpressions[0].DbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.GetTable)
+            {
+                useExists = true;
+                if ((wf != null && wf.Length > 0) || (on != null && on.Length > 0))
+                {
+                    wf.AppendNewLine();
+                    if (wf != null && wf.Length > 0) wf.Append("AND ");
+                }
+
+                wf.Append("EXISTS(");
+                wf.Indent += 1;
+                wf.AppendNewLine();
+                wf.Append("SELECT 1 FROM ");
+
+                Type type = exp.Expressions[0].Type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
+                var typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(type);
+                wf.AppendMember(typeRuntime.TableName, !typeRuntime.IsTemporary);
+                wf.Append(' ');
+                wf.Append(alias);
+
+                wf.AppendNewLine();
+                wf.Append("WHERE ");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                useExists = true;
+                if ((wf != null && wf.Length > 0) || (on != null && on.Length > 0))
+                {
+                    wf.AppendNewLine();
+                    if (wf != null && wf.Length > 0) wf.Append("AND ");
+                }
+
+                wf.Append("EXISTS(");
+                wf.Indent += 1;
+                wf.AppendNewLine();
+                wf.Append("SELECT 1 FROM(");
+                var cmd2 = sQuery.Resolve(wf.Indent + 1, false, wf.Parameter);
+                wf.Append(cmd2.CommandText);
+                wf.AppendNewLine();
+                wf.Append(')');
+                wf.Append(' ');
+                wf.Append(alias);
+                wf.Append(" WHERE ");
+            }
+
+            ISqlBuilder builder = useExists ? wf : on;
+            if (body1 == null)
+            {
+                builder.AppendMember(aliases, left.Body.ReduceUnary());
+                builder.Append(" = ");
+                builder.AppendMember(aliases, right.Body.ReduceUnary());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int index = 0; index < body1.Arguments.Count; ++index)
+                {
+                    builder.AppendMember(aliases, body1.Arguments[index]);
+                    builder.Append(" = ");
+                    builder.AppendMember(aliases, body2.Arguments[index]);
+                    if (index < body1.Arguments.Count - 1) builder.Append(" AND ");
+                }
+            }
+
+            //if (_where != null && _where.Expressions != null) this.AppendWhere(builder, right);
+
+            if (useExists)
+            {
+                wf.Indent -= 1;
+                wf.AppendNewLine();
+                wf.Append(')');
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void AppendWhere(ISqlBuilder builder, LambdaExpression lambda)
+        {
+            ParameterExpression parameter = lambda.Parameters[0];
+            Expression expression = _where.Expressions[0];
+            List<Expression> predicates = new List<Expression>();
+            List<SegExpression> others = new List<SegExpression>();
+
+            while (expression != null && (expression is BinaryExpression))
+            {
+                bool ignore = false;
+                BinaryExpression source = expression as BinaryExpression;
+
+                // 找出对应的表别名
+                BinaryExpression rightBinary = source.Right as BinaryExpression;
+                BinaryExpression binary = rightBinary != null ? rightBinary : source;
+
+                Expression right = binary.Left.CanEvaluate() ? binary.Right : binary.Left;
+                while (right != null && right.Acceptable())
+                {
+                    MemberExpression m = right as MemberExpression;
+                    if (m != null) right = m.Expression;
+                    else right = null;
+                }
+                if (right != null && right.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+                {
+                    MemberExpression m = right as MemberExpression;
+                    if (m.Member.Name == parameter.Name)
+                    {
+                        predicates.Add(binary);
+                        ignore = true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                expression = source.Left;
+                others.Add(new SegExpression
+                {
+                    Ignore = ignore,
+                    NodeType = source.NodeType,
+                    Expression = binary
+                });
+            }
+
+            if (predicates.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Expression body = predicates[0];
+                for (int i = 1; i < predicates.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if (predicates[i] != null) body = Expression.And(body, predicates[i]);
+                }
+
+                OracleWhereExpressionVisitor visitor = new OracleWhereExpressionVisitor(_provider, _aliases, new DbExpression(DbExpressionType.Where, body));
+                visitor.Write(builder);
+            }
+
+            //if (others.Any(x => x.Ignore))
+            //{
+            //    Expression body = null;
+            //    for(int )
+            //}
+        }
+
+        // Cross Join
+        private void AppendCrossJoin(ISqlBuilder jf, DbExpression exp, TableAliasCache aliases)
+        {
+            throw new NotSupportedException("Oracle not support.");
+        }
+
+        class SegExpression
+        {
+            public bool Ignore { get; set; }
+
+            public ExpressionType NodeType { get; set; }
+
+            public Expression Expression { get; set; }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `left` last assigned on line 56 could be null and is dereferenced at line 58, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void OracleExistsExpressionVisitor.AppendLfInJoin(ISqlBuilder,ISqlBuilder,ISqlBuilder,DbExpression,TableAliasCache)
+
+### File:
+net45/TZM.XFramework.Oracle/Data/ExpressionVisitor/OracleExistsExpressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+OracleExistsExpressionVisitor.cs|AppendLfInJoin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4c5a0b70536cd3f04e9da256c6c8ae68
+
+### Hash:
+c0c15c996196ad3d069f9f39b112a221
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0566/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0566/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f20fb273180e319b9ad8f2592bc1671829a2d087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0566/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,629 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace TZM.XFramework.Data
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 选择列表达式解析器
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ColumnExpressionVisitor : ExpressionVisitorBase
+    {
+        private static IDictionary<DbExpressionType, string> _statisMethods = null;
+        private IDbQueryProvider _provider = null;
+        private TableAliasCache _aliases = null;
+        private IDbQueryableInfo_Select _qQuery = null;
+        private DbExpression _groupBy = null;
+        private List<DbExpression> _include = null;
+
+        private ColumnCollection _pickColumns = null;
+        private NavigationCollection _navigations = null;
+        private List<string> _navChainHopper = null;
+        private int _startLength = 0;
+        private string _pickColumnText = null;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 选中字段，Column 对应实体的原始属性
+        /// </summary>
+        public ColumnCollection PickColumns
+        {
+            get { return _pickColumns; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 选中字段的文本，给 Contains 表达式用
+        /// </summary>
+        public string PickColumnText
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (_pickColumnText == null)
+                {
+                    int count = _builder.Length - _startLength;
+                    if (count > 0)
+                    {
+                        char[] chars = new char[count];
+                        _builder.CopyTo(_startLength, chars, 0, count);
+                        _pickColumnText = new String(chars);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return _pickColumnText;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 导航属性描述信息
+        /// <para>
+        /// 从 <see cref="IDataReader"/> 到实体的映射需要使用这些信息来给导航属性赋值
+        /// </para>
+        /// </summary>
+        public NavigationCollection Navigations
+        {
+            get { return _navigations; }
+        }
+
+        static ColumnExpressionVisitor()
+        {
+            _statisMethods = new Dictionary<DbExpressionType, string>
+            {
+                { DbExpressionType.Count,"COUNT" },
+                { DbExpressionType.Max,"MAX" },
+                { DbExpressionType.Min,"MIN" },
+                { DbExpressionType.Average,"AVG" },
+                { DbExpressionType.Sum,"SUM" }
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 初始化 <see cref="ColumnExpressionVisitor"/> 类的新实例
+        /// </summary>
+        public ColumnExpressionVisitor(IDbQueryProvider provider, TableAliasCache aliases, IDbQueryableInfo_Select qQuery)
+            : base(provider, aliases, qQuery.SelectExpression.Expressions != null ? qQuery.SelectExpression.Expressions[0] : null)
+        {
+            _provider = provider;
+            _aliases = aliases;
+            _qQuery = qQuery;
+            _groupBy = qQuery.GroupByExpression;
+            _include = qQuery.Includes;
+
+            if (_pickColumns == null) _pickColumns = new ColumnCollection();
+            _navigations = new NavigationCollection();
+            _navChainHopper = new List<string>(10);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 将表达式所表示的SQL片断写入SQL构造器
+        /// </summary>
+        public override void Write(ISqlBuilder builder)
+        {
+            if (base.Expression != null)
+            {
+                base._builder = builder;
+                _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                _startLength = _builder.Length;
+                if (base._methodVisitor == null) base._methodVisitor = _provider.CreateMethodVisitor(this);
+
+                // SELECT 表达式解析
+                if (base.Expression.NodeType != ExpressionType.Constant) base.Write(builder);
+                else
+                {
+                    // if have no select syntax
+                    Type type = (base.Expression as ConstantExpression).Value as Type;
+                    this.VisitAllMember(type, "t0");
+                }
+                // Include 表达式解析<导航属性>
+                this.VisitInclude();
+                // 去掉空白字符
+                _builder.TrimEnd(' ', ',');
+            }
+        }
+
+        // p=>p p=>p.t p=>p.Id
+        protected override Expression VisitLambda<T>(Expression<T> node)
+        {
+            LambdaExpression lambda = node as LambdaExpression;
+            if (lambda.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter)
+            {
+                // 例： a=> a
+                Type type = lambda.Body.Type;
+                string alias = _aliases.GetTableAlias(lambda);
+                this.VisitAllMember(type, alias);
+                return node;
+            }
+            else if (lambda.Body.CanEvaluate())
+            {
+                // 例：a=>1
+                base.Visit(lambda.Body.Evaluate());
+
+                // 选择字段
+                string newName = _pickColumns.Add(Constant.CONSTANTNAME);
+                // 添加字段别名
+                _builder.AppendAs(newName);
+                return node;
+            }
+            else if (lambda.Body.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+            {
+                // 例： t=> t.a
+                // => SELECT a.ClientId
+                Type type = lambda.Body.Type;
+                if (!TypeUtils.IsPrimitiveType(type)) return this.VisitAllMember(type, _aliases.GetTableAlias(lambda.Body), node);
+                else
+                {
+                    var newNode = this.VisitWithoutRemark(x => base.VisitLambda(node));
+                    string newName = _pickColumns.Add((lambda.Body as MemberExpression).Member.Name);
+                    return newNode;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return base.VisitLambda(node);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // => new App() {Id = p.Id}}
+        protected override Expression VisitMemberInit(MemberInitExpression node)
+        {// 如果有一对多的导航属性会产生嵌套的SQL，这时需要强制主表选择的列里面必须包含导航外键
+            // TODO #对 Bindings 进行排序，保证导航属性的赋值一定要最后面#
+            // 未实现，在书写表达式时人工保证 ##
+
+            if (node.NewExpression != null) this.VisitNewImpl(node.NewExpression);
+            if (_navChainHopper.Count == 0) _navChainHopper.Add(node.Type.Name);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < node.Bindings.Count; i++)
+            {
+                MemberAssignment binding = node.Bindings[i] as MemberAssignment;
+                if (binding == null) throw new XFrameworkException("Only 'MemberAssignment' binding supported.");
+
+                Type propertyType = (node.Bindings[i].Member as System.Reflection.PropertyInfo).PropertyType;
+                bool isNavigation = !TypeUtils.IsPrimitiveType(propertyType);
+
+                #region 一般属性
+
+                // 非导航属性
+                if (!isNavigation)
+                {
+                    if (binding.Expression.CanEvaluate())
+                        _builder.Append(binding.Expression.Evaluate().Value, binding.Member, node.Type);
+                    else
+                        this.VisitWithoutRemark(x => this.VisitMemberBinding(binding));
+
+                    // 选择字段
+                    string newName = _pickColumns.Add(binding.Member.Name);
+                    // 添加字段别名
+                    _builder.AppendAs(newName);
+                    _builder.Append(',');
+                    _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                }
+
+                #endregion 一般属性
+
+                #region 导航属性
+
+                else
+                {
+                    // 非显式指定的导航属性需要有 ForeignKeyAttribute
+                    if (binding.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess && binding.Expression.Acceptable())
+                    {
+                        var typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(binding.Member.DeclaringType);
+                        var attribute = typeRuntime.GetInvokerAttribute<ForeignKeyAttribute>(binding.Member.Name);
+                        if (attribute == null) throw new XFrameworkException("Complex property {{{0}}} must mark 'ForeignKeyAttribute' ", binding.Member.Name);
+                    }
+
+                    // 生成导航属性描述集合，以类名.属性名做为键值
+                    int n = _navChainHopper.Count;
+                    string keyName = _navChainHopper.Count > 0 ? _navChainHopper[_navChainHopper.Count - 1] : string.Empty;
+                    keyName = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(keyName) ? keyName + "." + binding.Member.Name : binding.Member.Name;
+                    Navigation nav = new Navigation(keyName, binding.Member);
+                    if (!_navigations.ContainsKey(keyName))
+                    {
+                        // fix issue# XC 列占一个位
+                        nav.Start = _pickColumns.Count;
+                        nav.FieldCount = GetFieldCount(binding.Expression) + (binding.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess && binding.Expression.Acceptable() ? 1 : 0);
+                        _navigations.Add(keyName, nav);
+                        _navChainHopper.Add(keyName);
+                    }
+
+                    // 1.不显式指定导航属性，例：a.Client.ClientList
+                    // 2.表达式里显式指定导航属性，例：b
+                    if (binding.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess) this.VisitNavigation(binding.Expression as MemberExpression, binding.Expression.Acceptable());
+                    else if (binding.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.New) this.VisitNewImpl(binding.Expression as NewExpression);
+                    else if (binding.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberInit) this.VisitMemberInit(binding.Expression as MemberInitExpression);
+
+                    // 恢复访问链
+                    // 在访问导航属性时可能是 Client.CloudServer，这时要恢复为 Client，以保证能访问 Client 的下一个导航属性
+                    if (_navChainHopper.Count != n) _navChainHopper.RemoveAt(_navChainHopper.Count - 1);
+                }
+
+                #endregion 导航属性
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        // => Client = a.Client.CloudServer
+        private Expression VisitNavigation(MemberExpression node, bool visitNavigation)
+        {
+            string alias = string.Empty;
+            Type type = node.Type;
+
+            if (node.Acceptable())
+            {
+                // 例： Client = a.Client.CloudServer
+                // fix issue# Join 表达式显式指定导航属性时时，alias 为空
+                // fix issue# 多个导航属性时 AppendNullColumn 只解析当前表达式的
+                int index = 0;
+                int num = this.NavMembers != null ? this.NavMembers.Count : 0;
+                alias = this.VisitNavMember(node);
+
+                if (num != this.NavMembers.Count)
+                {
+                    foreach (var kvp in NavMembers)
+                    {
+                        index += 1;
+                        if (index < NavMembers.Count && index > num) alias = _aliases.GetNavigationTableAlias(kvp.Key);
+                        else
+                        {
+                            alias = _aliases.GetNavigationTableAlias(kvp.Key);
+                            type = kvp.Value.Type;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // 例： Client = b
+                alias = _aliases.GetTableAlias(node);
+                type = node.Type;
+            }
+
+            if (type.IsGenericType) type = type.GetGenericArguments()[0];
+            this.VisitAllMember(type, alias);
+            if (visitNavigation) AddSplitOnColumn(node.Member, alias);
+
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        // => new  {Id = p.Id}
+        protected override Expression VisitNew(NewExpression node)
+        {
+            // TODO 未支持匿名类的导航属性
+            // MemberInit的New
+            // 匿名类的New
+            if (node == null) return node;
+            if (node.Arguments == null || node.Arguments.Count == 0)
+                throw new XFrameworkException("'NewExpression' do not have any argument.");
+
+            this.VisitNewImpl(node);
+
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        // 遍历New表达式的参数集
+        private Expression VisitNewImpl(NewExpression node)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < node.Arguments.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Expression expression = node.Arguments[i];
+                Type type = expression.Type;
+                int visitedQty = _visitedMark.Count;
+
+                if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter)
+                {
+                    //例： new Client(a)
+                    string alias = _aliases.GetTableAlias(expression);
+                    this.VisitAllMember(type, alias);
+                }
+                else if (expression.CanEvaluate())
+                {
+                    //例： DateTime.Now
+                    _builder.Append(expression.Evaluate().Value, node.Members[i], node.Type);
+                    this.VisitNewImpl_AddNewName(node.Members != null ? node.Members[i].Name : (expression as MemberExpression).Member.Name);
+                }
+                else if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess || expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call)
+                {
+                    bool isNavigation = !type.IsEnum && !TypeUtils.IsPrimitiveType(type);
+                    if (isNavigation) this.VisitNavigation(expression as MemberExpression, false);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // new Client(a.ClientId)
+                        this.Visit(expression);
+                        this.VisitNewImpl_AddNewName(node.Members != null ? node.Members[i].Name : (expression as MemberExpression).Member.Name);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    base.Visit(expression);
+                    this.VisitNewImpl_AddNewName(node.Members != null ? node.Members[i].Name : (expression as MemberExpression).Member.Name);
+                }
+
+                // 删除本次访问的成员痕迹
+                if (_visitedMark.Count != visitedQty) _visitedMark.Remove(_visitedMark.Count - visitedQty);
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        private void VisitNewImpl_AddNewName(string memberName)
+        {
+            string newName = _pickColumns.Add(memberName);
+            _builder.AppendAs(newName);
+            _builder.Append(',');
+            _builder.AppendNewLine();
+        }
+
+        // g.Key.CompanyName & g.Max(a)
+        protected override Expression VisitMember(MemberExpression node)
+        {
+            if (node == null) return node;
+            else if (_groupBy == null || !node.IsGrouping()) return base.VisitMember(node);
+            else
+            {
+                // Group By 解析  CompanyName = g.Key.Name
+                LambdaExpression keySelector = _groupBy.Expressions[0] as LambdaExpression;
+                Expression exp = null;
+                Expression body = keySelector.Body;
+
+                if (body.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+                {
+                    // group xx by a.CompanyName
+                    exp = body;
+
+                    //
+                    //
+                    //
+                    //
+                }
+                else if (body.NodeType == ExpressionType.New)
+                {
+                    // group xx by new { Name = a.CompanyName  }
+
+                    string memberName = node.Member.Name;
+                    NewExpression newExp = body as NewExpression;
+                    int index = newExp.Members.IndexOf(x => x.Name == memberName);
+                    exp = newExp.Arguments[index];
+                }
+
+                return this.Visit(exp);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 选择所有的字段
+        private Expression VisitAllMember(Type type, string alias, Expression node = null)
+        {
+            if (_groupBy != null && node != null && node.IsGrouping())
+            {
+                // select g.Key
+                LambdaExpression keySelector = _groupBy.Expressions[0] as LambdaExpression;
+                return this.Visit(keySelector.Body);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                TypeRuntimeInfo typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(type);
+                MemberInvokerCollection invokers = typeRuntime.Invokers;
+
+                foreach (var invoker in invokers)
+                {
+                    if (invoker != null && invoker.Column != null && invoker.Column.NoMapped) continue;
+                    if (invoker != null && invoker.ForeignKey != null) continue; // 不加载导航属性
+                    if (invoker.Member.MemberType == System.Reflection.MemberTypes.Method) continue;
+
+                    _builder.AppendMember(alias, invoker.Member.Name);
+
+                    // 选择字段
+                    string newName = _pickColumns.Add(invoker.Member.Name);
+                    _builder.AppendAs(newName);
+                    _builder.Append(",");
+                    _builder.AppendNewLine();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        // g.Max(a=>a.Level)
+        protected override Expression VisitMethodCall(MethodCallExpression node)
+        {
+            if (_groupBy != null && node.IsGrouping())
+            {
+                DbExpressionType dbExpressionType = DbExpressionType.None;
+                Enum.TryParse(node.Method.Name, out dbExpressionType);
+                Expression exp = dbExpressionType == DbExpressionType.Count
+                    ? Expression.Constant(1)
+                    : (node.Arguments.Count == 1 ? null : node.Arguments[1]);
+                if (exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda) exp = (exp as LambdaExpression).Body;
+
+                // 如果是 a=> a 这种表达式，那么一定会指定 elementSelector
+                if (exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter) exp = _groupBy.Expressions[1];
+
+                _builder.Append(_statisMethods[dbExpressionType]);
+                _builder.Append("(");
+                this.Visit(exp);
+                _builder.Append(")");
+
+                return node;
+            }
+
+            return base.VisitMethodCall(node);
+        }
+
+        // 遍历 Include 包含的导航属性
+        private void VisitInclude()
+        {
+            if (_include == null || _include.Count == 0) return;
+
+            foreach (var dbExpression in _include)
+            {
+                Expression exp = dbExpression.Expressions[0];
+                if (exp == null) continue;
+
+                if (exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda) exp = (exp as LambdaExpression).Body;
+                MemberExpression memberExpression = exp as MemberExpression;
+                if (memberExpression == null) throw new XFrameworkException("Include expression body must be 'MemberExpression'.");
+
+                // 例：Include(a => a.Client.AccountList[0].Client)
+                // 解析导航属性链
+                List<Expression> chain = new List<Expression>();
+                while (memberExpression != null)
+                {
+                    // a.Client 要求 <Client> 必须标明 ForeignKeyAttribute
+                    TypeRuntimeInfo typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(memberExpression.Expression.Type);
+                    ForeignKeyAttribute attribute = typeRuntime.GetInvokerAttribute<ForeignKeyAttribute>(memberExpression.Member.Name);
+                    if (attribute == null) throw new XFrameworkException("Include member {{{0}}} must mark 'ForeignKeyAttribute'.", memberExpression);
+
+                    MemberExpression m = null;
+                    chain.Add(memberExpression);
+                    if (memberExpression.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess) m = (MemberExpression)memberExpression.Expression;
+                    else if (memberExpression.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call) m = (memberExpression.Expression as MethodCallExpression).Object as MemberExpression;
+
+                    //var m = memberExpression.Expression as MemberExpression;
+                    if (m == null) chain.Add(memberExpression.Expression);
+                    memberExpression = m;
+                }
+
+                // 生成导航属性描述信息
+                string keyName = string.Empty;
+                for (int i = chain.Count - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+                {
+                    Expression expression = chain[i];
+                    memberExpression = expression as MemberExpression;
+                    if (memberExpression == null) continue;
+
+                    keyName = memberExpression.GetKeyWidthoutAnonymous(true);
+                    if (!_navigations.ContainsKey(keyName))
+                    {
+                        // fix issue# XC 列占一个位
+                        Navigation descriptor = new Navigation(keyName, memberExpression.Member);
+                        descriptor.Start = i == 0 ? _pickColumns.Count : -1;//_columns.Count;
+                        descriptor.FieldCount = i == 0 ? (GetFieldCount(exp) + 1) : -1; //i == 0 ? (GetFieldCount(exp) + 1) : 1;//-1;
+                        _navigations.Add(keyName, descriptor);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                this.VisitNavigation(memberExpression, true);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 添加额外列，用来判断整个（左）连接记录是否为空
+        private void AddSplitOnColumn(System.Reflection.MemberInfo member, string alias)
+        {
+            TypeRuntimeInfo typeRuntime = TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(member.DeclaringType);
+            var foreignKey = typeRuntime.GetInvokerAttribute<ForeignKeyAttribute>(member.Name);
+            string keyName = foreignKey.OuterKeys[0];
+
+            _builder.Append("CASE WHEN ");
+            _builder.AppendMember(alias, keyName);
+            _builder.Append(" IS NULL THEN NULL ELSE ");
+            _builder.AppendMember(alias, keyName);
+            _builder.Append(" END");
+
+            // 选择字段
+            string newName = _pickColumns.Add(Constant.NAVIGATIONSPLITONNAME);
+            //_builder.Append(caseWhen);
+            _builder.AppendAs(newName);
+            _builder.Append(',');
+            _builder.AppendNewLine();
+        }
+
+        // 计算数据库字段数量
+        private static int GetFieldCount(Expression node)
+        {
+            int num = 0;
+
+            switch (node.NodeType)
+            {
+                case ExpressionType.MemberInit:
+                    MemberInitExpression m = node as MemberInitExpression;
+                    foreach (var exp in m.NewExpression.Arguments) num += _typeFieldAggregator(exp);
+                    foreach (MemberAssignment ma in m.Bindings) num += _primitiveAggregator((ma.Member as System.Reflection.PropertyInfo).PropertyType);
+
+                    break;
+
+                case ExpressionType.MemberAccess:
+                    MemberExpression m1 = node as MemberExpression;
+                    num += _typeFieldAggregator(m1);
+
+                    break;
+
+                case ExpressionType.New:
+                    NewExpression m2 = node as NewExpression;
+                    foreach (var exp in m2.Arguments) num += _typeFieldAggregator(exp);
+                    if (m2.Members != null) foreach (var member in m2.Members) num += _primitiveAggregator((member as System.Reflection.PropertyInfo).PropertyType);
+
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return num;
+        }
+
+        private static Func<Expression, int> _typeFieldAggregator = exp =>
+              exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess && TypeUtils.IsPrimitiveType(exp.Type) ? 1 : TypeRuntimeInfoCache.GetRuntimeInfo(exp.Type.IsGenericType ? exp.Type.GetGenericArguments()[0] : exp.Type).DataFieldCount;
+
+        private static Func<Type, int> _primitiveAggregator = type => TypeUtils.IsPrimitiveType(type) ? 1 : 0;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `m` last assigned on line 551 could be null and is dereferenced at line 552, column 41.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Int32 ColumnExpressionVisitor.GetFieldCount(Expression)
+
+### File:
+net45/TZM.XFramework/Data/ExpressionVisitor/ColumnExpressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+ColumnExpressionVisitor.cs|GetFieldCount|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+08416c86aa4443e21270e63dcd70c65c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0568/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0568/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd5a31767ce1c69baee71b336cd0e6db849177ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0568/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Riz.XFramework
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+using System;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace TZM.XFramework
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 扩展帮助类
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class XFrameworkExtensions
+    {
+        #region 表达式树
+
+        private static readonly string _anonymousName = "<>h__TransparentIdentifier";
+        private static Func<Type, bool> _isGrouping = t => t.IsGenericType && t.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(IGrouping<,>);
+        private static Func<string, bool> _isAnonymous = name => !string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) && name.StartsWith(_anonymousName, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 返回真表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> True<T>()
+            where T : class
+        {
+            return f => true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 返回假表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> False<T>()
+            where T : class
+        {
+            return f => false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 拼接真表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> AndAlso<T>(this Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp1,
+            Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp2) where T : class
+        {
+            if (TExp1 == null) return TExp2;
+            if (TExp2 == null) return TExp1;
+
+            var invokeExp = System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Invoke(TExp2, TExp1.Parameters.Cast<System.Linq.Expressions.Expression>());
+            return System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>
+                  (System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.AndAlso(TExp1.Body, invokeExp), TExp1.Parameters);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 拼接假表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static Expression<Func<T, bool>> OrElse<T>(this Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp1,
+            Expression<Func<T, bool>> TExp2) where T : class
+        {
+            if (TExp1 == null) return TExp2;
+            if (TExp2 == null) return TExp1;
+
+            var invokeExp = System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Invoke(TExp2, TExp1.Parameters.Cast<System.Linq.Expressions.Expression>());
+            return System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>
+                  (System.Linq.Expressions.Expression.OrElse(TExp1.Body, invokeExp), TExp1.Parameters);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 去掉一元表达式的操作符
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Expression ReduceUnary(this Expression exp)
+        {
+            UnaryExpression unaryExpression = exp as UnaryExpression;
+            return unaryExpression != null
+                ? unaryExpression.Operand.ReduceUnary()
+                : exp;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 判断表达式链是否能通过动态计算，计算出它的值
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool CanEvaluate(this Expression node)
+        {
+            // => 5
+            // => a.ActiveDate == DateTime.Now
+            // => a.State == (byte)state
+
+            if (node == null) return false;
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Constant) return true;
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.ArrayIndex) return true;
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call)
+            {
+                // List<int>{0}[]
+                MethodCallExpression methodCallExpression = node as MethodCallExpression;
+                Expression expression = methodCallExpression.Object;
+                if (expression != null && Data.TypeUtils.IsCollectionType(expression.Type) && methodCallExpression.Method.Name == "get_Item")
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            var member = node as MemberExpression;
+            if (member == null) return false;
+            if (member.Expression == null) return true;
+            if (member.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Constant) return true;
+
+            return member.Expression.CanEvaluate();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 计算表达式的值
+        /// </summary>
+        public static ConstantExpression Evaluate(this Expression e)
+        {
+            ConstantExpression node = null;
+            if (e.NodeType == ExpressionType.Constant)
+            {
+                node = e as ConstantExpression;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                LambdaExpression lambda = e is LambdaExpression ? Expression.Lambda(((LambdaExpression)e).Body) : Expression.Lambda(e);
+                Delegate fn = lambda.Compile();
+
+                node = Expression.Constant(fn.DynamicInvoke(null), e is LambdaExpression ? ((LambdaExpression)e).Body.Type : e.Type);
+            }
+
+            // 枚举要转成 INT
+            if (node.Type.IsEnum) node = Expression.Constant(Convert.ToInt32(node.Value));
+
+            // 返回最终处理的常量表达式s
+            return node;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 判断属性访问表达式是否有系统动态生成前缀
+        /// <code>
+        /// h__TransparentIdentifier.a.CompanyName
+        /// </code>
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsAnonymous(this Expression node)
+        {
+            // <>h__TransparentIdentifier => h__TransparentIdentifier.a.CompanyName
+            Expression exp = node;
+            ParameterExpression paramExp = exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda
+                ? (node as LambdaExpression).Parameters[0]
+                : exp as ParameterExpression;
+            if (paramExp != null) return _isAnonymous(paramExp.Name);
+
+            if (exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)    // <>h__TransparentIdentifier.a.CompanyName
+            {
+                MemberExpression memExp = exp as MemberExpression;
+                if (_isAnonymous(memExp.Member.Name)) return true;
+
+                return IsAnonymous(memExp.Expression);
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 判断是否是分组表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool IsGrouping(this Expression node)
+        {
+            //g.Key
+            //g.Key.CompanyName
+            //g.Max()
+            //g=>g.xxx
+            //g.Key.CompanyId.Length
+            //g.Key.Length 
+
+            // g | g=>g.xx
+            Expression exp = node;
+            ParameterExpression paramExp = exp.NodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda
+                ? (node as LambdaExpression).Parameters[0]
+                : exp as ParameterExpression;
+            if (paramExp != null) return _isGrouping(paramExp.Type);
+
+            // g.Max
+            MethodCallExpression callExp = exp as MethodCallExpression;
+            if (callExp != null) return _isGrouping(callExp.Arguments[0].Type);
+
+
+            MemberExpression memExp = exp as MemberExpression;
+            if (memExp != null)
+            {
+                // g.Key
+                var g1 = memExp.Member.Name == "Key" && _isGrouping(memExp.Expression.Type);
+                if (g1) return g1;
+
+                // g.Key.Length | g.Key.Company | g.Key.CompanyId.Length
+                memExp = memExp.Expression as MemberExpression;
+                if (memExp != null)
+                {
+                    g1 = memExp.Member.Name == "Key" && _isGrouping(memExp.Expression.Type) && memExp.Type.Namespace == null; //匿名类没有命令空间
+                    if (g1) return g1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 在递归访问 MemberAccess 表达式时，判定节点是否能够被继续递归访问
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool Acceptable(this Expression node)
+        {
+            // a 
+            // <>h__TransparentIdentifier.a
+            // <>h__TransparentIdentifier0.<>h__TransparentIdentifier1.a
+
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter) return false;
+
+            if (node.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+            {
+                MemberExpression m = node as MemberExpression;
+                if (m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter)
+                {
+                    string name = (m.Expression as ParameterExpression).Name;
+                    if (_isAnonymous(name)) return false;
+                }
+
+                if (m.Expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+                {
+                    string name = (m.Expression as MemberExpression).Member.Name;
+                    if (_isAnonymous(name)) return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 取剔除掉系统动态生成前缀后的表达式
+        /// </summary>
+        public static string GetKeyWidthoutAnonymous(this MemberExpression node, bool isDesciptor = false)
+        {
+            List<string> segs = new List<string>();
+            segs.Add(node.Member.Name);
+
+            Expression expression = node.Expression;
+            while (expression.Acceptable())
+            {
+                MemberExpression memberExpression = null;
+                if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess) memberExpression = (MemberExpression)expression;
+                else if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Call) memberExpression = (expression as MethodCallExpression).Object as MemberExpression;
+
+                segs.Add(memberExpression.Member.Name);
+                expression = memberExpression.Expression;
+            }
+
+            // 如果读取
+            if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter) segs.Add(isDesciptor ? expression.Type.Name : (expression as ParameterExpression).Name);
+            if (expression.NodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess) segs.Add((expression as MemberExpression).Member.Name);
+
+            segs.Reverse();
+            string result = string.Join(".", segs);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 列表扩展
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 取指定列表中符合条件的元素索引
+        /// </summary>
+        public static int IndexOf<T>(this IEnumerable<T> collection, Func<T, bool> predicate)
+        {
+            int i = -1;
+            foreach (T value in collection)
+            {
+                i++;
+                if (predicate(value)) return i;
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 创建一个集合
+        /// </summary>
+        public static List<TResult> ToList<T, TResult>(this IEnumerable<T> collection, Func<T, TResult> selector)
+        {
+            return collection.Select(selector).ToList();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 列表转换扩展
+        /// </summary>
+        public static List<TResult> ToList<T, TResult>(this IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, TResult> selector, Func<T, bool> predicate = null)
+        {
+            if (predicate != null) source = source.Where(predicate);
+            return source.Select(selector).ToList();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 根据页长计算总页码
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="collection">数据集合</param>
+        /// <param name="pageSize">页码</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static int Page<T>(this IEnumerable<T> collection, int pageSize)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            if ((collection as ICollection<T>) != null) count = (collection as ICollection<T>).Count;
+            else if ((collection as T[]) != null) count = (collection as T[]).Length;
+            else count = collection.Count();
+
+            int page = (count + pageSize - 1) / pageSize;
+            return page;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 批量添加命令参数
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void AddRange(this IDataParameterCollection source, IEnumerable<IDbDataParameter> parameters)
+        {
+            if (parameters != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var p in parameters) source.Add(p);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `methodCallExpression` last assigned on line 94 could be null and is dereferenced at line 95, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean XFrameworkExtensions.CanEvaluate(Expression)
+
+### File:
+net45/TZM.XFramework/Common/XFrameworkExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+XFrameworkExtensions.cs|CanEvaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+d37146aef0c1f61eb7f3bdca4b334d37
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0592/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0592/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c8ed7a6bbca640b28ce79f9459e469242493b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0592/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** socket.io-client-csharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Moq;
+using SocketIOClient.Messages;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SocketIOClient.UnitTest.ConverterTests
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ConverterReadTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Opened()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("0{\"sid\":\"6lV4Ef7YOyGF-5dCBvKy\",\"upgrades\":[],\"pingInterval\":10000,\"pingTimeout\":5000}");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.Opened, msg.Type);
+
+            var openedMsg = msg as OpenedMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("6lV4Ef7YOyGF-5dCBvKy", openedMsg.Sid);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10000, openedMsg.PingInterval);
+            Assert.AreEqual(5000, openedMsg.PingTimeout);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Ping()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("2");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.Ping, msg.Type);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Pong()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("3");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.Pong, msg.Type);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Eio4Connected()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("40{\"sid\":\"aMA_EmVTuzpgR16PAc4w\"}");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.Connected, msg.Type);
+
+            var connectedMsg = msg as ConnectedMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, connectedMsg.Namespace);
+            Assert.AreEqual("aMA_EmVTuzpgR16PAc4w", connectedMsg.Sid);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Eio4NamespaceConnected()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("40/nsp,{\"sid\":\"xO_jp2_xrGtXUveLAc4y\"}");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.Connected, msg.Type);
+
+            var connectedMsg = msg as ConnectedMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/nsp", connectedMsg.Namespace);
+            Assert.AreEqual("xO_jp2_xrGtXUveLAc4y", connectedMsg.Sid);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Disconnected()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("41");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.Disconnected, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as DisconnectedMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(string.Empty, realMsg.Namespace);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void NamespaceDisconnected()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("41/github,");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.Disconnected, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as DisconnectedMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/github", realMsg.Namespace);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Event0Param()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("42[\"hi\"]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.EventMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as EventMessage;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(string.IsNullOrEmpty(realMsg.Namespace));
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("hi", realMsg.Event);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Event1Param()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("42[\"hi\",\"V3: onAny\"]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.EventMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as EventMessage;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(string.IsNullOrEmpty(realMsg.Namespace));
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("hi", realMsg.Event);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual("V3: onAny", realMsg.JsonElements[0].GetString());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void NamespaceEvent0Param()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("42/nsp,[\"234\"]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.EventMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as EventMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/nsp", realMsg.Namespace);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("234", realMsg.Event);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void NamespaceEvent1Param()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("42/nsp,[\"qww\",true]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.EventMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as EventMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/nsp", realMsg.Namespace);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("qww", realMsg.Event);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.IsTrue(realMsg.JsonElements[0].GetBoolean());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Ack()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("431[\"doghappy\"]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.AckMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as ClientAckMessage;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(string.IsNullOrEmpty(realMsg.Namespace));
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.Id);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual("doghappy", realMsg.JsonElements[0].GetString());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void NamespaceAck()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("43/google,15[\"doghappy\"]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.AckMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as ClientAckMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/google", realMsg.Namespace);
+            Assert.AreEqual(15, realMsg.Id);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual("doghappy", realMsg.JsonElements[0].GetString());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Error()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("44{\"message\":\"Authentication error2\"}");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.ErrorMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var result = msg as ErrorMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("Authentication error2", result.Message);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Binary()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("451-[\"1 params\",{\"_placeholder\":true,\"num\":0}]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.BinaryMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as BinaryMessage;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(string.IsNullOrEmpty(realMsg.Namespace));
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.BinaryCount);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("1 params", realMsg.Event);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(JsonValueKind.Object, realMsg.JsonElements[0].ValueKind);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void NamespaceBinary()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("451-/why-ve,[\"1 params\",{\"_placeholder\":true,\"num\":0}]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.BinaryMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as BinaryMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/why-ve", realMsg.Namespace);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.BinaryCount);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("1 params", realMsg.Event);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(JsonValueKind.Object, realMsg.JsonElements[0].ValueKind);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void NamespaceBinaryWithId()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("451-/why-ve,30[\"1 params\",{\"_placeholder\":true,\"num\":0}]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.BinaryMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as BinaryMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/why-ve", realMsg.Namespace);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.BinaryCount);
+            Assert.AreEqual(30, realMsg.Id);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("1 params", realMsg.Event);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(JsonValueKind.Object, realMsg.JsonElements[0].ValueKind);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void BinaryAck()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("461-6[{\"_placeholder\":true,\"num\":0}]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.BinaryAckMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as ServerBinaryAckMessage;
+
+            Assert.IsNull(realMsg.Namespace);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.BinaryCount);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, realMsg.Id);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(JsonValueKind.Object, realMsg.JsonElements[0].ValueKind);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void NamespaceBinaryAck()
+        {
+            var msg = MessageFactory.CreateMessage("461-/name-space,6[{\"_placeholder\":true,\"num\":0}]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(MessageType.BinaryAckMessage, msg.Type);
+
+            var realMsg = msg as ServerBinaryAckMessage;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("/name-space", realMsg.Namespace);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.BinaryCount);
+            Assert.AreEqual(6, realMsg.Id);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, realMsg.JsonElements.Count);
+            Assert.AreEqual(JsonValueKind.Object, realMsg.JsonElements[0].ValueKind);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `realMsg` last assigned on line 243 could be null and is dereferenced at line 245, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ConverterReadTest.BinaryAck()
+
+### File:
+src/SocketIOClient.UnitTest/ConverterTests/ConverterReadTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ConverterReadTest.cs|BinaryAck|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+dc2fb48bc0c2474b89513759fbf78d33
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0595/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0595/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6d12410c876ed9a887cd003e81acb9886474c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0595/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ExpressiveAnnotations
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace ExpressiveAnnotations.Analysis
+{
+    /* EBNF GRAMMAR:
+     * 
+     * expression => or-exp
+     * or-exp     => and-exp [ "||" or-exp ]
+     * and-exp    => not-exp [ "&&" and-exp ]
+     * not-exp    => [ "!" ] rel-exp
+     * rel-exp    => val [ rel-op val ]
+     * rel-op     => "==" | "!=" | ">" | ">=" | "<" | "<="
+     * val        => "null" | int | float | bool | string | prop | "(" or-exp ")"
+     */
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Performs syntactic analysis of provided logical expression within given context.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class Parser
+    {
+        private Stack<Token> Tokens { get; set; }
+        private Type ContextType { get; set; }
+        private Expression ContextExpression { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses the specified logical expression into expression tree within given object context.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="Context">The type identifier of the context within which the expression is interpreted.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="expression">The logical expression.</param>
+        /// <returns>A delegate containing the compiled version of the lambda expression described by created expression tree.</returns>
+        public Func<Context, bool> Parse<Context>(string expression)
+        {
+            ContextType = typeof(Context);
+            var param = Expression.Parameter(typeof(Context));
+            ContextExpression = param;
+            InitTokenizer(expression);
+            var expressionTree = ParseExpression();
+            var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<Context, bool>>(expressionTree, param);
+            return lambda.Compile();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parses the specified logical expression and builds expression tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">The type instance of the context within which the expression is interpreted.</param>
+        /// <param name="expression">The logical expression.</param>
+        /// <returns>A delegate containing the compiled version of the lambda expression described by produced expression tree.</returns>
+        public Func<object, bool> Parse(Type context, string expression)
+        {
+            ContextType = context;
+            var param = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object));
+            ContextExpression = Expression.Convert(param, context);
+            InitTokenizer(expression);
+            var expressionTree = ParseExpression();
+            var lambda = Expression.Lambda<Func<object, bool>>(expressionTree, param);
+            return lambda.Compile();
+        }
+
+        private void InitTokenizer(string expression)
+        {
+            var lexer = new Lexer();
+            Tokens = new Stack<Token>(lexer.Analyze(expression).Reverse());
+        }
+
+        private bool PeekToken(out Token token)
+        {
+            token = Tokens.Any() ? Tokens.Peek() : null;
+            return token != null;
+        }
+
+        private void CrushToken()
+        {
+            Tokens.Pop();
+        }
+
+        private Expression ParseExpression()
+        {
+            return ParseOrExp();
+        }
+
+        private Expression ParseOrExp()
+        {
+            var arg1 = ParseAndExp();
+            Token token;
+            if (!PeekToken(out token) || token.Id != TokenId.OR)
+                return arg1;
+            CrushToken();
+            var arg2 = ParseOrExp();
+            return Expression.Or(arg1, arg2);
+        }
+
+        private Expression ParseAndExp()
+        {
+            var arg1 = ParseNotExp();
+            Token token;
+            if (!PeekToken(out token) || token.Id != TokenId.AND)
+                return arg1;
+            CrushToken();
+            var arg2 = ParseAndExp();
+            return Expression.And(arg1, arg2);
+        }
+
+        private Expression ParseNotExp()
+        {
+            Token token;
+            if (!PeekToken(out token) || token.Id != TokenId.NOT)
+                return ParseRelExp();
+            CrushToken();
+            return Expression.Not(ParseRelExp());
+        }
+
+        private Expression ParseRelExp()
+        {
+            var arg1 = ParseVal();
+            Token token;
+            if (!PeekToken(out token) || !new[] { TokenId.LT, TokenId.LE, TokenId.GT, TokenId.GE, TokenId.EQ, TokenId.NEQ }.Contains(token.Id))
+                return arg1;
+            CrushToken();
+            var arg2 = ParseVal();
+
+            Helper.MakeTypesCompatible(arg1, arg2, out arg1, out arg2);
+            switch (token.Id)
+            {
+                case TokenId.LT:
+                    return Expression.LessThan(arg1, arg2);
+                case TokenId.LE:
+                    return Expression.LessThanOrEqual(arg1, arg2);
+                case TokenId.GT:
+                    return Expression.GreaterThan(arg1, arg2);
+                case TokenId.GE:
+                    return Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual(arg1, arg2);
+                case TokenId.EQ:
+                    return Expression.Equal(arg1, arg2);
+                case TokenId.NEQ:
+                    return Expression.NotEqual(arg1, arg2);
+                default:
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Expression ParseVal()
+        {
+            Token token;
+            if (!PeekToken(out token))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException();
+
+            if (token.Id == TokenId.LEFT_BRACKET)
+            {
+                CrushToken();
+                var arg = ParseOrExp();
+                if (!PeekToken(out token) || token.Id != TokenId.RIGHT_BRACKET)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException();
+                CrushToken();
+                return arg;
+            }
+
+            CrushToken();
+            switch (token.Id)
+            {
+                case TokenId.NULL:
+                    return Expression.Constant(null);
+                case TokenId.INT:
+                    return Expression.Constant(token.Value, typeof(int));
+                case TokenId.FLOAT:
+                    return Expression.Constant(token.Value, typeof(float));
+                case TokenId.BOOL:
+                    return Expression.Constant(token.Value, typeof(bool));
+                case TokenId.STRING:
+                    return Expression.Constant(token.Value, typeof(string));
+                case TokenId.PROPERTY:
+                    return ExtractProperty(token.Value.ToString());
+                default:
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Expression ExtractProperty(string name)
+        {
+            var props = name.Split('.');
+            var type = ContextType;
+            var expr = ContextExpression;
+            foreach (var prop in props)
+            {
+                var pi = type.GetProperty(prop);
+                if (pi == null)
+                    throw new ArgumentException(string.Format("Dynamic extraction interrupted. Field {0} not found.", prop), name);
+                expr = Expression.Property(expr, pi);
+                type = pi.PropertyType;
+            }
+            return expr;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`token` could be null (from the call to `Parser.PeekToken(...)` on line 88) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression Parser.ParseOrExp()
+
+### File:
+src/ExpressiveAnnotations/Analysis/Parser.cs
+
+### Key:
+Parser.cs|ParseOrExp|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+188da5288d55deb1f31c276187a8db33
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0672/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0672/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d60470b6e75a502eeaf4c38490b8da09f705dc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0672/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-storage-net-data-movement
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// <copyright file="SubDirectoryTransfer.cs" company="Microsoft">
+//    Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// </copyright>
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace Microsoft.Azure.Storage.DataMovement
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Globalization;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+    using System.Text;
+    using System.Threading;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+    using Microsoft.Azure.Storage.Blob;
+    using Microsoft.Azure.Storage.DataMovement.TransferEnumerators;
+    using Microsoft.Azure.Storage.File;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a sub-directory transfer under a hierarchy directory transfer.
+    /// </summary>
+#if BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+    [Serializable]
+#else
+    [DataContract]
+#endif // BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+    class SubDirectoryTransfer : JournalItem
+#if BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        , ISerializable
+#endif // BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+    {
+        private const string SubDirListContinuationTokenName = "SubDirListContinuationToken";
+        private const string SubDirRelativePathName = "SubDirRelativePath";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Base <see cref="HierarchyDirectoryTransfer"/> instance which this <see cref="SubDirectoryTransfer"/> instance belongs to.
+        /// <see cref="SubDirectoryTransfer"/> instance returns its listed directories and files to <see cref="HierarchyDirectoryTransfer"/> with callbacks.
+        /// </summary>
+        private HierarchyDirectoryTransfer baseDirectoryTransfer = null;
+        private ITransferEnumerator transferEnumerator = null;
+
+#if !BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        [DataMember]
+#endif
+        private string relativePath = null;
+
+#if !BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        [DataMember]
+#endif
+        private SerializableListContinuationToken enumerateContinuationToken = null;
+
+        private TransferLocation source;
+        private TransferLocation dest;
+
+        public SubDirectoryTransfer(
+            HierarchyDirectoryTransfer baseDirectoryTransfer,
+            string relativePath)
+        {
+            this.enumerateContinuationToken = new SerializableListContinuationToken(null);
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer = baseDirectoryTransfer;
+            this.relativePath = relativePath;
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer.GetSubDirLocation(this.relativePath, out this.source, out this.dest);
+            this.InitializeEnumerator();
+        }
+
+        public SubDirectoryTransfer(SubDirectoryTransfer other)
+        {
+            this.relativePath = other.relativePath;
+            this.enumerateContinuationToken = other.enumerateContinuationToken;
+        }
+
+#if BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SubDirectoryTransfer"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="info">Serialization information.</param>
+        /// <param name="context">Streaming context.</param>
+        protected SubDirectoryTransfer(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
+        {
+            this.relativePath = info.GetString(SubDirRelativePathName);
+
+            if (!(context.Context is StreamJournal))
+            {
+                this.enumerateContinuationToken = (SerializableListContinuationToken)info.GetValue(SubDirListContinuationTokenName, typeof(SerializableListContinuationToken));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Serializes the object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="info">Serialization info object.</param>
+        /// <param name="context">Streaming context.</param>
+        public void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
+        {
+            if (info == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
+            }
+
+            info.AddValue(SubDirRelativePathName, this.relativePath, typeof(string));
+
+            if (!(context.Context is StreamJournal))
+            {
+                // serialize continuation token
+                info.AddValue(SubDirListContinuationTokenName, this.enumerateContinuationToken, typeof(SerializableListContinuationToken));
+            }
+        }
+#endif // BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+
+        public SerializableListContinuationToken ListContinuationToken
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return this.enumerateContinuationToken;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                this.enumerateContinuationToken = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            await Task.Yield();
+
+            this.CreateDestinationDirectory(cancellationToken);
+
+            var enumerator = this.transferEnumerator.EnumerateLocation(cancellationToken).GetEnumerator();
+
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (!enumerator.MoveNext())
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                TransferEntry entry = enumerator.Current;
+                ErrorEntry errorEntry = entry as ErrorEntry;
+                if (errorEntry != null)
+                {
+                    TransferException exception = errorEntry.Exception as TransferException;
+                    if (null != exception)
+                    {
+                        throw exception;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw new TransferException(
+                            TransferErrorCode.FailToEnumerateDirectory,
+                            errorEntry.Exception.GetExceptionMessage(),
+                            errorEntry.Exception);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (entry.IsDirectory)
+                {
+                    this.baseDirectoryTransfer.AddSubDir(entry.RelativePath, () =>
+                    {
+                        var currentContinuationToken = new SerializableListContinuationToken(entry.ContinuationToken);
+                        currentContinuationToken.Journal = this.enumerateContinuationToken.Journal;
+                        currentContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset = this.enumerateContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset;
+                        this.enumerateContinuationToken = currentContinuationToken;
+                        return this.enumerateContinuationToken;
+                    });
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    SingleObjectTransfer transferItem = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.CreateTransfer(entry);
+#if DEBUG
+                    Utils.HandleFaultInjection(entry.RelativePath, transferItem);
+#endif
+
+                    this.CreateDestinationParentDirectoryRecursively(transferItem);
+
+                    this.baseDirectoryTransfer.AddSingleObjectTransfer(transferItem, () =>
+                    {
+                        var currentContinuationToken = new SerializableListContinuationToken(entry.ContinuationToken);
+                        currentContinuationToken.Journal = this.enumerateContinuationToken.Journal;
+                        currentContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset = this.enumerateContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset;
+                        this.enumerateContinuationToken = currentContinuationToken;
+                        return this.enumerateContinuationToken;
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Update(HierarchyDirectoryTransfer baseDirectoryTransferInstance)
+        {
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer = baseDirectoryTransferInstance;
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer.GetSubDirLocation(this.relativePath, out this.source, out this.dest);
+            this.InitializeEnumerator();
+        }
+
+        public void CreateDestinationParentDirectoryRecursively(SingleObjectTransfer transferItem)
+        {
+            switch (transferItem.Destination.Type)
+            {
+                case TransferLocationType.FilePath:
+                    var filePath = (transferItem.Destination as FileLocation).FilePath;
+                    Utils.ValidateDestinationPath(transferItem.Source.Instance.ConvertToString(), filePath);
+                    Utils.CreateParentDirectoryIfNotExists(filePath);
+                    break;
+                case TransferLocationType.AzureFile:
+                    var parent = (transferItem.Destination as AzureFileLocation).AzureFile.Parent;
+                    CloudFileDirectory destDirectory = this.dest.Instance as CloudFileDirectory;
+
+                    if (!string.Equals(parent.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath, destDirectory.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath))
+                    {
+                        if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.IsForceOverwrite || !parent.ExistsAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null).Result)
+                        {
+                            Utils.CreateCloudFileDirectoryRecursively(parent);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeEnumerator()
+        {
+            if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+            {
+                var fileEnumerator = new AzureFileHierarchyEnumerator(this.source as AzureFileDirectoryLocation, this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Source.Instance as CloudFileDirectory);
+                fileEnumerator.EnumerateContinuationToken = this.enumerateContinuationToken.ListContinuationToken;
+                fileEnumerator.SearchPattern = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.SearchPattern;
+                fileEnumerator.Recursive = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Recursive;
+
+                this.transferEnumerator = fileEnumerator;
+            }
+            else if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.LocalDirectory)
+            {
+                var fileEnumerator = new FileHierarchyEnumerator(this.source as DirectoryLocation, this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Source.Instance as string, this.baseDirectoryTransfer.FollowSymblink);
+                fileEnumerator.EnumerateContinuationToken = this.enumerateContinuationToken.ListContinuationToken;
+                fileEnumerator.SearchPattern = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.SearchPattern;
+                fileEnumerator.Recursive = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Recursive;
+
+                this.transferEnumerator = fileEnumerator;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateDestinationDirectory(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureBlobDirectory)
+            {
+                // No physical destination directory needed.
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if ((this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+                && (null == (this.dest as AzureFileDirectoryLocation).FileDirectory.Parent))
+            {
+                //Root Azure File directory, no need to create.
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CloudFileNtfsAttributes? fileAttributes = null;
+            DateTimeOffset? creationTime = null;
+            DateTimeOffset? lastWriteTime = null;
+            IDictionary<string, string> metadata = null;
+
+            if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.LocalDirectory)
+            {
+                if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.PreserveSMBAttributes)
+                {
+                    var sourceLocalDirLocation = this.source as DirectoryLocation;
+
+                    FileAttributes? localFileAttributes = null;
+
+                    string longDirectoryPath = sourceLocalDirLocation.DirectoryPath;
+
+                    if (Interop.CrossPlatformHelpers.IsWindows)
+                    {
+                        longDirectoryPath = LongPath.ToUncPath(longDirectoryPath);
+                    }
+
+#if DOTNET5_4
+                    LongPathFile.GetFileProperties(longDirectoryPath, out creationTime, out lastWriteTime, out localFileAttributes, true);
+#else
+                    LongPathFile.GetFileProperties(longDirectoryPath, out creationTime, out lastWriteTime, out localFileAttributes);
+#endif
+                    fileAttributes = Utils.LocalAttributesToAzureFileNtfsAttributes(localFileAttributes.Value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+            {
+                if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.PreserveSMBAttributes || this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+                {
+                    AzureFileDirectoryLocation sourceFileDirLocation = this.source as AzureFileDirectoryLocation;
+
+                    var sourceFileDirectory = sourceFileDirLocation.FileDirectory;
+                    sourceFileDirectory.FetchAttributesAsync(
+                        null,
+                        Utils.GenerateFileRequestOptions(sourceFileDirLocation.FileRequestOptions),
+                        Utils.GenerateOperationContext(this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Context),
+                        cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+
+                    if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.PreserveSMBAttributes)
+                    {
+                        fileAttributes = sourceFileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes;
+                        creationTime = sourceFileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime;
+                        lastWriteTime = sourceFileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime;
+                    }
+
+                    metadata = sourceFileDirectory.Metadata;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.LocalDirectory)
+            {
+                var localFileDestLocation = this.dest as DirectoryLocation;
+                if (!LongPathDirectory.Exists(localFileDestLocation.DirectoryPath))
+                {
+                    LongPathDirectory.CreateDirectory(localFileDestLocation.DirectoryPath);
+                }
+
+                if (fileAttributes.HasValue)
+                {
+                    string longDirectoryPath = localFileDestLocation.DirectoryPath;
+
+                    if (Interop.CrossPlatformHelpers.IsWindows)
+                    {
+                        longDirectoryPath = LongPath.ToUncPath(longDirectoryPath);
+                    }
+
+                    LongPathFile.SetFileTime(longDirectoryPath, creationTime.Value, lastWriteTime.Value, true);
+                    LongPathFile.SetAttributes(longDirectoryPath, Utils.AzureFileNtfsAttributesToLocalAttributes(fileAttributes.Value));
+                }
+            }
+            else if (this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+            {
+                AzureFileDirectoryLocation fileDirLocation = this.dest as AzureFileDirectoryLocation;
+
+                var fileDirectory = fileDirLocation.FileDirectory;
+
+                if (string.Equals(fileDirectory.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath, fileDirectory.Share.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                try
+                {
+                    CreateCloudFileDestinationDirectory(fileDirectory, 
+                        fileAttributes,
+                        creationTime,
+                        lastWriteTime,
+                        metadata,
+                        cancellationToken);
+                }
+                catch (StorageException storageException)
+                {
+                    throw new TransferException(TransferErrorCode.FailToVadlidateDestination,
+                        string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture,
+                            Resources.FailedToValidateDestinationException,
+                            storageException.ToErrorDetail()),
+                        storageException);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void CreateCloudFileDestinationDirectory(CloudFileDirectory fileDirectory, 
+            CloudFileNtfsAttributes? fileAttributes, 
+            DateTimeOffset? creationTime,
+            DateTimeOffset? lastWriteTime,
+            IDictionary<string, string> metadata,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            bool parentNotExist = false;
+
+            if (fileAttributes.HasValue)
+            {
+                fileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes = fileAttributes.Value;
+                fileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime = creationTime;
+                fileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime = lastWriteTime;
+            }
+
+            if (null != metadata)
+            {
+                fileDirectory.Metadata.Clear();
+                foreach (var keyValuePair in metadata)
+                {
+                    fileDirectory.Metadata.Add(keyValuePair);
+                }
+            }
+
+            bool needToSetProperties = false;
+
+            try
+            {
+                fileDirectory.CreateAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                return;
+            }
+            catch (StorageException ex)
+            {
+                if (null != ex.RequestInformation)
+                {
+                    if (string.Equals("ParentNotFound", ex.RequestInformation.ErrorCode))
+                    {
+                        parentNotExist = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (string.Equals("ResourceAlreadyExists", ex.RequestInformation.ErrorCode))
+                    {
+                        needToSetProperties = true;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (parentNotExist)
+            {
+                Utils.CreateCloudFileDirectoryRecursively(fileDirectory.Parent);
+                try
+                {
+                    fileDirectory.CreateAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                }
+                catch (StorageException ex)
+                {
+                    if (null != ex.RequestInformation)
+                    {
+                        if (string.Equals("ResourceAlreadyExists", ex.RequestInformation.ErrorCode))
+                        {
+                            needToSetProperties = true;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            throw;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (needToSetProperties)
+            {
+                SetAzureFileDirectoryAttributes(fileDirectory, fileAttributes, creationTime, lastWriteTime, metadata, cancellationToken);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void SetAzureFileDirectoryAttributes(
+            CloudFileDirectory fileDirectory,
+            CloudFileNtfsAttributes? fileAttributes,
+            DateTimeOffset? creationTime,
+            DateTimeOffset? lastWriteTime,
+            IDictionary<string, string> metadata,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (fileAttributes.HasValue || null != metadata)
+            {
+                fileDirectory.FetchAttributesAsync(null, Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+
+                if (fileAttributes.HasValue)
+                {
+                    if (fileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes != fileAttributes.Value
+                        || fileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime != creationTime.Value
+                        || fileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime != lastWriteTime.Value)
+                    {
+                        fileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes = fileAttributes.Value;
+                        fileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime = creationTime;
+                        fileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime = lastWriteTime;
+                        fileDirectory.SetPropertiesAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (null != metadata)
+                {
+                    if (!metadata.DictionaryEquals(fileDirectory.Metadata))
+                    {
+                        fileDirectory.Metadata.Clear();
+                        foreach (var keyValuePair in metadata)
+                        {
+                            fileDirectory.Metadata.Add(keyValuePair);
+                        }
+
+                        fileDirectory.SetMetadataAsync(null, Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `localFileDestLocation` last assigned on line 319 could be null and is dereferenced at line 320, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SubDirectoryTransfer.CreateDestinationDirectory(CancellationToken)
+
+### File:
+lib/TransferJobs/SubDirectoryTransfer.cs
+
+### Key:
+SubDirectoryTransfer.cs|CreateDestinationDirectory|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+93735850e46a76bf26a8e51627647824
+
+### Hash:
+53fd18a21ca7242d78a4123978850d6c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0675/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0675/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e1e51d5b9555b29df9b7d75cb7247e08b5f6f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0675/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-storage-net-data-movement
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// <copyright file="SubDirectoryTransfer.cs" company="Microsoft">
+//    Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
+// </copyright>
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace Microsoft.Azure.Storage.DataMovement
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Globalization;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+    using System.Text;
+    using System.Threading;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+    using Microsoft.Azure.Storage.Blob;
+    using Microsoft.Azure.Storage.DataMovement.TransferEnumerators;
+    using Microsoft.Azure.Storage.File;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a sub-directory transfer under a hierarchy directory transfer.
+    /// </summary>
+#if BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+    [Serializable]
+#else
+    [DataContract]
+#endif // BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+    class SubDirectoryTransfer : JournalItem
+#if BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        , ISerializable
+#endif // BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+    {
+        private const string SubDirListContinuationTokenName = "SubDirListContinuationToken";
+        private const string SubDirRelativePathName = "SubDirRelativePath";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Base <see cref="HierarchyDirectoryTransfer"/> instance which this <see cref="SubDirectoryTransfer"/> instance belongs to.
+        /// <see cref="SubDirectoryTransfer"/> instance returns its listed directories and files to <see cref="HierarchyDirectoryTransfer"/> with callbacks.
+        /// </summary>
+        private HierarchyDirectoryTransfer baseDirectoryTransfer = null;
+        private ITransferEnumerator transferEnumerator = null;
+
+#if !BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        [DataMember]
+#endif
+        private string relativePath = null;
+
+#if !BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        [DataMember]
+#endif
+        private SerializableListContinuationToken enumerateContinuationToken = null;
+
+        private TransferLocation source;
+        private TransferLocation dest;
+
+        public SubDirectoryTransfer(
+            HierarchyDirectoryTransfer baseDirectoryTransfer,
+            string relativePath)
+        {
+            this.enumerateContinuationToken = new SerializableListContinuationToken(null);
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer = baseDirectoryTransfer;
+            this.relativePath = relativePath;
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer.GetSubDirLocation(this.relativePath, out this.source, out this.dest);
+            this.InitializeEnumerator();
+        }
+
+        public SubDirectoryTransfer(SubDirectoryTransfer other)
+        {
+            this.relativePath = other.relativePath;
+            this.enumerateContinuationToken = other.enumerateContinuationToken;
+        }
+
+#if BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="SubDirectoryTransfer"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="info">Serialization information.</param>
+        /// <param name="context">Streaming context.</param>
+        protected SubDirectoryTransfer(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
+        {
+            this.relativePath = info.GetString(SubDirRelativePathName);
+
+            if (!(context.Context is StreamJournal))
+            {
+                this.enumerateContinuationToken = (SerializableListContinuationToken)info.GetValue(SubDirListContinuationTokenName, typeof(SerializableListContinuationToken));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Serializes the object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="info">Serialization info object.</param>
+        /// <param name="context">Streaming context.</param>
+        public void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
+        {
+            if (info == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException("info");
+            }
+
+            info.AddValue(SubDirRelativePathName, this.relativePath, typeof(string));
+
+            if (!(context.Context is StreamJournal))
+            {
+                // serialize continuation token
+                info.AddValue(SubDirListContinuationTokenName, this.enumerateContinuationToken, typeof(SerializableListContinuationToken));
+            }
+        }
+#endif // BINARY_SERIALIZATION
+
+        public SerializableListContinuationToken ListContinuationToken
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return this.enumerateContinuationToken;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                this.enumerateContinuationToken = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            await Task.Yield();
+
+            this.CreateDestinationDirectory(cancellationToken);
+
+            var enumerator = this.transferEnumerator.EnumerateLocation(cancellationToken).GetEnumerator();
+
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (!enumerator.MoveNext())
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                TransferEntry entry = enumerator.Current;
+                ErrorEntry errorEntry = entry as ErrorEntry;
+                if (errorEntry != null)
+                {
+                    TransferException exception = errorEntry.Exception as TransferException;
+                    if (null != exception)
+                    {
+                        throw exception;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw new TransferException(
+                            TransferErrorCode.FailToEnumerateDirectory,
+                            errorEntry.Exception.GetExceptionMessage(),
+                            errorEntry.Exception);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (entry.IsDirectory)
+                {
+                    this.baseDirectoryTransfer.AddSubDir(entry.RelativePath, () =>
+                    {
+                        var currentContinuationToken = new SerializableListContinuationToken(entry.ContinuationToken);
+                        currentContinuationToken.Journal = this.enumerateContinuationToken.Journal;
+                        currentContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset = this.enumerateContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset;
+                        this.enumerateContinuationToken = currentContinuationToken;
+                        return this.enumerateContinuationToken;
+                    });
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    SingleObjectTransfer transferItem = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.CreateTransfer(entry);
+#if DEBUG
+                    Utils.HandleFaultInjection(entry.RelativePath, transferItem);
+#endif
+
+                    this.CreateDestinationParentDirectoryRecursively(transferItem);
+
+                    this.baseDirectoryTransfer.AddSingleObjectTransfer(transferItem, () =>
+                    {
+                        var currentContinuationToken = new SerializableListContinuationToken(entry.ContinuationToken);
+                        currentContinuationToken.Journal = this.enumerateContinuationToken.Journal;
+                        currentContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset = this.enumerateContinuationToken.StreamJournalOffset;
+                        this.enumerateContinuationToken = currentContinuationToken;
+                        return this.enumerateContinuationToken;
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Update(HierarchyDirectoryTransfer baseDirectoryTransferInstance)
+        {
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer = baseDirectoryTransferInstance;
+            this.baseDirectoryTransfer.GetSubDirLocation(this.relativePath, out this.source, out this.dest);
+            this.InitializeEnumerator();
+        }
+
+        public void CreateDestinationParentDirectoryRecursively(SingleObjectTransfer transferItem)
+        {
+            switch (transferItem.Destination.Type)
+            {
+                case TransferLocationType.FilePath:
+                    var filePath = (transferItem.Destination as FileLocation).FilePath;
+                    Utils.ValidateDestinationPath(transferItem.Source.Instance.ConvertToString(), filePath);
+                    Utils.CreateParentDirectoryIfNotExists(filePath);
+                    break;
+                case TransferLocationType.AzureFile:
+                    var parent = (transferItem.Destination as AzureFileLocation).AzureFile.Parent;
+                    CloudFileDirectory destDirectory = this.dest.Instance as CloudFileDirectory;
+
+                    if (!string.Equals(parent.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath, destDirectory.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath))
+                    {
+                        if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.IsForceOverwrite || !parent.ExistsAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null).Result)
+                        {
+                            Utils.CreateCloudFileDirectoryRecursively(parent);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeEnumerator()
+        {
+            if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+            {
+                var fileEnumerator = new AzureFileHierarchyEnumerator(this.source as AzureFileDirectoryLocation, this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Source.Instance as CloudFileDirectory);
+                fileEnumerator.EnumerateContinuationToken = this.enumerateContinuationToken.ListContinuationToken;
+                fileEnumerator.SearchPattern = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.SearchPattern;
+                fileEnumerator.Recursive = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Recursive;
+
+                this.transferEnumerator = fileEnumerator;
+            }
+            else if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.LocalDirectory)
+            {
+                var fileEnumerator = new FileHierarchyEnumerator(this.source as DirectoryLocation, this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Source.Instance as string, this.baseDirectoryTransfer.FollowSymblink);
+                fileEnumerator.EnumerateContinuationToken = this.enumerateContinuationToken.ListContinuationToken;
+                fileEnumerator.SearchPattern = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.SearchPattern;
+                fileEnumerator.Recursive = this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Recursive;
+
+                this.transferEnumerator = fileEnumerator;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new NotSupportedException();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateDestinationDirectory(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureBlobDirectory)
+            {
+                // No physical destination directory needed.
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if ((this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+                && (null == (this.dest as AzureFileDirectoryLocation).FileDirectory.Parent))
+            {
+                //Root Azure File directory, no need to create.
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CloudFileNtfsAttributes? fileAttributes = null;
+            DateTimeOffset? creationTime = null;
+            DateTimeOffset? lastWriteTime = null;
+            IDictionary<string, string> metadata = null;
+
+            if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.LocalDirectory)
+            {
+                if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.PreserveSMBAttributes)
+                {
+                    var sourceLocalDirLocation = this.source as DirectoryLocation;
+
+                    FileAttributes? localFileAttributes = null;
+
+                    string longDirectoryPath = sourceLocalDirLocation.DirectoryPath;
+
+                    if (Interop.CrossPlatformHelpers.IsWindows)
+                    {
+                        longDirectoryPath = LongPath.ToUncPath(longDirectoryPath);
+                    }
+
+#if DOTNET5_4
+                    LongPathFile.GetFileProperties(longDirectoryPath, out creationTime, out lastWriteTime, out localFileAttributes, true);
+#else
+                    LongPathFile.GetFileProperties(longDirectoryPath, out creationTime, out lastWriteTime, out localFileAttributes);
+#endif
+                    fileAttributes = Utils.LocalAttributesToAzureFileNtfsAttributes(localFileAttributes.Value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (this.source.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+            {
+                if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.PreserveSMBAttributes || this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+                {
+                    AzureFileDirectoryLocation sourceFileDirLocation = this.source as AzureFileDirectoryLocation;
+
+                    var sourceFileDirectory = sourceFileDirLocation.FileDirectory;
+                    sourceFileDirectory.FetchAttributesAsync(
+                        null,
+                        Utils.GenerateFileRequestOptions(sourceFileDirLocation.FileRequestOptions),
+                        Utils.GenerateOperationContext(this.baseDirectoryTransfer.Context),
+                        cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+
+                    if (this.baseDirectoryTransfer.PreserveSMBAttributes)
+                    {
+                        fileAttributes = sourceFileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes;
+                        creationTime = sourceFileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime;
+                        lastWriteTime = sourceFileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime;
+                    }
+
+                    metadata = sourceFileDirectory.Metadata;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.LocalDirectory)
+            {
+                var localFileDestLocation = this.dest as DirectoryLocation;
+                if (!LongPathDirectory.Exists(localFileDestLocation.DirectoryPath))
+                {
+                    LongPathDirectory.CreateDirectory(localFileDestLocation.DirectoryPath);
+                }
+
+                if (fileAttributes.HasValue)
+                {
+                    LongPathFile.SetFileTime(localFileDestLocation.DirectoryPath, creationTime.Value, lastWriteTime.Value, true);
+                    LongPathFile.SetAttributes(localFileDestLocation.DirectoryPath, Utils.AzureFileNtfsAttributesToLocalAttributes(fileAttributes.Value));
+                }
+            }
+            else if (this.dest.Type == TransferLocationType.AzureFileDirectory)
+            {
+                AzureFileDirectoryLocation fileDirLocation = this.dest as AzureFileDirectoryLocation;
+
+                var fileDirectory = fileDirLocation.FileDirectory;
+
+                if (string.Equals(fileDirectory.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath, fileDirectory.Share.SnapshotQualifiedUri.AbsolutePath))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                try
+                {
+                    CreateCloudFileDestinationDirectory(fileDirectory, 
+                        fileAttributes,
+                        creationTime,
+                        lastWriteTime,
+                        metadata,
+                        cancellationToken);
+                }
+                catch (StorageException storageException)
+                {
+                    throw new TransferException(TransferErrorCode.FailToVadlidateDestination,
+                        string.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture,
+                            Resources.FailedToValidateDestinationException,
+                            storageException.ToErrorDetail()),
+                        storageException);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void CreateCloudFileDestinationDirectory(CloudFileDirectory fileDirectory, 
+            CloudFileNtfsAttributes? fileAttributes, 
+            DateTimeOffset? creationTime,
+            DateTimeOffset? lastWriteTime,
+            IDictionary<string, string> metadata,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            bool parentNotExist = false;
+
+            if (fileAttributes.HasValue)
+            {
+                fileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes = fileAttributes.Value;
+                fileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime = creationTime;
+                fileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime = lastWriteTime;
+            }
+
+            if (null != metadata)
+            {
+                fileDirectory.Metadata.Clear();
+                foreach (var keyValuePair in metadata)
+                {
+                    fileDirectory.Metadata.Add(keyValuePair);
+                }
+            }
+
+            bool needToSetProperties = false;
+
+            try
+            {
+                fileDirectory.CreateAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                return;
+            }
+            catch (StorageException ex)
+            {
+                if (null != ex.RequestInformation)
+                {
+                    if (string.Equals("ParentNotFound", ex.RequestInformation.ErrorCode))
+                    {
+                        parentNotExist = true;
+                    }
+                    else if (string.Equals("ResourceAlreadyExists", ex.RequestInformation.ErrorCode))
+                    {
+                        needToSetProperties = true;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (parentNotExist)
+            {
+                Utils.CreateCloudFileDirectoryRecursively(fileDirectory.Parent);
+                try
+                {
+                    fileDirectory.CreateAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                }
+                catch (StorageException ex)
+                {
+                    if (null != ex.RequestInformation)
+                    {
+                        if (string.Equals("ResourceAlreadyExists", ex.RequestInformation.ErrorCode))
+                        {
+                            needToSetProperties = true;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            throw;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (needToSetProperties)
+            {
+                SetAzureFileDirectoryAttributes(fileDirectory, fileAttributes, creationTime, lastWriteTime, metadata, cancellationToken);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void SetAzureFileDirectoryAttributes(
+            CloudFileDirectory fileDirectory,
+            CloudFileNtfsAttributes? fileAttributes,
+            DateTimeOffset? creationTime,
+            DateTimeOffset? lastWriteTime,
+            IDictionary<string, string> metadata,
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (fileAttributes.HasValue || null != metadata)
+            {
+                fileDirectory.FetchAttributesAsync(null, Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+
+                if (fileAttributes.HasValue)
+                {
+                    if (fileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes != fileAttributes.Value
+                        || fileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime != creationTime.Value
+                        || fileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime != lastWriteTime.Value)
+                    {
+                        fileDirectory.Properties.NtfsAttributes = fileAttributes.Value;
+                        fileDirectory.Properties.CreationTime = creationTime;
+                        fileDirectory.Properties.LastWriteTime = lastWriteTime;
+                        fileDirectory.SetPropertiesAsync(Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (null != metadata)
+                {
+                    if (!metadata.DictionaryEquals(fileDirectory.Metadata))
+                    {
+                        fileDirectory.Metadata.Clear();
+                        foreach (var keyValuePair in metadata)
+                        {
+                            fileDirectory.Metadata.Add(keyValuePair);
+                        }
+
+                        fileDirectory.SetMetadataAsync(null, Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultFileRequestOptions, null, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `sourceFileDirLocation` last assigned on line 297 could be null and is dereferenced at line 299, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SubDirectoryTransfer.CreateDestinationDirectory(CancellationToken)
+
+### File:
+lib/TransferJobs/SubDirectoryTransfer.cs
+
+### Key:
+SubDirectoryTransfer.cs|CreateDestinationDirectory|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2ecce4273ada11ad161ca44c6f340c1e
+
+### Hash:
+d20328e69f66af499f952e3609e8afc3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0681/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0681/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..273ff10337bf7996c239c42490d9dd67764dde8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0681/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dnlib
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using dot10.IO;
+using dot10.PE;
+
+namespace dot10.dotNET {
+	/// <summary>
+	/// 
+	/// </summary>
+	public sealed class DotNetFile : IDisposable {
+		IMetaData metaData;
+
+		enum MetaDataType {
+			Unknown,
+			Compressed,	// #~ (normal)
+			ENC,		// #- (edit and continue)
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="fileName">The file to load</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(string fileName) {
+			return Load(new PEImage(fileName));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="data">The .NET file data</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(byte[] data) {
+			return Load(new PEImage(data));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="addr">Address of a .NET file in memory</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(IntPtr addr) {
+			return Load(new PEImage(addr));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="peImage">The PE image</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(IPEImage peImage) {
+			return Load(peImage, true);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="peImage">The PE image</param>
+		/// <param name="verify">true if we should verify that it's a .NET PE file</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(IPEImage peImage, bool verify) {
+			IImageStream cor20HeaderStream = null, mdHeaderStream = null;
+			MetaData md = null;
+			try {
+				var dotNetDir = peImage.ImageNTHeaders.OptionalHeader.DataDirectories[14];
+				if (dotNetDir.VirtualAddress == RVA.Zero)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET data directory RVA is 0");
+				if (dotNetDir.Size < 0x48)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET data directory size < 0x48");
+				var cor20Header = new ImageCor20Header(cor20HeaderStream = peImage.CreateStream(dotNetDir.VirtualAddress, 0x48), verify);
+				if (cor20Header.HasNativeHeader)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET native header isn't supported");	//TODO: Fix this
+				if (cor20Header.MetaData.VirtualAddress == RVA.Zero)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET MetaData RVA is 0");
+				if (cor20Header.MetaData.Size < 16)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET MetaData size is too small");
+				var mdSize = cor20Header.MetaData.Size;
+				var mdRva = cor20Header.MetaData.VirtualAddress;
+				var mdHeader = new MetaDataHeader(mdHeaderStream = peImage.CreateStream(mdRva, mdSize), verify);
+				if (verify) {
+					foreach (var sh in mdHeader.StreamHeaders) {
+						if (sh.Offset + sh.StreamSize < sh.Offset || sh.Offset + sh.StreamSize > mdSize)
+							throw new BadImageFormatException("Invalid stream header");
+					}
+				}
+
+				switch (GetMetaDataType(mdHeader.StreamHeaders)) {
+				case MetaDataType.Compressed:
+					md = new CompressedMetaData(peImage, cor20Header, mdHeader);
+					break;
+
+				case MetaDataType.ENC:
+					md = new ENCMetaData(peImage, cor20Header, mdHeader);
+					break;
+
+				default:
+					throw new BadImageFormatException("No #~ or #- stream found");
+				}
+				md.Initialize();
+
+				return new DotNetFile(md);
+			}
+			catch {
+				if (md != null)
+					md.Dispose();
+				throw;
+			}
+			finally {
+				if (cor20HeaderStream != null)
+					cor20HeaderStream.Dispose();
+				if (mdHeaderStream != null)
+					mdHeaderStream.Dispose();
+			}
+		}
+
+		DotNetFile(IMetaData metaData) {
+			this.metaData = metaData;
+		}
+
+		static MetaDataType GetMetaDataType(IList<StreamHeader> streamHeaders) {
+			foreach (var sh in streamHeaders) {
+				if (sh.Name == "#~")
+					return MetaDataType.Compressed;
+				if (sh.Name == "#-")
+					return MetaDataType.ENC;
+			}
+			return MetaDataType.Unknown;
+		}
+
+		/// <inheritdoc/>
+		public void Dispose() {
+			if (metaData != null)
+				metaData.Dispose();
+			metaData = null;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of dot10.PE.PEImage::.ctor() at Line 26) of type dot10.PE.PEImage in method "DotNetFile DotNetFile.Load(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+DotNetFile DotNetFile.Load(String)
+
+### File:
+dot10/dotNET/DotNetFile.cs
+
+### Key:
+DotNetFile.cs|Load|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+bb9ef1fafa1ea955f4d762bbd9f19f03
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0686/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0686/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e00f1cb55ddc1c8cad5cd98707285d70a9f2e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0686/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dnlib
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using dot10.IO;
+using dot10.PE;
+
+namespace dot10.dotNET {
+	/// <summary>
+	/// 
+	/// </summary>
+	public sealed class DotNetFile : IDisposable {
+		IMetaData metaData;
+
+		enum MetaDataType {
+			Unknown,
+			Compressed,	// #~ (normal)
+			ENC,		// #- (edit and continue)
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="fileName">The file to load</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(string fileName) {
+			return Load(new PEImage(fileName));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="data">The .NET file data</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(byte[] data) {
+			return Load(new PEImage(data));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="addr">Address of a .NET file in memory</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(IntPtr addr) {
+			return Load(new PEImage(addr));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="peImage">The PE image</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(IPEImage peImage) {
+			return Load(peImage, true);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create a <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="peImage">The PE image</param>
+		/// <param name="verify">true if we should verify that it's a .NET PE file</param>
+		/// <returns>A new <see cref="DotNetFile"/> instance</returns>
+		public static DotNetFile Load(IPEImage peImage, bool verify) {
+			IImageStream cor20HeaderStream = null, mdHeaderStream = null;
+			MetaData md = null;
+			try {
+				var dotNetDir = peImage.ImageNTHeaders.OptionalHeader.DataDirectories[14];
+				if (dotNetDir.VirtualAddress == RVA.Zero)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET data directory RVA is 0");
+				if (dotNetDir.Size < 0x48)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET data directory size < 0x48");
+				var cor20Header = new ImageCor20Header(cor20HeaderStream = peImage.CreateStream(dotNetDir.VirtualAddress, 0x48), verify);
+				if (cor20Header.HasNativeHeader)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET native header isn't supported");	//TODO: Fix this
+				if (cor20Header.MetaData.VirtualAddress == RVA.Zero)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET MetaData RVA is 0");
+				if (cor20Header.MetaData.Size < 16)
+					throw new BadImageFormatException(".NET MetaData size is too small");
+				var mdSize = cor20Header.MetaData.Size;
+				var mdRva = cor20Header.MetaData.VirtualAddress;
+				var mdHeader = new MetaDataHeader(mdHeaderStream = peImage.CreateStream(mdRva, mdSize), verify);
+				if (verify) {
+					foreach (var sh in mdHeader.StreamHeaders) {
+						if (sh.Offset + sh.StreamSize < sh.Offset || sh.Offset + sh.StreamSize > mdSize)
+							throw new BadImageFormatException("Invalid stream header");
+					}
+				}
+
+				switch (GetMetaDataType(mdHeader.StreamHeaders)) {
+				case MetaDataType.Compressed:
+					md = new CompressedMetaData(peImage, cor20Header, mdHeader);
+					break;
+
+				case MetaDataType.ENC:
+					md = new ENCMetaData(peImage, cor20Header, mdHeader);
+					break;
+
+				default:
+					throw new BadImageFormatException("No #~ or #- stream found");
+				}
+				md.Initialize();
+
+				return new DotNetFile(md);
+			}
+			catch {
+				if (md != null)
+					md.Dispose();
+				throw;
+			}
+			finally {
+				if (cor20HeaderStream != null)
+					cor20HeaderStream.Dispose();
+				if (mdHeaderStream != null)
+					mdHeaderStream.Dispose();
+			}
+		}
+
+		DotNetFile(IMetaData metaData) {
+			this.metaData = metaData;
+		}
+
+		static MetaDataType GetMetaDataType(IList<StreamHeader> streamHeaders) {
+			foreach (var sh in streamHeaders) {
+				if (sh.Name == "#~")
+					return MetaDataType.Compressed;
+				if (sh.Name == "#-")
+					return MetaDataType.ENC;
+			}
+			return MetaDataType.Unknown;
+		}
+
+		/// <inheritdoc/>
+		public void Dispose() {
+			if (metaData != null)
+				metaData.Dispose();
+			metaData = null;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of dot10.PE.PEImage::.ctor() at Line 35) of type dot10.PE.PEImage in method "DotNetFile DotNetFile.Load(Byte[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+DotNetFile DotNetFile.Load(Byte[])
+
+### File:
+dot10/dotNET/DotNetFile.cs
+
+### Key:
+DotNetFile.cs|Load|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0696b59a1212c798a72f6c904e9bd9a0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0688/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0688/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ab87d06b9e0e9b9619cb26b2dda80ed4240c5e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0688/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Soulseek.NET
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Soulseek.NET.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using Xunit;
+
+    public class SoulseekClientTests
+    {
+        [Trait("Category", "Instantiation")]
+        [Fact(DisplayName = "Uses defaults for minimal constructor")]
+        public void Uses_Defaults_For_Minimal_Constructor()
+        {
+            var s = new SoulseekClient();
+
+            var defaultServer = s.GetField<string>("DefaultAddress");
+            var defaultPort = s.GetField<int>("DefaultPort");
+            var defaultOptions = new SoulseekClientOptions();
+
+            Assert.Equal(defaultServer, s.Address);
+            Assert.Equal(defaultPort, s.Port);
+            Assert.Equal(defaultOptions, s.Options);
+        }
+
+        [Trait("Category", "Instantiation")]
+        [Fact(DisplayName = "Instantiates without exception")]
+        public void Instantiates_Without_Exception()
+        {
+            SoulseekClient s = null;
+
+            var ex = Record.Exception(() => s = new SoulseekClient());
+
+            Assert.Null(ex);
+            Assert.NotNull(s);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `null` is dereferenced by call to `SoulseekClient(...)` at line 11, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SoulseekClientTests.Uses_Defaults_For_Minimal_Constructor()
+
+### File:
+tests/Soulseek.NET.Tests.Unit/SoulseekClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+SoulseekClientTests.cs|Uses_Defaults_For_Minimal_Constructor|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+af4afc3f16bbd4d47126044f9dac65e9
+
+### Hash:
+c67ac206061fa372d312d36c509c15aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0706/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0706/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b45d62c7dcb9bafae2dbc979e40f6402036cc263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0706/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Analyzer.Evaluation;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Documents;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Specializations.Typing;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Values;
+using Microsoft.Python.Core;
+using Microsoft.Python.Parsing.Ast;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Types {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Delegate that is invoked to determine function return type dynamically.
+    /// Can be used in specializations or when return type depends on actual arguments.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="declaringModule">Module making the call.</param>
+    /// <param name="overload">Function overload the return value is requested for.</param>
+    /// <param name="args">Call arguments.</param>
+    /// <returns></returns>
+    public delegate IMember ReturnValueProvider(
+        IPythonModule declaringModule,
+        IPythonFunctionOverload overload,
+        IArgumentSet args);
+
+    internal sealed class PythonFunctionOverload : LocatedMember, IPythonFunctionOverload {
+        private readonly string _returnDocumentation;
+
+        // Allow dynamic function specialization, such as defining return types for builtin
+        // functions that are impossible to scrape and that are missing from stubs.
+        //  Parameters: declaring module, overload for the return value, list of arguments.
+        private ReturnValueProvider _returnValueProvider;
+
+        // Return value can be an instance or a type info. Consider type(C()) returning
+        // type info of C vs. return C() that returns an instance of C.
+        private Func<string, string> _documentationProvider;
+        private bool _fromAnnotation;
+
+        public PythonFunctionOverload(FunctionDefinition fd, IPythonClassMember classMember, Location location)
+            : this(fd.Name, location) {
+            FunctionDefinition = fd;
+            ClassMember = classMember;
+            var ast = (location.Module as IDocument)?.Analysis.Ast;
+            _returnDocumentation = ast != null ? fd.ReturnAnnotation?.ToCodeString(ast) : null;
+        }
+
+        public PythonFunctionOverload(string name, Location location) : base(location) {
+            Name = name ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(name));
+        }
+
+        #region ILocatedMember
+
+        public override PythonMemberType MemberType => PythonMemberType.Function;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        internal void SetParameters(IReadOnlyList<IParameterInfo> parameters) => Parameters = parameters;
+
+        internal void SetDocumentationProvider(Func<string, string> documentationProvider)
+            => _documentationProvider = _documentationProvider ?? documentationProvider;
+
+        internal void AddReturnValue(IMember value) {
+            if (value.IsUnknown()) {
+                return; // Don't add useless values.
+            }
+
+            if (StaticReturnValue.IsUnknown()) {
+                SetReturnValue(value, false);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If return value is set from annotation, it should not be changing.
+            var currentType = StaticReturnValue.GetPythonType();
+            var valueType = value.GetPythonType();
+            if (!_fromAnnotation && !currentType.Equals(valueType)) {
+                var type = PythonUnionType.Combine(currentType, valueType);
+                // Track instance vs type info.
+                StaticReturnValue = value is IPythonInstance ? new PythonInstance(type) : (IMember)type;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal void SetReturnValue(IMember value, bool fromAnnotation) {
+            StaticReturnValue = value;
+            _fromAnnotation = fromAnnotation;
+        }
+
+        internal void SetReturnValueProvider(ReturnValueProvider provider)
+            => _returnValueProvider = provider;
+
+        #region IPythonFunctionOverload
+
+        public FunctionDefinition FunctionDefinition { get; }
+        public IPythonClassMember ClassMember { get; }
+        public string Name { get; }
+
+        public string Documentation {
+            get {
+                var s = _documentationProvider?.Invoke(Name);
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s)) {
+                    s = FunctionDefinition.GetDocumentation();
+                }
+
+                return s ?? string.Empty;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string GetReturnDocumentation(IPythonType self = null) {
+            if (self != null) {
+                var returnType = GetSpecificReturnType(self as IPythonClassType, null);
+                if (!returnType.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return returnType.GetPythonType().Name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _returnDocumentation;
+        }
+
+        public IReadOnlyList<IParameterInfo> Parameters { get; private set; } = Array.Empty<IParameterInfo>();
+        public IMember StaticReturnValue { get; private set; }
+
+        public IMember Call(IArgumentSet args, IPythonType self, Node callLocation = null) {
+            if (!_fromAnnotation) {
+                // First try supplied specialization callback.
+                var rt = _returnValueProvider?.Invoke(DeclaringModule, this, args);
+                if (!rt.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return rt;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return GetSpecificReturnType(self as IPythonClassType, args);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private IMember GetSpecificReturnType(IPythonClassType selfClassType, IArgumentSet args) {
+            var returnType = StaticReturnValue.GetPythonType();
+            switch (returnType) {
+                case PythonClassType cls when cls.IsGeneric():
+                    return CreateSpecificReturnFromClassType(selfClassType, cls, args); // -> A[_T1, _T2, ...]
+
+                case IGenericTypeDefinition gtd1 when selfClassType != null:
+                    return CreateSpecificReturnFromTypeVar(selfClassType, gtd1); // -> _T
+
+                case IGenericTypeDefinition gtd2 when args != null: // -> T on standalone function.
+                    return args.Arguments.FirstOrDefault(a => gtd2.Equals(a.Type))?.Value as IMember;
+
+                case IGenericType gt when args != null: // -> CLASS[T] on standalone function (i.e. -> List[T]).
+                    var typeArgs = ExpressionEval.GetTypeArgumentsFromParameters(this, args);
+                    return gt.CreateSpecificType(typeArgs);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private IMember CreateSpecificReturnFromClassType(IPythonClassType selfClassType, PythonClassType returnClassType, IArgumentSet args) {
+            // -> A[_T1, _T2, ...]
+            // Match arguments
+            IReadOnlyList<IPythonType> typeArgs = null;
+            var classGenericParameters = selfClassType?.GenericParameters.Keys.ToArray() ?? Array.Empty<string>();
+            if (classGenericParameters.Length > 0 && selfClassType != null) {
+                // Declaring class is specific and provides definitions of generic parameters
+                typeArgs = classGenericParameters
+                    .Select(n => selfClassType.GenericParameters.TryGetValue(n, out var t) ? t : null)
+                    .ExcludeDefault()
+                    .ToArray();
+            } else if (args != null) {
+                typeArgs = ExpressionEval.GetTypeArgumentsFromParameters(this, args);
+            }
+
+            if (typeArgs != null) {
+                var specificReturnValue = returnClassType.CreateSpecificType(new ArgumentSet(typeArgs));
+                return new PythonInstance(specificReturnValue);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private IMember CreateSpecificReturnFromTypeVar(IPythonClassType selfClassType, IGenericTypeDefinition returnType) {
+            if (selfClassType.GenericParameters.TryGetValue(returnType.Name, out var specificType)) {
+                return new PythonInstance(specificType);
+            }
+
+            // Try returning the constraint
+            // TODO: improve this, the heuristic is pretty basic and tailored to simple func(_T) -> _T
+            var name = StaticReturnValue.GetPythonType()?.Name;
+            var typeDefVar = DeclaringModule.Analysis.GlobalScope.Variables[name];
+            if (typeDefVar?.Value is IGenericTypeDefinition gtp2) {
+                // See if the instance (self) type satisfies one of the constraints.
+                return selfClassType.Mro.Any(b => gtp2.Constraints.Any(c => c.Equals(b)))
+                    ? selfClassType
+                    : gtp2.Constraints.FirstOrDefault();
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentType` last assigned on line 87 could be null and is dereferenced at line 94, column 9.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PythonFunctionOverload.AddReturnValue(IMember)
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Ast/Impl/Types/PythonFunctionOverload.cs
+
+### Key:
+PythonFunctionOverload.cs|AddReturnValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+552d43ca4ba53a966acfd00b187c48fd
+
+### Hash:
+b1d31969d51948d6f0e7276d06e50f2a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0707/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0707/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..092f7d70483daeeb3e219edfdadd801e70e9b14a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0707/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Analyzer;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Core.DependencyResolution;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Core.Interpreter;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Documents;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Types;
+using Microsoft.Python.Core;
+using Microsoft.Python.Core.Diagnostics;
+using Microsoft.Python.Core.IO;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Modules.Resolution {
+    internal sealed class MainModuleResolution : ModuleResolutionBase, IModuleManagement {
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, IPythonModule> _specialized = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, IPythonModule>();
+        private IReadOnlyList<string> _searchPaths;
+
+        public MainModuleResolution(string root, IServiceContainer services)
+            : base(root, services) { }
+
+        internal async Task InitializeAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) {
+            // Add names from search paths
+            await ReloadAsync(cancellationToken);
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+            // Initialize built-in
+            var moduleName = BuiltinTypeId.Unknown.GetModuleName(_interpreter.LanguageVersion);
+            var modulePath = ModuleCache.GetCacheFilePath(_interpreter.Configuration.InterpreterPath);
+
+            var b = new BuiltinsPythonModule(moduleName, modulePath, _services);
+            BuiltinsModule = b;
+            _modules[BuiltinModuleName] = new ModuleRef(b);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<IReadOnlyList<string>> GetSearchPathsAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) {
+            if (_searchPaths != null) {
+                return _searchPaths;
+            }
+
+            _searchPaths = await GetInterpreterSearchPathsAsync(cancellationToken);
+            Debug.Assert(_searchPaths != null, "Should have search paths");
+            _searchPaths = _searchPaths != null 
+                ? Configuration.SearchPaths != null 
+                    ? _searchPaths.Concat(Configuration.SearchPaths).ToArray()
+                    : _searchPaths
+                : Array.Empty<string>();
+
+            _log?.Log(TraceEventType.Information, "SearchPaths:");
+            foreach (var s in _searchPaths) {
+                _log?.Log(TraceEventType.Information, $"    {s}");
+            }
+            return _searchPaths;
+        }
+
+        protected override IPythonModule CreateModule(string name) {
+            var moduleImport = CurrentPathResolver.GetModuleImportFromModuleName(name);
+            if (moduleImport == null) {
+                _log?.Log(TraceEventType.Verbose, "Import not found: ", name);
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var rdt = _services.GetService<IRunningDocumentTable>();
+            IPythonModule module;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(moduleImport.ModulePath) && Uri.TryCreate(moduleImport.ModulePath, UriKind.Absolute, out var uri)) {
+                module = rdt.GetDocument(uri);
+                if (module != null) {
+                    return module;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // If there is a stub, make sure it is loaded and attached
+            // First check stub next to the module.
+            if (!TryCreateModuleStub(name, moduleImport.ModulePath, out var stub)) {
+                // If nothing found, try Typeshed.
+                stub = _interpreter.TypeshedResolution.GetOrLoadModule(moduleImport.IsBuiltin ? name : moduleImport.FullName);
+            }
+
+            // If stub is created and its path equals to module, return that stub as module
+            if (stub != null && stub.FilePath.PathEquals(moduleImport.ModulePath)) {
+                return stub;
+            }
+            
+            if (moduleImport.IsBuiltin) {
+                _log?.Log(TraceEventType.Verbose, "Create built-in compiled (scraped) module: ", name, Configuration.InterpreterPath);
+                module = new CompiledBuiltinPythonModule(name, stub, _services);
+            } else if (moduleImport.IsCompiled) {
+                _log?.Log(TraceEventType.Verbose, "Create compiled (scraped): ", moduleImport.FullName, moduleImport.ModulePath, moduleImport.RootPath);
+                module = new CompiledPythonModule(moduleImport.FullName, ModuleType.Compiled, moduleImport.ModulePath, stub, _services);
+            } else {
+                _log?.Log(TraceEventType.Verbose, "Import: ", moduleImport.FullName, moduleImport.ModulePath);
+                // Module inside workspace == user code.
+
+                var mco = new ModuleCreationOptions {
+                    ModuleName = moduleImport.FullName,
+                    ModuleType = moduleImport.IsLibrary ? ModuleType.Library : ModuleType.User,
+                    FilePath = moduleImport.ModulePath,
+                    Stub = stub
+                };
+                module = rdt.AddModule(mco);
+            }
+
+            return module;
+        }
+
+        private async Task<IReadOnlyList<string>> GetInterpreterSearchPathsAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) {
+            if (!_fs.FileExists(Configuration.InterpreterPath)) {
+                return Array.Empty<string>();
+            }
+
+            _log?.Log(TraceEventType.Information, "GetCurrentSearchPaths", Configuration.InterpreterPath);
+            try {
+                var paths = await PythonLibraryPath.GetSearchPathsAsync(Configuration);
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                return paths.MaybeEnumerate().Select(p => p.Path).ToArray();
+            } catch (InvalidOperationException) {
+                return Array.Empty<string>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Provides ability to specialize module by replacing module import by
+        /// <see cref="IPythonModule"/> implementation in code. Real module
+        /// content is loaded and analyzed only for class/functions definitions
+        /// so the original documentation can be extracted.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name">Module to specialize.</param>
+        /// <param name="specializationConstructor">Specialized module constructor.</param>
+        /// <returns>Original (library) module loaded as stub.</returns>
+        public IPythonModule SpecializeModule(string name, Func<string, IPythonModule> specializationConstructor) {
+            var import = CurrentPathResolver.GetModuleImportFromModuleName(name);
+            var module = specializationConstructor(import?.ModulePath);
+            _specialized[name] = module;
+            return module;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns specialized module, if any.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IPythonModule GetSpecializedModule(string name)
+        => _specialized.TryGetValue(name, out var module) ? module : null;
+
+        internal async Task LoadBuiltinTypesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) {
+            await BuiltinsModule.LoadAndAnalyzeAsync(cancellationToken);
+
+            Check.InvalidOperation(!(BuiltinsModule.Analysis is EmptyAnalysis), "After await");
+
+            // Add built-in module names
+            var builtinModuleNamesMember = BuiltinsModule.GetAnyMember("__builtin_module_names__");
+            if (builtinModuleNamesMember.TryGetConstant<string>(out var s)) {
+                var builtinModuleNames = s.Split(',').Select(n => n.Trim());
+                PathResolver.SetBuiltins(builtinModuleNames);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public async Task ReloadAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default) {
+            ModuleCache = new ModuleCache(_interpreter, _services);
+            PathResolver = new PathResolver(_interpreter.LanguageVersion);
+            
+            var addedRoots = new HashSet<string>();
+            addedRoots.UnionWith(PathResolver.SetRoot(_root));
+            
+            var interpreterPaths = await GetSearchPathsAsync(cancellationToken);
+            addedRoots.UnionWith(PathResolver.SetInterpreterSearchPaths(interpreterPaths));
+            
+            addedRoots.UnionWith(SetUserSearchPaths(_interpreter.Configuration.SearchPaths));
+            ReloadModulePaths(addedRoots);
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<string> SetUserSearchPaths(in IEnumerable<string> searchPaths)
+            => PathResolver.SetUserSearchPaths(searchPaths);
+
+        // For tests
+        internal void AddUnimportableModule(string moduleName) 
+            => _modules[moduleName] = new ModuleRef(new SentinelModule(moduleName, _services));
+
+        private bool TryCreateModuleStub(string name, string modulePath, out IPythonModule module) {
+            // First check stub next to the module.
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(modulePath)) {
+                var pyiPath = Path.ChangeExtension(modulePath, "pyi");
+                if (_fs.FileExists(pyiPath)) {
+                    module = new StubPythonModule(name, pyiPath, false, _services);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Try location of stubs that are in a separate folder next to the package.
+            var stubPath = CurrentPathResolver.GetPossibleModuleStubPaths(name).FirstOrDefault(p => _fs.FileExists(p));
+            module = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(stubPath) ? new StubPythonModule(name, stubPath, false, _services) : null;
+            return module != null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Modules.SentinelModule::.ctor() at Line 194) of type Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Modules.SentinelModule in method "Void MainModuleResolution.AddUnimportableModule(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MainModuleResolution.AddUnimportableModule(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Ast/Impl/Modules/Resolution/MainModuleResolution.cs
+
+### Key:
+MainModuleResolution.cs|AddUnimportableModule|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+87fddb7ba2cdca64a7e3a1fd26dbfc98
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0708/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0708/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f619442c27bf4792f823c538af68cd33c048e2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0708/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Diagnostics;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Modules;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Types;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Types.Collections;
+using Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Values;
+using Microsoft.Python.Core;
+using Microsoft.Python.Parsing;
+using Microsoft.Python.Parsing.Ast;
+using ErrorCodes = Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Diagnostics.ErrorCodes;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Python.Analysis.Analyzer.Evaluation {
+    internal sealed partial class ExpressionEval {
+        private IMember GetValueFromUnaryOp(UnaryExpression expr) {
+            switch (expr.Op) {
+                case PythonOperator.Not:
+                case PythonOperator.Is:
+                case PythonOperator.IsNot:
+                    // Assume all of these return True/False
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+
+                case PythonOperator.Invert:
+                    return GetValueFromUnaryOp(expr, "__invert__");
+                case PythonOperator.Negate:
+                    return GetValueFromUnaryOp(expr, "__neg__");
+                case PythonOperator.Pos:
+                    return GetValueFromUnaryOp(expr, "__pos__");
+            }
+            return UnknownType;
+        }
+
+        private IMember GetValueFromUnaryOp(UnaryExpression expr, string op) {
+            var target = GetValueFromExpression(expr.Expression);
+            if (target is IPythonInstance instance) {
+                var fn = instance.GetPythonType()?.GetMember<IPythonFunctionType>(op);
+                // Process functions declared in code modules. Scraped/compiled/stub modules do not actually perform any operations.
+                if (fn?.DeclaringModule != null && (fn.DeclaringModule.ModuleType == ModuleType.User || fn.DeclaringModule.ModuleType == ModuleType.Library)) {
+                    var result = fn.Call(instance, op, ArgumentSet.Empty(expr, this));
+                    if (!result.IsUnknown()) {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+                return instance is IPythonConstant c && instance.TryGetConstant<int>(out var value)
+                    ? new PythonConstant(-value, c.Type)
+                    : instance;
+            }
+            return UnknownType;
+        }
+
+        private IMember GetValueFromBinaryOp(Expression expr) {
+            if (expr is AndExpression a) {
+                GetValueFromExpression(a.Left);
+                GetValueFromExpression(a.Right);
+                return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+            }
+
+            if (expr is OrExpression orexp) {
+                // Consider 'self.__params = types.MappingProxyType(params or {})'
+                var leftSide = GetValueFromExpression(orexp.Left);
+                if (!leftSide.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return leftSide;
+                }
+                var rightSide = GetValueFromExpression(orexp.Right);
+                return rightSide.IsUnknown() ? Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool) : rightSide;
+            }
+
+            if (!(expr is BinaryExpression binop) || binop.Left == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var op = binop.Operator;
+
+            var left = GetValueFromExpression(binop.Left) ?? UnknownType;
+            var right = GetValueFromExpression(binop.Right) ?? UnknownType;
+
+            if (left.IsUnknown() && right.IsUnknown()) {
+                // Fast path for when nothing below will give any results.
+                if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+                }
+
+                return UnknownType;
+            }
+
+            var leftType = left.GetPythonType();
+            var rightType = right.GetPythonType();
+
+            var leftTypeId = leftType.TypeId;
+            var rightTypeId = rightType.TypeId;
+
+            if (op == PythonOperator.Add
+                && leftTypeId == rightTypeId
+                && left is IPythonCollection lc && right is IPythonCollection rc) {
+
+                switch (leftTypeId) {
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.List:
+                        return PythonCollectionType.CreateConcatenatedList(Module.Interpreter, lc, rc);
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Tuple:
+                        return PythonCollectionType.CreateConcatenatedTuple(Module.Interpreter, lc, rc);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Mod-style string formatting; don't bother looking at the right side.
+            if (op == PythonOperator.Mod && (leftTypeId == BuiltinTypeId.Str || leftTypeId == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode)) {
+                return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(leftTypeId);
+            }
+
+            var leftIsSupported = IsSupportedBinopBuiltin(leftTypeId);
+            var rightIsSupported = IsSupportedBinopBuiltin(rightTypeId);
+
+            if (leftIsSupported && rightIsSupported) {
+                if (TryGetValueFromBuiltinBinaryOp(op, leftTypeId, rightTypeId, Interpreter.LanguageVersion.Is3x(), out var member)) {
+                    if (member.IsUnknown()) {
+                        ReportOperatorDiagnostics(expr, leftType, rightType, op);
+                    }
+                    return member;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (leftIsSupported) {
+                IMember ret;
+
+                if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                    // If the op is a comparison, and the thing on the left is the builtin,
+                    // flip the operation and call it instead.
+                    ret = CallOperator(op.InvertComparison(), right, rightType, left, leftType, expr, tryRight: false);
+                } else {
+                    ret = CallOperator(op, left, leftType, right, rightType, expr, tryLeft: false);
+                }
+
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                return op.IsComparison() ? Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool) : left;
+            }
+
+            if (rightIsSupported) {
+                // Try calling the function on the left side, otherwise just return right.
+                var ret = CallOperator(op, left, leftType, right, rightType, expr, tryRight: false);
+
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                return op.IsComparison() ? Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool) : right;
+            }
+
+            var callRet = CallOperator(op, left, leftType, right, rightType, expr);
+            if (!callRet.IsUnknown()) {
+                return callRet;
+            }
+
+            if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                callRet = CallOperator(op.InvertComparison(), right, rightType, left, leftType, expr);
+
+                if (!callRet.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return callRet;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Specific parsing
+            // TODO: warn about incompatible types like 'str' + 1
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.Equal:
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThan:
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual:
+                case PythonOperator.In:
+                case PythonOperator.Is:
+                case PythonOperator.IsNot:
+                case PythonOperator.LessThan:
+                case PythonOperator.LessThanOrEqual:
+                case PythonOperator.Not:
+                case PythonOperator.NotEqual:
+                case PythonOperator.NotIn:
+                    // Assume all of these return True/False
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+
+                case PythonOperator.Divide:
+                case PythonOperator.TrueDivide:
+                    if (Interpreter.LanguageVersion.Is3x()) {
+                        return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Float);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return left.IsUnknown() ? right : left;
+        }
+
+        private IMember CallOperator(PythonOperator op, IMember left, IPythonType leftType, IMember right, IPythonType rightType, Expression expr, bool tryLeft = true, bool tryRight = true) {
+            var (funcName, swappedFuncName) = OpMethodName(op);
+
+            if (tryLeft && funcName != null && left is IPythonInstance lpi) {
+                var ret = leftType.Call(lpi, funcName, new ArgumentSet(new[] { right }, expr, this));
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (tryRight && swappedFuncName != null && right is IPythonInstance rpi) {
+                var ret = rightType.Call(rpi, swappedFuncName, new ArgumentSet(new[] { left }, expr, this));
+                if (!ret.IsUnknown()) {
+                    return ret;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Try to get the result of a binary operation on builtin types. This does not actually do the operation, but maybe should.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="op">The operation being done.</param>
+        /// <param name="left">The left side's type ID.</param>
+        /// <param name="right">The right side's type ID.</param>
+        /// <param name="is3x">True if the Python version is 3.x.</param>
+        /// <param name="member">The resulting member.</param>
+        /// <returns>True, if member is correct and no further checks should be done.</returns>
+        private bool TryGetValueFromBuiltinBinaryOp(PythonOperator op, BuiltinTypeId left, BuiltinTypeId right, bool is3x, out IMember member) {
+            if (op.IsComparison()) {
+                // All builtins compare to bool.
+                member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            member = UnknownType;
+
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.MatMultiply:
+                    // No builtins implement this operator.
+                    return true;
+
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseAnd:
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseOr:
+                case PythonOperator.Xor:
+                    switch (left) {
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Bool when right == BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Bool);
+                            return true;
+
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Bool when right == BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Int when right == BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Int when right == BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Int);
+                            return true;
+
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Long when right == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Long when right == BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Long when right == BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Bool when right == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                        case BuiltinTypeId.Int when right == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Long);
+                            return true;
+                    }
+
+                    // All other combinations of these bitwise operaton on builtin types fail.
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            // At this point, @ & | ^ are all handled and do not need to be considered.
+
+            if (CoalesceComplex(left, right)) {
+                switch (op) {
+                    case PythonOperator.Add:
+                    case PythonOperator.Multiply:
+                    case PythonOperator.Power:
+                    case PythonOperator.Subtract:
+                    case PythonOperator.Divide:
+                    case PythonOperator.TrueDivide:
+                    case PythonOperator.FloorDivide when !is3x:
+                        member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Complex);
+                        return true;
+
+                    case PythonOperator.FloorDivide when is3x:
+                        // Complex numbers cannot be floordiv'd in Python 3.
+                        return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (IsStringLike(left)) {
+                member = HandleStringLike(op, left, right);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (IsStringLike(right)) {
+                member = HandleStringLike(op, right, left);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // All string-like cases have been handled.
+
+            // If a complex value made it to here, then it wasn't coalesced or used in a string format; bail.
+            if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Complex || right == BuiltinTypeId.Complex) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.TrueDivide:
+                    member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Float);
+                    return true;
+
+                case PythonOperator.LeftShift:
+                case PythonOperator.RightShift:
+                    if (IsIntegerLike(left) && IsIntegerLike(right)) {
+                        if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Long || right == BuiltinTypeId.Long) {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Long);
+                        } else {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Int);
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    // If they aren't integer-like, then they can't be shifted.
+                    return true;
+
+                case PythonOperator.Add:
+                case PythonOperator.Divide:
+                case PythonOperator.FloorDivide:
+                case PythonOperator.Mod:
+                case PythonOperator.Power:
+                case PythonOperator.Subtract:
+                    if (IsIntegerLike(left) && IsIntegerLike(right)) {
+                        if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Long || right == BuiltinTypeId.Long) {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Long);
+                        } else {
+                            member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Int);
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    } else if (left == BuiltinTypeId.Float || right == BuiltinTypeId.Float) {
+                        member = Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Float);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsSupportedBinopBuiltin(BuiltinTypeId id) {
+            switch (id) {
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Float:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Complex:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Str:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Bytes:
+                case BuiltinTypeId.Unicode:
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private static bool IsIntegerLike(BuiltinTypeId id) => id == BuiltinTypeId.Bool || id == BuiltinTypeId.Int || id == BuiltinTypeId.Long;
+
+        private bool CoalesceComplex(BuiltinTypeId a, BuiltinTypeId b) {
+            if (a != BuiltinTypeId.Complex && b == BuiltinTypeId.Complex) {
+                var tmp = a;
+                a = b;
+                b = tmp;
+            }
+
+            if (a == BuiltinTypeId.Complex) {
+                switch (b) {
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Bool:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Int:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Float:
+                    case BuiltinTypeId.Complex:
+                        return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private bool IsStringLike(BuiltinTypeId id) => id == BuiltinTypeId.Str || id == BuiltinTypeId.Bytes || id == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode;
+
+        private IMember HandleStringLike(PythonOperator op, BuiltinTypeId str, BuiltinTypeId other) {
+            switch (op) {
+                case PythonOperator.Multiply when other == BuiltinTypeId.Bool || other == BuiltinTypeId.Int || other == BuiltinTypeId.Long:
+                case PythonOperator.Add when str == other:
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(str);
+
+                case PythonOperator.Add when str == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode || other == BuiltinTypeId.Unicode:
+                    return Interpreter.GetBuiltinType(BuiltinTypeId.Unicode);
+            }
+
+            return UnknownType;
+        }
+
+        private static (string name, string swappedName) OpMethodName(PythonOperator op) {
+            switch (op) {
+                // Unary operators
+                // Not cannot be overridden, there is no method for it.
+                case PythonOperator.Pos: return ("__pos__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.Invert: return ("__invert__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.Negate: return ("__neg__", null);
+
+                // Numeric operators, can be swapped
+                case PythonOperator.Add: return ("__add__", "__radd__");
+                case PythonOperator.Subtract: return ("__sub__", "__rsub__");
+                case PythonOperator.Multiply: return ("__mul__", "__rmul__");
+                case PythonOperator.MatMultiply: return ("__matmul__", "__rmatmul__");
+                case PythonOperator.Divide: return ("__div__", "__rdiv__"); // The parser has already chosen the correct operator here; no need to check versions.
+                case PythonOperator.TrueDivide: return ("__truediv__", "__rtruediv__");
+                case PythonOperator.Mod: return ("__mod__", "__rmod__");
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseAnd: return ("__and__", "__rand__");
+                case PythonOperator.BitwiseOr: return ("__or__", "__ror__");
+                case PythonOperator.Xor: return ("__xor__", "__rxor__");
+                case PythonOperator.LeftShift: return ("__lshift__", "__rlshift__");
+                case PythonOperator.RightShift: return ("__rshift__", "__rrshift__");
+                case PythonOperator.Power: return ("__pow__", "__rpow__");
+                case PythonOperator.FloorDivide: return ("__floordiv__", "__rfloordiv__");
+
+                // Comparison operators
+                case PythonOperator.LessThan: return ("__lt__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.LessThanOrEqual: return ("__le__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThan: return ("__gt__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.GreaterThanOrEqual: return ("__ge__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.Equal: return ("__eq__", null);
+                case PythonOperator.NotEqual: return ("__ne__", null);
+            }
+
+            return (null, null);
+        }
+        private void ReportOperatorDiagnostics(Expression expr, IPythonType leftType, IPythonType rightType, PythonOperator op) {
+            ReportDiagnostics(Module.Uri, new DiagnosticsEntry(
+                Resources.UnsupporedOperandType.FormatInvariant(op.ToCodeString(), leftType.Name, rightType.Name),
+                GetLocation(expr).Span,
+                ErrorCodes.UnsupportedOperandType,
+                Severity.Error,
+                DiagnosticSource.Analysis));
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `rightType` last assigned on line 100 could be null and is dereferenced at line 103, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IMember ExpressionEval.GetValueFromBinaryOp(Expression)
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Ast/Impl/Analyzer/Evaluation/ExpressionEval.Operators.cs
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionEval.Operators.cs|GetValueFromBinaryOp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+fb762a9879302b69e9ac474890a20fa8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0709/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0709/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a3680f5583f070db90df73a7a83ffb566176afc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0709/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** python-language-server
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Python Tools for Visual Studio
+// Copyright(c) Microsoft Corporation
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); you may not use
+// this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the
+// License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// THIS CODE IS PROVIDED ON AN  *AS IS* BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS
+// OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ANY
+// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF TITLE, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE,
+// MERCHANTABILITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+//
+// See the Apache Version 2.0 License for specific language governing
+// permissions and limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Python.LanguageServer;
+using Microsoft.Python.LanguageServer.Implementation;
+using Microsoft.PythonTools.Interpreter;
+using Microsoft.PythonTools.Interpreter.Ast;
+using TestUtilities;
+
+namespace Microsoft.PythonTools.Analysis {
+    internal static class ServerExtensions {
+        public static async Task<Server> InitializeAsync(this Server server, InterpreterConfiguration configuration, Uri rootUri = null, IEnumerable<string> searchPaths = null) {
+            configuration.AssertInstalled();
+
+            server.OnLogMessage += Server_OnLogMessage;
+            var properties = new InterpreterFactoryCreationOptions {
+                TraceLevel = System.Diagnostics.TraceLevel.Verbose,
+                DatabasePath = TestData.GetAstAnalysisCachePath(configuration.Version)
+            }.ToDictionary();
+
+            configuration.WriteToDictionary(properties);
+
+            await server.Initialize(new InitializeParams {
+                rootUri = rootUri,
+                initializationOptions = new PythonInitializationOptions {
+                    interpreter = new PythonInitializationOptions.Interpreter {
+                        assembly = typeof(AstPythonInterpreterFactory).Assembly.Location,
+                        typeName = typeof(AstPythonInterpreterFactory).FullName,
+                        properties = properties
+                    },
+                    analysisUpdates = true,
+                    searchPaths = searchPaths?.ToArray() ?? Array.Empty<string>(),
+                    traceLogging = true,
+                },
+                capabilities = new ClientCapabilities {
+                    python = new PythonClientCapabilities {
+                        liveLinting = true,
+                    }
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+            
+            return server;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<IModuleAnalysis> GetAnalysisAsync(this Server server, Uri uri, int waitingTimeout = -1, int failAfter = 30000)
+            => ((ProjectEntry)server.ProjectFiles.GetEntry(uri)).GetAnalysisAsync(waitingTimeout, new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token);
+
+        public static Task EnqueueItemAsync(this Server server, Uri uri) 
+            => server.EnqueueItemAsync((IDocument)server.ProjectFiles.GetEntry(uri));
+
+        public static async Task EnqueueItemsAsync(this Server server, CancellationToken cancellationToken, params IDocument[] projectEntries) {
+            foreach (var document in projectEntries) {
+                await server.EnqueueItemAsync(document);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Replace usages of AddModuleWithContent with OpenDefaultDocumentAndGetUriAsync
+        public static async Task<ProjectEntry> AddModuleWithContentAsync(this Server server, string moduleName, string relativePath, string content) {
+            var entry = (ProjectEntry)server.Analyzer.AddModule(moduleName, TestData.GetTestSpecificPath(relativePath));
+            entry.ResetDocument(0, content);
+            await server.EnqueueItemAsync(entry);
+            return entry;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<CompletionList> SendCompletion(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character) {
+            return server.Completion(new CompletionParams {
+                textDocument = new TextDocumentIdentifier {
+                    uri = uri
+                },
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Hover> SendHover(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character) {
+            return server.Hover(new TextDocumentPositionParams() {
+                textDocument = new TextDocumentIdentifier {
+                    uri = uri
+                },
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<SignatureHelp> SendSignatureHelp(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character) {
+            return server.SignatureHelp(new TextDocumentPositionParams {
+                textDocument = uri,
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Reference[]> SendFindReferences(this Server server, Uri uri, int line, int character, bool includeDeclaration = true) {
+            return server.FindReferences(new ReferencesParams {
+                textDocument = uri,
+                position = new Position {
+                    line = line,
+                    character = character
+                },
+                context = new ReferenceContext {
+                    includeDeclaration = includeDeclaration,
+                    _includeValues = true // For compatibility with PTVS
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Uri> OpenDefaultDocumentAndGetUriAsync(this Server server, string content) {
+            var uri = TestData.GetDefaultModuleUri();
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(uri, content);
+            return uri;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Uri> OpenNextDocumentAndGetUriAsync(this Server server, string content) {
+            var uri = TestData.GetNextModuleUri();
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(uri, content);
+            return uri;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Uri> OpenDocumentAndGetUriAsync(this Server server, string relativePath, string content) {
+            var uri = TestData.GetTestSpecificUri(relativePath);
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(uri, content);
+            return uri;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task SendDidOpenTextDocument(this Server server, Uri uri, string content, string languageId = null) {
+            await server.DidOpenTextDocument(new DidOpenTextDocumentParams {
+                textDocument = new TextDocumentItem {
+                    uri = uri,
+                    text = content,
+                    languageId = languageId ?? "python"
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<IModuleAnalysis> OpenDefaultDocumentAndGetAnalysisAsync(this Server server, string content, int failAfter = 30000, string languageId = null) {
+            var cancellationToken = new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token;
+            await server.SendDidOpenTextDocument(TestData.GetDefaultModuleUri(), content, languageId);
+            cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+            var projectEntry = (ProjectEntry) server.ProjectFiles.Single();
+            return await projectEntry.GetAnalysisAsync(cancellationToken: cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static Task SendDidChangeTextDocumentAsync(this Server server, Uri uri, string text) {
+            return server.DidChangeTextDocument(new DidChangeTextDocumentParams {
+                textDocument = new VersionedTextDocumentIdentifier {
+                    uri = uri
+                }, 
+                contentChanges = new [] {
+                    new TextDocumentContentChangedEvent {
+                        text = text,
+                    }, 
+                }
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task<TextEdit[]> SendDocumentOnTypeFormatting(this Server server, TextDocumentIdentifier textDocument, Position position, string ch) {
+            return server.DocumentOnTypeFormatting(new DocumentOnTypeFormattingParams {
+                textDocument = textDocument,
+                position = position,
+                ch = ch,
+            }, CancellationToken.None);
+        }
+
+        public static Task SendDidChangeConfiguration(this Server server, ServerSettings.PythonCompletionOptions pythonCompletionOptions, int failAfter = 30000) {
+            var currentSettings = server.Settings;
+            var settings = new LanguageServerSettings();
+
+            settings.completion.showAdvancedMembers = pythonCompletionOptions.showAdvancedMembers;
+            settings.completion.addBrackets = pythonCompletionOptions.addBrackets;
+
+            settings.analysis.openFilesOnly = currentSettings.analysis.openFilesOnly;
+            if (currentSettings is LanguageServerSettings languageServerSettings) {
+                settings.diagnosticPublishDelay = languageServerSettings.diagnosticPublishDelay;
+                settings.symbolsHierarchyDepthLimit = languageServerSettings.symbolsHierarchyDepthLimit;
+            }
+
+            var errors = currentSettings.analysis.errors;
+            var warnings = currentSettings.analysis.warnings;
+            var information = currentSettings.analysis.information;
+            var disabled = currentSettings.analysis.disabled;
+            settings.analysis.SetErrorSeverityOptions(errors, warnings, information, disabled);
+
+            return server.SendDidChangeConfiguration(settings, failAfter);
+        }
+
+        public static Task SendDidChangeConfiguration(this Server server, ServerSettings settings, int failAfter = 30000) 
+            => server.DidChangeConfiguration(new DidChangeConfigurationParams { settings = settings }, new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token);
+
+        public static async Task<IModuleAnalysis> ChangeDefaultDocumentAndGetAnalysisAsync(this Server server, string text, int failAfter = 30000) {
+            var projectEntry = (ProjectEntry) server.ProjectFiles.Single();
+            await server.SendDidChangeTextDocumentAsync(projectEntry.DocumentUri, text);
+            return await projectEntry.GetAnalysisAsync(cancellationToken: new CancellationTokenSource(failAfter).Token);
+        }
+
+        public static string[] GetBuiltinTypeMemberNames(this Server server, BuiltinTypeId typeId) 
+            => server.Analyzer.Types[typeId].GetMemberNames((IModuleContext)server.Analyzer.Interpreter).ToArray();
+
+        private static void Server_OnLogMessage(object sender, LogMessageEventArgs e) {
+            switch (e.type) {
+                case MessageType.Error: Trace.TraceError($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}]: {e.message}"); break;
+                case MessageType.Warning: Trace.TraceWarning($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}]: {e.message}"); break;
+                case MessageType.Info: Trace.TraceInformation($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}]: {e.message}"); break;
+                case MessageType.Log: Trace.TraceInformation($"[{TestEnvironmentImpl.Elapsed()}] LOG: {e.message}"); break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource::.ctor() at Line 65) of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "Task`1<!0> ServerExtensions.GetAnalysisAsync(Server,Uri,Int32,Int32)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task`1<!0> ServerExtensions.GetAnalysisAsync(Server,Uri,Int32,Int32)
+
+### File:
+src/Analysis/Engine/Test/ServerExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+ServerExtensions.cs|GetAnalysisAsync|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+6b07bdae1bb3a467d2e8f04b19515b01
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0730/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0730/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..294e34ce5b19dad2e84eb19f453e41b23808b5cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0730/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** lightlib-lms
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Library.Data;
+using Library.Data.Models;
+using Library.Web.Controllers;
+using Library.Web.Models.Catalog;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Library.Tests.Controllers
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class CatalogControllerShould
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_Catalog_Index_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetAll()).Returns(GetAllAssets());
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Index();
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetIndexModel>();
+            viewModel.Subject.Assets.Count().Should().Be(2);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_AssetIndexListingModel()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetAll()).Returns(GetAllAssets());
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Index();
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<AssetIndexModel>();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_Branch_Detail_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetDetailModel>();
+
+            viewModel.Subject.Title.Should().Be("Orlando");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_BranchDetailModel()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<AssetDetailModel>();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_CheckIn_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetDetailModel>();
+
+            viewModel.Subject.Title.Should().Be("Orlando");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Call_CheckInItem_In_Service_When_CheckIn_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            controller.CheckIn(24);
+
+            mockCheckoutService.Verify(s => s.CheckInItem(24), Times.Once());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_DetailView_When_CheckIn_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.CheckIn(24);
+            var redirectResult = result.Should().BeOfType<RedirectToActionResult>();
+
+            redirectResult.Subject.ActionName.Should().Be("Detail");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Call_MarkLost_In_Service_When_MarkLost_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            controller.MarkLost(24);
+
+            mockCheckoutService.Verify(s => s.MarkLost(24), Times.Once());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_DetailView_When_MarkLost_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.MarkLost(24);
+            var redirectResult = result.Should().BeOfType<RedirectToActionResult>();
+
+            redirectResult.Subject.ActionName.Should().Be("Detail");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Call_MarkFound_In_Service_When_MarkFound_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            controller.MarkFound(24);
+
+            mockCheckoutService.Verify(s => s.MarkFound(24), Times.Once());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_DetailView_When_MarkFound_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var sut = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = sut.MarkFound(24);
+            var redirectResult = result.Should().BeOfType<RedirectToActionResult>();
+
+            redirectResult.Subject.ActionName.Should().Be("Detail");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_CheckOut_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetDetailModel>();
+
+            viewModel.Subject.Title.Should().Be("Orlando");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_CheckOutModel()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<AssetDetailModel>();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<LibraryAsset> GetAllAssets()
+        {
+            return new List<LibraryAsset>
+            {
+                new Book
+                {
+                    Title = "Orlando",
+                    Author = "Virginia Woolf",
+                    Status = new Status()
+                    {
+                        Name = "Checked In",
+                        Id = 1,
+                    },
+                },
+
+                new Video
+                {
+                    Title = "Happy People",
+                    Director = "Werner Herzog",
+                    ImageUrl = "images/sample.jpg",
+                    Status = new Status()
+                    {
+                        Name = "Lost",
+                        Id = 3,
+                    },
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static Book GetAsset()
+        {
+            return new Book
+            {
+                Title = "Orlando",
+                Author = "Virginia Woolf",
+                Status = new Status()
+                {
+                    Name = "Checked In",
+                    Id = 1,
+                },
+                Location = new LibraryBranch()
+                {
+                    Id = -99,
+                    Name = "Hawkins"
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource controller of type Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Controller in method "Void CatalogControllerShould.Return_Branch_Detail_View()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CatalogControllerShould.Return_Branch_Detail_View()
+
+### File:
+Library.Tests/Controllers/CatalogControllerShould.cs
+
+### Key:
+CatalogControllerShould.cs|Return_Branch_Detail_View|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+13cab1d332956c51494da141cb0f903a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0731/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0731/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f6d57510c44873007310676c0beaef8500ab136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0731/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** lightlib-lms
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using FluentAssertions;
+using Library.Data;
+using Library.Data.Models;
+using Library.Web.Controllers;
+using Library.Web.Models.Catalog;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Moq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Library.Tests.Controllers
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class CatalogControllerShould
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_Catalog_Index_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetAll()).Returns(GetAllAssets());
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Index();
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetIndexModel>();
+            viewModel.Subject.Assets.Count().Should().Be(2);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_AssetIndexListingModel()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetAll()).Returns(GetAllAssets());
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Index();
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<AssetIndexModel>();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_Branch_Detail_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetDetailModel>();
+
+            viewModel.Subject.Title.Should().Be("Orlando");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_BranchDetailModel()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<AssetDetailModel>();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_CheckIn_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetDetailModel>();
+
+            viewModel.Subject.Title.Should().Be("Orlando");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Call_CheckInItem_In_Service_When_CheckIn_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            controller.CheckIn(24);
+
+            mockCheckoutService.Verify(s => s.CheckInItem(24), Times.Once());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_DetailView_When_CheckIn_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.CheckIn(24);
+            var redirectResult = result.Should().BeOfType<RedirectToActionResult>();
+
+            redirectResult.Subject.ActionName.Should().Be("Detail");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Call_MarkLost_In_Service_When_MarkLost_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            controller.MarkLost(24);
+
+            mockCheckoutService.Verify(s => s.MarkLost(24), Times.Once());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_DetailView_When_MarkLost_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.MarkLost(24);
+            var redirectResult = result.Should().BeOfType<RedirectToActionResult>();
+
+            redirectResult.Subject.ActionName.Should().Be("Detail");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Call_MarkFound_In_Service_When_MarkFound_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            controller.MarkFound(24);
+
+            mockCheckoutService.Verify(s => s.MarkFound(24), Times.Once());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_DetailView_When_MarkFound_Called()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            var sut = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = sut.MarkFound(24);
+            var redirectResult = result.Should().BeOfType<RedirectToActionResult>();
+
+            redirectResult.Subject.ActionName.Should().Be("Detail");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_CheckOut_View()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+            var viewModel = viewResult.Subject.ViewData.Model.Should().BeAssignableTo<AssetDetailModel>();
+
+            viewModel.Subject.Title.Should().Be("Orlando");
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Return_CheckOutModel()
+        {
+            var mockLibraryAssetService = new Mock<ILibraryAssetService>();
+            var mockCheckoutService = new Mock<ICheckoutService>();
+
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.Get(24)).Returns(GetAsset());
+            mockLibraryAssetService.Setup(r => r.GetCurrentLocation(24)).Returns(new LibraryBranch
+            {
+                Name = "Main St. Library"
+            });
+            var controller = new CatalogController(mockLibraryAssetService.Object, mockCheckoutService.Object);
+            var result = controller.Detail(24);
+            var viewResult = result.Should().BeOfType<ViewResult>();
+
+            viewResult.Subject.Model.Should().BeOfType<AssetDetailModel>();
+        }
+
+        private static IEnumerable<LibraryAsset> GetAllAssets()
+        {
+            return new List<LibraryAsset>
+            {
+                new Book
+                {
+                    Title = "Orlando",
+                    Author = "Virginia Woolf",
+                    Status = new Status()
+                    {
+                        Name = "Checked In",
+                        Id = 1,
+                    },
+                },
+
+                new Video
+                {
+                    Title = "Happy People",
+                    Director = "Werner Herzog",
+                    ImageUrl = "images/sample.jpg",
+                    Status = new Status()
+                    {
+                        Name = "Lost",
+                        Id = 3,
+                    },
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        private static Book GetAsset()
+        {
+            return new Book
+            {
+                Title = "Orlando",
+                Author = "Virginia Woolf",
+                Status = new Status()
+                {
+                    Name = "Checked In",
+                    Id = 1,
+                },
+                Location = new LibraryBranch()
+                {
+                    Id = -99,
+                    Name = "Hawkins"
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource controller of type Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Controller in method "Void CatalogControllerShould.Return_CheckOut_View()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void CatalogControllerShould.Return_CheckOut_View()
+
+### File:
+Library.Tests/Controllers/CatalogControllerShould.cs
+
+### Key:
+CatalogControllerShould.cs|Return_CheckOut_View|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2cb37722a4ca45d7ba414fff597e1b82
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0736/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0736/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3043785c8b262a6cac4537c1d8f8ae5d78434bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0736/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Shielded
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Shielded
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A transactional dictionary - adding, removing, replacing items are transactional,
+    /// but anything done to the items is not unless they are Shielded themselves. The 'Nc' stands
+    /// for 'no count' - you cannot find out how many items it has, unless you enumerate.
+    /// WARNING: Enumerating transactions will not conflict with parallel transactions which
+    /// add new items to the dictionary. This is OK for read-only transactions, but writers
+    /// might successfully commit some result even though they did not see all items.
+    /// For fully safe enumerating, please use <see cref="ShieldedDict&lt;TKey, TItem&gt;"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ShieldedDictNc<TKey, TItem> : IShielded, IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>
+    {
+        private class ItemKeeper
+        {
+            public long Version;
+            public TItem Value;
+            public bool Empty;
+            public ItemKeeper Older;
+        }
+
+        private class LocalDict
+        {
+            public Dictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper> Items = new Dictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper>();
+            public bool HasChanges;
+            public bool Locked;
+        }
+
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper> _dict;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, WriteStamp> _writeStamps =
+            new ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, WriteStamp>();
+        private readonly TransactionalStorage<LocalDict> _localDict = new TransactionalStorage<LocalDict>();
+        private readonly object _owner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance with the given initial contents.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="items">Initial items.</param>
+        /// <param name="owner">If this is given, then in WhenCommitting subscriptions
+        /// this shielded will report its owner instead of itself.</param>
+        public ShieldedDictNc(IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>> items = null, object owner = null)
+        {
+            _dict = items == null ? new ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper>() :
+                new ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, ItemKeeper>(
+                    items.Select(kvp =>
+                        new KeyValuePair<TKey, ItemKeeper>(kvp.Key, new ItemKeeper() { Value = kvp.Value })));
+            _owner = owner ?? this;
+        }
+
+        internal ShieldedDictNc(IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>> items, object owner, out int count)
+            : this(items, owner)
+        {
+            count = _dict.Count;
+        }
+
+        private void CheckLockAndEnlist(TKey key, bool write)
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.HasValue ? _localDict.Value : null;
+            if (locals != null && locals.Locked)
+            {
+                CheckLockedAccess(key, write);
+                return; // because the check above is much stricter than anything
+            }
+            if (!Shield.Enlist(this, locals != null, write) && locals.Items.ContainsKey(key))
+                return;
+
+            WriteStamp w;
+            if (_writeStamps.TryGetValue(key, out w) && w.Locked) w.Wait();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Since the dictionary is just one field to the Shield class, we internally check, if
+        /// the access is happening while locked, whether the access is safe.
+        /// </summary>
+        void CheckLockedAccess(TKey key, bool write)
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            ItemKeeper item;
+            if (!locals.Items.TryGetValue(key, out item))
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("No new key access in this context.");
+            if (item == null && write)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("No new writes in this context.");
+        }
+
+        private ItemKeeper CurrentTransactionOldValue(TKey key)
+        {
+            ItemKeeper point;
+            _dict.TryGetValue(key, out point);
+            while (point != null && point.Version > Shield.ReadStamp)
+                point = point.Older;
+            return point;
+        }
+
+        private LocalDict PrepareLocals()
+        {
+            LocalDict locals;
+            if (_localDict.HasValue)
+                locals = _localDict.Value;
+            else
+                _localDict.Value = locals = new LocalDict();
+            return locals;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an existing local entry, if any.
+        /// </summary>
+        private ItemKeeper PrepareWrite(TKey key)
+        {
+            CheckLockAndEnlist(key, true);
+            var locals = PrepareLocals();
+            ItemKeeper existing;
+            if (locals.Items.TryGetValue(key, out existing))
+                return existing;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private ItemKeeper Read(TKey key)
+        {
+            CheckLockAndEnlist(key, false);
+            ItemKeeper v, curr;
+            var locals = PrepareLocals();
+            bool hasLocal;
+            if (!(hasLocal = locals.Items.TryGetValue(key, out v)) || v == null)
+            {
+                if (!hasLocal)
+                    locals.Items.Add(key, null);
+                v = CurrentTransactionOldValue(key);
+            }
+            else if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out curr) && curr.Version > Shield.ReadStamp)
+                throw new TransException("Writable read collision.");
+            return v;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the value under the specified key.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TItem this [TKey key]
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                ItemKeeper v;
+                if (!Shield.IsInTransaction)
+                {
+                    if (!_dict.TryGetValue(key, out v) || v.Empty)
+                        throw new KeyNotFoundException();
+                    return v.Value;
+                }
+
+                v = Read(key);
+                if (v == null || v.Empty)
+                    throw new KeyNotFoundException();
+                return v.Value;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                ItemKeeper local = PrepareWrite(key);
+                ItemKeeper curr;
+                if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out curr) && curr.Version > Shield.ReadStamp)
+                    throw new TransException("Write collision.");
+
+                if (local == null)
+                {
+                    var locals = _localDict.Value;
+                    locals.Items[key] = new ItemKeeper() { Value = value };
+                    locals.HasChanges = true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    local.Empty = false;
+                    local.Value = value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An enumerable of keys for which the current transaction made changes in the dictionary.
+        /// Safely accessible from <see cref="Shield.WhenCommitting"/> subscriptions. NB that
+        /// this also includes keys which were removed from the dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IEnumerable<TKey> Changes
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Shield.IsInTransaction && _localDict.HasValue && _localDict.Value.HasChanges)
+                {
+                    return _localDict.Value.Items
+                        .Where(kvp => kvp.Value != null)
+                        .Select(kvp => kvp.Key);
+                }
+                return Enumerable.Empty<TKey>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An enumerable of keys which the current transaction read or wrote into.
+        /// Safely accessible from <see cref="Shield.WhenCommitting"/> subscriptions. NB that
+        /// this also includes keys which were removed from the dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IEnumerable<TKey> Reads
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (Shield.IsInTransaction && _localDict.HasValue)
+                    return _localDict.Value.Items.Keys;
+                return Enumerable.Empty<TKey>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        bool IShielded.HasChanges
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _localDict.HasValue && _localDict.Value.HasChanges;
+            }
+        }
+
+        object IShielded.Owner
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _owner;
+            }
+        }
+
+        bool IShielded.CanCommit(WriteStamp writeStamp)
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            locals.Locked = true;
+            // locals were prepared when we enlisted.
+            if (locals.Items.Any(kvp =>
+                    {
+                        ItemKeeper v;
+                        return _writeStamps.ContainsKey(kvp.Key) ||
+                            (_dict.TryGetValue(kvp.Key, out v) && v.Version > Shield.ReadStamp);
+                    }))
+                return false;
+            else
+            {
+                // touch only the ones we plan to change
+                if (locals.HasChanges)
+                    foreach (var kvp in locals.Items)
+                        if (kvp.Value != null)
+                            _writeStamps[kvp.Key] = writeStamp;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private ConcurrentQueue<Tuple<long, List<TKey>>> _copies =
+            new ConcurrentQueue<Tuple<long, List<TKey>>>();
+
+        void IShielded.Commit()
+        {
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            if (locals.HasChanges)
+            {
+                long? version = null;
+                var copyList = new List<TKey>();
+                foreach (var kvp in _localDict.Value.Items)
+                {
+                    if (kvp.Value == null)
+                        continue;
+                    if (version == null)
+                        version = _writeStamps[kvp.Key].Version;
+
+                    ItemKeeper v = null;
+                    if (_dict.TryGetValue(kvp.Key, out v))
+                        copyList.Add(kvp.Key);
+
+                    var newCurrent = kvp.Value;
+                    newCurrent.Version = (long)version;
+                    newCurrent.Older = v;
+                    lock (_dict)
+                        _dict[kvp.Key] = newCurrent;
+
+                    WriteStamp ws;
+                    _writeStamps.TryRemove(kvp.Key, out ws);
+                }
+                if (version.HasValue)
+                    _copies.Enqueue(Tuple.Create((long)version, copyList));
+            }
+            _localDict.Release();
+        }
+
+        void IShielded.Rollback()
+        {
+            if (!_localDict.HasValue)
+                return;
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            if (locals.HasChanges)
+            {
+                WriteStamp ws;
+                var ctx = Shield.Context;
+                foreach (var kvp in locals.Items)
+                {
+                    if (kvp.Value != null &&
+                        _writeStamps.TryGetValue(kvp.Key, out ws) && ws.Locker == ctx)
+                    {
+                        _writeStamps.TryRemove(kvp.Key, out ws);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _localDict.Release();
+        }
+
+        void IShielded.TrimCopies(long smallestOpenTransactionId)
+        {
+            // NB the "smallest transaction" and others can freely read while
+            // we're doing this.
+            Tuple<long, List<TKey>> item;
+            while (_copies.TryPeek(out item) && item.Item1 < smallestOpenTransactionId)
+            {
+                _copies.TryDequeue(out item);
+                foreach (var key in item.Item2)
+                {
+                    ItemKeeper point;
+                    if (!_dict.TryGetValue(key, out point))
+                        continue;
+                    ItemKeeper pointNewer = null;
+                    while (point != null && point.Version > smallestOpenTransactionId)
+                    {
+                        pointNewer = point;
+                        point = point.Older;
+                    }
+                    if (point != null)
+                    {
+                        // point is the last accessible - his Older is not needed.
+                        point.Older = null;
+                        if (point.Empty)
+                        {
+                            if (pointNewer != null)
+                                pointNewer.Older = null;
+                            else
+                            {
+                                //((ICollection<KeyValuePair<TKey, ItemKeeper>>)_dict)
+                                //    .Remove(new KeyValuePair<TKey, ItemKeeper>(key, point));
+                                lock (_dict)
+                                {
+                                    ItemKeeper k;
+                                    if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out k) && k == point)
+                                        _dict.TryRemove(key, out k);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.Collections.IEnumerator System.Collections.IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+        {
+            return ((IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>)this).GetEnumerator();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get an enumerator for the dictionary contents. Iterating over this dictionary
+        /// does not conflict with other transactions that are adding new items, so it
+        /// is not fully safe. For read-only transactions, however, no problem.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IEnumerator<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>> GetEnumerator()
+        {
+            Shield.AssertInTransaction();
+            var keys = _localDict.HasValue ?
+                _dict.Keys.Union(_localDict.Value.Items.Keys) : _dict.Keys;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                var v = Read(key);
+                if (v == null || v.Empty) continue;
+                yield return new KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>(key, v.Value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all items, but one by one.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Clear()
+        {
+            foreach (var key in Keys)
+                Remove(key);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Copy the dictionary contents to an array. Involves enumerating, might not get all
+        /// items which should have been visible at the time of your commit. This does not
+        /// affect read-only transactions, or those writers that do not logically depend on
+        /// seeing all items.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void CopyTo(KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>[] array, int arrayIndex)
+        {
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem> kvp in this)
+                    array[arrayIndex++] = kvp;
+            });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add the specified key and value to the dictionary.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">Thrown if the key is already present in the dictionary.</exception>
+        public void Add(TKey key, TItem value)
+        {
+            Shield.AssertInTransaction();
+            if (ContainsKey(key))
+                throw new ArgumentException("The given key is already present in the dictionary.");
+            this[key] = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check if the dictionary contains the given key.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool ContainsKey(TKey key)
+        {
+            ItemKeeper v;
+            if (!Shield.IsInTransaction)
+                return _dict.TryGetValue(key, out v) && v != null && !v.Empty;
+
+            v = Read(key);
+            return v != null && !v.Empty;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the specified key from the collection.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool Remove(TKey key)
+        {
+            Shield.AssertInTransaction();
+            var keeper = PrepareWrite(key);
+            if (keeper != null)
+            {
+                var res = !keeper.Empty;
+                keeper.Empty = true;
+                return res;
+            }
+            var old = CurrentTransactionOldValue(key);
+            if (old == null || old.Empty)
+                return false;
+            var locals = _localDict.Value;
+            locals.Items[key] = new ItemKeeper { Empty = true };
+            locals.HasChanges = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Safe read based on the key - returns true if the key is present, and
+        /// then also returns the value stored under that key through the out parameter.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool TryGetValue(TKey key, out TItem value)
+        {
+            ItemKeeper v;
+            if (!Shield.IsInTransaction)
+            {
+                if (_dict.TryGetValue(key, out v) && !v.Empty)
+                {
+                    value = v.Value;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                value = default(TItem);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            v = Read(key);
+            if (v != null && !v.Empty)
+            {
+                value = v.Value;
+                return true;
+            }
+            value = default(TItem);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a collection of all the keys in the dictionary. Can be used out of transactions.
+        /// The result is a copy, it will not be updated if the dictionary is later changed.
+        /// Like all enumerating operations on this type, it is not completely safe, unless
+        /// your transaction is read-only.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ICollection<TKey> Keys
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Shield.InTransaction(
+                    () => ((IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>)this)
+                        .Select(kvp => kvp.Key)
+                        .ToList());
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a collection of all the values in the dictionary. Can be used out of transactions.
+        /// The result is a copy, it will not be updated if the dictionary is later changed.
+        /// Like all enumerating operations on this type, it is not completely safe, unless
+        /// your transaction is read-only.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ICollection<TItem> Values
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Shield.InTransaction(
+                    () => ((IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<TKey, TItem>>)this)
+                        .Select(kvp => kvp.Value)
+                        .ToList());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `locals` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 9.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ShieldedDictNc`2<TKey,TItem>.CheckLockAndEnlist(TKey,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+Shielded/ShieldedDictNc.cs
+
+### Key:
+ShieldedDictNc.cs|CheckLockAndEnlist|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cff514ccb90de40f899d1a804c0d1f8c
+
+### Hash:
+e03a9634a87a6f635c3f2b1ffb9df529
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0737/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0737/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a148ce48efaf07b1e3f37050456af79dae3e1faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0737/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Shielded
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.CSharp;
+using System.CodeDom.Compiler;
+using System.CodeDom;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using Shielded;
+
+namespace Shielded.ProxyGen
+{
+    static class ProxyGen
+    {
+        static ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Type> proxies = new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Type>();
+        private const string ShieldedFieldName = "_data";
+        private const string ShieldedValueProperty = "Value";
+
+        public static Type GetFor(Type t)
+        {
+            return proxies.GetOrAdd(t, CreateFor);
+        }
+
+        private static Type CreateFor(Type t)
+        {
+            var provider = new CSharpCodeProvider();
+            CompilerParameters cp = new CompilerParameters();
+            cp.GenerateInMemory = true;
+            CodeCompileUnit cu = new CodeCompileUnit();
+            AddAssemblyReference(cu, t);
+            cu.Namespaces.Add(CreateNamespace(t));
+
+#if DEBUG
+            StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+            provider.GenerateCodeFromCompileUnit(cu,sw , new CodeGeneratorOptions() { BracingStyle="C" });
+            var s = sw.GetStringBuilder().ToString();
+            Trace.WriteLine(s);
+#endif
+
+            CompilerResults cr = provider.CompileAssemblyFromDom(cp,cu);
+            if (cr.Errors.Count > 0)
+            {
+                ThrowErrors(cr.Errors);
+            }
+            return cr.CompiledAssembly.GetTypes()[0];
+        }
+
+        private static void AddAssemblyReference(CodeCompileUnit cu, Type t)
+        {
+            cu.ReferencedAssemblies.Add(t.Assembly.Location);
+            cu.ReferencedAssemblies.Add("Shielded.dll");
+        }
+
+        private static void ThrowErrors(CompilerErrorCollection compilerErrorCollection)
+        {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            foreach( CompilerError  e in compilerErrorCollection)
+            {
+                sb.AppendLine(e.ErrorText);
+            }
+            throw new ProxyGenerationException("Compiler errors:\n" + sb.ToString());
+        }
+
+        private static CodeNamespace CreateNamespace(Type t)
+        {
+            var nsp = new CodeNamespace(t.Namespace);
+            var decl = new CodeTypeDeclaration();
+            decl.Name = GetNameForDerivedClass(t);
+            decl.TypeAttributes = TypeAttributes.NotPublic;
+            decl.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Private;
+            decl.BaseTypes.Add(t);
+
+            var theStruct = new CodeTypeDeclaration();
+            theStruct.Name = GetNameForSupportingStruct(t);
+            theStruct.TypeAttributes = TypeAttributes.NestedPrivate;
+            theStruct.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Private;
+            theStruct.IsStruct = true;
+
+            var theShieldedType = new CodeTypeReference("Shielded.Shielded",
+                new CodeTypeReference(theStruct.Name));
+            var theShieldedField = new CodeMemberField(theShieldedType, "_data") {
+                Attributes = MemberAttributes.Private
+            };
+            theShieldedField.InitExpression = new CodeObjectCreateExpression(theShieldedType);
+            decl.Members.Add(theShieldedField);
+
+            foreach (PropertyInfo pi in t.GetProperties().Where(IsInteresting))
+            {
+                theStruct.Members.Add(CreateStructField(pi));
+                decl.Members.Add(CreatePropertyOverride(theStruct.Name, pi));
+            }
+
+            MethodInfo commMethod;
+            if ((commMethod = t.GetMethod("Commute")) != null &&
+                commMethod.IsVirtual)
+            {
+                var commOverride = new CodeMemberMethod() {
+                    Attributes = MemberAttributes.Override | MemberAttributes.Public,
+                    Name = "Commute",
+                };
+                commOverride.Parameters.Add(new CodeParameterDeclarationExpression(
+                    new CodeTypeReference(typeof(Action)),
+                    "a"));
+                commOverride.ReturnType = new CodeTypeReference(typeof(void));
+                commOverride.Statements.Add(new CodeMethodInvokeExpression(
+                    new CodeFieldReferenceExpression(
+                        new CodeThisReferenceExpression(),
+                        "_data"),
+                    "Commute",
+                    new CodeArgumentReferenceExpression("a")));
+                decl.Members.Add(commOverride);
+            }
+
+            decl.Members.Add(theStruct);
+
+            nsp.Types.Add(decl);
+            return nsp;
+        }
+
+        internal static bool IsInteresting(PropertyInfo pi)
+        {
+            MethodInfo getter, setter;
+            return pi.CanRead && (getter = pi.GetGetMethod()) != null && getter.IsVirtual &&
+                pi.CanWrite && (setter = pi.GetSetMethod()) != null && setter.IsVirtual;
+        }
+
+        private static CodeTypeMember CreateStructField(PropertyInfo pi)
+        {
+            CodeMemberField field = new CodeMemberField();
+            field.Name = pi.Name;
+            field.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Public;
+            field.Type = new CodeTypeReference(pi.PropertyType);
+            return field;
+        }
+
+        private static CodeMemberProperty CreatePropertyOverride(string structType, PropertyInfo pi)
+        {
+            CodeMemberProperty mp = new CodeMemberProperty();
+            mp.Name = pi.Name;
+            mp.Attributes = MemberAttributes.Override | MemberAttributes.Public;
+            mp.Type = new CodeTypeReference(pi.PropertyType);
+            mp.HasGet = mp.HasSet = true;
+            
+            mp.GetStatements.Add(new CodeMethodReturnStatement(new CodeFieldReferenceExpression() {
+                TargetObject = new CodePropertyReferenceExpression() {
+                    TargetObject = new CodeFieldReferenceExpression() {
+                        TargetObject = new CodeThisReferenceExpression(),
+                        FieldName = ShieldedFieldName,
+                    },
+                    PropertyName = ShieldedValueProperty,
+                },
+                FieldName = pi.Name,
+            }));
+
+            // call base setter first, so they can see the old value (using getter) and new (using value)
+            mp.SetStatements.Add(new CodeAssignStatement(
+                new CodePropertyReferenceExpression() {
+                    TargetObject = new CodeBaseReferenceExpression(),
+                    PropertyName = pi.Name,
+                }, new CodePropertySetValueReferenceExpression()));
+            // using Modify has a huge advantage - if a class is big, we don't want to be passing
+            // copies of the underlying struct around.
+            mp.SetStatements.Add(new CodeSnippetStatement(
+                string.Format("{0}.Modify((ref {1} a) => a.{2} = value);",
+                    ShieldedFieldName, structType, pi.Name)));
+
+            return mp;
+        }
+
+       
+
+        private static string GetNameForDerivedClass(Type t)
+        {
+            return string.Concat("__shielded", t.Name);
+        }
+
+        private static string GetNameForSupportingStruct(Type t)
+        {
+            return string.Concat("__struct", t.Name);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource sw of type System.IO.StringWriter, Leaked resource provider of type Microsoft.CSharp.CSharpCodeProvider in method "Type ProxyGen.CreateFor(Type)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Type ProxyGen.CreateFor(Type)
+
+### File:
+Shielded.ProxyGen/ProxyGen.cs
+
+### Key:
+ProxyGen.cs|CreateFor|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+59d9482719c6f3d584a4637ad2755d09
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0739/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0739/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58c0f398a65eb6a61ec03b2b1b5ef6574e812784
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0739/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,841 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Shielded
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Shielded;
+
+namespace ConsoleTests
+{
+    class MainClass
+    {
+        private static Stopwatch _timer;
+
+        public static long mtTest(string name, int taskCount, Func<int, Task> task)
+        {
+            if (_timer == null)
+                _timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            long time;
+            Console.Write("Test - {0}...", name);
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Task.WaitAll(
+                Enumerable.Range(0, taskCount)
+                    .Select(task)
+                    .ToArray());
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            return time;
+        }
+
+        public static void TimeTests()
+        {
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            int transactionCounter;
+            int sleepTime = 1;
+            int taskCount = 1000;
+
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 5))
+            {
+                var x = new int[100];
+                transactionCounter = 0;
+                var time = mtTest("dirty write", taskCount, _ =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(100);
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                        int v = x[rnd];
+                        if (sleepTime > 0) Thread.Sleep(sleepTime);
+                        x[rnd] = v + 1;
+                    },
+                    sleepTime > 0 ? TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning : TaskCreationOptions.None
+                    );
+                });
+                var correct = x.Sum() == taskCount;
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    time, transactionCounter, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+
+            var lockCount = 10;
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 5))
+            {
+                var x = new int[100];
+                transactionCounter = 0;
+                var l = Enumerable.Repeat(0, lockCount).Select(_ => new object()).ToArray();
+                var time = mtTest(string.Format("{0} lock write", lockCount), taskCount, _ =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(100);
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        lock (l[rnd % lockCount])
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                            int v = x[rnd];
+                            if (sleepTime > 0) Thread.Sleep(sleepTime);
+                            x[rnd] = v + 1;
+                        }
+                    },
+                    sleepTime > 0 ? TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning : TaskCreationOptions.None
+                    );
+                });
+                var correct = x.Sum() == taskCount;
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    time, transactionCounter, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 5))
+            {
+                var shx = Enumerable.Repeat(0, 100).Select(n => new Shielded<int>(n)).ToArray();
+                transactionCounter = 0;
+                var time = mtTest("shielded2 write", taskCount, _ =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(100);
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                            int v = shx[rnd];
+                            if (sleepTime > 0) Thread.Sleep(sleepTime);
+                            shx[rnd].Modify((ref int a) => a = v + 1);
+                        });
+                    },
+                    sleepTime > 0 ? TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning : TaskCreationOptions.None
+                    );
+                });
+                var correct = shx.Sum(s => s.Read) == taskCount;
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    time, transactionCounter, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void OneTransaction()
+        {
+            Shielded<int> sh = new Shielded<int>();
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                int x = sh;
+                Console.WriteLine("Read: {0}", x);
+                sh.Modify((ref int a) => a = x + 1);
+                Console.WriteLine("Read after increment: {0}", sh.Read);
+            });
+        }
+
+
+        struct Account
+        {
+            public int Id;
+            public decimal Balance;
+            // beware - copies of this struct share this reference!
+            public List<Transfer> Transfers;
+        }
+
+        struct Transfer
+        {
+            public int OtherId;
+            public decimal AmountReceived;
+        }
+
+        static void ControlledRace()
+        {
+            var acc1 = new Shielded<Account>(new Account()
+            {
+                Id = 1,
+                Balance = 1000M,
+                Transfers = new List<Transfer>()
+            });
+            var acc2 = new Shielded<Account>(new Account()
+            {
+                Id = 2,
+                Balance = 1000M,
+                Transfers = new List<Transfer>()
+            });
+            int transactionCount = 0;
+
+            mtTest("controlled race", 20, n =>
+            {
+                if (n % 2 == 0)
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            Shield.SideEffect(() => Console.WriteLine("Transferred 100.00 .. acc1 -> acc2"),
+                                () => Console.WriteLine("Task 1 rollback!"));
+                            acc1.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance - 100M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc2.Read.Id, AmountReceived = -100M }));
+                            });
+                            Thread.Sleep(100);
+                            acc2.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance + 100M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc1.Read.Id, AmountReceived = 100M }));
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);
+                else
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            Shield.SideEffect(() => Console.WriteLine("Transferred 200.00 .. acc1 <- acc2"),
+                                () => Console.WriteLine("Task 2 rollback!"));
+                            acc2.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance - 200M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc1.Read.Id, AmountReceived = -200M }));
+                            });
+                            Thread.Sleep(250);
+                            acc1.Modify((ref Account a) =>
+                            {
+                                a.Balance = a.Balance + 200M;
+                                var list = a.Transfers;
+                                Shield.SideEffect(() => list.Add(
+                                    new Transfer() { OtherId = acc2.Read.Id, AmountReceived = 200M }));
+                            });
+                        });
+                    }, TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning);
+            });
+            Console.WriteLine("\nCompleted 20 transactions in {0} total attempts.", transactionCount);
+            Console.WriteLine("Account 1 balance: {0}", acc1.Read.Balance);
+            foreach (var t in acc1.Read.Transfers)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("  {0:####,00}", t.AmountReceived);
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine("\nAccount 2 balance: {0}", acc2.Read.Balance);
+            foreach (var t in acc2.Read.Transfers)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("  {0:####,00}", t.AmountReceived);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void DictionaryTest()
+        {
+            ShieldedDict<int, Shielded<int>> dict = new ShieldedDict<int, Shielded<int>>();
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            foreach (var _ in Enumerable.Repeat(0, 10))
+            {
+                var transactionCounter = 0;
+                var time = mtTest("dictionary", 10000, i =>
+                {
+                    var rnd = randomizr.Next(10);
+                    if (i % 2 == 0)
+                        // adder task - 500 of these
+                        return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                        {
+                            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                            {
+                                Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                                var v = dict.ContainsKey(rnd) ? dict[rnd] : null;
+                                int? num = v != null ? (int?)v.Read : null;
+                                Thread.Sleep(1);
+                                if (v == null)
+                                    dict[rnd] = new Shielded<int>(1);
+                                else if (v.Read == -1)
+                                    dict.Remove(rnd);
+                                else
+                                    v.Modify((ref int a) => a = num.Value + 1);
+                            }
+                            );
+                        },
+                        TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning
+                        );
+                    else
+                        // subtractor task - 500 of these
+                        return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                        {
+                            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                            {
+                                Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCounter);
+                                var v = dict.ContainsKey(rnd) ? dict[rnd] : null;
+                                int? num = v != null ? (int?)v.Read : null;
+                                Thread.Sleep(1);
+                                if (v == null)
+                                    dict[rnd] = new Shielded<int>(-1);
+                                else if (v.Read == 1)
+                                    dict.Remove(rnd);
+                                else
+                                    v.Modify((ref int a) => a = num.Value - 1);
+                            }
+                            );
+                        },
+                        TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning
+                        );
+                });
+                var sum = Enumerable.Range(0, 10).Sum(n => dict.ContainsKey(n) ? dict[n] : 0);
+                Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} iterations and sum {2}.",
+                    time, transactionCounter, sum);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a BetShop, and tries to buy a large number of random tickets. Afterwards it
+        /// checks that the rule limiting same ticket winnings is not violated.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static void BetShopTest()
+        {
+            int numEvents = 100;
+            var betShop = new BetShop(numEvents);
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            int reportEvery = 1000;
+            //Shielded<int> nextReport = new Shielded<int>(reportEvery);
+
+            //Shield.Conditional(() => betShop.TicketCount >= nextReport, () =>
+            //{
+            //    nextReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+            //    Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+            //    {
+            //        Console.Write(" {0}..", betShop.TicketCount);
+            //    });
+            //    return true;
+            //});
+            Shielded<int> lastReport = new Shielded<int>(0);
+            Shielded<DateTime> lastTime = new Shielded<DateTime>(DateTime.UtcNow);
+
+            var reportingCond = Shield.Conditional(() => betShop.Tickets.Count >= lastReport + reportEvery, () =>
+            {
+                DateTime newNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                int count = betShop.Tickets.Count;
+                int speed = (count - lastReport) * 1000 / (int)newNow.Subtract(lastTime).TotalMilliseconds;
+                lastTime.Assign(newNow);
+                lastReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+                Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+                {
+                    Console.Write("\n{0} at {1} item/s", count, speed);
+                });
+                return true;
+            });
+
+
+            var time = mtTest("bet shop w/ " + numEvents, 50000, i =>
+            {
+                decimal payIn = (randomizr.Next(10) + 1m) * 1;
+                int event1Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                int event2Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                int event3Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                int offer1Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                int offer2Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                int offer3Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                return Task.Factory.StartNew(() => Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                {
+                    var offer1 = betShop.Events[event1Id].Read.BetOffers[offer1Ind];
+                    var offer2 = betShop.Events[event2Id].Read.BetOffers[offer2Ind];
+                    var offer3 = betShop.Events[event3Id].Read.BetOffers[offer3Ind];
+                    betShop.BuyTicket(payIn, offer1, offer2, offer3);
+                }));
+            });
+
+            Shield.CancelConditional(reportingCond);
+
+            var totalCorrect = betShop.VerifyTickets();
+            Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} tickets paid in and is {2}.",
+                time, betShop.Tickets.Count, totalCorrect ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+        }
+
+        public static void BetShopPoolTest()
+        {
+            int numThreads = 3;
+            int numTickets = 200000;
+            int numEvents = 100;
+            var barrier = new Barrier(2);
+            var betShop = new BetShop(numEvents);
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            int reportEvery = 10000;
+            //Shielded<int> nextReport = new Shielded<int>(reportEvery);
+
+            //Shield.Conditional(() => betShop.TicketCount >= nextReport, () =>
+            //{
+            //    nextReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+            //    Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+            //    {
+            //        Console.Write(" {0}..", betShop.TicketCount);
+            //    });
+            //    return true;
+            //});
+            Shielded<int> lastReport = new Shielded<int>(0);
+            Shielded<DateTime> lastTime = new Shielded<DateTime>(DateTime.UtcNow);
+
+            Shield.Conditional(() => betShop.Tickets.Count >= lastReport + reportEvery, () =>
+            {
+                DateTime newNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                int count = betShop.Tickets.Count;
+                int speed = (count - lastReport) * 1000 / (int)newNow.Subtract(lastTime).TotalMilliseconds;
+                lastTime.Assign(newNow);
+                lastReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+                Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+                {
+                    Console.Write("\n{0} at {1} item/s", count, speed);
+                });
+                return true;
+            });
+
+
+            var bags = new List<Action>[numThreads];
+            var threads = new Thread[numThreads];
+            for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+            {
+                var bag = bags[i] = new List<Action>();
+                threads[i] = new Thread(() => {
+                    foreach (var a in bag)
+                        a();
+                });
+            }
+
+            var complete = new Shielded<int>();
+            Shield.Conditional(() => complete == numTickets, () => {
+                barrier.SignalAndWait();
+                return false;
+            });
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(0, numTickets))
+            {
+                decimal payIn = (randomizr.Next(10) + 1m) * 1;
+                int event1Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                int event2Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                int event3Id = randomizr.Next(numEvents) + 1;
+                int offer1Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                int offer2Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                int offer3Ind = randomizr.Next(3);
+                bags[i % numThreads].Add(() => Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                {
+                    var offer1 = betShop.Events[event1Id].Read.BetOffers[offer1Ind];
+                    var offer2 = betShop.Events[event2Id].Read.BetOffers[offer2Ind];
+                    var offer3 = betShop.Events[event3Id].Read.BetOffers[offer3Ind];
+                    betShop.BuyTicket(payIn, offer1, offer2, offer3);
+                    complete.Commute((ref int n) => n++);
+                }));
+            }
+            _timer = new Stopwatch();
+            _timer.Start();
+            for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+                threads[i].Start();
+
+            barrier.SignalAndWait();
+            var time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            var totalCorrect = betShop.VerifyTickets();
+            Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms with {1} tickets paid in and is {2}.",
+                time, betShop.Tickets.Count, totalCorrect ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+        }
+
+        class TreeItem
+        {
+            public Guid Id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        }
+
+        public static void TreePoolTest()
+        {
+            int numThreads = 3;
+            int numItems = 100000;
+            // for some reason, if this is replaced with ShieldedDict, KeyAlreadyPresent
+            // exception is thrown. under one key you can then find an entity which does
+            // not have that key. complete mystery.
+            var tree = new ShieldedTree<Guid, TreeItem>();
+            var barrier = new Barrier(numThreads + 1);
+            int reportEvery = 10000;
+            Shielded<int> lastReport = new Shielded<int>(0);
+            Shielded<DateTime> lastTime = new Shielded<DateTime>(DateTime.UtcNow);
+
+            Shield.Conditional(() => tree.Count >= lastReport + reportEvery, () =>
+            {
+                DateTime newNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
+                int count = tree.Count;
+                int speed = (count - lastReport) * 1000 / (int)newNow.Subtract(lastTime).TotalMilliseconds;
+                lastTime.Assign(newNow);
+                lastReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+                Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+                {
+                    Console.Write("\n{0} at {1} item/s", count, speed);
+                });
+                return true;
+            });
+
+
+            TreeItem x = new TreeItem();
+
+            _timer = new Stopwatch();
+            _timer.Start();
+            var time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => x.Id = x.Id);
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Empty transactions in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            var bags = new List<Action>[numThreads];
+            var threads = new Thread[numThreads];
+            for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+            {
+                var bag = bags[i] = new List<Action>();
+                threads[i] = new Thread(() => {
+                    foreach (var a in bag)
+                        a();
+                    barrier.SignalAndWait();
+                });
+            }
+
+            foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(0, numItems))
+            {
+                var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                bags[i % numThreads].Add(() => Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                {
+                    tree.Add(item1.Id, item1);
+                }));
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; i++)
+                threads[i].Start();
+
+            barrier.SignalAndWait();
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Console.WriteLine(" {0} ms.", time);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("\nReading sequentially...");
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            var keys = Shield.InTransaction(() => tree.Keys);
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Keys read in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                foreach (var kvp in tree)
+                    x = kvp.Value;
+            });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by enumerator in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => {
+                foreach (var k in keys)
+                    x = tree[k];
+            });
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by key in one trans in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in keys)
+                x = tree[k];
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Items read by key separately in {0} ms.", time);
+
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds;
+            foreach (var k in Enumerable.Repeat(1, numItems))
+                Shield.InTransaction(() => x.Id = x.Id);
+            time = _timer.ElapsedMilliseconds - time;
+            Console.WriteLine("Empty transactions in {0} ms.", time);
+        }
+
+        public static void TreeTest()
+        {
+            int numTasks = 100000;
+            int reportEvery = 1000;
+
+            ShieldedTree<Guid, TreeItem> tree = new ShieldedTree<Guid, TreeItem>();
+            int transactionCount = 0;
+            Shielded<int> lastReport = new Shielded<int>(0);
+            Shielded<int> countComplete = new Shielded<int>(0);
+//            Shielded<DateTime> lastTime = new Shielded<DateTime>(DateTime.UtcNow);
+//
+//            Shield.Conditional(() => countComplete >= lastReport + reportEvery, () =>
+//            {
+//                DateTime newNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
+//                int speed = (countComplete - lastReport) * 1000 / (int)newNow.Subtract(lastTime).TotalMilliseconds;
+//                lastTime.Assign(newNow);
+//                lastReport.Modify((ref int n) => n += reportEvery);
+//                int count = countComplete;
+//                Shield.SideEffect(() =>
+//                {
+//                    Console.Write("\n{0} at {1} item/s", count, speed);
+//                }
+//                );
+//                return true;
+//            }
+//            );
+
+            if (true)
+            {
+                var treeTime = mtTest("tree", numTasks, i =>
+                {
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            tree.Add(item1.Id, item1);
+//                            countComplete.Commute((ref int c) => c++);
+                        }
+                        );
+                    }
+                    );
+                }
+                );
+                Guid? previous = null;
+                bool correct = true;
+                Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                {
+                    int count = 0;
+                    foreach (var item in tree)
+                    {
+                        count++;
+                        if (previous != null && previous.Value.CompareTo(item.Key) > 0)
+                        {
+                            correct = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        previous = item.Key;
+                    }
+                    correct = correct && (count == numTasks);
+                }
+                );
+                Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                    treeTime, transactionCount, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+            }
+
+            if (true)
+            {
+                ShieldedDict<Guid, TreeItem> dict = new ShieldedDict<Guid, TreeItem>();
+                transactionCount = 0;
+                Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                {
+                    countComplete.Assign(0);
+                    lastReport.Assign(0);
+                }
+                );
+
+                var time = mtTest("dictionary", numTasks, i =>
+                {
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                        Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                        {
+                            Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                            dict[item1.Id] = item1;
+//                            countComplete.Commute((ref int c) => c++);
+                        }
+                        );
+                    }
+                    );
+                }
+                );
+                Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations. Not sorted.",
+                time, transactionCount);
+            }
+
+            if (true)
+            {
+                ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, TreeItem> dict = new ConcurrentDictionary<Guid, TreeItem>();
+
+                var time = mtTest("ConcurrentDictionary", numTasks, i =>
+                {
+                    return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                    {
+                        var item1 = new TreeItem();
+                        dict[item1.Id] = item1;
+                    }
+                    );
+                }
+                );
+                Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations. Not sorted.",
+                time, numTasks);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void SkewTest()
+        {
+            var numTasks = 1000;
+            var numFields = 10;
+            var transactionCount = 0;
+            var randomizr = new Random();
+            var shA = Enumerable.Repeat(0, numFields).Select(_ => new Shielded<int>(100)).ToArray();
+            var shB = Enumerable.Repeat(0, numFields).Select(_ => new Shielded<int>(100)).ToArray();
+
+            var time = mtTest("skew write", numTasks, i =>
+            {
+                int index = randomizr.Next(numFields << 1);
+                int amount = randomizr.Next(10) + 1;
+                return Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+                {
+                    Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+                    {
+                        Interlocked.Increment(ref transactionCount);
+                        // take one from one of the arrays, but only if it does not take sum under 100
+                        var sum = shA[index >> 1] + shB[index >> 1];
+                        if (sum - amount >= 100)
+                        {
+                            //Thread.Sleep(10);
+                            if ((index & 1) == 0)
+                                shA[index >> 1].Modify((ref int n) => n = n - amount);
+                            else
+                                shB[index >> 1].Modify((ref int n) => n = n - amount);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    );
+                },
+                TaskCreationOptions.LongRunning
+                );
+            }
+            );
+            // it's correct if no sum is smaller than 100
+            var correct = true;
+            for (int j = 0; j < numFields; j++)
+                if (shA[j] + shB[j] < 100)
+                {
+                    correct = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            Console.WriteLine("\n -- {0} ms with {1} iterations and is {2}.",
+                time, transactionCount, correct ? "correct" : "incorrect");
+        }
+
+        private class Dummy
+        {
+            public int Value;
+        }
+
+        public static void SimpleTreeTest()
+        {
+            ShieldedTree<int, Dummy> tree = new ShieldedTree<int, Dummy>();
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(1, 2000))
+                {
+                    tree.Add(1000 - i, new Dummy() { Value = 1000 - i });
+                    tree.Add(1000 - i, new Dummy() { Value = 1000 - i });
+                }
+            });
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                foreach (int i in Enumerable.Range(1, 1000).Select(x => x << 1))
+                {
+                    tree.Remove(1000 - i);
+                }
+            });
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                foreach (var kvp in tree.Range(505, 525))
+                    Console.WriteLine("Item: {0}", kvp.Key);
+            });
+        }
+
+        public static void SimpleCommuteTest()
+        {
+            var a = new Shielded<int>();
+
+            Shield.InTransaction(() => a.Commute((ref int n) => n++));
+            Console.WriteLine(a);
+
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(a);
+                a.Commute((ref int n) => n++);
+                Console.WriteLine(a);
+            });
+            Console.WriteLine(a);
+
+            Shield.InTransaction(() =>
+            {
+                a.Commute((ref int n) => n++);
+                Console.WriteLine(a);
+            });
+            Console.WriteLine(a);
+        }
+
+        public static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            //TimeTests();
+
+            //OneTransaction();
+
+            //ControlledRace();
+
+            //DictionaryTest();
+
+            //BetShopTest();
+
+            //BetShopPoolTest();
+
+            //TreeTest();
+
+            //TreePoolTest();
+
+            //SkewTest();
+
+            //SimpleTreeTest();
+
+            //SimpleCommuteTest();
+
+            new Queue().Run();
+
+            //SequentialTests.Run();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of ConsoleTests.Queue::.ctor() at Line 777).ConsoleTests.Queue._barrier of type System.Threading.Barrier in method "Void MainClass.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MainClass.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+ConsoleTests/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+6460e7d7a41dcf13adadf040c43c1890
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0754/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0754/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e1d836375287940ee76f0857100f4bd1dc89a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0754/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Dora
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Dora.DynamicProxy;
+using Dora.Interception;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using System;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace App
+{
+    public class Program
+    {
+        public static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            var clock1 = new ServiceCollection()
+              .AddMemoryCache()
+              .AddSingleton<ISystomClock, SystomClock>()
+              .AddInterception()
+              .BuildServiceProvider()
+              .GetRequiredService<IInterceptable<ISystomClock>>()
+              .Proxy;
+
+            var method = typeof(ISystomClock).GetMethod("GetCurrentTime");
+            var field = clock1.GetType().GetField("_interceptors", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
+            var decoration = field.GetValue(clock1) as InterceptorDecoration;
+            var interceptor = decoration.GetInterceptor(method);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Current time: {clock1.GetCurrentTime(DateTimeKind.Local)}");
+                Task.Delay(1000).Wait();
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Current time: {clock1.GetCurrentTime(DateTimeKind.Utc)}");
+                Task.Delay(1000).Wait();
+            }
+
+
+            var clock2 = new ServiceCollection()
+              .AddMemoryCache()
+              .AddSingleton<ISystomClock, SystomClock>()
+              .BuilderInterceptableServiceProvider()
+              .GetRequiredService<ISystomClock>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Current time: {clock2.GetCurrentTime(DateTimeKind.Local)}");
+                Task.Delay(1000).Wait();
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine($"Current time: {clock2.GetCurrentTime(DateTimeKind.Utc)}");
+                Task.Delay(1000).Wait();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.IServiceProvider Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceCollectionExtensions::BuilderInterceptableServiceProvider(Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.IServiceCollection,System.Action`1<Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.InterceptionBuilder>) at Line 40) of type Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection.ServiceProvider2 in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+demo/Interception/App1/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f62bd97cd6c6c1bf5b8414cf228442ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0762/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0762/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eab6d84aa3f5f3f9badccfe5a5c7d97a82d70ade
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0762/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** silky
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Silky.Core.Rpc;
+using Silky.Rpc.Endpoint;
+
+namespace Silky.Rpc.Transport.Messages
+{
+    public static class RemoteInvokeMessageExtensions
+    {
+        public static void SetRpcAttachments(this RemoteInvokeMessage message, bool isGateway = false)
+        {
+            foreach (var messageAttachment in message.Attachments)
+            {
+                if (messageAttachment.Key.Equals(AttachmentKeys.SelectedServerEndpoint)
+                    || messageAttachment.Key.Equals(AttachmentKeys.SelectedServerHost)
+                    || messageAttachment.Key.Equals(AttachmentKeys.SelectedServerPort)
+                    || messageAttachment.Key.Equals(AttachmentKeys.SelectedServerServiceProtocol)
+                )
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                RpcContext.Context.SetAttachment(messageAttachment.Key, messageAttachment.Value);
+            }
+
+            var localRpcEndpoint = RpcEndpointHelper.GetLocalRpcEndpointDescriptor();
+            RpcContext.Context.SetAttachment(AttachmentKeys.LocalAddress, localRpcEndpoint.Host);
+            RpcContext.Context.SetAttachment(AttachmentKeys.LocalPort, localRpcEndpoint.Port);
+            RpcContext.Context.SetAttachment(AttachmentKeys.LocalServiceProtocol, localRpcEndpoint.ServiceProtocol);
+            RpcContext.Context.SetAttachment(AttachmentKeys.IsGateway, isGateway);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `localRpcEndpoint` last assigned on line 24 could be null and is dereferenced at line 25, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RemoteInvokeMessageExtensions.SetRpcAttachments(RemoteInvokeMessage,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+framework/src/Silky.Rpc/Transport/Messages/RemoteInvokeMessageExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+RemoteInvokeMessageExtensions.cs|SetRpcAttachments|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2cefdf467be5b2a12ba8e1652fa299d8
+
+### Hash:
+b756acb1f8b0d04e2b47e7c2df0ada53
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0765/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0765/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09c1f516915a3424a338164f036658edcf05928e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0765/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3833 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Tizen-CSharp-Samples
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/** Copyright (c) 2017 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*
+*/
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using Tizen.NUI;
+using Tizen.NUI.BaseComponents;
+
+namespace Tizen.NUI
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A view that shows items in two-dimension grid, which can scroll horizontally or vertically.
+    /// The items in the grid come from the GirdBridge associated with this view.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class GridView : View
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GridView event types
+        /// </summary>
+        public enum GridEventType
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Event triggered when focus change 
+            /// </summary>
+            FocusChange,
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Event triggered when item scroll in 
+            /// </summary>
+            ItemScrolledIn,
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Event triggered when item scroll out 
+            /// </summary>
+            ItemScrolledOut,
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GridView orientation types
+        /// </summary>
+        public enum GridType
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Items laid horizontal 
+            /// </summary>
+            Horizontal = 0,
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Items laid vertical
+            /// </summary>
+            Vertical
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GridView event args at event call back, user can get information
+        /// </summary>
+        public class GridEventArgs : EventArgs
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// GridView event type
+            /// </summary>
+            public GridEventType EventType
+            {
+                get;
+                set;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// GridView event data
+            /// </summary>
+            public int[] param = new int[4];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Construct GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        public GridView()
+        {
+            Initialize();
+
+            // register event handler for relayout
+            Relayout += OnRelayoutUpdate;
+
+            FocusGained += ControlFocusGained;
+            FocusLost += ControlFocusLost;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Get/Set list type. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public GridType Type
+        {
+            get { return gridType; }
+            set { gridType = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Get/Set list spaces around items. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public new Vector4 Margin
+        {
+            get { return margin; }
+            set { margin = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Get/Set space between columns 
+        /// </summary>
+        public int ColumnSpace
+        {
+            get { return columnSpace; }
+            set { columnSpace = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Get/Set space between rows 
+        /// </summary>
+        public int RowSpace
+        {
+            get { return rowSpace; }
+            set { rowSpace = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Get/Set space between groups 
+        /// </summary>
+        public int GroupSpace
+        {
+            get { return groupSpace; }
+            set { groupSpace = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Get/Set space for title 
+        /// </summary>
+        public int TitleSpace
+        {
+            get { return titleSpace; }
+            set { titleSpace = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get/Set enable flag of whether support straight path focus move.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool StateStraightPathEnable
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get/Set enable flag of right circulation of GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool StateRightCircularEnable
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get/Set enable flag of left circulation of GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool StateLeftCircularEnable
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get/Set focus move animation duration of GridView. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public int FocusMoveDuration
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return focusMoveAniDuration;
+            }
+
+            set
+            {
+                focusMoveAniDuration = value;
+                //focusMoveAni.Duration = value;
+                //scaleAni.Duration = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get/Set scroll bar fade out time
+        /// </summary>
+        public int ScrollBarFadeOutDuration
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Preload item buffer size at front 
+        /// </summary>
+        public int PreloadFrontColumnSize
+        {
+            get { return preloadFrontColumnSize; }
+            set { preloadFrontColumnSize = value ; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Preload item buffer size at back 
+        /// </summary>
+        public int PreloadBackColumnSize
+        {
+            get { return preloadBackColumnSize; }
+            set { preloadBackColumnSize = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Focus in scale factor 
+        /// </summary>
+        public float FocusInScaleFactor
+        {
+            get { return focusInScaleFactor; }
+            set { focusInScaleFactor = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Focus in scale animation duration 
+        /// </summary>
+        public AnimationAttributes FocusInScaleAnimationAttrs
+        {
+            get { return focusInScaleAnimationAttrs; }
+            set { focusInScaleAnimationAttrs = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> 
+        /// Focus out scale animation duration 
+        /// </summary>
+        public AnimationAttributes FocusOutScaleAnimationAttrs
+        {
+            get { return focusOutScaleAnimationAttrs; }
+            set { focusOutScaleAnimationAttrs = value; }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the data behind this GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="bridge">The GridBridge which is responsible for maintaining the data
+        /// backing this grid and for producing a view to represent an item in the data set.</param>
+        public void SetBridge(GridBridge bridge)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Set bridge for GridView"));
+            Debug.Assert(bridge != null);
+
+            if (gridBridge != null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            gridBridge = bridge;
+
+            gridBridge.DataChangeEvent += OnDataChange;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < groupList.Count; i++)
+            {
+                View groupTitle = gridBridge.GetGroupTitleView(i);
+                if (groupTitle != null)
+                {
+                    groupList[i].title = groupTitle;
+
+                    if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+                    {
+                        groupTitle.ParentOrigin = Tizen.NUI.ParentOrigin.TopLeft;
+                        groupTitle.PivotPoint = Tizen.NUI.PivotPoint.BottomLeft;
+                        groupTitle.PositionUsesPivotPoint = true;
+                        groupTitle.PositionX = groupList[i].startPos;
+                        groupTitle.PositionY = -titleSpace;
+                        Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "titleView.PositionX: " + groupTitle.PositionX + ", titleView.PositionY: " + groupTitle.PositionY);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        groupTitle.PositionX = 0;
+                        groupTitle.PositionY = groupList[i].startPos - titleSpace;
+                    }
+
+                    itemGroup.Add(groupTitle);
+                }
+            }
+
+            SetViewTypeCount(gridBridge.GetItemTypeCount());
+
+
+            if (groupList.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Load();
+                if (HasFocus() == true && curInMemoryItemSet.Count != 0)
+                {
+                    SetFocus(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add groups to GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupCount">The count of groups to add.</param>
+        public void AddGroup(int groupCount)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Add Group Number{0}", groupCount));
+            int prevCount = groupList.Count;
+            for (int i = prevCount; i < groupCount + prevCount; i++)
+            {
+                Group newGroup = new Group();
+                newGroup.index = i;
+                newGroup.columnList = new List<Column>();
+                newGroup.itemList = new List<GridItem>();
+                newGroup.itemIndexToCell = new Dictionary<int,Cell>();
+
+                if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+                {
+                    newGroup.startPos = newGroup.endPos = (i == 0 ? 0 : groupSpace + groupList.ElementAt(i - 1).endPos);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newGroup.startPos = newGroup.endPos = (i == 0 ? 0 : groupSpace + groupList.ElementAt(i - 1).endPos + titleSpace);
+                }
+
+                if (gridBridge != null)
+                {
+                    View groupTitle = gridBridge.GetGroupTitleView(i);
+                    if (groupTitle != null)
+                    {
+                        newGroup.title = groupTitle;
+                        if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+                        {
+                            groupTitle.ParentOrigin = Tizen.NUI.ParentOrigin.TopLeft;
+                            groupTitle.PivotPoint = Tizen.NUI.PivotPoint.BottomLeft;
+                            groupTitle.PositionUsesPivotPoint = true;
+                            groupTitle.PositionX = newGroup.startPos;
+                            groupTitle.PositionY = -titleSpace;
+                            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "titleView.PositionX: " + groupTitle.PositionX + ", titleView.PositionY: " + groupTitle.PositionY);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            groupTitle.PositionX = 0;
+                            groupTitle.PositionY = newGroup.startPos - titleSpace;
+                        }
+
+                        itemGroup.Add(groupTitle);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                groupList.Add(newGroup);
+           }
+        }
+
+        internal void ResetGroup(int groupCount)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "...." + groupCount);
+            if (groupList.Count < groupCount)
+            {
+                AddGroup(groupCount - groupList.Count);
+            }
+            else if (groupList.Count > groupCount)
+            {
+                int removeCount = groupList.Count - groupCount;
+                for (int i = groupCount; i < groupList.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    if (groupList.ElementAt(i).title != null)
+                    {
+                        itemGroup.Remove(groupList.ElementAt(i).title);
+                        gridBridge.RemoveGroupTitleView(i, groupList.ElementAt(i).title);
+                    }
+
+                    Clear(i);
+                }
+
+                groupList.RemoveRange(groupCount, removeCount);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add column to GridView.
+        internal void AddColumn(int columnWidth, int groupIndex = 0)
+        {
+            if (groupList.Count == 0)
+            {
+                Group newGroup = new Group();
+                newGroup.index = 0;
+                newGroup.columnList = new List<Column>();
+                newGroup.itemList = new List<GridItem>();
+                newGroup.itemIndexToCell = new Dictionary<int, Cell>();
+                newGroup.startPos = newGroup.endPos =  0;
+                groupList.Add(newGroup);
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Add column columnWidth {0} to group {1}",columnWidth, groupIndex));
+            
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+
+            Column newColumn = new Column();
+            newColumn.groupIndex = groupIndex;
+            newColumn.index = curGroup.columnList.Count;
+            newColumn.space = columnWidth;
+
+            if (newColumn.index == 0)
+            {
+                newColumn.startPos = curGroup.startPos;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                newColumn.startPos = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(newColumn.index - 1).endPos + columnSpace; 
+            }
+
+            newColumn.endPos = newColumn.startPos + columnWidth;
+
+            if (newColumn.cellList == null)
+            {
+                newColumn.cellList = new List<Cell>();
+            }
+
+            curGroup.columnList.Add(newColumn);
+
+            float posOffset = (0 == newColumn.index) ? columnWidth : columnWidth + columnSpace;
+            curGroup.endPos += posOffset;
+ 
+            for (int i = groupIndex + 1; i < (int)groupList.Count; i++)
+            {
+                if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType && groupList.ElementAt(i).title != null)
+                {
+                    groupList.ElementAt(i).title.PositionX += posOffset;
+                }
+
+                groupList.ElementAt(i).ResetPosition(posOffset);
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "...");
+            return;
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Add row to the column in GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnIndex">The column index;</param>
+        /// <param name="rowHeight">The row space.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        public void AddRowToColumn(int columnIndex, int rowHeight, int groupIndex = 0)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Add row rowHeight {0} to column {1} of group {2}", rowHeight, columnIndex, groupIndex));
+            if (!IsColumnIndexValid(groupIndex, columnIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid column index"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+            Column curColumn = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(columnIndex);
+
+            int curRowNumInCol = curColumn.cellList.Count;
+
+            Cell newCell = new Cell();
+
+            Cell lastCell = (curRowNumInCol == 0 ? null : curColumn.cellList.ElementAt(curRowNumInCol - 1));
+
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                newCell.rect.X = curColumn.startPos;
+                newCell.rect.Y = (curRowNumInCol == 0 ? 0 : lastCell.rect.Bottom() + rowSpace);
+                newCell.rect.Height = rowHeight;
+                newCell.rect.Width = curColumn.space;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                newCell.rect.X = (curRowNumInCol == 0) ? 0 : lastCell.rect.Right() + columnSpace;
+                newCell.rect.Y = curColumn.startPos;
+                newCell.rect.Height = rowHeight;
+                newCell.rect.Width = curColumn.space;
+            }
+
+            newCell.columnIndex = columnIndex;
+            newCell.rowIndex = curRowNumInCol;
+            newCell.index = curRowNumInCol;
+            if (curRowNumInCol == 0)
+            {
+                if (columnIndex == 0)
+                {
+                    newCell.itemIndex = 0;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    newCell.itemIndex = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(columnIndex - 1).endItemIndex + 1;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                newCell.itemIndex = lastCell.itemIndex + 1;
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", " >>>>>>> newCell.itemIndex: " + newCell.itemIndex + " newCell.rect[" + newCell.rect.X + ", " + newCell.rect.Y + ", " + newCell.rect.Width + ", " + newCell.rect.Height + "]");
+
+            curColumn.cellList.Add(newCell);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "...");
+
+            if (curRowNumInCol == 0)
+            {
+                curColumn.startItemIndex = newCell.itemIndex;
+            }
+
+            curColumn.endItemIndex = newCell.itemIndex;
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", " >>>>>>> curColumn.startItemIndex: " + curColumn.startItemIndex + " curColumn.endItemIndex: " + curColumn.endItemIndex);
+
+            curGroup.itemIndexToCell.Add(newCell.itemIndex, newCell);
+            curGroup.realCellCount++;
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "Group: " + groupIndex + ", Column: " + columnIndex + " Cell.rowIndex: " + newCell.rowIndex + " Cell.columnIndex: " + newCell.columnIndex + " Cell.itemIndex: " + newCell.itemIndex + " curGroup.realCellCount:" + curGroup.realCellCount);
+        }
+
+        // Add row to the all column in same group of GridView.
+        internal void AddRowToAllColumn(int rowHeight, int groupIndex)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Add row rowHeight {0} to to all column of group {1}", rowHeight, groupIndex));
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int columnCount = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).columnList.Count;
+            for (int i = 0; i < columnCount; i++)
+            {
+                AddRowToColumn(i, rowHeight, groupIndex);
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Quickly add an regular grid by pass column/row number and cell size.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="columnCount">The columns count.</param>
+        /// <param name="rowCount">The rows count.</param>
+        /// <param name="columnWidth">The column width.</param>
+        /// <param name="rowHeight">The row height.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The groupIndex, default value is -1, means all the groups will use the same regular grid.</param>
+        public void AddRegularGrid(int columnCount, int rowCount, int columnWidth, int rowHeight, int groupIndex = -1)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Add row x column : ({0} x {1}) rowHeight: {2} , columnWidth: {3} to group {4}", rowCount, columnCount, rowHeight, columnWidth, groupIndex));
+
+            if (groupIndex != -1)
+            {
+                if (groupList.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    Group newGroup = new Group();
+                    newGroup.index = 0;
+                    newGroup.columnList = new List<Column>();
+                    newGroup.itemList = new List<GridItem>();
+                    newGroup.itemIndexToCell = new Dictionary<int, Cell>();
+                    newGroup.startPos = newGroup.endPos = 0;
+                    groupList.Add(newGroup);
+                }
+                else if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+                {
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (gridType == GridType.Vertical)
+            {
+                int temp = rowCount;
+                rowCount = columnCount;
+                columnCount = temp;
+            }
+
+            this.rowCnt = rowCount;
+            this.colCnt = columnCount;
+            this.rowH = rowHeight;
+            this.colW = columnWidth;
+
+            if (columnCount == -1)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (groupIndex == -1)
+            {
+                for (int k = 0; k < groupList.Count; k++)
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < columnCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        AddColumn(columnWidth, groupIndex);
+
+                        for (int j = 0; j < rowCount; j++)
+                        {
+                            AddRowToColumn(i, rowHeight, groupIndex);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < columnCount; i++)
+                {
+                    AddColumn(columnWidth, groupIndex);
+
+                    for (int j = 0; j < rowCount; j++)
+                    {
+                        AddRowToColumn(i, rowHeight, groupIndex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Attach title to the group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="titleView">The title view.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        public void AttachGroupTitle(View titleView, int groupIndex = 0)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Attach group title to {0}", groupIndex));
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                titleView.ParentOrigin = Tizen.NUI.ParentOrigin.TopLeft;
+                titleView.PivotPoint = Tizen.NUI.PivotPoint.BottomLeft;
+                titleView.PositionUsesPivotPoint = true;
+                titleView.PositionX = curGroup.startPos;
+                titleView.PositionY = -titleSpace;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                titleView.PositionX = 0;
+                titleView.PositionY = curGroup.startPos - titleSpace;
+            }
+
+            curGroup.title = titleView;
+            itemGroup.Add(titleView);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get group title of specified group index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Group index of GridIndex view.</param>
+        /// <returns>Title view of specified group index.</returns>
+        public View GetGroupTitle(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return groupList[groupIndex].title;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set focus group index and item index of GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">focus item index</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">focus group index</param>
+        public void SetFoucsItemIndex(int itemIndex, int groupIndex = 0)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Set Focus to item {0} of group {1}", itemIndex, groupIndex));
+            if (!IsItemIndexValid(groupIndex, itemIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid item index"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (groupIndex == focusGroupIndex && itemIndex == focusItemIndex)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Already focused"));
+                return;
+            }
+            //if (IsFocused == true)
+            //{
+            //    SetFocus(groupIndex, itemIndex);
+            //}
+            if (HasFocus() == true)
+            {
+                SetFocus(groupIndex, itemIndex);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                focusGroupIndex = groupIndex;
+                focusItemIndex = itemIndex;
+                focusTagGroupIndex = focusGroupIndex;
+                focusTagItemIndex = focusItemIndex;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get focus group index and item index of GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">focus group index</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">focus item index</param>
+        public void GetFocusItemIndex(out int groupIndex, out int itemIndex)
+        {
+            groupIndex = focusGroupIndex;
+            itemIndex = focusItemIndex;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get loaded item view in GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Specified group index</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">Specified item index</param>
+        /// <returns> Return the ItemView, if the item is unloaded, returns null.</returns>
+        public object GetLoadedItemView(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            GridItem item = null;
+            if (IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex) == true && IsItemIndexValid(groupIndex, itemIndex))
+            {
+                item = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).itemList.ElementAt(itemIndex);
+            }
+
+            return item?.itemView;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// User to do the page move.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="bAni">Used to control whether support animation.</param>
+        public void MoveNextPage(bool bAni = true)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Move to next page"));
+            PageMove(false, bAni);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// User to do the page move.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="bAni">Used to control whether support animation.</param>
+        public void MovePrevPage(bool bAni = true)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Move to previous page"));
+            PageMove(true, bAni);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update an item.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The itemIndex.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The groupIndex.</param>
+        public void UpdateItem(int itemIndex, int groupIndex = 0)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Update item {0} of group {1}", itemIndex, groupIndex));
+            if (!IsItemIndexValid(groupIndex, itemIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Cell curCell = GetCellByItemIndex(groupIndex, itemIndex);
+            int columnIndex = curCell.columnIndex;
+            
+            if ((groupIndex > onScreenRange.startGroupIndex && groupIndex < onScreenRange.endGroupIndex)
+                || (groupIndex == onScreenRange.startGroupIndex && columnIndex >= onScreenRange.startColumnIndex)
+                || (groupIndex == onScreenRange.endGroupIndex && columnIndex <= onScreenRange.endColumnIndex))
+            {
+                gridBridge.UpdateItem(groupIndex, itemIndex, groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).itemList.ElementAt(itemIndex).itemView);
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update all items on screen.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void UpdateAllItems()
+        {
+            foreach (GridItem item in curInMemoryItemSet)
+            {
+                gridBridge.UpdateItem(item.groupIndex, item.index, item.itemView);
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get group number of GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Groups count</returns>
+        public int GetGroupCount()
+        {
+            return groupList.Count;
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get column count of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <returns>Columns count</returns>
+        public int GetColumnCount(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "... groupIndex = " + groupIndex);
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return INVALID_COUNT; 
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+
+            if (curGroup.columnList == null)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid column list"));
+                return INVALID_COUNT;
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "... curGroup.columnList.Count = " + curGroup.columnList.Count);
+            return curGroup.columnList.Count;
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get cell count of specified column of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <param name="columnIndex">The column index.</param>
+        /// <returns>Cells count</returns>
+        public int GetCellCount(int groupIndex, int columnIndex)
+        {
+            if (!IsColumnIndexValid(groupIndex, columnIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return INVALID_COUNT;
+            }
+
+            Column curColumn = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).columnList.ElementAt(columnIndex);
+
+            if (curColumn.cellList == null)
+            {
+                return INVALID_COUNT;
+            }
+
+            return curColumn.cellList.Count;
+        }
+
+ 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get item count of a group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <returns>Items count</returns>
+        public int GetItemCount(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return INVALID_COUNT;
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+            return curGroup.itemList.Count;
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the GridBridge of GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The GridBridge of GridView.</returns>
+        public GridBridge GetBridge()
+        {
+            return gridBridge;
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get on screen item range.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startGroupIndex">The group index of start range.</param>
+        /// <param name="startItemIndex">The item index of start range.</param>
+        /// <param name="endGroupIndex">The group index of end range.</param>
+        /// <param name="endItemIndex">The item index of end range.</param>
+        public void GetOnscreenRange(out int startGroupIndex, out int startItemIndex, out int endGroupIndex, out int endItemIndex)
+        {
+            startGroupIndex = onScreenRange.startGroupInScrn;
+            startItemIndex = onScreenRange.startItemIndexInScrn;
+            endGroupIndex = onScreenRange.endGroupInScrn;
+            endItemIndex = onScreenRange.endItemIndexInScrn;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Move focus according to parameter direction
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="direction">Focus move direction, can be "Left", "Right",  "Up" or "Down"</param>
+        public void Move(string direction)
+        {
+            MoveFocus(direction);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get screen position of specified item.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Group index of linear view.</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">Item index of group.</param>
+        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">
+        /// Thrown when groupIndex or item index is invalid.
+        /// </exception>
+        /// <returns>Screen position of specified item.</returns>
+        public Position2D GetItemScreenPosition(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            if (!IsItemIndexValid(groupIndex, itemIndex))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Group index or item index is invalid");
+            }
+
+            GridItem curItem = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).itemList.ElementAt(itemIndex);
+            return curItem?.itemView?.ScreenPosition;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dispose of GridView.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">Dispose caused type</param>
+        protected override void Dispose(DisposeTypes type)
+        {
+            if (disposed)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (type == DisposeTypes.Explicit)
+            {
+                //Called by User
+                //Release your own managed resources here.
+                //You should release all of your own disposable objects here.
+
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Dispose"));
+                focusMoveAni?.Stop();
+                focusMoveAni?.Dispose();
+                focusMoveAni = null;
+
+                ClearRecycleBin();
+                ResetGroup(0);
+            }
+
+            //Release your own unmanaged resources here.
+            //You should not access any managed member here except static instance.
+            //because the execution order of Finalizes is non-deterministic.
+            //Unreference this from if a static instance refer to this. 
+
+            //You must call base.Dispose(type) just before exit.
+            base.Dispose(type);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// GridView event handler
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<GridEventArgs> GridEvent
+        {
+            add
+            {
+                gridEventHandlers += value;
+            }
+
+            remove
+            {
+                gridEventHandlers -= value;
+            }
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update when GridView attributes changed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sender">the object</param>
+        /// <param name="e">the args of the event</param>
+        protected void OnRelayoutUpdate(object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            gridWidth = this.SizeWidth;
+            gridHeight = this.SizeHeight;
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "...OnRelayoutUpdateOnRelayoutUpdateOnRelayoutUpdateOnRelayoutUpdate...");
+            if (gridBridge != null)
+            {
+                Load();
+
+                if (HasFocus() == true && curInMemoryItemSet.Count != 0)
+                {
+                    SetFocus(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void OnListEvent(GridEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (gridEventHandlers != null)
+            {
+                gridEventHandlers(this, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Initialize()
+        {
+            ClippingMode = ClippingModeType.ClipChildren;
+
+
+            groupList = new List<Group>();
+            itemGroup = new View();
+            itemGroup.Name = "ItemGroup";
+            itemGroup.ParentOrigin = Tizen.NUI.ParentOrigin.TopLeft;
+            itemGroup.PivotPoint = Tizen.NUI.PivotPoint.TopLeft;
+            this.Add(itemGroup);
+
+            itemGroupRect = new Rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+            curInMemoryItemSet = new HashSet<GridItem>();
+            nextInMemoryItemSet = new HashSet<GridItem>();
+
+            lastVisibleArea = new Rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            onScreenRange = new Range(-1, -1, -1, -1);
+
+            refXForFocusMove = -1;
+            refYForFocusMove = -1;
+
+            focusGroupIndex = 0;
+            focusItemIndex = 0;
+
+            focusTagGroupIndex = 0;
+            focusTagItemIndex = 0;
+
+            StateRightCircularEnable = false;
+            StateLeftCircularEnable = false;
+            
+
+            focusMoveAni = new LinkerAnimation(itemGroup, 100, 100, 0);
+            focusMoveAni.ViaEvent += OnFocusMoveViaEvent;
+            
+            ScrollBarFadeOutDuration = 1000;
+        }
+
+        private void Load()
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "...lOAD...");
+            int groupCount = groupList.Count;
+            if (groupCount == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; i++)
+            {
+                Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+                int dataCount = gridBridge.GetItemCount(i);
+
+                int finalCount = curGroup.realCellCount < dataCount ? curGroup.realCellCount : dataCount;
+
+                int bindedItemCount = curGroup.itemList.Count;
+
+                for (int j = 0; j < finalCount; j++)
+                {
+                    GridItem newItem;
+                    if (j < bindedItemCount)
+                    {
+                        newItem = curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(j);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Cell curCell = curGroup.itemIndexToCell[j];
+                        newItem = new GridItem();
+                        newItem.groupIndex = i;
+                        newItem.index = j;
+                        newItem.rect = curCell.rect;
+                        curGroup.itemList.Add(newItem);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                //add for right move between group when not all columns filled
+                if (finalCount >= 1)
+                {
+                    Cell lastItemCell = GetCellByItemIndex(i, finalCount - 1);
+                    curGroup.lastFilledColumnIndex = lastItemCell.columnIndex;
+                }
+            }
+
+            UpdateItemGroupSize();
+
+            InitItemGroupPosition();
+            UpdateInMemoryItems();
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroupRect: " + itemGroupRect.X + ", " + itemGroupRect.Y + ", " + itemGroupRect.Width + ", " + itemGroupRect.Height);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroup: " + itemGroup.PositionX + ", " + itemGroup.PositionY + ", " + itemGroup.SizeWidth + ", " + itemGroup.SizeHeight);
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateInMemoryItems()
+        {
+            Rect windowRect = new Rect(-itemGroupRect.X, -itemGroupRect.Y, gridWidth, gridHeight);
+
+            List<GridItem> loadItemList = new List<GridItem>();
+            List<GridItem> unloadItemList = new List<GridItem>();
+
+            GetChangedItems(lastVisibleArea, windowRect, ref loadItemList, ref unloadItemList);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>>  loadItemList.Count: " + loadItemList.Count + " unloadItemList.Count: " + unloadItemList.Count);
+            lastVisibleArea.X = windowRect.X;
+            lastVisibleArea.Y = windowRect.Y;
+            lastVisibleArea.Width = windowRect.Width;
+            lastVisibleArea.Height = windowRect.Height;
+
+            foreach (GridItem item in unloadItemList)
+            {
+                UnloadItem(item);
+            }
+
+            foreach (GridItem item in loadItemList)
+            {
+                LoadItem(item);
+            }
+            
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateInMemoryItems(Position itemGroupPos)
+        {
+            Rect windowRect = new Rect(-itemGroupPos.X, -itemGroupPos.Y, gridWidth, gridHeight);
+
+            List<GridItem> loadItemList = new List<GridItem>();
+            List<GridItem> unloadItemList = new List<GridItem>();
+
+            GetChangedItems(lastVisibleArea, windowRect, ref loadItemList, ref unloadItemList);
+            lastVisibleArea.X = windowRect.X;
+            lastVisibleArea.Y = windowRect.Y;
+            lastVisibleArea.Width = windowRect.Width;
+            lastVisibleArea.Height = windowRect.Height;
+
+            foreach (GridItem item in unloadItemList)
+            {
+                UnloadItem(item);
+            }
+
+            foreach (GridItem item in loadItemList)
+            {
+                LoadItem(item);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        private void UnloadItem(GridItem item, bool bDirectly = false)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "item: " + item + " bDirectly: " + bDirectly);
+            itemGroup.Remove(item.itemView);
+
+            if (bDirectly)
+            {
+                gridBridge.UnloadItem(item.groupIndex, item.index, item.itemView);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                AddRecycleView(item.groupIndex, item.index, item.itemView);
+            }
+            
+            item.itemView = null;
+
+            curInMemoryItemSet.Remove(item);
+        }
+
+        private void LoadItem(GridItem item)
+        {
+            curInMemoryItemSet.Add(item);
+
+            if (item.itemView != null)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]LoadItem item view is null"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            View temp = GetRecycleView(item.groupIndex,item.index);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", " temp: " + temp);
+            if (temp != null)
+            {
+                item.itemView = temp;
+                gridBridge.UpdateItem(item.groupIndex, item.index, item.itemView);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                item.itemView = gridBridge.GetItemView(item.groupIndex, item.index);
+
+                item.itemView.ParentOrigin = Tizen.NUI.ParentOrigin.TopLeft;
+                item.itemView.PivotPoint = Tizen.NUI.PivotPoint.Center;
+                item.itemView.PositionUsesPivotPoint = false;
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "item.index: " + item.index + " item.rect.X: " + item.rect.X + " item.rect.Y: " + item.rect.Y);
+            item.itemView.Position = new Position(item.rect.X, item.rect.Y, 0.0f);
+            item.itemView.Size2D = new Size2D((int)item.rect.Width, (int)item.rect.Height);
+
+            itemGroup.Add(item.itemView);
+        }
+
+        private void SetViewTypeCount(int typeCount)
+        {
+            if (typeCount < 1)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]SetViewTypeCount type count less than 1"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            viewTypeCount = typeCount;
+            List<View>[] viewListArray = new List<View>[viewTypeCount];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < viewTypeCount; i++)
+            {
+                viewListArray[i] = new List<View>();
+            }
+
+            recycledViews = viewListArray;
+        }
+
+        private void AddRecycleView(int groupIndex, int itemIndex, View view)
+        {
+            int viewType = gridBridge.GetItemType(groupIndex, itemIndex);
+
+            if (viewType >= viewTypeCount)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]AddRecycleView viewType larger than viewTypeCount"));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (view != null)
+            {
+                view.Hide();
+                view.Scale = new Vector3(1, 1, 1);
+            }
+
+            recycledViews[viewType].Add(view);
+        }
+
+        private View GetRecycleView(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            int viewType = gridBridge.GetItemType(groupIndex, itemIndex);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", " viewType:" + viewType + " viewTypeCount:" + viewTypeCount);
+
+            if (viewType >= viewTypeCount)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]AddRecycleView viewType larger than viewTypeCount"));
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            View obj = null;
+            int viewCount = recycledViews[viewType].Count;
+            if (viewCount != 0)
+            {
+                obj = recycledViews[viewType][viewCount - 1];
+                recycledViews[viewType].Remove(obj);
+            }
+
+            if (obj != null)
+            {
+                obj.Show();
+            }
+
+            return obj;
+        }
+
+        private void ClearRecycleBin()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < viewTypeCount; i++)
+            {
+                for (int j = 0; j < recycledViews[i].Count; j++)
+                {
+                    UnloadRecycledView(i, recycledViews[i][j]);
+                }
+
+                recycledViews[i].Clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void UnloadRecycledView(int viewType, View view)
+        {
+            itemGroup.Remove(view);
+            gridBridge.UnloadItemByViewType(viewType, view);
+        }
+
+        private void GetChangedItems(Rect aLastVisibleArea, Rect curVisibleArea, ref List<GridItem> loadItem, ref List<GridItem> unloadItem)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>>  aLastVisibleArea.X: " + aLastVisibleArea.X + " aLastVisibleArea.Y: " + aLastVisibleArea.Y + " aLastVisibleArea.Width: " + aLastVisibleArea.Width + " aLastVisibleArea.Height: " + aLastVisibleArea.Height);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>>  curVisibleArea.X: " + curVisibleArea.X + " curVisibleArea.Y: " + curVisibleArea.Y + " curVisibleArea.Width: " + curVisibleArea.Width + " curVisibleArea.Height: " + curVisibleArea.Height);
+            GetOnscreenRange(curVisibleArea, ref onScreenRange);
+
+            //Adjust the new start column: if the start column has items which are merge_hidden, 
+            //find the item's smalllest start column as the new start column.
+            Column startColumn = groupList.ElementAt(onScreenRange.startGroupIndex).columnList.ElementAt(onScreenRange.startColumnIndex);
+            int cellCount = startColumn.cellList.Count;
+
+            //save new range items to list
+            nextInMemoryItemSet.Clear();
+            GetItemsInRange(onScreenRange, ref nextInMemoryItemSet);
+
+            loadItem = nextInMemoryItemSet.Except(curInMemoryItemSet).ToList();
+            unloadItem = curInMemoryItemSet.Except(nextInMemoryItemSet).ToList();
+        }
+
+        private void GetOnscreenRange(Rect visibleArea, ref Range range, bool bAllInArea = false)
+        {
+            Cell focusedCell = GetCellByItemIndex(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex);
+
+            int focusColumnIndex = focusedCell.columnIndex;
+
+            float areaStartPos, areaEndPos, focusedCellStart, focusedCellEnd;
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                areaStartPos = visibleArea.X;
+                areaEndPos = visibleArea.X + visibleArea.Width;
+                focusedCellStart = focusedCell.rect.X;
+                focusedCellEnd = focusedCell.rect.X + focusedCell.rect.Width;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                areaStartPos = visibleArea.Y;
+                areaEndPos = visibleArea.Y + visibleArea.Height;
+                focusedCellStart = focusedCell.rect.Y;
+                focusedCellEnd = focusedCell.rect.Y + focusedCell.rect.Height;
+            }
+
+            bool bStartFound = false, bEndFound = false;
+
+            int groupCount = groupList.Count;
+            //find start range
+            if ((bAllInArea == true && focusedCellStart < areaStartPos)
+                || (bAllInArea == false && focusedCellEnd < areaStartPos))
+            {
+               for (int i = focusGroupIndex; i < groupCount && bStartFound == false; i++)
+               {
+                   Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+                   int startColumnIndex = (i == focusItemIndex) ? focusColumnIndex : 0;
+                   int columnCount = curGroup.columnList.Count;
+                   for (int j = startColumnIndex; j < columnCount; j++)
+                   {
+                       Column curColumn = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(j);
+                       if (true == bAllInArea)
+                       {
+                           if (curColumn.startPos >= areaStartPos)
+                           {
+                               range.startGroupIndex = i;
+                               range.startColumnIndex = j;
+                               bStartFound = true;
+                               break;
+                           }
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                           if (curColumn.endPos > areaStartPos)
+                           {
+                               range.startGroupIndex = i;
+                               range.startColumnIndex = j;
+                               bStartFound = true;
+                               break;
+                           }
+                       }
+                   }
+               }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = focusGroupIndex; i >= 0 && bStartFound == false; i--)
+                {
+                    Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+                    int columnCount = curGroup.columnList.Count;
+                    int startColumnIndex = (i == focusItemIndex) ? focusColumnIndex : columnCount - 1;
+                    for (int j = startColumnIndex; j >= 0; j--)
+                    {
+                        Column curColumn = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(j);
+                        if (curColumn.startPos <= areaStartPos)
+                        {
+                            if (bAllInArea == true)
+                            {
+                                if (j == columnCount - 1)
+                                {
+                                    range.startGroupIndex = i + 1;
+                                    range.startColumnIndex = 0;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    range.startGroupIndex = i;
+                                    range.startColumnIndex = j + 1;
+                                }
+
+                                bStartFound = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                if (curColumn.endPos > areaStartPos)
+                                {
+                                    range.startGroupIndex = i;
+                                    range.startColumnIndex = j;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    if (j == columnCount - 1)
+                                    {
+                                        range.startGroupIndex = i + 1;
+                                        range.startColumnIndex = 0;
+                                    }
+                                    else
+                                    {
+                                        range.startGroupIndex = i;
+                                        range.startColumnIndex = j + 1;
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                bStartFound = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (bStartFound == false)
+            {
+                range.startGroupIndex = 0;
+                range.startColumnIndex = 0;
+            }
+
+            //find end range
+            if ((bAllInArea == true && focusedCellEnd >= areaEndPos)
+                || (bAllInArea == false && focusedCellStart >= areaEndPos))
+            {
+                for (int i = focusGroupIndex; i >= 0 && bEndFound == false; i--)
+                {
+                    Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+                    int columnCount = curGroup.columnList.Count;
+                    int startColumnIndex = (i == focusItemIndex) ? focusColumnIndex : columnCount - 1;
+                    for (int j = startColumnIndex; j >= 0; j--)
+                    {
+                        Column curColumn = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(j);
+                        if (bAllInArea == true)
+                        {
+                            if (curColumn.endPos <= areaEndPos)
+                            {
+                                range.endGroupIndex = i;
+                                range.endColumnIndex = j;
+                                bEndFound = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            if (curColumn.startPos <= areaEndPos)
+                            {
+                                range.endGroupIndex = i;
+                                range.endColumnIndex = j;
+                                bEndFound = true;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = focusGroupIndex; i < groupCount && bEndFound == false; i++)
+                {
+                    Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+                    int startColumnIndex = (i == focusItemIndex) ? focusColumnIndex : 0;
+                    int columnCount = curGroup.columnList.Count;
+                    for (int j = startColumnIndex; j < columnCount; j++)
+                    {
+                        Column curColumn = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(j);
+                        if (curColumn.endPos >= areaEndPos)
+                        {
+                            if (curColumn.startPos < areaEndPos)
+                            {
+                                range.endGroupIndex = i;
+                                range.endColumnIndex = j;
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                if (j == 0)
+                                {
+                                    range.endGroupIndex = i - 1;
+                                    range.endColumnIndex = groupList.ElementAt(i - 1).columnList.Count - 1; 
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    range.endGroupIndex = i;
+                                    range.endColumnIndex = j - 1;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            bEndFound = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (bEndFound == false)
+            {
+                range.endGroupIndex = groupCount - 1;
+                range.endColumnIndex = groupList.ElementAt(range.endGroupIndex).columnList.Count - 1;
+            }
+
+            range.startGroupInScrn = range.startGroupIndex;
+            range.startColumnInScrn = range.startColumnIndex;
+            range.endGroupInScrn = range.endGroupIndex;
+            range.endColumnInScrn = range.endColumnIndex;
+            
+            //get on screen start and end item index
+            Group startGroup = groupList.ElementAt(range.startGroupInScrn);
+            Column startColumn = startGroup.columnList.ElementAt(range.startColumnInScrn);
+            Cell startCell = startColumn.cellList.ElementAt(0);
+            range.startItemIndexInScrn = startCell.itemIndex;
+            if (range.startItemIndexInScrn >= startGroup.itemList.Count)
+            {
+                range.startItemIndexInScrn = startGroup.itemList.Count - 1;
+            }
+
+            Group endGroup = groupList.ElementAt(range.endGroupInScrn);
+            Column endColumn = endGroup.columnList.ElementAt(range.endColumnInScrn);
+            Cell endCell = endColumn.cellList.ElementAt(endColumn.cellList.Count - 1);
+            range.endItemIndexInScrn = endCell.itemIndex;
+            if (range.endItemIndexInScrn >= endGroup.itemList.Count)
+            {
+                range.endItemIndexInScrn = endGroup.itemList.Count - 1;
+            }
+
+            //add buffer columns
+            int frontBufferCount = preloadFrontColumnSize;
+            while (frontBufferCount-- > 0)
+            {
+                if (range.startColumnIndex > 0)
+                {
+                    range.startColumnIndex--;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (range.startGroupIndex > 0)
+                    {
+                        range.startGroupIndex--;
+                        range.startColumnIndex = groupList.ElementAt(range.startGroupIndex).columnList.Count - 1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            int backBufferCount = preloadBackColumnSize;
+            while (backBufferCount-- > 0)
+            {
+                if (range.endColumnIndex < groupList.ElementAt(range.endGroupIndex).columnList.Count - 1)
+                {
+                    range.endColumnIndex++;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (range.endGroupIndex < groupList.Count - 1)
+                    {
+                        range.endGroupIndex++;
+                        range.endColumnIndex = 0;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        private void GetItemsInRange(Range range, ref HashSet<GridItem> itemSet)
+        {
+            for (int i = range.startGroupIndex; i <= range.endGroupIndex; i++)
+            {
+                Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+                int startColumnIndex = (i == range.startGroupIndex) ? range.startColumnIndex : 0;
+                int endColumnIndex = (i == range.endGroupIndex) ? range.endColumnIndex : curGroup.columnList.Count - 1;
+
+                for (int j = startColumnIndex; j <= endColumnIndex; j++)
+                {
+                    Column curColumn = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(j);
+
+                    for (int k = 0; k < curColumn.cellList.Count; k++)
+                    {
+                        Cell curCell = curColumn.cellList.ElementAt(k);
+                        if (curCell.itemIndex < curGroup.itemList.Count)
+                        {
+                            itemSet.Add(curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(curCell.itemIndex));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void MoveFocus(string direction)
+        {
+            string logicalDirection = GetLogicalDirection(direction);
+            MoveFocus(logicalDirection, focusTagGroupIndex, focusTagItemIndex);
+        }
+
+        // Get the specific groupIndex,itemIndex neighbor item according to direction
+        private GridItem GetItemByDirection(string direction, int fromGroupIndex, int fromItemIndex)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> direction: " + direction + " fromGroupIndex: " + fromGroupIndex + " fromItemIndex: " + fromItemIndex);
+            Cell currentCell = GetCellByItemIndex(fromGroupIndex, fromItemIndex);
+
+            //adjust focused column index based on reference line
+            Group currentGroup = groupList.ElementAt(fromGroupIndex);
+            int currentColumnIndex = currentCell.columnIndex;
+            Column currentColumn = currentGroup.columnList.ElementAt(currentColumnIndex);
+
+            int destFocusGroupIndex = -2, destFocusItemIndex = -2;
+            int destFocusColumnIndex = -1;
+            switch (direction)
+            {
+                case "Up":
+                    destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                    if (currentCell.rowIndex == 0)
+                    {
+                        destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Cell nextCell = currentColumn.cellList.ElementAt(currentCell.rowIndex - 1);
+                        destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "Down":
+                    destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                    if (currentCell.rowIndex >= currentColumn.cellList.Count - 1)
+                    {
+                        destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                    }
+                    else if (fromItemIndex == currentGroup.itemList.Count - 1)
+                    {
+                        destFocusColumnIndex = currentColumnIndex - 1;
+                        Column nextColumn = currentGroup.columnList.ElementAt(destFocusColumnIndex);
+                        Cell nextCell = nextColumn.cellList.ElementAt(currentCell.rowIndex + 1);
+                        destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Cell nextCell = currentColumn.cellList.ElementAt(currentCell.rowIndex + 1);
+                        destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "Left":
+                    if (currentCell.columnIndex == 0)
+                    {
+                        if (fromGroupIndex == 0)
+                        {
+                            destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex - 1;
+                            Group nextGroup = groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex);
+                            destFocusColumnIndex = nextGroup.columnList.Count - 1;
+
+                            Column nextColumn = nextGroup.columnList.ElementAt(destFocusColumnIndex);
+                            if (currentCell.rowIndex >= nextColumn.cellList.Count)
+                            {
+                                Cell nextCell = nextColumn.cellList.ElementAt(nextColumn.cellList.Count - 1);
+                                destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                Cell nextCell = nextColumn.cellList.ElementAt(currentCell.rowIndex);
+                                destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                        destFocusColumnIndex = currentCell.columnIndex - 1;
+                        Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusGroupIndex: " + destFocusGroupIndex + " destFocusColumnIndex:" + destFocusColumnIndex + " currentCell.rowIndex: " + currentCell.rowIndex);
+                        Column nextColumn = currentGroup.columnList.ElementAt(destFocusColumnIndex);
+                        Cell nextCell = nextColumn.cellList.ElementAt(currentCell.rowIndex);
+                        destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                        Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusItemIndex: " + destFocusItemIndex);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "Right":
+                    if (currentColumnIndex == currentGroup.columnList.Count - 1)
+                    {
+                        if (fromGroupIndex == groupList.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex + 1;
+                            destFocusColumnIndex = 0;
+                            Group nextGroup = groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex);
+                            Column nextColumn = nextGroup.columnList.ElementAt(destFocusColumnIndex);
+                            Cell nextCell = nextColumn.cellList.ElementAt(currentCell.rowIndex);
+                            destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                        destFocusColumnIndex = currentColumnIndex + 1;
+
+                        Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusGroupIndex: " + destFocusGroupIndex + " destFocusColumnIndex:" + destFocusColumnIndex + " currentCell.rowIndex: " + currentCell.rowIndex);
+                        Column nextColumn = currentGroup.columnList.ElementAt(destFocusColumnIndex);
+                        if (currentCell.rowIndex >= nextColumn.cellList.Count)
+                        {
+                            
+                            Cell nextCell = nextColumn.cellList.ElementAt(nextColumn.cellList.Count - 1);
+                            destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusItemIndex: " + destFocusItemIndex + " currentCell.rowIndex: " + currentCell.rowIndex + " nextColumn.cellList.Count: " + nextColumn.cellList.Count);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            Cell nextCell = nextColumn.cellList.ElementAt(currentCell.rowIndex);
+                            destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusItemIndex: " + destFocusItemIndex + " currentCell.rowIndex: " + currentCell.rowIndex + " nextColumn.cellList.Count: " + nextColumn.cellList.Count);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusGroupIndex: " + destFocusGroupIndex + " destFocusColumnIndex:" + destFocusColumnIndex + " destFocusItemIndex: " + destFocusItemIndex);
+            GridItem item = null;
+            if (IsGroupIndexValid(destFocusGroupIndex) == true && IsItemIndexValid(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex))
+            {
+                item = groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).itemList.ElementAt(destFocusItemIndex);
+            }
+
+            return item;
+        }
+
+        private void MoveFocus(string direction, int fromGroupIndex, int fromItemIndex)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> direction: " + direction + " fromGroupIndex: " + fromGroupIndex + " fromItemIndex: " + fromItemIndex);
+            Cell curFocusedCell = GetCellByItemIndex(fromGroupIndex, fromItemIndex);
+            //change reference line of focus move
+            if (refXForFocusMove == -1)
+            {
+                refXForFocusMove = curFocusedCell.rect.X;
+            }
+
+            if (refYForFocusMove == -1)
+            {
+                refYForFocusMove = curFocusedCell.rect.Y;
+            }
+            
+            //adjust focused column index based on reference line
+            Group focusedGroup = groupList.ElementAt(fromGroupIndex);
+            int focusedColumnIndex = curFocusedCell.columnIndex;
+
+            Column focusedColumn = focusedGroup.columnList.ElementAt(focusedColumnIndex);
+
+            int destFocusGroupIndex = -2, destFocusItemIndex = -2;
+            int destFocusColumnIndex = -1;
+            switch (direction)
+            {
+                case "Up":
+                    destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                    if (curFocusedCell.index == 0)
+                    {
+                        destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Cell nextCell = focusedColumn.cellList.ElementAt(curFocusedCell.index - 1);
+                        {
+                            destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                            if (destFocusItemIndex >= 0 && destFocusItemIndex < groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).itemList.Count)
+                            {
+                                if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+                                {
+                                    refYForFocusMove = nextCell.rect.Y;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    refXForFocusMove = nextCell.rect.X;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "Down":
+                    destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                    int destCellIndex = curFocusedCell.index + 1;
+                    if (destCellIndex >= focusedColumn.cellList.Count || fromItemIndex == focusedGroup.itemList.Count - 1)
+                    {
+                        destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                        if (fromItemIndex == focusedGroup.itemList.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            destFocusColumnIndex = focusedColumnIndex - 1;
+                            Cell cellBelow = FindCellBelow(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex);
+                            if (cellBelow != null)
+                            {
+                                destFocusItemIndex = cellBelow.itemIndex;
+                                refXForFocusMove = cellBelow.rect.X;
+                                refYForFocusMove = cellBelow.rect.Y;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Cell nextCell = null;
+                        for (; destCellIndex < focusedColumn.cellList.Count; destCellIndex++)
+                        {
+                            nextCell = focusedColumn.cellList.ElementAt(destCellIndex);
+                            {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if (destCellIndex >= focusedColumn.cellList.Count)
+                        {
+                            destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            destFocusItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                            if (destFocusItemIndex >= 0 && destFocusItemIndex < groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).itemList.Count)
+                            {
+                                if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+                                {
+                                    refYForFocusMove = nextCell.rect.Y;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    refXForFocusMove = nextCell.rect.X;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "Left":
+                    if (curFocusedCell.columnIndex == 0)
+                    {
+                        if (fromGroupIndex == 0)
+                        {
+                            if (StateLeftCircularEnable && true/*check whether  allow to loop*/)
+                            {
+                                destFocusGroupIndex = groupList.Count - 1;
+                                destFocusColumnIndex = groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).columnList.Count - 1;
+
+                                GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                                int itemCount = groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).itemList.Count;
+                                while (destFocusItemIndex >= itemCount)
+                                {
+                                    destFocusColumnIndex--;
+                                    GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                                }
+
+                                bool bEnabled = gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+                                while (bEnabled == false)
+                                {
+                                    destFocusColumnIndex--;
+                                    GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                                    bEnabled = gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+                                }
+
+                                /*ToDo Left Circular*/
+                                SetFocus(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                            }
+
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex - 1;
+                            destFocusColumnIndex = groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).columnList.Count - 1;
+
+                            GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                            int itemCount = groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).itemList.Count;
+                            while (destFocusItemIndex >= itemCount)
+                            {
+                                destFocusColumnIndex--;
+                                GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                        destFocusColumnIndex = curFocusedCell.columnIndex - 1;
+
+                        GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case "Right":
+                    {
+                        focusedColumnIndex = curFocusedCell.columnIndex;
+                    }
+
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> focusedColumnIndex: " + focusedColumnIndex);
+                    if (focusedColumnIndex == focusedGroup.columnList.Count - 1 || focusedColumnIndex == focusedGroup.lastFilledColumnIndex)
+                    {
+                        if (fromGroupIndex == groupList.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            if (StateRightCircularEnable && true/*check whether allow right circular*/)
+                            {
+                                destFocusGroupIndex = 0;
+                                destFocusColumnIndex = 0;
+
+                                GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+
+                                bool bEnabled = gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+                                while (bEnabled == false && destFocusColumnIndex < focusedGroup.columnList.Count - 1)
+                                {
+                                    destFocusColumnIndex++;
+                                    GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                                    bEnabled = gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+
+                                    refXForFocusMove = refYForFocusMove = -1;
+                                }
+
+                                /*ToDo Left Circular*/
+                                SetFocus(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex + 1;
+                            destFocusColumnIndex = 0;
+
+                            GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        destFocusGroupIndex = fromGroupIndex;
+                        destFocusColumnIndex = focusedColumnIndex + 1;
+
+                        Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusGroupIndex: " + destFocusGroupIndex + " destFocusColumnIndex:" + destFocusColumnIndex);
+                        GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusColumnIndex, ref destFocusItemIndex, true);
+                        Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusItemIndex: " + destFocusItemIndex);
+
+                        if (StateRightCircularEnable)
+                        {
+                            if (destFocusItemIndex >= groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).itemList.Count)
+                            {
+                                MoveFocus(direction, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusGroupIndex: " + destFocusGroupIndex + " destFocusColumnIndex:" + destFocusColumnIndex);
+            if (destFocusGroupIndex >= 0 && destFocusItemIndex >= groupList.ElementAt(destFocusGroupIndex).itemList.Count)
+            {
+                destFocusItemIndex = -1;
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> destFocusItemIndex: " + destFocusItemIndex);
+            if (destFocusItemIndex == -1)
+            {
+                //notify event focus move out
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex) == false)
+            {
+                MoveFocus(direction, destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                PushFocus(destFocusGroupIndex, destFocusItemIndex);
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> ");
+        }
+
+
+        private void GetNearestItem(Cell focusedCell, int destGroupIndex, int destColumnIndex, ref int destItemIndex, bool bDirectMove = false)
+        {
+            Group destGroup = groupList.ElementAt(destGroupIndex);
+            Column destColumn = destGroup.columnList.ElementAt(destColumnIndex);
+
+            Cell nextCell = destColumn.cellList.ElementAt(0);
+            int cellCount = destColumn.cellList.Count;
+
+            bool bNotAllItemDisabled = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < cellCount; i++)
+            {
+                Cell curCell = destColumn.cellList.ElementAt(i);
+                if (curCell.itemIndex >= 0 && curCell.itemIndex < destGroup.itemList.Count)
+                {
+                    if (gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destGroupIndex, curCell.itemIndex))
+                    {
+                        bNotAllItemDisabled = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            float yDis = gridHeight + 1;
+            bool bFound = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < cellCount; i++)
+            {
+                Cell curCell = destColumn.cellList.ElementAt(i);
+                if (curCell.itemIndex >= destGroup.itemList.Count)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (curCell.itemIndex >= 0 && bNotAllItemDisabled)
+                {
+                    if (gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destGroupIndex, curCell.itemIndex) == false)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (curCell.itemIndex < 0)
+                {
+                    Column realColumn = destGroup.columnList.ElementAt(curCell.columnIndex);
+                    Cell realCell = realColumn.cellList.ElementAt(curCell.rowIndex);
+                    if (realCell.itemIndex >= destGroup.itemList.Count || gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(destGroupIndex, realCell.itemIndex) == false)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (GridType.Vertical == gridType)
+                {
+                    float tempXDis;
+                    if (StateStraightPathEnable)
+                    {
+                        tempXDis = Math.Abs(curCell.rect.X - refXForFocusMove);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tempXDis = Math.Abs(curCell.rect.X - focusedCell.rect.X);
+                    }
+
+                    if (tempXDis < yDis)
+                    {
+                        bFound = true;
+                        yDis = tempXDis;
+                        nextCell = curCell;
+                        if (yDis == 0)
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    float tempYDis;
+                    if (StateStraightPathEnable)
+                    {
+                        tempYDis = Math.Abs(curCell.rect.Y - refYForFocusMove);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        tempYDis = Math.Abs(curCell.rect.Y - focusedCell.rect.Y);
+                    }
+
+                    if (tempYDis < yDis)
+                    {
+                        bFound = true;
+                        yDis = tempYDis;
+                        nextCell = curCell;
+                        if (yDis == 0)
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            {
+                destItemIndex = nextCell.itemIndex;
+                if (bFound)
+                {
+                    refXForFocusMove = nextCell.rect.X;
+                    if (bDirectMove == false)
+                    {
+                        refYForFocusMove = nextCell.rect.Y;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string GetLogicalDirection(string direction)
+        {
+            string logicalDirection = direction;
+
+            if (GridType.Vertical == gridType)
+            {
+                if ("Left" == direction)
+                {
+                    logicalDirection = "Up";
+                }
+                else if ("Right" == direction)
+                {
+                    logicalDirection = "Down";
+                }
+                else if ("Down" == direction)
+                {
+                    logicalDirection = "Right";
+                }
+                else if ("Up" == direction)
+                {
+                    logicalDirection = "Left";
+                }
+            }
+
+            return logicalDirection;
+        }
+
+        private Cell FindCellBelow(Cell fromCell, int destGroupIndex, int destColumnIndex)
+        {
+            Group destGroup = groupList.ElementAt(destGroupIndex);
+
+            if (destColumnIndex < 0 || destColumnIndex >= destGroup.columnList.Count)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Column destColumn = destGroup.columnList.ElementAt(destColumnIndex);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < destColumn.cellList.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Cell destCell = destColumn.cellList.ElementAt(i);
+
+                if (destCell.rect.Y > fromCell.rect.Y && destCell.rect.Y + destCell.rect.Height > fromCell.rect.Y + fromCell.rect.Height)
+                {
+                    {
+                        return destCell;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        private void SetFocus(int groupIndex, int itemIndex, bool bAnimation = false, Position newItemGroupPos = null)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> groupIndex: " + groupIndex + " itemIndex: " + itemIndex);
+            if (!IsItemIndexValid(groupIndex, itemIndex))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            bool bNeedScroll = false;
+            
+            if (newItemGroupPos == null)
+            {
+                Position itemGroupPos = new Position(0, 0, 0);
+                bNeedScroll = GetItemGroupPosByFocusItem(groupIndex, itemIndex, itemGroupPos);
+
+                itemGroupRect.X = itemGroupPos.X;
+                itemGroupRect.Y = itemGroupPos.Y;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType && itemGroupRect.X != newItemGroupPos.X
+                   || GridType.Vertical == gridType && itemGroupRect.Y != newItemGroupPos.Y)
+                {
+                    bNeedScroll = true;
+                }
+
+                itemGroupRect.X = newItemGroupPos.X;
+                itemGroupRect.Y = newItemGroupPos.Y;
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> bNeedScroll: " + bNeedScroll + " itemGroupRect.X: " + itemGroupRect.X + " itemGroupRect.Y: " + itemGroupRect.Y);
+            ResetItemGroupRectPos();
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> bNeedScroll: " + bNeedScroll + " itemGroupRect.X: " + itemGroupRect.X + " itemGroupRect.Y: " + itemGroupRect.Y);
+            if (bNeedScroll)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> bAnimation: " + bAnimation);
+                if (bAnimation == true)
+                {
+                    FocusMoveViaObject obj = new FocusMoveViaObject();
+                    obj.toGroupIndex = groupIndex;
+                    obj.toItemIndex = itemIndex;
+                    focusMoveViaQ.Enqueue(obj);
+
+                    if (gridType == GridType.Horizontal)
+                    {
+                        focusMoveAni.SetDestination("PositionX", itemGroupRect.X);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        focusMoveAni.SetDestination("PositionY", itemGroupRect.Y);
+                    }
+
+                    focusMoveAni.Play();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    UpdateInMemoryItems();
+                    itemGroup.PositionX = itemGroupRect.X;
+                    itemGroup.PositionY = itemGroupRect.Y;
+                    NotifyFocusChange(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex, groupIndex, itemIndex);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                NotifyFocusChange(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex, groupIndex, itemIndex);
+            }
+
+            focusTagGroupIndex = groupIndex;
+            focusTagItemIndex = itemIndex;
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroupRect: " + itemGroupRect.X + ", " + itemGroupRect.Y + ", " + itemGroupRect.Width + ", " + itemGroupRect.Height);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroup: " + itemGroup.PositionX + ", " + itemGroup.PositionY + ", " + itemGroup.SizeWidth + ", " + itemGroup.SizeHeight);
+        }
+
+
+        private void PushFocus(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> groupIndex: " + groupIndex + " itemIndex:" + itemIndex);
+            if (!IsItemIndexValid(groupIndex, itemIndex))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Position itemGroupPos = new Position(0, 0, 0);
+            bool bNeedScroll = GetItemGroupPosByFocusItem(groupIndex, itemIndex, itemGroupPos);
+
+            itemGroupRect.X = itemGroupPos.X;
+            itemGroupRect.Y = itemGroupPos.Y;
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroupRect.X: " + itemGroupRect.X + " itemGroupRect.Y:" + itemGroupRect.Y);
+
+            ResetItemGroupRectPos();
+
+            //focusTag keep move, but real focus will set when focusMoveVia trigger,
+            //so remember context of focus move, include from and to, and itemGroupPos information
+            focusTagGroupIndex = groupIndex;
+            focusTagItemIndex = itemIndex;
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> bNeedScroll: " + bNeedScroll + " itemGroupRect.X:" + itemGroupRect.X + " itemGroupRect.Y:" + itemGroupRect.Y);
+            if (bNeedScroll)
+            {
+                if (gridType == GridType.Horizontal)
+                {
+                    focusMoveAni.SetDestination("PositionX", itemGroupRect.X);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    focusMoveAni.SetDestination("PositionY", itemGroupRect.Y);
+                }
+
+                FocusMoveViaObject obj = new FocusMoveViaObject();
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> focusMoveViaQ.Count: " + focusMoveViaQ.Count);
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "::::: " + focusGroupIndex + ", " + focusItemIndex);
+
+                obj.toGroupIndex = groupIndex;
+                obj.toItemIndex = itemIndex;
+                focusMoveViaQ.Enqueue(obj);
+                focusMoveAni.Play();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (focusMoveAni.IsPlaying() == false)
+                {
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ " + groupIndex + " " + itemIndex + " ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
+                    NotifyFocusChange(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex, groupIndex, itemIndex);
+                }
+            }
+            //To keep focusBar on the top of 
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> ");
+        }
+
+        private bool GetItemGroupPosByFocusItem(int aFocusGroupIndex, int aFocusItemIndex, Position itemGroupPos)
+        {
+            bool bNeedScroll = false;
+            if (!IsItemIndexValid(aFocusGroupIndex, aFocusItemIndex))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Group focusedGroup = groupList.ElementAt(aFocusGroupIndex);
+            GridItem focusedItem = focusedGroup.itemList.ElementAt(aFocusItemIndex);
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroupRect: " + itemGroupRect.X + ", " + itemGroupRect.Y + ", " + itemGroupRect.Width + ", " + itemGroupRect.Height);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroup: " + itemGroup.PositionX + ", " + itemGroup.PositionY + ", " + itemGroup.SizeWidth + ", " + itemGroup.SizeHeight);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> focusedItem.rect: " + focusedItem.rect.X + ", " + focusedItem.rect.Y + ", " + focusedItem.rect.Width + ", " + focusedItem.rect.Height);
+
+            Rect focusBarRectBaseOnList = new Rect(focusedItem.rect.X, focusedItem.rect.Y, focusedItem.rect.Width, focusedItem.rect.Height);
+            focusBarRectBaseOnList.X += itemGroupRect.X;
+            focusBarRectBaseOnList.Y += itemGroupRect.Y;
+
+            itemGroupPos.X = itemGroupRect.X;
+            itemGroupPos.Y = itemGroupRect.Y;
+
+            float startFocusRange;
+            float endFocusRange;
+
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                if (0 == focusedItem.rect.X)
+                {
+                    startFocusRange = margin[0];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "Left  aFocusItemIndex:: " + aFocusGroupIndex + ", aFocusItemIndex:: " + aFocusItemIndex);
+                    GridItem prevItem = GetItemByDirection("Left", aFocusGroupIndex, aFocusItemIndex);
+                    //Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "startFocusRange :: " + margin[0]);
+                    startFocusRange = prevItem != null ? prevItem.rect.Width / 2 : margin[0];
+                }
+
+                if (itemGroupRect.Width == focusedItem.rect.Right())
+                {
+                    endFocusRange = gridWidth - margin[2];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GridItem nextItem = GetItemByDirection("Right", aFocusGroupIndex, aFocusItemIndex);
+                    //Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "gridWidth::" + gridWidth + "  gridWidth - margin[2] :: " + (gridWidth - margin[2]));
+                    //Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "gridWidth - nextItem.rect.Width / 2 :: " + (gridWidth - nextItem.rect.Width / 2));
+                    endFocusRange = nextItem != null ? gridWidth - nextItem.rect.Width / 2 : gridWidth - margin[2];
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "endFocusRange :: " + endFocusRange);
+                }
+
+                if (focusBarRectBaseOnList.X < startFocusRange)
+                {
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "focusBarRectBaseOnList.X :: " + focusBarRectBaseOnList.X + "  startFocusRange :: " + startFocusRange);
+                    itemGroupPos.X += startFocusRange - focusBarRectBaseOnList.X;
+                    bNeedScroll = true;
+                } 
+                else if (focusBarRectBaseOnList.Right() > endFocusRange)
+                {
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "focusBarRectBaseOnList.Right() :: " + focusBarRectBaseOnList.Right() + "  endFocusRange :: " + endFocusRange);
+                    itemGroupPos.X += endFocusRange - focusBarRectBaseOnList.Right();
+                    bNeedScroll = true;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (0 == focusedItem.rect.Y)
+                {
+                    startFocusRange = margin[1];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GridItem prevItem = GetItemByDirection("Left", aFocusGroupIndex, aFocusItemIndex);
+                    startFocusRange = prevItem != null ? prevItem.rect.Height / 2 : margin[1];
+                }
+
+                if (itemGroupRect.Height == focusedItem.rect.Bottom())
+                {
+                    endFocusRange = gridHeight - margin[3];
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    GridItem nextItem = GetItemByDirection("Right", aFocusGroupIndex, aFocusItemIndex);
+                    endFocusRange = nextItem != null ? gridHeight - nextItem.rect.Height / 2 : gridHeight - margin[3];
+                } 
+                
+                if (focusBarRectBaseOnList.Y < startFocusRange)
+                {
+                    itemGroupPos.Y += startFocusRange - focusBarRectBaseOnList.Y;
+                    bNeedScroll = true;
+                } 
+                else if (focusBarRectBaseOnList.Bottom() > endFocusRange)
+                {
+                    itemGroupPos.Y += endFocusRange - focusBarRectBaseOnList.Bottom();
+                    bNeedScroll = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return bNeedScroll;
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyFocusChange(int fromGroupIndex,int fromItemIndex,int toGroupIndex,int toItemIndex)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> fromGroupIndex: " + fromGroupIndex + " fromItemIndex: " + fromItemIndex + " toGroupIndex: " + toGroupIndex + " toItemIndex: " + toItemIndex);
+
+            if (IsItemIndexValid(fromGroupIndex, fromItemIndex) && (fromGroupIndex != toGroupIndex || fromItemIndex != toItemIndex))
+            {
+                Group preGroup = groupList.ElementAt(fromGroupIndex);
+                GridItem preItem = preGroup.itemList.ElementAt(fromItemIndex);
+
+                ScaleDownItem(preItem);
+                if (preItem.itemView != null)
+                {
+                    gridBridge.FocusChange(fromGroupIndex, fromItemIndex, preItem.itemView, false);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (IsItemIndexValid(toGroupIndex, toItemIndex))
+            {
+                Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(toGroupIndex);
+                GridItem item = curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(toItemIndex);
+
+                ScaleUpItem(item);
+                if (item.itemView != null)
+                {
+                    Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "Call GridBridge.FocusChange to set focus");
+                    gridBridge.FocusChange(toGroupIndex, toItemIndex, item.itemView, true);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //notify user focus change
+            GridEventArgs evtArgs = new GridEventArgs();
+            evtArgs.EventType = GridEventType.FocusChange;
+            evtArgs.param[0] = fromGroupIndex;
+            evtArgs.param[1] = fromItemIndex;
+            evtArgs.param[2] = toGroupIndex;
+            evtArgs.param[3] = toItemIndex;
+            OnListEvent(evtArgs);
+
+            if (toGroupIndex != -1 && toItemIndex != -1)
+            {
+                focusGroupIndex = toGroupIndex;
+                focusItemIndex = toItemIndex;
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> focusGroupIndex: " + focusGroupIndex + " focusItemIndex: " + focusItemIndex);
+        }
+
+        private void ScaleUpItem(GridItem item)
+        {
+            if (item.itemView == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            item.itemView.RaiseToTop();
+            item.ScaleItem(new Vector3(focusInScaleFactor, focusInScaleFactor, 1.0f), focusInScaleAnimationAttrs);
+        }
+
+        private void ScaleDownItem(GridItem item)
+        {
+            if (item.itemView == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            item.ScaleItem(new Vector3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f), focusOutScaleAnimationAttrs);
+        }
+
+        private void UpdateItemGroupSize()
+        {
+            if (groupList.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Group lastGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupList.Count - 1);
+
+            int lastItemIndex = lastGroup.itemList.Count - 1;
+            if (lastItemIndex < 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Cell lastFilledCell = GetCellByItemIndex(groupList.Count - 1 ,lastItemIndex);
+            int lastFilledColumnIndex = lastFilledCell.columnIndex;
+            Column lastFilledColumn = lastGroup.columnList.ElementAt(lastFilledColumnIndex);
+            
+            int cellCount = lastFilledColumn.cellList.Count;
+            for (int i = 0; i < cellCount;  i++)
+            {
+                Cell curCell = lastFilledColumn.cellList.ElementAt(i);
+                if (curCell.columnIndex > lastFilledColumnIndex)
+                {
+                    lastFilledColumnIndex = lastFilledColumn.cellList.ElementAt(i).columnIndex;
+                }
+            }
+
+            lastFilledColumn = lastGroup.columnList.ElementAt(lastFilledColumnIndex);
+
+            float width, height;
+
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                width = lastFilledColumn.endPos;
+                height = gridHeight - (margin[1] + margin[3]);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                width = gridWidth - (margin[0] + margin[2]);
+                height = lastFilledColumn.endPos;
+            }
+
+            itemGroupRect.Width = width;
+            itemGroupRect.Height = height;
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroupRect: " + itemGroupRect.X + ", " + itemGroupRect.Y + ", " + itemGroupRect.Width + ", " + itemGroupRect.Height);
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroup: " + itemGroup.PositionX + ", " + itemGroup.PositionY + ", " + itemGroup.SizeWidth + ", " + itemGroup.SizeHeight);
+            itemGroup.SizeWidth = itemGroupRect.Width;
+            itemGroup.SizeHeight = itemGroupRect.Height;
+        }
+
+        private void InitItemGroupPosition()
+        {
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                if (itemGroupRect.X > margin[0])
+                {
+                    itemGroupRect.X = margin[0];
+                }
+                else if (itemGroupRect.Right() < gridWidth)
+                {
+                    if (itemGroupRect.X >= gridWidth)
+                    {
+                        itemGroupRect.X = gridWidth - itemGroupRect.Width;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        itemGroupRect.X = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                itemGroupRect.Y = margin[1];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                itemGroupRect.X = margin[0];
+                if (itemGroupRect.Y > margin[1])
+                {
+                    itemGroupRect.Y = margin[1];
+                }
+                else if (itemGroupRect.Y + itemGroupRect.Height < gridHeight)
+                {
+                    if (itemGroupRect.Y >= gridHeight)
+                    {
+                        itemGroupRect.Y = gridHeight - itemGroupRect.Height;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        itemGroupRect.Y = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>> itemGroupRect: " + itemGroupRect.X + ", " + itemGroupRect.Y + ", " + itemGroupRect.Width + ", " + itemGroupRect.Height);
+            ResetItemGroupRectPos();
+
+            itemGroup.PositionX = itemGroupRect.X;
+            itemGroup.PositionY = itemGroupRect.Y;
+        }
+
+        private void ResetItemGroupRectPos()
+        {
+            //adjust item Group pos, to add margin when item group scroll to Head or Tail
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                if (itemGroupRect.X == 0)
+                {
+                    itemGroupRect.X += margin[0];
+                }
+                else if (itemGroupRect.Right() == gridWidth)
+                {
+                    itemGroupRect.X -= margin[2];
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (itemGroupRect.Y == 0)
+                {
+                    itemGroupRect.Y += margin[1];
+                }
+                else if (itemGroupRect.Bottom() == gridHeight)
+                {
+                    itemGroupRect.Y -= margin[3];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Cell GetCellByItemIndex(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            Cell curCell = null;
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+            if (curGroup.itemIndexToCell.ContainsKey(itemIndex))
+            {
+                curCell = curGroup.itemIndexToCell[itemIndex];
+            }
+
+            return curCell;
+        }
+
+        private bool IsGroupIndexValid(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            return (groupIndex >= 0 && groupList != null && groupIndex < groupList.Count);
+        }
+
+        private bool IsItemIndexValid(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex); 
+
+            return (itemIndex >= 0 && curGroup.itemList != null && itemIndex < curGroup.itemList.Count);
+        }
+
+        private bool IsColumnIndexValid(int groupIndex, int columnIndex)
+        {
+            if (!IsGroupIndexValid(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid group index"));
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+
+            return (columnIndex >= 0 && curGroup.columnList != null && columnIndex < curGroup.columnList.Count);
+        }
+
+        private bool IsCellIndexValid(int groupIndex, int columnIndex, int cellIndex)
+        {
+            if (!IsColumnIndexValid(groupIndex, columnIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", string.Format("[GridView]Invalid column index"));
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            Column curColumn = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).columnList.ElementAt(columnIndex);
+
+            return (cellIndex >= 0 && curColumn.cellList != null && cellIndex < curColumn.cellList.Count);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called when the control gain key input focus.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sender">the object</param>
+        /// <param name="e">the args of the event</param>
+        public void ControlFocusGained(object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            OnFocusGained();
+        }
+
+        public void OnFocusGained()
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ">>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ");
+            SetFocus(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Called when the control loses key input focus.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sender">the object</param>
+        /// <param name="e">the args of the event</param>
+        public void ControlFocusLost(object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            OnFocusLost();
+        }
+
+        public void OnFocusLost()
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<");
+            NotifyFocusChange(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex, -1, -1);
+        }
+
+        private void OnFocusMoveViaEvent(object o, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "--------------------- " + focusMoveViaQ.Count + " -------------------------------");
+            if (focusMoveViaQ.Count > 0)
+            {
+                {
+                    FocusMoveViaObject obj = focusMoveViaQ.Dequeue();
+                    {
+                        UpdateInMemoryItems(itemGroup.Position);
+                    }
+
+                    {
+                        //common focus notify focus change at destination of every via
+                        NotifyFocusChange(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex, obj.toGroupIndex, obj.toItemIndex);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                //viaMap1.Remove(args.ViaNode);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void OnDataChange(object o, GridBridge.DataChangeEventArgs e)
+        {
+            switch (e.ChangeType)
+            {
+                case GridBridge.DataChangeEventType.Add:
+                    AddItem(e.param[0]);
+                    break;
+                case GridBridge.DataChangeEventType.Remove:
+                    DeleteItem(e.param[0], e.param[1], e.param[2]);
+                    break;
+                case GridBridge.DataChangeEventType.Insert:
+                    InsertItem(e.param[0], e.param[1]);
+                    break;
+                case GridBridge.DataChangeEventType.Clear:
+                    Clear();
+                    break;
+                case GridBridge.DataChangeEventType.Reset:
+                    ResetByData();
+                    break;
+                case GridBridge.DataChangeEventType.Load:
+                    Load();
+                    Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(e.param[0]);
+                    for (int i = e.param[1]; i < gridBridge.GetItemCount(e.param[0]); i++)
+                    {
+                        if (i < curGroup.itemList.Count)
+                        {
+                            gridBridge.UpdateItem(e.param[0], i, curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(i).itemView);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (focusItemIndex >= e.param[1] && focusItemIndex <= e.param[1] + e.param[2] - 1)
+                    {
+                        if (e.param[1] > 0)
+                        {
+                            SetFoucsItemIndex(e.param[1] - 1, focusGroupIndex);
+                        }
+                        else if (e.param[1] + e.param[2] < curGroup.itemList.Count)
+                        {
+                            SetFoucsItemIndex(e.param[1] + e.param[2], focusGroupIndex);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else if (focusItemIndex >= e.param[1] + e.param[2])
+                    {
+                        SetFoucsItemIndex(focusItemIndex - e.param[2], focusGroupIndex);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                default:
+
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            refXForFocusMove = refYForFocusMove = -1;
+        }
+
+        private void AddItem(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            int dataCount = gridBridge.GetItemCount(groupIndex);
+            if (dataCount > groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).realCellCount)
+            {
+                AddColumn(colW, groupIndex);
+                int columnIndex = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex).columnList.Count - 1;
+                for (int i = 0; i < rowCnt; i++)
+                {
+                    AddRowToColumn(columnIndex, rowH, groupIndex);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Load();
+        }
+
+        private void AddAll(int groupIndex, int count)
+        {
+            Load();
+        }
+
+
+        private void DeleteItem(int groupIndex, int fromItemIndex, int deleteItemNum)
+        {
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+
+            GridItem item = null;
+
+            int toItemIndex = fromItemIndex + deleteItemNum - 1;
+
+            int count = 0;
+
+            for (int i = fromItemIndex; i < curGroup.itemList.Count; i++)
+            {
+                item = curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(i);
+                if (curInMemoryItemSet.Contains(item))
+                {
+                    UnloadItem(item, true);
+                    count++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                curGroup.itemList.Remove(curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(curGroup.itemList.Count - 1));
+            }       
+        }
+
+        private void InsertItem(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            Load();
+
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+            for (int i = itemIndex; i < gridBridge.GetItemCount(groupIndex); i++)
+            {
+                if (i < curGroup.itemList.Count)
+                {
+                    gridBridge.UpdateItem(groupIndex, i, curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(i).itemView);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Clear()
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < groupList.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Clear(i);
+            }
+
+            ClearRecycleBin();
+        }
+
+        private void Clear(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "--------------------- " + groupIndex + " -------------------------------");
+            Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+            for (int i = 0; i < curGroup.itemList.Count; i++)
+            {
+                GridItem item = curGroup.itemList.ElementAt(i);
+                if (curInMemoryItemSet.Contains(item))
+                {
+                    UnloadItem(item, false);
+                }
+            }
+
+            curGroup.itemList.Clear();
+        }
+
+        private void ResetByData()
+        {
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "....");
+            int groupCount = gridBridge.GetGroupCount();
+            ResetGroup(groupCount);
+            for (int i = 0; i < groupCount; i++)
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ".... group: " + i);
+                int dataCount = gridBridge.GetItemCount(i);
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ".... dataCount: " + dataCount + " rowCnt: " + rowCnt);
+                int columnCount = (dataCount + rowCnt - 1) / rowCnt;
+                Group group = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ".... columnCount: " + columnCount + " group.columnList.Count: " + group.columnList.Count + " group.itemIndexToCell.Count: " + group.itemIndexToCell.Count);
+                if (columnCount > group.columnList.Count)
+                {
+                    for (int c = group.columnList.Count; c < columnCount; c++)
+                    {
+                        AddColumn(colW, i);
+                        for (int r = 0; r < rowCnt; r++)
+                        {
+                            AddRowToColumn(c, rowH, i);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (columnCount < group.columnList.Count)
+                {
+                    float posOffset = -(group.columnList.Count - columnCount) * (colW + columnSpace) + ColumnSpace;
+
+                    for (int c = columnCount; c < group.columnList.Count; c++)
+                    {
+                        for (int r = 0; r < rowCnt; r++)
+                        {
+                            int itemIndex = c * rowCnt + r;
+                            group.itemIndexToCell.Remove(itemIndex);
+                            group.realCellCount--;
+                            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ".... itemIndexToCell.Remove: " + itemIndex);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    group.columnList.RemoveRange(columnCount, group.columnList.Count - columnCount);
+                    group.endPos = group.columnList.ElementAt(columnCount - 1).endPos;
+                    for (int j = i + 1; j < groupList.Count; j++)
+                    {
+                        if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType && groupList.ElementAt(j).title != null)
+                        {
+                            groupList.ElementAt(j).title.PositionX += posOffset;
+                        }
+
+                        groupList.ElementAt(j).ResetPosition(posOffset);
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", ".... group.columnList.Count: " + group.columnList.Count);
+            }
+
+            focusGroupIndex = 0;
+            focusItemIndex = 0;
+            Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "....");
+            Load();
+            if (HasFocus() == true && curInMemoryItemSet.Count != 0)
+            {
+                SetFocus(0, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*page length set to grid length*/
+        private void PageMove(bool bPrev, bool bAni)
+        {
+            Rect visibleAreaOfItemGroup = new Rect(-itemGroupRect.X, -itemGroupRect.Y, gridWidth, gridHeight);
+
+            if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+            {
+                if (bPrev)
+                {
+                    visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X -= gridWidth;
+                    if (0 > visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X)
+                    {
+                        visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X += gridWidth;
+                    if (-visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X + itemGroupRect.Width < gridWidth)
+                    {
+                        visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X = itemGroupRect.Width - gridWidth;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (-itemGroupRect.X == visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (bPrev)
+                {
+                    visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y -= gridHeight;
+                    if (0 > visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y)
+                    {
+                        visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y = 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y += gridHeight;
+                    if (-visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y + itemGroupRect.Height < gridHeight)
+                    {
+                        visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y = itemGroupRect.Height - gridHeight;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (-itemGroupRect.Y == visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            Range newRange = new Range(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            GetOnscreenRange(visibleAreaOfItemGroup, ref newRange, true);
+
+            Group curFocusedGroup = groupList.ElementAt(focusGroupIndex);
+            Cell curFocusedCell = GetCellByItemIndex(focusGroupIndex, focusItemIndex);
+            Column curFocusedColumn = curFocusedGroup.columnList.ElementAt(curFocusedCell.columnIndex);
+
+            float focusStartLine = curFocusedColumn.startPos;
+            float focusEndLine = curFocusedColumn.endPos;
+            float focusMiddleLine = 0;
+
+            if (newRange.startGroupInScrn >= 0 && newRange.endGroupInScrn >= 0)
+            {
+                if (GridType.Horizontal == gridType)
+                {
+                    focusStartLine = focusStartLine + itemGroupRect.X + visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X;
+                    focusEndLine = focusEndLine + itemGroupRect.X + visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    focusStartLine = focusStartLine + itemGroupRect.Y + visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y;
+                    focusEndLine = focusEndLine + itemGroupRect.Y + visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y;
+                }
+
+                focusMiddleLine = focusStartLine + (focusEndLine - focusStartLine) / 2;
+
+                int nextFocusGroup = -1; int nextFocusColumn = -1;
+                bool bFound = false;
+                for (int i = newRange.startGroupInScrn; i <= newRange.endGroupInScrn && bFound == false; i++)
+                {
+                    Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(i);
+
+                    int startColumnIndex = (i == newRange.startGroupInScrn) ? newRange.startColumnInScrn : 0;
+                    int endColumnIndex = (i == newRange.endGroupInScrn) ? newRange.endColumnInScrn : curGroup.columnList.Count - 1;
+
+                    for (int j = startColumnIndex; j <= endColumnIndex; j++)
+                    {
+                        Column curColumn = curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(j);
+                        if (curColumn.startPos <= focusMiddleLine && curColumn.endPos >= focusMiddleLine)
+                        {
+                            nextFocusGroup = i;
+                            nextFocusColumn = j;
+                            bFound = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (bFound == false && i == newRange.startGroupInScrn && focusMiddleLine < curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(startColumnIndex).startPos)
+                    {
+                        nextFocusGroup = i;
+                        nextFocusColumn = startColumnIndex;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    else if (bFound == false && i == newRange.endGroupInScrn && focusMiddleLine > curGroup.columnList.ElementAt(endColumnIndex).endPos)
+                    {
+                        nextFocusGroup = i;
+                        nextFocusColumn = endColumnIndex;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (nextFocusGroup >= 0 && nextFocusColumn >= 0)
+                {
+                    int nextFocusItem = -1;
+                    GetNearestItem(curFocusedCell, nextFocusGroup, nextFocusColumn, ref nextFocusItem);
+
+                    if (nextFocusItem >= 0)
+                    {
+                        while (gridBridge.IsItemEnabled(nextFocusGroup, nextFocusItem) == false)
+                        {
+                            nextFocusItem = GetNextColumnIndex(bPrev, nextFocusColumn, ref nextFocusGroup);
+                        }
+
+                        if (nextFocusItem >= 0)
+                        {
+                            Position newItemGroupPos = new Position(-visibleAreaOfItemGroup.X, -visibleAreaOfItemGroup.Y, 0);
+                            SetFocus(nextFocusGroup, nextFocusItem, bAni, newItemGroupPos);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private int GetNextColumnIndex(bool bPrev, int curColumnIndex, ref int curGroupIndex)
+        {
+            if (bPrev == true)
+            {
+                if (curColumnIndex == 0)
+                {
+                    if (curGroupIndex == 0)
+                    {
+                        return -1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        curGroupIndex--;
+                        return groupList.ElementAt(curGroupIndex).columnList.Count - 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return curColumnIndex - 1;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Group curGroup = groupList.ElementAt(curGroupIndex);
+                if (curGroup.columnList.Count - 1 == curColumnIndex)
+                {
+                    if (groupList.Count - 1 == curGroupIndex)
+                    {
+                        return -1;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        curGroupIndex++;
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return curColumnIndex + 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class GridItem
+        {
+            public void ScaleItem(Vector3 scaleFactor, AnimationAttributes aniAttrs)
+            {
+                if (itemView == null || scaleFactor == null || aniAttrs == null)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (scaleAni == null)
+                {
+                    scaleAni = new Animation();
+                }
+
+                if (scaleAni.State == Animation.States.Playing)
+                {
+                    scaleAni.Stop(Animation.EndActions.StopFinal);
+                }
+
+                scaleAni.Clear();
+                scaleAni.AnimateTo(itemView, "Scale", scaleFactor, 0, aniAttrs.Duration, new AlphaFunction(aniAttrs.BezierPoint1, aniAttrs.BezierPoint2));
+                scaleAni.Play();
+            }
+
+            public int groupIndex;
+            public int index;
+
+            public View itemView;
+            public Rect rect;
+
+            private Animation scaleAni = null;
+        }
+
+        private class Cell
+        {
+            public int columnIndex;
+            public int index;
+            public int itemIndex;
+            public int rowIndex;
+
+            public Rect rect;
+            public Cell()
+            {
+                rect = new Rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class Column
+        {
+            public int groupIndex;
+            public int index;
+
+            public float space;
+            public float startPos;
+            public float endPos;
+
+            public int startItemIndex;
+            public int endItemIndex;
+
+            public List<Cell> cellList;
+        }
+
+        private class Group
+        {
+            public int index;
+
+            public float startPos;
+            public float endPos;
+
+            public int realCellCount;
+            public int lastFilledColumnIndex;
+
+            public List<Column> columnList;
+            public List<GridItem> itemList;
+            public Dictionary<int, Cell> itemIndexToCell;
+
+            public void ResetPosition(float posOffset)
+            {
+                startPos += posOffset;
+                endPos += posOffset;
+
+                int count = columnList.Count;
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    Column column = columnList.ElementAt(i);
+                    column.startPos += posOffset;
+                    column.endPos += posOffset;
+
+                    int cellCount = column.cellList.Count;
+                    for (int j = 0; j < cellCount; j++)
+                    {
+                        column.cellList.ElementAt(j).rect.X += posOffset;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            public View title;
+        }
+
+        private class Range
+        {
+            public int startGroupIndex;
+            public int startColumnIndex;
+
+            public int endGroupIndex;
+            public int endColumnIndex;
+
+            public int startGroupInScrn;
+            public int startColumnInScrn;
+
+            public int endGroupInScrn;
+            public int endColumnInScrn;
+
+            public int startItemIndexInScrn;
+            public int endItemIndexInScrn;
+
+            public Range()
+            {
+                startGroupIndex = 0;
+                startColumnIndex = 0;
+                endGroupIndex = 0;
+                endColumnIndex = 0;
+            }
+
+            public Range(int a, int b, int c, int d)
+            {
+                startGroupIndex = a;
+                startColumnIndex = b;
+                endGroupIndex = c;
+                endColumnIndex = d;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class FocusMoveViaObject
+        {
+            public int toGroupIndex;
+            public int toItemIndex;
+        }
+
+        const int INVALID_COUNT = -1;
+
+        private List<Group> groupList;
+        private GridBridge gridBridge;
+
+        private View itemGroup;
+        private Rect itemGroupRect;
+
+        private Vector4 margin = Vector4.Zero;
+
+        private float gridWidth;
+        private float gridHeight;
+
+        private int preloadFrontColumnSize = 1;
+        private int preloadBackColumnSize = 1;
+
+        //layout attributes
+        private GridType gridType = GridType.Horizontal;
+        private int groupSpace = 0;
+        private int columnSpace = 0;
+        private int rowSpace = 0;
+        private int titleSpace = 0;
+
+        private int rowCnt = 0;
+        private int colCnt = 0;
+        private int colW = 0;
+        private int rowH = 0;
+
+        //focus
+        private int focusGroupIndex;
+        private int focusItemIndex;
+
+        private float refXForFocusMove;
+        private float refYForFocusMove;
+
+        private int focusTagGroupIndex;
+        private int focusTagItemIndex;
+        //animation
+        LinkerAnimation focusMoveAni;
+
+        private float focusInScaleFactor;
+
+        private AnimationAttributes focusInScaleAnimationAttrs;
+
+        private AnimationAttributes focusOutScaleAnimationAttrs;
+
+        private int focusMoveAniDuration;
+
+        private Queue<FocusMoveViaObject> focusMoveViaQ = new Queue<FocusMoveViaObject>();
+
+        //for load
+        private HashSet<GridItem> curInMemoryItemSet;
+        private HashSet<GridItem> nextInMemoryItemSet;
+
+        private Rect lastVisibleArea;
+
+        private Range onScreenRange;
+
+        //reuse
+        private List<View>[] recycledViews;
+        private int viewTypeCount;
+
+        private EventHandler<GridEventArgs> gridEventHandlers;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The attributes of Animation.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <code>
+    /// AnimationAttributes attrs = new AnimationAttributes();
+    /// attrs.BezierPoint1 = new  Vector2(0.21f, 2);
+    /// attrs.BezierPoint2 = new Vector2(0.14f, 1);
+    /// attrs.Duration = 1000;
+    /// </code>
+    public class AnimationAttributes
+    {
+        /// <summary>V1 on bezier curve</summary>
+        public Vector2 BezierPoint1;
+        /// <summary>V2 on bezier curve</summary>
+        public Vector2 BezierPoint2;
+        /// <summary>Animation duration</summary>
+        public int Duration;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructs a AnimationAttributes..
+        /// </summary>
+        public AnimationAttributes()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructs a AnimationAttributes with curve style..
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="curve">curve</param>
+        public AnimationAttributes(string curve)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructs a AnimationAttributes that is a copy of attrs..
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="attrs">Construct Attributes</param>
+        public AnimationAttributes(AnimationAttributes attrs = null)
+        {
+            if (attrs == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (attrs.BezierPoint1 != null)
+            {
+                BezierPoint1 = new Vector2(attrs.BezierPoint1[0], attrs.BezierPoint1[1]);
+            }
+
+            if (attrs.BezierPoint2 != null)
+            {
+                BezierPoint2 = new Vector2(attrs.BezierPoint2[0], attrs.BezierPoint2[1]);
+            }
+
+            Duration = attrs.Duration;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary> Clone a AnimationAttributes </summary>
+        /// <returns> The AnimationAttributes copy</returns>
+        public AnimationAttributes Clone()
+        {
+            return new AnimationAttributes(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A GridBridge object acts as a pipeline between an BridgeView and the
+    /// underlying data for that view. The Bridge provides access to the data items.
+    /// The Bridge is also responsible for making a View for each item in the data set.
+    /// </summary>
+    public abstract class GridBridge
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event type of data change. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public enum DataChangeEventType
+        {
+            Add,
+            Remove,
+            Insert,
+            Clear,
+            Load,
+            Reset
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Data change event args at event call back,
+        /// user can get information about data change.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <code>
+        ///private void OnDataChange(object o, GridBridge.DataChangeEventArgs e)
+        ///{
+        ///}
+        /// </code>
+        public class DataChangeEventArgs : EventArgs
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Data changed event type.
+            /// </summary>
+            public DataChangeEventType ChangeType
+            {
+                get { return m_ChangeType; }
+                set { m_ChangeType = value; }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Changed data.
+            /// </summary>
+            public object data;
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Data change event parameters.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int[] param = new int[4];
+
+            private DataChangeEventType m_ChangeType;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event handler of data change event.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sender">The object who sends the event.</param>
+        /// <param name="e">The event arguments.</param>
+        public delegate void EventHandler<DataChangeEventArgs>(object sender, DataChangeEventArgs e);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Data change event handler, user can add/remove.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<DataChangeEventArgs> DataChangeEvent
+        {
+            add
+            {
+                dataChangeEventHandlers += value;
+            }
+
+            remove
+            {
+                dataChangeEventHandlers -= value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor to create a grid view bridge with multi-groups.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="objects">Data list of differet groups.</param>
+        public GridBridge(List<List<object>> objects)
+        {
+            gridData = objects;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Simple constructor to create a grid view bridge with one group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="objects">Data list of grid view.</param>
+        public GridBridge(List<object> objects)
+        {
+            gridData = new List<List<object>>();
+            gridData.Add(objects);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create item View.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Group index of item in grid view.</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">Item index of specified group of grid view.</param>
+        /// <returns>View of specified item.</returns>
+        public abstract View GetItemView(int groupIndex, int itemIndex);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create group title of specified group, need to be overrided.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Group index of grid view.</param>
+        /// <returns>Group title view.</returns>
+        public virtual View GetGroupTitleView(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove group title of specified group, need to be overrided.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Group index of grid view.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupTitle">Group title view.</param>
+        public virtual void RemoveGroupTitleView(int groupIndex, View groupTitle)
+        {
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update View that displays the data at the specified index in the data set when data change.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The item index.</param>
+        /// <param name="view">A View that displays the data at the specified index in the data set.</param>
+        public abstract void UpdateItem(int groupIndex, int itemIndex, View view);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Update View that displays the data at the specified index in the data set when focus change.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The item index.</param>
+        /// <param name="view">Item view of specified item.</param>
+        /// <param name="FlagFocused">Focus in or focus out</param>
+        /// <param name="bSelected">LinearView item selected or not.</param>
+        public abstract void FocusChange(int groupIndex, int itemIndex, View view, bool FlagFocused, bool bSelected = false);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Unload view at the specified index when item scroll out or deleted.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The item index.</param>
+        /// <param name="view">Item view of specified item.</param>
+        public abstract void UnloadItem(int groupIndex, int itemIndex, View view);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Unload view according to the specified viewType.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="viewType"> Item type set by users.</param>
+        /// <param name="view">A View that displays the data at the specified index in the data set.</param>
+        public abstract void UnloadItemByViewType(int viewType, View view);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the type of View that will be created by GetView for the specified item.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The item index.</param>
+        /// <remarks>Integers must be in the range 0 to GetItemTypeCount() - 1.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>Item type.</returns>
+        public virtual int GetItemType(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the number of view types.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The count of view type.</returns>
+        public virtual int GetItemTypeCount()
+        {
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check whether item is enable or not.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The item index.</param>
+        /// <returns>Item is enabled or disabled.</returns>
+        public virtual bool IsItemEnabled(int groupIndex, int itemIndex)
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the data at the specified index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The item index.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index.</param>
+        /// <returns>The data at the specified index.</returns>
+        public object GetData(int itemIndex, int groupIndex = 0)
+        {
+            object data = null;
+            if (gridData != null && gridData.ElementAt(groupIndex) != null && itemIndex >= 0 && itemIndex < gridData.ElementAt(groupIndex).Count)
+            {
+                data = gridData.ElementAt(groupIndex).ElementAt(itemIndex);
+            }
+
+            return data;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get data group count of the bridge.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Group count of the data set.</returns>
+        public int GetGroupCount()
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            if (gridData != null)
+            {
+                count = gridData.Count;
+            }
+
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// How many items are in the data set of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The data group index.</param>
+        /// <returns>Count of items of specified group.</returns>
+        public int GetItemCount(int groupIndex = 0)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            if (gridData != null && gridData.ElementAtOrDefault(groupIndex) != null)
+            {
+                count = gridData.ElementAt(groupIndex).Count;
+            }
+
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// How many items are in the data set of whole data list.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Count of total items</returns>
+        public int GetTotalCount()
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            if (gridData != null)
+            {
+                foreach (List<object> group in gridData)
+                {
+                    count += group.Count;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds the specified data at the end of the List of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">The data to add at the end of the List.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index which need to add data.</param>
+        /// <param name="sendEvent">Notify list to remove item or not.</param>
+        public void Add(object data, int groupIndex = 0, bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(groupIndex < gridData.Count);
+
+            gridData[groupIndex].Add(data);
+            DataChangeEventArgs e = new DataChangeEventArgs();
+            e.ChangeType = DataChangeEventType.Add;
+            e.param[0] = groupIndex;
+            e.data = data;
+            OnDataChangeEvent(this, e, sendEvent);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the specified data from the List of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fromIndex">The from index of data to remove from the list.</param>
+        /// <param name="removeNum">The remove number of data to remove from the list.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index which need to add data.</param>
+        /// <param name="withAni">Remove with animation or not.</param>
+        /// <param name="sendEvent">Notify list to remove item or not.</param>
+
+        public void RemoveItems(int fromIndex, int removeNum, int groupIndex = 0, bool withAni = false, bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(groupIndex < gridData.Count);
+
+            if (fromIndex + removeNum > gridData[groupIndex].Count)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            DataChangeEventArgs e = new DataChangeEventArgs();
+            e.ChangeType = DataChangeEventType.Remove;
+            e.param[0] = groupIndex;
+            e.param[1] = fromIndex;
+            e.param[2] = removeNum;
+            e.param[3] = withAni ? 1 : 0;
+            OnDataChangeEvent(this, e, sendEvent);
+            gridData[groupIndex].RemoveRange(fromIndex, removeNum);
+            e.ChangeType = DataChangeEventType.Load;
+            OnDataChangeEvent(this, e, sendEvent);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the specified data from the List of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="itemIndex">The from index of data to remove from the list.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index which need to add data.</param>
+        /// <param name="withAni">Remove with animation or not.</param>
+        /// <param name="sendEvent">Notify list to remove item or not.</param>
+        public void Remove(int itemIndex, int groupIndex = 0, bool withAni = false, bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            if (itemIndex < 0 || itemIndex >= GetItemCount(groupIndex))
+            {
+                Tizen.Log.Fatal("NUI", "Error!! item index is invalid");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            RemoveItems(itemIndex, 1, groupIndex, withAni, sendEvent);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inserts the specified data at the specified index in the List of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">The index at which the data must be inserted.</param>
+        /// <param name="data">The data to insert into the list.</param>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index which need to insert data.</param>
+        /// <param name="sendEvent">Notify list to remove item or not.</param>
+        public void Insert(int index, object data, int groupIndex = 0, bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(groupIndex < gridData.Count);
+
+            gridData[groupIndex].Insert(index, data);
+            DataChangeEventArgs e = new DataChangeEventArgs();
+            e.ChangeType = DataChangeEventType.Insert;
+            e.data = data;
+            e.param[0] = groupIndex;
+            e.param[1] = index;
+            OnDataChangeEvent(this, e, sendEvent);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove all elements from the list.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sendEvent">Notify list to remove item or not.</param>
+        public void Clear(bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            if (gridData != null)
+            {
+                DataChangeEventArgs e = new DataChangeEventArgs();
+                e.ChangeType = DataChangeEventType.Clear;
+                OnDataChangeEvent(this, e, sendEvent);
+                gridData.Clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reset bridge, and Update LinearView with new bridge data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="objects">Data list of differet groups.</param>
+        /// <param name="sendEvent">Notify list to remove item or not.</param>
+        public void Reset(List<List<object>> objects, bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            Clear();
+            gridData = objects;
+            DataChangeEventArgs e = new DataChangeEventArgs();
+            e.ChangeType = DataChangeEventType.Reset;
+            OnDataChangeEvent(this, e, sendEvent);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reset bridge, and Update LinearView with new bridge data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="objects">Data list of grid view.</param>
+        /// <param name="sendEvent">Notify list to remove item or not.</param>
+        public void Reset(List<object> objects, bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            Clear();
+            gridData = new List<List<object>>();
+            gridData.Add(objects);
+            DataChangeEventArgs e = new DataChangeEventArgs();
+            e.ChangeType = DataChangeEventType.Reset;
+            OnDataChangeEvent(this, e, sendEvent);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Swap data of specified group.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">The group index which need to insert data.</param>
+        /// <param name="from">First item index of the group.</param>
+        /// <param name="to">Second item index of the group.</param>
+        public void SwapGroupData(int groupIndex, int from, int to)
+        {
+            List<object> groupDataList = gridData.ElementAt(groupIndex);
+            object fromData = groupDataList.ElementAt(from);
+            groupDataList[from] = groupDataList[to];
+            groupDataList[to] = fromData;
+        }
+
+        private void OnDataChangeEvent(object sender, DataChangeEventArgs e, bool sendEvent = true)
+        {
+            if (!sendEvent)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (dataChangeEventHandlers != null)
+            {
+                dataChangeEventHandlers(sender, e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private List<List<object>> gridData;
+        private EventHandler<DataChangeEventArgs> dataChangeEventHandlers;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `focusedCell` last assigned on line 1293 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1295, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GridView.GetOnscreenRange(Rect,GridView$Range&,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+TV/MediaHubSample/MediaHubSample/src/View/GridView/Grid.cs
+
+### Key:
+Grid.cs|GetOnscreenRange|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+1466417a2c6e07913ac313df0b77f760
+
+### Hash:
+3d7fc4fb42aaff3ee4e22bca635375a9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0791/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0791/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..deea579413c1a00ee01506d78d60d4b914c96f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0791/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CoreHook
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
+using System;
+using System.Text;
+using System.IO;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace CoreHook.Memory
+{
+    public static partial class ThreadHelper
+    {
+        public static SafeWaitHandle CreateRemoteThread(
+            SafeProcessHandle processHandle,
+            IntPtr startAddress,
+            IntPtr parameter)
+        {
+            return Interop.Kernel32.CreateRemoteThread(
+                       processHandle,
+                       IntPtr.Zero,
+                       UIntPtr.Zero,
+                       startAddress,
+                       parameter,
+                       0,
+                       IntPtr.Zero);
+        }
+
+        public static IntPtr GetProcAddress(SafeProcessHandle processHandle, string module, string function)
+        {
+            var moduleHandle = GetModuleHandle(processHandle, module);
+
+            if(moduleHandle == IntPtr.Zero)
+            {
+                throw new Win32Exception($"Failed to get the {module} handle.");
+            }
+
+            return GetModuleFunctionAddress(processHandle, moduleHandle, function);
+        }
+
+        private static IntPtr GetModuleFunctionAddress(SafeProcessHandle processHandle, 
+            IntPtr moduleHandle, string functionName)
+        {
+            Interop.Kernel32.NtModuleInfo moduleInfo = GetModuleInfo(processHandle, moduleHandle);
+
+            DataDirectory exportDirectory = ReadExportDataDirectory(ReadPage(processHandle, moduleInfo.BaseOfDll), 0);
+
+            var exportTable = new byte[exportDirectory.Size];
+            var exportTableAddress = moduleInfo.BaseOfDll + (int)exportDirectory.Rva;
+            if (!Interop.Kernel32.ReadProcessMemory(
+                processHandle,
+                exportTableAddress,
+                exportTable,
+                new UIntPtr((uint)exportTable.Length),
+                out UIntPtr bytesRead) || bytesRead.ToUInt32() != exportTable.Length)
+            {
+                throw new Win32Exception($"Cannot read export table at {exportTableAddress.ToInt64()}");
+            }
+
+            return new IntPtr(moduleInfo.BaseOfDll.ToInt64() +
+                GetAddressFromExportTable(exportTable, exportDirectory.Rva, functionName).ToInt64());
+        }
+
+        private static byte[] ReadPage(SafeProcessHandle processHandle, IntPtr pageAddress)
+        {
+            var page = new byte[Environment.SystemPageSize];
+            if(!Interop.Kernel32.ReadProcessMemory(
+                processHandle,
+                pageAddress,
+                page,
+                new UIntPtr((uint)page.Length),
+                out UIntPtr bytesRead) || bytesRead.ToUInt32() != page.Length)
+            {
+                throw new Win32Exception(
+                    $"Failed to read process memory page: {pageAddress.ToInt64():X16}.");
+            }
+            return page;
+        }
+
+        private static Interop.Kernel32.NtModuleInfo GetModuleInfo(SafeProcessHandle processHandle, IntPtr moduleHandle)
+        {
+            if(!Interop.Kernel32.GetModuleInformation(
+                processHandle,
+                moduleHandle,
+                out Interop.Kernel32.NtModuleInfo moduleInfo))
+            {
+                throw new Win32Exception("Failed to get process module information");
+            }
+            return moduleInfo;
+        }
+
+        private static IntPtr GetModuleHandle(SafeProcessHandle processHandle, string moduleName)
+        {
+            IntPtr[] moduleHandles = GetProcessModuleHandles(processHandle);
+            char[] chars = new char[1024];
+
+            foreach (IntPtr moduleHandle in moduleHandles)
+            {
+                int length = Interop.Kernel32.GetModuleFileNameEx(processHandle, moduleHandle, chars, chars.Length);
+                if (length == 0)
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                var moduleFileName = (length >= 4 && chars[0] == '\\' && chars[1] == '\\' && chars[2] == '?' && chars[3] == '\\') ?
+                        new string(chars, 4, length - 4) :
+                        new string(chars, 0, length);
+
+                if (length == moduleName.Length)
+                {
+                    if (moduleName.Equals(moduleFileName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    {
+                        return moduleHandle;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return IntPtr.Zero;
+        }
+
+        private static IntPtr[] GetProcessModuleHandles(SafeProcessHandle processHandle)
+        {
+            IntPtr[] moduleHandles = new IntPtr[64];
+            GCHandle moduleHandlesArrayHandle = new GCHandle();
+            int moduleCount = 0;
+            for (; ;)
+            {
+                bool enumResult = false;
+                try
+                {
+                    moduleHandlesArrayHandle = GCHandle.Alloc(moduleHandles, GCHandleType.Pinned);
+                    enumResult = Interop.Psapi.EnumProcessModulesEx(processHandle,
+                        moduleHandlesArrayHandle.AddrOfPinnedObject(),
+                        (uint)(moduleHandles.Length * IntPtr.Size),
+                        ref moduleCount,
+                        Interop.Psapi.ModuleFilterFlags.All);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    moduleHandlesArrayHandle.Free();
+                }
+
+                if (!enumResult)
+                {
+                    throw new Win32Exception("Failed to retrieve process modules.");
+                }
+
+                moduleCount /= IntPtr.Size;
+                if (moduleCount <= moduleHandles.Length)
+                    break;
+
+                moduleHandles = new IntPtr[moduleHandles.Length * 2];
+            }
+            return moduleHandles;
+        }
+
+        private static DataDirectory ReadExportDataDirectory(byte[] programHeader, int index)
+        {
+            using (var reader = new BinaryReader(new MemoryStream(programHeader)))
+            {
+                const uint portableExecutableMagic = 0x00004550;
+                reader.BaseStream.Position = 0x3c;
+
+                reader.BaseStream.Position = reader.ReadInt32();
+
+                if(reader.ReadUInt32() != portableExecutableMagic)
+                {
+                    throw new Win32Exception(
+                        $"Invalid portable executable header {portableExecutableMagic}.");
+                }
+
+                reader.BaseStream.Position += 0x14;
+
+                switch(reader.ReadUInt16())
+                {
+                    case 0x10b:
+                        reader.BaseStream.Position += 0x5E;
+                        break;
+                    case 0x20b:
+                        reader.BaseStream.Position += 0x6E;
+                        break;
+
+                    default:
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException("Portable executable header not supported");
+                }
+
+                reader.BaseStream.Position += (index * 8);
+
+                var rva = reader.ReadUInt32();
+                var size = reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+                reader.Close();
+
+                return new DataDirectory(rva, size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static IntPtr GetAddressFromExportTable(byte[] exportTable, uint exportTableRva, string functionName)
+        {
+            using (var reader = new BinaryReader(new MemoryStream(exportTable)))
+            {
+                reader.BaseStream.Position = 0x10;
+
+                var ordinalBase = reader.ReadInt32();
+                var addressTableEntryCount = reader.ReadUInt32();
+                var namePointerTableEntryCount = reader.ReadUInt32();
+                var exportAddressTableRva = reader.ReadUInt32() - exportTableRva;
+                var exportNamePointerTableRva = reader.ReadUInt32() - exportTableRva;
+                var ordinalTableRva = reader.ReadUInt32() - exportTableRva;
+
+                reader.BaseStream.Position = exportNamePointerTableRva;
+
+                var functionAddress = IntPtr.Zero;
+
+                for(int x = 0; x < namePointerTableEntryCount; ++x)
+                {
+                    reader.BaseStream.Position = exportNamePointerTableRva + (x * 4);
+
+                    var nameRva = reader.ReadUInt32();
+
+                    if(nameRva == 0)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    reader.BaseStream.Position = nameRva - exportTableRva;
+
+                    if(functionName == ReadAsciiString(reader))
+                    {
+                        reader.BaseStream.Position = ordinalTableRva + (x * 2);
+                        var ordinal = reader.ReadUInt16();
+
+                        if(ordinal >= addressTableEntryCount)
+                        {
+                            throw new Win32Exception("Invalid function export table");
+                        }
+
+                        reader.BaseStream.Position = exportAddressTableRva + (ordinal * 4);
+
+                        functionAddress = new IntPtr(reader.ReadUInt32());
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return functionAddress;
+            }
+           
+        }
+        private static string ReadAsciiString(BinaryReader reader)
+        {
+            var stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+
+            char character = '\0';
+            while((character = reader.ReadChar()) != '\0')
+            {
+                stringBuilder.Append(character);
+            }
+
+            return stringBuilder.ToString();
+        }
+
+        internal struct DataDirectory
+        {
+            internal readonly uint Rva;
+            internal readonly uint Size;
+
+            internal DataDirectory(uint rva, uint size)
+            {
+                Rva = rva;
+                Size = size;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource reader of type System.IO.BinaryReader, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 199) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "IntPtr ThreadHelper.GetAddressFromExportTable(Byte[],UInt32,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IntPtr ThreadHelper.GetAddressFromExportTable(Byte[],UInt32,String)
+
+### File:
+src/CoreHook.Memory/ThreadHelper.Windows.cs
+
+### Key:
+ThreadHelper.Windows.cs|GetAddressFromExportTable|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+55e54628e8e5947aad7fcb9c0209dac3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0798/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0798/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac55cef89f08d165b7a143df85d8910211b3b020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0798/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** EntityFrameworkCore.Taos
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using ConsoleTableExt;
+using Maikebing.Data.Taos;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Data.Common;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace TaosADODemo
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            System.Text.Encoding.RegisterProvider(System.Text.CodePagesEncodingProvider.Instance);
+            DbProviderFactories.RegisterFactory("TDengine",  TaosFactory .Instance);
+            ///Specify the name of the database
+            string database = "db_" + DateTime.Now.ToString("yyyyMMddHHmmss");
+            var builder = new TaosConnectionStringBuilder()
+            {
+                DataSource = "taos",
+                DataBase = database,
+                Username = "root",
+                Password = "taosdata",
+                Port = 6030
+
+            };
+            //Example for ADO.Net 
+            using (var connection = new TaosConnection(builder.ConnectionString))
+            {
+                connection.Open();
+                Console.WriteLine("ServerVersion:{0}", connection.ServerVersion);
+                Console.WriteLine("create {0} {1}", database, connection.CreateCommand($"create database {database};").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                Console.WriteLine("create table t {0} {1}", database, connection.CreateCommand($"create table {database}.t (ts timestamp, cdata int);").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                Console.WriteLine("insert into t values  {0}  ", connection.CreateCommand($"insert into {database}.t values ({(long)(DateTime.Now.Subtract(new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)).TotalMilliseconds)}, 10);").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                var pmcmd = connection.CreateCommand($"insert into {database}.t values (@t, @c);");
+                Thread.Sleep(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
+                pmcmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@t", (long)(DateTime.Now.Subtract(new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)).TotalMilliseconds));
+                pmcmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@c", 1111);
+                pmcmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
+                Console.WriteLine("insert into t values  {0}  ", connection.CreateCommand($"insert into {database}.t values ({(long)(DateTime.Now.Subtract(new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)).TotalMilliseconds)}, 10);").ExecuteNonQuery());
+
+                //Console.WriteLine("insert into t values  {0} ", connection.CreateCommand($"insert into {database}.t values ({(long)(DateTime.Now.AddMonths(1).Subtract(new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)).TotalMilliseconds)}, 20);").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                var cmd_select = connection.CreateCommand();
+                cmd_select.CommandText = $"select * from {database}.t;";
+                var reader = cmd_select.ExecuteReader();
+
+                int index =reader.GetOrdinal("cdata");
+                if (reader.Read())
+                {
+                    var ts = reader.GetDateTime("ts");
+                }
+                Console.WriteLine($"cdata index at {index}");
+                Console.WriteLine(cmd_select.CommandText);
+                Console.WriteLine("");
+                ConsoleTableBuilder.From(reader.ToDataTable()).WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.MarkDown).ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+
+                Console.WriteLine("");
+                connection.CreateCommand($"CREATE TABLE datas ('reportTime' timestamp, type int, 'bufferedEnd' bool, address nchar(64), parameter nchar(64), value nchar(64)) TAGS ('boxCode' nchar(64), 'machineId' int);").ExecuteNonQuery();
+                connection.CreateCommand($"INSERT INTO  data_history_67 USING datas TAGS (mongo, 67) values ( 1608173534840 2 false 'Channel1.窑.烟囱温度' '烟囱温度' '122.00' );").ExecuteNonQuery();
+                var cmd_datas = connection.CreateCommand();
+                cmd_datas.CommandText = $"SELECT  reportTime,type,bufferedEnd,address,parameter,value FROM  {database}.data_history_67 LIMIT  100";
+                var readerdatas = cmd_datas.ExecuteReader();
+                Console.WriteLine(cmd_datas.CommandText);
+                Console.WriteLine("");
+                ConsoleTableBuilder.From(readerdatas.ToDataTable()).WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Default).ExportAndWriteLine();
+                Console.WriteLine("");
+
+                Console.WriteLine("CREATE TABLE meters ", connection.CreateCommand($"CREATE TABLE meters (ts timestamp, current float, voltage int, phase float) TAGS (location binary(64), groupdId int);").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                Console.WriteLine("CREATE TABLE d1001 ", connection.CreateCommand($"CREATE TABLE d1001 USING meters TAGS (\"Beijing.Chaoyang\", 2);").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                Console.WriteLine("INSERT INTO d1001  ", connection.CreateCommand($"INSERT INTO d1001 USING METERS TAGS(\"Beijng.Chaoyang\", 2) VALUES(now, 10.2, 219, 0.32);").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                Console.WriteLine("DROP TABLE  {0} {1}", database, connection.CreateCommand($"DROP TABLE  {database}.t;").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                Console.WriteLine("DROP DATABASE {0} {1}", database, connection.CreateCommand($"DROP DATABASE   {database};").ExecuteNonQuery());
+                connection.CreateCommand("DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS  IoTSharp").ExecuteNonQuery();
+                connection.CreateCommand("CREATE DATABASE IoTSharp KEEP 365 DAYS 10 BLOCKS 4;").ExecuteNonQuery();
+                connection.ChangeDatabase("IoTSharp");
+                connection.CreateCommand("CREATE STABLE IF NOT EXISTS telemetrydata  (ts timestamp,value_type  tinyint, value_boolean bool, value_string binary(10240), value_long bigint,value_datetime timestamp,value_double double)   TAGS (deviceid binary(32),keyname binary(64));").ExecuteNonQuery();
+                //connection.CreateCommand($"CREATE TABLE dev_Thermometer USING telemetrydata TAGS (\"Temperature\")").ExecuteNonQuery();
+                var devid = $"{Guid.NewGuid():N}";
+                UploadTelemetryData(connection, devid, "Temperature", 999);
+                UploadTelemetryData(connection,devid,   "Humidity", 888);
+                var devid2 = $"{Guid.NewGuid():N}";
+                UploadTelemetryData(connection, devid2, "Temperature", 777);
+                UploadTelemetryData(connection, devid2, "Humidity", 666);
+                var reader2 = connection.CreateCommand("select last_row(*) from telemetrydata group by deviceid,keyname ;").ExecuteReader();
+                ConsoleTableBuilder.From(reader2.ToDataTable()).WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.Default).ExportAndWriteLine();
+
+                Console.WriteLine("DROP DATABASE IoTSharp", database, connection.CreateCommand($"DROP DATABASE IoTSharp;").ExecuteNonQuery());
+
+                connection.Close();
+
+
+            }
+            //Example for  Entity Framework Core  
+            using (var context = new TaosContext(new DbContextOptionsBuilder()
+                                                    .UseTaos(builder.ConnectionString).Options))
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("EnsureCreated");
+                context.Database.EnsureCreated();
+                for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+                {
+                    var rd = new Random();
+                    context.sensor.Add(new sensor() { ts = DateTime.Now.AddMilliseconds(i + 10), degree = rd.NextDouble(), pm25 = rd.Next(0, 1000) });
+                    Thread.Sleep(10);
+                }
+                Console.WriteLine("Saveing");
+                context.SaveChanges();
+                Console.WriteLine("");
+                Console.WriteLine("from s in context.sensor where s.pm25 > 0 select s ");
+                Console.WriteLine("");
+                var f = from s in context.sensor where s.pm25 > 0 select s;
+                var ary = f.ToArray();
+                if (ary.Any())
+                {
+                    ConsoleTableBuilder.From(ary.ToList()).WithFormat(ConsoleTableBuilderFormat.MarkDown).ExportAndWriteLine();
+                }
+                context.Database.EnsureDeleted();
+            }
+
+
+        }
+
+        static void UploadTelemetryData(  TaosConnection connection, string devid, string keyname, int count)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            {
+                connection.CreateCommand($"INSERT INTO device_{devid}_{keyname} USING telemetrydata TAGS(\"{devid}\",\"{keyname}\") values (now,2,true,'{i}',{i},now,{i});").ExecuteNonQuery();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource pmcmd of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource cmd_select of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource cmd_datas of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 91) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from System.Data.DataTable Maikebing.Data.Taos.DataReaderExtensions::ToDataTable(System.Data.IDataReader) at Line 89) of type System.Data.DataTable, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 88) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 80) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 78) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 77) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 76) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 75) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 74) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 73) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 72) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from System.Data.DataTable Maikebing.Data.Taos.DataReaderExtensions::ToDataTable(System.Data.IDataReader) at Line 69) of type System.Data.DataTable, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 63) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 62) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from System.Data.DataTable Maikebing.Data.Taos.DataReaderExtensions::ToDataTable(System.Data.IDataReader) at Line 58) of type System.Data.DataTable, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 43) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 37) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 36) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand, Leaked resource (returned from Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosConnection::CreateCommand(System.String) at Line 35) of type Maikebing.Data.Taos.TaosCommand in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+src/Example/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+51d21d60492b1eb992c100a2cfa85e63
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0818/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0818/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8721fe63a79747b78a85a67b3b29b8609a3fd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0818/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rush
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (c) Shane Woolcock. Licensed under the MIT Licence.
+// See the LICENCE file in the repository root for full licence text.
+
+using osu.Framework.Allocation;
+using osu.Framework.Graphics;
+using osu.Game.Overlays.Settings;
+using osu.Game.Rulesets.Rush.Configuration;
+
+namespace osu.Game.Rulesets.Rush.UI
+{
+    public class RushSettingsSubsection : RulesetSettingsSubsection
+    {
+        private readonly Ruleset ruleset;
+
+        protected override string Header => ruleset.Description;
+
+        public RushSettingsSubsection(Ruleset ruleset)
+            : base(ruleset)
+        {
+            this.ruleset = ruleset;
+        }
+
+        [BackgroundDependencyLoader]
+        private void load()
+        {
+            var config = (RushRulesetConfigManager)Config;
+
+            Children = new Drawable[]
+            {
+                new SettingsCheckbox
+                {
+                    LabelText = "Automatic Fever activation",
+                    Current = config.GetBindable<bool>(RushRulesetSettings.AutomaticFever)
+                },
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource n$4.[_] of type osu.Game.Overlays.Settings.SettingsCheckbox in method "Void RushSettingsSubsection.load()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RushSettingsSubsection.load()
+
+### File:
+osu.Game.Rulesets.Rush/UI/RushSettingsSubsection.cs
+
+### Key:
+RushSettingsSubsection.cs|load|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+814bd62c0a5e82f01ab8db79cfc2dfda
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0820/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0820/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f78b48f05ae4fe43a68ceee8aa9248e288ef169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0820/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Reflexil
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//
+// Mono.CSharp.Debugger/MonoSymbolFile.cs
+//
+// Author:
+//   Martin Baulig (martin@ximian.com)
+//
+// (C) 2003 Ximian, Inc.  http://www.ximian.com
+//
+
+//
+// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+// the following conditions:
+//
+// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+//
+// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+//
+
+using System;
+using System.Reflection;
+using SRE = System.Reflection.Emit;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Mono.CompilerServices.SymbolWriter
+{
+	public class MonoSymbolFileException : Exception
+	{
+		public MonoSymbolFileException ()
+			: base ()
+		{ }
+
+		public MonoSymbolFileException (string message, params object[] args)
+			: base (String.Format (message, args))
+		{ }
+	}
+
+	internal class MyBinaryWriter : BinaryWriter
+	{
+		public MyBinaryWriter (Stream stream)
+			: base (stream)
+		{ }
+
+		public void WriteLeb128 (int value)
+		{
+			base.Write7BitEncodedInt (value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	internal class MyBinaryReader : BinaryReader
+	{
+		public MyBinaryReader (Stream stream)
+			: base (stream)
+		{ }
+
+		public int ReadLeb128 ()
+		{
+			return base.Read7BitEncodedInt ();
+		}
+
+		public string ReadString (int offset)
+		{
+			long old_pos = BaseStream.Position;
+			BaseStream.Position = offset;
+
+			string text = ReadString ();
+
+			BaseStream.Position = old_pos;
+			return text;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public interface ISourceFile
+	{
+		SourceFileEntry Entry {
+			get;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public interface ICompileUnit
+	{
+		CompileUnitEntry Entry {
+			get;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public interface IMethodDef
+	{
+		string Name {
+			get;
+		}
+
+		int Token {
+			get;
+		}
+	}
+
+#if !CECIL
+	internal class MonoDebuggerSupport
+	{
+		static GetMethodTokenFunc get_method_token;
+		static GetGuidFunc get_guid;
+		static GetLocalIndexFunc get_local_index;
+
+		delegate int GetMethodTokenFunc (MethodBase method);
+		delegate Guid GetGuidFunc (Module module);
+		delegate int GetLocalIndexFunc (SRE.LocalBuilder local);
+
+		static Delegate create_delegate (Type type, Type delegate_type, string name)
+		{
+			MethodInfo mi = type.GetMethod (name, BindingFlags.Static |
+							BindingFlags.NonPublic);
+			if (mi == null)
+				throw new Exception ("Can't find " + name);
+
+			return Delegate.CreateDelegate (delegate_type, mi);
+		}
+
+		static MonoDebuggerSupport ()
+		{
+			get_method_token = (GetMethodTokenFunc) create_delegate (
+				typeof (Assembly), typeof (GetMethodTokenFunc),
+				"MonoDebugger_GetMethodToken");
+
+			get_guid = (GetGuidFunc) create_delegate (
+				typeof (Module), typeof (GetGuidFunc), "Mono_GetGuid");
+
+			get_local_index = (GetLocalIndexFunc) create_delegate (
+				typeof (SRE.LocalBuilder), typeof (GetLocalIndexFunc),
+				"Mono_GetLocalIndex");
+		}
+
+		public static int GetMethodToken (MethodBase method)
+		{
+			return get_method_token (method);
+		}
+
+		public static Guid GetGuid (Module module)
+		{
+			return get_guid (module);
+		}
+
+		public static int GetLocalIndex (SRE.LocalBuilder local)
+		{
+			return get_local_index (local);
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
+	public class MonoSymbolFile : IDisposable
+	{
+		List<MethodEntry> methods = new List<MethodEntry> ();
+		List<SourceFileEntry> sources = new List<SourceFileEntry> ();
+		List<CompileUnitEntry> comp_units = new List<CompileUnitEntry> ();
+		Dictionary<Type, int> type_hash = new Dictionary<Type, int> ();
+		Dictionary<int, AnonymousScopeEntry> anonymous_scopes;
+
+		OffsetTable ot;
+		int last_type_index;
+		int last_method_index;
+		int last_namespace_index;
+
+		public readonly string FileName = "<dynamic>";
+		public readonly int MajorVersion = OffsetTable.MajorVersion;
+		public readonly int MinorVersion = OffsetTable.MinorVersion;
+
+		public int NumLineNumbers;
+
+		internal MonoSymbolFile ()
+		{
+			ot = new OffsetTable ();
+		}
+
+		internal int AddSource (SourceFileEntry source)
+		{
+			sources.Add (source);
+			return sources.Count;
+		}
+
+		internal int AddCompileUnit (CompileUnitEntry entry)
+		{
+			comp_units.Add (entry);
+			return comp_units.Count;
+		}
+
+		internal int DefineType (Type type)
+		{
+			int index;
+			if (type_hash.TryGetValue (type, out index))
+				return index;
+
+			index = ++last_type_index;
+			type_hash.Add (type, index);
+			return index;
+		}
+
+		internal void AddMethod (MethodEntry entry)
+		{
+			methods.Add (entry);
+		}
+
+		public MethodEntry DefineMethod (CompileUnitEntry comp_unit, int token,
+						 ScopeVariable[] scope_vars, LocalVariableEntry[] locals,
+						 LineNumberEntry[] lines, CodeBlockEntry[] code_blocks,
+						 string real_name, MethodEntry.Flags flags,
+						 int namespace_id)
+		{
+			if (reader != null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			MethodEntry method = new MethodEntry (
+				this, comp_unit, token, scope_vars, locals, lines, code_blocks,
+				real_name, flags, namespace_id);
+			AddMethod (method);
+			return method;
+		}
+
+		internal void DefineAnonymousScope (int id)
+		{
+			if (reader != null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			if (anonymous_scopes == null)
+				anonymous_scopes = new Dictionary<int, AnonymousScopeEntry>  ();
+
+			anonymous_scopes.Add (id, new AnonymousScopeEntry (id));
+		}
+
+		internal void DefineCapturedVariable (int scope_id, string name, string captured_name,
+						      CapturedVariable.CapturedKind kind)
+		{
+			if (reader != null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			AnonymousScopeEntry scope = anonymous_scopes [scope_id];
+			scope.AddCapturedVariable (name, captured_name, kind);
+		}
+
+		internal void DefineCapturedScope (int scope_id, int id, string captured_name)
+		{
+			if (reader != null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			AnonymousScopeEntry scope = anonymous_scopes [scope_id];
+			scope.AddCapturedScope (id, captured_name);
+		}
+
+		internal int GetNextTypeIndex ()
+		{
+			return ++last_type_index;
+		}
+
+		internal int GetNextMethodIndex ()
+		{
+			return ++last_method_index;
+		}
+
+		internal int GetNextNamespaceIndex ()
+		{
+			return ++last_namespace_index;
+		}
+
+		void Write (MyBinaryWriter bw, Guid guid)
+		{
+			// Magic number and file version.
+			bw.Write (OffsetTable.Magic);
+			bw.Write (MajorVersion);
+			bw.Write (MinorVersion);
+
+			bw.Write (guid.ToByteArray ());
+
+			//
+			// Offsets of file sections; we must write this after we're done
+			// writing the whole file, so we just reserve the space for it here.
+			//
+			long offset_table_offset = bw.BaseStream.Position;
+			ot.Write (bw, MajorVersion, MinorVersion);
+
+			//
+			// Sort the methods according to their tokens and update their index.
+			//
+			methods.Sort ();
+			for (int i = 0; i < methods.Count; i++)
+				((MethodEntry) methods [i]).Index = i + 1;
+
+			//
+			// Write data sections.
+			//
+			ot.DataSectionOffset = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position;
+			foreach (SourceFileEntry source in sources)
+				source.WriteData (bw);
+			foreach (CompileUnitEntry comp_unit in comp_units)
+				comp_unit.WriteData (bw);
+			foreach (MethodEntry method in methods)
+				method.WriteData (this, bw);
+			ot.DataSectionSize = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position - ot.DataSectionOffset;
+
+			//
+			// Write the method index table.
+			//
+			ot.MethodTableOffset = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position;
+			for (int i = 0; i < methods.Count; i++) {
+				MethodEntry entry = (MethodEntry) methods [i];
+				entry.Write (bw);
+			}
+			ot.MethodTableSize = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position - ot.MethodTableOffset;
+
+			//
+			// Write source table.
+			//
+			ot.SourceTableOffset = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position;
+			for (int i = 0; i < sources.Count; i++) {
+				SourceFileEntry source = (SourceFileEntry) sources [i];
+				source.Write (bw);
+			}
+			ot.SourceTableSize = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position - ot.SourceTableOffset;
+
+			//
+			// Write compilation unit table.
+			//
+			ot.CompileUnitTableOffset = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position;
+			for (int i = 0; i < comp_units.Count; i++) {
+				CompileUnitEntry unit = (CompileUnitEntry) comp_units [i];
+				unit.Write (bw);
+			}
+			ot.CompileUnitTableSize = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position - ot.CompileUnitTableOffset;
+
+			//
+			// Write anonymous scope table.
+			//
+			ot.AnonymousScopeCount = anonymous_scopes != null ? anonymous_scopes.Count : 0;
+			ot.AnonymousScopeTableOffset = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position;
+			if (anonymous_scopes != null) {
+				foreach (AnonymousScopeEntry scope in anonymous_scopes.Values)
+					scope.Write (bw);
+			}
+			ot.AnonymousScopeTableSize = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position - ot.AnonymousScopeTableOffset;
+
+			//
+			// Fixup offset table.
+			//
+			ot.TypeCount = last_type_index;
+			ot.MethodCount = methods.Count;
+			ot.SourceCount = sources.Count;
+			ot.CompileUnitCount = comp_units.Count;
+
+			//
+			// Write offset table.
+			//
+			ot.TotalFileSize = (int) bw.BaseStream.Position;
+			bw.Seek ((int) offset_table_offset, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+			ot.Write (bw, MajorVersion, MinorVersion);
+			bw.Seek (0, SeekOrigin.End);
+
+#if false
+			Console.WriteLine ("TOTAL: {0} line numbes, {1} bytes, extended {2} bytes, " +
+					   "{3} methods.", NumLineNumbers, LineNumberSize,
+					   ExtendedLineNumberSize, methods.Count);
+#endif
+		}
+
+		public void CreateSymbolFile (Guid guid, FileStream fs)
+		{
+			if (reader != null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			Write (new MyBinaryWriter (fs), guid);
+		}
+
+		MyBinaryReader reader;
+		Dictionary<int, SourceFileEntry> source_file_hash;
+		Dictionary<int, CompileUnitEntry> compile_unit_hash;
+
+		List<MethodEntry> method_list;
+		Dictionary<int, MethodEntry> method_token_hash;
+		Dictionary<string, int> source_name_hash;
+
+		Guid guid;
+
+		MonoSymbolFile (string filename)
+		{
+			this.FileName = filename;
+			FileStream stream = new FileStream (filename, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+			reader = new MyBinaryReader (stream);
+
+			try {
+				long magic = reader.ReadInt64 ();
+				int major_version = reader.ReadInt32 ();
+				int minor_version = reader.ReadInt32 ();
+
+				if (magic != OffsetTable.Magic)
+					throw new MonoSymbolFileException (
+						"Symbol file `{0}' is not a valid " +
+						"Mono symbol file", filename);
+				if (major_version != OffsetTable.MajorVersion)
+					throw new MonoSymbolFileException (
+						"Symbol file `{0}' has version {1}, " +
+						"but expected {2}", filename, major_version,
+						OffsetTable.MajorVersion);
+				if (minor_version != OffsetTable.MinorVersion)
+					throw new MonoSymbolFileException (
+						"Symbol file `{0}' has version {1}.{2}, " +
+						"but expected {3}.{4}", filename, major_version,
+						minor_version, OffsetTable.MajorVersion,
+						OffsetTable.MinorVersion);
+
+				MajorVersion = major_version;
+				MinorVersion = minor_version;
+				guid = new Guid (reader.ReadBytes (16));
+
+				ot = new OffsetTable (reader, major_version, minor_version);
+			} catch {
+				throw new MonoSymbolFileException (
+					"Cannot read symbol file `{0}'", filename);
+			}
+
+			source_file_hash = new Dictionary<int, SourceFileEntry> ();
+			compile_unit_hash = new Dictionary<int, CompileUnitEntry> ();
+		}
+
+		void CheckGuidMatch (Guid other, string filename, string assembly)
+		{
+			if (other == guid)
+				return;
+
+			throw new MonoSymbolFileException (
+				"Symbol file `{0}' does not match assembly `{1}'",
+				filename, assembly);
+		}
+
+#if CECIL
+		protected MonoSymbolFile (string filename, Mono.Cecil.ModuleDefinition module)
+			: this (filename)
+		{
+			CheckGuidMatch (module.Mvid, filename, module.FullyQualifiedName);
+		}
+
+		public static MonoSymbolFile ReadSymbolFile (Mono.Cecil.ModuleDefinition module)
+		{
+			return ReadSymbolFile (module, module.FullyQualifiedName);
+		}
+
+		public static MonoSymbolFile ReadSymbolFile (Mono.Cecil.ModuleDefinition module, string filename)
+		{
+			string name = filename + ".mdb";
+
+			return new MonoSymbolFile (name, module);
+		}
+#else
+		protected MonoSymbolFile (string filename, Assembly assembly) : this (filename)
+		{
+			// Check that the MDB file matches the assembly, if we have been
+			// passed an assembly.
+			if (assembly == null)
+				return;
+
+			Module[] modules = assembly.GetModules ();
+			Guid assembly_guid = MonoDebuggerSupport.GetGuid (modules [0]);
+
+			CheckGuidMatch (assembly_guid, filename, assembly.Location);
+		}
+
+		public static MonoSymbolFile ReadSymbolFile (Assembly assembly)
+		{
+			string filename = assembly.Location;
+			string name = filename + ".mdb";
+
+			return new MonoSymbolFile (name, assembly);
+		}
+#endif
+
+		public static MonoSymbolFile ReadSymbolFile (string mdbFilename)
+		{
+			return new MonoSymbolFile (mdbFilename, null);
+		}
+
+		public int CompileUnitCount {
+			get { return ot.CompileUnitCount; }
+		}
+
+		public int SourceCount {
+			get { return ot.SourceCount; }
+		}
+
+		public int MethodCount {
+			get { return ot.MethodCount; }
+		}
+
+		public int TypeCount {
+			get { return ot.TypeCount; }
+		}
+
+		public int AnonymousScopeCount {
+			get { return ot.AnonymousScopeCount; }
+		}
+
+		public int NamespaceCount {
+			get { return last_namespace_index; }
+		}
+
+		public Guid Guid {
+			get { return guid; }
+		}
+
+		public OffsetTable OffsetTable {
+			get { return ot; }
+		}
+
+		internal int LineNumberCount = 0;
+		internal int LocalCount = 0;
+		internal int StringSize = 0;
+
+		internal int LineNumberSize = 0;
+		internal int ExtendedLineNumberSize = 0;
+
+		public SourceFileEntry GetSourceFile (int index)
+		{
+			if ((index < 1) || (index > ot.SourceCount))
+				throw new ArgumentException ();
+			if (reader == null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			lock (this) {
+				SourceFileEntry source;
+				if (source_file_hash.TryGetValue (index, out source))
+					return source;
+
+				long old_pos = reader.BaseStream.Position;
+
+				reader.BaseStream.Position = ot.SourceTableOffset +
+					SourceFileEntry.Size * (index - 1);
+				source = new SourceFileEntry (this, reader);
+				source_file_hash.Add (index, source);
+
+				reader.BaseStream.Position = old_pos;
+				return source;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public SourceFileEntry[] Sources {
+			get {
+				if (reader == null)
+					throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+				SourceFileEntry[] retval = new SourceFileEntry [SourceCount];
+				for (int i = 0; i < SourceCount; i++)
+					retval [i] = GetSourceFile (i + 1);
+				return retval;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public CompileUnitEntry GetCompileUnit (int index)
+		{
+			if ((index < 1) || (index > ot.CompileUnitCount))
+				throw new ArgumentException ();
+			if (reader == null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			lock (this) {
+				CompileUnitEntry unit;
+				if (compile_unit_hash.TryGetValue (index, out unit))
+					return unit;
+
+				long old_pos = reader.BaseStream.Position;
+
+				reader.BaseStream.Position = ot.CompileUnitTableOffset +
+					CompileUnitEntry.Size * (index - 1);
+				unit = new CompileUnitEntry (this, reader);
+				compile_unit_hash.Add (index, unit);
+
+				reader.BaseStream.Position = old_pos;
+				return unit;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public CompileUnitEntry[] CompileUnits {
+			get {
+				if (reader == null)
+					throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+				CompileUnitEntry[] retval = new CompileUnitEntry [CompileUnitCount];
+				for (int i = 0; i < CompileUnitCount; i++)
+					retval [i] = GetCompileUnit (i + 1);
+				return retval;
+			}
+		}
+
+		void read_methods ()
+		{
+			lock (this) {
+				if (method_token_hash != null)
+					return;
+
+				method_token_hash = new Dictionary<int, MethodEntry> ();
+				method_list = new List<MethodEntry> ();
+
+				long old_pos = reader.BaseStream.Position;
+				reader.BaseStream.Position = ot.MethodTableOffset;
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < MethodCount; i++) {
+					MethodEntry entry = new MethodEntry (this, reader, i + 1);
+					method_token_hash.Add (entry.Token, entry);
+					method_list.Add (entry);
+				}
+
+				reader.BaseStream.Position = old_pos;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public MethodEntry GetMethodByToken (int token)
+		{
+			if (reader == null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			lock (this) {
+				read_methods ();
+				MethodEntry me;
+				method_token_hash.TryGetValue (token, out me);
+				return me;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public MethodEntry GetMethod (int index)
+		{
+			if ((index < 1) || (index > ot.MethodCount))
+				throw new ArgumentException ();
+			if (reader == null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			lock (this) {
+				read_methods ();
+				return (MethodEntry) method_list [index - 1];
+			}
+		}
+
+		public MethodEntry[] Methods {
+			get {
+				if (reader == null)
+					throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+				lock (this) {
+					read_methods ();
+					MethodEntry[] retval = new MethodEntry [MethodCount];
+					method_list.CopyTo (retval, 0);
+					return retval;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int FindSource (string file_name)
+		{
+			if (reader == null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			lock (this) {
+				if (source_name_hash == null) {
+					source_name_hash = new Dictionary<string, int> ();
+
+					for (int i = 0; i < ot.SourceCount; i++) {
+						SourceFileEntry source = GetSourceFile (i + 1);
+						source_name_hash.Add (source.FileName, i);
+					}
+				}
+
+				int value;
+				if (!source_name_hash.TryGetValue (file_name, out value))
+					return -1;
+				return value;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public AnonymousScopeEntry GetAnonymousScope (int id)
+		{
+			if (reader == null)
+				throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+			AnonymousScopeEntry scope;
+			lock (this) {
+				if (anonymous_scopes != null) {
+					anonymous_scopes.TryGetValue (id, out scope);
+					return scope;
+				}
+
+				anonymous_scopes = new Dictionary<int, AnonymousScopeEntry> ();
+				reader.BaseStream.Position = ot.AnonymousScopeTableOffset;
+				for (int i = 0; i < ot.AnonymousScopeCount; i++) {
+					scope = new AnonymousScopeEntry (reader);
+					anonymous_scopes.Add (scope.ID, scope);
+				}
+
+				return anonymous_scopes [id];
+			}
+		}
+
+		internal MyBinaryReader BinaryReader {
+			get {
+				if (reader == null)
+					throw new InvalidOperationException ();
+
+				return reader;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Dispose ()
+		{
+			Dispose (true);
+		}
+
+		protected virtual void Dispose (bool disposing)
+		{
+			if (disposing) {
+				if (reader != null) {
+					reader.Close ();
+					reader = null;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+null (last assigned on line 488) is dereferenced in call to `MonoSymbolFile(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+MonoSymbolFile MonoSymbolFile.ReadSymbolFile(String)
+
+### File:
+Libs/Sources/Mono.Cecil.Mdb/Mono.CompilerServices.SymbolWriter/MonoSymbolFile.cs
+
+### Key:
+MonoSymbolFile.cs|ReadSymbolFile|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+44e552d6dbc8718851ad00e0ec6c5089
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0827/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0827/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ceca15f6628712c0f9cf53a50df1862b1cf25512
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0827/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DotnetCrawler
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using DotnetCrawler.Core;
+using DotnetCrawler.Data.Models;
+using DotnetCrawler.Downloader;
+using DotnetCrawler.Pipeline;
+using DotnetCrawler.Processor;
+using DotnetCrawler.Request;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace DotnetCrawler.Sample
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            const string CrawleUrl = "https://www.ebay.com/b/Apple-iPhone/9355/bn_319682";
+
+            var crawler = new DotnetCrawler<Catalog>()
+                                 .AddRequest(new DotnetCrawlerRequest { Url = CrawleUrl, Regex = @".*itm/.+", TimeOut = 5000 })
+                                 .AddDownloader(new DotnetCrawlerDownloader { DownloderType = DotnetCrawlerDownloaderType.FromMemory, DownloadPath = @"C:\DotnetCrawlercrawler\" })
+                                 .AddProcessor(new DotnetCrawlerProcessor<Catalog> { })
+                                 .AddPipeline(new DotnetCrawlerPipeline<Catalog> { });
+
+            await crawler.Crawle();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource context of type Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.DbContext in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+DotnetCrawler.Sample/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0bf5eb4ad68956c42c8ed298d20462a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0901/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0901/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..880dbb747ce405b4c144f537fb74f4c7407af399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0901/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,992 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** VirusTotalNet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using VirusTotalNET.Exceptions;
+using VirusTotalNET.Results;
+
+namespace VirusTotalNET
+{
+    public class VirusTotal
+    {
+        private readonly HttpClient _client;
+        private bool _useTls;
+        private readonly HttpClientHandler _httpClientHandler;
+        private readonly Dictionary<string, string> _defaultValues;
+        private readonly JsonSerializer _serializer;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Public constructor for VirusTotal.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="apiKey">The API key you got from Virus Total</param>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException"></exception>
+        public VirusTotal(string apiKey)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(apiKey) || apiKey.Length < 64)
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to set an API key.", nameof(apiKey));
+
+            _defaultValues = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            _defaultValues.Add("apikey", apiKey);
+
+            _httpClientHandler = new HttpClientHandler();
+            _httpClientHandler.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
+
+            _serializer = JsonSerializer.Create();
+
+            _client = new HttpClient(_httpClientHandler);
+
+            ApiUrl = "www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/";
+
+            FileSizeLimit = 33553369; //32 MB - 1063 = 33553369 it is the effective limit by virus total
+            RestrictSizeLimits = true;
+            RestrictNumberOfResources = true;
+            DumpRawJSON = false;
+            DumpFolder = "%TEMP%";
+        }
+
+        internal VirusTotal(string apiKey, JsonSerializerSettings settings) : this(apiKey)
+        {
+            _serializer = JsonSerializer.Create(settings);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Dumps the raw JSON from VirusTotal into the folder specified in "DumpFolder". For debug purposes only.
+        /// Defaults to false.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool DumpRawJSON { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// When DumpRawJSON is set to true, it dumps the raw JSON files to this folder. The files are named [DateTimeInUTC]-[RandomGUID].json
+        /// Defaults to %TEMP%
+        /// </summary>
+        public string DumpFolder { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// When true, we check the file size before uploading it to Virus Total. The file size restrictions are based on the Virusl Total public API 2.0 documentation.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool RestrictSizeLimits { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// When true, we check the number of resources that are submitted to Virus Total. The limits are according to Virus Total public API 2.0 documentation.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool RestrictNumberOfResources { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The maximum file size (in bytes) that the Virus Total public API 2.0 supports.
+        /// </summary>
+        public long FileSizeLimit { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Set to false to use HTTP instead of HTTPS. HTTPS is used by default.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool UseTLS
+        {
+            get { return _useTls; }
+            set
+            {
+                _useTls = value;
+
+                string oldUrl = ApiUrl;
+
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(oldUrl))
+                    return;
+
+                if (oldUrl.StartsWith("https://", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    oldUrl = oldUrl.Substring(8);
+                else if (oldUrl.StartsWith("http://", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    oldUrl = oldUrl.Substring(7);
+
+                _client.BaseAddress = _useTls ? new Uri("https://" + oldUrl) : new Uri("http://" + oldUrl);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string UserAgent { get { return _client.DefaultRequestHeaders.UserAgent.ToString(); } set { _client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("User-Agent", value); } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get or set the proxy.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IWebProxy Proxy { get { return _httpClientHandler.Proxy; } set { _httpClientHandler.Proxy = value; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get or set the timeout.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TimeSpan Timeout { get { return _client.Timeout; } set { _client.Timeout = value; } }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The URL which the Virus Total service listens on. IF you don't set the scheme to http:// or https:// it will default to https.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string ApiUrl
+        {
+            get { return _client.BaseAddress.ToString(); }
+            set
+            {
+                string newUrl = value.Trim();
+
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(newUrl))
+                    return;
+
+                if (newUrl.StartsWith("https://", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    _useTls = true;
+                    newUrl = newUrl.Substring(8);
+                }
+                else if (newUrl.StartsWith("http://", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    _useTls = false;
+                    newUrl = newUrl.Substring(7);
+                }
+                else
+                    _useTls = true;
+
+                _client.BaseAddress = _useTls ? new Uri("https://" + newUrl) : new Uri("http://" + newUrl);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan a file.
+        /// Note: It is highly encouraged to get the report of the file before scanning, in case it has already been scanned before.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The file to scan</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<ScanResult> ScanFile(FileInfo file)
+        {
+            if (!file.Exists)
+                throw new FileNotFoundException("The file was not found.", file.Name);
+
+            return ScanFile(file.OpenRead(), file.Name);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan a file.
+        /// Note: It is highly encouraged to get the report of the file before scanning, in case it has already been scanned before.
+        /// Note: You are also strongly encouraged to provide the filename as it is rich metadata for the Virus Total database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The file to scan</param>
+        /// <param name="filename">The filename of the file</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<ScanResult> ScanFile(byte[] file, string filename)
+        {
+            return ScanFile(new MemoryStream(file), filename);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan a file.
+        /// Note: It is highly encouraged to get the report of the file before scanning, in case it has already been scanned before.
+        /// Note: You are also strongly encouraged to provide the filename as it is rich metadata for the Virus Total database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="fileStream">The file to scan</param>
+        /// <param name="filename">The filename of the file</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<ScanResult> ScanFile(Stream fileStream, string filename)
+        {
+            if (fileStream == null || fileStream.Length <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentException("You must provide a file", nameof(fileStream));
+
+            if (RestrictSizeLimits && fileStream.Length > FileSizeLimit)
+                throw new SizeLimitException(string.Format("The filesize limit on VirusTotal is {0} KB. Your file is {1} KB", FileSizeLimit / 1024, fileStream.Length / 1024));
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(filename))
+                throw new ArgumentException("You must provide a filename. Preferably the original filename.");
+
+            MultipartFormDataContent multi = new MultipartFormDataContent();
+            multi.Add(CreateApiPart());
+            multi.Add(CreateFileContent(fileStream, filename, "application/octet-stream"));
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/file/scan
+            return GetResult<ScanResult>("file/scan", HttpMethod.Post, multi);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan multiple files.
+        /// Note: It is highly encouraged to get the report of the files before scanning, in case it they already been scanned before.
+        /// Note: You are also strongly encouraged to provide the filename as it is rich metadata for the Virus Total database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="files">The files you wish to scan. They are a tuple of file content and filename.</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Task<ScanResult>> ScanFiles(IEnumerable<Tuple<byte[], string>> files)
+        {
+            foreach (Tuple<byte[], string> fileInfo in files)
+            {
+                yield return ScanFile(fileInfo.Item1, fileInfo.Item2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan multiple files.
+        /// Note: It is highly encouraged to get the report of the files before scanning, in case it they already been scanned before.
+        /// Note: You are also strongly encouraged to provide the filename as it is rich metadata for the Virus Total database.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="streams">The streams you wish to scan. They are a tuple of stream and filename.</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Task<ScanResult>> ScanFiles(IEnumerable<Tuple<Stream, string>> streams)
+        {
+            foreach (Tuple<Stream, string> stream in streams)
+            {
+                yield return ScanFile(stream.Item1, stream.Item2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan multiple files.
+        /// Note: It is highly encouraged to get the report of the files before scanning, in case it they already been scanned before.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="files">The files you wish to scan.</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Task<ScanResult>> ScanFiles(IEnumerable<FileInfo> files)
+        {
+            foreach (FileInfo fileInfo in files)
+            {
+                yield return ScanFile(fileInfo);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tell VirusTotal to rescan a file without sending the actual file to VirusTotal.
+        /// Note: Before requesting a rescan you should retrieve the latest report on the file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<RescanResult> RescanFile(FileInfo file)
+        {
+            return RescanFile(GetResourcesFromFiles(file).First());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tell VirusTotal to rescan a file without sending the actual file to VirusTotal.
+        /// Note: Before requesting a rescan you should retrieve the latest report on the file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<RescanResult> RescanFile(byte[] file)
+        {
+            return RescanFile(GetResourcesFromFiles(file).First());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tell VirusTotal to rescan a file.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the file and sends that instead.
+        /// Note: Before requesting a rescan you should retrieve the latest report on the files.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<List<RescanResult>> RescanFiles(IEnumerable<byte[]> files)
+        {
+            return RescanFiles(GetResourcesFromFiles(files.ToArray()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tell VirusTotal to rescan a file.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the file and sends that instead.
+        /// Note: Before requesting a rescan you should retrieve the latest report on the files.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<List<RescanResult>> RescanFiles(IEnumerable<FileInfo> files)
+        {
+            return RescanFiles(GetResourcesFromFiles(files.ToArray()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tell VirusTotal to rescan a file.
+        /// Note: This does not send the content of the streams to VirusTotal. It hashes the content and sends that instead.
+        /// Note: Before requesting a rescan you should retrieve the latest report on the files.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<List<RescanResult>> RescanFiles(IEnumerable<Stream> streams)
+        {
+            return RescanFiles(GetResourcesFromFiles(streams.ToArray()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tell VirusTotal to rescan a file.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the file and sends that instead.
+        /// Note: Before requesting a rescan you should retrieve the latest report on the files.
+        /// Note: You can use MD5, SHA1 or SHA256 and even mix them.
+        /// Note: You can only request a maximum of 25 rescans.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="resourceList">a MD5, SHA1 or SHA256 of the files. You can also specify list made up of a combination of any of the three allowed hashes (up to 25 items), this allows you to perform a batch request with one single call.
+        /// Note: that the files must already be present in the files store.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<List<RescanResult>> RescanFiles(IEnumerable<string> resourceList)
+        {
+            string[] hashes = resourceList as string[] ?? resourceList.ToArray();
+
+            if (!hashes.Any())
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to supply a resource.", nameof(resourceList));
+
+            if (RestrictNumberOfResources && hashes.Length > 25)
+                throw new ResourceLimitException("Too many hashes. There is a maximum of 25 hashes.");
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < hashes.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ValidateResource(hashes[i]);
+            }
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("resource", string.Join(",", hashes));
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/file/rescan
+            return GetResults<RescanResult>("file/rescan", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tell VirusTotal to rescan a file without sending the actual file to VirusTotal.
+        /// Note: Before requesting a rescan you should retrieve the latest report on the file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="resource">A hash of the file. It can be an MD5, SHA1 or SHA256</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<RescanResult> RescanFile(string resource)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(resource))
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to supply a resource.", nameof(resource));
+
+            ValidateResource(resource);
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("resource", resource);
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/file/rescan
+            return GetResult<RescanResult>("file/rescan", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the report of the file.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the file and sends that instead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The file you wish to get a report on.</param>
+        public Task<FileReport> GetFileReport(byte[] file)
+        {
+            return GetFileReport(HashHelper.GetSHA256(file));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the report of the file.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the file and sends that instead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The file you wish to get a report on.</param>
+        public Task<FileReport> GetFileReport(FileInfo file)
+        {
+            return GetFileReport(HashHelper.GetSHA256(file));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a list of reports of the files.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the files and sends them instead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="files">The files you wish to get reports on.</param>
+        public Task<List<FileReport>> GetFileReports(IEnumerable<byte[]> files)
+        {
+            return GetFileReports(GetResourcesFromFiles(files.ToArray()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a list of reports of the files.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the files and sends them instead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="files">The files you wish to get reports on.</param>
+        public Task<List<FileReport>> GetFileReports(IEnumerable<FileInfo> files)
+        {
+            return GetFileReports(GetResourcesFromFiles(files.ToArray()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a list of reports of the files.
+        /// Note: This does not send the content of the streams to VirusTotal. It hashes the content of the stream and sends that instead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="streams">The streams you wish to get reports on.</param>
+        public Task<List<FileReport>> GetFileReports(IEnumerable<Stream> streams)
+        {
+            return GetFileReports(GetResourcesFromFiles(streams.ToArray()));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the report of the file represented by its hash or scan ID.
+        /// Keep in mind that URLs sent using the API have the lowest scanning priority, depending on VirusTotal's load, it may take several hours before the file is scanned,
+        /// so query the report at regular intervals until the result shows up and do not keep submitting the file over and over again.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="resourceList">SHA1, MD5 or SHA256 of the file. It can also be a scan ID of a previous scan.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Task<List<FileReport>> GetFileReports(IEnumerable<string> resourceList)
+        {
+            string[] hashes = resourceList as string[] ?? resourceList.ToArray();
+
+            if (!hashes.Any())
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to supply a resource.", nameof(resourceList));
+
+            if (RestrictNumberOfResources && hashes.Length > 4)
+                throw new ResourceLimitException("Too many hashes. There is a maximum of 4 hashes at the same time.");
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < hashes.Length; i++)
+            {
+                ValidateResource(hashes[i]);
+            }
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("resource", string.Join(",", hashes));
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/file/report
+            return GetResults<FileReport>("file/report", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the report of the file.
+        /// Note: This does not send the files to VirusTotal. It hashes the file and sends that instead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="resource">The resource (MD5, SHA1 or SHA256) you wish to get a report on.</param>
+        public Task<FileReport> GetFileReport(string resource)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(resource))
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to supply a resource.", nameof(resource));
+
+            ValidateResource(resource);
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("resource", resource);
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/file/report
+            return GetResult<FileReport>("file/report", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan the given URL. The URL will be downloaded by VirusTotal and processed.
+        /// Note: Before performing your submission, you should retrieve the latest report on the URL.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">The url to process.</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<UrlScanResult> ScanUrl(string url)
+        {
+            return ScanUrl(UrlToUri(new[] { url }).First());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan the given URLs. The URLs will be downloaded by VirusTotal and processed.
+        /// Note: Before performing your submission, you should retrieve the latest reports on the URLs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="urlList">The urls to process.</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<List<UrlScanResult>> ScanUrls(IEnumerable<string> urlList)
+        {
+            return ScanUrls(UrlToUri(urlList));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan the given URLs. The URLs will be downloaded by VirusTotal and processed.
+        /// Note: Before performing your submission, you should retrieve the latest reports on the URLs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="urlList">The urls to process.</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<List<UrlScanResult>> ScanUrls(IEnumerable<Uri> urlList)
+        {
+            IEnumerable<Uri> urls = urlList as Uri[] ?? urlList.ToArray();
+
+            if (!urls.Any())
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to supply an URL.", nameof(urlList));
+
+            if (RestrictNumberOfResources && urls.Count() > 25)
+                throw new ResourceLimitException("Too many URLs. There is a maximum of 25 URLs at the same time.");
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("url", string.Join(Environment.NewLine, urls));
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/url/scan
+            return GetResults<UrlScanResult>("url/scan", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Scan the given URL. The URL will be downloaded by VirusTotal and processed.
+        /// Note: Before performing your submission, you should retrieve the latest report on the URL.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">The url to process.</param>
+        /// <returns>The scan results.</returns>
+        public Task<UrlScanResult> ScanUrl(Uri url)
+        {
+            if (url == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(url), "You have to supply an URL.");
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("url", url.ToString());
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/url/scan
+            return GetResult<UrlScanResult>("url/scan", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from an URL
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">The URL you wish to get the report on.</param>
+        /// <param name="scanIfNoReport">Set to true if you wish VirusTotal to scan the URL if it is not present in the database.</param>
+        /// <returns>A list of reports</returns>
+        public Task<UrlReport> GetUrlReport(string url, bool scanIfNoReport = false)
+        {
+            return GetUrlReport(UrlToUri(new[] { url }).First(), scanIfNoReport);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from a list of URLs
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="urlList">The URLs you wish to get the reports on.</param>
+        /// <param name="scanIfNoReport">Set to true if you wish VirusTotal to scan the URLs if it is not present in the database.</param>
+        /// <returns>A list of reports</returns>
+        public Task<List<UrlReport>> GetUrlReports(IEnumerable<string> urlList, bool scanIfNoReport = false)
+        {
+            return GetUrlReports(UrlToUri(urlList), scanIfNoReport);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from a list of URLs
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="urlList">The URLs you wish to get the reports on.</param>
+        /// <param name="scanIfNoReport">Set to true if you wish VirusTotal to scan the URLs if it is not present in the database.</param>
+        /// <returns>A list of reports</returns>
+        public Task<List<UrlReport>> GetUrlReports(IEnumerable<Uri> urlList, bool scanIfNoReport = false)
+        {
+            IEnumerable<Uri> urls = urlList as Uri[] ?? urlList.ToArray();
+
+            if (!urls.Any())
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to supply an URL.", nameof(urlList));
+
+            if (RestrictNumberOfResources && urls.Count() > 4)
+                throw new ResourceLimitException("Too many URLs. There is a maximum of 4 urls at the time.");
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("resource", string.Join(Environment.NewLine, urls));
+
+            //Optional
+            if (scanIfNoReport)
+                values.Add("scan", "1");
+
+            //Output
+            return GetResults<UrlReport>("url/report", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from an URL
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="url">The URL you wish to get the report on.</param>
+        /// <param name="scanIfNoReport">Set to true if you wish VirusTotal to scan the URL if it is not present in the database.</param>
+        /// <returns>A list of reports</returns>
+        public Task<UrlReport> GetUrlReport(Uri url, bool scanIfNoReport = false)
+        {
+            if (url == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(url), "You have to supply an URL.");
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("resource", url.ToString());
+
+            //Optional
+            if (scanIfNoReport)
+                values.Add("scan", "1");
+
+            //Output
+            return GetResult<UrlReport>("url/report", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from an list of IP addreses
+        /// IMPORTANT: This method actually does a query pr. item, which can quickly result in you getting over your request limit.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ips">The IPs you wish to get a report for.</param>
+        /// <returns>A list of reports</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Task<IPReport>> GetIPReports(IEnumerable<IPAddress> ips)
+        {
+            foreach (IPAddress ip in ips)
+            {
+                yield return GetIPReport(ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from an list of IP addreses
+        /// IMPORTANT: This method actually does a query pr. item, which can quickly result in you getting over your request limit.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ips">The IPs you wish to get a report for.</param>
+        /// <returns>A list of reports</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Task<IPReport>> GetIPReports(IEnumerable<string> ips)
+        {
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                yield return GetIPReport(ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from an IP
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ip">The IP you wish to get the report on.</param>
+        /// <returns>A report</returns>
+        public Task<IPReport> GetIPReport(string ip)
+        {
+            return GetIPReport(IPAddress.Parse(ip));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from an IP
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ip">The IP you wish to get the report on.</param>
+        /// <returns>A report</returns>
+        public Task<IPReport> GetIPReport(IPAddress ip)
+        {
+            if (ip == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(ip), "You have to supply an IP.");
+
+            if (ip.AddressFamily != AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Only IPv4 addresses are supported", nameof(ip));
+
+            //Hack because VT thought it was a good idea to have this API call as GET
+            return GetResult<IPReport>("ip-address/report?apikey=" + _defaultValues["apikey"] + "&ip=" + ip, HttpMethod.Get, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from a list of domains
+        /// IMPORTANT: This method actually does a query pr. item, which can quickly result in you getting over your request limit.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="domains">The list of domains you wish to get reports for.</param>
+        /// <returns>A list of reports</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<Task<DomainReport>> GetDomainReports(IEnumerable<string> domains)
+        {
+            foreach (string domain in domains)
+            {
+                yield return GetDomainReport(domain);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a scan report from a domain
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="domain">The domain you wish to get the report on.</param>
+        /// <returns>A report</returns>
+        public Task<DomainReport> GetDomainReport(string domain)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(domain))
+                throw new ArgumentException("You have to supply a domain.", nameof(domain));
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("domain", domain);
+
+            //Hack because VT thought it was a good idea to have this API call as GET
+            return GetResult<DomainReport>("domain/report?apikey=" + _defaultValues["apikey"] + "&domain=" + domain, HttpMethod.Get, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a comment on a file denoted by its hash and/or scan ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The file you wish to create a comment on</param>
+        /// <param name="comment">The comment you wish to add.</param>
+        /// <returns>A ScanResult object containing information about the resource.</returns>
+        public Task<ScanResult> CreateComment(byte[] file, string comment)
+        {
+            return CreateComment(HashHelper.GetSHA256(file), comment);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a comment on a file denoted by its hash and/or scan ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="file">The file you wish to create a comment on</param>
+        /// <param name="comment">The comment you wish to add.</param>
+        /// <returns>A ScanResult object containing information about the resource.</returns>
+        public Task<ScanResult> CreateComment(FileInfo file, string comment)
+        {
+            return CreateComment(HashHelper.GetSHA256(file), comment);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a comment on a file denoted by its hash and/or scan ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="resource">The SHA256 hash or scan ID of the resource.</param>
+        /// <param name="comment">The comment you wish to add.</param>
+        /// <returns>A ScanResult object containing information about the resource.</returns>
+        public Task<ScanResult> CreateComment(string resource, string comment)
+        {
+            ValidateResource(resource);
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(comment))
+                throw new ArgumentException("Comment must not be null or whitespace", nameof(comment));
+
+            //Required
+            Dictionary<string, string> values = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            values.Add("resource", resource);
+            values.Add("comment", comment);
+
+            //https://www.virustotal.com/vtapi/v2/comments/put
+            return GetResult<ScanResult>("comments/put", HttpMethod.Post, CreateContent(values));
+        }
+
+        private FormUrlEncodedContent CreateContent(Dictionary<string, string> values)
+        {
+            return new FormUrlEncodedContent(_defaultValues.Concat(values));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gives you a link to a file analysis based on its hash.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A link to VirusTotal that contains the report</returns>
+        public string GetPublicFileScanLink(string resource)
+        {
+            ValidateResource(resource);
+
+            return string.Format("{0}://www.virustotal.com/file/{1}/analysis/", UseTLS ? "https" : "http", resource);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gives you a link to a file analysis based on its hash.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A link to VirusTotal that contains the report</returns>
+        public string GetPublicFileScanLink(FileInfo file)
+        {
+            return GetPublicFileScanLink(HashHelper.GetSHA256(file));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gives you a link to a URL analysis.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A link to VirusTotal that contains the report</returns>
+        public string GetPublicUrlScanLink(string url)
+        {
+            return string.Format("{0}://www.virustotal.com/url/{1}/analysis/", UseTLS ? "https" : "http", HashHelper.GetSHA256(NormalizeUrl(url)));
+        }
+
+        private async Task<List<T>> GetResults<T>(string url, HttpMethod method, HttpContent content)
+        {
+            HttpResponseMessage response = await SendRequest<T>(url, method, content);
+
+            using (Stream responseStream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync())
+            using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(responseStream, Encoding.UTF8))
+            using (JsonTextReader jsonTextReader = new JsonTextReader(sr))
+            {
+                jsonTextReader.CloseInput = false;
+
+                JToken token = JToken.Load(jsonTextReader);
+
+                if (token.Type == JTokenType.Array)
+                    return token.ToObject<List<T>>(_serializer);
+
+                List<T> list = new List<T> { token.ToObject<T>(_serializer) };
+
+                DumpJSONIfDebug(responseStream);
+
+                return list;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private async Task<T> GetResult<T>(string url, HttpMethod method, HttpContent content)
+        {
+            HttpResponseMessage response = await SendRequest<T>(url, method, content);
+
+            using (Stream responseStream = await response.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync())
+            using (StreamReader sr = new StreamReader(responseStream, Encoding.UTF8))
+            using (JsonTextReader jsonTextReader = new JsonTextReader(sr))
+            {
+                jsonTextReader.CloseInput = false;
+
+                T obj = _serializer.Deserialize<T>(jsonTextReader);
+
+                DumpJSONIfDebug(responseStream);
+
+                return obj;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void DumpJSONIfDebug(Stream stream)
+        {
+            if (!DumpRawJSON)
+                return;
+
+            stream.Position = 0;
+            string path = Environment.ExpandEnvironmentVariables(DumpFolder);
+
+            if (!Directory.Exists(path))
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+
+            string filename = DateTime.UtcNow.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd_HH-mm-ss") + "-" + Guid.NewGuid() + ".json";
+            string filePath = Path.Combine(path, filename);
+
+            using (FileStream fs = File.OpenWrite(filePath))
+                stream.CopyTo(fs);
+        }
+
+        private async Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendRequest<T>(string url, HttpMethod method, HttpContent content)
+        {
+            HttpRequestMessage request = new HttpRequestMessage(method, url);
+            request.Content = content;
+
+            HttpResponseMessage response = await _client.SendAsync(request);
+
+            if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NoContent)
+                throw new RateLimitException("You have reached the 4 requests pr. min. limit of VirusTotal");
+
+            if (response.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.Forbidden)
+                throw new AccessDeniedException("You don't have access to the service. Make sure your API key is working correctly.");
+
+            if (response.StatusCode != HttpStatusCode.OK)
+                throw new Exception("API gave error code " + response.StatusCode);
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(response.Content.ToString()))
+                throw new Exception("There were no content in the response.");
+
+            return response;
+        }
+
+        private string NormalizeUrl(string url)
+        {
+            Uri uri = CreateUri(url);
+            return uri.ToString();
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<string> GetResourcesFromFiles(params FileInfo[] files)
+        {
+            foreach (FileInfo fileInfo in files)
+            {
+                yield return HashHelper.GetSHA256(fileInfo);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<string> GetResourcesFromFiles(params byte[][] files)
+        {
+            foreach (byte[] fileBytes in files)
+            {
+                yield return HashHelper.GetSHA256(fileBytes);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<string> GetResourcesFromFiles(params Stream[] streams)
+        {
+            foreach (Stream stream in streams)
+            {
+                yield return HashHelper.GetSHA256(stream);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<Uri> UrlToUri(IEnumerable<string> urls)
+        {
+            foreach (string url in urls)
+            {
+                Uri uri;
+                try
+                {
+                    uri = CreateUri(url);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception("There was an error converting " + url + " to an uri. See InnerException for details.", ex);
+                }
+
+                yield return uri;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Uri CreateUri(string url)
+        {
+            string tempUri = url.Trim();
+            string lowered = tempUri.ToLower();
+
+            if (!lowered.StartsWith("http://") && !lowered.StartsWith("https://"))
+                tempUri = "http://" + tempUri;
+
+            return new Uri(tempUri);
+        }
+
+        private void ValidateResource(string resource)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(resource))
+                throw new ArgumentException("Resource must not be null or whitespace", nameof(resource));
+
+            if (resource.Length != 32 && resource.Length != 40 && resource.Length != 64 && resource.Length != 75)
+                throw new InvalidResourceException("Resource " + resource + " has to be either a MD5, SHA1, SHA256 or scan id");
+        }
+
+        private HttpContent CreateApiPart()
+        {
+            HttpContent content = new StringContent(_defaultValues["apikey"]);
+            content.Headers.ContentDisposition = new ContentDispositionHeaderValue("form-data")
+            {
+                Name = "\"apikey\""
+            };
+
+            return content;
+        }
+
+        private StreamContent CreateFileContent(Stream stream, string fileName, string contentType)
+        {
+            var fileContent = new StreamContent(stream);
+            fileContent.Headers.ContentDisposition = new ContentDispositionHeaderValue("form-data")
+            {
+                Name = "\"file\"",
+                FileName = "\"" + fileName + "\""
+            };
+            fileContent.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue(contentType);
+            return fileContent;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.FormUrlEncodedContent VirusTotalNET.VirusTotal::CreateContent(System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2<System.String,System.String>) at Line 594) of type System.Net.Http.FormUrlEncodedContent in method "Task`1<!0> VirusTotal.GetUrlReport(Uri,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task`1<!0> VirusTotal.GetUrlReport(Uri,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+VirusTotal.NET/VirusTotal.cs
+
+### Key:
+VirusTotal.cs|GetUrlReport|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+415cf7da9fcc93adc24a00a48a10c7cd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0906/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0906/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd351c67f56f6bf94f1ecfc02a4dac482541d105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0906/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** netDumbster
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace netDumbster.Test
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Net;
+    using System.Net.Mail;
+    using System.Net.Mime;
+    using System.Text;
+    using netDumbster.smtp;
+    using netDumbster.smtp.Logging;
+    using Xunit;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+    using System.Net.Sockets;
+
+    public class TestsBase : IDisposable
+    {
+        protected SimpleSmtpServer server;
+
+        private Random _Rnd = new Random();
+
+        public TestsBase()
+        {
+            LogManager.GetLogger = type => new ConsoleLogger(type);
+            this.server = this.StartServer();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual SimpleSmtpServer StartServer()
+        {
+            return SimpleSmtpServer.Start();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual SimpleSmtpServer StartServer(int port)
+        {
+            return SimpleSmtpServer.Start(port);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_10_Mails()
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            {
+                this.SendMail();
+                Assert.Equal(i + 1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(10, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_10_Mail_With_SmtpAuth()
+        {
+            for (var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            {
+                this.SendMail(true);
+                Assert.Equal(i + 1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(10, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Email_And_Restart_Server_Using_The_Same_Port()
+        {
+            int port = 5003;
+            SimpleSmtpServer fixedPortServer = this.StartServer(port);
+
+            this.SendMail(false, false, null, port);
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, fixedPortServer.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", fixedPortServer.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+
+            fixedPortServer.Stop();
+
+            fixedPortServer = this.StartServer(port);
+
+            this.SendMail(false, false, null, port);
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, fixedPortServer.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", fixedPortServer.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+
+            fixedPortServer.Stop();
+        }
+
+        // Test is run several several times since we're testing asynchronous behaviour
+        [Theory]
+        [Repeat(5)]
+        public void Send_Email_When_Server_Not_Running()
+        {
+            this.server.Stop();
+            Assert.Throws<SmtpException>(() => this.SendMail());
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Email_With_AlternateViews()
+        {
+            using (var client = new SmtpClient("localhost", this.server.Configuration.Port))
+            {
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("carlos@mendible.com", "karina@mendible.com", "test", "this is the body");
+                mailMessage.AlternateViews.Add(AlternateView.CreateAlternateViewFromString("FooBar", new ContentType("text/html")));
+                client.Send(mailMessage);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            var smtpMessage = this.server.ReceivedEmail[0];
+
+            Assert.Equal(2, smtpMessage.MessageParts.Length);
+            Assert.True(smtpMessage.MessageParts[0].HeaderData.Contains("text/plain"));
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", smtpMessage.MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+            Assert.True(smtpMessage.MessageParts[1].HeaderData.Contains("text/html"));
+            Assert.Equal("FooBar", smtpMessage.MessageParts[1].BodyData);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Email_With_AlternateViews_And_Attachments()
+        {
+            using (var client = new SmtpClient("localhost", this.server.Configuration.Port))
+            {
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("carlos@mendible.com", "karina@mendible.com", "test", "this is the body");
+                mailMessage.AlternateViews.Add(AlternateView.CreateAlternateViewFromString("FooBar", new ContentType("text/html")));
+                mailMessage.Attachments.Add(Attachment.CreateAttachmentFromString("Attachment1", new ContentType("application/octet-stream")));
+                mailMessage.Attachments.Add(Attachment.CreateAttachmentFromString("Attachment2", new ContentType("application/octet-stream")));
+                mailMessage.Attachments.Add(Attachment.CreateAttachmentFromString("Attachment3", new ContentType("application/octet-stream")));
+                client.Send(mailMessage);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            var smtpMessage = this.server.ReceivedEmail[0];
+            Assert.Equal(5, smtpMessage.MessageParts.Length);
+            Assert.True(smtpMessage.MessageParts[0].HeaderData.Contains("text/plain"));
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", smtpMessage.MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+            Assert.True(smtpMessage.MessageParts[1].HeaderData.Contains("text/html"));
+            Assert.Equal("FooBar", smtpMessage.MessageParts[1].BodyData);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Email_With_Attachment()
+        {
+            var data = new byte[] { 0x1 };
+
+            this.SendMail(false, true, data);
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal("this is the html body", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+            Assert.NotNull(this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[1]);
+            Assert.NotNull(this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[1].BodyData);
+            Assert.NotEmpty(this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[1].BodyData);
+            Assert.Equal(data, UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[1].BodyData));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Multiline_Email()
+        {
+            var expectedBody = $"this is the body{Environment.NewLine}line2{Environment.NewLine}line3";
+
+            using (SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("localhost", this.server.Configuration.Port))
+            {
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("carlos@mendible.com", "karina@mendible.com", "test", expectedBody);
+                mailMessage.IsBodyHtml = false;
+                client.Send(mailMessage);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal(expectedBody, this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Email_With_Priority()
+        {
+            using (SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("localhost", this.server.Configuration.Port))
+            {
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("carlos@mendible.com", "karina@mendible.com", "test", "this is the body");
+                mailMessage.IsBodyHtml = false;
+                mailMessage.Priority = MailPriority.High;
+                client.Send(mailMessage);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+            Assert.Equal("1", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].XPriority);
+            Assert.Equal("urgent", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].Priority);
+            Assert.Equal("high", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].Importance);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Email_With_RussianText()
+        {
+            string body = string.Empty;
+            using (SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("localhost", this.server.Configuration.Port))
+            {
+                body = "Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей чаю" +
+                       "Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей чаю" +
+                       "Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей чаю" +
+                       "Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей чаю" +
+                       "Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей чаю" +
+                       "Съешь ещё этих мягких французских булок, да выпей чаю";
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("carlos@mendible.com", "karina@mendible.com", "test", body);
+                mailMessage.IsBodyHtml = false;
+                client.Send(mailMessage);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal(body, this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+
+            this.server.Stop();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Email_With_UTF8_Chars()
+        {
+            string body = string.Empty;
+            using (SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("localhost", this.server.Configuration.Port))
+            {
+                body = "µ¶®¥§";
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("carlos@mendible.com", "karina@mendible.com", "test", body);
+                mailMessage.IsBodyHtml = false;
+                client.Send(mailMessage);
+            }
+
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal(body, this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+
+            this.server.Stop();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Fires_Message_Received_Event()
+        {
+            int port = 50004;
+            SimpleSmtpServer fixedPortServer = this.StartServer(port);
+            fixedPortServer.MessageReceived += (sender, args) =>
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(args.Message);
+                Assert.Equal(1, fixedPortServer.ReceivedEmailCount);
+                Assert.Equal("this is the body", args.Message.MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+            };
+
+            this.SendMail(false, false, null, port);
+
+            fixedPortServer.Stop();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Html_Email()
+        {
+            this.SendMail(false, true, null);
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal("this is the html body", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_One_Mail()
+        {
+            this.SendMail();
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void If_Client_Is_Not_Disposed_Server_Everything_Keeps_Working()
+        {
+            var port = GetRandomUnusedPort();
+            var host = "localhost";
+            using (SimpleSmtpServer emailServer = this.StartServer(port))
+            {
+                SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient(host, port);
+                client.Send("noone@nowhere.com", "nobody@nowhere.com", "This is an email", "body of email");
+            }
+
+            using (SimpleSmtpServer emailServer = this.StartServer(port))
+            {
+                using (SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient(host, port))
+                    client.Send("noone@nowhere.com", "nobody@nowhere.com", "This is an email", "body of email");
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_One_Mail_Clear_Send_Another_Mail()
+        {
+            this.SendMail();
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+            this.server.ClearReceivedEmail();
+            this.SendMail();
+            Assert.Equal("this is the body", this.server.ReceivedEmail[0].MessageParts[0].BodyData);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_One_Mail_With_SmtpAuth()
+        {
+            this.SendMail(true);
+            Assert.Equal(1, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Start_Server_Random_Port()
+        {
+            SimpleSmtpServer randomPortServer = this.StartServer();
+            Assert.True(randomPortServer.Configuration.Port > 0);
+            randomPortServer.Stop();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Send_Attachments_Mails_SpecialChars()
+        {
+            var files = Directory.GetFiles("Content");
+            SendMail(false, files);
+            Assert.Equal(files.Length, this.server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            var smtpMail = this.server.ReceivedEmail[0];
+            using (MailMessage mailMessage = MailMessageMimeParser.ParseMessage(new System.IO.StringReader(smtpMail.Data)))
+            {
+                foreach (var m in mailMessage.Attachments)
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine(m.Name);
+                    Assert.True(files[0].EndsWith(m.Name));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact(Timeout = 10000)]
+        public async Task Reusing_Smtp_Client_Should_Not_Fail()
+        {
+            var config = Configuration.Configure();
+            using var server = SimpleSmtpServer.Start(config.WithRandomPort().Port);
+            var mailClient = new SmtpClient
+            {
+                Host = "localhost",
+                Port = server.Configuration.Port,
+                EnableSsl = false
+            };
+
+            for (int messageNo = 0; messageNo < 2; messageNo++)
+            {
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("one@example.com", "two@example.com");
+
+                await mailClient.SendMailAsync(mailMessage);
+
+                Assert.Equal(messageNo + 1, server.ReceivedEmailCount);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected void SendMail()
+        {
+            this.SendMail(false);
+        }
+
+        protected void SendMail(bool smtpAuth)
+        {
+            this.SendMail(smtpAuth, false, null);
+        }
+
+        protected void SendMail(bool smtpAuth, bool isBodyHtml, byte[] attachment)
+        {
+            this.SendMail(smtpAuth, isBodyHtml, attachment, this.server.Configuration.Port);
+        }
+
+        protected void SendMail(bool smtpAuth, bool isBodyHtml, byte[] attachment, int serverPort)
+        {
+            using (SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("localhost", serverPort))
+            {
+                var mailMessage = new MailMessage("carlos@mendible.com", "karina@mendible.com", "test", "this is the body");
+                mailMessage.Bcc.Add(new MailAddress("bcc@mendible.com"));
+                mailMessage.CC.Add(new MailAddress("cc@mendible.com"));
+                mailMessage.IsBodyHtml = isBodyHtml;
+
+                if (isBodyHtml)
+                {
+                    mailMessage.Body = "this is the html body";
+                }
+
+                if (smtpAuth)
+                {
+                    NetworkCredential credentials = new NetworkCredential("user", "pwd");
+                    client.Credentials = credentials;
+                    client.EnableSsl = false;
+                }
+
+                if (attachment != null)
+                {
+                    mailMessage.Attachments.Add(new Attachment(new MemoryStream(attachment), "image/jpeg"));
+                }
+
+                client.Send(mailMessage);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected void SendMail(bool smtpAuth, IEnumerable<string> attach)
+        {
+            SmtpClient client = new SmtpClient("localhost", this.server.Configuration.Port);
+            var mailMessage = new MailMessage("cfm@mendible.com", "kbm@mendible.com", "test", "test test test");
+            foreach (var fileName in attach)
+                mailMessage.Attachments.Add(new Attachment(fileName));
+
+            if (smtpAuth)
+            {
+                NetworkCredential credentials = new NetworkCredential("user", "pwd");
+                client.Credentials = credentials;
+                client.EnableSsl = false;
+            }
+            client.Send(mailMessage);
+
+            client.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        private bool disposedValue = false; // To detect redundant calls
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (!disposedValue)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    this.server.Stop();
+                }
+
+                disposedValue = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        static int GetRandomUnusedPort()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var listener = new TcpListener(IPAddress.Any, 0);
+                listener.Start();
+                var port = ((IPEndPoint)listener.LocalEndpoint).Port;
+                listener.Stop();
+                return port;
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // This code added to correctly implement the disposable pattern.
+        void IDisposable.Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource mailMessage of type System.Net.Mail.MailMessage in method "Void TestsBase.Send_Email_With_UTF8_Chars()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TestsBase.Send_Email_With_UTF8_Chars()
+
+### File:
+netDumbster.Test/TestsBase.cs
+
+### Key:
+TestsBase.cs|Send_Email_With_UTF8_Chars|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+93d61e95a86034965186b58ff240f48d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0908/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0908/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c00a4cb31de11844fdcc37b264e9bebdbd64aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0908/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pusher-http-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using PusherServer.Exceptions;
+using PusherServer.Tests.Helpers;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace PusherServer.Tests.AcceptanceTests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_an_Event_on_a_single_Channel
+    {
+        IPusher _pusher;
+
+        [OneTimeSetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            PusherClient.Pusher.Trace.Listeners.Add(new ConsoleTraceListener(true));
+            _pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response_async()
+        {
+            ITriggerResult asyncResult = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, asyncResult.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [Ignore("This test requires a node that support batch triggers, which isn't available on the default")]
+        public async Task it_should_expose_the_event_id_async()
+        {
+            var waiting = new AutoResetEvent(false);
+
+            ITriggerResult asyncResult = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+
+            waiting.Set();
+
+            Assert.IsFalse(string.IsNullOrEmpty(asyncResult.EventIds["my-channel"]));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_be_received_by_a_client_async()
+        {
+            string channelName = "my_channel";
+            string eventName = "my_event";
+
+            bool eventReceived = false;
+            AutoResetEvent reset = new AutoResetEvent(false);
+
+            var client = new PusherClient.Pusher(Config.AppKey)
+            {
+                Host = Config.WebSocketHost,
+            };
+            client.Connected += new PusherClient.ConnectedEventHandler(delegate (object sender)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine("connected");
+                reset.Set();
+            });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("connecting");
+            client.Connect();
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("waiting to connect");
+            reset.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("subscribing");
+            var channel = client.Subscribe(channelName);
+            channel.Subscribed += new PusherClient.SubscriptionEventHandler(delegate (object s)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine("subscribed");
+                reset.Set();
+            });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("waiting for Subscribed");
+            reset.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("binding");
+            channel.Bind(eventName, delegate (dynamic data)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine("event received");
+                eventReceived = true;
+                reset.Set();
+            });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("Bound. Triggering");
+            await _pusher.TriggerAsync(channelName, eventName, new { hello = "world" });
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("waiting for event to be received");
+            reset.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(eventReceived);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task it_can_trigger_an_event_with_a_percent_in_the_message_async()
+        {
+            string fileName = Path.Combine(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location, @"..\..\..\..\AcceptanceTests\percent-message.json");
+            var eventJSON = File.ReadAllText(fileName);
+            var message = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(eventJSON);
+
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", message);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(EventDataSizeExceededException))]
+        public async Task It_should_fail_for_an_event_data_size_greater_than_10KB_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+            int size = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT + 1;
+            List<Event> largeEvent = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 1, eventSizeInBytes: size);
+            await pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", largeEvent[0]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_an_Event_on_a_multiple_Channels
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost
+            });
+
+            ITriggerResult asyncResult = await pusher.TriggerAsync(new string[] { "my-channel-1", "my-channel-2" }, "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, asyncResult.StatusCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_a_Batch_of_Events
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+
+            List<Event> events = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 9, eventSizeInBytes: 84);
+            int size = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT;
+            List<Event> largeEvent = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 1, eventSizeInBytes: size);
+            events.AddRange(largeEvent);
+
+            var result = await pusher.TriggerAsync(events.ToArray());
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(EventDataSizeExceededException))]
+        public async Task It_should_fail_for_an_event_data_size_greater_than_10KB_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+
+            List<Event> events = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 9, eventSizeInBytes: 84);
+            int size = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT + 1;
+            List<Event> largeEvent = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 1, eventSizeInBytes: size);
+            events.AddRange(largeEvent);
+
+            await pusher.TriggerAsync(events.ToArray());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(EventBatchSizeExceededException))]
+        public async Task It_should_fail_for_a_batch_size_greater_than_10_async()
+        {
+            IPusher pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost,
+                BatchEventDataSizeLimit = PusherOptions.DEFAULT_BATCH_EVENT_DATA_SIZE_LIMIT,
+            });
+
+            List<Event> events = DataHelper.CreateEvents(numberOfEvents: 11, eventSizeInBytes: 92);
+            await pusher.TriggerAsync(events.ToArray());
+        }
+    }
+
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class When_Triggering_an_Event_over_HTTPS
+    {
+        IPusher _pusher = null;
+
+        [OneTimeSetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            PusherClient.Pusher.Trace.Listeners.Add(new ConsoleTraceListener(true));
+
+            _pusher = new Pusher(Config.AppId, Config.AppKey, Config.AppSecret, new PusherOptions()
+            {
+                Encrypted = true,
+                HostName = Config.HttpHost
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async Task It_should_return_a_200_response()
+        {
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("my-channel", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [Ignore("This test requires a node that support batch triggers, which isn't available on the default")]
+        public async Task It_should_expose_a_single_event_id_when_publishing_to_a_single_channel()
+        {
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync("ch1", "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch1"));
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, result.EventIds.Count);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [Ignore("This test requires a node that support batch triggers, which isn't available on the default")]
+        public async Task It_should_expose_a_multiple_event_ids_when_publishing_to_multiple_channels()
+        {
+            var channels = new string[] { "ch1", "ch2", "ch3" };
+            ITriggerResult result = await _pusher.TriggerAsync(channels, "my_event", new { hello = "world" });
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch1"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch2"));
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.EventIds.ContainsKey("ch3"));
+            Assert.AreEqual(channels.Length, result.EventIds.Count);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener::.ctor() at Line 211) of type System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener in method "Void When_Triggering_an_Event_over_HTTPS.Setup()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void When_Triggering_an_Event_over_HTTPS.Setup()
+
+### File:
+PusherServer.Tests/AcceptanceTests/Trigger.cs
+
+### Key:
+Trigger.cs|Setup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+74c77d1ea017ab2572fd90512429c667
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0930/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0930/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..262bd291013f833d46104f5071dfaa93936a7aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0930/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Ruffles
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Ruffles.Channeling.Channels;
+using Ruffles.Memory;
+using Ruffles.Tests.Helpers;
+using Ruffles.Tests.Stubs;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ruffles.Tests.Channels
+{
+    [TestFixture()]
+    public class ReliableSequencedChannelTests
+    {
+        [Test()]
+        public void TestSimpleMessage()
+        {
+            Configuration.SocketConfig config = new Configuration.SocketConfig();
+
+            MemoryManager memoryManager = new MemoryManager(config);
+
+            ConnectionStub clientsConnectionToServer = new ConnectionStub();
+            ConnectionStub serversConnectionToClient = new ConnectionStub();
+
+            ReliableSequencedChannel clientChannel = new ReliableSequencedChannel(0, clientsConnectionToServer, config, memoryManager);
+            ReliableSequencedChannel serverChannel = new ReliableSequencedChannel(0, serversConnectionToClient, config, memoryManager);
+
+            byte[] message = BufferHelper.GetRandomBuffer(1024);
+
+            HeapMemory messageMemory = clientChannel.CreateOutgoingMessage(new ArraySegment<byte>(message, 0, 1024), out bool dealloc)[0];
+            ArraySegment<byte>? payload = serverChannel.HandleIncomingMessagePoll(new ArraySegment<byte>(messageMemory.Buffer, (int)messageMemory.VirtualOffset + 2, (int)messageMemory.VirtualCount - 2), out bool hasMore);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(payload);
+            Assert.False(hasMore);
+
+            byte[] bytePayload = new byte[payload.Value.Count];
+            Array.Copy(payload.Value.Array, payload.Value.Offset, bytePayload, 0, payload.Value.Count);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(message, bytePayload);
+        }
+
+        [Test()]
+        public void TestOutOfOrder()
+        {
+            Configuration.SocketConfig config = new Configuration.SocketConfig();
+
+            MemoryManager memoryManager = new MemoryManager(config);
+
+            ConnectionStub clientsConnectionToServer = new ConnectionStub();
+            ConnectionStub serversConnectionToClient = new ConnectionStub();
+
+            ReliableSequencedChannel clientChannel = new ReliableSequencedChannel(0, clientsConnectionToServer, config, memoryManager);
+            ReliableSequencedChannel serverChannel = new ReliableSequencedChannel(0, serversConnectionToClient, config, memoryManager);
+
+            // Create 3 payloads
+            byte[] message1 = BufferHelper.GetRandomBuffer(1024);
+            byte[] message2 = BufferHelper.GetRandomBuffer(1024);
+            byte[] message3 = BufferHelper.GetRandomBuffer(1024);
+
+            // Sequence all payloads as outgoing
+            HeapMemory message1Memory = clientChannel.CreateOutgoingMessage(new ArraySegment<byte>(message1, 0, 1024), out bool dealloc)[0];
+            HeapMemory message2Memory = clientChannel.CreateOutgoingMessage(new ArraySegment<byte>(message2, 0, 1024), out dealloc)[0];
+            HeapMemory message3Memory = clientChannel.CreateOutgoingMessage(new ArraySegment<byte>(message3, 0, 1024), out dealloc)[0];
+
+            // Consume 1st payload
+            ArraySegment<byte>? payload1 = serverChannel.HandleIncomingMessagePoll(new ArraySegment<byte>(message1Memory.Buffer, (int)message1Memory.VirtualOffset + 2, (int)message1Memory.VirtualCount - 2), out bool hasMore1);
+            // Consume 3rd payload
+            ArraySegment<byte>? payload3 = serverChannel.HandleIncomingMessagePoll(new ArraySegment<byte>(message3Memory.Buffer, (int)message3Memory.VirtualOffset + 2, (int)message3Memory.VirtualCount - 2), out bool hasMore3);
+            // Consume 2nd payload
+            ArraySegment<byte>? payload2 = serverChannel.HandleIncomingMessagePoll(new ArraySegment<byte>(message2Memory.Buffer, (int)message2Memory.VirtualOffset + 2, (int)message2Memory.VirtualCount - 2), out bool hasMore2);
+
+            HeapMemory pollMemory = serverChannel.HandlePoll();
+
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(payload1);
+                Assert.False(hasMore1);
+
+                byte[] bytePayload = new byte[payload1.Value.Count];
+                Array.Copy(payload1.Value.Array, payload1.Value.Offset, bytePayload, 0, payload1.Value.Count);
+
+                Assert.AreEqual(message1, bytePayload);
+            }
+
+            {
+                Assert.Null(payload3);
+                Assert.False(hasMore3);
+            }
+
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(payload2);
+                Assert.True(hasMore2);
+
+                byte[] bytePayload = new byte[payload2.Value.Count];
+                Array.Copy(payload2.Value.Array, payload2.Value.Offset, bytePayload, 0, payload2.Value.Count);
+
+                Assert.AreEqual(message2, bytePayload);
+            }
+
+            {
+                // Check for the third packet
+                Assert.NotNull(pollMemory);
+
+                byte[] bytePayload = new byte[pollMemory.VirtualCount];
+                Array.Copy(pollMemory.Buffer, pollMemory.VirtualOffset, bytePayload, 0, pollMemory.VirtualCount);
+
+                Assert.AreEqual(message3, bytePayload);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `pollMemory` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced at line 101, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ReliableSequencedChannelTests.TestOutOfOrder()
+
+### File:
+Ruffles.Tests/Channels/ReliableSequencedChannelTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ReliableSequencedChannelTests.cs|TestOutOfOrder|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4c5a0b70536cd3f04e9da256c6c8ae68
+
+### Hash:
+227b3b156d544bfee136c58068d5aba0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0937/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0937/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcdc9cb1f60c45fdd76462211ad617f06059251b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0937/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HttpMock
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Net;
+using HttpMock;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace StubHttp
+{
+	[TestFixture]
+	public class MultipleTestsUsingTheSameStubServer
+	{
+		private IHttpEndpoint _httpEndpoint;
+
+		[TestFixtureSetUp]
+		public void SetUp() {
+			_httpEndpoint = new HttpEndpoint().At("http://localhost:8081/");
+		}
+
+		[Test]
+		public void FirstTest() {
+			var wc = new WebClient();
+			string stubbedReponse = "Response for first test";
+			_httpEndpoint.WithNewContext()
+				.Stub(x => x.Post("/firsttest"))
+				.Return(stubbedReponse)
+				.OK();
+
+			Assert.That(wc.DownloadString("Http://localhost:8081/firsttest/"), Is.EqualTo(stubbedReponse));
+		}
+
+		[Test]
+		public void SecondTest()
+		{
+			var wc = new WebClient();
+			string stubbedReponse = "Response for second test";
+			_httpEndpoint.WithNewContext()
+				.Stub(x => x.Post("/secondtest"))
+				.Return(stubbedReponse).OK();
+
+			Assert.That(wc.DownloadString("Http://localhost:8081/secondtest/"), Is.EqualTo(stubbedReponse));
+		}
+
+		[Test]
+		public void Stubs_should_be_unique_within_context()
+		{
+			var wc = new WebClient();
+			string stubbedReponseOne = "Response for first test in context";
+			string stubbedReponseTwo = "Response for second test in context";
+
+			var stubHttp = _httpEndpoint.WithNewContext();
+
+			stubHttp
+				.Stub(x => x.Post("/firsttest"))
+				.Return(stubbedReponseOne).OK();
+
+			stubHttp
+				.Stub(x => x.Post("/secondtest"))
+				.Return(stubbedReponseTwo).OK();
+
+			Assert.That(wc.DownloadString("Http://localhost:8081/firsttest/"), Is.EqualTo(stubbedReponseOne));
+			Assert.That(wc.DownloadString("Http://localhost:8081/secondtest/"), Is.EqualTo(stubbedReponseTwo));
+
+		}
+
+		
+		[TestFixtureTearDown]
+		public void TearDown() {
+			_httpEndpoint.Dispose();
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of HttpMock.HttpEndpoint::.ctor() at Line 14) of type HttpMock.HttpEndpoint in method "Void MultipleTestsUsingTheSameStubServer.SetUp()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MultipleTestsUsingTheSameStubServer.SetUp()
+
+### File:
+src/HttpMock.Integration.Tests/MultipleTestsUsingTheSameStubServer.cs
+
+### Key:
+MultipleTestsUsingTheSameStubServer.cs|SetUp|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+cb930139a44f2849240e2fa5d8dc2dff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0939/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0939/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a01aaf73d737be9c83bdcdf3e547be9cf033818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0939/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HttpMock
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Kayak;
+
+namespace HttpMock
+{
+	public static class HttpMockRepository 
+	{
+		private static readonly Dictionary<int, HttpServer> _httpServers = new Dictionary<int, HttpServer>();
+
+		public static IStubHttp At(Uri uri)
+		{
+			if (!_httpServers.ContainsKey(uri.Port)) {
+				HttpServer httpServer = HttpServerFactory.BuildServer(uri);
+				_httpServers.Add(uri.Port, httpServer);
+			}
+			return _httpServers[uri.Port].WithNewContext(uri.AbsolutePath);
+		}
+
+		public static IStubHttp At(string uri)
+		{
+			return At(new Uri(uri));
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource httpServer of type HttpMock.HttpServer in method "IStubHttp HttpMockRepository.At(Uri)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IStubHttp HttpMockRepository.At(Uri)
+
+### File:
+src/HttpMock/HttpMockRepository.cs
+
+### Key:
+HttpMockRepository.cs|At|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+148b30ec2deda4053f03a9065915313a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0953/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0953/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd2b2bb0cf24855b3b4f1dcbc0a8630ab73fce27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0953/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SampSharp
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// SampSharp
+// Copyright 2017 Tim Potze
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// 
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text;
+using SampSharp.Core.CodePages;
+using SampSharp.Core.Communication.Clients;
+using SampSharp.Core.Logging;
+
+namespace SampSharp.Core
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Represents a configuration build for running a SampSharp game mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class GameModeBuilder
+    {
+        private Func<ICommunicationClient, GameModeStartBehaviour, IGameModeProvider, IGameModeRunner> _builder;
+        private ICommunicationClient _communicationClient;
+        private GameModeExitBehaviour _exitBehaviour = GameModeExitBehaviour.ShutDown;
+        private IGameModeProvider _gameModeProvider;
+        private bool _redirectConsoleOutput;
+        private GameModeStartBehaviour _startBehaviour = GameModeStartBehaviour.Gmx;
+        private Encoding _encoding;
+        private bool _hosted;
+        
+        private const string DefaultUnixDomainSocketPath = "/tmp/SampSharp";
+        private const string DefaultPipeName = "SampSharp";
+        private const string DefaultTcpIp = "127.0.0.1";
+        private const int DefaultTcpPort = 8888;
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GameModeBuilder"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public GameModeBuilder()
+        {
+            ParseArguments();
+        }
+
+        #region Communication
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified communication client to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="communicationClient">The communication client.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseCommunicationClient(ICommunicationClient communicationClient)
+        {
+            _communicationClient = communicationClient ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(communicationClient));
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a named pipe with the specified <paramref name="pipeName" /> to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pipeName">Name of the pipe.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UsePipe(string pipeName)
+        {
+            if (pipeName == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(pipeName));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new NamedPipeClient(pipeName));
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use an unix domain socket with a file at the specified <paramref name="path" /> to communicate with the SampSharp
+        ///     server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to the domain socket file.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseUnixDomainSocket(string path)
+        {
+            if (path == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(path));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new UnixDomainSocketCommunicationClient(path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a TCP client to communicate with the SampSharp server on localhost.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="port">The port on which to connect.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseTcpClient(int port)
+        {
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new TcpCommunicationClient(DefaultTcpIp, port));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a TCP client to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="host">The host to which to connect.</param>
+        /// <param name="port">The port on which to connect.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseTcpClient(string host, int port)
+        {
+            if (host == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(host));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new TcpCommunicationClient(host, port));
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Encoding
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified <paramref name="encoding"/> when en/decoding text messages sent to/from the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="encoding">The encoding to use when en/decoding text messages send to/from the server.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseEncoding(Encoding encoding)
+        {
+            _encoding = encoding ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(encoding));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the code page described by the file at the specified <paramref name="path"/> when en/decoding text messages sent to/from the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to the code page file.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseEncoding(string path)
+        {
+            if (path == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(path));
+            return UseEncoding(CodePageEncoding.Load(path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the code page described by the specified <paramref name="stream"/> when en/decoding text messages sent to/from the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">The stream containing the code page definition.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseEncoding(Stream stream)
+        {
+            return UseEncoding(CodePageEncoding.Load(stream));
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region Game Mode Provider
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified game mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="gameMode">The game mode to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder Use(IGameModeProvider gameMode)
+        {
+            _gameModeProvider = gameMode ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(gameMode));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the gamemode of the specified <typeparamref name="TGameMode" /> type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TGameMode">The type of the game mode to use.</typeparam>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder Use<TGameMode>() where TGameMode : IGameModeProvider
+        {
+            return Use(Activator.CreateInstance<TGameMode>());
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Redirect the console output to the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder RedirectConsoleOutput()
+        {
+            _redirectConsoleOutput = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        #region Logging
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Uses the specified log level as the maximum level which is written to the log by SampSharp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="logLevel">The log level.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseLogLevel(CoreLogLevel logLevel)
+        {
+            CoreLog.LogLevel = logLevel;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Uses the specified stream to log SampSharp log messages to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">The stream to log SampSharp log messages to.</param>
+        /// <remarks>If a null value is specified as stream, no log messages will appear.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseLogStream(Stream stream)
+        {
+            CoreLog.Stream = stream;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Indicate the game mode will be hosted in the SA-MP server process.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseHosted()
+        {
+            _hosted = true;
+            return RedirectConsoleOutput();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Sets the behaviour used once a OnGameModeExit call has been received.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="exitBehaviour">The exit behaviour.</param>
+        /// <remarks>The exit behaviour is ignored when using a hosted game mode environment.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseExitBehaviour(GameModeExitBehaviour exitBehaviour)
+        {
+            _exitBehaviour = exitBehaviour;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified start method when attaching to the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startBehaviour">The start behaviour.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseStartBehaviour(GameModeStartBehaviour startBehaviour)
+        {
+            _startBehaviour = startBehaviour;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a custom build procedure to load a custom game mode client.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="builder">The building function.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder BuildWith(Func<ICommunicationClient, GameModeStartBehaviour, IGameModeProvider, IGameModeRunner> builder)
+        {
+            _builder = builder;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Run the game mode using the build configuration stored in this instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Run()
+        {
+            ApplyDefaults();
+
+            if (!_hosted && _communicationClient == null)
+                throw new GameModeBuilderException("No communication client has been specified");
+            if (_gameModeProvider == null)
+                throw new GameModeBuilderException("No game mode provider has been specified");
+
+            var redirect = _redirectConsoleOutput;
+
+            var runner = Build();
+
+            if (runner == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (redirect)
+            {
+                Console.SetOut(new ServerLogWriter(runner.Client));
+            }
+            
+            if (_hosted)
+            {
+                // Ignore exit behaviours for hosted environments.
+                runner.Run();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                do
+                {
+                    // If true is returned, the runner wants to shut down.
+                    if (runner.Run())
+                    {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                } while (_exitBehaviour == GameModeExitBehaviour.Restart);
+
+                if (redirect)
+                    Console.SetOut(new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ParseArguments()
+        {
+            var args = Environment.GetCommandLineArgs();
+
+            if (args == null || args.Length == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string option = null;
+                string value;
+                if (args[i].Length < 2 || !args[i].StartsWith("-"))
+                    continue;
+
+                if (args[i].StartsWith("--"))
+                {
+                    option = args[i];
+                    value = args.Length > i + 1
+                        ? args[i + 1]
+                        : null;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    option = args[i].Substring(0, 2);
+                    value = args[i].Length > 2
+                        ? args[i].Substring(2)
+                        : args.Length > i + 1
+                            ? args[i + 1]
+                            : null;
+                }
+
+                switch (option)
+                {
+                    case "--hosted":
+                    case "-h":
+                        UseHosted();
+                        break;
+                    case "--redirect-console-output":
+                    case "-r":
+                        RedirectConsoleOutput();
+                        break;
+                    case "--pipe":
+                    case "-p":
+                        if (value != null && !value.StartsWith("-"))
+                        {
+                            UsePipe(value);
+                            i++;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            UsePipe(DefaultPipeName);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "--unix":
+                    case "-u":
+                        if (value != null && !value.StartsWith("-"))
+                        {
+                            UseUnixDomainSocket(value);
+                            i++;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            UseUnixDomainSocket(DefaultUnixDomainSocketPath);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case "--tcp":
+                        var ip = DefaultTcpIp;
+                        var port = DefaultTcpPort;
+
+                        if (value != null && !value.StartsWith("-"))
+                        {
+                            var colon = value.IndexOf(":", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+                            if (colon < 0)
+                            {
+                                if (IPAddress.TryParse(value.Substring(0, colon), out var addr) && addr.AddressFamily == AddressFamily.InterNetwork)
+                                    ip = value.Substring(0, colon);
+                                int.TryParse(value.Substring(colon + 1), out port);
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                int.TryParse(value, out port);
+                            }
+
+                            i++;
+                        }
+
+                        UseTcpClient(ip, port);
+                        break;
+                    case "--log-level":
+                    case "-l":
+                        if (value == null)
+                            break;
+
+                        if (Enum.TryParse<CoreLogLevel>(value, out var level))
+                            UseLogLevel(level);
+
+                        i++;
+                        break;
+                    case "--start-behaviour":
+                    case "-s":
+                        if (value == null)
+                            break;
+
+                        if (Enum.TryParse<GameModeStartBehaviour>(value, out var startBehaviour))
+                            UseStartBehaviour(startBehaviour);
+
+                        i++;
+                        break;
+                    case "--exit-behaviour":
+                    case "-e":
+                        if (value == null)
+                            break;
+
+                        if (Enum.TryParse<GameModeExitBehaviour>(value, out var exitBehaviour))
+                            UseExitBehaviour(exitBehaviour);
+
+                        i++;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ApplyDefaults()
+        {
+            if (_communicationClient == null && !_hosted)
+            {
+                if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux))
+                    _communicationClient = new UnixDomainSocketCommunicationClient(DefaultUnixDomainSocketPath);
+                else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows))
+                    _communicationClient = new NamedPipeClient(DefaultPipeName);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private IGameModeRunner Build()
+        {
+            if (_builder != null)
+            {
+                return _builder(_communicationClient, _startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider);
+            }
+
+            if (_hosted)
+            {
+                return new HostedGameModeClient(_startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider, _encoding);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return new MultiProcessGameModeClient(_communicationClient, _startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider, _encoding);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource runner.SampSharp.Core.MultiProcessGameModeClient._commandWaitQueue.SampSharp.Core.Threading.CommandWaitQueue._semaphore of type System.Threading.SemaphoreSlim, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamWriter::.ctor() at Line 306) of type System.IO.StreamWriter, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.Core.ServerLogWriter::.ctor() at Line 285) of type SampSharp.Core.ServerLogWriter in method "Void GameModeBuilder.Run()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GameModeBuilder.Run()
+
+### File:
+src/SampSharp.Core/GameModeBuilder.cs
+
+### Key:
+GameModeBuilder.cs|Run|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7822f4093e39a71784a119a78138c76f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0954/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0954/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a35e15c99f2451e667fa742155afd1af44c8319c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0954/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SampSharp
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// SampSharp
+// Copyright 2017 Tim Potze
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// 
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using SampSharp.Core;
+using SampSharp.Core.Logging;
+
+namespace TestMode
+{
+    internal class Program
+    {
+        private static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            Console.WriteLine("ARGS: " + string.Join(" ", Environment.GetCommandLineArgs()));
+
+            new GameModeBuilder()
+                .UseLogLevel(CoreLogLevel.Debug)
+                .UseHosted()
+                .UseStartBehaviour(GameModeStartBehaviour.FakeGmx)
+                .Use<GameMode>()
+                .Run();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+src/TestMode.DotNetCore/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+821f2677df83c24a83fd108b595805d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0955/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0955/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..123cc505dece39e1aef1f7394be320e01710be58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0955/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SampSharp
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// SampSharp
+// Copyright 2017 Tim Potze
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// 
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using SampSharp.Core.Communication.Clients;
+using SampSharp.Core.Logging;
+
+namespace SampSharp.Core
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Represents a configuration build for running a SampSharp game mode.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class GameModeBuilder
+    {
+        private Func<ICommunicationClient, GameModeStartBehaviour, IGameModeProvider, IGameModeRunner> _builder;
+        private ICommunicationClient _communicationClient;
+        private GameModeExitBehaviour _exitBehaviour = GameModeExitBehaviour.ShutDown;
+        private IGameModeProvider _gameModeProvider;
+        private bool _redirectConsoleOutput;
+        private GameModeStartBehaviour _startBehaviour = GameModeStartBehaviour.Gmx;
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="GameModeBuilder" /> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        public GameModeBuilder()
+        {
+            if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Linux))
+                _communicationClient = new UnixDomainSocketCommunicationClient("/tmp/SampSharp");
+            else if (RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows))
+                _communicationClient = new NamedPipeClient("SampSharp");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a named pipe with the specified <paramref name="pipeName" /> to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="pipeName">Name of the pipe.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UsePipe(string pipeName)
+        {
+            if (pipeName == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(pipeName));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new NamedPipeClient(pipeName));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use an unix domain socket with a file at the specified <paramref name="path" /> to communicate with the SampSharp
+        ///     server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">The path to the domain socket file.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseUnixDomainSocket(string path)
+        {
+            if (path == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(path));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new UnixDomainSocketCommunicationClient(path));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a TCP client to communicate with the SampSharp server on localhost.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="port">The port on which to connect.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseTcpClient(int port)
+        {
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new TcpCommunicationClient("127.0.0.1", port));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a TCP client to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="host">The host to which to connect.</param>
+        /// <param name="port">The port on which to connect.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseTcpClient(string host, int port)
+        {
+            if (host == null) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(host));
+            return UseCommunicationClient(new TcpCommunicationClient(host, port));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified communication client to communicate with the SampSharp server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="communicationClient">The communication client.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseCommunicationClient(ICommunicationClient communicationClient)
+        {
+            _communicationClient = communicationClient ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(communicationClient));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Redirect the console output to the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder RedirectConsoleOutput()
+        {
+            _redirectConsoleOutput = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified game mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="gameMode">The game mode to use.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder Use(IGameModeProvider gameMode)
+        {
+            _gameModeProvider = gameMode ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(gameMode));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the gamemode of the specified <typeparamref name="TGameMode" /> type.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TGameMode">The type of the game mode to use.</typeparam>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder Use<TGameMode>() where TGameMode : IGameModeProvider
+        {
+            return Use(Activator.CreateInstance<TGameMode>());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Uses the specified log level as the maximum level which is written to the log by SampSharp.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="logLevel">The log level.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseLogLevel(CoreLogLevel logLevel)
+        {
+            CoreLog.LogLevel = logLevel;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Uses the specified stream to log SampSharp log messages to.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream">The stream to log SampSharp log messages to.</param>
+        /// <remarks>If a null value is specified as stream, no log messages will appear.</remarks>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseLogStream(Stream stream)
+        {
+            CoreLog.Stream = stream;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Sets the behaviour used once a OnGameModeExit call has been received.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="exitBehaviour">The exit behaviour.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseExitBehaviour(GameModeExitBehaviour exitBehaviour)
+        {
+            _exitBehaviour = exitBehaviour;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use the specified start method when attaching to the server.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startBehaviour">The start behaviour.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder UseStartBehaviour(GameModeStartBehaviour startBehaviour)
+        {
+            _startBehaviour = startBehaviour;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Use a custom build procedure to load a custom game mode client.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="builder">The building function.</param>
+        /// <returns>The updated game mode configuration builder.</returns>
+        public GameModeBuilder BuildWith(Func<ICommunicationClient, GameModeStartBehaviour, IGameModeProvider, IGameModeRunner> builder)
+        {
+            _builder = builder;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Run the game mode using the build configuration stored in this instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Run()
+        {
+            if (_communicationClient == null)
+                throw new GameModeBuilderException("No communication client has been specified");
+            if (_gameModeProvider == null)
+                throw new GameModeBuilderException("No game mode provider has been specified");
+
+            var redirect = _redirectConsoleOutput;
+
+            var runner = Build();
+            if (redirect)
+                Console.SetOut(new ServerLogWriter(runner.Client));
+            
+            do
+            {
+                runner.Run();
+            } while (_exitBehaviour == GameModeExitBehaviour.Restart);
+
+            if (redirect)
+                Console.SetOut(new StreamWriter(Console.OpenStandardOutput()));
+        }
+
+        private IGameModeRunner Build()
+        {
+            return _builder?.Invoke(_communicationClient, _startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider)
+                   ?? new GameModeClient(_communicationClient, _startBehaviour, _gameModeProvider);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamWriter::.ctor() at Line 215) of type System.IO.StreamWriter, Leaked resource (output of SampSharp.Core.ServerLogWriter::.ctor() at Line 207) of type SampSharp.Core.ServerLogWriter in method "Void GameModeBuilder.Run()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GameModeBuilder.Run()
+
+### File:
+src/SampSharp.Core/GameModeBuilder.cs
+
+### Key:
+GameModeBuilder.cs|Run|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7443f6eb54bfa61fc9b39b5a57f5ef0e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0962/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0962/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ea6ee971d721ffdd6fcb7abeb014c4e8b879996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0962/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SampSharp
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using RiverShell.World;
+using SampSharp.GameMode;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Controllers;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Definitions;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Natives;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.SAMP;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.World;
+using SampSharp.GameMode.Events;
+
+namespace RiverShell.Controllers
+{
+    public class ObjectiveController : IEventListener, IController
+    {
+        public void RegisterEvents(BaseMode gameMode)
+        {
+            gameMode.PlayerEnterCheckpoint += gameMode_PlayerEnterCheckpoint;
+            gameMode.PlayerStateChanged += gameMode_PlayerStateChanged;
+        }
+
+        private void gameMode_PlayerStateChanged(object sender, PlayerStateEventArgs e)
+        {
+            var player = e.Player as RPlayer;
+
+            switch (e.NewState)
+            {
+                case PlayerState.Driving:
+                    if (player.Vehicle == player.Team.TargetVehicle)
+                    {
+                        // It's the objective vehicle
+                        player.Color = 0xE2C063FF;
+                        player.GameText("~w~Take the ~y~boat ~w~back to the ~r~spawn!", 3000, 5);
+                        player.SetCheckpoint(player.Team.Target, 10.0f);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PlayerState.OnFoot:
+                    player.Color = player.Team.Color;
+                    player.DisableCheckpoint();
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void gameMode_PlayerEnterCheckpoint(object sender, PlayerEventArgs e)
+        {
+            var player = e.Player as RPlayer;
+
+            var vehicle = player.Vehicle;
+
+            //Check if game's already over
+            if (GameMode.ObjectiveReached)
+                return;
+
+            //Check if we're in target vehicle
+            if (vehicle != player.Team.TargetVehicle) return;
+
+            // objective reached.
+            player.Team.TimesCaptured++;
+            player.Score += 5;
+
+            if (player.Team.TimesCaptured == Config.CapturesToWin)
+            {
+                RPlayer.GameTextForAll(string.Format("{0} wins!", player.Team.GameTextTeamName), 3000, 5);
+                GameMode.ObjectiveReached = true;
+                foreach (var p in RPlayer.All)
+                    p.PlaySound(1185);
+
+                var exitTimer = new Timer(6000, false);
+                exitTimer.Tick += (tsender, args) =>
+                {
+                    foreach (var p in RPlayer.All)
+                        p.PlaySound(1186);
+                    Native.GameModeExit();
+                };
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                RPlayer.GameTextForAll(string.Format("{0} captured the ~y~boat!", player.Team.GameTextTeamName), 3000, 5);
+                vehicle.Respawn();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `player` last assigned on line 22 could be null and is dereferenced at line 27, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ObjectiveController.gameMode_PlayerStateChanged(Object,PlayerStateEventArgs)
+
+### File:
+source/RiverShell/Controllers/ObjectiveController.cs
+
+### Key:
+ObjectiveController.cs|gameMode_PlayerStateChanged|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0a2f2289efc1b4f27401d167fdf3ab36
+
+### Hash:
+1974753c34df4dee7c499f66d15fce6e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0963/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0963/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c43b7fc88ee19e5eaac5026572d77707f65ef95f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0963/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YamlDotNet
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//  This file is part of YamlDotNet - A .NET library for YAML.
+//  Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Antoine Aubry
+
+//  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+//  this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+//  the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+//  use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+//  of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+//  so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+//  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+//  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+//  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+//  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+//  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+//  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+//  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+//  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+//  SOFTWARE.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+using YamlDotNet.Core;
+using YamlDotNet.Core.Events;
+
+namespace YamlDotNet.RepresentationModel.Serialization
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Options that control the deserialization process.
+	/// </summary>
+	[Flags]
+	public enum DeserializationFlags
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Serializes using the default options
+		/// </summary>
+		None = 0,
+
+		///// <summary>
+		///// Ensures that it will be possible to deserialize the serialized objects.
+		///// </summary>
+		//Roundtrip = 1,
+
+		///// <summary>
+		///// If this flag is specified, if the same object appears more than once in the
+		///// serialization graph, it will be serialized each time instead of just once.
+		///// </summary>
+		///// <remarks>
+		///// If the serialization graph contains circular references and this flag is set,
+		///// a <see cref="StackOverflowException" /> will be thrown.
+		///// If this flag is not set, there is a performance penalty because the entire
+		///// object graph must be walked twice.
+		///// </remarks>
+		//DisableAliases = 2,
+
+		///// <summary>
+		///// Forces every value to be serialized, even if it is the default value for that type.
+		///// </summary>
+		//EmitDefaults = 4,
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Ensures that the result of the serialization is valid JSON.
+		/// </summary>
+		JsonCompatible = 8,
+	}
+
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Reads objects from YAML.
+	/// </summary>
+	public class Deserializer
+	{
+		private readonly IEnumerable<INodeDeserializer> _deserializers;
+		private readonly IEnumerable<INodeTypeResolver> _typeResolvers;
+
+		public Deserializer()
+		{
+			// TODO: Allow to override the object factory
+			var objectFactory = new DefaultObjectFactory();
+
+			_deserializers = new INodeDeserializer[]
+			{
+				new NullNodeDeserializer(),
+				new ScalarNodeDeserializer(),
+				new GenericDictionaryDeserializer(objectFactory),
+				new NonGenericDictionaryDeserializer(objectFactory),
+				new GenericCollectionDeserializer(objectFactory),
+				new NonGenericListDeserializer(objectFactory),
+				new EnumerableDeserializer(),
+				new ObjectNodeDeserializer(objectFactory),
+			};
+
+			_typeResolvers = new INodeTypeResolver[]
+			{
+				new PredefinedTagsNodeTypeResolver(),
+				new TypeNameInTagNodeTypeResolver(),
+				new DefaultContainersNodeTypeResolver(),
+			};
+		}
+
+		public object Deserialize(TextReader input, DeserializationFlags options = DeserializationFlags.None)
+		{
+			return Deserialize(input, typeof(object), options);
+		}
+
+		public object Deserialize(TextReader input, Type type, DeserializationFlags options = DeserializationFlags.None)
+		{
+			return Deserialize(new EventReader(new Parser(input)), type, options);
+		}
+
+		public object Deserialize(EventReader reader, DeserializationFlags options = DeserializationFlags.None)
+		{
+			return Deserialize(reader, typeof(object), options);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Deserializes an object of the specified type.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="reader">The <see cref="EventReader" /> where to deserialize the object.</param>
+		/// <param name="type">The static type of the object to deserialize.</param>
+		/// <param name="options">Options that control how the deserialization is to be performed.</param>
+		/// <returns>Returns the deserialized object.</returns>
+		public object Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type type, DeserializationFlags options = DeserializationFlags.None)
+		{
+			if (reader == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("reader");
+			}
+
+			if (type == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("type");
+			}
+
+			var hasStreamStart = reader.Allow<StreamStart>() != null;
+
+			var hasDocumentStart = reader.Allow<DocumentStart>() != null;
+
+			object result = DeserializeValue(reader, type, null);
+
+			if (hasDocumentStart)
+			{
+				reader.Expect<DocumentEnd>();
+			}
+
+			if (hasStreamStart)
+			{
+				reader.Expect<StreamEnd>();
+			}
+
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		private object DeserializeValue(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, object context)
+		{
+			var nodeEvent = reader.Peek<NodeEvent>();
+
+			var nodeType = GetTypeFromEvent(nodeEvent, expectedType);
+
+			foreach (var deserializer in _deserializers)
+			{
+				object value;
+				if (deserializer.Deserialize(reader, nodeType, (r, t) => DeserializeValue(r, t, context), out value))
+				{
+					return value;
+				}
+			}
+
+			throw new Exception("TODO");
+
+			//return deserializer.Deserialize(reader, expectedType);
+
+			//if (reader.Accept<AnchorAlias>())
+			//{
+			//	throw new NotImplementedException();
+			//	//return context.Anchors[reader.Expect<AnchorAlias>().Value];
+			//}
+
+			//var nodeEvent = (NodeEvent)reader.Parser.Current;
+
+			//if (IsNull(nodeEvent))
+			//{
+			//	reader.Expect<NodeEvent>();
+			//	AddAnchoredObject(nodeEvent, null, context.Anchors);
+			//	return null;
+			//}
+
+			//object result = DeserializeValueNotNull(reader, context, nodeEvent, expectedType);
+			//return ObjectConverter.Convert(result, expectedType);
+		}
+
+		//private bool IsNull(NodeEvent nodeEvent)
+		//{
+		//	if (nodeEvent.Tag == "tag:yaml.org,2002:null")
+		//	{
+		//		return true;
+		//	}
+
+		//	if (JsonCompatible)
+		//	{
+		//		var scalar = nodeEvent as Scalar;
+		//		if (scalar != null && scalar.Style == Core.ScalarStyle.Plain && scalar.Value == "null")
+		//		{
+		//			return true;
+		//		}
+		//	}
+
+		//	return false;
+		//}
+
+	
+		private Type GetTypeFromEvent(NodeEvent nodeEvent, Type currentType)//, TagMappings mappings)
+		{
+			foreach (var typeResolver in _typeResolvers)
+			{
+				if (typeResolver.Resolve(nodeEvent, ref currentType))
+				{
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			return currentType;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public interface INodeTypeResolver
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Determines the type of the specified node.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="nodeEvent">The node to be deserialized.</param>
+		/// <param name="currentType">The type that has been determined so far.</param>
+		/// <returns>
+		/// true if <paramref name="currentType"/> has been resolved completely;
+		/// false if the next type <see cref="INodeTypeResolver"/> should be invoked.
+		/// </returns>
+		bool Resolve(NodeEvent nodeEvent, ref Type currentType);
+	}
+
+	public sealed class PredefinedTagsNodeTypeResolver : INodeTypeResolver
+	{
+		private static readonly Dictionary<string, Type> predefinedTypes = new Dictionary<string, Type>
+		{
+			{ "tag:yaml.org,2002:map", typeof(Dictionary<object, object>) },
+			{ "tag:yaml.org,2002:bool", typeof(bool) },
+			{ "tag:yaml.org,2002:float", typeof(double) },
+			{ "tag:yaml.org,2002:int", typeof(int) },
+			{ "tag:yaml.org,2002:str", typeof(string) },
+			{ "tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp", typeof(DateTime) },
+		};
+
+		bool INodeTypeResolver.Resolve(NodeEvent nodeEvent, ref Type currentType)
+		{
+			Type predefinedType;
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(nodeEvent.Tag) && predefinedTypes.TryGetValue(nodeEvent.Tag, out predefinedType))
+			{
+				currentType = predefinedType;
+				return true;
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class DefaultContainersNodeTypeResolver : INodeTypeResolver
+	{
+		bool INodeTypeResolver.Resolve(NodeEvent nodeEvent, ref Type currentType)
+		{
+			if (currentType == typeof(object))
+			{
+				if (nodeEvent is SequenceStart)
+				{
+					currentType = typeof(List<object>);
+					return true;
+				}
+				if (nodeEvent is MappingStart)
+				{
+					currentType = typeof(Dictionary<object, object>);
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class TypeNameInTagNodeTypeResolver : INodeTypeResolver
+	{
+		bool INodeTypeResolver.Resolve(NodeEvent nodeEvent, ref Type currentType)
+		{
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(nodeEvent.Tag))
+			{
+				currentType = Type.GetType(nodeEvent.Tag.Substring(1), true);
+				return true;
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public interface INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		bool Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value);
+	}
+
+	public sealed class NullNodeDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			value = null;
+			var evt = reader.Peek<NodeEvent>();
+			var isNull = evt != null
+				&& evt.Tag == "tag:yaml.org,2002:null";
+
+			if (isNull)
+			{
+				reader.Skip();
+			}
+			return isNull;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class JsonNullNodeDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			value = null;
+			var scalar = reader.Peek<Scalar>();
+			var isNull = scalar != null
+				&& scalar.Style == Core.ScalarStyle.Plain
+				&& scalar.Value == "null";
+
+			if (isNull)
+			{
+				reader.Skip();
+			}
+			return isNull;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class ScalarNodeDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			var scalar = reader.Allow<Scalar>();
+			if (scalar == null)
+			{
+				value = null;
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			if (expectedType.IsEnum)
+			{
+				value = Enum.Parse(expectedType, scalar.Value);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				TypeCode typeCode = Type.GetTypeCode(expectedType);
+				switch (typeCode)
+				{
+					case TypeCode.Boolean:
+						value = bool.Parse(scalar.Value);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Byte:
+						value = Byte.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Int16:
+						value = Int16.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Int32:
+						value = Int32.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Int64:
+						value = Int64.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.SByte:
+						value = SByte.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.UInt16:
+						value = UInt16.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.UInt32:
+						value = UInt32.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.UInt64:
+						value = UInt64.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Single:
+						value = Single.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Double:
+						value = Double.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Decimal:
+						value = Decimal.Parse(scalar.Value, numberFormat);
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.String:
+						value = scalar.Value;
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.Char:
+						value = scalar.Value[0];
+						break;
+
+					case TypeCode.DateTime:
+						// TODO: This is probably incorrect. Use the correct regular expression.
+						value = DateTime.Parse(scalar.Value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+						break;
+
+					default:
+						if (expectedType == typeof(object))
+						{
+							// Default to string
+							value = scalar.Value;
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							TypeConverter converter = TypeDescriptor.GetConverter(expectedType);
+							if (converter != null && converter.CanConvertFrom(typeof(string)))
+							{
+								value = converter.ConvertFromInvariantString(scalar.Value);
+							}
+							else
+							{
+								value = Convert.ChangeType(scalar.Value, expectedType, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+							}
+						}
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		private static readonly NumberFormatInfo numberFormat = new NumberFormatInfo
+		{
+			CurrencyDecimalSeparator = ".",
+			CurrencyGroupSeparator = "_",
+			CurrencyGroupSizes = new[] { 3 },
+			CurrencySymbol = string.Empty,
+			CurrencyDecimalDigits = 99,
+			NumberDecimalSeparator = ".",
+			NumberGroupSeparator = "_",
+			NumberGroupSizes = new[] { 3 },
+			NumberDecimalDigits = 99
+		};
+	}
+
+	public sealed class ObjectNodeDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		private readonly IObjectFactory _objectFactory;
+
+		public ObjectNodeDeserializer(IObjectFactory objectFactory)
+		{
+			_objectFactory = objectFactory;
+		}
+
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			var mapping = reader.Allow<MappingStart>();
+			if (mapping == null)
+			{
+				value = null;
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			value = _objectFactory.Create(expectedType);
+			while (!reader.Accept<MappingEnd>())
+			{
+				var propertyName = reader.Expect<Scalar>();
+
+				// TODO: Find property according to naming conventions
+				var property = expectedType.GetProperty(propertyName.Value, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);
+				var propertyValue = nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, property.PropertyType);
+				property.SetValue(value, propertyValue, null);
+			}
+
+			reader.Expect<MappingEnd>();
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class GenericDictionaryDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		private readonly IObjectFactory _objectFactory;
+
+		public GenericDictionaryDeserializer(IObjectFactory objectFactory)
+		{
+			_objectFactory = objectFactory;
+		}
+	
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			var iDictionary = ReflectionUtility.GetImplementedGenericInterface(expectedType, typeof(IDictionary<,>));
+			if (iDictionary == null)
+			{
+				value = false;
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			reader.Expect<MappingStart>();
+
+			value = _objectFactory.Create(expectedType);
+			_deserializeHelperMethod
+				.MakeGenericMethod(iDictionary.GetGenericArguments())
+				.Invoke(null, new object[] { reader, expectedType, nestedObjectDeserializer, value });
+
+			reader.Expect<MappingEnd>();
+
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		private static MethodInfo _deserializeHelperMethod = typeof(GenericDictionaryDeserializer)
+			.GetMethod("DeserializeHelper", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
+
+		private static void DeserializeHelper<TKey, TValue>(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, IDictionary<TKey, TValue> result)
+		{
+			while (!reader.Accept<MappingEnd>())
+			{
+				var key = (TKey)nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, typeof(TKey));
+				var value = (TValue)nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, typeof(TValue));
+				result.Add(key, value);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class NonGenericDictionaryDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		private readonly IObjectFactory _objectFactory;
+
+		public NonGenericDictionaryDeserializer(IObjectFactory objectFactory)
+		{
+			_objectFactory = objectFactory;
+		}
+
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			if(!typeof(IDictionary).IsAssignableFrom(expectedType))
+			{
+				value = false;
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			reader.Expect<MappingStart>();
+
+			var dictionary = (IDictionary)_objectFactory.Create(expectedType);
+			while (!reader.Accept<MappingEnd>())
+			{
+				var key = nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, typeof(object));
+				var keyValue = nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, typeof(object));
+				dictionary.Add(key, keyValue);
+			}
+			value = dictionary;
+
+			reader.Expect<MappingEnd>();
+
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class GenericCollectionDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		private readonly IObjectFactory _objectFactory;
+
+		public GenericCollectionDeserializer(IObjectFactory objectFactory)
+		{
+			_objectFactory = objectFactory;
+		}
+
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			var iCollection = ReflectionUtility.GetImplementedGenericInterface(expectedType, typeof(ICollection<>));
+			if (iCollection == null)
+			{
+				value = false;
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			reader.Expect<SequenceStart>();
+
+			value = _objectFactory.Create(expectedType);
+			_deserializeHelperMethod
+				.MakeGenericMethod(iCollection.GetGenericArguments())
+				.Invoke(null, new object[] { reader, expectedType, nestedObjectDeserializer, value });
+
+			reader.Expect<SequenceEnd>();
+
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		private static MethodInfo _deserializeHelperMethod = typeof(GenericCollectionDeserializer)
+			.GetMethod("DeserializeHelper", BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.NonPublic);
+
+		private static void DeserializeHelper<TItem>(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, ICollection<TItem> result)
+		{
+			while (!reader.Accept<SequenceEnd>())
+			{
+				var value = (TItem)nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, typeof(TItem));
+				result.Add(value);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class NonGenericListDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		private readonly IObjectFactory _objectFactory;
+
+		public NonGenericListDeserializer(IObjectFactory objectFactory)
+		{
+			_objectFactory = objectFactory;
+		}
+
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			if (!typeof(IList).IsAssignableFrom(expectedType))
+			{
+				value = false;
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			reader.Expect<SequenceStart>();
+
+			var list = (IList)_objectFactory.Create(expectedType);
+			while (!reader.Accept<SequenceEnd>())
+			{
+				var item = nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, typeof(object));
+				list.Add(item);
+			}
+			value = list;
+
+			reader.Expect<SequenceEnd>();
+
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class EnumerableDeserializer : INodeDeserializer
+	{
+		bool INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader reader, Type expectedType, Func<EventReader, Type, object> nestedObjectDeserializer, out object value)
+		{
+			Type itemsType;
+			if (expectedType == typeof(IEnumerable))
+			{
+				itemsType = typeof(object);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				var iEnumerable = ReflectionUtility.GetImplementedGenericInterface(expectedType, typeof(IEnumerable<>));
+				if (iEnumerable != expectedType)
+				{
+					value = null;
+					return false;
+				}
+
+				itemsType = iEnumerable.GetGenericArguments()[0];
+			}
+
+			var collectionType = typeof(List<>).MakeGenericType(itemsType);
+			value = nestedObjectDeserializer(reader, collectionType);
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`iEnumerable` could be null (from the call to `ReflectionUtility.GetImplementedGenericInterface(...)` on line 664) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean EnumerableDeserializer.YamlDotNet.RepresentationModel.Serialization.INodeDeserializer.Deserialize(EventReader,Type,Func`3<!0,!1,!2>,Object&)
+
+### File:
+YamlDotNet.RepresentationModel/Serialization/Deserializer.cs
+
+### Key:
+Deserializer.cs|YamlDotNet.RepresentationModel.Serialization.INodeDeserializer.Deserialize|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+c2d42f277f8da5c838a5bde211bb590b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0964/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0964/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e8a8a8afbdb7d4aa4fb5e4edb5f6c3f893a461a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0964/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Disqord
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Disqord.Gateway.Api;
+using Disqord.Gateway.Api.Models;
+
+namespace Disqord.Gateway.Default.Dispatcher
+{
+    public class GuildMemberUpdateHandler : Handler<GuildMemberUpdateJsonModel, MemberUpdatedEventArgs>
+    {
+        public override ValueTask<MemberUpdatedEventArgs> HandleDispatchAsync(IGatewayApiClient shard, GuildMemberUpdateJsonModel model)
+        {
+            CachedMember oldMember;
+            IMember newMember;
+            if (CacheProvider.TryGetMembers(model.GuildId, out var cache) && cache.TryGetValue(model.User.Value.Id, out var member))
+            {
+                newMember = member;
+                var oldUser = member.SharedUser.Clone() as CachedSharedUser;
+                oldMember = member.Clone() as CachedMember;
+                oldMember.SharedUser = oldUser;
+                newMember.Update(model);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                oldMember = null;
+                newMember = new TransientMember(Client, model.GuildId, model);
+            }
+
+            var e = new MemberUpdatedEventArgs(oldMember, newMember);
+            return new(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `oldMember` last assigned on line 19 could be null and is dereferenced at line 20, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ValueTask`1<!0> GuildMemberUpdateDispatchHandler.HandleDispatchAsync(IShard,GuildMemberUpdateJsonModel)
+
+### File:
+src/Disqord.Gateway/Default/Dispatcher/Dispatches/Member/GUILD_MEMBER_UPDATE.cs
+
+### Key:
+GUILD_MEMBER_UPDATE.cs|HandleDispatchAsync|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f12004af86bc692e0983547f0c7b710
+
+### Hash:
+44209158cda04dd4adb48f6583f52fa4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0965/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0965/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cea1a4555866ebfd5ff1b99c475b9b77f516e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0965/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Disqord
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Disqord.Gateway.Api;
+using Disqord.Gateway.Api.Models;
+
+namespace Disqord.Gateway.Default.Dispatcher
+{
+    public class GuildMemberUpdateHandler : Handler<GuildMemberUpdateJsonModel, MemberUpdatedEventArgs>
+    {
+        public override ValueTask<MemberUpdatedEventArgs> HandleDispatchAsync(IGatewayApiClient shard, GuildMemberUpdateJsonModel model)
+        {
+            CachedMember oldMember = null;
+            IMember newMember = null;
+            if (CacheProvider.TryGetMembers(model.GuildId, out var memberCache))
+            {
+                if (memberCache.TryGetValue(model.User.Value.Id, out var member))
+                {
+                    newMember = member;
+                    var oldUser = member.SharedUser.Clone() as CachedSharedUser;
+                    oldMember = member.Clone() as CachedMember;
+                    oldMember.SharedUser = oldUser;
+                    newMember.Update(model);
+                }
+                else if (CacheProvider.TryGetUsers(out var userCache))
+                {
+                    newMember = Dispatcher.GetOrAddMember(userCache, memberCache, model.GuildId, model);
+                }
+            }
+
+            newMember ??= new TransientMember(Client, model.GuildId, model);
+
+            var e = new MemberUpdatedEventArgs(oldMember, newMember);
+            return new(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `oldMember` last assigned on line 19 could be null and is dereferenced at line 20, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ValueTask`1<!0> GuildMemberUpdateDispatchHandler.HandleDispatchAsync(IShard,GuildMemberUpdateJsonModel)
+
+### File:
+src/Disqord.Gateway/Default/Dispatcher/Dispatches/Member/GUILD_MEMBER_UPDATE.cs
+
+### Key:
+GUILD_MEMBER_UPDATE.cs|HandleDispatchAsync|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f12004af86bc692e0983547f0c7b710
+
+### Hash:
+44209158cda04dd4adb48f6583f52fa4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0996/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0996/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bdf9fa1f4375969e57b0d643f23b34e29e32840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0996/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        private readonly byte[] _testData = DummyData.GenerateOrderedBytes(1024);
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) { Position = _testData.Length - 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) { Position = _testData.Length - 1, Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) {
+                Position = _testData.Length,
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage() // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) { Position = 7, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 10, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) { Position = 0, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1023) {
+                Position = 1024,
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage() // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) { Position = 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSetValidPositionWhenMemoryStorageChanged()
+        {
+            TestSetValidPositionWhenStorageChanged(new MemoryStorage());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSetValidPositionWhenFileStorageChanged()
+        {
+            TestSetValidPositionWhenStorageChanged(new FileStorage());
+        }
+
+        private void TestSetValidPositionWhenStorageChanged(IStorage storage)
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var nextPosition = 512;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 1,
+                Storage = storage
+            };
+
+            // act
+            storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(nextPosition), 0, nextPosition);
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(nextPosition, chunk.Position);
+
+            storage.Clear();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkSerializationWhenFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkSerializationTest(new FileStorage());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkSerializationWhenMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkSerializationTest(new MemoryStorage());
+        }
+
+        private void ChunkSerializationTest(IStorage storage)
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+            settings.Converters.Add(new StorageConverter());
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + _testData.Length) {
+                Position = 1,
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            var serializedChunk = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(chunk);
+            var deserializedChunk = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Chunk>(serializedChunk, settings);
+
+            // assert
+            AssertHelper.AreEquals(chunk, deserializedChunk);
+
+            chunk.Clear();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkBinarySerializationWhenFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkBinarySerializationTest(new FileStorage());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkBinarySerializationWhenMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkBinarySerializationTest(new MemoryStorage());
+        }
+
+        private void ChunkBinarySerializationTest(IStorage storage)
+        {
+            // arrange
+            IFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + _testData.Length) {
+                Position = 1,
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = storage
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+            using var serializedChunk = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // act
+            formatter.Serialize(serializedChunk, chunk);
+            serializedChunk.Flush();
+            serializedChunk.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+            var deserializedChunk = formatter.Deserialize(serializedChunk) as Chunk;
+
+            // assert
+            AssertHelper.AreEquals(chunk, deserializedChunk);
+
+            chunk.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.MemoryStorage::.ctor() at Line 250) of type Downloader.MemoryStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f422c5fd21e5357a860c3e4691d7094a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0997/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0997/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..056b9aa334cacf256062d789e9cf11492aea2ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0997/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        private readonly byte[] _testData = DummyData.GenerateOrderedBytes(1024);
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) { Position = _testData.Length - 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) { Position = _testData.Length - 1, Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) {
+                Position = _testData.Length,
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage() // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, _testData.Length - 1) { Position = 7, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 10, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) { Position = 0, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1023) {
+                Position = 1024,
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage() // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) { Position = 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSetValidPositionWhenMemoryStorageChanged()
+        {
+            TestSetValidPositionWhenStorageChanged(new MemoryStorage());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSetValidPositionWhenFileStorageChanged()
+        {
+            TestSetValidPositionWhenStorageChanged(new FileStorage());
+        }
+
+        private void TestSetValidPositionWhenStorageChanged(IStorage storage)
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var nextPosition = 512;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1024) {
+                Position = 1,
+                Storage = storage
+            };
+
+            // act
+            storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(nextPosition), 0, nextPosition);
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(nextPosition, chunk.Position);
+
+            storage.Clear();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkSerializationWhenFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkSerializationTest(new FileStorage());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkSerializationWhenMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkSerializationTest(new MemoryStorage());
+        }
+
+        private void ChunkSerializationTest(IStorage storage)
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+            settings.Converters.Add(new StorageConverter());
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + _testData.Length) {
+                Position = 1,
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = new MemoryStorage()
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            var serializedChunk = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(chunk);
+            var deserializedChunk = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Chunk>(serializedChunk, settings);
+
+            // assert
+            AssertHelper.AreEquals(chunk, deserializedChunk);
+
+            chunk.Clear();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkBinarySerializationWhenFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkBinarySerializationTest(new FileStorage());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ChunkBinarySerializationWhenMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            ChunkBinarySerializationTest(new MemoryStorage());
+        }
+
+        private void ChunkBinarySerializationTest(IStorage storage)
+        {
+            // arrange
+            IFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + _testData.Length) {
+                Position = 1,
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = storage
+            };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(_testData, 0, _testData.Length).Wait();
+            using var serializedChunk = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // act
+            formatter.Serialize(serializedChunk, chunk);
+            serializedChunk.Flush();
+            serializedChunk.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+            var deserializedChunk = formatter.Deserialize(serializedChunk) as Chunk;
+
+            // assert
+            AssertHelper.AreEquals(chunk, deserializedChunk);
+
+            chunk.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.MemoryStorage::.ctor() at Line 294) of type Downloader.MemoryStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+da3ef37c01fec57c5b4816ab224bd18e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-0998/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-0998/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..173f7f74d15a26af232469bf7cd74918ebcf1436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-0998/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Downloader
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace Downloader.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class ChunkTest
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Position = 100, Timeout = 100 };
+            chunk.CanTryAgainOnFailover();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.FailoverCount);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new FileStorage("") };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ClearMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, 1000) { Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4 }, 0, 5).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            chunk.Clear();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedOnBeginTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenNoStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = size-1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageNoDataTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenMemoryStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size), 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsDownloadCompletedWhenFileStorageDataIsExistTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = size - 1, Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+            var dummyData = DummyData.GenerateRandomBytes(size);
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(dummyData, 0, size).Wait();
+
+            // act
+            bool isDownloadCompleted = chunk.IsDownloadCompleted();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isDownloadCompleted);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Storage = (new FileStorage("")) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 7, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 7);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWithNoEqualStorageSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) { Position = 10, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+            chunk.Storage.WriteAsync(new byte[] { 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7 }, 0, 10);
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsFalse(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndZeroPositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 0
+            };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void IsValidPositionOnZeroSizeTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, -1) { Position = 0, Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) };
+
+            // act
+            bool isValidPosition = chunk.IsValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsTrue(isValidPosition);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionOnOverflowTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size - 1) {
+                Position = size,
+                Storage = (new MemoryStorage()) // overflowed
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWhenNoStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) {
+                Position = 1
+            };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SetValidPositionWithStorageAndPositivePositionTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var size = 1024;
+            var chunk = new Chunk(0, size) { Position = 1, Storage = new MemoryStorage() };
+
+            // act
+            chunk.SetValidPosition();
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, chunk.Position);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void SerializeChunkWhenHasFileStorageTest()
+        {
+            // arrange
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings();
+            settings.Converters.Add(new StorageConverter());
+            var data = DummyData.GenerateOrderedBytes(1024);
+            var chunk = new Chunk(1024, 1024 + data.Length) {
+                Position = 1, 
+                Timeout = 1000,
+                MaxTryAgainOnFailover = 3000,
+                Storage = new FileStorage()
+            };
+
+            // act
+            var serializedChunk = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(chunk);
+            chunk.Storage.Close();
+            var deserializedChunk = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Chunk>(serializedChunk, settings);
+
+            // assert
+            Assert.IsNotNull(deserializedChunk);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Id, deserializedChunk.Id);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Start, deserializedChunk.Start);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.End, deserializedChunk.End);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Length, deserializedChunk.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Position, deserializedChunk.Position);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Timeout, deserializedChunk.Timeout);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover, deserializedChunk.MaxTryAgainOnFailover);
+            Assert.AreEqual(chunk.Storage.GetLength(), deserializedChunk.Storage.GetLength());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Downloader.MemoryStorage::.ctor() at Line 147) of type Downloader.MemoryStorage in method "Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChunkTest.IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest()
+
+### File:
+src/Downloader.Test/ChunkTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChunkTest.cs|IsValidPositionWithMemoryStorageTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+03f0cb1d59dbbc591e3bf41680053d6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10011/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10011/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9438b3c40cba8402b58b9abf498b091acc060a51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10011/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1018 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ * <p>
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * <p>
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * <p>
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.Constants;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.Announce;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.AnnounceException;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.AnnounceResponseListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.CountLimitConnectionAllower;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.OutgoingConnectionListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.StateChannelListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.PeerActivityListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.AnnounceRequestMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.PeerMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.network.ConnectTask;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.network.ConnectionListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.network.ConnectionManager;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.network.ConnectionManagerContext;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ByteChannel;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static com.turn.ttorrent.Constants.DEFAULT_SOCKET_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MILLIS;
+import static com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent.*;
+
+/**
+ * A pure-java BitTorrent client.
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * A BitTorrent client in its bare essence shares a given torrent. If the
+ * torrent is not complete locally, it will continue to download it. If or
+ * after the torrent is complete, the client may eventually continue to seed it
+ * for other clients.
+ * </p>
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * This BitTorrent client implementation is made to be simple to embed and
+ * simple to use. First, initialize a ShareTorrent object from a torrent
+ * meta-info source (either a file or a byte array, see
+ * com.turn.ttorrent.SharedTorrent for how to create a SharedTorrent object).
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class Client implements AnnounceResponseListener, PeerActivityListener, TorrentStateListener, Context, ConnectionManagerContext {
+
+  protected static final Logger logger = TorrentLoggerFactory.getLogger();
+
+  /**
+   * Peers unchoking frequency, in seconds. Current BitTorrent specification
+   * recommends 10 seconds to avoid choking fibrilation.
+   */
+  private static final int UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY = 3;
+
+  /**
+   * Optimistic unchokes are done every 2 loop iterations, i.e. every
+   * 2*UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY seconds.
+   */
+  private static final int OPTIMISTIC_UNCHOKE_ITERATIONS = 3;
+
+  private static final int RATE_COMPUTATION_ITERATIONS = 2;
+  private static final int MAX_DOWNLOADERS_UNCHOKE = 10;
+
+  /**
+   * Default data output directory.
+   */
+  private static final String DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = "/tmp";
+
+  public static final String BITTORRENT_ID_PREFIX = "-TO0042-";
+
+  private AtomicBoolean stop = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+  private Announce announce;
+
+  private Random random;
+  private volatile boolean myStarted = false;
+  private final TorrentLoader myTorrentLoader;
+  private final TorrentsStorage torrentsStorage;
+  private final CountLimitConnectionAllower myInConnectionAllower;
+  private final CountLimitConnectionAllower myOutConnectionAllower;
+  private final AtomicInteger mySendBufferSize;
+  private final AtomicInteger myReceiveBufferSize;
+  private final PeersStorage peersStorage;
+  private volatile ConnectionManager myConnectionManager;
+  private final ExecutorService myExecutorService;
+
+  /**
+   * @param executorService executor service for run connection worker and process incoming data. Must have a pool size at least 2
+   */
+  public Client(ExecutorService executorService) {
+    this.random = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
+    this.announce = new Announce(this);
+    this.torrentsStorage = new TorrentsStorage();
+    this.peersStorage = new PeersStorage();
+    this.mySendBufferSize = new AtomicInteger();
+    this.myTorrentLoader = new TorrentLoaderImpl(this.torrentsStorage);
+    this.myReceiveBufferSize = new AtomicInteger();
+    this.myInConnectionAllower = new CountLimitConnectionAllower(peersStorage);
+    this.myOutConnectionAllower = new CountLimitConnectionAllower(peersStorage);
+    this.myExecutorService = executorService;
+  }
+
+  public String addTorrent(String dotTorrentFilePath, String downloadDirPath) throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    return addTorrent(dotTorrentFilePath, downloadDirPath, false, false);
+  }
+
+  public String addTorrent(String dotTorrentFilePath, String downloadDirPath, boolean seeder, boolean leecher) throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    Torrent torrent = Torrent.load(new File(dotTorrentFilePath));
+    final AnnounceableTorrentImpl announceableTorrent = new AnnounceableTorrentImpl(
+            new TorrentStatistic(),
+            torrent.getHexInfoHash(),
+            torrent.getInfoHash(),
+            torrent.getAnnounceList(),
+            torrent.getAnnounce(),
+            downloadDirPath,
+            dotTorrentFilePath,
+            seeder);
+    this.torrentsStorage.addAnnounceableTorrent(torrent.getHexInfoHash(), announceableTorrent);
+
+    if (seeder) {
+      announceableTorrent.getTorrentStatistic().setLeft(0);
+    } else {
+      announceableTorrent.getTorrentStatistic().setLeft(torrent.getSize());
+    }
+
+    forceAnnounceAndLogError(announceableTorrent, seeder ? COMPLETED : STARTED, announceableTorrent.getDotTorrentFilePath());
+    logger.debug(String.format("Added torrent %s (%s)", torrent.getName(), torrent.getHexInfoHash()));
+    return torrent.getHexInfoHash();
+  }
+
+  private void forceAnnounceAndLogError(AnnounceableTorrent torrent, AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent event,
+                                        String dotTorrentFilePath) {
+    try {
+      this.announce.forceAnnounce(torrent, this, event);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      logger.warn("unable to force announce torrent {}. Dot torrent path is {}", torrent.getHexInfoHash(), dotTorrentFilePath);
+      logger.debug("", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void removeTorrent(TorrentHash torrentHash) {
+    logger.debug("Stopping seeding " + torrentHash.getHexInfoHash());
+    final Pair<SharedTorrent, AnnounceableFileTorrent> torrents = torrentsStorage.remove(torrentHash.getHexInfoHash());
+
+    SharedTorrent torrent = torrents.first();
+    if (torrent != null) {
+      torrent.setClientState(ClientState.DONE);
+      torrent.close();
+    } else {
+      logger.warn(String.format("Torrent %s already removed from myTorrents", torrentHash.getHexInfoHash()));
+    }
+    sendStopEvent(torrents.second(), torrentHash.getHexInfoHash());
+  }
+
+  public void removeAndDeleteTorrent(String torrentHash, SharedTorrent torrent) {
+    final Pair<SharedTorrent, AnnounceableFileTorrent> torrents = torrentsStorage.remove(torrentHash);
+    final SharedTorrent sharedTorrent = torrents.first() == null ? torrent : torrents.first();
+    if (sharedTorrent != null) {
+      sharedTorrent.setClientState(ClientState.DONE);
+      sharedTorrent.delete();
+    }
+    sendStopEvent(torrents.second(), torrentHash);
+  }
+
+  private void sendStopEvent(AnnounceableFileTorrent announceableFileTorrent, String torrentHash) {
+    if (announceableFileTorrent == null) {
+      logger.info("Announceable torrent {} not found in storage after unsuccessful download attempt", torrentHash);
+      return;
+    }
+    forceAnnounceAndLogError(announceableFileTorrent, STOPPED, announceableFileTorrent.getDotTorrentFilePath());
+  }
+
+  public void setAnnounceInterval(final int announceInterval) {
+    announce.setAnnounceInterval(announceInterval);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the torrent this client is exchanging on.
+   */
+  public Collection<SharedTorrent> getTorrents() {
+    return this.torrentsStorage.activeTorrents();
+  }
+
+  public SharedTorrent getTorrentByFilePath(File file) {
+    String path = file.getAbsolutePath();
+    for (SharedTorrent torrent : torrentsStorage.activeTorrents()) {
+      File parentFile = torrent.getParentFile();
+      final List<String> filenames = torrent.getFilenames();
+      for (String filename : filenames) {
+        File seededFile = new File(parentFile, filename);
+        if (seededFile.getAbsolutePath().equals(path)) {
+          return torrent;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  public URI getDefaultTrackerURI() {
+    return announce.getDefaultTrackerURI();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the set of known peers.
+   */
+  public Set<SharingPeer> getPeers() {
+    return new HashSet<SharingPeer>(this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers());
+  }
+
+  public void setMaxInConnectionsCount(int maxConnectionsCount) {
+    this.myInConnectionAllower.setMyMaxConnectionCount(maxConnectionsCount);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set ups new receive buffer size, that will be applied to all new connections.
+   * If value is equal or less, than zero, then method doesn't have effect
+   *
+   * @param newSize new size
+   */
+  public void setReceiveBufferSize(int newSize) {
+    myReceiveBufferSize.set(newSize);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * set ups new send buffer size, that will be applied to all new connections.
+   * If value is equal or less, than zero, then method doesn't have effect
+   *
+   * @param newSize new size
+   */
+  public void setSendBufferSize(int newSize) {
+    mySendBufferSize.set(newSize);
+  }
+
+  public void setMaxOutConnectionsCount(int maxConnectionsCount) {
+    this.myOutConnectionAllower.setMyMaxConnectionCount(maxConnectionsCount);
+  }
+
+  public void start(final InetAddress... bindAddresses) throws IOException {
+    start(bindAddresses, Constants.DEFAULT_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_SEC, null);
+  }
+
+  public void start(final InetAddress[] bindAddresses, final URI defaultTrackerURI) throws IOException {
+    start(bindAddresses, Constants.DEFAULT_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_SEC, defaultTrackerURI);
+  }
+
+  public Peer[] getSelfPeers(final InetAddress[] bindAddresses) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+    Peer self = peersStorage.getSelf();
+
+    if (self == null) {
+      return new Peer[0];
+    }
+
+    Peer[] result = new Peer[bindAddresses.length];
+    for (int i = 0; i < bindAddresses.length; i++) {
+      final InetAddress bindAddress = bindAddresses[i];
+      final Peer peer = new Peer(new InetSocketAddress(bindAddress.getHostAddress(), self.getPort()));
+      peer.setTorrentHash(self.getHexInfoHash());
+      //if we have more, that one bind address, then only for first set self peer id. For other generate it
+      if (i == 0) {
+        peer.setPeerId(self.getPeerId());
+      } else {
+        final String id = Client.BITTORRENT_ID_PREFIX + UUID.randomUUID().toString().split("-")[4];
+        byte[] idBytes = id.getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING);
+        peer.setPeerId(ByteBuffer.wrap(idBytes));
+      }
+      result[i] = peer;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public void start(final InetAddress[] bindAddresses, final int announceIntervalSec, final URI defaultTrackerURI) throws IOException {
+    this.myConnectionManager = new ConnectionManager(
+            this,
+            new SystemTimeService(),
+            myInConnectionAllower,
+            myOutConnectionAllower,
+            mySendBufferSize,
+            myReceiveBufferSize);
+    this.setSocketConnectionTimeout(DEFAULT_SOCKET_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    try {
+      this.myConnectionManager.initAndRunWorker();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      LoggerUtils.errorAndDebugDetails(logger, "error in initialization server channel", e);
+      this.stop();
+      return;
+    }
+    final String id = Client.BITTORRENT_ID_PREFIX + UUID.randomUUID().toString().split("-")[4];
+    byte[] idBytes = id.getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING);
+    Peer self = new Peer(new InetSocketAddress(myConnectionManager.getBindPort()), ByteBuffer.wrap(idBytes));
+    peersStorage.setSelf(self);
+    logger.info("BitTorrent client [{}] started and " +
+                    "listening at {}:{}...",
+            new Object[]{
+                    self.getShortHexPeerId(),
+                    self.getIp(),
+                    self.getPort()
+            });
+
+    announce.start(defaultTrackerURI, this, getSelfPeers(bindAddresses), announceIntervalSec);
+    this.stop.set(false);
+
+    myStarted = true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Immediately but gracefully stop this client.
+   */
+  public void stop() {
+    this.stop(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+  }
+
+  public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+    boolean wasStopped = this.stop.getAndSet(true);
+    if (wasStopped) return;
+
+    if (!myStarted)
+      return;
+
+    this.myConnectionManager.close();
+
+    logger.trace("try stop announce thread...");
+
+    this.announce.stop();
+
+    logger.trace("announce thread is stopped");
+
+    for (SharedTorrent torrent : this.torrentsStorage.activeTorrents()) {
+      logger.trace("try close torrent {}", torrent);
+      torrent.close();
+      if (torrent.isFinished()) {
+        torrent.setClientState(ClientState.DONE);
+      } else {
+        torrent.setClientState(ClientState.ERROR);
+      }
+    }
+
+    logger.debug("Closing all remaining peer connections...");
+    for (SharingPeer peer : this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers()) {
+      peer.unbind(true);
+    }
+
+    torrentsStorage.clear();
+    logger.info("BitTorrent client signing off.");
+  }
+
+  public void setCleanupTimeout(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) throws IllegalStateException {
+    ConnectionManager connectionManager = this.myConnectionManager;
+    if (connectionManager == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("connection manager is null");
+    }
+    connectionManager.setCleanupTimeout(timeUnit.toMillis(timeout));
+  }
+
+  public void setSocketConnectionTimeout(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) throws IllegalStateException {
+    ConnectionManager connectionManager = this.myConnectionManager;
+    if (connectionManager == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("connection manager is null");
+    }
+    connectionManager.setSocketConnectionTimeout(timeUnit.toMillis(timeout));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tells whether we are a seed for the torrent we're sharing.
+   */
+  public boolean isSeed(String hexInfoHash) {
+    SharedTorrent t = this.torrentsStorage.getTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+    return t != null && t.isComplete();
+  }
+
+  public void downloadUninterruptibly(final String dotTorrentPath,
+                                      final String downloadDirPath,
+                                      final long downloadTimeoutSeconds) throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    downloadUninterruptibly(dotTorrentPath, downloadDirPath, downloadTimeoutSeconds, 1, new AtomicBoolean(false), 5000);
+  }
+
+  public void downloadUninterruptibly(final String dotTorrentPath,
+                                      final String downloadDirPath,
+                                      final long idleTimeoutSec,
+                                      final int minSeedersCount,
+                                      final AtomicBoolean isInterrupted,
+                                      final long maxTimeForConnectMs) throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    downloadUninterruptibly(dotTorrentPath, downloadDirPath, idleTimeoutSec, minSeedersCount, isInterrupted,
+            maxTimeForConnectMs, new DownloadProgressListener.NopeListener());
+  }
+
+  public void downloadUninterruptibly(final String dotTorrentPath,
+                                      final String downloadDirPath,
+                                      final long idleTimeoutSec,
+                                      final int minSeedersCount,
+                                      final AtomicBoolean isInterrupted,
+                                      final long maxTimeForConnectMs,
+                                      DownloadProgressListener listener) throws IOException, InterruptedException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    String hash = addTorrent(dotTorrentPath, downloadDirPath, false, true);
+
+    SharedTorrent torrent;
+    int timeoutForFoundPeersMs = 10000;
+    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    while (((torrent = torrentsStorage.getTorrent(hash)) == null) && (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) < timeoutForFoundPeersMs) {
+      Thread.sleep(10);
+    }
+
+    long maxIdleTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + idleTimeoutSec * 1000;
+    if (torrent != null) {
+      torrent.addDownloadProgressListener(listener);
+      final long startDownloadAt = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      long currentLeft = torrent.getLeft();
+
+      while (torrent.getClientState() != ClientState.SEEDING &&
+              torrent.getClientState() != ClientState.ERROR &&
+              (torrent.getSeedersCount() >= minSeedersCount || torrent.getLastAnnounceTime() < 0) &&
+              (System.currentTimeMillis() <= maxIdleTime)) {
+        if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() || isInterrupted.get())
+          throw new InterruptedException("Download of " + torrent.getName() + " was interrupted");
+        if (currentLeft > torrent.getLeft()) {
+          currentLeft = torrent.getLeft();
+          maxIdleTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + idleTimeoutSec * 1000;
+        }
+        if (System.currentTimeMillis() - startDownloadAt > maxTimeForConnectMs) {
+          if (getPeersForTorrent(torrent.getHexInfoHash()).size() < minSeedersCount) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (torrent == null || !(torrent.isFinished() && torrent.getClientState() == ClientState.SEEDING)) {
+      removeAndDeleteTorrent(hash, torrent);
+
+      final List<SharingPeer> peersForTorrent = getPeersForTorrent(hash);
+      int connectedPeersForTorrent = peersForTorrent.size();
+      for (SharingPeer peer : peersForTorrent) {
+        peer.unbind(true);
+      }
+
+      final String errorMsg;
+      if (torrent == null) {
+        errorMsg = "Unable to download torrent completely - cannot initialize torrent in " + timeoutForFoundPeersMs + " ms";
+      } else if (System.currentTimeMillis() > maxIdleTime) {
+        int completedPieces = torrent.getCompletedPieces().cardinality();
+        int totalPieces = torrent.getPieceCount();
+        errorMsg = String.format("No pieces has been downloaded in %d seconds. Downloaded pieces %d/%d, connected peers %d"
+                , idleTimeoutSec, completedPieces, totalPieces, connectedPeersForTorrent);
+      } else if (connectedPeersForTorrent < minSeedersCount) {
+        errorMsg = String.format("Not enough seeders. Required %d, found %d", minSeedersCount, connectedPeersForTorrent);
+      } else if (torrent.getClientState() == ClientState.ERROR) {
+        errorMsg = "Torrent state is ERROR";
+      } else {
+        errorMsg = "Unknown error";
+      }
+      throw new IOException("Unable to download torrent completely - " + errorMsg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public List<SharingPeer> getPeersForTorrent(String torrentHash) {
+    if (torrentHash == null) return new ArrayList<SharingPeer>();
+
+    List<SharingPeer> result = new ArrayList<SharingPeer>();
+    for (SharingPeer sharingPeer : peersStorage.getSharingPeers()) {
+      if (torrentHash.equals(sharingPeer.getHexInfoHash())) {
+        result.add(sharingPeer);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isRunning() {
+    return myStarted;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display information about the BitTorrent client state.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This emits an information line in the log about this client's state. It
+   * includes the number of choked peers, number of connected peers, number
+   * of known peers, information about the torrent availability and
+   * completion and current transmission rates.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public synchronized void info() {
+    float dl = 0;
+    float ul = 0;
+    int numConnected = 0;
+    for (SharingPeer peer : getConnectedPeers()) {
+      dl += peer.getDLRate().get();
+      ul += peer.getULRate().get();
+      numConnected++;
+    }
+
+/*
+    for (SharedTorrent torrent : this.torrents.values()) {
+      logger.debug("[{}]{} {}/{} (Downloaded {} bytes) pieces ({}%) [{}/{}] with {}/{} peers at {}/{} kB/s.",
+        new Object[]{
+          Arrays.toString(torrent.getFilenames().toArray()),
+          torrent.getClientState().name(),
+          torrent.getCompletedPieces().cardinality(),
+          torrent.getPieceCount(),
+          torrent.getDownloaded(),
+          String.format("%.2f", torrent.getCompletion()),
+          torrent.getAvailablePieces().cardinality(),
+          torrent.getRequestedPieces().cardinality(),
+          numConnected,
+          this.peers.size(),
+          String.format("%.2f", dl / 1024.0),
+          String.format("%.2f", ul / 1024.0),
+        });
+    }
+*/
+//    logger.debug("Downloaded bytes: {}", PeerExchange.readBytes);
+
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reset peers download and upload rates.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This method is called every RATE_COMPUTATION_ITERATIONS to reset the
+   * download and upload rates of all peers. This contributes to making the
+   * download and upload rate computations rolling averages every
+   * UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY * RATE_COMPUTATION_ITERATIONS seconds (usually 20
+   * seconds).
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private synchronized void resetPeerRates() {
+    for (SharingPeer peer : getConnectedPeers()) {
+      peer.getDLRate().reset();
+      peer.getULRate().reset();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve a peer comparator.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Returns a peer comparator based on either the download rate or the
+   * upload rate of each peer depending on our state. While sharing, we rely
+   * on the download rate we get from each peer. When our download is
+   * complete and we're only seeding, we use the upload rate instead.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @return A SharingPeer comparator that can be used to sort peers based on
+   * the download or upload rate we get from them.
+   */
+  private Comparator<SharingPeer> getPeerRateComparator() {
+/*
+    if (this.seed == 0) {
+      return new SharingPeer.ULRateComparator();
+    }
+*/
+
+    return new SharingPeer.DLRateComparator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unchoke connected peers.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This is one of the "clever" places of the BitTorrent client. Every
+   * OPTIMISTIC_UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY seconds, we decide which peers should be
+   * unchocked and authorized to grab pieces from us.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Reciprocation (tit-for-tat) and upload capping is implemented here by
+   * carefully choosing which peers we unchoke, and which peers we choke.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The four peers with the best download rate and are interested in us get
+   * unchoked. This maximizes our download rate as we'll be able to get data
+   * from there four "best" peers quickly, while allowing these peers to
+   * download from us and thus reciprocate their generosity.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Peers that have a better download rate than these four downloaders but
+   * are not interested get unchoked too, we want to be able to download from
+   * them to get more data more quickly. If one becomes interested, it takes
+   * a downloader's place as one of the four top downloaders (i.e. we choke
+   * the downloader with the worst upload rate).
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param optimistic Whether to perform an optimistic unchoke as well.
+   */
+  private synchronized void unchokePeers(boolean optimistic) {
+    // Build a set of all connected peers, we don't care about peers we're
+    // not connected to.
+    List<SharingPeer> bound = new ArrayList<SharingPeer>(peersStorage.getSharingPeers());
+    Collections.sort(bound, this.getPeerRateComparator());
+    Collections.reverse(bound);
+    if (bound.size() == 0) {
+      logger.trace("No connected peers, skipping unchoking.");
+      return;
+    } else {
+      logger.trace("Running unchokePeers() on {} connected peers. Client {}",
+              new Object[]{bound.size(), Thread.currentThread()});
+    }
+
+    int downloaders = 0;
+    Set<SharingPeer> choked = new HashSet<SharingPeer>();
+
+    // We're interested in the top downloaders first, so use a descending
+    // set.
+    for (SharingPeer peer : bound) {
+      if (downloaders < Client.MAX_DOWNLOADERS_UNCHOKE) {
+        // Unchoke up to MAX_DOWNLOADERS_UNCHOKE interested peers
+        if (peer.isInterested()) {
+          downloaders++;
+          peer.unchoke();
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Choke everybody else
+      choked.add(peer);
+    }
+
+    // Actually choke all chosen peers (if any), except the eventual
+    // optimistic unchoke.
+    if (choked.size() > 0) {
+      SharingPeer randomPeer = choked.toArray(
+              new SharingPeer[0])[this.random.nextInt(choked.size())];
+
+      for (SharingPeer peer : choked) {
+        if (optimistic && peer == randomPeer) {
+          logger.debug("Optimistic unchoke of {}.", peer);
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        peer.choke();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Collection<SharingPeer> getConnectedPeers() {
+    Set<SharingPeer> result = new HashSet<SharingPeer>();
+    Set<SharingPeer> toRemove = new HashSet<SharingPeer>();
+    for (SharingPeer peer : this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers()) {
+      if (peer.isConnected()) {
+        result.add(peer);
+      } else {
+        toRemove.add(peer);
+      }
+    }
+    for (SharingPeer peer : toRemove) {
+      this.peersStorage.removeSharingPeer(peer);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public boolean containsTorrentWithHash(String hash) {
+    return torrentsStorage.hasTorrent(hash);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public PeersStorage getPeersStorage() {
+    return peersStorage;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public TorrentsStorage getTorrentsStorage() {
+    return torrentsStorage;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ExecutorService getExecutor() {
+    return myExecutorService;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ConnectionListener newChannelListener() {
+    return new StateChannelListener(this);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public SharingPeer createSharingPeer(String host, int port, ByteBuffer peerId, SharedTorrent torrent, ByteChannel channel) {
+    return new SharingPeer(host, port, peerId, torrent, getConnectionManager(), this, channel);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public TorrentLoader getTorrentLoader() {
+    return myTorrentLoader;
+  }
+
+
+  /** AnnounceResponseListener handler(s). **********************************/
+
+  /**
+   * Handle an announce response event.
+   *
+   * @param interval   The announce interval requested by the tracker.
+   * @param complete   The number of seeders on this torrent.
+   * @param incomplete The number of leechers on this torrent.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void handleAnnounceResponse(int interval, int complete, int incomplete, String hexInfoHash) {
+    final SharedTorrent sharedTorrent = this.torrentsStorage.getTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+    if (sharedTorrent != null) {
+      sharedTorrent.setSeedersCount(complete);
+      sharedTorrent.setLastAnnounceTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
+    }
+    setAnnounceInterval(interval);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle the discovery of new peers.
+   *
+   * @param peers The list of peers discovered (from the announce response or
+   *              any other means like DHT/PEX, etc.).
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void handleDiscoveredPeers(List<Peer> peers, String hexInfoHash) {
+
+    if (peers.size() == 0) return;
+
+    SharedTorrent torrent = torrentsStorage.getTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+
+    if (torrent != null && torrent.isFinished()) return;
+
+    final AnnounceableFileTorrent announceableTorrent = torrentsStorage.getAnnounceableTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+    if (announceableTorrent == null) {
+      logger.info("announceable torrent {} is not found in storage. Maybe it was removed", hexInfoHash);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (announceableTorrent.isSeeded()) return;
+
+    logger.debug("Got {} peer(s) ({}) for {} in tracker response", new Object[]{peers.size(),
+            Arrays.toString(peers.toArray()), hexInfoHash});
+
+    Map<PeerUID, Peer> uniquePeers = new HashMap<PeerUID, Peer>();
+    for (Peer peer : peers) {
+      final PeerUID peerUID = new PeerUID(peer.getAddress(), hexInfoHash);
+      if (uniquePeers.containsKey(peerUID)) continue;
+      uniquePeers.put(peerUID, peer);
+    }
+
+    for (Map.Entry<PeerUID, Peer> e : uniquePeers.entrySet()) {
+
+      PeerUID peerUID = e.getKey();
+      Peer peer = e.getValue();
+      boolean alreadyConnectedToThisPeer = peersStorage.getSharingPeer(peerUID) != null;
+
+      if (alreadyConnectedToThisPeer) {
+        logger.debug("skipping peer {}, because we already connected to this peer", peer);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      ConnectionListener connectionListener = new OutgoingConnectionListener(
+              this,
+              announceableTorrent,
+              peer.getIp(),
+              peer.getPort());
+
+      logger.debug("trying to connect to the peer {}", peer);
+
+      boolean connectTaskAdded = this.myConnectionManager.offerConnect(
+              new ConnectTask(peer.getIp(),
+                      peer.getPort(),
+                      connectionListener,
+                      new SystemTimeService().now(),
+                      Constants.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MILLIS), 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+      if (!connectTaskAdded) {
+        logger.info("can not connect to peer {}. Unable to add connect task to connection manager", peer);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * PeerActivityListener handler(s). *************************************
+   */
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePeerChoked(SharingPeer peer) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePeerReady(SharingPeer peer) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePieceAvailability(SharingPeer peer,
+                                      Piece piece) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleBitfieldAvailability(SharingPeer peer,
+                                         BitSet availablePieces) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePieceSent(SharingPeer peer,
+                              Piece piece) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  /**
+   * Piece download completion handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * When a piece is completed, and valid, we announce to all connected peers
+   * that we now have this piece.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * We use this handler to identify when all of the pieces have been
+   * downloaded. When that's the case, we can start the seeding period, if
+   * any.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer  The peer we got the piece from.
+   * @param piece The piece in question.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void handlePieceCompleted(final SharingPeer peer, Piece piece)
+          throws IOException {
+    final SharedTorrent torrent = peer.getTorrent();
+    final String torrentHash = torrent.getHexInfoHash();
+    if (piece.isValid()) {
+      // Send a HAVE message to all connected peers
+      PeerMessage have = PeerMessage.HaveMessage.craft(piece.getIndex());
+      for (SharingPeer remote : getConnectedPeers()) {
+        if (remote.getTorrent().getHexInfoHash().equals(torrentHash))
+          remote.send(have);
+      }
+    }
+    synchronized (torrent) {
+      if (piece.isValid()) {
+        // Make sure the piece is marked as completed in the torrent
+        // Note: this is required because the order the
+        // PeerActivityListeners are called is not defined, and we
+        // might be called before the torrent's piece completion
+        // handler is.
+        torrent.markCompleted(piece);
+        logger.debug("Completed download of {} from {}, now has {}/{} pieces.",
+                new Object[]{
+                        piece,
+                        peer,
+                        torrent.getCompletedPieces().cardinality(),
+                        torrent.getPieceCount()
+                });
+
+        BitSet completed = new BitSet();
+        completed.or(torrent.getCompletedPieces());
+        completed.and(peer.getAvailablePieces());
+        if (completed.equals(peer.getAvailablePieces())) {
+          // send not interested when have no interested pieces;
+          peer.send(PeerMessage.NotInterestedMessage.craft());
+        }
+
+      } else {
+        logger.info("Downloaded piece #{} from {} was not valid ;-(. Trying another peer", piece.getIndex(), peer);
+        peer.getPoorlyAvailablePieces().set(piece.getIndex());
+      }
+
+      if (torrent.isComplete()) {
+        //close connection with all peers for this torrent
+        logger.debug("Download of {} complete.", torrent.getName());
+
+        torrent.finish();
+
+        try {
+          this.announce.getCurrentTrackerClient(torrent)
+                  .announceAllInterfaces(COMPLETED, true, torrent);
+        } catch (AnnounceException e) {
+          logger.debug("unable to announce torrent {} on tracker {}", torrent, torrent.getAnnounce());
+        }
+
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePeerDisconnected(SharingPeer peer) {
+    final SharedTorrent peerTorrent = peer.getTorrent();
+    Peer p = new Peer(peer.getIp(), peer.getPort());
+    p.setPeerId(peer.getPeerId());
+    p.setTorrentHash(peer.getHexInfoHash());
+    PeerUID peerUID = new PeerUID(p.getAddress(), p.getHexInfoHash());
+    SharingPeer sharingPeer = this.peersStorage.removeSharingPeer(peerUID);
+    logger.debug("Peer {} disconnected, [{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+                    peer,
+                    getConnectedPeers().size(),
+                    this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers().size()
+            });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void afterPeerRemoved(SharingPeer peer) {
+    logger.trace("disconnected peer " + peer);
+    torrentsStorage.peerDisconnected(peer.getHexInfoHash());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleIOException(SharingPeer peer, IOException ioe) {
+    logger.debug("I/O problem occured when reading or writing piece data for peer {}: {}.", peer, ioe.getMessage());
+
+    peer.unbind(true);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleNewPeerConnected(SharingPeer peer) {
+    //do nothing
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void torrentStateChanged(ClientState newState, SharedTorrent torrent) {
+    if (newState.equals(ClientState.ERROR)) {
+      removeTorrent(torrent);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public ConnectionManager getConnectionManager() throws IllegalStateException {
+    ConnectionManager connectionManager = this.myConnectionManager;
+    if (connectionManager == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("connection manager is null");
+    }
+    return connectionManager;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `Client.announce.getCurrentTrackerClient(torrent)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 887.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Client.handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer,Piece)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.Client.handlePieceCompleted(com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer,com.t.125f29b82f5812c06334c7d1b1514ba0
+
+### File:
+ttorrent-client/src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/Client.java
+
+### Key:
+Client.java|handlePieceCompleted|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+da9314e4de9524be1935785051e00611
+
+### Hash:
+50404a1e9df6ce6fce6f92944fd5c821
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10016/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10016/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25c240b9e5c9ba444156ad479f8bff3450ecc827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10016/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Single-file torrent byte data storage.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * This implementation of TorrentByteStorageFile provides a torrent byte data
+ * storage relying on a single underlying file and uses a RandomAccessFile
+ * FileChannel to expose thread-safe read/write methods.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class FileStorage implements TorrentByteStorage {
+
+	private static final Logger logger =
+		LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileStorage.class);
+
+	private final File target;
+	private File partial;
+	private final long offset;
+	private final long size;
+
+	private RandomAccessFile raf;
+  private FileChannel channel;
+	private File current;
+
+  public FileStorage(File file, long offset, long size)
+		throws IOException {
+		this.target = file;
+		this.offset = offset;
+		this.size = size;
+
+	}
+
+  public void open() throws IOException {
+    this.partial = new File(this.target.getAbsolutePath() +
+      TorrentByteStorage.PARTIAL_FILE_NAME_SUFFIX);
+
+    if (this.partial.exists()) {
+      logger.debug("Partial download found at {}. Continuing...",
+        this.partial.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.partial;
+    } else if (!this.target.exists()) {
+      logger.debug("Downloading new file to {}...",
+        this.partial.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.partial;
+    } else {
+      logger.debug("Using existing file {}.",
+        this.target.getAbsolutePath());
+      this.current = this.target;
+    }
+
+    this.raf = new RandomAccessFile(this.current, "rw");
+
+    // Set the file length to the appropriate size, eventually truncating
+    // or extending the file if it already exists with a different size.
+    this.raf.setLength(this.size);
+
+    this.channel = raf.getChannel();
+
+    logger.debug("Opened byte storage file at {} " +
+      "({}+{} byte(s)).",
+      new Object[] {
+        this.current.getAbsolutePath(),
+        this.offset,
+        this.size,
+      });
+  }
+
+	protected long offset() {
+		return this.offset;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public long size() {
+		return this.size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int read(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset) throws IOException {
+		int requested = buffer.remaining();
+
+		if (offset + requested > this.size) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid storage read request!");
+		}
+
+		int bytes = this.channel.read(buffer, offset);
+		if (bytes < requested) {
+			throw new IOException("Storage underrun!");
+		}
+
+		return bytes;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int write(ByteBuffer buffer, long offset) throws IOException {
+		int requested = buffer.remaining();
+
+		if (offset + requested > this.size) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid storage write request!");
+		}
+
+		return this.channel.write(buffer, offset);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void close() throws IOException {
+		logger.debug("Closing file channel to {}. Channel open: {}", current.getName(), channel.isOpen());
+		if (this.channel.isOpen()) {
+			this.channel.force(true);
+		}
+		this.raf.close();
+	}
+
+	/** Move the partial file to its final location.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void finish() throws IOException {
+		logger.debug("Closing file channel to " + this.current.getName() +
+			" (download complete).");
+		if (this.channel.isOpen()) {
+			this.channel.force(true);
+		}
+
+		// Nothing more to do if we're already on the target file.
+		if (this.isFinished()) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		this.raf.close();
+		FileUtils.deleteQuietly(this.target);
+		FileUtils.moveFile(this.current, this.target);
+
+		logger.debug("Re-opening torrent byte storage at {}.",
+				this.target.getAbsolutePath());
+
+		this.raf = new RandomAccessFile(this.target, "rw");
+		this.raf.setLength(this.size);
+		this.channel = this.raf.getChannel();
+		this.current = this.target;
+
+		FileUtils.deleteQuietly(this.partial);
+		logger.info("Moved torrent data from {} to {}.",
+			this.partial.getName(),
+			this.target.getName());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isFinished() {
+		return this.current.equals(this.target);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.write` reads without synchronization from `this.com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.channel`. Potentially races with write in method `FileStorage.finish()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int FileStorage.write(ByteBuffer,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.storage.FileStorage.write(java.nio.ByteBuffer,long):int.9c4302516a4c2a1046e5807e8ddc2037
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/storage/FileStorage.java
+
+### Key:
+FileStorage.java|write|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+da5c707005e461bada8189acfdf74e40
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10020/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10020/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f6f0dc170189f3334a0b9ad00ce10b8f440fc62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10020/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.SharedTorrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Peer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.udp.*;
+
+import java.net.DatagramSocket;
+import java.net.Inet4Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.UnsupportedAddressTypeException;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+
+/**
+ * Announcer for UDP trackers.
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * The UDP tracker protocol requires a two-step announce request/response
+ * exchange where the peer is first required to establish a "connection"
+ * with the tracker by sending a connection request message and retreiving
+ * a connection ID from the tracker to use in the following announce
+ * request messages (valid for 2 minutes).
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * <p>
+ * It also contains a backing-off retry mechanism (on a 15*2^n seconds
+ * scheme), in which if the announce request times-out for more than the
+ * connection ID validity period, another connection request/response
+ * exchange must be made before attempting to retransmit the announce
+ * request.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class UDPAnnounce extends Announce {
+
+	private final DatagramSocket socket;
+	private final Random random;
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * @param torrent
+	 */
+	protected UDPAnnounce(SharedTorrent torrent, Peer peer)
+		throws SocketException, UnknownHostException {
+		super(torrent, peer, "udp");
+
+		/**
+		 * The UDP announce request protocol only supports IPv4
+		 *
+		 * @see http://bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0015.html#ipv6
+		 */
+		if (! (InetAddress.getByName(peer.getIp()) instanceof Inet4Address)) {
+			throw new UnsupportedAddressTypeException();
+		}
+
+		URL announceURL = this.torrent.getAnnounceUrl();
+		this.socket = new DatagramSocket();
+		this.socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(
+			announceURL.getHost(),
+			announceURL.getPort()));
+		this.random = new Random();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void announce(AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent event,
+		boolean inhibitEvents) throws AnnounceException {
+		logger.info("Announcing{} to tracker with {}U/{}D/{}L bytes...",
+			new Object[] {
+				this.formatAnnounceEvent(event),
+				this.torrent.getUploaded(),
+				this.torrent.getDownloaded(),
+				this.torrent.getLeft()
+			});
+
+		try {
+			ByteBuffer data = null;
+			UDPTrackerMessage.UDPTrackerResponseMessage message =
+				UDPTrackerMessage.UDPTrackerResponseMessage.parse(data);
+			this.handleTrackerResponse(message, inhibitEvents);
+		} catch (MessageValidationException mve) {
+			logger.error("Tracker message violates expected protocol: {}!",
+				mve.getMessage(), mve);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `data` last assigned on line 99 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `parse(...)` at line 101.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UDPAnnounce.announce(TrackerMessage$AnnounceRequestMessage$RequestEvent,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.UDPAnnounce.announce(com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMess.0d63c59351ae4c18faff3e6e29598ebb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/announce/UDPAnnounce.java
+
+### Key:
+UDPAnnounce.java|announce|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4a55d6b597cfb713c1c61a4cc5ecd5f2
+
+### Hash:
+490919529c96229398f6bbe40c8de256
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10027/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10027/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dc6b3f127446c5db9a3946decc30bb249ca5a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10027/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.network;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.Handshake;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.SharedTorrent;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.ConnectionUtils;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Peer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.PeersStorageFactory;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.TorrentsStorageFactory;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ByteChannel;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class HandshakeReceiver implements DataProcessor {
+
+  private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HandshakeReceiver.class);
+
+  private final String uid;
+  private final PeersStorageFactory peersStorageFactory;
+  private final TorrentsStorageFactory torrentsStorageFactory;
+  private ByteBuffer messageBytes;
+  private int pstrLength;
+
+  public HandshakeReceiver(String uid, PeersStorageFactory peersStorageFactory, TorrentsStorageFactory torrentsStorageFactory) {
+    this.uid = uid;
+    this.peersStorageFactory = peersStorageFactory;
+    this.torrentsStorageFactory = torrentsStorageFactory;
+    this.pstrLength = -1;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public DataProcessor processAndGetNext(ByteChannel socketChannel) throws IOException {
+    if (pstrLength == -1) {
+      ByteBuffer len = ByteBuffer.allocate(1);
+      int readBytes = -1;
+      try {
+        readBytes = socketChannel.read(len);
+      } catch (IOException ignored) {
+      }
+      if (readBytes == -1) {
+        return new ShutdownProcessor(uid, peersStorageFactory);
+      }
+      if (readBytes == 0) {
+        return this;
+      }
+      len.rewind();
+      byte pstrLen = len.get();
+      this.pstrLength = pstrLen;
+      messageBytes = ByteBuffer.allocate(this.pstrLength + Handshake.BASE_HANDSHAKE_LENGTH);
+      messageBytes.put(pstrLen);
+    }
+    int readBytes = -1;
+    try {
+      readBytes = socketChannel.read(messageBytes);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+    if (readBytes == -1) {
+      return new ShutdownProcessor(uid, peersStorageFactory);
+    }
+    if (messageBytes.remaining() != 0) {
+      return this;
+    }
+    Handshake hs;
+    try {
+      messageBytes.rewind();
+      hs = Handshake.parse(messageBytes, pstrLength);
+    } catch (ParseException e) {
+      logger.debug("incorrect handshake message from " + socketChannel.toString(), e);
+      return new ShutdownProcessor(uid, peersStorageFactory);
+    }
+    if (!torrentsStorageFactory.getTorrentsStorage().hasTorrent(hs.getHexInfoHash())) {
+      logger.debug("peer {} try download torrent with hash {}, but it's unknown torrent for self",
+              Arrays.toString(hs.getPeerId()),
+              hs.getHexInfoHash());
+      return new ShutdownProcessor(uid, peersStorageFactory);
+    }
+
+    Peer peer = peersStorageFactory.getPeersStorage().getPeer(uid);
+    logger.trace("set peer id to peer " + peer);
+    peer.setPeerId(ByteBuffer.wrap(hs.getPeerId()));
+    peer.setTorrentHash(hs.getHexInfoHash());
+    ConnectionUtils.sendHandshake(socketChannel, hs.getInfoHash(), peersStorageFactory.getPeersStorage().getSelf().getPeerIdArray());
+    SharedTorrent torrent = torrentsStorageFactory.getTorrentsStorage().getTorrent(hs.getHexInfoHash());
+    SharingPeer sharingPeer = new SharingPeer(peer.getIp(), peer.getPort(), peer.getPeerId(), torrent);
+    sharingPeer.register(torrent);
+    sharingPeer.bind(socketChannel, true);
+    peersStorageFactory.getPeersStorage().addSharingPeer(peer, sharingPeer);
+    return new WorkingReceiver(this.uid, peersStorageFactory, torrentsStorageFactory);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `sharingPeer.hexPeerId` last assigned on line 90 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `bind(...)` at line 92.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DataProcessor HandshakeReceiver.processAndGetNext(ByteChannel)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.HandshakeReceiver.processAndGetNext(java.nio.channels.ByteChannel):.1ff68496e425307ca21b07a073c11499
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/network/HandshakeReceiver.java
+
+### Key:
+HandshakeReceiver.java|processAndGetNext|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ba01ace7a7caa022fb6d2cdad5b791bd
+
+### Hash:
+edbb7d182717367472b61248aa700206
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10043/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10043/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef3956fb4c6d8accdedbb9f35627fe6dea4afa7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10043/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Turn, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.Peer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.TorrentInfo;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.http.*;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.output.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Announcer for HTTP trackers.
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ * @see <a href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentSpecification#Tracker_Request_Parameters">BitTorrent tracker request specification</a>
+ */
+public class HTTPTrackerClient extends TrackerClient {
+
+	protected static final Logger logger =
+		LoggerFactory.getLogger(HTTPTrackerClient.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a new HTTP announcer for the given torrent.
+	 *
+	 * @param peers Our own peer specification.
+	 */
+  public HTTPTrackerClient(List<Peer> peers, URI tracker) {
+    super(peers, tracker);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Build, send and process a tracker announce request.
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 * This function first builds an announce request for the specified event
+	 * with all the required parameters. Then, the request is made to the
+	 * tracker and the response analyzed.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 * <p>
+	 * All registered {@link AnnounceResponseListener} objects are then fired
+	 * with the decoded payload.
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+     * @param event The announce event type (can be AnnounceEvent.NONE for
+     * periodic updates).
+     * @param inhibitEvents Prevent event listeners from being notified.
+     * @param torrentInfo
+     */
+	public void announce(final AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent event,
+                       boolean inhibitEvents, final TorrentInfo torrentInfo, final List<Peer> peers) throws AnnounceException {
+    logAnnounceRequest(event, torrentInfo);
+
+    List<HTTPTrackerMessage> trackerResponses = new ArrayList<HTTPTrackerMessage>();
+    for (final Peer peer : peers) {
+      try {
+        HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage request = this.buildAnnounceRequest(event, torrentInfo, peer);
+        URL target = request.buildAnnounceURL(this.tracker.toURL());
+        trackerResponses.add(sendAnnounce(target));
+      } catch (MalformedURLException mue) {
+        throw new AnnounceException("Invalid announce URL (" +
+                mue.getMessage() + ")", mue);
+      } catch (MessageValidationException mve) {
+        throw new AnnounceException("Announce request creation violated " +
+                "expected protocol (" + mve.getMessage() + ")", mve);
+      } catch (IOException ioe) {
+        throw new AnnounceException("Error building announce request (" +
+                ioe.getMessage() + ")", ioe);
+      }
+    }
+    // we process only first request:
+    if (trackerResponses.size() > 0) {
+      final HTTPTrackerMessage message = trackerResponses.get(0);
+      this.handleTrackerAnnounceResponse(message, inhibitEvents, torrentInfo.getHexInfoHash());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private HTTPTrackerMessage sendAnnounce(final URL url) throws AnnounceException {
+    HttpURLConnection conn = null;
+    InputStream in = null;
+    try {
+      conn = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
+      conn.setConnectTimeout(10000);
+      conn.setReadTimeout(10000);
+      in = conn.getInputStream();
+    } catch (IOException ioe) {
+      if (conn != null) {
+        in = conn.getErrorStream();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // At this point if the input stream is null it means we have neither a
+    // response body nor an error stream from the server. No point in going
+    // any further.
+    if (in == null) {
+      throw new AnnounceException("No response or unreachable tracker!");
+    }
+
+    try {
+      ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+      byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+      int len;
+      while ((len=in.read(buf)) > 0){
+        baos.write(buf, 0, len);
+      }
+
+      // Parse and handle the response
+      return HTTPTrackerMessage.parse(ByteBuffer.wrap(baos.toByteArray()));
+    } catch (IOException ioe) {
+      throw new AnnounceException("Error reading tracker response!", ioe);
+    } catch (MessageValidationException mve) {
+      throw new AnnounceException("Tracker message violates expected " +
+              "protocol (" + mve.getMessage() + ")", mve);
+    } finally {
+      // Make sure we close everything down at the end to avoid resource
+      // leaks.
+      try {
+        in.close();
+      } catch (IOException ioe) {
+        logger.info("Problem ensuring error stream closed!");
+        logger.debug("Problem ensuring error stream closed!", ioe);
+      }
+
+      // This means trying to close the error stream as well.
+      InputStream err = conn.getErrorStream();
+      if (err != null) {
+        try {
+          err.close();
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+          logger.info("Problem ensuring error stream closed!");
+          logger.debug("Problem ensuring error stream closed!", ioe);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+	/**
+	 * Build the announce request tracker message.
+	 *
+	 * @param event The announce event (can be <tt>NONE</tt> or <em>null</em>)
+	 * @return Returns an instance of a {@link HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage}
+	 * that can be used to generate the fully qualified announce URL, with
+	 * parameters, to make the announce request.
+	 * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws MessageValidationException
+	 */
+	private HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage buildAnnounceRequest(
+    AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent event, TorrentInfo torrentInfo, Peer peer)
+		throws IOException,
+			MessageValidationException {
+		// Build announce request message
+      final long uploaded = torrentInfo.getUploaded();
+      final long downloaded = torrentInfo.getDownloaded();
+      final long left = torrentInfo.getLeft();
+      return HTTPAnnounceRequestMessage.craft(
+      torrentInfo.getInfoHash(),
+          peer.getPeerIdArray(),
+          peer.getPort(),
+          uploaded,
+          downloaded,
+          left,
+          true, false, event,
+          peer.getIp(),
+          AnnounceRequestMessage.DEFAULT_NUM_WANT);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.io.output.ByteArrayOutputStream` acquired to `baos` by call to `new()` at line 129 is not released after line 139.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 133
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HTTPTrackerMessage HTTPTrackerClient.sendAnnounce(URL)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.HTTPTrackerClient.sendAnnounce(java.net.URL):com.turn.ttorrent.com.1ba1aad425b77c5305395d83fdb195e9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/announce/HTTPTrackerClient.java
+
+### Key:
+HTTPTrackerClient.java|sendAnnounce|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+feb93ba608bb0b564b15deb66f7f3874
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10044/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10044/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d39b4b6be31c34f40669f4508a45375a87ed486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10044/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,982 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ttorrent
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011-2012 Turn, Inc.
+ * <p>
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * <p>
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * <p>
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.turn.ttorrent.client;
+
+import com.turn.ttorrent.Constants;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.Announce;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.AnnounceException;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.announce.AnnounceResponseListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.network.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.PeerActivityListener;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.*;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.PeerMessage;
+import com.turn.ttorrent.common.protocol.TrackerMessage;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import static com.turn.ttorrent.Constants.DEFAULT_SOCKET_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MILLIS;
+
+/**
+ * A pure-java BitTorrent client.
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * A BitTorrent client in its bare essence shares a given torrent. If the
+ * torrent is not complete locally, it will continue to download it. If or
+ * after the torrent is complete, the client may eventually continue to seed it
+ * for other clients.
+ * </p>
+ * <p/>
+ * <p>
+ * This BitTorrent client implementation is made to be simple to embed and
+ * simple to use. First, initialize a ShareTorrent object from a torrent
+ * meta-info source (either a file or a byte array, see
+ * com.turn.ttorrent.SharedTorrent for how to create a SharedTorrent object).
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author mpetazzoni
+ */
+public class Client implements Runnable,
+        AnnounceResponseListener, PeerActivityListener, TorrentStateListener {
+
+  protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Client.class);
+
+  /**
+   * Peers unchoking frequency, in seconds. Current BitTorrent specification
+   * recommends 10 seconds to avoid choking fibrilation.
+   */
+  private static final int UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY = 3;
+
+  /**
+   * Optimistic unchokes are done every 2 loop iterations, i.e. every
+   * 2*UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY seconds.
+   */
+  private static final int OPTIMISTIC_UNCHOKE_ITERATIONS = 3;
+
+  private static final int RATE_COMPUTATION_ITERATIONS = 2;
+  private static final int MAX_DOWNLOADERS_UNCHOKE = 10;
+
+  /**
+   * Default data output directory.
+   */
+  private static final String DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY = "/tmp";
+
+  public static final String BITTORRENT_ID_PREFIX = "-TO0042-";
+
+  private Thread thread;
+  private AtomicBoolean stop = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+  private Announce announce;
+
+  private Random random;
+  private boolean myStarted = false;
+  private final String myClientNameSuffix;
+  private final PeersStorageProvider peersStorageProvider;
+  private final TorrentsStorageProvider torrentsStorageProvider;
+  private final TorrentsStorage torrentsStorage;
+  private final CountLimitConnectionAllower myInConnectionAllower;
+  private final CountLimitConnectionAllower myOutConnectionAllower;
+  private final PeersStorage peersStorage;
+  private volatile ConnectionManager myConnectionManager;
+  private final ExecutorService myExecutorService;
+
+  public Client(ExecutorService executorService) {
+    this("", executorService);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param name client thread name
+   * @param executorService executor service for run connection worker and process incoming data. Must have a pool size at least 2
+   */
+  public Client(String name, ExecutorService executorService) {
+    this.random = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis());
+    this.announce = new Announce();
+    this.peersStorageProvider = new PeersStorageProviderImpl();
+    this.torrentsStorageProvider = new TorrentsStorageProviderImpl();
+    this.torrentsStorage = this.torrentsStorageProvider.getTorrentsStorage();
+    this.peersStorage = this.peersStorageProvider.getPeersStorage();
+    this.myClientNameSuffix = name;
+    this.myInConnectionAllower = new CountLimitConnectionAllower(peersStorage);
+    this.myOutConnectionAllower = new CountLimitConnectionAllower(peersStorage);
+    this.myExecutorService = executorService;
+  }
+
+  public void addTorrent(SharedTorrent torrent) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+    if (torrent.getSize() == 0) {
+      // we don't seed zero-size files
+      return;
+    }
+    torrent.init();
+    if (!torrent.isInitialized()) {
+      torrent.close();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.torrentsStorage.put(torrent.getHexInfoHash(), torrent);
+
+    // Initial completion test
+    if (torrent.isFinished()) {
+      torrent.setClientState(ClientState.SEEDING);
+    } else {
+      torrent.setClientState(ClientState.SHARING);
+    }
+    torrent.setTorrentStateListener(this);
+
+    this.announce.addTorrent(torrent, this);
+    logger.info(String.format("Added torrent %s (%s)", torrent.getName(), torrent.getHexInfoHash()));
+  }
+
+  public void removeTorrent(TorrentHash torrentHash) {
+    logger.info("Stopping seeding " + torrentHash.getHexInfoHash());
+    this.announce.removeTorrent(torrentHash);
+
+    SharedTorrent torrent = this.torrentsStorage.remove(torrentHash.getHexInfoHash());
+    if (torrent != null) {
+      torrent.setClientState(ClientState.DONE);
+      torrent.close();
+    } else {
+      logger.warn(String.format("Torrent %s already removed from myTorrents", torrentHash.getHexInfoHash()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void removeAndDeleteTorrent(TorrentHash torrentHash) {
+    this.announce.removeTorrent(torrentHash);
+
+    SharedTorrent torrent = this.torrentsStorage.remove(torrentHash.getHexInfoHash());
+    if (torrent != null) {
+      torrent.setClientState(ClientState.DONE);
+      torrent.delete();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setAnnounceInterval(final int announceInterval) {
+    announce.setAnnounceInterval(announceInterval);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the torrent this client is exchanging on.
+   */
+  public Collection<SharedTorrent> getTorrents() {
+    return this.torrentsStorage.values();
+  }
+
+  public SharedTorrent getTorrentByFilePath(File file) {
+    String path = file.getAbsolutePath();
+    for (SharedTorrent torrent : torrentsStorage.values()) {
+      File parentFile = torrent.getParentFile();
+      final List<String> filenames = torrent.getFilenames();
+      for (String filename : filenames) {
+        File seededFile = new File(parentFile, filename);
+        if (seededFile.getAbsolutePath().equals(path)) {
+          return torrent;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  public URI getDefaultTrackerURI() {
+    return announce.getDefaultTrackerURI();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the set of known peers.
+   */
+  public Set<SharingPeer> getPeers() {
+    return new HashSet<SharingPeer>(this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers());
+  }
+
+  public void setMaxInConnectionsCount(int maxConnectionsCount) {
+    this.myInConnectionAllower.setMyMaxConnectionCount(maxConnectionsCount);
+  }
+
+  public void setMaxOutConnectionsCount(int maxConnectionsCount) {
+    this.myOutConnectionAllower.setMyMaxConnectionCount(maxConnectionsCount);
+  }
+
+  public void start(final InetAddress... bindAddresses) throws IOException {
+    start(bindAddresses, Constants.DEFAULT_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_SEC, null);
+  }
+
+  public void start(final InetAddress[] bindAddresses, final URI defaultTrackerURI) throws IOException {
+    start(bindAddresses, Constants.DEFAULT_ANNOUNCE_INTERVAL_SEC, defaultTrackerURI);
+  }
+
+  public Peer[] getSelfPeers(final InetAddress[] bindAddresses) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+    Peer self = this.peersStorageProvider.getPeersStorage().getSelf();
+
+    if (self == null) {
+      return new Peer[0];
+    }
+
+    Peer[] result = new Peer[bindAddresses.length];
+    for (int i = 0; i < bindAddresses.length; i++) {
+      final InetAddress bindAddress = bindAddresses[i];
+      final Peer peer = new Peer(new InetSocketAddress(bindAddress.getHostAddress(), self.getPort()));
+      peer.setTorrentHash(self.getHexInfoHash());
+      //if we have more, that one bind address, then only for first set self peer id. For other generate it
+      if (i == 0) {
+        peer.setPeerId(self.getPeerId());
+      } else {
+        final String id = Client.BITTORRENT_ID_PREFIX + UUID.randomUUID().toString().split("-")[4];
+        byte[] idBytes = id.getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING);
+        peer.setPeerId(ByteBuffer.wrap(idBytes));
+      }
+      result[i] = peer;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public void start(final InetAddress[] bindAddresses, final int announceIntervalSec, final URI defaultTrackerURI) throws IOException {
+    ChannelListenerFactoryImpl channelListenerFactory = new ChannelListenerFactoryImpl(peersStorageProvider,
+            torrentsStorageProvider,
+            myExecutorService,
+            new SharingPeerFactoryImpl(this));
+    this.myConnectionManager = new ConnectionManager(channelListenerFactory,
+            myExecutorService,
+            new SystemTimeService(),
+            myInConnectionAllower,
+            myOutConnectionAllower);
+    this.setSocketConnectionTimeout(DEFAULT_SOCKET_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    try {
+      this.myConnectionManager.initAndRunWorker();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      LoggerUtils.errorAndDebugDetails(logger, "error in initialization server channel", e);
+      this.stop();
+      return;
+    }
+    final String id = Client.BITTORRENT_ID_PREFIX + UUID.randomUUID().toString().split("-")[4];
+    byte[] idBytes = id.getBytes(Torrent.BYTE_ENCODING);
+    Peer self = new Peer(new InetSocketAddress(myConnectionManager.getBindPort()), ByteBuffer.wrap(idBytes));
+    peersStorageProvider.getPeersStorage().setSelf(self);
+    logger.info("BitTorrent client [{}] started and " +
+                    "listening at {}:{}...",
+            new Object[]{
+                    self.getShortHexPeerId(),
+                    self.getIp(),
+                    self.getPort()
+            });
+
+    announce.start(defaultTrackerURI, this, getSelfPeers(bindAddresses), announceIntervalSec);
+    this.stop.set(false);
+
+    if (this.thread == null || !this.thread.isAlive()) {
+      this.thread = new Thread(this);
+      this.thread.setName("bt-client " + myClientNameSuffix);
+      this.thread.start();
+    }
+    myStarted = true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Immediately but gracefully stop this client.
+   */
+  public void stop() {
+    this.stop(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+  }
+
+  public void stop(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) {
+    boolean wasStopped = this.stop.getAndSet(true);
+    if (wasStopped) return;
+
+    if (!myStarted)
+      return;
+
+    boolean wait = timeout != 0;
+    this.myConnectionManager.close();
+
+    if (this.thread != null && this.thread.isAlive()) {
+      this.thread.interrupt();
+      if (wait) {
+        this.waitForCompletion();
+      }
+    }
+    this.thread = null;
+  }
+
+  public void setCleanupTimeout(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) throws IllegalStateException {
+    ConnectionManager connectionManager = this.myConnectionManager;
+    if (connectionManager == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("connection manager is null");
+    }
+    connectionManager.setCleanupTimeout(timeUnit.toMillis(timeout));
+  }
+
+  public void setSocketConnectionTimeout(int timeout, TimeUnit timeUnit) throws IllegalStateException {
+    ConnectionManager connectionManager = this.myConnectionManager;
+    if (connectionManager == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("connection manager is null");
+    }
+    connectionManager.setSocketConnectionTimeout(timeUnit.toMillis(timeout));
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Wait for downloading (and seeding, if requested) to complete.
+   */
+  public void waitForCompletion() {
+    if (this.thread != null && this.thread.isAlive()) {
+      try {
+        this.thread.join();
+      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+        logger.error(ie.getMessage(), ie);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tells whether we are a seed for the torrent we're sharing.
+   */
+  public boolean isSeed(String hexInfoHash) {
+    SharedTorrent t = this.torrentsStorage.getTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+    return t != null && t.isComplete();
+  }
+
+  public void downloadUninterruptibly(final SharedTorrent torrent,
+                                      final long downloadTimeoutSeconds) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+    downloadUninterruptibly(torrent, downloadTimeoutSeconds, 1, new AtomicBoolean(false));
+  }
+
+  public void downloadUninterruptibly(final SharedTorrent torrent,
+                                      final long idleTimeoutSec,
+                                      final int minSeedersCount,
+                                      final AtomicBoolean isInterrupted) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+    addTorrent(torrent);
+    // we must ensure that at every moment we are downloading a piece of that torrent
+    int seedersCount = torrent.getSeedersCount();
+    long maxIdleTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + idleTimeoutSec * 1000;
+    long currentLeft = torrent.getLeft();
+
+    while (torrent.getClientState() != ClientState.SEEDING &&
+            torrent.getClientState() != ClientState.ERROR &&
+            ((seedersCount = torrent.getSeedersCount()) >= minSeedersCount || torrent.getLastAnnounceTime() < 0) &&
+            (System.currentTimeMillis() <= maxIdleTime)) {
+      if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() || isInterrupted.get())
+        throw new InterruptedException("Download of " + torrent.getName() + " was interrupted");
+      if (currentLeft > torrent.getLeft()) {
+        currentLeft = torrent.getLeft();
+        maxIdleTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + idleTimeoutSec * 1000;
+      }
+      Thread.sleep(100);
+    }
+    if (!(torrent.isFinished() && torrent.getClientState() == ClientState.SEEDING)) {
+      removeAndDeleteTorrent(torrent);
+
+      final List<SharingPeer> peersForTorrent = getPeersForTorrent(torrent.getHexInfoHash());
+      int connectedPeersForTorrent = peersForTorrent.size();
+      for (SharingPeer peer : peersForTorrent) {
+        peer.unbind(true);
+      }
+
+      final String errorMsg;
+      if (System.currentTimeMillis() > maxIdleTime) {
+        int completedPieces = torrent.getCompletedPieces().cardinality();
+        int totalPieces = torrent.getPieceCount();
+        errorMsg = String.format("No pieces has been downloaded in %d seconds. Downloaded pieces %d/%d, connected peers %d"
+                , idleTimeoutSec, completedPieces, totalPieces, connectedPeersForTorrent);
+      } else if (seedersCount < minSeedersCount) {
+        errorMsg = String.format("Not enough seeders. Required %d, found %d", minSeedersCount, seedersCount);
+      } else if (torrent.getClientState() == ClientState.ERROR) {
+        errorMsg = "Torrent state is ERROR";
+      } else {
+        errorMsg = "Unknown error";
+      }
+      throw new IOException("Unable to download torrent completely - " + errorMsg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public List<SharingPeer> getPeersForTorrent(String torrentHash) {
+    if (torrentHash == null) return new ArrayList<SharingPeer>();
+
+    List<SharingPeer> result = new ArrayList<SharingPeer>();
+    for (SharingPeer sharingPeer : peersStorage.getSharingPeers()) {
+      if (torrentHash.equals(sharingPeer.getHexInfoHash())) {
+        result.add(sharingPeer);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Main client loop.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The main client download loop is very simple: it starts the announce
+   * request thread, the incoming connection handler service, and loops
+   * unchoking peers every UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY seconds until told to stop.
+   * Every OPTIMISTIC_UNCHOKE_ITERATIONS, an optimistic unchoke will be
+   * attempted to try out other peers.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Once done, it stops the announce and connection services, and returns.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    // Detect early stop
+    if (this.stop.get()) {
+      logger.info("Early stop detected. Stopping...");
+      this.finish();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    int optimisticIterations = 0;
+    int rateComputationIterations = 0;
+
+    while (!this.stop.get()) {
+      optimisticIterations =
+              (optimisticIterations == 0 ?
+                      Client.OPTIMISTIC_UNCHOKE_ITERATIONS :
+                      optimisticIterations - 1);
+
+      rateComputationIterations =
+              (rateComputationIterations == 0 ?
+                      Client.RATE_COMPUTATION_ITERATIONS :
+                      rateComputationIterations - 1);
+
+      try {
+        this.unchokePeers(optimisticIterations == 0);
+        this.info();
+        if (rateComputationIterations == 0) {
+          this.resetPeerRates();
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("An exception occurred during the BitTorrent " +
+                "client main loop execution!", e);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        Thread.sleep(Client.UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY * 1000);
+      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+        logger.trace("BitTorrent main loop interrupted.");
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Close all peer connections
+    logger.debug("Closing all remaining peer connections...");
+    for (SharingPeer peer : this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers()) {
+      peer.unbind(true);
+    }
+
+    this.finish();
+  }
+
+  public boolean isRunning() {
+    return this.thread != null && this.thread.isAlive();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Close torrent and set final client state before signing off.
+   */
+  private void finish() {
+    logger.trace("try stop announce thread...");
+
+    this.announce.stop();
+
+    logger.trace("announce thread is stopped");
+
+    for (SharedTorrent torrent : this.torrentsStorage.values()) {
+      logger.trace("try close torrent {}", torrent);
+      torrent.close();
+      if (torrent.isFinished()) {
+        torrent.setClientState(ClientState.DONE);
+      } else {
+        torrent.setClientState(ClientState.ERROR);
+      }
+    }
+
+    logger.info("BitTorrent client signing off.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Display information about the BitTorrent client state.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This emits an information line in the log about this client's state. It
+   * includes the number of choked peers, number of connected peers, number
+   * of known peers, information about the torrent availability and
+   * completion and current transmission rates.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public synchronized void info() {
+    float dl = 0;
+    float ul = 0;
+    int numConnected = 0;
+    for (SharingPeer peer : getConnectedPeers()) {
+      dl += peer.getDLRate().get();
+      ul += peer.getULRate().get();
+      numConnected++;
+    }
+
+/*
+    for (SharedTorrent torrent : this.torrents.values()) {
+      logger.debug("[{}]{} {}/{} (Downloaded {} bytes) pieces ({}%) [{}/{}] with {}/{} peers at {}/{} kB/s.",
+        new Object[]{
+          Arrays.toString(torrent.getFilenames().toArray()),
+          torrent.getClientState().name(),
+          torrent.getCompletedPieces().cardinality(),
+          torrent.getPieceCount(),
+          torrent.getDownloaded(),
+          String.format("%.2f", torrent.getCompletion()),
+          torrent.getAvailablePieces().cardinality(),
+          torrent.getRequestedPieces().cardinality(),
+          numConnected,
+          this.peers.size(),
+          String.format("%.2f", dl / 1024.0),
+          String.format("%.2f", ul / 1024.0),
+        });
+    }
+*/
+//    logger.debug("Downloaded bytes: {}", PeerExchange.readBytes);
+
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reset peers download and upload rates.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This method is called every RATE_COMPUTATION_ITERATIONS to reset the
+   * download and upload rates of all peers. This contributes to making the
+   * download and upload rate computations rolling averages every
+   * UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY * RATE_COMPUTATION_ITERATIONS seconds (usually 20
+   * seconds).
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private synchronized void resetPeerRates() {
+    for (SharingPeer peer : getConnectedPeers()) {
+      peer.getDLRate().reset();
+      peer.getULRate().reset();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve a peer comparator.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Returns a peer comparator based on either the download rate or the
+   * upload rate of each peer depending on our state. While sharing, we rely
+   * on the download rate we get from each peer. When our download is
+   * complete and we're only seeding, we use the upload rate instead.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @return A SharingPeer comparator that can be used to sort peers based on
+   *         the download or upload rate we get from them.
+   */
+  private Comparator<SharingPeer> getPeerRateComparator() {
+/*
+    if (this.seed == 0) {
+      return new SharingPeer.ULRateComparator();
+    }
+*/
+
+    return new SharingPeer.DLRateComparator();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unchoke connected peers.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * This is one of the "clever" places of the BitTorrent client. Every
+   * OPTIMISTIC_UNCHOKING_FREQUENCY seconds, we decide which peers should be
+   * unchocked and authorized to grab pieces from us.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Reciprocation (tit-for-tat) and upload capping is implemented here by
+   * carefully choosing which peers we unchoke, and which peers we choke.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * The four peers with the best download rate and are interested in us get
+   * unchoked. This maximizes our download rate as we'll be able to get data
+   * from there four "best" peers quickly, while allowing these peers to
+   * download from us and thus reciprocate their generosity.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * Peers that have a better download rate than these four downloaders but
+   * are not interested get unchoked too, we want to be able to download from
+   * them to get more data more quickly. If one becomes interested, it takes
+   * a downloader's place as one of the four top downloaders (i.e. we choke
+   * the downloader with the worst upload rate).
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param optimistic Whether to perform an optimistic unchoke as well.
+   */
+  private synchronized void unchokePeers(boolean optimistic) {
+    // Build a set of all connected peers, we don't care about peers we're
+    // not connected to.
+    List<SharingPeer> bound = new ArrayList<SharingPeer>(peersStorage.getSharingPeers());
+    Collections.sort(bound, this.getPeerRateComparator());
+    Collections.reverse(bound);
+    if (bound.size() == 0) {
+      logger.trace("No connected peers, skipping unchoking.");
+      return;
+    } else {
+      logger.trace("Running unchokePeers() on {} connected peers. Client {}",
+              new Object[]{bound.size(), Thread.currentThread()});
+    }
+
+    int downloaders = 0;
+    Set<SharingPeer> choked = new HashSet<SharingPeer>();
+
+    // We're interested in the top downloaders first, so use a descending
+    // set.
+    for (SharingPeer peer : bound) {
+      if (downloaders < Client.MAX_DOWNLOADERS_UNCHOKE) {
+        // Unchoke up to MAX_DOWNLOADERS_UNCHOKE interested peers
+        if (peer.isInterested()) {
+          downloaders++;
+          peer.unchoke();
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Choke everybody else
+      choked.add(peer);
+    }
+
+    // Actually choke all chosen peers (if any), except the eventual
+    // optimistic unchoke.
+    if (choked.size() > 0) {
+      SharingPeer randomPeer = choked.toArray(
+              new SharingPeer[0])[this.random.nextInt(choked.size())];
+
+      for (SharingPeer peer : choked) {
+        if (optimistic && peer == randomPeer) {
+          logger.debug("Optimistic unchoke of {}.", peer);
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        peer.choke();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Collection<SharingPeer> getConnectedPeers() {
+    Set<SharingPeer> result = new HashSet<SharingPeer>();
+    Set<SharingPeer> toRemove = new HashSet<SharingPeer>();
+    for (SharingPeer peer : this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers()) {
+      if (peer.isConnected()) {
+        result.add(peer);
+      } else {
+        toRemove.add(peer);
+      }
+    }
+    for (SharingPeer peer : toRemove) {
+      this.peersStorage.removeSharingPeer(peer);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public boolean containsTorrentWithHash(String hash) {
+    return torrentsStorage.hasTorrent(hash);
+  }
+
+  /** AnnounceResponseListener handler(s). **********************************/
+
+  /**
+   * Handle an announce response event.
+   *
+   * @param interval   The announce interval requested by the tracker.
+   * @param complete   The number of seeders on this torrent.
+   * @param incomplete The number of leechers on this torrent.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void handleAnnounceResponse(int interval, int complete, int incomplete, String hexInfoHash) {
+    final SharedTorrent sharedTorrent = this.torrentsStorage.getTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+    if (sharedTorrent != null) {
+      sharedTorrent.setSeedersCount(complete);
+      sharedTorrent.setLastAnnounceTime(System.currentTimeMillis());
+    }
+    setAnnounceInterval(interval);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Handle the discovery of new peers.
+   *
+   * @param peers The list of peers discovered (from the announce response or
+   *              any other means like DHT/PEX, etc.).
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void handleDiscoveredPeers(List<Peer> peers, String hexInfoHash) {
+    logger.info("Got {} peer(s) ({}) for {} in tracker response", new Object[]{peers.size(),
+            Arrays.toString(peers.toArray()), hexInfoHash});
+
+    SharedTorrent torrent = torrentsStorage.getTorrent(hexInfoHash);
+
+    for (Peer peer : peers) {
+
+      boolean alreadyConnectedToThisPeer = false;
+      String peerId = peersStorage.getPeerIdByAddress(peer.getIp(), peer.getPort());
+      if (peerId != null) {
+        PeerUID peerUID = new PeerUID(peerId, hexInfoHash);
+        alreadyConnectedToThisPeer = peersStorage.getSharingPeer(peerUID) != null;
+      }
+
+      if (alreadyConnectedToThisPeer) {
+        logger.debug("skipping peer {}, because we already connected to this peer", peer);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      ConnectionListener connectionListener = new OutgoingConnectionListener(
+              peersStorageProvider,
+              torrentsStorageProvider,
+              new SharingPeerFactoryImpl(this), torrent,
+              new InetSocketAddress(peer.getIp(), peer.getPort()),
+              myExecutorService);
+
+      logger.debug("trying to connect to the peer {}", peer);
+
+      boolean connectTaskAdded = this.myConnectionManager.offerConnect(
+              new ConnectTask(peer.getIp(),
+                      peer.getPort(),
+                      connectionListener,
+                      new SystemTimeService().now(),
+                      Constants.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT_MILLIS), 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+      if (!connectTaskAdded) {
+        logger.info("can not connect to peer {}. Unable to add connect task to connection manager", peer);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * PeerActivityListener handler(s). *************************************
+   */
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePeerChoked(SharingPeer peer) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePeerReady(SharingPeer peer) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePieceAvailability(SharingPeer peer,
+                                      Piece piece) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleBitfieldAvailability(SharingPeer peer,
+                                         BitSet availablePieces) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePieceSent(SharingPeer peer,
+                              Piece piece) { /* Do nothing */ }
+
+  /**
+   * Piece download completion handler.
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * When a piece is completed, and valid, we announce to all connected peers
+   * that we now have this piece.
+   * </p>
+   * <p/>
+   * <p>
+   * We use this handler to identify when all of the pieces have been
+   * downloaded. When that's the case, we can start the seeding period, if
+   * any.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param peer  The peer we got the piece from.
+   * @param piece The piece in question.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void handlePieceCompleted(final SharingPeer peer, Piece piece)
+          throws IOException {
+    final SharedTorrent torrent = peer.getTorrent();
+    synchronized (torrent) {
+      if (piece.isValid()) {
+        // Make sure the piece is marked as completed in the torrent
+        // Note: this is required because the order the
+        // PeerActivityListeners are called is not defined, and we
+        // might be called before the torrent's piece completion
+        // handler is.
+        torrent.markCompleted(piece);
+        logger.debug("Completed download of {} from {}, now has {}/{} pieces.",
+                new Object[]{
+                        piece,
+                        peer,
+                        torrent.getCompletedPieces().cardinality(),
+                        torrent.getPieceCount()
+                });
+
+        // Send a HAVE message to all connected peers
+        PeerMessage have = PeerMessage.HaveMessage.craft(piece.getIndex());
+        final String torrentHash = torrent.getHexInfoHash();
+        for (SharingPeer remote : getConnectedPeers()) {
+          if (remote.getTorrent().getHexInfoHash().equals(torrentHash))
+            remote.send(have);
+        }
+
+        BitSet completed = new BitSet();
+        completed.or(torrent.getCompletedPieces());
+        completed.and(peer.getAvailablePieces());
+        if (completed.equals(peer.getAvailablePieces())) {
+          // send not interested when have no interested pieces;
+          peer.send(PeerMessage.NotInterestedMessage.craft());
+        }
+
+      } else {
+        logger.info("Downloaded piece #{} from {} was not valid ;-(. Trying another peer", piece.getIndex(), peer);
+        peer.getPoorlyAvailablePieces().set(piece.getIndex());
+      }
+
+      if (torrent.isComplete()) {
+        //close connection with all peers for this torrent
+        logger.info("Download of {} complete.", torrent.getName());
+
+        torrent.finish();
+
+        try {
+          this.announce.getCurrentTrackerClient(torrent)
+                  .announceAllInterfaces(TrackerMessage.AnnounceRequestMessage.RequestEvent.COMPLETED, true, torrent);
+        } catch (AnnounceException e) {
+          logger.debug("unable to announce torrent {} on tracker {}", torrent, torrent.getAnnounce());
+        }
+
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handlePeerDisconnected(SharingPeer peer) {
+    final SharedTorrent peerTorrent = peer.getTorrent();
+    Peer p = new Peer(peer.getIp(), peer.getPort());
+    p.setPeerId(peer.getPeerId());
+    p.setTorrentHash(peer.getHexInfoHash());
+    PeerUID peerUID = new PeerUID(p.getStringPeerId(), p.getHexInfoHash());
+    SharingPeer sharingPeer = this.peersStorage.removeSharingPeer(peerUID);
+    logger.debug("Peer {} disconnected, [{}/{}].",
+            new Object[]{
+                    peer,
+                    getConnectedPeers().size(),
+                    this.peersStorage.getSharingPeers().size()
+            });
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleIOException(SharingPeer peer, IOException ioe) {
+    logger.debug("I/O problem occured when reading or writing piece data for peer {}: {}.", peer, ioe.getMessage());
+
+    peer.unbind(true);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleNewPeerConnected(SharingPeer peer) {
+    //do nothing
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void torrentStateChanged(ClientState newState, SharedTorrent torrent) {
+    if (newState.equals(ClientState.ERROR)) {
+      removeTorrent(torrent);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public ConnectionManager getConnectionManager() throws IllegalStateException {
+    ConnectionManager connectionManager = this.myConnectionManager;
+    if (connectionManager == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("connection manager is null");
+    }
+    return connectionManager;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `Client.announce.getCurrentTrackerClient(torrent)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 857.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Client.handlePieceCompleted(SharingPeer,Piece)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.turn.ttorrent.client.Client.handlePieceCompleted(com.turn.ttorrent.client.peer.SharingPeer,com.t.125f29b82f5812c06334c7d1b1514ba0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/turn/ttorrent/client/Client.java
+
+### Key:
+Client.java|handlePieceCompleted|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+da9314e4de9524be1935785051e00611
+
+### Hash:
+50404a1e9df6ce6fce6f92944fd5c821
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10072/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10072/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f467a5793c403b1ff2cf59401edfa642dec6fc7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10072/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ik-analyzer-solr
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * IK 中文分词  版本 7.0
+ * IK Analyzer release 7.0
+ * update by 高志成(magese@live.cn)
+ */
+package org.wltea.analyzer.dic;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.wltea.analyzer.cfg.Configuration;
+import org.wltea.analyzer.cfg.DefaultConfig;
+
+/**
+ * 词典管理类,单子模式
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+public class Dictionary {
+
+    /*
+     * 词典单子实例
+     */
+    private static Dictionary singleton;
+
+    /*
+     * 主词典对象
+     */
+    private DictSegment _MainDict;
+
+    /*
+     * 停止词词典
+     */
+    private DictSegment _StopWordDict;
+    /*
+     * 量词词典
+     */
+    private DictSegment _QuantifierDict;
+
+    /**
+     * 配置对象
+     */
+    private Configuration cfg;
+
+    private Dictionary(Configuration cfg) {
+        this.cfg = cfg;
+        this.loadMainDict();
+        this.loadStopWordDict();
+        this.loadQuantifierDict();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 词典初始化
+     * 由于IK Analyzer的词典采用Dictionary类的静态方法进行词典初始化
+     * 只有当Dictionary类被实际调用时，才会开始载入词典，
+     * 这将延长首次分词操作的时间
+     * 该方法提供了一个在应用加载阶段就初始化字典的手段
+     */
+    public static void initial(Configuration cfg) {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            synchronized (Dictionary.class) {
+                if (singleton == null) {
+                    singleton = new Dictionary(cfg);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取词典单子实例
+     *
+     * @return Dictionary 单例对象
+     */
+    public static Dictionary getSingleton() {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("词典尚未初始化，请先调用initial方法");
+        }
+        return singleton;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 重新更新词典
+     * 由于停用词等不经常变也不建议常增加，故这里只修改动态扩展词库
+     */
+    public static void reloadDic(List<InputStream> inputStreamList) {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            Configuration cfg = DefaultConfig.getInstance();
+            initial(cfg);
+        }
+        for (InputStream is : inputStreamList) {
+            try {
+                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                String theWord;
+                do {
+                    theWord = br.readLine();
+                    if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                        singleton._MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                    }
+                } while (theWord != null);
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                System.err.println("Other Dictionary loading exception.");
+                ioe.printStackTrace();
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (is != null) {
+                        is.close();
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 批量加载新词条
+     *
+     * @param words 词条列表
+     */
+    public void addWords(Collection<String> words) {
+        if (words != null) {
+            for (String word : words) {
+                if (word != null) {
+                    //批量加载词条到主内存词典中
+                    singleton._MainDict.fillSegment(word.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 批量移除（屏蔽）词条
+     */
+    public void disableWords(Collection<String> words) {
+        if (words != null) {
+            for (String word : words) {
+                if (word != null) {
+                    //批量屏蔽词条
+                    singleton._MainDict.disableSegment(word.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配主词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInMainDict(char[] charArray) {
+        return singleton._MainDict.match(charArray);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配主词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInMainDict(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._MainDict.match(charArray, begin, length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配量词词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInQuantifierDict(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._QuantifierDict.match(charArray, begin, length);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 从已匹配的Hit中直接取出DictSegment，继续向下匹配
+     *
+     * @return Hit
+     */
+    public Hit matchWithHit(char[] charArray, int currentIndex, Hit matchedHit) {
+        DictSegment ds = matchedHit.getMatchedDictSegment();
+        return ds.match(charArray, currentIndex, 1, matchedHit);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 判断是否是停止词
+     *
+     * @return boolean
+     */
+    public boolean isStopWord(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._StopWordDict.match(charArray, begin, length).isMatch();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载主词典及扩展词典
+     */
+    private void loadMainDict() {
+        //建立一个主词典实例
+        _MainDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //读取主词典文件
+        InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(cfg.getMainDictionary());
+        if (is == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Main Dictionary not found!!!");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+            String theWord;
+            do {
+                theWord = br.readLine();
+                if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                    _MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            } while (theWord != null);
+
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            System.err.println("Main Dictionary loading exception.");
+            ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                is.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        //加载扩展词典
+        this.loadExtDict();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载用户配置的扩展词典到主词库表
+     */
+    private void loadExtDict() {
+        //加载扩展词典配置
+        List<String> extDictFiles = cfg.getExtDictionarys();
+        if (extDictFiles != null) {
+            InputStream is;
+            for (String extDictName : extDictFiles) {
+                //读取扩展词典文件
+                System.out.println("加载扩展词典：" + extDictName);
+                is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(extDictName);
+                //如果找不到扩展的字典，则忽略
+                if (is == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                    String theWord;
+                    do {
+                        theWord = br.readLine();
+                        if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                            //加载扩展词典数据到主内存词典中
+                            //System.out.println(theWord);
+                            _MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                        }
+                    } while (theWord != null);
+
+                } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                    System.err.println("Extension Dictionary loading exception.");
+                    ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        is.close();
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载用户扩展的停止词词典
+     */
+    private void loadStopWordDict() {
+        //建立一个主词典实例
+        _StopWordDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //加载扩展停止词典
+        List<String> extStopWordDictFiles = cfg.getExtStopWordDictionarys();
+        if (extStopWordDictFiles != null) {
+            InputStream is;
+            for (String extStopWordDictName : extStopWordDictFiles) {
+                System.out.println("加载扩展停止词典：" + extStopWordDictName);
+                //读取扩展词典文件
+                is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(extStopWordDictName);
+                //如果找不到扩展的字典，则忽略
+                if (is == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                    String theWord;
+                    do {
+                        theWord = br.readLine();
+                        if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                            //System.out.println(theWord);
+                            //加载扩展停止词典数据到内存中
+                            _StopWordDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                        }
+                    } while (theWord != null);
+
+                } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                    System.err.println("Extension Stop word Dictionary loading exception.");
+                    ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        is.close();
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载量词词典
+     */
+    private void loadQuantifierDict() {
+        //建立一个量词典实例
+        _QuantifierDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //读取量词词典文件
+        InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(cfg.getQuantifierDicionary());
+        if (is == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Quantifier Dictionary not found!!!");
+        }
+        try {
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+            String theWord;
+            do {
+                theWord = br.readLine();
+                if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                    _QuantifierDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            } while (theWord != null);
+
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            System.err.println("Quantifier Dictionary loading exception.");
+            ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                is.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 209 is not released after line 218.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 212
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Dictionary.loadMainDict()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.wltea.analyzer.dic.Dictionary.loadMainDict():void.5444da1b3f5445b04732010759d0af65
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/wltea/analyzer/dic/Dictionary.java
+
+### Key:
+Dictionary.java|loadMainDict|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+a9c539c41c647bb126eb613ae7079448
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10073/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10073/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42911a21d4a8355aede782483f0366d3cef9ae29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10073/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ik-analyzer-solr
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * IK 中文分词  版本 7.0
+ * IK Analyzer release 7.0
+ * update by 高志成(magese@live.cn)
+ */
+package org.wltea.analyzer.dic;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.wltea.analyzer.cfg.Configuration;
+import org.wltea.analyzer.cfg.DefaultConfig;
+
+/**
+ * 词典管理类,单子模式
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+public class Dictionary {
+
+    /*
+     * 词典单子实例
+     */
+    private static Dictionary singleton;
+
+    /*
+     * 主词典对象
+     */
+    private DictSegment _MainDict;
+
+    /*
+     * 停止词词典
+     */
+    private DictSegment _StopWordDict;
+    /*
+     * 量词词典
+     */
+    private DictSegment _QuantifierDict;
+
+    /**
+     * 配置对象
+     */
+    private Configuration cfg;
+
+    private Dictionary(Configuration cfg) {
+        this.cfg = cfg;
+        this.loadMainDict();
+        this.loadStopWordDict();
+        this.loadQuantifierDict();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 词典初始化
+     * 由于IK Analyzer的词典采用Dictionary类的静态方法进行词典初始化
+     * 只有当Dictionary类被实际调用时，才会开始载入词典，
+     * 这将延长首次分词操作的时间
+     * 该方法提供了一个在应用加载阶段就初始化字典的手段
+     */
+    public static void initial(Configuration cfg) {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            synchronized (Dictionary.class) {
+                if (singleton == null) {
+                    singleton = new Dictionary(cfg);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取词典单子实例
+     *
+     * @return Dictionary 单例对象
+     */
+    public static Dictionary getSingleton() {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("词典尚未初始化，请先调用initial方法");
+        }
+        return singleton;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 重新更新词典
+     * 由于停用词等不经常变也不建议常增加，故这里只修改动态扩展词库
+     */
+    public static void reloadDic(List<InputStream> inputStreamList) {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            Configuration cfg = DefaultConfig.getInstance();
+            initial(cfg);
+        }
+        for (InputStream is : inputStreamList) {
+            try {
+                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                String theWord;
+                do {
+                    theWord = br.readLine();
+                    if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                        singleton._MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                    }
+                } while (theWord != null);
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                System.err.println("Other Dictionary loading exception.");
+                ioe.printStackTrace();
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (is != null) {
+                        is.close();
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 批量加载新词条
+     *
+     * @param words 词条列表
+     */
+    public void addWords(Collection<String> words) {
+        if (words != null) {
+            for (String word : words) {
+                if (word != null) {
+                    //批量加载词条到主内存词典中
+                    singleton._MainDict.fillSegment(word.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 批量移除（屏蔽）词条
+     */
+    public void disableWords(Collection<String> words) {
+        if (words != null) {
+            for (String word : words) {
+                if (word != null) {
+                    //批量屏蔽词条
+                    singleton._MainDict.disableSegment(word.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配主词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInMainDict(char[] charArray) {
+        return singleton._MainDict.match(charArray);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配主词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInMainDict(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._MainDict.match(charArray, begin, length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配量词词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInQuantifierDict(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._QuantifierDict.match(charArray, begin, length);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 从已匹配的Hit中直接取出DictSegment，继续向下匹配
+     *
+     * @return Hit
+     */
+    public Hit matchWithHit(char[] charArray, int currentIndex, Hit matchedHit) {
+        DictSegment ds = matchedHit.getMatchedDictSegment();
+        return ds.match(charArray, currentIndex, 1, matchedHit);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 判断是否是停止词
+     *
+     * @return boolean
+     */
+    public boolean isStopWord(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._StopWordDict.match(charArray, begin, length).isMatch();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载主词典及扩展词典
+     */
+    private void loadMainDict() {
+        //建立一个主词典实例
+        _MainDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //读取主词典文件
+        InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(cfg.getMainDictionary());
+        if (is == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Main Dictionary not found!!!");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+            String theWord;
+            do {
+                theWord = br.readLine();
+                if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                    _MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            } while (theWord != null);
+
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            System.err.println("Main Dictionary loading exception.");
+            ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                is.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        //加载扩展词典
+        this.loadExtDict();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载用户配置的扩展词典到主词库表
+     */
+    private void loadExtDict() {
+        //加载扩展词典配置
+        List<String> extDictFiles = cfg.getExtDictionarys();
+        if (extDictFiles != null) {
+            InputStream is;
+            for (String extDictName : extDictFiles) {
+                //读取扩展词典文件
+                System.out.println("加载扩展词典：" + extDictName);
+                is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(extDictName);
+                //如果找不到扩展的字典，则忽略
+                if (is == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                    String theWord;
+                    do {
+                        theWord = br.readLine();
+                        if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                            //加载扩展词典数据到主内存词典中
+                            //System.out.println(theWord);
+                            _MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                        }
+                    } while (theWord != null);
+
+                } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                    System.err.println("Extension Dictionary loading exception.");
+                    ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        is.close();
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载用户扩展的停止词词典
+     */
+    private void loadStopWordDict() {
+        //建立一个主词典实例
+        _StopWordDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //加载扩展停止词典
+        List<String> extStopWordDictFiles = cfg.getExtStopWordDictionarys();
+        if (extStopWordDictFiles != null) {
+            InputStream is;
+            for (String extStopWordDictName : extStopWordDictFiles) {
+                System.out.println("加载扩展停止词典：" + extStopWordDictName);
+                //读取扩展词典文件
+                is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(extStopWordDictName);
+                //如果找不到扩展的字典，则忽略
+                if (is == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                    String theWord;
+                    do {
+                        theWord = br.readLine();
+                        if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                            //System.out.println(theWord);
+                            //加载扩展停止词典数据到内存中
+                            _StopWordDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                        }
+                    } while (theWord != null);
+
+                } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                    System.err.println("Extension Stop word Dictionary loading exception.");
+                    ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        is.close();
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载量词词典
+     */
+    private void loadQuantifierDict() {
+        //建立一个量词典实例
+        _QuantifierDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //读取量词词典文件
+        InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(cfg.getQuantifierDicionary());
+        if (is == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Quantifier Dictionary not found!!!");
+        }
+        try {
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+            String theWord;
+            do {
+                theWord = br.readLine();
+                if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                    _QuantifierDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            } while (theWord != null);
+
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            System.err.println("Quantifier Dictionary loading exception.");
+            ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                is.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 95 is not released after line 103.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 98
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Dictionary.reloadDic(List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.wltea.analyzer.dic.Dictionary.reloadDic(java.util.List):void.ab880697807edf1fbd2d24d6b9de921c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/wltea/analyzer/dic/Dictionary.java
+
+### Key:
+Dictionary.java|reloadDic|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+ec560a2f42fc8319832a94cdff69a67c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10074/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10074/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51d29cca2832d6a4985f8db2ddf7d3e24ad6714f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10074/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ik-analyzer-solr
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * IK 中文分词  版本 7.0
+ * IK Analyzer release 7.0
+ * update by 高志成(magese@live.cn)
+ */
+package org.wltea.analyzer.dic;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.wltea.analyzer.cfg.Configuration;
+import org.wltea.analyzer.cfg.DefaultConfig;
+
+/**
+ * 词典管理类,单子模式
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("unused")
+public class Dictionary {
+
+    /*
+     * 词典单子实例
+     */
+    private static Dictionary singleton;
+
+    /*
+     * 主词典对象
+     */
+    private DictSegment _MainDict;
+
+    /*
+     * 停止词词典
+     */
+    private DictSegment _StopWordDict;
+    /*
+     * 量词词典
+     */
+    private DictSegment _QuantifierDict;
+
+    /**
+     * 配置对象
+     */
+    private Configuration cfg;
+
+    private Dictionary(Configuration cfg) {
+        this.cfg = cfg;
+        this.loadMainDict();
+        this.loadStopWordDict();
+        this.loadQuantifierDict();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 词典初始化
+     * 由于IK Analyzer的词典采用Dictionary类的静态方法进行词典初始化
+     * 只有当Dictionary类被实际调用时，才会开始载入词典，
+     * 这将延长首次分词操作的时间
+     * 该方法提供了一个在应用加载阶段就初始化字典的手段
+     */
+    public static void initial(Configuration cfg) {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            synchronized (Dictionary.class) {
+                if (singleton == null) {
+                    singleton = new Dictionary(cfg);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取词典单子实例
+     *
+     * @return Dictionary 单例对象
+     */
+    public static Dictionary getSingleton() {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("词典尚未初始化，请先调用initial方法");
+        }
+        return singleton;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 重新更新词典
+     * 由于停用词等不经常变也不建议常增加，故这里只修改动态扩展词库
+     */
+    public static void reloadDic(List<InputStream> inputStreamList) {
+        if (singleton == null) {
+            Configuration cfg = DefaultConfig.getInstance();
+            initial(cfg);
+        }
+        for (InputStream is : inputStreamList) {
+            try {
+                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                String theWord;
+                do {
+                    theWord = br.readLine();
+                    if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                        singleton._MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                    }
+                } while (theWord != null);
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                System.err.println("Other Dictionary loading exception.");
+                ioe.printStackTrace();
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (is != null) {
+                        is.close();
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 批量加载新词条
+     *
+     * @param words 词条列表
+     */
+    public void addWords(Collection<String> words) {
+        if (words != null) {
+            for (String word : words) {
+                if (word != null) {
+                    //批量加载词条到主内存词典中
+                    singleton._MainDict.fillSegment(word.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 批量移除（屏蔽）词条
+     */
+    public void disableWords(Collection<String> words) {
+        if (words != null) {
+            for (String word : words) {
+                if (word != null) {
+                    //批量屏蔽词条
+                    singleton._MainDict.disableSegment(word.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配主词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInMainDict(char[] charArray) {
+        return singleton._MainDict.match(charArray);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配主词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInMainDict(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._MainDict.match(charArray, begin, length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检索匹配量词词典
+     *
+     * @return Hit 匹配结果描述
+     */
+    public Hit matchInQuantifierDict(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._QuantifierDict.match(charArray, begin, length);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 从已匹配的Hit中直接取出DictSegment，继续向下匹配
+     *
+     * @return Hit
+     */
+    public Hit matchWithHit(char[] charArray, int currentIndex, Hit matchedHit) {
+        DictSegment ds = matchedHit.getMatchedDictSegment();
+        return ds.match(charArray, currentIndex, 1, matchedHit);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 判断是否是停止词
+     *
+     * @return boolean
+     */
+    public boolean isStopWord(char[] charArray, int begin, int length) {
+        return singleton._StopWordDict.match(charArray, begin, length).isMatch();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载主词典及扩展词典
+     */
+    private void loadMainDict() {
+        //建立一个主词典实例
+        _MainDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //读取主词典文件
+        InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(cfg.getMainDictionary());
+        if (is == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Main Dictionary not found!!!");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+            String theWord;
+            do {
+                theWord = br.readLine();
+                if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                    _MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            } while (theWord != null);
+
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            System.err.println("Main Dictionary loading exception.");
+            ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                is.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        //加载扩展词典
+        this.loadExtDict();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载用户配置的扩展词典到主词库表
+     */
+    private void loadExtDict() {
+        //加载扩展词典配置
+        List<String> extDictFiles = cfg.getExtDictionarys();
+        if (extDictFiles != null) {
+            InputStream is;
+            for (String extDictName : extDictFiles) {
+                //读取扩展词典文件
+                System.out.println("加载扩展词典：" + extDictName);
+                is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(extDictName);
+                //如果找不到扩展的字典，则忽略
+                if (is == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                    String theWord;
+                    do {
+                        theWord = br.readLine();
+                        if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                            //加载扩展词典数据到主内存词典中
+                            //System.out.println(theWord);
+                            _MainDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                        }
+                    } while (theWord != null);
+
+                } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                    System.err.println("Extension Dictionary loading exception.");
+                    ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        is.close();
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载用户扩展的停止词词典
+     */
+    private void loadStopWordDict() {
+        //建立一个主词典实例
+        _StopWordDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //加载扩展停止词典
+        List<String> extStopWordDictFiles = cfg.getExtStopWordDictionarys();
+        if (extStopWordDictFiles != null) {
+            InputStream is;
+            for (String extStopWordDictName : extStopWordDictFiles) {
+                System.out.println("加载扩展停止词典：" + extStopWordDictName);
+                //读取扩展词典文件
+                is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(extStopWordDictName);
+                //如果找不到扩展的字典，则忽略
+                if (is == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+                    String theWord;
+                    do {
+                        theWord = br.readLine();
+                        if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                            //System.out.println(theWord);
+                            //加载扩展停止词典数据到内存中
+                            _StopWordDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                        }
+                    } while (theWord != null);
+
+                } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                    System.err.println("Extension Stop word Dictionary loading exception.");
+                    ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        is.close();
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 加载量词词典
+     */
+    private void loadQuantifierDict() {
+        //建立一个量词典实例
+        _QuantifierDict = new DictSegment((char) 0);
+        //读取量词词典文件
+        InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(cfg.getQuantifierDicionary());
+        if (is == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Quantifier Dictionary not found!!!");
+        }
+        try {
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is, "UTF-8"), 512);
+            String theWord;
+            do {
+                theWord = br.readLine();
+                if (theWord != null && !"".equals(theWord.trim())) {
+                    _QuantifierDict.fillSegment(theWord.trim().toLowerCase().toCharArray());
+                }
+            } while (theWord != null);
+
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            System.err.println("Quantifier Dictionary loading exception.");
+            ioe.printStackTrace();
+
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                is.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 295 is not released after line 306.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 298
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Dictionary.loadStopWordDict()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.wltea.analyzer.dic.Dictionary.loadStopWordDict():void.4e45ec289ac072ece4f8a6a7608026b7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/wltea/analyzer/dic/Dictionary.java
+
+### Key:
+Dictionary.java|loadStopWordDict|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+169a10bb648a1bb5617b5bab6a2dc7f2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10075/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10075/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5de3c0df61bd44e7d23ebe5f7901c98e27370ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10075/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1305 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsonapi-converter
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jasminb.jsonapi;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ArrayNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.type.MapType;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.type.TypeFactory;
+import com.github.jasminb.jsonapi.annotations.Relationship;
+import com.github.jasminb.jsonapi.annotations.Type;
+import com.github.jasminb.jsonapi.exceptions.DocumentSerializationException;
+import com.github.jasminb.jsonapi.models.errors.Error;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static com.github.jasminb.jsonapi.JSONAPISpecConstants.*;
+
+/**
+ * JSON API data converter. <br />
+ *
+ * Provides methods for conversion between JSON API resources to java POJOs and vice versa.
+ *
+ * @author jbegic
+ */
+public class ResourceConverter {
+	private final ConverterConfiguration configuration;
+	private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+	private final Map<Class<?>, RelationshipResolver> typedResolvers = new HashMap<>();
+	private final ResourceCache resourceCache;
+	private final Set<DeserializationFeature> deserializationFeatures = DeserializationFeature.getDefaultFeatures();
+	private final Set<SerializationFeature> serializationFeatures = SerializationFeature.getDefaultFeatures();
+
+	private RelationshipResolver globalResolver;
+	
+	private String baseURL;
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates new ResourceConverter.
+	 * <p>
+	 *     All classes that should be handled by instance of {@link ResourceConverter} must be registered
+	 *     when creating a new instance of it.
+	 * </p>
+	 * @param classes {@link Class} array of classes to be handled by this resource converter instance
+	 */
+	public ResourceConverter(Class<?>... classes) {
+		this(null, null, classes);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Creates new ResourceConverter.
+	 * <p>
+	 *     All classes that should be handled by instance of {@link ResourceConverter} must be registered
+	 *     when creating a new instance of it.
+	 * </p>
+	 * @param baseURL {@link String} base URL, eg. https://api.mysite.com
+	 * @param classes {@link Class} array of classes to be handled by this resource converter instance
+	 */
+	public ResourceConverter(String baseURL, Class<?>... classes) {
+		this(null, baseURL, classes);
+	}
+	
+	public ResourceConverter(ObjectMapper mapper, Class<?>... classes) {
+		this(mapper, null, classes);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates new ResourceConverter.
+	 * @param mapper {@link ObjectMapper} custom mapper to be used for resource parsing
+	 * @param baseURL {@link String} base URL, eg. https://api.mysite.com
+	 * @param classes {@link Class} array of classes to be handled by this resource converter instance
+	 */
+	public ResourceConverter(ObjectMapper mapper, String baseURL, Class<?>... classes) {
+		this.configuration = new ConverterConfiguration(classes);
+		this.baseURL = baseURL != null ? baseURL : "";
+
+		// Set custom mapper if provided
+		if (mapper != null) {
+			objectMapper = mapper;
+		} else {
+			objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
+		}
+
+		objectMapper.setSerializationInclusion(JsonInclude.Include.NON_NULL);
+
+		resourceCache = new ResourceCache();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Registers global relationship resolver. This resolver will be used in case relationship is present in the
+	 * API response but not provided in the <code>included</code> section and relationship resolving is enabled
+	 * trough relationship annotation. <br/>
+	 * In case type resolver is registered it will be used instead.
+	 * @param resolver resolver instance
+	 */
+	public void setGlobalResolver(RelationshipResolver resolver) {
+		this.globalResolver = resolver;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Registers relationship resolver for given type. Resolver will be used if relationship resolution is enabled
+	 * trough relationship annotation.
+	 * @param resolver resolver instance
+	 * @param type type
+	 */
+	public void setTypeResolver(RelationshipResolver resolver, Class<?> type) {
+		if (resolver != null) {
+			String typeName = ReflectionUtils.getTypeName(type);
+
+			if (typeName != null) {
+				typedResolvers.put(type, resolver);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	/**
+	* Converts raw data input into requested target type.
+	* @param data raw data
+	* @param clazz target object
+	* @param <T> type
+	* @return converted object
+	* @throws RuntimeException in case conversion fails
+	*/
+	@Deprecated
+	public <T> T readObject(byte [] data, Class<T> clazz) {
+		return readDocument(data, clazz).get();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts rawdata input into a collection of requested output objects.
+	 * @param data raw data input
+	 * @param clazz target type
+	 * @param <T> type
+	 * @return collection of converted elements
+	 * @throws RuntimeException in case conversion fails
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public <T> List<T> readObjectCollection(byte [] data, Class<T> clazz) {
+		return readDocumentCollection(data, clazz).get();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reads JSON API spec document and converts it into target type.
+	 * @param data {@link byte} raw data (server response)
+	 * @param clazz {@link Class} target type
+	 * @param <T> type
+	 * @return {@link JSONAPIDocument}
+	 */
+	public <T> JSONAPIDocument<T> readDocument(byte[] data, Class<T> clazz) {
+		return readDocument(new ByteArrayInputStream(data), clazz);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reads JSON API spec document and converts it into target type.
+	 * @param dataStream {@link byte} raw dataStream (server response)
+	 * @param clazz {@link Class} target type
+	 * @param <T> type
+	 * @return {@link JSONAPIDocument}
+	 */
+	public <T> JSONAPIDocument<T> readDocument(InputStream dataStream, Class<T> clazz) {
+		try {
+			resourceCache.init();
+
+			JsonNode rootNode = objectMapper.readTree(dataStream);
+
+			// Validate
+			ValidationUtils.ensureNotError(objectMapper, rootNode);
+			ValidationUtils.ensureValidResource(rootNode);
+
+			resourceCache.cache(parseIncluded(rootNode));
+
+			JsonNode dataNode = rootNode.get(DATA);
+
+			JSONAPIDocument<T> result;
+
+			if (dataNode != null && dataNode.isObject()) {
+				T resourceObject = readObject(dataNode, clazz, true);
+				result = new JSONAPIDocument<>(resourceObject, objectMapper);
+			} else {
+				result = new JSONAPIDocument<>(null, objectMapper);
+			}
+
+			// Handle top-level meta
+			if (rootNode.has(META)) {
+				result.setMeta(mapMeta(rootNode.get(META)));
+			}
+
+			// Handle top-level links
+			if (rootNode.has(LINKS)) {
+				result.setLinks(new Links(mapLinks(rootNode.get(LINKS))));
+			}
+
+			return result;
+		} catch (RuntimeException e) {
+			throw e;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		} finally {
+			resourceCache.clear();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Reads JSON API spec document and converts it into collection of target type objects.
+	 * @param data {@link byte} raw data (server response)
+	 * @param clazz {@link Class} target type
+	 * @param <T> type
+	 * @return {@link JSONAPIDocument}
+	 */
+	public <T> JSONAPIDocument<List<T>> readDocumentCollection(byte[] data, Class<T> clazz) {
+		return readDocumentCollection(new ByteArrayInputStream(data), clazz);
+	}
+	/**
+	 * Reads JSON API spec document and converts it into collection of target type objects.
+	 * @param dataStream {@link InputStream} input stream
+	 * @param clazz {@link Class} target type
+	 * @param <T> type
+	 * @return {@link JSONAPIDocument}
+	 */
+	public <T> JSONAPIDocument<List<T>> readDocumentCollection(InputStream dataStream, Class<T> clazz) {
+		try {
+			resourceCache.init();
+
+			JsonNode rootNode = objectMapper.readTree(dataStream);
+
+			// Validate
+			ValidationUtils.ensureNotError(objectMapper, rootNode);
+			ValidationUtils.ensureValidResource(rootNode);
+
+			resourceCache.cache(parseIncluded(rootNode));
+
+			List<T> resourceList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+			if (rootNode.has(DATA) && rootNode.get(DATA).isArray()) {
+				for (JsonNode element : rootNode.get(DATA)) {
+					T pojo = readObject(element, clazz, true);
+					resourceList.add(pojo);
+				}
+			}
+			
+			JSONAPIDocument<List<T>> result = new JSONAPIDocument<>(resourceList, objectMapper);
+
+			// Handle top-level meta
+			if (rootNode.has(META)) {
+				result.setMeta(mapMeta(rootNode.get(META)));
+			}
+
+			// Handle top-level links
+			if (rootNode.has(LINKS)) {
+				result.setLinks(new Links(mapLinks(rootNode.get(LINKS))));
+			}
+
+			return result;
+		} catch (RuntimeException e) {
+			throw e;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		} finally {
+			resourceCache.clear();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts provided input into a target object. After conversion completes any relationships defined are resolved.
+	 * @param source JSON source
+	 * @param clazz target type
+	 * @param <T> type
+	 * @return converted target object
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException
+	 */
+	private <T> T readObject(JsonNode source, Class<T> clazz, boolean handleRelationships)
+			throws IOException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException {
+		String identifier = createIdentifier(source);
+
+		T result = (T) resourceCache.get(identifier);
+		if (result == null) {
+			Class<?> type = getActualType(source, clazz);
+
+			if (source.has(ATTRIBUTES)) {
+				result = (T) objectMapper.treeToValue(source.get(ATTRIBUTES), type);
+			} else {
+				if (type.isInterface()) {
+					result = null;
+				} else {
+					result = (T) objectMapper.treeToValue(objectMapper.createObjectNode(), type);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Handle meta
+			if (source.has(META)) {
+				Field field = configuration.getMetaField(type);
+				if (field != null) {
+					Class<?> metaType = configuration.getMetaType(type);
+					Object metaObject = objectMapper.treeToValue(source.get(META), metaType);
+					field.set(result, metaObject);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Handle links
+			if (source.has(LINKS)) {
+				Field linkField = configuration.getLinksField(type);
+				if (linkField != null) {
+					linkField.set(result, new Links(mapLinks(source.get(LINKS))));
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (result != null) {
+				// Add parsed object to cache
+				resourceCache.cache(identifier, result);
+
+				// Set object id
+				setIdValue(result, source.get(ID));
+
+				if (handleRelationships) {
+					// Handle relationships
+					handleRelationships(source, result);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts included data and returns it as pairs of its unique identifiers and converted types.
+	 * @param parent data source
+	 * @return identifier/object pairs
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException
+	 */
+	private Map<String, Object> parseIncluded(JsonNode parent)
+			throws IOException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException {
+		Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+
+		if (parent.has(INCLUDED)) {
+			// Get resources
+			List<Resource> includedResources = getIncludedResources(parent);
+
+			if (!includedResources.isEmpty()) {
+				// Add to result
+				for (Resource includedResource : includedResources) {
+					result.put(includedResource.getIdentifier(), includedResource.getObject());
+				}
+
+				ArrayNode includedArray = (ArrayNode) parent.get(INCLUDED);
+				for (int i = 0; i < includedResources.size(); i++) {
+					Resource resource = includedResources.get(i);
+
+					// Handle relationships
+					JsonNode node = includedArray.get(i);
+					handleRelationships(node, resource.getObject());
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Parses out included resources excluding relationships.
+	 * @param parent root node
+	 * @return map of identifier/resource pairs
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException
+	 * @throws InstantiationException
+	 */
+	private List<Resource> getIncludedResources(JsonNode parent)
+			throws IOException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException {
+		List<Resource> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+		if (parent.has(INCLUDED)) {
+			for (JsonNode jsonNode : parent.get(INCLUDED)) {
+				String type = jsonNode.get(TYPE).asText();
+				
+				Class<?> clazz = configuration.getTypeClass(type);
+				
+				if (clazz != null) {
+					Object object = readObject(jsonNode, clazz, false);
+					if (object != null) {
+						result.add(new Resource(createIdentifier(jsonNode), object));
+					}
+				} else if (!deserializationFeatures.contains(DeserializationFeature.ALLOW_UNKNOWN_INCLUSIONS)) {
+					throw new IllegalArgumentException("Included section contains unknown resource type: " + type);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	private void handleRelationships(JsonNode source, Object object)
+			throws IllegalAccessException, IOException, InstantiationException {
+		JsonNode relationships = source.get(RELATIONSHIPS);
+
+		if (relationships != null) {
+			Iterator<String> fields = relationships.fieldNames();
+
+			while (fields.hasNext()) {
+				String field = fields.next();
+
+				JsonNode relationship = relationships.get(field);
+				Field relationshipField = configuration.getRelationshipField(object.getClass(), field);
+
+				if (relationshipField != null) {
+					// Get target type
+					Class<?> type = configuration.getRelationshipType(object.getClass(), field);
+
+					// In case type is not defined, relationship object cannot be processed
+					if (type == null) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					
+					// Handle meta if present
+					if (relationship.has(META)) {
+						Field relationshipMetaField = configuration.getRelationshipMetaField(object.getClass(), field);
+						
+						if (relationshipMetaField != null) {
+							relationshipMetaField.set(object, objectMapper.treeToValue(relationship.get(META),
+									configuration.getRelationshipMetaType(object.getClass(), field)));
+						}
+					}
+					
+					// Handle links if present
+					if (relationship.has(LINKS)) {
+						Field relationshipLinksField = configuration.getRelationshipLinksField(object.getClass(), field);
+						if (relationshipLinksField != null) {
+							Links links = new Links(mapLinks(relationship.get(LINKS)));
+							relationshipLinksField.set(object, links);
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Get resolve flag
+					boolean resolveRelationship = configuration.getFieldRelationship(relationshipField).resolve();
+					RelationshipResolver resolver = getResolver(type);
+
+					// Use resolver if possible
+					if (resolveRelationship && resolver != null && relationship.has(LINKS)) {
+						String relType = configuration.getFieldRelationship(relationshipField).relType().getRelName();
+						JsonNode linkNode = relationship.get(LINKS).get(relType);
+
+						String link;
+
+						if (linkNode != null && ((link = getLink(linkNode)) != null)) {
+							if (isCollection(relationship)) {
+								relationshipField.set(object,
+										readDocumentCollection(new ByteArrayInputStream(resolver.resolve(link)), type).get());
+							} else {
+								relationshipField.set(object, readDocument(new ByteArrayInputStream(resolver.resolve(link)), type).get());
+							}
+						}
+					} else {
+						if (isCollection(relationship)) {
+							@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+							Collection elements = createCollectionInstance(relationshipField.getType());
+
+							for (JsonNode element : relationship.get(DATA)) {
+								Object relationshipObject = parseRelationship(element, type);
+								if (relationshipObject != null) {
+									elements.add(relationshipObject);
+								}
+							}
+							relationshipField.set(object, elements);
+						} else {
+							Object relationshipObject = parseRelationship(relationship.get(DATA), type);
+							if (relationshipObject != null) {
+								relationshipField.set(object, relationshipObject);
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Accepts a JsonNode which encapsulates a link.  The link may be represented as a simple string or as
+	 * <a href="http://jsonapi.org/format/#document-links">link</a> object.  This method introspects on the
+	 * {@code linkNode}, returning the value of the {@code href} member, if it exists, or returns the string form
+	 * of the {@code linkNode} if it doesn't.
+	 * <p>
+	 * <em>Package-private for unit testing.</em>
+	 * </p>
+	 * @param linkNode a JsonNode representing a link, may return {@code null}
+	 * @return the link URL
+	 */
+	String getLink(JsonNode linkNode) {
+		// Handle both representations of a link: as a string or as an object
+		// http://jsonapi.org/format/#document-links (v1.0)
+		if (linkNode.has(HREF)) {
+			// object form
+			return linkNode.get(HREF).asText();
+		}
+		return linkNode.asText(null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates relationship object by consuming provided 'data' node.
+	 * @param relationshipDataNode relationship data node
+	 * @param type object type
+	 * @return created object or <code>null</code> in case data node is not valid
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException
+	 * @throws InstantiationException
+	 */
+	private Object parseRelationship(JsonNode relationshipDataNode, Class<?> type)
+			throws IOException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException {
+		if (ValidationUtils.isRelationshipParsable(relationshipDataNode)) {
+			String identifier = createIdentifier(relationshipDataNode);
+
+			if (resourceCache.contains(identifier)) {
+				return resourceCache.get(identifier);
+			} else {
+				// Never cache relationship objects
+				resourceCache.lock();
+				try {
+					return readObject(relationshipDataNode, type, true);
+				} finally {
+					resourceCache.unlock();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates unique resource identifier by combining resource type and resource id fields. <br />
+	 * By specification id/type combination guarantees uniqueness.
+	 * @param object data object
+	 * @return concatenated id and type values
+	 */
+	private String createIdentifier(JsonNode object) {
+		JsonNode idNode = object.get(ID);
+
+		String id = idNode != null ? idNode.asText().trim() : "";
+
+		if (id.isEmpty() && deserializationFeatures.contains(DeserializationFeature.REQUIRE_RESOURCE_ID)) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Resource must have an non null and non-empty 'id' attribute!");
+		}
+
+		String type = object.get(TYPE).asText();
+		return type.concat(id);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sets an id attribute value to a target object.
+	 * @param target target POJO
+	 * @param idValue id node
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException thrown in case target field is not accessible
+	 */
+	private void setIdValue(Object target, JsonNode idValue) throws IllegalAccessException {
+		Field idField = configuration.getIdField(target.getClass());
+
+		// By specification, id value is always a String type
+		if (idValue != null) {
+			idField.set(target, idValue.asText());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if <code>data</code> object is an array or just single object holder.
+	 * @param source data node
+	 * @return <code>true</code> if data node is an array else <code>false</code>
+	 */
+	private boolean isCollection(JsonNode source) {
+		JsonNode data = source.get(DATA);
+		return data != null && data.isArray();
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts input object to byte array.
+	 * @param object input object
+	 * @return raw bytes
+	 * @throws JsonProcessingException
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public byte [] writeObject(Object object) throws JsonProcessingException, IllegalAccessException {
+		try {
+			return writeDocument(new JSONAPIDocument<>(object));
+		} catch (DocumentSerializationException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Serializes provided {@link JSONAPIDocument} into JSON API Spec compatible byte representation.
+	 * @param document {@link JSONAPIDocument} document to serialize
+	 * @return serialized content in bytes
+	 * @throws DocumentSerializationException thrown in case serialization fails
+	 */
+	public byte [] writeDocument(JSONAPIDocument<?> document) throws DocumentSerializationException {
+		return writeDocument(document, null);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Serializes provided {@link JSONAPIDocument} into JSON API Spec compatible byte representation.
+	 * @param document {@link JSONAPIDocument} document to serialize
+	 * @param settings {@link SerializationSettings} settings that override global serialization settings
+	 * @return serialized content in bytes
+	 * @throws DocumentSerializationException thrown in case serialization fails
+	 */
+	public byte [] writeDocument(JSONAPIDocument<?> document, SerializationSettings settings)
+			throws DocumentSerializationException {
+		try {
+			resourceCache.init();
+
+			Map<String, ObjectNode> includedDataMap = new HashMap<>();
+			
+			ObjectNode result = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+			
+			// Serialize data if present
+			if (document.get() != null) {
+				ObjectNode dataNode = getDataNode(document.get(), includedDataMap, settings);
+				result.set(DATA, dataNode);
+				result = addIncludedSection(result, includedDataMap);
+			}
+			
+			// Serialize errors if present
+			if (document.getErrors() != null) {
+				ArrayNode errorsNode = objectMapper.createArrayNode();
+				for (Error error : document.getErrors()) {
+					errorsNode.add(objectMapper.valueToTree(error));
+				}
+				
+				result.set(ERRORS, errorsNode);
+			}
+			
+			// Serialize global links and meta
+			serializeMeta(document, result, settings);
+			serializeLinks(document, result, settings);
+			return objectMapper.writeValueAsBytes(result);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new DocumentSerializationException(e);
+		} finally {
+			resourceCache.clear();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void serializeMeta(JSONAPIDocument<?> document, ObjectNode resultNode, SerializationSettings settings) {
+		// Handle global links and meta
+		if (document.getMeta() != null && !document.getMeta().isEmpty() && shouldSerializeMeta(settings)) {
+			resultNode.set(META, objectMapper.valueToTree(document.getMeta()));
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void serializeLinks(JSONAPIDocument<?> document, ObjectNode resultNode, SerializationSettings settings) {
+		if (document.getLinks() != null && !document.getLinks().getLinks().isEmpty() &&
+				shouldSerializeLinks(settings)) {
+			resultNode.set(LINKS, objectMapper.valueToTree(document.getLinks()).get(LINKS));
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Serializes provided {@link JSONAPIDocument} into JSON API Spec compatible byte representation.
+	 * @param documentCollection {@link JSONAPIDocument} document collection to serialize
+	 * @return serialized content in bytes
+	 * @throws DocumentSerializationException thrown in case serialization fails
+	 */
+	public byte [] writeDocumentCollection(JSONAPIDocument<? extends Iterable<?>> documentCollection)
+			throws DocumentSerializationException {
+		return writeDocumentCollection(documentCollection, null);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Serializes provided {@link JSONAPIDocument} into JSON API Spec compatible byte representation.
+	 * @param documentCollection {@link JSONAPIDocument} document collection to serialize
+	 * @param serializationSettings {@link SerializationSettings} settings that override global serialization settings
+	 * @return serialized content in bytes
+	 * @throws DocumentSerializationException thrown in case serialization fails
+	 */
+	public byte [] writeDocumentCollection(JSONAPIDocument<? extends Iterable<?>> documentCollection,
+										   SerializationSettings serializationSettings)
+			throws DocumentSerializationException {
+
+		try {
+			resourceCache.init();
+			ArrayNode results = objectMapper.createArrayNode();
+			Map<String, ObjectNode> includedDataMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+			for (Object object : documentCollection.get()) {
+				results.add(getDataNode(object, includedDataMap, serializationSettings));
+			}
+
+			ObjectNode result = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+			result.set(DATA, results);
+
+			result = addIncludedSection(result, includedDataMap);
+
+			// Handle global links and meta
+			serializeMeta(documentCollection, result, serializationSettings);
+			serializeLinks(documentCollection, result, serializationSettings);
+			return objectMapper.writeValueAsBytes(result);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new DocumentSerializationException(e);
+		} finally {
+			resourceCache.clear();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	private ObjectNode getDataNode(Object object, Map<String, ObjectNode> includedContainer,
+								   SerializationSettings settings) throws IllegalAccessException {
+		ObjectNode dataNode = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+
+		// Perform initial conversion
+		ObjectNode attributesNode = objectMapper.valueToTree(object);
+
+		// Handle id, meta and relationship fields
+		Field idField = configuration.getIdField(object.getClass());
+		JsonNode id = attributesNode.remove(idField.getName());
+
+		// Handle meta
+		Field metaField = configuration.getMetaField(object.getClass());
+		if (metaField != null) {
+			JsonNode meta = attributesNode.remove(metaField.getName());
+			if (meta != null && shouldSerializeMeta(settings)) {
+				dataNode.set(META, meta);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Handle links
+		JsonNode jsonLinks = getResourceLinks(object, attributesNode, id.textValue(), settings);
+		String selfHref = null;
+		
+		if (jsonLinks != null) {
+			dataNode.set(LINKS, jsonLinks);
+			
+			if (jsonLinks.has(SELF)) {
+				selfHref = jsonLinks.get(SELF).get(HREF).asText();
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Handle resource identifier
+		dataNode.put(TYPE, configuration.getTypeName(object.getClass()));
+
+		String resourceId = (String) idField.get(object);
+		if (resourceId != null) {
+			dataNode.put(ID, resourceId);
+
+			// Cache the object for recursion breaking purposes
+			resourceCache.cache(resourceId.concat(configuration.getTypeName(object.getClass())), null);
+		}
+		dataNode.set(ATTRIBUTES, attributesNode);
+
+
+		// Handle relationships (remove from base type and add as relationships)
+		List<Field> relationshipFields = configuration.getRelationshipFields(object.getClass());
+
+		if (relationshipFields != null) {
+			ObjectNode relationshipsNode = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+
+			for (Field relationshipField : relationshipFields) {
+				Object relationshipObject = relationshipField.get(object);
+
+				if (relationshipObject != null) {
+					attributesNode.remove(relationshipField.getName());
+
+					Relationship relationship = configuration.getFieldRelationship(relationshipField);
+
+					// In case serialisation is disabled for a given relationship, skip it
+					if (!relationship.serialise()) {
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					String relationshipName = relationship.value();
+					
+					ObjectNode relationshipDataNode = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+					relationshipsNode.set(relationshipName, relationshipDataNode);
+					
+					// Serialize relationship meta
+					JsonNode relationshipMeta = getRelationshipMeta(object, relationshipName, settings);
+					if (relationshipMeta != null) {
+						relationshipDataNode.set(META, relationshipMeta);
+						attributesNode.remove(configuration
+								.getRelationshipMetaField(object.getClass(), relationshipName).getName());
+					}
+					
+					// Serialize relationship links
+					JsonNode relationshipLinks = getRelationshipLinks(object, relationship, selfHref, settings);
+					
+					if (relationshipLinks != null) {
+						relationshipDataNode.set(LINKS, relationshipLinks);
+						
+						// Remove link object from serialized JSON
+						Field refField = configuration
+								.getRelationshipLinksField(object.getClass(), relationshipName);
+						
+						if (refField != null) {
+							attributesNode.remove(refField.getName());
+						}
+					}
+					
+					if (relationshipObject instanceof Collection) {
+						ArrayNode dataArrayNode = objectMapper.createArrayNode();
+
+						for (Object element : (Collection<?>) relationshipObject) {
+							String relationshipType = configuration.getTypeName(element.getClass());
+							String idValue = (String) configuration.getIdField(element.getClass()).get(element);
+
+							ObjectNode identifierNode = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+							identifierNode.put(TYPE, relationshipType);
+							identifierNode.put(ID, idValue);
+							dataArrayNode.add(identifierNode);
+
+							// Handle included data
+							if (shouldSerializeRelationship(relationshipName, settings) && idValue != null) {
+								String identifier = idValue.concat(relationshipType);
+								if (!includedContainer.containsKey(identifier) && !resourceCache.contains(identifier)) {
+									includedContainer.put(identifier,
+											getDataNode(element, includedContainer, settings));
+								}
+							}
+						}
+						relationshipDataNode.set(DATA, dataArrayNode);
+
+					} else {
+						String relationshipType = configuration.getTypeName(relationshipObject.getClass());
+						String idValue = (String) configuration.getIdField(relationshipObject.getClass())
+								.get(relationshipObject);
+
+						ObjectNode identifierNode = objectMapper.createObjectNode();
+						identifierNode.put(TYPE, relationshipType);
+						identifierNode.put(ID, idValue);
+						
+						relationshipDataNode.set(DATA, identifierNode);
+						
+						if (shouldSerializeRelationship(relationshipName, settings) && idValue != null) {
+							String identifier = idValue.concat(relationshipType);
+							if (!includedContainer.containsKey(identifier)) {
+								includedContainer.put(identifier,
+										getDataNode(relationshipObject, includedContainer, settings));
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			if (relationshipsNode.size() > 0) {
+				dataNode.set(RELATIONSHIPS, relationshipsNode);
+			}
+		}
+		return dataNode;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Converts input object to byte array.
+	 *
+	 * @param objects List of input objects
+	 * @return raw bytes
+	 * @throws JsonProcessingException
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException
+	 * @deprecated use writeDocumentCollection instead
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public <T> byte[] writeObjectCollection(Iterable<T> objects) throws JsonProcessingException, IllegalAccessException {
+		try {
+			return writeDocumentCollection(new JSONAPIDocument<>(objects));
+		} catch (DocumentSerializationException e) {
+			if (e.getCause() instanceof JsonProcessingException) {
+				throw (JsonProcessingException) e.getCause();
+			} else if (e.getCause() instanceof  IllegalAccessException) {
+				throw (IllegalAccessException) e.getCause();
+			}
+			throw new RuntimeException(e.getCause());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if provided type is registered with this converter instance.
+	 * @param type class to check
+	 * @return returns <code>true</code> if type is registered, else <code>false</code>
+	 */
+	public boolean isRegisteredType(Class<?> type) {
+		return configuration.isRegisteredType(type);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns relationship resolver for given type. In case no specific type resolver is registered, global resolver
+	 * is returned.
+	 * @param type relationship object type
+	 * @return relationship resolver or <code>null</code>
+	 */
+	private RelationshipResolver getResolver(Class<?> type) {
+		RelationshipResolver resolver = typedResolvers.get(type);
+		return resolver != null ? resolver : globalResolver;
+	}
+
+	private static class Resource {
+		private String identifier;
+		private Object object;
+
+		public Resource(String identifier, Object resource) {
+			this.identifier = identifier;
+			this.object = resource;
+		}
+
+		public String getIdentifier() {
+			return identifier;
+		}
+
+		public Object getObject() {
+			return object;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Deserializes a <a href="http://jsonapi.org/format/#document-links">JSON-API links object</a> to a {@code Map}
+	 * keyed by the link name.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The {@code linksObject} may represent links in string form or object form; both are supported by this method.
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * E.g.
+	 * <pre>
+	 * "links": {
+	 *   "self": "http://example.com/posts"
+	 * }
+	 * </pre>
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * or
+	 * <pre>
+	 * "links": {
+	 *   "related": {
+	 *     "href": "http://example.com/articles/1/comments",
+	 *     "meta": {
+	 *       "count": 10
+	 *     }
+	 *   }
+	 * }
+	 * </pre>
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 * @param linksObject a {@code JsonNode} representing a links object
+	 * @return a {@code Map} keyed by link name
+	 */
+	private Map<String, Link> mapLinks(JsonNode linksObject) {
+		Map<String, Link> result = new HashMap<>();
+
+		Iterator<Map.Entry<String, JsonNode>> linkItr = linksObject.fields();
+
+		while (linkItr.hasNext()) {
+			Map.Entry<String, JsonNode> linkNode = linkItr.next();
+			Link linkObj = new Link();
+
+			linkObj.setHref(
+					getLink(
+							linkNode.getValue()));
+
+			if (linkNode.getValue().has(META)) {
+				linkObj.setMeta(
+						mapMeta(
+								linkNode.getValue().get(META)));
+			}
+
+			result.put(linkNode.getKey(), linkObj);
+		}
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Deserializes a <a href="http://jsonapi.org/format/#document-meta">JSON-API meta object</a> to a {@code Map}
+	 * keyed by the member names.  Because {@code meta} objects contain arbitrary information, the values in the
+	 * map are of unknown type.
+	 *
+	 * @param metaNode a JsonNode representing a meta object
+	 * @return a Map of the meta information, keyed by member name.
+	 */
+	private Map<String, ?> mapMeta(JsonNode metaNode) {
+		JsonParser p = objectMapper.treeAsTokens(metaNode);
+		MapType mapType = TypeFactory.defaultInstance()
+				.constructMapType(HashMap.class, String.class, Object.class);
+		try {
+			return objectMapper.readValue(p, mapType);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO: log? No recovery.
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private ObjectNode addIncludedSection(ObjectNode rootNode, Map<String, ObjectNode> includedDataMap) {
+		if (!includedDataMap.isEmpty()) {
+			ArrayNode includedArray = objectMapper.createArrayNode();
+			includedArray.addAll(includedDataMap.values());
+
+			rootNode.set(INCLUDED, includedArray);
+		}
+
+		return rootNode;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Resolves actual type to be used for resource deserialization.
+	 * <p>
+	 *     If user provides class with type annotation that is equal to the type value in response data, same class
+	 *     will be used. If provided class is super type of actual class that is resolved using response type value,
+	 *     subclass will be returned. This allows for deserializing responses in use cases where one of many subtypes
+	 *     can be returned by the server and user is not sure which one will it be.
+	 * </p>
+	 * @param object JSON object containing type value
+	 * @param userType provided user type
+	 * @return {@link Class}
+	 */
+	private Class<?> getActualType(JsonNode object, Class<?> userType) {
+		String type = object.get(TYPE).asText();
+
+		String definedTypeName = configuration.getTypeName(userType);
+
+		if (definedTypeName != null && definedTypeName.equals(type)) {
+			return userType;
+		} else {
+			Class<?> actualType = configuration.getTypeClass(type);
+
+			if (actualType != null && userType.isAssignableFrom(actualType)) {
+				return actualType;
+			}
+		}
+
+
+		throw new RuntimeException("No class was registered for type '" + type + "'.");
+	}
+
+
+	private Collection<?> createCollectionInstance(Class<?> type)
+			throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException {
+		if (!type.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(type.getModifiers())) {
+			return (Collection<?>) type.newInstance();
+		}
+
+		if (List.class.equals(type) || Collection.class.equals(type)) {
+			return new ArrayList<>();
+		}
+
+		if (Set.class.equals(type)) {
+			return new HashSet<>();
+		}
+
+		throw new RuntimeException("Unable to create appropriate instance for type: " + type.getSimpleName());
+	}
+	
+	private JsonNode getRelationshipMeta(Object source, String relationshipName, SerializationSettings settings)
+			throws IllegalAccessException {
+		if (shouldSerializeMeta(settings)) {
+			Field relationshipMetaField = configuration
+					.getRelationshipMetaField(source.getClass(), relationshipName);
+			
+			if (relationshipMetaField != null && relationshipMetaField.get(source) != null) {
+				return objectMapper.valueToTree(relationshipMetaField.get(source));
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	private JsonNode getResourceLinks(Object resource, ObjectNode serializedResource, String resourceId,
+									  SerializationSettings settings) throws IllegalAccessException {
+		Type type = configuration.getType(resource.getClass());
+		
+		// Check if there are user-provided links
+		Links links = null;
+		Field linksField = configuration.getLinksField(resource.getClass());
+		if (linksField != null) {
+			links = (Links) linksField.get(resource);
+			
+			// Remove links from attributes object
+			//TODO: this state change needs to be removed from here
+			if (links != null) {
+				serializedResource.remove(linksField.getName());
+			}
+		}
+		
+		// If enabled, handle links
+		if (shouldSerializeLinks(settings)) {
+			Map<String, Link> linkMap = new HashMap<>();
+			
+			if (links != null) {
+				linkMap.putAll(links.getLinks());
+			}
+			
+			// If link path is defined in type and id is not null and user did not explicitly set link value, create it
+			if (!type.path().trim().isEmpty() && !linkMap.containsKey(SELF) && resourceId != null) {
+				linkMap.put(SELF, new Link(createURL(baseURL, type.path().replace("{id}", resourceId))));
+			}
+			
+			// If there is at least one link generated, serialize and return
+			if (!linkMap.isEmpty()) {
+				return objectMapper.valueToTree(new Links(linkMap)).get(LINKS);
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	private JsonNode getRelationshipLinks(Object source, Relationship relationship, String ownerLink,
+										  SerializationSettings settings) throws IllegalAccessException {
+		if (shouldSerializeLinks(settings)) {
+			Links links = null;
+			
+			Field relationshipLinksField = configuration
+					.getRelationshipLinksField(source.getClass(), relationship.value());
+			
+			if (relationshipLinksField != null) {
+				links = (Links) relationshipLinksField.get(source);
+			}
+			
+			Map<String, Link> linkMap = new HashMap<>();
+			
+			if (links != null) {
+				linkMap.putAll(links.getLinks());
+			}
+			
+			if (!relationship.path().trim().isEmpty() && !linkMap.containsKey(SELF)) {
+				linkMap.put(SELF, new Link(createURL(ownerLink, relationship.path())));
+			}
+			
+			if (!relationship.relatedPath().trim().isEmpty() && !linkMap.containsKey(RELATED)) {
+				linkMap.put(RELATED, new Link(createURL(ownerLink, relationship.relatedPath())));
+			}
+			
+			if (!linkMap.isEmpty()) {
+				return objectMapper.valueToTree(new Links(linkMap)).get(LINKS);
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	private String createURL(String base, String path) {
+		String result = base;
+		if (!result.endsWith("/")) {
+			result = result.concat("/");
+		}
+		
+		if (path.startsWith("/")) {
+			result = result.concat(path.substring(1));
+		} else {
+			result = result.concat(path);
+		}
+		
+		return result;
+	}
+	
+	private boolean shouldSerializeRelationship(String relationshipName, SerializationSettings settings) {
+		if (settings != null) {
+			if (settings.isRelationshipIncluded(relationshipName) && !settings.isRelationshipExcluded(relationshipName)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			
+			if (settings.isRelationshipExcluded(relationshipName)) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return serializationFeatures.contains(SerializationFeature.INCLUDE_RELATIONSHIP_ATTRIBUTES);
+	}
+	
+	private boolean shouldSerializeLinks(SerializationSettings settings) {
+		if (settings != null && settings.serializeLinks() != null) {
+			return settings.serializeLinks();
+		}
+		return serializationFeatures.contains(SerializationFeature.INCLUDE_LINKS);
+	}
+	
+	private boolean shouldSerializeMeta(SerializationSettings settings) {
+		if (settings != null && settings.serializeMeta() != null) {
+			return settings.serializeMeta();
+		}
+		return serializationFeatures.contains(SerializationFeature.INCLUDE_META);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Registers new type to be used with this converter instance.
+	 * @param type {@link Class} type to register
+	 * @return <code>true</code> if type was registed, else <code>false</code> (in case type was registered already or
+	 * type is not eligible for registering ie. missing required annotations)
+	 */
+	public boolean registerType(Class<?> type) {
+		if (!configuration.isRegisteredType(type) && ConverterConfiguration.isEligibleType(type)) {
+			return configuration.registerType(type);
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds (enables) new deserialization option.
+	 * @param option {@link DeserializationFeature} option
+	 */
+	public void enableDeserializationOption(DeserializationFeature option) {
+		this.deserializationFeatures.add(option);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes (disables) existing deserialization option.
+	 * @param option {@link DeserializationFeature} feature to disable
+	 */
+	public void disableDeserializationOption(DeserializationFeature option) {
+		this.deserializationFeatures.remove(option);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds (enables) new serialization option.
+	 * @param option {@link SerializationFeature} option
+	 */
+	public void enableSerializationOption(SerializationFeature option) {
+		this.serializationFeatures.add(option);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes (disables) existing serialization option.
+	 * @param option {@link SerializationFeature} feature to disable
+	 */
+	public void disableSerializationOption(SerializationFeature option) {
+		this.serializationFeatures.remove(option);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `id` last assigned on line 727 could be null and is dereferenced at line 739.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ObjectNode ResourceConverter.getDataNode(Object,Map,SerializationSettings)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jasminb.jsonapi.ResourceConverter.getDataNode(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map,com.github.j.5ded2b912191d88ae32f7be9db044d53
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jasminb/jsonapi/ResourceConverter.java
+
+### Key:
+ResourceConverter.java|getDataNode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+052a13a1df613b5098c09aba20e3cfbc
+
+### Hash:
+d6316b184fce0e715df6f143b4e62ce7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10080/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10080/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..545afcfffbebd00a60438c56c95e60edf41ca9d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10080/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-wkhtmltopdf-wrapper
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper.options.GlobalOption;
+import lombok.Data;
+
+@Data
+public class Pdf implements PdfService {
+
+	private String command;
+	private List<Param> params;
+	private String htmlInput = null;
+    private boolean htmlFromString = false;
+
+	public Pdf(String wkhtmltopdf, List<Param> params) {
+		this.command = wkhtmltopdf;
+		this.params = params;
+	}
+
+	public Pdf(List<Param> params) {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", params);
+	}
+
+	public Pdf(Param... params) {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", Arrays.asList(params));
+	}
+
+	public Pdf() {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", new ArrayList<Param>());
+	}
+
+	public void addHtmlInput(String input) {
+        this.htmlFromString = true;
+        this.htmlInput = input;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO Add a HTML file, a HTML string or a page from a URL
+	 */
+	public void addCover(String cover) {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO just the TOC option from wkhtmltopdf
+	 */
+	public void addToc() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(Param param) {
+		params.add(param);
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(Param... params) {
+		for (Param param : params) {
+			addParam(param);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO save file and returns
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 */
+	public File saveAs(String path) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+		Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
+        String command = this.commandWithParameters() + Symbol.separator + path;
+        Process proc = rt.exec(command);
+        if(htmlFromString) {
+            OutputStream stdin = proc.getOutputStream();
+            stdin.write(htmlInput.getBytes());
+            stdin.close();
+        }
+
+		proc.waitFor();
+        if(proc.exitValue() != 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Process (" + command + ") exited with status code " + proc.exitValue());
+        }
+
+		return new File(path);
+	}
+
+	public String commandWithParameters() {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		for (Param param : params) {
+			sb.append(param);
+		}
+
+		return command + sb.toString();
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(GlobalOption option) {
+		addParam(new Param(option.toString()));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `proc` by call to `exec(...)` at line 76 is not released after line 85.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+File Pdf.saveAs(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper.Pdf.saveAs(java.lang.String):java.io.File.bb18462cfae09748bd14d6051b8e8547
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/br/eti/mertz/wkhtmltopdf/wrapper/Pdf.java
+
+### Key:
+Pdf.java|saveAs|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+a323478e6066fb1a7394f37f85e3850c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10081/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10081/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb4754e08f08651f1ba9e234cc99858513e35f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10081/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-wkhtmltopdf-wrapper
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper.options.GlobalOption;
+import lombok.Data;
+
+@Data
+public class Pdf implements PdfService {
+
+	private String command;
+	private List<Param> params;
+	private String htmlInput = null;
+    private boolean htmlFromString = false;
+
+	public Pdf(String wkhtmltopdf, List<Param> params) {
+		this.command = wkhtmltopdf;
+		this.params = params;
+	}
+
+	public Pdf(List<Param> params) {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", params);
+	}
+
+	public Pdf(Param... params) {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", Arrays.asList(params));
+	}
+
+	public Pdf() {
+		this("wkhtmltopdf", new ArrayList<Param>());
+	}
+
+	public void addHtmlInput(String input) {
+        this.htmlFromString = true;
+        this.htmlInput = input;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO Add a HTML file, a HTML string or a page from a URL
+	 */
+	public void addCover(String cover) {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO just the TOC option from wkhtmltopdf
+	 */
+	public void addToc() {
+		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(Param param) {
+		params.add(param);
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(Param... params) {
+		for (Param param : params) {
+			addParam(param);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 */
+	public File saveAs(String path) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        byte[] pdf = this.getPDF();
+        File file = new File(path);
+
+        BufferedOutputStream bufferedOutputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));
+        bufferedOutputStream.write(pdf);
+        bufferedOutputStream.flush();
+        bufferedOutputStream.close();
+
+        return file;
+	}
+
+    public byte[] getPDF() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();
+        if(htmlFromString && !this.params.contains(new Param("-"))) {
+            this.addParam(new Param("-"));
+        }
+        String command = this.commandWithParameters() + Symbol.separator + "-";
+        Process process = runtime.exec(command);
+        if(htmlFromString) {
+            OutputStream stdInStream = process.getOutputStream();
+            stdInStream.write(htmlInput.getBytes());
+            stdInStream.close();
+        }
+        InputStream stdOutStream = process.getInputStream();
+        InputStream stdErrStream = process.getErrorStream();
+        process.waitFor();
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream stdOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        ByteArrayOutputStream stdErr = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        for(int i = 0; i < stdOutStream.available(); i++) {
+            stdOut.write((char) stdOutStream.read());
+        }
+        stdOutStream.close();
+        for(int i = 0; i < stdErrStream.available(); i++) {
+            stdErr.write((char) stdErrStream.read());
+        }
+        stdErrStream.close();
+
+        if(process.exitValue() != 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Process (" + command + ") exited with status code " + process.exitValue() + ":\n"+new String(stdErr.toByteArray()));
+        }
+
+        return stdOut.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+	public String commandWithParameters() {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		for (Param param : params) {
+			sb.append(param);
+		}
+
+		return command + sb.toString();
+	}
+
+	public void addParam(GlobalOption option) {
+		addParam(new Param(option.toString()));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `process` by call to `exec(...)` at line 87 is not released after line 110.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] Pdf.getPDF()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+br.eti.mertz.wkhtmltopdf.wrapper.Pdf.getPDF():byte[].a0ffdba01dc77854a88921a51f861962
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/br/eti/mertz/wkhtmltopdf/wrapper/Pdf.java
+
+### Key:
+Pdf.java|getPDF|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+49dcc2afbecfa2eec47379b680fe0ee1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10086/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10086/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0b1e33762f7af8b7fda198e284a4f46a1c00501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10086/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1018 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** lizzie
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package featurecat.lizzie.analysis;
+
+import featurecat.lizzie.Lizzie;
+import featurecat.lizzie.gui.MainFrame;
+import featurecat.lizzie.rules.Board;
+import featurecat.lizzie.rules.BoardData;
+import featurecat.lizzie.rules.Stone;
+import featurecat.lizzie.util.Utils;
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.ResourceBundle;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+
+/**
+ * An interface with leelaz go engine. Can be adapted for GTP, but is specifically designed for
+ * GCP's Leela Zero. leelaz is modified to output information as it ponders see
+ * www.github.com/gcp/leela-zero
+ */
+public class Leelaz {
+  private static final ResourceBundle resourceBundle = MainFrame.resourceBundle;
+
+  private static final long MINUTE = 60 * 1000; // number of milliseconds in a minute
+
+  private long maxAnalyzeTimeMillis; // , maxThinkingTimeMillis;
+  private int cmdNumber;
+  private int currentCmdNum;
+  private ArrayDeque<String> cmdQueue;
+
+  private Process process;
+
+  private BufferedInputStream inputStream;
+  private BufferedOutputStream outputStream;
+
+  private boolean printCommunication;
+  public boolean gtpConsole;
+
+  public Board board;
+  private List<MoveData> bestMoves;
+  private List<MoveData> bestMovesTemp;
+
+  private List<LeelazListener> listeners;
+
+  private boolean isPondering;
+  private long startPonderTime;
+
+  // fixed_handicap
+  public boolean isSettingHandicap = false;
+
+  // genmove
+  public boolean isThinking = false;
+  public boolean isInputCommand = false;
+
+  public boolean preload = false;
+  private boolean started = false;
+  private boolean isLoaded = false;
+  private boolean isCheckingName;
+  private boolean isCheckingVersion;
+
+  // for Multiple Engine
+  private String engineCommand;
+  private List<String> commands;
+  private JSONObject config;
+  private String currentWeightFile = "";
+  private String currentWeight = "";
+  private boolean switching = false;
+  private int currentEngineN = -1;
+  private ScheduledExecutorService executor;
+
+  // dynamic komi and opponent komi as reported by dynamic-komi version of leelaz
+  private float dynamicKomi = Float.NaN;
+  private float dynamicOppKomi = Float.NaN;
+  public boolean isKataGo = false;
+  public boolean supportScoremean = false;
+  ArrayList<Double> estimateArray = new ArrayList<Double>();
+  public double scoreMean = 0;
+  public double scoreStdev = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Initializes the leelaz process and starts reading output
+   *
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  public Leelaz(String engineCommand) throws IOException, JSONException {
+    board = new Board();
+    bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+    bestMovesTemp = new ArrayList<>();
+    listeners = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+
+    isPondering = false;
+    startPonderTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    cmdNumber = 1;
+    currentCmdNum = 0;
+    cmdQueue = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+    // Move config to member for other method call
+    config = Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("leelaz");
+
+    printCommunication = config.getBoolean("print-comms");
+    gtpConsole = printCommunication;
+    maxAnalyzeTimeMillis = MINUTE * config.getInt("max-analyze-time-minutes");
+
+    // command string for starting the engine
+    if (engineCommand == null || engineCommand.isEmpty()) {
+      engineCommand = config.getString("engine-command");
+      // substitute in the weights file
+      engineCommand = engineCommand.replaceAll("%network-file", config.getString("network-file"));
+    }
+    this.engineCommand = engineCommand;
+    if (engineCommand.toLowerCase().contains("override-version")) {
+      this.isKataGo = true;
+    }
+    commands = splitCommand(engineCommand);
+    // Initialize current engine number and start engine
+    currentEngineN = 0;
+  }
+
+  public void startEngine() throws IOException {
+    if (engineCommand.trim().isEmpty()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    isLoaded = false;
+    isKataGo = false;
+    bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+    Lizzie.board.getData().tryToClearBestMoves();
+
+    // Get weight name
+    Pattern wPattern = Pattern.compile("(?s).*?(--weights |-w |-model )([^'\" ]+)(?s).*");
+    Matcher wMatcher = wPattern.matcher(engineCommand);
+    if (wMatcher.matches() && wMatcher.groupCount() == 2) {
+      currentWeightFile = wMatcher.group(2);
+      String[] names = currentWeightFile.split("[\\\\|/]");
+      currentWeight = names.length > 1 ? names[names.length - 1] : currentWeightFile;
+    }
+
+    // Check if engine is present
+    // Commented for remote ssh. TODO keep or remove this code?
+    //    File startfolder = new File(config.optString("engine-start-location", "."));
+    //    File lef = startfolder.toPath().resolve(new File(commands.get(0)).toPath()).toFile();
+    //    System.out.println(lef.getPath());
+    //    if (!lef.exists()) {
+    //      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(
+    //          null,
+    //          resourceBundle.getString("LizzieFrame.display.leelaz-missing"),
+    //          "Lizzie - Error!",
+    //          JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+    //      throw new IOException("engine not present");
+    //    }
+
+    // Check if network file is present
+    //    File wf = startfolder.toPath().resolve(new File(currentWeightFile).toPath()).toFile();
+    //    if (!wf.exists()) {
+    //      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(
+    //          null, resourceBundle.getString("LizzieFrame.display.network-missing"));
+    //      throw new IOException("network-file not present");
+    //    }
+
+    // run leelaz
+    ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder(commands);
+    // Commented for remote ssh
+    //    processBuilder.directory(startfolder);
+    processBuilder.redirectErrorStream(true);
+    process = processBuilder.start();
+
+    initializeStreams();
+
+    // Send a name request to check if the engine is KataGo
+    // Response handled in parseLine
+    isCheckingName = true;
+    sendCommand("name");
+
+    // Send a version request to check that we have a supported version
+    // Response handled in parseLine
+    isCheckingVersion = true;
+    sendCommand("version");
+    boardSize(Lizzie.board.boardWidth, Lizzie.board.boardHeight);
+    komi(Lizzie.board.getHistory().getGameInfo().getKomi());
+
+    // start a thread to continuously read Leelaz output
+    // new Thread(this::read).start();
+    // can stop engine for switching weights
+    executor = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
+    executor.execute(this::read);
+    started = true;
+    Lizzie.frame.refreshBackground();
+  }
+
+  public void restartEngine() throws IOException {
+    if (engineCommand.trim().isEmpty()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    switching = true;
+    this.engineCommand = engineCommand;
+    // stop the ponder
+    if (isPondering()) {
+      togglePonder();
+    }
+    normalQuit();
+    startEngine();
+    //    currentEngineN = index;
+    togglePonder();
+  }
+
+  public void normalQuit() {
+    sendCommand("quit");
+    executor.shutdown();
+    try {
+      while (!executor.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+        executor.shutdownNow();
+      }
+      if (executor.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+        shutdown();
+      }
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      executor.shutdownNow();
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+    }
+    started = false;
+    isLoaded = false;
+    Lizzie.engineManager.updateEngineIcon();
+  }
+
+  /** Initializes the input and output streams */
+  private void initializeStreams() {
+    inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(process.getInputStream());
+    outputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(process.getOutputStream());
+  }
+
+  public List<MoveData> parseInfo(String line) {
+    List<MoveData> bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+    String[] variations = line.split(" info ");
+    for (String var : variations) {
+      if (!var.trim().isEmpty()) {
+        if (Lizzie.config.limitBestMoveNum > 0
+            && bestMoves.size() >= Lizzie.config.limitBestMoveNum) {
+          break;
+        }
+        bestMoves.add(MoveData.fromInfo(var));
+      }
+    }
+    Lizzie.board.getData().tryToSetBestMoves(bestMoves);
+    return bestMoves;
+  }
+
+  public List<MoveData> parseInfoKatago(String line) {
+    List<MoveData> bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+    String[] variations = line.split(" info ");
+    for (String var : variations) {
+      if (!var.trim().isEmpty()) {
+        if (Lizzie.config.limitBestMoveNum > 0
+            && bestMoves.size() >= Lizzie.config.limitBestMoveNum) {
+          break;
+        }
+        bestMoves.add(MoveData.fromInfoKatago(var));
+      }
+    }
+    Lizzie.board.getData().tryToSetBestMoves(bestMoves);
+    return bestMoves;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse a line of Leelaz output
+   *
+   * @param line output line
+   */
+  private void parseLine(String line) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      if (printCommunication || gtpConsole) {
+        Lizzie.gtpConsole.addLine(line);
+      }
+      if (line.startsWith("komi=")) {
+        try {
+          dynamicKomi = Float.parseFloat(line.substring("komi=".length()).trim());
+        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+          dynamicKomi = Float.NaN;
+        }
+      } else if (line.startsWith("opp_komi=")) {
+        try {
+          dynamicOppKomi = Float.parseFloat(line.substring("opp_komi=".length()).trim());
+        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+          dynamicOppKomi = Float.NaN;
+        }
+      } else if (line.equals("\n")) {
+        // End of response
+      } else if (line.startsWith("info")) {
+        if (!isLoaded) {
+          Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+        }
+        isLoaded = true;
+        // Clear switching prompt
+        switching = false;
+        // Display engine command in the title
+        Lizzie.frame.updateTitle();
+        if (isResponseUpToDate()) {
+          // This should not be stale data when the command number match
+          if (isKataGo) {
+            this.bestMoves = parseInfoKatago(line.substring(5));
+            if (Lizzie.config.showKataGoEstimate) {
+              if (line.contains("ownership")) {
+                estimateArray = new ArrayList<Double>();
+                String[] params = line.trim().split("ownership");
+                String[] params2 = params[1].trim().split(" ");
+                for (int i = 0; i < params2.length; i++) {
+                  estimateArray.add(Double.parseDouble(params2[i]));
+                }
+                Lizzie.frame.drawEstimateRectKata(estimateArray);
+              }
+            }
+          } else {
+            this.bestMoves = parseInfo(line.substring(5));
+          }
+          notifyBestMoveListeners();
+          Lizzie.frame.refresh(1);
+          // don't follow the maxAnalyzeTime rule if we are in analysis mode
+          if (System.currentTimeMillis() - startPonderTime > maxAnalyzeTimeMillis
+              && !Lizzie.board.inAnalysisMode()) {
+            togglePonder();
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (line.contains(" -> ")) {
+        if (!isLoaded) {
+          Lizzie.frame.refresh();
+        }
+        isLoaded = true;
+        if (isResponseUpToDate()
+            || isThinking
+                && (!isPondering && Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz || isInputCommand)) {
+          // TODO Do not update the best moves when playing against Leela Zero
+          // Because it is equivalent to the winrate of the previous move.
+          if (!Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz
+              && (Lizzie.config.limitBestMoveNum == 0
+                  || bestMoves.size() < Lizzie.config.limitBestMoveNum)) {
+            bestMoves.add(MoveData.fromSummary(line));
+            notifyBestMoveListeners();
+            Lizzie.frame.refresh(1);
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (line.startsWith("play")) {
+        // In lz-genmove_analyze
+        if (Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz) {
+          Lizzie.board.place(line.substring(5).trim());
+        }
+        isThinking = false;
+
+      } else if (line.startsWith("=") || line.startsWith("?")) {
+        if (printCommunication || gtpConsole) {
+          System.out.print(line);
+          Lizzie.gtpConsole.addLine(line);
+        }
+        String[] params = line.trim().split(" ");
+        currentCmdNum = Integer.parseInt(params[0].substring(1).trim());
+
+        trySendCommandFromQueue();
+
+        if (line.startsWith("?") || params.length == 1) return;
+
+        if (isSettingHandicap) {
+          bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+          for (int i = 1; i < params.length; i++) {
+            Lizzie.board
+                .asCoordinates(params[i])
+                .ifPresent(coords -> Lizzie.board.getHistory().setStone(coords, Stone.BLACK));
+          }
+          isSettingHandicap = false;
+        } else if (isThinking && !isPondering) {
+          if (Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz || isInputCommand) {
+            Lizzie.board.place(params[1]);
+            if (Lizzie.frame.isAutoEstimating) {
+              if (Lizzie.board.getHistory().isBlacksTurn())
+                Lizzie.frame.zen.sendCommand("play " + "w " + params[1]);
+              else Lizzie.frame.zen.sendCommand("play " + "b " + params[1]);
+              Lizzie.frame.zen.countStones();
+            }
+            // TODO Do not ponder when playing against Leela Zero
+            //            togglePonder();
+            if (!isInputCommand) {
+              isPondering = false;
+            }
+            isThinking = false;
+            if (isInputCommand) {
+              isInputCommand = false;
+            }
+          }
+        } else if (isCheckingName) {
+          if (params[1].startsWith("KataGo")) {
+            this.isKataGo = true;
+            Lizzie.initializeAfterVersionCheck(this);
+          }
+          isCheckingName = false;
+        } else if (isCheckingVersion && !isKataGo) {
+          String[] ver = params[1].split("\\.");
+          int minor = Integer.parseInt(ver[1]);
+          // Gtp support added in version 15
+          if (minor < 15) {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(
+                Lizzie.frame,
+                "Lizzie requires version 0.15 or later of Leela Zero for analysis (found "
+                    + params[1]
+                    + ")");
+          }
+          isCheckingVersion = false;
+          Lizzie.initializeAfterVersionCheck(this);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parse a move-data line of Leelaz output
+   *
+   * @param line output line
+   */
+  private void parseMoveDataLine(String line) {
+    line = line.trim();
+    // ignore passes, and only accept lines that start with a coordinate letter
+    if (line.length() > 0 && Character.isLetter(line.charAt(0)) && !line.startsWith("pass")) {
+      if (!(Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz
+          && Lizzie.frame.playerIsBlack != Lizzie.board.getData().blackToPlay)) {
+        try {
+          bestMovesTemp.add(MoveData.fromInfo(line));
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+          // this is very rare but is possible. ignore
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Continually reads and processes output from leelaz */
+  private void read() {
+    try {
+      int c;
+      StringBuilder line = new StringBuilder();
+      while ((c = inputStream.read()) != -1) {
+        line.append((char) c);
+        if ((c == '\n')) {
+          parseLine(line.toString());
+          line = new StringBuilder();
+        }
+      }
+      // this line will be reached when Leelaz shuts down
+      System.out.println("Engine process ended.");
+
+      shutdown();
+      // Do no exit for switching weights
+      // System.exit(-1);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+      System.exit(-1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sends a command to command queue for leelaz to execute
+   *
+   * @param command a GTP command containing no newline characters
+   */
+  public void sendCommand(String command) {
+    synchronized (cmdQueue) {
+      // For efficiency, delete unnecessary "lz-analyze" that will be stopped immediately
+      if (!cmdQueue.isEmpty()
+          && (cmdQueue.peekLast().startsWith("lz-analyze")
+              || cmdQueue.peekLast().startsWith("kata-analyze"))) {
+        cmdQueue.removeLast();
+      }
+      cmdQueue.addLast(command);
+      trySendCommandFromQueue();
+      if (Lizzie.frame.isAutoEstimating) {
+        if (command.startsWith("play") || command.startsWith("undo")) {
+          Lizzie.frame.zen.sendCommand(command);
+          Lizzie.frame.zen.countStones();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Sends a command from command queue for leelaz to execute if it is ready */
+  private void trySendCommandFromQueue() {
+    // Defer sending "lz-analyze" if leelaz is not ready yet.
+    // Though all commands should be deferred theoretically,
+    // only "lz-analyze" is deferred here for fear of
+    // possible hang-up by missing response for some reason.
+    // cmdQueue can be replaced with a mere String variable in this case,
+    // but it is kept for future change of our mind.
+    synchronized (cmdQueue) {
+      if (cmdQueue.isEmpty()
+          || (cmdQueue.peekFirst().startsWith("lz-analyze")
+                  || cmdQueue.peekFirst().startsWith("kata-analyze"))
+              && !isResponseUpToDate()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      String command = cmdQueue.removeFirst();
+      sendCommandToLeelaz(command);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sends a command for leelaz to execute
+   *
+   * @param command a GTP command containing no newline characters
+   */
+  private void sendCommandToLeelaz(String command) {
+    if (command.startsWith("fixed_handicap")
+        || (isKataGo && command.startsWith("place_free_handicap"))) isSettingHandicap = true;
+    if (printCommunication) {
+      System.out.printf("> %d %s\n", cmdNumber, command);
+    }
+    Lizzie.gtpConsole.addCommand(command, cmdNumber);
+    command = cmdNumber + " " + command;
+    cmdNumber++;
+    try {
+      outputStream.write((command + "\n").getBytes());
+      outputStream.flush();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Check whether leelaz is responding to the last command */
+  private boolean isResponseUpToDate() {
+    // Use >= instead of == for avoiding hang-up, though it cannot happen
+    return currentCmdNum >= cmdNumber - 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param color color of stone to play
+   * @param move coordinate of the coordinate
+   */
+  public void playMove(Stone color, String move) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      String colorString;
+      switch (color) {
+        case BLACK:
+          colorString = "B";
+          break;
+        case WHITE:
+          colorString = "W";
+          break;
+        default:
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+              "The stone color must be B or W, but was " + color.toString());
+      }
+
+      sendCommand("play " + colorString + " " + move);
+      bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+
+      if (isPondering && !Lizzie.frame.isPlayingAgainstLeelaz) ponder();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void genmove(String color) {
+    String command = "genmove " + color;
+    /*
+     * We don't support displaying this while playing, so no reason to request it (for now)
+    if (isPondering) {
+        command = "lz-genmove_analyze " + color + " 10";
+    }*/
+    sendCommand(command);
+    isThinking = true;
+    isPondering = false;
+  }
+
+  public void genmove_analyze(String color) {
+    String command =
+        "lz-genmove_analyze "
+            + color
+            + " "
+            + Lizzie.config
+                .config
+                .getJSONObject("leelaz")
+                .getInt("analyze-update-interval-centisec");
+    sendCommand(command);
+    isThinking = true;
+    isPondering = false;
+  }
+
+  public void time_settings() {
+    sendCommand(
+        "time_settings 0 "
+            + Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("leelaz").getInt("max-game-thinking-time-seconds")
+            + " 1");
+  }
+
+  public void clear() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      supportScoremean = false;
+      sendCommand("clear_board");
+      bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+      if (isPondering) ponder();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void boardSize(int size) {
+    boardSize(size, size);
+  }
+
+  public void boardSize(int width, int height) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      sendCommand("boardsize " + width + (width != height ? " " + height : ""));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void komi(double komi) {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      sendCommand("komi " + (komi == 0.0 ? "0" : komi));
+      bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+      Lizzie.board.getData().tryToClearBestMoves();
+      if (isPondering) ponder();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void handicap(int num) {
+    sendCommand((isKataGo ? "place_free_handicap " : "fixed_handicap ") + num);
+  }
+
+  public void undo() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      sendCommand("undo");
+      bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+      if (isPondering) ponder();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void analyzeAvoid(String type, String color, String coordList, int untilMove) {
+    analyzeAvoid(
+        String.format("%s %s %s %d", type, color, coordList, untilMove <= 0 ? 1 : untilMove));
+  }
+
+  public void analyzeAvoid(String parameters) {
+    bestMoves = new ArrayList<>();
+    if (!isPondering) {
+      isPondering = true;
+      startPonderTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+    sendCommand(
+        String.format(
+            "lz-analyze %d %s",
+            Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("leelaz").getInt("analyze-update-interval-centisec"),
+            parameters));
+  }
+
+  /** This initializes leelaz's pondering mode at its current position */
+  public void ponder() {
+    isPondering = true;
+    startPonderTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    if (Lizzie.board.isAvoding && Lizzie.board.isKeepingAvoid && !isKataGo)
+      analyzeAvoid(
+          "avoid",
+          Lizzie.board.getHistory().isBlacksTurn() ? "w" : "b",
+          Lizzie.board.avoidCoords,
+          +Lizzie.config.config.getJSONObject("leelaz").getInt("avoid-keep-variations"));
+    else
+      sendCommand(
+          (this.isKataGo ? "kata-analyze " : "lz-analyze ")
+              + Lizzie.config
+                  .config
+                  .getJSONObject("leelaz")
+                  .getInt("analyze-update-interval-centisec")
+              + (this.isKataGo && Lizzie.config.showKataGoEstimate ? " ownership true" : ""));
+    // until it responds to this, incoming
+    // ponder results are obsolete
+  }
+
+  public void togglePonder() {
+    isPondering = !isPondering;
+    if (isPondering) {
+      ponder();
+    } else {
+      sendCommand("name"); // ends pondering
+    }
+    Lizzie.frame.updateBasicInfo();
+  }
+
+  /** End the process */
+  public void shutdown() {
+    process.destroy();
+  }
+
+  public List<MoveData> getBestMoves() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      return bestMoves;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Optional<String> getDynamicKomi() {
+    if (Float.isNaN(dynamicKomi) || Float.isNaN(dynamicOppKomi)) {
+      return Optional.empty();
+    } else {
+      return Optional.of(String.format("%.1f / %.1f", dynamicKomi, dynamicOppKomi));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean isPondering() {
+    return isPondering;
+  }
+
+  public class WinrateStats {
+    public double maxWinrate;
+    public double maxScoreMean;
+    public int totalPlayouts;
+
+    public WinrateStats(double maxWinrate, int totalPlayouts) {
+      this.maxWinrate = maxWinrate;
+      this.totalPlayouts = totalPlayouts;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Return the best win rate and total number of playouts.
+   * If no analysis available, win rate is negative and playouts is 0.
+   */
+  public WinrateStats getWinrateStats() {
+    WinrateStats stats = new WinrateStats(-100, 0);
+
+    if (!bestMoves.isEmpty()) {
+      // we should match the Leelaz UCTNode get_eval, which is a weighted average
+      // copy the list to avoid concurrent modification exception... TODO there must be a better way
+      // (note the concurrent modification exception is very very rare)
+      // We should use Lizzie Board's best moves as they will generally be the most accurate
+      final List<MoveData> moves = new ArrayList<MoveData>(Lizzie.board.getData().bestMoves);
+
+      // get the total number of playouts in moves
+      int totalPlayouts = moves.stream().mapToInt(move -> move.playouts).sum();
+      stats.totalPlayouts = totalPlayouts;
+
+      stats.maxWinrate = BoardData.getWinrateFromBestMoves(moves);
+      if (isKataGo) {
+        stats.maxScoreMean = BoardData.getScoreMeanFromBestMoves(moves);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return stats;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * initializes the normalizing factor for winrate_to_handicap_stones conversion.
+   */
+  public void estimatePassWinrate() {
+    // we use A1 instead of pass, because valuenetwork is more accurate for A1 on empty board than a
+    // pass.
+    // probably the reason for higher accuracy is that networks have randomness which produces
+    // occasionally A1 as first move, but never pass.
+    // for all practical purposes, A1 should equal pass for the value it provides, hence good
+    // replacement.
+    // this way we avoid having to run lots of playouts for accurate winrate for pass.
+    playMove(Stone.BLACK, "A1");
+    togglePonder();
+    WinrateStats stats = getWinrateStats();
+
+    // we could use a timelimit or higher minimum playouts to get a more accurate measurement.
+    while (stats.totalPlayouts < 1) {
+      try {
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        throw new Error(e);
+      }
+      stats = getWinrateStats();
+    }
+    mHandicapWinrate = stats.maxWinrate;
+    togglePonder();
+    undo();
+    Lizzie.board.clear();
+  }
+
+  public static double mHandicapWinrate = 25;
+
+  /**
+   * Convert winrate to handicap stones, by normalizing winrate by first move pass winrate (one
+   * stone handicap).
+   */
+  public static double winrateToHandicap(double pWinrate) {
+    // we assume each additional handicap lowers winrate by fixed percentage.
+    // this is pretty accurate for human handicap games at least.
+    // also this kind of property is a requirement for handicaps to determined based on rank
+    // difference.
+
+    // lets convert the 0%-50% range and 100%-50% from both the move and and pass into range of 0-1
+    double moveWinrateSymmetric = 1 - Math.abs(1 - (pWinrate / 100) * 2);
+    double passWinrateSymmetric = 1 - Math.abs(1 - (mHandicapWinrate / 100) * 2);
+
+    // convert the symmetric move winrate into correctly scaled log scale, so that winrate of
+    // passWinrate equals 1 handicap.
+    double handicapSymmetric = Math.log(moveWinrateSymmetric) / Math.log(passWinrateSymmetric);
+
+    // make it negative if we had low winrate below 50.
+    return Math.signum(pWinrate - 50) * handicapSymmetric;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void addListener(LeelazListener listener) {
+    listeners.add(listener);
+  }
+
+  // Beware, due to race conditions, bestMoveNotification can be called once even after item is
+  // removed
+  // with removeListener
+  public synchronized void removeListener(LeelazListener listener) {
+    listeners.remove(listener);
+  }
+
+  private synchronized void notifyBestMoveListeners() {
+    for (LeelazListener listener : listeners) {
+      listener.bestMoveNotification(bestMoves);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static enum ParamState {
+    NORMAL,
+    QUOTE,
+    DOUBLE_QUOTE
+  }
+
+  public List<String> splitCommand(String commandLine) {
+    if (commandLine == null || commandLine.length() == 0) {
+      return new ArrayList<String>();
+    }
+
+    final ArrayList<String> commandList = new ArrayList<String>();
+    final StringBuilder param = new StringBuilder();
+    final StringTokenizer tokens = new StringTokenizer(commandLine, " '\"", true);
+    boolean lastTokenQuoted = false;
+    ParamState state = ParamState.NORMAL;
+
+    while (tokens.hasMoreTokens()) {
+      String nextToken = tokens.nextToken();
+      switch (state) {
+        case QUOTE:
+          if ("'".equals(nextToken)) {
+            state = ParamState.NORMAL;
+            lastTokenQuoted = true;
+          } else {
+            param.append(nextToken);
+          }
+          break;
+        case DOUBLE_QUOTE:
+          if ("\"".equals(nextToken)) {
+            state = ParamState.NORMAL;
+            lastTokenQuoted = true;
+          } else {
+            param.append(nextToken);
+          }
+          break;
+        default:
+          if ("'".equals(nextToken)) {
+            state = ParamState.QUOTE;
+          } else if ("\"".equals(nextToken)) {
+            state = ParamState.DOUBLE_QUOTE;
+          } else if (" ".equals(nextToken)) {
+            if (lastTokenQuoted || param.length() != 0) {
+              commandList.add(Utils.withQuote(param.toString()));
+              param.delete(0, param.length());
+            }
+          } else {
+            param.append(nextToken);
+          }
+          lastTokenQuoted = false;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (lastTokenQuoted || param.length() != 0) {
+      commandList.add(param.toString());
+    }
+    return commandList;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isCommandChange(String command) {
+    List<String> newList = splitCommand(command);
+    if (this.commands.size() != newList.size()) {
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      for (int i = 0; i < this.commands.size(); i++) {
+        String param = this.commands.get(i);
+        String newParam = newList.get(i);
+        if ((!Utils.isBlank(param) || !Utils.isBlank(newParam))
+            && (Utils.isBlank(param) || !param.equals(newParam))) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean isStarted() {
+    return started;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isLoaded() {
+    return isLoaded;
+  }
+
+  public boolean supportScoremean() {
+    return isKataGo || supportScoremean;
+  }
+
+  public String currentWeight() {
+    return currentWeight;
+  }
+
+  public String currentShortWeight() {
+    if (currentWeight != null && currentWeight.length() > 18) {
+      return currentWeight.substring(0, 16) + "..";
+    }
+    return currentWeight;
+  }
+
+  public boolean switching() {
+    return switching;
+  }
+
+  public int currentEngineN() {
+    return currentEngineN;
+  }
+
+  public String engineCommand() {
+    return this.engineCommand;
+  }
+
+  public void toggleGtpConsole() {
+    gtpConsole = !gtpConsole;
+  }
+
+  public void setWeightName() {
+    Pattern wPattern = Pattern.compile("(?s).*?(--weights |-w |-model )([^'\" ]+)(?s).*");
+    Matcher wMatcher = wPattern.matcher(engineCommand);
+    if (wMatcher.matches() && wMatcher.groupCount() == 2) {
+      currentWeightFile = wMatcher.group(2);
+      String[] names = currentWeightFile.split("[\\\\|/]");
+      currentWeight = names.length > 1 ? names[names.length - 1] : currentWeightFile;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `featurecat.lizzie.analysis.Leelaz.ponder` indirectly writes to field `$T5_32.featurecat.lizzie.analysis.Leelaz.isPondering` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Leelaz.ponder()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+featurecat.lizzie.analysis.Leelaz.ponder():void.8a699fc10e6e7598db8ecccc9be0d4b5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/featurecat/lizzie/analysis/Leelaz.java
+
+### Key:
+Leelaz.java|ponder|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+97ceb6c5b5b79a98f747b22527ddc754
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10101/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10101/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2b09e8dc44ebe0b0b7930cd012099e24b77f963
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10101/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jadb
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package se.vidstige.jadb;
+
+import se.vidstige.jadb.managers.Bash;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class JadbDevice {
+    @SuppressWarnings("squid:S00115")
+    public enum State {
+        Unknown,
+        Offline,
+        Device,
+        Recovery,
+        BootLoader
+    }
+
+    private final String serial;
+    private final ITransportFactory transportFactory;
+
+    JadbDevice(String serial, String type, ITransportFactory tFactory) {
+        this.serial = serial;
+        this.transportFactory = tFactory;
+    }
+
+    static JadbDevice createAny(JadbConnection connection) {
+        return new JadbDevice(connection);
+    }
+
+    private JadbDevice(ITransportFactory tFactory) {
+        serial = null;
+        this.transportFactory = tFactory;
+    }
+
+    private State convertState(String type) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case "device":     return State.Device;
+            case "offline":    return State.Offline;
+            case "bootloader": return State.BootLoader;
+            case "recovery":   return State.Recovery;
+            default:           return State.Unknown;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Transport getTransport() throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = transportFactory.createTransport();
+        send(transport, serial == null ? "host:transport-any" : "host:transport:" + serial );
+        return transport;
+    }
+
+    public String getSerial() {
+        return serial;
+    }
+
+    public State getState() throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = transportFactory.createTransport();
+        send(transport, serial == null ? "host:get-state" : "host-serial:" + serial + ":get-state");
+
+        State state = convertState(transport.readString());
+        transport.close();
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    /** <p>Execute a shell command.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>For Lollipop and later see: {@link #execute(String, String...)}</p>
+     *
+     * @param command main command to run. E.g. "ls"
+     * @param args arguments to the command.
+     * @return combined stdout/stderr stream.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws JadbException
+     */
+    public InputStream executeShell(String command, String... args) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        StringBuilder shellLine = buildCmdLine(command, args);
+        send(transport, "shell:" + shellLine.toString());
+        return new AdbFilterInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(transport.getInputStream()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use InputStream executeShell(String command, String... args) method instead. Together with
+     * Stream.copy(in, out), it is possible to achieve the same effect.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void executeShell(OutputStream output, String command, String... args) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        StringBuilder shellLine = buildCmdLine(command, args);
+        send(transport, "shell:" + shellLine.toString());
+        if (output != null) {
+        	AdbFilterOutputStream out = new AdbFilterOutputStream(output);
+        	try {
+        		transport.readResponseTo(out);
+        	} finally {
+        		out.close();
+        	}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** <p>Execute a command with raw binary output.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>Support for this command was added in Lollipop (Android 5.0), and is the recommended way to transmit binary
+     * data with that version or later. For earlier versions of Android, use
+     * {@link #executeShell(String, String...)}.</p>
+     *
+     * @param command main command to run, e.g. "screencap"
+     * @param args arguments to the command, e.g. "-p".
+     * @return combined stdout/stderr stream.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws JadbException
+     */
+    public InputStream execute(String command, String... args) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        StringBuilder shellLine = buildCmdLine(command, args);
+        send(transport, "exec:" + shellLine.toString());
+        return new BufferedInputStream(transport.getInputStream());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds a command line string from the command and its arguments.
+     *
+     * @param command the command.
+     * @param args the list of arguments.
+     * @return the command line.
+     */
+    private StringBuilder buildCmdLine(String command, String... args) {
+        StringBuilder shellLine = new StringBuilder(command);
+        for (String arg : args) {
+            shellLine.append(" ");
+            shellLine.append(Bash.quote(arg));
+        }
+        return shellLine;
+    }
+
+    public List<RemoteFile> list(String remotePath) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        SyncTransport sync = transport.startSync();
+        sync.send("LIST", remotePath);
+
+        List<RemoteFile> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (RemoteFileRecord dent = sync.readDirectoryEntry(); dent != RemoteFileRecord.DONE; dent = sync.readDirectoryEntry()) {
+            result.add(dent);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private int getMode(File file) {
+        //noinspection OctalInteger
+        return 0664;
+    }
+
+    public void push(InputStream source, long lastModified, int mode, RemoteFile remote) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        SyncTransport sync = transport.startSync();
+        sync.send("SEND", remote.getPath() + "," + Integer.toString(mode));
+
+        sync.sendStream(source);
+
+        sync.sendStatus("DONE", (int) lastModified);
+        sync.verifyStatus();
+    }
+
+    public void push(File local, RemoteFile remote) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        FileInputStream fileStream = new FileInputStream(local);
+        push(fileStream, local.lastModified(), getMode(local), remote);
+        fileStream.close();
+    }
+
+    public void pull(RemoteFile remote, OutputStream destination) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        SyncTransport sync = transport.startSync();
+        sync.send("RECV", remote.getPath());
+
+        sync.readChunksTo(destination);
+    }
+
+    public void pull(RemoteFile remote, File local) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        FileOutputStream fileStream = new FileOutputStream(local);
+        pull(remote, fileStream);
+        fileStream.close();
+    }
+
+    private void send(Transport transport, String command) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        transport.send(command);
+        transport.verifyResponse();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Android Device with serial " + serial;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        final int prime = 31;
+        int result = 1;
+        result = prime * result + ((serial == null) ? 0 : serial.hashCode());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (this == obj)
+            return true;
+        if (obj == null)
+            return false;
+        if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
+            return false;
+        JadbDevice other = (JadbDevice) obj;
+        if (serial == null) {
+            return other.serial == null;
+        }
+        return serial.equals(other.serial);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `fileStream` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 166 is not released after line 169.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 167
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JadbDevice.push(File,RemoteFile)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+se.vidstige.jadb.JadbDevice.push(java.io.File,se.vidstige.jadb.RemoteFile):void.3894c5695ee1ceb9ce5f72a0422ed6f4
+
+### File:
+src/se/vidstige/jadb/JadbDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+JadbDevice.java|push|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+787149f5cf47ff24c65ced445c4c80ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10108/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10108/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60d195530e784443214c8f6f43205c78a960e027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10108/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jadb
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package se.vidstige.jadb;
+
+import se.vidstige.jadb.managers.Bash;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+public class JadbDevice {
+    public enum State {
+        Unknown,
+        Offline,
+        Device,
+        BootLoader
+    };
+
+    private final String serial;
+    private final ITransportFactory transportFactory;
+
+    JadbDevice(String serial, String type, ITransportFactory tFactory) {
+        this.serial = serial;
+        this.transportFactory = tFactory;
+    }
+
+    static JadbDevice createAny(JadbConnection connection) {
+        return new JadbDevice(connection);
+    }
+
+    private JadbDevice(ITransportFactory tFactory) {
+        serial = null;
+        this.transportFactory = tFactory;
+    }
+
+    private State convertState(String type) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case "device":     return State.Device;
+            case "offline":    return State.Offline;
+            case "bootloader": return State.BootLoader;
+            default:           return State.Unknown;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Transport getTransport() throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = transportFactory.createTransport();
+        if (serial == null) {
+            transport.send("host:transport-any");
+            transport.verifyResponse();
+        } else {
+            transport.send("host:transport:" + serial);
+            transport.verifyResponse();
+        }
+        return transport;
+    }
+
+    public String getSerial() {
+        return serial;
+    }
+
+    public State getState() throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = transportFactory.createTransport();
+        if (serial == null) {
+            transport.send("host:get-state");
+            transport.verifyResponse();
+        } else {
+            transport.send("host-serial:" + serial + ":get-state");
+            transport.verifyResponse();
+        }
+
+        State state = convertState(transport.readString());
+        transport.close();
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    public InputStream executeShell(String command, String... args) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        StringBuilder shellLine = new StringBuilder(command);
+        for (String arg : args) {
+            shellLine.append(" ");
+            shellLine.append(Bash.quote(arg));
+        }
+        send(transport, "shell:" + shellLine.toString());
+        return new AdbFilterInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(transport.getInputStream()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @deprecated Use InputStream executeShell(String command, String... args) method instead. Together with
+     * Stream.copy(in, out), it is possible to achieve the same effect.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void executeShell(OutputStream output, String command, String... args) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        StringBuilder shellLine = new StringBuilder(command);
+        for (String arg : args) {
+            shellLine.append(" ");
+            shellLine.append(Bash.quote(arg));
+        }
+        send(transport, "shell:" + shellLine.toString());
+        if (output != null) {
+            transport.readResponseTo(new AdbFilterOutputStream(output));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public List<RemoteFile> list(String remotePath) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        SyncTransport sync = transport.startSync();
+        sync.send("LIST", remotePath);
+
+        List<RemoteFile> result = new ArrayList<RemoteFile>();
+        for (RemoteFileRecord dent = sync.readDirectoryEntry(); dent != RemoteFileRecord.DONE; dent = sync.readDirectoryEntry()) {
+            result.add(dent);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private int getMode(File file) {
+        //noinspection OctalInteger
+        return 0664;
+    }
+
+    public void push(InputStream source, long lastModified, int mode, RemoteFile remote) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        SyncTransport sync = transport.startSync();
+        sync.send("SEND", remote.getPath() + "," + Integer.toString(mode));
+
+        sync.sendStream(source);
+
+        sync.sendStatus("DONE", (int) lastModified);
+        sync.verifyStatus();
+    }
+
+    public void push(File local, RemoteFile remote) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        FileInputStream fileStream = new FileInputStream(local);
+        push(fileStream, local.lastModified(), getMode(local), remote);
+        fileStream.close();
+    }
+
+    public void pull(RemoteFile remote, OutputStream destination) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        Transport transport = getTransport();
+        SyncTransport sync = transport.startSync();
+        sync.send("RECV", remote.getPath());
+
+        sync.readChunksTo(destination);
+    }
+
+    public void pull(RemoteFile remote, File local) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        FileOutputStream fileStream = new FileOutputStream(local);
+        pull(remote, fileStream);
+        fileStream.close();
+    }
+
+    private void send(Transport transport, String command) throws IOException, JadbException {
+        transport.send(command);
+        transport.verifyResponse();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Android Device with serial " + serial;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        final int prime = 31;
+        int result = 1;
+        result = prime * result + ((serial == null) ? 0 : serial.hashCode());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (this == obj)
+            return true;
+        if (obj == null)
+            return false;
+        if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
+            return false;
+        JadbDevice other = (JadbDevice) obj;
+        if (serial == null) {
+            if (other.serial != null)
+                return false;
+        } else if (!serial.equals(other.serial))
+            return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `se.vidstige.jadb.AdbFilterOutputStream` acquired by call to `AdbFilterOutputStream(...)` at line 104 is not released after line 104.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 104
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JadbDevice.executeShell(OutputStream,String,java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+se.vidstige.jadb.JadbDevice.executeShell(java.io.OutputStream,java.lang.String,java.lang.String[]):v.07ea9a6702911ff562b3cee92b720e8e
+
+### File:
+src/se/vidstige/jadb/JadbDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+JadbDevice.java|executeShell|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f3e05835b2e0d3828d170cbdd6a93256
+
+### Hash:
+2ed6f3c47ec3997126f5feabcee83232
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10130/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10130/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d36f4caedaa9c939275b532e047759a340146ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10130/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CERMINE
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * This file is part of CERMINE project.
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2016 ICM-UW
+ *
+ * CERMINE is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * CERMINE is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with CERMINE. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+import java.util.zip.ZipException;
+import java.util.zip.ZipFile;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import pl.edu.icm.cermine.exception.TransformationException;
+import pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.model.*;
+import pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.transformers.TrueVizToBxDocumentReader;
+
+/**
+ * @author Pawel Szostek
+ */
+public class HierarchicalReadingOrderResolverTest {
+
+    private final static String PATH = "/pl/edu/icm/cermine/structure/";
+    private final static String[] TEST_FILENAMES = {"1748717X.xml"};
+    private final static String ZIP_FILE_NAME = "roa_test_small.zip";
+    
+    private ZipFile zipFile;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws URISyntaxException, ZipException, IOException {
+        URL url = HierarchicalReadingOrderResolverTest.class.getResource(PATH + ZIP_FILE_NAME);
+        URI uri = url.toURI();
+        File file = new File(uri);
+        zipFile = new ZipFile(file);
+    }
+
+    private BxDocument getDocumentFromZip(String filename) throws TransformationException, IOException {
+        TrueVizToBxDocumentReader tvReader = new TrueVizToBxDocumentReader();
+        Enumeration<? extends ZipEntry> entries = zipFile.entries();
+        while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
+            ZipEntry zipEntry = (ZipEntry) entries.nextElement();
+            if (zipEntry.getName().equals(filename)) {
+                List<BxPage> pages = tvReader.read(new InputStreamReader(zipFile.getInputStream(zipEntry)));
+                BxDocument newDoc = new BxDocument();
+                for (BxPage page : pages) {
+                    page.setParent(newDoc);
+                }
+                newDoc.setFilename(zipEntry.getName());
+                newDoc.setPages(pages);
+                return newDoc;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Boolean areDocumentsEqual(BxDocument doc1, BxDocument doc2) {
+        if (doc1.childrenCount() != doc2.childrenCount()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (Integer pageIdx = 0; pageIdx < doc1.childrenCount(); ++pageIdx) {
+            BxPage page1 = doc1.getChild(pageIdx);
+            BxPage page2 = doc2.getChild(pageIdx);
+            if (page1.childrenCount() != page2.childrenCount()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            for (Integer zoneIdx = 0; zoneIdx < page1.childrenCount(); ++zoneIdx) {
+                BxZone zone1 = page1.getChild(zoneIdx);
+                BxZone zone2 = page2.getChild(zoneIdx);
+                if (zone1.getChunks().size() != zone2.getChunks().size()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                for (Integer chunkIdx = 0; chunkIdx < zone1.getChunks().size(); ++chunkIdx) {
+                    BxChunk chunk1 = zone1.getChunks().get(chunkIdx);
+                    BxChunk chunk2 = zone2.getChunks().get(chunkIdx);
+                    if (!chunk1.toText().equals(chunk2.toText())) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetReadingOrder() throws TransformationException, IOException {
+        for (Enumeration<? extends ZipEntry> e = zipFile.entries(); e.hasMoreElements();) {
+            String filename = e.nextElement().getName();
+            if (!filename.endsWith(".xml")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            BxDocument doc = getDocumentFromZip(filename);
+            BxDocument modelOrderedDoc = getDocumentFromZip(filename + ".out");
+
+            HierarchicalReadingOrderResolver roa = new HierarchicalReadingOrderResolver();
+            BxDocument orderedDoc = roa.resolve(doc);
+
+            assertTrue(areDocumentsEqual(orderedDoc, modelOrderedDoc));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstantElementsNumber() throws TransformationException, IOException {
+        for (String filename : TEST_FILENAMES) {
+            BxDocument doc = getDocumentFromZip(filename);
+
+            HierarchicalReadingOrderResolver roa = new HierarchicalReadingOrderResolver();
+            BxDocument orderedDoc = roa.resolve(doc);
+
+            List<BxPage> pages1 = Lists.newArrayList(doc.asPages());
+            List<BxPage> pages2 = Lists.newArrayList(orderedDoc.asPages());
+            List<BxZone> zones1 = Lists.newArrayList(doc.asZones());
+            List<BxZone> zones2 = Lists.newArrayList(orderedDoc.asZones());
+            List<BxLine> lines1 = Lists.newArrayList(doc.asLines());
+            List<BxLine> lines2 = Lists.newArrayList(orderedDoc.asLines());
+            List<BxWord> words1 = Lists.newArrayList(doc.asWords());
+            List<BxWord> words2 = Lists.newArrayList(orderedDoc.asWords());
+            List<BxChunk> chunks1 = Lists.newArrayList(doc.asChunks());
+            List<BxChunk> chunks2 = Lists.newArrayList(orderedDoc.asChunks());
+
+            assertEquals(pages1.size(), pages2.size());
+            assertEquals(zones1.size(), zones2.size());
+            assertEquals(lines1.size(), lines2.size());
+            assertEquals(words1.size(), words2.size());
+            assertEquals(chunks1.size(), chunks2.size());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 65 is not released after line 65.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+BxDocument HierarchicalReadingOrderResolverTest.getDocumentFromZip(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.HierarchicalReadingOrderResolverTest.getDocumentFromZip(java.lang.Strin.d535080948c4d91d1fbbe29d5e12a095
+
+### File:
+cermine-impl/src/test/java/pl/edu/icm/cermine/structure/HierarchicalReadingOrderResolverTest.java
+
+### Key:
+HierarchicalReadingOrderResolverTest.java|getDocumentFromZip|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+ce0488985df17883c0fe7bff0ee1ed09
+
+### Hash:
+99abdbbac3937f8ed99e677660dda6ba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10137/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10137/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3db2259e6071754d082cb14cd09423ede4556773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10137/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CERMINE
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * This file is part of CERMINE project.
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2016 ICM-UW
+ *
+ * CERMINE is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * CERMINE is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with CERMINE. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package pl.edu.icm.cermine.tools;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import pl.edu.icm.cermine.exception.TransformationException;
+import pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.model.BxDocument;
+import pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.model.BxPage;
+import pl.edu.icm.cermine.structure.transformers.TrueVizToBxDocumentReader;
+
+/**
+ * @author Pawel Szostek
+ */
+public class RecursiveDirExtractor implements DocumentsExtractor {
+
+    protected File directory;
+
+    public RecursiveDirExtractor(String path) {
+        directory = new File(path);
+        if (!directory.exists() || !directory.isDirectory()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Source directory for documents doesn't exist: " + path);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public RecursiveDirExtractor(File directory) {
+        this.directory = directory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<BxDocument> getDocuments() throws TransformationException {
+        TrueVizToBxDocumentReader tvReader = new TrueVizToBxDocumentReader();
+        List<BxDocument> documents = new ArrayList<BxDocument>();
+
+        for (File file : FileUtils.listFiles(directory, new String[]{"xml"}, true)) {
+            InputStream is = null;
+            try {
+                is = new FileInputStream(file);
+                List<BxPage> pages = tvReader.read(new InputStreamReader(is));
+                BxDocument doc = new BxDocument();
+                doc.setFilename(file.getName());
+                doc.setPages(pages);
+                documents.add(doc);
+            } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
+                throw new TransformationException(ex);
+            } finally {
+                if (is != null) {
+                    try {
+                        is.close();
+                    } catch (IOException ex) {
+                        throw new TransformationException("Cannot close stream!", ex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return documents;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 57 is not released after line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List RecursiveDirExtractor.getDocuments()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+pl.edu.icm.cermine.tools.RecursiveDirExtractor.getDocuments():java.util.List.5b08ef934e4e1bf0f895ff15084a2a91
+
+### File:
+cermine-impl/src/main/java/pl/edu/icm/cermine/tools/RecursiveDirExtractor.java
+
+### Key:
+RecursiveDirExtractor.java|getDocuments|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+ce0488985df17883c0fe7bff0ee1ed09
+
+### Hash:
+86f7e0a6f3997a51fdce104312bf68d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1015/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1015/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0abe404e70a4dcc2217927a41820bcbf44d84473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1015/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PatreonDownloader
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using UniversalDownloaderPlatform.Common.Enums;
+using UniversalDownloaderPlatform.Common.Helpers;
+
+namespace PatreonDownloader.Implementation
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Helper used to generate name for post subdirectories
+    /// </summary>
+    internal class PostSubdirectoryHelper
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a sanitized directory name based on supplied name pattern
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="crawledUrl">Crawled url with published date, post title and post id</param>
+        /// <param name="pattern">Pattern for directory name</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static string CreateNameFromPattern(PatreonCrawledUrl crawledUrl, string pattern)
+        {
+            string postTitle = crawledUrl.Title.Trim();
+            while (postTitle.Length > 1 && postTitle[^1] == '.')
+                postTitle = postTitle.Remove(postTitle.Length - 1).Trim();
+
+            string retString = pattern.ToLowerInvariant()
+                .Replace("%publishedat%", crawledUrl.PublishedAt.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd"))
+                .Replace("%posttitle%", postTitle)
+                .Replace("%postid%", crawledUrl.PostId);
+
+            return PathSanitizer.SanitizePath(retString);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `postTitle` last assigned on line 25 could be null and is dereferenced at line 24, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String PostSubdirectoryHelper.CreateNameFromPattern(PatreonCrawledUrl,String)
+
+### File:
+PatreonDownloader.Implementation/Helpers/PostSubdirectoryHelper.cs
+
+### Key:
+PostSubdirectoryHelper.cs|CreateNameFromPattern|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c16cc1d2b5bc88a6c7c2310f1d47f089
+
+### Hash:
+ef29fb18d6fab0384e5fae7f7cb6854b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10212/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10212/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..097ef444e20f63c11ecc54e75f9ba22a5c1d2e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10212/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spotify-web-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.wrapper.spotify;
+
+import com.wrapper.spotify.UtilProtos.Url.Scheme;
+import com.wrapper.spotify.methods.Request;
+import com.wrapper.spotify.models.AlbumType;
+import net.sf.json.JSONObject;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.text.DateFormat;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static com.wrapper.spotify.Assertions.*;
+import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertEquals;
+
+public class ApiTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetAlbumUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbum("5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/albums/5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateGetAudioFeaturesUrl(){
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAudioFeature("1hmNbafW4sAPNaGc7LeXAZ").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/audio-features/1hmNbafW4sAPNaGc7LeXAZ", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetArtistUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getArtist("5rSXSAkZ67PYJSvpUpkOr7").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/5rSXSAkZ67PYJSvpUpkOr7", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetTrackUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getTrack("6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/tracks/6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetAlbumsUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbums("6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG", "2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "ids", "6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG,2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetAlbumsUrlFromAList() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbums(Arrays.asList("6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG", "2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv")).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "ids", "6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG,2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetTracksUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getTracks("6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG", "2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/tracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "ids", "6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG,2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetTracksUrlFromList() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getTracks(Arrays.asList("6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG", "2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv")).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/tracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "ids", "6hDH3YWFdcUNQjubYztIsG,2IA4WEsWAYpV9eKkwR2UYv");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAUrlForArtistsAlbum() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbumsForArtist("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq/albums", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldHaveMultipleAlbumTypeParametersInArtistsAlbumUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbumsForArtist("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq")
+        .types(AlbumType.ALBUM, AlbumType.SINGLE)
+        .market("SE")
+        .build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "album_type", "ALBUM,SINGLE");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "market", "SE");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldHaveSingleAlbumTypeParametersInArtistsAlbumUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbumsForArtist("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq").types(AlbumType.SINGLE).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "album_type", "SINGLE");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldFailIfAlbumTypeParametersIsInArtistsAlbumUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbumsForArtist("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq").types(AlbumType.SINGLE).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "album_type", "SINGLE");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldHaveLimitParameterInArtistsAlbumUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbumsForArtist("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq").limit(2).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "limit", "2");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldHaveOffsetParameterInArtistsAlbumUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbumsForArtist("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq").offset(5).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "offset", "5");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldHaveSeveralQueryParametersAtTheSameTimeInArtistsAlbumUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getAlbumsForArtist("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq").types(AlbumType.SINGLE).limit(2).offset(5).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq/albums", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "offset", "5");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "limit", "2");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "album_type", "SINGLE");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetArtistsUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getArtists("4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq", "6rEzedK7cKWjeQWdAYvWVG").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "ids", "4AK6F7OLvEQ5QYCBNiQWHq,6rEzedK7cKWjeQWdAYvWVG");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateSearchUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.searchTracks("moulat swalf").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/search", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "q", "moulat swalf");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "type", "track");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateSearchUrlForAlbum() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.searchAlbums("meeep").market("from_token").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/search", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "q", "meeep");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "type", "album");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "market", "from_token");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateSearchUrlForArtist() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.searchArtists("meeep").market("GB").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/search", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "q", "meeep");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "type", "artist");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "market", "GB");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateSearchUrlWithLimitParameter() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.searchTracks("moulat swalf").limit(2).market("SE").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/search", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "q", "moulat swalf");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "limit", "2");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "type", "track");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "market", "SE");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateSearchUrlWithOffsetParameter() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.searchTracks("moulat swalf").offset(2).build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/search", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "q", "moulat swalf");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "offset", "2");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "type", "track");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldModifySchemeInUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.builder().scheme(Scheme.HTTP).build();
+    Request request = api.getAlbum("5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e").build();
+    assertEquals("http://api.spotify.com:443/v1/albums/5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldModifyPortInUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.builder().port(8080).build();
+    Request request = api.getAlbum("5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:8080/v1/albums/5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldModifyHostInUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.builder().host("www.wrapper.se").build();
+    Request request = api.getAlbum("5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e").build();
+    assertEquals("https://www.wrapper.se:443/v1/albums/5oEljuMoe9MXH6tBIPbd5e", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateTopTracksUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getTopTracksForArtist("0LcJLqbBmaGUft1e9Mm8HV", "GB").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/0LcJLqbBmaGUft1e9Mm8HV/toptracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "country", "GB");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateUserProfileUrl() {
+    Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+    Request request = api.getUser("wizzler").build();
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/users/wizzler", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateUrlForListingAUsersPlaylists() throws Exception {
+    final String accessToken = "myVeryLongAccessToken";
+    final Api api = Api.builder().accessToken(accessToken).build();
+
+    final Request request = api.getPlaylistsForUser("wizzler").build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/users/wizzler/playlists", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateRequestForTokensUrl() {
+    final String clientId = "myClientId";
+    final String clientSecret = "myClientSecret";
+    final String redirectURI = "myRedirectUri";
+    final String code = "returnedCode";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+            .clientId(clientId)
+            .clientSecret(clientSecret)
+            .redirectURI(redirectURI)
+            .build();
+
+    final Request request = api.authorizationCodeGrant(code).build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://accounts.spotify.com:443/api/token", request.toString());
+    assertHasBodyParameter(request.toUrl(), "grant_type", "authorization_code");
+    assertHasBodyParameter(request.toUrl(), "code", code);
+    assertHasBodyParameter(request.toUrl(), "redirect_uri", redirectURI);
+
+    final String idSecret = clientId + ":" + clientSecret;
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Basic " + new String(Base64.encodeBase64(idSecret.getBytes())));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateRefreshAccessTokenUrl() {
+    final String clientId = "myClientId";
+    final String clientSecret = "myClientSecret";
+    final String refreshToken = "myRefreshToken";
+
+    final Api api = Api
+            .builder()
+            .clientId(clientId)
+            .clientSecret(clientSecret)
+            .refreshToken(refreshToken)
+            .build();
+
+    final Request request = api.refreshAccessToken().build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://accounts.spotify.com:443/api/token", request.toString());
+    assertHasBodyParameter(request.toUrl(), "grant_type", "refresh_token");
+    assertHasBodyParameter(request.toUrl(), "refresh_token", refreshToken);
+
+    final String idSecret = clientId + ":" + clientSecret;
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Basic " + new String(Base64.encodeBase64(idSecret.getBytes())));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreatePlaylistLookupUrl() {
+    final String accessToken = "myVeryLongAccessToken";
+    final Api api = Api.builder().accessToken(accessToken).build();
+
+    final String playlistId = "3ktAYNcRHpazJ9qecm3ptn";
+    final String userId = "thelinmichael";
+
+    final Request request = api.getPlaylist(userId, playlistId).build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/users/" + userId + "/playlists/" + playlistId, request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateCurrentUserLookupUrl() {
+    final String accessToken = "myVeryLongAccessToken";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder().accessToken(accessToken).build();
+
+    final Request request = api.getMe().build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/me", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateCreatePlaylistUrl() {
+    final String accessToken = "myVeryLongAccessToken";
+    final Api api = Api.builder().accessToken(accessToken).build();
+
+    final String myUsername = "thelinmichael";
+    final String title = "The greatest playlist ever";
+    final boolean publicAccess = true;
+
+    final Request request = api.createPlaylist(myUsername, title).publicAccess(publicAccess).build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/users/thelinmichael/playlists", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Content-Type", "application/json");
+    assertHasJsonBody(request.toUrl(), "{\"name\":\"The greatest playlist ever\",\"public\":\"true\"}");
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAddTrackToPlaylistUrl() {
+    final String accessToken = "myVeryLongAccessToken";
+    final Api api = Api.builder().accessToken(accessToken).build();
+
+    final String myUsername = "thelinmichael";
+    final String myPlaylistId = "5ieJqeLJjjI8iJWaxeBLuK";
+    final List<String> tracksToAdd = Arrays.asList("spotify:track:4BYGxv4rxSNcTgT3DsFB9o","spotify:tracks:0BG2iE6McPhmAEKIhfqy1X");
+    final int insertIndex = 3;
+
+    final Request request = api.addTracksToPlaylist(myUsername, myPlaylistId, tracksToAdd).position(insertIndex).build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/users/thelinmichael/playlists/" + myPlaylistId + "/tracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Content-Type", "application/json");
+    assertHasJsonBody(request.toUrl(), "[\"spotify:track:4BYGxv4rxSNcTgT3DsFB9o\",\"spotify:tracks:0BG2iE6McPhmAEKIhfqy1X\"]");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "position", String.valueOf(insertIndex));
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateChangePlaylistDetailsUrl() {
+    final String accessToken = "myVeryLongAccessToken";
+    final Api api = Api.builder().accessToken(accessToken).build();
+
+    final String myUsername = "thelinmichael";
+    final String myPlaylistId = "5ieJqeLJjjI8iJWaxeBLuK";
+
+    final boolean isPublic = false;
+    final String name = "Testing name change";
+
+    final Request request = api.changePlaylistDetails(myUsername, myPlaylistId)
+        .publicAccess(isPublic)
+        .name(name)
+        .build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/users/thelinmichael/playlists/" + myPlaylistId,
+                 request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Content-Type", "application/json");
+
+    JSONObject jsonBody = JSONObject.fromObject(request.toUrl().getJsonBody());
+    assertEquals(name, jsonBody.getString("name"));
+    assertEquals(isPublic, jsonBody.getBoolean("public"));
+
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateClientCredentialsGrantUrl() {
+    final String clientId = "myClientId";
+    final String clientSecret = "myClientSecret";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+            .clientId(clientId)
+            .clientSecret(clientSecret)
+            .build();
+
+    final List<String> scopes = Arrays.asList("some-scope", "some-other-scope");
+
+    final Request request = api.clientCredentialsGrant().scopes(scopes).build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://accounts.spotify.com:443/api/token", request.toString());
+
+    assertHasBodyParameter(request.toUrl(), "grant_type", "client_credentials");
+    assertHasBodyParameter(request.toUrl(), "scope", "some-scope some-other-scope");
+
+    final String idSecret = clientId + ":" + clientSecret;
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Basic " + new String(Base64.encodeBase64(idSecret.getBytes())));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAGetPlaylistTracksURL() {
+    final String accessToken = "myAccessToken";
+    final String userId = "thelinmichael";
+    final String playlistId = "5ieJqeLJjjI8iJWaxeBLuK";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+            .accessToken(accessToken)
+            .build();
+
+    final Request request = api
+            .getPlaylistTracks(userId, playlistId)
+            .fields("items")
+            .limit(20)
+            .offset(1)
+            .build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/users/" + userId + "/playlists/" + playlistId + "/tracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "fields", "items");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "limit", "20");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "offset", "1");
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateRelatedArtistsURL() {
+    final Api api = Api.DEFAULT_API;
+
+    final String artistId = "0qeei9KQnptjwb8MgkqEoy";
+
+    final Request request = api.getArtistRelatedArtists(artistId).build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/artists/" + artistId + "/related-artists", request.toString());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAuthorizeURL() {
+    final String redirectURI = "http://www.michaelthelin.se/test-callback";
+    final String clientId = "fcecfc79122e4cd299473677a17cbd4d";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+            .clientId(clientId)
+            .redirectURI(redirectURI)
+            .build();
+
+    final List<String> scopes = Arrays.asList("user-read-private", "user-read-email");
+    final String state = "someExpectedStateString";
+
+    String authorizeURL = api.createAuthorizeURL(scopes, state);
+    assertEquals("https://accounts.spotify.com:443/authorize?client_id=fcecfc79122e4cd299473677a17cbd4d&response_type=code&redirect_uri=http://www.michaelthelin.se/test-callback&scope=user-read-private%20user-read-email&state=someExpectedStateString", authorizeURL);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateAuthorizeUrlWithOptionalParameters() {
+    final String redirectURI = "http://www.michaelthelin.se/test-callback";
+    final String clientId = "fcecfc79122e4cd299473677a17cbd4d";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+        .clientId(clientId)
+        .redirectURI(redirectURI)
+        .build();
+
+    final List<String> scopes = Arrays.asList("user-read-private", "user-read-email");
+    final String state = "someExpectedStateString";
+
+    String authorizeURL = api.createAuthorizeURL(scopes).
+        state(state).
+        showDialog(false).
+        build().
+        toStringWithQueryParameters();
+
+    assertEquals("https://accounts.spotify.com:443/authorize?client_id=fcecfc79122e4cd299473677a17cbd4d&response_type=code&redirect_uri=http://www.michaelthelin.se/test-callback&scope=user-read-private%20user-read-email&state=someExpectedStateString&show_dialog=false", authorizeURL);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateGetMyTracksURL() {
+    final String accessToken = "myAccessToken";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+        .accessToken(accessToken)
+        .build();
+
+    final Request request = api
+        .getMySavedTracks()
+        .limit(5)
+        .offset(1)
+        .build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/me/tracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "limit", "5");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "offset", "1");
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreatePutTracksURL() {
+    final String accessToken = "myAccessToken";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+        .accessToken(accessToken)
+        .build();
+
+    final Request request = api
+        .addToMySavedTracks(Arrays.asList("test", "test2"))
+        .build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/me/tracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateRemoveTracksURL() {
+    final String accessToken = "myAccessToken";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+        .accessToken(accessToken)
+        .build();
+
+    final Request request = api
+        .removeFromMySavedTracks(Arrays.asList("test", "test2"))
+        .build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/me/tracks", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateGetNewReleasesRequest() {
+    final String accessToken = "myAccessToken";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+            .accessToken(accessToken)
+            .build();
+
+    final Request request = api.getNewReleases().limit(4).offset(1).country("SE").build();
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/browse/new-releases", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "limit", "4");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "offset", "1");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "country", "SE");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldCreateFeaturedPlaylistsRequest() {
+    final String accessToken = "myAccessToken";
+
+    final Api api = Api.builder()
+        .accessToken(accessToken)
+        .build();
+
+
+    Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance();
+    calendar.set(2014, 11, 22, 13, 59, 30);
+    Date timestamp = calendar.getTime();
+
+    final Request request = api
+        .getFeaturedPlaylists()
+        .country("SE")
+        .locale("es_MX")
+        .limit(5)
+        .offset(1)
+        .timestamp(timestamp)
+        .build();
+
+    DateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss");
+
+    assertEquals("https://api.spotify.com:443/v1/browse/featured-playlists", request.toString());
+    assertHasHeader(request.toUrl(), "Authorization", "Bearer " + accessToken);
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "limit", "5");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "offset", "1");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "country", "SE");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "locale", "es_MX");
+    assertHasParameter(request.toUrl(), "timestamp", format.format(timestamp));
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager` acquired by call to `build()` at line 560 is not released after line 574.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ApiTest.shouldCreateFeaturedPlaylistsRequest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.wrapper.spotify.ApiTest.shouldCreateFeaturedPlaylistsRequest():void.f2fa481b0ff4ae2467d2a02d9e7d28a0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/wrapper/spotify/ApiTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ApiTest.java|shouldCreateFeaturedPlaylistsRequest|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+939bacd846f19fa9053d3f2bc15017ae
+
+### Hash:
+f3c52f314911d85a4e73917fee54ffdb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10223/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10223/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3aed2e83255be14cfc41c90b25f68cf459ef1b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10223/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ios-driver
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.uiautomation.ios.ide.pages.begin;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+
+public class IDETestHelper {
+
+
+  public static void persist(File screenshot, JSONObject tree, File dest)
+      throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, JSONException {
+    System.out.println(screenshot.getAbsolutePath());
+    FileWriter write = new FileWriter(dest);
+    IOUtils.copy(new StringReader(tree.toString(2)), new FileOutputStream(dest), "UTF-8");
+    System.out.println(dest.getAbsolutePath());
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileWriter` acquired to `write` by call to `new()` at line 21 is not released after line 21.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IDETestHelper.persist(File,JSONObject,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.uiautomation.ios.ide.pages.begin.IDETestHelper.persist(java.io.File,org.json.JSONObject,java.io..aa1900db585942e760950453fb468509
+
+### File:
+ide/src/test/java/org/uiautomation/ios/ide/pages/begin/IDETestHelper.java
+
+### Key:
+IDETestHelper.java|persist|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8bb6c8289be64f76292c61dfe72b9d80
+
+### Hash:
+07378eb4a086ba07c1218052bc678b70
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10224/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10224/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f8c8f0fad72b8e6d5f1d756720ee8a6f1a5bab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10224/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ios-driver
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012 ios-driver committers.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+ * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
+ * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+package org.uiautomation.ios.server;
+
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TimeoutException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.mobileSafari.EventListener;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.mobileSafari.NodeId;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.mobileSafari.events.ChildNodeRemoved;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.mobileSafari.events.Event;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.mobileSafari.events.EventHistory;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.mobileSafari.events.inserted.ChildIframeInserted;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.webInspector.DOM.DOM;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.webInspector.DOM.RemoteExceptionException;
+import org.uiautomation.ios.webInspector.DOM.RemoteWebElement;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+
+// TODO freynaud revisit pageLoad, reset, setFrame and newContext and expose only 1 thing.
+public class DOMContext implements EventListener {
+
+  private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(DOMContext.class.getName());
+
+  private volatile boolean pageLoaded = false;
+
+  private volatile boolean isReady = true;
+  private NodeId parent;
+
+  private final ServerSideSession session;
+
+  private RemoteWebElement window;
+  private RemoteWebElement document;
+  private RemoteWebElement iframe;
+
+  private boolean isOnMainFrame = true;
+  private RemoteWebElement mainDocument;
+  private RemoteWebElement mainWindow;
+
+  private final EventHistory eventHistory = new EventHistory();
+
+  public RemoteWebElement getDocument() {
+    int cpt = 0;
+    while (!isReady) {
+      cpt++;
+      if (cpt > 20) {
+        isReady = true;
+        throw new TimeoutException("doc not ready.");
+      }
+      try {
+        // System.err.println("cannot get document. Something is happening.");
+        Thread.sleep(250);
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        e.printStackTrace();
+      }
+    }
+    return document;
+  }
+
+  public RemoteWebElement getWindow() {
+    return window;
+  }
+
+  public void newContext() {
+    window = null;
+    document = null;
+    iframe = null;
+    mainDocument = null;
+  }
+
+  public String toString() {
+    StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
+    b.append("window " + window);
+    b.append("document " + document);
+    b.append("iframe " + iframe);
+    b.append("mainDocument " + mainDocument);
+    return b.toString();
+  }
+
+  // TODO freynaud reset() != pageLoad
+  public void reset() {
+    RemoteWebElement newDocument = null;
+    RemoteWebElement newWindow = null;
+
+    // check is what changed was the context for the current frame.
+    if (iframe != null) {
+      try {
+        newDocument = iframe.getContentDocument();
+        newWindow = iframe.getContentWindow();
+        setCurrentFrame(iframe, newDocument, newWindow);
+        return;
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        e.printStackTrace();
+      }
+    }
+    // couldn't update the current frame. Reseting everything.
+    newContext();
+  }
+
+  // TODO freynaud. Cleanup. A reference to the main document of the page needs
+  // to be kept.
+  // calling getDocument again to have the document after siwtching to an iframe
+  // breaks the nodeId reference.
+  public void setCurrentFrame(RemoteWebElement iframe, RemoteWebElement document,
+                              RemoteWebElement window) {
+    this.iframe = iframe;
+    this.document = document;
+    this.window = window;
+
+    if (iframe != null) {
+      isOnMainFrame = false;
+    } else {
+      isOnMainFrame = true;
+    }
+
+    // switchToDefaultContent. revert to main document if it was set.
+    if (iframe == null && document == null) {
+      this.document = mainDocument;
+      this.window = mainWindow;
+    }
+
+    // setting the main document for the first time
+    if (iframe == null && document != null) {
+      mainDocument = document;
+      mainWindow = window;
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public boolean isOnMainFrame() {
+    return isOnMainFrame;
+  }
+
+  public RemoteWebElement getCurrentFrame() {
+    return iframe;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onPageLoad() {
+    System.err.println("new page loaded");
+    pageLoaded = true;
+    reset();
+    try {
+      Thread.sleep(5000);
+      System.out.println(
+          "on page load:" + session.getWebInspector().getProtocol().sendCommand(DOM.getDocument())
+              .optJSONObject("root").optString("documentURL"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void waitForPageToLoad(long timeout) {
+    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    long deadLine = start + timeout;
+    while (!pageLoaded) {
+      if (System.currentTimeMillis() > deadLine) {
+        throw new TimeoutException("failed to load the page after " + timeout + " ms.");
+      }
+      try {
+        Thread.sleep(50);
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        // ignore
+      }
+    }
+
+    pageLoaded = false;
+    waitForDocumentReady(deadLine);
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isLoading() {
+    return !isReady();
+  }
+
+  public String getDocumentReadyState() {
+    String state = null;
+    try {
+      state = (String) session.getWebInspector().executeScript(
+          "var state = document.readyState; return state",
+          new JSONArray());
+    } catch (RemoteExceptionException e) {
+      // Arguments should belong to the same JavaScript world as the target object.
+      System.err.println("error, reseting because " + e.getMessage());
+      reset();
+      return "unknown";
+    }
+    return state; ///*"interactive".equals(state)
+    /*String state = null;
+    try {
+      state = (String)session.getWebInspector().evaluate("document.readyState;");
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();  //To change body of catch statement use File | Settings | File Templates.
+    }
+    System.out.println("state:"+state);
+    return state; */
+  }
+
+  private boolean isReady() {
+    return "complete".equals(getDocumentReadyState());
+  }
+
+  private void waitForDocumentReady(long deadLine) {
+    while (!isReady()) {
+      if (System.currentTimeMillis() > deadLine) {
+        throw new TimeoutException("failed to load the page");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public DOMContext(ServerSideSession session) {
+    this.session = session;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void domHasChanged(Event e) {
+    try {
+
+      if (e instanceof ChildNodeRemoved) {
+        ChildNodeRemoved removed = (ChildNodeRemoved) e;
+        if (iframe != null ? removed.getNode().equals(iframe.getNodeId()) : false) {
+          isReady = false;
+          parent = removed.getParent();
+          log.fine("current frame " + iframe.getNodeId() + " is gone.Parent = " + parent);
+          List<ChildIframeInserted> newOnes = eventHistory.getInsertedFrames(parent);
+          if (newOnes.size() == 0) {
+            return;
+          } else if (newOnes.size() == 1) {
+            Event newFrame = newOnes.get(0);
+            assignNewFrameFromEvent((ChildIframeInserted) newFrame);
+            eventHistory.removeEvent(newFrame);
+          } else {
+            log.warning(
+                "there should be only 1 newly created frame with parent =" + parent + ". Found "
+                + newOnes.size());
+          }
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (e instanceof ChildIframeInserted) {
+        ChildIframeInserted newFrame = (ChildIframeInserted) e;
+        // are we waiting for something ?
+        if (isReady) {
+          eventHistory.add(newFrame);
+          return;
+        } else {
+          // is it the new node we're looking for ?
+          if (parent.equals(newFrame.getParent())) {
+            log.fine("the new node is here :" + newFrame.getNode());
+            assignNewFrameFromEvent(newFrame);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      ex.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void assignNewFrameFromEvent(ChildIframeInserted newFrameEvent) throws Exception {
+    RemoteWebElement frame = new RemoteWebElement(newFrameEvent.getNode(), session);
+    RemoteWebElement document = new RemoteWebElement(newFrameEvent.getContentDocument(), session);
+    RemoteWebElement window = frame.getContentWindow();
+    setCurrentFrame(frame, document, window);
+    isReady = true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void frameDied(JSONObject message) {
+    // if that's the one we're working on, deselect it.
+    if (iframe != null) {
+      if (!iframe.exists()) {
+        log.fine(
+            "the current frame is dead. Will need to switch to default content or another frame before being able to do anything.");
+        isReady = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.uiautomation.ios.server.DOMContext.onPageLoad` indirectly reads without synchronization from `mobileSafari.DebugProtocol.org.uiautomation.ios.mobileSafari.DebugProtocol.socket`. Potentially races with write in method `DOMContext.domHasChanged(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DOMContext.onPageLoad()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.uiautomation.ios.server.DOMContext.onPageLoad():void.4d1fabeb3c630c0928aa89b385ba220d
+
+### File:
+server/src/main/java/org/uiautomation/ios/server/DOMContext.java
+
+### Key:
+DOMContext.java|onPageLoad|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1177e3fa6e8a9dd0a805774111291b0d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1023/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1023/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a1412d6421275ec63fec09ca2f1ed166d3829e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1023/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PKHeX-Plugins
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+
+namespace PKHeX.Core.AutoMod
+{
+    public static class NetUtil
+    {
+        public static string GetPageText(string url)
+        {
+            var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url);
+            var response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
+            return new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()).ReadToEnd();
+        }
+
+        public static string DownloadString(string address)
+        {
+            var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(address);
+            request.Method = "GET";
+            request.UserAgent = "PKHeX-Auto-Legality-Mod";
+            request.Accept = "application/json";
+            WebResponse response = request.GetResponse(); //Error Here
+            Stream dataStream = response.GetResponseStream();
+            StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(dataStream);
+            return reader.ReadToEnd();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamReader::.ctor() at Line 12) of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "String NetUtil.GetPageText(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String NetUtil.GetPageText(String)
+
+### File:
+PKHeX.Core.AutoMod/Enhancements/NetUtil.cs
+
+### Key:
+NetUtil.cs|GetPageText|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+5c5f933a6f2bccd858859d7dc78756fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1024/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1024/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..abd1995182c9ab821ef499cee3845d9df762492a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1024/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PKHeX-Plugins
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+
+namespace PKHeX.Core.AutoMod
+{
+    public static class NetUtil
+    {
+        public static string GetPageText(string url)
+        {
+            var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url);
+            var response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
+            return new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()).ReadToEnd();
+        }
+
+        public static string DownloadString(string address)
+        {
+            var request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(address);
+            request.Method = "GET";
+            request.UserAgent = "PKHeX-Auto-Legality-Mod";
+            request.Accept = "application/json";
+            WebResponse response = request.GetResponse(); //Error Here
+            Stream dataStream = response.GetResponseStream();
+            StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(dataStream);
+            return reader.ReadToEnd();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource reader of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "String NetUtil.DownloadString(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+String NetUtil.DownloadString(String)
+
+### File:
+PKHeX.Core.AutoMod/Enhancements/NetUtil.cs
+
+### Key:
+NetUtil.cs|DownloadString|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9eea0a9b92991d79b3820113ccc40696
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10240/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10240/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b979d0b94eea5151c7d3d88c7e84955f01bbe5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10240/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helper
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is part of helper, licensed under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Copyright (c) lucko (Luck) <luck@lucko.me>
+ *  Copyright (c) contributors
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ *  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ *  SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package me.lucko.helper.plugin;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+
+import me.lucko.helper.Scheduler;
+import me.lucko.helper.config.Configs;
+import me.lucko.helper.internal.LoaderUtils;
+import me.lucko.helper.maven.LibraryLoader;
+import me.lucko.helper.terminable.Terminable;
+import me.lucko.helper.terminable.composite.CompositeTerminable;
+import me.lucko.helper.terminable.registry.TerminableRegistry;
+import me.lucko.helper.utils.CommandMapUtil;
+
+import org.bukkit.command.CommandExecutor;
+import org.bukkit.configuration.file.YamlConfiguration;
+import org.bukkit.event.Listener;
+import org.bukkit.plugin.ServicePriority;
+import org.bukkit.plugin.java.JavaPlugin;
+
+import ninja.leaping.configurate.ConfigurationNode;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+/**
+ * An "extended" JavaPlugin class.
+ */
+public class ExtendedJavaPlugin extends JavaPlugin implements HelperPlugin {
+
+    // the backing terminable registry
+    private TerminableRegistry terminableRegistry;
+
+    // Used by subclasses to perform logic for plugin load/enable/disable.
+    protected void load() {}
+    protected void enable() {}
+    protected void disable() {}
+
+    @Override
+    public final void onLoad() {
+        LoaderUtils.getPlugin(); // cache the loader plugin & run initial setup
+        terminableRegistry = TerminableRegistry.create();
+
+        LibraryLoader.loadAll(getClass());
+
+        // call subclass
+        load();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void onEnable() {
+        // schedule cleanup of the registry
+        Scheduler.runTaskRepeatingAsync(terminableRegistry::cleanup, 600L, 600L).bindWith(terminableRegistry);
+
+        // call subclass
+        enable();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void onDisable() {
+
+        // call subclass
+        disable();
+
+        // terminate the registry
+        terminableRegistry.terminate();
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Terminable> T bind(@Nonnull T terminable) {
+        return terminableRegistry.bind(terminable);
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Runnable> T bindRunnable(@Nonnull T runnable) {
+        return terminableRegistry.bindRunnable(runnable);
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public <T extends CompositeTerminable> T bindComposite(@Nonnull T terminable) {
+        return terminableRegistry.bindComposite(terminable);
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public <T extends Listener> T registerListener(@Nonnull T listener) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(listener, "listener");
+        getServer().getPluginManager().registerEvents(listener, this);
+        return listener;
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public <T extends CommandExecutor> T registerCommand(@Nonnull T command, @Nonnull String... aliases) {
+        return CommandMapUtil.registerCommand(this, command, aliases);
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    public <T> T getService(@Nonnull Class<T> service) {
+        return getServer().getServicesManager().load(service);
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public <T> T provideService(@Nonnull Class<T> clazz, @Nonnull T instance, @Nonnull ServicePriority priority) {
+        getServer().getServicesManager().register(clazz, instance, this, priority);
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public <T> T provideService(@Nonnull Class<T> clazz, @Nonnull T instance) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(clazz, "clazz");
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(instance, "instance");
+        return provideService(clazz, instance, ServicePriority.Normal);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    public <T> T getPlugin(@Nonnull String name, @Nonnull Class<T> pluginClass) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(name, "name");
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(pluginClass, "pluginClass");
+        return (T) getServer().getPluginManager().getPlugin(name);
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public File getBundledFile(@Nonnull String name) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(name, "name");
+        getDataFolder().mkdirs();
+        File file = new File(getDataFolder(), name);
+        if (!file.exists()) {
+            saveResource(name, false);
+        }
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public YamlConfiguration loadConfig(@Nonnull String file) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(file, "file");
+        return YamlConfiguration.loadConfiguration(getBundledFile(file));
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public ConfigurationNode loadConfigNode(@Nonnull String file) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(file, "file");
+        return Configs.yamlLoad(getBundledFile(file));
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    @Override
+    public ClassLoader getClassloader() {
+        return super.getClassLoader();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `me.lucko.helper.Scheduler$HelperTask` acquired by call to `runTaskRepeatingAsync(...)` at line 79 is not released after line 79.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtendedJavaPlugin.onEnable()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+me.lucko.helper.plugin.ExtendedJavaPlugin.onEnable():void.6c4e05f3837740a3ab5d796fd90dfeca
+
+### File:
+helper/src/main/java/me/lucko/helper/plugin/ExtendedJavaPlugin.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtendedJavaPlugin.java|onEnable|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5501c1a00b003765b925f59b37017f3c
+
+### Hash:
+468aad4fc465fbaa0f456cf4daa1fbcd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10241/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10241/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1ad15330381bc4f417c566c80d9f83371b2cc5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10241/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helper
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is part of helper, licensed under the MIT License.
+ *
+ *  Copyright (c) lucko (Luck) <luck@lucko.me>
+ *  Copyright (c) contributors
+ *
+ *  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ *  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ *  SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package me.lucko.helper.serialize;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
+import com.google.gson.JsonPrimitive;
+
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.inventory.Inventory;
+import org.bukkit.inventory.ItemStack;
+import org.bukkit.util.io.BukkitObjectInputStream;
+import org.bukkit.util.io.BukkitObjectOutputStream;
+import org.yaml.snakeyaml.external.biz.base64Coder.Base64Coder;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Utility methods for converting ItemStacks and Inventories to and from JSON.
+ */
+public final class Serializers {
+
+    public static JsonPrimitive serializeItemstack(ItemStack item) {
+        try (ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+            try (BukkitObjectOutputStream dataOutput = new BukkitObjectOutputStream(outputStream)) {
+                dataOutput.writeObject(item);
+                return new JsonPrimitive(Base64Coder.encodeLines(outputStream.toByteArray()));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static ItemStack deserializeItemstack(JsonElement data) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(data.isJsonPrimitive());
+        try (ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(Base64Coder.decodeLines(data.getAsString()))) {
+            try (BukkitObjectInputStream dataInput = new BukkitObjectInputStream(inputStream)) {
+                return (ItemStack) dataInput.readObject();
+            }
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static JsonPrimitive serializeItemstacks(ItemStack[] items) {
+        try (ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+            try (BukkitObjectOutputStream dataOutput = new BukkitObjectOutputStream(outputStream)) {
+                dataOutput.writeInt(items.length);
+
+                for (ItemStack item : items) {
+                    dataOutput.writeObject(item);
+                }
+
+                return new JsonPrimitive(Base64Coder.encodeLines(outputStream.toByteArray()));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static JsonPrimitive serializeInventory(Inventory inventory) {
+        try (ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+            try (BukkitObjectOutputStream dataOutput = new BukkitObjectOutputStream(outputStream)) {
+                dataOutput.writeInt(inventory.getSize());
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < inventory.getSize(); i++) {
+                    dataOutput.writeObject(inventory.getItem(i));
+                }
+
+                return new JsonPrimitive(Base64Coder.encodeLines(outputStream.toByteArray()));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static ItemStack[] deserializeItemstacks(JsonElement data) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(data.isJsonPrimitive());
+        try (ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(Base64Coder.decodeLines(data.getAsString()))) {
+            try (BukkitObjectInputStream dataInput = new BukkitObjectInputStream(inputStream)) {
+                ItemStack[] items = new ItemStack[dataInput.readInt()];
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
+                    items[i] = (ItemStack) dataInput.readObject();
+                }
+
+                return items;
+            }
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Inventory deserializeInventory(JsonElement data, String title) {
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(data.isJsonPrimitive());
+        try (ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(Base64Coder.decodeLines(data.getAsString()))) {
+            try (BukkitObjectInputStream dataInput = new BukkitObjectInputStream(inputStream)) {
+                Inventory inventory = Bukkit.getServer().createInventory(null, dataInput.readInt(), title);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < inventory.getSize(); i++) {
+                    inventory.setItem(i, (ItemStack) dataInput.readObject());
+                }
+
+                return inventory;
+            }
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Serializers() {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("This class cannot be instantiated");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.bukkit.util.io.BukkitObjectInputStream` acquired to `dataInput` by call to `new()` at line 122 is not released after line 130.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 123
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Inventory Serializers.deserializeInventory(JsonElement,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+me.lucko.helper.serialize.Serializers.deserializeInventory(com.google.gson.JsonElement,java.lang.Str.f498a5cefba24008526fc308a0aaab34
+
+### File:
+helper/src/main/java/me/lucko/helper/serialize/Serializers.java
+
+### Key:
+Serializers.java|deserializeInventory|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8df5c427b4dc1c9b8027fae958400e1e
+
+### Hash:
+b2f96da77bc75b767eee40d67e68f85f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10246/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10246/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1b418c4393d73a2ae05dd91f9b567dcac711daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10246/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** motan
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2009-2016 Weibo, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.weibo.api.motan.config.handler;
+
+import com.weibo.api.motan.cluster.Cluster;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.cluster.support.ClusterSupport;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.common.MotanConstants;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.common.URLParamType;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.core.extension.ExtensionLoader;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.core.extension.SpiMeta;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.protocol.support.ProtocolFilterDecorator;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.proxy.ProxyFactory;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.proxy.RefererInvocationHandler;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.registry.Registry;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.registry.RegistryFactory;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.rpc.*;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.util.LoggerUtil;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.util.StringTools;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * Handle refUrl to get referers, assemble to a cluster, create a proxy
+ *
+ * @author fishermen
+ * @version V1.0 created at: 2013-5-31
+ */
+
+@SpiMeta(name = MotanConstants.DEFAULT_VALUE)
+public class SimpleConfigHandler implements ConfigHandler {
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> ClusterSupport<T> buildClusterSupport(Class<T> interfaceClass, List<URL> registryUrls) {
+        ClusterSupport<T> clusterSupport = new ClusterSupport<T>(interfaceClass, registryUrls);
+        clusterSupport.init();
+
+        return clusterSupport;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T refer(Class<T> interfaceClass, List<Cluster<T>> clusters, String proxyType) {
+        ProxyFactory proxyFactory = ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(ProxyFactory.class).getExtension(proxyType);
+        return proxyFactory.getProxy(interfaceClass, new RefererInvocationHandler<T>(interfaceClass, clusters));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Exporter<T> export(Class<T> interfaceClass, T ref, List<URL> registryUrls) {
+
+        String serviceStr = StringTools.urlDecode(registryUrls.get(0).getParameter(URLParamType.embed.getName()));
+        URL serviceUrl = URL.valueOf(serviceStr);
+
+        // export service
+        // 利用protocol decorator来增加filter特性
+        String protocolName = serviceUrl.getParameter(URLParamType.protocol.getName(), URLParamType.protocol.getValue());
+        Protocol protocol = new ProtocolFilterDecorator(ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(Protocol.class).getExtension(protocolName));
+        Provider<T> provider = new DefaultProvider<T>(ref, serviceUrl, interfaceClass);
+        Exporter<T> exporter = protocol.export(provider, serviceUrl);
+
+        // register service
+        register(registryUrls, serviceUrl);
+
+        return exporter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> void unexport(List<Exporter<T>> exporters, Collection<URL> registryUrls) {
+        try {
+            unRegister(registryUrls);
+        } catch (Exception e1) {
+            LoggerUtil.warn("Exception when unregister urls:" + registryUrls);
+        }
+        try {
+            for (Exporter<T> exporter : exporters) {
+                exporter.unexport();
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LoggerUtil.warn("Exception when unexport exporters:" + exporters);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void register(List<URL> registryUrls, URL serviceUrl) {
+        for (URL url : registryUrls) {
+            // 根据check参数的设置，register失败可能会抛异常，上层应该知晓
+            RegistryFactory registryFactory = ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(RegistryFactory.class).getExtension(url.getProtocol());
+            Registry registry = registryFactory.getRegistry(url);
+            registry.register(serviceUrl);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void unRegister(Collection<URL> registryUrls) {
+        for (URL url : registryUrls) {
+            // 不管check的设置如何，做完所有unregistry，做好清理工作
+            try {
+                String serviceStr = StringTools.urlDecode(url.getParameter(URLParamType.embed.getName()));
+                URL serviceUrl = URL.valueOf(serviceStr);
+
+                RegistryFactory registryFactory = ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(RegistryFactory.class).getExtension(url.getProtocol());
+                Registry registry = registryFactory.getRegistry(url);
+                registry.unregister(serviceUrl);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                LoggerUtil.warn(String.format("unregister url false:%s", url), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `registryFactory` last assigned on line 101 could be null and is dereferenced at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SimpleConfigHandler.register(List,URL)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.weibo.api.motan.config.handler.SimpleConfigHandler.register(java.util.List,com.weibo.api.motan.r.3ff1c2e7ea3a6d612815a8f4cb390b76
+
+### File:
+motan-core/src/main/java/com/weibo/api/motan/config/handler/SimpleConfigHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+SimpleConfigHandler.java|register|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0a853e99fcfdcdf63138383f6a919826
+
+### Hash:
+4f8277da41337f87361e9425d31366e4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10247/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10247/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03d8b22b8ba62706236c6ab64b19427c3b92e337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10247/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nlp-lang
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nlpcn.commons.lang.occurrence;
+
+import org.nlpcn.commons.lang.util.MapCount;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * 词语共现计算工具,愚人节快乐
+ * Created by ansj on 4/1/14.
+ */
+public class Occurrence {
+
+	private int seqId = 0;
+
+	private Map<String, Count> word2Mc = new HashMap<String, Count>();
+
+	private Map<Integer, String> idWordMap = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
+
+	private MapCount<String> ww2Mc = new MapCount<String>();
+
+	private static final String CONN = "\u0000";
+
+	public void add(List<Element> words) {
+		Count count = null;
+		for (Element word : words) {
+			if ((count = word2Mc.get(word.getName())) != null) {
+				count.upCount();
+			} else {
+				count = new Count(word.getNature());
+				word2Mc.put(word.getName(), count);
+				idWordMap.put(count.id, word.getName());
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		Element e1 = null;
+		Element e2 = null;
+		Count count1 = null;
+		Count count2 = null;
+		for (int i = 0; i < words.size() - 1; i++) {
+			e1 = words.get(i);
+			count1 = word2Mc.get(e1.getName());
+			for (int j = i + 1; j < words.size(); j++) {
+				e2 = words.get(j);
+				count2 = word2Mc.get(e2.getName());
+				if (count1.id == count2.id) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (count1.id < count2.id) {
+					ww2Mc.add(e1.getName() + CONN + e2.getName());
+				} else {
+					ww2Mc.add(e2.getName() + CONN + e2.getName());
+				}
+				count1.upRelation(count2.id);
+				count2.upRelation(count1.id);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 保存模型
+	 */
+	public void saveModel(String filePath) throws IOException {
+		BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(new File(filePath))) ;
+		writeMap(bw,idWordMap) ;
+		writeMap(bw,word2Mc) ;
+		writeMap(bw,ww2Mc.get()) ;
+
+	}
+
+	private void writeMap(BufferedWriter bw, Map<?, ?> map) throws IOException {
+		bw.write(word2Mc.size());
+		bw.newLine();
+		for(Map.Entry entry : word2Mc.entrySet()){
+			bw.write(entry.getKey()+"\t"+entry.getValue());
+			bw.newLine();
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * 读取模型
+	 */
+	public void loadModel(String filePath) {
+
+	}
+
+	class Count {
+		int id = 0;
+		int count = 1; //这个词
+		int relationCount; //这个词和其他词共同出现多少次
+		String nature;
+
+		Set<Integer> relationSet = new HashSet<Integer>();
+
+		public Count(String nature) {
+			this.nature = nature;
+			seqId++;
+			this.id = seqId;
+		}
+
+
+		public void upCount() {
+			this.count++;
+		}
+
+		public void upRelation(int rId) {
+			this.relationCount++;
+			this.relationSet.add(rId);
+		}
+
+
+		@Override
+		public String toString() {
+			return this.id + "\t" + this.count + "\t" + this.relationCount;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired to `bw` by call to `new()` at line 69 is not released after line 72.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 72
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Occurrence.saveModel(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nlpcn.commons.lang.occurrence.Occurrence.saveModel(java.lang.String):void.f688111cf23dbaf64469d68526126a91
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nlpcn/commons/lang/occurrence/Occurrence.java
+
+### Key:
+Occurrence.java|saveModel|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4ccf2cdec4d9aa1f5a688d2290975408
+
+### Hash:
+686aa2d7f927858a858a130c5221f378
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10248/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10248/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef56f4573c1a59dd59ee0d43812f4d15b1ebdf47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10248/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nlp-lang
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nlpcn.commons.lang.util;
+
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+public class ObjConver {
+
+	public static final String DEFFAULT_DATE_FORMAT = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";
+
+	public static Double getDouble(String value) {
+		return castToDouble(value);
+	}
+
+	public static Double getDoubleValue(String value) {
+		if (StringUtil.isBlank(value)) {
+			return 0D;
+		}
+		return castToDouble(value);
+	}
+
+	public static Float getFloat(String value) {
+		if (StringUtil.isBlank(value)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return castToFloat(value);
+	}
+
+	public static Float getFloatValue(String value) {
+		return castToFloat(value).floatValue();
+	}
+
+	public static Integer getInteger(String value) {
+		return castToInt(value);
+	}
+
+	public static int getIntValue(String value) {
+		if (StringUtil.isBlank(value)) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		return castToInt(value);
+	}
+
+	public static Date getDate(String value) {
+		if (StringUtil.isBlank(value)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return castToDate(value);
+	}
+
+	public static Long getLong(String value) {
+		return castToLong(value);
+	}
+
+	public static long getLongValue(String value) {
+		if (StringUtil.isBlank(value)) {
+			return 0L;
+		}
+		return castToLong(value);
+	}
+
+	public static Boolean getBoolean(String value) {
+		return castToBoolean(value);
+	}
+
+	public static boolean getBooleanValue(String value) {
+		if (StringUtil.isBlank(value)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		return castToBoolean(value);
+
+	}
+
+	public static final Float castToFloat(Object value) {
+		if (value == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof Number) {
+			return ((Number) value).floatValue();
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof String) {
+			String strVal = value.toString();
+			if (strVal.length() == 0) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			return Float.parseFloat(strVal);
+		}
+
+		throw new ClassCastException("can not cast to float, value : " + value);
+	}
+
+	public static final Double castToDouble(Object value) {
+		if (value == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		if (value instanceof Number) {
+			return ((Number) value).doubleValue();
+		} else if (value instanceof String) {
+			String strVal = value.toString();
+			if (strVal.length() == 0) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			return Double.parseDouble(strVal);
+		}
+		throw new RuntimeException("can not cast to double, value : " + value);
+	}
+
+	public static final Date castToDate(Object value) {
+		if (value == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		long longValue = -1;
+
+		if (value instanceof Number) {
+			longValue = ((Number) value).longValue();
+		} else if (value instanceof String) {
+			String strVal = (String) value;
+
+			if (strVal.indexOf('-') != -1) {
+				String format = null;
+				if (strVal.length() == DEFFAULT_DATE_FORMAT.length()) {
+					format = DEFFAULT_DATE_FORMAT;
+				} else if (strVal.length() == 10) {
+					format = "yyyy-MM-dd";
+				} else if (strVal.length() == "yyyy-MM-dd HH".length()) {
+					format = "yyyy-MM-dd HH";
+				} else if (strVal.length() == "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm".length()) {
+					format = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm";
+				} else if (strVal.length() == "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss".length()) {
+					format = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss";
+				} else if (strVal.length() == "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:SSS".length()) {
+					format = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS";
+				} else {
+					return null;
+				}
+
+				SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(format);
+				try {
+					return dateFormat.parse(strVal);
+				} catch (ParseException e) {
+					throw new RuntimeException("can not cast to Date, value : " + strVal);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (strVal.length() == 0) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			longValue = Long.parseLong(strVal);
+		}
+
+		if (longValue < 0) {
+			throw new ClassCastException("can not cast to Date, value : " + value);
+		}
+
+		return new Date(longValue);
+	}
+
+	public static final Long castToLong(Object value) {
+		if (value == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof Number) {
+			return ((Number) value).longValue();
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof String) {
+			String strVal = (String) value;
+			if (strVal.length() == 0) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			try {
+				return Long.parseLong(strVal);
+			} catch (NumberFormatException ex) {
+			}
+
+			Date date = castToDate(strVal);
+
+			if (date != null) {
+				return date.getTime();
+			}
+		}
+
+		throw new ClassCastException("can not cast to long, value : " + value);
+	}
+
+	public static final Integer castToInt(Object value) {
+		if (value == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof Integer) {
+			return (Integer) value;
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof Number) {
+			return ((Number) value).intValue();
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof String) {
+			String strVal = (String) value;
+			if (strVal.length() == 0) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			return Integer.parseInt(strVal);
+		}
+
+		throw new ClassCastException("can not cast to int, value : " + value);
+	}
+
+	public static final Boolean castToBoolean(Object value) {
+		if (value == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+			return (Boolean) value;
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof Number) {
+			return ((Number) value).intValue() == 1;
+		}
+
+		if (value instanceof String) {
+			String str = (String) value;
+			if (str.length() == 0) {
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			if ("true".equalsIgnoreCase(str)) {
+				return Boolean.TRUE;
+			}
+			if ("false".equalsIgnoreCase(str)) {
+				return Boolean.FALSE;
+			}
+
+			if ("1".equalsIgnoreCase(str)) {
+				return Boolean.TRUE;
+			}
+		}
+
+		throw new ClassCastException("can not cast to int, value : " + value);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `castToInt(value)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 41.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int ObjConver.getIntValue(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nlpcn.commons.lang.util.ObjConver.getIntValue(java.lang.String):int.77309a7d7c0ebfe74ec9fe0c68c88e8e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nlpcn/commons/lang/util/ObjConver.java
+
+### Key:
+ObjConver.java|getIntValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3534744d3537de8ddf14c788351b1bdd
+
+### Hash:
+2aa2690306e09d931cef37194d62a71f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10276/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10276/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6261321293486c73d212c88f9061d8846228f098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10276/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cloudsim-plus
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * CloudSim Plus: A modern, highly-extensible and easier-to-use Framework for
+ * Modeling and Simulation of Cloud Computing Infrastructures and Services.
+ * http://cloudsimplus.org
+ *
+ *     Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Universidade da Beira Interior (UBI, Portugal) and
+ *     the Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Tocantins (IFTO, Brazil).
+ *
+ *     This file is part of CloudSim Plus.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *     (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *     CloudSim Plus is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *     GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *     along with CloudSim Plus. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.cloudsimplus.examples;
+
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.allocationpolicies.VmAllocationPolicySimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.brokers.DatacenterBroker;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.brokers.DatacenterBrokerSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.cloudlets.Cloudlet;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.cloudlets.CloudletSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.core.CloudSim;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.Datacenter;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.datacenters.DatacenterSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.hosts.Host;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.hosts.HostSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.provisioners.PeProvisionerSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.provisioners.ResourceProvisioner;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.provisioners.ResourceProvisionerSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.resources.Pe;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.resources.PeSimple;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.cloudlet.CloudletSchedulerTimeShared;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.vm.VmScheduler;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.schedulers.vm.VmSchedulerTimeShared;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModel;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModelDynamic;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.utilizationmodels.UtilizationModelFull;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.Vm;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.vms.VmSimple;
+import org.cloudsimplus.builders.tables.CloudletsTableBuilder;
+import org.cloudsimplus.listeners.EventListener;
+import org.cloudsimplus.listeners.VmHostEventInfo;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+
+/**
+ * Shows how to destroy an overloaded VM during simulation runtime,
+ * after its CPU usage reaches a defined threshold.
+ *
+ * <p>The example uses the {@link UtilizationModelDynamic} to
+ * increase VM CPU usage over time (in seconds).
+ * This {@link UtilizationModelDynamic} relies on a {@link Function}
+ * to increase resource usage. Such a Function is defined using a Lambda Expression.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>It shows Host CPU utilization every second, so that when the overloaded VM
+ * is destroyed, we can check the Host CPU utilization reduces.</p>
+ *
+ * <p><b>Lambda Expressions and Functional Interfaces are Java 8 features.</b>
+ * If you don't know what these features are, I suggest checking out this
+ * <a href="http://www.oracle.com/webfolder/technetwork/tutorials/obe/java/Lambda-QuickStart/index.html">tutorial</a></p>
+ *
+ * @author Manoel Campos da Silva Filho
+ * @since CloudSim Plus 1.3.0
+ */
+public class VmDestructionExample {
+    /**
+     * Defines, between other things, the time intervals
+     * to update the processing of simulation events.
+     * This way, simulation clock increases according to this time.
+     * Since a {@link UtilizationModelDynamic} is being used to define CPU usage of VMs,
+     * the utilization is updated at this time interval.
+     *
+     * Setting the Datacenter scheduling interval is required to allow
+     * the CPU utilization to increase along the simulation execution.
+     *
+     * @see Datacenter#setSchedulingInterval(double)
+     */
+    private static final int SCHEDULING_INTERVAL = 1;
+
+    private static final int HOSTS = 1;
+    private static final int HOST_PES = 8;
+
+    private static final int VMS = 2;
+    private static final int VM_PES = 4;
+
+    private static final int CLOUDLETS = 4;
+    private static final int CLOUDLET_PES = 2;
+    private static final int CLOUDLET_LENGTH = 10000;
+
+    private final CloudSim simulation;
+    private DatacenterBroker broker0;
+    private List<Vm> vmList;
+    private List<Cloudlet> cloudletList;
+    private Datacenter datacenter0;
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        new VmDestructionExample();
+    }
+
+    public VmDestructionExample() {
+        /*Enables just some level of log messages.
+          Make sure to import org.cloudsimplus.util.Log;*/
+        //Log.setLevel(ch.qos.logback.classic.Level.WARN);
+
+        simulation = new CloudSim();
+        datacenter0 = createDatacenter();
+
+        //Creates a broker that is a software acting on behalf a cloud customer to manage his/her VMs and Cloudlets
+        broker0 = new DatacenterBrokerSimple(simulation);
+
+        vmList = createVms();
+        cloudletList = createCloudlets();
+
+        /* Adds a Listener to track the execution update of VM 1.
+         * If you want to track the update processing of multiple VMs, you can
+         * add this event listener for each desired VM that it will work
+         * transparently for any VM.
+         */
+        vmList.get(1).addOnUpdateProcessingListener(this::vmProcessingUpdateListener);
+
+        broker0.submitVmList(vmList);
+        broker0.submitCloudletList(cloudletList);
+
+        simulation.start();
+
+        final List<Cloudlet> finishedCloudlets = broker0.getCloudletFinishedList();
+        new CloudletsTableBuilder(finishedCloudlets).build();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tracks the update of execution for a VM.
+     * If that VM is overloaded then destroys it.
+     * In this example, this {@link EventListener} is just
+     * attached for VM 1, therefore, just such a VM will be destroyed
+     * if overloaded.
+     *
+     * @param info event information, including the VM that was updated
+     */
+    private void vmProcessingUpdateListener(VmHostEventInfo info) {
+        final Vm vm = info.getVm();
+        //Destroys VM 1 when its CPU usage reaches 90%
+        if(vm.getCpuPercentUtilization() > 0.9 && vm.isCreated()){
+            System.out.printf(
+                "\n# %.2f: Intentionally destroying %s due to CPU overload. Current VM CPU usage is %.2f%%\n",
+                info.getTime(), vm, vm.getCpuPercentUtilization()*100);
+            vm.getHost().destroyVm(vm);
+        }
+
+        datacenter0.getHostList().forEach(h -> System.out.printf("# %.2f: %s CPU Utilization %.2f%%\n", info.getTime(), h, h.getCpuPercentUtilization()*100));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Datacenter and its Hosts.
+     */
+    private Datacenter createDatacenter() {
+        final List<Host> hostList = new ArrayList<>(HOSTS);
+        for(int i = 0; i < HOSTS; i++) {
+            Host host = createHost();
+            hostList.add(host);
+        }
+
+        final Datacenter dc = new DatacenterSimple(simulation, hostList, new VmAllocationPolicySimple());
+        dc.setSchedulingInterval(SCHEDULING_INTERVAL);
+        return dc;
+    }
+
+    private Host createHost() {
+        List<Pe> peList = new ArrayList<>(HOST_PES);
+        //List of Host's CPUs (Processing Elements, PEs)
+        for (int i = 0; i < HOST_PES; i++) {
+            peList.add(new PeSimple(1000, new PeProvisionerSimple()));
+        }
+
+        final long ram = 2048; //in Megabytes
+        final long bw = 10000; //in Megabits/s
+        final long storage = 1000000; //in Megabytes
+        ResourceProvisioner ramProvisioner = new ResourceProvisionerSimple();
+        ResourceProvisioner bwProvisioner = new ResourceProvisionerSimple();
+        VmScheduler vmScheduler = new VmSchedulerTimeShared();
+        Host host = new HostSimple(ram, bw, storage, peList);
+        host
+            .setRamProvisioner(ramProvisioner)
+            .setBwProvisioner(bwProvisioner)
+            .setVmScheduler(vmScheduler);
+        return host;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a list of VMs.
+     */
+    private List<Vm> createVms() {
+        final List<Vm> list = new ArrayList<>(VMS);
+        for (int i = 0; i < VMS; i++) {
+            Vm vm =
+                new VmSimple(i, 1000, VM_PES)
+                    .setRam(512).setBw(1000).setSize(10000)
+                    .setCloudletScheduler(new CloudletSchedulerTimeShared());
+
+            list.add(vm);
+        }
+
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a list of Cloudlets.
+     */
+    private List<Cloudlet> createCloudlets() {
+        final List<Cloudlet> list = new ArrayList<>(CLOUDLETS);
+        UtilizationModel utilization = new UtilizationModelFull();
+
+        /*Creates a utilization model that enables increasing resource usage over time.
+        * It is used to define the CPU usage of VMs dynamically.*/
+        UtilizationModelDynamic dynamicUtilization = new UtilizationModelDynamic();
+
+        /**
+         * Sets a {@link Function} that enables the utilization model to increment resource usage by 10% over time.
+         * This function is defined using a Lambda Expression.
+         */
+        dynamicUtilization.setUtilizationUpdateFunction(um -> um.getUtilization() + um.getTimeSpan()*0.1);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < CLOUDLETS; i++) {
+            Cloudlet cloudlet =
+                new CloudletSimple(i, CLOUDLET_LENGTH, CLOUDLET_PES)
+                    .setFileSize(1024)
+                    .setOutputSize(1024)
+                    .setUtilizationModelRam(utilization)
+                    .setUtilizationModelBw(utilization)
+                    .setUtilizationModelCpu(dynamicUtilization);
+            list.add(cloudlet);
+        }
+
+        return list;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+format string arguments don't mach provided arguments in printf(...) at line 154.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VmDestructionExample.vmProcessingUpdateListener(VmHostEventInfo)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cloudsimplus.examples.VmDestructionExample.vmProcessingUpdateListener(org.cloudsimplus.listeners.a790fccc622d1ab321c06d8c19eb59a5
+
+### File:
+cloudsim-plus-examples/src/main/java/org/cloudsimplus/examples/VmDestructionExample.java
+
+### Key:
+VmDestructionExample.java|vmProcessingUpdateListener|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5ca2727b3e8494bef68ca9c88cd1a908
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10278/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10278/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e36fef8ffb54a6e7520da9027c8949ca97051e63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10278/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cloudsim-plus
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Title:        CloudSim Toolkit
+ * Description:  CloudSim (Cloud Simulation) Toolkit for Modeling and Simulation of Clouds
+ * Licence:      GPL - http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2009-2012, The University of Melbourne, Australia
+ */
+package org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.topologies;
+
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.DelayMatrix;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.topologies.readers.TopologyReaderBrite;
+import org.cloudbus.cloudsim.util.ResourceLoader;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Implements a network layer by reading the topology from a file in the
+ * <a href="http://www.cs.bu.edu/brite/user_manual/node29.html">BRITE
+ * format</a>, the <b>B</b>oston university
+ * <b>R</b>epresentative <b>I</b>nternet <b>T</b>opology g<b>E</b>nerator
+ * <a href="http://www.cs.bu.edu/brite/">(http://www.cs.bu.edu/brite/)</a>,
+ * and generates a topological network
+ * from it. Information of this network is used to simulate latency in network
+ * traffic of CloudSim.
+ *
+ * <p>The topology file may contain more nodes than the number of entities in the
+ * simulation. It allows users to increase the scale of the simulation without
+ * changing the topology file. Nevertheless, each CloudSim entity must be mapped
+ * to one (and only one) BRITE node to allow proper work of the network
+ * simulation. Each BRITE node can be mapped to only one entity at a time.</p>
+ *
+ * @author Rodrigo N. Calheiros
+ * @author Anton Beloglazov
+ * @since CloudSim Toolkit 1.0
+ * @see #getInstance(String)
+ */
+public final class BriteNetworkTopology implements NetworkTopology {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BriteNetworkTopology.class.getSimpleName());
+
+    /**
+     * The BRITE id to use for the next node to be created in the network.
+     */
+    private int nextIdx;
+
+    private boolean networkEnabled;
+
+    /**
+     * A matrix containing the delay between every pair of nodes in the network.
+     */
+    private DelayMatrix delayMatrix;
+
+    private double[][] bwMatrix;
+
+    /**
+     * The Topological Graph of the network.
+     */
+    private TopologicalGraph graph;
+
+    /**
+     * The map between CloudSim entities and BRITE entities.
+     * Each key is a CloudSim entity ID and each value the corresponding BRITE entity ID.
+     */
+    private Map<Long, Integer> map;
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates a Network Topology from a file inside the <b>application's resource directory</b>.
+     * @param fileName the <b>relative name</b> of the BRITE file
+     * @return the BriteNetworkTopology instance.
+     */
+    public static BriteNetworkTopology getInstance(final String fileName){
+        final InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ResourceLoader.getInputStream(fileName, BriteNetworkTopology.class));
+        return new BriteNetworkTopology(reader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates a Network Topology.
+     * @see #BriteNetworkTopology(String)
+     * @see #BriteNetworkTopology(InputStreamReader)
+     * @see #getInstance(String)
+     */
+    public BriteNetworkTopology() {
+        map = new HashMap<>();
+        bwMatrix = new double[0][0];
+        graph = new TopologicalGraph();
+        delayMatrix = new DelayMatrix();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates a Network Topology if a given file exists and can be successfully
+     * parsed. File is written in the BRITE format and contains
+     * topological information on simulation entities.
+     *
+     * @param filePath the path of the BRITE file
+     * @see #BriteNetworkTopology()
+     * @see #BriteNetworkTopology(InputStreamReader)
+     * @see #getInstance(String)
+     */
+    public BriteNetworkTopology(final String filePath) {
+        this(ResourceLoader.getFileReader(filePath));
+        LOGGER.info("Topology file: {}", filePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a network topology from a given input stream reader.
+     * The file is written in the BRITE format and contains
+     * topological information on simulation entities.
+     *
+     * @param streamReader the reader to read the topology file
+     * @see #BriteNetworkTopology()
+     * @see #BriteNetworkTopology(InputStreamReader)
+     * @see #getInstance(String)
+     */
+    private BriteNetworkTopology(final InputStreamReader streamReader) {
+        this();
+        final TopologyReaderBrite reader = new TopologyReaderBrite();
+        graph = reader.readGraphFile(streamReader);
+        generateMatrices();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the matrices used internally to set latency and bandwidth
+     * between elements.
+     */
+    private void generateMatrices() {
+        // creates the delay matrix
+        delayMatrix = new DelayMatrix(getTopologycalGraph(), false);
+
+        // creates the bw matrix
+        bwMatrix = createBwMatrix(getTopologycalGraph(), false);
+
+        networkEnabled = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the matrix containing the available bandwidth between every pair
+     * of nodes.
+     *
+     * @param graph topological graph describing the topology
+     * @param directed true if the graph is directed; false otherwise
+     * @return the bandwidth graph
+     */
+    private double[][] createBwMatrix(final TopologicalGraph graph, final boolean directed) {
+        final int nodes = graph.getNumberOfNodes();
+
+        final double[][] mtx = new double[nodes][nodes];
+
+        // cleanup matrix
+        for (int i = 0; i < nodes; i++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < nodes; j++) {
+                mtx[i][j] = 0.0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (final TopologicalLink edge : graph.getLinksList()) {
+            mtx[edge.getSrcNodeID()][edge.getDestNodeID()] = edge.getLinkBw();
+            if (!directed) {
+                mtx[edge.getDestNodeID()][edge.getSrcNodeID()] = edge.getLinkBw();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return mtx;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addLink(final long srcId, final long destId, final double bandwidth, final double latency) {
+        if (getTopologycalGraph() == null) {
+            graph = new TopologicalGraph();
+        }
+
+        if (map == null) {
+            map = new HashMap<>();
+        }
+
+        // maybe add the nodes
+        addNodeMapping(srcId);
+        addNodeMapping(destId);
+
+        // generate a new link
+        getTopologycalGraph().addLink(new TopologicalLink(map.get(srcId), map.get(destId), (float) latency, (float) bandwidth));
+
+        generateMatrices();
+    }
+
+    private void addNodeMapping(final long cloudSimEntityId) {
+        if (!map.containsKey(cloudSimEntityId)) {
+            getTopologycalGraph().addNode(new TopologicalNode(nextIdx));
+            map.put(cloudSimEntityId, nextIdx);
+            nextIdx++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void mapNode(final long cloudSimEntityID, final int briteID) {
+        if (!networkEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (map.containsKey(cloudSimEntityID)) {
+            LOGGER.warn("Network mapping: CloudSim entity {} already mapped.", cloudSimEntityID);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (map.containsValue(briteID)) {
+            LOGGER.warn("BRITE node {} already in use.", briteID);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        map.put(cloudSimEntityID, briteID);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unmapNode(final long cloudSimEntityID) {
+        if (!networkEnabled) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        map.remove(cloudSimEntityID);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getDelay(final long srcID, final long destID) {
+        if (!networkEnabled) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return delayMatrix.getDelay(map.getOrDefault(srcID, -1), map.getOrDefault(destID, -1));
+        } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isNetworkEnabled() {
+        return networkEnabled;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public TopologicalGraph getTopologycalGraph() {
+        return graph;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a<b>copy</b> of the matrix containing the bandwidth between every pair of nodes in the
+     * network.
+     */
+    public double[][] getBwMatrix() {
+        return Arrays.copyOf(bwMatrix, bwMatrix.length);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `BriteNetworkTopology.map.get(valueOf(srcId))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 185.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BriteNetworkTopology.addLink(long,long,double,double)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cloudbus.cloudsim.network.topologies.BriteNetworkTopology.addLink(long,long,double,double):void.a5079c9f2bace7a7acfbb14295da3765
+
+### File:
+cloudsim-plus/src/main/java/org/cloudbus/cloudsim/network/topologies/BriteNetworkTopology.java
+
+### Key:
+BriteNetworkTopology.java|addLink|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d5610a79cc016a1c47ca3aa635360294
+
+### Hash:
+2856732d99ffa5131fa2a44e8d1d68e7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10284/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10284/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d4cecc8d2c1d5a579d78693071331658b9372f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10284/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MOE
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright 2011 The MOE Authors All Rights Reserved.
+
+package com.google.devtools.moe.client.codebase;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.CommandRunner.CommandException;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.FileSystem;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.Injector;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.MoeProblem;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.parser.RepositoryExpression;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.parser.Term;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.tools.FileDifference;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Merges all changes that lead from {@code originalCodebase} to {@code modifiedCodebase} into
+ * destinationCodebase when its {@link #merge()} method is invoked.
+ *
+ * <p>Here is a description of the UNIX merge(1) tool from its man page:
+ * <pre>{@code
+ *
+ *   merge [ options ] file1 file2 file3
+ *
+ *   merge incorporates all changes that lead from file2 to file3 into file1.  The result
+ *   ordinarily goes into file1.  merge is useful for combining separate changes to an original.
+ *   Suppose file2 is the original, and both file1 and file3 are modifications of file2.  Then
+ *   merge combines both changes.
+ *
+ * }</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>{@link CodebaseMerger#merge()} performs this type of merge on each file in the three
+ * codebases. In {@link CodebaseMerger#merge}, {@code originalCodebase} is analogous to
+ * {@code file2}, {@code modifiedCodebase} is analogous to {@code file3}, and
+ * {@code destinationCodebase} is analogous to {@code file1}. The output of
+ * {@link CodebaseMerger#merge()} is a codebase that incorporates the changes that both
+ * {@code modifiedCodebase} and {@code destinationCodebase} made on the {@code originalCodebase}.
+ * The differences between {@code modifiedCodebase} and the {@code originalCodebase} are brought
+ * into a copy of {@code destinationCodebase}. The result is the merged codebase.
+ *
+ * <p>This is useful when bringing changes to the public repository into the internal repository.
+ * For example, say you run:
+ *
+ * <pre>{@code
+ *    merge_codebases --originalCodebase "publicrepo(revision=142)"
+ *                    --modifiedCodebase "publicrepo(revision=143)"
+ *                    --destinationCodebase "internalrepo(revision=74)"
+ * }</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>Let internalrepo(revision=74) be in equivalence with publicrepo(revision=142). That is, let
+ * publicrepo(revision=142) represent the same state of the code as internalrepo(revision=74)
+ * minus any confidential code that may have been scrubbed during translation. That means that
+ * publicrepo(revision=143) is a change to the public repository which has yet to be brought to
+ * the internal repository. By running the above merge_codebases, the changes from the public
+ * revision 142 to 143 will be merged into a copy of internal revision 74. The result is an
+ * internal revision 75 which has the new public changes and still has the confidential code that
+ * a public revision wouldn't have. Thus, internal revision 75 would be equivalent with public
+ * revision 143 assuming there were no conflicts when merging.
+ */
+public class CodebaseMerger {
+
+  private final Codebase originalCodebase, destinationCodebase, modifiedCodebase, mergedCodebase;
+  private final Set<String> mergedFiles, failedToMergeFiles;
+
+  public CodebaseMerger(
+      Codebase originalCodebase, Codebase modifiedCodebase, Codebase destinationCodebase) {
+    this.originalCodebase = originalCodebase;
+    this.modifiedCodebase = modifiedCodebase;
+    this.destinationCodebase = destinationCodebase;
+
+    File mergedDir = Injector.INSTANCE.fileSystem().getTemporaryDirectory("merged_codebase_");
+    RepositoryExpression mergedExpression =
+        new RepositoryExpression(new Term("merged", ImmutableMap.<String, String>of()));
+    this.mergedCodebase = new Codebase(mergedDir, "merged", mergedExpression);
+
+    mergedFiles = Sets.newHashSet();
+    failedToMergeFiles = Sets.newHashSet();
+  }
+
+  public Set<String> getMergedFiles() {
+    return ImmutableSet.copyOf(mergedFiles);
+  }
+
+  public Set<String> getFailedToMergeFiles() {
+    return ImmutableSet.copyOf(failedToMergeFiles);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * For each file in the union of the modified and destination codebases, run
+   * generateMergedFile(...) and then report() the results.
+   *
+   * @return the merged Codebase
+   */
+  public Codebase merge() {
+    Set<String> filesToMerge =
+        Sets.union(
+            destinationCodebase.getRelativeFilenames(), modifiedCodebase.getRelativeFilenames());
+    for (String filename : filesToMerge) {
+      this.generateMergedFile(filename);
+    }
+    this.report();
+    return mergedCodebase;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Print the results of a merge to the UI.
+   */
+  public void report() {
+    Injector.INSTANCE
+        .ui()
+        .info("Merged codebase generated at: %s", mergedCodebase.getPath().getAbsolutePath());
+    Injector.INSTANCE
+        .ui()
+        .info(
+            "%d files merged successfully\n%d files have merge "
+                + "conflicts. Edit the following files to resolve conflicts:\n%s",
+            mergedFiles.size(),
+            failedToMergeFiles.size(),
+            failedToMergeFiles);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean areDifferent(String filename, File x, File y) {
+    return FileDifference.CONCRETE_FILE_DIFFER.diffFiles(filename, x, y).isDifferent();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copy the destFile into the merged codebase. This is where the output of merge will be
+   * written to.
+   */
+  private File copyToMergedCodebase(String filename, File destFile) {
+    FileSystem fs = Injector.INSTANCE.fileSystem();
+    File mergedFile = mergedCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    try {
+      fs.makeDirsForFile(mergedFile);
+      fs.copyFile(destFile, mergedFile);
+      return mergedFile;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new MoeProblem(e.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a filename, this method finds the file with that name in each of the three codebases.
+   * Using the UNIX merge(1) tool, those three files are merged and the result is placed in the
+   * merged codebase. Any conflicts that occurred during merging will appear in the merged codebase
+   * file for the user to resolve.
+   *
+   * In the case where the file specified by the given filename exists in the original codebase and
+   * in either the modified codebase or the destination codebase (but not both) and if the file
+   * is unchanged between those codebases, then a file in the merged codebase will NOT be created
+   * and this method will return leaving the merged codebase unchanged.
+   *
+   * @param filename the name of the file to merge
+   */
+  public void generateMergedFile(String filename) {
+    FileSystem fs = Injector.INSTANCE.fileSystem();
+
+    File origFile = originalCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    boolean origExists = fs.exists(origFile);
+
+    File destFile = destinationCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    boolean destExists = fs.exists(destFile);
+
+    File modFile = modifiedCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    boolean modExists = fs.exists(modFile);
+
+    if (!destExists && !modExists) {
+      // This should never be thrown since generateMergedFile(...) is only called on filesToMerge
+      // from merge() which is the union of the files in the destination and modified codebases.
+      throw new MoeProblem(
+          "%s doesn't exist in either %s nor %s. This should not be possible.",
+          filename,
+          destinationCodebase,
+          modifiedCodebase);
+
+    } else if (origExists && modExists && !destExists) {
+      if (areDifferent(filename, origFile, modFile)) {
+        // Proceed and merge in /dev/null, which should produce a merge conflict (incoming edit on
+        // delete).
+        destFile = new File("/dev/null");
+      } else {
+        // Defer to deletion in destination codebase.
+        return;
+      }
+
+    } else if (origExists && !modExists && destExists) {
+      // Blindly follow deletion of the original file by not copying it into the merged codebase.
+      return;
+
+    } else if (!origExists && !(modExists && destExists)) {
+      // File exists only in modified or destination codebase, so just copy it over.
+      File existingFile = (modExists ? modFile : destFile);
+      copyToMergedCodebase(filename, existingFile);
+      return;
+
+    } else if (!origExists && modExists && destExists) {
+      // Merge both new files (conflict expected).
+      origFile = new File("/dev/null");
+    }
+
+    File mergedFile = copyToMergedCodebase(filename, destFile);
+
+    try {
+      // Merges the changes that lead from origFile to modFile into mergedFile (which is a copy
+      // of destFile). After, mergedFile will have the combined changes of modFile and destFile.
+      Injector.INSTANCE
+          .cmd()
+          .runCommand(
+              "merge",
+              ImmutableList.of(
+                  mergedFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                  origFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                  modFile.getAbsolutePath()),
+              this.mergedCodebase.getPath().getAbsolutePath());
+      // Return status was 0 and the merge was successful. Note it.
+      mergedFiles.add(mergedFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } catch (CommandException e) {
+      // If merge fails with exit status 1, then a conflict occurred. Make a note of the filepath.
+      if (e.returnStatus == 1) {
+        failedToMergeFiles.add(mergedFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      } else {
+        throw new MoeProblem(
+            "Merge returned with unexpected status %d when trying to run \"merge -p %s %s %s\"",
+            e.returnStatus,
+            destFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+            origFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+            modFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fs` last assigned on line 136  at line 139.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+File CodebaseMerger.copyToMergedCodebase(String,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.devtools.moe.client.codebase.CodebaseMerger.copyToMergedCodebase(java.lang.String,java.io.4cb520384d6c3e130f413b1d13ae6ef6
+
+### File:
+java/com/google/devtools/moe/client/codebase/CodebaseMerger.java
+
+### Key:
+CodebaseMerger.java|copyToMergedCodebase|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+755589d225f31e8637e855506d73c7f3
+
+### Hash:
+cb9a5b8010d519b764dc5fbcfee7b30b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10285/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10285/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9409ffd7b0639be3402bb5ac8c45eacb05987eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10285/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MOE
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright 2011 The MOE Authors All Rights Reserved.
+
+package com.google.devtools.moe.client.codebase;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.CommandRunner.CommandException;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.FileSystem;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.Injector;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.MoeProblem;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.parser.RepositoryExpression;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.parser.Term;
+import com.google.devtools.moe.client.tools.FileDifference;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Merges all changes that lead from {@code originalCodebase} to {@code modifiedCodebase} into
+ * destinationCodebase when its {@link #merge()} method is invoked.
+ *
+ * <p>Here is a description of the UNIX merge(1) tool from its man page:
+ * <pre>{@code
+ *
+ *   merge [ options ] file1 file2 file3
+ *
+ *   merge incorporates all changes that lead from file2 to file3 into file1.  The result
+ *   ordinarily goes into file1.  merge is useful for combining separate changes to an original.
+ *   Suppose file2 is the original, and both file1 and file3 are modifications of file2.  Then
+ *   merge combines both changes.
+ *
+ * }</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>{@link CodebaseMerger#merge()} performs this type of merge on each file in the three
+ * codebases. In {@link CodebaseMerger#merge}, {@code originalCodebase} is analogous to
+ * {@code file2}, {@code modifiedCodebase} is analogous to {@code file3}, and
+ * {@code destinationCodebase} is analogous to {@code file1}. The output of
+ * {@link CodebaseMerger#merge()} is a codebase that incorporates the changes that both
+ * {@code modifiedCodebase} and {@code destinationCodebase} made on the {@code originalCodebase}.
+ * The differences between {@code modifiedCodebase} and the {@code originalCodebase} are brought
+ * into a copy of {@code destinationCodebase}. The result is the merged codebase.
+ *
+ * <p>This is useful when bringing changes to the public repository into the internal repository.
+ * For example, say you run:
+ *
+ * <pre>{@code
+ *    merge_codebases --originalCodebase "publicrepo(revision=142)"
+ *                    --modifiedCodebase "publicrepo(revision=143)"
+ *                    --destinationCodebase "internalrepo(revision=74)"
+ * }</pre>
+ *
+ * <p>Let internalrepo(revision=74) be in equivalence with publicrepo(revision=142). That is, let
+ * publicrepo(revision=142) represent the same state of the code as internalrepo(revision=74)
+ * minus any confidential code that may have been scrubbed during translation. That means that
+ * publicrepo(revision=143) is a change to the public repository which has yet to be brought to
+ * the internal repository. By running the above merge_codebases, the changes from the public
+ * revision 142 to 143 will be merged into a copy of internal revision 74. The result is an
+ * internal revision 75 which has the new public changes and still has the confidential code that
+ * a public revision wouldn't have. Thus, internal revision 75 would be equivalent with public
+ * revision 143 assuming there were no conflicts when merging.
+ */
+public class CodebaseMerger {
+
+  private final Codebase originalCodebase, destinationCodebase, modifiedCodebase, mergedCodebase;
+  private final Set<String> mergedFiles, failedToMergeFiles;
+
+  public CodebaseMerger(
+      Codebase originalCodebase, Codebase modifiedCodebase, Codebase destinationCodebase) {
+    this.originalCodebase = originalCodebase;
+    this.modifiedCodebase = modifiedCodebase;
+    this.destinationCodebase = destinationCodebase;
+
+    File mergedDir = Injector.INSTANCE.fileSystem().getTemporaryDirectory("merged_codebase_");
+    RepositoryExpression mergedExpression =
+        new RepositoryExpression(new Term("merged", ImmutableMap.<String, String>of()));
+    this.mergedCodebase = new Codebase(mergedDir, "merged", mergedExpression);
+
+    mergedFiles = Sets.newHashSet();
+    failedToMergeFiles = Sets.newHashSet();
+  }
+
+  public Set<String> getMergedFiles() {
+    return ImmutableSet.copyOf(mergedFiles);
+  }
+
+  public Set<String> getFailedToMergeFiles() {
+    return ImmutableSet.copyOf(failedToMergeFiles);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * For each file in the union of the modified and destination codebases, run
+   * generateMergedFile(...) and then report() the results.
+   *
+   * @return the merged Codebase
+   */
+  public Codebase merge() {
+    Set<String> filesToMerge =
+        Sets.union(
+            destinationCodebase.getRelativeFilenames(), modifiedCodebase.getRelativeFilenames());
+    for (String filename : filesToMerge) {
+      this.generateMergedFile(filename);
+    }
+    this.report();
+    return mergedCodebase;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Print the results of a merge to the UI.
+   */
+  public void report() {
+    Injector.INSTANCE
+        .ui()
+        .info("Merged codebase generated at: %s", mergedCodebase.getPath().getAbsolutePath());
+    Injector.INSTANCE
+        .ui()
+        .info(
+            "%d files merged successfully\n%d files have merge "
+                + "conflicts. Edit the following files to resolve conflicts:\n%s",
+            mergedFiles.size(),
+            failedToMergeFiles.size(),
+            failedToMergeFiles);
+  }
+
+  private static boolean areDifferent(String filename, File x, File y) {
+    return FileDifference.CONCRETE_FILE_DIFFER.diffFiles(filename, x, y).isDifferent();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Copy the destFile into the merged codebase. This is where the output of merge will be
+   * written to.
+   */
+  private File copyToMergedCodebase(String filename, File destFile) {
+    FileSystem fs = Injector.INSTANCE.fileSystem();
+    File mergedFile = mergedCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    try {
+      fs.makeDirsForFile(mergedFile);
+      fs.copyFile(destFile, mergedFile);
+      return mergedFile;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new MoeProblem(e.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a filename, this method finds the file with that name in each of the three codebases.
+   * Using the UNIX merge(1) tool, those three files are merged and the result is placed in the
+   * merged codebase. Any conflicts that occurred during merging will appear in the merged codebase
+   * file for the user to resolve.
+   *
+   * In the case where the file specified by the given filename exists in the original codebase and
+   * in either the modified codebase or the destination codebase (but not both) and if the file
+   * is unchanged between those codebases, then a file in the merged codebase will NOT be created
+   * and this method will return leaving the merged codebase unchanged.
+   *
+   * @param filename the name of the file to merge
+   */
+  public void generateMergedFile(String filename) {
+    FileSystem fs = Injector.INSTANCE.fileSystem();
+
+    File origFile = originalCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    boolean origExists = fs.exists(origFile);
+
+    File destFile = destinationCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    boolean destExists = fs.exists(destFile);
+
+    File modFile = modifiedCodebase.getFile(filename);
+    boolean modExists = fs.exists(modFile);
+
+    if (!destExists && !modExists) {
+      // This should never be thrown since generateMergedFile(...) is only called on filesToMerge
+      // from merge() which is the union of the files in the destination and modified codebases.
+      throw new MoeProblem(
+          "%s doesn't exist in either %s nor %s. This should not be possible.",
+          filename,
+          destinationCodebase,
+          modifiedCodebase);
+
+    } else if (origExists && modExists && !destExists) {
+      if (areDifferent(filename, origFile, modFile)) {
+        // Proceed and merge in /dev/null, which should produce a merge conflict (incoming edit on
+        // delete).
+        destFile = new File("/dev/null");
+      } else {
+        // Defer to deletion in destination codebase.
+        return;
+      }
+
+    } else if (origExists && !modExists && destExists) {
+      // Blindly follow deletion of the original file by not copying it into the merged codebase.
+      return;
+
+    } else if (!origExists && !(modExists && destExists)) {
+      // File exists only in modified or destination codebase, so just copy it over.
+      File existingFile = (modExists ? modFile : destFile);
+      copyToMergedCodebase(filename, existingFile);
+      return;
+
+    } else if (!origExists && modExists && destExists) {
+      // Merge both new files (conflict expected).
+      origFile = new File("/dev/null");
+    }
+
+    File mergedFile = copyToMergedCodebase(filename, destFile);
+
+    try {
+      // Merges the changes that lead from origFile to modFile into mergedFile (which is a copy
+      // of destFile). After, mergedFile will have the combined changes of modFile and destFile.
+      Injector.INSTANCE
+          .cmd()
+          .runCommand(
+              "merge",
+              ImmutableList.of(
+                  mergedFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                  origFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+                  modFile.getAbsolutePath()),
+              this.mergedCodebase.getPath().getAbsolutePath());
+      // Return status was 0 and the merge was successful. Note it.
+      mergedFiles.add(mergedFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } catch (CommandException e) {
+      // If merge fails with exit status 1, then a conflict occurred. Make a note of the filepath.
+      if (e.returnStatus == 1) {
+        failedToMergeFiles.add(mergedFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      } else {
+        throw new MoeProblem(
+            "Merge returned with unexpected status %d when trying to run \"merge -p %s %s %s\"",
+            e.returnStatus,
+            destFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+            origFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+            modFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fs` last assigned on line 161  at line 164.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CodebaseMerger.generateMergedFile(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.devtools.moe.client.codebase.CodebaseMerger.generateMergedFile(java.lang.String):void.9c5c65863d228a4d22b4acc1aeb5e2c7
+
+### File:
+java/com/google/devtools/moe/client/codebase/CodebaseMerger.java
+
+### Key:
+CodebaseMerger.java|generateMergedFile|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+945e767fe445b06359d6930a48da0055
+
+### Hash:
+99776ac82552d67c864749efa29cf6ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10302/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10302/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..040bd40178066848e92837396f7199b0854eefab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10302/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,957 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-client
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.http.impl.client.cache;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.HeaderElement;
+import org.apache.http.HttpException;
+import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
+import org.apache.http.HttpMessage;
+import org.apache.http.HttpRequest;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.apache.http.HttpVersion;
+import org.apache.http.ProtocolException;
+import org.apache.http.ProtocolVersion;
+import org.apache.http.RequestLine;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.CacheResponseStatus;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.HeaderConstants;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.HttpCacheContext;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.HttpCacheEntry;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.HttpCacheStorage;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.ResourceFactory;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpExecutionAware;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpRequestWrapper;
+import org.apache.http.client.protocol.HttpClientContext;
+import org.apache.http.client.utils.DateUtils;
+import org.apache.http.client.utils.URIUtils;
+import org.apache.http.conn.routing.HttpRoute;
+import org.apache.http.impl.execchain.ClientExecChain;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.protocol.HTTP;
+import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;
+import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpCoreContext;
+import org.apache.http.util.Args;
+import org.apache.http.util.VersionInfo;
+
+/**
+ * Request executor in the request execution chain that is responsible for
+ * transparent client-side caching. The current implementation is conditionally
+ * compliant with HTTP/1.1 (meaning all the MUST and MUST NOTs are obeyed),
+ * although quite a lot, though not all, of the SHOULDs and SHOULD NOTs
+ * are obeyed too.
+ * <p/>
+ * Folks that would like to experiment with alternative storage backends
+ * should look at the {@link HttpCacheStorage} interface and the related
+ * package documentation there. You may also be interested in the provided
+ * {@link org.apache.http.impl.client.cache.ehcache.EhcacheHttpCacheStorage
+ * EhCache} and {@link
+ * org.apache.http.impl.client.cache.memcached.MemcachedHttpCacheStorage
+ * memcached} storage backends.
+ * <p/>
+ * Further responsibilities such as communication with the opposite
+ * endpoint is delegated to the next executor in the request execution
+ * chain.
+ *
+ * @since 4.3
+ */
+@ThreadSafe // So long as the responseCache implementation is threadsafe
+public class CachingExec implements ClientExecChain {
+
+    private final static boolean SUPPORTS_RANGE_AND_CONTENT_RANGE_HEADERS = false;
+
+    private final AtomicLong cacheHits = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong cacheMisses = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong cacheUpdates = new AtomicLong();
+
+    private final Map<ProtocolVersion, String> viaHeaders = new HashMap<ProtocolVersion, String>(4);
+
+    private final CacheConfig cacheConfig;
+    private final ClientExecChain backend;
+    private final HttpCache responseCache;
+    private final CacheValidityPolicy validityPolicy;
+    private final CachedHttpResponseGenerator responseGenerator;
+    private final CacheableRequestPolicy cacheableRequestPolicy;
+    private final CachedResponseSuitabilityChecker suitabilityChecker;
+    private final ConditionalRequestBuilder conditionalRequestBuilder;
+    private final ResponseProtocolCompliance responseCompliance;
+    private final RequestProtocolCompliance requestCompliance;
+    private final ResponseCachingPolicy responseCachingPolicy;
+
+    private final AsynchronousValidator asynchRevalidator;
+
+    private final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    public CachingExec(
+            final ClientExecChain backend,
+            final HttpCache cache,
+            final CacheConfig config) {
+        this(backend, cache, config, null);
+    }
+
+    public CachingExec(
+            final ClientExecChain backend,
+            final HttpCache cache,
+            final CacheConfig config,
+            final AsynchronousValidator asynchRevalidator) {
+        super();
+        Args.notNull(backend, "HTTP backend");
+        Args.notNull(cache, "HttpCache");
+        this.cacheConfig = config != null ? config : CacheConfig.DEFAULT;
+        this.backend = backend;
+        this.responseCache = cache;
+        this.validityPolicy = new CacheValidityPolicy();
+        this.responseGenerator = new CachedHttpResponseGenerator(this.validityPolicy);
+        this.cacheableRequestPolicy = new CacheableRequestPolicy();
+        this.suitabilityChecker = new CachedResponseSuitabilityChecker(this.validityPolicy, this.cacheConfig);
+        this.conditionalRequestBuilder = new ConditionalRequestBuilder();
+        this.responseCompliance = new ResponseProtocolCompliance();
+        this.requestCompliance = new RequestProtocolCompliance(this.cacheConfig.isWeakETagOnPutDeleteAllowed());
+        this.responseCachingPolicy = new ResponseCachingPolicy(
+                this.cacheConfig.getMaxObjectSize(), this.cacheConfig.isSharedCache(),
+                this.cacheConfig.isNeverCacheHTTP10ResponsesWithQuery(), this.cacheConfig.is303CachingEnabled());
+        this.asynchRevalidator = asynchRevalidator;
+    }
+
+    public CachingExec(
+            final ClientExecChain backend,
+            final ResourceFactory resourceFactory,
+            final HttpCacheStorage storage,
+            final CacheConfig config) {
+        this(backend, new BasicHttpCache(resourceFactory, storage, config), config);
+    }
+
+    public CachingExec(final ClientExecChain backend) {
+        this(backend, new BasicHttpCache(), CacheConfig.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    CachingExec(
+            final ClientExecChain backend,
+            final HttpCache responseCache,
+            final CacheValidityPolicy validityPolicy,
+            final ResponseCachingPolicy responseCachingPolicy,
+            final CachedHttpResponseGenerator responseGenerator,
+            final CacheableRequestPolicy cacheableRequestPolicy,
+            final CachedResponseSuitabilityChecker suitabilityChecker,
+            final ConditionalRequestBuilder conditionalRequestBuilder,
+            final ResponseProtocolCompliance responseCompliance,
+            final RequestProtocolCompliance requestCompliance,
+            final CacheConfig config,
+            final AsynchronousValidator asynchRevalidator) {
+        this.cacheConfig = config != null ? config : CacheConfig.DEFAULT;
+        this.backend = backend;
+        this.responseCache = responseCache;
+        this.validityPolicy = validityPolicy;
+        this.responseCachingPolicy = responseCachingPolicy;
+        this.responseGenerator = responseGenerator;
+        this.cacheableRequestPolicy = cacheableRequestPolicy;
+        this.suitabilityChecker = suitabilityChecker;
+        this.conditionalRequestBuilder = conditionalRequestBuilder;
+        this.responseCompliance = responseCompliance;
+        this.requestCompliance = requestCompliance;
+        this.asynchRevalidator = asynchRevalidator;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the number of times that the cache successfully responded
+     * to an {@link HttpRequest} without contacting the origin server.
+     * @return the number of cache hits
+     */
+    public long getCacheHits() {
+        return cacheHits.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the number of times that the cache contacted the origin
+     * server because it had no appropriate response cached.
+     * @return the number of cache misses
+     */
+    public long getCacheMisses() {
+        return cacheMisses.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the number of times that the cache was able to satisfy
+     * a response by revalidating an existing but stale cache entry.
+     * @return the number of cache revalidations
+     */
+    public long getCacheUpdates() {
+        return cacheUpdates.get();
+    }
+
+    public CloseableHttpResponse execute(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request) throws IOException, HttpException {
+        return execute(route, request, HttpClientContext.create(), null);
+    }
+
+    public CloseableHttpResponse execute(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context) throws IOException, HttpException {
+        return execute(route, request, context, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CloseableHttpResponse execute(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware) throws IOException, HttpException {
+
+        final HttpHost target = context.getTargetHost();
+        final String via = generateViaHeader(request.getOriginal());
+
+        // default response context
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MISS);
+
+        if (clientRequestsOurOptions(request)) {
+            setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MODULE_RESPONSE);
+            return Proxies.enhanceResponse(new OptionsHttp11Response());
+        }
+
+        final HttpResponse fatalErrorResponse = getFatallyNoncompliantResponse(request, context);
+        if (fatalErrorResponse != null) {
+            return Proxies.enhanceResponse(fatalErrorResponse);
+        }
+
+        requestCompliance.makeRequestCompliant(request);
+        request.addHeader("Via",via);
+
+        flushEntriesInvalidatedByRequest(context.getTargetHost(), request);
+
+        if (!cacheableRequestPolicy.isServableFromCache(request)) {
+            log.debug("Request is not servable from cache");
+            return callBackend(route, request, context, execAware);
+        }
+
+        final HttpCacheEntry entry = satisfyFromCache(target, request);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            log.debug("Cache miss");
+            return handleCacheMiss(route, request, context, execAware);
+        } else {
+            return handleCacheHit(route, request, context, execAware, entry);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse handleCacheHit(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware,
+            final HttpCacheEntry entry) throws IOException, HttpException {
+        final HttpHost target = context.getTargetHost();
+        recordCacheHit(target, request);
+        CloseableHttpResponse out = null;
+        final Date now = getCurrentDate();
+        if (suitabilityChecker.canCachedResponseBeUsed(target, request, entry, now)) {
+            log.debug("Cache hit");
+            out = generateCachedResponse(request, context, entry, now);
+        } else if (!mayCallBackend(request)) {
+            log.debug("Cache entry not suitable but only-if-cached requested");
+            out = generateGatewayTimeout(context);
+        } else if (!(entry.getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED
+                && !suitabilityChecker.isConditional(request))) {
+            log.debug("Revalidating cache entry");
+            return revalidateCacheEntry(route, request, context, execAware, entry, now);
+        } else {
+            log.debug("Cache entry not usable; calling backend");
+            return callBackend(route, request, context, execAware);
+        }
+        context.setAttribute(HttpClientContext.HTTP_ROUTE, route);
+        context.setAttribute(HttpCoreContext.HTTP_TARGET_HOST, target);
+        context.setAttribute(HttpCoreContext.HTTP_REQUEST, request);
+        context.setAttribute(HttpCoreContext.HTTP_RESPONSE, out);
+        context.setAttribute(HttpCoreContext.HTTP_REQ_SENT, Boolean.TRUE);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse revalidateCacheEntry(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware,
+            final HttpCacheEntry entry,
+            final Date now) throws HttpException {
+
+        try {
+            if (asynchRevalidator != null
+                && !staleResponseNotAllowed(request, entry, now)
+                && validityPolicy.mayReturnStaleWhileRevalidating(entry, now)) {
+                log.trace("Serving stale with asynchronous revalidation");
+                final CloseableHttpResponse resp = generateCachedResponse(request, context, entry, now);
+                asynchRevalidator.revalidateCacheEntry(this, route, request, context, execAware, entry);
+                return resp;
+            }
+            return revalidateCacheEntry(route, request, context, execAware, entry);
+        } catch (final IOException ioex) {
+            return handleRevalidationFailure(request, context, entry, now);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse handleCacheMiss(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware) throws IOException, HttpException {
+        final HttpHost target = context.getTargetHost();
+        recordCacheMiss(target, request);
+
+        if (!mayCallBackend(request)) {
+            return Proxies.enhanceResponse(
+                    new BasicHttpResponse(
+                            HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT, "Gateway Timeout"));
+        }
+
+        final Map<String, Variant> variants = getExistingCacheVariants(target, request);
+        if (variants != null && !variants.isEmpty()) {
+            return negotiateResponseFromVariants(route, request, context,
+                    execAware, variants);
+        }
+
+        return callBackend(route, request, context, execAware);
+    }
+
+    private HttpCacheEntry satisfyFromCache(
+            final HttpHost target, final HttpRequestWrapper request) {
+        HttpCacheEntry entry = null;
+        try {
+            entry = responseCache.getCacheEntry(target, request);
+        } catch (final IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Unable to retrieve entries from cache", ioe);
+        }
+        return entry;
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse getFatallyNoncompliantResponse(
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpContext context) {
+        HttpResponse fatalErrorResponse = null;
+        final List<RequestProtocolError> fatalError = requestCompliance.requestIsFatallyNonCompliant(request);
+
+        for (final RequestProtocolError error : fatalError) {
+            setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MODULE_RESPONSE);
+            fatalErrorResponse = requestCompliance.getErrorForRequest(error);
+        }
+        return fatalErrorResponse;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Variant> getExistingCacheVariants(
+            final HttpHost target,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request) {
+        Map<String,Variant> variants = null;
+        try {
+            variants = responseCache.getVariantCacheEntriesWithEtags(target, request);
+        } catch (final IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Unable to retrieve variant entries from cache", ioe);
+        }
+        return variants;
+    }
+
+    private void recordCacheMiss(final HttpHost target, final HttpRequestWrapper request) {
+        cacheMisses.getAndIncrement();
+        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+            final RequestLine rl = request.getRequestLine();
+            log.trace("Cache miss [host: " + target + "; uri: " + rl.getUri() + "]");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void recordCacheHit(final HttpHost target, final HttpRequestWrapper request) {
+        cacheHits.getAndIncrement();
+        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+            final RequestLine rl = request.getRequestLine();
+            log.trace("Cache hit [host: " + target + "; uri: " + rl.getUri() + "]");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void recordCacheUpdate(final HttpContext context) {
+        cacheUpdates.getAndIncrement();
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.VALIDATED);
+    }
+
+    private void flushEntriesInvalidatedByRequest(
+            final HttpHost target,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request) {
+        try {
+            responseCache.flushInvalidatedCacheEntriesFor(target, request);
+        } catch (final IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Unable to flush invalidated entries from cache", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse generateCachedResponse(final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpContext context, final HttpCacheEntry entry, final Date now) {
+        final CloseableHttpResponse cachedResponse;
+        if (request.containsHeader(HeaderConstants.IF_NONE_MATCH)
+                || request.containsHeader(HeaderConstants.IF_MODIFIED_SINCE)) {
+            cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateNotModifiedResponse(entry);
+        } else {
+            cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateResponse(entry);
+        }
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_HIT);
+        if (validityPolicy.getStalenessSecs(entry, now) > 0L) {
+            cachedResponse.addHeader(HeaderConstants.WARNING,"110 localhost \"Response is stale\"");
+        }
+        return cachedResponse;
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse handleRevalidationFailure(
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpContext context,
+            final HttpCacheEntry entry,
+            final Date now) {
+        if (staleResponseNotAllowed(request, entry, now)) {
+            return generateGatewayTimeout(context);
+        } else {
+            return unvalidatedCacheHit(context, entry);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse generateGatewayTimeout(
+            final HttpContext context) {
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MODULE_RESPONSE);
+        return Proxies.enhanceResponse(new BasicHttpResponse(
+                HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT,
+                "Gateway Timeout"));
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse unvalidatedCacheHit(
+            final HttpContext context, final HttpCacheEntry entry) {
+        final CloseableHttpResponse cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateResponse(entry);
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_HIT);
+        cachedResponse.addHeader(HeaderConstants.WARNING, "111 localhost \"Revalidation failed\"");
+        return cachedResponse;
+    }
+
+    private boolean staleResponseNotAllowed(
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpCacheEntry entry,
+            final Date now) {
+        return validityPolicy.mustRevalidate(entry)
+            || (cacheConfig.isSharedCache() && validityPolicy.proxyRevalidate(entry))
+            || explicitFreshnessRequest(request, entry, now);
+    }
+
+    private boolean mayCallBackend(final HttpRequestWrapper request) {
+        for (final Header h: request.getHeaders(HeaderConstants.CACHE_CONTROL)) {
+            for (final HeaderElement elt : h.getElements()) {
+                if ("only-if-cached".equals(elt.getName())) {
+                    log.trace("Request marked only-if-cached");
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean explicitFreshnessRequest(
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpCacheEntry entry,
+            final Date now) {
+        for(final Header h : request.getHeaders(HeaderConstants.CACHE_CONTROL)) {
+            for(final HeaderElement elt : h.getElements()) {
+                if (HeaderConstants.CACHE_CONTROL_MAX_STALE.equals(elt.getName())) {
+                    try {
+                        final int maxstale = Integer.parseInt(elt.getValue());
+                        final long age = validityPolicy.getCurrentAgeSecs(entry, now);
+                        final long lifetime = validityPolicy.getFreshnessLifetimeSecs(entry);
+                        if (age - lifetime > maxstale) {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    } catch (final NumberFormatException nfe) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                } else if (HeaderConstants.CACHE_CONTROL_MIN_FRESH.equals(elt.getName())
+                            || HeaderConstants.CACHE_CONTROL_MAX_AGE.equals(elt.getName())) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private String generateViaHeader(final HttpMessage msg) {
+
+        final ProtocolVersion pv = msg.getProtocolVersion();
+        final String existingEntry = viaHeaders.get(pv);
+        if (existingEntry != null) {
+            return existingEntry;
+        }
+
+        final VersionInfo vi = VersionInfo.loadVersionInfo("org.apache.http.client", getClass().getClassLoader());
+        final String release = (vi != null) ? vi.getRelease() : VersionInfo.UNAVAILABLE;
+
+        String value;
+        final Integer major = Integer.valueOf(pv.getMajor());
+        final Integer minor = Integer.valueOf(pv.getMinor());
+        if ("http".equalsIgnoreCase(pv.getProtocol())) {
+            value = String.format("%d.%d localhost (Apache-HttpClient/%s (cache))", major, minor,
+                    release);
+        } else {
+            value = String.format("%s/%d.%d localhost (Apache-HttpClient/%s (cache))", pv.getProtocol(), major,
+                    minor, release);
+        }
+        viaHeaders.put(pv, value);
+
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private void setResponseStatus(final HttpContext context, final CacheResponseStatus value) {
+        if (context != null) {
+            context.setAttribute(HttpCacheContext.CACHE_RESPONSE_STATUS, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports whether this {@code CachingHttpClient} implementation
+     * supports byte-range requests as specified by the {@code Range}
+     * and {@code Content-Range} headers.
+     * @return {@code true} if byte-range requests are supported
+     */
+    public boolean supportsRangeAndContentRangeHeaders() {
+        return SUPPORTS_RANGE_AND_CONTENT_RANGE_HEADERS;
+    }
+
+    Date getCurrentDate() {
+        return new Date();
+    }
+
+    boolean clientRequestsOurOptions(final HttpRequest request) {
+        final RequestLine line = request.getRequestLine();
+
+        if (!HeaderConstants.OPTIONS_METHOD.equals(line.getMethod())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!"*".equals(line.getUri())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!"0".equals(request.getFirstHeader(HeaderConstants.MAX_FORWARDS).getValue())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    CloseableHttpResponse callBackend(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware) throws IOException, HttpException  {
+
+        final Date requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+
+        log.trace("Calling the backend");
+        final CloseableHttpResponse backendResponse = backend.execute(route, request, context, execAware);
+        try {
+            backendResponse.addHeader("Via", generateViaHeader(backendResponse));
+            return handleBackendResponse(request, context, requestDate, getCurrentDate(),
+                    backendResponse);
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            backendResponse.close();
+            throw ex;
+        } catch (final RuntimeException ex) {
+            backendResponse.close();
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean revalidationResponseIsTooOld(final HttpResponse backendResponse,
+            final HttpCacheEntry cacheEntry) {
+        final Header entryDateHeader = cacheEntry.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        final Header responseDateHeader = backendResponse.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        if (entryDateHeader != null && responseDateHeader != null) {
+            final Date entryDate = DateUtils.parseDate(entryDateHeader.getValue());
+            final Date respDate = DateUtils.parseDate(responseDateHeader.getValue());
+            if (entryDate == null || respDate == null) {
+                // either backend response or cached entry did not have a valid
+                // Date header, so we can't tell if they are out of order
+                // according to the origin clock; thus we can skip the
+                // unconditional retry recommended in 13.2.6 of RFC 2616.
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (respDate.before(entryDate)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    CloseableHttpResponse negotiateResponseFromVariants(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware,
+            final Map<String, Variant> variants) throws IOException, HttpException {
+        final HttpRequestWrapper conditionalRequest = conditionalRequestBuilder
+            .buildConditionalRequestFromVariants(request, variants);
+
+        final Date requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+        final CloseableHttpResponse backendResponse = backend.execute(
+                route, conditionalRequest, context, execAware);
+        try {
+            final Date responseDate = getCurrentDate();
+
+            backendResponse.addHeader("Via", generateViaHeader(backendResponse));
+
+            if (backendResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() != HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED) {
+                return handleBackendResponse(request, context, requestDate, responseDate,
+                        backendResponse);
+            }
+
+            final Header resultEtagHeader = backendResponse.getFirstHeader(HeaderConstants.ETAG);
+            if (resultEtagHeader == null) {
+                log.warn("304 response did not contain ETag");
+                IOUtils.consume(backendResponse.getEntity());
+                backendResponse.close();
+                return callBackend(route, request, context, execAware);
+            }
+
+            final String resultEtag = resultEtagHeader.getValue();
+            final Variant matchingVariant = variants.get(resultEtag);
+            if (matchingVariant == null) {
+                log.debug("304 response did not contain ETag matching one sent in If-None-Match");
+                IOUtils.consume(backendResponse.getEntity());
+                backendResponse.close();
+                return callBackend(route, request, context, execAware);
+            }
+
+            final HttpCacheEntry matchedEntry = matchingVariant.getEntry();
+
+            if (revalidationResponseIsTooOld(backendResponse, matchedEntry)) {
+                IOUtils.consume(backendResponse.getEntity());
+                backendResponse.close();
+                return retryRequestUnconditionally(route, request, context, execAware, matchedEntry);
+            }
+
+            recordCacheUpdate(context);
+
+            final HttpCacheEntry responseEntry = getUpdatedVariantEntry(
+                context.getTargetHost(), conditionalRequest, requestDate, responseDate,
+                    backendResponse, matchingVariant, matchedEntry);
+            backendResponse.close();
+
+            final CloseableHttpResponse resp = responseGenerator.generateResponse(responseEntry);
+            tryToUpdateVariantMap(context.getTargetHost(), request, matchingVariant);
+
+            if (shouldSendNotModifiedResponse(request, responseEntry)) {
+                return responseGenerator.generateNotModifiedResponse(responseEntry);
+            }
+            return resp;
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            backendResponse.close();
+            throw ex;
+        } catch (final RuntimeException ex) {
+            backendResponse.close();
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpResponse retryRequestUnconditionally(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware,
+            final HttpCacheEntry matchedEntry) throws IOException, HttpException {
+        final HttpRequestWrapper unconditional = conditionalRequestBuilder
+            .buildUnconditionalRequest(request, matchedEntry);
+        return callBackend(route, unconditional, context, execAware);
+    }
+
+    private HttpCacheEntry getUpdatedVariantEntry(
+            final HttpHost target,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper conditionalRequest,
+            final Date requestDate,
+            final Date responseDate,
+            final CloseableHttpResponse backendResponse,
+            final Variant matchingVariant,
+            final HttpCacheEntry matchedEntry) throws IOException {
+        HttpCacheEntry responseEntry = matchedEntry;
+        try {
+            responseEntry = responseCache.updateVariantCacheEntry(target, conditionalRequest,
+                    matchedEntry, backendResponse, requestDate, responseDate, matchingVariant.getCacheKey());
+        } catch (final IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Could not update cache entry", ioe);
+        } finally {
+            backendResponse.close();
+        }
+        return responseEntry;
+    }
+
+    private void tryToUpdateVariantMap(
+            final HttpHost target,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final Variant matchingVariant) {
+        try {
+            responseCache.reuseVariantEntryFor(target, request, matchingVariant);
+        } catch (final IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Could not update cache entry to reuse variant", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean shouldSendNotModifiedResponse(
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpCacheEntry responseEntry) {
+        return (suitabilityChecker.isConditional(request)
+                && suitabilityChecker.allConditionalsMatch(request, responseEntry, new Date()));
+    }
+
+    CloseableHttpResponse revalidateCacheEntry(
+            final HttpRoute route,
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final HttpExecutionAware execAware,
+            final HttpCacheEntry cacheEntry) throws IOException, HttpException {
+
+        final HttpRequestWrapper conditionalRequest = conditionalRequestBuilder.buildConditionalRequest(request, cacheEntry);
+        final URI uri = conditionalRequest.getURI();
+        if (uri != null) {
+            try {
+                request.setURI(URIUtils.rewriteURIForRoute(uri, route));
+            } catch (final URISyntaxException ex) {
+                throw new ProtocolException("Invalid URI: " + uri, ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Date requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+        CloseableHttpResponse backendResponse = backend.execute(
+                route, conditionalRequest, context, execAware);
+        Date responseDate = getCurrentDate();
+
+        if (revalidationResponseIsTooOld(backendResponse, cacheEntry)) {
+            backendResponse.close();
+            final HttpRequestWrapper unconditional = conditionalRequestBuilder
+                .buildUnconditionalRequest(request, cacheEntry);
+            requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+            backendResponse = backend.execute(route, unconditional, context, execAware);
+            responseDate = getCurrentDate();
+        }
+
+        backendResponse.addHeader(HeaderConstants.VIA, generateViaHeader(backendResponse));
+
+        final int statusCode = backendResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+        if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
+            recordCacheUpdate(context);
+        }
+
+        if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED) {
+            final HttpCacheEntry updatedEntry = responseCache.updateCacheEntry(
+                    context.getTargetHost(), request, cacheEntry,
+                    backendResponse, requestDate, responseDate);
+            if (suitabilityChecker.isConditional(request)
+                    && suitabilityChecker.allConditionalsMatch(request, updatedEntry, new Date())) {
+                return responseGenerator
+                        .generateNotModifiedResponse(updatedEntry);
+            }
+            return responseGenerator.generateResponse(updatedEntry);
+        }
+
+        if (staleIfErrorAppliesTo(statusCode)
+            && !staleResponseNotAllowed(request, cacheEntry, getCurrentDate())
+            && validityPolicy.mayReturnStaleIfError(request, cacheEntry, responseDate)) {
+            try {
+                final CloseableHttpResponse cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateResponse(cacheEntry);
+                cachedResponse.addHeader(HeaderConstants.WARNING, "110 localhost \"Response is stale\"");
+                return cachedResponse;
+            } finally {
+                backendResponse.close();
+            }
+        }
+        return handleBackendResponse(conditionalRequest, context, requestDate, responseDate,
+                backendResponse);
+    }
+
+    private boolean staleIfErrorAppliesTo(final int statusCode) {
+        return statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
+                || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_BAD_GATEWAY
+                || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE
+                || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT;
+    }
+
+    CloseableHttpResponse handleBackendResponse(
+            final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpClientContext context,
+            final Date requestDate,
+            final Date responseDate,
+            final CloseableHttpResponse backendResponse) throws IOException {
+
+        log.trace("Handling Backend response");
+        responseCompliance.ensureProtocolCompliance(request, backendResponse);
+
+        final HttpHost target = context.getTargetHost();
+        final boolean cacheable = responseCachingPolicy.isResponseCacheable(request, backendResponse);
+        responseCache.flushInvalidatedCacheEntriesFor(target, request, backendResponse);
+        if (cacheable && !alreadyHaveNewerCacheEntry(target, request, backendResponse)) {
+            storeRequestIfModifiedSinceFor304Response(request, backendResponse);
+            return responseCache.cacheAndReturnResponse(target, request,
+                    backendResponse, requestDate, responseDate);
+        }
+        if (!cacheable) {
+            try {
+                responseCache.flushCacheEntriesFor(target, request);
+            } catch (final IOException ioe) {
+                log.warn("Unable to flush invalid cache entries", ioe);
+            }
+        }
+        return backendResponse;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For 304 Not modified responses, adds a "Last-Modified" header with the
+     * value of the "If-Modified-Since" header passed in the request. This
+     * header is required to be able to reuse match the cache entry for
+     * subsequent requests but as defined in http specifications it is not
+     * included in 304 responses by backend servers. This header will not be
+     * included in the resulting response.
+     */
+    private void storeRequestIfModifiedSinceFor304Response(
+            final HttpRequest request, final HttpResponse backendResponse) {
+        if (backendResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED) {
+            final Header h = request.getFirstHeader("If-Modified-Since");
+            if (h != null) {
+                backendResponse.addHeader("Last-Modified", h.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean alreadyHaveNewerCacheEntry(final HttpHost target, final HttpRequestWrapper request,
+            final HttpResponse backendResponse) {
+        HttpCacheEntry existing = null;
+        try {
+            existing = responseCache.getCacheEntry(target, request);
+        } catch (final IOException ioe) {
+            // nop
+        }
+        if (existing == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final Header entryDateHeader = existing.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        if (entryDateHeader == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final Header responseDateHeader = backendResponse.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        if (responseDateHeader == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final Date entryDate = DateUtils.parseDate(entryDateHeader.getValue());
+        final Date responseDate = DateUtils.parseDate(responseDateHeader.getValue());
+        if (entryDate == null || responseDate == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return responseDate.before(entryDate);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.http.impl.client.cache.CachingExec.revalidateCacheEntry` indirectly writes to field `request.org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpRequestWrapper.uri` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+CloseableHttpResponse CachingExec.revalidateCacheEntry(HttpRoute,HttpRequestWrapper,HttpClientContext,HttpExecutionAware,HttpCacheEntry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.client.cache.CachingExec.revalidateCacheEntry(org.apache.http.conn.routing.Http.97c7f8fe25445be5e81d86801ad82d5e
+
+### File:
+httpclient-cache/src/main/java/org/apache/http/impl/client/cache/CachingExec.java
+
+### Key:
+CachingExec.java|revalidateCacheEntry|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+ace70cf0612727a6f990fb718ccd775e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10305/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10305/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..392264b967c7aaf0372f707f5ab79d98c69255ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10305/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,966 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-client
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.http.impl.client.cache;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.HeaderElement;
+import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
+import org.apache.http.HttpMessage;
+import org.apache.http.HttpRequest;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.apache.http.HttpVersion;
+import org.apache.http.ProtocolException;
+import org.apache.http.ProtocolVersion;
+import org.apache.http.RequestLine;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.client.ResponseHandler;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.CacheResponseStatus;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.HeaderConstants;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.HttpCacheEntry;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.HttpCacheStorage;
+import org.apache.http.client.cache.ResourceFactory;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;
+import org.apache.http.conn.ClientConnectionManager;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.impl.cookie.DateParseException;
+import org.apache.http.impl.cookie.DateUtils;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;
+import org.apache.http.util.VersionInfo;
+
+/**
+ * <p>The {@link CachingHttpClient} is meant to be a drop-in replacement for
+ * a {@link DefaultHttpClient} that transparently adds client-side caching.
+ * The current implementation is conditionally compliant with HTTP/1.1
+ * (meaning all the MUST and MUST NOTs are obeyed), although quite a lot,
+ * though not all, of the SHOULDs and SHOULD NOTs are obeyed too. Generally
+ * speaking, you construct a {@code CachingHttpClient} by providing a
+ * "backend" {@link HttpClient} used for making actual network requests and
+ * provide an {@link HttpCacheStorage} instance to use for holding onto
+ * cached responses. Additional configuration options can be provided by
+ * passing in a {@link CacheConfig}. Note that all of the usual client
+ * related configuration you want to do vis-a-vis timeouts and connection
+ * pools should be done on this backend client before constructing a {@code
+ * CachingHttpClient} from it.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Generally speaking, the {@code CachingHttpClient} is implemented as a
+ * <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorator_pattern">Decorator</a>
+ * of the backend client; for any incoming request it attempts to satisfy
+ * it from the cache, but if it can't, or if it needs to revalidate a stale
+ * cache entry, it will use the backend client to make an actual request.
+ * However, a proper HTTP/1.1 cache won't change the semantics of a request
+ * and response; in particular, if you issue an unconditional request you
+ * will get a full response (although it may be served to you from the cache,
+ * or the cache may make a conditional request on your behalf to the origin).
+ * This notion of "semantic transparency" means you should be able to drop
+ * a {@link CachingHttpClient} into an existing application without breaking
+ * anything.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Folks that would like to experiment with alternative storage backends
+ * should look at the {@link HttpCacheStorage} interface and the related
+ * package documentation there. You may also be interested in the provided
+ * {@link org.apache.http.impl.client.cache.ehcache.EhcacheHttpCacheStorage
+ * EhCache} and {@link
+ * org.apache.http.impl.client.cache.memcached.MemcachedHttpCacheStorage
+ * memcached} storage backends.</p>
+ * </p>
+ * @since 4.1
+ */
+@ThreadSafe // So long as the responseCache implementation is threadsafe
+public class CachingHttpClient implements HttpClient {
+
+    /**
+     * This is the name under which the {@link
+     * org.apache.http.client.cache.CacheResponseStatus} of a request
+     * (for example, whether it resulted in a cache hit) will be recorded if an
+     * {@link HttpContext} is provided during execution.
+     */
+    public static final String CACHE_RESPONSE_STATUS = "http.cache.response.status";
+
+    private final static boolean SUPPORTS_RANGE_AND_CONTENT_RANGE_HEADERS = false;
+
+    private final AtomicLong cacheHits = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong cacheMisses = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicLong cacheUpdates = new AtomicLong();
+
+    private final HttpClient backend;
+    private final HttpCache responseCache;
+    private final CacheValidityPolicy validityPolicy;
+    private final ResponseCachingPolicy responseCachingPolicy;
+    private final CachedHttpResponseGenerator responseGenerator;
+    private final CacheableRequestPolicy cacheableRequestPolicy;
+    private final CachedResponseSuitabilityChecker suitabilityChecker;
+
+    private final ConditionalRequestBuilder conditionalRequestBuilder;
+
+    private final long maxObjectSizeBytes;
+    private final boolean sharedCache;
+
+    private final ResponseProtocolCompliance responseCompliance;
+    private final RequestProtocolCompliance requestCompliance;
+
+    private final AsynchronousValidator asynchRevalidator;
+
+    private final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    CachingHttpClient(
+            HttpClient client,
+            HttpCache cache,
+            CacheConfig config) {
+        super();
+        if (client == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("HttpClient may not be null");
+        }
+        if (cache == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("HttpCache may not be null");
+        }
+        if (config == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("CacheConfig may not be null");
+        }
+        this.maxObjectSizeBytes = config.getMaxObjectSize();
+        this.sharedCache = config.isSharedCache();
+        this.backend = client;
+        this.responseCache = cache;
+        this.validityPolicy = new CacheValidityPolicy();
+        this.responseCachingPolicy = new ResponseCachingPolicy(maxObjectSizeBytes, sharedCache);
+        this.responseGenerator = new CachedHttpResponseGenerator(this.validityPolicy);
+        this.cacheableRequestPolicy = new CacheableRequestPolicy();
+        this.suitabilityChecker = new CachedResponseSuitabilityChecker(this.validityPolicy, config);
+        this.conditionalRequestBuilder = new ConditionalRequestBuilder();
+
+        this.responseCompliance = new ResponseProtocolCompliance();
+        this.requestCompliance = new RequestProtocolCompliance();
+
+        this.asynchRevalidator = makeAsynchronousValidator(config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@code CachingHttpClient} with default caching settings that
+     * stores cache entries in memory and uses a vanilla {@link DefaultHttpClient}
+     * for backend requests.
+     */
+    public CachingHttpClient() {
+        this(new DefaultHttpClient(),
+                new BasicHttpCache(),
+                new CacheConfig());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@code CachingHttpClient} with the given caching options that
+     * stores cache entries in memory and uses a vanilla {@link DefaultHttpClient}
+     * for backend requests.
+     * @param config cache module options
+     */
+    public CachingHttpClient(CacheConfig config) {
+        this(new DefaultHttpClient(),
+                new BasicHttpCache(config),
+                config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@code CachingHttpClient} with default caching settings that
+     * stores cache entries in memory and uses the given {@link HttpClient}
+     * for backend requests.
+     * @param client used to make origin requests
+     */
+    public CachingHttpClient(HttpClient client) {
+        this(client,
+                new BasicHttpCache(),
+                new CacheConfig());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@code CachingHttpClient} with the given caching options that
+     * stores cache entries in memory and uses the given {@link HttpClient}
+     * for backend requests.
+     * @param config cache module options
+     * @param client used to make origin requests
+     */
+    public CachingHttpClient(HttpClient client, CacheConfig config) {
+        this(client,
+                new BasicHttpCache(config),
+                config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@code CachingHttpClient} with the given caching options
+     * that stores cache entries in the provided storage backend and uses
+     * the given {@link HttpClient} for backend requests. However, cached
+     * response bodies are managed using the given {@link ResourceFactory}.
+     * @param client used to make origin requests
+     * @param resourceFactory how to manage cached response bodies
+     * @param storage where to store cache entries
+     * @param config cache module options
+     */
+    public CachingHttpClient(
+            HttpClient client,
+            ResourceFactory resourceFactory,
+            HttpCacheStorage storage,
+            CacheConfig config) {
+        this(client,
+                new BasicHttpCache(resourceFactory, storage, config),
+                config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a {@code CachingHttpClient} with the given caching options
+     * that stores cache entries in the provided storage backend and uses
+     * the given {@link HttpClient} for backend requests.
+     * @param client used to make origin requests
+     * @param storage where to store cache entries
+     * @param config cache module options
+     */
+    public CachingHttpClient(
+            HttpClient client,
+            HttpCacheStorage storage,
+            CacheConfig config) {
+        this(client,
+                new BasicHttpCache(new HeapResourceFactory(), storage, config),
+                config);
+    }
+
+    CachingHttpClient(
+            HttpClient backend,
+            CacheValidityPolicy validityPolicy,
+            ResponseCachingPolicy responseCachingPolicy,
+            HttpCache responseCache,
+            CachedHttpResponseGenerator responseGenerator,
+            CacheableRequestPolicy cacheableRequestPolicy,
+            CachedResponseSuitabilityChecker suitabilityChecker,
+            ConditionalRequestBuilder conditionalRequestBuilder,
+            ResponseProtocolCompliance responseCompliance,
+            RequestProtocolCompliance requestCompliance) {
+        CacheConfig config = new CacheConfig();
+        this.maxObjectSizeBytes = config.getMaxObjectSize();
+        this.sharedCache = config.isSharedCache();
+        this.backend = backend;
+        this.validityPolicy = validityPolicy;
+        this.responseCachingPolicy = responseCachingPolicy;
+        this.responseCache = responseCache;
+        this.responseGenerator = responseGenerator;
+        this.cacheableRequestPolicy = cacheableRequestPolicy;
+        this.suitabilityChecker = suitabilityChecker;
+        this.conditionalRequestBuilder = conditionalRequestBuilder;
+        this.responseCompliance = responseCompliance;
+        this.requestCompliance = requestCompliance;
+        this.asynchRevalidator = makeAsynchronousValidator(config);
+    }
+
+    private AsynchronousValidator makeAsynchronousValidator(
+            CacheConfig config) {
+        if (config.getAsynchronousWorkersMax() > 0) {
+            return new AsynchronousValidator(this, config);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the number of times that the cache successfully responded
+     * to an {@link HttpRequest} without contacting the origin server.
+     * @return the number of cache hits
+     */
+    public long getCacheHits() {
+        return cacheHits.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the number of times that the cache contacted the origin
+     * server because it had no appropriate response cached.
+     * @return the number of cache misses
+     */
+    public long getCacheMisses() {
+        return cacheMisses.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports the number of times that the cache was able to satisfy
+     * a response by revalidating an existing but stale cache entry.
+     * @return the number of cache revalidations
+     */
+    public long getCacheUpdates() {
+        return cacheUpdates.get();
+    }
+
+    public HttpResponse execute(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request) throws IOException {
+        HttpContext defaultContext = null;
+        return execute(target, request, defaultContext);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T execute(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request,
+                         ResponseHandler<? extends T> responseHandler) throws IOException {
+        return execute(target, request, responseHandler, null);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T execute(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request,
+                         ResponseHandler<? extends T> responseHandler, HttpContext context) throws IOException {
+        HttpResponse resp = execute(target, request, context);
+        return responseHandler.handleResponse(resp);
+    }
+
+    public HttpResponse execute(HttpUriRequest request) throws IOException {
+        HttpContext context = null;
+        return execute(request, context);
+    }
+
+    public HttpResponse execute(HttpUriRequest request, HttpContext context) throws IOException {
+        URI uri = request.getURI();
+        HttpHost httpHost = new HttpHost(uri.getHost(), uri.getPort(), uri.getScheme());
+        return execute(httpHost, request, context);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T execute(HttpUriRequest request, ResponseHandler<? extends T> responseHandler)
+            throws IOException {
+        return execute(request, responseHandler, null);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T execute(HttpUriRequest request, ResponseHandler<? extends T> responseHandler,
+                         HttpContext context) throws IOException {
+        HttpResponse resp = execute(request, context);
+        return responseHandler.handleResponse(resp);
+    }
+
+    public ClientConnectionManager getConnectionManager() {
+        return backend.getConnectionManager();
+    }
+
+    public HttpParams getParams() {
+        return backend.getParams();
+    }
+
+    public HttpResponse execute(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request, HttpContext context)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        // default response context
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MISS);
+
+        String via = generateViaHeader(request);
+
+        if (clientRequestsOurOptions(request)) {
+            setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MODULE_RESPONSE);
+            return new OptionsHttp11Response();
+        }
+
+        HttpResponse fatalErrorResponse = getFatallyNoncompliantResponse(
+                request, context);
+        if (fatalErrorResponse != null) return fatalErrorResponse;
+
+        request = requestCompliance.makeRequestCompliant(request);
+        request.addHeader("Via",via);
+
+        flushEntriesInvalidatedByRequest(target, request);
+
+        if (!cacheableRequestPolicy.isServableFromCache(request)) {
+            return callBackend(target, request, context);
+        }
+
+        HttpCacheEntry entry = satisfyFromCache(target, request);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return handleCacheMiss(target, request, context);
+        }
+
+        return handleCacheHit(target, request, context, entry);
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse handleCacheHit(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request,
+            HttpContext context, HttpCacheEntry entry)
+            throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {
+        recordCacheHit(target, request);
+
+        Date now = getCurrentDate();
+        if (suitabilityChecker.canCachedResponseBeUsed(target, request, entry, now)) {
+            return generateCachedResponse(request, context, entry, now);
+        }
+
+        if (!mayCallBackend(request)) {
+            return generateGatewayTimeout(context);
+        }
+
+        if (validityPolicy.isRevalidatable(entry)) {
+            return revalidateCacheEntry(target, request, context, entry, now);
+        }
+        return callBackend(target, request, context);
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse revalidateCacheEntry(HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest request, HttpContext context, HttpCacheEntry entry,
+            Date now) throws ClientProtocolException {
+        log.trace("Revalidating the cache entry");
+
+        try {
+            if (asynchRevalidator != null
+                && !staleResponseNotAllowed(request, entry, now)
+                && validityPolicy.mayReturnStaleWhileRevalidating(entry, now)) {
+                final HttpResponse resp = generateCachedResponse(request, context, entry, now);
+
+                asynchRevalidator.revalidateCacheEntry(target, request, context, entry);
+
+                return resp;
+            }
+            return revalidateCacheEntry(target, request, context, entry);
+        } catch (IOException ioex) {
+            return handleRevalidationFailure(request, context, entry, now);
+        } catch (ProtocolException e) {
+            throw new ClientProtocolException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse handleCacheMiss(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request,
+            HttpContext context) throws IOException {
+        recordCacheMiss(target, request);
+
+        if (!mayCallBackend(request)) {
+            return new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT,
+                    "Gateway Timeout");
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Variant> variants =
+            getExistingCacheVariants(target, request);
+        if (variants != null && variants.size() > 0) {
+            return negotiateResponseFromVariants(target, request, context, variants);
+        }
+
+        return callBackend(target, request, context);
+    }
+
+    private HttpCacheEntry satisfyFromCache(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request) {
+        HttpCacheEntry entry = null;
+        try {
+            entry = responseCache.getCacheEntry(target, request);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Unable to retrieve entries from cache", ioe);
+        }
+        return entry;
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse getFatallyNoncompliantResponse(HttpRequest request,
+            HttpContext context) {
+        HttpResponse fatalErrorResponse = null;
+        List<RequestProtocolError> fatalError = requestCompliance.requestIsFatallyNonCompliant(request);
+
+        for (RequestProtocolError error : fatalError) {
+            setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MODULE_RESPONSE);
+            fatalErrorResponse = requestCompliance.getErrorForRequest(error);
+        }
+        return fatalErrorResponse;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Variant> getExistingCacheVariants(HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest request) {
+        Map<String,Variant> variants = null;
+        try {
+            variants = responseCache.getVariantCacheEntriesWithEtags(target, request);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Unable to retrieve variant entries from cache", ioe);
+        }
+        return variants;
+    }
+
+    private void recordCacheMiss(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request) {
+        cacheMisses.getAndIncrement();
+        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+            RequestLine rl = request.getRequestLine();
+            log.trace("Cache miss [host: " + target + "; uri: " + rl.getUri() + "]");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void recordCacheHit(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request) {
+        cacheHits.getAndIncrement();
+        if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+            RequestLine rl = request.getRequestLine();
+            log.trace("Cache hit [host: " + target + "; uri: " + rl.getUri() + "]");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void recordCacheUpdate(HttpContext context) {
+        cacheUpdates.getAndIncrement();
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.VALIDATED);
+    }
+
+    private void flushEntriesInvalidatedByRequest(HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest request) {
+        try {
+            responseCache.flushInvalidatedCacheEntriesFor(target, request);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Unable to flush invalidated entries from cache", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse generateCachedResponse(HttpRequest request,
+            HttpContext context, HttpCacheEntry entry, Date now) {
+        final HttpResponse cachedResponse;
+        if (request.containsHeader(HeaderConstants.IF_NONE_MATCH)
+                || request.containsHeader(HeaderConstants.IF_MODIFIED_SINCE)) {
+            cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateNotModifiedResponse(entry);
+        } else {
+            cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateResponse(entry);
+        }
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_HIT);
+        if (validityPolicy.getStalenessSecs(entry, now) > 0L) {
+            cachedResponse.addHeader("Warning","110 localhost \"Response is stale\"");
+        }
+        return cachedResponse;
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse handleRevalidationFailure(HttpRequest request,
+            HttpContext context, HttpCacheEntry entry, Date now) {
+        if (staleResponseNotAllowed(request, entry, now)) {
+            return generateGatewayTimeout(context);
+        } else {
+            return unvalidatedCacheHit(context, entry);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse generateGatewayTimeout(HttpContext context) {
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_MODULE_RESPONSE);
+        return new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1,
+                HttpStatus.SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT, "Gateway Timeout");
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse unvalidatedCacheHit(HttpContext context,
+            HttpCacheEntry entry) {
+        final HttpResponse cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateResponse(entry);
+        setResponseStatus(context, CacheResponseStatus.CACHE_HIT);
+        cachedResponse.addHeader(HeaderConstants.WARNING, "111 localhost \"Revalidation failed\"");
+        return cachedResponse;
+    }
+
+    private boolean staleResponseNotAllowed(HttpRequest request,
+            HttpCacheEntry entry, Date now) {
+        return validityPolicy.mustRevalidate(entry)
+            || (isSharedCache() && validityPolicy.proxyRevalidate(entry))
+            || explicitFreshnessRequest(request, entry, now);
+    }
+
+    private boolean mayCallBackend(HttpRequest request) {
+        for (Header h: request.getHeaders("Cache-Control")) {
+            for (HeaderElement elt : h.getElements()) {
+                if ("only-if-cached".equals(elt.getName())) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean explicitFreshnessRequest(HttpRequest request, HttpCacheEntry entry, Date now) {
+        for(Header h : request.getHeaders("Cache-Control")) {
+            for(HeaderElement elt : h.getElements()) {
+                if ("max-stale".equals(elt.getName())) {
+                    try {
+                        int maxstale = Integer.parseInt(elt.getValue());
+                        long age = validityPolicy.getCurrentAgeSecs(entry, now);
+                        long lifetime = validityPolicy.getFreshnessLifetimeSecs(entry);
+                        if (age - lifetime > maxstale) return true;
+                    } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                } else if ("min-fresh".equals(elt.getName())
+                            || "max-age".equals(elt.getName())) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private String generateViaHeader(HttpMessage msg) {
+        final VersionInfo vi = VersionInfo.loadVersionInfo("org.apache.http.client", getClass().getClassLoader());
+        final String release = (vi != null) ? vi.getRelease() : VersionInfo.UNAVAILABLE;
+        final ProtocolVersion pv = msg.getProtocolVersion();
+        if ("http".equalsIgnoreCase(pv.getProtocol())) {
+            return String.format("%d.%d localhost (Apache-HttpClient/%s (cache))",
+                pv.getMajor(), pv.getMinor(), release);
+        } else {
+            return String.format("%s/%d.%d localhost (Apache-HttpClient/%s (cache))",
+                    pv.getProtocol(), pv.getMajor(), pv.getMinor(), release);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setResponseStatus(final HttpContext context, final CacheResponseStatus value) {
+        if (context != null) {
+            context.setAttribute(CACHE_RESPONSE_STATUS, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports whether this {@code CachingHttpClient} implementation
+     * supports byte-range requests as specified by the {@code Range}
+     * and {@code Content-Range} headers.
+     * @return {@code true} if byte-range requests are supported
+     */
+    public boolean supportsRangeAndContentRangeHeaders() {
+        return SUPPORTS_RANGE_AND_CONTENT_RANGE_HEADERS;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports whether this {@code CachingHttpClient} is configured as
+     * a shared (public) or non-shared (private) cache. See {@link
+     * CacheConfig#setSharedCache(boolean)}.
+     * @return {@code true} if we are behaving as a shared (public)
+     *   cache
+     */
+    public boolean isSharedCache() {
+        return sharedCache;
+    }
+
+    Date getCurrentDate() {
+        return new Date();
+    }
+
+    boolean clientRequestsOurOptions(HttpRequest request) {
+        RequestLine line = request.getRequestLine();
+
+        if (!HeaderConstants.OPTIONS_METHOD.equals(line.getMethod()))
+            return false;
+
+        if (!"*".equals(line.getUri()))
+            return false;
+
+        if (!"0".equals(request.getFirstHeader(HeaderConstants.MAX_FORWARDS).getValue()))
+            return false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    HttpResponse callBackend(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request, HttpContext context)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        Date requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+
+        log.trace("Calling the backend");
+        HttpResponse backendResponse = backend.execute(target, request, context);
+        backendResponse.addHeader("Via", generateViaHeader(backendResponse));
+        return handleBackendResponse(target, request, requestDate, getCurrentDate(),
+                backendResponse);
+
+    }
+
+    private boolean revalidationResponseIsTooOld(HttpResponse backendResponse,
+            HttpCacheEntry cacheEntry) {
+        final Header entryDateHeader = cacheEntry.getFirstHeader("Date");
+        final Header responseDateHeader = backendResponse.getFirstHeader("Date");
+        if (entryDateHeader != null && responseDateHeader != null) {
+            try {
+                Date entryDate = DateUtils.parseDate(entryDateHeader.getValue());
+                Date respDate = DateUtils.parseDate(responseDateHeader.getValue());
+                if (respDate.before(entryDate)) return true;
+            } catch (DateParseException e) {
+                // either backend response or cached entry did not have a valid
+                // Date header, so we can't tell if they are out of order
+                // according to the origin clock; thus we can skip the
+                // unconditional retry recommended in 13.2.6 of RFC 2616.
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    HttpResponse negotiateResponseFromVariants(HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest request, HttpContext context,
+            Map<String, Variant> variants) throws IOException {
+        HttpRequest conditionalRequest = conditionalRequestBuilder.buildConditionalRequestFromVariants(request, variants);
+
+        Date requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+        HttpResponse backendResponse = backend.execute(target, conditionalRequest, context);
+        Date responseDate = getCurrentDate();
+
+        backendResponse.addHeader("Via", generateViaHeader(backendResponse));
+
+        if (backendResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() != HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED) {
+            return handleBackendResponse(target, request, requestDate, responseDate, backendResponse);
+        }
+
+        Header resultEtagHeader = backendResponse.getFirstHeader(HeaderConstants.ETAG);
+        if (resultEtagHeader == null) {
+            log.warn("304 response did not contain ETag");
+            return callBackend(target, request, context);
+        }
+
+        String resultEtag = resultEtagHeader.getValue();
+        Variant matchingVariant = variants.get(resultEtag);
+        if (matchingVariant == null) {
+            log.debug("304 response did not contain ETag matching one sent in If-None-Match");
+            return callBackend(target, request, context);
+        }
+
+        HttpCacheEntry matchedEntry = matchingVariant.getEntry();
+
+        if (revalidationResponseIsTooOld(backendResponse, matchedEntry)) {
+            return retryRequestUnconditionally(target, request, context,
+                    matchedEntry);
+        }
+
+        recordCacheUpdate(context);
+
+        HttpCacheEntry responseEntry = getUpdatedVariantEntry(target,
+                conditionalRequest, requestDate, responseDate, backendResponse,
+                matchingVariant, matchedEntry);
+
+        HttpResponse resp = responseGenerator.generateResponse(responseEntry);
+        tryToUpdateVariantMap(target, request, matchingVariant);
+
+        if (shouldSendNotModifiedResponse(request, responseEntry)) {
+            return responseGenerator.generateNotModifiedResponse(responseEntry);
+        }
+
+        return resp;
+    }
+
+    private HttpResponse retryRequestUnconditionally(HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest request, HttpContext context,
+            HttpCacheEntry matchedEntry) throws IOException {
+        HttpRequest unconditional = conditionalRequestBuilder
+            .buildUnconditionalRequest(request, matchedEntry);
+        return callBackend(target, unconditional, context);
+    }
+
+    private HttpCacheEntry getUpdatedVariantEntry(HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest conditionalRequest, Date requestDate,
+            Date responseDate, HttpResponse backendResponse,
+            Variant matchingVariant, HttpCacheEntry matchedEntry) {
+        HttpCacheEntry responseEntry = matchedEntry;
+        try {
+            responseEntry = responseCache.updateVariantCacheEntry(target, conditionalRequest,
+                    matchedEntry, backendResponse, requestDate, responseDate, matchingVariant.getCacheKey());
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Could not update cache entry", ioe);
+        }
+        return responseEntry;
+    }
+
+    private void tryToUpdateVariantMap(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request,
+            Variant matchingVariant) {
+        try {
+            responseCache.reuseVariantEntryFor(target, request, matchingVariant);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            log.warn("Could not update cache entry to reuse variant", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean shouldSendNotModifiedResponse(HttpRequest request,
+            HttpCacheEntry responseEntry) {
+        return (suitabilityChecker.isConditional(request)
+                && suitabilityChecker.allConditionalsMatch(request, responseEntry, new Date()));
+    }
+
+    HttpResponse revalidateCacheEntry(
+            HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest request,
+            HttpContext context,
+            HttpCacheEntry cacheEntry) throws IOException, ProtocolException {
+
+        HttpRequest conditionalRequest = conditionalRequestBuilder.buildConditionalRequest(request, cacheEntry);
+
+        Date requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+        HttpResponse backendResponse = backend.execute(target, conditionalRequest, context);
+        Date responseDate = getCurrentDate();
+
+        if (revalidationResponseIsTooOld(backendResponse, cacheEntry)) {
+            HttpRequest unconditional = conditionalRequestBuilder
+                .buildUnconditionalRequest(request, cacheEntry);
+            requestDate = getCurrentDate();
+            backendResponse = backend.execute(target, unconditional, context);
+            responseDate = getCurrentDate();
+        }
+
+        backendResponse.addHeader("Via", generateViaHeader(backendResponse));
+
+        int statusCode = backendResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+        if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_OK) {
+            recordCacheUpdate(context);
+        }
+
+        if (statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED) {
+            HttpCacheEntry updatedEntry = responseCache.updateCacheEntry(target, request, cacheEntry,
+                    backendResponse, requestDate, responseDate);
+            if (suitabilityChecker.isConditional(request)
+                    && suitabilityChecker.allConditionalsMatch(request, updatedEntry, new Date())) {
+                return responseGenerator.generateNotModifiedResponse(updatedEntry);
+            }
+            return responseGenerator.generateResponse(updatedEntry);
+        }
+
+        if (staleIfErrorAppliesTo(statusCode)
+            && !staleResponseNotAllowed(request, cacheEntry, getCurrentDate())
+            && validityPolicy.mayReturnStaleIfError(request, cacheEntry, responseDate)) {
+            final HttpResponse cachedResponse = responseGenerator.generateResponse(cacheEntry);
+            cachedResponse.addHeader(HeaderConstants.WARNING, "110 localhost \"Response is stale\"");
+            return cachedResponse;
+        }
+
+        return handleBackendResponse(target, conditionalRequest, requestDate, responseDate,
+                                     backendResponse);
+    }
+
+    private boolean staleIfErrorAppliesTo(int statusCode) {
+        return statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
+                || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_BAD_GATEWAY
+                || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE
+                || statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT;
+    }
+
+    HttpResponse handleBackendResponse(
+            HttpHost target,
+            HttpRequest request,
+            Date requestDate,
+            Date responseDate,
+            HttpResponse backendResponse) throws IOException {
+
+        log.trace("Handling Backend response");
+        responseCompliance.ensureProtocolCompliance(request, backendResponse);
+
+        boolean cacheable = responseCachingPolicy.isResponseCacheable(request, backendResponse);
+        responseCache.flushInvalidatedCacheEntriesFor(target, request, backendResponse);
+        if (cacheable &&
+            !alreadyHaveNewerCacheEntry(target, request, backendResponse)) {
+            try {
+                return responseCache.cacheAndReturnResponse(target, request, backendResponse, requestDate,
+                        responseDate);
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                log.warn("Unable to store entries in cache", ioe);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!cacheable) {
+            try {
+                responseCache.flushCacheEntriesFor(target, request);
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                log.warn("Unable to flush invalid cache entries", ioe);
+            }
+        }
+        return backendResponse;
+    }
+
+    private boolean alreadyHaveNewerCacheEntry(HttpHost target, HttpRequest request,
+            HttpResponse backendResponse) {
+        HttpCacheEntry existing = null;
+        try {
+            existing = responseCache.getCacheEntry(target, request);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            // nop
+        }
+        if (existing == null) return false;
+        Header entryDateHeader = existing.getFirstHeader("Date");
+        if (entryDateHeader == null) return false;
+        Header responseDateHeader = backendResponse.getFirstHeader("Date");
+        if (responseDateHeader == null) return false;
+        try {
+            Date entryDate = DateUtils.parseDate(entryDateHeader.getValue());
+            Date responseDate = DateUtils.parseDate(responseDateHeader.getValue());
+            return responseDate.before(entryDate);
+        } catch (DateParseException e) {
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface org.apache.http.HttpMessage. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HttpResponse CachingHttpClient.execute(HttpHost,HttpRequest,HttpContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.client.cache.CachingHttpClient.execute(org.apache.http.HttpHost,org.apache.http.0b238c37cf1ca012154fb39c6beb58fc
+
+### File:
+httpclient-cache/src/main/java/org/apache/http/impl/client/cache/CachingHttpClient.java
+
+### Key:
+CachingHttpClient.java|execute|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e88abfda398623912152949dea1eb420
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1040/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1040/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50baac4660f74e56b204d023d3c473871f5defc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1040/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dotNext
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+namespace DotNext.Reflection
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents reflected method.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="D">Type of delegate describing signature of the reflected method.</typeparam>
+    public sealed class Method<D> : MethodInfo, IMethod<D>, IEquatable<Method<D>>, IEquatable<MethodInfo>
+        where D : MulticastDelegate
+    {
+        private const BindingFlags StaticPublicFlags = BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy;
+        private const BindingFlags StaticNonPublicFlags = BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+        private const BindingFlags InstancePublicFlags = BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy;
+        private const BindingFlags InstanceNonPublicFlags = BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly;
+
+        private readonly MethodInfo method;
+        private readonly D invoker;
+
+        private Method(MethodInfo method, Expression[] args, ParameterExpression[] parameters)
+        {
+            this.method = method;
+            invoker = Expression.Lambda<D>(Expression.Call(method, args), parameters).Compile();
+        }
+
+        private Method(MethodInfo method, ParameterExpression instance, Expression[] args, ParameterExpression[] parameters)
+        {
+            this.method = method;
+            invoker = Expression.Lambda<D>(Expression.Call(instance, method, args), parameters.Insert(instance, 0)).Compile();
+        }
+
+        private Method(MethodInfo method)
+        {
+            this.method = method;
+            this.invoker = Delegates.CreateDelegate<D>(method);
+        }
+
+        internal Method<D> OfType<T>() => method.DeclaringType.IsAssignableFrom(typeof(T)) ? this : null;
+
+        public sealed override MethodAttributes Attributes => method.Attributes;
+        public sealed override CallingConventions CallingConvention => method.CallingConvention;
+        public sealed override bool ContainsGenericParameters => method.ContainsGenericParameters;
+        public sealed override Delegate CreateDelegate(Type delegateType) => method.CreateDelegate(delegateType);
+        public sealed override Delegate CreateDelegate(Type delegateType, object target) => method.CreateDelegate(delegateType, target);
+        public sealed override IEnumerable<CustomAttributeData> CustomAttributes => method.CustomAttributes;
+        public sealed override Type DeclaringType => method.DeclaringType;
+        public sealed override MethodInfo GetBaseDefinition() => method.GetBaseDefinition();
+        public sealed override object[] GetCustomAttributes(bool inherit) => method.GetCustomAttributes(inherit);
+        public sealed override object[] GetCustomAttributes(Type attributeType, bool inherit) => method.GetCustomAttributes(attributeType, inherit);
+        public sealed override IList<CustomAttributeData> GetCustomAttributesData() => method.GetCustomAttributesData();
+        public sealed override Type[] GetGenericArguments() => method.GetGenericArguments();
+        public sealed override MethodInfo GetGenericMethodDefinition() => method.GetGenericMethodDefinition();
+        public sealed override MethodBody GetMethodBody() => method.GetMethodBody();
+        public sealed override MethodImplAttributes GetMethodImplementationFlags() => method.GetMethodImplementationFlags();
+        public sealed override ParameterInfo[] GetParameters() => method.GetParameters();
+        public sealed override object Invoke(object obj, BindingFlags invokeAttr, Binder binder, object[] parameters, CultureInfo culture)
+            => method.Invoke(obj, invokeAttr, binder, parameters, culture);
+        public sealed override bool IsDefined(Type attributeType, bool inherit)
+            => method.IsDefined(attributeType, inherit);
+        public sealed override bool IsGenericMethod => method.IsGenericMethod;
+        public sealed override bool IsGenericMethodDefinition => method.IsGenericMethodDefinition;
+        public sealed override bool IsSecurityCritical => method.IsSecurityCritical;
+        public sealed override bool IsSecuritySafeCritical => method.IsSecuritySafeCritical;
+        public sealed override bool IsSecurityTransparent => method.IsSecurityTransparent;
+        public sealed override MethodInfo MakeGenericMethod(params Type[] typeArguments) => method.MakeGenericMethod(typeArguments);
+        public sealed override MemberTypes MemberType => MemberTypes.Method;
+        public sealed override int MetadataToken => method.MetadataToken;
+        public sealed override RuntimeMethodHandle MethodHandle => method.MethodHandle;
+        public sealed override MethodImplAttributes MethodImplementationFlags => method.MethodImplementationFlags;
+        public sealed override Module Module => method.Module;
+        public sealed override string Name => method.Name;
+        public sealed override Type ReflectedType => method.ReflectedType;
+        public sealed override ParameterInfo ReturnParameter => method.ReturnParameter;
+        public sealed override Type ReturnType => method.ReturnType;
+        public sealed override ICustomAttributeProvider ReturnTypeCustomAttributes => method.ReturnTypeCustomAttributes;
+
+        public bool Equals(MethodInfo other) => method == other;
+        public bool Equals(Method<D> other) => Equals(other?.method);
+
+        public override bool Equals(object other)
+        {
+            switch (other)
+            {
+                case Method<D> method:
+                    return Equals(method);
+                case MethodInfo method:
+                    return Equals(method);
+                default:
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode() => method.GetHashCode();
+
+        public static implicit operator D(Method<D> method) => method?.invoker;
+
+        MethodInfo IMember<MethodInfo>.RuntimeMember => method;
+        D IMember<MethodInfo, D>.Invoker => invoker;
+
+        public override string ToString() => method.ToString();
+
+        private static Method<D> ReflectStatic(Type declaringType, Type[] parameters, Type returnType, string methodName, bool nonPublic)
+        {
+            var targetMethod = declaringType.GetMethod(methodName,
+                nonPublic ? StaticNonPublicFlags : StaticPublicFlags,
+                Type.DefaultBinder,
+                parameters,
+                Array.Empty<ParameterModifier>());
+            return targetMethod is null || returnType != targetMethod.ReturnType ? null : new Method<D>(targetMethod);
+        }
+
+        private static Method<D> ReflectStatic(Type declaringType, Type argumentsType, Type returnType, string methodName, bool nonPublic)
+        {
+            var (parameters, arglist, input) = Signature.Reflect(argumentsType);
+            var targetMethod = declaringType.GetMethod(methodName,
+                nonPublic ? StaticNonPublicFlags : StaticPublicFlags,
+                Type.DefaultBinder,
+                parameters,
+                Array.Empty<ParameterModifier>());
+            return targetMethod is null || returnType != targetMethod.ReturnType ? null : new Method<D>(targetMethod, arglist, new[]{ input });
+        }
+
+		private static Type NonRefType(Type type) => type.IsByRef ? type.GetElementType() : type;
+
+		private static Method<D> ReflectInstance(Type thisParam, Type[] parameters, Type returnType, string methodName, bool nonPublic)
+        {
+            var targetMethod = NonRefType(thisParam).GetMethod(methodName,
+                nonPublic ? InstanceNonPublicFlags : InstancePublicFlags,
+                Type.DefaultBinder,
+                parameters, 
+                Array.Empty<ParameterModifier>());
+
+            //this parameter can be passed as REF so handle this situation
+            //first parameter should be passed by REF for structure types
+            if(targetMethod is null || returnType != targetMethod.ReturnType)
+                return null;
+            else if(thisParam.IsByRef ^ thisParam.IsValueType)
+            {
+                var thisParamDeclaration = Expression.Parameter(thisParam);
+                var parametersDeclaration = parameters.Convert(Expression.Parameter);
+                return new Method<D>(targetMethod, thisParamDeclaration, parametersDeclaration, parametersDeclaration);
+            }
+            else
+                return new Method<D>(targetMethod);
+        }
+
+        private static Method<D> ReflectInstance(Type thisParam, Type argumentsType, Type returnType, string methodName, bool nonPublic)
+        {
+            var (parameters, arglist, input) = Signature.Reflect(argumentsType);
+            var thisParamDeclaration = Expression.Parameter(thisParam.MakeByRefType());
+            var targetMethod = thisParam.GetMethod(methodName,
+                nonPublic ? InstanceNonPublicFlags : InstancePublicFlags,
+                Type.DefaultBinder,
+                parameters, 
+                Array.Empty<ParameterModifier>());
+            return targetMethod is null || returnType != targetMethod.ReturnType ? null : new Method<D>(targetMethod, thisParamDeclaration, arglist, new[]{ input });
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reflects instance method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="methodName"></param>
+        /// <param name="nonPublic"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal static Method<D> Reflect(string methodName, bool nonPublic)
+        {
+            var delegateType = typeof(D);
+			if (delegateType.IsAbstract)
+				throw new AbstractDelegateException<D>();
+			else if (delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Function<,,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out var thisParam, out var argumentsType, out var returnType) == 3L)
+				return ReflectInstance(thisParam, argumentsType, returnType, methodName, nonPublic);
+            else if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Procedure<,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out thisParam, out argumentsType) == 2L)
+                return ReflectInstance(thisParam, argumentsType, typeof(void), methodName, nonPublic);
+			else
+			{
+				Delegates.GetInvokeMethod<D>().Decompose(Methods.GetParameterTypes, method => method.ReturnType, out var parameters, out returnType);
+				thisParam = parameters.FirstOrDefault() ?? throw new ArgumentException("Delegate type should have THIS parameter");
+				return ReflectInstance(thisParam, parameters.RemoveFirst(1), returnType, methodName, nonPublic);
+			}
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reflects static method.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="methodName">Name of method.</param>
+        /// <param name="nonPublic">True to reflect non-public static method.</param>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Declaring type.</typeparam>
+        /// <returns>Reflected static method.</returns>
+        internal static Method<D> Reflect<T>(string methodName, bool nonPublic)
+        {
+            var delegateType = typeof(D);
+			if (delegateType.IsAbstract)
+				throw new AbstractDelegateException<D>();
+			else if (delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Function<,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out var argumentsType, out var returnType) == 2L)
+				return ReflectStatic(typeof(T), argumentsType, returnType, methodName, nonPublic);
+            else if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Procedure<>)))
+                return ReflectStatic(typeof(T), delegateType.GetGenericArguments()[0], typeof(void), methodName, nonPublic);
+			else
+			{
+				Delegates.GetInvokeMethod<D>().Decompose(Methods.GetParameterTypes, method => method.ReturnType, out var parameters, out returnType);
+				return ReflectStatic(typeof(T), parameters, returnType, methodName, nonPublic);
+			}
+        }
+
+        private static Method<D> UnreflectStatic(MethodInfo method)
+        {
+            var delegateType = typeof(D);
+            if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Function<,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out var argumentsType, out var returnType) == 2L)
+            {
+                var (parameters, arglist, input) = Signature.Reflect(argumentsType);
+                return returnType == method.ReturnType && method.SignatureEquals(parameters) ? new Method<D>(method, arglist, new[]{ input }) : null;
+            }
+            else if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Procedure<>)))
+            {
+                argumentsType = delegateType.GetGenericArguments()[0];
+                var (parameters, arglist, input) = Signature.Reflect(argumentsType);
+                return typeof(void) == method.ReturnType && method.SignatureEquals(parameters) ? new Method<D>(method, arglist, new[]{ input }) : null; 
+            }
+			else if(Delegates.GetInvokeMethod<D>().SignatureEquals(method))
+                return new Method<D>(method);
+            else
+                return null;
+        }
+
+        private static Method<D> UnreflectInstance(MethodInfo method)
+        {
+            var delegateType = typeof(D);
+            if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Function<,,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out var thisParam, out var argumentsType, out var returnType) == 3L)
+            {
+                var (parameters, arglist, input) = Signature.Reflect(argumentsType);
+                return thisParam.IsAssignableFrom(method.DeclaringType) && returnType == method.ReturnType && method.SignatureEquals(parameters) ? new Method<D>(method, Expression.Parameter(thisParam.MakeByRefType(), "this"), arglist, new[]{ input }) : null;
+            }
+            else if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(Procedure<,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out thisParam, out argumentsType) == 2L)
+            {
+                var (parameters, arglist, input) = Signature.Reflect(argumentsType);
+                return thisParam.IsAssignableFrom(method.DeclaringType) && typeof(void) == method.ReturnType && method.SignatureEquals(parameters) ? new Method<D>(method, Expression.Parameter(thisParam.MakeByRefType(), "this"), arglist, new[]{ input }) : null;
+            }
+			else if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(MemberGetter<,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out thisParam, out returnType) == 2L)
+			{
+				var thisParamDecl = Expression.Parameter(thisParam.MakeByRefType(), "this");
+				return method.DeclaringType.IsAssignableFrom(thisParam) && returnType == method.ReturnType && method.GetParameters().IsNullOrEmpty() ? new Method<D>(method, thisParamDecl, Array.Empty<Expression>(), Array.Empty<ParameterExpression>()) : null;
+			}
+			else if(delegateType.IsGenericInstanceOf(typeof(MemberSetter<,>)) && delegateType.GetGenericArguments().Take(out thisParam, out argumentsType) == 2L)
+			{
+				var thisParamDecl = Expression.Parameter(thisParam.MakeByRefType(), "this");
+				var argDecl = Expression.Parameter(argumentsType);
+				return thisParam.IsAssignableFrom(method.DeclaringType) && method.GetParameterTypes().FirstOrDefault() == argumentsType && method.ReturnType == typeof(void) ? new Method<D>(method, thisParamDecl, new[] { argDecl }, new[] { argDecl }) : null;
+			}
+            else
+            {
+                Delegates.GetInvokeMethod<D>().Decompose(Methods.GetParameterTypes, m => m.ReturnType, out var parameters, out returnType);
+                thisParam = parameters.FirstOrDefault() ?? throw new ArgumentException("Delegate type should have THIS parameter");
+                parameters = parameters.RemoveFirst(1);
+                return method.SignatureEquals(parameters) && method.ReturnType == returnType && method.DeclaringType.IsAssignableFrom(thisParam) ?
+                    new Method<D>(method) :
+                    null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal static Method<D> Unreflect(MethodInfo method)
+        {
+            var delegateType = typeof(D);
+			if (delegateType.IsAbstract)
+				throw new AbstractDelegateException<D>();
+			else if (method is Method<D> existing)
+				return existing;
+			else if (method.IsGenericMethodDefinition || method.IsAbstract || method.IsConstructor)
+				return null;
+			else if (method.IsStatic)
+				return UnreflectStatic(method);
+			else
+				return UnreflectInstance(method);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`argumentsType` is read without initialization.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Method`1<D> Method`1<D>.UnreflectStatic(MethodInfo)
+
+### File:
+DotNext.Reflection/Reflection/Method.cs
+
+### Key:
+Method.cs|UnreflectStatic|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+cd7bbf29a4d540a87c448b6644c0de3b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10410/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10410/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75819283d4b44153459ecc97daa3cbd21e3ead38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10410/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.annotation.values.SkipIf;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.ExtentTest;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.LogStatus;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentManager;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentTestManager;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AndroidMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.IOSMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.service.local.AppiumServiceBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.im4java.core.IM4JavaException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.By;
+import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
+import org.openqa.selenium.logging.LogEntry;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
+import org.testng.ITestListener;
+import org.testng.ITestResult;
+import org.testng.SkipException;
+import org.testng.TestListenerAdapter;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+
+public class AppiumParallelTest extends TestListenerAdapter implements ITestListener {
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = null;
+    public AppiumManager appiumMan = new AppiumManager();
+    public String device_udid;
+    public List<LogEntry> logEntries;
+    public File logFile;
+    public PrintWriter log_file_writer;
+    public DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+    public String category = null;
+    public ExtentTest parent;
+    public ExtentTest child;
+    public String deviceModel;
+    public File scrFile = null;
+    String screenShotNameWithTimeStamp;
+
+    private Map<Long, ExtentTest> parentContext = new HashMap<Long, ExtentTest>();
+    private static ArrayList<String> devices = new ArrayList<String>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public static IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static AndroidDeviceConfiguration androidDevice = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean> deviceMapping =
+        new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>();
+    public ImageUtils imageUtils = new ImageUtils();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.getIOSUDID() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding iOS devices");
+                    devices.addAll(iosDevice.getIOSUDID());
+                }
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(androidDevice.getDeviceSerial());
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(androidDevice.getDeviceSerial());
+                }
+            }
+            for (String device : devices) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, true);
+            }
+            System.out.println(deviceMapping);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized String getNextAvailableDeviceId() {
+        ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView<String, Boolean> devices = deviceMapping.keySet();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (String device : devices) {
+            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
+            t.setName("Thread_" + i);
+            System.out.println("Parallel Thread is::" + t.getName());
+            i++;
+            if (deviceMapping.get(device) == true) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, false);
+                return device;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void freeDevice(String deviceId) {
+        deviceMapping.put(deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(String methodName) throws Exception {
+        device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts(device_udid);
+                category = iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid).replace(" ", "_");
+            } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                System.out.println(category);
+            }
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            parent = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName, "Mobile Appium Test",
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            parentContext.put(Thread.currentThread().getId(), parent);
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, "AppiumServerLogs",
+                "<a href=" + System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/appiumlogs/" + device_udid
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt" + ">Logs</a>");
+        }
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                String webKitPort = iosDevice.startIOSWebKit(device_udid);
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForIOS(device_udid, methodName, webKitPort);
+            } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+            }
+        } else {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName)
+        throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            child = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName.toString())
+                .assignCategory(category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance();
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            child = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName.toString())
+                .assignCategory(category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance(iosCaps, androidCaps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            child = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName.toString())
+                .assignCategory(category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+        startingServerInstance(caps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance() throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosNative());
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (caps.asMap().get("bundleId") != null) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                } else {
+                    checkSelendroid(caps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosCaps);
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DesiredCapabilities checkSelendroid(DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) {
+        int android_api = 0;
+        try {
+            String deviceAPI = androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid);
+            android_api = Integer.parseInt(deviceAPI);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("Android API Level::" + android_api);
+        if (android_api <= 16) {
+            androidCaps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, "Selendroid");
+        }
+        return androidCaps;
+    }
+
+    public void startLogResults(String methodName)
+        throws FileNotFoundException, FileNotFoundException {
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            System.out.println("Starting ADB logs" + device_udid);
+            logEntries = driver.manage().logs().get("logcat").filter(Level.ALL);
+            logFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt");
+            log_file_writer = new PrintWriter(logFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void endLogTestResults(ITestResult result) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        final String classNameCur = result.getName().split(" ")[2].substring(1);
+        final Package[] packages = Package.getPackages();
+        String className = null;
+        for (final Package p : packages) {
+            final String pack = p.getName();
+            final String tentative = pack + "." + classNameCur;
+            try {
+                Class.forName(tentative);
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            className = tentative;
+            break;
+        }
+
+
+        if (result.isSuccess()) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                .log(LogStatus.PASS, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), "Pass");
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                    "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                .log(LogStatus.FAIL, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getThrowable());
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                System.out.println("im in");
+                deviceModel = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                //captureScreenshot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), "android", className);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            }
+
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                File framedImageAndroid = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageAndroid.exists()) {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/"
+                                    + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/"
+                                    + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                                    + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_"
+                                    + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png"));
+                } else {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/"
+                                    + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/"
+                                    + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                                    + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png"));
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                File framedImageIOS = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageIOS.exists()) {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/"
+                                    + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/"
+                                    + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                                    + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_"
+                                    + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png"));
+                } else {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/"
+                                    + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/"
+                                    + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                                    + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png"));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                    "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.SKIP) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.SKIP, "Test skipped");
+        }
+        parentContext.get(Thread.currentThread().getId()).appendChild(child);
+        ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void killAppiumServer() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        System.out.println(
+            "**************ClosingAppiumSession****************" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            ExtentManager.getInstance().endTest(parent);
+            ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+        }
+        appiumMan.destroyAppiumNode();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            iosDevice.destroyIOSWebKitProxy();
+        }
+        freeDevice(device_udid);
+    }
+
+    protected String getStackTrace(Throwable t) {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
+        t.printStackTrace(pw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForElement(By id, int time) {
+        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
+        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable((id)));
+    }
+
+    public void resetAppData() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.clearAppData(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void closeOpenApp() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.closeRunningApp(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevice(String app_package) throws Exception {
+        androidDevice.removeApkFromDevices(device_udid, app_package);
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidNative() {
+        System.out.println("Setting Android Desired Capabilities:");
+        DesiredCapabilities androidCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.X");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_ACTIVITY,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_ACTIVITY"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability("browserName", "");
+        checkSelendroid(androidCapabilities);
+        androidCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return androidCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidWeb() {
+        DesiredCapabilities androidWebCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.0.X");
+        // If you want the tests on real device, make sure chrome browser is
+        // installed
+        androidWebCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, prop.getProperty("BROWSER_TYPE"));
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);
+        return androidWebCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities iosNative() {
+        DesiredCapabilities iOSCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        System.out.println("Setting iOS Desired Capabilities:");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "9.0");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH"));
+        iOSCapabilities
+            .setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.BUNDLE_ID, prop.getProperty("BUNDLE_ID"));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.AUTO_ACCEPT_ALERTS, true);
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "iPhone");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return iOSCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public void deleteAppIOS(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.unInstallApp(device_udid, bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void installAppIOS(String appPath) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.installApp(device_udid, appPath);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkAppIsInstalled(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        return iosDevice.checkIfAppIsInstalled(bundleID);
+    }
+
+
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getDriver() {
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
+        Object currentClass = result.getInstance();
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = ((AppiumParallelTest) currentClass).getDriver();
+        SkipIf skip =
+            result.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getMethod().getAnnotation(SkipIf.class);
+        if (skip != null) {
+            String info = skip.platform();
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().toString().contains(info)) {
+                System.out.println("skipping test");
+                throw new SkipException("Skipped because property was set to :::" + info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Image getImage(final String pathAndFileName) {
+        final URL url = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource(pathAndFileName);
+        return Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenshot(String methodName, String device, String className)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") 
+                && !context.equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + device + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + deviceModel
+                + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png"));
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+    }
+
+    public void logger(String message) {
+        ExtentTestManager.logger(message);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String className, 
+            String methodName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") 
+                && !context.equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        screenShotNameWithTimeStamp = currentDateAndTime();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+            String androidModel =
+                screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, androidModel,
+                "android");
+        } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            String iosModel = screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + iosDevice
+                .getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, iosModel,
+                "iOS");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String screenClassName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException { 
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, status, screenClassName, screenShotName);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        String methodName = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getMethodName();
+        String className = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getClassName();
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, 1, className, methodName);
+    }
+
+    public void screenShotAndFrame(String screenShotName, int status, File scrFile,
+        String methodName, String className, String model, String platform) {
+        String failedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/"
+                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png";
+        String capturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + screenShotName
+                + ".png";
+        String framedCapturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model + "_"
+                + screenShotName + "_results.png";
+        String framedFailedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model
+                + "_failed_" + methodName + "_framed.png";
+
+        try {
+            File framePath =
+                new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/frames/");
+            if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(failedScreen));
+            } else {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(capturedScreen));
+            }
+
+            File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+            if (framePath.exists()) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (model.toString().toLowerCase()
+                            .contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                                    String screenToFrame = failedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedFailedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedFailedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+                                    fileToDelete.delete();
+                                } else {
+                                    String screenToFrame = capturedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedCapturedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedCapturedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+                                    fileToDelete.delete();
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String currentDateAndTime() {
+        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
+        DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
+        return now.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.SECONDS).format(dtf);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `checkiOSDevice(...)` at line 132 is not released after line 149.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 129
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AppiumServiceBuilder AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServer(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServer(java.lang.String):io.appium.java_client.serv.7ffa8619cf50bee466b6dbdf53c80c20
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumParallelTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumParallelTest.java|startAppiumServer|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8f3ce21e00809294f8fa2c93c169621c
+
+### Hash:
+e5e1dc40f8fd5f34757fefc3f2b5fdd6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10411/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10411/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01e660d5b4262404970acddc586616939ba74824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10411/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,963 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.annotation.values.Author;
+import com.annotation.values.Description;
+import com.annotation.values.SkipIf;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import com.appium.utils.MobilePlatform;
+import com.aventstack.extentreports.ExtentTest;
+import com.aventstack.extentreports.Status;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentManager;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentTestManager;
+import com.video.recorder.Flick;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AndroidMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.IOSMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.service.local.AppiumServiceBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.im4java.core.IM4JavaException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.By;
+import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
+import org.openqa.selenium.logging.LogEntry;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
+import org.testng.ITestListener;
+import org.testng.ITestResult;
+import org.testng.SkipException;
+import org.testng.TestListenerAdapter;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.Parameters;
+
+
+import java.awt.Image;
+import java.awt.Toolkit;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+
+public class AppiumParallelTest extends TestListenerAdapter implements ITestListener {
+    public static ArrayList<String> devices = new ArrayList<String>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public static IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static AndroidDeviceConfiguration androidDevice = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean> deviceMapping =
+        new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>();
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = null;
+    public AppiumManager appiumMan = new AppiumManager();
+    public String device_udid;
+    public List<LogEntry> logEntries;
+    public File logFile;
+    public PrintWriter log_file_writer;
+    public String category = null;
+    public ExtentTest parent;
+    public ExtentTest child;
+    public String deviceModel;
+    public File scrFile = null;
+    public String testDescription = "";
+    public ImageUtils imageUtils = new ImageUtils();
+    private String screenShotNameWithTimeStamp;
+    private String CI_BASE_URI = null;
+    private Flick videoRecording = new Flick();
+    public ThreadLocal<ExtentTest> parentTest = new ThreadLocal<ExtentTest>();
+    public ThreadLocal<ExtentTest> test = new ThreadLocal<ExtentTest>();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding iOS devices");
+                    devices.addAll(IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS);
+                }
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            }
+            for (String device : devices) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, true);
+            }
+            System.out.println(deviceMapping);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized String getNextAvailableDeviceId() {
+        ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView<String, Boolean> devices = deviceMapping.keySet();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (String device : devices) {
+            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
+            t.setName("Thread_" + i);
+            System.out.println("Parallel Thread is::" + t.getName());
+            i++;
+            if (deviceMapping.get(device)) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, false);
+                System.out.println(device);
+                return device;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void freeDevice(String deviceId) {
+        deviceMapping.put(deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    public static Image getImage(final String pathAndFileName) {
+        final URL url = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource(pathAndFileName);
+        return Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean buildStatus() {
+        BufferedReader br = null;
+        try {
+            String sCurrentLine;
+            br = new BufferedReader(
+                new FileReader(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt"));
+            while ((sCurrentLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                if (sCurrentLine.contains("TestFailed")) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (br != null) {
+                    br.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                ex.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(
+        String device, String methodName) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            System.out.println("Into Empty devices");
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+            System.out.println("Into block" + device_udid);
+        } else {
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+        System.out.println("Devices*******" + device_udid);
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            getDeviceCategory();
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+        createParentNodeExtent(methodName, "", category
+            + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                AppiumServiceBuilder webKitPort = getAppiumServiceBuilder(methodName);
+                if (webKitPort != null) {
+                    return webKitPort;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    
+    @BeforeClass(alwaysRun = true)
+    @Parameters({"device"})
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(String device) throws Exception {
+        String methodName = getClass().getSimpleName();
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+        } else {
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            getDeviceCategory();
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            if (getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class) != null) {
+                testDescription = getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class).value();
+            }
+            createParentNodeExtent(methodName, testDescription,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            AppiumServiceBuilder webKitPort = getAppiumServiceBuilder(methodName);
+            if (webKitPort != null) {
+                return webKitPort;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public AppiumServiceBuilder getAppiumServiceBuilder(String methodName) throws Exception {
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            String webKitPort = iosDevice.startIOSWebKit(device_udid);
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForIOS(device_udid, methodName, webKitPort);
+        } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void getDeviceCategory() throws Exception {
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts(device_udid);
+            category = iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid).replace(" ", "_");
+        } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            System.out.println(category);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void createParentNodeExtent(String methodName, String testDescription, String deviceId) {
+        parent = ExtentTestManager.createTest(methodName, testDescription,
+            deviceId);
+        parentTest.set(parent);
+        ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(Status.INFO,
+            "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "appiumlogs/"
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName
+                + ".txt" + ">AppiumServerLogs</a>");
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        } else {
+            child = parentTest.get().createNode(methodName, category
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            test.set(child);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance();
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance(iosCaps, androidCaps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        startingServerInstance(caps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void setAuthorName(String methodName) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+        String authorName;
+        ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class) != null) {
+            authorName = getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class).name();
+            Collections.addAll(listeners, authorName.split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+            child = parentTest.get()
+                .createNode(methodName,
+                    category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")).assignAuthor(
+                    String.valueOf(listeners));
+            test.set(child);
+        } else {
+            child = parentTest.get().createNode(methodName,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            test.set(child);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance() throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosNative());
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (caps.asMap().get("bundleId") != null) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                } else {
+                    checkSelendroid(caps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosCaps);
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DesiredCapabilities checkSelendroid(DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) {
+        int android_api = 0;
+        try {
+            System.out.println("System API Level" + androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid));
+            String deviceAPI = androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid);
+            android_api = Integer.parseInt(deviceAPI);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("Android API Level::" + android_api);
+        if (android_api <= 16) {
+            androidCaps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, "Selendroid");
+        }
+        return androidCaps;
+    }
+
+    public void startLogResults(String methodName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            try {
+                videoRecording
+                    .startVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(), methodName, methodName);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            System.out.println("Starting ADB logs" + device_udid);
+            logEntries = driver.manage().logs().get("logcat").filter(Level.ALL);
+            logFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt");
+            log_file_writer = new PrintWriter(logFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void endLogTestResults(ITestResult result) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        final String classNameCur = result.getName().split(" ")[2].substring(1);
+        final Package[] packages = Package.getPackages();
+        String className = null;
+        for (final Package p : packages) {
+            final String pack = p.getName();
+            final String tentative = pack + "." + classNameCur;
+            try {
+                Class.forName(tentative);
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            className = tentative;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            try {
+                videoRecording.stopVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(),
+                    result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                videoRecording.stopVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(),
+                    result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                System.out.println("");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (result.isSuccess()) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestPassed");
+            test.get().log(Status.PASS, result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                test.get().log(Status.INFO,
+                    "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "__"
+                        + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+            File videoFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/"
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4");
+            System.out.println(videoFile);
+            if (videoFile.exists()) {
+                videoFile.delete();
+            }
+
+        }
+        /*
+         * Failure Block
+         */
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestFailed");
+            ExtentTest log = test.get()
+                .log(Status.FAIL, "<pre>" + result.getThrowable() + "</pre>");
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                File framedImageAndroid = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageAndroid.exists()) {
+                    log
+                        .addScreenCaptureFromPath(
+                            "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result
+                                .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                } else {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath(
+                        "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                            + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                            + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                            .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png");
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                File framedImageIOS = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                System.out.println("************************" + framedImageIOS.exists()
+                    + "***********************");
+                if (framedImageIOS.exists()) {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath("screenshot/iOS/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                        + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result
+                        .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                } else {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath("screenshot/iOS/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                        + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                        .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png");
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                test.get().log(Status.INFO,
+                    "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "__"
+                        + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        /*
+         * Skip block
+         */
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.SKIP) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestSkipped");
+            test.get().log(Status.SKIP, "Test skipped");
+        }
+
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                if (new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4")
+                    .exists()) {
+                    test.get().log(Status.INFO, "<a target=\"_parent\" href="
+                        + "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".mp4" + ">Videologs</a>");
+                }
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                if (new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4")
+                    .exists()) {
+                    test.get().log(Status.INFO, "<a target=\"_parent\" href="
+                        + "screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".mp4" + ">Videologs</a>");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ExtentManager.getExtent().flush();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass(alwaysRun = true) public synchronized void killAppiumServer()
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        System.out.println(
+            "**************ClosingAppiumSession****************" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            //ExtentManager.getInstance().endTest(parent);
+            ExtentManager.getExtent().flush();
+        }
+        appiumMan.destroyAppiumNode();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            iosDevice.destroyIOSWebKitProxy();
+        }
+        freeDevice(device_udid);
+    }
+
+    protected String getStackTrace(Throwable t) {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
+        t.printStackTrace(pw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForElement(By id, int time) {
+        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
+        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable((id)));
+    }
+
+    public void resetAppData() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.clearAppData(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void closeOpenApp() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.closeRunningApp(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevice(String app_package) throws Exception {
+        androidDevice.removeApkFromDevices(device_udid, app_package);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidNative() {
+        System.out.println("Setting Android Desired Capabilities:");
+        DesiredCapabilities androidCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.X");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_ACTIVITY,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_ACTIVITY"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability("browserName", "");
+        checkSelendroid(androidCapabilities);
+        androidCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return androidCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidWeb() {
+        DesiredCapabilities androidWebCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.0.X");
+        // If you want the tests on real device, make sure chrome browser is
+        // installed
+        androidWebCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, prop.getProperty("BROWSER_TYPE"));
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);
+        return androidWebCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities iosNative() {
+        DesiredCapabilities iOSCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        System.out.println("Setting iOS Desired Capabilities:");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "9.0");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH"));
+        iOSCapabilities
+            .setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.BUNDLE_ID, prop.getProperty("BUNDLE_ID"));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.AUTO_ACCEPT_ALERTS, true);
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "iPhone");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return iOSCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public void deleteAppIOS(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.unInstallApp(device_udid, bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void installAppIOS(String appPath) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.installApp(device_udid, appPath);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkAppIsInstalled(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        return iosDevice.checkIfAppIsInstalled(bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getDriver() {
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
+        Object currentClass = result.getInstance();
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = ((AppiumParallelTest) currentClass).getDriver();
+        SkipIf skip =
+            result.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getMethod().getAnnotation(SkipIf.class);
+        if (skip != null) {
+            String info = skip.platform();
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().toString().contains(info)) {
+                System.out.println("skipping test");
+                throw new SkipException("Skipped because property was set to :::" + info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenshot(String methodName, String device, String className)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(
+            "screenshot/" + device + "/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className
+                + "/" + methodName + "/" + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png"));
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+    }
+
+    public void logger(String message) {
+        ExtentTestManager.logger(message);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String className,
+        String methodName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        screenShotNameWithTimeStamp = currentDateAndTime();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+            String androidModel =
+                screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, androidModel,
+                "android");
+        } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            String iosModel = screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + iosDevice
+                .getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, iosModel,
+                "iOS");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String screenClassName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, status, screenClassName, screenShotName);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        String methodName = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getMethodName();
+        String className = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getClassName();
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, 1, className, methodName);
+    }
+
+    public void screenShotAndFrame(String screenShotName, int status, File scrFile,
+        String methodName, String className, String model, String platform) {
+        String failedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/"
+                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png";
+        String capturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + screenShotName
+                + ".png";
+        String framedCapturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model + "_"
+                + screenShotName + "_results.png";
+        String framedFailedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model
+                + "_failed_" + methodName + "_framed.png";
+
+        try {
+            File framePath =
+                new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/frames/");
+            if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(failedScreen));
+            } else {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(capturedScreen));
+            }
+
+            File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+            if (framePath.exists()) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (model.toString().toLowerCase()
+                            .contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                                    String screenToFrame = failedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedFailedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedFailedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    deleteFile(screenToFrame);
+                                } else {
+                                    String screenToFrame = capturedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedCapturedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedCapturedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    deleteFile(screenToFrame);
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void deleteFile(String screenToFrame) {
+        File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+        if (fileToDelete.exists()) {
+            fileToDelete.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String currentDateAndTime() {
+        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
+        DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
+        return now.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.SECONDS).format(dtf);
+    }
+
+    public void writeFailureToTxt(String content) {
+        try {
+            File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt");
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                file.createNewFile();
+            }
+            FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile(), true);
+            BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+            bw.write(content);
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MobilePlatform getMobilePlatform(String device_udid) {
+        MobilePlatform platform = null;
+
+        if (device_udid.length() == IOSDeviceConfiguration.IOS_UDID_LENGTH) {
+            platform = MobilePlatform.IOS;
+        } else {
+            platform = MobilePlatform.ANDROID;
+        }
+        return platform;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.startingServerInstance` reads without synchronization from `this.com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.device_udid`. Potentially races with write in method `AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServer(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AppiumParallelTest.startingServerInstance()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.startingServerInstance():void.6ec016d0ed7f5b5ab793b9185e8b58eb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumParallelTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumParallelTest.java|startingServerInstance|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a4870ac8ad56ebc803df41ed159da6a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10416/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10416/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..16ff3b925959212a09882ea59e4fb5f05a2e641f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10416/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.utils;
+
+/**
+ * Command Prompt - this class contains method to run windows and mac commands
+ */
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class CommandPrompt {
+
+    static Process p;
+    ProcessBuilder builder;
+
+
+    public String runCommand(String command) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);
+        // get std output
+        BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
+        String line = "";
+        String allLine = "";
+        int i = 1;
+        while ((line = r.readLine()) != null) {
+            allLine = allLine + "" + line + "\n";
+            if (line.contains("Console LogLevel: debug") && line.contains("Complete")) {
+                break;
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+        return allLine;
+
+    }
+
+    public String runCommandThruProcessBuilder(String command)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        List<String> commands = new ArrayList<String>();
+        commands.add("/bin/sh");
+        commands.add("-c");
+        commands.add(command);
+        ProcessBuilder builder = new ProcessBuilder(commands);
+        Map<String, String> environ = builder.environment();
+
+        final Process process = builder.start();
+        InputStream is = process.getInputStream();
+        InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+        String line;
+        String allLine = "";
+        while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+            allLine = allLine + "" + line + "\n";
+            System.out.println(allLine);
+        }
+        return allLine.split(":")[1].replace("\n", "").trim();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 49 is not released after line 57.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 53
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String CommandPrompt.runCommandThruProcessBuilder(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.runCommandThruProcessBuilder(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.74aeace553df66230e09e2ce724dc15c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/utils/CommandPrompt.java
+
+### Key:
+CommandPrompt.java|runCommandThruProcessBuilder|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+eca1c540686d2680508b0ce21d3b18f4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10417/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10417/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..461136b638fc5cf08df331b20d5593fe2528d53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10417/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class AndroidDeviceConfiguration {
+
+    private CommandPrompt cmd = new CommandPrompt();
+    private Map<String, String> devices = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    public static ArrayList<String> deviceSerail = new ArrayList<String>();
+    ArrayList<String> deviceModel = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+    /**
+     * This method start adb server
+     */
+    public void startADB() throws Exception {
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb start-server");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+        if (lines[0].contains("internal or external command")) {
+            System.out.println("Please set ANDROID_HOME in your system variables");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method stop adb server
+     */
+    public void stopADB() throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb kill-server");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method return connected devices
+     *
+     * @return hashmap of connected devices information
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getDevices() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            stopADB();
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    String model =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String brand =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String osVersion = cmd.runCommand(
+                        "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.release")
+                        .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String deviceName = brand + " " + model;
+                    String apiLevel =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                            .replaceAll("\n", "");
+
+                    devices.put("deviceID" + i, deviceID);
+                    devices.put("deviceName" + i, deviceName);
+                    devices.put("osVersion" + i, osVersion);
+                    devices.put(deviceID, apiLevel);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return devices;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<String> getDeviceSerial() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    deviceSerail.add(deviceID);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return deviceSerail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device model name
+     */
+    public String getDeviceModel(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceModelName = null;
+        String brand = null;
+        String deviceModel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceModelName =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+
+            brand = cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        deviceModel = deviceModelName.concat("_" + brand);
+
+        return deviceModel.trim();
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device OS API Level
+     */
+    public String deviceOS(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceOSLevel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceOSLevel =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return deviceOSLevel;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method will close the running app
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void closeRunningApp(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell am force-stop " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method clears the app data only for android
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void clearAppData(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell pm clear " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method removes apk from the devices attached
+     *
+     * @param app_package
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevices(String deviceID, String app_package) throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " uninstall " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    public String screenRecord(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell screenrecord --bit-rate 3000000 /sdcard/" + fileName
+            + ".mp4";
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkIfRecordable(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String screenrecord =
+            cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell ls /system/bin/screenrecord");
+        if (screenrecord.trim().equals("/system/bin/screenrecord")) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getDeviceManufacturer(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.manufacturer")
+            .trim();
+    }
+
+    public AndroidDeviceConfiguration pullVideoFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName,
+        String destination) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        ProcessBuilder pb =
+            new ProcessBuilder("adb", "-s", deviceID, "pull", "/sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4",
+                destination);
+        Process pc = pb.start();
+        pc.waitFor();
+        System.out.println("Exited with Code::" + pc.exitValue());
+        System.out.println("Done");
+        Thread.sleep(5000);
+        return new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    }
+
+    public void removeVideoFileFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell rm -f /sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `runCommand(...)` at line 58 is not released after line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices():java.util.Map.3f7f267efe46020ad2fb48490d4b57fe
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java|getDevices|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+241d42dae50053d7648ace8f5b7dfc3f
+
+### Hash:
+fce917702e9b7cf60c3f9a71a2a84b3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10418/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10418/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f459ef79d558520f25c18d7d23efb103424840c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10418/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class AndroidDeviceConfiguration {
+
+    private CommandPrompt cmd = new CommandPrompt();
+    private Map<String, String> devices = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    public static ArrayList<String> deviceSerail = new ArrayList<String>();
+    ArrayList<String> deviceModel = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+    /**
+     * This method start adb server
+     */
+    public void startADB() throws Exception {
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb start-server");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+        if (lines[0].contains("internal or external command")) {
+            System.out.println("Please set ANDROID_HOME in your system variables");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method stop adb server
+     */
+    public void stopADB() throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb kill-server");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method return connected devices
+     *
+     * @return hashmap of connected devices information
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getDevices() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            stopADB();
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    String model =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String brand =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String osVersion = cmd.runCommand(
+                        "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.release")
+                        .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String deviceName = brand + " " + model;
+                    String apiLevel =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                            .replaceAll("\n", "");
+
+                    devices.put("deviceID" + i, deviceID);
+                    devices.put("deviceName" + i, deviceName);
+                    devices.put("osVersion" + i, osVersion);
+                    devices.put(deviceID, apiLevel);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return devices;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<String> getDeviceSerial() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    deviceSerail.add(deviceID);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return deviceSerail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device model name
+     */
+    public String getDeviceModel(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceModelName = null;
+        String brand = null;
+        String deviceModel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceModelName =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+
+            brand = cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        deviceModel = deviceModelName.concat("_" + brand);
+
+        return deviceModel.trim();
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device OS API Level
+     */
+    public String deviceOS(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceOSLevel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceOSLevel =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return deviceOSLevel;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method will close the running app
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void closeRunningApp(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell am force-stop " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method clears the app data only for android
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void clearAppData(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell pm clear " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method removes apk from the devices attached
+     *
+     * @param app_package
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevices(String deviceID, String app_package) throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " uninstall " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    public String screenRecord(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell screenrecord --bit-rate 3000000 /sdcard/" + fileName
+            + ".mp4";
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkIfRecordable(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String screenrecord =
+            cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell ls /system/bin/screenrecord");
+        if (screenrecord.trim().equals("/system/bin/screenrecord")) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getDeviceManufacturer(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.manufacturer")
+            .trim();
+    }
+
+    public AndroidDeviceConfiguration pullVideoFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName,
+        String destination) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        ProcessBuilder pb =
+            new ProcessBuilder("adb", "-s", deviceID, "pull", "/sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4",
+                destination);
+        Process pc = pb.start();
+        pc.waitFor();
+        System.out.println("Exited with Code::" + pc.exitValue());
+        System.out.println("Done");
+        Thread.sleep(5000);
+        return new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    }
+
+    public void removeVideoFileFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell rm -f /sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `startADB()` at line 89 is not released after line 90.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ArrayList AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDeviceSerial()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDeviceSerial():java.util.ArrayList.99a21e6e5ff70142fea59714ea87049a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java|getDeviceSerial|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e24115bb7ba8298b5824ecd29ac84dd1
+
+### Hash:
+55e4a181b15c75f3767fb26435048f00
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10420/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10420/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
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+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.annotation.values.Author;
+import com.annotation.values.Description;
+import com.annotation.values.SkipIf;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import com.appium.utils.MobilePlatform;
+import com.aventstack.extentreports.ExtentTest;
+import com.aventstack.extentreports.Status;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentManager;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentTestManager;
+import com.video.recorder.Flick;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AndroidMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.IOSMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.service.local.AppiumServiceBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.im4java.core.IM4JavaException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.By;
+import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
+import org.openqa.selenium.logging.LogEntry;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
+import org.testng.ITestListener;
+import org.testng.ITestResult;
+import org.testng.SkipException;
+import org.testng.TestListenerAdapter;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.Parameters;
+
+
+import java.awt.Image;
+import java.awt.Toolkit;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+
+public class AppiumParallelTest extends TestListenerAdapter implements ITestListener {
+    public static ArrayList<String> devices = new ArrayList<String>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public static IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static AndroidDeviceConfiguration androidDevice = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean> deviceMapping =
+        new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>();
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = null;
+    public AppiumManager appiumMan = new AppiumManager();
+    public String device_udid;
+    public List<LogEntry> logEntries;
+    public File logFile;
+    public PrintWriter log_file_writer;
+    public String category = null;
+    public ExtentTest parent;
+    public ExtentTest child;
+    public String deviceModel;
+    public File scrFile = null;
+    public String testDescription = "";
+    public ImageUtils imageUtils = new ImageUtils();
+    private String screenShotNameWithTimeStamp;
+    private String CI_BASE_URI = null;
+    private Flick videoRecording = new Flick();
+    public ThreadLocal<ExtentTest> parentTest = new ThreadLocal<ExtentTest>();
+    public ThreadLocal<ExtentTest> test = new ThreadLocal<ExtentTest>();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding iOS devices");
+                    devices.addAll(IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS);
+                }
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            }
+            for (String device : devices) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, true);
+            }
+            System.out.println(deviceMapping);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized String getNextAvailableDeviceId() {
+        ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView<String, Boolean> devices = deviceMapping.keySet();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (String device : devices) {
+            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
+            t.setName("Thread_" + i);
+            System.out.println("Parallel Thread is::" + t.getName());
+            i++;
+            if (deviceMapping.get(device)) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, false);
+                System.out.println(device);
+                return device;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void freeDevice(String deviceId) {
+        deviceMapping.put(deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    public static Image getImage(final String pathAndFileName) {
+        final URL url = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource(pathAndFileName);
+        return Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean buildStatus() {
+        BufferedReader br = null;
+        try {
+            String sCurrentLine;
+            br = new BufferedReader(
+                new FileReader(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt"));
+            while ((sCurrentLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                if (sCurrentLine.contains("TestFailed")) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (br != null) {
+                    br.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                ex.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(
+        String device, String methodName) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            System.out.println("Into Empty devices");
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+            System.out.println("Into block" + device_udid);
+        } else {
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+        System.out.println("Devices*******" + device_udid);
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            getDeviceCategory();
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+        createParentNodeExtent(methodName, "", category
+            + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                AppiumServiceBuilder webKitPort = getAppiumServiceBuilder(methodName);
+                if (webKitPort != null) {
+                    return webKitPort;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    
+    @BeforeClass(alwaysRun = true)
+    @Parameters({"device"})
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(String device) throws Exception {
+        String methodName = getClass().getSimpleName();
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+        } else {
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            getDeviceCategory();
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            if (getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class) != null) {
+                testDescription = getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class).value();
+            }
+            createParentNodeExtent(methodName, testDescription,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            AppiumServiceBuilder webKitPort = getAppiumServiceBuilder(methodName);
+            if (webKitPort != null) {
+                return webKitPort;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public AppiumServiceBuilder getAppiumServiceBuilder(String methodName) throws Exception {
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            String webKitPort = iosDevice.startIOSWebKit(device_udid);
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForIOS(device_udid, methodName, webKitPort);
+        } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void getDeviceCategory() throws Exception {
+        if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts(device_udid);
+            category = iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid).replace(" ", "_");
+        } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            System.out.println(category);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void createParentNodeExtent(String methodName, String testDescription, String deviceId) {
+        parent = ExtentTestManager.createTest(methodName, testDescription,
+            deviceId);
+        parentTest.set(parent);
+        ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(Status.INFO,
+            "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "appiumlogs/"
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName
+                + ".txt" + ">AppiumServerLogs</a>");
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        } else {
+            child = parentTest.get().createNode(methodName, category
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            test.set(child);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance();
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance(iosCaps, androidCaps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        startingServerInstance(caps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void setAuthorName(String methodName) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+        String authorName;
+        ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class) != null) {
+            authorName = getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class).name();
+            Collections.addAll(listeners, authorName.split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+            child = parentTest.get()
+                .createNode(methodName,
+                    category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")).assignAuthor(
+                    String.valueOf(listeners));
+            test.set(child);
+        } else {
+            child = parentTest.get().createNode(methodName,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            test.set(child);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance() throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosNative());
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (caps.asMap().get("bundleId") != null) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                } else {
+                    checkSelendroid(caps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosCaps);
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DesiredCapabilities checkSelendroid(DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) {
+        int android_api = 0;
+        try {
+            System.out.println("System API Level" + androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid));
+            String deviceAPI = androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid);
+            android_api = Integer.parseInt(deviceAPI);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("Android API Level::" + android_api);
+        if (android_api <= 16) {
+            androidCaps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, "Selendroid");
+        }
+        return androidCaps;
+    }
+
+    public void startLogResults(String methodName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            try {
+                videoRecording
+                    .startVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(), methodName, methodName);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            System.out.println("Starting ADB logs" + device_udid);
+            logEntries = driver.manage().logs().get("logcat").filter(Level.ALL);
+            logFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt");
+            log_file_writer = new PrintWriter(logFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void endLogTestResults(ITestResult result) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        final String classNameCur = result.getName().split(" ")[2].substring(1);
+        final Package[] packages = Package.getPackages();
+        String className = null;
+        for (final Package p : packages) {
+            final String pack = p.getName();
+            final String tentative = pack + "." + classNameCur;
+            try {
+                Class.forName(tentative);
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            className = tentative;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            try {
+                videoRecording.stopVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(),
+                    result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                videoRecording.stopVideoRecording(device_udid, getClass().getName(),
+                    result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                System.out.println("");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (result.isSuccess()) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestPassed");
+            test.get().log(Status.PASS, result.getMethod().getMethodName());
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                test.get().log(Status.INFO,
+                    "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "__"
+                        + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+            File videoFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/"
+                + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4");
+            System.out.println(videoFile);
+            if (videoFile.exists()) {
+                videoFile.delete();
+            }
+
+        }
+        /*
+         * Failure Block
+         */
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestFailed");
+            ExtentTest log = test.get()
+                .log(Status.FAIL, "<pre>" + result.getThrowable() + "</pre>");
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                File framedImageAndroid = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageAndroid.exists()) {
+                    log
+                        .addScreenCaptureFromPath(
+                            "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                                + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result
+                                .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                } else {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath(
+                        "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/"
+                            + className + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                            + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                            .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png");
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                File framedImageIOS = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                System.out.println("************************" + framedImageIOS.exists()
+                    + "***********************");
+                if (framedImageIOS.exists()) {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath("screenshot/iOS/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                        + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result
+                        .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                } else {
+                    log.addScreenCaptureFromPath("screenshot/iOS/"
+                        + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/"
+                        + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + result
+                        .getMethod().getMethodName() + "_failed.png");
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                test.get().log(Status.INFO,
+                    "<a target=\"_parent\" href=" + "adblogs/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "__"
+                        + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt" + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        /*
+         * Skip block
+         */
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.SKIP) {
+            writeFailureToTxt("TestSkipped");
+            test.get().log(Status.SKIP, "Test skipped");
+        }
+
+        if (System.getenv("VIDEO_LOGS") != null) {
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                if (new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4")
+                    .exists()) {
+                    test.get().log(Status.INFO, "<a target=\"_parent\" href="
+                        + "screenshot/android/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".mp4" + ">Videologs</a>");
+                }
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                if (new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".mp4")
+                    .exists()) {
+                    test.get().log(Status.INFO, "<a target=\"_parent\" href="
+                        + "screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                        + "/" + className
+                        + "/" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + ".mp4" + ">Videologs</a>");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        ExtentManager.getExtent().flush();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass(alwaysRun = true) public synchronized void killAppiumServer()
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        System.out.println(
+            "**************ClosingAppiumSession****************" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            //ExtentManager.getInstance().endTest(parent);
+            ExtentManager.getExtent().flush();
+        }
+        appiumMan.destroyAppiumNode();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            iosDevice.destroyIOSWebKitProxy();
+        }
+        freeDevice(device_udid);
+    }
+
+    protected String getStackTrace(Throwable t) {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
+        t.printStackTrace(pw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForElement(By id, int time) {
+        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
+        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable((id)));
+    }
+
+    public void resetAppData() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.clearAppData(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void closeOpenApp() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.closeRunningApp(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevice(String app_package) throws Exception {
+        androidDevice.removeApkFromDevices(device_udid, app_package);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidNative() {
+        System.out.println("Setting Android Desired Capabilities:");
+        DesiredCapabilities androidCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.X");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_ACTIVITY,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_ACTIVITY"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability("browserName", "");
+        checkSelendroid(androidCapabilities);
+        androidCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return androidCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidWeb() {
+        DesiredCapabilities androidWebCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.0.X");
+        // If you want the tests on real device, make sure chrome browser is
+        // installed
+        androidWebCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, prop.getProperty("BROWSER_TYPE"));
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);
+        return androidWebCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities iosNative() {
+        DesiredCapabilities iOSCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        System.out.println("Setting iOS Desired Capabilities:");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "9.0");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH"));
+        iOSCapabilities
+            .setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.BUNDLE_ID, prop.getProperty("BUNDLE_ID"));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.AUTO_ACCEPT_ALERTS, true);
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "iPhone");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return iOSCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public void deleteAppIOS(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.unInstallApp(device_udid, bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void installAppIOS(String appPath) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.installApp(device_udid, appPath);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkAppIsInstalled(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        return iosDevice.checkIfAppIsInstalled(bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getDriver() {
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
+        Object currentClass = result.getInstance();
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = ((AppiumParallelTest) currentClass).getDriver();
+        SkipIf skip =
+            result.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getMethod().getAnnotation(SkipIf.class);
+        if (skip != null) {
+            String info = skip.platform();
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().toString().contains(info)) {
+                System.out.println("skipping test");
+                throw new SkipException("Skipped because property was set to :::" + info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenshot(String methodName, String device, String className)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(
+            "screenshot/" + device + "/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className
+                + "/" + methodName + "/" + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png"));
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+    }
+
+    public void logger(String message) {
+        ExtentTestManager.logger(message);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String className,
+        String methodName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        screenShotNameWithTimeStamp = currentDateAndTime();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+            String androidModel =
+                screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, androidModel,
+                "android");
+        } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            String iosModel = screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + iosDevice
+                .getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, iosModel,
+                "iOS");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String screenClassName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, status, screenClassName, screenShotName);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        String methodName = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getMethodName();
+        String className = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getClassName();
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, 1, className, methodName);
+    }
+
+    public void screenShotAndFrame(String screenShotName, int status, File scrFile,
+        String methodName, String className, String model, String platform) {
+        String failedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/"
+                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png";
+        String capturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + screenShotName
+                + ".png";
+        String framedCapturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model + "_"
+                + screenShotName + "_results.png";
+        String framedFailedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model
+                + "_failed_" + methodName + "_framed.png";
+
+        try {
+            File framePath =
+                new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/frames/");
+            if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(failedScreen));
+            } else {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(capturedScreen));
+            }
+
+            File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+            if (framePath.exists()) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (model.toString().toLowerCase()
+                            .contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                                    String screenToFrame = failedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedFailedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedFailedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    deleteFile(screenToFrame);
+                                } else {
+                                    String screenToFrame = capturedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedCapturedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedCapturedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    deleteFile(screenToFrame);
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void deleteFile(String screenToFrame) {
+        File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+        if (fileToDelete.exists()) {
+            fileToDelete.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String currentDateAndTime() {
+        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
+        DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
+        return now.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.SECONDS).format(dtf);
+    }
+
+    public void writeFailureToTxt(String content) {
+        try {
+            File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt");
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                file.createNewFile();
+            }
+            FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile(), true);
+            BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+            bw.write(content);
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MobilePlatform getMobilePlatform(String device_udid) {
+        MobilePlatform platform = null;
+
+        if (device_udid.length() == IOSDeviceConfiguration.IOS_UDID_LENGTH) {
+            platform = MobilePlatform.IOS;
+        } else {
+            platform = MobilePlatform.ANDROID;
+        }
+        return platform;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.startingServerInstance` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.appiumMan.com.appium.manager.AppiumManager.appiumDriverLocalService`. Potentially races with write in method `AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServer(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AppiumParallelTest.startingServerInstance()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.startingServerInstance():void.6ec016d0ed7f5b5ab793b9185e8b58eb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumParallelTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumParallelTest.java|startingServerInstance|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+73b34ead76a97499d24bc9034e43ee2e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10427/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10427/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8c008cd78ca591f6b4f6ef6620ce6b24b26aa99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10427/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.annotation.values.Author;
+import com.annotation.values.Description;
+import com.annotation.values.SkipIf;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.utils.ImageUtils;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.ExtentTest;
+import com.relevantcodes.extentreports.LogStatus;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentManager;
+import com.report.factory.ExtentTestManager;
+import io.appium.java_client.AppiumDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.MobileElement;
+import io.appium.java_client.android.AndroidDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.ios.IOSDriver;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AndroidMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.IOSMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.service.local.AppiumServiceBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.im4java.core.IM4JavaException;
+import org.openqa.selenium.By;
+import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
+import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
+import org.openqa.selenium.logging.LogEntry;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;
+import org.testng.ITestListener;
+import org.testng.ITestResult;
+import org.testng.SkipException;
+import org.testng.TestListenerAdapter;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.Parameters;
+
+
+import java.awt.Image;
+import java.awt.Toolkit;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+
+public class AppiumParallelTest extends TestListenerAdapter implements ITestListener {
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = null;
+    public AppiumManager appiumMan = new AppiumManager();
+    public String device_udid;
+    public List<LogEntry> logEntries;
+    public File logFile;
+    public PrintWriter log_file_writer;
+    public DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+    public String category = null;
+    public ExtentTest parent;
+    public ExtentTest child;
+    public String deviceModel;
+    public File scrFile = null;
+    public String testDescription = "";
+    String screenShotNameWithTimeStamp;
+    private String CI_BASE_URI = null;
+
+    private Map<Long, ExtentTest> parentContext = new HashMap<Long, ExtentTest>();
+    public static ArrayList<String> devices = new ArrayList<String>();
+    public static Properties prop = new Properties();
+    public static IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static AndroidDeviceConfiguration androidDevice = new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    public static ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean> deviceMapping =
+        new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>();
+    public ImageUtils imageUtils = new ImageUtils();
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding iOS devices");
+                    devices.addAll(IOSDeviceConfiguration.deviceUDIDiOS);
+                }
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (androidDevice.getDeviceSerial() != null) {
+                    System.out.println("Adding Android devices");
+                    devices.addAll(AndroidDeviceConfiguration.deviceSerail);
+                }
+            }
+            for (String device : devices) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, true);
+            }
+            System.out.println(deviceMapping);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.out.println("Failed to initialize framework");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized String getNextAvailableDeviceId() {
+        ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView<String, Boolean> devices = deviceMapping.keySet();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (String device : devices) {
+            Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
+            t.setName("Thread_" + i);
+            System.out.println("Parallel Thread is::" + t.getName());
+            i++;
+            if (deviceMapping.get(device)) {
+                deviceMapping.put(device, false);
+                return device;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void freeDevice(String deviceId) {
+        deviceMapping.put(deviceId, true);
+    }
+
+    @BeforeClass(alwaysRun = true)
+    @Parameters({"device"})
+    public synchronized AppiumServiceBuilder startAppiumServer(String device) throws Exception {
+        String methodName = getClass().getSimpleName();
+        if (prop.containsKey("CI_BASE_URI")) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = prop.getProperty("CI_BASE_URI").toString().trim();
+        } else if (CI_BASE_URI == null || CI_BASE_URI.isEmpty()) {
+            CI_BASE_URI = System.getProperty("user.dir");
+        }
+        if (device.isEmpty()) {
+            device_udid = getNextAvailableDeviceId();
+        } else {
+            device_udid = device;
+        }
+
+        if (device_udid == null) {
+            System.out.println("No devices are free to run test or Failed to run test");
+            return null;
+        }
+        System.out.println("****************Device*************" + device_udid);
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                iosDevice.setIOSWebKitProxyPorts(device_udid);
+                category = iosDevice.getDeviceName(device_udid).replace(" ", "_");
+            } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                System.out.println(category);
+            }
+        } else {
+            category = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+        }
+
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            if (getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class) != null) {
+                testDescription = getClass().getAnnotation(Description.class).value();
+            }
+            parent = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName, testDescription,
+                category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+            parentContext.put(Thread.currentThread().getId(), parent);
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, "AppiumServerLogs",
+                "<a href=" + CI_BASE_URI + "/target/appiumlogs/" + device_udid
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt" + ">Logs</a>");
+        }
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                String webKitPort = iosDevice.startIOSWebKit(device_udid);
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForIOS(device_udid, methodName, webKitPort);
+            } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+            }
+        } else {
+            return appiumMan.appiumServerForAndroid(device_udid, methodName);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName)
+        throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance();
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+        startingServerInstance(iosCaps, androidCaps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized AppiumDriver<MobileElement> startAppiumServerInParallel(String methodName,
+        DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        ExtentTestManager.loadConfig();
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            setAuthorName(methodName);
+        }
+        startingServerInstance(caps);
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void setAuthorName(String methodName) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+        String authorName;
+        ArrayList<String> listeners = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class) != null) {
+            authorName = getClass().getMethod(methodName).getAnnotation(Author.class).name();
+            Collections.addAll(listeners, authorName.split("\\s*,\\s*"));
+            child = ExtentTestManager
+                .startTest(methodName.toString() + " ---- AuthorName:: " + authorName)
+                .assignCategory(category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"),
+                    "Author:" + listeners);
+        } else {
+            child = ExtentTestManager.startTest(methodName.toString())
+                .assignCategory(category + "_" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance() throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosNative());
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidNative());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities caps) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (caps.asMap().get("bundleId") != null) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                } else {
+                    checkSelendroid(caps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), caps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void startingServerInstance(DesiredCapabilities iosCaps, DesiredCapabilities androidCaps)
+        throws Exception {
+        if (prop.getProperty("APP_TYPE").equalsIgnoreCase("web")) {
+            driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidWeb());
+        } else {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+                if (iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    driver = new IOSDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), iosCaps);
+                } else if (!iosDevice.checkiOSDevice(device_udid)) {
+                    checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                    driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                checkSelendroid(androidCaps);
+                driver = new AndroidDriver<>(appiumMan.getAppiumUrl(), androidCaps);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public DesiredCapabilities checkSelendroid(DesiredCapabilities androidCaps) {
+        int android_api = 0;
+        try {
+            System.out.println("System API Level" + androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid));
+            String deviceAPI = androidDevice.getDevices().get(device_udid);
+            android_api = Integer.parseInt(deviceAPI);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        System.out.println("Android API Level::" + android_api);
+        if (android_api <= 16) {
+            androidCaps.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME, "Selendroid");
+        }
+        return androidCaps;
+    }
+
+    public void startLogResults(String methodName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+            System.out.println("Starting ADB logs" + device_udid);
+            logEntries = driver.manage().logs().get("logcat").filter(Level.ALL);
+            logFile = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + methodName + ".txt");
+            log_file_writer = new PrintWriter(logFile);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void endLogTestResults(ITestResult result) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        final String classNameCur = result.getName().split(" ")[2].substring(1);
+        final Package[] packages = Package.getPackages();
+        String className = null;
+        for (final Package p : packages) {
+            final String pack = p.getName();
+            final String tentative = pack + "." + classNameCur;
+            try {
+                Class.forName(tentative);
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            className = tentative;
+            break;
+        }
+
+
+        if (result.isSuccess()) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                .log(LogStatus.PASS, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), "Pass");
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                    "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + CI_BASE_URI + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt"
+                        + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+            writeFailureToTxt();
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                .log(LogStatus.FAIL, result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getThrowable());
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                System.out.println("im in");
+                deviceModel = androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+                //captureScreenshot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), "android", className);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                deviceModel = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+                captureScreenShot(result.getMethod().getMethodName(), result.getStatus(),
+                    result.getTestClass().getName());
+            }
+
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+                File framedImageAndroid = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageAndroid.exists()) {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_framed.png"));
+                } else {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/android/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_failed.png"));
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+                File framedImageIOS = new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result.getMethod()
+                        .getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel
+                        + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + "_framed.png");
+                if (framedImageIOS.exists()) {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_failed_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_framed.png"));
+                } else {
+                    ExtentTestManager.getTest()
+                        .log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                            "Snapshot below: " + ExtentTestManager.getTest().addScreenCapture(
+                                CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/iOS/" + device_udid
+                                    .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + result
+                                    .getMethod().getMethodName() + "/" + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp
+                                    + deviceModel + "_" + result.getMethod().getMethodName()
+                                    + "_failed.png"));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver:  on LINUX")) {
+                log_file_writer.println(logEntries);
+                log_file_writer.flush();
+                ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.INFO, result.getMethod().getMethodName(),
+                    "ADBLogs:: <a href=" + CI_BASE_URI + "/target/adblogs/" + device_udid
+                        .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "__" + result.getMethod().getMethodName() + ".txt"
+                        + ">AdbLogs</a>");
+                System.out.println(driver.getSessionId() + ": Saving device log - Done.");
+            }
+
+        }
+        if (result.getStatus() == ITestResult.SKIP) {
+            ExtentTestManager.getTest().log(LogStatus.SKIP, "Test skipped");
+        }
+        parentContext.get(Thread.currentThread().getId()).appendChild(child);
+        ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass(alwaysRun = true) public synchronized void killAppiumServer()
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        System.out.println(
+            "**************ClosingAppiumSession****************" + Thread.currentThread().getId());
+        if (prop.getProperty("FRAMEWORK").equalsIgnoreCase("testng")) {
+            ExtentManager.getInstance().endTest(parent);
+            ExtentManager.getInstance().flush();
+        }
+        appiumMan.destroyAppiumNode();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            iosDevice.destroyIOSWebKitProxy();
+        }
+        freeDevice(device_udid);
+    }
+
+    protected String getStackTrace(Throwable t) {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(sw);
+        t.printStackTrace(pw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void waitForElement(By id, int time) {
+        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 20);
+        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable((id)));
+    }
+
+    public void resetAppData() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.clearAppData(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void closeOpenApp() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        androidDevice.closeRunningApp(device_udid, prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+    }
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevice(String app_package) throws Exception {
+        androidDevice.removeApkFromDevices(device_udid, app_package);
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidNative() {
+        System.out.println("Setting Android Desired Capabilities:");
+        DesiredCapabilities androidCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.X");
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_ACTIVITY,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_ACTIVITY"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE,
+            prop.getProperty("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability("browserName", "");
+        checkSelendroid(androidCapabilities);
+        androidCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("ANDROID_APP_PATH"));
+        androidCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return androidCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities androidWeb() {
+        DesiredCapabilities androidWebCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "Android");
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "5.0.X");
+        // If you want the tests on real device, make sure chrome browser is
+        // installed
+        androidWebCapabilities
+            .setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, prop.getProperty("BROWSER_TYPE"));
+        androidWebCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);
+        return androidWebCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized DesiredCapabilities iosNative() {
+        DesiredCapabilities iOSCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        System.out.println("Setting iOS Desired Capabilities:");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION, "9.0");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.APP, prop.getProperty("IOS_APP_PATH"));
+        iOSCapabilities
+            .setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.BUNDLE_ID, prop.getProperty("BUNDLE_ID"));
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.AUTO_ACCEPT_ALERTS, true);
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME, "iPhone");
+        iOSCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID, device_udid);
+        return iOSCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public void deleteAppIOS(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.unInstallApp(device_udid, bundleID);
+    }
+
+    public void installAppIOS(String appPath) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        iosDevice.installApp(device_udid, appPath);
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkAppIsInstalled(String bundleID) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        return iosDevice.checkIfAppIsInstalled(bundleID);
+    }
+
+
+    public AppiumDriver<MobileElement> getDriver() {
+        return driver;
+    }
+
+    public void onTestStart(ITestResult result) {
+        Object currentClass = result.getInstance();
+        AppiumDriver<MobileElement> driver = ((AppiumParallelTest) currentClass).getDriver();
+        SkipIf skip =
+            result.getMethod().getConstructorOrMethod().getMethod().getAnnotation(SkipIf.class);
+        if (skip != null) {
+            String info = skip.platform();
+            if (driver.toString().split("\\(")[0].trim().toString().contains(info)) {
+                System.out.println("skipping test");
+                throw new SkipException("Skipped because property was set to :::" + info);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Image getImage(final String pathAndFileName) {
+        final URL url = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource(pathAndFileName);
+        return Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getImage(url);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenshot(String methodName, String device, String className)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(
+            CI_BASE_URI + "/target/screenshot/" + device + "/" + device_udid.replaceAll("\\W", "_")
+                + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + deviceModel + "_" + methodName
+                + "_failed" + ".png"));
+        Thread.sleep(3000);
+    }
+
+    public void logger(String message) {
+        ExtentTestManager.logger(message);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String className,
+        String methodName) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String context = getDriver().getContext();
+        boolean contextChanged = false;
+        if (getDriver().toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver") && !context
+            .equals("NATIVE_APP")) {
+            getDriver().context("NATIVE_APP");
+            contextChanged = true;
+        }
+        File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
+        if (contextChanged) {
+            getDriver().context(context);
+        }
+        StackTraceElement[] stackTraceElements = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        screenShotNameWithTimeStamp = currentDateAndTime();
+        if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("AndroidDriver")) {
+            String androidModel =
+                screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + androidDevice.getDeviceModel(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, androidModel,
+                "android");
+        } else if (driver.toString().split(":")[0].trim().equals("IOSDriver")) {
+            String iosModel = screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + iosDevice
+                .getIOSDeviceProductTypeAndVersion(device_udid);
+            screenShotAndFrame(screenShotName, status, scrFile, methodName, className, iosModel,
+                "iOS");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName, int status, String screenClassName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, status, screenClassName, screenShotName);
+    }
+
+    public void captureScreenShot(String screenShotName) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        String methodName = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getMethodName();
+        String className = new Exception().getStackTrace()[1].getClassName();
+        captureScreenShot(screenShotName, 1, className, methodName);
+    }
+
+    public void screenShotAndFrame(String screenShotName, int status, File scrFile,
+        String methodName, String className, String model, String platform) {
+        String failedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/"
+                + screenShotNameWithTimeStamp + deviceModel + "_" + methodName + "_failed" + ".png";
+        String capturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + screenShotName
+                + ".png";
+        String framedCapturedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model + "_"
+                + screenShotName + "_results.png";
+        String framedFailedScreen =
+            System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/screenshot/" + platform + "/" + device_udid
+                .replaceAll("\\W", "_") + "/" + className + "/" + methodName + "/" + model
+                + "_failed_" + methodName + "_framed.png";
+
+        try {
+            File framePath =
+                new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/src/test/resources/frames/");
+            if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(failedScreen));
+            } else {
+                FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(capturedScreen));
+            }
+
+            File[] files1 = framePath.listFiles();
+            if (framePath.exists()) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < files1.length; i++) {
+                    if (files1[i].isFile()) { //this line weeds out other directories/folders
+                        System.out.println(files1[i]);
+
+                        Path p = Paths.get(files1[i].toString());
+                        String fileName = p.getFileName().toString().toLowerCase();
+                        if (model.toString().toLowerCase()
+                            .contains(fileName.split(".png")[0].toLowerCase())) {
+                            try {
+                                if (status == ITestResult.FAILURE) {
+                                    String screenToFrame = failedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedFailedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedFailedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+                                    fileToDelete.delete();
+                                } else {
+                                    String screenToFrame = capturedScreen;
+                                    imageUtils.wrapDeviceFrames(files1[i].toString(), screenToFrame,
+                                        framedCapturedScreen);
+                                    ExtentTestManager.logOutPut(framedCapturedScreen,
+                                        screenShotName.toUpperCase());
+                                    File fileToDelete = new File(screenToFrame);
+                                    fileToDelete.delete();
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            } catch (IM4JavaException e) {
+                                e.printStackTrace();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String currentDateAndTime() {
+        LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
+        DateTimeFormatter dtf = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
+        return now.truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.SECONDS).format(dtf);
+    }
+
+    public void writeFailureToTxt() {
+        try {
+            String content = "TestFailed";
+            File file = new File(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt");
+            if (!file.exists()) {
+                file.createNewFile();
+            }
+            FileWriter fw = new FileWriter(file.getAbsoluteFile());
+            BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(fw);
+            bw.write(content);
+            bw.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean buildStatus() {
+        BufferedReader br = null;
+        try {
+            String sCurrentLine;
+            br = new BufferedReader(
+                new FileReader(System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/target/failed.txt"));
+            while ((sCurrentLine = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                if (sCurrentLine.contains("TestFailed")) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (br != null) {
+                    br.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                ex.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.captureScreenshot` reads without synchronization from `this.com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.CI_BASE_URI`. Potentially races with write in method `AppiumParallelTest.startAppiumServer(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AppiumParallelTest.captureScreenshot(String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AppiumParallelTest.captureScreenshot(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.lang..c715df504166b62673483e254f23f4a4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AppiumParallelTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AppiumParallelTest.java|captureScreenshot|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a4880f8b69ef7a3c654b6ebeafc7411f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10428/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10428/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93825433c7aefdec7ff2049863477a51f5b3bf59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10428/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class AndroidDeviceConfiguration {
+
+    private CommandPrompt cmd = new CommandPrompt();
+    private Map<String, String> devices = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    public static ArrayList<String> deviceSerail = new ArrayList<String>();
+    ArrayList<String> deviceModel = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+    /**
+     * This method start adb server
+     */
+    public void startADB() throws Exception {
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb start-server");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+        if (lines[0].contains("internal or external command")) {
+            System.out.println("Please set ANDROID_HOME in your system variables");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method stop adb server
+     */
+    public void stopADB() throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb kill-server");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method return connected devices
+     *
+     * @return hashmap of connected devices information
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getDevices() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            stopADB();
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    String model =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String brand =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String osVersion = cmd.runCommand(
+                        "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.release")
+                        .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String deviceName = brand + " " + model;
+                    String apiLevel =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                            .replaceAll("\n", "");
+
+                    devices.put("deviceID" + i, deviceID);
+                    devices.put("deviceName" + i, deviceName);
+                    devices.put("osVersion" + i, osVersion);
+                    devices.put(deviceID, apiLevel);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return devices;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<String> getDeviceSerial() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    deviceSerail.add(deviceID);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return deviceSerail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device model name
+     */
+    public String getDeviceModel(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceModelName = null;
+        String brand = null;
+        String deviceModel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceModelName =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+
+            brand = cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        deviceModel = deviceModelName.concat("_" + brand);
+
+        return deviceModel.trim();
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device OS API Level
+     */
+    public String deviceOS(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceOSLevel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceOSLevel =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return deviceOSLevel;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method will close the running app
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void closeRunningApp(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell am force-stop " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method clears the app data only for android
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void clearAppData(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell pm clear " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method removes apk from the devices attached
+     *
+     * @param app_package
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevices(String deviceID, String app_package) throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " uninstall " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    public String screenRecord(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell screenrecord --bit-rate 3000000 /sdcard/" + fileName
+            + ".mp4";
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkIfRecordable(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String screenrecord =
+            cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell ls /system/bin/screenrecord");
+        if (screenrecord.trim().equals("/system/bin/screenrecord")) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getDeviceManufacturer(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.manufacturer")
+            .trim();
+    }
+
+    public AndroidDeviceConfiguration pullVideoFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName,
+        String destination) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        ProcessBuilder pb =
+            new ProcessBuilder("adb", "-s", deviceID, "pull", "/sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4",
+                destination);
+        Process pc = pb.start();
+        pc.waitFor();
+        System.out.println("Exited with Code::" + pc.exitValue());
+        System.out.println("Done");
+        Thread.sleep(5000);
+        return new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    }
+
+    public void removeVideoFileFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell rm -f /sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `runCommand(...)` at line 63 is not released after line 68.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices():java.util.Map.3f7f267efe46020ad2fb48490d4b57fe
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java|getDevices|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+241d42dae50053d7648ace8f5b7dfc3f
+
+### Hash:
+fce917702e9b7cf60c3f9a71a2a84b3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10429/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10429/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..268634541ec1b7b601c903a3f1ffd9bb785a5d1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10429/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 43
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class AndroidDeviceConfiguration {
+
+    private CommandPrompt cmd = new CommandPrompt();
+    private Map<String, String> devices = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    public static ArrayList<String> deviceSerail = new ArrayList<String>();
+    ArrayList<String> deviceModel = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+    /**
+     * This method start adb server
+     */
+    public void startADB() throws Exception {
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb start-server");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+        if (lines[0].contains("internal or external command")) {
+            System.out.println("Please set ANDROID_HOME in your system variables");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method stop adb server
+     */
+    public void stopADB() throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb kill-server");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method return connected devices
+     *
+     * @return hashmap of connected devices information
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getDevices() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            stopADB();
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    String model =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String brand =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String osVersion = cmd.runCommand(
+                        "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.release")
+                        .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String deviceName = brand + " " + model;
+                    String apiLevel =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                            .replaceAll("\n", "");
+
+                    devices.put("deviceID" + i, deviceID);
+                    devices.put("deviceName" + i, deviceName);
+                    devices.put("osVersion" + i, osVersion);
+                    devices.put(deviceID, apiLevel);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return devices;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<String> getDeviceSerial() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    deviceSerail.add(deviceID);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return deviceSerail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device model name
+     */
+    public String getDeviceModel(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceModelName = null;
+        String brand = null;
+        String deviceModel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceModelName =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+
+            brand = cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        deviceModel = deviceModelName.concat("_" + brand);
+
+        return deviceModel.trim();
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device OS API Level
+     */
+    public String deviceOS(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceOSLevel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceOSLevel =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return deviceOSLevel;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method will close the running app
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void closeRunningApp(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell am force-stop " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method clears the app data only for android
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void clearAppData(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell pm clear " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method removes apk from the devices attached
+     *
+     * @param app_package
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevices(String deviceID, String app_package) throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " uninstall " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    public String screenRecord(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell screenrecord --bit-rate 3000000 /sdcard/" + fileName
+            + ".mp4";
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkIfRecordable(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String screenrecord =
+            cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell ls /system/bin/screenrecord");
+        if (screenrecord.trim().equals("/system/bin/screenrecord")) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getDeviceManufacturer(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.manufacturer")
+            .trim();
+    }
+
+    public AndroidDeviceConfiguration pullVideoFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName,
+        String destination) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        ProcessBuilder pb =
+            new ProcessBuilder("adb", "-s", deviceID, "pull", "/sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4",
+                destination);
+        Process pc = pb.start();
+        pc.waitFor();
+        System.out.println("Exited with Code::" + pc.exitValue());
+        System.out.println("Done");
+        Thread.sleep(5000);
+        return new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    }
+
+    public void removeVideoFileFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell rm -f /sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `runCommand(...)` at line 61 is not released after line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices():java.util.Map.3f7f267efe46020ad2fb48490d4b57fe
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java|getDevices|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+241d42dae50053d7648ace8f5b7dfc3f
+
+### Hash:
+fce917702e9b7cf60c3f9a71a2a84b3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10443/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10443/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..710d796425c839d7692321f4d204012f274cfa62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10443/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.utils;
+
+import com.appium.entities.MobilePlatform;
+import com.appium.ios.IOSDeviceConfiguration;
+import com.appium.manager.DeviceManager;
+import com.thoughtworks.device.SimulatorManager;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AndroidMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.AutomationName;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.IOSMobileCapabilityType;
+import io.appium.java_client.remote.MobileCapabilityType;
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+/**
+ * Created by saikrisv on 20/05/17.
+ */
+public class DesiredCapabilityBuilder {
+
+    private AvailablePorts availablePorts;
+    private IOSDeviceConfiguration iosDevice;
+    private SimulatorManager simulatorManager;
+
+    public static ThreadLocal<DesiredCapabilities> desiredCapabilitiesThreadLocal
+            = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+    public DesiredCapabilityBuilder() throws IOException {
+        availablePorts = new AvailablePorts();
+        iosDevice = new IOSDeviceConfiguration();
+        simulatorManager = new SimulatorManager();
+    }
+
+    public static DesiredCapabilities getDesiredCapability() {
+        return desiredCapabilitiesThreadLocal.get();
+    }
+
+    public DesiredCapabilities buildDesiredCapability(String platform,
+                                                      String jsonPath) throws Exception {
+        final boolean[] flag = {false};
+        DesiredCapabilities desiredCapabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();
+        JSONArray jsonParsedObject = new JsonParser(jsonPath).getJsonParsedObject();
+        Object getPlatformObject = jsonParsedObject.stream().filter(o -> ((JSONObject) o)
+                .get(platform) != null)
+                .findFirst();
+        Object platFormCapabilities = ((JSONObject) ((Optional) getPlatformObject)
+                .get()).get(platform);
+        ((JSONObject) platFormCapabilities)
+                .forEach((caps, values) -> {
+                    if ("browserName".equals(caps) && "chrome".equals(values.toString())) {
+                        flag[0] = true;
+                        try {
+                            desiredCapabilities.setCapability("chromeDriverPort",
+                                    availablePorts.getPort());
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            e.printStackTrace();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if ("app".equals(caps)) {
+                        if (values instanceof JSONObject) {
+                            if (DeviceManager.getDeviceUDID().length()
+                                    == IOSDeviceConfiguration.SIM_UDID_LENGTH) {
+                                values = ((JSONObject) values).get("simulator");
+                            } else if (DeviceManager.getDeviceUDID().length()
+                                    == IOSDeviceConfiguration.IOS_UDID_LENGTH) {
+                                values = ((JSONObject) values).get("device");
+                            }
+
+                        }
+                        Path path = FileSystems.getDefault().getPath(values.toString());
+                        if (!path.getParent().isAbsolute()) {
+                            desiredCapabilities.setCapability(caps.toString(), path.normalize()
+                                    .toAbsolutePath().toString());
+                        } else {
+                            desiredCapabilities.setCapability(caps.toString(), path
+                                    .toString());
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        desiredCapabilities.setCapability(caps.toString(), values.toString());
+                    }
+                });
+        if (DeviceManager.getMobilePlatform().equals(MobilePlatform.ANDROID) && !flag[0]) {
+            if (desiredCapabilities.getCapability("automationName") == null
+                    || desiredCapabilities.getCapability("automationName")
+                    .toString() != "UIAutomator2") {
+                desiredCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME,
+                        AutomationName.ANDROID_UIAUTOMATOR2);
+                desiredCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.SYSTEM_PORT,
+                        availablePorts.getPort());
+            }
+            appPackage(desiredCapabilities);
+        } else if (DeviceManager.getMobilePlatform().equals(MobilePlatform.IOS)) {
+            String version = iosDevice.getIOSDeviceProductVersion();
+            appPackageBundle(desiredCapabilities);
+            //Check if simulator.json exists and add the deviceName and OS
+            if (DeviceManager.getDeviceUDID().length() == IOSDeviceConfiguration.SIM_UDID_LENGTH) {
+                desiredCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.DEVICE_NAME,
+                        simulatorManager.getSimulatorDetailsFromUDID(
+                                DeviceManager.getDeviceUDID()).getName());
+                desiredCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.PLATFORM_VERSION,
+                        simulatorManager.getSimulatorDetailsFromUDID(DeviceManager.getDeviceUDID())
+                                .getOsVersion());
+            } else {
+                desiredCapabilities.setCapability("webkitDebugProxyPort",
+                        new IOSDeviceConfiguration().startIOSWebKit());
+            }
+
+            if (Float.valueOf(version.substring(0, version.length() - 2)) >= 10.0) {
+                desiredCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.AUTOMATION_NAME,
+                        AutomationName.IOS_XCUI_TEST);
+                desiredCapabilities.setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType
+                        .WDA_LOCAL_PORT, availablePorts.getPort());
+            }
+            desiredCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID,
+                    DeviceManager.getDeviceUDID());
+        }
+        desiredCapabilities.setCapability(MobileCapabilityType.UDID,
+                DeviceManager.getDeviceUDID());
+        desiredCapabilitiesThreadLocal.set(desiredCapabilities);
+        return desiredCapabilities;
+    }
+
+    public void appPackage(DesiredCapabilities desiredCapabilities) {
+        if (System.getenv("APP_PACKAGE") != null) {
+            desiredCapabilities.setCapability(AndroidMobileCapabilityType.APP_PACKAGE,
+                    System.getenv("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void appPackageBundle(DesiredCapabilities iOSCapabilities) {
+        if (System.getenv("APP_PACKAGE") != null) {
+            iOSCapabilities
+                    .setCapability(IOSMobileCapabilityType.BUNDLE_ID,
+                            System.getenv("APP_PACKAGE"));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `platFormCapabilities` last assigned on line 51 could be null and is dereferenced at line 53.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DesiredCapabilities DesiredCapabilityBuilder.buildDesiredCapability(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.utils.DesiredCapabilityBuilder.buildDesiredCapability(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):.1e592248a79f85c18f480a097fdc6cbb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/utils/DesiredCapabilityBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+DesiredCapabilityBuilder.java|buildDesiredCapability|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b1887f614aafef5d306f8e3a5966dfc4
+
+### Hash:
+c502c95102f0c587d94e5b649a97b200
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10444/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10444/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c66425bc41ab8a5a77e1efa1ede760468bff94c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10444/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AppiumTestDistribution
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.appium.manager;
+
+import com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class AndroidDeviceConfiguration {
+
+    private CommandPrompt cmd = new CommandPrompt();
+    private Map<String, String> devices = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    public static ArrayList<String> deviceSerail = new ArrayList<String>();
+    ArrayList<String> deviceModel = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+    /**
+     * This method start adb server
+     */
+    public void startADB() throws Exception {
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb start-server");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+        if (lines[0].contains("internal or external command")) {
+            System.out.println("Please set ANDROID_HOME in your system variables");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method stop adb server
+     */
+    public void stopADB() throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb kill-server");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method return connected devices
+     *
+     * @return hashmap of connected devices information
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getDevices() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            stopADB();
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    String model =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String brand =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand")
+                            .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String osVersion = cmd.runCommand(
+                        "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.release")
+                        .replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+                    String deviceName = brand + " " + model;
+                    String apiLevel =
+                        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                            .replaceAll("\n", "");
+
+                    devices.put("deviceID" + i, deviceID);
+                    devices.put("deviceName" + i, deviceName);
+                    devices.put("osVersion" + i, osVersion);
+                    devices.put(deviceID, apiLevel);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return devices;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<String> getDeviceSerial() throws Exception {
+
+        startADB(); // start adb service
+        String output = cmd.runCommand("adb devices");
+        String[] lines = output.split("\n");
+
+        if (lines.length <= 1) {
+            System.out.println("No Device Connected");
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
+                lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+
+                if (lines[i].contains("device")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("device", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                    deviceSerail.add(deviceID);
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("unauthorized")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("unauthorized", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                } else if (lines[i].contains("offline")) {
+                    lines[i] = lines[i].replaceAll("offline", "");
+                    String deviceID = lines[i];
+                }
+            }
+            return deviceSerail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device model name
+     */
+    public String getDeviceModel(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceModelName = null;
+        String brand = null;
+        String deviceModel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceModelName =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.model")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+
+            brand = cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.brand");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        deviceModel = deviceModelName.concat("_" + brand);
+
+        return deviceModel.trim();
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * This method gets the device OS API Level
+     */
+    public String deviceOS(String deviceID) {
+        String deviceOSLevel = null;
+        try {
+            deviceOSLevel =
+                cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.build.version.sdk")
+                    .replaceAll("\\W", "");
+        } catch (InterruptedException | IOException e) {
+            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return deviceOSLevel;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method will close the running app
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void closeRunningApp(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell am force-stop " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method clears the app data only for android
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void clearAppData(String deviceID, String app_package)
+        throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        // adb -s 192.168.56.101:5555 com.android2.calculator3
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell pm clear " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method removes apk from the devices attached
+     *
+     * @param app_package
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+
+    public void removeApkFromDevices(String deviceID, String app_package) throws Exception {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " uninstall " + app_package);
+    }
+
+    public String screenRecord(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return "adb -s " + deviceID + " shell screenrecord --bit-rate 3000000 /sdcard/" + fileName
+            + ".mp4";
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkIfRecordable(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String screenrecord =
+            cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell ls /system/bin/screenrecord");
+        if (screenrecord.trim().equals("/system/bin/screenrecord")) {
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getDeviceManufacturer(String deviceID) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        return cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell getprop ro.product.manufacturer")
+            .trim();
+    }
+
+    public AndroidDeviceConfiguration pullVideoFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName,
+        String destination) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        ProcessBuilder pb =
+            new ProcessBuilder("adb", "-s", deviceID, "pull", "/sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4",
+                destination);
+        Process pc = pb.start();
+        pc.waitFor();
+        System.out.println("Exited with Code::" + pc.exitValue());
+        System.out.println("Done");
+        Thread.sleep(5000);
+        return new AndroidDeviceConfiguration();
+    }
+
+    public void removeVideoFileFromDevice(String deviceID, String fileName)
+        throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        cmd.runCommand("adb -s " + deviceID + " shell rm -f /sdcard/" + fileName + ".mp4");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `com.appium.utils.CommandPrompt.p` by call to `runCommand(...)` at line 43 is not released after line 58.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.appium.manager.AndroidDeviceConfiguration.getDevices():java.util.Map.3f7f267efe46020ad2fb48490d4b57fe
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/appium/manager/AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+AndroidDeviceConfiguration.java|getDevices|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+241d42dae50053d7648ace8f5b7dfc3f
+
+### Hash:
+fce917702e9b7cf60c3f9a71a2a84b3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1046/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1046/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a23bfe50f7fcbc6b42bfe6ccb94f10914c551279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1046/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** inotify
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace Inotify.Sends
+{
+    public enum InputType
+    {
+        TEXT = 1,
+        CHECK = 2,
+        ENUM = 3,
+    }
+
+    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
+    public class SendMethodKeyAttribute : Attribute
+    {
+        public string Key;
+
+        public bool Open;
+
+        public string Name;
+
+        public int Order;
+
+        public string Waring;
+
+        public SendMethodKeyAttribute(string key, string name, bool open = true, string waring = "")
+        {
+            Key = key;
+            Name = name;
+            Open = open;
+            Waring = waring;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class InputTypeValue
+    {
+
+        public InputTypeValue()
+        {
+            Show = true;
+            Readonly = false;
+        }
+        public string? Name { get; set; }
+        public string? Description { get; set; }
+        public string? Default { get; set; }
+        public InputType? Type { get; set; }
+        public int? Order { get; set; }
+        public string? Value { get; set; }
+
+        public string? Warning { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Show { get; set; }
+
+        public bool Readonly { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public class InputTemeplate
+    {
+        public string? Type { get; set; }
+        public string? TypeName { get; set; }
+        public string? Key { get; set; }
+        public string? Name { get; set; }
+        public bool IsActive { get; set; }
+        public string Warning { get; set; }
+        public string? AuthData { get; set; }
+        public int? SendAuthId { get; set; }
+        public List<InputTypeValue>? Values { get; set; }
+
+        public string TemplateToAuth()
+        {
+            var jObject = new JObject();
+
+            if (Values != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var item in Values)
+                {
+                    if (item.Name != null && item.Value != null)
+                    {
+                        if (item.Type == InputType.CHECK)
+                        {
+                            jObject.Add(item.Name, item.Value.ToLower() == "true");
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            jObject.Add(item.Name, item.Value);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return jObject.ToString();
+        }
+
+        public void AuthToTemplate(string authInfo)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(authInfo))
+            {
+                var jObject = JObject.Parse(authInfo);
+
+                if (Values != null)
+                {
+                    foreach (var value in Values)
+                    {
+                        if (value.Name != null)
+                        {
+                            if (jObject.TryGetValue(value.Name, out JToken? jtoken))
+                            {
+                                value.Value = jtoken == null ? "" : jtoken.Value<string>();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            AuthData = authInfo;
+        }
+    }
+
+    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property)]
+    [JsonObject(MemberSerialization.OptIn)]
+    public class InputTypeAttribte : Attribute
+    {
+        public InputTypeValue InputTypeData { get; set; }
+
+
+        private InputTypeAttribte(int order, string name, string description, string defaultValue, InputType type, bool show = true, bool readOnly = false)
+        {
+            InputTypeData = new InputTypeValue
+            {
+                Name = name,
+                Description = description,
+                Default = defaultValue,
+                Order = order,
+                Type = type,
+                Show = show,
+                Readonly = readOnly
+            };
+        }
+
+        public InputTypeAttribte(int order, string name, string description, string defaultValue, bool show = true, bool readOnly = false)
+            : this(order, name, description, defaultValue, InputType.TEXT, show, readOnly)
+        {
+
+        }
+
+        public InputTypeAttribte(int order, string name, string description, bool defaultValue, bool show = true, bool readOnly = false)
+           : this(order, name, description, "", InputType.CHECK, show, readOnly)
+        {
+            InputTypeData.Default = defaultValue ? "是" : "否";
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public abstract class SendTemplate<T>
+    {
+        public T Auth { get; set; }
+
+        public void Composition(string authInfo)
+        {
+            Auth = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<T>(authInfo);
+        }
+
+        public InputTemeplate GetTemeplate()
+        {
+            var values = typeof(T)
+                .GetProperties()
+                .SelectMany(e => e.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(InputTypeAttribte), false))
+                .Cast<InputTypeAttribte>()
+                .Select(e => e.InputTypeData)
+                .ToList();
+
+            var sendMethodKeyAttribute = GetType().GetCustomAttribute<SendMethodKeyAttribute>();
+
+            if (sendMethodKeyAttribute != null)
+            {
+                return new InputTemeplate()
+                {
+                    Key = "",
+                    Name = sendMethodKeyAttribute.Name,
+                    Type = sendMethodKeyAttribute.Key,
+                    TypeName = sendMethodKeyAttribute.Name,
+                    Warning = sendMethodKeyAttribute.Waring,
+                    Values = values
+                };
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public abstract bool SendMessage(SendMessage message);
+
+
+        protected WebProxy GetProxy()
+        {
+            if (SendCacheStore.GetSystemValue("proxyenable") == "true")
+            {
+                var proxyurl = SendCacheStore.GetSystemValue("proxy");
+                if (proxyurl != null)
+                {
+
+                    WebProxy proxy = new WebProxy
+                    {
+                        Address = new Uri(proxyurl)
+                    };
+                    return proxy;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsUrl(string url)
+        {
+            var regex = new Regex(@"(https?|ftp|file)://[-A-Za-z0-9+&@#/%?=~_|!:,.;]+[-A-Za-z0-9+&@#/%=~_|]");
+            if (!regex.IsMatch(url))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        protected bool IsImage(string url)
+        {
+            var regex = new Regex(@".*?(jpeg|jpe|png|jpg)");
+            if (!regex.IsMatch(url))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        protected byte[] GetImage(string url)
+        {
+            if (IsUrl(url) && IsImage(url))
+            {
+                WebClient mywebclient = new WebClient();
+                return mywebclient.DownloadData(url);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource mywebclient of type System.Net.WebClient in method "Byte[] SendTemplate`1<T>.GetImage(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Byte[] SendTemplate`1<T>.GetImage(String)
+
+### File:
+Inotify/Sends/SendTemplate.cs
+
+### Key:
+SendTemplate.cs|GetImage|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4e6b7ea887fd0b76b787666b1fb919c3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1047/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1047/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f63e58d2ba7e5fd44b1097282bb7f4dbf5d0e07d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1047/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** inotify
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Inotify.Data;
+using Inotify.Sends;
+
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+
+namespace Inotify.Controllers
+{
+    [ApiController]
+    [Route("api")]
+    public class SendController : BaseControlor
+    {
+        [HttpGet, Route("send")]
+        public JsonResult Send(string token, string title, string? data, string? key)
+        {
+            if (DBManager.Instance.IsToken(token, out bool hasActive))
+            {
+                if (!hasActive)
+                {
+                    return Fail(400, "you have no tunnel is acitve");
+                }
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(key))
+                {
+                    if (DBManager.Instance.IsSendKey(key, out bool isActive))
+                    {
+                        if (!isActive)
+                        {
+                            return Fail(400, $"device:{key} tunnel is not acitve");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        return Fail(400, $"device:{key} is not registered");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var message = new SendMessage()
+                {
+                    Token = token,
+                    Title = title,
+                    Data = data,
+                    Key = key,
+                };
+
+                if (SendTaskManager.Instance.SendMessage(message))
+                {
+                    return OK();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return Fail(400, $"token:{token} is not registered");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from Inotify.Data.DBManager Inotify.Data.DBManager::get_Instance() at Line 24).Inotify.Data.DBManager.m_migrator of type NPoco.Migrations.Migrator, Leaked resource (returned from Inotify.Data.DBManager Inotify.Data.DBManager::get_Instance() at Line 24).Inotify.Data.DBManager.m_dbConnection of type Microsoft.Data.Sqlite.SqliteConnection, Leaked resource (returned from Inotify.Data.DBManager Inotify.Data.DBManager::get_Instance() at Line 15).Inotify.Data.DBManager.m_migrator of type NPoco.Migrations.Migrator, Leaked resource (returned from Inotify.Data.DBManager Inotify.Data.DBManager::get_Instance() at Line 15).Inotify.Data.DBManager.m_dbConnection of type Microsoft.Data.Sqlite.SqliteConnection in method "JsonResult SendController.Send(String,String,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+JsonResult SendController.Send(String,String,String,String)
+
+### File:
+Inotify/Controllers/SendControlor.cs
+
+### Key:
+SendControlor.cs|Send|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1ba04b4a6335aa98e5ce048666d00786
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10472/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10472/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41ade563a72f0c96024d548484c728d6ed49a864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10472/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,777 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jHiccup
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Written by Gil Tene of Azul Systems, and released to the public domain,
+ * as explained at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ *
+ * @author Gil Tene
+ */
+
+package org.jhiccup;
+
+import org.HdrHistogram.*;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.lang.management.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * HiccupMeter is a platform pause measurement tool, it is meant to observe
+ * the underlying platform (JVM, OS, HW, etc.) responsiveness while under
+ * an unrelated application load, and establish a lower bound for the stalls
+ * the application would experience. It can be run as a wrapper around
+ * other applications so that measurements can be done without any changes
+ * to application code.
+ * <p>
+ * The purpose of HiccupMeter is to aid application operators and testers
+ * in characterizing the inherent "platform hiccups" (execution stalls)
+ * that a Java platform will display when running under load. The hiccups
+ * measured are NOT stalls caused by the application's code. They are stalls
+ * caused by the platform (JVM, OS, HW, etc.) that would be visible to and
+ * affect any application thread running on the platform at the time of the
+ * stall. It is generally safe to assume that if HiccupMeter experiences and
+ * records a certain level of measured platform hiccups, the application
+ * running on the same JVM platform during that time had experienced
+ * hiccup/stall effects that are at least as large as the measured level.
+ * <p>
+ * HiccupMeter's measurement works on the simple basis of measuring the time
+ * it takes an effectively empty workload to perform work (while running
+ * alongside whatever load the platform is carrying). Hiccup measurements are
+ * performed by a thread that repeatedly sleeps for a given interval (-r for
+ * resolutionMs, defaults to 1 msec), and logs the amount of time it took to
+ * actually wake up each time in a  detailed internal hiccup histogram. The
+ * assumption is that if the measuring thread experienced some delay in waking
+ * up, any other thread in the system could/would have experienced a similar
+ * delay, resulting in application stalls.
+ * <p>
+ * HiccupMeter collects both raw and corrected (weighted) histogram results.
+ * When the reported time in a histogram exceeds the interval used between
+ * measurements, the raw histogram data would reflect only the single reported
+ * results, while the corrected histogram data will reflect an appropriate
+ * number of additional results with linearly decreasing times (down to a time
+ * that is lower than the measurement interval). While raw and corrected
+ * histogram data are both tracked internally, it is the corrected numbers that
+ * are logged and reported, as they will more accurately reflect the response
+ * time that a random, uncoordinated request would have experienced.
+ * <p>
+ * HiccupMeter logs a single line with hiccup %'ile stats each reporting
+ * interval (set with -i <reportingIntervalMs>, defaults to 5000 msec) to a
+ * log file. The log file name can be optionally controlled with the -l <logfile>
+ * flag, and will default (if no logfile name is supplied)to a name derived from
+ * the process id and time (hiccup.yyMMdd.HHmm.pid). HiccupMeter will also produce
+ * a detailed histogram log file under the <logfile>.histogram name. A new
+ * histogram log file will be produced each interval, and will replace the
+ * one generated in the previous interval.
+ * <p>
+ * HiccupMeter can be configured to delay the start of measurement
+ * (using the -d <startDelayMs> flag, defaults to 30000 msec). It can also be
+ * configured to terminate measurement after a given length of time (using the
+ * -t <runTimeMs> flag). If the -t flag is not used, HiccupMeter will continue
+ * to run until the Class executed with via the -exec parameter (see below)
+ * exits, or indefinitely (if no -exec is used).
+ * <p>
+ * HiccupMeter can be configured to launch a separate "control process" on
+ * startup (using the -c <controlProcessLogFileName> flag, defaulting to
+ * nothing). This option launches a separate, standalone instance of
+ * HiccupMeter wrapping running an idle workload, such that a concurrent
+ * control measurement is established on the same system, at the same time
+ * as the main observed application load is run.
+ * <p>
+ * For convenience in testing, HiccupMeter is typically launched as a
+ * javaagent. For example, if your program were normally executed as:
+ * <p>
+ * java UsefulProgram -a -b -c
+ * <p>
+ * This is how you would execute the same program so that HiccupMeter would
+ * record hiccups while it is running:
+ * <p>
+ * java -javaagent:jHiccup.jar UsefulProgram -a -b -c
+ * <p>
+ * Common use example:
+ * <p>
+ * Measure internal jitter of JVM running MyProg, log into logFile and
+ * logFile.hgrm, report in 5 seconds intervals (which is the default), start
+ * measurements 60 seconds into the run, and run concurrent control process
+ * that will record hiccups on an idle workload running at the same time,
+ * logging those into c.logFile and c.logFile.hgrm:
+ * <p>
+ * java -javaagent:jHiccup.jar="-d 60000 -l testLog -c c.testlog" MyProg
+ * <p>
+ * Note: while HiccupMeter is typically executed as a javaagent, it can be
+ * run as a standalone program, in which case it will execute for the
+ * duration of time specified with the -t <runTimeMs> option, or if the
+ * -terminateOnStdIn flag is used, it will terminate execution when standard
+ * input is severed. This last option is useful for executing HiccupMeter as
+ * a standalone control process launched from a javaagent HiccupMeter
+ * instance.
+ *
+ * Note: HiccupMeter can be used to process data from an input file instead
+ * of sampling it. When the [-f inputFileName] option is used, the input file
+ * is expected to contain two white-space delimited values per line (in either
+ * integer or real number format), representing a time stamp and a measured
+ * latency, both in millisecond units. It's important to note that the default
+ * "expected interval between samples" resolution in jHiccup and HiccupMeter
+ * is 1 millisecond. When processing input files, it is imperative that the
+ * appropriate value be supplied to the -r option, and that this value correctly
+ * represent the expected interval between samples in the provided input file.
+ * HiccupMeter will use this parameter to determine whether additional, artificial
+ * values should be added to the histogram recording, between input samples that
+ * are farther apart in time than the expected interval specified to the -r option.
+ * This behavior corrects for "coordinated omission" situations (where long response
+ * times lead to "skipped" requests that would have typically correlated with "bad"
+ * response times). A "large" value (e.g. -r 100000) can easily be specified to
+ * avoid any correction of this situation.
+ *
+ * Note: HiccupMeter makes systemic use of HdrHistogram to collected and report
+ * on the statistical distribution of hiccups. HdrHistogram sources, documentation,
+ * and a ready to use jar file can all be found on GitHub,
+ * at http://giltene.github.com/HdrHistogram
+ */
+
+
+public class HiccupMeter extends Thread {
+
+    private static final String versionString = "jHiccup version " + Version.version;
+
+    static final String defaultHiccupLogFileName = "hiccup.%date.%pid.hlog";
+
+    protected final PrintStream log;
+
+    protected final HistogramLogWriter histogramLogWriter;
+
+    protected final HiccupMeterConfiguration config;
+
+    protected static class HiccupMeterConfiguration {
+        public boolean terminateWithStdInput = false;
+        public double resolutionMs = 1.0;
+        public long runTimeMs = 0;
+        public long reportingIntervalMs = 5000;
+        public long startDelayMs = 30000;
+        public boolean startDelayMsExplicitlySpecified = false;
+
+        public boolean verbose = false;
+        public boolean allocateObjects = false;
+        public String logFileName;
+        public boolean logFileExplicitlySpecified = false;
+        public String inputFileName = null;
+        public boolean logFormatCsv = false;
+
+        public boolean launchControlProcess = false;
+        public String controlProcessLogFileName = null;
+        public String controlProcessCommand = null;
+        public boolean controlProcessJvmArgsExplicitlySpecified = false;
+        public String controlProcessJvmArgs;
+
+        public boolean attachToProcess = false;
+        public String pidOfProcessToAttachTo = null;
+        public String agentJarFileName = null;
+        public String agentArgs = null;
+
+        public boolean startTimeAtZero = false;
+
+        public long lowestTrackableValue = 1000L * 20L; // default to ~20usec best-case resolution
+        public long highestTrackableValue = 3600 * 1000L * 1000L * 1000L;
+        public int numberOfSignificantValueDigits = 2;
+
+        public boolean error = false;
+        public String errorMessage = "";
+
+        String fillInPidAndDate(String logFileName) {
+            final String processName =
+                    java.lang.management.ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getName();
+            final String processID = processName.split("@")[0];
+            final SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyMMdd.HHmm");
+            final String formattedDate = formatter.format(new Date());
+
+            logFileName = logFileName.replaceAll("%pid", processID);
+            logFileName = logFileName.replaceAll("%date", formattedDate);
+            return logFileName;
+        }
+
+        public HiccupMeterConfiguration(final String[] args, String defaultLogFileName) {
+            logFileName = defaultLogFileName;
+            try {
+                for (int i = 0; i < args.length; ++i) {
+                    if (args[i].equals("-v")) {
+                        verbose = true;
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-0")) {
+                        startTimeAtZero = true;
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-p")) {
+                        attachToProcess = true;
+                        pidOfProcessToAttachTo = args[++i];
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-j")) {
+                        agentJarFileName = args[++i];
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-terminateWithStdInput")) {
+                        terminateWithStdInput = true;
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-i")) {
+                        reportingIntervalMs = Long.parseLong(args[++i]);
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-t")) {
+                        runTimeMs = Long.parseLong(args[++i]);
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-d")) {
+                        startDelayMs = Long.parseLong(args[++i]);
+                        startDelayMsExplicitlySpecified = true;
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-r")) {
+                        resolutionMs = Double.parseDouble(args[++i]);
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-s")) {
+                        numberOfSignificantValueDigits = Integer.parseInt(args[++i]);
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-l")) {
+                        logFileName = args[++i];
+                        logFileExplicitlySpecified = true;
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-f")) {
+                        inputFileName = args[++i];
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-c")) {
+                        launchControlProcess = true;
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-x")) {
+                        controlProcessJvmArgs = args[++i];
+                        controlProcessJvmArgsExplicitlySpecified = true;
+                    } else if (args[i].equals("-o")) {
+                        logFormatCsv = true;
+                    } else {
+                        throw new Exception("Invalid args: " + args[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                logFileName = fillInPidAndDate(logFileName);
+
+                if (attachToProcess) {
+                    if (!startDelayMsExplicitlySpecified) {
+                        startDelayMs = 0;
+                    }
+
+                    if (agentJarFileName == null) {
+                        throw new Exception("Invalid args, missing agent jar file name, specify with -j option");
+                    }
+                    agentArgs = "-d " + startDelayMs +
+                                " -i " + reportingIntervalMs +
+                                ((startTimeAtZero) ? " -0" : "") +
+                                " -s " + numberOfSignificantValueDigits +
+                                " -r " + resolutionMs;
+
+                    if (logFileExplicitlySpecified) {
+                        agentArgs += " -l " + logFileName;
+                    }
+
+                    if (launchControlProcess) {
+                        agentArgs += " -c";
+                    }
+
+                    if (controlProcessJvmArgsExplicitlySpecified) {
+                        agentArgs += " -x " + controlProcessJvmArgs;
+                    }
+
+                    if (verbose) {
+                        agentArgs += " -v";
+                    }
+
+                    if (logFormatCsv) {
+                        agentArgs += " -o";
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (launchControlProcess) {
+                    File filePath = new File(logFileName);
+                    String parentFileNamePart = filePath.getParent();
+
+                    String childFileNamePart = filePath.getName();
+                    // Derive control process log file name from logFileName:
+                    File controlFilePath = new File(parentFileNamePart, childFileNamePart + ".c");
+                    controlProcessLogFileName = controlFilePath.getPath();
+
+                    // Derive controlProcessCommand from our java home, class name, and parsed
+                    // options:
+                    controlProcessCommand =
+                            System.getProperty("java.home") +
+                                    File.separator + "bin" + File.separator + "java" +
+                                    (controlProcessJvmArgsExplicitlySpecified ? " " + controlProcessJvmArgs : "") +
+                                    " -cp " + System.getProperty("java.class.path") +
+                                    " -Dorg.jhiccup.avoidRecursion=true" +
+                                    " " + HiccupMeter.class.getCanonicalName() +
+                                    " -l " + controlProcessLogFileName +
+                                    " -i " + reportingIntervalMs +
+                                    " -d " + startDelayMs +
+                                    ((startTimeAtZero) ? " -0" : "") +
+                                    ((logFormatCsv) ? " -o" : "") +
+                                    " -s " + numberOfSignificantValueDigits +
+                                    " -r " + resolutionMs +
+                                    " -terminateWithStdInput";
+                }
+                if (resolutionMs < 0) {
+                    System.err.println("resolutionMs must be positive.");
+                    System.exit(1);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                error = true;
+                errorMessage = "Error: launched with the following args:\n";
+
+                for (String arg : args) {
+                    errorMessage += arg + " ";
+                }
+                errorMessage += "\nWhich was parsed as an error, indicated by the following exception:\n" + e;
+
+                System.err.println(errorMessage);
+
+                String validArgs =
+                        "\"[-v] [-c] [-x controlProcessArgs] [-o] [-0] [-n] [-p pidOfProcessToAttachTo] [-j jHiccupJarFileName] " +
+                        "[-i reportingIntervalMs] [-h] [-t runTimeMs] [-d startDelayMs] " +
+                        "[-l logFileName] [-r resolutionMs] [-terminateWithStdInput] [-f inputFileName]\"\n";
+
+                System.err.println("valid arguments = " + validArgs);
+
+                System.err.println(
+                " [-h]                        help\n" +
+                " [-v]                        verbose\n" +
+                " [-l logFileName]            Log hiccup information into logFileName and logFileName.hgrm\n" +
+                "                             (will replace occurrences of %pid and %date with appropriate information)\n" +
+                " [-o]                        Output log files in CSV format\n" +
+                " [-c]                        Launch a control process in a separate JVM\n" +
+                "                             logging hiccup data into logFileName.c and logFileName.c.hgrm\n" +
+                " [-x controlProcessArgs]     Pass additional args to the control process JVM\n" +
+                " [-p pidOfProcessToAttachTo] Attach to the process with given pid and inject jHiccup as an agent\n" +
+                " [-j jHiccupJarFileName]     File name for the jHiccup.jar file, and required with [-p] option above\n" +
+                " [-d startDelayMs]           Delay the beginning of hiccup measurement by\n" +
+                "                             startDelayMs milliseconds [default 30000]\n" +
+                " [-0]                        Start timestamps at 0 (as opposed to at JVM runtime at start point)\n" +
+                " [-i reportingIntervalMs]    Set reporting interval [default 5000]\n" +
+                " [-r resolutionMs]           Set sampling resolution in milliseconds [default 1]\n" +
+                " [-t runTimeMs]              Limit measurement time [default 0, for infinite]\n" +
+                " [-terminateWithStdInput]    Take over standard input, and terminate process when\n" +
+                "                             standard input is severed (useful for control\n" +
+                "                             processes that wish to terminate when their launching\n" +
+                "                             parent does).\n" +
+                " [-f inputFileName]          Read timestamp and latency data from input file\n" +
+                "                             instead of sampling it directly\n" +
+                " [-s numberOfSignificantValueDigits]\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public HiccupMeter(final String[] args, String defaultLogFileName) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        this.setName("HiccupMeter");
+        config = new HiccupMeterConfiguration(args, defaultLogFileName);
+        log = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(config.logFileName), false);
+        histogramLogWriter = new HistogramLogWriter(log);
+        this.setDaemon(true);
+    }
+
+    public static class ExecProcess extends Thread {
+        final String processName;
+        final String command;
+        final boolean verbose;
+        final PrintStream log;
+
+        public ExecProcess(final String command, final String processName,
+                           final PrintStream log, final boolean verbose) {
+            this.setDaemon(true);
+            this.setName(processName + "ExecThread");
+            this.command = command;
+            this.processName = processName;
+            this.log = log;
+            this.verbose = verbose;
+            this.start();
+        }
+
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                if (verbose) {
+                    log.println("# HiccupMeter Executing " + processName + " command: " + command);
+                }
+                final Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command);
+                p.waitFor();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                System.err.println("HiccupMeter: " + processName + " terminated.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TerminateWithStdInputReader extends Thread {
+        TerminateWithStdInputReader() {
+            this.setDaemon(true);
+            this.setName("terminateWithStdInputReader");
+            this.start();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            // Ensure exit when stdin is severed.
+            try {
+                while (System.in.read() >= 0) {
+                }
+                System.exit(1);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                System.exit(1);
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class HiccupRecorder extends Thread {
+        public volatile boolean doRun;
+        private final boolean allocateObjects;
+        public volatile Long lastSleepTimeObj; // public volatile to make sure allocs are not optimized away...
+        protected final SingleWriterRecorder recorder;
+
+        public HiccupRecorder(final SingleWriterRecorder recorder, final boolean allocateObjects) {
+            this.setDaemon(true);
+            this.setName("HiccupRecorder");
+            this.recorder = recorder;
+            this.allocateObjects = allocateObjects;
+            doRun = true;
+        }
+
+        public void terminate() {
+            doRun = false;
+        }
+
+
+        public long getCurrentTimeMsecWithDelay(final long nextReportingTime) throws InterruptedException {
+            final long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            if (now < nextReportingTime)
+                Thread.sleep(nextReportingTime - now);
+            return now;
+        }
+
+        public void run() {
+            final long resolutionNsec = (long)(config.resolutionMs * 1000L * 1000L);
+            try {
+                long shortestObservedDeltaTimeNsec = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+                while (doRun) {
+                    final long timeBeforeMeasurement = System.nanoTime();
+                    if (config.resolutionMs != 0) {
+                        TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.sleep(resolutionNsec);
+                        if (allocateObjects) {
+                            // Allocate an object to make sure potential allocation stalls are measured.
+                            lastSleepTimeObj = new Long(timeBeforeMeasurement);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    final long timeAfterMeasurement = System.nanoTime();
+                    final long deltaTimeNsec = timeAfterMeasurement - timeBeforeMeasurement;
+
+                    if (deltaTimeNsec < shortestObservedDeltaTimeNsec) {
+                        shortestObservedDeltaTimeNsec = deltaTimeNsec;
+                    }
+
+                    long hiccupTimeNsec = deltaTimeNsec - shortestObservedDeltaTimeNsec;
+
+                    recorder.recordValueWithExpectedInterval(hiccupTimeNsec, resolutionNsec);
+                }
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                if (config.verbose) {
+                    log.println("# HiccupRecorder interrupted/terminating...");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class InputRecorder extends HiccupRecorder {
+        final Scanner scanner;
+
+        InputRecorder(final SingleWriterRecorder recorder, final String inputFileName) {
+            super(recorder, false);
+            Scanner newScanner = null;
+            try {
+                newScanner = new Scanner(new File(inputFileName));
+            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+                System.err.println("HiccupMeter: Failed to open input file \"" + inputFileName + "\"");
+                System.exit(-1);
+            } finally {
+                scanner = newScanner;
+            }
+        }
+
+        long processInputLine(final Scanner scanner, final SingleWriterRecorder recorder) {
+            if (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
+                try {
+                    final long timeMsec = (long) scanner.nextDouble(); // Timestamp is expect to be in millis
+                    final long hiccupTimeNsec = (long) (scanner.nextDouble() * 1000000L); // Latency is expected to be in millis
+                    recorder.recordValueWithExpectedInterval(hiccupTimeNsec, (long)(config.resolutionMs * 1000000L));
+                    return timeMsec;
+                } catch (java.util.NoSuchElementException e) {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public long getCurrentTimeMsecWithDelay(final long nextReportingTime) throws InterruptedException {
+            return processInputLine(scanner, recorder);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                while (doRun) {
+                    Thread.sleep(10);
+                }
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                if (config.verbose) {
+                    log.println("# HiccupRecorder interrupted/terminating...");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public HiccupRecorder createHiccupRecorder(SingleWriterRecorder recorder) {
+        return new HiccupRecorder(recorder, config.allocateObjects);
+    }
+
+    public String getVersionString() {
+        return versionString;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        final SingleWriterRecorder recorder =
+                new SingleWriterRecorder(
+                        config.lowestTrackableValue,
+                        config.highestTrackableValue,
+                        config.numberOfSignificantValueDigits
+                );
+
+        Histogram intervalHistogram = null;
+
+        HiccupRecorder hiccupRecorder;
+
+        final long uptimeAtInitialStartTime = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getUptime();
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        long jvmStartTime = now - uptimeAtInitialStartTime;
+        long reportingStartTime = jvmStartTime;
+
+        if (config.inputFileName == null) {
+            // Normal operating mode.
+            // Launch a hiccup recorder, a process termination monitor, and an optional control process:
+            hiccupRecorder = this.createHiccupRecorder(recorder);
+            if (config.terminateWithStdInput) {
+                new TerminateWithStdInputReader();
+            }
+            if (config.controlProcessCommand != null) {
+                new ExecProcess(config.controlProcessCommand, "ControlProcess", log, config.verbose);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Take input from file instead of sampling it ourselves.
+            // Launch an input hiccup recorder, but no termination monitoring or control process:
+            hiccupRecorder = new InputRecorder(recorder, config.inputFileName);
+        }
+
+        histogramLogWriter.outputComment("[Logged with " + getVersionString() + "]");
+        histogramLogWriter.outputLogFormatVersion();
+
+        try {
+            final long startTime;
+
+            if (config.inputFileName == null) {
+                // Normal operating mode:
+                if (config.startDelayMs > 0) {
+                    // Run hiccup recorder during startDelayMs time to let code warm up:
+                    hiccupRecorder.start();
+                    while (config.startDelayMs > System.currentTimeMillis() - jvmStartTime) {
+                        Thread.sleep(100);
+                    }
+                    hiccupRecorder.terminate();
+                    hiccupRecorder.join();
+
+                    recorder.reset();
+                    hiccupRecorder = new HiccupRecorder(recorder, config.allocateObjects);
+                }
+                hiccupRecorder.start();
+                startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                if (config.startTimeAtZero) {
+                    reportingStartTime = startTime;
+                }
+
+                histogramLogWriter.outputStartTime(reportingStartTime);
+                histogramLogWriter.setBaseTime(reportingStartTime);
+
+            } else {
+                // Reading from input file, not sampling ourselves...:
+                hiccupRecorder.start();
+                reportingStartTime = startTime = hiccupRecorder.getCurrentTimeMsecWithDelay(0);
+
+                histogramLogWriter.outputComment("[Data read from input file \"" + config.inputFileName + "\" at " + new Date() + "]");
+            }
+
+            histogramLogWriter.outputLegend();
+
+            long nextReportingTime = startTime + config.reportingIntervalMs;
+
+            while ((now > 0) && ((config.runTimeMs == 0) || (config.runTimeMs > now - startTime))) {
+                now = hiccupRecorder.getCurrentTimeMsecWithDelay(nextReportingTime); // could return -1 to indicate termination
+                if (now > nextReportingTime) {
+                    // Get the latest interval histogram and give the recorder a fresh Histogram for the next interval
+                    intervalHistogram = recorder.getIntervalHistogram(intervalHistogram);
+
+                    while (now > nextReportingTime) {
+                        nextReportingTime += config.reportingIntervalMs;
+                    }
+
+                    if (intervalHistogram.getTotalCount() > 0) {
+                        histogramLogWriter.outputIntervalHistogram(intervalHistogram);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (config.verbose) {
+                log.println("# HiccupMeter terminating...");
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            hiccupRecorder.terminate();
+            hiccupRecorder.join();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (config.verbose) {
+                log.println("# HiccupMeter terminate/join interrupted");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static HiccupMeter commonMain(final String[] args, boolean exitOnError) {
+        HiccupMeter hiccupMeter = null;
+        try {
+            hiccupMeter = new HiccupMeter(args, defaultHiccupLogFileName);
+
+            if (hiccupMeter.config.attachToProcess) {
+                String errorMessage = "Cannot use -p option with HiccupMeter (use HiccupMeterAttacher instead)";
+                if (exitOnError) {
+                    System.err.println(errorMessage);
+                    System.exit(1);
+                } else {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Error: " + errorMessage);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (hiccupMeter.config.error) {
+                if (exitOnError) {
+                    System.exit(1);
+                } else {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Error: " + hiccupMeter.config.errorMessage);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (hiccupMeter.config.verbose) {
+                hiccupMeter.log.print("# Executing: HiccupMeter");
+                for (String arg : args) {
+                    hiccupMeter.log.print(" " + arg);
+                }
+                hiccupMeter.log.println("");
+            }
+
+            hiccupMeter.start();
+
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            System.err.println("HiccupMeter: Failed to open log file.");
+        }
+        return hiccupMeter;
+    }
+
+    public static void agentmain(String argsString, java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation inst) {
+        final String[] args = ((argsString != null) && !argsString.equals("")) ? argsString.split("[ ,;]+") : new String[0];
+        final String avoidRecursion = System.getProperty("org.jhiccup.avoidRecursion");
+        if (avoidRecursion != null) {
+            return; // If this is a -c invocation, we do not want the agent to do anything...
+        }
+        commonMain(args, false);
+    }
+
+    public static void premain(String argsString, java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation inst) {
+        final String[] args = ((argsString != null) && !argsString.equals("")) ? argsString.split("[ ,;]+") : new String[0];
+        final String avoidRecursion = System.getProperty("org.jhiccup.avoidRecursion");
+        if (avoidRecursion != null) {
+            return; // If this is a -c invocation, we do not want the agent to do anything...
+        }
+        commonMain(args, true);
+    }
+
+    public static void main(final String[] args)  {
+        final HiccupMeter hiccupMeter = commonMain(args, true);
+
+        if (hiccupMeter != null) {
+            // The HiccupMeter thread, on it's own, will not keep the JVM from exiting. If nothing else
+            // is running (i.e. we we are the main class), then keep main thread from exiting
+            // until the HiccupMeter thread does...
+            try {
+                hiccupMeter.join();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                if (hiccupMeter.config.verbose) {
+                    hiccupMeter.log.println("# HiccupMeter main() interrupted");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `HiccupMeter$InputRecorder(...)` at line 554 is not released after line 621.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HiccupMeter.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jhiccup.HiccupMeter.run():void.93e8a87af287213cccc081a8a61e8ba9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jhiccup/HiccupMeter.java
+
+### Key:
+HiccupMeter.java|run|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b557d6b2918eb263209be8dd7349ace7
+
+### Hash:
+94e283f1e78ed667c00b1269818c2cca
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10475/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10475/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2016c5a41babff1d4e812e9394235ed3078d536f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10475/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opensearchserver
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**   
+ * License Agreement for Jaeksoft SearchLib Community
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Emmanuel Keller / Jaeksoft
+ * 
+ * http://www.jaeksoft.com
+ * 
+ * This file is part of Jaeksoft SearchLib Community.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with Jaeksoft SearchLib Community. 
+ *  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+package com.jaeksoft.searchlib.render;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringEscapeUtils;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.CorruptIndexException;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryParser.ParseException;
+
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.facet.Facet;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.facet.FacetField;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.facet.FacetItem;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.facet.FacetList;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.function.expression.SyntaxError;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.highlight.HighlightField;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.request.SearchRequest;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.result.Result;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.result.ResultDocument;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.Field;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.util.Debug;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.ServletTransaction;
+
+public class RenderXml implements Render {
+
+	private PrintWriter writer;
+	private Result result;
+	private SearchRequest searchRequest;
+
+	public RenderXml(Result result) {
+		this.result = result;
+		this.searchRequest = result.getSearchRequest();
+	}
+
+	private void renderPrefix() throws ParseException, SyntaxError {
+		writer.println("<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>");
+		writer.println("<response>");
+		writer.println("<header>");
+		writer.println("\t<status>0</status>");
+		writer.print("\t<query>");
+		writer.print(searchRequest.getQueryParsed());
+		writer.println("</query>");
+		Debug debug = result.getDebug();
+		if (debug != null)
+			debug.xmlInfo(writer);
+		writer.println("</header>");
+	}
+
+	private void renderSuffix() {
+		writer.println("</response>");
+	}
+
+	private void renderDocuments() throws CorruptIndexException, IOException,
+			ParseException, SyntaxError {
+		SearchRequest searchRequest = result.getSearchRequest();
+		int start = searchRequest.getStart();
+		int end = result.getDocumentCount() + searchRequest.getStart();
+		writer.print("<result name=\"response\" numFound=\"");
+		writer.print(result.getNumFound());
+		writer.print("\" collapsedDocCount=\"");
+		writer.print(result.getCollapseDocCount());
+		writer.print("\" start=\"");
+		writer.print(searchRequest.getStart());
+		writer.print("\" maxScore=\"");
+		writer.print(result.getMaxScore());
+		writer.print("\" time=\"");
+		writer.print(searchRequest.getFinalTime());
+		writer.println("\">");
+		if (!searchRequest.isDelete())
+			for (int i = start; i < end; i++)
+				this.renderDocument(i);
+		writer.println("</result>");
+	}
+
+	private void renderDocument(int pos) throws CorruptIndexException,
+			IOException, ParseException, SyntaxError {
+		writer.print("\t<doc score=\"");
+		writer.print(result.getDocs()[pos].score);
+		writer.print("\" pos=\"");
+		writer.print(pos);
+		writer.println("\">");
+		ResultDocument doc = result.getDocument(pos);
+		for (Field field : searchRequest.getReturnFieldList())
+			renderField(doc, field);
+		for (HighlightField field : searchRequest.getHighlightFieldList())
+			renderHighlightValue(doc, field);
+
+		int cc = result.getCollapseCount(pos);
+		if (cc > 0) {
+			writer.print("\t\t<collapseCount>");
+			writer.print(cc);
+			writer.println("</collapseCount>");
+		}
+		writer.println("\t</doc>");
+	}
+
+	private void renderField(ResultDocument doc, Field field)
+			throws CorruptIndexException, IOException {
+		String fieldName = field.getName();
+		List<String> values = doc.getValueList(field);
+		if (values == null)
+			return;
+		writer.println();
+		for (String v : values) {
+			writer.print("\t\t<field name=\"");
+			writer.print(fieldName);
+			writer.print("\">");
+			writer.print(StringEscapeUtils.escapeJava(StringEscapeUtils
+					.escapeXml(v)));
+			writer.println("</field>");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void renderHighlightValue(ResultDocument doc, HighlightField field)
+			throws IOException {
+		String fieldName = field.getName();
+		String[] snippets = doc.getSnippetArray(field);
+		if (snippets == null)
+			return;
+		boolean highlighted = doc.isHighlighted(field.getName());
+		writer.println();
+		for (String snippet : snippets) {
+			writer.print("\t\t<highlight name=\"");
+			writer.print(fieldName);
+			writer.print('"');
+			if (highlighted)
+				writer.print(" highlighted=\"yes\"");
+			writer.print('>');
+			writer.print(StringEscapeUtils.escapeJava(StringEscapeUtils
+					.escapeXml(snippet)));
+			writer.println("\t\t</highlight>");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void renderFacet(Facet facet) throws Exception {
+		FacetField facetField = facet.getFacetField();
+		writer.print("\t\t<field name=\"");
+		writer.print(facetField.getName());
+		writer.println("\">");
+		for (FacetItem facetItem : facet) {
+			writer.print("\t\t\t<facet name=\"");
+			writer.print(StringEscapeUtils.escapeJava(StringEscapeUtils
+					.escapeXml(facetItem.getTerm())));
+			writer.print("\">");
+			writer.print(facetItem.getCount());
+			writer.print("</facet>");
+		}
+		writer.println("\t\t</field>");
+	}
+
+	private void renderFacets() throws Exception {
+		FacetList facetList = result.getFacetList();
+		if (facetList == null)
+			return;
+		writer.println("<faceting>");
+		for (Facet facet : facetList)
+			renderFacet(facet);
+		writer.println("</faceting>");
+	}
+
+	public void render(PrintWriter writer) throws Exception {
+		this.writer = writer;
+		renderPrefix();
+		renderDocuments();
+		renderFacets();
+		renderSuffix();
+
+	}
+
+	public void render(ServletTransaction servletTransaction) throws Exception {
+		render(servletTransaction.getWriter("UTF-8"));
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `doc` last assigned on line 106 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `renderField(...)` at line 108.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RenderXml.renderDocument(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jaeksoft.searchlib.render.RenderXml.renderDocument(int):void.a5dcba488899bb94ba85fd2b6860d783
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/jaeksoft/searchlib/render/RenderXml.java
+
+### Key:
+RenderXml.java|renderDocument|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+09634589313b8637b1fe1e1bb0135b05
+
+### Hash:
+e507874cf836a650e8d1d10fd0a8cce8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10481/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10481/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab2802ea1ed1f1ecfb5c9a08b950829555c07050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10481/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opensearchserver
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**   
+ * License Agreement for Jaeksoft SearchLib Community
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Emmanuel Keller / Jaeksoft
+ * 
+ * http://www.jaeksoft.com
+ * 
+ * This file is part of Jaeksoft SearchLib Community.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with Jaeksoft SearchLib Community. 
+ *  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+package com.jaeksoft.searchlib.highlight;
+
+import java.io.Externalizable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInput;
+import java.io.ObjectOutput;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.index.Term;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.TermPositionVector;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.TermVectorOffsetInfo;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryParser.ParseException;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.function.expression.SyntaxError;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.index.ReaderLocal;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.request.SearchRequest;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.Field;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.FieldList;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.SchemaField;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.util.External;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.util.XPathParser;
+
+public class HighlightField extends Field implements Externalizable {
+
+	private FragmenterAbstract fragmenter;
+	private String tag;
+	private int maxDocChar;
+	private String separator;
+	private int maxSnippetSize;
+	private int maxSnippetNumber;
+	private String[] searchTerms;
+
+	public HighlightField() {
+	}
+
+	private HighlightField(Field field, String tag, int maxDocChar,
+			String separator, int maxSnippetNumber, int maxSnippetSize,
+			FragmenterAbstract fragmenter) {
+		super(field.getName());
+		this.searchTerms = null;
+		this.tag = tag;
+		this.maxDocChar = maxDocChar;
+		this.separator = separator;
+		this.maxSnippetNumber = maxSnippetNumber;
+		this.maxSnippetSize = maxSnippetSize;
+		this.fragmenter = fragmenter;
+	}
+
+	public HighlightField(Field field) {
+		this(field, "em", Integer.MAX_VALUE, "...", 5, 200, null);
+	}
+
+	public HighlightField(HighlightField field) {
+		super(field.name);
+		this.searchTerms = field.searchTerms;
+		fragmenter = field.fragmenter;
+		tag = field.tag;
+		maxDocChar = field.maxDocChar;
+		separator = field.separator;
+		maxSnippetNumber = field.maxSnippetNumber;
+		maxSnippetSize = field.maxSnippetSize;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 4048179036729127707L;
+
+	/**
+	 * Retourne la liste des champs "highlighter".
+	 * 
+	 * @param xPath
+	 * @param node
+	 * @param target
+	 * @throws ClassNotFoundException
+	 * @throws IllegalAccessException
+	 * @throws InstantiationException
+	 */
+	public static void copyHighlightFields(Node node,
+			FieldList<SchemaField> source, FieldList<HighlightField> target)
+			throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException,
+			ClassNotFoundException {
+		String fieldName = XPathParser.getAttributeString(node, "name");
+		String tag = XPathParser.getAttributeString(node, "tag");
+		if (tag == null)
+			tag = "em";
+		int maxDocChar = XPathParser.getAttributeValue(node, "maxDocBytes");
+		if (maxDocChar == 0)
+			XPathParser.getAttributeValue(node, "maxDocChar");
+		if (maxDocChar == 0)
+			maxDocChar = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+		int maxSnippetNumber = XPathParser.getAttributeValue(node,
+				"maxSnippetNumber");
+		if (maxSnippetNumber == 0)
+			maxSnippetNumber = 1;
+		int maxSnippetSize = XPathParser.getAttributeValue(node,
+				"maxSnippetSize");
+		if (maxSnippetSize == 0)
+			maxSnippetSize = 200;
+		FragmenterAbstract fragmenter = FragmenterAbstract
+				.newInstance(XPathParser.getAttributeString(node,
+						"fragmenterClass"));
+		fragmenter.setAttributes(node.getAttributes());
+		String separator = XPathParser.getAttributeString(node, "separator");
+		if (separator == null)
+			separator = "...";
+		HighlightField field = new HighlightField(source.get(fieldName), tag,
+				maxDocChar, separator, maxSnippetNumber, maxSnippetSize,
+				fragmenter);
+		target.add(field);
+	}
+
+	private Iterator<TermVectorOffsetInfo> extractTermVectorIterator(int docId,
+			ReaderLocal reader) throws IOException, ParseException, SyntaxError {
+		if (searchTerms == null)
+			return null;
+		if (searchTerms.length == 0)
+			return null;
+		TermPositionVector termVector = (TermPositionVector) reader
+				.getTermFreqVector(docId, name);
+		if (termVector == null)
+			return null;
+		int[] termsIdx = termVector.indexesOf(searchTerms, 0,
+				searchTerms.length);
+		TreeMap<Integer, TermVectorOffsetInfo> map = new TreeMap<Integer, TermVectorOffsetInfo>();
+		for (int termId : termsIdx) {
+			if (termId == -1)
+				continue;
+			TermVectorOffsetInfo[] offsets = termVector.getOffsets(termId);
+			for (TermVectorOffsetInfo offset : offsets)
+				map.put(offset.getStartOffset(), offset);
+		}
+		return map.values().iterator();
+	}
+
+	public void initSearchTerms(SearchRequest searchRequest)
+			throws ParseException, SyntaxError, IOException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			Query query = searchRequest.getQuery();
+			query.rewrite(null);
+			Set<Term> terms = new HashSet<Term>();
+			query.extractTerms(terms);
+			String[] tempTerms = new String[terms.size()];
+			int i = 0;
+			// Find term for that field only
+			for (Term term : terms)
+				if (name.equalsIgnoreCase(term.field()))
+					tempTerms[i++] = term.text();
+			// Build final array
+			String[] finalTerms = new String[i];
+			for (i = 0; i < finalTerms.length; i++)
+				finalTerms[i] = tempTerms[i];
+			searchTerms = finalTerms;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private TermVectorOffsetInfo checkValue(TermVectorOffsetInfo currentVector,
+			Iterator<TermVectorOffsetInfo> vectorIterator, int startOffset,
+			Fragment fragment) {
+		if (currentVector == null)
+			return null;
+		StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
+		String originalText = fragment.getOriginalText();
+		int originalTextLength = originalText.length();
+		int endOffset = startOffset + originalTextLength;
+		int pos = 0;
+		while (currentVector != null) {
+			int end = currentVector.getEndOffset() - fragment.vectorOffset;
+			if (end > endOffset)
+				break;
+			int start = currentVector.getStartOffset() - fragment.vectorOffset;
+			if (start >= startOffset) {
+				result.append(originalText.substring(pos, start - startOffset));
+				result.append("<");
+				result.append(tag);
+				result.append(">");
+				result.append(originalText.substring(start - startOffset, end
+						- startOffset));
+				result.append("</");
+				result.append(tag);
+				result.append(">");
+				pos = end - startOffset;
+			}
+			currentVector = vectorIterator.hasNext() ? vectorIterator.next()
+					: null;
+		}
+		if (result.length() == 0)
+			return currentVector;
+		if (pos < originalTextLength)
+			result.append(originalText.substring(pos, originalTextLength));
+		fragment.setHighlightedText(result.toString());
+		return currentVector;
+	}
+
+	public boolean getSnippets(int docId, ReaderLocal reader, String[] values,
+			List<String> snippets) throws IOException, ParseException,
+			SyntaxError {
+
+		if (values == null)
+			return false;
+		TermVectorOffsetInfo currentVector = null;
+		Iterator<TermVectorOffsetInfo> vectorIterator = extractTermVectorIterator(
+				docId, reader);
+		if (vectorIterator != null)
+			currentVector = vectorIterator.hasNext() ? vectorIterator.next()
+					: null;
+		int startOffset = 0;
+		FragmentList fragments = new FragmentList();
+		int vectorOffset = 0;
+		for (String value : values) {
+			if (value != null) {
+				// VectorOffset++ depends of EndOffset bug #patch Lucene 579 and
+				// 1458
+				fragmenter.getFragments(value, fragments, vectorOffset);
+				if (fragments.getTotalSize() > maxDocChar)
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (fragments.size() == 0)
+			return false;
+		ListIterator<Fragment> fragmentIterator = fragments.iterator();
+		while (fragmentIterator.hasNext()) {
+			Fragment fragment = fragmentIterator.next();
+			currentVector = checkValue(currentVector, vectorIterator,
+					startOffset, fragment);
+			startOffset += fragment.getOriginalText().length();
+		}
+
+		fragmentIterator = fragments.iterator();
+		int snippetCounter = maxSnippetNumber;
+		while (snippetCounter-- != 0) {
+			Fragment fragment = fragments
+					.findNextHighlightedFragment(fragmentIterator);
+			if (fragment == null)
+				break;
+			StringBuffer snippet = fragments.getSnippet(maxSnippetSize,
+					separator, fragmentIterator, fragment);
+			if (snippet != null)
+				if (snippet.length() > 0)
+					snippets.add(snippet.toString());
+		}
+		if (snippets.size() > 0)
+			return true;
+
+		fragmentIterator = fragments.iterator();
+		StringBuffer snippet = fragments.getSnippet(maxSnippetSize, separator,
+				fragmentIterator, fragmentIterator.next());
+		if (snippet != null)
+			if (snippet.length() > 0)
+				snippets.add(snippet.toString());
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException,
+			ClassNotFoundException {
+		super.readExternal(in);
+		fragmenter = External.readObject(in);
+		tag = External.readUTF(in);
+		maxDocChar = in.readInt();
+		separator = External.readUTF(in);
+		maxSnippetSize = in.readInt();
+		maxSnippetNumber = in.readInt();
+		int l = in.readInt();
+		if (l > 0) {
+			searchTerms = new String[l];
+			External.readArray(in, searchTerms);
+		} else
+			searchTerms = null;
+	}
+
+	public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
+		super.writeExternal(out);
+		External.writeObject(fragmenter, out);
+		External.writeUTF(tag, out);
+		out.writeInt(maxDocChar);
+		External.writeUTF(separator, out);
+		out.writeInt(maxSnippetSize);
+		out.writeInt(maxSnippetNumber);
+		External.writeArray(searchTerms, out);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.jaeksoft.searchlib.highlight.HighlightField.readExternal` reads without synchronization from `this.com.jaeksoft.searchlib.highlight.HighlightField.searchTerms`. Potentially races with write in method `HighlightField.initSearchTerms(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HighlightField.readExternal(ObjectInput)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jaeksoft.searchlib.highlight.HighlightField.readExternal(java.io.ObjectInput):void.94a19401091dbe29506d241f86fd9da2
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/jaeksoft/searchlib/highlight/HighlightField.java
+
+### Key:
+HighlightField.java|readExternal|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f2e75196da2a217b62229b5b684890ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10486/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10486/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..928156c7b70047f5a4eafbabeeab86fcabe3919c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10486/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opensearchserver
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**   
+ * License Agreement for Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Emmanuel Keller / Jaeksoft
+ * 
+ * http://www.open-search-server.com
+ * 
+ * This file is part of Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with Jaeksoft OpenSearchServer. 
+ *  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+package com.jaeksoft.searchlib.collapse;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.queryParser.ParseException;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.OpenBitSet;
+
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.function.expression.SyntaxError;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.request.SearchRequest;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.result.ResultScoreDoc;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.result.ResultSingle;
+
+public abstract class CollapseAbstract {
+
+	private int collapsedDocCount;
+	private transient int collapseMax;
+	private transient String collapseField;
+	private transient CollapseMode collapseMode;
+	protected transient SearchRequest searchRequest;
+	private transient ResultScoreDoc[] collapsedDoc;
+
+	protected CollapseAbstract(SearchRequest searchRequest) {
+		this.searchRequest = searchRequest;
+		this.collapseField = searchRequest.getCollapseField();
+		this.collapseMax = searchRequest.getCollapseMax();
+		this.collapseMode = searchRequest.getCollapseMode();
+		this.collapsedDocCount = 0;
+		this.collapsedDoc = null;
+	}
+
+	public void run(ResultScoreDoc[] fetchedDocs, int fetchLength)
+			throws IOException {
+
+		collapsedDoc = null;
+
+		if (fetchedDocs == null)
+			return;
+
+		if (fetchLength > fetchedDocs.length)
+			fetchLength = fetchedDocs.length;
+
+		OpenBitSet collapsedSet = new OpenBitSet(fetchLength);
+
+		String lastTerm = null;
+		int adjacent = 0;
+		collapsedDocCount = 0;
+		for (int i = 0; i < fetchLength; i++) {
+			String term = fetchedDocs[i].collapseTerm;
+			if (term != null && term.equals(lastTerm)) {
+				if (++adjacent >= collapseMax)
+					collapsedSet.set(i);
+			} else {
+				lastTerm = term;
+				adjacent = 0;
+			}
+		}
+		collapsedDocCount = (int) collapsedSet.cardinality();
+
+		collapsedDoc = new ResultScoreDoc[fetchLength - collapsedDocCount];
+
+		int currentPos = 0;
+		ResultScoreDoc collapseDoc = null;
+		for (int i = 0; i < fetchLength; i++) {
+			if (!collapsedSet.get(i)) {
+				collapseDoc = fetchedDocs[i];
+				collapseDoc.collapseCount = 0;
+				collapsedDoc[currentPos++] = collapseDoc;
+			} else {
+				collapseDoc.collapseCount++;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public abstract ResultScoreDoc[] collapse(ResultSingle resultSingle)
+			throws IOException, ParseException, SyntaxError;
+
+	public int getDocCount() {
+		return this.collapsedDocCount;
+	}
+
+	protected String getCollapseField() {
+		return collapseField;
+	}
+
+	public ResultScoreDoc[] getCollapsedDoc() {
+		return collapsedDoc;
+	}
+
+	public CollapseMode getCollapseMode() {
+		return collapseMode;
+	}
+
+	protected int getCollapsedDocsLength() {
+		if (collapsedDoc == null)
+			return 0;
+		return collapsedDoc.length;
+	}
+
+	public static CollapseAbstract newInstance(SearchRequest searchRequest) {
+		CollapseMode mode = searchRequest.getCollapseMode();
+		if (mode == CollapseMode.COLLAPSE_FULL)
+			return new CollapseFull(searchRequest);
+		else if (mode == CollapseMode.COLLAPSE_OPTIMIZED)
+			return new CollapseOptimized(searchRequest);
+		return null;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `collapseDoc` last assigned on line 86 could be null and is dereferenced at line 93.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CollapseAbstract.run(com.jaeksoft.searchlib.result.ResultScoreDoc[],int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jaeksoft.searchlib.collapse.CollapseAbstract.run(com.jaeksoft.searchlib.result.ResultScoreDoc[],.9b514c33f74d54349b152323a11169f6
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/jaeksoft/searchlib/collapse/CollapseAbstract.java
+
+### Key:
+CollapseAbstract.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+12f1f1ccf6bf5f72377e5c7f02f1b45b
+
+### Hash:
+5dc8dfbf44fc74e736d46828d61fde3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10488/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10488/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdaef11b7b0b4baa8f71978c6bc39fe55f00a8e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10488/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** opensearchserver
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**   
+ * License Agreement for Jaeksoft SearchLib Community
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Emmanuel Keller / Jaeksoft
+ * 
+ * http://www.jaeksoft.com
+ * 
+ * This file is part of Jaeksoft SearchLib Community.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Jaeksoft SearchLib Community is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with Jaeksoft SearchLib Community. 
+ *  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ **/
+
+package com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.zkoss.zk.ui.event.Event;
+import org.zkoss.zul.RowRenderer;
+
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.SearchLibException;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.facet.FacetField;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.FieldList;
+import com.jaeksoft.searchlib.schema.SchemaField;
+
+public class FacetController extends QueryController {
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 5748867672639969504L;
+
+	private String selectedFacet = null;
+
+	private List<String> fieldLeft = null;
+
+	private RowRenderer rowRenderer = null;
+
+	public FacetController() throws SearchLibException {
+		super();
+	}
+
+	public RowRenderer getFacetFieldRenderer() {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (rowRenderer != null)
+				return rowRenderer;
+			rowRenderer = new FacetFieldRenderer();
+			return rowRenderer;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public boolean isFieldLeft() throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			return getFacetFieldLeft().size() > 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public List<String> getFacetFieldLeft() throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (fieldLeft != null)
+				return fieldLeft;
+			fieldLeft = new ArrayList<String>();
+			FieldList<FacetField> facetFields = getRequest()
+					.getFacetFieldList();
+			for (SchemaField field : getClient().getSchema().getFieldList())
+				if (field.isIndexed())
+					if (facetFields.get(field.getName()) == null) {
+						if (selectedFacet == null)
+							selectedFacet = field.getName();
+						fieldLeft.add(field.getName());
+					}
+			return fieldLeft;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void onFacetRemove(Event event) throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			FacetField facetField = (FacetField) event.getData();
+			getRequest().getFacetFieldList().remove(facetField);
+			reloadPage();
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void setSelectedFacet(String value) {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			selectedFacet = value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getSelectedFacet() {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			return selectedFacet;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void onFacetAdd() throws SearchLibException {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (selectedFacet == null)
+				return;
+			getRequest().getFacetFieldList().add(
+					new FacetField(selectedFacet, 0, false));
+			reloadPage();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void reloadPage() {
+		fieldLeft = null;
+		selectedFacet = null;
+		super.reloadPage();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query.FacetController.reloadPage` writes to field `this.com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query.FacetController.selectedFacet` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FacetController.reloadPage()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jaeksoft.searchlib.web.controller.query.FacetController.reloadPage():void.acf7e3b2743ec502b15db2ee674a8536
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/jaeksoft/searchlib/web/controller/query/FacetController.java
+
+### Key:
+FacetController.java|reloadPage|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9150b06139f239a6726c4a672d12de32
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1049/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1049/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..faa97f31c01027eaa6d4d27cee80e2bd3aeda903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1049/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Xunit;
+
+    public class RequestFixture
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception = 
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(null, "/"));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_method()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request(string.Empty, "/"));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentoutofrangeexception_when_initialized_with_empty_uri()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", string.Empty));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_headers()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", null, new MemoryStream()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_initialized_with_null_body()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_method_parameter_value_to_method_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string method = "GET";
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request(method, "/");
+
+            // Then
+            request.Method.ShouldEqual(method);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_uri_parameter_value_to_uri_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string uri = "/";
+            
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", uri);
+
+            // Then
+            request.Uri.ShouldEqual(uri);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_header_parameter_value_to_header_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var headers = new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", headers, new MemoryStream());
+
+            // Then
+            request.Headers.ShouldBeSameAs(headers);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_body_parameter_value_to_body_property_when_initialized()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var body = new MemoryStream();
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), body);
+
+            // Then
+            request.Body.ShouldBeSameAs(body);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_extract_form_data_from_body_when_content_type_is_x_www_form_urlencoded()
+        {
+            // Given
+            const string bodyContent = "name=John+Doe&gender=male&family=5&city=kent&city=miami&other=abc%0D%0Adef&nickname=J%26D";
+            var memory = new MemoryStream();
+            var writer = new StreamWriter(memory);
+            writer.Write(bodyContent);
+            writer.Flush();
+            memory.Position = 0;
+
+            var headers = 
+                new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>
+                {
+                    { "content-type", new[] { "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" } }
+                };
+
+            // When
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", headers, memory);
+
+            // Then
+            ((string)request.Form.name).ShouldEqual("John Doe");
+        }
+
+		[Fact]
+		public void Should_be_able_to_invoke_form_repeatedly()
+		{
+			const string bodyContent = "name=John+Doe&gender=male&family=5&city=kent&city=miami&other=abc%0D%0Adef&nickname=J%26D";
+			var memory = new MemoryStream();
+			var writer = new StreamWriter(memory);
+			writer.Write(bodyContent);
+			writer.Flush();
+			memory.Position = 0;
+
+			var headers =
+				new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>
+                {
+                    { "content-type", new[] { "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" } }
+                };
+
+			// When
+			var request = new Request("POST", "/", headers, memory);
+			request.Form.ToString();
+			// Then
+			((string)request.Form.name).ShouldEqual("John Doe");
+		}
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 109) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void RequestFixture.Should_set_header_parameter_value_to_header_property_when_initialized()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RequestFixture.Should_set_header_parameter_value_to_header_property_when_initialized()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/RequestFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestFixture.cs|Should_set_header_parameter_value_to_header_property_when_initialized|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+01a15a19eaab17d4e99cf0071f347c38
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10553/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10553/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20c5f1f1f8934e52896dbcae71cc3fd5c5ee2025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10553/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pircbotx
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Leon Blakey <lord.quackstar at gmail.com>
+ *
+ * This file is part of PircBotX.
+ *
+ * PircBotX is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * PircBotX is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with PircBotX.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.pircbotx.test;
+
+import org.pircbotx.User;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.ChannelInfo.Event;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.Motd;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.Topic;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.UserList;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.helpers.BaseEvent;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.pircbotx.Channel;
+import org.pircbotx.ChannelListEntry;
+import org.pircbotx.PircBotX;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.Action;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.ChannelInfo;
+import org.pircbotx.hooks.helpers.MetaListener;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+import static org.testng.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Leon Blakey <lord.quackstar at gmail.com>
+ */
+public class PircBotXTest {
+	public Class<PircBotX> botClass = PircBotX.class;
+	final Signal signal = new Signal();
+	PircBotXVisible bot = new PircBotXVisible() {
+		{
+			getListeners().addListener(new Listener());
+		}
+	};
+
+	@Test
+	public void sendNamingTests() {
+		//Get all send method variations in one list
+		Map<String, List<Method>> sendMethods = new HashMap<String, List<Method>>();
+		for (Method curMethod : botClass.getDeclaredMethods()) {
+			String name = curMethod.getName();
+			if (name.startsWith("send")) {
+				if (!sendMethods.containsKey(name))
+					sendMethods.put(name, new ArrayList<Method>());
+				sendMethods.get(name).add(curMethod);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//Exclude methods that don't make sense to have variations of
+		sendMethods.remove("sendRawLineViaQueue");
+		sendMethods.remove("sendRawLine");
+
+
+		for (Map.Entry<String, List<Method>> entry : sendMethods.entrySet()) {
+			List<Method> methods = entry.getValue();
+			final String key = entry.getKey();
+
+			List<Class> requiredClassesBase = Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList() {
+				{
+					add(String.class);
+					add(User.class);
+					add(BaseEvent.class);
+					//sendCTCP* and sendInvite shouldn't be sent to a channel
+					if (!key.startsWith("sendCTCP"))
+						add(Channel.class);
+				}
+			});
+
+			//---Make sure appropiate variations of a method exist----
+			List<Class> requiredClasses = new ArrayList(requiredClassesBase);
+			for (Method curMethod : methods) {
+				Class firstParam = curMethod.getParameterTypes()[0];
+				//Must exist
+				assertTrue(requiredClassesBase.contains(firstParam), "Unknown first parameter " + firstParam + " in method " + curMethod);
+				requiredClasses.remove(firstParam);
+			}
+
+			//If something is left, then something is wrong!
+			assertTrue(requiredClasses.isEmpty(), "Method group " + key + " doesn't have a method(s) for " + StringUtils.join(requiredClasses, ", "));
+		}
+		System.out.println("Success: PircBotX.send* methods work ");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void sendTest() {
+		//Setup
+		PircBotX bot = new PircBotX() {
+			@Override
+			public void sendAction(String target, String action) {
+				signal.set(target, action);
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public void sendCTCPCommand(String target, String command) {
+				signal.set(target, command);
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public void sendCTCPResponse(String target, String message) {
+				signal.set(target, message);
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public void sendInvite(String nick, String channel) {
+				signal.set(nick, channel);
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public void sendMessage(String target, String message) {
+				signal.set(target, message);
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public void sendNotice(String target, String notice) {
+				signal.set(target, notice);
+			}
+		};
+
+		//Make sure all methods call each other appropiatly
+		final String string = "AString";
+		final User user = new User(bot, "AUser");
+		final Channel chan = new Channel(bot, "AChannel");
+		final BaseEvent event = new Action.Event(bot, user, chan, string);
+
+
+		bot.sendAction(event, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendAction(user, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendAction(chan, string);
+		signal.compare("AChannel", string);
+
+
+		bot.sendCTCPCommand(event, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendCTCPCommand(user, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+
+		bot.sendCTCPResponse(event, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendCTCPResponse(user, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+
+		bot.sendInvite(event, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendInvite(event, chan);
+		signal.compare("AUser", "AChannel");
+
+		bot.sendInvite(event, chan);
+		signal.compare("AUser", "AChannel");
+
+		bot.sendInvite(user, chan);
+		signal.compare("AUser", "AChannel");
+
+		bot.sendInvite(chan, chan);
+		signal.compare("AChannel", "AChannel");
+
+
+		bot.sendMessage(event, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendMessage(user, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendMessage(chan, string);
+		signal.compare("AChannel", string);
+
+
+		bot.sendNotice(event, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendNotice(user, string);
+		signal.compare("AUser", string);
+
+		bot.sendNotice(chan, string);
+		signal.compare("AChannel", string);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void processServerResponseTest() {
+		String aString = "I'm some super long string that has multiple words";
+
+		//Simulate /LIST response
+		bot.processServerResponse(321, "Channel :Users Name");
+		bot.processServerResponse(322, "PircBotXUser #PircBotXChannel 99 :" + aString);
+		bot.processServerResponse(322, "PircBotXUser #PircBotXChannel1 100 :" + aString + aString);
+		bot.processServerResponse(322, "PircBotXUser #PircBotXChannel2 101 :" + aString + aString + aString);
+		bot.processServerResponse(323, ":End of /LIST");
+		Set<ChannelListEntry> channels = ((ChannelInfo.Event) signal.event).getList();
+		assertEquals(channels.size(), 3);
+		boolean channelParsed = false;
+		for (ChannelListEntry entry : channels)
+			if (entry.getName().equals("#PircBotXChannel1")) {
+				assertEquals(entry.getName(), "#PircBotXChannel1");
+				assertEquals(entry.getTopic(), aString + aString);
+				assertEquals(entry.getUsers(), 100);
+				channelParsed = true;
+			}
+		assertEquals(channelParsed, true, "Channel #PircBotXChannel1 not found in /LIST results!");
+
+		//From a /TOPIC or /JOIN
+		Channel aChannel = bot.getChannel("#aChannel");
+		bot.processServerResponse(332, "PircBotXUser #aChannel :" + aString + aString);
+		assertEquals(aChannel.getTopic(), aString + aString);
+
+		bot.processServerResponse(333, "PircBotXUser #aChannel ISetTopic 1564842512");
+		assertEquals(aChannel.getTopicSetter(), "ISetTopic");
+		assertEquals(aChannel.getTopicTimestamp(), (long) 1564842512 * 1000);
+	}
+
+	public class PircBotXVisible extends PircBotX {
+		@Override
+		public void processServerResponse(int code, String response) {
+			super.processServerResponse(code, response);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class Listener extends MetaListener {
+		@Override
+		public void onChannelInfo(Event event) {
+			signal.event = event;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void onMotd(Motd.Event event) {
+			signal.event = event;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void onTopic(Topic.Event event) {
+			signal.event = event;
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public void onUserList(UserList.Event event) {
+			signal.event = event;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public class Signal {
+		public String target = null;
+		public String message = null;
+		public Channel chan = null;
+		public BaseEvent event = null;
+
+		public void set(String target, String message) {
+			this.target = target;
+			this.message = message;
+		}
+
+		public void set(String target, Channel chan) {
+			this.target = target;
+			this.chan = chan;
+		}
+
+		public void compare(String expectTarget, String expectMessage) {
+			assertEquals(target, expectTarget);
+			assertEquals(message, expectMessage);
+			reset();
+		}
+
+		public void reset() {
+			target = null;
+			message = null;
+			chan = null;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `bot._outputThread` last assigned on line 109 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `sendAction(...)` at line 148.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PircBotXTest.sendTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.pircbotx.test.PircBotXTest.sendTest():void.7f29f1bdefdc04d1af01fe48907ad5a5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/pircbotx/test/PircBotXTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PircBotXTest.java|sendTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2d351bb1a96c602adc152937ec412f90
+
+### Hash:
+93f1c3cef758049dc97c5967714f47ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10554/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10554/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c9e1ffb3e8078d566923cc76a7623c447357d78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10554/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** versions-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.codehaus.mojo.versions;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.metadata.ArtifactMetadataRetrievalException;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.versioning.ArtifactVersion;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.versioning.DefaultArtifactVersion;
+import org.apache.maven.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException;
+import org.codehaus.mojo.versions.api.ArtifactVersions;
+import org.codehaus.mojo.versions.api.PomHelper;
+import org.codehaus.mojo.versions.ordering.VersionComparator;
+import org.codehaus.mojo.versions.rewriting.ModifiedPomXMLEventReader;
+
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/**
+ * Replaces any release versions with the latest snapshot version (if it has been deployed).
+ *
+ * @author Stephen Connolly
+ * @goal use-latest-snapshots
+ * @requiresProject true
+ * @requiresDirectInvocation true
+ * @since 1.0-beta-1
+ */
+public class UseLatestSnapshotsMojo
+    extends AbstractVersionsDependencyUpdaterMojo
+{
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to allow the major version number to be changed.
+     * @parameter expression="${allowMajorUpdates}" default-value="false"
+     * @since 1.0-beta-1
+     */
+    protected Boolean allowMajorUpdates;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to allow the minor version number to be changed.
+     * @parameter expression="${allowMinorUpdates}" default-value="false"
+     * @since 1.0-beta-1
+     */
+    protected Boolean allowMinorUpdates;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to allow the incremental version number to be changed.
+     * @parameter expression="${allowIncrementalUpdates}" default-value="true"
+     * @since 1.0-beta-1
+     */
+    protected Boolean allowIncrementalUpdates;
+
+    // ------------------------------ FIELDS ------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Pattern to match a snapshot version.
+     */
+    public final Pattern matchSnapshotRegex = Pattern.compile( "^(.+)-((SNAPSHOT)|(\\d{8}\\.\\d{6}-\\d+))$" );
+
+    // ------------------------------ METHODS --------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * @param pom the pom to update.
+     * @throws org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException
+     *          when things go wrong
+     * @throws org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException
+     *          when things go wrong in a very bad way
+     * @throws javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException
+     *          when things go wrong with XML streaming
+     * @see AbstractVersionsUpdaterMojo#update(org.codehaus.mojo.versions.rewriting.ModifiedPomXMLEventReader)
+     */
+    protected void update( ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom )
+        throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException, XMLStreamException
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            if ( getProject().getDependencyManagement() != null && isProcessingDependencyManagement() )
+            {
+                useLatestSnapshots( pom, getProject().getDependencyManagement().getDependencies() );
+            }
+            if ( isProcessingDependencies() )
+            {
+                useLatestSnapshots( pom, getProject().getDependencies() );
+            }
+        }
+        catch ( ArtifactMetadataRetrievalException e )
+        {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException( e.getMessage(), e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void useLatestSnapshots( ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom, Collection dependencies )
+        throws XMLStreamException, MojoExecutionException, ArtifactMetadataRetrievalException
+    {
+        int segment = determineUnchangedSegment(allowMajorUpdates, allowMinorUpdates,
+                allowIncrementalUpdates);
+
+        Iterator i = dependencies.iterator();
+
+        while ( i.hasNext() )
+        {
+            Dependency dep = (Dependency) i.next();
+
+            if ( isExcludeReactor() && isProducedByReactor( dep ) )
+            {
+                getLog().info( "Ignoring reactor dependency: " + toString( dep ) );
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            String version = dep.getVersion();
+            Matcher versionMatcher = matchSnapshotRegex.matcher( version );
+            if ( !versionMatcher.matches() )
+            {
+                getLog().debug( "Looking for latest snapshot of " + toString( dep ) );
+                Artifact artifact = this.toArtifact( dep );
+                if ( !isIncluded( artifact ) )
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ArtifactVersions versions = getHelper().lookupArtifactVersions( artifact, false );
+                final VersionComparator versionComparator = versions.getVersionComparator();
+                final DefaultArtifactVersion lowerBound = new DefaultArtifactVersion( version );
+                if ( segment + 1 > versionComparator.getSegmentCount( lowerBound ) )
+                {
+                    getLog().info( "Ignoring " + toString( dep ) + " as the version number is too short" );
+                    continue;
+                }
+                ArtifactVersion upperBound = segment >= 0 ? versionComparator.incrementSegment( lowerBound, segment ) : null;
+                getLog().info("Upper bound: " + upperBound.toString());
+                ArtifactVersion[] newer = versions.getVersions( lowerBound, upperBound, true, false, false );
+                getLog().debug( "Candidate versions " + Arrays.asList(newer));
+                String latestVersion = null;
+                for ( int j = 0; j < newer.length; j++ )
+                {
+                    String newVersion = newer[j].toString();
+                    if ( matchSnapshotRegex.matcher( newVersion ).matches() )
+                    {
+                        latestVersion = newVersion;
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( latestVersion != null )
+                {
+                    if ( PomHelper.setDependencyVersion( pom, dep.getGroupId(), dep.getArtifactId(), version,
+                                                         latestVersion ) )
+                    {
+                        getLog().info( "Updated " + toString( dep ) + " to version " + latestVersion );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `upperBound` last assigned on line 151 could be null and is dereferenced at line 152.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UseLatestSnapshotsMojo.useLatestSnapshots(ModifiedPomXMLEventReader,Collection)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.codehaus.mojo.versions.UseLatestSnapshotsMojo.useLatestSnapshots(org.codehaus.mojo.versions.rewr.04620be21caead4028da7781dfe231ea
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/codehaus/mojo/versions/UseLatestSnapshotsMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+UseLatestSnapshotsMojo.java|useLatestSnapshots|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+f3826ac3286af464a4272b66bd7afb38
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10565/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10565/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aca758d219f57f1f66bc1d99993b3aa4a1a5a542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10565/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1752 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** versions-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.codehaus.mojo.versions.api;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.repository.ArtifactRepository;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.versioning.InvalidVersionSpecificationException;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.versioning.VersionRange;
+import org.apache.maven.model.Dependency;
+import org.apache.maven.model.Model;
+import org.apache.maven.model.Parent;
+import org.apache.maven.model.Plugin;
+import org.apache.maven.model.Profile;
+import org.apache.maven.model.ReportPlugin;
+import org.apache.maven.model.io.xpp3.MavenXpp3Reader;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.maven.profiles.ProfileManager;
+import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;
+import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProjectBuilder;
+import org.apache.maven.project.ProjectBuildingException;
+import org.codehaus.mojo.versions.rewriting.ModifiedPomXMLEventReader;
+import org.codehaus.mojo.versions.utils.RegexUtils;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.component.configurator.expression.ExpressionEvaluationException;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.component.configurator.expression.ExpressionEvaluator;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.IOUtil;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.ReaderFactory;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.StringUtils;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.util.xml.pull.XmlPullParserException;
+
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.XMLEvent;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Stack;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/**
+ * Helper class for modifying pom files.
+ *
+ * @author Stephen Connolly
+ * @since 1.0-alpha-3
+ */
+public class PomHelper
+{
+    public static final String APACHE_MAVEN_PLUGINS_GROUPID = "org.apache.maven.plugins";
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the raw model before any interpolation what-so-ever.
+     *
+     * @param project The project to get the raw model for.
+     * @return The raw model.
+     * @throws IOException if the file is not found or if the file does not parse.
+     */
+    public static Model getRawModel( MavenProject project )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        return getRawModel( project.getFile() );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the raw model before any interpolation what-so-ever.
+     *
+     * @param moduleProjectFile The project file to get the raw model for.
+     * @return The raw model.
+     * @throws IOException if the file is not found or if the file does not parse.
+     */
+    public static Model getRawModel( File moduleProjectFile )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        try (FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream( moduleProjectFile ))
+        {
+            return new MavenXpp3Reader().read( input );
+        }
+        catch ( XmlPullParserException e )
+        {
+            throw new IOException( e.getMessage(), e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current raw model before any interpolation what-so-ever.
+     *
+     * @param modifiedPomXMLEventReader The {@link ModifiedPomXMLEventReader} to get the raw model for.
+     * @return The raw model.
+     * @throws IOException if the file is not found or if the file does not parse.
+     */
+    public static Model getRawModel( ModifiedPomXMLEventReader modifiedPomXMLEventReader )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        try (StringReader stringReader = new StringReader( modifiedPomXMLEventReader.asStringBuilder().toString() ))
+        {
+            return new MavenXpp3Reader().read( stringReader );
+        }
+        catch ( XmlPullParserException e )
+        {
+            throw new IOException( e.getMessage(), e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the pom re-defining the specified property to the specified version.
+     *
+     * @param pom The pom to modify.
+     * @param profileId The profile in which to modify the property.
+     * @param property The property to modify.
+     * @param value The new value of the property.
+     * @return <code>true</code> if a replacement was made.
+     * @throws XMLStreamException if somethinh went wrong.
+     */
+    public static boolean setPropertyVersion( final ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom, final String profileId,
+                                              final String property, final String value )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
+        String path = "";
+        final Pattern propertyRegex;
+        final Pattern matchScopeRegex;
+        final Pattern projectProfileId;
+        boolean inMatchScope = false;
+        boolean madeReplacement = false;
+        if ( profileId == null )
+        {
+            propertyRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/properties/" + RegexUtils.quote( property ) );
+            matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/properties" );
+            projectProfileId = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            propertyRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/profiles/profile/properties/" + RegexUtils.quote( property ) );
+            matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/profiles/profile" );
+            projectProfileId = Pattern.compile( "/project/profiles/profile/id" );
+        }
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                stack.push( path );
+                path = path + "/" + event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+
+                if ( propertyRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 0 );
+                }
+                else if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    // we're in a new match scope
+                    // reset any previous partial matches
+                    inMatchScope = profileId == null;
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+                }
+                else if ( profileId != null && projectProfileId.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    String candidateId = pom.getElementText();
+                    path = stack.pop(); // since getElementText will be after the end element
+
+                    inMatchScope = profileId.trim().equals( candidateId.trim() );
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                if ( propertyRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 1 );
+                }
+                else if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    if ( inMatchScope && pom.hasMark( 0 ) && pom.hasMark( 1 ) )
+                    {
+                        pom.replaceBetween( 0, 1, value );
+                        madeReplacement = true;
+                    }
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+                    inMatchScope = false;
+                }
+                path = stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+        return madeReplacement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the pom re-defining the project version to the specified version.
+     *
+     * @param pom The pom to modify.
+     * @param value The new value of the property.
+     * @return <code>true</code> if a replacement was made.
+     * @throws XMLStreamException if somethinh went wrong.
+     */
+    public static boolean setProjectVersion( final ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom, final String value )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
+        String path = "";
+        final Pattern matchScopeRegex;
+        boolean madeReplacement = false;
+        matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/version" );
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                stack.push( path );
+                path = path + "/" + event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 0 );
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 1 );
+                    if ( pom.hasMark( 0 ) && pom.hasMark( 1 ) )
+                    {
+                        pom.replaceBetween( 0, 1, value );
+                        madeReplacement = true;
+                    }
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+                }
+                path = stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+        return madeReplacement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the project version from the pom.
+     *
+     * @param pom The pom.
+     * @return the project version or <code>null</code> if the project version is not defined (i.e. inherited from
+     *         parent version).
+     * @throws XMLStreamException if something went wrong.
+     */
+    public static String getProjectVersion( final ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
+        String path = "";
+        final Pattern matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/version" );
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                stack.push( path );
+                path = path + "/" + event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 0 );
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 1 );
+                    if ( pom.hasMark( 0 ) && pom.hasMark( 1 ) )
+                    {
+                        return pom.getBetween( 0, 1 ).trim();
+                    }
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+                }
+                path = stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the pom re-defining the project version to the specified version.
+     *
+     * @param pom The pom to modify.
+     * @param value The new value of the property.
+     * @return <code>true</code> if a replacement was made.
+     * @throws XMLStreamException if somethinh went wrong.
+     */
+    public static boolean setProjectParentVersion( final ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom, final String value )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
+        String path = "";
+        final Pattern matchScopeRegex;
+        boolean madeReplacement = false;
+        matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/parent/version" );
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                stack.push( path );
+                path = path + "/" + event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 0 );
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 1 );
+                    if ( pom.hasMark( 0 ) && pom.hasMark( 1 ) )
+                    {
+                        pom.replaceBetween( 0, 1, value );
+                        madeReplacement = true;
+                    }
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+                }
+                path = stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+        return madeReplacement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the parent artifact from the pom.
+     *
+     * @param pom The pom.
+     * @param helper The helper (used to create the artifact).
+     * @return The parent artifact or <code>null</code> if no parent is specified.
+     * @throws XMLStreamException if something went wrong.
+     */
+    public static Artifact getProjectParent( final ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom, VersionsHelper helper )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<>();
+        String path = "";
+        final Pattern matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project/parent((/groupId)|(/artifactId)|(/version))" );
+        String groupId = null;
+        String artifactId = null;
+        String version = null;
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                stack.push( path );
+                final String elementName = event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+                path = path + "/" + elementName;
+
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    if ( "groupId".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        groupId = pom.getElementText().trim();
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                    else if ( "artifactId".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        artifactId = pom.getElementText().trim();
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                    else if ( "version".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        version = pom.getElementText().trim();
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                path = stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+        if ( groupId == null || artifactId == null || version == null )
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return helper.createDependencyArtifact( groupId, artifactId, VersionRange.createFromVersion( version ), "pom",
+                                                null, null, false );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the pom re-defining the specified dependency to the specified version.
+     *
+     * @param pom The pom to modify.
+     * @param groupId The groupId of the dependency.
+     * @param artifactId The artifactId of the dependency.
+     * @param oldVersion The old version of the dependency.
+     * @param newVersion The new version of the dependency.
+     * @param model The model to get the project properties from.
+     * @return <code>true</code> if a replacement was made.
+     * @throws XMLStreamException if something went wrong.
+     */
+    public static boolean setDependencyVersion( final ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom, final String groupId,
+                                                final String artifactId, final String oldVersion,
+                                                final String newVersion, final Model model )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
+        String path = "";
+
+        Set<String> implicitPaths =
+            new HashSet<String>( Arrays.<String>asList( "/project/parent/groupId", "/project/parent/artifactId",
+                                                        "/project/parent/version", "/project/groupId",
+                                                        "/project/artifactId", "/project/version" ) );
+        Map<String, String> implicitProperties = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+        for ( Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry : model.getProperties().entrySet() )
+        {
+            implicitProperties.put( (String) entry.getKey(), (String) entry.getValue() );
+        }
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            while ( pom.hasNext() )
+            {
+                XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+                if ( event.isStartElement() )
+                {
+                    stack.push( path );
+                    final String elementName = event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+                    path = path + "/" + elementName;
+
+                    if ( implicitPaths.contains( path ) )
+                    {
+                        final String elementText = pom.getElementText().trim();
+                        implicitProperties.put( path.substring( 1 ).replace( '/', '.' ), elementText );
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( event.isEndElement() )
+                {
+                    path = stack.pop();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean modified = true;
+        while ( modified )
+        {
+            modified = false;
+            for ( Map.Entry<String, String> entry : implicitProperties.entrySet() )
+            {
+                if ( entry.getKey().contains( ".parent" ) )
+                {
+                    String child = entry.getKey().replace( ".parent", "" );
+                    if ( !implicitProperties.containsKey( child ) )
+                    {
+                        implicitProperties.put( child, entry.getValue() );
+                        modified = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        stack = new Stack<>();
+        path = "";
+        boolean inMatchScope = false;
+        boolean madeReplacement = false;
+        boolean haveGroupId = false;
+        boolean haveArtifactId = false;
+        boolean haveOldVersion = false;
+
+        final Pattern matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project" + "(/profiles/profile)?"
+            + "((/dependencyManagement)|(/build(/pluginManagement)?/plugins/plugin))?" + "/dependencies/dependency" );
+
+        final Pattern matchTargetRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project" + "(/profiles/profile)?"
+            + "((/dependencyManagement)|(/build(/pluginManagement)?/plugins/plugin))?" + "/dependencies/dependency"
+            + "((/groupId)|(/artifactId)|(/version))" );
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                stack.push( path );
+                final String elementName = event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+                path = path + "/" + elementName;
+
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    // we're in a new match scope
+                    // reset any previous partial matches
+                    inMatchScope = true;
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+
+                    haveGroupId = false;
+                    haveArtifactId = false;
+                    haveOldVersion = false;
+                }
+                else if ( inMatchScope && matchTargetRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    if ( "groupId".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        haveGroupId = groupId.equals( evaluate( pom.getElementText().trim(), implicitProperties ) );
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                    else if ( "artifactId".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        haveArtifactId =
+                            artifactId.equals( evaluate( pom.getElementText().trim(), implicitProperties ) );
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                    else if ( "version".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        pom.mark( 0 );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                if ( matchTargetRegex.matcher( path ).matches()
+                    && "version".equals( event.asEndElement().getName().getLocalPart() ) )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 1 );
+                    String compressedPomVersion = StringUtils.deleteWhitespace( pom.getBetween( 0, 1 ).trim() );
+                    String compressedOldVersion = StringUtils.deleteWhitespace( oldVersion );
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        haveOldVersion = isVersionOverlap( compressedOldVersion, compressedPomVersion );
+                    }
+                    catch ( InvalidVersionSpecificationException e )
+                    {
+                        // fall back to string comparison
+                        haveOldVersion = compressedOldVersion.equals( compressedPomVersion );
+                    }
+                }
+                else if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    if ( inMatchScope && pom.hasMark( 0 ) && pom.hasMark( 1 ) && haveGroupId && haveArtifactId
+                        && haveOldVersion )
+                    {
+                        pom.replaceBetween( 0, 1, newVersion );
+                        madeReplacement = true;
+                    }
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+                    haveArtifactId = false;
+                    haveGroupId = false;
+                    haveOldVersion = false;
+                    inMatchScope = false;
+                }
+                path = stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+        return madeReplacement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A lightweight expression evaluation function.
+     *
+     * @param expr The expression to evaluate.
+     * @param properties The properties to substitute.
+     * @return The evaluated expression.
+     */
+    public static String evaluate( String expr, Map<String, String> properties )
+    {
+        if ( expr == null )
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        String expression = stripTokens( expr );
+        if ( expression.equals( expr ) )
+        {
+            int index = expr.indexOf( "${" );
+            if ( index >= 0 )
+            {
+                int lastIndex = expr.indexOf( "}", index );
+                if ( lastIndex >= 0 )
+                {
+                    String retVal = expr.substring( 0, index );
+
+                    if ( index > 0 && expr.charAt( index - 1 ) == '$' )
+                    {
+                        retVal += expr.substring( index + 1, lastIndex + 1 );
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        retVal += evaluate( expr.substring( index, lastIndex + 1 ), properties );
+                    }
+
+                    retVal += evaluate( expr.substring( lastIndex + 1 ), properties );
+                    return retVal;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Was not an expression
+            if ( expression.contains( "$$" ) )
+            {
+                return expression.replaceAll( "\\$\\$", "\\$" );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return expression;
+            }
+        }
+
+        String value = properties.get( expression );
+
+        if ( value != null )
+        {
+            int exprStartDelimiter = value.indexOf( "${" );
+
+            if ( exprStartDelimiter >= 0 )
+            {
+                if ( exprStartDelimiter > 0 )
+                {
+                    value = value.substring( 0, exprStartDelimiter )
+                        + evaluate( value.substring( exprStartDelimiter ), properties );
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    value = evaluate( value.substring( exprStartDelimiter ), properties );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // TODO find a way to log that and not use this System.out!!
+            // this class could be a component with logger injected !!
+            System.out.println( "expression: " + expression + " no value " );
+        }
+        return value == null ? expr : value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Strips the expression token markers from the start and end of the string.
+     *
+     * @param expr the string (perhaps with token markers)
+     * @return the string (definately without token markers)
+     */
+    private static String stripTokens( String expr )
+    {
+        if ( expr.startsWith( "${" ) && expr.indexOf( "}" ) == expr.length() - 1 )
+        {
+            expr = expr.substring( 2, expr.length() - 1 );
+        }
+        return expr;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if two versions or ranges have an overlap.
+     *
+     * @param leftVersionOrRange the 1st version number or range to test
+     * @param rightVersionOrRange the 2nd version number or range to test
+     * @return true if both versions have an overlap
+     * @throws InvalidVersionSpecificationException if the versions can't be parsed to a range
+     */
+    public static boolean isVersionOverlap( String leftVersionOrRange, String rightVersionOrRange )
+        throws InvalidVersionSpecificationException
+    {
+        VersionRange pomVersionRange = createVersionRange( leftVersionOrRange );
+        if ( !pomVersionRange.hasRestrictions() )
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        VersionRange oldVersionRange = createVersionRange( rightVersionOrRange );
+        if ( !oldVersionRange.hasRestrictions() )
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        VersionRange result = oldVersionRange.restrict( pomVersionRange );
+        return result.hasRestrictions();
+    }
+
+    private static VersionRange createVersionRange( String versionOrRange )
+        throws InvalidVersionSpecificationException
+    {
+        VersionRange versionRange = VersionRange.createFromVersionSpec( versionOrRange );
+        if ( versionRange.getRecommendedVersion() != null )
+        {
+            versionRange = VersionRange.createFromVersionSpec( "[" + versionOrRange + "]" );
+        }
+        return versionRange;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches the pom re-defining the specified plugin to the specified version.
+     *
+     * @param pom The pom to modify.
+     * @param groupId The groupId of the dependency.
+     * @param artifactId The artifactId of the dependency.
+     * @param oldVersion The old version of the dependency.
+     * @param newVersion The new version of the dependency.
+     * @return <code>true</code> if a replacement was made.
+     * @throws XMLStreamException if somethinh went wrong.
+     */
+    public static boolean setPluginVersion( final ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom, final String groupId,
+                                            final String artifactId, final String oldVersion, final String newVersion )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<>();
+        String path = "";
+        final Pattern matchScopeRegex;
+        final Pattern matchTargetRegex;
+        boolean inMatchScope = false;
+        boolean madeReplacement = false;
+        boolean haveGroupId = false;
+        boolean needGroupId = groupId != null && !APACHE_MAVEN_PLUGINS_GROUPID.equals( groupId );
+        boolean haveArtifactId = false;
+        boolean haveOldVersion = false;
+
+        matchScopeRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project" + "(/profiles/profile)?"
+            + "((/build(/pluginManagement)?)|(/reporting))/plugins/plugin" );
+
+        matchTargetRegex = Pattern.compile( "/project" + "(/profiles/profile)?"
+            + "((/build(/pluginManagement)?)|(/reporting))/plugins/plugin" + "((/groupId)|(/artifactId)|(/version))" );
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                stack.push( path );
+                final String elementName = event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+                path = path + "/" + elementName;
+
+                if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    // we're in a new match scope
+                    // reset any previous partial matches
+                    inMatchScope = true;
+                    pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                    pom.clearMark( 1 );
+
+                    haveGroupId = false;
+                    haveArtifactId = false;
+                    haveOldVersion = false;
+                }
+                else if ( inMatchScope && matchTargetRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    if ( "groupId".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        haveGroupId = groupId.equals( pom.getElementText().trim() );
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                    else if ( "artifactId".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        haveArtifactId = artifactId.equals( pom.getElementText().trim() );
+                        path = stack.pop();
+                    }
+                    else if ( "version".equals( elementName ) )
+                    {
+                        pom.mark( 0 );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                if ( matchTargetRegex.matcher( path ).matches()
+                    && "version".equals( event.asEndElement().getName().getLocalPart() ) )
+                {
+                    pom.mark( 1 );
+
+                    try
+                    {
+                        haveOldVersion = isVersionOverlap( oldVersion, pom.getBetween( 0, 1 ).trim() );
+                    }
+                    catch ( InvalidVersionSpecificationException e )
+                    {
+                        // fall back to string comparison
+                        haveOldVersion = oldVersion.equals( pom.getBetween( 0, 1 ).trim() );
+                    }
+                }
+                else if ( matchScopeRegex.matcher( path ).matches() )
+                {
+                    if ( inMatchScope && pom.hasMark( 0 ) && pom.hasMark( 1 ) && ( haveGroupId || !needGroupId )
+                        && haveArtifactId && haveOldVersion )
+                    {
+                        pom.replaceBetween( 0, 1, newVersion );
+                        madeReplacement = true;
+                        pom.clearMark( 0 );
+                        pom.clearMark( 1 );
+                        haveArtifactId = false;
+                        haveGroupId = false;
+                        haveOldVersion = false;
+                    }
+                    inMatchScope = false;
+                }
+                path = stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+        return madeReplacement;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Examines the project to find any properties which are associated with versions of artifacts in the project.
+     *
+     * @param helper Our versions helper.
+     * @param project The project to examine.
+     * @return An array of properties that are associated within the project.
+     * @throws ExpressionEvaluationException if an expression cannot be evaluated.
+     * @throws IOException if the project's pom file cannot be parsed.
+     * @since 1.0-alpha-3
+     */
+    public static PropertyVersionsBuilder[] getPropertyVersionsBuilders( VersionsHelper helper, MavenProject project )
+        throws ExpressionEvaluationException, IOException
+    {
+        ExpressionEvaluator expressionEvaluator = helper.getExpressionEvaluator( project );
+        Model model = getRawModel( project );
+        Map<String, PropertyVersionsBuilder> result = new TreeMap<String, PropertyVersionsBuilder>();
+
+        Set<String> activeProfiles = new TreeSet<>();
+        for ( Profile profile : (List<Profile>) project.getActiveProfiles() )
+        {
+            activeProfiles.add( profile.getId() );
+        }
+
+        // add any properties from profiles first (as they override properties from the project
+        for ( Profile profile : model.getProfiles() )
+        {
+            if ( !activeProfiles.contains( profile.getId() ) )
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            addProperties( helper, result, profile.getId(), profile.getProperties() );
+            if ( profile.getDependencyManagement() != null )
+            {
+                addDependencyAssocations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result,
+                                          profile.getDependencyManagement().getDependencies(), false );
+            }
+            addDependencyAssocations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, profile.getDependencies(), false );
+            if ( profile.getBuild() != null )
+            {
+                if ( profile.getBuild().getPluginManagement() != null )
+                {
+                    addPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result,
+                                           profile.getBuild().getPluginManagement().getPlugins() );
+                }
+                addPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, profile.getBuild().getPlugins() );
+            }
+            if ( profile.getReporting() != null )
+            {
+                addReportPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, profile.getReporting().getPlugins() );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // second, we add all the properties in the pom
+        addProperties( helper, result, null, model.getProperties() );
+        if ( model.getDependencyManagement() != null )
+        {
+            addDependencyAssocations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result,
+                                      model.getDependencyManagement().getDependencies(), false );
+        }
+        addDependencyAssocations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, model.getDependencies(), false );
+        if ( model.getBuild() != null )
+        {
+            if ( model.getBuild().getPluginManagement() != null )
+            {
+                addPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result,
+                                       model.getBuild().getPluginManagement().getPlugins() );
+            }
+            addPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, model.getBuild().getPlugins() );
+        }
+        if ( model.getReporting() != null )
+        {
+            addReportPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, model.getReporting().getPlugins() );
+        }
+
+        // third, we add any associations from the active profiles
+        for ( Profile profile : model.getProfiles() )
+        {
+            if ( !activeProfiles.contains( profile.getId() ) )
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ( profile.getDependencyManagement() != null )
+            {
+                addDependencyAssocations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result,
+                                          profile.getDependencyManagement().getDependencies(), false );
+            }
+            addDependencyAssocations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, profile.getDependencies(), false );
+            if ( profile.getBuild() != null )
+            {
+                if ( profile.getBuild().getPluginManagement() != null )
+                {
+                    addPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result,
+                                           profile.getBuild().getPluginManagement().getPlugins() );
+                }
+                addPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, profile.getBuild().getPlugins() );
+            }
+            if ( profile.getReporting() != null )
+            {
+                addReportPluginAssociations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, profile.getReporting().getPlugins() );
+            }
+        }
+
+        // finally, remove any properties without associations
+        purgeProperties( result );
+
+        return result.values().toArray( new PropertyVersionsBuilder[result.values().size()] );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a list of {@link org.apache.maven.model.Plugin} instances and adds associations to properties used to
+     * define versions of the plugin artifact or any of the plugin dependencies specified in the pom.
+     *
+     * @param helper Our helper.
+     * @param expressionEvaluator Our expression evaluator.
+     * @param result The map of {@link org.codehaus.mojo.versions.api.PropertyVersionsBuilder} keyed by property name.
+     * @param plugins The list of {@link org.apache.maven.model.Plugin}.
+     * @throws ExpressionEvaluationException if an expression cannot be evaluated.
+     */
+    private static void addPluginAssociations( VersionsHelper helper, ExpressionEvaluator expressionEvaluator,
+                                               Map<String, PropertyVersionsBuilder> result, List<Plugin> plugins )
+        throws ExpressionEvaluationException
+    {
+        if ( plugins == null )
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        for ( Plugin plugin : plugins )
+        {
+            String version = plugin.getVersion();
+            if ( version != null && version.contains( "${" ) && version.indexOf( '}' ) != -1 )
+            {
+                version = StringUtils.deleteWhitespace( version );
+                for ( PropertyVersionsBuilder property : result.values() )
+                {
+                    // any of these could be defined by a property
+                    final String propertyRef = "${" + property.getName() + "}";
+                    if ( version.contains( propertyRef ) )
+                    {
+                        String groupId = plugin.getGroupId();
+                        if ( groupId == null || groupId.trim().length() == 0 )
+                        {
+                            // group Id has a special default
+                            groupId = APACHE_MAVEN_PLUGINS_GROUPID;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            groupId = (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( groupId );
+                        }
+                        String artifactId = plugin.getArtifactId();
+                        if ( artifactId == null || artifactId.trim().length() == 0 )
+                        {
+                            // malformed pom
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            artifactId = (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( artifactId );
+                        }
+                        // might as well capture the current value
+                        VersionRange versionRange =
+                            VersionRange.createFromVersion( (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( plugin.getVersion() ) );
+                        property.addAssociation( helper.createPluginArtifact( groupId, artifactId, versionRange ),
+                                                 true );
+                        if ( !propertyRef.equals( version ) )
+                        {
+                            addBounds( property, version, propertyRef, versionRange.toString() );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            addDependencyAssocations( helper, expressionEvaluator, result, plugin.getDependencies(), true );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addReportPluginAssociations( VersionsHelper helper, ExpressionEvaluator expressionEvaluator,
+                                                     Map<String, PropertyVersionsBuilder> result,
+                                                     List<ReportPlugin> reportPlugins )
+        throws ExpressionEvaluationException
+    {
+        if ( reportPlugins == null )
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        for ( ReportPlugin plugin : reportPlugins )
+        {
+            String version = plugin.getVersion();
+            if ( version != null && version.contains( "${" ) && version.indexOf( '}' ) != -1 )
+            {
+                version = StringUtils.deleteWhitespace( version );
+                for ( PropertyVersionsBuilder property : result.values() )
+                {
+                    final String propertyRef = "${" + property.getName() + "}";
+                    if ( version.contains( propertyRef ) )
+                    {
+                        // any of these could be defined by a property
+                        String groupId = plugin.getGroupId();
+                        if ( groupId == null || groupId.trim().length() == 0 )
+                        {
+                            // group Id has a special default
+                            groupId = APACHE_MAVEN_PLUGINS_GROUPID;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            groupId = (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( groupId );
+                        }
+                        String artifactId = plugin.getArtifactId();
+                        if ( artifactId == null || artifactId.trim().length() == 0 )
+                        {
+                            // malformed pom
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            artifactId = (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( artifactId );
+                        }
+                        // might as well capture the current value
+                        VersionRange versionRange =
+                            VersionRange.createFromVersion( (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( plugin.getVersion() ) );
+                        property.addAssociation( helper.createPluginArtifact( groupId, artifactId, versionRange ),
+                                                 true );
+                        if ( !propertyRef.equals( version ) )
+                        {
+                            addBounds( property, version, propertyRef, versionRange.toString() );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addDependencyAssocations( VersionsHelper helper, ExpressionEvaluator expressionEvaluator,
+                                                  Map<String, PropertyVersionsBuilder> result,
+                                                  List<Dependency> dependencies, boolean usePluginRepositories )
+        throws ExpressionEvaluationException
+    {
+        if ( dependencies == null )
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        for ( Dependency dependency : dependencies )
+        {
+            String version = dependency.getVersion();
+            if ( version != null && version.contains( "${" ) && version.indexOf( '}' ) != -1 )
+            {
+                version = StringUtils.deleteWhitespace( version );
+                for ( PropertyVersionsBuilder property : result.values() )
+                {
+                    final String propertyRef = "${" + property.getName() + "}";
+                    if ( version.contains( propertyRef ) )
+                    {
+                        // Any of these could be defined by a property
+                        String groupId = dependency.getGroupId();
+                        if ( groupId == null || groupId.trim().length() == 0 )
+                        {
+                            // malformed pom
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            groupId = (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( groupId );
+                        }
+                        String artifactId = dependency.getArtifactId();
+                        if ( artifactId == null || artifactId.trim().length() == 0 )
+                        {
+                            // malformed pom
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            artifactId = (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( artifactId );
+                        }
+                        // might as well capture the current value
+                        VersionRange versionRange =
+                            VersionRange.createFromVersion( (String) expressionEvaluator.evaluate( dependency.getVersion() ) );
+                        property.addAssociation( helper.createDependencyArtifact( groupId, artifactId, versionRange,
+                                                                                  dependency.getType(),
+                                                                                  dependency.getClassifier(),
+                                                                                  dependency.getScope(),
+                                                                                  dependency.isOptional() ),
+                                                 usePluginRepositories );
+                        if ( !propertyRef.equals( version ) )
+                        {
+                            addBounds( property, version, propertyRef, versionRange.toString() );
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addBounds( PropertyVersionsBuilder builder, String rawVersionRange, String propertyRef,
+                                   String evaluatedVersionRange )
+    {
+        Pattern lowerBound = Pattern.compile( "([(\\[])([^,]*)," + RegexUtils.quote( propertyRef ) + "([)\\]])" );
+        Pattern upperBound = Pattern.compile( "([(\\[])" + RegexUtils.quote( propertyRef ) + ",([^,]*)([)\\]])" );
+        Matcher m = lowerBound.matcher( rawVersionRange );
+        if ( m.find() )
+        {
+            boolean includeLower = "[".equals( m.group( 1 ) );
+            String lowerLimit = m.group( 2 );
+            if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( lowerLimit ) )
+            {
+                builder.addLowerBound( lowerLimit, includeLower );
+            }
+        }
+        m = upperBound.matcher( rawVersionRange );
+        if ( m.find() )
+        {
+            boolean includeUpper = "[".equals( m.group( 3 ) );
+            String upperLimit = m.group( 2 );
+            if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( upperLimit ) )
+            {
+                builder.addUpperBound( upperLimit, includeUpper );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addProperties( VersionsHelper helper, Map<String, PropertyVersionsBuilder> result,
+                                       String profileId, Properties properties )
+    {
+        if ( properties == null )
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        for ( Enumeration j = properties.propertyNames(); j.hasMoreElements(); )
+        {
+            String propertyName = (String) j.nextElement();
+            if ( !result.containsKey( propertyName ) )
+            {
+                result.put( propertyName, new PropertyVersionsBuilder( profileId, propertyName, helper ) );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void purgeProperties( Map<String, PropertyVersionsBuilder> result )
+    {
+        for ( Iterator i = result.values().iterator(); i.hasNext(); )
+        {
+            PropertyVersionsBuilder versions = (PropertyVersionsBuilder) i.next();
+            if ( versions.getAssociations().length == 0 )
+            {
+                i.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a set of all child modules for a project, including any defined in profiles (ignoring profile
+     * activation).
+     *
+     * @param project The project.
+     * @param logger The logger to use.
+     * @return the set of all child modules of the project.
+     */
+    public static Set getAllChildModules( MavenProject project, Log logger )
+    {
+        return getAllChildModules( project.getOriginalModel(), logger );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a set of all child modules for a project, including any defined in profiles (ignoring profile
+     * activation).
+     *
+     * @param model The project model.
+     * @param logger The logger to use.
+     * @return the set of all child modules of the project.
+     */
+    public static Set<String> getAllChildModules( Model model, Log logger )
+    {
+        logger.debug( "Finding child modules..." );
+        Set<String> childModules = new TreeSet<String>();
+        childModules.addAll( model.getModules() );
+        for ( Profile profile : model.getProfiles() )
+        {
+            childModules.addAll( profile.getModules() );
+        }
+        debugModules( logger, "Child modules:", childModules );
+        return childModules;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Outputs a debug message with a list of modules.
+     *
+     * @param logger The logger to log to.
+     * @param message The message to display.
+     * @param modules The modules to append to the message.
+     */
+    public static void debugModules( Log logger, String message, Collection modules )
+    {
+        Iterator i;
+        if ( logger.isDebugEnabled() )
+        {
+            logger.debug( message );
+            if ( modules.isEmpty() )
+            {
+                logger.debug( "None." );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                i = modules.iterator();
+                while ( i.hasNext() )
+                {
+                    logger.debug( "  " + i.next() );
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Modifies the collection of child modules removing those which cannot be found relative to the parent.
+     *
+     * @param logger The logger to log to.
+     * @param project the project.
+     * @param childModules the child modules.
+     */
+    public static void removeMissingChildModules( Log logger, MavenProject project, Collection<String> childModules )
+    {
+        removeMissingChildModules( logger, project.getBasedir(), childModules );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Modifies the collection of child modules removing those which cannot be found relative to the parent.
+     *
+     * @param logger The logger to log to.
+     * @param basedir the project basedir.
+     * @param childModules the child modules.
+     */
+    public static void removeMissingChildModules( Log logger, File basedir, Collection<String> childModules )
+    {
+        logger.debug( "Removing child modules which are missing..." );
+        Iterator<String> i = childModules.iterator();
+        while ( i.hasNext() )
+        {
+            String modulePath = i.next();
+            File moduleFile = new File( basedir, modulePath );
+
+            if ( moduleFile.isDirectory() && new File( moduleFile, "pom.xml" ).isFile() )
+            {
+                // it's a directory that exists
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ( moduleFile.isFile() )
+            {
+                // it's the pom.xml file directly referenced and it exists.
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            logger.debug( "Removing missing child module " + modulePath );
+            i.remove();
+        }
+        debugModules( logger, "After removing missing", childModules );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the version from a raw model, interpolating from the parent if necessary.
+     *
+     * @param model The model.
+     * @return The version.
+     */
+    public static String getVersion( Model model )
+    {
+        String targetVersion = model.getVersion();
+        if ( targetVersion == null && model.getParent() != null )
+        {
+            targetVersion = model.getParent().getVersion();
+        }
+        return targetVersion;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if the model contains an explicitly specified version.
+     *
+     * @param model The model.
+     * @return {@code true} if the model explicitly specifies the project version, i.e. /project/version
+     */
+    public static boolean isExplicitVersion( Model model )
+    {
+        return model.getVersion() != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the artifactId from a raw model, interpolating from the parent if necessary.
+     *
+     * @param model The model.
+     * @return The artifactId.
+     */
+    public static String getArtifactId( Model model )
+    {
+        String sourceArtifactId = model.getArtifactId();
+        if ( sourceArtifactId == null && model.getParent() != null )
+        {
+            sourceArtifactId = model.getParent().getArtifactId();
+        }
+        return sourceArtifactId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts the groupId from a raw model, interpolating from the parent if necessary.
+     *
+     * @param model The model.
+     * @return The groupId.
+     */
+    public static String getGroupId( Model model )
+    {
+        String targetGroupId = model.getGroupId();
+        if ( targetGroupId == null && model.getParent() != null )
+        {
+            targetGroupId = model.getParent().getGroupId();
+        }
+        return targetGroupId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the local root of the specified project.
+     *
+     * @param project The project to find the local root for.
+     * @param localRepository the local repo.
+     * @param globalProfileManager the global profile manager.
+     * @param logger The logger to log to.
+     * @return The local root (note this may be the project passed as an argument).
+     */
+    public static MavenProject getLocalRoot( MavenProjectBuilder builder, MavenProject project,
+                                             ArtifactRepository localRepository, ProfileManager globalProfileManager,
+                                             Log logger )
+    {
+        logger.info( "Searching for local aggregator root..." );
+        while ( true )
+        {
+            final File parentDir = project.getBasedir().getParentFile();
+            if ( parentDir != null && parentDir.isDirectory() )
+            {
+                logger.debug( "Checking to see if " + parentDir + " is an aggregator parent" );
+                File parent = new File( parentDir, "pom.xml" );
+                if ( parent.isFile() )
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        final MavenProject parentProject =
+                            builder.build( parent, localRepository, globalProfileManager );
+                        if ( getAllChildModules( parentProject, logger ).contains( project.getBasedir().getName() ) )
+                        {
+                            logger.debug( parentDir + " is an aggregator parent" );
+                            project = parentProject;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            logger.debug( parentDir + " is not an aggregator parent" );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch ( ProjectBuildingException e )
+                    {
+                        logger.warn( e );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            logger.debug( "Local aggregation root is " + project.getBasedir() );
+            return project;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds a map of raw models keyed by module path.
+     *
+     * @param project The project to build from.
+     * @param logger The logger for logging.
+     * @return A map of raw models keyed by path relative to the project's basedir.
+     * @throws IOException if things go wrong.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, Model> getReactorModels( MavenProject project, Log logger )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        Map<String, Model> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        final Model model = getRawModel( project );
+        final String path = "";
+        result.put( path, model );
+        result.putAll( getReactorModels( path, model, project, logger ) );
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds a sub-map of raw models keyed by module path.
+     *
+     * @param path The relative path to base the sub-map on.
+     * @param model The model at the relative path.
+     * @param project The project to build from.
+     * @param logger The logger for logging.
+     * @return A map of raw models keyed by path relative to the project's basedir.
+     * @throws IOException if things go wrong.
+     */
+    private static Map<String, Model> getReactorModels( String path, Model model, MavenProject project, Log logger )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        if ( path.length() > 0 && !path.endsWith( "/" ) )
+        {
+            path += '/';
+        }
+        Map<String, Model> result = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        Map<String, Model> childResults = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+        File baseDir = path.length() > 0 ? new File( project.getBasedir(), path ) : project.getBasedir();
+
+        Set<String> childModules = getAllChildModules( model, logger );
+
+        removeMissingChildModules( logger, baseDir, childModules );
+
+        for ( String moduleName : childModules )
+        {
+            String modulePath = path + moduleName;
+
+            File moduleDir = new File( baseDir, moduleName );
+
+            File moduleProjectFile;
+
+            if ( moduleDir.isDirectory() )
+            {
+                moduleProjectFile = new File( moduleDir, "pom.xml" );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // i don't think this should ever happen... but just in case
+                // the module references the file-name
+                moduleProjectFile = moduleDir;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                // the aim of this goal is to fix problems when the project cannot be parsed by Maven
+                // so we have to work with the raw model and not the interpolated parsed model from maven
+                Model moduleModel = getRawModel( moduleProjectFile );
+                result.put( modulePath, moduleModel );
+                childResults.putAll( getReactorModels( modulePath, moduleModel, project, logger ) );
+            }
+            catch ( IOException e )
+            {
+                logger.debug( "Could not parse " + moduleProjectFile.getPath(), e );
+            }
+        }
+        result.putAll( childResults ); // more efficient update order if all children are added after siblings
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all the models that have a specified groupId and artifactId as parent.
+     *
+     * @param reactor The map of models keyed by path.
+     * @param groupId The groupId of the parent.
+     * @param artifactId The artifactId of the parent.
+     * @return a map of models that have a specified groupId and artifactId as parent keyed by path.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, Model> getChildModels( Map<String, Model> reactor, String groupId, String artifactId )
+    {
+        final Map<String, Model> result = new LinkedHashMap<String, Model>();
+        for ( Map.Entry<String, Model> entry : reactor.entrySet() )
+        {
+            final String path = entry.getKey();
+            final Model model = entry.getValue();
+            final Parent parent = model.getParent();
+            if ( parent != null && groupId.equals( parent.getGroupId() )
+                && artifactId.equals( parent.getArtifactId() ) )
+            {
+                result.put( path, model );
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the model that has the specified groupId and artifactId or <code>null</code> if no such model exists.
+     *
+     * @param reactor The map of models keyed by path.
+     * @param groupId The groupId to match.
+     * @param artifactId The artifactId to match.
+     * @return The model or <code>null</code> if the model was not in the reactor.
+     */
+    public static Model getModel( Map<String, Model> reactor, String groupId, String artifactId )
+    {
+        Map.Entry<String, Model> entry = getModelEntry( reactor, groupId, artifactId );
+        return entry == null ? null : entry.getValue();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the model that has the specified groupId and artifactId or <code>null</code> if no such model exists.
+     *
+     * @param reactor The map of models keyed by path.
+     * @param groupId The groupId to match.
+     * @param artifactId The artifactId to match.
+     * @return The model entry or <code>null</code> if the model was not in the reactor.
+     */
+    public static Map.Entry<String, Model> getModelEntry( Map<String, Model> reactor, String groupId,
+                                                          String artifactId )
+    {
+        for ( Map.Entry<String, Model> entry : reactor.entrySet() )
+        {
+            Model model = entry.getValue();
+            if ( groupId.equals( getGroupId( model ) ) && artifactId.equals( getArtifactId( model ) ) )
+            {
+                return entry;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a count of how many parents a model has in the reactor.
+     *
+     * @param reactor The map of models keyed by path.
+     * @param model The model.
+     * @return The number of parents of this model in the reactor.
+     */
+    public static int getReactorParentCount( Map<String, Model> reactor, Model model )
+    {
+        if ( model.getParent() == null )
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Model parentModel = getModel( reactor, model.getParent().getGroupId(), model.getParent().getArtifactId() );
+            if ( parentModel != null )
+            {
+                return getReactorParentCount( reactor, parentModel ) + 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a file into a String.
+     *
+     * @param outFile The file to read.
+     * @return String The content of the file.
+     * @throws java.io.IOException when things go wrong.
+     */
+    public static StringBuilder readXmlFile( File outFile )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        try( Reader reader = ReaderFactory.newXmlReader( outFile ) )
+        {
+            return new StringBuilder( IOUtil.toString( reader ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the GAV coordinates of a model.
+     *
+     * @param model the model.
+     * @return the GAV coordinates of a model.
+     */
+    public static String getGAV( Model model )
+    {
+        return getGroupId( model ) + ":" + getArtifactId( model ) + ":" + getVersion( model );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads imported POMs from the dependency management section.
+     *
+     * @param pom
+     * @return a non-null list of {@link Dependency} for each imported POM
+     * @throws XMLStreamException
+     * @see <a href="https://github.com/mojohaus/versions-maven-plugin/issues/134">bug #134</a>
+     * @since 2.4
+     */
+    public static List<Dependency> readImportedPOMsFromDependencyManagementSection( ModifiedPomXMLEventReader pom )
+        throws XMLStreamException
+    {
+        List<Dependency> importedPOMs = new ArrayList<Dependency>();
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();
+
+        String groupIdElement = "groupId";
+        String artifactIdElement = "artifactId";
+        String versionElement = "version";
+        String typeElement = "type";
+        String scopeElement = "scope";
+        Set<String> recognizedElements =
+            new HashSet<>( Arrays.asList( groupIdElement, artifactIdElement, versionElement, typeElement,
+                                                scopeElement ) );
+        Map<String, String> depData = new HashMap<>();
+
+        pom.rewind();
+
+        String depMgmtDependencyPath = "/project/dependencyManagement/dependencies/dependency";
+
+        while ( pom.hasNext() )
+        {
+            XMLEvent event = pom.nextEvent();
+
+            if ( event.isStartElement() )
+            {
+                final String elementName = event.asStartElement().getName().getLocalPart();
+                String parent = "";
+                if ( !stack.isEmpty() )
+                {
+                    parent = stack.peek();
+                }
+                String currentPath = parent + "/" + elementName;
+                stack.push( currentPath );
+
+                if ( currentPath.startsWith( depMgmtDependencyPath ) && recognizedElements.contains( elementName ) )
+                {
+                    final String elementText = pom.getElementText().trim();
+                    depData.put( elementName, elementText );
+                    stack.pop();
+                }
+            }
+            if ( event.isEndElement() )
+            {
+                String path = stack.pop();
+                if ( depMgmtDependencyPath.equals( path ) )
+                {
+                    if ( "pom".equals( depData.get( typeElement ) ) && "import".equals( depData.get( scopeElement ) ) )
+                    {
+                        Dependency dependency = new Dependency();
+                        dependency.setGroupId( depData.get( groupIdElement ) );
+                        dependency.setArtifactId( depData.get( artifactIdElement ) );
+                        dependency.setVersion( depData.get( versionElement ) );
+                        dependency.setType( depData.get( typeElement ) );
+                        dependency.setScope( depData.get( scopeElement ) );
+                        importedPOMs.add( dependency );
+                    }
+                    depData.clear();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return importedPOMs;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `event` last assigned on line 244 could be null and is dereferenced at line 245.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean PomHelper.setProjectVersion(ModifiedPomXMLEventReader,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.codehaus.mojo.versions.api.PomHelper.setProjectVersion(org.codehaus.mojo.versions.rewriting.Modi.137acedb7fcbcc2f7710e9deee6dd5fb
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/codehaus/mojo/versions/api/PomHelper.java
+
+### Key:
+PomHelper.java|setProjectVersion|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+00c1f65e387d55c612515ace03b6e05b
+
+### Hash:
+620486de4789a91f70b1b6a437300910
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10598/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10598/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..897a477fe06a5db5866d0b11c4dbb3474550901f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10598/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jkeymaster
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011 Denis Tulskiy
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * version 3 along with this work.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package com.tulskiy.keymaster;
+
+import com.tulskiy.keymaster.common.HotKey;
+import com.tulskiy.keymaster.common.HotKeyListener;
+import com.tulskiy.keymaster.common.MediaKey;
+import com.tulskiy.keymaster.common.Provider;
+
+import javax.swing.*;
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.event.*;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Author: Denis Tulskiy
+ * Date: 6/6/11
+ */
+public class AWTTest {
+    public static final List<Integer> MODIFIERS = Arrays.asList(KeyEvent.VK_ALT, KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL, KeyEvent.VK_SHIFT, KeyEvent.VK_META);
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        final JFrame frame = new JFrame();
+        final Provider provider = Provider.getCurrentProvider(true);
+
+        if (provider == null) {
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+
+        frame.add(new JLabel("Press hotkey combination:"), BorderLayout.NORTH);
+
+        final JTextField textField = new JTextField();
+        textField.setFont(textField.getFont().deriveFont(Font.BOLD, 15f));
+        textField.setEditable(false);
+        textField.addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() {
+            @Override
+            public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
+                if (MODIFIERS.contains(e.getKeyCode()))
+                    textField.setText("");
+                else
+                    textField.setText(KeyStroke.getKeyStrokeForEvent(e).toString().replaceAll("pressed ", ""));
+            }
+        });
+        frame.add(textField, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+        JPanel box = new JPanel();
+        JButton grab = new JButton("Grab");
+        box.add(grab);
+        final HotKeyListener listener = new HotKeyListener() {
+            public void onHotKey(final HotKey hotKey) {
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(frame, "Hooray: " + hotKey);
+            }
+        };
+        grab.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                String text = textField.getText();
+                if (text != null && text.length() > 0) {
+                    provider.reset();
+                    provider.register(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(text), listener);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        JButton grabMedia = new JButton("Grab media keys");
+        grabMedia.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                provider.register(MediaKey.MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK, listener);
+                provider.register(MediaKey.MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE, listener);
+                provider.register(MediaKey.MEDIA_PREV_TRACK, listener);
+                provider.register(MediaKey.MEDIA_STOP, listener);
+            }
+        });
+
+        box.add(grabMedia);
+
+        frame.add(box, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
+
+        frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
+            @Override
+            public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
+                provider.reset();
+                provider.stop();
+                System.exit(0);
+            }
+        });
+
+        frame.setSize(500, 150);
+        frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
+        frame.setVisible(true);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.tulskiy.keymaster.x11.X11Provider` acquired by call to `getCurrentProvider(...)` at line 40 is not released after line 93.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AWTTest.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.tulskiy.keymaster.AWTTest.main(java.lang.String[]):void.1e9242809cfa02c1fff5df6ffe473aed
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/tulskiy/keymaster/AWTTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AWTTest.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c7a7f6d7ab5050598bee23d2132c7333
+
+### Hash:
+7e5863b2dc631b2b05cabcce78dcf03e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10612/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10612/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbf6b10a61bec5e2ca1dc587238c6c761751773a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10612/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.ant;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.DefaultLogger;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Project;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.ProjectHelper;
+import org.apache.tools.bzip2.CBZip2InputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarEntry;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.NonClosingInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * @author Emmanuel Bourg
+ */
+public final class DebAntTaskTestCase extends TestCase {
+
+    private Project project;
+
+    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
+        project = new Project();
+        project.setCoreLoader(getClass().getClassLoader());
+        project.init();
+
+        File buildFile = new File("target/test-classes/testbuild.xml");
+        project.setBaseDir(buildFile.getParentFile());
+
+        final ProjectHelper helper = ProjectHelper.getProjectHelper();
+        helper.parse(project, buildFile);
+
+        // remove the package previously build
+        File deb = new File("target/test.deb");
+        if (deb.exists()) {
+            assertTrue("Unable to remove the test archive", deb.delete());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingControl() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-control");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testInvalidControl() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("invalid-control");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingDestFile() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-destfile");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEmptyPackage() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("empty-package");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithArchive() {
+        project.executeTarget("with-archive");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithMissingArchive() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("with-missing-archive");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithDirectory() {
+        project.executeTarget("with-directory");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithMissingDirectory() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("with-missing-directory");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Redirects the Ant output to the specified stream.
+     */
+    private void redirectOutput( OutputStream out ) {
+        DefaultLogger logger = new DefaultLogger();
+        logger.setOutputPrintStream(new PrintStream(out));
+        logger.setMessageOutputLevel(Project.MSG_INFO);
+        project.addBuildListener(logger);
+    }
+
+    public void testVerboseEnabled() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        redirectOutput(out);
+
+        project.executeTarget("verbose-enabled");
+
+        assertTrue(out.toString().contains("Total size"));
+    }
+
+    public void testVerboseDisabled() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        redirectOutput(out);
+
+        project.executeTarget("verbose-disabled");
+
+        assertTrue(!out.toString().contains("Total size"));
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingDataType() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-data-type");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testUnknownDataType() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("unknown-data-type");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testFileSet() {
+        project.executeTarget("fileset");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testTarFileSet() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("tarfileset");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArArchiveEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar.gz")) {
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in)));
+                TarEntry tarentry;
+                while ((tarentry = tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                    assertTrue("prefix", tarentry.getName().startsWith("./foo/"));
+                    if (tarentry.isDirectory()) {
+                        assertEquals("directory mode (" + tarentry.getName() + ")", 040700, tarentry.getMode());
+                    } else {
+                        assertEquals("file mode (" + tarentry.getName() + ")", 0100600, tarentry.getMode());
+                    }
+                    assertEquals("user", "ebourg", tarentry.getUserName());
+                    assertEquals("group", "ebourg", tarentry.getGroupName());
+                }
+                tar.close();
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength();
+                while (skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    public void testUnkownCompression() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("unknown-compression");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testBZip2Compression() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("bzip2-compression");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArArchiveEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar.bz2")) {
+                found = true;
+
+                assertEquals("header 0", (byte) 'B', in.read());
+                assertEquals("header 1", (byte) 'Z', in.read());
+
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new CBZip2InputStream(in));
+                while ((tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                    ;
+                }
+                tar.close();
+                break;
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength();
+                while (skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+
+        assertTrue("bz2 file not found", found);
+    }
+
+    public void testNoCompression() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("no-compression");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArArchiveEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar")) {
+                found = true;
+
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in));
+                while ((tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                    ;
+                }
+                tar.close();
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength();
+                while (skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+
+        assertTrue("tar file not found", found);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 187 is not released after line 210.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DebAntTaskTestCase.testTarFileSet()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ant.DebAntTaskTestCase.testTarFileSet():void.8f0aab4969ae045893a0d5b32a93f68d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ant/DebAntTaskTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+DebAntTaskTestCase.java|testTarFileSet|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+99f813e1b01bd7111afa5cb643a24406
+
+### Hash:
+2ed5186ee287846e1f145f8285708832
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10615/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10615/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0785436fc9b80a80c91cbbb7ba5cd1277695e3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10615/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.ant;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.DefaultLogger;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Project;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.ProjectHelper;
+import org.apache.tools.bzip2.CBZip2InputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarEntry;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.NonClosingInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * @author Emmanuel Bourg
+ */
+public final class DebAntTaskTestCase extends TestCase {
+
+    private Project project;
+
+    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
+        project = new Project();
+        project.setCoreLoader(getClass().getClassLoader());
+        project.init();
+
+        File buildFile = new File("target/test-classes/testbuild.xml");
+        project.setBaseDir(buildFile.getParentFile());
+
+        final ProjectHelper helper = ProjectHelper.getProjectHelper();
+        helper.parse(project, buildFile);
+
+        // remove the package previously build
+        File deb = new File("target/test.deb");
+        if (deb.exists()) {
+            assertTrue("Unable to remove the test archive", deb.delete());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingControl() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-control");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testInvalidControl() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("invalid-control");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingDestFile() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-destfile");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEmptyPackage() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("empty-package");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithArchive() {
+        project.executeTarget("with-archive");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithMissingArchive() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("with-missing-archive");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithDirectory() {
+        project.executeTarget("with-directory");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testPackageWithMissingDirectory() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("with-missing-directory");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Redirects the Ant output to the specified stream.
+     */
+    private void redirectOutput( OutputStream out ) {
+        DefaultLogger logger = new DefaultLogger();
+        logger.setOutputPrintStream(new PrintStream(out));
+        logger.setMessageOutputLevel(Project.MSG_INFO);
+        project.addBuildListener(logger);
+    }
+
+    public void testVerboseEnabled() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        redirectOutput(out);
+
+        project.executeTarget("verbose-enabled");
+
+        assertTrue(out.toString().contains("Total size"));
+    }
+
+    public void testVerboseDisabled() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        redirectOutput(out);
+
+        project.executeTarget("verbose-disabled");
+
+        assertTrue(!out.toString().contains("Total size"));
+    }
+
+    public void testMissingDataType() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("missing-data-type");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testUnknownDataType() {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("unknown-data-type");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testFileSet() {
+        project.executeTarget("fileset");
+
+        assertTrue("package not build", new File("target/test-classes/test.deb").exists());
+    }
+
+    public void testTarFileSet() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("tarfileset");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArArchiveEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar.gz")) {
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in)));
+                TarEntry tarentry;
+                while ((tarentry = tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                    assertTrue("prefix", tarentry.getName().startsWith("./foo/"));
+                    if (tarentry.isDirectory()) {
+                        assertEquals("directory mode (" + tarentry.getName() + ")", 040700, tarentry.getMode());
+                    } else {
+                        assertEquals("file mode (" + tarentry.getName() + ")", 0100600, tarentry.getMode());
+                    }
+                    assertEquals("user", "ebourg", tarentry.getUserName());
+                    assertEquals("group", "ebourg", tarentry.getGroupName());
+                }
+                tar.close();
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength();
+                while (skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    public void testUnkownCompression() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            project.executeTarget("unknown-compression");
+            fail("No exception thrown");
+        } catch (BuildException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testBZip2Compression() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("bzip2-compression");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArArchiveEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar.bz2")) {
+                found = true;
+
+                assertEquals("header 0", (byte) 'B', in.read());
+                assertEquals("header 1", (byte) 'Z', in.read());
+
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new CBZip2InputStream(in));
+                while ((tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                    ;
+                }
+                tar.close();
+                break;
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength();
+                while (skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+
+        assertTrue("bz2 file not found", found);
+    }
+
+    public void testNoCompression() throws Exception {
+        project.executeTarget("no-compression");
+
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test.deb");
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        ArArchiveEntry entry;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+            if (entry.getName().equals("data.tar")) {
+                found = true;
+
+                TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in));
+                while ((tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                    ;
+                }
+                tar.close();
+            } else {
+                // skip to the next entry
+                long skip = entry.getLength();
+                while (skip > 0) {
+                    long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                    if (skipped == -1) {
+                        throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                    }
+                    skip -= skipped;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        in.close();
+
+        assertTrue("tar file not found", found);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 236 is not released after line 257.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DebAntTaskTestCase.testBZip2Compression()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ant.DebAntTaskTestCase.testBZip2Compression():void.f7bad500b7005e050281940ebb002e08
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ant/DebAntTaskTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+DebAntTaskTestCase.java|testBZip2Compression|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+99f813e1b01bd7111afa5cb643a24406
+
+### Hash:
+cc371551d7552afaeba9b57b2355d496
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10622/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10622/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28113f522490223e566f905e7ddc5e3b9aa2c416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10622/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.vafer.jdeb;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.utils.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.output.NullOutputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Project;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.types.FileSet;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarEntry;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.NonClosingInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.producers.DataProducerFileSet;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.InformationInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.MapVariableResolver;
+
+public class ProcessorTestCase extends TestCase {
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if the file paths in the md5sums file use only unix file separators
+     * (this test can only fail on Windows)
+     */
+    public void testBuildDataWithFileSet() throws Exception {
+        Processor processor = new Processor(new NullConsole(), null);
+
+        Project project = new Project();
+        project.setCoreLoader(getClass().getClassLoader());
+        project.init();
+
+        FileSet fileset = new FileSet();
+        fileset.setDir(new File(getClass().getResource("deb/data").toURI()));
+        fileset.setIncludes("**/*");
+        fileset.setProject(project);
+
+        StringBuilder md5s = new StringBuilder();
+        processor.buildData(new DataProducer[] { new DataProducerFileSet(fileset) }, new File("target/data.tar"), md5s, Compression.GZIP);
+
+        assertTrue("empty md5 file", md5s.length() > 0);
+        assertFalse("windows path separator found", md5s.indexOf("\\") != -1);
+    }
+
+    public void testControlFilesPermissions() throws Exception {
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test-control.deb");
+        if (deb.exists() && !deb.delete()) {
+            fail("Couldn't delete " + deb);
+        }
+        
+        Processor processor = new Processor(new NullConsole(), new MapVariableResolver(Collections.<String, String>emptyMap()));
+        
+        File controlDir = new File("target/test-classes/org/vafer/jdeb/deb/control");
+        DataProducer[] producers = {new EmptyDataProducer()};
+        
+        processor.createDeb(controlDir.listFiles(), producers, deb, Compression.NONE);
+        
+        // now reopen the package and check the control files
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+        
+        boolean controlFound = false;
+        
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        try {
+            ArArchiveEntry entry;
+            while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+                if (entry.getName().equals("control.tar.gz")) {
+                    TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in)));
+                    TarEntry tarentry;
+                    while ((tarentry = tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                        controlFound = true;
+                        
+                        assertFalse("directory found in the control archive", tarentry.isDirectory());
+                        assertTrue("prefix", tarentry.getName().startsWith("./"));
+                        
+                        ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                        tar.copyEntryContents(bout);
+                        
+                        InformationInputStream infoStream = new InformationInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bout.toByteArray()));
+                        IOUtils.copy(infoStream, NullOutputStream.NULL_OUTPUT_STREAM);
+                        
+                        if (infoStream.isShell()) {
+                            assertTrue("Permissions on " + tarentry.getName() + " should be 755", tarentry.getMode() == 0755);
+                        } else {
+                            assertTrue("Permissions on " + tarentry.getName() + " should be 644", tarentry.getMode() == 0644);
+                        }
+                        
+                        assertTrue(tarentry.getName() + " doesn't have Unix line endings", infoStream.hasUnixLineEndings());
+                        
+                        assertEquals("user", "root", tarentry.getUserName());
+                        assertEquals("group", "root", tarentry.getGroupName());
+                    }
+                    tar.close();
+                } else {
+                    // skip to the next entry
+                    long skip = entry.getLength();
+                    while (skip > 0) {
+                        long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                        if (skipped == -1) {
+                            throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                        }
+                        skip -= skipped;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue("Control files not found in the package", controlFound);
+    }
+
+    public void testControlFilesVariables() throws Exception {
+        File deb = new File("target/test-classes/test-control.deb");
+        if (deb.exists() && !deb.delete()) {
+            fail("Couldn't delete " + deb);
+        }
+        
+        Map<String, String> variables = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        variables.put("name", "jdeb");
+        variables.put("version", "1.0");
+        
+        Processor processor = new Processor(new NullConsole(), new MapVariableResolver(variables));
+        
+        File controlDir = new File("target/test-classes/org/vafer/jdeb/deb/control");
+        DataProducer[] producers = {new EmptyDataProducer()};
+        
+        processor.createDeb(controlDir.listFiles(), producers, deb, Compression.NONE);
+        
+        // now reopen the package and check the control files
+        assertTrue("package not build", deb.exists());
+        
+        boolean controlFound = false;
+        
+        ArArchiveInputStream in = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        try {
+            ArArchiveEntry entry;
+            while ((entry = in.getNextArEntry()) != null) {
+                if (entry.getName().equals("control.tar.gz")) {
+                    TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(in)));
+                    TarEntry tarentry;
+                    while ((tarentry = tar.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+                        controlFound = true;
+                        
+                        if (tarentry.getName().contains("postinst") || tarentry.getName().contains("prerm")) {
+                            ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                            tar.copyEntryContents(bout);
+                            
+                            String content = bout.toString("ISO-8859-1");
+                            
+                            assertFalse("Variables not replaced in the control file " + tarentry.getName(), content.contains("[[name]] [[version]]"));
+                            assertTrue("Expected variables not found in the control file " + tarentry.getName(), content.contains("jdeb 1.0"));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    tar.close();
+                } else {
+                    // skip to the next entry
+                    long skip = entry.getLength();
+                    while (skip > 0) {
+                        long skipped = in.skip(skip);
+                        if (skipped == -1) {
+                            throw new IOException("Failed to skip");
+                        }
+                        skip -= skipped;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue("Control files not found in the package", controlFound);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.vafer.jdeb.ar.NonClosingInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 91 is not released after line 91.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ProcessorTestCase.testControlFilesPermissions()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ProcessorTestCase.testControlFilesPermissions():void.2315024aac08080e21cb90537bcffbf8
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ProcessorTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+ProcessorTestCase.java|testControlFilesPermissions|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f9dc00977db8917f52efafc2c101ca9a
+
+### Hash:
+88f2e5fbeda628166ecb06a110396277
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10624/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10624/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a5b82658b53d1a9c657252eeee64d0fb4afaa86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10624/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.ant;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.MatchingTask;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Tar;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.types.FileSet;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.Console;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.DataProducer;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.Processor;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.changes.TextfileChangesProvider;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.PackageDescriptor;
+
+/**
+ * AntTask for creating debian archives.
+ * Even supports signed changes files.
+ * 
+ * @author tcurdt
+ */
+		
+public class DebAntTask extends MatchingTask {
+
+	/** The Debian package produced */
+	private File deb;
+
+	/** The directory containing the control files to build the package */
+	private File control;
+
+	private File keyring;
+	private File changesIn;
+	private File changesOut;
+	private File changesSave;
+	private String key;
+	private String passphrase;
+	private boolean verbose;
+
+	private Collection dataProducers = new ArrayList();
+
+
+    public void setDestfile( File deb ) {
+    	this.deb = deb;
+    }
+    
+    public void setControl( File control ) {
+    	this.control = control;
+    }
+
+    public void setChangesIn( File changes ) {
+    	this.changesIn = changes;
+    }
+
+    public void setChangesOut( File changes ) {
+    	this.changesOut = changes;
+    }
+
+    public void setChangesSave( File changes ) {
+    	this.changesSave = changes;
+    }
+
+    public void setKeyring( File keyring ) {
+    	this.keyring = keyring;
+    }
+
+    public void setKey( String key ) {
+    	this.key = key;
+    }
+    
+    public void setPassphrase( String passphrase ) {
+    	this.passphrase = passphrase;
+    }
+
+	public void setVerbose(boolean verbose) {
+		this.verbose = verbose;
+	}
+
+	public void addFileSet(FileSet fileset) {
+		dataProducers.add(new FileSetDataProducer(fileset));
+	}
+
+	public void addTarFileSet(Tar.TarFileSet fileset) {
+		dataProducers.add(new FileSetDataProducer(fileset));
+	}
+
+	public void addData( Data data ) {
+    	dataProducers.add(data);
+    }
+    
+    private boolean isPossibleOutput( File file ) {
+    	
+    	if (file.exists()) {    		
+    		return file.isFile() && file.canWrite();
+    	}
+    	
+    	return true;
+    }
+    
+	public void execute() {
+		
+		if (control == null || !control.isDirectory()) {
+			throw new BuildException("You need to point the 'control' attribute to the control directory.");
+		}
+
+		if (changesIn != null) {
+			
+			if (!changesIn.isFile() || !changesIn.canRead()) {
+				throw new BuildException("The 'changesIn' attribute needs to point to a readable file. " + changesIn + " was not found/readable.");				
+			}
+
+			if (changesOut == null) {
+				throw new BuildException("A 'changesIn' without a 'changesOut' does not make much sense.");
+			}
+			
+			if (!isPossibleOutput(changesOut)) {
+				throw new BuildException("Cannot write the output for 'changesOut' to " + changesOut);				
+			}
+
+			if (changesSave != null && !isPossibleOutput(changesSave)) {
+				throw new BuildException("Cannot write the output for 'changesSave' to " + changesSave);				
+			}
+			
+		} else {
+			if (changesOut != null || changesSave != null) {
+				throw new BuildException("The 'changesOut' or 'changesSave' attributes may only be used when there is a 'changesIn' specified.");							
+			}
+		}
+				
+		if (dataProducers.size() == 0) {
+			throw new BuildException("You need to provide at least one reference to a tgz or directory with data.");
+		}
+
+		if (deb == null) {
+			throw new BuildException("You need to point the 'destfile' attribute to where the deb is supposed to be created.");
+		}
+		
+		final File[] controlFiles = control.listFiles();
+		
+		final DataProducer[] data = new DataProducer[dataProducers.size()];
+		dataProducers.toArray(data);
+		
+		final Processor processor = new Processor(new Console() {
+			public void println(String s) {
+				if (verbose) {
+					log(s);
+				}
+			}
+		}, null);
+		
+		final PackageDescriptor packageDescriptor;
+		try {
+
+			packageDescriptor = processor.createDeb(controlFiles, data, deb);
+
+			log("Created " + deb);
+
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new BuildException("Failed to create debian package " + deb, e);
+		}
+
+		final TextfileChangesProvider changesProvider;
+		
+		try {
+			if (changesOut == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// for now only support reading the changes form a textfile provider
+			changesProvider = new TextfileChangesProvider(new FileInputStream(changesIn), packageDescriptor);
+			
+			processor.createChanges(packageDescriptor, changesProvider, (keyring!=null)?new FileInputStream(keyring):null, key, passphrase, new FileOutputStream(changesOut));
+
+			log("Created changes file " + changesOut);
+						
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new BuildException("Failed to create debian changes file " + changesOut, e);
+		}
+
+		try {
+			if (changesSave == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			changesProvider.save(new FileOutputStream(changesSave));
+
+			log("Saved changes to file " + changesSave);
+			
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new BuildException("Failed to save debian changes file " + changesSave, e);
+		}
+				
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 189 is not released after line 193.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 189
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DebAntTask.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.ant.DebAntTask.execute():void.190b328fd317e66b248cf90e78db47d0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/vafer/jdeb/ant/DebAntTask.java
+
+### Key:
+DebAntTask.java|execute|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+a2a488c8334467c31bc49b720aa87066
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10625/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10625/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c34f624a0dd0c269194390fcc864adab75784e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10625/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarEntry;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.NonClosingInputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.PackageDescriptor;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.producers.DataProducerArchive;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.producers.DataProducerDirectory;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.producers.DataProducerLink;
+
+public final class DataProducerTestCase extends TestCase {
+
+    public void testCreation() throws Exception {
+
+        final Processor processor = new Processor(new NullConsole(), null);
+
+        final File control = new File(getClass().getResource("deb/control/control").toURI());
+        final File archive1 = new File(getClass().getResource("deb/data.tgz").toURI());
+        final File archive2 = new File(getClass().getResource("deb/data.tar.bz2").toURI());
+        final File archive3 = new File(getClass().getResource("deb/data.zip").toURI());
+        final File directory = new File(getClass().getResource("deb/data").toURI());
+
+        final DataProducer[] data = new DataProducer[] {
+            new DataProducerArchive(archive1, null, null, null),
+            new DataProducerArchive(archive2, null, null, null),
+            new DataProducerArchive(archive3, null, null, null),
+            new DataProducerDirectory(directory, null, new String[] { "**/.svn/**" }, null),
+            new DataProducerLink("/link/path-element.ext", "/link/target-element.ext", true, null, null, null)
+        };
+
+        final File deb = File.createTempFile("jdeb", ".deb");
+
+        final PackageDescriptor packageDescriptor = processor.createDeb(new File[] { control }, data, deb, Compression.GZIP);
+
+        assertTrue(packageDescriptor.isValid());
+
+        final Map<String, TarEntry> filesInDeb = new HashMap<String, TarEntry>();
+
+        final ArArchiveInputStream ar = new ArArchiveInputStream(new FileInputStream(deb));
+        while (true) {
+            final ArArchiveEntry arEntry = ar.getNextArEntry();
+            if (arEntry == null) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if ("data.tar.gz".equals(arEntry.getName())) {
+
+                final TarInputStream tar = new TarInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(new NonClosingInputStream(ar)));
+
+                while (true) {
+                    final TarEntry tarEntry = tar.getNextEntry();
+                    if (tarEntry == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    filesInDeb.put(tarEntry.getName(), tarEntry);
+                }
+
+                tar.close();
+                break;
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < arEntry.getLength(); i++) {
+                ar.read();
+            }
+        }
+
+        ar.close();
+
+        assertTrue("testfile wasn't found in the package", filesInDeb.containsKey("./test/testfile"));
+        assertTrue("testfile2 wasn't found in the package", filesInDeb.containsKey("./test/testfile2"));
+        assertTrue("testfile3 wasn't found in the package", filesInDeb.containsKey("./test/testfile3"));
+        assertTrue("testfile4 wasn't found in the package", filesInDeb.containsKey("./test/testfile4"));
+        assertTrue("/link/path-element.ext wasn't found in the package", filesInDeb.containsKey("./link/path-element.ext"));
+        assertEquals("/link/path-element.ext has wrong link target", "/link/target-element.ext", filesInDeb.get("./link/path-element.ext").getLinkName());
+
+        assertTrue("Cannot delete the file " + deb, deb.delete());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.vafer.jdeb.ar.NonClosingInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 72 is not released after line 72.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DataProducerTestCase.testCreation()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.DataProducerTestCase.testCreation():void.7486e7b7cafaccd2e25306cfabd83372
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/vafer/jdeb/DataProducerTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+DataProducerTestCase.java|testCreation|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f9dc00977db8917f52efafc2c101ca9a
+
+### Hash:
+b0e1e66e40843c8dea8bfbc19feef125
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10647/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10647/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4025bfb64c8171158e0be2088bbb01f9a34ffdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10647/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.security.DigestOutputStream;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarEntry;
+import org.apache.tools.tar.TarOutputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.ArArchive;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.FileArEntry;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.ar.StaticArEntry;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.changes.ChangeSet;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.changes.ChangesProvider;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.ChangesDescriptor;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.InvalidDescriptorException;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.PackageDescriptor;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.mapping.Mapper;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.signing.SigningUtils;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.InformationOutputStream;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.Utils;
+
+/**
+ * The processor does the actual work of building the deb related files.
+ * It is been used by the ant task and (later) the maven plugin.
+ * 
+ * @author tcurdt
+ */
+public class Processor {
+
+	private final Console console;
+	private final Mapper mapper;
+
+	private static final class Total {
+		private BigInteger count = BigInteger.valueOf(0);
+
+		public void add(long size) {
+			count = count.add(BigInteger.valueOf(size));
+		}
+
+		public String toString() {
+			return "" + count;
+		}
+
+		public BigInteger toBigInteger() {
+			return count;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public Processor( final Console pConsole ) {
+		this(pConsole, new Mapper() {
+			public TarEntry map( final TarEntry pEntry ) {
+				return pEntry;
+			}
+
+		});
+
+	}
+
+	public Processor( final Console pConsole, final Mapper pMapper ) {
+		console = pConsole;
+		mapper = pMapper;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Create the debian archive with from the provided control files and data producers.
+	 * 
+	 * @param pControlFiles
+	 * @param pData
+	 * @param pOutput
+	 * @return PackageDescriptor
+	 * @throws PackagingException
+	 */
+	public PackageDescriptor createDeb( final File[] pControlFiles, final DataProducer[] pData, final File pOutput ) throws PackagingException, InvalidDescriptorException {
+
+		File tempData = null;
+		File tempControl = null;
+
+		try {
+			tempData = File.createTempFile("deb", "data");			
+			tempControl = File.createTempFile("deb", "control");			
+
+			console.println("Building data");
+			final StringBuffer md5s = new StringBuffer();
+			final BigInteger size = buildData(pData, tempData, md5s);
+
+			console.println("Building control");
+			final PackageDescriptor packageDescriptor = buildControl(pControlFiles, size, md5s, tempControl);
+
+			if (!packageDescriptor.isValid()) {
+				throw new InvalidDescriptorException(packageDescriptor);
+			}
+
+			final InformationOutputStream output = new InformationOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(pOutput), MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5"));
+
+			final ArArchive ar = new ArArchive(output);
+			ar.add(new StaticArEntry("debian-binary", 0, 0, 33188, "2.0\n"));
+			ar.add(new FileArEntry(tempControl,"control.tar.gz", 0, 0, 33188));
+			ar.add(new FileArEntry(tempData, "data.tar.gz", 0, 0, 33188));
+			ar.close();
+
+			// intermediate values
+			packageDescriptor.set("MD5", output.getMd5());
+			packageDescriptor.set("Size", "" + output.getSize());
+			packageDescriptor.set("File", pOutput.getName());
+
+			return packageDescriptor;
+
+		} catch(InvalidDescriptorException e) {
+			throw e;
+		} catch(Exception e) {
+			throw new PackagingException("Could not create deb package", e);
+		} finally {
+			if (tempData != null) {
+				tempData.delete();
+			}
+			if (tempControl != null) {
+				tempControl.delete();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Create changes file based on the provided PackageDescriptor.
+	 * If pRing, pKey and pPassphrase are provided the changes file will also be signed.
+	 * It returns a ChangesDescriptor reflecting the changes  
+	 * @param pPackageDescriptor
+	 * @param pChangeSets
+	 * @param pRing
+	 * @param pKey
+	 * @param pPassphrase
+	 * @param pOutput
+	 * @return ChangesDescriptor
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public ChangesDescriptor createChanges( final PackageDescriptor pPackageDescriptor, final ChangesProvider pChangesProvider, final InputStream pRing, final String pKey, final String pPassphrase, final OutputStream pOutput ) throws IOException, InvalidDescriptorException {
+
+		final ChangeSet[] changeSets = pChangesProvider.getChangesSets();
+		final ChangesDescriptor changesDescriptor = new ChangesDescriptor(pPackageDescriptor, changeSets);
+
+		changesDescriptor.set("Format", "1.7");
+
+		if (changesDescriptor.get("Binary") == null) {
+			changesDescriptor.set("Binary", changesDescriptor.get("Package"));
+		}
+
+		if (changesDescriptor.get("Source") == null) {
+			changesDescriptor.set("Source", changesDescriptor.get("Package"));
+		}
+
+		if (changesDescriptor.get("Description") == null) {
+			changesDescriptor.set("Description", "update to " + changesDescriptor.get("Version"));
+		}
+
+		final StringBuffer files = new StringBuffer("\n");
+		files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("MD5"));
+		files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Size"));
+		files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Section"));
+		files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("Priority"));
+		files.append(' ').append(changesDescriptor.get("File"));			
+		changesDescriptor.set("Files", files.toString());
+
+		if (!changesDescriptor.isValid()) {
+			throw new InvalidDescriptorException(changesDescriptor);
+		}
+		
+		final String changes = changesDescriptor.toString();
+		//console.println(changes);
+
+		final byte[] changesBytes = changes.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+		if (pRing == null || pKey == null || pPassphrase == null) {			
+			pOutput.write(changesBytes);
+			pOutput.close();			
+			return changesDescriptor;
+		}
+
+		console.println("Signing changes with key " + pKey);
+
+		final InputStream input = new ByteArrayInputStream(changesBytes);
+
+		try {
+			SigningUtils.clearSign(input, pRing, pKey, pPassphrase, pOutput);		
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+
+		pOutput.close();
+
+		return changesDescriptor;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Build control archive of the deb
+	 * @param pControlFiles
+	 * @param pDataSize
+	 * @param pChecksums
+	 * @param pOutput
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws FileNotFoundException
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws ParseException
+	 */
+	private PackageDescriptor buildControl( final File[] pControlFiles, final BigInteger pDataSize, final StringBuffer pChecksums, final File pOutput ) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, ParseException {
+
+		PackageDescriptor packageDescriptor = null;
+
+		final TarOutputStream outputStream = new TarOutputStream(new GZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(pOutput)));
+		outputStream.setLongFileMode(TarOutputStream.LONGFILE_GNU);
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < pControlFiles.length; i++) {
+			final File file = pControlFiles[i];
+
+			if (file.isDirectory()) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			final TarEntry entry = new TarEntry(file);
+
+			final String name = file.getName();
+
+			entry.setName(name);
+
+			if ("control".equals(name)) {
+				packageDescriptor = new PackageDescriptor(new FileInputStream(file));
+
+				if (packageDescriptor.get("Date") == null) {
+					packageDescriptor.set("Date", new SimpleDateFormat("EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss Z").format(new Date())); // Mon, 26 Mar 2007 11:44:04 +0200
+				}
+
+				if (packageDescriptor.get("Distribution") == null) {
+					packageDescriptor.set("Distribution", "unknown");
+				}
+
+				if (packageDescriptor.get("Urgency") == null) {
+					packageDescriptor.set("Urgency", "low");
+				}
+
+				if (packageDescriptor.get("Maintainer") == null) {
+					
+					final String debFullName = System.getenv("DEBFULLNAME");
+					final String debEmail = System.getenv("DEBEMAIL");
+					if (debFullName != null && debEmail != null) {
+						packageDescriptor.set("Maintainer", debFullName + " <" + debEmail + ">");
+					}
+				}				
+				
+				continue;
+			}			
+
+			final InputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+
+			outputStream.putNextEntry(entry);
+
+			Utils.copy(inputStream, outputStream);								
+
+			outputStream.closeEntry();
+
+			inputStream.close();
+
+		}
+
+		if (packageDescriptor == null) {
+			throw new FileNotFoundException("No control file in " + Arrays.toString(pControlFiles));
+		}
+
+		packageDescriptor.set("Installed-Size", pDataSize.toString());
+
+		addEntry("control", packageDescriptor.toString(), outputStream);
+
+		addEntry("md5sums", pChecksums.toString(), outputStream);
+
+		outputStream.close();
+
+		return packageDescriptor;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Build the data archive of the deb from the provided DataProducers
+	 * @param pData
+	 * @param pOutput
+	 * @param pChecksums
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	private BigInteger buildData( final DataProducer[] pData, final File pOutput, final StringBuffer pChecksums ) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, IOException {
+
+		final TarOutputStream outputStream = new TarOutputStream(new GZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(pOutput)));
+		outputStream.setLongFileMode(TarOutputStream.LONGFILE_GNU);
+
+		final MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+
+		final Total dataSize = new Total();
+
+		final DataConsumer receiver = new DataConsumer() {
+			public void onEachDir( String dirname, String linkname, String user, int uid, String group, int gid, int mode, long size ) throws IOException {
+
+				if (!dirname.endsWith("/")) {
+					dirname = dirname + "/";
+				}
+
+				if (!dirname.startsWith("/")) {
+					dirname = "/" + dirname;
+				}
+
+				TarEntry entry = new TarEntry(dirname);
+
+				// FIXME: link is in the constructor
+				entry.setUserName(user);
+				entry.setUserId(uid);
+				entry.setUserName(group);
+				entry.setGroupId(gid);
+				entry.setMode(mode);
+				entry.setSize(0);
+
+				entry = mapper.map(entry);
+
+				outputStream.putNextEntry(entry);
+
+				console.println("dir: " + dirname);
+
+				outputStream.closeEntry();
+			}
+
+			public void onEachFile( InputStream inputStream, String filename, String linkname, String user, int uid, String group, int gid, int mode, long size ) throws IOException {
+
+				if (!filename.startsWith("/")) {
+					filename = "/" + filename;
+				}
+
+				TarEntry entry = new TarEntry(filename);
+
+				// FIXME: link is in the constructor
+				entry.setUserName(user);
+				entry.setUserId(uid);
+				entry.setUserName(group);
+				entry.setGroupId(gid);
+				entry.setMode(mode);
+				entry.setSize(size);
+
+				entry = mapper.map(entry);
+
+				outputStream.putNextEntry(entry);
+
+				dataSize.add(size);
+
+				digest.reset();
+
+				Utils.copy(inputStream, new DigestOutputStream(outputStream, digest));
+
+				final String md5 = Utils.toHex(digest.digest());
+
+				outputStream.closeEntry();
+
+				console.println(
+						"file:" + entry.getName() +
+						" size:" + entry.getSize() +
+						" mode:" + entry.getMode() +
+						" linkname:" + entry.getLinkName() +
+						" username:" + entry.getUserName() +
+						" userid:" + entry.getUserId() +
+						" groupname:" + entry.getGroupName() +
+						" groupid:" + entry.getGroupId() +
+						" modtime:" + entry.getModTime() +
+						" md5: " + md5
+				);
+
+				pChecksums.append(md5).append(" ").append(entry.getName()).append('\n');
+
+			}					
+		};
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < pData.length; i++) {
+			final DataProducer data = pData[i];
+			data.produce(receiver);
+		}
+
+		outputStream.close();
+
+		console.println("Total size: " + dataSize);
+
+		return dataSize.count;
+	}
+
+	private static void addEntry( final String pName, final String pContent, final TarOutputStream pOutput ) throws IOException {
+		final byte[] data = pContent.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+		final TarEntry entry = new TarEntry(pName);
+		entry.setSize(data.length);
+
+		pOutput.putNextEntry(entry);
+		pOutput.write(data);
+		pOutput.closeEntry();		
+	}
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 253 is not released after line 253.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 253
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PackageDescriptor Processor.buildControl(java.io.File[],BigInteger,StringBuffer,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.Processor.buildControl(java.io.File[],java.math.BigInteger,java.lang.StringBuffer,jav.019254bdeca21a8e102835a56dcb9704
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/vafer/jdeb/Processor.java
+
+### Key:
+Processor.java|buildControl|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da6943b6ed41aef54880409d2b07047d
+
+### Hash:
+e558871a56330eed1e45ca5ffd1556df
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10649/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10649/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a1ad441471ac6cdda6b706b8d106b4610a12075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10649/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jdeb
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.LineNumberReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.Utils;
+import org.vafer.jdeb.utils.VariableResolver;
+
+/**
+ * A descriptor holds the usual key value pairs
+ * 
+ * @author tcurdt
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractDescriptor {
+	
+	private final Map values = new HashMap();
+	private final VariableResolver resolver;
+	
+	public AbstractDescriptor( final VariableResolver pResolver ) {
+		resolver = pResolver;
+	}
+
+	public AbstractDescriptor( final AbstractDescriptor pDescriptor ) {
+		values.putAll(pDescriptor.values);
+		resolver = pDescriptor.resolver;
+	}
+
+	protected void parse( final InputStream pInput ) throws IOException, ParseException {
+		final BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(pInput));
+		StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
+		String key = null;
+		int linenr = 0;
+		while(true) {
+			final String line = br.readLine();
+			
+			if (line == null) {
+				if (buffer.length() > 0) {
+					// flush value of previous key
+					set(key, buffer.toString());
+					buffer = null;
+				}
+				break;
+			}
+
+			linenr++;
+			
+			final char first = line.charAt(0); 
+			if (Character.isLetter(first)) {
+				
+				// new key
+				
+				if (buffer.length() > 0) {
+					// flush value of previous key
+					set(key, buffer.toString());
+					buffer = new StringBuffer();
+				}
+				
+				
+				final int i = line.indexOf(':');
+				
+				if (i < 0) {
+					throw new ParseException("Line misses ':' delimitter", linenr);
+				}
+				
+				key = line.substring(0, i);
+				buffer.append(line.substring(i+1).trim());
+				
+				continue;
+			}
+			
+			// continuing old value
+			buffer.append('\n').append(line.substring(1));
+		}
+		br.close();
+		
+	}
+	
+	public void set( final String pKey, final String pValue ) {
+
+		if (resolver != null) {
+			try {
+				values.put(pKey, Utils.replaceVariables(resolver, pValue, "[[", "]]"));
+				return;
+			} catch (ParseException e) {
+				// FIXME maybe throw an Exception?
+			}
+		}
+		
+		values.put(pKey, pValue);
+	}
+	
+	public String get( final String pKey ) {
+		return (String)values.get(pKey);
+	}
+
+	public abstract String[] getMandatoryKeys();
+	
+	public boolean isValid() {
+		return invalidKeys().size() == 0;
+	}
+	
+	public Set invalidKeys() {
+		final Set invalid = new HashSet();
+
+		final String[] mk = getMandatoryKeys();
+		for (int i = 0; i < mk.length; i++) {
+			if (get(mk[i]) == null) {
+				invalid.add(mk[i]);
+			}
+		}
+		
+		return invalid;
+	}
+	
+	String toString( final String[] pKeys ) {
+		final StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+		for (int i = 0; i < pKeys.length; i++) {
+			final String key = pKeys[i];
+			final String value = (String) values.get(key);
+			if (value != null) {
+				s.append(key).append(": ");
+
+				try {
+					LineNumberReader reader = new LineNumberReader(new StringReader(value));
+					String line;
+					while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+						if (reader.getLineNumber() > 0 && line.length() != 0 && !Character.isWhitespace(line.charAt(0))) {
+							// indent the line with a white space
+							s.append(' ');
+						}
+
+						s.append(line).append('\n');
+					}
+				} catch (IOException e) {
+					e.printStackTrace();
+				}
+			}			
+		}
+		return s.toString();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.LineNumberReader` acquired to `reader` by call to `new()` at line 148 is not released after line 150.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String AbstractDescriptor.toString(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vafer.jdeb.descriptors.AbstractDescriptor.toString(java.lang.String[]):java.lang.String.7d0620f83405963676f7b7b1b4cdc194
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/vafer/jdeb/descriptors/AbstractDescriptor.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractDescriptor.java|toString|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a6fc1bef9f435059cdc11fa7028c0a42
+
+### Hash:
+acf51c65bdbbb245b705007a7dd901d9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10671/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10671/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1ec4e6bc6a34ac0685914b1737bec8f1a8ac2e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10671/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.io.text;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertRegex;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.buildTimezone;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.text.DateFormat;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import biweekly.ICalendar;
+import biweekly.component.DaylightSavingsTime;
+import biweekly.component.ICalComponent;
+import biweekly.component.StandardTime;
+import biweekly.component.VAlarm;
+import biweekly.component.VEvent;
+import biweekly.component.VFreeBusy;
+import biweekly.component.VJournal;
+import biweekly.component.VTimezone;
+import biweekly.component.VTodo;
+import biweekly.component.marshaller.ICalComponentMarshaller;
+import biweekly.io.SkipMeException;
+import biweekly.parameter.CalendarUserType;
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.parameter.ParticipationStatus;
+import biweekly.parameter.Role;
+import biweekly.property.Attachment;
+import biweekly.property.Attendee;
+import biweekly.property.Classification;
+import biweekly.property.FreeBusy;
+import biweekly.property.ICalProperty;
+import biweekly.property.Status;
+import biweekly.property.Trigger;
+import biweekly.property.Version;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller;
+import biweekly.util.Duration;
+import biweekly.util.IOUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class ICalWriterTest {
+	private static TimeZone defaultTz;
+	private final DateFormat utcFormatter;
+	{
+		utcFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd'T'HHmmss");
+		utcFormatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+	}
+	private final DateFormat usEasternFormatter;
+	{
+		usEasternFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd'T'HHmmss");
+		usEasternFormatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("America/New_York"));
+	}
+	private final DateFormat localFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd'T'HHmmss");
+
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void beforeClass() {
+		//change the default timezone because my timezone is "American/New_York", which is what the example jCal documents use
+		defaultTz = TimeZone.getDefault();
+		TimeZone.setDefault(buildTimezone(1, 0));
+	}
+
+	@AfterClass
+	public static void afterClass() {
+		TimeZone.setDefault(defaultTz);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void basic() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+
+		VEvent event = new VEvent();
+		event.setSummary("summary");
+		ical.addEvent(event);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:VEVENT\r\n" +
+				"UID:.*?\r\n" +
+				"DTSTAMP:.*?\r\n" +
+				"SUMMARY:summary\r\n" +
+			"END:VEVENT\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void escape_newlines() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+
+		VEvent event = new VEvent();
+		event.setSummary("summary\nof event");
+		ical.addEvent(event);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:VEVENT\r\n" +
+				"UID:.*?\r\n" +
+				"DTSTAMP:.*?\r\n" +
+				"SUMMARY:summary\\\\nof event\r\n" +
+			"END:VEVENT\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void bad_parameter_value_chars() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProductId().addParameter("X-TEST", "\"test\"");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID;X-TEST='test':.*?\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void caret_encoding() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProductId().addParameter("X-TEST", "\"test\"");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.setCaretEncodingEnabled(true);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID;X-TEST=\\^'test\\^':.*?\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void multiple() throws Exception {
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(new ICalendar());
+		writer.write(new ICalendar());
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+	public void no_property_marshaller() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("value"));
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+	public void no_component_marshaller() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addComponent(new Party());
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+	public void bad_property_name() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("value"));
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new BadNameMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("value"));
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new SkipMeMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void override_marshaller() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new MyVersionMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0 \\(beta\\)\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_property() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addExperimentalProperty("X-NUMBER", "1");
+		ical.addExperimentalProperty("X-NUMBER", "2");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+			"X-NUMBER:1\r\n" +
+			"X-NUMBER:2\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_property_marshaller() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("one"));
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("two"));
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new TestPropertyMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+			"X-TEST:one\r\n" +
+			"X-TEST:two\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_component() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addExperimentalComponent("X-VPARTY");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:X-VPARTY\r\n" +
+			"END:X-VPARTY\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_component_marshaller() throws Exception {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.addComponent(new Party());
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new PartyMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected = 
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2\\.0\r\n" +
+			"PRODID:.*?\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:X-VPARTY\r\n" +
+			"END:X-VPARTY\r\n" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertRegex(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void example1() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setProductId("-//xyz Corp//NONSGML PDA Calendar Version 1.0//EN");
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		{
+			VEvent event = new VEvent();
+			event.getProperties().clear();
+			event.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("19960704T120000"));
+			event.setUid("uid1@example.com");
+			event.setOrganizer("jsmith@example.com");
+			event.setDateStart(utcFormatter.parse("19960918T143000"));
+			event.setDateEnd(utcFormatter.parse("19960920T220000"));
+			event.setStatus(Status.confirmed());
+			event.addCategories("CONFERENCE");
+			event.setSummary("Networld+Interop Conference");
+			event.setDescription("Networld+Interop Conferenceand Exhibit\nAtlanta World Congress Center\nAtlanta, Georgia");
+			ical.addEvent(event);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(0, ical.validate());
+		assertExample(ical, "rfc5545-example1.ics");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void example2() throws Throwable {
+		VTimezone usEasternTz;
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setProductId("-//RDU Software//NONSGML HandCal//EN");
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		{
+			usEasternTz = new VTimezone(null);
+			usEasternTz.setTimezoneId("America/New_York");
+			{
+				StandardTime standard = new StandardTime();
+				standard.setDateStart(localFormatter.parse("19981025T020000")).setLocalTime(true);
+				standard.setTimezoneOffsetFrom(-4, 0);
+				standard.setTimezoneOffsetTo(-5, 0);
+				standard.addTimezoneName("EST");
+				usEasternTz.addStandardTime(standard);
+			}
+			{
+				DaylightSavingsTime daylight = new DaylightSavingsTime();
+				daylight.setDateStart(localFormatter.parse("19990404T020000")).setLocalTime(true);
+				daylight.setTimezoneOffsetFrom(-5, 0);
+				daylight.setTimezoneOffsetTo(-4, 0);
+				daylight.addTimezoneName("EDT");
+				usEasternTz.addDaylightSavingsTime(daylight);
+			}
+			ical.addTimezone(usEasternTz);
+		}
+		{
+			VEvent event = new VEvent();
+			event.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("19980309T231000"));
+			event.setUid("guid-1.example.com");
+			event.setOrganizer("mrbig@example.com");
+
+			Attendee attendee = Attendee.email("employee-A@example.com");
+			attendee.setRsvp(true);
+			attendee.setRole(Role.REQ_PARTICIPANT);
+			attendee.setCalendarUserType(CalendarUserType.GROUP);
+			event.addAttendee(attendee);
+
+			event.setDescription("Project XYZ Review Meeting");
+			event.addCategories("MEETING");
+			event.setClassification(Classification.public_());
+			event.setCreated(utcFormatter.parse("19980309T130000"));
+			event.setSummary("XYZ Project Review");
+			event.setDateStart(usEasternFormatter.parse("19980312T083000")).setTimezone(usEasternTz);
+			event.setDateEnd(usEasternFormatter.parse("19980312T093000")).setTimezone(usEasternTz);
+			event.setLocation("1CP Conference Room 4350");
+			ical.addEvent(event);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(0, ical.validate());
+		assertExample(ical, "rfc5545-example2.ics");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void example3() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setMethod("xyz");
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		ical.setProductId("-//ABC Corporation//NONSGML My Product//EN");
+		{
+			VEvent event = new VEvent();
+			event.getProperties().clear();
+			event.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("19970324T120000"));
+			event.setSequence(0);
+			event.setUid("uid3@example.com");
+			event.setOrganizer("jdoe@example.com");
+
+			Attendee attendee = Attendee.email("jsmith@example.com");
+			attendee.setRsvp(true);
+			event.addAttendee(attendee);
+
+			event.setDateStart(utcFormatter.parse("19970324T123000"));
+			event.setDateEnd(utcFormatter.parse("19970324T210000"));
+			event.addCategories("MEETING", "PROJECT");
+			event.setClassification(Classification.public_());
+			event.setSummary("Calendaring Interoperability Planning Meeting");
+			event.setDescription("Discuss how we can test c&s interoperability\nusing iCalendar and other IETF standards.");
+			event.setLocation("LDB Lobby");
+
+			Attachment attach = new Attachment("application/postscript", "ftp://example.com/pub/conf/bkgrnd.ps");
+			event.addAttachment(attach);
+
+			ical.addEvent(event);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(0, ical.validate());
+		assertExample(ical, "rfc5545-example3.ics");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void example4() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		ical.setProductId("-//ABC Corporation//NONSGML My Product//EN");
+		{
+			VTodo todo = new VTodo();
+			todo.getProperties().clear();
+			todo.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("19980130T134500"));
+			todo.setSequence(2);
+			todo.setUid("uid4@example.com");
+			todo.setOrganizer("unclesam@example.com");
+
+			Attendee attendee = Attendee.email("jqpublic@example.com");
+			attendee.setParticipationStatus(ParticipationStatus.ACCEPTED);
+			todo.addAttendee(attendee);
+
+			todo.setDateDue(localFormatter.parse("19980415T000000")).setLocalTime(true);
+			todo.setStatus(Status.needsAction());
+			todo.setSummary("Submit Income Taxes");
+			{
+				Trigger trigger = new Trigger(utcFormatter.parse("19980403T120000"));
+				Attachment attach = new Attachment("audio/basic", "http://example.com/pub/audio-files/ssbanner.aud");
+				VAlarm alarm = VAlarm.audio(trigger, attach);
+				alarm.setRepeat(4);
+				alarm.setDuration(new Duration.Builder().hours(1).build());
+				todo.addAlarm(alarm);
+			}
+
+			ical.addTodo(todo);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(0, ical.validate());
+		assertExample(ical, "rfc5545-example4.ics");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void example5() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		ical.setProductId("-//ABC Corporation//NONSGML My Product//EN");
+		{
+			VJournal journal = new VJournal();
+			journal.getProperties().clear();
+			journal.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("19970324T120000"));
+			journal.setUid("uid5@example.com");
+			journal.setOrganizer("jsmith@example.com");
+			journal.setStatus(Status.draft());
+			journal.setClassification(Classification.public_());
+			journal.addCategories("Project Report", "XYZ", "Weekly Meeting");
+			journal.addDescription("Project xyz Review Meeting Minutes\nAgenda\n1. Review of project version 1.0 requirements.\n2.Definitionof project processes.\n3. Review of project schedule.\nParticipants: John Smith, Jane Doe, Jim Dandy\n-It wasdecided that the requirements need to be signed off byproduct marketing.\n-Project processes were accepted.\n-Project schedule needs to account for scheduled holidaysand employee vacation time. Check with HR for specificdates.\n-New schedule will be distributed by Friday.\n-Next weeks meeting is cancelled. No meeting until 3/23.");
+			ical.addJournal(journal);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(0, ical.validate());
+		assertExample(ical, "rfc5545-example5.ics");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void example6() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		ical.setProductId("-//RDU Software//NONSGML HandCal//EN");
+		{
+			VFreeBusy freebusy = new VFreeBusy();
+			freebusy.getProperties().clear();
+			freebusy.setOrganizer("jsmith@example.com");
+			freebusy.setDateStart(utcFormatter.parse("19980313T141711"));
+			freebusy.setDateEnd(utcFormatter.parse("19980410T141711"));
+
+			FreeBusy fb = new FreeBusy();
+			fb.addValue(utcFormatter.parse("19980314T233000"), utcFormatter.parse("19980315T003000"));
+			freebusy.addFreeBusy(fb);
+
+			fb = new FreeBusy();
+			fb.addValue(utcFormatter.parse("19980316T153000"), utcFormatter.parse("19980316T163000"));
+			freebusy.addFreeBusy(fb);
+
+			fb = new FreeBusy();
+			fb.addValue(utcFormatter.parse("19980318T030000"), utcFormatter.parse("19980318T040000"));
+			freebusy.addFreeBusy(fb);
+
+			freebusy.setUrl("http://www.example.com/calendar/busytime/jsmith.ifb");
+			ical.addFreeBusy(freebusy);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(2, ical.validate()); //UID and DTSTAMP missing
+		assertExample(ical, "rfc5545-example6.ics");
+	}
+
+	private void assertExample(ICalendar ical, String exampleFileName) throws IOException {
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		ICalWriter writer = new ICalWriter(sw, null);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		String expected = new String(IOUtils.toByteArray(getClass().getResourceAsStream(exampleFileName)));
+		expected = expected.replaceAll("([^\r])\n", "$1\r\n"); //replace \n with \r\n
+		expected = expected.replaceAll("\r\n ", ""); //unfold folded lines
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	private class TestProperty extends ICalProperty {
+		private String value;
+
+		public TestProperty(String value) {
+			this.value = value;
+		}
+
+		public String getValue() {
+			return value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class TestPropertyMarshaller extends ICalPropertyMarshaller<TestProperty> {
+		public TestPropertyMarshaller() {
+			super(TestProperty.class, "X-TEST");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected String _writeText(TestProperty property) {
+			return property.getValue();
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected TestProperty _parseText(String value, ICalParameters parameters, List<String> warnings) {
+			return new TestProperty(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class BadNameMarshaller extends ICalPropertyMarshaller<TestProperty> {
+		public BadNameMarshaller() {
+			super(TestProperty.class, "BAD*NAME");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected String _writeText(TestProperty property) {
+			return property.getValue();
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected TestProperty _parseText(String value, ICalParameters parameters, List<String> warnings) {
+			return new TestProperty(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class SkipMeMarshaller extends ICalPropertyMarshaller<TestProperty> {
+		public SkipMeMarshaller() {
+			super(TestProperty.class, "NAME");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected String _writeText(TestProperty property) {
+			throw new SkipMeException("Skipped");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected TestProperty _parseText(String value, ICalParameters parameters, List<String> warnings) {
+			return new TestProperty(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class MyVersionMarshaller extends ICalPropertyMarshaller<Version> {
+		public MyVersionMarshaller() {
+			super(Version.class, "VERSION");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected String _writeText(Version property) {
+			return property.getMaxVersion() + " (beta)";
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected Version _parseText(String value, ICalParameters parameters, List<String> warnings) {
+			return new Version(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class PartyMarshaller extends ICalComponentMarshaller<Party> {
+		public PartyMarshaller() {
+			super(Party.class, "X-VPARTY");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected Party _newInstance() {
+			return new Party();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class Party extends ICalComponent {
+		//empty
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `standard.setDateStart(ICalWriterTest.localFormatter.parse("19981025T020000"))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 443.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ICalWriterTest.example2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.io.text.ICalWriterTest.example2():void.7f1d996efa5ade50f23ea7d94754b460
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/io/text/ICalWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ICalWriterTest.java|example2|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f748d9ffd849bf00ecfc267a3683e52c
+
+### Hash:
+19e5a31154fa8be92938248f0c49400e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10676/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10676/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c823866dd305c33504c04cbd5716cde6c79ab7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10676/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.property.marshaller;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalProperty;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalPropertyElement;
+import static org.custommonkey.xmlunit.XMLAssert.assertXMLEqual;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+
+import biweekly.io.CannotParseException;
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.property.Geo;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller.Result;
+import biweekly.util.XmlUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class GeoMarshallerTest {
+	private final GeoMarshaller marshaller = new GeoMarshaller();
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, 56.78);
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "12.34;56.78";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_latitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, 56.78);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = ";56.78";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_longitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, null);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = "12.34;";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_missing_both() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, null);
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+		String expected = ";";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseText() {
+		String value = "12.34;56.78";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_no_longitude() {
+		String value = "12.34";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_empty() {
+		String value = "";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_bad_latitude() {
+		String value = "bad;56.78";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseText_bad_longitude() {
+		String value = "12.34;bad";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, 56.78);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_latitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, 56.78);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_longitude() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(12.34, null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_missing_both() {
+		Geo prop = new Geo(null, null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_latitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getLatitude());
+		assertEquals(56.78, prop.getLongitude(), 0.001);
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_longitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude>");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals(12.34, prop.getLatitude(), 0.001);
+		assertNull(prop.getLongitude());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_missing_both() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "");
+		Result<Geo> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		Geo prop = result.getValue();
+		assertNull(prop.getLatitude());
+		assertNull(prop.getLongitude());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseXml_bad_latitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>bad</latitude><longitude>56.78</longitude>");
+		marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = CannotParseException.class)
+	public void parseXml_bad_longitude() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<latitude>12.34</latitude><longitude>bad</longitude>");
+		marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getRootElement(actual)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `writeXml(...)` at line 157.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GeoMarshallerTest.writeXml_missing_longitude()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.property.marshaller.GeoMarshallerTest.writeXml_missing_longitude():void.a9a295cb76062bfc1525399622af7424
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/property/marshaller/GeoMarshallerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GeoMarshallerTest.java|writeXml_missing_longitude|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d0ec784a9a07b2ee980cc56c82eecd21
+
+### Hash:
+b665daf877c4f4bcf9d573a8bf4bf48e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10678/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10678/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..530f8d7ab11a1fe8fe02c437e7fe30083c08b715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10678/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.property.marshaller;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalProperty;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.xcalPropertyElement;
+import static org.custommonkey.xmlunit.XMLAssert.assertXMLEqual;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.parameter.Value;
+import biweekly.property.TextProperty;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller.Result;
+import biweekly.util.XmlUtils;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class TextPropertyMarshallerTest {
+	private final TextPropertyMarshallerImpl marshaller = new TextPropertyMarshallerImpl();
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl("the;text");
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "the\\;text";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeText_null() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl(null);
+
+		String actual = marshaller.writeText(prop);
+
+		String expected = "";
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseText() {
+		String value = "the\\;text";
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Result<TextPropertyImpl> result = marshaller.parseText(value, params);
+
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("the;text", prop.getValue());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl("text");
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<text>text</text>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_null() {
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl(null);
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<text></text>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void writeXml_data_type() {
+		TextPropertyMarshallerImpl marshaller = new TextPropertyMarshallerImpl(Value.CAL_ADDRESS);
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = new TextPropertyImpl("mailto:johndoe@example.com");
+
+		Document actual = xcalProperty(marshaller);
+		marshaller.writeXml(prop, XmlUtils.getRootElement(actual));
+
+		Document expected = xcalProperty(marshaller, "<cal-address>mailto:johndoe@example.com</cal-address>");
+		assertXMLEqual(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml() {
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<text>text</text>");
+		Result<TextPropertyImpl> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("text", prop.getValue());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parseXml_data_type() {
+		TextPropertyMarshallerImpl marshaller = new TextPropertyMarshallerImpl(Value.CAL_ADDRESS);
+		ICalParameters params = new ICalParameters();
+
+		Element element = xcalPropertyElement(marshaller, "<cal-address>mailto:johndoe@example.com</cal-address>");
+		Result<TextPropertyImpl> result = marshaller.parseXml(element, params);
+
+		TextPropertyImpl prop = result.getValue();
+		assertEquals("mailto:johndoe@example.com", prop.getValue());
+		assertWarnings(0, result.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	private class TextPropertyMarshallerImpl extends TextPropertyMarshaller<TextPropertyImpl> {
+		public TextPropertyMarshallerImpl() {
+			super(TextPropertyImpl.class, "TEXT");
+		}
+
+		public TextPropertyMarshallerImpl(Value dataType) {
+			super(TextPropertyImpl.class, "TEXT", dataType);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected TextPropertyImpl newInstance(String value) {
+			return new TextPropertyImpl(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class TextPropertyImpl extends TextProperty {
+		public TextPropertyImpl(String value) {
+			super(value);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getRootElement(actual)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `writeXml(...)` at line 98.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TextPropertyMarshallerTest.writeXml_null()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.property.marshaller.TextPropertyMarshallerTest.writeXml_null():void.36c584607b182b381f61fed1d8a6658f
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/property/marshaller/TextPropertyMarshallerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TextPropertyMarshallerTest.java|writeXml_null|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d0ec784a9a07b2ee980cc56c82eecd21
+
+### Hash:
+6f20b9b5cc025658b75566e8a991dd94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10685/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10685/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46c10dd93ccaf2b4d78ec9328382a4a08a94b80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10685/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,791 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** biweekly
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package biweekly.io.json;
+
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.assertWarnings;
+import static biweekly.util.TestUtils.buildTimezone;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.text.DateFormat;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import biweekly.ICalendar;
+import biweekly.component.DaylightSavingsTime;
+import biweekly.component.ICalComponent;
+import biweekly.component.StandardTime;
+import biweekly.component.VEvent;
+import biweekly.component.VTimezone;
+import biweekly.component.marshaller.ICalComponentMarshaller;
+import biweekly.io.SkipMeException;
+import biweekly.parameter.ICalParameters;
+import biweekly.parameter.Value;
+import biweekly.property.CalendarScale;
+import biweekly.property.DateStart;
+import biweekly.property.ICalProperty;
+import biweekly.property.RawProperty;
+import biweekly.property.RecurrenceDates;
+import biweekly.property.RecurrenceRule;
+import biweekly.property.RecurrenceRule.DayOfWeek;
+import biweekly.property.RecurrenceRule.Frequency;
+import biweekly.property.Version;
+import biweekly.property.marshaller.ICalPropertyMarshaller;
+import biweekly.util.Duration;
+import biweekly.util.IOUtils;
+import biweekly.util.Period;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class JCalWriterTest {
+	private static TimeZone defaultTz;
+	private final DateFormat utcFormatter;
+	{
+		utcFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss");
+		utcFormatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+	}
+	private final DateFormat usEasternFormatter;
+	{
+		usEasternFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss");
+		usEasternFormatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("US/Eastern"));
+	}
+	private final DateFormat localFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss");
+	private final DateFormat dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
+
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void beforeClass() {
+		//change the default timezone because my timezone is "US/Eastern", which is what the example jCal documents use
+		defaultTz = TimeZone.getDefault();
+		TimeZone.setDefault(buildTimezone(1, 0));
+	}
+
+	@AfterClass
+	public static void afterClass() {
+		TimeZone.setDefault(defaultTz);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void basic() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+
+		VEvent event = new VEvent();
+		event.getProperties().clear();
+		event.setSummary("summary");
+		ical.addEvent(event);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"vevent\"," +
+					"[" +
+						"[\"summary\",{},\"text\",\"summary\"]" +
+					"]," +
+					"[" +
+					"]" +
+				"]" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void write_multiple() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical1 = new ICalendar();
+		ical1.setProductId("prodid1");
+
+		VEvent event = new VEvent();
+		event.getProperties().clear();
+		event.setSummary("summary1");
+		ical1.addEvent(event);
+
+		ICalendar ical2 = new ICalendar();
+		ical2.setProductId("prodid2");
+
+		event = new VEvent();
+		event.getProperties().clear();
+		event.setSummary("summary2");
+		ical2.addEvent(event);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw, true);
+		writer.write(ical1);
+		writer.write(ical2);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[" +
+			"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+				"[" +
+					"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+					"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid1\"]" +
+				"]," +
+				"[" +
+					"[\"vevent\"," +
+						"[" +
+							"[\"summary\",{},\"text\",\"summary1\"]" +
+						"]," +
+						"[" +
+						"]" +
+					"]" +
+				"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+				"[" +
+					"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+					"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid2\"]" +
+				"]," +
+				"[" +
+					"[\"vevent\"," +
+						"[" +
+							"[\"summary\",{},\"text\",\"summary2\"]" +
+						"]," +
+						"[" +
+						"]" +
+					"]" +
+				"]" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void write_multiple_components() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+
+		VEvent event = new VEvent();
+		event.getProperties().clear();
+		event.setSummary("summary1");
+		ical.addEvent(event);
+
+		event = new VEvent();
+		event.getProperties().clear();
+		event.setSummary("summary2");
+		ical.addEvent(event);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"vevent\"," +
+					"[" +
+						"[\"summary\",{},\"text\",\"summary1\"]" +
+					"]," +
+					"[" +
+					"]" +
+				"]," +
+				"[\"vevent\"," +
+					"[" +
+						"[\"summary\",{},\"text\",\"summary2\"]" +
+					"]," +
+					"[" +
+					"]" +
+				"]" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void write_empty() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void no_property_marshaller() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("value"));
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(1, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void no_component_marshaller() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+		ical.addComponent(new Party());
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(1, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("value"));
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new SkipMeMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(1, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void override_marshaller() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new MyVersionMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0 (beta)\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_property() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+		ical.addExperimentalProperty("X-NUMBER", "1");
+		RawProperty prop = ical.addExperimentalProperty("X-NUMBER", "2");
+		prop.getParameters().setValue(Value.INTEGER);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]," +
+				"[\"x-number\",{},\"unknown\",\"1\"]," +
+				"[\"x-number\",{},\"integer\",\"2\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_property_marshaller() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("one"));
+		ical.addProperty(new TestProperty("two"));
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new TestPropertyMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]," +
+				"[\"x-test\",{},\"text\",\"one\"]," +
+				"[\"x-test\",{},\"text\",\"two\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_component() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+		ical.addExperimentalComponent("X-VPARTY");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"x-vparty\"," +
+					"[" +
+					"]," +
+					"[" +
+					"]" +
+				"]" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void experimental_component_marshaller() throws Throwable {
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.setProductId("prodid");
+		ical.addComponent(new Party());
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.registerMarshaller(new PartyMarshaller());
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		//@formatter:off
+		String expected =
+		"[\"vcalendar\"," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"version\",{},\"text\",\"2.0\"]," +
+				"[\"prodid\",{},\"text\",\"prodid\"]" +
+			"]," +
+			"[" +
+				"[\"x-vparty\"," +
+					"[" +
+					"]," +
+					"[" +
+					"]" +
+				"]" +
+			"]" +
+		"]";
+		//@formatter:on
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+		assertWarnings(0, writer.getWarnings());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void jcal_draft_example1() throws Throwable {
+		//see: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jcardcal-jcal-05#page-25
+		//Note: all whitespace is removed from the expected JSON string it easier to compare it with the actual result
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setCalendarScale(CalendarScale.gregorian());
+		ical.setProductId("-//ExampleInc.//ExampleCalendar//EN");
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		{
+			VEvent event = new VEvent();
+			event.getProperties().clear();
+			event.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("2008-02-05T19:12:24"));
+			event.setDateStart(new DateStart(dateFormatter.parse("2008-10-06"), false));
+			event.setSummary("Planningmeeting");
+			event.setUid("4088E990AD89CB3DBB484909");
+			ical.addEvent(event);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(0, ical.validate());
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		String expected = new String(IOUtils.toByteArray(getClass().getResourceAsStream("jcal-draft-example1.json")));
+		expected = expected.replaceAll("\\s", "");
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void jcal_draft_example2() throws Throwable {
+		//see: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jcardcal-jcal-05#page-27
+		//Note: all whitespace is removed from the expected JSON string it easier to compare it with the actual result
+		VTimezone usEasternTz;
+		ICalendar ical = new ICalendar();
+		ical.getProperties().clear();
+		ical.setProductId("-//ExampleCorp.//ExampleClient//EN");
+		ical.setVersion(Version.v2_0());
+		{
+			usEasternTz = new VTimezone(null);
+			usEasternTz.setLastModified(utcFormatter.parse("2004-01-10T03:28:45"));
+			usEasternTz.setTimezoneId("US/Eastern");
+			{
+				DaylightSavingsTime daylight = new DaylightSavingsTime();
+				daylight.setDateStart(localFormatter.parse("2000-04-04T02:00:00")).setLocalTime(true);
+
+				RecurrenceRule rrule = new RecurrenceRule(Frequency.YEARLY);
+				rrule.addByDay(1, DayOfWeek.SUNDAY);
+				rrule.addByMonth(4);
+				daylight.setRecurrenceRule(rrule);
+
+				daylight.addTimezoneName("EDT");
+				daylight.setTimezoneOffsetFrom(-5, 0);
+				daylight.setTimezoneOffsetTo(-4, 0);
+
+				usEasternTz.addDaylightSavingsTime(daylight);
+			}
+			{
+				StandardTime standard = new StandardTime();
+				standard.setDateStart(localFormatter.parse("2000-10-26T02:00:00")).setLocalTime(true);
+
+				RecurrenceRule rrule = new RecurrenceRule(Frequency.YEARLY);
+				rrule.addByDay(1, DayOfWeek.SUNDAY);
+				rrule.addByMonth(10);
+				standard.setRecurrenceRule(rrule);
+
+				standard.addTimezoneName("EST");
+				standard.setTimezoneOffsetFrom(-4, 0);
+				standard.setTimezoneOffsetTo(-5, 0);
+
+				usEasternTz.addStandardTime(standard);
+			}
+			ical.addTimezone(usEasternTz);
+		}
+		{
+			VEvent event = new VEvent();
+			event.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("2006-02-06T00:11:21"));
+			event.setDateStart(usEasternFormatter.parse("2006-01-02T12:00:00")).setTimezone(usEasternTz);
+			event.setDuration(new Duration.Builder().hours(1).build());
+
+			RecurrenceRule rrule = new RecurrenceRule(Frequency.DAILY);
+			rrule.setCount(5);
+			event.setRecurrenceRule(rrule);
+
+			RecurrenceDates rdate = new RecurrenceDates(Arrays.asList(new Period(usEasternFormatter.parse("2006-01-02T15:00:00"), new Duration.Builder().hours(2).build())));
+			rdate.setTimezone(usEasternTz);
+			event.addRecurrenceDates(rdate);
+
+			event.setSummary("Event#2");
+			event.setDescription("Wearehavingameetingallthisweekat12pmforonehour,withanadditionalmeetingonthefirstday2hourslong.\nPleasebringyourownlunchforthe12pmmeetings.");
+			event.setUid("00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com");
+			ical.addEvent(event);
+		}
+		{
+			VEvent event = new VEvent();
+			event.setDateTimeStamp(utcFormatter.parse("2006-02-06T00:11:21"));
+			event.setDateStart(usEasternFormatter.parse("2006-01-02T14:00:00")).setTimezone(usEasternTz);
+			event.setDuration(new Duration.Builder().hours(1).build());
+
+			event.setRecurrenceId(usEasternFormatter.parse("2006-01-04T12:00:00")).setTimezone(usEasternTz);
+
+			event.setSummary("Event#2");
+			event.setUid("00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com");
+			ical.addEvent(event);
+		}
+
+		assertWarnings(0, ical.validate());
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		JCalWriter writer = new JCalWriter(sw);
+		writer.write(ical);
+		writer.close();
+
+		String expected = new String(IOUtils.toByteArray(getClass().getResourceAsStream("jcal-draft-example2.json")));
+		expected = expected.replaceAll("\\s", "");
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	private class TestProperty extends ICalProperty {
+		private String value;
+
+		public TestProperty(String value) {
+			this.value = value;
+		}
+
+		public String getValue() {
+			return value;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class TestPropertyMarshaller extends ICalPropertyMarshaller<TestProperty> {
+		public TestPropertyMarshaller() {
+			super(TestProperty.class, "X-TEST");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected String _writeText(TestProperty property) {
+			return property.getValue();
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected TestProperty _parseText(String value, ICalParameters parameters, List<String> warnings) {
+			return new TestProperty(value);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected JCalValue _writeJson(TestProperty property) {
+			return JCalValue.single(Value.TEXT, _writeText(property));
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class SkipMeMarshaller extends ICalPropertyMarshaller<TestProperty> {
+		public SkipMeMarshaller() {
+			super(TestProperty.class, "NAME");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected String _writeText(TestProperty property) {
+			throw new SkipMeException("Skipped");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected TestProperty _parseText(String value, ICalParameters parameters, List<String> warnings) {
+			return new TestProperty(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class MyVersionMarshaller extends ICalPropertyMarshaller<Version> {
+		public MyVersionMarshaller() {
+			super(Version.class, "VERSION");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected String _writeText(Version property) {
+			return property.getMaxVersion() + " (beta)";
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected Version _parseText(String value, ICalParameters parameters, List<String> warnings) {
+			return new Version(value);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected JCalValue _writeJson(Version property) {
+			return JCalValue.single(Value.TEXT, _writeText(property));
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class PartyMarshaller extends ICalComponentMarshaller<Party> {
+		public PartyMarshaller() {
+			super(Party.class, "X-VPARTY");
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		protected Party _newInstance() {
+			return new Party();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private class Party extends ICalComponent {
+		//empty
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `biweekly.io.json.JCalWriter` acquired to `writer` by call to `JCalWriter(...)` at line 532 is not released after line 540.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 533
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JCalWriterTest.jcal_draft_example1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+biweekly.io.json.JCalWriterTest.jcal_draft_example1():void.e8dd9a85d3ab25d93f7868f5f62cbf48
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/biweekly/io/json/JCalWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JCalWriterTest.java|jcal_draft_example1|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+ca91ee1de5615af689e20e5b52c97599
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1071/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1071/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9707203d492f7555478755cbea11ebe8a7e67032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1071/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net;
+    using FakeItEasy;
+    using Nancy.Extensions;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+    using Nancy.Tests.Fakes;
+    using Xunit;
+    using Xunit.Extensions;
+
+    public class NancyEngineFixture
+    {
+        private readonly INancyEngine engine;
+        private readonly IRouteResolver resolver;
+        private readonly INancyModuleLocator locator;
+        private readonly IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules;
+
+        public NancyEngineFixture()
+        {
+            this.modules = new[] { new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath() };
+            this.locator = A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>();
+            this.resolver = A.Fake<IRouteResolver>();
+            this.engine = new NancyEngine(this.locator, this.resolver);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_locator()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(null, A.Fake<IRouteResolver>()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_retrieve_modules_from_locator_when_handling_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_nancy_modules_could_be_found()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(Enumerable.Empty<NancyModule>());
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_get_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("get")]
+        [InlineData("GeT")]
+        [InlineData("PoSt")]
+        [InlineData("post")]
+        [InlineData("puT")]
+        [InlineData("PUT")]
+        [InlineData("DelETe")]
+        [InlineData("DELete")]
+        public void Should_ignore_case_of_request_verb_when_resolving_route_handlers(string verb)
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request(verb, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_delete_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("DELETE", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_all_route_handlers()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("PUT", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, descriptions)).Returns(null);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_route_could_be_matched_for_the_request_verb()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("NOTVALID", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_handling_null_request()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => this.engine.HandleRequest(null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_invoke_resolved_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_response_generated_by_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var expectedResponse = new Response();
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).Returns(expectedResponse);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedResponse);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_base_route_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.ModulePath.ShouldEqual("/fake");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_path_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Path.ShouldEqual("/");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_action_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            var expectedAction =
+                (new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath()).Post["/"];
+            
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Action.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedAction);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            this.modules.First().Request.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        }
+        
+        private static IEnumerable<RouteDescription> GetRouteDescriptions(IRequest request, IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules)
+        {
+            return modules.SelectMany(x => x.GetRouteDescription(request));
+        }
+
+        private static IRequest ManufactureGETRequest(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 295) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/NancyEngineFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+NancyEngineFixture.cs|Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8b8bdebda635261b73cbc332400b34a1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10757/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10757/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7ea5ee04858bb4f042c4c6c5b7373ed3ecd113b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10757/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** docker-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jolokia.docker.maven.service;
+
+import org.apache.maven.execution.MavenSession;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.BuildPluginManager;
+import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;
+import org.jolokia.docker.maven.access.DockerAccess;
+import org.jolokia.docker.maven.assembly.DockerAssemblyManager;
+import org.jolokia.docker.maven.log.LogOutputSpecFactory;
+import org.jolokia.docker.maven.util.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * A service hub responsible for creating and managing service which are used by
+ * Mojos for calling to the docker backend. The docker backend (DAO) is injected from the outside.
+ */
+public class ServiceHub {
+
+    // Track started containers
+    private final ContainerTracker containerTracker = new ContainerTracker();
+    
+    /** @component **/
+    protected BuildPluginManager pluginManager;
+    
+    /** @component */
+    protected DockerAssemblyManager dockerAssemblyManager;
+    
+    /** @component */
+    protected MavenProject project;
+    
+    /** @component */
+    protected MavenSession session;
+
+    // Services managed by this hub
+    private MojoExecutionService mojoExecutionService;
+    private QueryService queryService;
+    private RunService runService;
+    private LogOutputSpecFactory logOutputSpecFactory;
+
+    private BuildService buildService;
+    // initialization flag preventing multiple initializations
+    private boolean initDone = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Lifecycle method called early in order to build up the services. It can be called multiple
+     * times but will run only once.
+     *
+     * @param dockerAccess the docker access object
+     * @param log logger to use
+     */
+    public synchronized void init(DockerAccess dockerAccess, Logger log, LogOutputSpecFactory logOutputSpecFactory) {
+        if (!initDone) {
+            this.logOutputSpecFactory = logOutputSpecFactory;
+            mojoExecutionService = new MojoExecutionService(project, session, pluginManager);
+            queryService = new QueryService(dockerAccess, log);
+            runService = new RunService(dockerAccess, queryService, containerTracker, logOutputSpecFactory, log);
+            buildService = new BuildService(dockerAccess, queryService, dockerAssemblyManager, log);
+            initDone = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a service for executing goals on other Maven mojos
+     *
+     * @return service for calling other mojos
+     */
+    public MojoExecutionService getMojoExecutionService() {
+        checkInitialization();
+        return mojoExecutionService;
+    }
+
+    public BuildService getBuildService() {
+        checkInitialization();
+        return buildService;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the query service for obtaining information about containers and images
+     *
+     * @return query service
+     */
+    public QueryService getQueryService() {
+        checkInitialization();
+        return queryService;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The run service is responsible for creating and starting up containers
+     *
+     * @return the run service
+     */
+    public RunService getRunService() {
+        checkInitialization();
+        return runService;
+    }
+
+    // ===========================================================
+
+    private synchronized void checkInitialization() {
+        if (!initDone) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Service hub not yet initialized");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public LogOutputSpecFactory getLogOutputSpecFactory() {
+        return logOutputSpecFactory;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.jolokia.docker.maven.service.ServiceHub.getQueryService` reads without synchronization from `this.org.jolokia.docker.maven.service.ServiceHub.queryService`. Potentially races with write in method `ServiceHub.init(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+QueryService ServiceHub.getQueryService()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jolokia.docker.maven.service.ServiceHub.getQueryService():org.jolokia.docker.maven.service.Query.20f2dc7282f79dd878bbc21c3d4c3dd2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jolokia/docker/maven/service/ServiceHub.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceHub.java|getQueryService|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+805a36fde236cac30a3c8d401a122fac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10759/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10759/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db88f50793148f3172ba008af6668150235d79a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10759/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,623 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** docker-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jolokia.docker.maven.access;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import com.mashape.unirest.http.*;
+import com.mashape.unirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
+import com.mashape.unirest.http.options.Options;
+import com.mashape.unirest.http.utils.ClientFactory;
+import com.mashape.unirest.http.utils.URLParamEncoder;
+import com.mashape.unirest.request.BaseRequest;
+import com.mashape.unirest.request.HttpRequest;
+import com.mashape.unirest.request.body.Body;
+import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
+import org.apache.http.StatusLine;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
+import org.apache.http.client.utils.URIUtils;
+import org.apache.http.entity.FileEntity;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.jolokia.docker.maven.util.*;
+import org.json.*;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation for a DockerAccess based on the <a href="http://unirest.io/java.html">Unirest</a>
+ * REST access library.
+ *
+ * @author roland
+ * @since 26.03.14
+ */
+public class DockerAccessUnirest implements DockerAccess {
+
+    // Used Docker API
+    private final static String DOCKER_API_VERSION = "v1.10";
+
+    // Logging
+    private final LogHandler log;
+
+    // Base Docker URL
+    private final String url;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new access for the given URL
+     *
+     * @param url base URL for accessing the docker Daemon
+     * @param log a log handler for printing out logging information
+     */
+    public DockerAccessUnirest(String url, LogHandler log) {
+        this.url = stripSlash(url) + "/" + DOCKER_API_VERSION;
+        this.log = log;
+        Unirest.setDefaultHeader("accept", "application/json");
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public boolean hasImage(String image) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            Matcher matcher = Pattern.compile("^(.*?):([^:]+)?$").matcher(image);
+            String base, tag;
+            if (matcher.matches()) {
+                base = matcher.group(1);
+                tag = matcher.group(2);
+            } else {
+                base = image;
+            }
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.get(url + "/images/json?filter={image}")
+                                     .routeParam("image", base);
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Checking for image '" + image + "'", resp, 200);
+            JSONArray array = new JSONArray(resp.getBody());
+            return array.length() > 0;
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot list images for '" + image + "'", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public String createContainer(String image, Set<Integer> ports, String command, Map<String, String> env) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.post(url + "/containers/create")
+                                     .header("Accept", "*/*")
+                                     .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                                     .body(getContainerConfig(image, ports, command, env));
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Creating container for image '" + image + "'", resp, 201);
+            JSONObject json = new JSONObject(resp.getBody());
+            logWarnings(json);
+            return json.getString("Id");
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot create container for '" + image + "'", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void startContainer(String containerId, Map<Integer, Integer> ports, String volumesFrom) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.post(url + "/containers/{id}/start")
+                                     .header("Accept", "*/*")
+                                     .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+                                     .routeParam("id", containerId)
+                                     .body(getStartConfig(ports, volumesFrom));
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Starting container with id " + containerId, resp, 204);
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot start container " + containerId, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void stopContainer(String containerId) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.post(url + "/containers/{id}/stop")
+                                     .header("Accept", "*/*")
+                                     .routeParam("id", containerId);
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Stopping container with id " + containerId, resp, 204);
+
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot stop container " + containerId, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public Map<Integer, Integer> queryContainerPortMapping(String containerId) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.get(url + "/containers/{id}/json")
+                                     .header("Accept", "*/*")
+                                     .routeParam("id", containerId);
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Getting container information for " + containerId, resp, 200);
+            return extractPorts(new JSONObject(resp.getBody()));
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot fetch information for container " + containerId, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    private Map<Integer, Integer> extractPorts(JSONObject info) {
+        Map<Integer, Integer> ret = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
+
+        JSONObject networkSettings = info.getJSONObject("NetworkSettings");
+        if (networkSettings != null) {
+            JSONObject ports = networkSettings.getJSONObject("Ports");
+            if (ports != null) {
+                for (Object portSpecO : ports.keySet()) {
+                    String portSpec = portSpecO.toString();
+                    if (!ports.isNull(portSpec)) {
+                        JSONArray hostSpecs = ports.getJSONArray(portSpec);
+                        if (hostSpecs != null && hostSpecs.length() > 0) {
+                            // We take only the first
+                            JSONObject hostSpec = hostSpecs.getJSONObject(0);
+                            Object hostPortO = hostSpec.get("HostPort");
+                            if (hostPortO != null) {
+                                try {
+                                    Integer hostPort = (Integer.parseInt(hostPortO.toString()));
+                                    int idx = portSpec.indexOf('/');
+                                    String p = idx > 0 ? portSpec.substring(0, idx) : portSpec;
+                                    Integer containerPort = Integer.parseInt(p);
+                                    ret.put(containerPort, hostPort);
+                                } catch (NumberFormatException exp) {
+                                    log.warn("Cannot parse " + hostPortO + " or " + portSpec + " as a port number. Ignoring in mapping");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public List<String> getContainersForImage(String image) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            List<String> ret = new ArrayList<String>();
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.get(url + "/containers/json?limit=100")
+                                     .header("Accept", "*/*");
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = null;
+            resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Fetching container information", resp, 200);
+            JSONArray configs = new JSONArray(resp.getBody());
+            for (int i = 0; i < configs.length(); i ++) {
+                JSONObject config = configs.getJSONObject(i);
+                String containerImage = config.getString("Image");
+
+                if (image.equals(containerImage)) {
+                    ret.add(config.getString("Id"));
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot get container information", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void removeContainer(String containerId) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.delete(url + "/containers/{id}")
+                                     .header("Accept", "*/*")
+                                     .routeParam("id", containerId);
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Stopping container with id " + containerId, resp, 204);
+
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot remove container " + containerId, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void pullImage(String image,AuthConfig authConfig) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        ImageName name = new ImageName(image);
+        String pullUrl = url + "/images/create?fromImage=" + URLParamEncoder.encode(name.getRepository());
+        pullUrl = addTagAndRegistry(pullUrl, name);
+        pullOrPushImage(image,pullUrl,"pulling",authConfig);
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void pushImage(String image, AuthConfig authConfig) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        ImageName name = new ImageName(image);
+        String pushUrl = url + "/images/" + URLParamEncoder.encode(name.getRepository()) + "/push";
+        pushUrl = addTagAndRegistry(pushUrl,name);
+        pullOrPushImage(image,pushUrl,"pushing",authConfig);
+    }
+
+    private void pullOrPushImage(String image, String uriString, String what, AuthConfig authConfig)
+            throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            HttpClient client = ClientFactory.getHttpClient();
+            URI uri = new URI(uriString);
+            HttpPost post = new HttpPost(uri);
+            if (authConfig != null) {
+                post.addHeader("X-Registry-Auth",authConfig.toHeaderValue());
+            }
+
+            processPullOrPushResponse(image, client.execute(URIUtils.extractHost(uri), post), what);
+        } catch (IOException | URISyntaxException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Error while " + what + " " + image + ": ",e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String addTagAndRegistry(String url, ImageName name) {
+        List<String> params = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (name.getTag() != null) {
+            params.add("tag=" + name.getTag());
+        }
+        if (name.getRegistry() != null) {
+            params.add("registry=" + name.getRegistry());
+        }
+        if (params.size() > 0) {
+            StringBuilder addOn = new StringBuilder();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < params.size(); i ++) {
+                addOn.append(params.get(i));
+                if (i < params.size() - 1) {
+                    addOn.append("&");
+                }
+            }
+            return url + (url.contains("?") ? "&" : "?") + addOn.toString();
+        } else {
+            return url;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void removeImage(String image) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            BaseRequest req = Unirest.delete(url + "/images/{id}")
+                                     .header("Accept", "*/*")
+                                     .routeParam("id", image);
+
+            HttpResponse<String> resp = request(req);
+            checkReturnCode("Removing image " + image, resp, 200);
+            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logRemoveResponse(resp.getBody());
+            }
+        } catch (UnirestException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot remove image " + image,e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void start() {
+        Options.refresh();
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void shutdown() {
+        try {
+            Unirest.shutdown();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            log.warn("Couldnt properly shutdown rest interface: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public void buildImage(String image, File dockerArchive) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        try {
+            HttpClient client = ClientFactory.getHttpClient();
+            URI buildUrl = new URI(url + "/build?rm=true" + (image != null ? "&t=" + URLParamEncoder.encode(image) : ""));
+            HttpPost post = new HttpPost(buildUrl);
+            post.setEntity(new FileEntity(dockerArchive));
+            processBuildResponse(image, client.execute(URIUtils.extractHost(buildUrl), post));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot build image " + image + " from " + dockerArchive,e);
+        }  catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot build image " + image + " from " + dockerArchive,e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ===========================================================================================================
+
+    private HttpResponse<String> request(BaseRequest req) throws UnirestException {
+        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            dump(req);
+        }
+        HttpResponse<String> resp = req.asString();
+        if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            dump(resp);
+        }
+        return resp;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerConfig(String image, Set<Integer> ports, String command, Map<String, String> env) {
+        JSONObject ret = new JSONObject();
+        ret.put("Image",image);
+        if (ports != null && ports.size() > 0) {
+            JSONObject exposedPorts = new JSONObject();
+            for (Integer port : ports) {
+                exposedPorts.put(port.toString() + "/tcp", new JSONObject());
+            }
+            ret.put("ExposedPorts", exposedPorts);
+        }
+        if (command != null) {
+            JSONArray a = new JSONArray();
+            for (String s : command.split("\\s+")) {
+                a.put(s);
+            }
+            ret.put("Cmd",a);
+        }
+        if (env != null && env.size() > 0) {
+            JSONArray a = new JSONArray();
+            for (Map.Entry<String,String> entry : env.entrySet()) {
+                a.put(entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue());
+            }
+            ret.put("Env",a);
+        }
+        log.debug("Container create config: " + ret.toString());
+        return ret.toString();
+    }
+
+    private String getStartConfig(Map<Integer, Integer> ports, String volumesFrom) {
+        JSONObject ret = new JSONObject();
+        if (ports != null && ports.size() > 0) {
+            JSONObject c = new JSONObject();
+            for (Integer containerPort : ports.keySet()) {
+                Integer port = ports.get(containerPort);
+                JSONArray a = new JSONArray();
+                JSONObject o = new JSONObject();
+                o.put("HostPort",port != null ? port.toString() : "");
+                a.put(o);
+                c.put(containerPort + "/tcp",a);
+            }
+            ret.put("PortBindings", c);
+        }
+        if (volumesFrom != null) {
+            JSONArray a = new JSONArray();
+            a.put(volumesFrom);
+            ret.put("VolumesFrom", a);
+        }
+        log.debug("Container start config: " + ret.toString());
+        return ret.toString();
+    }
+
+    // ======================================================================================================
+
+    private void dump(HttpResponse<String> resp) {
+        String body = resp.getBody();
+        log.debug("<<<< " + (body != null ? body : "[empty]"));
+    }
+
+    private void dump(BaseRequest req) {
+        HttpRequest hReq = req.getHttpRequest();
+        log.debug(">>>> " + hReq.getUrl());
+        Map<String, List<String>> headers = hReq.getHeaders();
+        if (headers != null) {
+            for (String h : headers.keySet()) {
+                log.debug("|||| " + h + "=" + headers.get(h));
+            }
+        }
+        if (hReq.getHttpMethod() == HttpMethod.POST) {
+            Body body = hReq.getBody();
+            log.debug("---- " + (body != null ? convert(body.getEntity()) : "[empty]"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String convert(HttpEntity entity) {
+        try {
+            if (entity.isStreaming()) {
+                return entity.toString();
+            }
+            InputStreamReader is = new InputStreamReader(entity.getContent());
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(is);
+            String read = br.readLine();
+
+            while (read != null) {
+                //System.out.println(read);
+                sb.append(read);
+                read = br.readLine();
+            }
+            return sb.toString();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "[error serializing inputstream for debugging]";
+        }
+    }
+    private void processPullOrPushResponse(final String image, org.apache.http.HttpResponse resp, final String action) throws IOException, MojoExecutionException {
+        processChunkedResponse(resp, new ChunkedCallback() {
+
+            private boolean downloadInProgress = false;
+
+            public void process(JSONObject json) {
+                if (json.has("progressDetail")) {
+                    JSONObject details = json.getJSONObject("progressDetail");
+                    if (details.has("total")) {
+                        if (!downloadInProgress) {
+                            log.progressStart(details.getInt("total"));
+                        }
+                        log.progressUpdate(details.getInt("current"));
+                        downloadInProgress = true;
+                        return;
+                    } else {
+                        if (downloadInProgress) {
+                            log.progressFinished();
+                        }
+                        downloadInProgress = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (json.has("error")) {
+                    String msg = json.getString("error").trim();
+                    String details = json.getJSONObject("errorDetail").getString("message").trim();
+                    log.error("!!! " +  msg + (msg.equals(details) ? "" : "(" + details + ")"));
+                } else {
+                    log.info("... " + (json.has("id") ? json.getString("id") + ": " : "") + json.getString("status"));
+                }
+            }
+
+            public String getErrorMessage(StatusLine status) {
+                return "Error while " + action + " image '" + image + "' (code: " + status.getStatusCode() + ", " + status.getReasonPhrase() + ")";
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void processBuildResponse(final String image, org.apache.http.HttpResponse resp) throws IOException, MojoExecutionException {
+
+        processChunkedResponse(resp, new ChunkedCallback() {
+            public void process(JSONObject json) {
+                if (json.has("error")) {
+                    log.error("Error building image: " + json.get("error"));
+                    if (json.has("errorDetail")) {
+                        JSONObject details = json.getJSONObject("errorDetail");
+                        log.error(details.getString("message"));
+                    }
+                } else if (json.has("stream")) {
+                    String message = json.getString("stream");
+                    while (message.endsWith("\n")) {
+                        message = message.substring(0,message.length() - 1);
+                    }
+                    log.debug(message);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public String getErrorMessage(StatusLine status) {
+                return "Error while building image '" + image + "' (code: " + status.getStatusCode()
+                       + ", " + status.getReasonPhrase() + ")";
+            }
+        });
+
+    }
+
+    private void processChunkedResponse(org.apache.http.HttpResponse resp, ChunkedCallback cb) throws IOException, MojoExecutionException {
+        InputStream is = resp.getEntity().getContent();
+        int len;
+        int size = 8129;
+        byte[] buf = new byte[size];
+        // Data comes in chunkwise
+        while ((len = is.read(buf, 0, size)) != -1) {
+            String txt = new String(buf,0,len);
+            try {
+                JSONObject json = new JSONObject(txt);
+                cb.process(json);
+            } catch (JSONException exp) {
+                log.warn("Couldn't parse answer chunk '" + txt + "': " + exp);
+            }
+        }
+        StatusLine status = resp.getStatusLine();
+        if (status.getStatusCode() != 200) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException(cb.getErrorMessage(status));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void logWarnings(JSONObject body) {
+        Object warningsObj = body.get("Warnings");
+        if (warningsObj != JSONObject.NULL) {
+            JSONArray warnings = (JSONArray) warningsObj;
+            for (int i = 0; i < warnings.length(); i++) {
+                log.warn(warnings.getString(i));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkReturnCode(String msg, HttpResponse resp, int expectedCode) throws MojoExecutionException {
+        if (resp.getCode() != expectedCode) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Error while calling docker: " + msg + " (code: " + resp.getCode() + ", " +
+                                             resp.getBody().toString().trim() + ")");
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String stripSlash(String url) {
+        String ret = url;
+        while (ret.endsWith("/")) {
+            ret = ret.substring(0, ret.length() - 1);
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    // Callback for processing response chunks
+    private void logRemoveResponse(String pResp) {
+        JSONArray logElements = new JSONArray(pResp);
+        for (int i = 0; i < logElements.length(); i++) {
+            JSONObject entry = logElements.getJSONObject(i);
+            for (Object key : entry.keySet()) {
+                log.debug(key + ": " + entry.get(key.toString()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ================================================================================================
+
+    private interface ChunkedCallback {
+        public void process(JSONObject json);
+        String getErrorMessage(StatusLine status);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 405 is not released after line 416.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 408
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String DockerAccessUnirest.convert(HttpEntity)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jolokia.docker.maven.access.DockerAccessUnirest.convert(org.apache.http.HttpEntity):java.lang.St.e3cff1698da7986436ea117106b16669
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jolokia/docker/maven/access/DockerAccessUnirest.java
+
+### Key:
+DockerAccessUnirest.java|convert|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+c803f9571f9f649bbc583774949fb3a3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1076/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1076/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85b08cc3cff192e2791f1b9939f4cb41493882c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1076/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Specifications
+{
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+
+    public abstract class RequestSpec
+    {
+        protected static INancyEngine engine;
+        protected static IRequest request;
+        protected static Response response;
+
+        protected RequestSpec()
+        {
+            engine = new NancyEngine(new AppDomainModuleLocator(), new RouteResolver());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("POST", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("DELETE", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("PUT", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("HEAD", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 35) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "IRequest RequestSpec.ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IRequest RequestSpec.ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Specifications/RequestSpec.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestSpec.cs|ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+694ab89718f2b30be68d25480cd9d610
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10761/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10761/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c974aeb9b47056bde57cf76e0421617807861e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10761/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** docker-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.fabric8.maven.docker.log;/*
+ * 
+ * Copyright 2014 Roland Huss
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.DockerAccess;
+import io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.log.LogGetHandle;
+
+/**
+ * @author roland
+ * @since 25/11/14
+ */
+public class LogDispatcher {
+
+    private Map<String,LogGetHandle> logHandles;
+
+    private DockerAccess dockerAccess;
+
+    public LogDispatcher(DockerAccess dockerAccess) {
+        this.dockerAccess = dockerAccess;
+        logHandles = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void trackContainerLog(String containerId, LogOutputSpec spec) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        LogGetHandle handle = dockerAccess.getLogAsync(containerId, new DefaultLogCallback(spec));
+        logHandles.put(containerId, handle);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void fetchContainerLog(String containerId, LogOutputSpec spec) throws FileNotFoundException {
+        dockerAccess.getLogSync(containerId, new DefaultLogCallback(spec));
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void untrackAllContainerLogs() {
+        for (String key : logHandles.keySet()) {
+            LogGetHandle handle = logHandles.get(key);
+            handle.finish();
+        }
+        logHandles.clear();
+    }
+
+    // =======================================================================================
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `DefaultLogCallback(...)` at line 40 is not released after line 40.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LogDispatcher.trackContainerLog(String,LogOutputSpec)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.fabric8.maven.docker.log.LogDispatcher.trackContainerLog(java.lang.String,io.fabric8.maven.docker.655d9639a21e6f74650a64d9dbcbbad8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/fabric8/maven/docker/log/LogDispatcher.java
+
+### Key:
+LogDispatcher.java|trackContainerLog|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4e7de1e5fcafaa5a87717af4c7942de7
+
+### Hash:
+53182f7f8ca315f03dac56d744fca274
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10766/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10766/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f9e949909d09c71ad57a61f610f9862de2b1b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10766/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** docker-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.log;/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014 Roland Huss
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
+import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
+import io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.DockerAccessException;
+import io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.UrlBuilder;
+import io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.util.RequestUtil;
+import io.fabric8.maven.docker.util.Timestamp;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.StatusLine;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
+
+/**
+ * Extractor for parsing the response of a log request
+ *
+ * @author roland
+ * @since 28/11/14
+ */
+public class LogRequestor extends Thread implements LogGetHandle {
+    // Patter for matching log entries
+    static final Pattern LOG_LINE = Pattern.compile("^\\[?(?<timestamp>[^\\s\\]]*)]? (?<entry>.*?)\\s*$", Pattern.DOTALL);
+    private final CloseableHttpClient client;
+
+    private final String containerId;
+
+    // callback called for each line extracted
+    private LogCallback callback;
+
+    private DockerAccessException exception;
+
+    // Remember for asynchronous handling so that the request can be aborted from the outside
+    private HttpUriRequest request;
+
+    private final UrlBuilder urlBuilder;
+
+    // Lock for synchronizing closing of requests
+    private final Object lock = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Create a helper object for requesting log entries synchronously ({@link #fetchLogs()}) or asynchronously ({@link #start()}.
+     *
+     * @param client HTTP client to use for requesting the docker host
+     * @param urlBuilder builder that creates docker urls
+     * @param containerId container for which to fetch the host
+     * @param callback callback to call for each line received
+     */
+    public LogRequestor(CloseableHttpClient client, UrlBuilder urlBuilder, String containerId, LogCallback callback) {
+        this.client = client;
+        this.containerId = containerId;
+
+        this.urlBuilder = urlBuilder;
+
+        this.callback = callback;
+        this.exception = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get logs and feed a callback with the content
+     */
+    public void fetchLogs() {
+        try {
+            callback.open();
+            this.request = getLogRequest(false);
+            final HttpResponse respone = client.execute(request);
+            parseResponse(respone);
+        } catch (LogCallback.DoneException e) {
+            finish();
+        } catch (IOException exp) {
+            callback.error(exp.getMessage());
+        } finally {
+            callback.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Fetch log asynchronously as stream and follow stream
+    public void run() {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            try {
+                callback.open();
+
+                this.request = getLogRequest(true);
+                final HttpResponse response = client.execute(request);
+                parseResponse(response);
+            } catch (LogCallback.DoneException e) {
+                finish();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                callback.error("IO Error while requesting logs: " + e + " " + Thread.currentThread().getName());
+            } finally {
+                callback.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class NoBytesReadException extends IOException {
+        public NoBytesReadException() {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is a copy of ByteStreams.readFully(), with the slight change that it throws
+     * NoBytesReadException if zero bytes are read. Otherwise it is identical.
+     *
+     * @param in
+     * @param bytes
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private void readFully(InputStream in, byte[] bytes) throws IOException {
+        int read = ByteStreams.read(in, bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+        if (read == 0) {
+            throw new NoBytesReadException();
+        } else if (read != bytes.length) {
+            throw new EOFException("reached end of stream after reading "
+                    + read + " bytes; " + bytes.length + " bytes expected");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean readStreamFrame(InputStream is) throws IOException, LogCallback.DoneException {
+        // Read the header, which is composed of eight bytes. The first byte is an integer
+        // indicating the stream type (0 = stdin, 1 = stdout, 2 = stderr), the next three are thrown
+        // out, and the final four are the size of the remaining stream as an integer.
+        ByteBuffer headerBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(8);
+        headerBuffer.order(ByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+        try {
+            this.readFully(is, headerBuffer.array());
+        } catch (NoBytesReadException e) {
+            // Not bytes read for stream. Return false to stop consuming stream.
+            return false;
+        } catch (EOFException e) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to read log header. Could not read all 8 bytes. " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+
+        // Grab the stream type (stdout, stderr, stdin) from first byte and throw away other 3 bytes.
+        int type = headerBuffer.get();
+
+        // Skip three bytes, then read size from remaining four bytes.
+        int size = headerBuffer.getInt(4);
+
+        // Ignore empty messages and keep reading.
+        if (size <= 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Read the actual message
+        ByteBuffer payload = ByteBuffer.allocate(size);
+        try {
+            ByteStreams.readFully(is, payload.array());
+        } catch (EOFException e) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to read log message. Could not read all " + size + " bytes. " + e.getMessage() +
+                                  " [ Header: " + Hex.encodeHexString(headerBuffer.array()) + "]", e);
+        }
+
+        String message = Charsets.UTF_8.newDecoder().decode(payload).toString();
+        callLogCallback(type, message);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void parseResponse(HttpResponse response) throws LogCallback.DoneException, IOException {
+        final StatusLine status = response.getStatusLine();
+        if (status.getStatusCode() != 200) {
+            exception = new DockerAccessException("Error while reading logs (" + status + ")");
+            throw new LogCallback.DoneException();
+        }
+
+        final InputStream is = response.getEntity().getContent();
+
+        try {
+            while (true) {
+                if (!readStreamFrame(is)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if ((is != null) && (is.available() > 0)) {
+                is.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void callLogCallback(int type, String txt) throws LogCallback.DoneException {
+        Matcher matcher = LOG_LINE.matcher(txt);
+        if (!matcher.matches()) {
+            callback.error(String.format("Invalid log format for '%s' (expected: \"<timestamp> <txt>\") [%04x %04x]",
+                                         txt,(int) (txt.toCharArray())[0],(int) (txt.toCharArray())[1]));
+            throw new LogCallback.DoneException();
+        }
+        Timestamp ts = new Timestamp(matcher.group("timestamp"));
+        String logTxt = matcher.group("entry");
+        callback.log(type, ts, logTxt);
+    }
+
+    private HttpUriRequest getLogRequest(boolean follow) {
+        return RequestUtil.newGet(urlBuilder.containerLogs(containerId, follow));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void finish() {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (request != null) {
+                request.abort();
+                request = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isError() {
+        return exception != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DockerAccessException getException() {
+        return exception;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.log.LogRequestor.fetchLogs` reads without synchronization from `this.io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.log.LogRequestor.request`. Potentially races with write in method `LogRequestor.run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LogRequestor.fetchLogs()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.fabric8.maven.docker.access.log.LogRequestor.fetchLogs():void.c419ee4a8d354b6aff9a49f0b49bde19
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/fabric8/maven/docker/access/log/LogRequestor.java
+
+### Key:
+LogRequestor.java|fetchLogs|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6b004dde0a5fbdcb5efb6f378575b501
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1078/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1078/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ea6e39eefc69d352bddae15978194f18aabd5e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1078/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Specifications
+{
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+
+    public abstract class RequestSpec
+    {
+        protected static INancyEngine engine;
+        protected static IRequest request;
+        protected static Response response;
+
+        protected RequestSpec()
+        {
+            engine = new NancyEngine(new AppDomainModuleLocator(), new RouteResolver());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureGETRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePOSTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("POST", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("DELETE", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufacturePUTRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("PUT", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+
+        protected static IRequest ManufactureHEADRequestForRoute(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("HEAD", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 30) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IRequest RequestSpec.ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute(String)
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Specifications/RequestSpec.cs
+
+### Key:
+RequestSpec.cs|ManufactureDELETERequestForRoute|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+da5696e6479e343467ce700602fd8338
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1079/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1079/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a5b589a6ac3e789437aee311a2d74e5cdb3cfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1079/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Nancy
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Nancy.Tests.Unit
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.IO;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net;
+    using FakeItEasy;
+    using Nancy.Extensions;
+    using Nancy.Routing;
+    using Nancy.Tests.Fakes;
+    using Xunit;
+    using Xunit.Extensions;
+
+    public class NancyEngineFixture
+    {
+        private readonly INancyEngine engine;
+        private readonly IRouteResolver resolver;
+        private readonly INancyModuleLocator locator;
+        private readonly IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules;
+
+        public NancyEngineFixture()
+        {
+            this.modules = new[] { new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath() };
+            this.locator = A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>();
+            this.resolver = A.Fake<IRouteResolver>();
+            this.engine = new NancyEngine(this.locator, this.resolver);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_locator()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(null, A.Fake<IRouteResolver>()));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_created_with_null_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => new NancyEngine(A.Fake<INancyModuleLocator>(), null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_retrieve_modules_from_locator_when_handling_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_nancy_modules_could_be_found()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(Enumerable.Empty<NancyModule>());
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_get_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Theory]
+        [InlineData("get")]
+        [InlineData("GeT")]
+        [InlineData("PoSt")]
+        [InlineData("post")]
+        [InlineData("puT")]
+        [InlineData("PUT")]
+        [InlineData("DelETe")]
+        [InlineData("DELete")]
+        public void Should_ignore_case_of_request_verb_when_resolving_route_handlers(string verb)
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request(verb, "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_pass_all_registered_route_handlers_for_delete_request_to_route_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("DELETE", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_all_route_handlers()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("PUT", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, descriptions)).Returns(null);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(A<Request>.Ignored.Argument, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_call_route_resolver_with_request()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, 
+                A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.Ignored.Argument)).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_not_found_response_when_no_route_could_be_matched_for_the_request_verb()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("NOTVALID", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.StatusCode.ShouldEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_throw_argumentnullexception_when_handling_null_request()
+        {
+            // Given, When
+            var exception =
+                Record.Exception(() => this.engine.HandleRequest(null));
+
+            // Then
+            exception.ShouldBeOfType<ArgumentNullException>();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_invoke_resolved_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).MustHaveHappened();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_return_response_generated_by_route()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var expectedResponse = new Response();
+            var route = A.Fake<IRoute>();
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            var descriptions = GetRouteDescriptions(request, this.modules);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => route.Invoke()).Returns(expectedResponse);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+            A.CallTo(() => this.resolver.GetRoute(request, A<IEnumerable<RouteDescription>>.That.Matches(x => x.SequenceEqual(descriptions)).Argument)).Returns(route);
+
+            // When
+            var response = this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            response.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedResponse);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_base_route_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.ModulePath.ShouldEqual("/fake");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_path_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Path.ShouldEqual("/");
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_action_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("POST", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+
+            var r = new FakeRouteResolver();
+            var e = new NancyEngine(this.locator, r);
+
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            var expectedAction =
+                (new FakeNancyModuleWithBasePath()).Post["/"];
+            
+            // When
+            e.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            r.Action.ShouldBeSameAs(expectedAction);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void Should_set_request_property_of_loaded_modules()
+        {
+            // Given
+            var request = new Request("GET", "/", new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+            A.CallTo(() => this.locator.GetModules()).Returns(this.modules);
+
+            // When
+            this.engine.HandleRequest(request);
+
+            // Then
+            this.modules.First().Request.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        }
+        
+        private static IEnumerable<RouteDescription> GetRouteDescriptions(IRequest request, IEnumerable<NancyModule> modules)
+        {
+            return modules.SelectMany(x => x.GetRouteDescription(request));
+        }
+
+        private static IRequest ManufactureGETRequest(string route)
+        {
+            return new Request("GET", route, new Dictionary<string, IEnumerable<string>>(), new MemoryStream());
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource e of type Nancy.NancyEngine, Leaked resource request of type Nancy.Request, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.MemoryStream::.ctor() at Line 256) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_path_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NancyEngineFixture.Should_set_path_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver()
+
+### File:
+src/Nancy.Tests/Unit/NancyEngineFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+NancyEngineFixture.cs|Should_set_path_on_descriptions_that_are_passed_to_resolver|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+44545520cfdd60c776703911abb33725
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10792/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10792/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c8e131b0d57bd68d66a3ec454ec2513db58a984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10792/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rocketmq
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.rocketmq.broker.transaction.queue;
+
+import org.apache.rocketmq.broker.BrokerController;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.client.consumer.PullResult;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.client.consumer.PullStatus;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.BrokerConfig;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.MixAll;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.message.MessageAccessor;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.message.MessageConst;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.message.MessageExt;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.message.MessageQueue;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.NettyClientConfig;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.netty.NettyServerConfig;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.AppendMessageResult;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.AppendMessageStatus;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.GetMessageResult;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.GetMessageStatus;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.MessageExtBrokerInner;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.MessageFilter;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.MessageStore;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.PutMessageResult;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.PutMessageStatus;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.store.config.MessageStoreConfig;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Spy;
+import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class TransactionalMessageBridgeTest {
+
+    private TransactionalMessageBridge transactionBridge;
+
+    @Spy
+    private BrokerController brokerController = new BrokerController(new BrokerConfig(), new NettyServerConfig(),
+        new NettyClientConfig(), new MessageStoreConfig());
+
+    @Mock
+    private MessageStore messageStore;
+
+    @Before
+    public void init() {
+        brokerController.setMessageStore(messageStore);
+        transactionBridge = new TransactionalMessageBridge(brokerController, messageStore);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPutOpMessage() {
+        boolean isSuccess = transactionBridge.putOpMessage(createMessageBrokerInner(), TransactionalMessageUtil.REMOVETAG);
+        assertThat(isSuccess).isTrue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPutHalfMessage() {
+        when(messageStore.putMessage(any(MessageExtBrokerInner.class))).thenReturn(new PutMessageResult
+            (PutMessageStatus.PUT_OK, new AppendMessageResult(AppendMessageStatus.PUT_OK)));
+        PutMessageResult result = transactionBridge.putHalfMessage(createMessageBrokerInner());
+        assertThat(result.getPutMessageStatus()).isEqualTo(PutMessageStatus.PUT_OK);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFetchMessageQueues() {
+        Set<MessageQueue> messageQueues = transactionBridge.fetchMessageQueues(MixAll.RMQ_SYS_TRANS_HALF_TOPIC);
+        assertThat(messageQueues.size()).isEqualTo(1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFetchConsumeOffset() {
+        MessageQueue mq = new MessageQueue(TransactionalMessageUtil.buildOpTopic(), this.brokerController.getBrokerConfig().getBrokerName(),
+            0);
+        long offset = transactionBridge.fetchConsumeOffset(mq);
+        assertThat(offset).isGreaterThan(-1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void updateConsumeOffset() {
+        MessageQueue mq = new MessageQueue(TransactionalMessageUtil.buildOpTopic(), this.brokerController.getBrokerConfig().getBrokerName(),
+            0);
+        transactionBridge.updateConsumeOffset(mq, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHalfMessage() {
+        when(messageStore.getMessage(anyString(), anyString(), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt(),  ArgumentMatchers.nullable(MessageFilter.class))).thenReturn(createGetMessageResult(GetMessageStatus.NO_MESSAGE_IN_QUEUE));
+        PullResult result = transactionBridge.getHalfMessage(0, 0, 1);
+        assertThat(result.getPullStatus()).isEqualTo(PullStatus.NO_NEW_MSG);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetOpMessage() {
+        when(messageStore.getMessage(anyString(), anyString(), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt(),  ArgumentMatchers.nullable(MessageFilter.class))).thenReturn(createGetMessageResult(GetMessageStatus.NO_MESSAGE_IN_QUEUE));
+        PullResult result = transactionBridge.getOpMessage(0, 0, 1);
+        assertThat(result.getPullStatus()).isEqualTo(PullStatus.NO_NEW_MSG);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPutMessageReturnResult() {
+        when(messageStore.putMessage(any(MessageExtBrokerInner.class))).thenReturn(new PutMessageResult
+            (PutMessageStatus.PUT_OK, new AppendMessageResult(AppendMessageStatus.PUT_OK)));
+        PutMessageResult result = transactionBridge.putMessageReturnResult(createMessageBrokerInner());
+        assertThat(result.getPutMessageStatus()).isEqualTo(PutMessageStatus.PUT_OK);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPutMessage() {
+        when(messageStore.putMessage(any(MessageExtBrokerInner.class))).thenReturn(new PutMessageResult
+            (PutMessageStatus.PUT_OK, new AppendMessageResult(AppendMessageStatus.PUT_OK)));
+        Boolean success = transactionBridge.putMessage(createMessageBrokerInner());
+        assertThat(success).isEqualTo(true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRenewImmunityHalfMessageInner() {
+        MessageExt messageExt = createMessageBrokerInner();
+        final String offset = "123456789";
+        MessageExtBrokerInner msgInner = transactionBridge.renewImmunityHalfMessageInner(messageExt);
+        MessageAccessor.putProperty(msgInner, MessageConst.PROPERTY_TRANSACTION_PREPARED_QUEUE_OFFSET,offset);
+        assertThat(msgInner).isNotNull();
+        Map<String,String> properties = msgInner.getProperties();
+        assertThat(properties).isNotNull();
+        String resOffset = properties.get(MessageConst.PROPERTY_TRANSACTION_PREPARED_QUEUE_OFFSET);
+        assertThat(resOffset).isEqualTo(offset);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRenewHalfMessageInner() {
+        MessageExt messageExt = new MessageExt();
+        long bornTimeStamp = messageExt.getBornTimestamp();
+        MessageExt messageExtRes = transactionBridge.renewHalfMessageInner(messageExt);
+        assertThat( messageExtRes.getBornTimestamp()).isEqualTo(bornTimeStamp);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLookMessageByOffset(){
+        when(messageStore.lookMessageByOffset(anyLong())).thenReturn(new MessageExt());
+        MessageExt messageExt = transactionBridge.lookMessageByOffset(123);
+        assertThat(messageExt).isNotNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHalfMessageStatusFound() {
+        when(messageStore
+                .getMessage(anyString(), anyString(), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt(), ArgumentMatchers.nullable(MessageFilter.class)))
+                .thenReturn(createGetMessageResult(GetMessageStatus.FOUND));
+        PullResult result = transactionBridge.getHalfMessage(0, 0, 1);
+        assertThat(result.getPullStatus()).isEqualTo(PullStatus.FOUND);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHalfMessageNull() {
+        when(messageStore
+                .getMessage(anyString(), anyString(), anyInt(), anyLong(), anyInt(), ArgumentMatchers.nullable(MessageFilter.class)))
+                .thenReturn(null);
+        PullResult result = transactionBridge.getHalfMessage(0, 0, 1);
+        assertThat(result.getPullStatus()).isNull();
+    }
+
+    private GetMessageResult createGetMessageResult(GetMessageStatus status) {
+        GetMessageResult getMessageResult = new GetMessageResult();
+        getMessageResult.setStatus(status);
+        getMessageResult.setMinOffset(100);
+        getMessageResult.setMaxOffset(1024);
+        getMessageResult.setNextBeginOffset(516);
+        return getMessageResult;
+    }
+
+    private MessageExtBrokerInner createMessageBrokerInner() {
+        MessageExtBrokerInner inner = new MessageExtBrokerInner();
+        inner.setTransactionId("12342123444");
+        inner.setBornTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        inner.setBody("prepare".getBytes());
+        inner.setMsgId("123456-123");
+        inner.setQueueId(0);
+        inner.setTopic("hello");
+        return inner;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 184 could be null and is dereferenced at line 185.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TransactionalMessageBridgeTest.testGetHalfMessageNull()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.rocketmq.broker.transaction.queue.TransactionalMessageBridgeTest.testGetHalfMessageNull().ba45c55a33d7fd26379497c55a559b1b
+
+### File:
+broker/src/test/java/org/apache/rocketmq/broker/transaction/queue/TransactionalMessageBridgeTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TransactionalMessageBridgeTest.java|testGetHalfMessageNull|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9140dff8bf7cd03886d368c0c0c52aa5
+
+### Hash:
+b58b6607ad56e1709351b5a697b5e241
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10795/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10795/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80c0bf7e4649d1712f2dd8f6d32709b4bfb8b6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10795/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rocketmq
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.rocketmq.broker.client;
+
+import io.netty.channel.Channel;
+import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.protocol.LanguageCode;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class ProducerManagerTest {
+    private ProducerManager producerManager;
+    private String group = "FooBar";
+    private ClientChannelInfo clientInfo;
+
+    @Mock
+    private Channel channel;
+
+    @Before
+    public void init() {
+        producerManager = new ProducerManager();
+        clientInfo = new ClientChannelInfo(channel, "clientId", LanguageCode.JAVA, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void scanNotActiveChannel() throws Exception {
+        producerManager.registerProducer(group, clientInfo);
+        assertThat(producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group).get(channel)).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(producerManager.findChannel("clientId")).isNotNull();
+        Field field = ProducerManager.class.getDeclaredField("CHANNEL_EXPIRED_TIMEOUT");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        long CHANNEL_EXPIRED_TIMEOUT = field.getLong(producerManager);
+        clientInfo.setLastUpdateTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis() - CHANNEL_EXPIRED_TIMEOUT - 10);
+        when(channel.close()).thenReturn(mock(ChannelFuture.class));
+        producerManager.scanNotActiveChannel();
+        assertThat(producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group).get(channel)).isNull();
+        assertThat(producerManager.findChannel("clientId")).isNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void doChannelCloseEvent() throws Exception {
+        producerManager.registerProducer(group, clientInfo);
+        assertThat(producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group).get(channel)).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(producerManager.findChannel("clientId")).isNotNull();
+        producerManager.doChannelCloseEvent("127.0.0.1", channel);
+        assertThat(producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group).get(channel)).isNull();
+        assertThat(producerManager.findChannel("clientId")).isNull();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterProducer() throws Exception {
+        producerManager.registerProducer(group, clientInfo);
+        HashMap<Channel, ClientChannelInfo> channelMap = producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group);
+        Channel channel1 = producerManager.findChannel("clientId");
+        assertThat(channelMap).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(channel1).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(channelMap.get(channel)).isEqualTo(clientInfo);
+        assertThat(channel1).isEqualTo(channel);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void unregisterProducer() throws Exception {
+        producerManager.registerProducer(group, clientInfo);
+        HashMap<Channel, ClientChannelInfo> channelMap = producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group);
+        assertThat(channelMap).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(channelMap.get(channel)).isEqualTo(clientInfo);
+        Channel channel1 = producerManager.findChannel("clientId");
+        assertThat(channel1).isNotNull();
+        assertThat(channel1).isEqualTo(channel);
+        producerManager.unregisterProducer(group, clientInfo);
+        channelMap = producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group);
+        channel1 = producerManager.findChannel("clientId");
+        assertThat(channelMap).isNull();
+        assertThat(channel1).isNull();
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetGroupChannelTable() throws Exception {
+        producerManager.registerProducer(group, clientInfo);
+        HashMap<Channel, ClientChannelInfo> oldMap = producerManager.getGroupChannelTable().get(group);
+        
+        producerManager.unregisterProducer(group, clientInfo);
+        assertThat(oldMap.size()).isNotEqualTo(0);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `channelMap` last assigned on line 77 could be null and is dereferenced at line 81.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ProducerManagerTest.testRegisterProducer()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.rocketmq.broker.client.ProducerManagerTest.testRegisterProducer():void.32baffadfb3780626205e6796166058b
+
+### File:
+broker/src/test/java/org/apache/rocketmq/broker/client/ProducerManagerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ProducerManagerTest.java|testRegisterProducer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+57d951b6f33cf70bde10c0b2bb9d2d1c
+
+### Hash:
+0b48d8b28e9af1aaa6bf9fbcd7d2742d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10823/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10823/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1077b814d2abf148e7acae593682ebd694f40afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10823/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rocketmq
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.rocketmq.tools.command.message;
+
+import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.Option;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.Options;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.UtilAll;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.common.message.MessageClientIDSetter;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.remoting.RPCHook;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.tools.command.SubCommand;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.tools.command.SubCommandException;
+
+public class DecodeMessageIdCommond implements SubCommand {
+    @Override
+    public String commandName() {
+        return "DecodeMessageId";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String commandDesc() {
+        return "decode unique message ID";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Options buildCommandlineOptions(Options options) {
+        Option opt = new Option("i", "messageId", true, "unique message ID");
+        opt.setRequired(false);
+        options.addOption(opt);
+        return options;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute(final CommandLine commandLine, final Options options,
+        RPCHook rpcHook) throws SubCommandException {
+        String messageId = commandLine.getOptionValue('i').trim();
+
+        try {
+            System.out.printf("ip=" + MessageClientIDSetter.getIPStrFromID(messageId));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            String date = UtilAll.formatDate(MessageClientIDSetter.getNearlyTimeFromID(messageId), UtilAll.YYYY_MM_DD_HH_MM_SS_SSS);
+            System.out.printf("date=" + date);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new SubCommandException(this.getClass().getSimpleName() + " command failed", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DecodeMessageIdCommond.execute(CommandLine,Options,RPCHook)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.rocketmq.tools.command.message.DecodeMessageIdCommond.execute(org.apache.commons.cli.Comm.800771a951557d622f704049585f7a9d
+
+### File:
+tools/src/main/java/org/apache/rocketmq/tools/command/message/DecodeMessageIdCommond.java
+
+### Key:
+DecodeMessageIdCommond.java|execute|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5a6e696dd6715e3843e7c4cc27849c2e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1083/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1083/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fc90f740ab7edcf26d477d5c8438155b604040f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1083/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Aeron.NET
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 - 2017 Adaptive Financial Consulting Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+using System;
+using Adaptive.Aeron.Command;
+using Adaptive.Agrona.Concurrent;
+using Adaptive.Agrona.Concurrent.RingBuffer;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Adaptive.Aeron.Tests
+{
+    public class DriverProxyTest
+    {
+        [SetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            conductorBuffer = new ManyToOneRingBuffer(new UnsafeBuffer(new byte[RingBufferDescriptor.TrailerLength + 1024]));
+            conductor = new DriverProxy(conductorBuffer, CLIENT_ID);
+        }
+        
+        public const string CHANNEL = "aeron:udp?interface=localhost:40123|endpoint=localhost:40124";
+
+        private const int STREAM_ID = 1;
+        private const long CORRELATION_ID = 3;
+        private const long CLIENT_ID = 7;
+        private IRingBuffer conductorBuffer;
+        private DriverProxy conductor;
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ThreadSendsAddChannelMessage()
+        {
+            ThreadSendsChannelMessage(() => conductor.AddPublication(CHANNEL, STREAM_ID), ControlProtocolEvents.ADD_PUBLICATION);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ThreadSendsRemoveChannelMessage()
+        {
+            conductor.RemovePublication(CORRELATION_ID);
+            AssertReadsOneMessage((msgTypeId, buffer, index, length) =>
+            {
+                RemoveMessageFlyweight message = new RemoveMessageFlyweight();
+                message.Wrap(buffer, index);
+                Assert.That(msgTypeId, Is.EqualTo(ControlProtocolEvents.REMOVE_PUBLICATION));
+                Assert.That(message.RegistrationId(), Is.EqualTo(CORRELATION_ID));
+            });
+        }
+
+        private void ThreadSendsChannelMessage(Action sendMessage, int expectedMsgTypeId)
+        {
+            sendMessage();
+
+            AssertReadsOneMessage((msgTypeId, buffer, index, length) =>
+            {
+                PublicationMessageFlyweight publicationMessage = new PublicationMessageFlyweight();
+                publicationMessage.Wrap(buffer, index);
+                Assert.That(msgTypeId, Is.EqualTo(expectedMsgTypeId));
+                Assert.That(publicationMessage.Channel(), Is.EqualTo(CHANNEL));
+                Assert.That(publicationMessage.StreamId(), Is.EqualTo(STREAM_ID));
+            });
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ThreadSendsRemoveSubscriberMessage()
+        {
+            conductor.RemoveSubscription(CORRELATION_ID);
+
+            AssertReadsOneMessage((msgTypeId, buffer, index, length) =>
+            {
+                RemoveMessageFlyweight removeMessage = new RemoveMessageFlyweight();
+                removeMessage.Wrap(buffer, index);
+                Assert.That(msgTypeId, Is.EqualTo(ControlProtocolEvents.REMOVE_SUBSCRIPTION));
+                Assert.That(removeMessage.RegistrationId(), Is.EqualTo(CORRELATION_ID));
+            });
+        }
+
+        private void AssertReadsOneMessage(MessageHandler handler)
+        {
+            int messageCount = conductorBuffer.Read(handler);
+            Assert.That(messageCount, Is.EqualTo(1));
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Adaptive.Agrona.Concurrent.UnsafeBuffer::.ctor() at Line 30) of type Adaptive.Agrona.Concurrent.UnsafeBuffer in method "Void DriverProxyTest.Setup()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DriverProxyTest.Setup()
+
+### File:
+src/Adaptive.Aeron.Tests/DriverProxyTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+DriverProxyTests.cs|Setup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+159f9591cd81a69565f074748f599bb9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10840/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10840/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0569abbc103b3905b29f530452b5e4b7cb077e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10840/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Metanome
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 by the Metanome project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package de.metanome.frontend.client.results;
+
+
+import com.google.gwt.junit.client.GWTTestCase;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.Timer;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.Label;
+import com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.TabLayoutPanel;
+
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.Execution;
+import de.metanome.frontend.client.BasePage;
+import de.metanome.frontend.client.TabWrapper;
+import de.metanome.frontend.client.TestHelper;
+
+public class GwtTestResultsPage extends GWTTestCase {
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link de.metanome.frontend.client.results.ResultsPage#ResultsPage(de.metanome.frontend.client.BasePage)}
+   */
+  public void testResultTable() {
+    // Set up
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+
+    BasePage parent = new BasePage();
+
+    // Expected Values
+    // Execute
+    ResultsPage page = new ResultsPage(parent);
+
+    // Check
+    assertNotNull(page.basePage);
+    assertTrue(page.getWidget(0) instanceof Label);
+
+    // Cleanup
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link ResultsPage#startPolling(boolean)}
+   */
+  public void testStartPolling() {
+    // Set up
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+
+    BasePage parent = new BasePage();
+    ResultsPage page = new ResultsPage(parent);
+
+    page.setExecutionParameter("identifier", "name");
+
+    // Expected Values
+    // Execute
+    page.startPolling(true);
+
+    // Check
+    assertEquals(5, page.getWidgetCount());
+    assertNotNull(page.runningIndicator);
+    assertNotNull(page.progressBar);
+    assertNotNull(page.algorithmLabel);
+    assertNotNull(page.executionTimePanel);
+
+    // Cleanup
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link ResultsPage#updateOnError(String)}
+   */
+  public void testUpdateOnError() {
+    // Set up
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+
+    BasePage parent = new BasePage();
+    ResultsPage page = new ResultsPage(parent);
+    page.setMessageReceiver(new TabWrapper());
+    page.executionTimeTimer = new Timer() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+      }
+    };
+
+    // Expected Values
+    // Execute
+    page.updateOnError("message");
+
+    // Check
+    assertTrue(page.messageReceiver.isInError());
+    assertEquals(0, page.getWidgetCount());
+
+    // Cleanup
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link ResultsPage#updateOnSuccess(de.metanome.backend.results_db.Execution)}
+   */
+  public void testUpdateOnSuccess() {
+    // Set up
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+
+    Execution execution = new Execution(null, 12);
+    execution.setEnd(2345);
+
+    BasePage parent = new BasePage();
+    ResultsPage page = new ResultsPage(parent);
+    page.setMessageReceiver(new TabWrapper());
+    page.setExecutionParameter("identifier", "name");
+
+    page.startPolling(true);
+
+    // Expected Values
+    // Execute
+    page.updateOnSuccess(null);
+
+    // Check
+    assertEquals(2, page.getWidgetCount());
+    assertTrue(page.getWidget(1) instanceof TabLayoutPanel);
+    assertEquals(2, ((TabLayoutPanel) page.getWidget(1)).getWidgetCount());
+
+    // Cleanup
+    TestHelper.resetDatabaseSync();
+  }
+
+  public void testTimeConversion() {
+    BasePage parent = new BasePage();
+    ResultsPage page = new ResultsPage(parent);
+
+    String timeStr = "01:30:40";
+    int timeInt = 5440;
+
+    assertEquals(timeStr, page.toTimeString(timeInt));
+    assertEquals(timeInt, page.toTimeInt(timeStr));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getModuleName() {
+    return "de.metanome.frontend.MetanomeTest";
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `updateOnSuccess(...)` at line 128.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GwtTestResultsPage.testUpdateOnSuccess()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.metanome.frontend.client.results.GwtTestResultsPage.testUpdateOnSuccess():void.1d3574e4cd318104c21fab466137482a
+
+### File:
+frontend/src/test/java/de/metanome/frontend/client/results/GwtTestResultsPage.java
+
+### Key:
+GwtTestResultsPage.java|testUpdateOnSuccess|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bcbf527556430e212619bbf95454ee16
+
+### Hash:
+59e43dbe4e5c0dc6a3bba2f79490b23a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10846/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10846/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83f00c442d8c709b89015ee40bc68ea9ff7f79c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10846/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Metanome
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.server;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.google.gwt.user.server.rpc.RemoteServiceServlet;
+
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_execution.TempFileGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.AlgorithmConfigurationException;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.AlgorithmExecutionException;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.algorithm_execution.FileGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValue;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueBoolean;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueSQLInputGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueRelationalInputGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValueString;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.input.SQLInputGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.result_receiver.FunctionalDependencyResultReceiver;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.result_receiver.InclusionDependencyResultReceiver;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.result_receiver.UniqueColumnCombinationResultReceiver;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_loading.AlgorithmExecutor;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_loading.AlgorithmLoadingException;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameter;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterBoolean;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterCsvFile;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterSQLIterator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.parameter.InputParameterString;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.client.services.ExecutionService;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.input.csv.CsvFileGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.input.sql.SqlIteratorGenerator;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.FunctionalDependencyPrinter;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.InclusionDependencyPrinter;
+import de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.UniqueColumnCombinationPrinter;
+
+/**
+ * Service Implementation for service that triggers algorithm execution
+ */
+public class ExecutionServiceImpl extends RemoteServiceServlet implements ExecutionService {
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -2758103927345131933L;
+	
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param algorithmName
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws FileNotFoundException
+	 * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+	 */
+	protected AlgorithmExecutor buildExecutor(String algorithmName) throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
+		FunctionalDependencyResultReceiver fdResultReceiver = 
+				new FunctionalDependencyPrinter(getResultFileName(algorithmName), getResultDirectoryName());
+		InclusionDependencyResultReceiver indResultReceiver = 
+				new InclusionDependencyPrinter(getResultFileName(algorithmName), getResultDirectoryName());
+		UniqueColumnCombinationResultReceiver uccResultReceiver = 
+				new UniqueColumnCombinationPrinter(getResultFileName(algorithmName), getResultDirectoryName());
+		FileGenerator fileGenerator = new TempFileGenerator();
+		
+		return new AlgorithmExecutor(fdResultReceiver, indResultReceiver, uccResultReceiver, fileGenerator);
+	}
+	
+	private List<ConfigurationValue> convertInputParameters(
+			List<InputParameter> parameters) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		List<ConfigurationValue> configValuesList = new LinkedList<ConfigurationValue>();
+		for (InputParameter parameter : parameters){
+			ConfigurationValue configValue = convertToConfigurationValue(parameter);
+			configValuesList.add(configValue);
+		}
+		return configValuesList;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param parameter
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws AlgorithmConfigurationException
+	 */
+	public ConfigurationValue convertToConfigurationValue(
+			InputParameter parameter) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		//TODO all types of ConfigurationValues
+		if (parameter instanceof InputParameterString)
+			return new ConfigurationValueString(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					((InputParameterString) parameter).getValue());
+		
+		else if (parameter instanceof InputParameterBoolean)
+			return new ConfigurationValueBoolean(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					((InputParameterBoolean) parameter).getValue());
+		
+		else if (parameter instanceof InputParameterCsvFile)
+			return new ConfigurationValueRelationalInputGenerator(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					buildCsvFileGenerator((InputParameterCsvFile) parameter));
+		
+		else if (parameter instanceof InputParameterSQLIterator)
+			return new ConfigurationValueSQLInputGenerator(parameter.getIdentifier(), 
+					buildSQLInputGenerator((InputParameterSQLIterator) parameter));
+		
+		else
+			return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param parameter
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws AlgorithmConfigurationException
+	 */
+	private SQLInputGenerator buildSQLInputGenerator(
+			InputParameterSQLIterator parameter) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		return new SqlIteratorGenerator(parameter.getDbUrl(), parameter.getUserName(), parameter.getPassword());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * TODO docs
+	 * 
+	 * @param param
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws AlgorithmConfigurationException
+	 */
+	protected CsvFileGenerator buildCsvFileGenerator(InputParameterCsvFile param) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException {
+		//TODO advanced CsvFileGenerator construction
+		try {
+			if (param.isAdvanced())
+				return new CsvFileGenerator(new File(param.getFileNameValue()), param.getSeparatorChar(), 
+						param.getQuoteChar(), param.getEscapeChar(), param.getLine(), 
+						param.isStrictQuotes(), param.isIgnoreLeadingWhiteSpace()) ;
+			else
+				return new CsvFileGenerator(new File(param.getFileNameValue()));
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			throw new AlgorithmConfigurationException("Could not find specified CSV file.");		
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	@Override
+	public void executeAlgorithm(String algorithmName, List<InputParameter> parameters) throws AlgorithmConfigurationException, AlgorithmLoadingException, AlgorithmExecutionException {
+		
+		List<ConfigurationValue> configs = convertInputParameters(parameters);
+
+		try {
+			buildExecutor(algorithmName).executeAlgorithm(algorithmName, configs);
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			throw new AlgorithmExecutionException("Could not generate result file.");
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+			throw new AlgorithmExecutionException("Could not build temporary file generator.");
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected String getResultDirectoryName() {
+		return "results";
+	}
+	
+	protected String getResultFileName(String algorithmName) {
+		return algorithmName + new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HHmmss").format(new Date()) + ".txt";
+	}
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.result_receiver.UniqueColumnCombinationPrinter` acquired by call to `buildExecutor(...)` at line 146 is not released after line 146.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 146
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExecutionServiceImpl.executeAlgorithm(String,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.frontend.server.ExecutionServiceImpl.executeAlgorithm(java.lang.String,j.851c01fab5572bf27434b470d5c8b2ee
+
+### File:
+frontend/src/main/java/de/uni_potsdam/hpi/metanome/frontend/server/ExecutionServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ExecutionServiceImpl.java|executeAlgorithm|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a3577a5bd798e4287b09e9b1fe068938
+
+### Hash:
+09d4233a9b44a4e118596e21039004c7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10847/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10847/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79e96a2c77b5ae44259126d802d4b54235b89036
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10847/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Metanome
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.input;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link CsvFileGenerator}
+ */
+public class CsvFileGeneratorTest {
+
+	protected CsvFileFixture csvFileFixture;
+	protected File expectedFile;
+	protected char expectedSeparator;
+	protected char expectedQuotechar;
+	protected char expectedEscape;
+	protected int expectedLine;
+	protected boolean expectedStrictQuotes;
+	protected boolean expectedIgnoreLeadingWhiteSpace;
+	protected CsvFileGenerator generator;
+	
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() throws Exception {
+		this.csvFileFixture = new CsvFileFixture();
+		this.expectedFile = csvFileFixture.getTestDataPath("test.csv");
+		this.expectedSeparator = CsvFileFixture.SEPARATOR;
+		this.expectedQuotechar = CsvFileFixture.QUOTE_CHAR;
+		this.expectedEscape = '\\';
+		this.expectedLine = 0;
+		this.expectedStrictQuotes = true;
+		this.expectedIgnoreLeadingWhiteSpace = true;
+		this.generator = new CsvFileGenerator(expectedFile, expectedSeparator, expectedQuotechar, expectedEscape, expectedLine, expectedStrictQuotes, expectedIgnoreLeadingWhiteSpace);
+	}
+
+	@After
+	public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+		
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * The generator should store the file path correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testConstructor() {		
+		// Check result
+		assertEquals(expectedFile, generator.inputFile);
+		assertEquals(expectedSeparator, generator.separator);
+		assertEquals(expectedQuotechar, generator.quotechar);
+		assertEquals(expectedEscape, generator.escape);
+		assertEquals(expectedLine, generator.line);
+		assertEquals(expectedStrictQuotes, generator.strictQuotes);
+		assertEquals(expectedIgnoreLeadingWhiteSpace, generator.ignoreLeadingWhiteSpace);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * The generator should generate fresh csv files iterable from the start.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IOException 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testGenerateNewCsvFile() throws IOException {
+		// Setup
+		SimpleRelationalInput csv = generator.generateNewCsvFile();
+		
+		// Check result
+		// The csv should contain both lines and iterate through them with next.
+		assertEquals(csvFileFixture.expectedFirstLine(), csv.next());
+		assertEquals(csvFileFixture.expectedSecondLine(), csv.next());
+		// A new CsvFile should iterate from the start.
+		SimpleRelationalInput csv2 = generator.generateNewCsvFile();
+		assertEquals(csvFileFixture.expectedFirstLine(), csv2.next());
+		assertEquals(csvFileFixture.expectedSecondLine(), csv2.next());		
+	}
+	
+	
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `au.com.bytecode.opencsv.CSVReader` acquired by call to `generateNewCsvFile()` at line 75 is not released after line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CsvFileGeneratorTest.testGenerateNewCsvFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.uni_potsdam.hpi.metanome.algorithm_integration.input.CsvFileGeneratorTest.testGenerateNewCsvFile(.bd7d8431465d086a403952509f9982d0
+
+### File:
+algorithm_integration/src/test/java/de/uni_potsdam/hpi/metanome/algorithm_integration/input/CsvFileGeneratorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CsvFileGeneratorTest.java|testGenerateNewCsvFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d350fd7be612547f956744870931a299
+
+### Hash:
+91152612a07cf148f5c2118423a62f1d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10849/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10849/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..be920422fa79218bf2e6c9e980aa08b21a1c2ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10849/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Metanome
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 by the Metanome project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package de.metanome.backend.resources;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
+
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.AlgorithmConfigurationException;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.algorithm_execution.FileGenerator;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationRequirement;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationSetting;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationSettingDatabaseConnection;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationSettingFileInput;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationSettingTableInput;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.configuration.ConfigurationValue;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.input.FileInputGenerator;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.input.RelationalInputGenerator;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.input.TableInputGenerator;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.results.JsonConverter;
+import de.metanome.algorithm_integration.results.Result;
+import de.metanome.backend.algorithm_execution.AlgorithmExecutor;
+import de.metanome.backend.algorithm_execution.ProcessExecutor;
+import de.metanome.backend.algorithm_execution.ProcessRegistry;
+import de.metanome.backend.algorithm_execution.ProgressCache;
+import de.metanome.backend.algorithm_execution.TempFileGenerator;
+import de.metanome.backend.configuration.DefaultConfigurationFactory;
+import de.metanome.backend.helper.FileInputGeneratorMixIn;
+import de.metanome.backend.helper.RelationalInputGeneratorMixIn;
+import de.metanome.backend.helper.TableInputGeneratorMixIn;
+import de.metanome.backend.result_receiver.ResultCache;
+import de.metanome.backend.result_receiver.ResultCounter;
+import de.metanome.backend.result_receiver.ResultPrinter;
+import de.metanome.backend.result_receiver.ResultReader;
+import de.metanome.backend.result_receiver.ResultReceiver;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.Algorithm;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.EntityStorageException;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.Execution;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.ExecutionSetting;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.HibernateUtil;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.Input;
+import de.metanome.backend.results_db.ResultType;
+
+import org.hibernate.criterion.Criterion;
+import org.hibernate.criterion.Restrictions;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.EnumMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.ws.rs.Consumes;
+import javax.ws.rs.GET;
+import javax.ws.rs.POST;
+import javax.ws.rs.Path;
+import javax.ws.rs.PathParam;
+import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.Response;
+
+@Path("algorithm_execution")
+public class AlgorithmExecutionResource {
+
+  /**
+   * Executes an algorithm.
+   * @param params all parameters to execute the algorithm
+   * @return the resulting execution
+   */
+  @POST
+  @Consumes("application/json")
+  @Produces("application/json")
+  public Execution executeAlgorithm(AlgorithmExecutionParams params) {
+
+    String executionIdentifier = params.getExecutionIdentifier();
+    ExecutionSetting executionSetting = buildExecutionSetting(params);
+    try {
+      HibernateUtil.store(executionSetting);
+    } catch (EntityStorageException e) {
+      throw new WebException(e, Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST);
+    }
+    HibernateUtil.shutdown();
+    try {
+      Process
+          process =
+          ProcessExecutor.exec(AlgorithmExecutor.class, String.valueOf(params.getAlgorithmId()),
+                               executionIdentifier, params.getMemory());
+      ProcessRegistry.getInstance().put(executionIdentifier,
+                                        process);
+      InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(process.getInputStream());
+      BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+      String lineRead;
+      while ((lineRead = br.readLine()) != null) {
+        System.out.println(lineRead);
+      }
+      System.out.println("hello Again!");
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+    Execution execution = null;
+    try {
+      ArrayList<Criterion> criteria = new ArrayList<>();
+      criteria.add(Restrictions.eq("identifier", executionIdentifier));
+      execution =
+          (Execution) HibernateUtil
+              .queryCriteria(Execution.class,
+                             criteria.toArray(new Criterion[criteria.size()])).get(0);
+    } catch (EntityStorageException | IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+      AlgorithmResource algorithmResource = new AlgorithmResource();
+      Algorithm algorithm = algorithmResource.get(params.getAlgorithmId());
+      execution = new Execution(algorithm).setExecutionSetting(executionSetting).setAborted(true);
+      ExecutionResource executionResource = new ExecutionResource();
+      executionResource.store(execution);
+    }
+    return execution;
+  }
+
+  @GET
+  @Path("/result_cache/{identifier}")
+  @Produces("application/json")
+  public List<Result> getCacheResults(@PathParam("identifier") String executionIdentifier) {
+    try {
+      return AlgorithmExecutionCache.getResultCache(executionIdentifier).fetchNewResults();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new WebException("Could not find any results to the given identifier",
+                             Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @GET
+  @Path("/fetch_progress/{identifier}")
+  @Produces("application/json")
+  public float fetchProgress(@PathParam("identifier") String executionIdentifier) {
+    try {
+      return AlgorithmExecutionCache.getProgressCache(executionIdentifier).getProgress();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new WebException("Could not find any progress to the given identifier",
+                             Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @GET
+  @Path("/result_counter/{identifier}")
+  @Produces("application/json")
+  public EnumMap<ResultType, Integer> getCounterResults(@PathParam("identifier") String executionIdentifier) {
+    try {
+      return AlgorithmExecutionCache.getResultCounter(executionIdentifier).getResults();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new WebException("Could not find any progress to the given identifier",
+                             Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @GET
+  @Path("/result_printer/{identifier}")
+  @Produces("application/json")
+  public List<Result> getPrinterResults(@PathParam("identifier") String executionIdentifier) {
+    try {
+      return AlgorithmExecutionCache.getResultPrinter(executionIdentifier).getResults();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new WebException("Could not find any progress to the given identifier",
+                             Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @GET
+  @Path("/read_result/{file_name}/{type}")
+  @Produces("application/json")
+  public List<Result> readResultFromFile(@PathParam("file_name") String fileName, @PathParam("type") String type) {
+    try {
+      return ResultReader.readResultsFromFile(fileName, type);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new WebException("Could not read result file",
+                             Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected ExecutionSetting buildExecutionSetting(AlgorithmExecutionParams params) {
+    ExecutionSetting executionSetting = null;
+    try {
+      DefaultConfigurationFactory configurationFactory = new DefaultConfigurationFactory();
+      List<ConfigurationValue> parameterValues = new LinkedList<>();
+      List<Input> inputs = new ArrayList<>();
+      FileInputResource fileInputResource = new FileInputResource();
+      TableInputResource tableInputResource = new TableInputResource();
+      DatabaseConnectionResource databaseConnectionResource = new DatabaseConnectionResource();
+
+      for (ConfigurationRequirement requirement : params.getRequirements()) {
+        parameterValues.add(requirement.build(configurationFactory));
+
+        for (ConfigurationSetting setting : requirement.getSettings()) {
+          if (setting instanceof ConfigurationSettingFileInput) {
+            inputs.add(fileInputResource.get(((ConfigurationSettingFileInput) setting).getId()));
+          } else if (setting instanceof ConfigurationSettingDatabaseConnection) {
+            inputs.add(databaseConnectionResource
+                           .get(((ConfigurationSettingDatabaseConnection) setting).getId()));
+          } else if (setting instanceof ConfigurationSettingTableInput) {
+            inputs.add(tableInputResource.get(((ConfigurationSettingTableInput) setting).getId()));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      //Todo: designated Method
+      JsonConverter<ConfigurationValue> jsonConverter = new JsonConverter<ConfigurationValue>();
+      jsonConverter.addMixIn(FileInputGenerator.class, FileInputGeneratorMixIn.class);
+      jsonConverter.addMixIn(TableInputGenerator.class, TableInputGeneratorMixIn.class);
+      jsonConverter.addMixIn(RelationalInputGenerator.class, RelationalInputGeneratorMixIn.class);
+      List<String> parameterValuesJson = new ArrayList<String>();
+      try {
+        for(ConfigurationValue config : parameterValues){
+          parameterValuesJson.add(jsonConverter.toJsonString(config));
+        }
+      } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+        e.printStackTrace();
+      }
+
+      List<String> inputsJson = new ArrayList<String>();
+      JsonConverter<Input> jsonConverterInput = new JsonConverter<Input>();
+      for(Input input: inputs){
+        try {
+          inputsJson.add(jsonConverterInput.toJsonString(input));
+        } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+      }
+      inputsJson = inputsJson;
+      executionSetting = new ExecutionSetting(parameterValuesJson, inputsJson, params.getExecutionIdentifier());
+    } catch (AlgorithmConfigurationException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+    return executionSetting;
+  }
+
+  @GET
+  @Path("/stop/{identifier}")
+  @Produces("application/json")
+  public void stopExecution(@PathParam("identifier") String executionIdentifier) {
+    Process process = ProcessRegistry.getInstance().get(executionIdentifier);
+    ProcessRegistry.getInstance().remove(executionIdentifier);
+    process.destroy();
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Builds an {@link de.metanome.backend.algorithm_execution.AlgorithmExecutor} with stacked {@link de.metanome.algorithm_integration.result_receiver.OmniscientResultReceiver}s to write
+   * result files and cache results for the frontend.
+   *
+   * @param params all parameters for executing the algorithm
+   * @return an {@link de.metanome.backend.algorithm_execution.AlgorithmExecutor}
+   * @throws java.io.FileNotFoundException        when the result files cannot be opened
+   * @throws java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException when the temp files cannot be opened
+   */
+  protected AlgorithmExecutor buildExecutor(AlgorithmExecutionParams params)
+      throws FileNotFoundException, UnsupportedEncodingException {
+    String identifier = params.getExecutionIdentifier();
+    FileGenerator fileGenerator = new TempFileGenerator();
+    ProgressCache progressCache = new ProgressCache();
+
+    ResultReceiver resultReceiver = null;
+    if (params.getCacheResults()) {
+      resultReceiver = new ResultCache(identifier);
+      AlgorithmExecutionCache.add(identifier, (ResultCache) resultReceiver);
+    } else if (params.getCountResults()) {
+      resultReceiver = new ResultCounter(identifier);
+      AlgorithmExecutionCache.add(identifier, (ResultCounter) resultReceiver);
+    } else if (params.getWriteResults()) {
+      resultReceiver = new ResultPrinter(identifier);
+      AlgorithmExecutionCache.add(identifier, (ResultPrinter) resultReceiver);
+    }
+
+    AlgorithmExecutionCache.add(identifier, progressCache);
+
+    AlgorithmExecutor executor = new AlgorithmExecutor(resultReceiver, progressCache, fileGenerator);
+    executor.setResultPathPrefix(resultReceiver.getOutputFilePathPrefix());
+
+    return executor;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getResultCounter(executionIdentifier)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 165.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+EnumMap AlgorithmExecutionResource.getCounterResults(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.metanome.backend.resources.AlgorithmExecutionResource.getCounterResults(java.lang.String):java.ut.c3a5339cf758596038db11734a662845
+
+### File:
+backend/src/main/java/de/metanome/backend/resources/AlgorithmExecutionResource.java
+
+### Key:
+AlgorithmExecutionResource.java|getCounterResults|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3534744d3537de8ddf14c788351b1bdd
+
+### Hash:
+a8b0230321919718bf7064f2fb364a1e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10870/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10870/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f8347af90d34be917ac018a36e42fbf6c4b5f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10870/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 69
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1281 is not released after line 1293.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testReturnGeneratedKeys()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testReturnGeneratedKeys():void.f84200f62e0e80aef84def189e859b23
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testReturnGeneratedKeys|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b1e1d2e868cbf5fb020e794c7723980b
+
+### Hash:
+93e1dc204c75e0b0f549225a753b4136
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10871/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10871/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf1eda1729ed9aa04f0625dbb24f4d38063e191e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10871/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2410 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 56
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1098 is not released after line 1100.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testTuple4()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testTuple4():void.3e72ab5404511eaf5f4008024145b715
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testTuple4|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+8c30d0aab3d55cb80cf5a480e91c5931
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10876/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10876/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a44c8f0d4c48d95229454a8f1bbb55c0c2773747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10876/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2482 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 93
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .getAs(String.class)) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getTupleN() //
+                    .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(3) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .toList() //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingGet();
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .startWith(a) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(1) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().toObservable();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().count();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().ignoreElements();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(0) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                         // text
+                                                                         // here")
+                                                                         // //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                    .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+            db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                    .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(c) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Time t = new Time(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                    .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Date d = new Date(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(d) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                            ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 727 is not released after line 729.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testSelectTransactedTupleN()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testSelectTransactedTupleN():void.32b1d400a6dc798ed681f24deb9444f1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testSelectTransactedTupleN|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b1e1d2e868cbf5fb020e794c7723980b
+
+### Hash:
+8254a0d2d334264c6f5557276e5331f2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10877/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10877/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e947bab7b1b2d365e53c90d301ec86bc1444fa95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10877/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2482 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 94
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .getAs(String.class)) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete()
+                    .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getTupleN() //
+                    .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set score=?") //
+                    .batchSize(3) //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .toList() //
+                    .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .blockingGet();
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+            assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .batchSize(2) //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            // note is a table with auto increment
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+            db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                    .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .startWith(a) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(1) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().toObservable();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().count();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .counts().ignoreElements();
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .dependsOn(a) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(100) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                            .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                            .batchSize(0) //
+                            .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                            .valuesOnly() //
+                            .counts()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                         // text
+                                                                         // here")
+                                                                         // //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                    .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+            db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                    .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                    .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("some text here") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(c) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Time t = new Time(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(t) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                    .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Date d = new Date(1234);
+            db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                    .parameter(d) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1234L) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                    .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                            ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                    .getAs(Long.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 745 is not released after line 747.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testSelectTransactedCount()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testSelectTransactedCount():void.a330b89cb4153f27bcbdc56e36f4a482
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testSelectTransactedCount|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b1e1d2e868cbf5fb020e794c7723980b
+
+### Hash:
+41b025f2c9bd60ec3bea1934b7b1db50
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10878/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10878/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0732b32d5c0d04984e19eb69117a5abeae93e67b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10878/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 60
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person9::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person10.class) //
+                    .get() //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person10::score) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select(Person.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .count() //
+                    .blockingGet());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1164 is not released after line 1166.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testTupleN()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testTupleN():void.5f90ad2a3d1595dab199601458cf6012
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testTupleN|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+5ca8411f27dbeb97d59bfea555cf274c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10882/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10882/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87ade892b6d436d155aba3fdd10bf299347a95c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10882/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2334 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterListStream(Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        db().select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterListStream(
+                        Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(2) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(0) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(-1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // System.out.println(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        db() //
+                .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectTransacted");
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value())) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .get().test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value()))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectChained");
+        // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .concatMap(score -> {
+                    log.info("score={}", score);
+                    return db //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(score) //
+                            .getAs(String.class) //
+                            .doOnComplete(() -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete(); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select nam from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("a") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        Database db = db(1); //
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> System.out.println("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        list.add("subscribed");
+        assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationsEmitsError() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person2::score) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            System.out.println("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 211 is not released after line 213.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testSelectWithFetchSize()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testSelectWithFetchSize():void.3dc88e3ad3f84467ebd1a8b6977f1f74
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testSelectWithFetchSize|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+a2c7a411d2dbaa5b7c44e9e27506b000
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10883/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10883/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e0098cf10b8185bfc3d967df2c2d1393aba254a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10883/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2367 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // System.out.println(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+        Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectTransacted");
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value())) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .get().test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value()))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectChained");
+        // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .concatMap(score -> {
+                    log.info("score={}", score);
+                    return db //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(score) //
+                            .getAs(String.class) //
+                            .doOnComplete(() -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete(); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select nam from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("a") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        Database db = db(1); //
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> System.out.println("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        list.add("subscribed");
+        assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationsEmitsError() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person2::score) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            System.out.println("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 500 is not released after line 505.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testUpdateBlobWithNull()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testUpdateBlobWithNull():void.6bbd5415814b59652d5ad822b6e4f451
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testUpdateBlobWithNull|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a7e34068ba71f4238bb696ce5de4b213
+
+### Hash:
+d01cbcf3e38be7abb240b01b67f5a751
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10885/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10885/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28124b979fb292e3dd272ff0b078ea2f18921ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10885/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2209 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MethodCallNotSupportedException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterListStream(Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        db().select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        db().select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                .parameterListStream(
+                        Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(2) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(0) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        db().select("select score from person order by name") //
+                .fetchSize(-1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool2 pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        db() //
+                .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        Database db = db();
+        Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db //
+                .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectTransacted");
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value())) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .get().test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values().get(0);
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(tx -> System.out.println(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : tx.value()))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        System.out.println("testSelectChained");
+        // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .concatMap(score -> {
+                    log.info("score={}", score);
+                    return db //
+                            .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(score) //
+                            .getAs(String.class) //
+                            .doOnComplete(() -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                }) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete(); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select nam from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        Database db = Database.test();
+        db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("a") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .forEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        Database db = db(1); //
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> System.out.println("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                .subscribe();
+        list.add("subscribed");
+        assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationsEmitsError() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person2::score) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.DEBUG);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool2 pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            System.out.println("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool2 pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> System.out.println("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    System.out.println("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> System.out.println("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> System.out.println("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = MethodCallNotSupportedException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        // TODO should not throw exception
+        p1.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool2` acquired to `pool` by call to `build()` at line 1581 is not released after line 1583.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testHealthCheck(Predicate)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testHealthCheck(io.reactivex.functions.Predicate):void.6b7d441e1f8085c4886a880e979e4e3c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testHealthCheck|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e5960f4fbede3e43a358ccb7b3c94f25
+
+### Hash:
+6fe3ab7a8812cb59a1a333e68bdf3ae7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10933/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10933/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84e40ca25277023c28a4889766fc3be040735463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10933/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 101
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.ConnectionProvider;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.SQLRuntimeException;
+
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+
+public final class DatabaseCreator {
+
+    private static final AtomicInteger dbNumber = new AtomicInteger();
+
+    public static Database createBlocking() {
+        return Database.fromBlocking(connectionProvider());
+    }
+
+    public static Database create(int maxSize) {
+        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(maxSize);
+        Scheduler scheduler = new ExecutorScheduler(executor);
+        return create(maxSize, false, scheduler);
+    }
+
+    public static Database create(int maxSize, Scheduler scheduler) {
+        return create(maxSize, false, scheduler);
+    }
+
+    public static Database createDerby(int maxSize) {
+        return Database.from(Pools.nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(connectionProviderDerby(nextUrlDerby())) //
+                .maxPoolSize(maxSize) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(maxSize))) //
+                .build());
+    }
+
+    private static ConnectionProvider connectionProviderDerby(String url) {
+        Connection c;
+        try {
+            c = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
+            createDatabaseDerby(c);
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        return new ConnectionProvider() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Connection get() {
+                try {
+                    return DriverManager.getConnection(url);
+                } catch (SQLException e) {
+                    throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() {
+                //
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static void createDatabaseDerby(Connection c) throws SQLException {
+        c.setAutoCommit(true);
+        exec(c, "create table note2("
+                + "id integer not null generated always as identity (start with 1, increment by 2),"
+                + "text varchar(255) not null," //
+                + "constraint primary_key primary key (id)" + ")");
+    }
+
+    public static Database create(int maxSize, boolean big, Scheduler scheduler) {
+        return Database.from(Pools.nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(connectionProvider(nextUrl(), big)) //
+                .maxPoolSize(maxSize) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .build(), () -> scheduler.shutdown());
+    }
+
+    public static ConnectionProvider connectionProvider() {
+        return connectionProvider(nextUrl(), false);
+    }
+
+    private static ConnectionProvider connectionProvider(String url, boolean big) {
+        return new ConnectionProvider() {
+
+            private final AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+            private final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+            @Override
+            public Connection get() {
+                try {
+                    if (once.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                        try {
+                            Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
+                            createDatabase(c, big);
+                            return c;
+                        } finally {
+                            latch.countDown();
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (latch.await(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                            return DriverManager.getConnection(url);
+                        } else {
+                            throw new TimeoutException("big database timed out on creation");
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (SQLException | InterruptedException | TimeoutException e) {
+                    throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() {
+                //
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static String nextUrl() {
+        return "jdbc:h2:mem:test" + dbNumber.incrementAndGet() + ";DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1";
+    }
+
+    private static String nextUrlDerby() {
+        return "jdbc:derby:memory:derbyUnitTest" + dbNumber.incrementAndGet() + ";create=true";
+    }
+
+    private static void createDatabase(Connection c, boolean big) {
+        try {
+            c.setAutoCommit(true);
+            c.prepareStatement(
+                    "create table person (name varchar(50) primary key, score int not null, date_of_birth date, registered timestamp)")
+                    .execute();
+            if (big) {
+                List<String> lines = IOUtils.readLines(
+                        DatabaseCreator.class.getResourceAsStream("/big.txt"),
+                        StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+                lines.stream().map(line -> line.split("\t")).forEach(items -> {
+                    try {
+                        c.prepareStatement("insert into person(name,score) values('" + items[0]
+                                + "'," + Integer.parseInt(items[1]) + ")").execute();
+                    } catch (SQLException e) {
+                        throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+                    }
+                });
+            } else {
+                exec(c, "insert into person(name,score,registered) values('FRED',21, {ts '2015-09-17 18:47:52.69Z'})");
+                exec(c, "insert into person(name,score) values('JOSEPH',34)");
+                exec(c, "insert into person(name,score) values('MARMADUKE',25)");
+            }
+
+            exec(c, "create table person_clob (name varchar(50) not null,  document clob)");
+            exec(c, "create table person_blob (name varchar(50) not null, document blob)");
+
+            exec(c, "create table address (address_id int primary key, full_address varchar(255) not null)");
+            exec(c, "insert into address(address_id, full_address) values(1,'57 Something St, El Barrio, Big Place')");
+            exec(c, "create table note(id bigint auto_increment primary key, text varchar(255))");
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new SQLRuntimeException(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void exec(Connection c, String sql) throws SQLException {
+        c.prepareStatement(sql).execute();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool` acquired by call to `build()` at line 90 is not released after line 86.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Database DatabaseCreator.create(int,boolean,Scheduler)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator.create(int,boolean,io.reactivex.Scheduler):org.davidmote.2072be811d4df7f842dcb8fc96c3cf3f
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/pool/DatabaseCreator.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseCreator.java|create|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3534744d3537de8ddf14c788351b1bdd
+
+### Hash:
+688ae7ccbd1b72b53a751297e4ce7078
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-10934/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-10934/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ad49acec864e773866f6fc815332ce84bc1b826
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-10934/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2410 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rxjava2-jdbc
+**Bug ID:** 55
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.sql.Blob;
+import java.sql.Clob;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLSyntaxErrorException;
+import java.sql.Time;
+import java.sql.Timestamp;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.ZoneOffset;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Column;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Index;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.annotations.Query;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AnnotationsNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.NamedParameterMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.exceptions.QueryAnnotationMissingException;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.DatabaseCreator;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.NonBlockingConnectionPool;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.pool.Pools;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple2;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple3;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple4;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple5;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple6;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.Tuple7;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.tuple.TupleN;
+import org.davidmoten.rx.pool.PoolClosedException;
+import org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCBlobFile;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCClobFile;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.FixMethodOrder;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runners.MethodSorters;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.guavamini.Lists;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import io.reactivex.Completable;
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.Observable;
+import io.reactivex.Scheduler;
+import io.reactivex.Single;
+import io.reactivex.functions.Predicate;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.TestScheduler;
+import io.reactivex.subscribers.TestSubscriber;
+
+@FixMethodOrder(MethodSorters.NAME_ASCENDING)
+public class DatabaseTest {
+
+    private static final long FRED_REGISTERED_TIME = 1442515672690L;
+    private static final int NAMES_COUNT_BIG = 5163;
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DatabaseTest.class);
+    private static final int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2;
+
+    private static Database db() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(1);
+    }
+
+    private static Database blocking() {
+        return DatabaseCreator.createBlocking();
+    }
+
+    private static Database db(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize);
+    }
+
+    private static Database big(int poolSize) {
+        return DatabaseCreator.create(poolSize, true, Schedulers.computation());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMark() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNamedParameterList() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters(Parameter.named("name", "FRED").value("JOSEPH").list()) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameters() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", "JOSEPH")) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersInLists() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED"), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH"))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDrivingSelectWithoutParametersUsingParameterStream() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select count(*) from person") //
+                    .parameters(1, 2, 3) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(3, 3, 3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParametersTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED", 21, "JOSEPH", 34)) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkFlowableParameterListsTwoParametersPerQuery() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=? and score = ?") //
+                    .parameterListStream(
+                            Flowable.just(Arrays.asList("FRED", 21), Arrays.asList("JOSEPH", 34))) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingQuestionMarkWithPublicTestingDatabase() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSize() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(2) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeZero() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(0) //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34, 25) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectWithFetchSizeNegative() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person order by name") //
+                    .fetchSize(-1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilder() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .checkoutRetryInterval(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .healthy(c -> c.prepareStatement("select 1").execute()) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .maxPoolSize(3) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 40000)
+    public void testSelectUsingNonBlockingBuilderConcurrencyTest()
+            throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        info();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(3)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(50));
+                int n = 10000;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                } else {
+                                    // log.debug(iCopy + " succeeded");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 5000)
+    public void testSelectConcurrencyTest() throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+        debug();
+        try {
+            try (Database db = db(1)) {
+                Scheduler scheduler = Schedulers.from(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2));
+                int n = 2;
+                CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(n);
+                AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                            .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                            .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                            .subscribeOn(scheduler) //
+                            .toList() //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                if (!x.equals(Lists.newArrayList(21, 34))) {
+                                    throw new RuntimeException("run broken");
+                                }
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnSuccess(x -> {
+                                count.incrementAndGet();
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            }) //
+                            .doOnError(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                            .subscribe();
+                    log.info("submitted " + i);
+                }
+                if (!latch.await(5000, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("timeout");
+                }
+                assertEquals(n, count.get());
+            }
+        } finally {
+            debug();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseClose() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingNameNotGiven() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name and name<>:name2") //
+                    .parameter("name", "FRED") //
+                    .parameter("name", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertError(NamedParameterMissingException.class) //
+                    .assertNoValues();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUsingParameterNameNullNameWhenSqlHasNoNames() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter(Parameter.create("name", "FRED")) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(NamedParameterFoundButSqlDoesNotHaveNamesException.class) //
+                .assertNoValues();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .update("update person set date_of_birth = :dob") //
+                    .parameter(Parameter.create("dob", null)) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithClob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Clob clob = new JDBCClobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", clob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateClobWithReader() throws FileNotFoundException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Reader reader = new FileReader(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertNullClob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_clob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", reader) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithBlob() throws SQLException {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Blob blob = new JDBCBlobFile(new File("src/test/resources/big.txt"));
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", blob) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateBlobWithNull() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            insertPersonBlob(db);
+            db //
+                    .update("update person_blob set document = :doc") //
+                    .parameter("doc", Database.NULL_BLOB) //
+                    .counts() //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NullPointerException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNullNameInParameter() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameter(null, "FRED"); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameDoesNotExist() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("nam", "FRED");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSelectUsingNameWithoutSpecifyingNameThrowsImmediately() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=:name") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(tx -> log
+                            .debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value()))) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedAnnotatedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select(Person10.class) //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .get().test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransactedValuesOnly() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .valuesOnly() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectAutomappedTransacted() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(4) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple2() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple2<String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple3() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple3<String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple4() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple4<String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple5() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple5<String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple6() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple6<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTuple7() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            Tx<Tuple7<String, Integer, String, Integer, String, Integer, String>> t = db //
+                    .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED") //
+                    .transacted() //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                            Integer.class, String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(2) //
+                    .assertComplete() //
+                    .values().get(0);
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._1());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._2());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._3());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._4());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._5());
+            assertEquals(21, (int) t.value()._6());
+            assertEquals("FRED", t.value()._7());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedTupleN() {
+        List<Tx<TupleN<Object>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().values().get(0));
+        assertEquals(21, (int) list.get(0).value().values().get(1));
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+        assertEquals(2, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedCount() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAs() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedGetAsOptional() {
+        List<Tx<Optional<String>>> list = db() //
+                .select("select name from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .values();
+        assertTrue(list.get(0).isValue());
+        assertEquals("FRED", list.get(0).value().get());
+        assertTrue(list.get(1).isComplete());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDatabaseFrom() {
+        Database.from(DatabaseCreator.nextUrl(), 3) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .count() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertError(JdbcSQLException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTransactedChained() throws Exception {
+        Database db = db();
+        db //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .doOnNext(
+                        tx -> log.debug(tx.isComplete() ? "complete" : String.valueOf(tx.value())))//
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx //
+                        .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class)) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void databaseIsAutoCloseable() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            log.debug(db.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectChained() {
+        try (Database db = db(1)) {
+            // we can do this with 1 connection only!
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                    .concatMap(score -> {
+                        log.info("score={}", score);
+                        return db //
+                                .select("select name from person where score = ?") //
+                                .parameter(score) //
+                                .getAs(String.class) //
+                                .doOnComplete(
+                                        () -> log.info("completed select where score=" + score));
+                    }) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoErrors() //
+                    .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                    .assertComplete(); //
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testReadMeFragment1() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentColumnDoesNotExistEmitsSqlSyntaxErrorException() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select nam from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(SQLSyntaxErrorException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadMeFragmentDerbyHealthCheck() {
+        try (Database db = Database.test()) {
+            db.select("select 'a' from sysibm.sysdummy1") //
+                    .getAs(String.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue("a") //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @SuppressFBWarnings
+    public void testTupleSupport() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                    .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                    .forEach(System.out::println);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelayedCallsAreNonBlocking() throws InterruptedException {
+        List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+        try (Database db = db(1)) { //
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> Thread.sleep(1000)) //
+                    .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> list.add("emitted")) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> log.debug("emitted on " + Thread.currentThread().getName())) //
+                    .doOnNext(x -> latch.countDown()) //
+                    .subscribe();
+            list.add("subscribed");
+            assertTrue(latch.await(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            assertEquals(Arrays.asList("subscribed", "emitted"), list);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterface() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(Person.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValueCount(3) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithoutAnnotationstsError() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name from person") //
+                    .autoMap(PersonNoAnnotation.class) //
+                    .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertNoValues() //
+                    .assertError(AnnotationsNotFoundException.class);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithTwoMethods() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person2::score) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnName() {
+        try (Database db = db()) {
+            db //
+                    .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                    .autoMap(Person3.class) //
+                    .firstOrError() //
+                    .map(Person3::examScore) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                    .assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithExplicitColumnNameThatDoesNotExist() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person4.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person4::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnNotFoundException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndex() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person5.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person5::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooLarge() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person6.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person6::examScore) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapToInterfaceWithIndexTooSmall() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person7.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person7::examScore) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ColumnIndexOutOfRangeException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithUnmappableColumnType() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person8.class) //
+                .map(p -> p.name()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(ClassCastException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithMixIndexAndName() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person order by name") //
+                .autoMap(Person9.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person9::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutoMapWithQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person10.class) //
+                .get() //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .map(Person10::score) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(21) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testAutoMapForReadMe() {
+        Database //
+                .test() //
+                .select(Person10.class) //
+                .get(Person10::name) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = QueryAnnotationMissingException.class)
+    public void testAutoMapWithoutQueryInAnnotation() {
+        db().select(Person.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithoutWhereClause() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, (long) db().select("select name from person") //
+                .count() //
+                .blockingGet());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple3() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple3.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple4() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(Tuple4.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple5() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple5.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple6() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete().assertValue(Tuple6.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21)); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTuple7() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name, score, name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class, Integer.class, String.class,
+                        Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete()
+                .assertValue(Tuple7.create("FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTupleN() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score, name from person order by name") //
+                .getTupleN() //
+                .firstOrError().test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertComplete() //
+                .assertValue(TupleN.create("FRED", 21, "FRED")); //
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheck() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            return !once.compareAndSet(true, false);
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHealthCheckThatThrows() throws InterruptedException {
+        AtomicBoolean once = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+        testHealthCheck(c -> {
+            log.debug("doing health check");
+            if (!once.compareAndSet(true, false))
+                return true;
+            else
+                throw new RuntimeException("health check failed");
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateOneRow() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name='FRED'") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateThreeRows() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameter() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithParameterTwoRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=20 where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH").counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateAllWithParameterFourRuns() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize2() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithBatchSize3GreaterThanNumRecords() {
+        db().update("update person set score=?") //
+                .batchSize(3) //
+                .parameters(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 3, 3, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsert() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person(name, score) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("DAVE", 12, "ANNE", 18) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        List<Tuple2<String, Integer>> list = db.select("select name, score from person") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class) //
+                .toList() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingGet();
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("DAVE", 12)));
+        assertTrue(list.contains(Tuple2.create("ANNE", 18)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysDerby() {
+        Database db = DatabaseCreator.createDerby(1);
+
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors().assertValues(1, 3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note2(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(5, 7) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testReturnGeneratedKeysWithBatchSizeShouldThrow() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .batchSize(2) //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransactedReturnGeneratedKeys2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        // note is a table with auto increment
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("HI", "THERE") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class);
+
+        db.update("insert into note(text) values(?)") //
+                .parameters("ME", "TOO") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .returnGeneratedKeys() //
+                .valuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .startWith(a) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 2, 3, 4) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransaction() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnFlowable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Flowable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnObservable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Observable<Integer> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().toObservable();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnOnSingle() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Single<Long> a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().count();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectDependsOnCompletable() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Completable a = db.update("update person set score=100 where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .counts().ignoreElements();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .getAs(Integer.class)//
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(100) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateWithinTransactionBatchSize0() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(0) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(1, 1, 1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void info() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    private static void debug() {
+        LogManager.getRootLogger().setLevel(Level.INFO);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateBig() {
+        info();
+        big(5).select("select count(*) from person") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(5163) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBig() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(1) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxWithBigInputBatchSize2000() {
+        info();
+        big(1) //
+                .select("select name from person") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx//
+                        .update("update person set score=-1 where name=:name") //
+                        .batchSize(2000) //
+                        .parameter("name", tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .counts()) //
+                .count() //
+                .test().awaitDone(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue((long) NAMES_COUNT_BIG) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        debug();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Optional.<String>empty()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertNullClob(Database db) {
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", Database.NULL_CLOB) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_CLOB, Database.clob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethod() {
+        assertEquals(Database.NULL_BLOB, Database.blob(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClobMethodPresent() {
+        assertEquals("a", Database.clob("a"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlobMethodPresent() {
+        byte[] b = new byte[1];
+        assertEquals(b, Database.blob(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDateOfBirthNullableForReadMe() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select date_of_birth from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAsOptional(Instant.class) //
+                .blockingForEach(System.out::println);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertNullClobAndReadClobAsTuple2() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertNullClob(db);
+        db.select("select document, document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(Tuple2.create(null, null)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobAsString() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) // .assertValue("some
+                                                                     // text
+                                                                     // here")
+                                                                     // //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertClobAndReadClobUsingReader() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("insert into person_clob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "some text here") //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_clob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Reader.class) //
+                .map(r -> read(r)).test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsByteArray() {
+        Database db = db();
+        insertPersonBlob(db);
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(byte[].class) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static void insertPersonBlob(Database db) {
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", bytes) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInsertBlobAndReadBlobAsInputStream() {
+        Database db = db();
+        byte[] bytes = "some text here".getBytes();
+        db.update("insert into person_blob(name,document) values(?,?)") //
+                .parameters("FRED", new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select document from person_blob where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(InputStream.class) //
+                .map(is -> read(is)) //
+                .map(b -> new String(b)) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue("some text here") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    private static String read(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
+        char[] ch = new char[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = reader.read(ch)) != -1) {
+            s.append(ch, 0, n);
+        }
+        reader.close();
+        return s.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] read(InputStream is) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        byte[] b = new byte[128];
+        int n = 0;
+        while ((n = is.read(b)) != -1) {
+            bytes.write(b, 0, n);
+        }
+        is.close();
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private void testHealthCheck(Predicate<Connection> healthy) throws InterruptedException {
+        TestScheduler scheduler = new TestScheduler();
+
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .maxIdleTime(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .idleTimeBeforeHealthCheck(0, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .healthy(healthy) //
+                .returnToPoolDelayAfterHealthCheckFailure(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES) //
+                .scheduler(scheduler) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+
+        try (Database db = Database.from(pool)) {
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts0 = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test();
+            ts0.assertValueCount(0) //
+                    .assertNotComplete();
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            ts0.assertValueCount(1) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+            TestSubscriber<Integer> ts = db.select( //
+                    "select score from person where name=?") //
+                    .parameter("FRED") //
+                    .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                    .test() //
+                    .assertValueCount(0);
+            log.debug("done2");
+            scheduler.advanceTimeBy(1, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValueCount(1);
+            Thread.sleep(200);
+            ts.assertValue(21) //
+                    .assertComplete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdownBeforeUse() {
+        NonBlockingConnectionPool pool = Pools //
+                .nonBlocking() //
+                .connectionProvider(DatabaseCreator.connectionProvider()) //
+                .scheduler(Schedulers.io()) //
+                .maxPoolSize(1) //
+                .build();
+        pool.close();
+        Database.from(pool) //
+                .select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameter("FRED") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(PoolClosedException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFewerColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db().select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues("FRED") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreColumnsMappedThanAvailable() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(String.class, Integer.class, String.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoValues() //
+                .assertError(MoreColumnsRequestedThanExistException.class);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestamp() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsDate() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Date.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.getTime()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectTimestampAsInstant() {
+        db() //
+                .select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Instant.class) //
+                .map(d -> d.toEpochMilli()) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateCalendarParameter() {
+        Calendar c = GregorianCalendar.from(ZonedDateTime.parse("2017-03-25T15:37Z"));
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(c) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(c.getTimeInMillis()) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimeParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Time t = new Time(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Timestamp t = new Timestamp(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSqlDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        java.sql.Date t = new java.sql.Date(1234);
+
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(t) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS * 10000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                // TODO make a more accurate comparison using the current TZ
+                .assertValue(x -> Math.abs(x - 1234) <= TimeUnit.HOURS.toMillis(24)) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateUtilDateParameter() {
+        Database db = db();
+        Date d = new Date(1234);
+        db.update("update person set registered=?") //
+                .parameter(d) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .firstOrError() //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1234L) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsInstant() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME)) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateTimestampAsZonedDateTime() {
+        Database db = db();
+        db.update("update person set registered=? where name='FRED'") //
+                .parameter(ZonedDateTime.ofInstant(Instant.ofEpochMilli(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME),
+                        ZoneOffset.UTC.normalized())) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+        db.select("select registered from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Long.class) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(FRED_REGISTERED_TIME) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompleteCompletes() {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete() //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingAwait();
+
+        int score = db.select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .timeout(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals(-3, score);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testComplete() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(1);
+        Completable a = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .complete();
+        db.update("update person set score=-4 where score = -3") //
+                .dependsOn(a) //
+                .counts() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsOnlyInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .countsOnly() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValues(3) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCountsInTransaction() {
+        db().update("update person set score = -3") //
+                .transacted() //
+                .counts() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .toList() //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertValue(list -> list.get(0).isValue() && list.get(0).value() == 3
+                        && list.get(1).isComplete() && list.size() == 2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTx() throws InterruptedException {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<?>> transaction = db //
+                .update("update person set score=-3 where name='FRED'") //
+                .transaction();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = -3") //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTxAfterSelect() {
+        Database db = db(3);
+        Single<Tx<Integer>> transaction = db //
+                .select("select score from person where name='FRED'") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .firstOrError();
+
+        transaction //
+                .doOnDispose(() -> log.debug("disposing")) //
+                .doOnSuccess(System.out::println) //
+                .flatMapPublisher(tx -> {
+                    log.debug("flatmapping");
+                    return tx //
+                            .update("update person set score = -4 where score = ?") //
+                            .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                            .countsOnly() //
+                            .doOnSubscribe(s -> log.debug("subscribed")) //
+                            .doOnNext(num -> log.debug("num=" + num));
+                }) //
+                .test().awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValue(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleFlatMap() {
+        Single.just(1).flatMapPublisher(n -> Flowable.just(1)).test(1).assertValue(1)
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedInstanceHasMeaningfulToStringMethod() {
+        info();
+        String s = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.toString()) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertEquals("Person2[name=FRED, score=21]", s);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedEquals() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(x)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqualNull() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(null)) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedDoesNotEqual() {
+        boolean b = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.equals(new Object())) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertFalse(b);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedHashCode() {
+        Person2 p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameterStream(Flowable.just("FRED")) //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .blockingSingle();
+        assertTrue(p.hashCode() != 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedWithParametersThatProvokesMoreThanOneQuery() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(2) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsAndHashCodeIsDistinctOnValues() {
+        Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "FRED") //
+                .autoMap(Person2.class) //
+                .distinct() //
+                .doOnNext(System.out::println) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(2000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValueCount(1) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsEqualsDifferentiatesDifferentInterfacesWithSameMethodNamesAndValues() {
+        PersonDistinct1 p1 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct1.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        PersonDistinct2 p2 = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonDistinct2.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+
+        assertNotEquals(p1, p2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvoked() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethod p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        assertEquals("fred", p.nameLower());
+    }
+
+    // @Test
+    // public void testDefaultMethod() throws NoSuchMethodException,
+    // IllegalAccessException {
+    // MethodHandles.lookup().findSpecial(PersonWithDefaultMethod.class,
+    // "nameLower",
+    // MethodType.methodType(String.class, new Class[] {}),
+    // PersonWithDefaultMethod.class)
+    //// .bindTo(x);
+    // }
+
+    @Test(expected = AutomappedInterfaceInaccessibleException.class)
+    public void testAutomappedObjectsWhenDefaultMethodInvokedAndIsNonPublicThrows() {
+        PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic p = Database.test() //
+                .select("select name, score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED") //
+                .autoMap(PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic.class) //
+                .blockingFirst();
+        p.nameLower();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabase() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransacted() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .map(x -> x.value()) //
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues(21, 34) //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBlockingDatabaseTransactedNested() {
+        Database db = blocking();
+        db.select("select score from person where name=?") //
+                .parameters("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .transactedValuesOnly() //
+                .getAs(Integer.class) //
+                .flatMap(tx -> tx.select("select name from person where score=?") //
+                        .parameter(tx.value()) //
+                        .valuesOnly() //
+                        .getAs(String.class))
+                .test() //
+                .awaitDone(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS) //
+                .assertNoErrors() //
+                .assertValues("FRED", "JOSEPH") //
+                .assertComplete();
+    }
+
+    public interface PersonWithDefaultMethod {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        public default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonWithDefaultMethodNonPublic {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+        default String nameLower() {
+            return name().toLowerCase();
+        }
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct1 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface PersonDistinct2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+
+    }
+
+    interface Score {
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person2 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface Person3 {
+        @Column("name")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person4 {
+        @Column("namez")
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Column("score")
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person5 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person6 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(3)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person7 {
+        @Index(1)
+        String fullName();
+
+        @Index(0)
+        int examScore();
+    }
+
+    interface Person8 {
+        @Column
+        int name();
+    }
+
+    interface Person9 {
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Index(2)
+        int score();
+    }
+
+    interface PersonNoAnnotation {
+        String name();
+    }
+
+    @Query("select name, score from person order by name")
+    interface Person10 {
+
+        @Column
+        String name();
+
+        @Column
+        int score();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.Database` acquired by call to `db()` at line 1087 is not released after line 1089.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DatabaseTest.testTuple3()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.davidmoten.rx.jdbc.DatabaseTest.testTuple3():void.308788afa474cba26719aef2d47e34a3
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/davidmoten/rx/jdbc/DatabaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTest.java|testTuple3|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+5ee3c24b93ee316346d1d4677e3f1172
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11011/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11011/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef5c525c07351a4ae4457187933b8eb88a9ac2df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11011/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** knife
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package burp;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+public class Getter {
+    private static IExtensionHelpers helpers;
+    public Getter(IExtensionHelpers helpers) {
+    	this.helpers = helpers;
+    }
+    
+    /*
+     * 获取header的字符串数组，是构造burp中请求需要的格式。
+     */
+	public List<String> getHeaderList(boolean messageIsRequest,IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		if(messageIsRequest) {
+			IRequestInfo analyzeRequest = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo);
+			List<String> headers = analyzeRequest.getHeaders();
+			return headers;
+		}else {
+			IResponseInfo analyzeResponse = helpers.analyzeResponse(messageInfo.getResponse());
+			List<String> headers = analyzeResponse.getHeaders();
+			return headers;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * 获取所有headers，当做一个string看待。
+	 * 主要用于判断是否包含某个特殊字符串
+	 * List<String> getHeaders 调用toString()方法，得到如下格式：[111111, 2222]
+	 * 就能满足上面的场景了
+	 */
+	public String getHeaderString(boolean messageIsRequest,IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		List<String> headers =null;
+		StringBuilder headerString = new StringBuilder();
+		if(messageIsRequest) {
+			IRequestInfo analyzeRequest = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo);
+			headers = analyzeRequest.getHeaders();
+		}else {
+			IResponseInfo analyzeResponse = helpers.analyzeResponse(messageInfo.getResponse());
+			headers = analyzeResponse.getHeaders();
+		}
+
+		for (String header : headers) {
+			headerString.append(header);
+		}
+
+		return headerString.toString();
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * 获取header的map格式，key:value形式
+	 * 这种方式可以用put函数轻松实现：如果有则update，如果无则add。
+	 * ！！！注意：这个方法获取到的map，会少了协议头GET /cps.gec/limit/information.html HTTP/1.1
+	 */
+	public LinkedHashMap<String,String> getHeaderHashMap(boolean messageIsRequest,IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		List<String> headers=null;
+		LinkedHashMap<String,String> result = new LinkedHashMap<String, String>();
+		if(messageIsRequest) {
+			IRequestInfo analyzeRequest = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo);
+			headers = analyzeRequest.getHeaders();
+		}else {
+			IResponseInfo analyzeResponse = helpers.analyzeResponse(messageInfo.getResponse());
+			headers = analyzeResponse.getHeaders();
+		}
+		
+        for (String header : headers) {
+        	if(header.contains(": ")) {//to void trigger the Exception
+            	try {
+    				String headerName = header.split(": ", 0)[0];
+    				String headerValue = header.split(": ", 0)[1];
+    				//POST /login.pub HTTP/1.1  the first line of header will tirgger error here
+    				result.put(headerName, headerValue);
+    			} catch (Exception e) {
+    				//e.printStackTrace();
+    			}
+        	}
+        }
+        return result;
+	}
+	
+	public List<String> MapToList(LinkedHashMap<String,String> Headers){
+		List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
+		for (Entry<String,String> header:Headers.entrySet()) {
+			String item = header.getKey()+": "+header.getValue();
+			result.add(item);
+		} 
+		return result;
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * 获取某个header的值，如果没有此header，返回null。
+	 */
+	public String getHeaderValueOf(boolean messageIsRequest,IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo, String headerName) {
+		List<String> headers=null;
+		if(messageIsRequest) {
+			IRequestInfo analyzeRequest = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo);
+			headers = analyzeRequest.getHeaders();
+		}else {
+			IResponseInfo analyzeResponse = helpers.analyzeResponse(messageInfo.getResponse());
+			headers = analyzeResponse.getHeaders();
+		}
+		
+		
+        headerName = headerName.toLowerCase().replace(": ", "");
+        for (String header : headers) {
+            if (header.toLowerCase().startsWith(headerName)) {
+                return header.split(": ", 0)[1];
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }  
+	
+	
+	public byte[] getBody(boolean messageIsRequest,IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		if (messageInfo == null){
+			return null;
+		}
+		if(messageIsRequest) {
+			if (messageInfo.getRequest() ==null) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			IRequestInfo analyzeRequest = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo);
+			int bodyOffset = analyzeRequest.getBodyOffset();
+			byte[] byte_Request = messageInfo.getRequest();
+			
+			byte[] byte_body = Arrays.copyOfRange(byte_Request, bodyOffset, byte_Request.length);//not length-1
+			//String body = new String(byte_body); //byte[] to String
+			return byte_body;
+		}else {
+			if (messageInfo.getResponse() ==null) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			IResponseInfo analyzeResponse = helpers.analyzeResponse(messageInfo.getResponse());
+			int bodyOffset = analyzeResponse.getBodyOffset();
+			byte[] byte_Request = messageInfo.getResponse();
+			
+			byte[] byte_body = Arrays.copyOfRange(byte_Request, bodyOffset, byte_Request.length);//not length-1
+			return byte_body;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public String getShortUrl(IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		return messageInfo.getHttpService().toString();
+	}
+	
+	public URL getURL(IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo){
+		IRequestInfo analyzeRequest = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo);
+		return analyzeRequest.getUrl();
+		
+		//callbacks.getHelpers().analyzeRequest(baseRequestResponse).getUrl();
+	}
+	
+	public String getHost(IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		return messageInfo.getHttpService().getHost();
+	}
+	
+	public short getStatusCode(IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		IResponseInfo analyzedResponse = helpers.analyzeResponse(messageInfo.getResponse());
+		return analyzedResponse.getStatusCode();
+	}
+	public List<IParameter> getParas(IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo){
+		IRequestInfo analyzeRequest = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo);
+		return analyzeRequest.getParameters();
+	}
+	
+    
+    public String getHTTPBasicCredentials(IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) throws Exception{
+        String authHeader  = getHeaderValueOf(true, messageInfo, "Authorization").trim(); 
+        String[] parts = authHeader.split("\\s");
+        
+        if (parts.length != 2)
+            throw new Exception("Wrong number of HTTP Authorization header parts");
+
+        if (!parts[0].equalsIgnoreCase("Basic"))
+            throw new Exception("HTTP authentication must be Basic");
+
+        return parts[1]; 
+    }
+    
+    public static void main(String args[]) {
+    	String a= "xxxxx%s%bxxxxxxx";
+    	System.out.println(String.format(a, "111"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getHeaderValueOf(1,messageInfo,"Authorization")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 170.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String Getter.getHTTPBasicCredentials(IHttpRequestResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+burp.Getter.getHTTPBasicCredentials(burp.IHttpRequestResponse):java.lang.String.d496b93c723c38ecf091095d2c764ef7
+
+### File:
+src/burp/Getter.java
+
+### Key:
+Getter.java|getHTTPBasicCredentials|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+07c4ca0274b2c82c8349f056d2a4ea49
+
+### Hash:
+f7c11b597aaacd1083256f4abc74a672
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11016/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11016/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb3189d047e59df9949a59e787663bc37d1fbfc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11016/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** knife
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package burp;
+
+import java.awt.Component;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import javax.swing.JMenu;
+import javax.swing.JMenuItem;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+
+import U2C.U2CTab;
+import config.Config;
+import config.ConfigEntry;
+import config.ConfigTable;
+import config.ConfigTableModel;
+import config.GUI;
+import knife.AddHostToScopeMenu;
+import knife.ChunkedEncodingMenu;
+import knife.OpenWithBrowserMenu;
+import knife.UpdateCookieMenu;
+import knife.UpdateHeaderMenu;
+import knife.UseCookieOfMenu;
+
+public class BurpExtender extends GUI implements IBurpExtender, IContextMenuFactory, IMessageEditorTabFactory, ITab, IHttpListener,IProxyListener {
+
+	/**
+	 *
+	 */
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	public static IBurpExtenderCallbacks callbacks;
+	public IExtensionHelpers helpers;
+	public PrintWriter stdout;
+	public PrintWriter stderr;
+	public IContextMenuInvocation context;
+	public int proxyServerIndex=-1;
+
+
+	@Override
+	public void registerExtenderCallbacks(IBurpExtenderCallbacks callbacks) {
+		BurpExtender.callbacks = callbacks;
+		this.helpers = callbacks.getHelpers();
+		this.stdout = new PrintWriter(callbacks.getStdout(), true);
+		this.stderr = new PrintWriter(callbacks.getStderr(), true);
+		this.callbacks.setExtensionName(this.ExtensionName);
+		this.callbacks.registerContextMenuFactory(this);// for menus
+		this.callbacks.registerMessageEditorTabFactory(this);// for U2C
+		this.callbacks.addSuiteTab(BurpExtender.this);
+		this.callbacks.registerHttpListener(this);
+
+		this.stdout.println(ExtensionName);
+		this.stdout.println(github);
+
+		table = new ConfigTable(new ConfigTableModel());
+		configPanel.setViewportView(table);
+
+		String content = callbacks.loadExtensionSetting("knifeconfig");
+		if (content!=null) {
+			config = JSON.parseObject(content, Config.class);
+			showToUI(config);
+		}else {
+			showToUI(JSON.parseObject(initConfig(), Config.class));
+		}
+		table.setupTypeColumn();//call this function must after table data loaded !!!!
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public List<JMenuItem> createMenuItems(IContextMenuInvocation invocation) {
+		this.context = invocation;
+
+		ArrayList<JMenuItem> menu_list = new ArrayList<JMenuItem>();
+
+
+		byte context = invocation.getInvocationContext();
+		//只有当选中的内容是响应包的时候才显示U2C
+
+		if (context == IContextMenuInvocation.CONTEXT_MESSAGE_EDITOR_REQUEST) {
+			menu_list.add(new UpdateCookieMenu(this));
+			//menu_list.add(new UpdateCookieWithMenu(this));
+
+		}
+
+		menu_list.add(new UseCookieOfMenu(this));
+
+		if (context == IContextMenuInvocation.CONTEXT_MESSAGE_EDITOR_REQUEST ) {
+			UpdateHeaderMenu uhmenu = new UpdateHeaderMenu(this);
+			List<String> pHeaders = uhmenu.possibleHeaderNames(invocation);
+			/*menu_list.add(uhmenu);*/
+			if(!pHeaders.isEmpty()) {
+				menu_list.add(uhmenu);
+			}
+		}
+
+		menu_list.add(new AddHostToScopeMenu(this));
+		menu_list.add(new OpenWithBrowserMenu(this));
+		menu_list.add(new ChunkedEncodingMenu(this));
+
+
+		JMenu Hack_Bar_Menu = new JMenu("^_^ Hack Bar++");
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new SQL_Menu(this));
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new SQL_Error(this));
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new SQli_LoginBypass(this));
+
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new XSS_Menu(this));
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new XXE_Menu(this));
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new LFI_Menu(this));//learn from this
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new SSTI_Menu(this));
+
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new WebShell_Menu(this));
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new Reverse_Shell_Menu(this));
+
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new File_Payload_Menu(this));
+		Hack_Bar_Menu.add(new Custom_Payload_Menu(this));
+
+		menu_list.add(Hack_Bar_Menu);
+		return menu_list;
+	}
+
+	//U2C
+	@Override
+	public IMessageEditorTab createNewInstance(IMessageEditorController controller, boolean editable) {
+		return new U2CTab(controller, false, helpers, callbacks);
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public String getTabCaption() {
+		return ("Knife");
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public Component getUiComponent() {
+		return this.getContentPane();
+	}
+
+	public void saveConfigToExtension() {
+		callbacks.saveExtensionSetting("knifeconfig", getAllConfig());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String initConfig() {
+		config = new Config("default");
+		tableModel = new ConfigTableModel();
+		return getAllConfig();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void processProxyMessage(boolean messageIsRequest, IInterceptedProxyMessage message) {
+		//processHttpMessage(IBurpExtenderCallbacks.TOOL_PROXY,true,message.getMessageInfo());
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void processHttpMessage(int toolFlag, boolean messageIsRequest, IHttpRequestResponse messageInfo) {
+		synchronized (messageInfo) {
+			if (messageIsRequest) {
+
+				boolean isRequestChanged = false;
+				MessageEditor editer = new MessageEditor(messageIsRequest, messageInfo, helpers);
+
+				URL url = editer.getURL();
+				String path = url.getPath();
+				String host = editer.getHost();
+				byte[] body = editer.getBody();
+				LinkedHashMap<String, String> headers = editer.getHeaderMap();//this will lost the first line
+
+
+				//remove header
+				List<ConfigEntry> configEntries = tableModel.getConfigByType(ConfigEntry.Action_Remove_From_Headers);
+				for (ConfigEntry entry : configEntries) {
+					String key = entry.getKey();
+					if (headers.remove(key) != null) {
+						isRequestChanged = true;
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (config.getTmpMap().containsKey(host)) {//自动更新cookie
+					String cookieValue = config.getTmpMap().get(host);
+					String[] values = cookieValue.split("::::");
+					String trueCookie = values[1];
+					headers.put("Cookie", trueCookie);
+					isRequestChanged = true;
+				}
+
+				//add/update/append header
+				if (toolFlag == (toolFlag & checkEnabledFor())) {
+					//if ((config.isOnlyForScope() && callbacks.isInScope(url))|| !config.isOnlyForScope()) {
+					if (!config.isOnlyForScope()||callbacks.isInScope(url)){
+						try {
+							List<ConfigEntry> updateOrAddEntries = tableModel.getConfigEntries();
+							for (ConfigEntry entry : updateOrAddEntries) {
+								String key = entry.getKey();
+								String value = entry.getValue();
+
+								if (value.contains("%host")) {
+									value = value.replaceAll("%host", host);
+									//stdout.println("3333"+value);
+								}
+
+								if (value.toLowerCase().contains("%dnslogserver")) {
+									String dnslog = tableModel.getConfigByKey("DNSlogServer");
+									Pattern p = Pattern.compile("(?u)%dnslogserver");
+									Matcher m = p.matcher(value);
+
+									while (m.find()) {
+										String found = m.group(0);
+										value = value.replaceAll(found, dnslog);
+									}
+								}
+
+								if (entry.getType().equals(ConfigEntry.Action_Add_Or_Replace_Header) && entry.isEnable()) {
+									headers.put(key, value);
+									isRequestChanged = true;
+
+								} else if (entry.getType().equals(ConfigEntry.Action_Append_To_header_value) && entry.isEnable()) {
+									value = headers.get(key) + value;
+									headers.put(key, value);
+									isRequestChanged = true;
+									//stdout.println("2222"+value);
+								} else if (entry.getKey().equalsIgnoreCase("Chunked-AutoEnable") && entry.isEnable()) {
+									headers.put("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked");
+									isRequestChanged = true;
+
+									try {
+										boolean useComment = false;
+										if (this.tableModel.getConfigByKey("Chunked-UseComment") != null) {
+											useComment = true;
+										}
+										String lenStr = this.tableModel.getConfigByKey("Chunked-Length");
+										int len = 10;
+										if (lenStr != null) {
+											len = Integer.parseInt(lenStr);
+										}
+										body = Methods.encoding(body, len, useComment);
+										editer.setBody(body);
+									} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+										e.printStackTrace(stderr);
+									}
+								}
+							}
+
+
+							///proxy function should be here
+							//reference https://support.portswigger.net/customer/portal/questions/17350102-burp-upstream-proxy-settings-and-sethttpservice
+							String proxy = this.tableModel.getConfigByKey("Proxy-ServerList");
+							String mode = this.tableModel.getConfigByKey("Proxy-UseRandomMode");
+
+							if (proxy != null) {//if enable is false, will return null.
+								List<String> proxyList = Arrays.asList(proxy.split(";"));//如果字符串是以;结尾，会被自动丢弃
+
+								if (mode != null) {//random mode
+									proxyServerIndex = (int) (Math.random() * proxyList.size());
+									//proxyServerIndex = new Random().nextInt(proxyList.size());
+								} else {
+									proxyServerIndex = (proxyServerIndex + 1) % proxyList.size();
+								}
+								String proxyhost = proxyList.get(proxyServerIndex).split(":")[0].trim();
+								int port = Integer.parseInt(proxyList.get(proxyServerIndex).split(":")[1].trim());
+								editer.setService(
+										helpers.buildHttpService(proxyhost, port, messageInfo.getHttpService().getProtocol()));
+								String firstrline = editer.getFirstLineOfHeader().replaceFirst(path, url.toString().split("\\?",0)[0]);
+								editer.setFirstLineOfHeader(firstrline);
+								isRequestChanged = true;
+								//success or failed,need to check?
+							}
+						} catch (Exception e) {
+							e.printStackTrace(stderr);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				//set final request
+				editer.setHeaderMap(headers);
+				messageInfo = editer.getMessageInfo();
+
+				if (isRequestChanged) {
+					//debug
+					List<String> finalheaders = helpers.analyzeRequest(messageInfo).getHeaders();
+					//List<String> finalheaders = editer.getHeaderList();//error here:bodyOffset getted twice are different
+					stdout.println(System.lineSeparator() + "//////////edited request by knife//////////////" + System.lineSeparator());
+					for (String entry : finalheaders) {
+						stdout.println(entry);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}//sync
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `headers` last assigned on line 172 could be null and is dereferenced at line 179.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BurpExtender.processHttpMessage(int,boolean,IHttpRequestResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+burp.BurpExtender.processHttpMessage(int,boolean,burp.IHttpRequestResponse):void.a0311fadb7f0fa1679f2dde3035e8a88
+
+### File:
+src/burp/BurpExtender.java
+
+### Key:
+BurpExtender.java|processHttpMessage|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+bc0beb78a32c46f8685c026dd7521520
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1102/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1102/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e52996659409469d18ee7bb04bc08f8455ce12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1102/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Evolve
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Data;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using Npgsql;
+
+namespace Evolve.Tests.Infrastructure
+{
+    public class PostgreSqlContainer : IDbContainer
+    {
+        public const string ExposedPort = "5432";
+        public const string HostPort = "5432";
+        public const string DbName = "my_database";
+        public const string DbPwd = "Password12!";
+        public const string DbUser = "postgres";
+
+        private DockerContainer _container;
+        private bool _disposedValue = false;
+
+        public string Id => _container?.Id;
+        public string CnxStr => $"Server=127.0.0.1;Port={HostPort};Database={DbName};User Id={DbUser};Password={DbPwd};";
+        public int TimeOutInSec => 5;
+
+        [SuppressMessage("Qualité du code", "IDE0068: Utilisez le modèle de suppression recommandé")]
+        public bool Start(bool fromScratch = false)
+        {
+            _container = new DockerContainerBuilder(new DockerContainerBuilderOptions
+            {
+                FromImage = "postgres",
+                Tag = "alpine",
+                Name = "postgres-evolve",
+                Env = new[] { $"POSTGRES_PASSWORD={DbPwd}", $"POSTGRES_DB={DbName}" },
+                ExposedPort = $"{ExposedPort}/tcp",
+                HostPort = HostPort,
+                RemovePreviousContainer = fromScratch
+            }).Build();
+
+            return _container.Start();
+        }
+
+        public IDbConnection CreateDbConnection() => new NpgsqlConnection(CnxStr);
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (!_disposedValue)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    _container?.Dispose();
+                }
+
+                _disposedValue = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Evolve.Tests.Infrastructure.DockerContainerBuilder::.ctor() at Line 25) of type Evolve.Tests.Infrastructure.DockerContainerBuilder in method "Boolean PostgreSqlContainer.Start(Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean PostgreSqlContainer.Start(Boolean)
+
+### File:
+test/Evolve.Tests/Infrastructure/PostgreSql/PostgreSqlContainer.cs
+
+### Key:
+PostgreSqlContainer.cs|Start|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2db880932a759b5789382738bcfad287
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11027/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11027/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..911489f4ad9d2dd282698fa72a9349c84e99a9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11027/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** shiro
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.jsecurity.web.filter.authz;
+
+import org.jsecurity.subject.Subject;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Filter that allows access if the current user has the roles specified by the mapped value, or denies access
+ * if the user does not have all of the roles specified.
+ *
+ * @author Les Hazlewood
+ * @author Jeremy Haile
+ * @since 0.9
+ */
+public class RolesAuthorizationFilter extends AuthorizationFilter {
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    public boolean isAccessAllowed(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, Object mappedValue) throws IOException {
+
+        Subject subject = getSubject(request, response);
+        Set<String> roles = (Set<String>) mappedValue;
+
+        boolean hasRoles = true;
+        if (roles != null && !roles.isEmpty()) {
+            if (roles.size() == 1) {
+                if (!subject.hasRole(roles.iterator().next())) {
+                    hasRoles = false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!subject.hasAllRoles(roles)) {
+                    hasRoles = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return hasRoles;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `subject` last assigned on line 41 could be null and is dereferenced at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean RolesAuthorizationFilter.isAccessAllowed(ServletRequest,ServletResponse,Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsecurity.web.filter.authz.RolesAuthorizationFilter.isAccessAllowed(javax.servlet.ServletRequest.be6b6cb351185272845f81658ec21bbd
+
+### File:
+src/org/jsecurity/web/filter/authz/RolesAuthorizationFilter.java
+
+### Key:
+RolesAuthorizationFilter.java|isAccessAllowed|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+81786aebecfb9e810bf5b2177f15eac4
+
+### Hash:
+e3ae93ad29ad94c459e5d15651712966
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11029/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11029/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0dd69c3328843caf515d8adf6a8e7dee3e8f9c29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11029/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** shiro
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.jsecurity.web.filter.authz;
+
+import org.jsecurity.subject.Subject;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Filter that allows access if the current user has the roles specified by the mapped value, or denies access
+ * if the user does not have all of the roles specified.
+ *
+ * @author Les Hazlewood
+ * @author Jeremy Haile
+ * @since 0.9
+ */
+public class RolesAuthorizationFilter extends AuthorizationFilter {
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    public boolean isAccessAllowed(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, Object mappedValue) throws IOException {
+
+        Subject subject = getSubject(request, response);
+        Set<String> roles = (Set<String>) mappedValue;
+
+        boolean hasRoles = true;
+        if (roles != null && !roles.isEmpty()) {
+            if (roles.size() == 1) {
+                if (!subject.hasRole(roles.iterator().next())) {
+                    hasRoles = false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (!subject.hasAllRoles(roles)) {
+                    hasRoles = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return hasRoles;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `subject` last assigned on line 41 could be null and is dereferenced at line 51.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean RolesAuthorizationFilter.isAccessAllowed(ServletRequest,ServletResponse,Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsecurity.web.filter.authz.RolesAuthorizationFilter.isAccessAllowed(javax.servlet.ServletRequest.be6b6cb351185272845f81658ec21bbd
+
+### File:
+src/org/jsecurity/web/filter/authz/RolesAuthorizationFilter.java
+
+### Key:
+RolesAuthorizationFilter.java|isAccessAllowed|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e4b22ed7a9dedac4f4f90048918948a2
+
+### Hash:
+e3ae93ad29ad94c459e5d15651712966
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1105/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1105/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5be6b45f9f357ccf699653d78807ebe06ee44da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1105/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1956 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** parser
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Linq;
+using GraphQLParser.AST;
+using GraphQLParser.Exceptions;
+using Shouldly;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace GraphQLParser.Tests;
+
+public class ParserTests
+{
+    private static readonly string _nl = Environment.NewLine;
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Throw_With_Deep_Query()
+    {
+        var count = 63;
+        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(count * 3);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            sb.Append("{a");
+        sb.Append(new string('}', count));
+        var query = sb.ToString();
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLMaxDepthExceededException>(() => query.Parse());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Throw_With_Deep_Literal()
+    {
+        var count = 61;
+        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(count * 4 + 10);
+        sb.Append("{a(b:");
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            sb.Append("{c:");
+        sb.Append("{}");
+        sb.Append(new string('}', count));
+        sb.Append(")}");
+        var query = sb.ToString();
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLMaxDepthExceededException>(() => query.Parse());
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Parse_With_Almost_Deep_Query()
+    {
+        var count = 62;
+        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(count * 3);
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            sb.Append("{a");
+        sb.Append(new string('}', count));
+        var query = sb.ToString();
+        _ = query.Parse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Parse_With_Almost_Deep_Literal()
+    {
+        var count = 60;
+        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(count * 4 + 10);
+        sb.Append("{a(b:");
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            sb.Append("{c:");
+        sb.Append("{}");
+        sb.Append(new string('}', count));
+        sb.Append(")}");
+        var query = sb.ToString();
+        _ = query.Parse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Parse_With_Shallow_Long_Query()
+    {
+        var count = 200;
+        var sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder(count * 5);
+        sb.Append('{');
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            sb.Append(" a" + i);
+        sb.Append('}');
+        var query = sb.ToString();
+        _ = query.Parse();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Throw_With_MaxDepth_0_On_SimpleQuery()
+    {
+        var query = "{a}";
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLMaxDepthExceededException>(() => Parser.Parse(query, new ParserOptions { MaxDepth = 0 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Throw_With_MaxDepth_2_On_TypeDefinition()
+    {
+        var query = "scalar Test";
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLMaxDepthExceededException>(() => Parser.Parse(query, new ParserOptions { MaxDepth = 2 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Throw_With_MaxDepth_4_On_SimpleQuery()
+    {
+        var query = "{a}";
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLMaxDepthExceededException>(() => Parser.Parse(query, new ParserOptions { MaxDepth = 4 }));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Parse_With_MaxDepth_3_On_TypeDefinition()
+    {
+        var query = "scalar Test";
+        _ = Parser.Parse(query, new ParserOptions { MaxDepth = 3 });
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Parse_With_MaxDepth_5_On_SimpleQuery()
+    {
+        var query = "{a}";
+        _ = Parser.Parse(query, new ParserOptions { MaxDepth = 5 });
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Extra_Comments_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "ExtraComments".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        // query
+        var def = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        // person
+        var field = def.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        field.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        // name
+        var subField = field.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        subField.Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+        // test
+        field = def.SelectionSet.Selections.Last() as GraphQLField;
+        field.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        field.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment2");
+        // alt
+        subField = field.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        subField.Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+        // extra document comments
+        document.UnattachedComments.Count.ShouldBe(3);
+        document.UnattachedComments[0].Value.ShouldBe("comment1");
+        document.UnattachedComments[1].Value.ShouldBe("comment3");
+        document.UnattachedComments[2].Value.ShouldBe("comment4");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_Can_Be_Ignored(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        const string query = @"
+{
+    #comment
+    person
+    # comment2
+}";
+
+        var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.UnattachedComments.ShouldBeNull();
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        def.Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+        var field = def.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        field.Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_FragmentSpread_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnFragmentSpread".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        var def = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var field = def.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        field.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var fragment = field.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLFragmentSpread;
+        fragment.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Values_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnValues".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var field = def.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        field.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        field.Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(9);
+
+        var boolValue = field.Arguments[0].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLBooleanValue>();
+        boolValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for bool");
+
+        var nullValue = field.Arguments[1].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNullValue>();
+        nullValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for null");
+
+        var enumValue = field.Arguments[2].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLEnumValue>();
+        enumValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for enum");
+
+        var listValue = field.Arguments[3].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLListValue>();
+        listValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for list");
+
+        var objValue = field.Arguments[4].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLObjectValue>();
+        objValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for object");
+
+        var intValue = field.Arguments[5].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLIntValue>();
+        intValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for int");
+
+        var floatValue = field.Arguments[6].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLFloatValue>();
+        floatValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for float");
+
+        var stringValue = field.Arguments[7].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLStringValue>();
+        stringValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for string");
+
+        var varValue = field.Arguments[8].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLVariable>();
+        varValue.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment for variable");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_FragmentInline_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnInlineFragment".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var field = def.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        field.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var fragment = field.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLInlineFragment;
+        fragment.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Arguments_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnArguments".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var field = def.SelectionSet.Selections.First() as GraphQLField;
+        field.Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        field.Arguments.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("arguments comment");
+        var obj = field.Arguments[1].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLObjectValue>();
+        obj.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        obj.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("z");
+        obj.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment on object field");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_NamedTypes_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnNamedType".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(5);
+
+        var def1 = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        var field = def1.SelectionSet.Selections[0] as GraphQLField;
+        var frag = field.SelectionSet.Selections[0] as GraphQLInlineFragment;
+        frag.TypeCondition.Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for named type from TypeCondition");
+
+        var def2 = document.Definitions[1] as GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition;
+        def2.Interfaces[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for named type from ImplementsInterfaces");
+
+        var def3 = document.Definitions[2] as GraphQLSchemaDefinition;
+        def3.OperationTypes[0].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for named type from RootOperationTypeDefinition");
+
+        var def4 = document.Definitions[3] as GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition;
+        def4.Fields[0].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for named type from Type");
+
+        var def5 = document.Definitions[4] as GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition;
+        def5.Types[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for named type from UnionMemberTypes");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_SelectionSet_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnSelectionSet".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment on selection set");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_RootOperationType_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnRootOperationType".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLSchemaDefinition;
+        def.OperationTypes[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for root operation type");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Directive_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnDirective".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition;
+        def.Directives[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for directive");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Type_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnType".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(3);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition;
+        def.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good type");
+        def.Interfaces.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for implemented interfaces");
+        def.Fields.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for fields definition");
+        def.Fields[0].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for named type");
+        def.Fields[0].Arguments.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for arguments definition");
+        def.Fields[1].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for nonnull type");
+        def.Fields[2].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for list type");
+        (def.Fields[2].Type as GraphQLListType).Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for item type");
+
+        var ext1 = document.Definitions[1] as GraphQLObjectTypeExtension;
+        ext1.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("forgot about address!");
+
+        var ext2 = document.Definitions[2] as GraphQLInterfaceTypeExtension;
+        ext2.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("forgot about vip!");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Input_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnInput".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition;
+        def.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good input");
+        def.Fields.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for input fields definition");
+        def.Fields[0].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for named type");
+        def.Fields[1].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for nonnull type");
+        def.Fields[2].Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for list type");
+        (def.Fields[2].Type as GraphQLListType).Type.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for item type");
+
+        var ext = document.Definitions[1] as GraphQLInputObjectTypeExtension;
+        ext.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("forgot about address!");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Alias_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnAlias".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var field = def.SelectionSet.Selections[0].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLField>();
+        field.Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        field.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("field comment");
+        field.Alias.Name.Value.ShouldBe("a");
+        field.Alias.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("alias comment");
+
+        document.UnattachedComments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        document.UnattachedComments[0].Value.ShouldBe("colon comment");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_DirectiveDefinition_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnDirectiveDefinition".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLDirectiveDefinition;
+        def.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good directive");
+        def.Locations.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for directive locations");
+
+        document.UnattachedComments.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Enum_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnEnum".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition;
+        def.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good colors");
+        def.Values.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("values");
+        def.Values[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("not green");
+        def.Values[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("not red");
+
+        var ext = document.Definitions[1] as GraphQLEnumTypeExtension;
+        ext.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("forgot about orange!");
+
+        document.UnattachedComments.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Schema_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnSchema".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLSchemaDefinition;
+        def.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good schema");
+
+        var ext = document.Definitions[1] as GraphQLSchemaExtension;
+        ext.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("forgot about mutation!");
+
+        document.UnattachedComments.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Scalar_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnScalar".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition;
+        def.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good scalar");
+
+        var ext = document.Definitions[1] as GraphQLScalarTypeExtension;
+        ext.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("forgot about external!");
+
+        document.UnattachedComments.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Union_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnUnion".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0] as GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition;
+        def.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good union");
+        def.Types.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("comment for union members");
+
+        var ext = document.Definitions[1] as GraphQLUnionTypeExtension;
+        ext.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("forgot about C!");
+
+        document.UnattachedComments.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_on_Variable_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string query = "CommentsOnVariables".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = query.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.Variables.Count.ShouldBe(3);
+        def.Variables.Comment.Value.ShouldBe("very good variables definition");
+        def.Variables[0].Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment1");
+        def.Variables.Skip(1).First().Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+        def.Variables.Skip(2).First().Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("comment3");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_On_SelectionSet_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = @"
+query {
+    # a comment below query
+    field1
+    field2
+    #second comment
+    field3
+}
+".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition;
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Count.ShouldBe(3);
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.First().Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe(" a comment below query");
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Skip(1).First().Comment.ShouldBe(null);
+        def.SelectionSet.Selections.Skip(2).First().Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe("second comment");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Comments_On_Enum_Definitions_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = @"
+# different animals
+enum Animal {
+    #a cat
+    Cat
+    #a dog
+    Dog
+    Octopus
+    #bird is the word
+    Bird
+}
+
+input Parameter {
+    #any value
+    Value: String
+}
+
+scalar JSON
+".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(3);
+        var d1 = document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition;
+        d1.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Animal");
+        d1.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe(" different animals");
+        d1.Values[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Cat");
+        d1.Values[0].Comment.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        d1.Values[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("a cat");
+        d1.Values.Skip(2).First().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Octopus");
+        d1.Values.Skip(2).First().Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+
+        var d2 = document.Definitions.Skip(1).First() as GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition;
+        d2.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Parameter");
+        d2.Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+        d2.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        d2.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe("any value");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_Unicode_Char_At_EOF_Should_Throw(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => "{\"\\ue }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldInput_HasCorrectLocations(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        // { field }
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldSource(options);
+
+        document.Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(0, 9)); // { field }
+        document.Definitions.First().Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(0, 9)); // { field }
+        (document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition).SelectionSet.Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(0, 9)); // { field }
+        (document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition).SelectionSet.Selections.First().Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(2, 7)); // field
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldInput_HasOneOperationDefinition(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldSource(options);
+
+        document.Definitions.First().Kind.ShouldBe(ASTNodeKind.OperationDefinition);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldInput_NameIsNull(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldSource(options);
+
+        GetSingleOperationDefinition(document).Name.ShouldBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldInput_OperationIsQuery(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldSource(options);
+
+        GetSingleOperationDefinition(document).Operation.ShouldBe(OperationType.Query);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Throw_On_Unknown_OperationType()
+    {
+        var ex = Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => "superquery { a }".Parse());
+        ex.Description.ShouldBe("Expected \"query/mutation/subscription/fragment/schema/scalar/type/interface/union/enum/input/extend/directive\", found Name \"superquery\"");
+        ex.Line.ShouldBe(1);
+        ex.Column.ShouldBe(1);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("enum E { true A }", "Unexpected Name \"true\"; enum values are represented as unquoted names but not 'true' or 'false' or 'null'.", 1, 10)]
+    [InlineData("enum E { B false }", "Unexpected Name \"false\"; enum values are represented as unquoted names but not 'true' or 'false' or 'null'.", 1, 12)]
+    [InlineData("enum E { A null B }", "Unexpected Name \"null\"; enum values are represented as unquoted names but not 'true' or 'false' or 'null'.", 1, 12)]
+    public void Should_Throw_On_Invalid_EnumValue(string query, string description, int line, int column)
+    {
+        var ex = Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => query.Parse());
+        ex.Description.ShouldBe(description);
+        ex.Line.ShouldBe(line);
+        ex.Column.ShouldBe(column);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldInput_ReturnsDocumentNode(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldSource(options);
+
+        document.Kind.ShouldBe(ASTNodeKind.Document);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldInput_SelectionSetContainsSingleField(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldSource(options);
+
+        GetSingleSelection(document).Kind.ShouldBe(ASTNodeKind.Field);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    //[InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldWithOperationTypeAndNameInput_HasCorrectLocations(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        // mutation Foo { field }
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSource(options);
+
+        document.Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(0, 22));
+        document.Definitions.First().Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(0, 22));
+        (document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition).Name.Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(9, 12)); // Foo
+        (document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition).SelectionSet.Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(13, 22)); // { field }
+        (document.Definitions.First() as GraphQLOperationDefinition).SelectionSet.Selections.First().Location.ShouldBe(new GraphQLLocation(15, 20)); // field
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldWithOperationTypeAndNameInput_HasOneOperationDefinition(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSource(options);
+
+        document.Definitions.First().Kind.ShouldBe(ASTNodeKind.OperationDefinition);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldWithOperationTypeAndNameInput_NameIsNull(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSource(options);
+
+        GetSingleOperationDefinition(document).Name.Value.ShouldBe("Foo");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldWithOperationTypeAndNameInput_OperationIsQuery(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSource(options);
+
+        GetSingleOperationDefinition(document).Operation.ShouldBe(OperationType.Mutation);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldWithOperationTypeAndNameInput_ReturnsDocumentNode(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSource(options);
+
+        document.Kind.ShouldBe(ASTNodeKind.Document);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_FieldWithOperationTypeAndNameInput_SelectionSetContainsSingleFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSelection(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ParseGraphQLFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSource(options);
+
+        GetSingleSelection(document).Kind.ShouldBe(ASTNodeKind.Field);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_KitchenSink_DoesNotThrowError(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = "KitchenSink".ReadGraphQLFile().Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+
+        document.OperationsCount().ShouldBe(5);
+        document.FragmentsCount().ShouldBe(1);
+        document.FindFragmentDefinition("qwerty").ShouldBeNull();
+        document.FindFragmentDefinition("frag").ShouldNotBeNull();
+
+        var typeDef = document.Definitions.OfType<GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition>().First(d => d.Name.Value == "Foo");
+        var fieldDef = typeDef.Fields.First(d => d.Name.Value == "three");
+        if (options.HasFlag(IgnoreOptions.Comments))
+            fieldDef.Comment.ShouldBeNull();
+        else
+            fieldDef.Comment.ShouldNotBeNull().Value.ShouldBe($" multiline comments{_nl} with very importand description #{_nl} # and symbol # and ##");
+
+        // Schema description
+        // https://github.com/graphql/graphql-spec/pull/466
+        var comment = document.Definitions.OfType<GraphQLSchemaDefinition>().First().Comment;
+        if (options.HasFlag(IgnoreOptions.Comments))
+        {
+            comment.ShouldBeNull();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            comment.ShouldNotBeNull();
+            ((string)comment.Value).StartsWith(" Copyright (c) 2015, Facebook, Inc.").ShouldBeTrue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_NullInput_EmptyDocument(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = ((string)null).Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+
+        document.Definitions.ShouldBeEmpty();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_VariableInlineValues_DoesNotThrowError(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using ("{ field(complex: { a: { b: [ $var ] } }) }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }))
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Should_Read_Directives_on_VariableDefinition(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using (var document = "query A($id: String @a @b(priority: 1, managed: true)) { name }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }))
+        {
+            document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+            var def = document.Definitions[0].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLOperationDefinition>();
+            def.Variables.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+            def.Variables[0].Directives.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+            def.Variables[0].Directives[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("a");
+            def.Variables[0].Directives[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("b");
+            def.Variables[0].Directives[1].Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+
+            // ASTListNode small test
+            def.Variables.GetEnumerator().ShouldBe(((IEnumerable)def.Variables).GetEnumerator());
+        }
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_Empty_Field_Arguments_Should_Throw(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => "{ a() }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_Empty_Directive_Arguments_Should_Throw(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => "directive @dir() on FIELD_DEFINITION".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_Empty_Enum_Values_Should_Throw(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => "enum Empty { }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_Empty_SelectionSet_Should_Throw(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => "{ a { } }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }));
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Parse_Empty_VariableDefinitions_Should_Throw(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => "query test() { a }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options }));
+    }
+
+    private static GraphQLOperationDefinition GetSingleOperationDefinition(GraphQLDocument document)
+    {
+        return (GraphQLOperationDefinition)document.Definitions.Single();
+    }
+
+    private static ASTNode GetSingleSelection(GraphQLDocument document)
+    {
+        return GetSingleOperationDefinition(document).SelectionSet.Selections.Single();
+    }
+
+    private static GraphQLDocument ParseGraphQLFieldSource(IgnoreOptions options) => "{ field }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+
+    private static GraphQLDocument ParseGraphQLFieldWithOperationTypeAndNameSource(IgnoreOptions options) => "mutation Foo { field }".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir repeatable on FIELD_DEFINITION", true)]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir(a: Int) repeatable on FIELD_DEFINITION", true)]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir on FIELD_DEFINITION | ENUM_VALUE", false)]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir on | FIELD_DEFINITION | ENUM_VALUE", false)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+FIELD_DEFINITION | ENUM_VALUE", false)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+FIELD_DEFINITION
+| ENUM_VALUE", false)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+| FIELD_DEFINITION
+| ENUM_VALUE", false)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+|  FIELD_DEFINITION
+|          ENUM_VALUE", false)]
+    public void Should_Parse_Directives(string text, bool repeatable)
+    {
+        using var document = text.Parse();
+        document.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        document.Definitions[0].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLDirectiveDefinition>().Repeatable.ShouldBe(repeatable);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir repeatable on OOPS", 1, 30)]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir(a: Int) repeatable on OOPS", 1, 38)]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir on FIELD_DEFINITION | OOPS", 1, 38)]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir on | OOPS | ENUM_VALUE", 1, 21)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+FIELD_DEFINITION | OOPS", 2, 20)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+OOPS
+| ENUM_VALUE", 2, 1)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+| OOPS
+| ENUM_VALUE", 2, 3)]
+    [InlineData(@"directive @dir on
+|  FIELD_DEFINITION
+|          OOPS", 3, 12)]
+    public void Should_Throw_On_Unknown_DirectiveLocation(string text, int line, int column)
+    {
+        var ex = Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => text.Parse());
+        ex.Description.ShouldBe("Expected \"QUERY/MUTATION/SUBSCRIPTION/FIELD/FRAGMENT_DEFINITION/FRAGMENT_SPREAD/INLINE_FRAGMENT/VARIABLE_DEFINITION/SCHEMA/SCALAR/OBJECT/FIELD_DEFINITION/ARGUMENT_DEFINITION/INTERFACE/UNION/ENUM/ENUM_VALUE/INPUT_OBJECT/INPUT_FIELD_DEFINITION\", found Name \"OOPS\"");
+        ex.Line.ShouldBe(line);
+        ex.Column.ShouldBe(column);
+    }
+
+    // http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#sec--specifiedBy
+    [Fact]
+    public void Should_Parse_SpecifiedBy()
+    {
+        string text = @"scalar UUID @specifiedBy(url: ""https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4122"")";
+        using var document = text.Parse();
+        document.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        var def = document.Definitions[0].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition>();
+        def.Directives.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        def.Directives[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("specifiedBy");
+        def.Directives[0].Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        def.Directives[0].Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("url");
+        var value = def.Directives[0].Arguments[0].Value.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLStringValue>();
+        value.Value.ShouldBe("https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4122");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Should_Fail_On_Empty_Fields(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string text = "interface Dog { }";
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => text.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options })).Message.ShouldContain("Expected Name, found }");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Should_Parse_Interfaces_Implemented_By_Interface(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        string text = "InterfacesOnInterface".ReadGraphQLFile();
+
+        using var document = text.Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        document.Definitions.Count.ShouldBe(4);
+        var def1 = document.Definitions[0].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition>();
+        def1.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Dog");
+        def1.Interfaces.ShouldBeNull();
+
+        var def2 = document.Definitions[1].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition>();
+        def2.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Dog");
+        def2.Interfaces.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        def2.Interfaces[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Eat");
+
+        var def3 = document.Definitions[2].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition>();
+        def3.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Dog");
+        def3.Interfaces.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        def3.Interfaces[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Eat");
+        def3.Interfaces[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Sleep");
+
+        var def4 = document.Definitions[3].ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition>();
+        def4.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Dog");
+        def4.Interfaces.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        def4.Interfaces[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Eat");
+        def4.Interfaces[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Sleep");
+        def4.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        def4.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir On FIELD_DEFINITION")]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir onn FIELD_DEFINITION")]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir Repeatable on FIELD_DEFINITION")]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir repeatablee on FIELD_DEFINITION")]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir repeatable On FIELD_DEFINITION")]
+    [InlineData("directive @dir repeatable onn FIELD_DEFINITION")]
+    public void Should_Throw_GraphQLSyntaxErrorException(string text)
+    {
+        Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => text.Parse());
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("union Animal = Cat | Dog")]
+    [InlineData("union Animal = | Cat | Dog")]
+    [InlineData(@"union Animal =
+Cat | Dog")]
+    [InlineData(@"union Animal =
+Cat
+| Dog")]
+    [InlineData(@"union Animal =
+| Cat
+| Dog")]
+    [InlineData(@"union Animal =   
+|  Cat
+|       Dog")]
+    public void Should_Parse_Unions(string text)
+    {
+        using var document = text.Parse();
+        document.ShouldNotBeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("extend scalar Foo @exportable", ASTNodeKind.ScalarTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend type Foo implements Bar @exportable { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.ObjectTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend type Foo implements Bar @exportable", ASTNodeKind.ObjectTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend type Foo implements Bar { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.ObjectTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend type Foo implements Bar", ASTNodeKind.ObjectTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend type Foo { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.ObjectTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend interface Foo implements Bar @exportable { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.InterfaceTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend interface Foo implements Bar @exportable", ASTNodeKind.InterfaceTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend interface Foo implements Bar { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.InterfaceTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend interface Foo { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.InterfaceTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend interface Foo implements Bar", ASTNodeKind.InterfaceTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend union Foo @exportable = A | B", ASTNodeKind.UnionTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend union Foo = A | B", ASTNodeKind.UnionTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend union Foo @exportable", ASTNodeKind.UnionTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend enum Foo @exportable { ONE TWO }", ASTNodeKind.EnumTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend enum Foo { ONE TWO }", ASTNodeKind.EnumTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend enum Foo @exportable", ASTNodeKind.EnumTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend input Foo @exportable { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.InputObjectTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend input Foo { a: String }", ASTNodeKind.InputObjectTypeExtension)]
+    [InlineData("extend input Foo @exportable", ASTNodeKind.InputObjectTypeExtension)]
+    public void Should_Parse_Extensions(string text, ASTNodeKind kind)
+    {
+        using var document = text.Parse();
+        document.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        document.Definitions[0].Kind.ShouldBe(kind);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("extend", "Expected \"schema/scalar/type/interface/union/enum/input\", found EOF")]
+    [InlineData("extend variable", "Expected \"schema/scalar/type/interface/union/enum/input\", found Name \"variable\"")]
+    [InlineData("extend schema", "Unexpected EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#SchemaExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend schema A", "Unexpected Name \"A\"; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#SchemaExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend scalar", "Expected Name, found EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#ScalarTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend scalar A", "Unexpected EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#ScalarTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend scalar A B", "Unexpected Name \"B\"; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#ScalarTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend type", "Expected Name, found EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#ObjectTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend type A", "Unexpected EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#ObjectTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend type A B", "Unexpected Name \"B\"; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#ObjectTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend interface", "Expected Name, found EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#InterfaceTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend interface A", "Unexpected EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#InterfaceTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend interface A B", "Unexpected Name \"B\"; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#InterfaceTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend union", "Expected Name, found EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#UnionTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend union A", "Unexpected EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#UnionTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend enum", "Expected Name, found EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#EnumTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend enum A", "Unexpected EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#EnumTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend input", "Expected Name, found EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#InputObjectTypeExtension")]
+    [InlineData("extend input A", "Unexpected EOF; for more information see http://spec.graphql.org/October2021/#InputObjectTypeExtension")]
+    public void Should_Throw_Extensions(string text, string description)
+    {
+        var ex = Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => text.Parse());
+        ex.Description.ShouldBe(description);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("scalar Empty", ASTNodeKind.ScalarTypeDefinition)]
+    [InlineData("union Empty", ASTNodeKind.UnionTypeDefinition)]
+    [InlineData("type Empty", ASTNodeKind.ObjectTypeDefinition)]
+    [InlineData("input Empty", ASTNodeKind.InputObjectTypeDefinition)]
+    [InlineData("interface Empty", ASTNodeKind.InterfaceTypeDefinition)]
+    [InlineData("enum Empty", ASTNodeKind.EnumTypeDefinition)]
+    public void Should_Parse_Empty_Types(string text, ASTNodeKind kind)
+    {
+        using var document = text.Parse();
+        document.ShouldNotBeNull();
+        document.Definitions[0].Kind.ShouldBe(kind);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("type Query { }", 1, 14)]
+    [InlineData("extend type Query { }", 1, 21)]
+    [InlineData("input Empty { }", 1, 15)]
+    [InlineData("interface Empty { }", 1, 19)]
+    [InlineData("enum Empty { }", 1, 14)]
+    [InlineData("extend type Type implements Interface { }", 1, 41)]
+    public void Should_Throw_On_Empty_Types_With_Braces(string text, int line, int column)
+    {
+        var ex = Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => text.Parse());
+        ex.Line.ShouldBe(line);
+        ex.Column.ShouldBe(column);
+        ex.Message.ShouldContain("Expected Name, found }");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(@"
+""misplaced description""
+query { a }")]
+    [InlineData(@"
+""misplaced description""
+mutation m { a }")]
+    [InlineData(@"
+""misplaced description""
+subscription s { a }")]
+    [InlineData(@"
+""misplaced description""
+fragment x on User { name }")]
+    [InlineData(@"
+""misplaced description""
+extend type User implements Person")]
+    public void Should_Throw_If_Descriptions_Not_Allowed(string query)
+    {
+        var ex = Should.Throw<GraphQLSyntaxErrorException>(() => query.Parse());
+        ex.Description.ShouldBe("Unexpected String \"misplaced description\"");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Descriptions_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = @"
+""Super schema""
+schema {
+  query: String
+}
+
+""A JSON scalar""
+scalar JSON
+
+""""""
+Human type
+""""""
+type Human {
+  """"""
+  Name of human
+  """"""
+  name: String
+
+  ""Test""
+  test(
+    ""desc""
+    arg: Int
+  ): Int
+}
+
+""Test interface""
+interface TestInterface {
+  ""Object name""
+  name: String
+}
+
+""""""
+Test union
+""""""
+union TestUnion = Test1 | Test2
+
+""Example enum""
+enum Colors {
+  ""Red"" RED
+  ""Blue"" BLUE
+}
+
+""""""
+This is an example input object
+Line two of the description
+""""""
+input TestInputObject {
+    """"""
+    The value of the input object
+      (any JSON value is accepted)
+    """"""
+    Value: JSON
+}
+
+""Test directive""
+directive @TestDirective (
+  ""Example""
+  Value: Int
+) on QUERY
+".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        var defs = document.Definitions;
+        defs.Count.ShouldBe(8);
+
+        var schemaDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLSchemaDefinition) as GraphQLSchemaDefinition;
+        schemaDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Super schema");
+
+        var scalarDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition) as GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition;
+        scalarDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        scalarDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("A JSON scalar");
+
+        var objectDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition;
+        objectDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Human");
+        objectDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Human type");
+        objectDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Name of human");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("test");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("arg");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("desc");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+
+        var interfaceDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition;
+        interfaceDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInterface");
+        interfaceDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test interface");
+        interfaceDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Object name");
+
+        var unionDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition) as GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition;
+        unionDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestUnion");
+        unionDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test union");
+        unionDef.Types.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        unionDef.Types[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test1");
+        unionDef.Types[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test2");
+
+        var enumDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition) as GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition;
+        enumDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Colors");
+        enumDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example enum");
+        enumDef.Values.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        enumDef.Values[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("RED");
+        enumDef.Values[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Red");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("BLUE");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Blue");
+
+        var inputDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition;
+        inputDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInputObject");
+        inputDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("This is an example input object\nLine two of the description");
+        inputDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("The value of the input object\n  (any JSON value is accepted)");
+
+        var directiveDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLDirectiveDefinition) as GraphQLDirectiveDefinition;
+        directiveDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestDirective");
+        directiveDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test directive");
+        directiveDef.Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Descriptions_WithComments_Should_Read_Correctly_1(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = @"
+# comment -1
+""Super schema""
+# comment 0
+schema {
+  query: String
+}
+
+# comment 1
+""A JSON scalar""
+# comment 2
+scalar JSON
+
+# comment 3
+""""""
+Human type
+""""""
+# comment 4
+type Human {
+  # comment 5
+  """"""
+  Name of human
+  """"""
+  # comment 6
+  name: String
+
+  # comment 7
+  ""Test""
+  # comment 8
+  test(
+    # comment 9
+    ""desc""
+    # comment 10
+    arg: Int
+  ): Int
+}
+
+# comment 11
+""Test interface""
+# comment 12
+interface TestInterface {
+  # comment 13
+  ""Object name""
+  # comment 14
+  name: String
+}
+
+# comment 15
+""""""
+Test union
+""""""
+# comment 16
+union TestUnion = Test1 | Test2
+
+# comment 17
+""Example enum""
+# comment 18
+enum Colors {
+  # comment 19
+  ""Red""
+  # comment 20
+  RED
+  # comment 21
+  ""Blue""
+  # comment 22
+  BLUE
+}
+
+# comment 23
+""""""
+This is an example input object
+Line two of the description
+""""""
+# comment 24
+input TestInputObject {
+    # comment 25
+    """"""
+    The value of the input object
+      (any JSON value is accepted)
+    """"""
+    # comment 26
+    Value: JSON
+}
+
+# comment 27
+""Test directive""
+# comment 28
+directive @TestDirective (
+  # comment 29
+  ""Example""
+  # comment 30
+  Value: Int
+) on QUERY
+".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        var defs = document.Definitions;
+        defs.Count.ShouldBe(8);
+        var parseComments = !options.HasFlag(IgnoreOptions.Comments);
+
+        var schemaDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLSchemaDefinition) as GraphQLSchemaDefinition;
+        schemaDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Super schema");
+        if (parseComments)
+            schemaDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 0");
+
+        var scalarDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition) as GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition;
+        scalarDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        scalarDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("A JSON scalar");
+        if (parseComments)
+            scalarDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 2");
+
+        var objectDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition;
+        objectDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Human");
+        objectDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Human type");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 4");
+        objectDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Name of human");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 6");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("test");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 8");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("arg");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("desc");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 10");
+
+        var interfaceDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition;
+        interfaceDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInterface");
+        interfaceDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test interface");
+        if (parseComments)
+            interfaceDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 12");
+        interfaceDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Object name");
+        if (parseComments)
+            interfaceDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 14");
+
+        var unionDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition) as GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition;
+        unionDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestUnion");
+        unionDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test union");
+        if (parseComments)
+            unionDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 16");
+        unionDef.Types.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        unionDef.Types[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test1");
+        unionDef.Types[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test2");
+
+        var enumDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition) as GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition;
+        enumDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Colors");
+        enumDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example enum");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 18");
+        enumDef.Values.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        enumDef.Values[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("RED");
+        enumDef.Values[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Red");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Values[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 20");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("BLUE");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Blue");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Values[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 22");
+
+        var inputDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition;
+        inputDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInputObject");
+        inputDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("This is an example input object\nLine two of the description");
+        if (parseComments)
+            inputDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 24");
+        inputDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("The value of the input object\n  (any JSON value is accepted)");
+        if (parseComments)
+            inputDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 26");
+
+        var directiveDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLDirectiveDefinition) as GraphQLDirectiveDefinition;
+        directiveDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestDirective");
+        directiveDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test directive");
+        if (parseComments)
+            directiveDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 28");
+        directiveDef.Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example");
+        if (parseComments)
+            directiveDef.Arguments[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 30");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Descriptions_WithComments_Should_Read_Correctly_2(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = @"
+""Super schema""
+# comment 1
+schema {
+  query: String
+}
+
+""A JSON scalar""
+# comment 2
+scalar JSON
+
+""""""
+Human type
+""""""
+# comment 4
+type Human {
+  """"""
+  Name of human
+  """"""
+  # comment 6
+  name: String
+
+  ""Test""
+  # comment 8
+  test(
+    ""desc""
+    # comment 10
+    arg: Int
+  ): Int
+}
+
+""Test interface""
+# comment 12
+interface TestInterface {
+  ""Object name""
+  # comment 14
+  name: String
+}
+
+""""""
+Test union
+""""""
+# comment 16
+union TestUnion = Test1 | Test2
+
+""Example enum""
+# comment 18
+enum Colors {
+  ""Red""
+  # comment 20
+  RED
+  ""Blue""
+  # comment 22
+  BLUE
+}
+
+""""""
+This is an example input object
+Line two of the description
+""""""
+# comment 24
+input TestInputObject {
+    """"""
+    The value of the input object
+      (any JSON value is accepted)
+    """"""
+    # comment 26
+    Value: JSON
+}
+
+""Test directive""
+# comment 28
+directive @TestDirective (
+  ""Example""
+  # comment 30
+  Value: Int
+) on QUERY
+".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        var defs = document.Definitions;
+        defs.Count.ShouldBe(8);
+        var parseComments = !options.HasFlag(IgnoreOptions.Comments);
+
+        var schemaDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLSchemaDefinition) as GraphQLSchemaDefinition;
+        schemaDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Super schema");
+        if (parseComments)
+            schemaDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 1");
+
+        var scalarDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition) as GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition;
+        scalarDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        scalarDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("A JSON scalar");
+        if (parseComments)
+            scalarDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 2");
+
+        var objectDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition;
+        objectDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Human");
+        objectDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Human type");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 4");
+        objectDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Name of human");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 6");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("test");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 8");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("arg");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("desc");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 10");
+
+        var interfaceDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition;
+        interfaceDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInterface");
+        interfaceDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test interface");
+        if (parseComments)
+            interfaceDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 12");
+        interfaceDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Object name");
+        if (parseComments)
+            interfaceDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 14");
+
+        var unionDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition) as GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition;
+        unionDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestUnion");
+        unionDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test union");
+        if (parseComments)
+            unionDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 16");
+        unionDef.Types.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        unionDef.Types[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test1");
+        unionDef.Types[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test2");
+
+        var enumDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition) as GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition;
+        enumDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Colors");
+        enumDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example enum");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 18");
+        enumDef.Values.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        enumDef.Values[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("RED");
+        enumDef.Values[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Red");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Values[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 20");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("BLUE");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Blue");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Values[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 22");
+
+        var inputDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition;
+        inputDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInputObject");
+        inputDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("This is an example input object\nLine two of the description");
+        if (parseComments)
+            inputDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 24");
+        inputDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("The value of the input object\n  (any JSON value is accepted)");
+        if (parseComments)
+            inputDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 26");
+
+        var directiveDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLDirectiveDefinition) as GraphQLDirectiveDefinition;
+        directiveDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestDirective");
+        directiveDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test directive");
+        if (parseComments)
+            directiveDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 28");
+        directiveDef.Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example");
+        if (parseComments)
+            directiveDef.Arguments[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 30");
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.None)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Comments)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.Locations)]
+    [InlineData(IgnoreOptions.All)]
+    public void Descriptions_WithComments_Should_Read_Correctly_3(IgnoreOptions options)
+    {
+        using var document = @"
+# comment 0
+""Super schema""
+schema {
+  query: String
+}
+
+# comment 1
+""A JSON scalar""
+scalar JSON
+
+# comment 3
+""""""
+Human type
+""""""
+type Human {
+  # comment 5
+  """"""
+  Name of human
+  """"""
+  name: String
+
+  # comment 7
+  ""Test""
+  test(
+    # comment 9
+    ""desc""
+    arg: Int
+  ): Int
+}
+
+# comment 11
+""Test interface""
+interface TestInterface {
+  # comment 13
+  ""Object name""
+  name: String
+}
+
+# comment 15
+""""""
+Test union
+""""""
+union TestUnion = Test1 | Test2
+
+# comment 17
+""Example enum""
+enum Colors {
+  # comment 19
+  ""Red""
+  RED
+  # comment 21
+  ""Blue""
+  BLUE
+}
+
+# comment 23
+""""""
+This is an example input object
+Line two of the description
+""""""
+input TestInputObject {
+    # comment 25
+    """"""
+    The value of the input object
+      (any JSON value is accepted)
+    """"""
+    Value: JSON
+}
+
+# comment 27
+""Test directive""
+directive @TestDirective (
+  # comment 29
+  ""Example""
+  Value: Int
+) on QUERY
+".Parse(new ParserOptions { Ignore = options });
+        var defs = document.Definitions;
+        defs.Count.ShouldBe(8);
+        var parseComments = !options.HasFlag(IgnoreOptions.Comments);
+
+        var schemaDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLSchemaDefinition) as GraphQLSchemaDefinition;
+        schemaDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Super schema");
+        if (parseComments)
+            schemaDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 0");
+
+        var scalarDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition) as GraphQLScalarTypeDefinition;
+        scalarDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        scalarDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("A JSON scalar");
+        if (parseComments)
+            scalarDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 1");
+
+        var objectDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLObjectTypeDefinition;
+        objectDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Human");
+        objectDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Human type");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 3");
+        objectDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        objectDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Name of human");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 5");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("test");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 7");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("arg");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("desc");
+        objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        if (parseComments)
+            objectDef.Fields[1].Arguments[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 9");
+
+        var interfaceDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInterfaceTypeDefinition;
+        interfaceDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInterface");
+        interfaceDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test interface");
+        if (parseComments)
+            interfaceDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 11");
+        interfaceDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("name");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("String");
+        interfaceDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Object name");
+        if (parseComments)
+            interfaceDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 13");
+
+        var unionDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition) as GraphQLUnionTypeDefinition;
+        unionDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestUnion");
+        unionDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test union");
+        if (parseComments)
+            unionDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 15");
+        unionDef.Types.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        unionDef.Types[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test1");
+        unionDef.Types[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Test2");
+
+        var enumDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition) as GraphQLEnumTypeDefinition;
+        enumDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("Colors");
+        enumDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example enum");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 17");
+        enumDef.Values.Count.ShouldBe(2);
+        enumDef.Values[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("RED");
+        enumDef.Values[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Red");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Values[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 19");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Name.Value.ShouldBe("BLUE");
+        enumDef.Values[1].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Blue");
+        if (parseComments)
+            enumDef.Values[1].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 21");
+
+        var inputDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition) as GraphQLInputObjectTypeDefinition;
+        inputDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestInputObject");
+        inputDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("This is an example input object\nLine two of the description");
+        if (parseComments)
+            inputDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 23");
+        inputDef.Fields.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("JSON");
+        inputDef.Fields[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("The value of the input object\n  (any JSON value is accepted)");
+        if (parseComments)
+            inputDef.Fields[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 25");
+
+        var directiveDef = defs.Single(x => x is GraphQLDirectiveDefinition) as GraphQLDirectiveDefinition;
+        directiveDef.Name.Value.ShouldBe("TestDirective");
+        directiveDef.Description.Value.ShouldBe("Test directive");
+        if (parseComments)
+            directiveDef.Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 27");
+        directiveDef.Arguments.Count.ShouldBe(1);
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Name.Value.ShouldBe("Value");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Type.ShouldBeAssignableTo<GraphQLNamedType>().Name.Value.ShouldBe("Int");
+        directiveDef.Arguments[0].Description.Value.ShouldBe("Example");
+        if (parseComments)
+            directiveDef.Arguments[0].Comment.Value.ShouldBe(" comment 29");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `field` last assigned on line 188 could be null and is dereferenced at line 189, column 9.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ParserTests.Comments_on_FragmentSpread_Should_Read_Correctly(IgnoreOptions)
+
+### File:
+src/GraphQLParser.Tests/ParserTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ParserTests.cs|Comments_on_FragmentSpread_Should_Read_Correctly|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5f6bc9a45b87a0bd98569135266c4d99
+
+### Hash:
+89fa621f365ea4b35db4798ff753004e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11101/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11101/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d15383b18493b00e0aadc557a31e621ff699855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11101/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** brpc-java
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Baidu, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.baidu.brpc.client;
+
+import com.baidu.brpc.*;
+import com.baidu.brpc.exceptions.RpcException;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.NamingOptions;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.Protocol;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.Request;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.Response;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.nshead.NSHead;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.nshead.NSHeadMeta;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.push.SPHead;
+import com.baidu.brpc.protocol.push.ServerPushProtocol;
+import com.baidu.brpc.utils.ProtobufUtils;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.Enhancer;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodInterceptor;
+import net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+
+/**
+ * Created by huwenwei on 2017/4/25.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+@Slf4j
+public class BrpcProxy implements MethodInterceptor {
+
+    private static final Set<String> notProxyMethodSet = new HashSet<String>();
+
+    static {
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("getClass");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("hashCode");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("equals");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("clone");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("toString");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("notify");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("notifyAll");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("wait");
+        notProxyMethodSet.add("finalize");
+    }
+
+    private RpcClient rpcClient;
+
+    private Map<String, RpcMethodInfo> rpcMethodMap = new HashMap<String, RpcMethodInfo>();
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化时提前解析好method信息，在rpc交互时会更快。
+     *
+     * @param rpcClient rpc client对象
+     * @param clazz     rpc接口类
+     */
+    protected BrpcProxy(RpcClient rpcClient, Class clazz) {
+        this.rpcClient = rpcClient;
+        Method[] methods = clazz.getMethods();
+        for (Method method : methods) {
+            if (notProxyMethodSet.contains(method.getName())) {
+                log.debug("{}:{} does not need to proxy",
+                        method.getDeclaringClass().getName(), method.getName());
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            Class[] parameterTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
+            int paramLength = parameterTypes.length;
+            if (paramLength >= 1
+                    && Future.class.isAssignableFrom(method.getReturnType())
+                    && !RpcCallback.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterTypes[paramLength - 1])) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("returnType is Future, but last argument is not RpcCallback");
+            }
+
+            Method syncMethod = method;
+            if (paramLength > 1) {
+                int startIndex = 0;
+                int endIndex = paramLength - 1;
+                // has callback, async rpc
+                if (RpcCallback.class.isAssignableFrom(parameterTypes[paramLength - 1])) {
+                    endIndex--;
+                    paramLength--;
+                }
+                Class[] actualParameterTypes = new Class[paramLength];
+                for (int i = 0; startIndex <= endIndex; i++) {
+                    actualParameterTypes[i] = parameterTypes[startIndex++];
+                }
+                try {
+                    syncMethod = method.getDeclaringClass().getMethod(
+                            method.getName(), actualParameterTypes);
+                } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("can not find sync method:" + method.getName());
+                }
+            }
+
+            RpcMethodInfo methodInfo;
+            ProtobufUtils.MessageType messageType = ProtobufUtils.getMessageType(syncMethod);
+            if (messageType == ProtobufUtils.MessageType.PROTOBUF) {
+                methodInfo = new ProtobufRpcMethodInfo(syncMethod);
+            } else if (messageType == ProtobufUtils.MessageType.JPROTOBUF) {
+                methodInfo = new JprotobufRpcMethodInfo(syncMethod);
+            } else {
+                methodInfo = new RpcMethodInfo(syncMethod);
+            }
+
+            rpcMethodMap.put(method.getName(), methodInfo);
+            log.debug("client serviceName={}, methodName={}",
+                    method.getDeclaringClass().getName(), method.getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T getProxy(RpcClient rpcClient, Class clazz) {
+        return getProxy(rpcClient, clazz, null);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T getProxy(RpcClient rpcClient, Class clazz, NamingOptions namingOptions) {
+        rpcClient.setServiceInterface(clazz, namingOptions);
+        Enhancer en = new Enhancer();
+        en.setSuperclass(clazz);
+        en.setCallback(new BrpcProxy(rpcClient, clazz));
+        return (T) en.create();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 调用用户接口时候， 实际执行的方法
+     *
+     * @param obj
+     * @param method
+     * @param args
+     * @param proxy
+     *
+     * @return
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Object intercept(Object obj, Method method, Object[] args,
+                            MethodProxy proxy) throws Throwable {
+        String methodName = method.getName();
+        RpcMethodInfo rpcMethodInfo = rpcMethodMap.get(methodName);
+        if (rpcMethodInfo == null) {
+            log.debug("{}:{} does not need to proxy",
+                    method.getDeclaringClass().getName(), methodName);
+            return proxy.invokeSuper(obj, args);
+        }
+        Request request = null;
+        int readTimeout = 10 * 1000;
+        int writeTimeout = 10 * 1000;
+
+        Protocol protocol = rpcClient.getCommunicationOptions().getProtocol();
+        request = protocol.createRequest();
+        if (protocol instanceof ServerPushProtocol) {
+            SPHead spHead = ((ServerPushProtocol) protocol).createSPHead();
+            spHead.setType(SPHead.TYPE_REQUEST);
+            request.setSpHead(spHead);
+        }
+
+        request.setCompressType(rpcClient.getRpcClientOptions().getCompressType().getNumber());
+        request.setSubscribeInfo(rpcClient.getNamingServiceProcessor().getSubscribeInfo());
+        readTimeout = rpcClient.getRpcClientOptions().getReadTimeoutMillis();
+        writeTimeout = rpcClient.getRpcClientOptions().getWriteTimeoutMillis();
+
+        try {
+            request.setTarget(obj);
+            request.setRpcMethodInfo(rpcMethodInfo);
+            request.setTargetMethod(rpcMethodInfo.getMethod());
+            request.setServiceName(rpcMethodInfo.getServiceName());
+            request.setMethodName(rpcMethodInfo.getMethodName());
+            NSHeadMeta nsHeadMeta = rpcMethodInfo.getNsHeadMeta();
+            NSHead nsHead = nsHeadMeta == null ? new NSHead() : new NSHead(0, nsHeadMeta.id(), nsHeadMeta.version(),
+                    nsHeadMeta.provider(), 0);
+            request.setNsHead(nsHead);
+
+            // parse request params
+            RpcCallback callback = null;
+            int argLength = args.length;
+            if (argLength > 1) {
+                int startIndex = 0;
+                int endIndex = argLength - 1;
+                // 异步调用
+                if (args[endIndex] instanceof RpcCallback) {
+                    callback = (RpcCallback) args[endIndex];
+                    endIndex -= 1;
+                    argLength -= 1;
+                }
+
+                if (argLength <= 0) {
+                    throw new RpcException(RpcException.UNKNOWN_EXCEPTION, "invalid params");
+                }
+
+                Object[] sendArgs = new Object[argLength];
+                for (int i = 0; startIndex <= endIndex; i++) {
+                    sendArgs[i] = args[startIndex++];
+                }
+                request.setArgs(sendArgs);
+                request.setCallback(callback);
+            } else {
+                // sync call
+                request.setArgs(args);
+            }
+
+            if (RpcContext.isSet()) {
+                RpcContext rpcContext = RpcContext.getContext();
+                // attachment
+                if (rpcContext.getRequestKvAttachment() != null) {
+                    request.setKvAttachment(rpcContext.getRequestKvAttachment());
+                }
+                if (rpcContext.getRequestBinaryAttachment() != null) {
+                    request.setBinaryAttachment(rpcContext.getRequestBinaryAttachment());
+                }
+                if (rpcContext.getLogId() != null) {
+                    request.getNsHead().logId = rpcContext.getLogId();
+                    request.setLogId(rpcContext.getLogId());
+                }
+                if (rpcContext.getServiceTag() != null) {
+                    request.setServiceTag(rpcContext.getServiceTag());
+                }
+                if (rpcContext.getReadTimeoutMillis() != null) {
+                    request.setReadTimeoutMillis(rpcContext.getReadTimeoutMillis());
+                }
+                if (rpcContext.getWriteTimeoutMillis() != null) {
+                    request.setWriteTimeoutMillis(rpcContext.getWriteTimeoutMillis());
+                }
+                rpcContext.reset();
+            }
+
+            if (request.getReadTimeoutMillis() == null) {
+                request.setReadTimeoutMillis(readTimeout);
+            }
+            if (request.getWriteTimeoutMillis() == null) {
+                request.setWriteTimeoutMillis(writeTimeout);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                Response response = executeWithRetry(request);
+                if (request.getCallback() != null) {
+                    return response.getRpcFuture();
+                } else {
+                    return response.getResult();
+                }
+            } catch (RpcException ex) {
+                log.error("exception :", ex);
+                throw ex;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (request != null) {
+                // release send buffer because we retain send buffer when send request.
+                request.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Response executeWithRetry(Request request) {
+        Response response = null;
+        RpcException exception = null;
+        int currentTryTimes = 0;
+        int maxTryTimes = rpcClient.getRpcClientOptions().getMaxTryTimes();
+        while (currentTryTimes < maxTryTimes) {
+            try {
+                // if it is a retry request, add the last selected instance to request,
+                // so that load balance strategy can exclude the selected instance.
+                // if it is the initial request, not init HashSet, so it is more fast.
+                // therefore, it need LoadBalanceStrategy to judge if selectInstances is null.
+                if (currentTryTimes > 0) {
+                    if (request.getChannel() != null) {
+                        if (request.getSelectedInstances() == null) {
+                            request.setSelectedInstances(new HashSet<CommunicationClient>(maxTryTimes - 1));
+                        }
+                        request.getSelectedInstances().add(request.getCommunicationClient());
+                    }
+                }
+                response = rpcClient.execute(request, rpcClient.getCommunicationOptions());
+                break;
+            } catch (RpcException ex) {
+                exception = ex;
+                if (exception.getCode() == RpcException.INTERCEPT_EXCEPTION) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } finally {
+                currentTryTimes++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (response.getResult() == null && response.getRpcFuture() == null) {
+            if (exception == null) {
+                exception = new RpcException(RpcException.UNKNOWN_EXCEPTION, "unknown error");
+            }
+            throw exception;
+        }
+        return response;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, RpcMethodInfo> getRpcMethodMap() {
+        return rpcMethodMap;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `response` last assigned on line 267 could be null and is dereferenced at line 297.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Response BrpcProxy.executeWithRetry(Request)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.baidu.brpc.client.BrpcProxy.executeWithRetry(com.baidu.brpc.protocol.Request):com.baidu.brpc.pro.90a4069c0c0612d9510609c71df0bbb9
+
+### File:
+brpc-java-governance/src/main/java/com/baidu/brpc/client/BrpcProxy.java
+
+### Key:
+BrpcProxy.java|executeWithRetry|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5890b2fe24d6c2716b9c7c0ba8964dea
+
+### Hash:
+3caaab7335b031f5dd44a3d64b0bb022
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11106/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11106/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e3043d4e3cd6a94aeed4feb6ee920810741281cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11106/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.model;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.image.ImageFactory;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfDocument;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfImageXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.testutils.CompareTool;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Image;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Paragraph;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Text;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+public class ImageTest {
+
+    static final public String sourceFolder = "./src/test/resources/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+    static final public String destinationFolder = "./target/test/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    static public void beforeClass() {
+        new File(destinationFolder).mkdirs();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest01() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest01.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest01.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest02() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest02.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest02.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest03() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest03.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest03.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotationAngle(Math.PI / 6);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest04() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest04.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest04.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotationAngle(Math.PI / 6);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest05() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest05.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest05.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.scale(1, 0.5f);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest06() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest06.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest06.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setTranslationDistance(100, -100);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter` acquired by call to `new()` at line 91 is not released after line 110.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 97
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ImageTest.imageTest03()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.model.ImageTest.imageTest03():void.1981dacbed0b589ab20de937c26b1d3a
+
+### File:
+model/src/test/java/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ImageTest.java|imageTest03|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+0cb78925d17909e5a2c8b4f25e4f3d86
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11108/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11108/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..272d16ae1694910e8405d84985987bc7b9256510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11108/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.model;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.image.ImageFactory;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfDocument;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfImageXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.testutils.CompareTool;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Image;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Paragraph;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Text;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+public class ImageTest {
+
+    static final public String sourceFolder = "./src/test/resources/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+    static final public String destinationFolder = "./target/test/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest/";
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    static public void beforeClass() {
+        new File(destinationFolder).mkdirs();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest01() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest01.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest01.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest02() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest02.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest02.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest03() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest03.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest03.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotationAngle(Math.PI / 6);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest04() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest04.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest04.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(new Text("before image"));
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setRotationAngle(Math.PI / 6);
+        p.add(new Text("after image"));
+        doc.add(p);
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest05() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest05.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest05.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.scale(1, 0.5f);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void imageTest06() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+
+        String outFileName = destinationFolder + "imageTest06.pdf";
+        String cmpFileName = sourceFolder + "cmp_imageTest06.pdf";
+
+        FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(outFileName);
+
+        PdfWriter writer = new PdfWriter(file);
+
+        PdfDocument pdfDoc = new PdfDocument(writer);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(pdfDoc);
+
+        PdfImageXObject xObject = new PdfImageXObject(ImageFactory.getJpegImage(new File(sourceFolder+"Desert.jpg").toURI().toURL()));
+        Image image = new Image(xObject, 100);
+
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("First Line")));
+        Paragraph p = new Paragraph();
+        p.add(image);
+        image.setTranslationDistance(100, -100);
+        doc.add(p);
+        doc.add(new Paragraph(new Text("Second Line")));
+
+        doc.close();
+
+        Assert.assertNull(new CompareTool().compareByContent(outFileName, cmpFileName, destinationFolder, "diff"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfWriter` acquired by call to `new()` at line 149 is not released after line 168.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 155
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ImageTest.imageTest05()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.model.ImageTest.imageTest05():void.85d97be0739b2ee6cec8243879f2ae23
+
+### File:
+model/src/test/java/com/itextpdf/model/ImageTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ImageTest.java|imageTest05|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+8bfcc18f6d096c949749d23f3e698f34
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11130/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11130/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69060bdf72aaaae2ead63ede127301f9a1ffcc68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11130/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.model.renderer;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.geom.AffineTransform;
+import com.itextpdf.basics.geom.Point2D;
+import com.itextpdf.canvas.PdfCanvas;
+import com.itextpdf.core.geom.Rectangle;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfDocument;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfName;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfFormXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfImageXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.xobject.PdfXObject;
+import com.itextpdf.model.Property;
+import com.itextpdf.model.element.Image;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutArea;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutContext;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutPosition;
+import com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutResult;
+
+public class ImageRenderer extends AbstractRenderer {
+
+    float height;
+    Float width;
+    Float fixedXPosition;
+    Float fixedYPosition;
+    float pivotY;
+    float imageWidth;
+    float imageHeight;
+
+    float[] matrix = new float[6];
+
+    public ImageRenderer(Image image) {
+        super(image);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public LayoutResult layout(LayoutContext layoutContext) {
+        LayoutArea area = layoutContext.getArea();
+        Rectangle layoutBox = area.getBBox();
+        occupiedArea = new LayoutArea(area.getPageNumber(), new Rectangle(layoutBox.getX(), layoutBox.getY() + layoutBox.getHeight(), 0, 0));
+
+        width = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.WIDTH);
+        Float angle = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.IMAGE_ROTATION_ANGLE);
+
+        PdfXObject xObject = ((Image) (getModelElement())).getXObject();
+        if (xObject instanceof PdfImageXObject) {
+            imageWidth = ((PdfImageXObject)xObject).getWidth();
+            imageHeight = ((PdfImageXObject)xObject).getHeight();
+        } else {
+            imageWidth = xObject.getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.BBox).getAsFloat(2);
+            imageHeight = xObject.getPdfObject().getAsArray(PdfName.BBox).getAsFloat(3);
+        }
+
+        width = width == null ? imageWidth : width;
+        height = width / imageWidth * imageHeight;
+
+        fixedXPosition = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.X);
+        fixedYPosition = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.Y);
+
+        Float horizontalScaling = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.HORIZONTAL_SCALING);
+        Float verticalScaling = getPropertyAsFloat(Property.VERTICAL_SCALING);
+
+        AffineTransform t = new AffineTransform();
+
+        if (xObject instanceof PdfFormXObject && width != imageWidth) {
+            horizontalScaling *= width / imageWidth;
+            verticalScaling *= height / imageHeight;
+        }
+
+        if (horizontalScaling != 1) {
+            if (xObject instanceof PdfFormXObject) {
+                t.scale(horizontalScaling, 1);
+            }
+            width *= horizontalScaling;
+        }
+        if (verticalScaling != 1) {
+            if (xObject instanceof PdfFormXObject) {
+                t.scale(1, verticalScaling);
+            }
+            height *= verticalScaling;
+        }
+
+        float imageItselfScaledWidth = width;
+        float imageItselfScaledHeight = height;
+
+        if (angle != null) {
+            t.rotate(angle);
+            adjustPositionAfterRotation(angle);
+        }
+
+        getMatrix(t, imageItselfScaledWidth, imageItselfScaledHeight);
+
+        if (width > layoutBox.getWidth()){
+            return new LayoutResult(LayoutResult.NOTHING, occupiedArea, null, this);
+        }
+        if (height > layoutBox.getHeight()){
+            return new LayoutResult(LayoutResult.NOTHING, occupiedArea, null, this);
+        }
+
+        occupiedArea.getBBox().moveDown(height);
+        occupiedArea.getBBox().setHeight(height);
+        occupiedArea.getBBox().setWidth(width);
+
+        Float mx = getProperty(Property.X_DISTANCE);
+        Float my = getProperty(Property.Y_DISTANCE);
+        if (mx != null && my != null) {
+            translateImage(mx, my, t);
+            getMatrix(t, imageItselfScaledWidth, imageItselfScaledHeight);
+        }
+
+        if (fixedXPosition != null && fixedYPosition != null) {
+            occupiedArea.getBBox().setWidth(0);
+            occupiedArea.getBBox().setHeight(0);
+        }
+
+        return new LayoutResult(LayoutResult.FULL, occupiedArea, null, null);
+    }
+
+    private void getMatrix(AffineTransform t, float imageItselfScaledWidth, float imageItselfScaledHeight) {
+        t.getMatrix(matrix);
+        PdfXObject xObject = ((Image) (getModelElement())).getXObject();
+        if (xObject instanceof PdfImageXObject) {
+            matrix[0] *= imageItselfScaledWidth;
+            matrix[1] *= imageItselfScaledWidth;
+            matrix[2] *= imageItselfScaledHeight;
+            matrix[3] *= imageItselfScaledHeight;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void draw(PdfDocument document, PdfCanvas canvas) {
+        super.draw(document, canvas);
+
+        int position = getPropertyAsInteger(Property.POSITION);
+        if (position == LayoutPosition.RELATIVE) {
+            applyAbsolutePositioningTranslation(false);
+        }
+
+        if (fixedYPosition == null) {
+            fixedYPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getY() + pivotY;
+        }
+        if (fixedXPosition == null) {
+            fixedXPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getX();
+        }
+
+        canvas.addXObject(((Image) (getModelElement())).getXObject(), matrix[0], matrix[1], matrix[2], matrix[3],
+                fixedXPosition, fixedYPosition);
+
+        if (position == LayoutPosition.RELATIVE) {
+            applyAbsolutePositioningTranslation(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected ImageRenderer autoScale(LayoutArea area) {
+        if (width > area.getBBox().getWidth()) {
+            setProperty(Property.HEIGHT, area.getBBox().getWidth() / width * imageHeight);
+            setProperty(Property.WIDTH, area.getBBox().getWidth());
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void adjustPositionAfterRotation(float angle) {
+        AffineTransform t = AffineTransform.getRotateInstance(angle);
+        Point2D p00 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(0, 0), new Point2D.Float());
+        Point2D p01 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(0, height), new Point2D.Float());
+        Point2D p10 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(width, 0), new Point2D.Float());
+        Point2D p11 = t.transform(new Point2D.Float(width, height), new Point2D.Float());
+
+        double[] xValues = {p01.getX(), p10.getX(), p11.getX()};
+        double[] yValues = {p01.getY(), p10.getY(), p11.getY()};
+
+        double minX = p00.getX();
+        double minY = p00.getY();
+        double maxX = minX;
+        double maxY = minY;
+
+        for (double x : xValues) {
+            minX = Math.min(minX, x);
+            maxX = Math.max(maxX, x);
+        }
+        for (double y : yValues) {
+            minY = Math.min(minY, y);
+            maxY = Math.max(maxY, y);
+        }
+
+        pivotY = (float) (p00.getY() - minY);
+
+        height = (float) (maxY - minY);
+        width = (float) (maxX - minX);
+
+        if (occupiedArea.getBBox().getX() > minX) {
+            occupiedArea.getBBox().moveRight((float) -minX);
+            if (fixedXPosition != null) {
+                fixedXPosition -= (float)minX;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void translateImage(float xDistance, float yDistance, AffineTransform t) {
+        t.translate(xDistance, yDistance);
+        t.getMatrix(matrix);
+        if (fixedXPosition == null) {
+            fixedXPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getX();
+        }
+        if (fixedYPosition == null) {
+            fixedYPosition = occupiedArea.getBBox().getY() + height;
+        }
+        fixedXPosition += t.getTranslateX();
+        fixedYPosition += t.getTranslateY();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `xObject.getPdfObject().getAsArray(com.itextpdf.core.pdf.PdfName.BBox)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 50.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+LayoutResult ImageRenderer.layout(LayoutContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.model.renderer.ImageRenderer.layout(com.itextpdf.model.layout.LayoutContext):com.itextp.a23334d42ab372a943e6a3c38edf5a76
+
+### File:
+model/src/main/java/com/itextpdf/model/renderer/ImageRenderer.java
+
+### Key:
+ImageRenderer.java|layout|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+34bcb0bafefd2b276ffa1330385c5b6d
+
+### Hash:
+39731098b1df3a7b36d5259a48866d12
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11137/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11137/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0667e57f35764a0e0dc3142614909f049a1893e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11137/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.core.pdf.navigation;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.PdfException;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.*;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+public class PdfNamedDestination extends PdfDestination<PdfName> {
+
+    public PdfNamedDestination(String name) {
+        this(new PdfName(name));
+    }
+
+    public PdfNamedDestination(PdfName pdfObject) {
+        super(pdfObject);
+    }
+
+    public PdfNamedDestination(PdfName pdfObject, PdfDocument pdfDocument) throws PdfException {
+        super(pdfObject, pdfDocument);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PdfObject getDestinationPage(final HashMap<Object, PdfObject> names) throws PdfException {
+        PdfArray array = (PdfArray) names.get(getPdfObject());
+
+        return array.get(0, false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+     public PdfDestination replaceNamedDestination(final HashMap<Object, PdfObject> names){
+
+        PdfArray array = (PdfArray) names.get(getPdfObject());
+        if (array != null){
+            return PdfDestination.makeDestination(array);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `array` last assigned on line 24 could be null and is dereferenced at line 26.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PdfObject PdfNamedDestination.getDestinationPage(HashMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.core.pdf.navigation.PdfNamedDestination.getDestinationPage(java.util.HashMap):com.itext.aef51e2c889b516be536da82d2c2fcb7
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/itextpdf/core/pdf/navigation/PdfNamedDestination.java
+
+### Key:
+PdfNamedDestination.java|getDestinationPage|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3534744d3537de8ddf14c788351b1bdd
+
+### Hash:
+bf7ee62afdfe4501424415e4fc454bf5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11139/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11139/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43b9d0dfda4c216f8efbefc091339d2470f51075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11139/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** itext7
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itextpdf.core.pdf.navigation;
+
+import com.itextpdf.basics.PdfException;
+import com.itextpdf.core.pdf.*;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+public class PdfStringDestination extends PdfDestination<PdfString> {
+
+    public PdfStringDestination(String string) {
+        this(new PdfString(string));
+    }
+
+    public PdfStringDestination(PdfString pdfObject) {
+        super(pdfObject);
+    }
+
+    public PdfStringDestination(PdfString pdfObject, PdfDocument pdfDocument) throws PdfException {
+        super(pdfObject, pdfDocument);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PdfObject getDestinationPage(HashMap<Object, PdfObject> names) throws PdfException {
+        PdfArray array = (PdfArray) names.get(getPdfObject().toUnicodeString());
+
+        return array.get(0, false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PdfDestination replaceNamedDestination(final HashMap<Object, PdfObject> names) throws PdfException {
+
+        PdfArray array = (PdfArray) names.get(getPdfObject().toUnicodeString());
+        if (array != null){
+            return PdfDestination.makeDestination(array);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `array` last assigned on line 24 could be null and is dereferenced at line 26.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PdfObject PdfStringDestination.getDestinationPage(HashMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itextpdf.core.pdf.navigation.PdfStringDestination.getDestinationPage(java.util.HashMap):com.itex.440b2ff7d5601944ca1d3779c0c3257c
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/itextpdf/core/pdf/navigation/PdfStringDestination.java
+
+### Key:
+PdfStringDestination.java|getDestinationPage|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3534744d3537de8ddf14c788351b1bdd
+
+### Hash:
+c97fc825d5c0ec8d80b656a2b858ee88
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11152/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11152/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8719904280b86fc035c74e04850675f97e9af80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11152/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Contributors as noted in the AUTHORS file
+
+    This file is part of 0MQ.
+
+    0MQ is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    0MQ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+package guide;
+
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ;
+
+//
+//  Reading from multiple sockets in Java
+//  This version uses a simple recv loop
+//
+public class msreader {
+
+    public static void main (String[] args) throws Exception {
+        //  Prepare our context and sockets
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+
+        // Connect to task ventilator
+        ZMQ.Socket receiver = context.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
+        receiver.connect("tcp://localhost:5557");
+
+        //  Connect to weather server
+        ZMQ.Socket subscriber = context.socket(ZMQ.SUB);
+        subscriber.connect("tcp://localhost:5556");
+        subscriber.subscribe("10001 ".getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+
+        //  Process messages from both sockets
+        //  We prioritize traffic from the task ventilator
+        while (!Thread.currentThread ().isInterrupted ()) {
+            //  Process any waiting tasks
+            byte[] task;
+            while((task = receiver.recv(ZMQ.DONTWAIT)) != null) {
+                System.out.println("process task");
+            }
+            //  Process any waiting weather updates
+            byte[] update;
+            while ((update = subscriber.recv(ZMQ.DONTWAIT)) != null) {
+                System.out.println("process weather update");
+            }
+            //  No activity, so sleep for 1 msec
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        }
+        subscriber.close ();
+        context.term ();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zeromq.ZMQ$Socket` acquired by call to `socket(...)` at line 35 is not released after line 59.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void msreader.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+guide.msreader.main(java.lang.String[]):void.52579c6e9b48396f1c2def9f106336e1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/guide/msreader.java
+
+### Key:
+msreader.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6508d5d8afc7791075e471b62b4a3ccb
+
+### Hash:
+380eb13eebbd5a07dff3fccf258cb67e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11153/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11153/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a5d6d22c4b832700730b00855f86aeb36b766c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11153/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Contributors as noted in the AUTHORS file
+
+    This file is part of 0MQ.
+
+    0MQ is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    0MQ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+package guide;
+
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ;
+
+//
+//  Reading from multiple sockets in Java
+//  This version uses a simple recv loop
+//
+public class msreader {
+
+    public static void main (String[] args) throws Exception {
+        //  Prepare our context and sockets
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+
+        // Connect to task ventilator
+        ZMQ.Socket receiver = context.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
+        receiver.connect("tcp://localhost:5557");
+
+        //  Connect to weather server
+        ZMQ.Socket subscriber = context.socket(ZMQ.SUB);
+        subscriber.connect("tcp://localhost:5556");
+        subscriber.subscribe("10001 ".getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+
+        //  Process messages from both sockets
+        //  We prioritize traffic from the task ventilator
+        while (!Thread.currentThread ().isInterrupted ()) {
+            //  Process any waiting tasks
+            byte[] task;
+            while((task = receiver.recv(ZMQ.DONTWAIT)) != null) {
+                System.out.println("process task");
+            }
+            //  Process any waiting weather updates
+            byte[] update;
+            while ((update = subscriber.recv(ZMQ.DONTWAIT)) != null) {
+                System.out.println("process weather update");
+            }
+            //  No activity, so sleep for 1 msec
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+        }
+        subscriber.close ();
+        context.term ();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zeromq.ZMQ$Socket` acquired to `subscriber` by call to `socket(...)` at line 39 is not released after line 61.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 48
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void msreader.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+guide.msreader.main(java.lang.String[]):void.52579c6e9b48396f1c2def9f106336e1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/guide/msreader.java
+
+### Key:
+msreader.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+034ce763740d2b1385a4ffcffa67e2b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11154/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11154/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44c94c1ff3078cf0946901a43ccaf9f95a31cb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11154/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2007-2014 Contributors as noted in the AUTHORS file
+
+    This file is part of 0MQ.
+
+    0MQ is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    0MQ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+package org.zeromq;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.charset.CharacterCodingException;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Context;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Socket;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public class TestZMQ
+{
+    static class Client extends Thread
+    {
+        private Socket s = null;
+        public Client(Context ctx)
+        {
+            s = ctx.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run()
+        {
+            System.out.println("Start client thread ");
+            s.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:6669");
+            s.recv(0);
+
+            s.close();
+            System.out.println("Stop client thread ");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPollerPollout() throws Exception
+    {
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        Client client = new Client(context);
+
+        //  Socket to send messages to
+        ZMQ.Socket sender = context.socket(ZMQ.PUSH);
+        sender.bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:6669");
+
+        ZMQ.Poller outItems;
+        outItems = context.poller();
+        outItems.register(sender, ZMQ.Poller.POLLOUT);
+
+        while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
+            outItems.poll(1000);
+            if (outItems.pollout(0)) {
+                sender.send("OK", 0);
+                System.out.println("ok");
+                break;
+            }
+            else {
+                System.out.println("not writable");
+                client.start();
+            }
+        }
+        client.join();
+        sender.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteBufferSend() throws InterruptedException
+    {
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        ZMQ.Socket push = null;
+        ZMQ.Socket pull = null;
+        try {
+            push = context.socket(ZMQ.PUSH);
+            pull = context.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
+            pull.bind("tcp://*:12344");
+            push.connect("tcp://localhost:12344");
+            bb.put("PING".getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+            bb.flip();
+            push.sendByteBuffer(bb, 0);
+            String actual = new String(pull.recv(), ZMQ.CHARSET);
+            assertEquals("PING", actual);
+        }
+        finally {
+            try {
+                push.close();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ignore) {
+            }
+            try {
+                pull.close();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ignore) {
+            }
+            try {
+                context.term();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ignore) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteBufferRecv() throws InterruptedException, CharacterCodingException
+    {
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(6).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        ZMQ.Socket push = null;
+        ZMQ.Socket pull = null;
+        try {
+            push = context.socket(ZMQ.PUSH);
+            pull = context.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
+            pull.bind("tcp://*:12345");
+            push.connect("tcp://localhost:12345");
+            push.send("PING".getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET), 0);
+            pull.recvByteBuffer(bb, 0);
+            bb.flip();
+            byte[] b = new byte[bb.remaining()];
+            bb.duplicate().get(b);
+            assertEquals("PING", new String(b, ZMQ.CHARSET));
+        }
+        finally {
+            try {
+                push.close();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ignore) {
+                ignore.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            try {
+                pull.close();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ignore) {
+                ignore.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            try {
+                context.term();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ignore) {
+                ignore.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = ZMQException.class)
+    public void testBindSameAddress()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+
+        ZMQ.Socket socket1 = context.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+        ZMQ.Socket socket2 = context.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+        socket1.bind("tcp://*:12346");
+        try {
+            socket2.bind("tcp://*:12346");
+            fail("Exception not thrown");
+        }
+        catch (ZMQException e) {
+            assertEquals(e.getErrorCode(), ZMQ.Error.EADDRINUSE.getCode());
+            throw e;
+        }
+        finally {
+            socket1.close();
+            socket2.close();
+
+            context.term();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = ZMQException.class)
+    public void testBindInprocSameAddress()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+
+        ZMQ.Socket socket1 = context.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+        ZMQ.Socket socket2 = context.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+        socket1.bind("inproc://address.already.in.use");
+        try {
+            socket2.bind("inproc://address.already.in.use");
+            fail("Exception not thrown");
+        }
+        catch (ZMQException e) {
+            assertEquals(e.getErrorCode(), ZMQ.Error.EADDRINUSE.getCode());
+            throw e;
+        }
+        finally {
+            socket1.close();
+            socket2.close();
+
+            context.term();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventConnected()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket helper = context.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+        int port = helper.bindToRandomPort("tcp://127.0.0.1");
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_CONNECTED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        socket.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:" + port);
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_CONNECTED, event.getEvent());
+
+        helper.close();
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventConnectDelayed()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_CONNECT_DELAYED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        socket.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:6751");
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_CONNECT_DELAYED, event.getEvent());
+
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventConnectRetried()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_CONNECT_RETRIED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        socket.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:6752");
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_CONNECT_RETRIED, event.getEvent());
+
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventListening()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_LISTENING));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        socket.bindToRandomPort("tcp://127.0.0.1");
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_LISTENING, event.getEvent());
+
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventBindFailed()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket helper = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        int port = helper.bindToRandomPort("tcp://127.0.0.1");
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_BIND_FAILED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        try {
+            socket.bind("tcp://127.0.0.1:" + port);
+        }
+        catch (ZMQException ex) {
+        }
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_BIND_FAILED, event.getEvent());
+
+        helper.close();
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventAccepted()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        Socket helper = context.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_ACCEPTED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        int port = socket.bindToRandomPort("tcp://127.0.0.1");
+
+        helper.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:" + port);
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_ACCEPTED, event.getEvent());
+
+        helper.close();
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventClosed()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        socket.bindToRandomPort("tcp://127.0.0.1");
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_CLOSED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        socket.close();
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_CLOSED, event.getEvent());
+
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventDisconnected()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        Socket helper = context.socket(ZMQ.REQ);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        int port = socket.bindToRandomPort("tcp://127.0.0.1");
+        helper.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:" + port);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_DISCONNECTED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        helper.close();
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_DISCONNECTED, event.getEvent());
+
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEventMonitorStopped()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+        ZMQ.Event event;
+
+        Socket socket = context.socket(ZMQ.REP);
+        Socket monitor = context.socket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        monitor.setReceiveTimeOut(100);
+
+        assertTrue(socket.monitor("inproc://monitor.socket", ZMQ.EVENT_MONITOR_STOPPED));
+        monitor.connect("inproc://monitor.socket");
+
+        socket.monitor(null, 0);
+        event = ZMQ.Event.recv(monitor);
+        assertNotNull("No event was received", event);
+        assertEquals(ZMQ.EVENT_MONITOR_STOPPED, event.getEvent());
+
+        socket.close();
+        monitor.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSocketUnbind()
+    {
+        Context context = ZMQ.context(1);
+
+        Socket push = context.socket(ZMQ.PUSH);
+        Socket pull = context.socket(ZMQ.PULL);
+        pull.setReceiveTimeOut(50);
+
+        int port = pull.bindToRandomPort("tcp://127.0.0.1");
+        push.connect("tcp://127.0.0.1:" + port);
+
+        byte[] data = "ABC".getBytes();
+
+        push.send(data);
+        assertArrayEquals(data, pull.recv());
+
+        pull.unbind("tcp://127.0.0.1:" + port);
+
+        push.send(data);
+        assertNull(pull.recv());
+
+        push.close();
+        pull.close();
+        context.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testContextBlocky()
+    {
+       Context ctx = ZMQ.context(1);
+       Socket router = ctx.socket(ZMQ.ROUTER);
+       long rc = router.getLinger();
+       assertEquals(-1, rc);
+       router.close();
+       ctx.setBlocky(false);
+       router = ctx.socket(ZMQ.ROUTER);
+       rc = router.getLinger();
+       assertEquals(0, rc);
+       router.close();
+       ctx.term();
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testSocketDoubleClose()
+    {
+        Context ctx = ZMQ.context(1);
+        Socket socket = ctx.socket(ZMQ.PUSH);
+        socket.close();
+        socket.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zeromq.ZMQ$Context` acquired to `ctx` by call to `context(...)` at line 491 is not released after line 492.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestZMQ.testSocketDoubleClose()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zeromq.TestZMQ.testSocketDoubleClose():void.d67258662d1c6fab7f892107b67a6e71
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/zeromq/TestZMQ.java
+
+### Key:
+TestZMQ.java|testSocketDoubleClose|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+65923eb2d407265462e0f3003a87c7a7
+
+### Hash:
+284d5b8c3fb17266f4c7ef8edb775103
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11155/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11155/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6020ad8e1790a82c3d563bd7f4a3cdbd0d608c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11155/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zeromq;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Context;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Poller;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Socket;
+
+/**
+ * ZContext provides a high-level ZeroMQ context management class
+ *
+ * It manages open sockets in the context and automatically closes these before terminating the context.
+ * It provides a simple way to set the linger timeout on sockets, and configure contexts for number of I/O threads.
+ * Sets-up signal (interrupt) handling for the process.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class ZContext implements Closeable
+{
+    /**
+     * Reference to underlying Context object
+     */
+    private volatile Context context; //  Created lazily, use getContext() to access.
+
+    /**
+     * List of sockets managed by this ZContext
+     */
+    private final List<Socket> sockets;
+
+    /**
+     * Number of io threads allocated to this context, default 1
+     */
+    private final int ioThreads;
+
+    /**
+     * Linger timeout, default 0
+     */
+    private int linger;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates if context object is owned by main thread
+     * (useful for multi-threaded applications)
+     */
+    private final boolean main;
+
+    /**
+     * Class Constructor
+     */
+    public ZContext()
+    {
+        this(1);
+    }
+
+    public ZContext(int ioThreads)
+    {
+        this(null, true, ioThreads);
+    }
+
+    private ZContext(Context context, boolean main, int ioThreads)
+    {
+        sockets = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+        this.context = context;
+        this.ioThreads = ioThreads;
+        this.main = main;
+        linger = 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destructor.  Call this to gracefully terminate context and close any managed 0MQ sockets
+     */
+    public void destroy()
+    {
+        for (Socket socket : sockets) {
+            socket.setLinger(linger);
+            socket.close();
+        }
+        sockets.clear();
+
+        // Only terminate context if we are on the main thread
+        if (isMain() && context != null) {
+            context.term();
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            context = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new managed socket within this ZContext instance.
+     * Use this to get automatic management of the socket at shutdown
+     * @param type
+     *          socket type (see ZMQ static class members)
+     * @return
+     *          Newly created Socket object
+     */
+    public Socket createSocket(int type)
+    {
+        // Create and register socket
+        Socket socket = getContext().socket(type);
+        sockets.add(socket);
+        return socket;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Destroys managed socket within this context
+     * and remove from sockets list
+     * @param s
+     *          org.zeromq.Socket object to destroy
+     */
+    public void destroySocket(Socket s)
+    {
+        if (s == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (sockets.remove(s)) {
+            s.setLinger(linger);
+            s.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Selector createSelector()
+    {
+        return getContext().selector();
+    }
+
+    public Poller createPoller(int size)
+    {
+        return new Poller(getContext(), size);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates new shadow context.
+     * Shares same underlying org.zeromq.Context instance but has own list
+     * of managed sockets, io thread count etc.
+     * @param ctx   Original ZContext to create shadow of
+     * @return  New ZContext
+     */
+    public static ZContext shadow(ZContext ctx)
+    {
+        return new ZContext(ctx.getContext(), false, ctx.getIoThreads());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the ioThreads
+     */
+    public int getIoThreads()
+    {
+        return ioThreads;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ioThreads the number of ioThreads to set
+     * @deprecated This value should not be changed after the context is initialized.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setIoThreads(int ioThreads)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the linger
+     */
+    public int getLinger()
+    {
+        return linger;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param linger the linger to set
+     */
+    public void setLinger(int linger)
+    {
+        this.linger = linger;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the main
+     */
+    public boolean isMain()
+    {
+        return main;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param main whether or not the context is being set to main
+     * @deprecated This value should not be changed after the context is initialized.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setMain(boolean main)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the context
+     */
+    public Context getContext()
+    {
+        Context result = context;
+        if (result == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                result = context;
+                if (result == null) {
+                    result = ZMQ.context(ioThreads);
+                    context = result;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ctx sets the underlying zmq.Context associated with this ZContext wrapper object
+     * @deprecated This value should not be changed after the ZContext is initialized.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void setContext(Context ctx)
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the sockets
+     */
+    public List<Socket> getSockets()
+    {
+        return sockets;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close()
+    {
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isClosed()
+    {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (context == null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            return context.isClosed();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.zeromq.ZContext.destroy` indirectly writes to field `socket.org.zeromq.ZMQ$Socket.base.zmq.Own.options.zmq.Options.asServer` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path socket has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on socket.org.zeromq.ZMQ$Socket.base.zmq.Own.options.zmq.Options.asServer might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZContext.destroy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zeromq.ZContext.destroy():void.4999bab718cfade53cdd45c591a6a11e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/zeromq/ZContext.java
+
+### Key:
+ZContext.java|destroy|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1871dfc4ff753fb6812bd54d3639c90a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11162/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11162/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..429f4314e0e78a3de56d703db82c7bca44645c5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11162/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zeromq;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.nullValue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Socket;
+import org.zeromq.ZProxy.Plug;
+
+import zmq.util.Utils;
+
+public class XpubXsubZTest
+{
+    private AtomicReference<Throwable> testIssue476(final int front, final int back, final int max,
+                                                    ExecutorService service, final ZContext ctx)
+            throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        final AtomicInteger numberReceived = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+        Future<?> subscriber = service.submit(new Runnable()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public void run()
+            {
+                Thread.currentThread().setName("Subscriber");
+                final ZContext ctx = new ZContext();
+                try {
+                    final ZMQ.Socket requester = ctx.createSocket(SocketType.SUB);
+                    requester.connect("tcp://localhost:" + back);
+                    requester.subscribe("hello".getBytes(ZMQ.CHARSET));
+
+                    while (numberReceived.get() < max) {
+                        ZMsg.recvMsg(requester);
+                        numberReceived.incrementAndGet();
+                    }
+                }
+                finally {
+                    ctx.close();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        final AtomicReference<Throwable> error = new AtomicReference<>();
+        service.submit(new Runnable()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public void run()
+            {
+                Thread.currentThread().setName("Publisher");
+                try {
+                    ZMQ.Socket pub = ctx.createSocket(SocketType.PUB);
+                    pub.connect("tcp://localhost:" + front);
+                    while (numberReceived.get() < max) {
+                        ZMsg message = ZMsg.newStringMsg("hello", "world");
+                        boolean rc = message.send(pub);
+                        assertThat(rc, is(true));
+                        ZMQ.msleep(5);
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    error.set(ex);
+                    ex.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        try {
+            subscriber.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        }
+        catch (TimeoutException e) {
+            System.err.println("Timeout waiting for subscriber to get " + max + " messages.");
+            error.set(e);
+            e.printStackTrace();
+
+            numberReceived.set(max + 1); // Make sure the threads will finish
+        }
+
+        ZMQ.msleep(300);
+        return error;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIssue476() throws InterruptedException, IOException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        final int front = Utils.findOpenPort();
+        final int back = Utils.findOpenPort();
+
+        final int max = 10;
+
+        ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
+        final ZContext ctx = new ZContext();
+        service.submit(new Runnable()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public void run()
+            {
+                Thread.currentThread().setName("Proxy");
+                ZMQ.Socket xpub = ctx.createSocket(SocketType.XPUB);
+                xpub.bind("tcp://*:" + back);
+                ZMQ.Socket xsub = ctx.createSocket(SocketType.XSUB);
+                xsub.bind("tcp://*:" + front);
+                ZMQ.Socket ctrl = ctx.createSocket(SocketType.PAIR);
+                ctrl.bind("inproc://ctrl-proxy");
+                ZMQ.proxy(xpub, xsub, null, ctrl);
+            }
+        });
+        final AtomicReference<Throwable> error = testIssue476(front, back, max, service, ctx);
+        ZMQ.Socket ctrl = ctx.createSocket(SocketType.PAIR);
+        ctrl.connect("inproc://ctrl-proxy");
+        ctrl.send(ZMQ.PROXY_TERMINATE);
+        ctrl.close();
+
+        service.shutdown();
+        service.awaitTermination(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+        assertThat(error.get(), nullValue());
+
+        ctx.close();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    @Test
+    public void testIssue476WithZProxy() throws InterruptedException, IOException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        final int front = Utils.findOpenPort();
+        final int back = Utils.findOpenPort();
+
+        final int max = 10;
+
+        ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
+        final ZContext ctx = new ZContext();
+
+        ZProxy.Proxy actor = new ZProxy.Proxy.SimpleProxy()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public Socket create(ZContext ctx, Plug place, Object... args)
+            {
+                if (place == Plug.FRONT) {
+                    return ctx.createSocket(SocketType.XSUB);
+                }
+                if (place == Plug.BACK) {
+                    return ctx.createSocket(SocketType.XPUB);
+                }
+                if (place == Plug.CAPTURE) {
+                    return ctx.createSocket(SocketType.PUB);
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean configure(Socket socket, Plug place, Object... args) throws IOException
+            {
+                if (place == Plug.FRONT) {
+                    return socket.bind("tcp://*:" + front);
+                }
+                if (place == Plug.BACK) {
+                    return socket.bind("tcp://*:" + back);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+        ZProxy proxy = ZProxy.newZProxy(ctx, null, actor, UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+        proxy.start(true);
+        final AtomicReference<Throwable> error = testIssue476(front, back, max, service, ctx);
+
+        proxy.exit(false);
+
+        service.shutdown();
+        service.awaitTermination(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+        assertThat(error.get(), nullValue());
+
+        ctx.close();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    @Test
+    public void testIssue476WithZProxyZmqPump() throws InterruptedException, IOException, ExecutionException
+    {
+        final int front = Utils.findOpenPort();
+        final int back = Utils.findOpenPort();
+
+        final int max = 10;
+
+        ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
+        final ZContext ctx = new ZContext();
+
+        ZProxy.Proxy actor = new ZProxy.Proxy.SimpleProxy()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public Socket create(ZContext ctx, Plug place, Object... args)
+            {
+                if (place == Plug.FRONT) {
+                    return ctx.createSocket(SocketType.XSUB);
+                }
+                if (place == Plug.BACK) {
+                    return ctx.createSocket(SocketType.XPUB);
+                }
+                if (place == Plug.CAPTURE) {
+                    return ctx.createSocket(SocketType.PUB);
+                }
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean configure(Socket socket, Plug place, Object... args) throws IOException
+            {
+                if (place == Plug.FRONT) {
+                    return socket.bind("tcp://*:" + front);
+                }
+                if (place == Plug.BACK) {
+                    return socket.bind("tcp://*:" + back);
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        };
+        ZProxy proxy = ZProxy.newProxy(ctx, "XPub-XSub", actor, UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+        proxy.start(true);
+
+        final AtomicReference<Throwable> error = testIssue476(front, back, max, service, ctx);
+        proxy.exit(false);
+
+        service.shutdown();
+        service.awaitTermination(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+        assertThat(error.get(), nullValue());
+
+        ctx.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zeromq.ZContext` acquired to `ctx` by call to `ZContext()` at line 104 is not released after line 132.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 121
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void XpubXsubZTest.testIssue476()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zeromq.XpubXsubZTest.testIssue476():void.194b3a066db7b51d0b837d4674935d77
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/zeromq/XpubXsubZTest.java
+
+### Key:
+XpubXsubZTest.java|testIssue476|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+f512776d4e338c43aafecf8e809a623b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11164/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11164/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1680c13e875dc458c899d6510db9621570d09b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11164/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zeromq;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.nullValue;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectableChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.zeromq.ZMQ.Error;
+import org.zeromq.ZMonitor.ProtocolCode;
+
+import zmq.Ctx;
+import zmq.SocketBase;
+
+public class TestEventResolution
+{
+    private interface SendEvent
+    {
+        void send(SocketBase s, String addr);
+    }
+
+    public ZMQ.Event make(SendEvent sender, int eventFilter)
+    {
+        Ctx ctx = new Ctx();
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+        SocketBase s = ctx.createSocket(ZMQ.PUB);
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+        SocketBase m = ctx.createSocket(ZMQ.PAIR);
+        m.connect("inproc://TestEventResolution");
+        s.monitor("inproc://TestEventResolution", eventFilter);
+        sender.send(s, "tcp://127.0.0.1:8000");
+        zmq.ZMQ.Event ev = zmq.ZMQ.Event.read(m);
+        return new ZMQ.Event(ev.event, ev.arg, ev.addr);
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventHandshakeFailedProtocol()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventHandshakeFailedProtocol(a, zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_PROTOCOL_ERROR_ZMTP_UNEXPECTED_COMMAND), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_HANDSHAKE_FAILED_PROTOCOL);
+        ProtocolCode protocol = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(protocol, is(ProtocolCode.ZMQ_PROTOCOL_ERROR_ZMTP_UNEXPECTED_COMMAND));
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(true));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventHandshakeFailedAuth()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventHandshakeFailedAuth(a, 200), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_HANDSHAKE_FAILED_AUTH);
+        int statusCode = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(statusCode, is(200));
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventDisconnected() throws IOException
+    {
+        SelectableChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventDisconnected(a, sc), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_DISCONNECTED);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventClosed() throws IOException
+    {
+        SelectableChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventClosed(a, sc), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_CLOSED);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventListening() throws IOException
+    {
+        SelectableChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventListening(a, sc), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_LISTENING);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventConnected() throws IOException
+    {
+        SelectableChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventConnected(a, sc), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_CONNECTED);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventAccepted() throws IOException
+    {
+        SelectableChannel sc = SocketChannel.open();
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventAccepted(a, sc), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_ACCEPTED);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventConnectDelayed()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventConnectDelayed(a, -1), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_CONNECT_DELAYED);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventConnectRetried()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventConnectRetried(a, 10), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_CONNECT_RETRIED);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, is(10));
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventCloseFailed()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventCloseFailed(a, Error.EINTR.getCode()), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_CLOSE_FAILED);
+        Error err = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(err, is(Error.EINTR));
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(true));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventAcceptFailed()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventAcceptFailed(a, Error.EINTR.getCode()), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_ACCEPT_FAILED);
+        Error err = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(err, is(Error.EINTR));
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(true));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventBindFailed()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventBindFailed(a, Error.EADDRNOTAVAIL.getCode()), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_BIND_FAILED);
+        Error err = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(err, is(Error.EADDRNOTAVAIL));
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(true));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventHandshaken()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventHandshaken(a, -1), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_HANDSHAKE_PROTOCOL);
+        int zmtp = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(zmtp, is(-1));
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventHandshakeSucceeded()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventHandshakeSucceeded(a, 0), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_HANDSHAKE_SUCCEEDED);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(false));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000)
+    public void testEventHandshakeFailedNoDetail()
+    {
+        ZMQ.Event ev = make((s, a) -> s.eventHandshakeFailedNoDetail(a, 0), zmq.ZMQ.ZMQ_EVENT_HANDSHAKE_FAILED_NO_DETAIL);
+        Object value = ev.resolveValue();
+        assertThat(value, nullValue());
+        assertThat(ev.isError(), is(true));
+        assertThat(ev.isWarn(), is(false));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `m` last assigned on line 31 could be null and is dereferenced at line 32.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ZMQ$Event TestEventResolution.make(TestEventResolution$SendEvent,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zeromq.TestEventResolution.make(org.zeromq.TestEventResolution$SendEvent,int):org.zeromq.ZMQ$Eve.566e2271ea95fcaebc93c6d3fe7c6506
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/zeromq/TestEventResolution.java
+
+### Key:
+TestEventResolution.java|make|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+9d1b384dd2131272aa7a1af2fc05b964
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-11165/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-11165/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9e897cc280dd41843763efead47eb577dbf347d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-11165/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeromq
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+    Copyright (c) 2012 iMatix Corporation
+    Copyright (c) 2009-2011 250bpm s.r.o.
+    Copyright (c) 2011 VMware, Inc.
+    Copyright (c) 2007-2011 Other contributors as noted in the AUTHORS file
+
+    This file is part of 0MQ.
+        
+    0MQ is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
+    the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+    
+    0MQ is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+        
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+package zmq;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+//TODO: This class uses O(n) scheduling. Rewrite it to use O(1) algorithm.
+public class Router extends SocketBase {
+
+    public static class RouterSession extends SessionBase {
+        public RouterSession(IOThread io_thread_, boolean connect_,
+            SocketBase socket_, final Options options_,
+            final Address addr_) {
+            super(io_thread_, connect_, socket_, options_, addr_);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    //  Fair queueing object for inbound pipes.
+    private final FQ fq;
+
+    //  True iff there is a message held in the pre-fetch buffer.
+    private boolean prefetched;
+
+    //  If true, the receiver got the message part with
+    //  the peer's identity.
+    private boolean identity_sent;
+
+    //  Holds the prefetched identity.
+    private Msg prefetched_id;
+
+    //  Holds the prefetched message.
+    private Msg prefetched_msg;
+
+    //  If true, more incoming message parts are expected.
+    private boolean more_in;
+
+    class Outpipe
+    {
+        private Pipe pipe;
+        private boolean active;
+        
+        public Outpipe(Pipe pipe_, boolean active_) {
+            pipe = pipe_;
+            active = active_;
+        }
+    };
+
+    //  We keep a set of pipes that have not been identified yet.
+    private final Set <Pipe> anonymous_pipes;
+
+    //  Outbound pipes indexed by the peer IDs.
+    private final Map <Blob, Outpipe> outpipes;
+
+    //  The pipe we are currently writing to.
+    private Pipe current_out;
+
+    //  If true, more outgoing message parts are expected.
+    private boolean more_out;
+
+    //  Peer ID are generated. It's a simple increment and wrap-over
+    //  algorithm. This value is the next ID to use (if not used already).
+    private int next_peer_id;
+
+    // If true, report EHOSTUNREACH to the caller instead of silently dropping 
+    // the message targeting an unknown peer.
+    private boolean mandatory;
+
+    
+    public Router(Ctx parent_, int tid_, int sid_) {
+        super(parent_, tid_, sid_);
+        prefetched = false;
+        identity_sent = false;
+        more_in = false;
+        current_out = null;
+        more_out = false;
+        next_peer_id = Utils.generate_random (); 
+        mandatory = false;
+        
+        options.type = ZMQ.ZMQ_ROUTER;
+        
+        
+        fq = new FQ();
+        prefetched_id = new Msg();
+        prefetched_msg = new Msg();
+        
+        anonymous_pipes = new HashSet<Pipe>();
+        outpipes = new HashMap<Blob, Outpipe>();
+        
+        //  TODO: Uncomment the following line when ROUTER will become true ROUTER
+        //  rather than generic router socket.
+        //  If peer disconnect there's noone to send reply to anyway. We can drop
+        //  all the outstanding requests from that peer.
+        //  options.delay_on_disconnect = false;
+            
+        options.recv_identity = true;
+            
+    }
+
+
+    
+    @Override
+    public void xattach_pipe(Pipe pipe_, boolean icanhasall_) {
+        assert (pipe_ != null);
+
+        boolean identity_ok = identify_peer (pipe_);
+        if (identity_ok)
+            fq.attach (pipe_);
+        else
+            anonymous_pipes.add (pipe_);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public boolean xsetsockopt (int option_, Object optval_)
+    {
+        if (option_ != ZMQ.ZMQ_ROUTER_MANDATORY) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        mandatory = (Integer) optval_ == 1;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void xterminated(Pipe pipe_) {
+        if (!anonymous_pipes.remove(pipe_)) {
+            
+            Outpipe old = outpipes.remove(pipe_.get_identity());
+            assert(old != null);
+
+            fq.terminated (pipe_);
+            if (pipe_ == current_out)
+                current_out = null;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void xread_activated (Pipe pipe_)
+    {
+        if (!anonymous_pipes.contains(pipe_)) 
+            fq.activated (pipe_);
+        else {
+            boolean identity_ok = identify_peer (pipe_);
+            if (identity_ok) {
+                anonymous_pipes.remove(pipe_);
+                fq.attach (pipe_);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void xwrite_activated (Pipe pipe_)
+    {
+        for (Map.Entry<Blob, Outpipe> it: outpipes.entrySet()) {
+            if (it.getValue().pipe == pipe_) {
+                assert (!it.getValue().active);
+                it.getValue().active = true;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        assert (false);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected boolean xsend(Msg msg_)
+    {
+        //  If this is the first part of the message it's the ID of the
+        //  peer to send the message to.
+        if (!more_out) {
+            assert (current_out == null);
+
+            //  If we have malformed message (prefix with no subsequent message)
+            //  then just silently ignore it.
+            //  TODO: The connections should be killed instead.
+            if (msg_.has_more()) {
+
+                more_out = true;
+
+                //  Find the pipe associated with the identity stored in the prefix.
+                //  If there's no such pipe just silently ignore the message, unless
+                //  mandatory is set.
+                Blob identity = new Blob(msg_.data());
+                Outpipe op = outpipes.get(identity);
+
+                if (op != null) {
+                    current_out = op.pipe;
+                    if (!current_out.check_write ()) {
+                        op.active = false;
+                        current_out = null;
+                        if (mandatory) {
+                            more_out = false;
+                            errno.set(ZError.EAGAIN);
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (mandatory) {
+                    more_out = false;
+                    errno.set(ZError.EHOSTUNREACH);
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        //  Check whether this is the last part of the message.
+        more_out = msg_.has_more();
+
+        //  Push the message into the pipe. If there's no out pipe, just drop it.
+        if (current_out != null) {
+            boolean ok = current_out.write (msg_);
+            if (!ok)
+                current_out = null;
+            else if (!more_out) {
+                current_out.flush ();
+                current_out = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    protected Msg xrecv()
+    {
+        Msg msg_ = null;
+        if (prefetched) {
+            if (!identity_sent) {
+                msg_ = prefetched_id;
+                prefetched_id = null;
+                identity_sent = true;
+            }
+            else {
+                msg_ = prefetched_msg;
+                prefetched_msg = null;
+                prefetched = false;
+            }
+            more_in = msg_.has_more();
+            return msg_;
+        }
+
+        ValueReference<Pipe> pipe = new ValueReference<Pipe>();
+        msg_ = fq.recvpipe(errno, pipe);
+        
+        //  It's possible that we receive peer's identity. That happens
+        //  after reconnection. The current implementation assumes that
+        //  the peer always uses the same identity.
+        //  TODO: handle the situation when the peer changes its identity.
+        while (msg_ != null && msg_.is_identity())
+            msg_ = fq.recvpipe(errno, pipe);
+
+        if (msg_ == null)
+            return null;
+
+        assert (pipe.get() != null);
+
+        //  If we are in the middle of reading a message, just return the next part.
+        if (more_in)
+            more_in = msg_.has_more();
+        else {
+            //  We are at the beginning of a message.
+            //  Keep the message part we have in the prefetch buffer
+            //  and return the ID of the peer instead.
+            prefetched_msg = msg_;
+            prefetched = true;
+
+            Blob identity = pipe.get().get_identity();
+            msg_ = new Msg(identity.data());
+            msg_.set_flags(Msg.more);
+            identity_sent = true;
+        }
+
+        return msg_;
+    }
+    
+    //  Rollback any message parts that were sent but not yet flushed.
+    protected void rollback () {
+        
+        if (current_out != null) {
+            current_out.rollback ();
+            current_out = null;
+            more_out = false;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected boolean xhas_in ()
+    {
+        //  If we are in the middle of reading the messages, there are
+        //  definitely more parts available.
+        if (more_in)
+            return true;
+
+        //  We may already have a message pre-fetched.
+        if (prefetched)
+            return true;
+
+        //  Try to read the next message.
+        //  The message, if read, is kept in the pre-fetch buffer.
+        ValueReference<Pipe> pipe = new ValueReference<Pipe>();
+        prefetched_msg = fq.recvpipe(errno, pipe);
+
+        //  It's possible that we receive peer's identity. That happens
+        //  after reconnection. The current implementation assumes that
+        //  the peer always uses the same identity.
+        //  TODO: handle the situation when the peer changes its identity.
+        while (prefetched_msg != null && prefetched_msg.is_identity ())
+            prefetched_msg = fq.recvpipe(errno, pipe);
+
+        if (prefetched_msg == null)
+            return false;
+
+        assert (pipe.get() != null);
+        
+        Blob identity = pipe.get().get_identity();
+        prefetched_id = new Msg(identity.data());
+        prefetched_id.set_flags (Msg.more);
+
+        prefetched = true;
+        identity_sent = false;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean xhas_out ()
+    {
+        //  In theory, ROUTER socket is always ready for writing. Whether actual
+        //  attempt to write succeeds depends on whitch pipe the message is going
+        //  to be routed to.
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean identify_peer(Pipe pipe_)
+    {
+        Blob identity;
+
+        Msg msg = pipe_.read();
+        if (msg == null)
+            return false;
+
+        if (msg.size () == 0) {
+            //  Fall back on the auto-generation
+            ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(5);
+            buf.put((byte)0);
+            buf.putInt (next_peer_id++);
+            buf.flip();
+            identity = new Blob(buf);
+        }
+        else {
+            identity = new Blob(msg.data ());
+
+            //  Ignore peers with duplicate ID.
+            if (outpipes.containsKey(identity))
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        pipe_.set_identity (identity);
+        //  Add the record into output pipes lookup table
+        Outpipe outpipe = new Outpipe(pipe_, true);
+        outpipes.put (identity, outpipe);
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `msg.data()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `Blob(...)` at line 374.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Router.identify_peer(Pipe)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+zmq.Router.identify_peer(zmq.Pipe):boolean.04ea7a7de2a2bccee320c9ae343e3182
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/zmq/Router.java
+
+### Key:
+Router.java|identify_peer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0968bf39be2b03b8a96ca936f7302727
+
+### Hash:
+94351621415e7cb23b1d416444f23d37
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1211/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1211/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae4b9a654e2676d4395dc04aa22aff7c5bb8b20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1211/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** QuestPDF
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using QuestPDF.Drawing.SpacePlan;
+using QuestPDF.Infrastructure;
+
+namespace QuestPDF.Elements
+{
+    internal class Constrained : ContainerElement
+    {
+        public float? MinWidth { get; set; }
+        public float? MaxWidth { get; set; }
+        
+        public float? MinHeight { get; set; }
+        public float? MaxHeight { get; set; }
+
+        internal override ISpacePlan Measure(Size availableSpace)
+        {
+            if (MinWidth > availableSpace.Width + Size.Epsilon)
+                return new Wrap();
+            
+            if (MinHeight > availableSpace.Height + Size.Epsilon)
+                return new Wrap();
+            
+            var available = new Size(
+                MathHelpers.Min(MaxWidth, availableSpace.Width),
+                MathHelpers.Min(MaxHeight, availableSpace.Height));
+
+            var measurement = Child?.Measure(available) ?? new FullRender(Size.Zero);
+            var size = measurement as Size;
+
+            if (measurement is Wrap)
+                return new Wrap();
+            
+            var actualSize = new Size(
+                MathHelpers.Max(MinWidth, size.Width),
+                MathHelpers.Max(MinHeight, size.Height));
+            
+            if (size is FullRender)
+                return new FullRender(actualSize);
+            
+            if (size is PartialRender)
+                return new PartialRender(actualSize);
+            
+            throw new NotSupportedException();
+        }
+        
+        internal override void Draw(Size availableSpace)
+        {
+            var available = new Size(
+                MathHelpers.Min(MaxWidth, availableSpace.Width),
+                MathHelpers.Min(MaxHeight, availableSpace.Height));
+            
+            Child?.Draw(available);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static class MathHelpers
+    {
+        public static float Min(params float?[] values)
+        {
+            return values.Where(x => x.HasValue).Min().Value;
+        }
+        
+        public static float Max(params float?[] values)
+        {
+            return values.Where(x => x.HasValue).Max().Value;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `size` last assigned on line 29 could be null and is dereferenced at line 34, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ISpacePlan Constrained.Measure(Size)
+
+### File:
+QuestPDF/Elements/Constrained.cs
+
+### Key:
+Constrained.cs|Measure|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9fa7d8fc250e72e14376cc143f667c2c
+
+### Hash:
+780c62e5831489836300550a24306a0f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1216/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1216/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28b9d3cdf353be7c617ab772849d8dbc52801852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1216/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Stardust
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.NetworkInformation;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using NewLife;
+using NewLife.Http;
+using NewLife.Log;
+using NewLife.Net;
+using NewLife.Reflection;
+using NewLife.Remoting;
+using NewLife.Security;
+using NewLife.Serialization;
+using NewLife.Threading;
+using Stardust.Models;
+using Stardust.Services;
+
+namespace Stardust
+{
+    /// <summary>星星客户端。每个设备节点有一个客户端连接服务端</summary>
+    public class StarClient : ApiHttpClient
+    {
+        #region 属性
+        /// <summary>证书</summary>
+        public String Code { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>密钥</summary>
+        public String Secret { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>是否已登录</summary>
+        public Boolean Logined { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>登录完成后触发</summary>
+        public event EventHandler OnLogined;
+
+        /// <summary>最后一次登录成功后的消息</summary>
+        public LoginResponse Info { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>请求到服务端并返回的延迟时间。单位ms</summary>
+        public Int32 Delay { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>命令队列</summary>
+        public IQueueService<CommandModel> CommandQueue { get; } = new QueueService<CommandModel>();
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 构造
+        /// <summary>实例化</summary>
+        public StarClient()
+        {
+            Log = XTrace.Log;
+
+            _task = MachineInfo.RegisterAsync();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>实例化</summary>
+        /// <param name="urls"></param>
+        public StarClient(String urls) : this()
+        {
+            if (!urls.IsNullOrEmpty())
+            {
+                var ss = urls.Split(",");
+                for (var i = 0; i < ss.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    Add("service" + (i + 1), new Uri(ss[i]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>销毁</summary>
+        /// <param name="disposing"></param>
+        protected override void Dispose(Boolean disposing)
+        {
+            Logout(disposing ? "Dispose" : "GC").Wait(1_000);
+
+            _timer.TryDispose();
+            _timer = null;
+
+            base.Dispose(disposing);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 方法
+        /// <summary>远程调用拦截，支持重新登录</summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult"></typeparam>
+        /// <param name="method"></param>
+        /// <param name="action"></param>
+        /// <param name="args"></param>
+        /// <param name="onRequest"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public override async Task<TResult> InvokeAsync<TResult>(HttpMethod method, String action, Object args = null, Action<HttpRequestMessage> onRequest = null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                return await base.InvokeAsync<TResult>(method, action, args, onRequest);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                var ex2 = ex.GetTrue();
+                if (ex2 is ApiException aex && (aex.Code == 402 || aex.Code == 403) && !action.EqualIgnoreCase("Node/Login", "Node/Logout"))
+                {
+                    XTrace.WriteException(ex);
+                    XTrace.WriteLine("重新登录！");
+                    await Login();
+
+                    return await base.InvokeAsync<TResult>(method, action, args, onRequest);
+                }
+
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 登录
+        /// <summary>登录</summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public async Task<Object> Login()
+        {
+            XTrace.WriteLine("登录：{0}", Code);
+
+            var info = GetLoginInfo();
+
+            // 登录前清空令牌，避免服务端使用上一次信息
+            Token = null;
+            Logined = false;
+            Info = null;
+
+            var rs = Info = await LoginAsync(info);
+            if (rs != null && !rs.Code.IsNullOrEmpty())
+            {
+                XTrace.WriteLine("下发证书：{0}/{1}", rs.Code, rs.Secret);
+                Code = rs.Code;
+                Secret = rs.Secret;
+            }
+
+            // 登录后设置用于用户认证的token
+            Token = rs.Token;
+            Logined = true;
+
+            OnLogined?.Invoke(this, EventArgs.Empty);
+
+            if (Logined && _timer == null)
+            {
+                lock (this)
+                {
+                    if (_timer == null)
+                    {
+                        _timer = new TimerX(s => Ping().Wait(), null, 5_000, 60_000, "Device") { Async = true };
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return rs;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>获取登录信息</summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public LoginInfo GetLoginInfo()
+        {
+            var di = GetNodeInfo();
+            var ext = new LoginInfo
+            {
+                Code = Code,
+                Secret = Secret.IsNullOrEmpty() ? null : Secret.MD5(),
+
+                Node = di,
+            };
+
+            return ext;
+        }
+
+        private readonly Task<MachineInfo> _task;
+        /// <summary>获取设备信息</summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public NodeInfo GetNodeInfo()
+        {
+            var mi = MachineInfo.Current ?? _task.Result;
+
+            var asm = AssemblyX.Entry ?? AssemblyX.Create(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());
+            //var ps = System.IO.Ports.SerialPort.GetPortNames();
+            var mcs = NetHelper.GetMacs().Select(e => e.ToHex("-")).OrderBy(e => e).Join(",");
+            var driveInfo = new DriveInfo(Path.GetPathRoot(".".GetFullPath()));
+            var di = new NodeInfo
+            {
+                Version = asm?.FileVersion,
+                Compile = asm?.Compile ?? DateTime.MinValue,
+
+                OSName = mi.OSName,
+                OSVersion = mi.OSVersion,
+
+                MachineName = Environment.MachineName,
+                UserName = Environment.UserName,
+                IP = NetHelper.GetIPsWithCache().Where(ip => ip.IsIPv4() && !IPAddress.IsLoopback(ip) && ip.GetAddressBytes()[0] != 169).Join(),
+
+                ProcessorCount = Environment.ProcessorCount,
+                Memory = mi.Memory,
+                AvailableMemory = mi.AvailableMemory,
+                TotalSize = (UInt64)driveInfo.TotalSize,
+                AvailableFreeSpace = (UInt64)driveInfo.AvailableFreeSpace,
+
+                Processor = mi.Processor,
+                CpuID = mi.CpuID,
+                CpuRate = mi.CpuRate,
+                UUID = mi.UUID,
+                MachineGuid = mi.Guid,
+                DiskID = mi.DiskID,
+
+                Macs = mcs,
+                //COMs = ps.Join(","),
+
+                InstallPath = ".".GetFullPath(),
+                Runtime = Environment.Version + "",
+
+                Time = DateTime.UtcNow,
+            };
+
+#if !__CORE__
+            try
+            {
+                // 收集屏幕相关信息。Mono+Linux无法获取
+                var g = System.Drawing.Graphics.FromHwnd(IntPtr.Zero);
+                di.Dpi = $"{g.DpiX}*{g.DpiY}";
+                var screen = System.Windows.Forms.Screen.PrimaryScreen;
+                di.Resolution = $"{screen.Bounds.Width}*{screen.Bounds.Height}";
+            }
+            catch { }
+#endif
+
+            return di;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>注销</summary>
+        /// <param name="reason"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public async Task<Object> Logout(String reason)
+        {
+            if (!Logined) return null;
+
+            XTrace.WriteLine("注销：{0} {1}", Code, reason);
+
+            try
+            {
+                var rs = await LogoutAsync(reason);
+                if (rs != null)
+                {
+                    // 更新令牌
+                    Token = rs.Token;
+                }
+
+                _timer.TryDispose();
+                _timer = null;
+
+                Logined = false;
+
+                return rs;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                XTrace.WriteException(ex);
+
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>登录</summary>
+        /// <param name="inf">登录信息</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private async Task<LoginResponse> LoginAsync(LoginInfo inf) => await PostAsync<LoginResponse>("Node/Login", inf);
+
+        /// <summary>注销</summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private async Task<LoginResponse> LogoutAsync(String reason) => await GetAsync<LoginResponse>("Node/Logout", new { reason });
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 心跳报告
+        private readonly String[] _excludes = new[] { "Idle", "System", "Registry", "smss", "csrss", "lsass", "wininit", "services", "winlogon", "fontdrvhost", "dwm", "svchost", "dllhost", "conhost", "taskhostw", "explorer", "ctfmon", "ChsIME", "WmiPrvSE", "WUDFHost", "igfxCUIServiceN", "igfxEMN", "sihost", "RuntimeBroker", "StartMenuExperienceHost", "SecurityHealthSystray", "SecurityHealthService", "ShellExperienceHost", "PerfWatson2", "audiodg" };
+
+        /// <summary>获取心跳信息</summary>
+        public PingInfo GetHeartInfo()
+        {
+            var ps = Process.GetProcesses();
+            var pcs = new List<String>();
+            foreach (var item in ps)
+            {
+                // 有些进程可能已退出，无法获取详细信息
+                try
+                {
+                    var name = item.ProcessName;
+                    if (name.EqualIgnoreCase(_excludes)) continue;
+
+                    // 特殊处理dotnet
+                    if (name == "dotnet") name = AppInfo.GetProcessName(item);
+
+                    if (!pcs.Contains(name)) pcs.Add(name);
+                }
+                catch { }
+            }
+
+            var mi = MachineInfo.Current ?? _task.Result;
+            mi.Refresh();
+
+            var properties = IPGlobalProperties.GetIPGlobalProperties();
+            var connections = properties.GetActiveTcpConnections();
+
+            var mcs = NetHelper.GetMacs().Select(e => e.ToHex("-")).OrderBy(e => e).Join(",");
+            var driveInfo = new DriveInfo(Path.GetPathRoot(".".GetFullPath()));
+            var ext = new PingInfo
+            {
+                AvailableMemory = mi.AvailableMemory,
+                AvailableFreeSpace = (UInt64)driveInfo.AvailableFreeSpace,
+                CpuRate = mi.CpuRate,
+                Temperature = mi.Temperature,
+                Battery = mi.Battery,
+                ProcessCount = ps.Length,
+                TcpConnections = connections.Count(e => e.State == TcpState.Established),
+                TcpTimeWait = connections.Count(e => e.State == TcpState.TimeWait),
+                TcpCloseWait = connections.Count(e => e.State == TcpState.CloseWait),
+                Uptime = Environment.TickCount / 1000,
+
+                Macs = mcs,
+                //COMs = ps.Join(","),
+
+                Processes = pcs.Join(),
+
+                Time = DateTime.UtcNow.ToLong(),
+                Delay = Delay,
+            };
+#if __CORE__
+            //ext.Uptime = Environment.TickCount64 / 1000;
+#endif
+            // 开始时间 Environment.TickCount 很容易溢出，导致开机24天后变成负数。
+            // 后来在 netcore3.0 增加了Environment.TickCount64
+            // 现在借助 Stopwatch 来解决
+            if (Stopwatch.IsHighResolution) ext.Uptime = (Int32)(Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() / Stopwatch.Frequency);
+
+            return ext;
+        }
+
+        private TimerX _timer;
+        /// <summary>心跳</summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public async Task<Object> Ping()
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var inf = GetHeartInfo();
+
+                var rs = await PingAsync(inf);
+                if (rs != null)
+                {
+                    // 由服务器改变采样频率
+                    if (rs.Period > 0) _timer.Period = rs.Period * 1000;
+
+                    var dt = rs.Time.ToDateTime();
+                    if (dt.Year > 2000)
+                    {
+                        // 计算延迟
+                        var ts = DateTime.UtcNow - dt;
+                        var ms = (Int32)ts.TotalMilliseconds;
+                        if (Delay > 0)
+                            Delay = (Delay + ms) / 2;
+                        else
+                            Delay = ms;
+                    }
+
+                    // 推队列
+                    if (rs.Commands != null && rs.Commands.Length > 0)
+                    {
+                        foreach (var item in rs.Commands)
+                        {
+                            CommandQueue.Publish(item.Command, item);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return rs;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                var ex2 = ex.GetTrue();
+                if (ex2 is ApiException aex && (aex.Code == 402 || aex.Code == 403))
+                {
+                    XTrace.WriteLine("重新登录");
+                    return Login();
+                }
+
+                //XTrace.WriteLine(inf.ToJson());
+                XTrace.WriteLine("心跳异常 {0}", (String)ex.GetTrue().Message);
+
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>心跳</summary>
+        /// <param name="inf"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private async Task<PingResponse> PingAsync(PingInfo inf) => await PostAsync<PingResponse>("Node/Ping", inf);
+
+        private TraceService _trace;
+        /// <summary>使用追踪服务</summary>
+        public void UseTrace()
+        {
+            _trace = new TraceService
+            {
+                Queue = CommandQueue,
+                Callback = (id, data) => ReportAsync(id, data).Wait(),
+            };
+            _trace.Init();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>上报命令结果，如截屏、抓日志</summary>
+        /// <param name="id"></param>
+        /// <param name="data"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private async Task<Object> ReportAsync(Int32 id, Byte[] data) => await PostAsync<Object>("Device/Report?Id=" + id, data);
+        #endregion
+
+        #region 更新
+        /// <summary>获取更新信息</summary>
+        /// <param name="channel"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public async Task<UpgradeInfo> Upgrade(String channel)
+        {
+            XTrace.WriteLine("检查更新：{0}", channel);
+
+            // 清理
+            var ug = new Upgrade { Log = XTrace.Log };
+            ug.DeleteBackup(".");
+
+            var rs = await UpgradeAsync(channel);
+            if (rs != null)
+            {
+                XTrace.WriteLine("发现更新：{0}", rs.ToJson(true));
+            }
+
+            return rs;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>执行更新</summary>
+        /// <param name="ur"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Boolean ProcessUpgrade(UpgradeInfo ur)
+        {
+            XTrace.WriteLine("执行更新：{0} {1}", ur.Version, ur.Source);
+
+            var dest = ".";
+            var url = ur.Source;
+
+            try
+            {
+                // 需要下载更新包
+                if (!url.IsNullOrEmpty())
+                {
+                    var fileName = Path.GetFileName(url);
+                    if (!fileName.EndsWithIgnoreCase(".zip")) fileName = Rand.NextString(8) + ".zip";
+                    fileName = "Update".CombinePath(fileName).EnsureDirectory(true);
+
+                    // 清理
+                    //NewLife.Net.Upgrade.DeleteBuckup(dest);
+                    var ug = new Upgrade { Log = XTrace.Log };
+                    ug.DeleteBackup(dest);
+
+                    // 下载
+                    var sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+                    var client = new HttpClient();
+                    client.DownloadFileAsync(url, fileName).Wait();
+
+                    sw.Stop();
+                    XTrace.WriteLine("下载 {0} 到 {1} 完成，耗时 {2} 。", url, fileName, sw.Elapsed);
+
+                    // 解压
+                    var source = fileName.TrimEnd(".zip");
+                    if (Directory.Exists(source)) Directory.Delete(source, true);
+                    source.EnsureDirectory(false);
+                    fileName.AsFile().Extract(source, true);
+
+                    // 覆盖
+                    ug.CopyAndReplace(source, dest);
+                    if (Directory.Exists(source)) Directory.Delete(source, true);
+                }
+
+                // 升级处理命令，可选
+                var cmd = ur.Executor?.Trim();
+                if (!cmd.IsNullOrEmpty())
+                {
+                    XTrace.WriteLine("执行更新命令：{0}", cmd);
+
+                    var si = new ProcessStartInfo
+                    {
+                        UseShellExecute = true,
+                    };
+                    var p = cmd.IndexOf(' ');
+                    if (p < 0)
+                        si.FileName = cmd;
+                    else
+                    {
+                        si.FileName = cmd.Substring(0, p);
+                        si.Arguments = cmd.Substring(p + 1);
+                    }
+
+                    Process.Start(si);
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                XTrace.WriteLine("更新失败！");
+                XTrace.WriteException(ex);
+
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>更新</summary>
+        /// <param name="channel"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public async Task<UpgradeInfo> UpgradeAsync(String channel) => await GetAsync<UpgradeInfo>("Node/Upgrade", new { channel });
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `cmd` last assigned on line 508 could be null and is dereferenced at line 496, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean StarClient.ProcessUpgrade(UpgradeInfo)
+
+### File:
+Stardust/StarClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+StarClient.cs|ProcessUpgrade|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8f23c407fab7524e0704ad6f3b90d75b
+
+### Hash:
+491510d76f89d54db3b095a4a2964872
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1220/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1220/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a76bf2ec12972d56047d4cb6ac152adc394ac3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1220/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Stardust
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
+using NewLife;
+using NewLife.Caching;
+using NewLife.Log;
+using NewLife.Serialization;
+using NewLife.Threading;
+using Stardust.Data.Models;
+using Stardust.Data.Nodes;
+
+namespace Stardust.Server.Services
+{
+    public interface IRedisService
+    {
+        void TraceNode(RedisNode node);
+
+        void TraceQueue(RedisMessageQueue queue);
+    }
+
+    public class RedisService : IHostedService, IRedisService
+    {
+        /// <summary>计算周期。默认60秒</summary>
+        public Int32 Period { get; set; } = 60;
+
+        private TimerX _traceNode;
+        private TimerX _traceQueue;
+        private readonly ICache _cache = new MemoryCache();
+        private readonly ITracer _tracer;
+
+        public RedisService(ITracer tracer) => _tracer = tracer;
+
+        public Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            // 初始化定时器
+            _traceNode = new TimerX(DoTraceNode, null, 5_000, Period * 1000) { Async = true };
+            _traceQueue = new TimerX(DoTraceQueue, null, 10_000, Period * 1000) { Async = true };
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        public Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            _traceNode?.TryDispose();
+            _traceQueue?.TryDispose();
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        private void DoTraceNode(Object state)
+        {
+            var list = RedisNode.FindAllWithCache();
+            foreach (var item in list)
+            {
+                if (item.Enable)
+                {
+                    // 捕获异常，不要影响后续操作
+                    var key = $"DoTraceNode:{item.Id}";
+                    var errors = _cache.Get<Int64>(key);
+                    if (errors < 5)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            TraceNode(item);
+
+                            _cache.Remove(key);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            errors = _cache.Increment(key, 1);
+                            if (errors <= 1)
+                                _cache.SetExpire(key, TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10));
+
+                            XTrace.WriteException(ex);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        item.Enable = false;
+                        item.SaveAsync();
+
+                        _cache.Remove(key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly IDictionary<Int32, FullRedis> _servers = new Dictionary<Int32, FullRedis>();
+        private readonly IDictionary<String, FullRedis> _servers2 = new Dictionary<String, FullRedis>();
+
+        private FullRedis GetOrAdd(RedisNode node, Int32 db)
+        {
+            var key = $"{node.Id}-{db}";
+            if (!_servers2.TryGetValue(key, out var rds)) _servers2[key] = rds = new FullRedis();
+
+            rds.Server = node.Server;
+            rds.Password = node.Password;
+            rds.Db = db;
+            rds.Tracer = _tracer;
+
+            return rds;
+        }
+
+        public void TraceNode(RedisNode node)
+        {
+            using var span = _tracer?.NewSpan($"RedisService-TraceNode", node);
+
+            if (!_servers.TryGetValue(node.Id, out var rds)) _servers[node.Id] = rds = new FullRedis();
+
+            // 可能后面更新了服务器地址和密码
+            rds.Server = node.Server;
+            rds.Password = node.Password;
+            rds.Tracer = _tracer;
+
+            //var inf = rds.GetInfo(true);
+            var inf = rds.GetInfo(false);
+            node.Fill(inf);
+            node.SaveAsync();
+
+            var data = new RedisData
+            {
+                RedisId = node.Id,
+                Name = node.Name,
+            };
+            var dbs = data.Fill(inf);
+            data.Insert();
+
+            // 扫描队列
+            if (node.ScanQueue && dbs != null) ScanQueue(node, dbs);
+        }
+
+        private void ScanQueue(RedisNode node, RedisDbEntry[] dbs)
+        {
+            var queues = RedisMessageQueue.FindAllByRedisId(node.Id);
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < dbs.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if (dbs[i] == null) continue;
+
+                var rds2 = GetOrAdd(node, i);
+
+                // keys个数太大不支持扫描
+                if (rds2.Count < 10000)
+                {
+                    foreach (var item in rds2.Search("*:Status:*", 1000))
+                    {
+                        var ss = item.Split(":");
+                        var topic = ss.Take(ss.Length - 2).Join(":");
+                        if (topic.IsNullOrEmpty()) continue;
+
+                        // 可信队列
+                        {
+                            SaveQueue(node, i, queues, topic);
+                        }
+
+                        // 延迟队列
+                        {
+                            topic += ":Delay";
+                            if (rds2.ContainsKey(topic)) SaveQueue(node, i, queues, topic);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void SaveQueue(RedisNode node, Int32 i, IList<RedisMessageQueue> queues, String topic)
+        {
+            var mq = queues.FirstOrDefault(e => e.Db == i && e.Topic == topic);
+            if (mq == null)
+            {
+                mq = new RedisMessageQueue
+                {
+                    RedisId = node.Id,
+                    Db = i,
+                    Topic = topic,
+                    Enable = true,
+                };
+
+                queues.Add(mq);
+            }
+
+            mq.Enable = true;
+            if (mq.Name.IsNullOrEmpty()) mq.Name = topic;
+            if (mq.Category.IsNullOrEmpty()) mq.Category = node.Category;
+            if (mq.Type.IsNullOrEmpty())
+            {
+                mq.Type = topic.EndsWithIgnoreCase(":Delay") ? "Delay" : "Queue";
+            }
+
+            mq.SaveAsync();
+        }
+
+        private void DoTraceQueue(Object state)
+        {
+            var list = RedisMessageQueue.FindAll();
+            foreach (var item in list)
+            {
+                if (item.Enable && item.Redis != null)
+                {
+                    // 捕获异常，不要影响后续操作
+                    var key = $"DoTraceQueue:{item.Id}";
+                    var errors = _cache.Get<Int64>(key);
+                    if (errors < 5)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            TraceQueue(item);
+
+                            _cache.Remove(key);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception ex)
+                        {
+                            errors = _cache.Increment(key, 1);
+                            if (errors <= 1)
+                                _cache.SetExpire(key, TimeSpan.FromMinutes(10));
+
+                            XTrace.WriteException(ex);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        item.Enable = false;
+
+                        _cache.Remove(key);
+                    }
+
+                    item.SaveAsync();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void TraceQueue(RedisMessageQueue queue)
+        {
+            if (queue.Topic.IsNullOrEmpty()) return;
+
+            using var span = _tracer?.NewSpan($"RedisService-TraceQueue", queue);
+
+            var rds = GetOrAdd(queue.Redis, queue.Db);
+
+            switch (queue.Type?.ToLower())
+            {
+                case "queue":
+                    {
+                        var mq = rds.GetQueue<Object>(queue.Topic);
+                        queue.Messages = mq.Count;
+
+                        var cs = rds.Search($"{queue.Topic}:Status:*", 1000).ToArray();
+                        queue.Consumers = cs.Length;
+
+                        if (cs.Length > 0)
+                        {
+                            var sts = rds.GetAll<RedisQueueStatus>(cs);
+                            if (sts != null)
+                            {
+                                queue.Total = sts.Sum(e => e.Value.Consumes);
+                                queue.FirstConsumer = sts.Min(e => e.Value.CreateTime);
+                                queue.LastActive = sts.Max(e => e.Value.LastActive);
+                                queue.Remark = sts.ToJson();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            queue.Enable = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case "delay":
+                    {
+                        var mq = rds.GetDelayQueue<Object>(queue.Topic);
+                        queue.Messages = mq.Count;
+
+                        var topic = queue.Topic.TrimEnd(":Delay");
+                        //var st = rds.Get<RedisQueueStatus>(topic);
+
+                        var cs = rds.Search($"{topic}:Status:*", 1000).ToArray();
+                        queue.Consumers = cs.Length;
+
+                        if (cs.Length > 0)
+                        {
+                            var sts = rds.GetAll<RedisQueueStatus>(cs);
+                            if (sts != null)
+                            {
+                                queue.Total = sts.Sum(e => e.Value.Consumes);
+                                queue.FirstConsumer = sts.Min(e => e.Value.CreateTime);
+                                queue.LastActive = sts.Max(e => e.Value.LastActive);
+                                queue.Remark = sts.ToJson();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            queue.Enable = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case "stream":
+                    {
+                        var mq = rds.GetStream<Object>(queue.Topic);
+                        //queue.Messages = mq.Count;
+                        queue.Total = mq.Count;
+
+                        var gs = mq.GetGroups();
+                        if (gs != null)
+                        {
+                            queue.Consumers = gs.Sum(e => e.Consumers);
+                            //queue.Remark = gs.ToJson();
+                        }
+
+                        var inf = mq.GetInfo();
+                        if (inf != null)
+                        {
+                            if (!inf.FirstId.IsNullOrEmpty())
+                            {
+                                var p = inf.FirstId.IndexOf('-');
+                                var str = p > 0 ? inf.FirstId[..p] : inf.FirstId;
+                                queue.FirstConsumer = str.ToLong().ToDateTime().ToLocalTime();
+                            }
+                            if (!inf.LastId.IsNullOrEmpty())
+                            {
+                                var p = inf.LastId.IndexOf('-');
+                                var str = p > 0 ? inf.LastId[..p] : inf.LastId;
+                                queue.LastActive = str.ToLong().ToDateTime().ToLocalTime();
+                            }
+
+                            queue.Remark = inf.ToJson();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource rds of type NewLife.Caching.FullRedis in method "Void RedisService.TraceNode(RedisNode)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RedisService.TraceNode(RedisNode)
+
+### File:
+Stardust.Server/Services/RedisService.cs
+
+### Key:
+RedisService.cs|TraceNode|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8f4226a93118c3985743168503720ebf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1227/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1227/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a670f668bc79b6c4e2603fc364a98213780c077f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1227/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DefaultDocumentation
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using DefaultDocumentation.Markdown.Extensions;
+using DefaultDocumentation.Model;
+using DefaultDocumentation.Model.Parameter;
+using DefaultDocumentation.Writers;
+
+namespace DefaultDocumentation.Markdown.Sections
+{
+    public sealed class SummarySection : ISectionWriter
+    {
+        public string Name => "summary";
+
+        public void Write(IWriter writer)
+        {
+            writer
+                .EnsureLineStart()
+                .AppendLine()
+                .AppendAsMarkdown(writer.GetCurrentItem() switch
+                {
+                    TypeParameterDocItem item => item.Documentation,
+                    ParameterDocItem item => item.Documentation,
+                    DocItem item => item.Documentation?.Element(Name)
+                });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`%4` is read without initialization.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SummarySection.Write(IWriter)
+
+### File:
+source/DefaultDocumentation.Markdown/Sections/SummarySection.cs
+
+### Key:
+SummarySection.cs|Write|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+5c2e4c5669940d1735a7ba7ed519fade
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1229/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1229/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b2ecc84ce44acb7f21d955d7f1040b81c4deb8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1229/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,892 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** WebSharp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+
+namespace PepperSharp
+{
+    public partial class Instance : NativeInstance
+    {
+        protected Instance() { throw new PlatformNotSupportedException("Can not create an instace of PPInstance"); }
+        protected Instance(IntPtr handle) : base(handle) { }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event when the view information for the Instance has changed.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<View> ViewChanged;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event when an instance has gained or lost focus.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<bool> FocusChanged;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event when the browser calls PostMessage() on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<Var> HandleMessage;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<InputEvent> InputEvents;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a MouseDown InputEvent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> MouseDown;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a MouseUp InputEvent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> MouseUp;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a MouseEnter InputEvent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> MouseEnter;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a MouseLeave InputEvent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> MouseLeave;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a MouseMove InputEvent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> MouseMove;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a ContextMenu InputEvent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<MouseEventArgs> ContextMenu;
+
+        public class MouseEventArgs : EventArgs
+        {
+            public PPInputEventMouseButton Buttons { get; private set; }
+            public int Clicks { get; private set; }
+            public PPPoint Position { get; private set; }
+            public PPPoint Movement { get; private set; }
+            public double TimeStamp { get; private set; }
+            public PPInputEventModifier Modifiers { get; private set; }
+            public bool Handled { get; set; } = false;
+            public bool IsContextMenu { get; private set; } = false;
+
+            public MouseEventArgs(PPInputEventMouseButton buttons, int clicks, PPPoint position, PPPoint movement, double timeStamp, PPInputEventModifier modifiers, bool isContextMenu = false )
+            {
+                Buttons = buttons;
+                Clicks = clicks;
+                Position = position;
+                Movement = movement;
+                TimeStamp = timeStamp;
+                Modifiers = modifiers;
+                IsContextMenu = isContextMenu;
+            }
+            
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a Wheel InputEvent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<WheelEventArgs> Wheel;
+
+        public class WheelEventArgs : EventArgs
+        {
+            public PPFloatPoint Delta { get; private set; }
+            public PPFloatPoint Ticks { get; private set; }
+            public bool IsScrollByPage { get; private set; }
+            public double TimeStamp { get; private set; }
+            public PPInputEventModifier Modifiers { get; private set; }
+            public bool Handled { get; set; } = false;
+
+            public WheelEventArgs(PPFloatPoint delta, PPFloatPoint ticks, bool isScrollByPage, double timeStamp, PPInputEventModifier modifiers)
+            {
+                Delta = delta;
+                Ticks = ticks;
+                IsScrollByPage = isScrollByPage;
+                TimeStamp = timeStamp;
+                Modifiers = modifiers;
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a KeyboardInputEvent for KeyUp.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<KeyboardEventArgs> KeyUp;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a KeyboardInputEvent for KeyDown.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<KeyboardEventArgs> KeyDown;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a KeyboardInputEvent for Char.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<KeyboardEventArgs> KeyChar;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a KeyboardInputEvent for RawKeydown.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<KeyboardEventArgs> RawKeyDown;
+
+
+        public class KeyboardEventArgs : EventArgs
+        {
+            public uint KeyCode{ get; private set; }
+            public string CharacterText { get; private set; }
+            public string Code { get; private set; }
+            public double TimeStamp { get; private set; }
+            public PPInputEventModifier Modifiers { get; private set; }
+            public bool Handled { get; set; } = false;
+
+            public KeyboardEventArgs(uint keyCode, string text, string code, double timeStamp, PPInputEventModifier modifiers)
+            {
+                KeyCode = keyCode;
+                CharacterText = text;
+                Code = code;
+                TimeStamp = timeStamp;
+                Modifiers = modifiers;
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a TouchInputEvent for TouchStart.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<TouchInputEvent> TouchStart;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a TouchInputEvent for TouchEnd.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<TouchInputEvent> TouchEnd;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a TouchInputEvent for TouchCancel.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<TouchInputEvent> TouchCancel;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a TouchInputEvent for TouchMove.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<TouchInputEvent> TouchMove;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a IMEInputEvent for CompositionEnd.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<IMEInputEvent> IMECompositionEnd;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a IMEInputEvent for CompositionStart.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<IMEInputEvent> IMECompositionStart;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a IMEInputEvent for CompositionUpdate.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<IMEInputEvent> IMECompositionUpdate;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event raised when the browser calls HandleInputEvent on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript 
+        /// that represents a IMEInputEvent for Text.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event EventHandler<IMEInputEvent> IMEText;
+
+        // Custom class to hold Initialize Cancelable Event event info
+        public class InitializeEventArgs : CancelEventArgs
+        {
+            public int Count { get; private set; }
+            public string[] Names { get; private set; }
+            public string[] Values { get; private set; }
+
+            internal InitializeEventArgs(int argc, string[] argn, string[] argv)
+            {
+                Count = argc;
+                Names = argn;
+                Values = argv;
+                Cancel = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event when the browser calls PostMessage() on the DOM element for the instance in JavaScript.
+        /// </summary>
+        public delegate void InitializeDelegateAndHandler(object sender, InitializeEventArgs args);
+        public event InitializeDelegateAndHandler Initialize;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raise event to intialize the instance with the provided arguments. This
+        /// event will be raised immediately after the instance object is constructed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The OnInitialize method also enables derived classes to handle the event without attaching 
+        /// a delegate. This is the preferred technique for handling the event in a derived class.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="args">An instance of InitializeEventArgs that is cancelable</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the event was not canceled and falce if the event was canceled for some reason.</returns>
+        protected virtual bool OnInitialize(InitializeEventArgs args)
+        {
+            var handler = Initialize;
+            if (handler != null)
+            {
+                bool cancel = false;
+                foreach (InitializeDelegateAndHandler subscriber in handler.GetInvocationList())
+                {
+                    subscriber.Invoke(this, args);
+                    if (args.Cancel)
+                    {
+                        cancel = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return !cancel;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// This is the entry point of the Init call that just passes the information on to the event handler
+        /// </summary>
+        bool Init(int argc, string[] argn, string[] argv)
+            => OnInitialize(new InitializeEventArgs(argc, argn, argv));
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raises the ViewChange event when the view information for the Instance
+        /// has changed. See the <code>View</code> object for information.
+        ///
+        /// Most implementations will want to check if the size and user visibility
+        /// changed, and either resize themselves or start/stop generating updates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The OnViewChanged method also enables derived classes to handle the event without attaching 
+        /// a delegate. This is the preferred technique for handling the event in a derived class.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="view">The view object that contains the new view properties</param>
+        protected virtual void OnViewChanged(View view)
+            => ViewChanged?.Invoke(this, view);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raises the FocusChanged event when an instance has gained or lost focus.
+        ///
+        /// Having focus means that keyboard events will be sent to the instance.  An instance's default 
+        /// condition is that it will not have focus.
+        ///
+        /// The focus flag takes into account both browser tab and window focus as well as focus of the plugin 
+        /// element on the page. In order to be deemed to have focus, the browser window must be topmost, 
+        /// the tab must be selected in the window, and the instance must be the focused element on the page.
+        /// 
+        /// Note:Clicks on instances will give focus only if you handle the click event. 
+        /// Return true from HandleInputEvent in InputEvent (or use unfiltered events) to signal that the 
+        /// click event was handled. Otherwise, the browser will bubble the event and give focus to the element 
+        /// on the page that actually did end up consuming it.If you're not getting focus, check to make sure
+        /// you're either requesting them via RequestInputEvents() (which implicitly marks all input events as 
+        /// consumed) or via RequestFilteringInputEvents() and returning true from your event handler.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The OnFocusChanged method also enables derived classes to handle the event without attaching 
+        /// a delegate. This is the preferred technique for handling the event in a derived class.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="hasFocus">Indicates the new focused state of the instance.</param>
+        /// 
+        protected virtual void OnFocusChanged(bool hasFocus)
+            => FocusChanged?.Invoke(this, hasFocus);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raises the HandleInput event from the browser.
+        ///
+        /// The default implementation does nothing and returns false.
+        /// 
+        /// In order to receive input events, you must register for them by calling RequestInputEvents() or 
+        /// RequestFilteringInputEvents(). By default, no events are delivered.
+        /// 
+        /// If the event was handled, it will not be forwarded to any default handlers.If it was not handled, 
+        /// it may be dispatched to a default handler.So it is important that an instance respond accurately 
+        /// with whether event propagation should continue.
+        /// 
+        /// Event propagation also controls focus.If you handle an event like a mouse event, typically the 
+        /// instance will be given focus. Returning false from a filtered event handler or not registering for 
+        /// an event type means that the click will be given to a lower part of the page and your instance 
+        /// will not receive focus.This allows an instance to be partially transparent, where clicks on the 
+        /// transparent areas will behave like clicks to the underlying page.
+        /// 
+        /// In general, you should try to keep input event handling short. Especially for filtered input events,
+        /// the browser or page may be blocked waiting for you to respond.
+        /// 
+        /// The caller of this function will maintain a reference to the input event resource during this call.
+        /// Unless you take a reference to the resource to hold it for later, you don't need to release it.
+        /// 
+        /// Note: If you're not receiving input events, make sure you register for the event classes you want 
+        /// by calling RequestInputEvents or RequestFilteringInputEvents. If you're still not receiving 
+        /// keyboard input events, make sure you're returning true (or using a non-filtered event handler) for
+        /// mouse events. Otherwise, the instance will not receive focus and keyboard events will not be sent.
+        /// 
+        /// Refer to RequestInputEvents and RequestFilteringInputEvents for further information.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The OnInputEvents method also enables derived classes to handle the event without attaching 
+        /// a delegate. This is the preferred technique for handling the event in a derived class.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="inputEvent">The event to handle.</param>
+        /// <returns>true if the event was handled, false if not. If you have registered to filter this class of events by calling RequestFilteringInputEvents, and you return false, the event will be forwarded to the page (and eventually the browser) for the default handling. For non-filtered events, the return value will be ignored.</returns>
+        protected virtual bool OnInputEvents (InputEvent inputEvent)
+        {
+
+            bool handled = false;
+            if (inputEvent is MouseInputEvent)
+            {
+                var mie = (MouseInputEvent)inputEvent;
+                var mieArgs = new MouseEventArgs(mie.Button, mie.ClickCount, mie.Position, mie.Movement, mie.TimeStamp, mie.Modifiers, inputEvent.EventType == PPInputEventType.Contextmenu);
+                switch (mie.EventType)
+                {
+                    case PPInputEventType.Mousedown:
+                        handled = OnMouseDown(mieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Mouseup:
+                        handled = OnMouseUp(mieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Mouseenter:
+                        handled = OnMouseEnter(mieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Mouseleave:
+                        handled = OnMouseLeave(mieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Mousemove:
+                        handled = OnMouseMove(mieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Contextmenu:
+                        handled = OnContextMenu(mieArgs);
+                        break;
+                }
+                inputEvent.Handled = handled;
+            }
+            else if (inputEvent is WheelInputEvent)
+            {
+                var wie = (WheelInputEvent)inputEvent;
+                var wieArgs = new WheelEventArgs(wie.Delta, wie.Ticks, wie.IsScrollByPage, wie.TimeStamp, wie.Modifiers);
+                handled = OnWheel(wieArgs);
+                inputEvent.Handled = handled;
+            }
+            else if (inputEvent is KeyboardInputEvent)
+            {
+                var kbie = (KeyboardInputEvent)inputEvent;
+                var kbieArgs = new KeyboardEventArgs(kbie.KeyCode, kbie.CharacterText, kbie.Code, kbie.TimeStamp, kbie.Modifiers);
+                switch (kbie.EventType)
+                {
+                    case PPInputEventType.Keyup:
+                        handled = OnKeyUp(kbieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Keydown:
+                        handled = OnKeyDown(kbieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Char:
+                        handled = OnKeyChar(kbieArgs);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Rawkeydown:
+                        handled = OnRawKeyDown(kbieArgs);
+                        break;
+                }
+                inputEvent.Handled = handled;
+            }
+            else if (inputEvent is TouchInputEvent)
+            {
+                var tie = (TouchInputEvent)inputEvent;
+                switch (tie.EventType)
+                {
+                    case PPInputEventType.Touchstart:
+                        handled = OnTouchStart(tie);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Touchend:
+                        handled = OnTouchEnd(tie);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Touchmove:
+                        handled = OnTouchMove(tie);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.Touchcancel:
+                        handled = OnTouchCancel(tie);
+                        break;
+                }
+                inputEvent.Handled = handled;
+            }
+            else if (inputEvent is IMEInputEvent)
+            {
+                var imeie = (IMEInputEvent)inputEvent;
+                switch (imeie.EventType)
+                {
+                    case PPInputEventType.ImeCompositionEnd:
+                        handled = OnIMECompositionEnd(imeie);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.ImeCompositionStart:
+                        handled = OnIMECompositionStart(imeie);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.ImeCompositionUpdate:
+                        handled = OnIMECompositionUpdate(imeie);
+                        break;
+                    case PPInputEventType.ImeText:
+                        handled = OnIMEText(imeie);
+                        break;
+                }
+                inputEvent.Handled = handled;
+            }
+
+            var handler = InputEvents;
+            if (handler != null)
+            {
+                foreach (EventHandler<InputEvent> subscriber in handler.GetInvocationList())
+                {
+                    subscriber.Invoke(this, inputEvent);
+                    if (inputEvent.Handled)
+                    {
+                        handled = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnMouseDown(MouseEventArgs e)
+        {
+            MouseDown?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnMouseUp(MouseEventArgs e)
+        {
+            MouseUp?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnMouseEnter(MouseEventArgs e)
+        {
+            MouseEnter?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnMouseLeave(MouseEventArgs e)
+        {
+            MouseLeave?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnMouseMove (MouseEventArgs e)
+        {
+            MouseMove?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnContextMenu(MouseEventArgs e)
+        {
+            ContextMenu?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnWheel (WheelEventArgs e)
+        {
+            Wheel?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnKeyUp(KeyboardEventArgs e)
+        {
+            KeyUp?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnKeyDown(KeyboardEventArgs e)
+        {
+            KeyDown?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnKeyChar(KeyboardEventArgs e)
+        {
+            KeyChar?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnRawKeyDown(KeyboardEventArgs e)
+        {
+            RawKeyDown?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnTouchStart(TouchInputEvent e)
+        {
+            TouchStart?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnTouchEnd(TouchInputEvent e)
+        {
+            TouchEnd?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnTouchCancel(TouchInputEvent e)
+        {
+            TouchCancel?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnTouchMove(TouchInputEvent e)
+        {
+            TouchMove?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnIMECompositionStart(IMEInputEvent e)
+        {
+            IMECompositionStart?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnIMECompositionEnd(IMEInputEvent e)
+        {
+            IMECompositionEnd?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnIMECompositionUpdate(IMEInputEvent e)
+        {
+            IMECompositionUpdate?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual bool OnIMEText(IMEInputEvent e)
+        {
+            IMEText?.Invoke(this, e);
+            return e.Handled;
+        }
+
+        public virtual bool HandleDocumentLoad(PPResource urlLoader)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Raises the HandleMessage event when the browser calls PostMessage() on the DOM element for 
+        /// the instance in JavaScript.
+        /// 
+        /// Note that PostMessage() in the JavaScript interface is asynchronous, meaning JavaScript execution 
+        /// will not be blocked while OnRecieveMessage is processing the message.
+        /// 
+        /// When converting JavaScript arrays, any object properties whose name is not an array index are 
+        /// ignored.  When passing arrays and objects, the entire reference graph will be converted and 
+        /// transferred.  If the reference graph has cycles, the message will not be sent and an error will 
+        /// be logged to the console.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The OnHandleMessage method also enables derived classes to handle the event without attaching 
+        /// a delegate. This is the preferred technique for handling the event in a derived class.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="message">A Var which has been converted from a JavaScript value. JavaScript 
+        /// array/object types are supported from Chrome M29 onward. All JavaScript values are copied 
+        /// when passing them to the plugin.
+        /// </param>
+        protected virtual void OnHandleMessage(Var message)
+            => HandleMessage?.Invoke(this, message);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// BindGraphics() binds the given graphics as the current display surface.
+        /// 
+        /// The contents of this device is what will be displayed in the instance's area on the web page. 
+        /// The device must be a 2D or a 3D device.
+        ///
+        /// You can pass an is_null() (default constructed) Graphics2D as the device parameter to unbind all 
+        /// devices from the given instance. The instance will then appear transparent. Re-binding the same 
+        /// device will return true and will do nothing.
+        /// 
+        /// Any previously-bound device will be released. It is an error to bind a device when it is already
+        /// bound to another instance. If you want to move a device between instances, first unbind it from 
+        /// the old one, and then rebind it to the new one.
+        ///
+        /// Binding a device will invalidate that portion of the web page to flush the contents of the new 
+        /// device to the screen.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="graphics2d">A Graphics2D to bind</param>
+        /// <returns>true if bind was successful or false if the device was not the correct type. On success, a reference to the device will be held by the instance, so the caller can release its reference if it chooses.</returns>
+        public bool BindGraphics(PPResource graphics2d)
+            => PPBInstance.BindGraphics(this, graphics2d) == PPBool.True ? true : false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// asynchronously invokes any listeners for message events on the DOM element for the given instance.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message"></param>
+        public void PostMessage(object message)
+        {
+            if (message is Var)
+                PPBMessaging.PostMessage(this, (Var)message);
+            else
+                PPBMessaging.PostMessage(this, new Var(message));
+        }
+
+        PPInstance instance = new PPInstance();
+        public PPInstance PPInstance
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                if (instance.ppinstance == 0)
+                {
+                    instance.ppinstance = this.Handle.ToInt32();
+                }
+                return instance;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static implicit operator PPInstance(Instance instance)
+        {
+            return instance.PPInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void LogToConsole(PPLogLevel level, object value)
+        {
+            if (value is Var)
+                PPBConsole.Log(this, level, (Var)value);
+            else
+                PPBConsole.Log(this, level, new Var(value));
+        }
+
+        public void LogToConsoleWithSource(PPLogLevel level,
+                                          string source,
+                                          object value)
+        {
+            if (value is Var)
+                PPBConsole.LogWithSource(this, level, new Var(source), (Var)value);
+            else
+                PPBConsole.LogWithSource(this, level, new Var(source), new Var(value));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// RequestInputEvents() requests that input events corresponding to the given input events are delivered to the instance.
+        /// 
+        /// By default, no input events are delivered.Call this function with the classes of events you are
+        /// interested in to have them be delivered to the instance. Calling this function will override any 
+        /// previous setting for each specified class of input events(for example, if you previously called 
+        /// RequestFilteringInputEvents(), this function will set those events to non-filtering mode).
+        /// 
+        /// Input events may have high overhead, so you should only request input events that your plugin will 
+        /// actually handle.For example, the browser may do optimizations for scroll or touch events that can
+        /// be processed substantially faster if it knows there are no non-default receivers for that message. 
+        /// Requesting that such messages be delivered, even if they are processed very quickly, may have a 
+        /// noticeable effect on the performance of the page.
+        /// 
+        /// When requesting input events through this function, the events will be delivered and not bubbled 
+        /// to the page.This means that even if you aren't interested in the message, no other parts of the 
+        /// page will get the message.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="eventClasses">A combination of flags from PP_InputEvent_Class that identifies the classes of events the instance is requesting. The flags are combined by logically ORing their values.</param>
+        /// <returns>PP_OK if the operation succeeded, PP_ERROR_BADARGUMENT if instance is invalid, or PP_ERROR_NOTSUPPORTED if one of the event class bits were illegal. In the case of an invalid bit, all valid bits will be applied and only the illegal bits will be ignored.</returns>
+        public PPError RequestInputEvents(PPInputEventClass eventClasses)
+            => (PPError)PPBInputEvent.RequestInputEvents(this, (uint)eventClasses);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// RequestFilteringInputEvents() requests that input events corresponding to the given input events 
+        /// are delivered to the instance for filtering.
+        /// 
+        /// By default, no input events are delivered.In most cases you would register to receive events by 
+        /// calling RequestInputEvents(). In some cases, however, you may wish to filter events such that 
+        /// they can be bubbled up to the DOM.In this case, register for those classes of events using this 
+        /// function instead of RequestInputEvents(). Keyboard events must always be registered in filtering 
+        /// mode.
+        /// 
+        /// Filtering input events requires significantly more overhead than just delivering them to the 
+        /// instance. As such, you should only request filtering in those cases where it's absolutely
+        /// necessary. The reason is that it requires the browser to stop and block for the instance to 
+        /// handle the input event, rather than sending the input event asynchronously. This can have 
+        /// significant overhead.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="eventClasses">A combination of flags from PP_InputEvent_Class that identifies the classes of events the instance is requesting. The flags are combined by logically ORing their values.</param>
+        /// <returns>OK if the operation succeeded, BADARGUMENT if instance is invalid, or NOTSUPPORTED if 
+        /// one of the event class bits were illegal. In the case of an invalid bit, all valid bits will be 
+        /// applied and only the illegal bits will be ignored.
+        /// </returns>
+        public PPError RequestFilteringInputEvents(PPInputEventClass eventClasses)
+            => (PPError)PPBInputEvent.RequestFilteringInputEvents(this, (uint)eventClasses);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// IsFullFrame() determines if the instance is full-frame (repr).
+        /// 
+        /// Such an instance represents the entire document in a frame rather than an embedded resource.
+        /// This can happen if the user does a top-level navigation or the page specifies an iframe to a 
+        /// resource with a MIME type registered by the module.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsFullFrame
+            => PPBInstance.IsFullFrame(this) == PPBool.True ? true : false; 
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// ClearInputEventRequest() requests that input events corresponding to the given input classes no longer be delivered to the instance.
+        /// 
+        /// By default, no input events are delivered.If you have previously requested input events using 
+        /// RequestInputEvents() or RequestFilteringInputEvents(), this function will unregister handling 
+        /// for the given instance.This will allow greater browser performance for those events.
+        /// 
+        /// Note: You may still get some input events after clearing the flag if they were dispatched before the request was cleared. For example, if there are 3 mouse move events waiting to be delivered, and you clear the mouse event class during the processing of the first one, you'll still receive the next two. You just won't get more events generated.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="eventClasses">A combination of flags from PP_InputEvent_Class that identifies the classes of events the instance is no longer interested in.</param>
+        public void ClearInputEventRequest(PPInputEventClass eventClasses)
+            => PPBInputEvent.ClearInputEventRequest(this, (uint)eventClasses);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the given mouse cursor. The mouse cursor will be in effect whenever
+        /// the mouse is over the given instance until it is set again by another
+        /// call. Note that you can hide the mouse cursor by setting it to the
+        /// <code>PPMouseCursorType</code> type.
+        ///
+        /// This function allows setting both system defined mouse cursors and
+        /// custom cursors. To set a system-defined cursor, pass the type you want
+        /// and set the custom image to a default-constructor ImageData object.
+        /// To set a custom cursor, set the type to
+        /// <code>PPMouseCursorType.CUSTOM</code> and specify your image and hot
+        /// spot.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">A <code>PPMouseCursorType</code> identifying the type
+        /// of mouse cursor to show.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="imageData">A <code>ImageData</code> object identifying the
+        /// custom image to set when the type is
+        /// <code>PPMouseCursorType.CUSTOM</code>. The image must be less than 32
+        /// pixels in each direction and must be of the system's native image format.
+        /// When you are specifying a predefined cursor, this parameter should be a
+        /// default-constructed ImageData.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name="hotSpot">When setting a custom cursor, this identifies the
+        /// pixel position within the given image of the "hot spot" of the cursor.
+        /// When specifying a stock cursor, this parameter is ignored.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <returns>true on success, or false if the instance or cursor type
+        /// was invalid or if the image was too large.</returns>
+        public bool SetCursor(PPMouseCursorType type, ImageData imageData = null, PPPoint? hotSpot = null)
+        {
+            var hs = PPPoint.Zero;
+            if (hotSpot.HasValue)
+                hs = hotSpot.Value;
+            if (imageData == null)
+                return PPBMouseCursor.SetCursor(this, type, PPResource.Empty, hs) == PPBool.True ? true : false;
+            else
+                return PPBMouseCursor.SetCursor(this, type, imageData, hs) == PPBool.True ? true : false;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Getter and Setter that checks whether the module instance is currently in
+        /// fullscreen mode or sets the instance to full screen mode.
+        /// 
+        /// The setter switches the module instance to and from fullscreen
+        /// mode.
+        /// 
+        /// The transition to and from fullscreen mode is asynchronous. During the
+        /// transition, IsFullscreen() will return the previous value and
+        /// no 2D or 3D device can be bound. The transition ends at DidChangeView()
+        /// when IsFullscreen() returns the new value. You might receive other
+        /// DidChangeView() calls while in transition.
+        ///
+        /// The transition to fullscreen mode can only occur while the browser is
+        /// processing a user gesture, even if <code>true</code> is returned.
+        /// 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Throws InvalidOperationException if there was an error transitioning to or from
+        /// fullscreen mode.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public bool IsFullScreen
+        {
+            get { return PPBFullscreen.IsFullscreen(this) == PPBool.True; }
+            set
+            {
+                if (PPBFullscreen.SetFullscreen(this, value ? PPBool.True : PPBool.False) == PPBool.False)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Setting full screen failed.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of the screen in pixels. The module instance
+        /// will be resized to this size when IsFullscreen is set to true to enter
+        /// fullscreen mode.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// Throws InvalidOperationException if there was an error obtaining the screen size for
+        /// some reason.
+        /// </remarks>
+        public PPSize ScreenSize
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                var outSize = PPSize.Zero;
+                if (PPBFullscreen.GetScreenSize(this, out outSize) == PPBool.False)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("Obtaining screen size failed.");
+                return outSize;
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of PepperSharp.Var::.ctor() at Line 632) of type PepperSharp.Var in method "Void Instance.PostMessage(Object)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Instance.PostMessage(Object)
+
+### File:
+PepperSharp/src/Instance.cs
+
+### Key:
+Instance.cs|PostMessage|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+25cdd3f022a8137d8604d38931d48bfc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1243/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1243/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9bc8736bfc9103a95e859e086c5143cb647cfc0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1243/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** LinqToTwitter
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace LinqToTwitter
+{
+    public class XAuthAuthorizer : OAuthAuthorizer, ITwitterAuthorizer
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Synchronous authorization
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Authorize()
+        {
+            if (IsAuthorized)
+                return;
+
+            var request = new Request(OAuthAccessTokenUrl);
+
+            var xauthCredentials = Credentials as XAuthCredentials;
+            var postData = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            postData.Add("x_auth_username", xauthCredentials.UserName);
+            postData.Add("x_auth_password", xauthCredentials.Password);
+            postData.Add("x_auth_mode", "client_auth");
+
+            string screenName;
+            string userID;
+            OAuthTwitter.PostAccessToken(request, postData, out screenName, out userID);
+
+            ScreenName = screenName;
+            UserId = userID;
+
+            Credentials.OAuthToken = OAuthTwitter.OAuthToken;
+            Credentials.AccessToken = OAuthTwitter.OAuthTokenSecret;
+            Credentials.ScreenName = screenName;
+            Credentials.UserId = userID;
+            Credentials.Save();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Asynchronously performs authorization for Silverlight apps
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="authorizationCompleteCallback">Action you provide for when authorization completes.</param>
+        public void BeginAuthorize(Action<TwitterAsyncResponse<UserIdentifier>> authorizationCompleteCallback)
+        {
+            if (IsAuthorized)
+                return;
+
+            var request = new Request(OAuthAccessTokenUrl);
+
+            var xauthCredentials = Credentials as XAuthCredentials;
+            var postData = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            postData.Add("x_auth_username", xauthCredentials.UserName);
+            postData.Add("x_auth_password", xauthCredentials.Password);
+            postData.Add("x_auth_mode", "client_auth");
+
+            OAuthTwitter.PostAccessTokenAsync(
+                request, 
+                postData, 
+                resp =>
+                {
+                    Credentials.OAuthToken = OAuthTwitter.OAuthToken;
+                    Credentials.AccessToken = OAuthTwitter.OAuthTokenSecret;
+                    UserIdentifier user = resp.State;
+                    if (user != null)
+                    {
+                        Credentials.ScreenName = user.ScreenName;
+                        Credentials.UserId = user.UserID; 
+                    }
+                    Credentials.Save();
+
+                    authorizationCompleteCallback(resp);
+                });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `xauthCredentials` last assigned on line 18 could be null and is dereferenced at line 20, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void XAuthAuthorizer.Authorize()
+
+### File:
+LinqToTwitterAg/OAuth/XAuthAuthorizer.cs
+
+### Key:
+XAuthAuthorizer.cs|Authorize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18c00322eb7006423176408542ace89c
+
+### Hash:
+c676f6c780551886fc0ff9a0b65674db
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1244/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1244/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51030addaf084dd893bd4bdf7772d8de37a95c59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1244/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1101 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** LinqToTwitter
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using LinqToTwitter.Common;
+using LinqToTwitter.Provider;
+using LinqToTwitter.Tests.Common;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace LinqToTwitter.Tests.TweetTests
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class TweetRequestProcessorTests
+    {
+        const string BaseUrl2 = "https://api.twitter.com/2/";
+
+        public TweetRequestProcessorTests()
+        {
+            TestCulture.SetCulture();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void GetParametersTest()
+        {
+            var target = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery>();
+
+			var endTime = new DateTime(2020, 8, 30);
+			var startTime = new DateTime(2020, 8, 1);
+			Expression<Func<TweetQuery, bool>> expression =
+				tweet =>
+					tweet.Type == TweetType.Lookup &&
+					tweet.EndTime == endTime &&
+					tweet.Exclude == TweetExcludes.Replies &&
+					tweet.Ids == "2,3" &&
+					tweet.ID == "123" &&
+					tweet.Expansions == "attachments.poll_ids,author_id" &&
+					tweet.MaxResults == 99 &&
+					tweet.MediaFields == "height,width" &&
+					tweet.PaginationToken == "456" &&
+					tweet.PlaceFields == "country" &&
+					tweet.PollFields == "duration_minutes,end_datetime" &&
+					tweet.SinceID == "789" &&
+					tweet.SpaceID == "345" &&
+					tweet.StartTime == startTime &&
+					tweet.TweetFields == "author_id,created_at" &&
+					tweet.UntilID == "012" &&
+                    tweet.UserFields == "created_at,verified";
+
+            var lambdaExpression = expression as LambdaExpression;
+
+            Dictionary<string, string> queryParams = target.GetParameters(lambdaExpression);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(
+                queryParams.Contains(
+                    new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.Type), ((int)TweetType.Lookup).ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.EndTime), "08/30/2020 00:00:00")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.Exclude), TweetExcludes.Replies)));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+                queryParams.Contains(
+                    new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.Ids), "2,3")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.ID), "123")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+                queryParams.Contains(
+                    new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "attachments.poll_ids,author_id")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.MaxResults), "99")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+                queryParams.Contains(
+                    new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.MediaFields), "height,width")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.PaginationToken), "456")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+               queryParams.Contains(
+                   new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.PlaceFields), "country")));
+            Assert.IsTrue(
+               queryParams.Contains(
+                   new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.PollFields), "duration_minutes,end_datetime")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.SinceID), "789")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.SpaceID), "345")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.StartTime), "08/01/2020 00:00:00")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+                queryParams.Contains(
+                    new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id,created_at")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+				queryParams.Contains(
+					new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.UntilID), "012")));
+			Assert.IsTrue(
+                queryParams.Contains(
+                    new KeyValuePair<string, string>(nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at,verified")));
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void BuildUrl_ForLookup_IncludesParameters()
+        {
+            const string ExpectedUrl =
+                BaseUrl2 + "tweets?" +
+                "ids=2%2C3&" +
+                "expansions=attachments.poll_ids%2Cauthor_id&" +
+                "media.fields=height%2Cwidth&" +
+                "place.fields=country&" +
+                "poll.fields=duration_minutes%2Cend_datetime&" +
+                "tweet.fields=author_id%2Ccreated_at&" +
+                "user.fields=created_at%2Cverified";
+            var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+            var parameters =
+                new Dictionary<string, string>
+                {
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.Lookup.ToString() },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.Ids), "2,3" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "attachments.poll_ids,author_id" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.MediaFields), "height,width" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.PlaceFields), "country" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.PollFields), "duration_minutes,end_datetime" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id,created_at" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at,verified" },
+               };
+
+            Request req = tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(ExpectedUrl, req.FullUrl);
+        }
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForMentionsTimeline_IncludesParameters()
+		{
+			const string ExpectedUrl =
+				BaseUrl2 + "users/123/mentions?" +
+				"end_time=2021-01-01T12%3A59%3A59Z&" +
+				"exclude=replies%2Cretweets&" +
+				"max_results=50&" +
+				"pagination_token=456&" +
+				"since_id=789&" +
+				"start_time=2020-12-31T00%3A00%3A01Z&" +
+				"until_id=012&" +
+				"expansions=attachments.poll_ids%2Cauthor_id&" +
+				"media.fields=height%2Cwidth&" +
+				"place.fields=country&" +
+				"poll.fields=duration_minutes%2Cend_datetime&" +
+				"tweet.fields=author_id%2Ccreated_at&" +
+				"user.fields=created_at%2Cverified";
+			var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.MentionsTimeline.ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.EndTime), new DateTime(2021, 1, 1, 12, 59, 59).ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Exclude), TweetExcludes.All },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "attachments.poll_ids,author_id" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.ID), "123" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.MaxResults), "50" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.MediaFields), "height,width" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PaginationToken), "456" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PlaceFields), "country" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PollFields), "duration_minutes,end_datetime" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.SinceID), "789" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.StartTime), new DateTime(2020, 12, 31, 0, 0, 1).ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id,created_at" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.UntilID), "012" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at,verified" },
+			   };
+
+			Request req = tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters);
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(ExpectedUrl, req.FullUrl);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForUserTimeline_IncludesParameters()
+		{
+			const string ExpectedUrl =
+				BaseUrl2 + "users/123/tweets?" +
+				"end_time=2021-01-01T12%3A59%3A59Z&" +
+				"exclude=replies%2Cretweets&" +
+				"max_results=50&" +
+				"pagination_token=456&" +
+				"since_id=789&" +
+				"start_time=2020-12-31T00%3A00%3A01Z&" +
+				"until_id=012&" +
+				"expansions=attachments.poll_ids%2Cauthor_id&" +
+				"media.fields=height%2Cwidth&" +
+				"place.fields=country&" +
+				"poll.fields=duration_minutes%2Cend_datetime&" +
+				"tweet.fields=author_id%2Ccreated_at&" +
+				"user.fields=created_at%2Cverified";
+			var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.TweetsTimeline.ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.EndTime), new DateTime(2021, 1, 1, 12, 59, 59).ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Exclude), TweetExcludes.All },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "attachments.poll_ids,author_id" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.ID), "123" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.MaxResults), "50" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.MediaFields), "height,width" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PaginationToken), "456" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PlaceFields), "country" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PollFields), "duration_minutes,end_datetime" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.SinceID), "789" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.StartTime), new DateTime(2020, 12, 31, 0, 0, 1).ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id,created_at" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.UntilID), "012" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at,verified" },
+			   };
+
+			Request req = tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters);
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(ExpectedUrl, req.FullUrl);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+        public void BuildUrl_WithNullParameters_Throws()
+        {
+            var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+            L2TAssert.Throws<NullReferenceException>(() =>
+            {
+                tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(null);
+            });
+        }
+
+		[TestMethod]
+        public void BuildUrl_WithSpacesInFields_FixesSpaces()
+        {
+            const string ExpectedUrl =
+                BaseUrl2 + "tweets?" +
+                "ids=2%2C3&" +
+                "expansions=attachments.poll_ids%2Cauthor_id&" +
+                "media.fields=height%2Cwidth&" +
+                "place.fields=country&" +
+                "poll.fields=duration_minutes%2Cend_datetime&" +
+                "tweet.fields=author_id%2Ccreated_at&" +
+                "user.fields=created_at%2Cverified";
+            var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+            var parameters =
+                new Dictionary<string, string>
+                {
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.Lookup.ToString() },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.Ids), "2, 3" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "attachments.poll_ids, author_id" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.MediaFields), "height, width" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.PlaceFields), "country" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.PollFields), "duration_minutes, end_datetime" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id, created_at" },
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at, verified" },
+               };
+
+            Request req = tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(ExpectedUrl, req.FullUrl);
+        }
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForList_IncludesParameters()
+		{
+			const string ExpectedUrl =
+				BaseUrl2 + "lists/12345/tweets?" +
+				"expansions=author_id&" +
+				"max_results=50&" +
+				"pagination_token=def&" +
+				"tweet.fields=author_id%2Ccreated_at&" +
+				"user.fields=created_at%2Cverified";
+			var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.List.ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.ListID), "12345" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "author_id" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.MaxResults), "50" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PaginationToken), "def" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id,created_at" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at,verified" },
+			   };
+
+			Request req = tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters);
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(ExpectedUrl, req.FullUrl);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForPinnedWithSpacesInFields_RemovesSpaces()
+		{
+			const string ExpectedUrl =
+				BaseUrl2 + "lists/12345/tweets?" +
+				"expansions=author_id&" +
+				"max_results=50&" +
+				"pagination_token=def&" +
+				"tweet.fields=author_id%2Ccreated_at&" +
+				"user.fields=created_at%2Cverified";
+			var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.List.ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.ListID), "12345" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "author_id" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.MaxResults), "50" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PaginationToken), "def" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id, created_at" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at, verified" },
+			   };
+
+			Request req = tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters);
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(ExpectedUrl, req.FullUrl);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForPinned_RequiresListID()
+		{
+			var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.List.ToString() },
+					//{ nameof(TweetQuery.ListID), "1234" },
+			   };
+
+			ArgumentException ex =
+				L2TAssert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() =>
+					tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters));
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(nameof(TweetQuery.ListID), ex.ParamName);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+        public void BuildUrl_ForLookup_RequiresIds()
+        {
+            var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+            var parameters =
+                new Dictionary<string, string>
+                {
+                    { nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.Lookup.ToString() },
+                    //{ nameof(Tweet.Ids), null }
+                };
+
+            ArgumentException ex =
+                L2TAssert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() =>
+                    tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters));
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(nameof(TweetQuery.Ids), ex.ParamName);
+        }
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForUserTimeline_RequiresID()
+		{
+			var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.TweetsTimeline.ToString() },
+                    //{ nameof(Tweet.ID), null }
+                };
+
+			ArgumentException ex =
+				L2TAssert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() =>
+					tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters));
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(nameof(TweetQuery.ID), ex.ParamName);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForMentionsTimeline_RequiresID()
+		{
+			var tweetReqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.MentionsTimeline.ToString() },
+                    //{ nameof(Tweet.ID), null }
+                };
+
+			ArgumentException ex =
+				L2TAssert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() =>
+					tweetReqProc.BuildUrl(parameters));
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(nameof(TweetQuery.ID), ex.ParamName);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BuildUrl_ForSpaceTweets_ConstructsUrl()
+		{
+			const string ExpectedUrl =
+				BaseUrl2 + "spaces/345/tweets?" +
+				"expansions=attachments.poll_ids%2Cauthor_id&" +
+				"media.fields=height%2Cwidth&" +
+				"place.fields=country&" +
+				"poll.fields=duration_minutes%2Cend_datetime&" +
+				"tweet.fields=author_id%2Ccreated_at&" +
+				"user.fields=created_at%2Cverified";
+			var reqProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+			var parameters =
+				new Dictionary<string, string>
+				{
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Type), TweetType.SpaceTweets.ToString() },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.SpaceID), "345" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.Expansions), "attachments.poll_ids,author_id" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.MediaFields), "height,width" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PlaceFields), "country" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.PollFields), "duration_minutes,end_datetime" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.TweetFields), "author_id,created_at" },
+					{ nameof(TweetQuery.UserFields), "created_at,verified" }
+			   };
+
+			Request req = reqProc.BuildUrl(parameters);
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(ExpectedUrl, req.FullUrl);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+        public void ProcessResults_Populates_Tweets()
+        {
+            var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+            List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(SingleTweet);
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results.SingleOrDefault();
+            Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+            List<Tweet> tweets = tweetQuery.Tweets;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(tweets);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, tweets.Count);
+            Tweet tweet = tweets.FirstOrDefault();
+            Assert.IsNotNull(tweet);
+			Assert.AreEqual("en", tweet.Language);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Thanks @github for approving sponsorship for LINQ to Twitter: https://t.co/jWeDEN07HN", tweet.Text);
+            Assert.AreEqual("1305895383260782593", tweet.ID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("15411837", tweet.AuthorID);
+			Assert.AreEqual(DateTime.Parse("2020-09-15T15:44:56.000Z").Date, tweet.CreatedAt?.Date);
+			Assert.AreEqual("1305895383260782593", tweet.ConversationID);
+			Assert.IsTrue(tweet.PossiblySensitive ?? false);
+			Assert.AreEqual(tweet.ReplySettings, TweetReplySettings.Everyone);
+			Assert.AreEqual("Twitter Web App", tweet.Source);
+        }
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void ProcessResults_Populates_Entities()
+		{
+			var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+			List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(SingleTweet);
+
+			Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results.SingleOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+
+			List<Tweet> tweets = tweetQuery.Tweets;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweets);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, tweets.Count);
+			Tweet tweet = tweets.FirstOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweet);
+			TweetEntities entities = tweet.Entities;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(entities);
+
+			TweetEntityAnnotation annotation = entities?.Annotations?.FirstOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(annotation);
+			Assert.AreEqual(53, annotation.Start);
+			Assert.AreEqual(59, annotation.End);
+			Assert.AreEqual(0.5865f, annotation.Probability);
+			Assert.AreEqual("Organization", annotation.Type);
+			Assert.AreEqual("Twitter", annotation.NormalizedText);
+
+			TweetEntityMention mention = entities?.Mentions?.FirstOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(mention);
+			Assert.AreEqual(14, mention.End);
+			Assert.AreEqual("13334762", mention.ID);
+			Assert.AreEqual(7, mention.Start);
+			Assert.AreEqual("github", mention.Username);
+
+			TweetEntityUrl url = entities?.Urls?.FirstOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(url);
+			Assert.AreEqual(62, url.Start);
+			Assert.AreEqual(85, url.End);
+            Assert.AreEqual("https://t.co/jWeDEN07HN", url.Url);
+			Assert.AreEqual("http://bit.ly/1b2wrHb", url.ExpandedUrl);
+			Assert.AreEqual("bit.ly/1b2wrHb", url.DisplayUrl);
+			Assert.AreEqual(200, url.Status);
+			Assert.AreEqual("GitHub - JoeMayo/LinqToTwitter: LINQ Provider for the Twitter API (C# Twitter Library)", url.Title);
+			Assert.AreEqual("LINQ Provider for the Twitter API (C# Twitter Library) - GitHub - JoeMayo/LinqToTwitter: LINQ Provider for the Twitter API (C# Twitter Library)", url.Description);
+			Assert.AreEqual("https://github.com/JoeMayo/LinqToTwitter", url.UnwoundUrl);
+			List<TweetEntityImage> images = url.Images;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(images);
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, images.Count);
+			TweetEntityImage image = images.First();
+			Assert.AreEqual("https://pbs.twimg.com/news_img/1527013178009329664/f45coPtn?format=png&name=orig", image.Url);
+			Assert.AreEqual(200, image.Width);
+			Assert.AreEqual(200, image.Height);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void ProcessResults_Populates_ContextAnnotations()
+		{
+			var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+			List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(SingleTweet);
+
+			Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results.SingleOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+			List<Tweet> tweets = tweetQuery.Tweets;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweets);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, tweets.Count);
+			Tweet tweet = tweets.FirstOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweet);
+
+			List<TweetContextAnnotation> annotations = tweet.ContextAnnotations;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(annotations);
+			Assert.AreEqual(7, annotations.Count);
+			TweetContextAnnotation annotation = annotations.First();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(annotation);
+			TweetContextAnnotationDetails domain = annotation.Domain;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(domain);
+			Assert.AreEqual("46", domain.ID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("Brand Category", domain.Name);
+			Assert.AreEqual("Categories within Brand Verticals that narrow down the scope of Brands", domain.Description);
+			TweetContextAnnotationDetails entity = annotation.Entity;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(entity);
+			Assert.AreEqual("781974596752842752", entity.ID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("Services", entity.Name);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void ProcessResults_Populates_PublicMetrics()
+		{
+			var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+			List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(SingleTweet);
+
+			Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results.SingleOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+			List<Tweet> tweets = tweetQuery.Tweets;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweets);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, tweets.Count);
+			Tweet tweet = tweets.FirstOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweet);
+
+			TweetPublicMetrics metrics = tweet.PublicMetrics;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(metrics);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, metrics.RetweetCount);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, metrics.ReplyCount);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, metrics.LikeCount);
+			Assert.AreEqual(0, metrics.QuoteCount);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void ProcessResults_Populates_Includes()
+		{
+			var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+			List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(SingleTweet);
+
+			Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results.SingleOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+			TwitterInclude includes = tweetQuery.Includes;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(includes);
+			List<TwitterUser> users = includes.Users;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(users);
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, users.Count);
+			TwitterPoll poll = includes.Polls?.SingleOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(poll);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1440, poll.DurationMinutes);
+			Assert.AreEqual(DateTime.Parse("2019-11-28T20:26:41.000Z").ToUniversalTime(), poll.EndDateTime);
+			Assert.AreEqual("1199786642468413448", poll.ID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("closed", poll.VotingStatus);
+			List<TwitterPollOption> options = poll.Options;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(options);
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, options.Count);
+			TwitterPollOption option = options.FirstOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(option);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, option.Position);
+			Assert.AreEqual("“C Sharp”", option.Label);
+			Assert.AreEqual(795, option.Votes);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+        public void ProcessResults_Handles_Response_With_No_Results()
+        {
+            var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+            List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(ErrorTweet);
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results.SingleOrDefault();
+            Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+            List<Tweet> tweets = tweetQuery.Tweets;
+            Assert.IsNull(tweets);
+        }
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void ProcessResults_PopulatesInputParameters()
+		{
+			var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery>()
+			{
+				BaseUrl = BaseUrl2,
+				Type = TweetType.MentionsTimeline,
+				ID = "567",
+				Ids = "123,456",
+				EndTime = new DateTime(2020, 12, 31),
+				Exclude = TweetExcludes.Retweets,
+				MaxResults = 73,
+				Expansions = "123",
+				MediaFields = "456",
+				PaginationToken = "567",
+				PlaceFields = "012",
+				PollFields = "345",
+				SinceID = "890",
+				SpaceID = "345",
+				StartTime = new DateTime(2020, 1, 1),
+				TweetFields = "678",
+				UntilID = "123",
+				UserFields = "234"
+			};
+
+			var results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(SingleTweet);
+
+			Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, results.Count);
+			var tweetQuery = results.Single();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+			Assert.AreEqual(TweetType.MentionsTimeline, tweetQuery.Type);
+			Assert.AreEqual(new DateTime(2020, 12, 31), tweetQuery.EndTime);
+			Assert.AreEqual(TweetExcludes.Retweets, tweetQuery.Exclude);
+			Assert.AreEqual("123", tweetQuery.Expansions);
+			Assert.AreEqual("567", tweetQuery.ID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("123,456", tweetQuery.Ids);
+			Assert.AreEqual(73, tweetQuery.MaxResults);
+			Assert.AreEqual("456", tweetQuery.MediaFields);
+			Assert.AreEqual("567", tweetQuery.PaginationToken);
+			Assert.AreEqual("012", tweetQuery.PlaceFields);
+			Assert.AreEqual("345", tweetQuery.PollFields);
+			Assert.AreEqual("890", tweetQuery.SinceID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("345", tweetQuery.SpaceID);
+			Assert.AreEqual(new DateTime(2020, 1, 1), tweetQuery.StartTime);
+			Assert.AreEqual("678", tweetQuery.TweetFields);
+			Assert.AreEqual("123", tweetQuery.UntilID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("234", tweetQuery.UserFields);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+        public void ProcessResults_WithErrors_PopulatesErrorList()
+        {
+            var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+            List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(ErrorTweet);
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(results);
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results.SingleOrDefault();
+            Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+            List<TwitterError> errors = tweetQuery.Errors;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(errors);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, errors.Count);
+            TwitterError error = errors.FirstOrDefault();
+            Assert.IsNotNull(error);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Could not find tweet with ids: [1].", error.Detail);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Not Found Error", error.Title);
+            Assert.AreEqual("tweet", error.ResourceType);
+            Assert.AreEqual("ids", error.Parameter);
+            Assert.AreEqual("1", error.Value);
+            Assert.AreEqual("https://api.twitter.com/2/problems/resource-not-found", error.Type);
+        }
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void ProcessResults_WithTimeline_PopulatesTweetsAndMeta()
+		{
+			var tweetProc = new TweetRequestProcessor<TweetQuery> { BaseUrl = BaseUrl2 };
+
+			List<TweetQuery> results = tweetProc.ProcessResults(TimelineTweets);
+
+			TweetQuery tweetQuery = results?.SingleOrDefault();
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweetQuery);
+			List<Tweet> tweets = tweetQuery.Tweets;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(tweets);
+			Assert.AreEqual(10, tweets.Count);
+			TweetMeta meta = tweetQuery.Meta;
+			Assert.IsNotNull(meta);
+			Assert.AreEqual("7140dibdnow9c7btw421e9l0f3cacd5qxve3023jqz48g", meta.PreviousToken);
+			Assert.AreEqual("7140dibdnow9c7btw421e9l0f3cacd5qxve3023jqz48g", meta.NextToken);
+			Assert.AreEqual(10, meta.ResultCount);
+			Assert.AreEqual("1529568259011252224", meta.NewestID);
+			Assert.AreEqual("1527016962995343360", meta.OldestID);
+		}
+
+		const string SingleTweet = @"{
+	""data"": [
+		{
+			""context_annotations"": [
+				{
+					""domain"": {
+						""id"": ""46"",
+						""name"": ""Brand Category"",
+						""description"": ""Categories within Brand Verticals that narrow down the scope of Brands""
+					},
+					""entity"": {
+						""id"": ""781974596752842752"",
+						""name"": ""Services""
+					}
+				},
+				{
+					""domain"": {
+						""id"": ""47"",
+						""name"": ""Brand"",
+						""description"": ""Brands and Companies""
+					},
+					""entity"": {
+						""id"": ""10045225402"",
+						""name"": ""Twitter""
+					}
+				},
+				{
+					""domain"": {
+						""id"": ""30"",
+						""name"": ""Entities [Entity Service]"",
+						""description"": ""Entity Service top level domain, every item that is in Entity Service should be in this domain""
+					},
+					""entity"": {
+						""id"": ""848920371311001600"",
+						""name"": ""Technology"",
+						""description"": ""Technology and computing""
+					}
+				},
+				{
+					""domain"": {
+						""id"": ""66"",
+						""name"": ""Interests and Hobbies Category"",
+						""description"": ""A grouping of interests and hobbies entities, like Novelty Food or Destinations""
+					},
+					""entity"": {
+						""id"": ""848921413196984320"",
+						""name"": ""Computer programming"",
+						""description"": ""Computer programming""
+					}
+				},
+				{
+					""domain"": {
+						""id"": ""45"",
+						""name"": ""Brand Vertical"",
+						""description"": ""Top level entities that describe a Brands industry""
+					},
+					""entity"": {
+						""id"": ""781974597226799105"",
+						""name"": ""B2B""
+					}
+				},
+				{
+					""domain"": {
+						""id"": ""46"",
+						""name"": ""Brand Category"",
+						""description"": ""Categories within Brand Verticals that narrow down the scope of Brands""
+					},
+					""entity"": {
+						""id"": ""781974597172203520"",
+						""name"": ""Services""
+					}
+				},
+				{
+					""domain"": {
+						""id"": ""47"",
+						""name"": ""Brand"",
+						""description"": ""Brands and Companies""
+					},
+					""entity"": {
+						""id"": ""10040692468"",
+						""name"": ""GitHub""
+					}
+				}
+			],
+			""reply_settings"": ""everyone"",
+			""id"": ""1305895383260782593"",
+			""source"": ""Twitter Web App"",
+			""public_metrics"": {
+				""retweet_count"": 1,
+				""reply_count"": 1,
+				""like_count"": 1,
+				""quote_count"": 0
+			},
+			""lang"": ""en"",
+			""entities"": {
+				""annotations"": [
+					{
+						""start"": 53,
+						""end"": 59,
+						""probability"": 0.5865,
+						""type"": ""Organization"",
+						""normalized_text"": ""Twitter""
+					}
+				],
+				""urls"": [
+					{
+						""start"": 62,
+						""end"": 85,
+						""url"": ""https://t.co/jWeDEN07HN"",
+						""expanded_url"": ""http://bit.ly/1b2wrHb"",
+						""display_url"": ""bit.ly/1b2wrHb"",
+						""images"": [
+							{
+								""url"": ""https://pbs.twimg.com/news_img/1527013178009329664/f45coPtn?format=png&name=orig"",
+								""width"": 200,
+								""height"": 200
+							},
+							{
+								""url"": ""https://pbs.twimg.com/news_img/1527013178009329664/f45coPtn?format=png&name=150x150"",
+								""width"": 150,
+								""height"": 150
+							}
+						],
+						""status"": 200,
+						""title"": ""GitHub - JoeMayo/LinqToTwitter: LINQ Provider for the Twitter API (C# Twitter Library)"",
+						""description"": ""LINQ Provider for the Twitter API (C# Twitter Library) - GitHub - JoeMayo/LinqToTwitter: LINQ Provider for the Twitter API (C# Twitter Library)"",
+						""unwound_url"": ""https://github.com/JoeMayo/LinqToTwitter""
+					}
+				],
+				""mentions"": [
+					{
+						""start"": 7,
+						""end"": 14,
+						""username"": ""github"",
+						""id"": ""13334762""
+					}
+				]
+			},
+			""text"": ""Thanks @github for approving sponsorship for LINQ to Twitter: https://t.co/jWeDEN07HN"",
+			""conversation_id"": ""1305895383260782593"",
+			""author_id"": ""15411837"",
+			""possibly_sensitive"": true,
+			""created_at"": ""2020-09-15T15:44:56.000Z""
+		}
+	],
+	""includes"": {
+		""polls"": [
+            {
+                ""id"": ""1199786642468413448"",
+                ""voting_status"": ""closed"",
+                ""duration_minutes"": 1440,
+                ""options"": [
+                    {
+                        ""position"": 1,
+                        ""label"": ""“C Sharp”"",
+                        ""votes"": 795
+
+					},
+                    {
+                        ""position"": 2,
+                        ""label"": ""“C Hashtag”"",
+                        ""votes"": 156
+                    }
+                ],
+                ""end_datetime"": ""2019-11-28T20:26:41.000Z""
+            }
+        ],
+		""users"": [
+			{
+				""verified"": false,
+				""username"": ""JoeMayo"",
+				""created_at"": ""2008-07-13T04:35:50.000Z"",
+				""description"": ""Author, Instructor, and Independent Consultant \n\nNewest Release: C# Cookbook (https://t.co/acNTiAe6HQ)\n\n#AI #Chatbots #CSharp #Linq2Twitter #NLP"",
+				""public_metrics"": {
+					""followers_count"": 10778,
+					""following_count"": 4193,
+					""tweet_count"": 4226,
+					""listed_count"": 271
+				},
+				""url"": ""https://t.co/Pd3XsnJwJU"",
+				""pinned_tweet_id"": ""1516074915803254788"",
+				""protected"": false,
+				""name"": ""Joe Mayo"",
+				""profile_image_url"": ""https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1185764990403268613/8GoXoOtz_normal.jpg"",
+				""location"": ""Las Vegas, NV"",
+				""entities"": {
+					""url"": {
+						""urls"": [
+							{
+								""start"": 0,
+								""end"": 23,
+								""url"": ""https://t.co/Pd3XsnJwJU"",
+								""expanded_url"": ""https://joemayo.medium.com"",
+								""display_url"": ""joemayo.medium.com""
+							}
+						]
+					},
+					""description"": {
+						""urls"": [
+							{
+								""start"": 78,
+								""end"": 101,
+								""url"": ""https://t.co/acNTiAe6HQ"",
+								""expanded_url"": ""http://bit.ly/CSharpCookbook"",
+								""display_url"": ""bit.ly/CSharpCookbook""
+							}
+						],
+						""hashtags"": [
+							{
+								""start"": 104,
+								""end"": 107,
+								""tag"": ""AI""
+							},
+							{
+								""start"": 108,
+								""end"": 117,
+								""tag"": ""Chatbots""
+							},
+							{
+								""start"": 118,
+								""end"": 125,
+								""tag"": ""CSharp""
+							},
+							{
+								""start"": 126,
+								""end"": 139,
+								""tag"": ""Linq2Twitter""
+							},
+							{
+								""start"": 140,
+								""end"": 144,
+								""tag"": ""NLP""
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				},
+				""id"": ""15411837""
+			},
+			{
+				""verified"": true,
+				""username"": ""github"",
+				""created_at"": ""2008-02-11T04:41:50.000Z"",
+				""description"": ""How people build software. \n\nNeed help? Send us a message at https://t.co/aspNQGzzZH for support."",
+				""public_metrics"": {
+					""followers_count"": 2277687,
+					""following_count"": 334,
+					""tweet_count"": 7061,
+					""listed_count"": 17306
+				},
+				""url"": """",
+				""protected"": false,
+				""name"": ""GitHub"",
+				""profile_image_url"": ""https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1414990564408262661/r6YemvF9_normal.jpg"",
+				""location"": ""San Francisco, CA"",
+				""entities"": {
+					""description"": {
+						""urls"": [
+							{
+								""start"": 61,
+								""end"": 84,
+								""url"": ""https://t.co/aspNQGzzZH"",
+								""expanded_url"": ""https://support.github.com"",
+								""display_url"": ""support.github.com""
+							}
+						]
+					}
+				},
+				""id"": ""13334762""
+			}
+		]
+	}
+}";
+
+		const string TimelineTweets = @"{
+	""data"": [
+		{
+			""id"": ""1529568259011252224"",
+			""text"": ""RT @beeradmoore: HAHAHAHA I accidentally deployed a #dotnetmaui app to my Android watch and it just worked. https://t.co/Ral7om02o1""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1529490697618763777"",
+			""text"": ""@buhakmeh @alvinashcraft Whatever is the F5 default. Haven't had problems and will probably continue until I learn about a compelling reason to change.""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1529204113623330816"",
+			""text"": ""That last presentation I did was using C# and .NET 6 on a MacBook Pro M1. With MAUI in GA, the x-plat story for .NET improves.""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1528511616882421760"",
+			""text"": ""RT @jimwooley: Looks like I won't be able to attend the inaugural @ThatConference Austin due to flight issues. I'll still present the Stati…""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1528511186790010880"",
+			""text"": ""RT @techgirl1908: Decentralized Twitter has released early code\n\nhttps://t.co/OIgGFKUkov""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1528181517393899521"",
+			""text"": ""RT @J_aa_p: My new @TwitterDev @Linq2Twitr #Blazor WASM Twitter Client (Alpha ❗) now parses\n\n✅ Retweets\n✅ Quoted Retweets\n✅ Urls\n✅ Hashtags…""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1528100853294301184"",
+			""text"": ""RT @LauraViglioni: Finally... The GitHub bathroom https://t.co/A43IM1HUaF""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1527401749329301504"",
+			""text"": ""@RafaelH_us @tacobell https://t.co/VSO4CMu6Xa""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1527371742343114752"",
+			""text"": ""RT @jguadagno: @buhakmeh @terrajobst @mohdali If you are using C#, use the Linq2Twitter NuGet package by @JoeMayo . Its super easy to use.…""
+		},
+		{
+			""id"": ""1527016962995343360"",
+			""text"": ""Presentation slides and source code for my Intro to LINQ presentation for @DataScienceDojo today:\n\nhttps://t.co/hTx6u3RHmN""
+		}
+	],
+	""meta"": {
+		""previous_token"": ""7140dibdnow9c7btw421e9l0f3cacd5qxve3023jqz48g"",
+		""next_token"": ""7140dibdnow9c7btw421e9l0f3cacd5qxve3023jqz48g"",
+		""result_count"": 10,
+		""newest_id"": ""1529568259011252224"",
+		""oldest_id"": ""1527016962995343360""
+	}
+}";
+
+		const string ErrorTweet = @"{
+	""errors"": [
+		{
+			""detail"": ""Could not find tweet with ids: [1]."",
+			""title"": ""Not Found Error"",
+			""resource_type"": ""tweet"",
+			""parameter"": ""ids"",
+			""value"": ""1"",
+			""type"": ""https://api.twitter.com/2/problems/resource-not-found""
+		}
+	]
+}";
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `annotation` last assigned on line 479 could be null and is dereferenced at line 472, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TweetRequestProcessorTests.ProcessResults_Populates_Entities()
+
+### File:
+src/LinqToTwitter6/LinqToTwitter.Tests/TweetTests/TweetRequestProcessorTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+TweetRequestProcessorTests.cs|ProcessResults_Populates_Entities|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+6d16a650770adda1aba030408251842e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1272/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1272/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62951a27ba146f3a7aafa7cef5820cc8dae2c448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1272/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CAP
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (c) .NET Core Community. All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Amazon.SimpleNotificationService;
+using Amazon.SimpleNotificationService.Model;
+using Amazon.SQS;
+using Amazon.SQS.Model;
+using DotNetCore.CAP.Messages;
+using DotNetCore.CAP.Transport;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using Headers = DotNetCore.CAP.Messages.Headers;
+
+namespace DotNetCore.CAP.AmazonSQS
+{
+    internal sealed class AmazonSQSConsumerClient : IConsumerClient
+    {
+        private static readonly SemaphoreSlim ConnectionLock = new SemaphoreSlim(initialCount: 1, maxCount: 1);
+
+        private readonly string _groupId;
+        private readonly AmazonSQSOptions _amazonSQSOptions;
+
+        private IAmazonSimpleNotificationService _snsClient;
+        private IAmazonSQS _sqsClient;
+        private string _queueUrl = string.Empty;
+
+        public AmazonSQSConsumerClient(string groupId, IOptions<AmazonSQSOptions> options)
+        {
+            _groupId = groupId;
+            _amazonSQSOptions = options.Value;
+        }
+
+        public event EventHandler<TransportMessage> OnMessageReceived;
+
+        public event EventHandler<LogMessageEventArgs> OnLog;
+
+        public BrokerAddress BrokerAddress => new BrokerAddress("AmazonSQS", _queueUrl);
+
+        public void Subscribe(IEnumerable<string> topics)
+        {
+            if (topics == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(topics));
+            }
+
+            Connect(initSNS: true, initSQS: false);
+
+            var topicArns = new List<string>();
+            foreach (var topic in topics)
+            {
+                var createTopicRequest = new CreateTopicRequest(topic.NormalizeForAws());
+
+                var createTopicResponse = _snsClient.CreateTopicAsync(createTopicRequest).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+
+                topicArns.Add(createTopicResponse.TopicArn);
+            }
+
+            Connect(initSNS: false, initSQS: true);
+
+            _snsClient.SubscribeQueueToTopicsAsync(topicArns, _sqsClient, _queueUrl)
+                .GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+        }
+
+        public void Listening(TimeSpan timeout, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            Connect();
+
+            var request = new ReceiveMessageRequest(_queueUrl)
+            {
+                WaitTimeSeconds = 5,
+                MaxNumberOfMessages = 1
+            };
+
+            while (true)
+            {
+                var response = _sqsClient.ReceiveMessageAsync(request, cancellationToken).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+
+                if (response.Messages.Count == 1)
+                {
+                    var messageObj = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<SQSReceivedMessage>(response.Messages[0].Body);
+
+                    var header = messageObj.MessageAttributes.ToDictionary(x => x.Key, x => x.Value.Value);
+                    var body = messageObj.Message;
+
+                    var message = new TransportMessage(header, body != null ? Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(body) : null);
+
+                    message.Headers.Add(Headers.Group, _groupId);
+
+                    OnMessageReceived?.Invoke(response.Messages[0].ReceiptHandle, message);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+                    cancellationToken.WaitHandle.WaitOne(timeout);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Commit(object sender)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                _sqsClient.DeleteMessageAsync(_queueUrl, (string)sender);
+            }
+            catch (InvalidIdFormatException ex)
+            {
+                InvalidIdFormatLog(ex.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Reject(object sender)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                // Visible again in 3 seconds
+                _sqsClient.ChangeMessageVisibilityAsync(_queueUrl, (string)sender, 3);
+            }
+            catch (MessageNotInflightException ex)
+            {
+                MessageNotInflightLog(ex.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _sqsClient?.Dispose();
+            _snsClient?.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public void Connect(bool initSNS = true, bool initSQS = true)
+        {
+            if (_snsClient != null && _sqsClient != null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (_snsClient == null && initSNS)
+            {
+                ConnectionLock.Wait();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    _snsClient = _amazonSQSOptions.Credentials != null
+                        ? new AmazonSimpleNotificationServiceClient(_amazonSQSOptions.Credentials, _amazonSQSOptions.Region)
+                        : new AmazonSimpleNotificationServiceClient(_amazonSQSOptions.Region);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    ConnectionLock.Release();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (_sqsClient == null && initSQS)
+            {
+                ConnectionLock.Wait();
+
+                try
+                {
+
+                    _sqsClient = _amazonSQSOptions.Credentials != null
+                        ? new AmazonSQSClient(_amazonSQSOptions.Credentials, _amazonSQSOptions.Region)
+                        : new AmazonSQSClient(_amazonSQSOptions.Region);
+
+                    // If provide the name of an existing queue along with the exact names and values
+                    // of all the queue's attributes, <code>CreateQueue</code> returns the queue URL for
+                    // the existing queue.
+                    _queueUrl = _sqsClient.CreateQueueAsync(_groupId.NormalizeForAws()).GetAwaiter().GetResult().QueueUrl;
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    ConnectionLock.Release();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        #region private methods
+
+        private Task InvalidIdFormatLog(string exceptionMessage)
+        {
+            var logArgs = new LogMessageEventArgs
+            {
+                LogType = MqLogType.InvalidIdFormat,
+                Reason = exceptionMessage
+            };
+
+            OnLog?.Invoke(null, logArgs);
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        private Task MessageNotInflightLog(string exceptionMessage)
+        {
+            var logArgs = new LogMessageEventArgs
+            {
+                LogType = MqLogType.MessageNotInflight,
+                Reason = exceptionMessage
+            };
+
+            OnLog?.Invoke(null, logArgs);
+
+            return Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.DotNetCore.CAP.AmazonSQS.AmazonSQSConsumerClient._snsClient of type Amazon.SimpleNotificationService.AmazonSimpleNotificationServiceClient in method "Void AmazonSQSConsumerClient.Subscribe(IEnumerable`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AmazonSQSConsumerClient.Subscribe(IEnumerable`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+src/DotNetCore.CAP.AmazonSQS/AmazonSQSConsumerClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+AmazonSQSConsumerClient.cs|Subscribe|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a7625f8ed85d3db458da7f8b55a1db06
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1273/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1273/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..487ac0682956373c875456c30137dc813dceda35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1273/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CAP
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Data;
+using System.Data.SqlClient;
+using System.Threading;
+using Dapper;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+
+namespace DotNetCore.CAP.SqlServer.Test
+{
+    public abstract class DatabaseTestHost : TestHost
+    {
+        private static bool _sqlObjectInstalled;
+
+        protected override void PostBuildServices()
+        {
+            base.PostBuildServices();
+            InitializeDatabase();
+        }
+
+        public override void Dispose()
+        {
+            DeleteAllData();
+            base.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeDatabase()
+        {
+            if (!_sqlObjectInstalled)
+            {
+                using (CreateScope())
+                {
+                    var storage = GetService<SqlServerStorage>();
+                    var token = new CancellationTokenSource().Token;
+                    CreateDatabase();
+                    storage.InitializeAsync(token).Wait();
+                    _sqlObjectInstalled = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateDatabase()
+        {
+            var masterConn = ConnectionUtil.GetMasterConnectionString();
+            var databaseName = ConnectionUtil.GetDatabaseName();
+            using (var connection = ConnectionUtil.CreateConnection(masterConn))
+            {
+                connection.Execute($@"
+IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysdatabases WHERE name = N'{databaseName}')  
+CREATE DATABASE [{databaseName}];");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void DeleteAllData()
+        {
+            using (CreateScope())
+            {
+                var context = GetService<TestDbContext>();
+
+                var commands = new[]
+                {
+                    "DISABLE TRIGGER ALL ON ?",
+                    "ALTER TABLE ? NOCHECK CONSTRAINT ALL",
+                    "DELETE FROM ?",
+                    "ALTER TABLE ? CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL",
+                    "ENABLE TRIGGER ALL ON ?"
+                };
+                foreach (var command in commands)
+                {
+                    context.Database.GetDbConnection().Execute(
+                        "sp_MSforeachtable",
+                        new { command1 = command },
+                        commandType: CommandType.StoredProcedure);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource::.ctor() at Line 32) of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "Void DatabaseTestHost.InitializeDatabase()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void DatabaseTestHost.InitializeDatabase()
+
+### File:
+test/DotNetCore.CAP.SqlServer.Test/DatabaseTestHost.cs
+
+### Key:
+DatabaseTestHost.cs|InitializeDatabase|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+48f61c63c7ac744905784525e84b2431
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1274/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1274/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f381d616c57c0c788ea44a35129d4be0bee9f3a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1274/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** notifo
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// ==========================================================================
+//  Notifo.io
+// ==========================================================================
+//  Copyright (c) Sebastian Stehle
+//  All rights reserved. Licensed under the MIT license.
+// ==========================================================================
+
+using System;
+using System.Net.Http;
+
+namespace Notifo.SDK
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Fluent builder to create a new instance of the <see cref="INotifoClient"/> class.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class NotifoClientBuilder
+    {
+        private string apiKey;
+        private string apiUrl = "https://app.notifo.io";
+        private TimeSpan timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
+        private HttpClient httpClient;
+
+        private NotifoClientBuilder()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new builder.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The builder.</returns>
+        public static NotifoClientBuilder Create()
+        {
+            return new NotifoClientBuilder();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the api key to use.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="apiKey">The api key.</param>
+        /// <returns>The current instance.</returns>
+        public NotifoClientBuilder SetApiKey(string apiKey)
+        {
+            this.apiKey = apiKey;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the api URL to use.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="apiUrl">The api URL. Default: https://app.notifo.io.</param>
+        /// <returns>The current instance.</returns>
+        public NotifoClientBuilder SetApiUrl(string apiUrl)
+        {
+            this.apiUrl = apiUrl;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the default request timeout.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="timeout">The HTTP request timeout. Default: 10 seconds.</param>
+        /// <returns>The current instance.</returns>
+        public NotifoClientBuilder SetTimeout(TimeSpan timeout)
+        {
+            this.timeout = timeout;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a custom HTTP client.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="httpClient">The HTTP client.</param>
+        /// <returns>The current instance.</returns>
+        public NotifoClientBuilder SetClient(HttpClient httpClient)
+        {
+            this.httpClient = httpClient;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Build a new instance of the <see cref="INotifoClient"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The generated <see cref="INotifoClient"/> instance.</returns>
+        /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">Configuration is not valid.</exception>
+        public INotifoClient Build()
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(apiKey))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("API Key not defined.");
+            }
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(apiUrl))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("API URL not defined.");
+            }
+
+            if (!Uri.IsWellFormedUriString(apiUrl, UriKind.Absolute))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("API URL is not a well defined absolute URL.");
+            }
+
+            httpClient ??= new HttpClient();
+            httpClient.Timeout = timeout;
+            httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("ApiKey", apiKey);
+
+            var client = new NotifoClient(httpClient, apiUrl);
+
+            return client;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.Notifo.SDK.NotifoClientBuilder.httpClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient, Leaked resource (output of Notifo.SDK.Configuration.AuthenticatingHttpMessageHandler::.ctor() at Line 154) of type Notifo.SDK.Configuration.AuthenticatingHttpMessageHandler, Leaked resource (output of Notifo.SDK.Configuration.Authenticator::.ctor() at Line 154).Notifo.SDK.Configuration.Authenticator.httpClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "INotifoClient NotifoClientBuilder.Build()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+INotifoClient NotifoClientBuilder.Build()
+
+### File:
+backend/sdk/Notifo.SDK/NotifoClientBuilder.cs
+
+### Key:
+NotifoClientBuilder.cs|Build|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+840e8f6058e09af946e5d2c411dd0d09
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1275/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1275/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8538e6db6beed3264ec9b54a8270b0870669277f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1275/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** notifo
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// ==========================================================================
+//  Notifo.io
+// ==========================================================================
+//  Copyright (c) Sebastian Stehle
+//  All rights reserved. Licensed under the MIT license.
+// ==========================================================================
+
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Notifo.Domain.Channels.Email;
+using Notifo.Domain.Integrations.Smtp;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Notifo.Domain.Integrations.AmazonSES
+{
+    [Trait("Category", "Dependencies")]
+    public class AmazonSESEmailServerTests : EmailSenderTestBase
+    {
+        protected override IEmailSender CreateSender()
+        {
+            var options = TestHelpers.Configuration.GetSection("email:amazonSES").Get<AmazonSESOptions>();
+
+            return new SmtpEmailSender(new SmtpEmailServer(options), Address, Address);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Notifo.Domain.Integrations.Smtp.SmtpEmailServer::.ctor() at Line 22) of type Notifo.Domain.Integrations.Smtp.SmtpEmailServer in method "IEmailSender AmazonSESEmailServerTests.CreateSender()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEmailSender AmazonSESEmailServerTests.CreateSender()
+
+### File:
+backend/tests/Notifo.Domain.Tests/Integrations/AmazonSES/AmazonSESEmailServerTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+AmazonSESEmailServerTests.cs|CreateSender|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+04c12f23b09b8ced6526b6495b7ddb7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1280/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1280/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27c508a1cc4706431ae2239eb9dab4259dd25e20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1280/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Stove
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+using Autofac.Extras.IocManager;
+
+using NHibernate;
+using NHibernate.Transaction;
+
+using Stove.Data;
+using Stove.Extensions;
+using Stove.NHibernate.Enrichments;
+
+namespace Stove.NHibernate
+{
+    public class NhActiveTransactionProvider : IActiveTransactionProvider, ITransientDependency
+    {
+        private readonly IScopeResolver _scope;
+
+        public NhActiveTransactionProvider(IScopeResolver scope)
+        {
+            _scope = scope;
+        }
+
+        public IDbTransaction GetActiveTransaction(ActiveTransactionProviderArgs args)
+        {
+            var adoTransaction = GetSession(args).Transaction.As<AdoTransaction>();
+            var dbTransaction = GetInstanceField(typeof(AdoTransaction), adoTransaction, "trans").As<IDbTransaction>();
+            return dbTransaction;
+        }
+
+        public IDbConnection GetActiveConnection(ActiveTransactionProviderArgs args)
+        {
+            return GetSession(args).Connection;
+        }
+
+        private object GetInstanceField(Type type, object instance, string fieldName)
+        {
+            return type.GetField(fieldName, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static)
+                       ?.GetValue(instance);
+        }
+
+        private ISession GetSession(ActiveTransactionProviderArgs args)
+        {
+            var sessionContextType = (Type)args["SessionContextType"];
+            var sessionContextProvider = _scope.Resolve<ISessionProvider>();
+            MethodInfo method = sessionContextProvider.GetType()
+                                                      .GetMethod(nameof(ISessionProvider.GetSession))
+                                                      ?.MakeGenericMethod(sessionContextType);
+          
+            var session = method.Invoke(sessionContextProvider, null).As<ISession>();
+            return session;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`method` could be null (last assigned on line 53) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ISession NhActiveTransactionProvider.GetSession(ActiveTransactionProviderArgs)
+
+### File:
+src/Stove.NHibernate/NHibernate/NhActiveTransactionProvider.cs
+
+### Key:
+NhActiveTransactionProvider.cs|GetSession|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+6009982a628106b59ae468c9c618d1fa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1281/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1281/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7fdf8577ae1a9eb1ffeda2f3e36943205e187ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1281/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bepuphysics1
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using BEPUphysics.CollisionTests.Manifolds;
+
+using BEPUutilities;
+using BEPUutilities.DataStructures;
+
+namespace BEPUphysics.CollisionShapes
+{
+    ///<summary>
+    /// The local space data needed by a Terrain collidable.
+    /// Contains the Heightmap and other information.
+    ///</summary>
+    public class TerrainShape : CollisionShape
+    {
+        private float[,] heights;
+        //note: changing heights in array does not fire OnShapeChanged automatically.
+        //Need to notify parent manually if you do it.
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the height field of the terrain shape.
+        ///</summary>
+        public float[,] Heights
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return heights;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                heights = value;
+                OnShapeChanged();
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        QuadTriangleOrganization quadTriangleOrganization;
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the quad triangle organization.
+        ///</summary>
+        public QuadTriangleOrganization QuadTriangleOrganization
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return quadTriangleOrganization;
+            }
+            set
+            {
+                quadTriangleOrganization = value;
+                OnShapeChanged();
+            }
+        }
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Constructs a TerrainShape.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="heights">Heights array used for the shape.</param>
+        ///<param name="triangleOrganization">Triangle organization of each quad.</param>
+        ///<exception cref="ArgumentException">Thrown if the heights array has less than 2x2 vertices.</exception>
+        public TerrainShape(float[,] heights, QuadTriangleOrganization triangleOrganization)
+        {
+            if (heights.GetLength(0) <= 1 || heights.GetLength(1) <= 1)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Terrains must have a least 2x2 vertices (one quad).");
+            }
+            this.heights = heights;
+            quadTriangleOrganization = triangleOrganization;
+        }
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Constructs a TerrainShape.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="heights">Heights array used for the shape.</param>
+        public TerrainShape(float[,] heights)
+            : this(heights, QuadTriangleOrganization.BottomLeftUpperRight)
+        {
+        }
+
+
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Constructs the bounding box of the terrain given a transform.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="transform">Transform to apply to the terrain during the bounding box calculation.</param>
+        ///<param name="boundingBox">Bounding box of the terrain shape when transformed.</param>
+        public void GetBoundingBox(ref AffineTransform transform, out BoundingBox boundingBox)
+        {
+#if !WINDOWS
+            boundingBox = new BoundingBox();
+#endif
+            float minX = float.MaxValue, maxX = -float.MaxValue,
+                  minY = float.MaxValue, maxY = -float.MaxValue,
+                  minZ = float.MaxValue, maxZ = -float.MaxValue;
+            Vector3 minXvertex = new Vector3(),
+                    maxXvertex = new Vector3(),
+                    minYvertex = new Vector3(),
+                    maxYvertex = new Vector3(),
+                    minZvertex = new Vector3(),
+                    maxZvertex = new Vector3();
+
+            //Find the extreme locations.
+            for (int i = 0; i < heights.GetLength(0); i++)
+            {
+                for (int j = 0; j < heights.GetLength(1); j++)
+                {
+                    var vertex = new Vector3(i, heights[i, j], j);
+                    Matrix3x3.Transform(ref vertex, ref transform.LinearTransform, out vertex);
+                    if (vertex.X < minX)
+                    {
+                        minX = vertex.X;
+                        minXvertex = vertex;
+                    }
+                    else if (vertex.X > maxX)
+                    {
+                        maxX = vertex.X;
+                        maxXvertex = vertex;
+                    }
+
+                    if (vertex.Y < minY)
+                    {
+                        minY = vertex.Y;
+                        minYvertex = vertex;
+                    }
+                    else if (vertex.Y > maxY)
+                    {
+                        maxY = vertex.Y;
+                        maxYvertex = vertex;
+                    }
+
+                    if (vertex.Z < minZ)
+                    {
+                        minZ = vertex.Z;
+                        minZvertex = vertex;
+                    }
+                    else if (vertex.Z > maxZ)
+                    {
+                        maxZ = vertex.Z;
+                        maxZvertex = vertex;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            //Shift the bounding box.
+            boundingBox.Min.X = minXvertex.X + transform.Translation.X;
+            boundingBox.Min.Y = minYvertex.Y + transform.Translation.Y;
+            boundingBox.Min.Z = minZvertex.Z + transform.Translation.Z;
+            boundingBox.Max.X = maxXvertex.X + transform.Translation.X;
+            boundingBox.Max.Y = maxYvertex.Y + transform.Translation.Y;
+            boundingBox.Max.Z = maxZvertex.Z + transform.Translation.Z;
+        }
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Tests a ray against the terrain shape.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="ray">Ray to test against the shape.</param>
+        ///<param name="maximumLength">Maximum length of the ray in units of the ray direction's length.</param>
+        ///<param name="transform">Transform to apply to the terrain shape during the test.</param>
+        ///<param name="hit">Hit data of the ray cast, if any.</param>
+        ///<returns>Whether or not the ray hit the transformed terrain shape.</returns>
+        public bool RayCast(ref Ray ray, float maximumLength, ref AffineTransform transform, out RayHit hit)
+        {
+            return RayCast(ref ray, maximumLength, ref transform, TriangleSidedness.Counterclockwise, out hit);
+        }
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Tests a ray against the terrain shape.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="ray">Ray to test against the shape.</param>
+        ///<param name="maximumLength">Maximum length of the ray in units of the ray direction's length.</param>
+        ///<param name="transform">Transform to apply to the terrain shape during the test.</param>
+        ///<param name="sidedness">Sidedness of the triangles to use when raycasting.</param>
+        ///<param name="hit">Hit data of the ray cast, if any.</param>
+        ///<returns>Whether or not the ray hit the transformed terrain shape.</returns>
+        public bool RayCast(ref Ray ray, float maximumLength, ref AffineTransform transform, TriangleSidedness sidedness, out RayHit hit)
+        {
+            hit = new RayHit();
+            //Put the ray into local space.
+            Ray localRay;
+            AffineTransform inverse;
+            AffineTransform.Invert(ref transform, out inverse);
+            Matrix3x3.Transform(ref ray.Direction, ref inverse.LinearTransform, out localRay.Direction);
+            AffineTransform.Transform(ref ray.Position, ref inverse, out localRay.Position);
+
+            //Use rasterizey traversal.
+            //The origin is at 0,0,0 and the map goes +X, +Y, +Z.
+            //if it's before the origin and facing away, or outside the max and facing out, early out.
+            float maxX = heights.GetLength(0) - 1;
+            float maxZ = heights.GetLength(1) - 1;
+
+            Vector3 progressingOrigin = localRay.Position;
+            float distance = 0;
+            //Check the outside cases first.
+            if (progressingOrigin.X < 0)
+            {
+                if (localRay.Direction.X > 0)
+                {
+                    //Off the left side.
+                    float timeToMinX = -progressingOrigin.X / localRay.Direction.X;
+                    distance += timeToMinX;
+                    Vector3 increment;
+                    Vector3.Multiply(ref localRay.Direction, timeToMinX, out increment);
+                    Vector3.Add(ref increment, ref progressingOrigin, out progressingOrigin);
+                }
+                else
+                    return false; //Outside and pointing away from the terrain.
+            }
+            else if (progressingOrigin.X > maxX)
+            {
+                if (localRay.Direction.X < 0)
+                {
+                    //Off the left side.
+                    float timeToMinX = -(progressingOrigin.X - maxX) / localRay.Direction.X;
+                    distance += timeToMinX;
+                    Vector3 increment;
+                    Vector3.Multiply(ref localRay.Direction, timeToMinX, out increment);
+                    Vector3.Add(ref increment, ref progressingOrigin, out progressingOrigin);
+                }
+                else
+                    return false; //Outside and pointing away from the terrain.
+            }
+
+            if (progressingOrigin.Z < 0)
+            {
+                if (localRay.Direction.Z > 0)
+                {
+                    float timeToMinZ = -progressingOrigin.Z / localRay.Direction.Z;
+                    distance += timeToMinZ;
+                    Vector3 increment;
+                    Vector3.Multiply(ref localRay.Direction, timeToMinZ, out increment);
+                    Vector3.Add(ref increment, ref progressingOrigin, out progressingOrigin);
+                }
+                else
+                    return false;
+            }
+            else if (progressingOrigin.Z > maxZ)
+            {
+                if (localRay.Direction.Z < 0)
+                {
+                    float timeToMinZ = -(progressingOrigin.Z - maxZ) / localRay.Direction.Z;
+                    distance += timeToMinZ;
+                    Vector3 increment;
+                    Vector3.Multiply(ref localRay.Direction, timeToMinZ, out increment);
+                    Vector3.Add(ref increment, ref progressingOrigin, out progressingOrigin);
+                }
+                else
+                    return false;
+            }
+
+            if (distance > maximumLength)
+                return false;
+
+
+
+            //By now, we should be entering the main body of the terrain.
+
+            int xCell = (int)progressingOrigin.X;
+            int zCell = (int)progressingOrigin.Z;
+            //If it's hitting the border and going in, then correct the index
+            //so that it will initially target a valid quad.
+            //Without this, a quad beyond the border would be tried and failed.
+            if (xCell == heights.GetLength(0) - 1 && localRay.Direction.X < 0)
+                xCell = heights.GetLength(0) - 2;
+            if (zCell == heights.GetLength(1) - 1 && localRay.Direction.Z < 0)
+                zCell = heights.GetLength(1) - 2;
+
+            while (true)
+            {
+                //Check for a miss.
+                if (xCell < 0 ||
+                    zCell < 0 ||
+                    xCell >= heights.GetLength(0) - 1 ||
+                    zCell >= heights.GetLength(1) - 1)
+                    return false;
+
+                //Test the triangles of this cell.
+                Vector3 v1, v2, v3, v4;
+                // v3 v4
+                // v1 v2
+                GetLocalPosition(xCell, zCell, out v1);
+                GetLocalPosition(xCell + 1, zCell, out v2);
+                GetLocalPosition(xCell, zCell + 1, out v3);
+                GetLocalPosition(xCell + 1, zCell + 1, out v4);
+                RayHit hit1, hit2;
+                bool didHit1;
+                bool didHit2;
+
+                //Don't bother doing ray intersection tests if the ray can't intersect it.
+
+                float highest = v1.Y;
+                float lowest = v1.Y;
+                if (v2.Y > highest)
+                    highest = v2.Y;
+                else if (v2.Y < lowest)
+                    lowest = v2.Y;
+                if (v3.Y > highest)
+                    highest = v3.Y;
+                else if (v3.Y < lowest)
+                    lowest = v3.Y;
+                if (v4.Y > highest)
+                    highest = v4.Y;
+                else if (v4.Y < lowest)
+                    lowest = v4.Y;
+
+
+                if (!(progressingOrigin.Y > highest && localRay.Direction.Y > 0 ||
+                    progressingOrigin.Y < lowest && localRay.Direction.Y < 0))
+                {
+
+
+                    if (quadTriangleOrganization == QuadTriangleOrganization.BottomLeftUpperRight)
+                    {
+                        //Always perform the raycast as if Y+ in local space is the way the triangles are facing.
+                        didHit1 = Toolbox.FindRayTriangleIntersection(ref localRay, maximumLength, sidedness, ref v1, ref v2, ref v3, out hit1);
+                        didHit2 = Toolbox.FindRayTriangleIntersection(ref localRay, maximumLength, sidedness, ref v2, ref v4, ref v3, out hit2);
+                    }
+                    else //if (quadTriangleOrganization == CollisionShapes.QuadTriangleOrganization.BottomRightUpperLeft)
+                    {
+                        didHit1 = Toolbox.FindRayTriangleIntersection(ref localRay, maximumLength, sidedness, ref v1, ref v2, ref v4, out hit1);
+                        didHit2 = Toolbox.FindRayTriangleIntersection(ref localRay, maximumLength, sidedness, ref v1, ref v4, ref v3, out hit2);
+                    }
+                    if (didHit1 && didHit2)
+                    {
+                        if (hit1.T < hit2.T)
+                        {
+                            Vector3.Multiply(ref ray.Direction, hit1.T, out hit.Location);
+                            Vector3.Add(ref hit.Location, ref ray.Position, out hit.Location);
+                            Matrix3x3.TransformTranspose(ref hit1.Normal, ref inverse.LinearTransform, out hit.Normal);
+                            hit.T = hit1.T;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        Vector3.Multiply(ref ray.Direction, hit2.T, out hit.Location);
+                        Vector3.Add(ref hit.Location, ref ray.Position, out hit.Location);
+                        Matrix3x3.TransformTranspose(ref hit2.Normal, ref inverse.LinearTransform, out hit.Normal);
+                        hit.T = hit2.T;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    else if (didHit1)
+                    {
+                        Vector3.Multiply(ref ray.Direction, hit1.T, out hit.Location);
+                        Vector3.Add(ref hit.Location, ref ray.Position, out hit.Location);
+                        Matrix3x3.TransformTranspose(ref hit1.Normal, ref inverse.LinearTransform, out hit.Normal);
+                        hit.T = hit1.T;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    else if (didHit2)
+                    {
+                        Vector3.Multiply(ref ray.Direction, hit2.T, out hit.Location);
+                        Vector3.Add(ref hit.Location, ref ray.Position, out hit.Location);
+                        Matrix3x3.TransformTranspose(ref hit2.Normal, ref inverse.LinearTransform, out hit.Normal);
+                        hit.T = hit2.T;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                //Move to the next cell.
+
+                float timeToX;
+                if (localRay.Direction.X < 0)
+                    timeToX = -(progressingOrigin.X - xCell) / localRay.Direction.X;
+                else if (ray.Direction.X > 0)
+                    timeToX = (xCell + 1 - progressingOrigin.X) / localRay.Direction.X;
+                else
+                    timeToX = float.MaxValue;
+
+                float timeToZ;
+                if (localRay.Direction.Z < 0)
+                    timeToZ = -(progressingOrigin.Z - zCell) / localRay.Direction.Z;
+                else if (localRay.Direction.Z > 0)
+                    timeToZ = (zCell + 1 - progressingOrigin.Z) / localRay.Direction.Z;
+                else
+                    timeToZ = float.MaxValue;
+
+                //Move to the next cell.
+                if (timeToX < timeToZ)
+                {
+                    if (localRay.Direction.X < 0)
+                        xCell--;
+                    else
+                        xCell++;
+
+                    distance += timeToX;
+                    if (distance > maximumLength)
+                        return false;
+
+                    Vector3 increment;
+                    Vector3.Multiply(ref localRay.Direction, timeToX, out increment);
+                    Vector3.Add(ref increment, ref progressingOrigin, out progressingOrigin);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (localRay.Direction.Z < 0)
+                        zCell--;
+                    else
+                        zCell++;
+
+                    distance += timeToZ;
+                    if (distance > maximumLength)
+                        return false;
+
+                    Vector3 increment;
+                    Vector3.Multiply(ref localRay.Direction, timeToZ, out increment);
+                    Vector3.Add(ref increment, ref progressingOrigin, out progressingOrigin);
+                }
+
+            }
+
+
+        }
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Gets the position of a vertex at the given indices in local space.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="columnIndex">Index in the first dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="rowIndex">Index in the second dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="v">Local space position at the given vertice.s</param>
+        public void GetLocalPosition(int columnIndex, int rowIndex, out Vector3 v)
+        {
+#if !WINDOWS
+            v = new Vector3();
+#endif
+            v.X = columnIndex;
+            v.Y = heights[columnIndex, rowIndex];
+            v.Z = rowIndex;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the world space position of a vertex in the terrain at the given indices.
+        /// </summary>
+        ///<param name="columnIndex">Index in the first dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="rowIndex">Index in the second dimension.</param>
+        /// <param name="transform">Transform to apply to the vertex.</param>
+        /// <param name="position">Transformed position of the vertex at the given indices.</param>
+        public void GetPosition(int columnIndex, int rowIndex, ref AffineTransform transform, out Vector3 position)
+        {
+            if (columnIndex <= 0)
+                columnIndex = 0;
+            else if (columnIndex >= heights.GetLength(0))
+                columnIndex = heights.GetLength(0) - 1;
+            if (rowIndex <= 0)
+                rowIndex = 0;
+            else if (rowIndex >= heights.GetLength(1))
+                rowIndex = heights.GetLength(1) - 1;
+#if !WINDOWS
+            position = new Vector3();
+#endif
+            position.X = columnIndex;
+            position.Y = heights[columnIndex, rowIndex];
+            position.Z = rowIndex;
+            AffineTransform.Transform(ref position, ref transform, out position);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the non-normalized local space vertex normal at the given indices.
+        /// </summary>
+        ///<param name="columnIndex">Vertex index in the first dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="rowIndex">Vertex index in the second dimension.</param>
+        /// <param name="normal">Non-normalized local space normal at the given indices.</param>
+        public void GetLocalNormal(int columnIndex, int rowIndex, out Vector3 normal)
+        {
+
+            float topHeight = heights[columnIndex, Math.Min(rowIndex + 1, heights.GetLength(1) - 1)];
+            float bottomHeight = heights[columnIndex, Math.Max(rowIndex - 1, 0)];
+            float rightHeight = heights[Math.Min(columnIndex + 1, heights.GetLength(0) - 1), rowIndex];
+            float leftHeight = heights[Math.Max(columnIndex - 1, 0), rowIndex];
+
+            //Since the horizontal offsets are known to be 1 in local space, we can omit quite a few operations compared to a full Vector3 and cross product.
+
+            //The implicit vectors are:
+            //var leftToRight = new Vector3(2, rightHeight - leftHeight, 0);
+            //var bottomToTop = new Vector3(0, topHeight - bottomHeight, 2);
+            //the result is then:
+            //Vector3.Cross(bottomToTop, leftToRight);
+            //Which is:
+            //float resultX = bottomToTop.Y * leftToRight.Z - bottomToTop.Z * leftToRight.Y;
+            //float resultY = bottomToTop.Z * leftToRight.X - bottomToTop.X * leftToRight.Z;
+            //float resultZ = bottomToTop.X * leftToRight.Y - bottomToTop.Y * leftToRight.X;
+            //Which becomes:
+            //float resultX = bottomToTop.Y * 0 - 2 * leftToRight.Y;
+            //float resultY = 2 * 2 - 0 * 0;
+            //float resultZ = 0 * leftToRight.Y - bottomToTop.Y * 2;
+            //Which becomes:
+            normal.X = rightHeight - leftHeight;
+            normal.Y = 2;
+            normal.Z = topHeight - bottomHeight;
+
+        }
+
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Gets overlapped triangles with the terrain shape with a bounding box in the local space of the shape.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="localBoundingBox">Bounding box in the local space of the terrain shape.</param>
+        ///<param name="overlappedElements">Indices of triangles whose bounding boxes overlap the input bounding box. Encoded as 2 * (quadRowIndex * terrainWidthInQuads + quadColumnIndex) + isFirstTriangleOfQuad ? 0 : 1, where isFirstTriangleOfQuad refers to which of the two triangles in a quad is being requested. Matches the input of the TerrainShape.GetTriangle function.</param>
+        ///<typeparam name="T">Type of the list to fill with overlaps.</typeparam>
+        public bool GetOverlaps<T>(BoundingBox localBoundingBox, ref T overlappedElements) where T : IList<int> //Designed to work with value type ILists, hence anti-boxing interface constraint and ref.
+        {
+            int width = heights.GetLength(0);
+            int minX = Math.Max((int)localBoundingBox.Min.X, 0);
+            int minY = Math.Max((int)localBoundingBox.Min.Z, 0);
+            int maxX = Math.Min((int)localBoundingBox.Max.X, width - 2);
+            int maxY = Math.Min((int)localBoundingBox.Max.Z, heights.GetLength(1) - 2);
+            for (int i = minX; i <= maxX; i++)
+            {
+                for (int j = minY; j <= maxY; j++)
+                {
+                    //Before adding a triangle to the list, make sure the object isn't too high or low from the quad.
+                    float highest, lowest;
+                    float y1 = heights[i, j];
+                    float y2 = heights[i + 1, j];
+                    float y3 = heights[i, j + 1];
+                    float y4 = heights[i + 1, j + 1];
+
+                    highest = y1;
+                    lowest = y1;
+                    if (y2 > highest)
+                        highest = y2;
+                    else if (y2 < lowest)
+                        lowest = y2;
+                    if (y3 > highest)
+                        highest = y3;
+                    else if (y3 < lowest)
+                        lowest = y3;
+                    if (y4 > highest)
+                        highest = y4;
+                    else if (y4 < lowest)
+                        lowest = y4;
+
+
+                    if (localBoundingBox.Max.Y < lowest ||
+                        localBoundingBox.Min.Y > highest)
+                        continue;
+
+                    //Now the local bounding box is very likely intersecting those of the triangles.
+                    //Add the triangles to the list.
+                    int quadIndex = (i + j * width) << 1;
+                    overlappedElements.Add(quadIndex);
+                    overlappedElements.Add(quadIndex | 1);
+
+
+                }
+            }
+            return overlappedElements.Count > 0;
+        }
+
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Gets the first triangle of the quad at the given indices in world space.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="columnIndex">Index of the triangle's quad in the first dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="rowIndex">Index of the triangle's quad in the second dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="transform">Transform to apply to the triangle vertices.</param>
+        ///<param name="a">First vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        ///<param name="b">Second vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        ///<param name="c">Third vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        public void GetFirstTriangle(int columnIndex, int rowIndex, ref AffineTransform transform, out Vector3 a, out Vector3 b, out Vector3 c)
+        {
+            if (quadTriangleOrganization == QuadTriangleOrganization.BottomLeftUpperRight)
+            {
+                GetPosition(columnIndex, rowIndex, ref transform, out a);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex + 1, rowIndex, ref transform, out b);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex, rowIndex + 1, ref transform, out c);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                GetPosition(columnIndex, rowIndex, ref transform, out a);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex + 1, rowIndex, ref transform, out b);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex + 1, rowIndex + 1, ref transform, out c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Gets the second triangle of the quad at the given indices in world space.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="columnIndex">Index of the triangle's quad in the first dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="rowIndex">Index of the triangle's quad in the second dimension.</param>
+        ///<param name="transform">Transform to apply to the triangle vertices.</param>
+        ///<param name="a">First vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        ///<param name="b">Second vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        ///<param name="c">Third vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        public void GetSecondTriangle(int columnIndex, int rowIndex, ref AffineTransform transform, out Vector3 a, out Vector3 b, out Vector3 c)
+        {
+            if (quadTriangleOrganization == QuadTriangleOrganization.BottomLeftUpperRight)
+            {
+                GetPosition(columnIndex, rowIndex + 1, ref transform, out a);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex + 1, rowIndex + 1, ref transform, out b);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex + 1, rowIndex, ref transform, out c);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                GetPosition(columnIndex, rowIndex, ref transform, out a);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex, rowIndex + 1, ref transform, out b);
+                GetPosition(columnIndex + 1, rowIndex + 1, ref transform, out c);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        ///<summary>
+        /// Gets a world space triangle in the terrain at the given triangle index.
+        ///</summary>
+        ///<param name="index">Index of the triangle. Encoded as 2 * (quadRowIndex * terrainWidthInQuads + quadColumnIndex) + isFirstTriangleOfQuad ? 0 : 1, where isFirstTriangleOfQuad refers to which of the two triangles in a quad is being requested. Matches the output of the TerrainShape.GetOverlaps function.</param>
+        ///<param name="transform">Transform to apply to the triangle vertices.</param>
+        ///<param name="a">First vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        ///<param name="b">Second vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        ///<param name="c">Third vertex of the triangle.</param>
+        public void GetTriangle(int index, ref AffineTransform transform, out Vector3 a, out Vector3 b, out Vector3 c)
+        {
+            //Find the quad.
+            int quadIndex = index / 2;
+            //TODO: This division could be avoided if you're willing to get tricky or impose some size requirements.
+            int rowIndex = quadIndex / heights.GetLength(0);
+            int columnIndex = quadIndex - rowIndex * heights.GetLength(0);
+            if ((index & 1) == 0) //Check if this is the first or second triangle.
+            {
+                GetFirstTriangle(columnIndex, rowIndex, ref transform, out a, out b, out c);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                GetSecondTriangle(columnIndex, rowIndex, ref transform, out a, out b, out c);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        internal void GetLocalIndices(int i, out TerrainVertexIndices a, out TerrainVertexIndices b, out TerrainVertexIndices c)
+        {
+            int quadIndex = i / 2;
+            //TODO: This division could be avoided if you're willing to get tricky or impose some size requirements.
+            int rowIndex = quadIndex / heights.GetLength(0);
+            int columnIndex = quadIndex - rowIndex * heights.GetLength(0);
+            if ((i & 1) == 0) //Check if this is the first or second triangle.
+            {
+                if (quadTriangleOrganization == QuadTriangleOrganization.BottomLeftUpperRight)
+                {
+                    a = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex, RowIndex = rowIndex };
+                    b = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex + 1, RowIndex = rowIndex };
+                    c = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex, RowIndex = rowIndex + 1 };
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    a = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex, RowIndex = rowIndex };
+                    b = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex + 1, RowIndex = rowIndex };
+                    c = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex + 1, RowIndex = rowIndex + 1 };
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (quadTriangleOrganization == QuadTriangleOrganization.BottomLeftUpperRight)
+                {
+                    a = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex, RowIndex = rowIndex + 1 };
+                    c = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex + 1, RowIndex = rowIndex + 1 };
+                    b = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex + 1, RowIndex = rowIndex };
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    a = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex, RowIndex = rowIndex };
+                    b = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex + 1, RowIndex = rowIndex + 1 };
+                    c = new TerrainVertexIndices { ColumnIndex = columnIndex, RowIndex = rowIndex + 1 };
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Defines how a Terrain organizes triangles in its quads.
+    /// </summary>
+    public enum QuadTriangleOrganization
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Triangle with a right angle at the (-i,-j) position and another at the (+i,+j) position.
+        /// </summary>
+        BottomLeftUpperRight,
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Triangle with a right angle at the (+i,-j) position and another at the high (-i,+j) position.
+        /// </summary>
+        BottomRightUpperLeft
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`b.BEPUutilities.Vector3.X` is read without initialization during the call to `Vector3.Add(...)`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean TerrainShape.RayCast(Ray&,Single,AffineTransform&,TriangleSidedness,RayHit&)
+
+### File:
+BEPUphysics/CollisionShapes/TerrainShape.cs
+
+### Key:
+TerrainShape.cs|RayCast|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+1a5c091fb9be3d7a0478fe38779043bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1286/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1286/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2cfc054e9152e4455df11c57e568b0e39dcf7c13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1286/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** BeatSaber-IPA-Reloaded
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging;
+using System.Threading;
+using IllusionPlugin;
+
+namespace IllusionPlugin {
+    public class Logger {
+        private readonly Queue<logMessage> _logQueue;
+        private readonly FileInfo _logFile;
+        private readonly Thread _watcherThread;
+        private bool _threadRunning;
+
+        private string ModName;
+        
+        private logMessage oldLog;
+
+        struct logMessage {
+            public WarningLevel WarningLevel;
+            public string Message;
+
+            public logMessage(string msg, WarningLevel wl) {
+                Message = msg;
+                WarningLevel = wl;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        enum WarningLevel {
+            Log, Error, Exception, Warning
+        }
+        
+        public Logger(string modName = "Default") {
+            _logQueue = new Queue<logMessage>();
+            _logFile = GetPath(modName);
+            _watcherThread = new Thread(QueueWatcher) {IsBackground = true};
+            _threadRunning = true;
+            Start();
+        }
+        
+         public Logger(IPlugin plugin) {
+            _logQueue = new Queue<logMessage>();
+            _logFile = GetPath(plugin);
+            _watcherThread = new Thread(QueueWatcher) {IsBackground = true};
+            _threadRunning = true;
+            Start();
+        }
+
+        public void Log(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[LOG @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Log));
+        }
+        
+        public void Error(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[ERROR @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Error));
+        }
+        
+        public void Exception(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[EXCEPTION @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Exception));
+        }
+        
+        public void Warning(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[WARNING @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Warning));
+        }
+
+        void QueueWatcher() {
+            _logFile.Create().Close();
+            while (_threadRunning) {
+                if (_logQueue.Count > 0) {
+                    _watcherThread.IsBackground = false;
+                    using (var f = _logFile.AppendText()) {
+                        while (_logQueue.Count > 0) {
+                            var d = _logQueue.Dequeue();
+                            if (d.Message == oldLog.Message) return;
+                            oldLog = d;
+                            f.WriteLine(d.Message);
+                            Console.ForegroundColor = GetConsoleColour(d.WarningLevel);
+                            Console.WriteLine(d.Message);
+                            Console.ResetColor();
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    _watcherThread.IsBackground = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void Start() => _watcherThread.Start();
+
+        public void Stop() {
+            _threadRunning = false;
+            _watcherThread.Join();
+        }
+
+        ConsoleColor GetConsoleColour(WarningLevel level) {
+            switch (level) {
+                    case WarningLevel.Log:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Green;
+                    case WarningLevel.Error:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Yellow;
+                    case WarningLevel.Exception:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Red;
+                    case WarningLevel.Warning:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Blue;
+                    default:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Gray;
+            }
+        }
+
+        FileInfo GetPath(IPlugin plugin) => GetPath(plugin.Name);
+        FileInfo GetPath(string modName) {
+            ModName = modName;
+            var logsDir = new DirectoryInfo($"./Logs/{modName}/{DateTime.Now:dd-MM-yy}");
+            logsDir.Create();
+            return new FileInfo($"{logsDir.FullName}/{logsDir.GetFiles().Length}.txt");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class DebugExtensions {
+        public static Logger GetLogger(this IPlugin plugin) {
+            return new Logger(plugin);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `f` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 79, column 29.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Logger.QueueWatcher()
+
+### File:
+IllusionPlugin/Logger.cs
+
+### Key:
+Logger.cs|QueueWatcher|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6ac572f395f06247af690f692a52fd7b
+
+### Hash:
+bdb8d2fca1355e1405b6cf0bd106ce5d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1287/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1287/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d39506a54aa30affe4a7063a9a73434104ec770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1287/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** BeatSaber-IPA-Reloaded
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging;
+using System.Threading;
+using IllusionPlugin;
+
+namespace IllusionPlugin {
+    public class Logger {
+        private readonly Queue<logMessage> _logQueue;
+        private readonly FileInfo _logFile;
+        private readonly Thread _watcherThread;
+        private bool _threadRunning;
+
+        private string ModName;
+        
+        private logMessage oldLog;
+
+        struct logMessage {
+            public WarningLevel WarningLevel;
+            public string Message;
+
+            public logMessage(string msg, WarningLevel wl) {
+                Message = msg;
+                WarningLevel = wl;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        enum WarningLevel {
+            Log, Error, Exception, Warning
+        }
+        
+        public Logger(string modName = "Default") {
+            _logQueue = new Queue<logMessage>();
+            _logFile = GetPath(modName);
+            _watcherThread = new Thread(QueueWatcher) {IsBackground = true};
+            _threadRunning = true;
+            Start();
+        }
+        
+         public Logger(IPlugin plugin) {
+            _logQueue = new Queue<logMessage>();
+            _logFile = GetPath(plugin);
+            _watcherThread = new Thread(QueueWatcher) {IsBackground = true};
+            _threadRunning = true;
+            Start();
+        }
+
+        public void Log(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[LOG @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Log));
+        }
+        
+        public void Error(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[ERROR @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Error));
+        }
+        
+        public void Exception(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[EXCEPTION @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Exception));
+        }
+        
+        public void Warning(string msg) {
+            if(!_watcherThread.IsAlive) throw new Exception("Logger is Closed!");
+            _logQueue.Enqueue(new logMessage($"[WARNING @ {DateTime.Now:HH:mm:ss} | {ModName}] {msg}", WarningLevel.Warning));
+        }
+
+        void QueueWatcher() {
+            _logFile.Create().Close();
+            while (_threadRunning) {
+                if (_logQueue.Count > 0) {
+                    _watcherThread.IsBackground = false;
+                    using (var f = _logFile.AppendText()) {
+                        while (_logQueue.Count > 0) {
+                            var d = _logQueue.Dequeue();
+                            if (d.Message == oldLog.Message) return;
+                            oldLog = d;
+                            f.WriteLine(d.Message);
+                            Console.ForegroundColor = GetConsoleColour(d.WarningLevel);
+                            Console.WriteLine(d.Message);
+                            Console.ResetColor();
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    _watcherThread.IsBackground = true;
+                }
+            }
+            Thread.Sleep(5);
+        }
+
+        void Start() => _watcherThread.Start();
+
+        public void Stop() {
+            _threadRunning = false;
+            _watcherThread.Join();
+        }
+
+        ConsoleColor GetConsoleColour(WarningLevel level) {
+            switch (level) {
+                    case WarningLevel.Log:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Green;
+                    case WarningLevel.Error:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Yellow;
+                    case WarningLevel.Exception:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Red;
+                    case WarningLevel.Warning:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Blue;
+                    default:
+                        return ConsoleColor.Gray;
+            }
+        }
+
+        FileInfo GetPath(IPlugin plugin) => GetPath(plugin.Name);
+        FileInfo GetPath(string modName) {
+            ModName = modName;
+            var logsDir = new DirectoryInfo($"./Logs/{modName}/{DateTime.Now:dd-MM-yy}");
+            logsDir.Create();
+            return new FileInfo($"{logsDir.FullName}/{logsDir.GetFiles().Length}.txt");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class DebugExtensions {
+        public static Logger GetLogger(this IPlugin plugin) {
+            return new Logger(plugin);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `f` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 79, column 29.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Logger.QueueWatcher()
+
+### File:
+IllusionPlugin/Logger.cs
+
+### Key:
+Logger.cs|QueueWatcher|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6ac572f395f06247af690f692a52fd7b
+
+### Hash:
+bdb8d2fca1355e1405b6cf0bd106ce5d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1288/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1288/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01d696b213ab0e7e14ef8c0e9fb71303c00cc864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1288/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** StackExchange.Redis
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace StackExchange.Redis
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A SocketManager monitors multiple sockets for availability of data; this is done using
+    /// the Socket.Select API and a dedicated reader-thread, which allows for fast responses
+    /// even when the system is under ambient load. 
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class SocketManager : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly string name;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new (optionally named) SocketManager instance
+        /// </summary>
+        public SocketManager(string name = null)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name)) name = GetType().Name;
+            this.name = name;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the name of this SocketManager instance
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Name { get { return name; } }
+
+        bool isDisposed;
+        private readonly Dictionary<IntPtr, SocketPair> socketLookup = new Dictionary<IntPtr, SocketPair>();
+        
+        struct SocketPair
+        {
+            public readonly Socket Socket;
+            public readonly ISocketCallback Callback;
+            public SocketPair(Socket socket, ISocketCallback callback)
+            {
+                this.Socket = socket;
+                this.Callback = callback;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds a new socket and callback to the manager
+        /// </summary>
+        private void AddRead(Socket socket, ISocketCallback callback)
+        {
+            if (socket == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("socket");
+            if (callback == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("callback");
+
+            lock (socketLookup)
+            {
+                if (isDisposed) throw new ObjectDisposedException(name);
+
+                var handle = socket.Handle;
+                if(handle == IntPtr.Zero) throw new ObjectDisposedException("socket");
+                socketLookup.Add(handle, new SocketPair(socket, callback));
+                if (socketLookup.Count == 1)
+                {
+                    Monitor.PulseAll(socketLookup);
+                    if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref readerCount, 0, 0) == 0)
+                        StartReader();
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void StartReader()
+        {
+            var thread = new Thread(read, 32 * 1024); // don't need a huge stack
+            thread.Name = name + ":Read";
+            thread.IsBackground = true;
+            thread.Priority = ThreadPriority.AboveNormal; // time critical
+            thread.Start(this);
+        }
+
+        private static ParameterizedThreadStart read = state => ((SocketManager)state).Read();
+        private void Read()
+        {
+            bool weAreReader = false;
+            try
+            {
+                weAreReader = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref readerCount, 1, 0) == 0;
+                if (weAreReader) ReadImpl();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine(ex);
+                Trace.WriteLine(ex);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (weAreReader) Interlocked.Exchange(ref readerCount, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        readonly Queue<IntPtr> readQueue = new Queue<IntPtr>(), errorQueue = new Queue<IntPtr>();
+
+        static readonly IntPtr[] EmptyPointers = new IntPtr[0];
+        private void ReadImpl()
+        {
+            List<IntPtr> dead = null, active = new List<IntPtr>();
+            IntPtr[] readSockets = EmptyPointers, errorSockets = EmptyPointers;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                active.Clear();
+                if (dead != null) dead.Clear();
+                lock (socketLookup)
+                {
+                    if (isDisposed) return;
+
+                    if (socketLookup.Count == 0)
+                    {
+                        // if empty, give it a few seconds chance before exiting
+                        Monitor.Wait(socketLookup, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(20));
+                        if (socketLookup.Count == 0) return; // nothing new came in, so exit
+                    }
+                    foreach (var pair in socketLookup)
+                    {
+                        var socket = pair.Value.Socket;
+                        if(socket.Handle == pair.Key && socket.Connected)
+                        if (pair.Value.Socket.Connected)
+                        {
+                            active.Add(pair.Key);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            (dead ?? (dead = new List<IntPtr>())).Add(pair.Key);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (dead != null && dead.Count != 0)
+                    {
+                        foreach (var socket in dead) socketLookup.Remove(socket);
+                    }
+                }
+                int pollingSockets = active.Count;
+                if (pollingSockets == 0)
+                {
+                    // nobody had actual sockets; just sleep
+                    Thread.Sleep(10);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (readSockets.Length < active.Count + 1)
+                {
+                    ConnectionMultiplexer.TraceWithoutContext("Resizing socket array for " + active.Count + " sockets");
+                    readSockets = new IntPtr[active.Count + 6]; // leave so space for growth
+                    errorSockets = new IntPtr[active.Count + 6];
+                }
+                readSockets[0] = errorSockets[0] = (IntPtr)active.Count;
+                active.CopyTo(readSockets, 1);
+                active.CopyTo(errorSockets, 1);
+                int ready;
+                try
+                {
+                    var timeout = new TimeValue(100);
+                    ready = select(0, readSockets, null, errorSockets, ref timeout);
+                    if (ready <= 0)
+                    {
+                        continue; // -ve typically means a socket was disposed just before; just retry
+                    }
+
+                    ConnectionMultiplexer.TraceWithoutContext((int)readSockets[0] != 0, "Read sockets: " + (int)readSockets[0]);
+                    ConnectionMultiplexer.TraceWithoutContext((int)errorSockets[0] != 0, "Error sockets: " + (int)errorSockets[0]);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                { // this typically means a socket was disposed just before; just retry
+                    Trace.WriteLine(ex.Message);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                int queueCount = (int)readSockets[0];
+                lock(readQueue)
+                {
+                    for (int i = 1; i <= queueCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        readQueue.Enqueue(readSockets[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                queueCount = (int)errorSockets[0];
+                lock (errorQueue)
+                {
+                    for (int i = 1; i <= queueCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        errorQueue.Enqueue(errorSockets[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                if (ready >= 5) // number of sockets we should attempt to process by ourself before asking for help
+                {
+                    // seek help, work in parallel, then synchronize
+                    lock (QueueDrainSyncLock)
+                    {
+                        ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(HelpProcessItems, this);
+                        ProcessItems();
+                        Monitor.Wait(QueueDrainSyncLock);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // just do it ourself
+                    ProcessItems();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [DllImport("ws2_32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+        internal static extern int select([In] int ignoredParameter, [In, Out] IntPtr[] readfds, [In, Out] IntPtr[] writefds, [In, Out] IntPtr[] exceptfds, [In] ref TimeValue timeout);
+
+        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+        internal struct TimeValue
+        {
+            public int Seconds;
+            public int Microseconds;
+            public TimeValue(int microSeconds)
+            {
+                Seconds = (int)(microSeconds / 1000000L);
+                Microseconds = (int)(microSeconds % 1000000L);
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal void Shutdown(SocketToken token)
+        {
+            var socket = token.Socket;
+            if (socket != null)
+            {
+                lock (socketLookup)
+                {
+                    socketLookup.Remove(socket.Handle);
+                }
+                try { socket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both); } catch { }
+                try { socket.Close(); } catch { }
+                try { socket.Dispose(); } catch { }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly object QueueDrainSyncLock = new object();
+        static readonly WaitCallback HelpProcessItems = state =>
+        {
+            var mgr = (SocketManager)state;
+            mgr.ProcessItems();
+            lock (mgr.QueueDrainSyncLock)
+            {
+                Monitor.PulseAll(mgr.QueueDrainSyncLock);
+            }
+        };
+
+        private void ProcessItems()
+        {
+            ProcessItems(socketLookup, readQueue, CallbackOperation.Read);
+            ProcessItems(socketLookup, errorQueue, CallbackOperation.Error);
+        }
+
+        private static void ProcessItems(Dictionary<IntPtr, SocketPair> socketLookup, Queue<IntPtr> queue, CallbackOperation operation)
+
+        {
+            if (queue == null) return;
+            while (true)
+            {
+                // get the next item (note we could be competing with a worker here, hence lock)
+                IntPtr handle;
+                lock (queue)
+                {
+                    if (queue.Count == 0) break;
+                    handle = queue.Dequeue();
+                }
+                SocketPair pair;
+                lock (socketLookup)
+                {
+                    if (!socketLookup.TryGetValue(handle, out pair)) continue;
+                }
+                var callback = pair.Callback;
+                if (callback != null)
+                {
+#if VERBOSE
+                    var watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+#endif
+                    switch (operation)
+                    {
+                        case CallbackOperation.Read: callback.Read(); break;
+                        case CallbackOperation.Error: callback.Error(); break;
+                    }
+#if VERBOSE
+                    watch.Stop();
+                    ConnectionMultiplexer.TraceWithoutContext(string.Format("{0}: {1}ms on {2}", operation, watch.ElapsedMilliseconds, callback));
+#endif
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private enum CallbackOperation
+        {
+            Read,
+            Error
+        }
+
+        private int readerCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Releases all resources associated with this instance
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            lock (socketLookup)
+            {
+                isDisposed = true;
+                socketLookup.Clear();
+                Monitor.PulseAll(socketLookup);
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal SocketToken BeginConnect(EndPoint endpoint, ISocketCallback callback)
+        {
+            var socket = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp);
+            socket.NoDelay = true;
+            socket.BeginConnect(endpoint, EndConnect, Tuple.Create(socket, callback));
+            return new SocketToken(socket);
+        }
+        private void EndConnect(IAsyncResult ar)
+        {
+            Tuple<Socket, ISocketCallback> tuple = null;
+            try
+            {
+                tuple = (Tuple<Socket, ISocketCallback>)ar.AsyncState;
+                var socket = tuple.Item1;
+                var callback = tuple.Item2;
+                socket.EndConnect(ar);
+                AddRead(socket, callback);
+                var netStream = new NetworkStream(socket, false);
+                callback.Connected(netStream);
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                if (tuple != null)
+                {
+                    tuple.Item2.Error();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Allows callbacks from SocketManager as work is discovered
+    /// </summary>
+    internal interface ISocketCallback
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that a socket has connected
+        /// </summary>
+        void Connected(Stream stream);
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that data is available on the socket, and that the consumer should read from the socket
+        /// </summary>
+        void Read();
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the socket has signalled an error condition
+        /// </summary>
+        void Error();
+    }
+
+    internal struct SocketToken
+    {
+        internal readonly Socket Socket;
+        public SocketToken(Socket socket)
+        {
+            this.Socket = socket;
+        }
+        public int Available {  get {  return Socket == null ? 0 : Socket.Available; } }
+
+        public bool HasValue { get { return Socket != null; } }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource netStream of type System.Net.Sockets.NetworkStream in method "Void SocketManager.EndConnect(IAsyncResult)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SocketManager.EndConnect(IAsyncResult)
+
+### File:
+StackExchange.Redis/StackExchange/Redis/SocketManager.cs
+
+### Key:
+SocketManager.cs|EndConnect|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+5e32d264c327235bd6339d817d435072
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1289/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1289/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63d8be46612754aa9f4dcaa966fe01d27a98f9d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1289/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bUnit
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Bunit.Extensions;
+using Bunit.JSInterop;
+using Bunit.RazorTesting;
+using Bunit.Rendering;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.JSInterop;
+
+namespace Bunit
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// A component used to create snapshot tests.
+	/// Snapshot tests takes two child inputs, a TestInput section and a ExpectedOutput section.
+	/// It then compares the result of rendering both using semantic HTML comparison.
+	/// </summary>
+	public class SnapshotTest : RazorTestBase
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets bUnits JSInterop, that allows setting up handlers for <see cref="IJSRuntime.InvokeAsync{TValue}(string, object[])"/> invocations
+		/// that components under tests will issue during testing. It also makes it possible to verify that the invocations has happened as expected.
+		/// </summary>
+		public BunitJSInterop JSInterop { get; } = new BunitJSInterop();
+
+		/// <inheritdoc/>
+		public override string? DisplayName => Description;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the setup action to perform before the <see cref="TestInput"/> and <see cref="ExpectedOutput"/>
+		/// is rendered and compared.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Parameter] public Action<SnapshotTest>? Setup { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the setup action to perform before the <see cref="TestInput"/> and <see cref="ExpectedOutput"/>
+		/// is rendered and compared.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Parameter] public Func<SnapshotTest, Task>? SetupAsync { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets or sets the input to the snapshot test.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Parameter] public RenderFragment? TestInput { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets or sets the expected output of the snapshot test.
+		/// </summary>
+		[Parameter] public RenderFragment? ExpectedOutput { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates an instance of the <see cref="SnapshotTest"/> type.
+		/// </summary>
+		public SnapshotTest()
+		{
+			JSInterop.AddBuiltInJSRuntimeInvocationHandlers();
+			Services.AddSingleton<IJSRuntime>(JSInterop.JSRuntime);
+			Services.AddDefaultTestContextServices();
+		}
+
+		/// <inheritdoc/>
+		protected override async Task Run()
+		{
+			Validate();
+
+			if (Setup is not null)
+				TryRun(Setup, this);
+			if (SetupAsync is not null)
+				await TryRunAsync(SetupAsync, this).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+			var renderedTestInput = this.RenderInsideRenderTree(TestInput!);
+			var inputHtml = renderedTestInput.Markup;
+
+			var renderedExpectedRender = this.RenderInsideRenderTree(ExpectedOutput!);
+			var expectedHtml = renderedExpectedRender.Markup;
+
+			VerifySnapshot(inputHtml, expectedHtml);
+		}
+
+		private void VerifySnapshot(string inputHtml, string expectedHtml)
+		{
+			using var parser = new BunitHtmlParser();
+			var inputNodes = parser.Parse(inputHtml);
+			var expectedNodes = parser.Parse(expectedHtml);
+
+			var diffs = inputNodes.CompareTo(expectedNodes);
+
+			if (diffs.Count > 0)
+				throw new HtmlEqualException(diffs, expectedNodes, inputNodes, Description ?? "Snapshot test failed.");
+		}
+
+		/// <inheritdoc/>
+		public override Task SetParametersAsync(ParameterView parameters)
+		{
+			Setup = parameters.GetValueOrDefault<Action<SnapshotTest>>(nameof(Setup));
+			SetupAsync = parameters.GetValueOrDefault<Func<SnapshotTest, Task>>(nameof(SetupAsync));
+			TestInput = parameters.GetValueOrDefault<RenderFragment>(nameof(TestInput));
+			ExpectedOutput = parameters.GetValueOrDefault<RenderFragment>(nameof(ExpectedOutput));
+			return base.SetParametersAsync(parameters);
+		}
+
+		/// <inheritdoc/>
+		public override void Validate()
+		{
+			base.Validate();
+			if (TestInput is null)
+				throw new ArgumentException($"No {nameof(TestInput)} specified in the {nameof(SnapshotTest)} component.");
+			if (ExpectedOutput is null)
+				throw new ArgumentException($"No {nameof(ExpectedOutput)} specified in the {nameof(SnapshotTest)} component.");
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource parser of type Bunit.Rendering.BunitHtmlParser in method "Void SnapshotTest.VerifySnapshot(String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void SnapshotTest.VerifySnapshot(String,String)
+
+### File:
+src/bunit.web/RazorTesting/SnapshotTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+SnapshotTest.cs|VerifySnapshot|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f95dfa79cbf8f72f7786a699baca01b0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1308/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1308/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2cd08bfc741f18c03df060cc61ba18ffc6c904a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1308/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MagicalLife
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//   RTree.java
+//   Java Spatial Index Library
+//   Copyright (C) 2002 Infomatiq Limited
+//   Copyright (C) 2008 Aled Morris aled@sourceforge.net
+//
+//  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+//  modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+//  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+//  version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+//  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+//  License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+//  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+
+//  Ported to C# By Dror Gluska, April 9th, 2009
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace MagicalLifeAPI.DataTypes.R
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// This is a lightweight RTree implementation, specifically designed
+    /// for the following features (in order of importance):
+    ///
+    /// Fast intersection query performance. To achieve this, the RTree
+    /// uses only main memory to store entries. Obviously this will only improve
+    /// performance if there is enough physical memory to avoid paging.
+    /// Low memory requirements.
+    /// Fast add performance.
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// The main reason for the high speed of this RTree implementation is the
+    /// avoidance of the creation of unnecessary objects, mainly achieved by using
+    /// primitive collections from the trove4j library.
+    /// author aled@sourceforge.net
+    /// version 1.0b2p1
+    /// Ported to C# By Dror Gluska, April 9th, 2009
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
+    public class RTree<T>
+    {
+        private const int locking_timeout = 10000;
+
+        private ReaderWriterLock locker = new ReaderWriterLock();
+        private const string version = "1.0b2p2";
+
+        // parameters of the tree
+        private const int DEFAULT_MAX_NODE_ENTRIES = 10;
+
+        internal int maxNodeEntries;
+        private int minNodeEntries;
+
+        // map of nodeId -&gt; Node&lt;T&gt; object
+        // [x] TODO eliminate this map - it should not be needed. Nodes
+        // can be found by traversing the tree.
+        //private TIntObjectHashMap nodeMap = new TIntObjectHashMap();
+        private Dictionary<int, Node<T>> nodeMap = new Dictionary<int, Node<T>>();
+
+        // internal consistency checking - set to true if debugging tree corruption
+        public bool INTERNAL_CONSISTENCY_CHECKING = false;
+
+        // used to mark the status of entries during a Node&lt;T&gt; split
+        private const int ENTRY_STATUS_ASSIGNED = 0;
+
+        private const int ENTRY_STATUS_UNASSIGNED = 1;
+        private byte[] entryStatus = null;
+        private byte[] initialEntryStatus = null;
+
+        // stacks used to store nodeId and entry index of each Node&lt;T&gt;
+        // from the root down to the leaf. Enables fast lookup
+        // of nodes when a split is propagated up the tree.
+        //private TIntStack parents = new TIntStack();
+        private Stack<int> parents = new Stack<int>();
+
+        //private TIntStack parentsEntry = new TIntStack();
+        private Stack<int> parentsEntry = new Stack<int>();
+
+        // initialisation
+        private int treeHeight = 1; // leaves are always level 1
+
+        private int rootNodeId = 0;
+        private int msize = 0;
+
+        // Enables creation of new nodes
+        //private int highestUsedNodeId = rootNodeId;
+        private int highestUsedNodeId = 0;
+
+        // Deleted Node&lt;T&gt; objects are retained in the nodeMap,
+        // so that they can be reused. Store the IDs of nodes
+        // which can be reused.
+        //private TIntStack deletedNodeIds = new TIntStack();
+        private Stack<int> deletedNodeIds = new Stack<int>();
+
+        // List of nearest rectangles. Use a member variable to
+        // avoid recreating the object each time nearest() is called.
+        //private TIntArrayList nearestIds = new TIntArrayList();
+        //List<int> nearestIds = new List<int>();
+
+        //Added dictionaries to support generic objects..
+        //possibility to change the code to support objects without dictionaries.
+        private Dictionary<int, T> IdsToItems = new Dictionary<int, T>();
+
+        private Dictionary<T, int> ItemsToIds = new Dictionary<T, int>();
+        private volatile int idcounter = int.MinValue;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize implementation dependent properties of the RTree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public RTree()
+        {
+            init();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initialize implementation dependent properties of the RTree.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="MaxNodeEntries">his specifies the maximum number of entries
+        ///in a node. The default value is 10, which is used if the property is
+        ///not specified, or is less than 2.</param>
+        /// <param name="MinNodeEntries">This specifies the minimum number of entries
+        ///in a node. The default value is half of the MaxNodeEntries value (rounded
+        ///down), which is used if the property is not specified or is less than 1.
+        ///</param>
+        public RTree(int MaxNodeEntries, int MinNodeEntries)
+        {
+            minNodeEntries = MinNodeEntries;
+            maxNodeEntries = MaxNodeEntries;
+            init();
+        }
+
+        private void init()
+        {
+            locker.AcquireWriterLock(locking_timeout);
+            // Obviously a Node&lt;T&gt; with less than 2 entries cannot be split.
+            // The Node&lt;T&gt; splitting algorithm will work with only 2 entries
+            // per node, but will be inefficient.
+            if (maxNodeEntries < 2)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine($"Invalid MaxNodeEntries = {maxNodeEntries} Resetting to default value of {DEFAULT_MAX_NODE_ENTRIES}");
+                maxNodeEntries = DEFAULT_MAX_NODE_ENTRIES;
+            }
+
+            // The MinNodeEntries must be less than or equal to (int) (MaxNodeEntries / 2)
+            if (minNodeEntries < 1 || minNodeEntries > maxNodeEntries / 2)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine("MinNodeEntries must be between 1 and MaxNodeEntries / 2");
+                minNodeEntries = maxNodeEntries / 2;
+            }
+
+            entryStatus = new byte[maxNodeEntries];
+            initialEntryStatus = new byte[maxNodeEntries];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxNodeEntries; i++)
+            {
+                initialEntryStatus[i] = ENTRY_STATUS_UNASSIGNED;
+            }
+
+            Node<T> root = new Node<T>(rootNodeId, 1, maxNodeEntries);
+            nodeMap.Add(rootNodeId, root);
+
+            Debug.WriteLine($"init()  MaxNodeEntries = {maxNodeEntries}, MinNodeEntries = {minNodeEntries}");
+            locker.ReleaseWriterLock();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds an item to the spatial index
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="r"></param>
+        /// <param name="item"></param>
+        public void Add(Rectangle r, T item)
+        {
+            locker.AcquireWriterLock(locking_timeout);
+            idcounter++;
+            int id = idcounter;
+
+            IdsToItems.Add(id, item);
+            ItemsToIds.Add(item, id);
+
+            add(r, id);
+            locker.ReleaseWriterLock();
+        }
+
+        private void add(Rectangle r, int id)
+        {
+            Debug.WriteLine($"Adding rectangle {r}, id {id}");
+
+            add(r.copy(), id, 1);
+
+            msize++;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds a new entry at a specified level in the tree
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="r"></param>
+        /// <param name="id"></param>
+        /// <param name="level"></param>
+        private void add(Rectangle r, int id, int level)
+        {
+            // I1 [Find position for new record] Invoke ChooseLeaf to select a
+            // leaf Node&lt;T&gt; L in which to place r
+            Node<T> n = chooseNode(r, level);
+            Node<T> newLeaf = null;
+
+            // I2 [Add record to leaf node] If L has room for another entry,
+            // install E. Otherwise invoke SplitNode to obtain L and LL containing
+            // E and all the old entries of L
+            if (n.entryCount < maxNodeEntries)
+            {
+                n.addEntryNoCopy(r, id);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                newLeaf = splitNode(n, r, id);
+            }
+
+            // I3 [Propagate changes upwards] Invoke AdjustTree on L, also passing LL
+            // if a split was performed
+            Node<T> newNode = adjustTree(n, newLeaf);
+
+            // I4 [Grow tree taller] If Node&lt;T&gt; split propagation caused the root to
+            // split, create a new root whose children are the two resulting nodes.
+            if (newNode != null)
+            {
+                int oldRootNodeId = rootNodeId;
+                Node<T> oldRoot = getNode(oldRootNodeId);
+
+                rootNodeId = getNextNodeId();
+                treeHeight++;
+                Node<T> root = new Node<T>(rootNodeId, treeHeight, maxNodeEntries);
+                root.addEntry(newNode.mbr, newNode.nodeId);
+                root.addEntry(oldRoot.mbr, oldRoot.nodeId);
+                nodeMap.Add(rootNodeId, root);
+            }
+
+            if (INTERNAL_CONSISTENCY_CHECKING)
+            {
+                checkConsistency(rootNodeId, treeHeight, null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes an item from the spatial index
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="r"></param>
+        /// <param name="item"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public bool Delete(Rectangle r, T item)
+        {
+            locker.AcquireWriterLock(locking_timeout);
+            int id = ItemsToIds[item];
+
+            bool success = delete(r, id);
+            if (success == true)
+            {
+                IdsToItems.Remove(id);
+                ItemsToIds.Remove(item);
+            }
+            locker.ReleaseWriterLock();
+            return success;
+        }
+
+        private bool delete(Rectangle r, int id)
+        {
+            // FindLeaf algorithm inlined here. Note the "official" algorithm
+            // searches all overlapping entries. This seems inefficient to me,
+            // as an entry is only worth searching if it contains (NOT overlaps)
+            // the rectangle we are searching for.
+            //
+            // Also the algorithm has been changed so that it is not recursive.
+
+            // FL1 [Search subtrees] If root is not a leaf, check each entry
+            // to determine if it contains r. For each entry found, invoke
+            // findLeaf on the Node&lt;T&gt; pointed to by the entry, until r is found or
+            // all entries have been checked.
+            parents.Clear();
+            parents.Push(rootNodeId);
+
+            parentsEntry.Clear();
+            parentsEntry.Push(-1);
+            Node<T> n = null;
+            int foundIndex = -1;  // index of entry to be deleted in leaf
+
+            while (foundIndex == -1 && parents.Count > 0)
+            {
+                n = getNode(parents.Peek());
+                int startIndex = parentsEntry.Peek() + 1;
+
+                if (!n.isLeaf())
+                {
+                    Debug.WriteLine($"searching Node<T> {n.nodeId}, from index {startIndex}");
+                    bool contains = false;
+                    for (int i = startIndex; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (n.entries[i].contains(r))
+                        {
+                            parents.Push(n.ids[i]);
+                            parentsEntry.Pop();
+                            parentsEntry.Push(i); // this becomes the start index when the child has been searched
+                            parentsEntry.Push(-1);
+                            contains = true;
+                            break; // ie go to next iteration of while()
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (contains)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    foundIndex = n.findEntry(r, id);
+                }
+
+                parents.Pop();
+                parentsEntry.Pop();
+            } // while not found
+
+            if (foundIndex != -1)
+            {
+                n.deleteEntry(foundIndex, minNodeEntries);
+                condenseTree(n);
+                msize--;
+            }
+
+            // shrink the tree if possible (i.e. if root Node&lt;T%gt; has exactly one entry,and that
+            // entry is not a leaf node, delete the root (it's entry becomes the new root)
+            Node<T> root = getNode(rootNodeId);
+            while (root.entryCount == 1 && treeHeight > 1)
+            {
+                root.entryCount = 0;
+                rootNodeId = root.ids[0];
+                treeHeight--;
+                root = getNode(rootNodeId);
+            }
+
+            return (foundIndex != -1);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Retrieve nearest items to a point in radius furthestDistance
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="p">Point of origin</param>
+        /// <param name="furthestDistance">maximum distance</param>
+        /// <returns>List of items</returns>
+        public List<T> Nearest(Point p, float furthestDistance)
+        {
+            List<T> retval = new List<T>();
+            locker.AcquireReaderLock(locking_timeout);
+            nearest(p, (int id) =>
+           {
+               retval.Add(IdsToItems[id]);
+           }, furthestDistance);
+            locker.ReleaseReaderLock();
+            return retval;
+        }
+
+        private void nearest(Point p, Action<int> v, float furthestDistance)
+        {
+            Node<T> rootNode = getNode(rootNodeId);
+
+            List<int> nearestIds = new List<int>();
+
+            nearest(p, rootNode, nearestIds, furthestDistance);
+
+            foreach (int id in nearestIds)
+            {
+                v(id);
+            }
+
+            nearestIds.Clear();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Retrieve items which intersect with Rectangle r
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="r"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public List<T> Intersects(Rectangle r)
+        {
+            List<T> retval = new List<T>();
+            locker.AcquireReaderLock(locking_timeout);
+            intersects(r, (int id) =>
+            {
+                retval.Add(IdsToItems[id]);
+            });
+            locker.ReleaseReaderLock();
+            return retval;
+        }
+
+        private void intersects(Rectangle r, Action<int> v)
+        {
+            Node<T> rootNode = getNode(rootNodeId);
+            intersects(r, v, rootNode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// find all rectangles in the tree that are contained by the passed rectangle
+        /// written to be non-recursive (should model other searches on this?)</summary>
+        /// <param name="r"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public List<T> Contains(Rectangle r)
+        {
+            List<T> retval = new List<T>();
+            locker.AcquireReaderLock(locking_timeout);
+            contains(r, (int id) =>
+            {
+                retval.Add(IdsToItems[id]);
+            });
+
+            locker.ReleaseReaderLock();
+            return retval;
+        }
+
+        private void contains(Rectangle r, Action<int> v)
+        {
+            Stack<int> _parents = new Stack<int>();
+            //private TIntStack parentsEntry = new TIntStack();
+            Stack<int> _parentsEntry = new Stack<int>();
+
+            // find all rectangles in the tree that are contained by the passed rectangle
+            // written to be non-recursive (should model other searches on this?)
+
+            _parents.Clear();
+            _parents.Push(rootNodeId);
+
+            _parentsEntry.Clear();
+            _parentsEntry.Push(-1);
+
+            // TODO: possible shortcut here - could test for intersection with the
+            // MBR of the root node. If no intersection, return immediately.
+
+            while (_parents.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Node<T> n = getNode(_parents.Peek());
+                int startIndex = _parentsEntry.Peek() + 1;
+
+                if (!n.isLeaf())
+                {
+                    // go through every entry in the index Node<T> to check
+                    // if it intersects the passed rectangle. If so, it
+                    // could contain entries that are contained.
+                    bool intersects = false;
+                    for (int i = startIndex; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (r.intersects(n.entries[i]))
+                        {
+                            _parents.Push(n.ids[i]);
+                            _parentsEntry.Pop();
+                            _parentsEntry.Push(i); // this becomes the start index when the child has been searched
+                            _parentsEntry.Push(-1);
+                            intersects = true;
+                            break; // ie go to next iteration of while()
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (intersects)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // go through every entry in the leaf to check if
+                    // it is contained by the passed rectangle
+                    for (int i = 0; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (r.contains(n.entries[i]))
+                        {
+                            v(n.ids[i]);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                _parents.Pop();
+                _parentsEntry.Pop();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the bounds of all the entries in the spatial index, or null if there are no entries.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Rectangle getBounds()
+        {
+            Rectangle bounds = null;
+
+            locker.AcquireReaderLock(locking_timeout);
+            Node<T> n = getNode(getRootNodeId());
+            if (n != null && n.getMBR() != null)
+            {
+                bounds = n.getMBR().copy();
+            }
+            locker.ReleaseReaderLock();
+            return bounds;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a string identifying the type of spatial index, and the version number
+        /// </summary>
+        public string getVersion()
+        {
+            return "RTree-" + version;
+        }
+
+        //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+        // end of SpatialIndex methods
+        //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the next available Node&lt;T&gt; ID. Reuse deleted Node&lt;T&gt; IDs if
+        /// possible
+        /// </summary>
+        private int getNextNodeId()
+        {
+            if (deletedNodeIds.Count > 0)
+            {
+                return deletedNodeIds.Pop();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return 1 + highestUsedNodeId++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get a Node&lt;T&gt; object, given the ID of the node.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private Node<T> getNode(int index)
+        {
+            return (Node<T>)nodeMap[index];
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the highest used Node&lt;T&gt; ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private int getHighestUsedNodeId()
+        {
+            return highestUsedNodeId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the root Node&lt;T&gt; ID
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public int getRootNodeId()
+        {
+            return rootNodeId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Split a node. Algorithm is taken pretty much verbatim from
+        /// Guttman's original paper.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="n"></param>
+        /// <param name="newRect"></param>
+        /// <param name="newId"></param>
+        /// <returns>return new Node&lt;T&gt; object.</returns>
+        private Node<T> splitNode(Node<T> n, Rectangle newRect, int newId)
+        {
+            // [Pick first entry for each group] Apply algorithm pickSeeds to
+            // choose two entries to be the first elements of the groups. Assign
+            // each to a group.
+
+            // debug code
+#if DEBUG
+            float initialArea = 0;
+            Rectangle union = n.mbr.union(newRect);
+            initialArea = union.area();
+#endif
+
+            System.Array.Copy(initialEntryStatus, 0, entryStatus, 0, maxNodeEntries);
+
+            Node<T> newNode = null;
+            newNode = new Node<T>(getNextNodeId(), n.level, maxNodeEntries);
+            nodeMap.Add(newNode.nodeId, newNode);
+
+            pickSeeds(n, newRect, newId, newNode); // this also sets the entryCount to 1
+
+            // [Check if done] If all entries have been assigned, stop. If one
+            // group has so few entries that all the rest must be assigned to it in
+            // order for it to have the minimum number m, assign them and stop.
+            while (n.entryCount + newNode.entryCount < maxNodeEntries + 1)
+            {
+                if (maxNodeEntries + 1 - newNode.entryCount == minNodeEntries)
+                {
+                    // assign all remaining entries to original node
+                    for (int i = 0; i < maxNodeEntries; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (entryStatus[i] == ENTRY_STATUS_UNASSIGNED)
+                        {
+                            entryStatus[i] = ENTRY_STATUS_ASSIGNED;
+                            n.mbr.add(n.entries[i]);
+                            n.entryCount++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (maxNodeEntries + 1 - n.entryCount == minNodeEntries)
+                {
+                    // assign all remaining entries to new node
+                    for (int i = 0; i < maxNodeEntries; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (entryStatus[i] == ENTRY_STATUS_UNASSIGNED)
+                        {
+                            entryStatus[i] = ENTRY_STATUS_ASSIGNED;
+                            newNode.addEntryNoCopy(n.entries[i], n.ids[i]);
+                            n.entries[i] = null;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // [Select entry to assign] Invoke algorithm pickNext to choose the
+                // next entry to assign. Add it to the group whose covering rectangle
+                // will have to be enlarged least to accommodate it. Resolve ties
+                // by adding the entry to the group with smaller area, then to the
+                // the one with fewer entries, then to either. Repeat from S2
+                pickNext(n, newNode);
+            }
+
+            n.reorganize(this);
+
+            // check that the MBR stored for each Node&lt;T&gt; is correct.
+            if (INTERNAL_CONSISTENCY_CHECKING)
+            {
+                if (!n.mbr.Equals(calculateMBR(n)))
+                {
+                    Debug.WriteLine("Error: splitNode old Node<T> MBR wrong");
+                }
+
+                if (!newNode.mbr.Equals(calculateMBR(newNode)))
+                {
+                    Debug.WriteLine("Error: splitNode new Node<T> MBR wrong");
+                }
+            }
+
+            // debug code
+#if DEBUG
+            float newArea = n.mbr.area() + newNode.mbr.area();
+            float percentageIncrease = (100 * (newArea - initialArea)) / initialArea;
+            Debug.WriteLine($"Node { n.nodeId} split. New area increased by {percentageIncrease}%");
+#endif
+
+            return newNode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pick the seeds used to split a node.
+        /// Select two entries to be the first elements of the groups
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="n"></param>
+        /// <param name="newRect"></param>
+        /// <param name="newId"></param>
+        /// <param name="newNode"></param>
+        private void pickSeeds(Node<T> n, Rectangle newRect, int newId, Node<T> newNode)
+        {
+            // Find extreme rectangles along all dimension. Along each dimension,
+            // find the entry whose rectangle has the highest low side, and the one
+            // with the lowest high side. Record the separation.
+            float maxNormalizedSeparation = 0;
+            int highestLowIndex = 0;
+            int lowestHighIndex = 0;
+
+            // for the purposes of picking seeds, take the MBR of the Node&lt;T&gt; to include
+            // the new rectangle aswell.
+            n.mbr.add(newRect);
+
+            Debug.WriteLine($"pickSeeds(): NodeId = {n.nodeId}, newRect = {newRect}");
+
+            for (int d = 0; d < Rectangle.DIMENSIONS; d++)
+            {
+                float tempHighestLow = newRect.min[d];
+                int tempHighestLowIndex = -1; // -1 indicates the new rectangle is the seed
+
+                float tempLowestHigh = newRect.max[d];
+                int tempLowestHighIndex = -1;
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+                {
+                    float tempLow = n.entries[i].min[d];
+                    if (tempLow >= tempHighestLow)
+                    {
+                        tempHighestLow = tempLow;
+                        tempHighestLowIndex = i;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {  // ensure that the same index cannot be both lowestHigh and highestLow
+                        float tempHigh = n.entries[i].max[d];
+                        if (tempHigh <= tempLowestHigh)
+                        {
+                            tempLowestHigh = tempHigh;
+                            tempLowestHighIndex = i;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // PS2 [Adjust for shape of the rectangle cluster] Normalize the separations
+                    // by dividing by the widths of the entire set along the corresponding
+                    // dimension
+                    float normalizedSeparation = (tempHighestLow - tempLowestHigh) / (n.mbr.max[d] - n.mbr.min[d]);
+
+                    if (normalizedSeparation > 1 || normalizedSeparation < -1)
+                    {
+                        Debug.WriteLine("Invalid normalized separation");
+                    }
+
+                    Debug.WriteLine($"Entry {i}, dimension {d}: HighestLow = {tempHighestLow} (index {tempHighestLowIndex})" + ", LowestHigh = " +
+                              tempLowestHigh + $" (index {tempLowestHighIndex}, NormalizedSeparation = {normalizedSeparation}");
+
+                    // PS3 [Select the most extreme pair] Choose the pair with the greatest
+                    // normalized separation along any dimension.
+                    if (normalizedSeparation > maxNormalizedSeparation)
+                    {
+                        maxNormalizedSeparation = normalizedSeparation;
+                        highestLowIndex = tempHighestLowIndex;
+                        lowestHighIndex = tempLowestHighIndex;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // highestLowIndex is the seed for the new node.
+            if (highestLowIndex == -1)
+            {
+                newNode.addEntry(newRect, newId);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                newNode.addEntryNoCopy(n.entries[highestLowIndex], n.ids[highestLowIndex]);
+                n.entries[highestLowIndex] = null;
+
+                // move the new rectangle into the space vacated by the seed for the new node
+                n.entries[highestLowIndex] = newRect;
+                n.ids[highestLowIndex] = newId;
+            }
+
+            // lowestHighIndex is the seed for the original node.
+            if (lowestHighIndex == -1)
+            {
+                lowestHighIndex = highestLowIndex;
+            }
+
+            entryStatus[lowestHighIndex] = ENTRY_STATUS_ASSIGNED;
+            n.entryCount = 1;
+            n.mbr.set(n.entries[lowestHighIndex].min, n.entries[lowestHighIndex].max);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pick the next entry to be assigned to a group during a Node&lt;T&gt; split.
+        /// [Determine cost of putting each entry in each group] For each
+        /// entry not yet in a group, calculate the area increase required
+        /// in the covering rectangles of each group
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="n"></param>
+        /// <param name="newNode"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private int pickNext(Node<T> n, Node<T> newNode)
+        {
+            float maxDifference = float.NegativeInfinity;
+            int next = 0;
+            int nextGroup = 0;
+
+            maxDifference = float.NegativeInfinity;
+
+            Debug.WriteLine("pickNext()");
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxNodeEntries; i++)
+            {
+                if (entryStatus[i] == ENTRY_STATUS_UNASSIGNED)
+                {
+                    if (n.entries[i] == null)
+                    {
+                        Debug.WriteLine($"Error: Node<T> {n.nodeId}, entry {i} is null");
+                    }
+
+                    float nIncrease = n.mbr.enlargement(n.entries[i]);
+                    float newNodeIncrease = newNode.mbr.enlargement(n.entries[i]);
+                    float difference = Math.Abs(nIncrease - newNodeIncrease);
+
+                    if (difference > maxDifference)
+                    {
+                        next = i;
+
+                        if (nIncrease < newNodeIncrease)
+                        {
+                            nextGroup = 0;
+                        }
+                        else if (newNodeIncrease < nIncrease)
+                        {
+                            nextGroup = 1;
+                        }
+                        else if (n.mbr.area() < newNode.mbr.area())
+                        {
+                            nextGroup = 0;
+                        }
+                        else if (newNode.mbr.area() < n.mbr.area())
+                        {
+                            nextGroup = 1;
+                        }
+                        else if (newNode.entryCount < maxNodeEntries / 2)
+                        {
+                            nextGroup = 0;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            nextGroup = 1;
+                        }
+                        maxDifference = difference;
+                    }
+
+                    Debug.WriteLine($"Entry {i} group0 increase = {nIncrease}, group1 increase = {newNodeIncrease}, diff = " +
+                        difference + $", MaxDiff = {maxDifference} (entry {next})");
+                }
+            }
+
+            entryStatus[next] = ENTRY_STATUS_ASSIGNED;
+
+            if (nextGroup == 0)
+            {
+                n.mbr.add(n.entries[next]);
+                n.entryCount++;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // move to new node.
+                newNode.addEntryNoCopy(n.entries[next], n.ids[next]);
+                n.entries[next] = null;
+            }
+
+            return next;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recursively searches the tree for the nearest entry. Other queries
+        /// call execute() on an IntProcedure when a matching entry is found;
+        /// however nearest() must store the entry Ids as it searches the tree,
+        /// in case a nearer entry is found.
+        /// Uses the member variable nearestIds to store the nearest
+        /// entry IDs.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>TODO rewrite this to be non-recursive?</remarks>
+        /// <param name="p"></param>
+        /// <param name="n"></param>
+        /// <param name="nearestDistance"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private float nearest(Point p, Node<T> n, List<int> nearestIds, float nearestDistance)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+            {
+                float tempDistance = n.entries[i].distance(p);
+                if (n.isLeaf())
+                { // for leaves, the distance is an actual nearest distance
+                    if (tempDistance < nearestDistance)
+                    {
+                        nearestDistance = tempDistance;
+                        nearestIds.Clear();
+                    }
+                    if (tempDistance <= nearestDistance)
+                    {
+                        nearestIds.Add(n.ids[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                { // for index nodes, only go into them if they potentially could have
+                    // a rectangle nearer than actualNearest
+                    if (tempDistance <= nearestDistance)
+                    {
+                        // search the child node
+                        nearestDistance = nearest(p, getNode(n.ids[i]), nearestIds, nearestDistance);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return nearestDistance;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Recursively searches the tree for all intersecting entries.
+        /// Immediately calls execute() on the passed IntProcedure when
+        /// a matching entry is found.
+        /// [x] TODO rewrite this to be non-recursive? Make sure it
+        /// doesn't slow it down.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="r"></param>
+        /// <param name="v"></param>
+        /// <param name="n"></param>
+        private void intersects(Rectangle r, Action<int> v, Node<T> n)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+            {
+                if (r.intersects(n.entries[i]))
+                {
+                    if (n.isLeaf())
+                    {
+                        v(n.ids[i]);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Node<T> childNode = getNode(n.ids[i]);
+                        intersects(r, v, childNode);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Rectangle oldRectangle = new Rectangle(0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used by delete(). Ensures that all nodes from the passed node
+        /// up to the root have the minimum number of entries.
+        /// <para>
+        /// Note that the parent and parentEntry stacks are expected to
+        /// contain the nodeIds of all parents up to the root.
+        /// </para>
+        /// </summary>
+        private void condenseTree(Node<T> l)
+        {
+            // CT1 [Initialize] Set n=l. Set the list of eliminated
+            // nodes to be empty.
+            Node<T> n = l;
+            Node<T> parent = null;
+            int parentEntry = 0;
+
+            //TIntStack eliminatedNodeIds = new TIntStack();
+            Stack<int> eliminatedNodeIds = new Stack<int>();
+
+            // CT2 [Find parent entry] If N is the root, go to CT6. Otherwise
+            // let P be the parent of N, and let En be N's entry in P
+            while (n.level != treeHeight)
+            {
+                parent = getNode(parents.Pop());
+                parentEntry = parentsEntry.Pop();
+
+                // CT3 [Eliminiate under-full node] If N has too few entries,
+                // delete En from P and add N to the list of eliminated nodes
+                if (n.entryCount < minNodeEntries)
+                {
+                    parent.deleteEntry(parentEntry, minNodeEntries);
+                    eliminatedNodeIds.Push(n.nodeId);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // CT4 [Adjust covering rectangle] If N has not been eliminated,
+                    // adjust EnI to tightly contain all entries in N
+                    if (!n.mbr.Equals(parent.entries[parentEntry]))
+                    {
+                        oldRectangle.set(parent.entries[parentEntry].min, parent.entries[parentEntry].max);
+                        parent.entries[parentEntry].set(n.mbr.min, n.mbr.max);
+                        parent.recalculateMBR(oldRectangle);
+                    }
+                }
+                // CT5 [Move up one level in tree] Set N=P and repeat from CT2
+                n = parent;
+            }
+
+            // CT6 [Reinsert orphaned entries] Reinsert all entries of nodes in set Q.
+            // Entries from eliminated leaf nodes are reinserted in tree leaves as in
+            // Insert(), but entries from higher level nodes must be placed higher in
+            // the tree, so that leaves of their dependent subtrees will be on the same
+            // level as leaves of the main tree
+            while (eliminatedNodeIds.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Node<T> e = getNode(eliminatedNodeIds.Pop());
+                for (int j = 0; j < e.entryCount; j++)
+                {
+                    add(e.entries[j], e.ids[j], e.level);
+                    e.entries[j] = null;
+                }
+                e.entryCount = 0;
+                deletedNodeIds.Push(e.nodeId);
+                nodeMap.Remove(e.nodeId);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Used by add(). Chooses a leaf to add the rectangle to.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Node<T> chooseNode(Rectangle r, int level)
+        {
+            // CL1 [Initialize] Set N to be the root node
+            Node<T> n = getNode(rootNodeId);
+            parents.Clear();
+            parentsEntry.Clear();
+
+            // CL2 [Leaf check] If N is a leaf, return N
+            while (true)
+            {
+                if (n == null)
+                {
+                    Debug.WriteLine($"Could not get root Node<T> ({rootNodeId})");
+                }
+
+                if (n.level == level)
+                {
+                    return n;
+                }
+
+                // CL3 [Choose subtree] If N is not at the desired level, let F be the entry in N
+                // whose rectangle FI needs least enlargement to include EI. Resolve
+                // ties by choosing the entry with the rectangle of smaller area.
+                float leastEnlargement = n.getEntry(0).enlargement(r);
+                int index = 0; // index of rectangle in subtree
+                for (int i = 1; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+                {
+                    Rectangle tempRectangle = n.getEntry(i);
+                    float tempEnlargement = tempRectangle.enlargement(r);
+                    if ((tempEnlargement < leastEnlargement) ||
+                        ((tempEnlargement == leastEnlargement) &&
+                         (tempRectangle.area() < n.getEntry(index).area())))
+                    {
+                        index = i;
+                        leastEnlargement = tempEnlargement;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                parents.Push(n.nodeId);
+                parentsEntry.Push(index);
+
+                // CL4 [Descend until a leaf is reached] Set N to be the child Node&lt;T&gt;
+                // pointed to by Fp and repeat from CL2
+                n = getNode(n.ids[index]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ascend from a leaf Node&lt;T&gt; L to the root, adjusting covering rectangles and
+        /// propagating Node&lt;T&gt; splits as necessary.
+        /// </summary>
+        private Node<T> adjustTree(Node<T> n, Node<T> nn)
+        {
+            // AT1 [Initialize] Set N=L. If L was split previously, set NN to be
+            // the resulting second node.
+
+            // AT2 [Check if done] If N is the root, stop
+            while (n.level != treeHeight)
+            {
+                // AT3 [Adjust covering rectangle in parent entry] Let P be the parent
+                // Node<T> of N, and let En be N's entry in P. Adjust EnI so that it tightly
+                // encloses all entry rectangles in N.
+                Node<T> parent = getNode(parents.Pop());
+                int entry = parentsEntry.Pop();
+
+                if (parent.ids[entry] != n.nodeId)
+                {
+                    Debug.WriteLine($"Error: entry {entry} in Node<T> {parent.nodeId} should point to Node<T> {n.nodeId}; actually points to Node<T> {parent.ids[entry]}");
+                }
+
+                if (!parent.entries[entry].Equals(n.mbr))
+                {
+                    parent.entries[entry].set(n.mbr.min, n.mbr.max);
+                    parent.mbr.set(parent.entries[0].min, parent.entries[0].max);
+                    for (int i = 1; i < parent.entryCount; i++)
+                    {
+                        parent.mbr.add(parent.entries[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // AT4 [Propagate Node<T> split upward] If N has a partner NN resulting from
+                // an earlier split, create a new entry Enn with Ennp pointing to NN and
+                // Enni enclosing all rectangles in NN. Add Enn to P if there is room.
+                // Otherwise, invoke splitNode to produce P and PP containing Enn and
+                // all P's old entries.
+                Node<T> newNode = null;
+                if (nn != null)
+                {
+                    if (parent.entryCount < maxNodeEntries)
+                    {
+                        parent.addEntry(nn.mbr, nn.nodeId);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        newNode = splitNode(parent, nn.mbr.copy(), nn.nodeId);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // AT5 [Move up to next level] Set N = P and set NN = PP if a split
+                // occurred. Repeat from AT2
+                n = parent;
+                nn = newNode;
+
+                parent = null;
+                newNode = null;
+            }
+
+            return nn;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Check the consistency of the tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void checkConsistency(int nodeId, int expectedLevel, Rectangle expectedMBR)
+        {
+            // go through the tree, and check that the internal data structures of
+            // the tree are not corrupted.
+            Node<T> n = getNode(nodeId);
+
+            if (n == null)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine($"Error: Could not read Node<T> {nodeId}");
+            }
+
+            if (n.level != expectedLevel)
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine($"Error: Node<T> {nodeId}, expected level {expectedLevel}, actual level {n.level}");
+            }
+
+            Rectangle calculatedMBR = calculateMBR(n);
+
+            if (!n.mbr.Equals(calculatedMBR))
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine($"Error: Node<T> {nodeId}, calculated MBR does not equal stored MBR");
+            }
+
+            if (expectedMBR != null && !n.mbr.Equals(expectedMBR))
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine($"Error: Node<T> {nodeId}, expected MBR (from parent) does not equal stored MBR");
+            }
+
+            // Check for corruption where a parent entry is the same object as the child MBR
+            if (expectedMBR != null && n.mbr.sameObject(expectedMBR))
+            {
+                Debug.WriteLine($"Error: Node<T> {nodeId} MBR using same rectangle object as parent's entry");
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+            {
+                if (n.entries[i] == null)
+                {
+                    Debug.WriteLine($"Error: Node<T> {nodeId}, Entry {i} is null");
+                }
+
+                if (n.level > 1)
+                { // if not a leaf
+                    checkConsistency(n.ids[i], n.level - 1, n.entries[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a Node<T> object, calculate the Node<T> MBR from it's entries.
+        /// Used in consistency checking
+        /// </summary>
+        private Rectangle calculateMBR(Node<T> n)
+        {
+            Rectangle mbr = new Rectangle(n.entries[0].min, n.entries[0].max);
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < n.entryCount; i++)
+            {
+                mbr.add(n.entries[i]);
+            }
+            return mbr;
+        }
+
+        public int Count
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                locker.AcquireReaderLock(locking_timeout);
+
+                int size = this.msize;
+
+                locker.ReleaseReaderLock();
+
+                return size;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `tempRectangle` last assigned on line 1011 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1012, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Node`1<T> RTree`1<T>.chooseNode(Rectangle,Int32)
+
+### File:
+MagicalLifeAPIStandard/DataTypes/R-Tree/RTree.cs
+
+### Key:
+RTree.cs|chooseNode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8ac51a8e85f0456c5b35f5ed10b22112
+
+### Hash:
+371168f4e49c5dfd2d957de94845a104
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1330/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1330/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41276f83888788548fb8281fb08d11892344eabc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1330/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PowerApps-Language-Tooling
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.
+// Licensed under the MIT License.
+
+using Microsoft.AppMagic.Authoring.Persistence;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace PAModel.PAConvert.Parser
+{
+    public class Parser
+    {
+        private string _content;
+        private TokenStream _tokenizer;
+        private Dictionary<string, ControlInfoJson.Item> _controlStates;
+        private Dictionary<string, ControlInfoJson.Template> _templates;
+
+        public Parser(string contents, Dictionary<string, ControlInfoJson.Item> controlStates, Dictionary<string, ControlInfoJson.Template> templates)
+        {
+            var header = "//! PAFile:0.1";
+
+            if (!contents.StartsWith(header))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Illegal pa source file. Missing header");
+            }
+            _content = contents.Substring(header.Length+1);
+            _tokenizer = new TokenStream(_content);
+
+            _controlStates = controlStates;
+            _templates = templates;
+        }
+
+        internal ControlInfoJson.Item ParseControl(string parent = "", bool isComponent = false)
+        {
+            if (parent == string.Empty)
+            {
+                var token = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+                if (token.Kind != TokenKind.Control)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {token.Kind}, expected {TokenKind.Control}");
+                isComponent = token.Content == PAConstants.ComponentKeyword;
+            }
+            
+            var identToken = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+            if (identToken.Kind != TokenKind.Identifier)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {identToken.Kind}, expected {TokenKind.Identifier}");
+
+            var name = identToken.Content;
+            if (!_controlStates.TryGetValue(name, out var control))
+                control = new ControlInfoJson.Item(); // Should have an arg for defaults maybe?
+
+            control.Name = name;
+            if (parent != string.Empty)
+                control.Parent = parent;
+
+
+            var templateSeparator = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+            if (templateSeparator.Kind != TokenKind.TemplateSeparator)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {templateSeparator.Kind}, expected {TokenKind.TemplateSeparator}");
+
+            var templateToken = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+            if (templateToken.Kind != TokenKind.Identifier)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {templateToken.Kind}, expected {TokenKind.Identifier}");
+
+            if (!_templates.TryGetValue(templateToken.Content, out var template))
+            {
+                template = new ControlInfoJson.Template(); // This seems like a problem, maybe we can't recreate templates without npm ref?
+                template.Name = templateToken.Content;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                template = new ControlInfoJson.Template(template);
+            }
+
+            control.Template = template;
+            if (isComponent && control.Template.IsComponentDefinition != null)
+            {
+                control.Template.IsComponentDefinition = true;
+                control.Template.ComponentDefinitionInfo = null;
+            }
+
+            var next = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+            if (next.Kind == TokenKind.VariantSeparator)
+            {
+                var variantToken = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+                if (variantToken.Kind != TokenKind.Identifier)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {variantToken.Kind}, expected {TokenKind.Identifier}");
+                control.VariantName = variantToken.Content;
+
+                next = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+            }
+
+            if (next.Kind != TokenKind.Indent)
+            {
+                // Handle empty control special case
+                if (next.Kind == TokenKind.Control)
+                {
+                    _tokenizer.ReplaceToken(next);
+                    control.Children = new ControlInfoJson.Item[0];
+                    foreach (var rule in control.Rules)
+                        rule.InvariantScript = string.Empty;
+                }
+
+                return control;
+            }
+
+            next = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+
+            var paRules = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+            var children = new List<ControlInfoJson.Item>();
+
+            while (!_tokenizer.Eof && next.Kind != TokenKind.Dedent)
+            {
+                switch (next.Kind)
+                {
+                    case TokenKind.Identifier:
+                        var rule = ParseRule(next.Content);
+                        paRules.Add(rule.propertyName, rule.script);
+                        break;
+                    case TokenKind.Control:
+                        var child = ParseControl(parent: control.Name, next.Content == PAConstants.ComponentKeyword);
+                        children.Add(child);
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {next.Kind}");
+                }
+
+                next = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+            }
+
+            control.Children = children.ToArray();
+
+            foreach (var rule in control.Rules)
+            {
+                if (paRules.TryGetValue(rule.Property, out var script))
+                {
+                    rule.InvariantScript = script;
+                    paRules.Remove(rule.Property);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    rule.InvariantScript = string.Empty;
+                }
+            }
+            if (paRules.Any())
+            {
+                var rulesList = control.Rules.ToList();
+                foreach (var rulePair in paRules)
+                { 
+                    // Needs sensible defaults for other props (maybe from template
+                    rulesList.Add(new ControlInfoJson.RuleEntry() { Property = rulePair.Key, InvariantScript = rulePair.Value }); 
+                }
+                control.Rules = rulesList.ToArray();
+            }
+
+            return control;
+        }
+
+        private (string propertyName, string script) ParseRule(string propertyName)
+        {   
+            var propertySeparator = _tokenizer.GetNextToken();
+            if (propertySeparator.Kind != TokenKind.PropertyStart)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {propertySeparator.Kind}, expected {TokenKind.PropertyStart}");
+
+            var ruleScript = _tokenizer.GetNextToken(expectedExpression: true);
+            if (ruleScript.Kind != TokenKind.PAExpression)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Unexpected token {ruleScript.Kind}, expected {TokenKind.PAExpression}");
+
+            return (propertyName, ruleScript.Content);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `ruleScript` last assigned on line 166 could be null and is dereferenced at line 167, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ValueTuple`2<!0,!1> Parser.ParseRule(String)
+
+### File:
+src/PAModel/PAConvert/Parser/Parser.cs
+
+### Key:
+Parser.cs|ParseRule|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+de1aff5200da4a22cf968f2b8272c0fd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1337/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1337/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a5cf1aa6d4a826008b263e5b7a5e655a32ad086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1337/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** OpenCoreMMO
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using NeoServer.Game.Effects.Magical;
+
+namespace NeoServer.Game.Effects.Parsers
+{
+    public class AreaTypeParser
+    {
+      
+        public static byte[,] Parse(string areaType)
+        {
+            return areaType switch
+            {
+                "AREA_CIRCLE3x3" => AreaEffect.Circle3x3,
+                "AREA_SQUARE1x1" => AreaEffect.Square1x1,
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`%0` is read without initialization.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+AreaType AreaTypeParser.Parse(String)
+
+### File:
+src/NeoServer.Game.Parsers/Parsers/AreaTypeParser.cs
+
+### Key:
+AreaTypeParser.cs|Parse|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+4eb8555edd74e8a057eef9d7c2ec11d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1412/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1412/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..770c787edda05d3f8e79aedee1431520b71232ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1412/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Bson;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class AnimeSongCollection : ICollection<AnimeSong>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "anime_song";
+
+        public override void Add(ref AnimeSong document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref AnimeSong document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref AnimeSong document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeID = document.AnimeID;
+            string title = document.Title;
+            string artist = document.Artist;
+
+            AnimeSong reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.Title == title && x.Artist == artist && x.AnimeID == animeID).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override AnimeSong Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<AnimeSong> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            AnimeSongFilter songFilter = filter as AnimeSongFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<AnimeSong> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if (songFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", songFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(songFilter.title))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Regex("title", new BsonRegularExpression($".*{songFilter.title}.*", "i"));
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.year != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("year", songFilter.year);
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.season != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("season", songFilter.season);
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.type != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("type", songFilter.type);
+            }
+
+            return new Paging<AnimeSong>(this.Collection, songFilter.page, queryFilter, songFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `songFilter` last assigned on line 71 could be null and is dereferenced at line 76, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> AnimeSongCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/AnimeSongCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+AnimeSongCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c91b435e0ebdfa03be7f8c2adfdbfd87
+
+### Hash:
+7b383f7cce6b5b74d7d0505a278476b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1413/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1413/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e884b355236b49e601839a066c6bb75d4d98de0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1413/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class UserStoryCollection : ICollection<UserStory>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "user_story";
+
+        public override void Add(ref UserStory document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<UserStory>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref UserStory document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<UserStory>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref UserStory document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long userId = document.UserID;
+            long animeId = document.AnimeID;
+
+            UserStory reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.UserID == userId && x.AnimeID == animeId).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                    document.Synced = reference.Synced;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override UserStory Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<UserStory> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            UserStoryFilter userStoryFilter = filter as UserStoryFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<UserStory>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<UserStory> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            userStoryFilter.ApplyBaseFilter(builder, ref queryFilter);
+
+            if (userStoryFilter.user_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("user_id", userStoryFilter.user_id);
+            }
+
+            if (userStoryFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", userStoryFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if(userStoryFilter.status != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("status", userStoryFilter.status);
+            }
+
+            if(userStoryFilter.synced != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("synced", userStoryFilter.synced);
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<UserStory> sort = Builders<UserStory>.Sort.Descending(x => x.CreationDate);
+
+            return new Paging<UserStory>(this.Collection, userStoryFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, userStoryFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `userStoryFilter` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> UserStoryCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/UserStoryCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+UserStoryCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3654aaa31bf6f5c66d4263b95a3f1706
+
+### Hash:
+3dbee0a59c1d282b1160c829d2e9af0d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1415/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1415/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..655d423c2179e90fd919a00ce60ce0fdd977419c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1415/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Bson;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using System;
+using MongoService;
+using Commons.Enums;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class AnimeCollection : ICollection<Anime>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "anime";
+
+        public override void Add(ref Anime document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<Anime>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref Anime document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<Anime>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override Anime Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref Anime document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            int anilistId = document.AnilistId;
+            Anime reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.AnilistId == anilistId).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                    document.Titles = reference.Titles;
+                    document.Descriptions = reference.Descriptions;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<Anime> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            AnimeFilter animeFilter = filter as AnimeFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<Anime>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<Anime> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            animeFilter.ApplyBaseFilter(builder, ref queryFilter);
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(animeFilter.title))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Regex($"titles.{animeFilter.locale}", new BsonRegularExpression($".*{animeFilter.title}.*", "i"));
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.anilist_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anilist_id", animeFilter.anilist_id);
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.mal_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("mal_id", animeFilter.mal_id);
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.formats.Count > 0)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.AnyIn("format", animeFilter.formats);
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.status != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("status", animeFilter.status);
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.year != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("season_year", animeFilter.year);
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.season != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("season_period", animeFilter.season);
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.genres.Count > 0)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.AnyIn("genres", animeFilter.genres);
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.nsfw == true)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Nin("genres", new System.Collections.Generic.List<string> { "Hentai" });
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(animeFilter.locale))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Exists($"titles.{animeFilter.locale}");
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<Anime> sort = animeFilter.ApplySort<Anime>(
+                new System.Collections.Generic.List<string>
+                {
+                    "score"
+                },
+                new System.Collections.Generic.List<short>
+                {
+                    -1
+                });
+
+            return new Paging<Anime>(this.Collection, animeFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, animeFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `animeFilter` last assigned on line 68 could be null and is dereferenced at line 73, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> AnimeCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/AnimeCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+AnimeCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3654aaa31bf6f5c66d4263b95a3f1706
+
+### Hash:
+09ad9c07c8fd9e882e2a06404caa8361
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1422/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1422/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c343ffbb76eebfef0fac0e3fbd5cf1e56d6d2c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1422/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Bson;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using System;
+using MongoService;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class AnimeCollection : ICollection<Anime>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "anime";
+
+        public override void Add(ref Anime document)
+        {
+            document.Id = this.CalcNewId();
+            document.CreationDate = DateTime.Now;
+            document.UpdateDate = null;
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<Anime>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref Anime document)
+        {
+            document.UpdateDate = DateTime.Now;
+            
+            var filter = Builders<Anime>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override Anime Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref Anime document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            int anilistId = document.AnilistId;
+            Anime reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.AnilistId == anilistId).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                    document.Ending = reference.Ending;
+                    document.Opening = reference.Opening;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<Anime> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            AnimeFilter animeFilter = filter as AnimeFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<Anime>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<Anime> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(animeFilter.title))
+            {
+                queryFilter = queryFilter & builder.Regex($"titles.{animeFilter.locale}", new BsonRegularExpression($".*{animeFilter.title}.*"));
+            }
+
+            if(animeFilter.anilist_id != 0)
+            {
+                queryFilter = queryFilter & builder.Eq("anilist_id", animeFilter.anilist_id);
+            }
+
+            return new Paging<Anime>(this.Collection, animeFilter.page, queryFilter);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `animeFilter` last assigned on line 68 could be null and is dereferenced at line 73, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> AnimeCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/AnimeCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+AnimeCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+93735850e46a76bf26a8e51627647824
+
+### Hash:
+09ad9c07c8fd9e882e2a06404caa8361
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1423/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1423/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5daf8998d727286c0a494ab4c7901c47ee3d75a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1423/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Bson;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class AnimeSongCollection : ICollection<AnimeSong>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "anime_song";
+
+        public override void Add(ref AnimeSong document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref AnimeSong document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref AnimeSong document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            long animeID = document.AnimeID;
+            string title = document.Title;
+            string artist = document.Artist;
+
+            AnimeSong reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.Title == title && x.Artist == artist && x.AnimeID == animeID).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override AnimeSong Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<AnimeSong> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            AnimeSongFilter songFilter = filter as AnimeSongFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<AnimeSong>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<AnimeSong> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if (songFilter.anime_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("anime_id", songFilter.anime_id);
+            }
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(songFilter.title))
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Regex("title", new BsonRegularExpression($".*{songFilter.title}.*", "i"));
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.year != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("year", songFilter.year);
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.season != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("season", songFilter.season);
+            }
+
+            if(songFilter.type != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("type", songFilter.type);
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<AnimeSong> sort = Builders<AnimeSong>.Sort.Descending(x => x.Year).Descending(x => x.Season);
+
+            return new Paging<AnimeSong>(this.Collection, songFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, songFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `songFilter` last assigned on line 71 could be null and is dereferenced at line 76, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> AnimeSongCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/AnimeSongCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+AnimeSongCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c91b435e0ebdfa03be7f8c2adfdbfd87
+
+### Hash:
+7b383f7cce6b5b74d7d0505a278476b2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1425/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1425/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5acd6669e209d1c0c791597bf1b51afaa765041d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1425/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AniAPI
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Commons.Filters;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using MongoService;
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Commons.Collections
+{
+    public class OAuthClientCollection : ICollection<OAuthClient>
+    {
+        protected override string CollectionName => "oauth_client";
+
+        public override void Add(ref OAuthClient document)
+        {
+            base.Add(ref document);
+
+            do
+            {
+                document.ClientID = Guid.NewGuid();
+            }
+            while (this.Exists(ref document, false) == true);
+
+            this.Collection.InsertOne(document);
+        }
+
+        public override long Count()
+        {
+            return this.Collection.CountDocuments(Builders<OAuthClient>.Filter.Empty);
+        }
+
+        public override void Delete(long id)
+        {
+            this.Collection.DeleteOne(x => x.Id == id);
+        }
+
+        public override void Edit(ref OAuthClient document)
+        {
+            base.Edit(ref document);
+
+            var filter = Builders<OAuthClient>.Filter.Eq("_id", document.Id);
+            this.Collection.ReplaceOne(filter, document);
+        }
+
+        public override bool Exists(ref OAuthClient document, bool updateValues = true)
+        {
+            Guid clientId = document.ClientID;
+
+            OAuthClient reference = this.Collection.Find(x => x.ClientID == clientId).FirstOrDefault();
+
+            if(reference != null)
+            {
+                if (updateValues)
+                {
+                    document.Id = reference.Id;
+                    document.CreationDate = reference.CreationDate;
+                    document.UpdateDate = reference.UpdateDate;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override OAuthClient Get(long id)
+        {
+            return this.Collection.Find(x => x.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        public override Paging<OAuthClient> GetList<TFilter>(IFilter<TFilter> filter)
+        {
+            OAuthClientFilter oAuthClientFilter = filter as OAuthClientFilter;
+
+            var builder = Builders<OAuthClient>.Filter;
+            FilterDefinition<OAuthClient> queryFilter = builder.Empty;
+
+            if(oAuthClientFilter.user_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("user_id", oAuthClientFilter.user_id);
+            }
+
+            if(oAuthClientFilter.client_id != null)
+            {
+                queryFilter &= builder.Eq("client_id", oAuthClientFilter.client_id);
+            }
+
+            SortDefinition<OAuthClient> sort = Builders<OAuthClient>.Sort.Ascending(x => x.Id);
+
+            return new Paging<OAuthClient>(this.Collection, oAuthClientFilter.page, queryFilter, sort, oAuthClientFilter.per_page);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `oAuthClientFilter` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 79, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Paging`1<!0> OAuthClientCollection.GetList(IFilter`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+Commons/Collections/OAuthClientCollection.cs
+
+### Key:
+OAuthClientCollection.cs|GetList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c91b435e0ebdfa03be7f8c2adfdbfd87
+
+### Hash:
+16b737af9e3000d1d901268be046d58f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1440/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1440/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fbed1366985df5c07121565b30bff230ec896da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1440/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cms
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using JR.Cms.Core;
+using JR.Cms.ServiceDto;
+using JR.Stand.Abstracts.Safety;
+using JR.Stand.Abstracts.Web;
+
+namespace JR.Cms.Web.Portal.Comm
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// 内容门户控制器
+    /// </summary>
+    public class PortalControllerHandler
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 获取真实的请求地址
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path"></param>
+        /// <param name="appPath"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private string SubPath(String path,string appPath)
+        {
+            int len = appPath.Length;
+            if (len > 2)
+            {
+                if (path.Length < len) return "";
+                return path.Substring(len);
+            }
+            return path;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 检查站点首页路径
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="ctx"></param>
+        /// <param name="site"></param>
+        /// <param name="siteDto"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        private bool CheckSiteUrl(ICompatibleHttpContext ctx, SiteDto site)
+        {
+            //　跳转到自定义地址
+            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(site.Location))
+            {
+                ctx.Response.Redirect(site.Location,false);  //302
+                return false;
+            }
+            // 跳转到站点首页
+            var path = ctx.Request.GetPath();
+            if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(site.AppPath) &&  path == "/")
+            {
+                ctx.Response.Redirect("/" + site.AppPath,false);
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 首页
+        /// </summary>
+        public Task Index(ICompatibleHttpContext context)
+        {
+            // bool eventResult = false;
+            // if (OnIndexRequest != null)
+            // {
+            //     OnIndexRequest(base.OutputContext, ref eventResult);
+            // }
+            var ctx = Cms.Context;
+            SiteDto site = ctx.CurrentSite;
+            // 站点站点路径
+            if (!this.CheckSiteUrl(context,site)) return SafetyTask.CompletedTask;
+
+            //检测网站状态及其缓存
+            if (ctx.CheckSiteState() && ctx.CheckAndSetClientCache())
+            {          
+                DefaultWebOuput.RenderIndex(ctx);
+            }
+            return SafetyTask.CompletedTask;
+
+
+            //如果返回false,则执行默认输出
+            // if (!eventResult)
+            // {
+            //     DefaultWebOuput.RenderIndex(base.OutputContext);
+            // }
+        }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 文档页
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Task Archive(ICompatibleHttpContext context)
+        {           
+            context.Response.ContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
+            CmsContext ctx = Cms.Context;
+            //检测网站状态及其缓存
+            if (ctx.CheckSiteState() && ctx.CheckAndSetClientCache())
+            {
+                context.Response.ContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
+                var path = context.Request.GetPath();
+                String archivePath = this.SubPath(path, ctx.SiteAppPath);
+                archivePath = archivePath.Substring(0, archivePath.LastIndexOf(".", StringComparison.Ordinal));
+                DefaultWebOuput.RenderArchive(ctx, archivePath);
+            }
+            return SafetyTask.CompletedTask;
+
+            /*
+            bool eventResult = false;
+            if (OnArchiveRequest != null)
+            {
+                OnArchiveRequest(ctx, archivePath, ref eventResult);
+            }
+
+            //如果返回false,则执行默认输出
+            if (!eventResult)
+            {
+                DefaultWebOuput.RenderArchive(ctx, archivePath);
+            }
+            */
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// 栏目页
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public Task Category(ICompatibleHttpContext context)
+        {
+            context.Response.ContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
+            CmsContext ctx = Cms.Context;
+            //检测网站状态及其缓存
+            if (ctx.CheckSiteState() && ctx.CheckAndSetClientCache())
+            {
+                var path = context.Request.GetPath();
+                var sitePath = ctx.SiteAppPath;
+                // 验证是否为当前站点的首页
+                if (path ==sitePath )
+                {
+                    return this.Index(context);
+                }
+                // 如果为"/site/",跳转到"/site"
+                if (path == sitePath+"/")
+                {
+                    context.Response.Redirect(path.Substring(0, path.Length - 1), false);
+                    return SafetyTask.CompletedTask;
+
+                }
+                String catPath = this.SubPath(path, sitePath);
+                int page = 1;
+                //获取页码和tag
+                if (catPath.EndsWith(".html"))
+                {
+                    var ls = catPath.LastIndexOf("/", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+                    var len = catPath.Length;
+                    var begin = ls + 1 + "list_".Length;
+                    var ps = catPath.Substring(begin, len - begin - 5);
+                    int.TryParse(ps, out page);
+                    catPath = catPath.Substring(0, ls);
+                }
+         
+           
+                DefaultWebOuput.RenderCategory(ctx, catPath, page);
+                // //执行
+                // bool eventResult = false;
+                // if (OnCategoryRequest != null)
+                // {
+                //     OnCategoryRequest(ctx, catPath, page, ref eventResult);
+                // }
+                //
+                // //如果返回false,则执行默认输出
+                // if (!eventResult)
+                // {
+                //     DefaultWebOuput.RenderCategory(ctx, catPath, page);
+                // }
+            }
+            return SafetyTask.CompletedTask;
+
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `ctx` last assigned on line 191 could be null and is dereferenced at line 193, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task PortalControllerHandler.Category(ICompatibleHttpContext)
+
+### File:
+src/JR.Cms/Web/Portal/Comm/PortalController.cs
+
+### Key:
+PortalController.cs|Category|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56203f4e21ecf9e860f6a12dc3683775
+
+### Hash:
+b8fc0464aa1b5a6bb9e2a7d1c6a91386
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1447/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1447/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78b3c0572ffc6452e95b4a0a450817509599ad38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1447/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SharpGLTF
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace glTF2Sharp.Schema2
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class LoadModelTests
+    {
+        #region setup
+
+        [OneTimeSetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            TestFiles.CheckoutDataDirectories();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region testing models of https://github.com/bghgary/glTF-Asset-Generator.git
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GeneratedModelsLoadTest()
+        {
+            foreach (var f in TestFiles.GetGeneratedFilePaths())
+            {
+                var model = _LoadModel(f);
+
+                Assert.NotNull(model);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        [TestCase(0)]        
+        [TestCase(6)]
+        public void LoadCompatibilityModelTest(int idx)
+        {
+            var filePath = TestFiles.GetCompatibilityFilePath(idx);
+
+            var model = _LoadModel(filePath);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(model);
+        }
+
+        [TestCase(1)]
+        [TestCase(2)]
+        [TestCase(3)]
+        [TestCase(4)]
+        [TestCase(5)]
+        public void LoadInvalidModelsTest(int idx)
+        {
+            var filePath = TestFiles.GetCompatibilityFilePath(idx);
+
+            try
+            {                
+                ModelRoot.Load(filePath);
+                Assert.Fail("Did not throw!");
+            }
+            catch(ModelException ex)
+            {
+                TestContext.WriteLine($"{filePath} threw {ex.Message}");
+            }
+                       
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region testing models of https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF-Sample-Models.git
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SampleModelsLoadTest()
+        {
+            foreach (var f in TestFiles.GetSampleFilePaths())
+            {
+                var root = _LoadModel(f);
+                Assert.NotNull(root);
+
+                // var fileName = System.IO.Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(f);
+
+                // root.DefaultScene._DumpWavefrontToTest(f);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void MaterialSpecularGlossinessModelsLoadTest()
+        {
+            foreach (var f in TestFiles.GetFilePathsWithSpecularGlossinessPBR())
+            {
+                var root = _LoadModel(f);
+                Assert.NotNull(root);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region test polly model
+
+        [Test(Description ="Example of traversing the visual tree all the way to individual vertices and indices")]
+        public void TestLoadPolly()
+        {
+            var model = _LoadModel(TestFiles.GetPollyFilePath());            
+
+            var scene = model.DefaultScene;
+
+            var pollyNode = scene.FindNode("Polly_Display");            
+
+            var pollyPrimitive = pollyNode.Mesh.Primitives[0];
+
+            var pollyIndices = pollyPrimitive.IndexAccessor.CastToIndicesAccessor();
+            var pollyPositions = pollyPrimitive.VertexAccessors["POSITION"].CastToVector3Accessor();
+            var pollyNormals = pollyPrimitive.VertexAccessors["NORMAL"].CastToVector3Accessor();
+
+            for (int i=0; i < pollyIndices.Count; i+=3)
+            {
+                var a = (int)pollyIndices[i + 0];
+                var b = (int)pollyIndices[i + 1];
+                var c = (int)pollyIndices[i + 2];
+
+                var ap = pollyPositions[a];
+                var bp = pollyPositions[b];
+                var cp = pollyPositions[c];
+
+                var an = pollyNormals[a];
+                var bn = pollyNormals[b];
+                var cn = pollyNormals[c];
+
+                TestContext.WriteLine($"Triangle {ap} {an} {bp} {bn} {cp} {cn}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region model loading
+
+        public static ModelRoot _LoadModel(string filePath)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                TestContext.Progress.WriteLine($"Loading {filePath.ToShortDisplayPath()}");
+
+                return ModelRoot.Load(filePath);
+            }
+            catch(ExtensionException eex)            
+            {
+                TestContext.WriteLine($"{filePath} ERROR: {eex.Message}");
+
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+The call to `IntegerAccessor Accessor.CastToIndicesAccessor()` may trigger the following issue: ``BufferView Accessor.get_SourceBufferView()`` could be null (from the call to `Accessor.CastToIndicesAccessor()` on line 127) and is dereferenced in call to `Accessor.CastToIndicesAccessor()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void LoadModelTests.TestLoadPolly()
+
+### File:
+src/glTF2Sharp.Tests/Schema2/LoadModelTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+LoadModelTests.cs|TestLoadPolly|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+250afd25c28f074c2548e0676a7a8437
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1449/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1449/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc71842afa46d6afe632d3bfb7c32af5209d2e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1449/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MongoFramework
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using MongoDB.Driver;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using MongoFramework.Infrastructure;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
+using MongoDB.Driver.Linq;
+using MongoFramework.Infrastructure.Linq;
+using MongoFramework.Infrastructure.Linq.Processors;
+
+namespace MongoFramework
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Basic Mongo "DbSet", providing changeset support and attribute validation
+	/// </summary>
+	/// <typeparam name="TEntity"></typeparam>
+	public class MongoDbSet<TEntity> : IMongoDbSet<TEntity>
+	{
+		public IDbChangeTracker<TEntity> ChangeTracker { get; private set; } = new DbChangeTracker<TEntity>();
+
+		private IDbEntityChangeWriter<TEntity> dbWriter { get; set; }
+		private IDbEntityReader<TEntity> dbReader { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Whether any entity validation is performed prior to saving changes. (Default is true)
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool PerformEntityValidation { get; set; } = true;
+
+		public MongoDbSet() { }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a new MongoDbSet using the connection string in the configuration that matches the specified connection name.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="connectionName">The name of the connection string stored in the configuration.</param>
+		public MongoDbSet(string connectionName)
+		{
+			var mongoUrl = MongoDbUtility.GetMongoUrlFromConfig(connectionName);
+			
+			if (mongoUrl == null)
+			{
+				throw new MongoConfigurationException("No connection string found with the name \'" + connectionName + "\'");
+			}
+
+			SetDatabase(MongoDbUtility.GetDatabase(mongoUrl));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a new MongoDbSet using the specified connection string and database combination.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="connectionString">The connection string to the server</param>
+		/// <param name="databaseName">The database name on the server</param> 
+		public MongoDbSet(string connectionString, string databaseName)
+		{
+			SetDatabase(MongoDbUtility.GetDatabase(connectionString, databaseName));
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a new MongoDbSet with the specified entity reader and writer.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="reader">The reader to use for querying the database.</param>
+		/// <param name="writer">The writer to use for writing to the database.</param>
+		public MongoDbSet(IDbEntityReader<TEntity> reader, IDbEntityChangeWriter<TEntity> writer)
+		{
+			dbReader = reader;
+			dbWriter = writer;
+		}
+		
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Initialise a new entity reader and writer to the specified database.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="database"></param>
+		public void SetDatabase(IMongoDatabase database)
+		{
+			var entityMapper = new DbEntityMapper<TEntity>();
+			dbWriter = new DbEntityWriter<TEntity>(database, entityMapper);
+			dbReader = new DbEntityReader<TEntity>(database, entityMapper);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Marks the entity for insertion into the database.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="entity"></param>
+		public virtual void Add(TEntity entity)
+		{
+			if (entity == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("entity");
+			}
+
+			ChangeTracker.Update(entity, DbEntityEntryState.Added);
+		}
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Marks the collection of entities for insertion into the database.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="entities"></param>
+		public virtual void AddRange(IEnumerable<TEntity> entities)
+		{
+			if (entities == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("entities");
+			}
+
+			ChangeTracker.UpdateRange(entities, DbEntityEntryState.Added);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Marks the entity for updating.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="entity"></param>
+		public virtual void Update(TEntity entity)
+		{
+			if (entity == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("entity");
+			}
+
+			ChangeTracker.Update(entity, DbEntityEntryState.Updated);
+		}
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Marks the collection of entities for updating.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="entities"></param>
+		public virtual void UpdateRange(IEnumerable<TEntity> entities)
+		{
+			if (entities == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("entities");
+			}
+
+			ChangeTracker.UpdateRange(entities, DbEntityEntryState.Updated);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Marks the entity for deletion.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="entity"></param>
+		public virtual void Remove(TEntity entity)
+		{
+			if (entity == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("entity");
+			}
+
+			ChangeTracker.Update(entity, DbEntityEntryState.Deleted);
+		}
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Marks the collection of entities for deletion.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="entities"></param>
+		public virtual void RemoveRange(IEnumerable<TEntity> entities)
+		{
+			if (entities == null)
+			{
+				throw new ArgumentNullException("entities");
+			}
+
+			ChangeTracker.UpdateRange(entities, DbEntityEntryState.Deleted);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Writes all of the items in the changeset to the database.
+		/// </summary>
+		public virtual void SaveChanges()
+		{
+			if (dbWriter == null)
+			{
+				throw new InvalidOperationException("No IDbEntityWriter has been set.");
+			}
+
+			ChangeTracker.DetectChanges();
+
+			if (PerformEntityValidation)
+			{
+				var savingEntities = ChangeTracker.GetEntries()
+					.Where(e => e.State == DbEntityEntryState.Added || e.State == DbEntityEntryState.Updated)
+					.Select(e => e.Entity);
+
+				foreach (var savingEntity in savingEntities)
+				{
+					var validationContext = new ValidationContext(savingEntity);
+					Validator.ValidateObject(savingEntity, validationContext);
+				}
+			}
+
+			dbWriter.WriteChanges(ChangeTracker);
+		}
+
+		#region IQueryable Implementation
+
+		private IQueryable<TEntity> GetQueryable()
+		{
+			if (dbReader == null)
+			{
+				throw new InvalidOperationException("No IDbEntityReader has been set.");
+			}
+
+			var queryable = dbReader.AsQueryable() as IMongoFrameworkQueryable<TEntity, TEntity>;
+			queryable.EntityProcessors.Add(new EntityTrackingProcessor<TEntity>(ChangeTracker));
+			return queryable;
+		}
+
+		public Expression Expression
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return GetQueryable().Expression;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public Type ElementType
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return GetQueryable().ElementType;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public IQueryProvider Provider
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return GetQueryable().Provider;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public IEnumerator<TEntity> GetEnumerator()
+		{
+			return GetQueryable().GetEnumerator();
+		}
+
+		IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator()
+		{
+			return GetEnumerator();
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `queryable` last assigned on line 199 could be null and is dereferenced at line 200, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IQueryable`1<!0> MongoDbSet`1<TEntity>.GetQueryable()
+
+### File:
+MongoFramework/MongoDbSet.cs
+
+### Key:
+MongoDbSet.cs|GetQueryable|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ccc9111d4a6f7419fa2b6a22807cb208
+
+### Hash:
+84ba42ac60b4d1d82b4d30cc71277078
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1471/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1471/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..509f2638afd4c203779ec7327a361be83745d47a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1471/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phosphorusfive
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+ * Phosphorus Five, copyright 2014 - 2015, Thomas Hansen, phosphorusfive@gmail.com
+ * Phosphorus Five is licensed under the terms of the MIT license, see the enclosed LICENSE file for details.
+ */
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Web.UI;
+using p5.ajax.core.internals;
+
+// This might look fuuny, but to document the namespace, such that Doxygen recognizes it, 
+// and can create documentation for it, we must do it like this.
+/// <summary>
+///     Contains all Ajax functionality in Phosphorus.
+/// 
+///     Contains all the Ajax functionality in Phosphorus, such as its Widgets, AjaxPage and so on. p5.ajax is a C# ASP.NET WebControls
+///     library, that can be used without bringing in any other dependencies from Phosphorus Five. In such a regard, p5.ajax is an alternative
+///     to other Ajax Libraries, such as Anthem.NET and ASP.NET Ajax.
+/// 
+///     If all you wish to to, is to have a nice Ajax library for your C# or VB.NET ASP.NET projects, then p5.ajax is a decent alternative.
+///     If this is what you want, then the only project dll you need to reference inside of your own projects is <em>"p5.ajax.dll"</em>.
+/// 
+///     p5.ajax is a managed Ajax Library, and all JavaScript for the library is roughly 5KB when built in Release Build. In addition, 
+///     p5.ajax only sends the changes back from the server to your client, which means that the amount of bandwidth usage when using
+///     p5.ajax is probably unmatched by other similar libraries.
+/// 
+///     With p5.ajax, you have complete control over what HTML is rendered from your server. There are no <em>"magic divs"</em>, or huge
+///     JavaScript files being transfered. p5.ajax tries to fix what needs to be fixed, and leave the rest up to you. p5.ajax is
+///     100% perfectly compatible with all other major Ajax Libraries out there, such as jQuery and Prototype.js.
+/// 
+///     With p5.ajax, you can create your WebControls, just like you would in a normal ASP.NET project, and let the Ajax parts, and updating
+///     of your widget's properties, automtically be taken care of. While still retaining 100% control over what goes over the wire, and what HTML
+///     is rendered.
+/// 
+///     For examples of how to use p5.ajax, you can check out the example web project from the Phosphorus Five download called 
+///     <em>"p5.ajax.samples"</em>.
+/// </summary>
+namespace p5.ajax
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    ///     Contains all core functionality in p5.ajax.
+    /// 
+    ///     Contains all the core helper and supporting features in p5.ajax, such as the Manager, AjaxPage and so on.
+    ///     Helps glue together the Ajax Widgets with your Page, and helps you handle ViewState, create Ajax WebMethods and so on.
+    /// </summary>
+    namespace core
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        ///     Helper class for implementing core Ajax functionality on your page.
+        /// 
+        ///     Inherit all your ASP.NET Pages from this class in your solution to allow for them to have Ajax functionality.
+        ///     If you do not wish to inherit from this class,
+        ///     you can implement the <see cref="p5.ajax.core.IAjaxPage">IAjaxPage</see> interface on your page instead,
+        ///     and create an instance of the <see cref="p5.ajax.core.Manager" /> yourself, during the
+        ///     initialization of your page.
+        /// </summary>
+        public class AjaxPage : Page, IAjaxPage
+        {
+            private PageStatePersister _statePersister;
+            private List<Tuple<string, bool>> _newJavaScriptObjects = new List<Tuple<string, bool>> ();
+            private List<string> _newCssFiles = new List<string> ();
+
+            /// <summary>
+            ///     Maximum number of ViewState entries in Session.
+            /// 
+            ///     If this is zero, ViewState will not be stored in Session,
+            ///     but sent back and forth between client and browser as usual. This might be a security issue for you, in 
+            ///     addition to that it increases the size of all your HTTP requests significantly. Unless you know what you are
+            ///     doing, you should always store the ViewState on the server, having a positive value, as small as possible,
+            ///     of this property.
+            /// 
+            ///     The higher this number is, the more memory your serer is going to consume. The lower this number is, the
+            ///     less number of consecutive open windows the end user can have towards your application at the same time.
+            /// 
+            ///     If you set this number to "-1", then an infinite amount of state objects per session will be stored on your
+            ///     server, which opens up your server to a whole range of difficulties, such as easily draining your server for
+            ///     all its memory by simply pressing CTRL+R hundreds of times, etc. For some intranet sites though, this might
+            ///     be a useful value, if you know you can trust your users not to sabotage your site.
+            /// 
+            ///     Useful and safe values for this property, probably ranges from anything from 5 to 20, depending upon the amount
+            ///     of memory you have, and what type of site you're creating. If your site is a "single page Ajax application", then
+            ///     having "1" as your value will be OK. If your site has no Ajax functionality almost at all, then you can also 
+            ///     probably come away with a value of "1" for your page.
+            /// 
+            ///     If your site however mixes Ajax functionality with multiple URLs, or your users frequently opens up more than
+            ///     one window to your site, then you should probably increase this number beyond "1", since otherwise every time
+            ///     a user opens up a new window to your site, he will invalidate the state for all previously opened windows, and
+            ///     break their Ajax functionality as he does.
+            /// 
+            ///     I recommend "5" to "10" as a general rule of thumb for this value, unless you know what you're doing.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <value>The number of valid viewstate entries for each session.</value>
+            public int ViewStateSessionEntries { get; set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Gets the page state persister.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <value>The page state persister.</value>
+            protected override PageStatePersister PageStatePersister
+            {
+                get
+                {
+                    if (ViewStateSessionEntries == 0)
+                        return base.PageStatePersister;
+                    return _statePersister ?? (_statePersister = new StatePersister (this, ViewStateSessionEntries));
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            ///     Returns the ajax manager for your page.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <value>the ajax manager</value>
+            public Manager Manager { get; private set; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            ///     Registers JavaScript file for page, that will be included on the client-side.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="url">url to JavaScript to register</param>
+            public void RegisterJavaScriptFile (string url)
+            {
+                if (ViewState ["__p5_js_objects"] == null)
+                    ViewState ["__p5_js_objects"] = new List<Tuple<string, bool>> ();
+                var lst = ViewState ["__p5_js_objects"] as List<Tuple<string, bool>>;
+                if (lst.Find (delegate (Tuple<string, bool> idx) { return idx.Item1 == url; }) == null) {
+                    lst.Add (new Tuple<string, bool>(url, true));
+                    _newJavaScriptObjects.Add (new Tuple<string, bool>(url, true));
+                }
+            }
+            
+            /// <summary>
+            ///     Registers JavaScript for page, that will be included on the client-side.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="url">url to JavaScript to register</param>
+            public void RegisterJavaScript (string script)
+            {
+                if (ViewState ["__p5_js_objects"] == null)
+                    ViewState ["__p5_js_objects"] = new List<Tuple<string, bool>> ();
+                var lst = ViewState ["__p5_js_objects"] as List<Tuple<string, bool>>;
+                if (lst.Find (delegate (Tuple<string, bool> idx) { return idx.Item1 == script; }) == null) {
+                    lst.Add (new Tuple<string, bool>(script, false));
+                    _newJavaScriptObjects.Add (new Tuple<string, bool>(script, true));
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            ///     Registers stylesheet file for page, that will be included on the client-side.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="url">url to stylesheet to register</param>
+            public void RegisterStylesheetFile (string url)
+            {
+                if (ViewState ["__p5_css_files"] == null)
+                    ViewState ["__p5_css_files"] = new List<string> ();
+                var lst = ViewState ["__p5_css_files"] as List<string>;
+                if (!lst.Contains (url)) {
+                    lst.Add (url);
+                    _newCssFiles.Add (url);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * returns the JavaScript file URL's we need to push to client during this request
+             */
+            List<Tuple<string, bool>> IAjaxPage.JavaScriptToPush
+            {
+                get { return ViewState ["__p5_js_objects"] as List<Tuple<string, bool>>; }
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * returns the JavaScript file URL's we need to push to client during this request
+             */
+            List<Tuple<string, bool>> IAjaxPage.NewJavaScriptToPush
+            {
+                get { return _newJavaScriptObjects; }
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * returns the JavaScript file URL's we need to push to client during this request
+             */
+            List<string> IAjaxPage.StylesheetFilesToPush
+            {
+                get { return ViewState ["__p5_css_files"] as List<string>; }
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * returns the JavaScript file URL's we need to push to client during this request
+             */
+            List<string> IAjaxPage.NewStylesheetFilesToPush
+            {
+                get { return _newCssFiles; }
+            }
+
+            protected override void OnPreInit (EventArgs e)
+            {
+                Manager = new Manager (this);
+                base.OnPreInit (e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `lst` last assigned on line 153 could be null and is dereferenced at line 154, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AjaxPage.RegisterStylesheetFile(String)
+
+### File:
+core/p5.ajax/core/AjaxPage.cs
+
+### Key:
+AjaxPage.cs|RegisterStylesheetFile|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+552d43ca4ba53a966acfd00b187c48fd
+
+### Hash:
+e1942d8c83dacd31cc4c09800d975d80
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1476/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1476/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bfb3983b72b7042f8aa57e596c49c93ccf085c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1476/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** msgraph-sdk-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test.Extensions
+{
+    using Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test.Requests;
+    using System.Net.Http;
+    using Xunit;
+    public class BaseRequestExtensionsTests: RequestTestBase
+    {
+        string requestUrl = "https://foo.bar";
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithShouldRetry_ShouldDelegateToRetryOption()
+        {
+            HttpResponseMessage httpResponseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+            var baseRequest = new BaseRequest(requestUrl, this.baseClient);
+            baseRequest.WithShouldRetry((response) => true);
+
+            Assert.IsType<GraphRequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(GraphRequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.True(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RetryOption>().ShouldRetry(httpResponseMessage));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithMaxRetry_ShouldAddMaxRetryToRetryOption()
+        {
+            var baseRequest = new BaseRequest(requestUrl, this.baseClient);
+            baseRequest.WithMaxRetry(3);
+
+            Assert.IsType<GraphRequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(GraphRequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(3, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RetryOption>().MaxRetry);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithMaxRedirects_ShouldAddMaxRedirectsToRedirectOption()
+        {
+            var baseRequest = new BaseRequest(requestUrl, this.baseClient);
+            baseRequest.WithMaxRedirects(4);
+
+            Assert.IsType<GraphRequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(GraphRequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(4, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RedirectOption>().MaxRedirects);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage Microsoft.Graph.BaseRequest::GetHttpRequestMessage() at Line 28) of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage, Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage Microsoft.Graph.BaseRequest::GetHttpRequestMessage() at Line 27) of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage in method "Void BaseRequestExtensionsTests.WithMaxRetry_ShouldAddMaxRetryToRetryOption()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BaseRequestExtensionsTests.WithMaxRetry_ShouldAddMaxRetryToRetryOption()
+
+### File:
+tests/Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test/Extensions/BaseRequestExtensionsTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+BaseRequestExtensionsTests.cs|WithMaxRetry_ShouldAddMaxRetryToRetryOption|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+13370891a3d639d104a8c2ebf7614d52
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1478/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1478/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b5312463efb94c229743d51ddc351314d32cca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1478/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** msgraph-sdk-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test.Extensions
+{
+    using Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test.Requests;
+    using System.Net.Http;
+    using Xunit;
+    public class BaseRequestExtensionsTests: RequestTestBase
+    {
+        string requestUrl = "https://foo.bar";
+        BaseRequest baseRequest;
+        public BaseRequestExtensionsTests()
+        {
+            baseRequest = new BaseRequest(requestUrl, this.baseClient);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithScopes_ShouldAddScopesToAuthOption()
+        {
+            string[] scopes = new string[] { "foo.bar", "user.bar", "user.foo"};
+
+            baseRequest.WithScopes(scopes);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Same(scopes, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().Scopes);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithScopes_ShouldOnlyAddScopesToExistingAuthOption()
+        {
+            string[] scopes = new string[] { "foo.bar", "user.bar", "user.foo" };
+
+            baseRequest
+                .WithForceRefresh(false)
+                .WithScopes(scopes);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(false, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().ForceRefresh);
+            Assert.Same(scopes, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().Scopes);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithForceRefresh_ShouldAddForceRefreshToAuthOption()
+        {
+            string requestUrl = "https://foo.bar";
+            var request = new BaseRequest(requestUrl, this.baseClient);
+
+            request.WithForceRefresh(true);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(request.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.True(request.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().ForceRefresh);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithShouldRetry_ShouldDelegateToRetryOption()
+        {
+            HttpResponseMessage httpResponseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+
+            baseRequest.WithShouldRetry((response) => true);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.True(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RetryOption>().ShouldRetry(httpResponseMessage));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithMaxRetry_ShouldAddMaxRetryToRetryOption()
+        {
+            baseRequest.WithMaxRetry(3);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(3, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RetryOption>().MaxRetry);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithMaxRedirects_ShouldAddMaxRedirectsToRedirectOption()
+        {
+            baseRequest.WithMaxRedirects(4);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(4, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RedirectOption>().MaxRedirects);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddMiddlewareOptions_ShouldAddMiddlewareOptionsToTheRequestContext()
+        {
+            var request = new BaseRequest("http://localhost.bar", this.baseClient);
+            var middlewareOptions = new IMiddlewareOption[]
+            {
+                new RetryOption { MaxRetry = 10, ShouldRetry = (response) => true },
+                new AuthOption { ForceRefresh = false, Scopes = new string[] { "foo.bar", "user.read" } },
+                new RedirectOption { MaxRedirects = 6 }
+            };
+
+            request.AddMiddlewareOptions(middlewareOptions);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(request.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(middlewareOptions.Length, request.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetRequestContext().MiddlewareOptions.Count);
+            Assert.Same(middlewareOptions[1], request.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage Microsoft.Graph.BaseRequest::GetHttpRequestMessage() at Line 49) of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage, Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage Microsoft.Graph.BaseRequest::GetHttpRequestMessage() at Line 48) of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage in method "Void BaseRequestExtensionsTests.WithForceRefresh_ShouldAddForceRefreshToAuthOption()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BaseRequestExtensionsTests.WithForceRefresh_ShouldAddForceRefreshToAuthOption()
+
+### File:
+tests/Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test/Extensions/BaseRequestExtensionsTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+BaseRequestExtensionsTests.cs|WithForceRefresh_ShouldAddForceRefreshToAuthOption|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8955eb3af53ed1e9676271a18324b001
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1482/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1482/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33fc340069dff85da48fa4b540af0018739260af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1482/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** msgraph-sdk-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test.Extensions
+{
+    using Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test.Requests;
+    using System.Net.Http;
+    using Xunit;
+    public class BaseRequestExtensionsTests: RequestTestBase
+    {
+        string requestUrl = "https://foo.bar";
+        BaseRequest baseRequest;
+        public BaseRequestExtensionsTests()
+        {
+            baseRequest = new BaseRequest(requestUrl, this.baseClient);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithScopes_ShouldAddScopesToAuthOption()
+        {
+            string[] scopes = new string[] { "foo.bar", "user.bar", "user.foo"};
+
+            baseRequest.WithScopes(scopes);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Same(scopes, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().Scopes);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithScopes_ShouldOnlyAddScopesToExistingAuthOption()
+        {
+            string[] scopes = new string[] { "foo.bar", "user.bar", "user.foo" };
+
+            baseRequest
+                .WithForceRefresh(false)
+                .WithScopes(scopes);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(false, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().ForceRefresh);
+            Assert.Same(scopes, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().Scopes);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithForceRefresh_ShouldAddForceRefreshToAuthOption()
+        {
+            string requestUrl = "https://foo.bar";
+            var request = new BaseRequest(requestUrl, this.baseClient);
+
+            request.WithForceRefresh(true);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(request.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.True(request.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>().ForceRefresh);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithShouldRetry_ShouldDelegateToRetryOption()
+        {
+            HttpResponseMessage httpResponseMessage = new HttpResponseMessage();
+
+            baseRequest.WithShouldRetry((response) => true);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.True(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RetryOption>().ShouldRetry(httpResponseMessage));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithMaxRetry_ShouldAddMaxRetryToRetryOption()
+        {
+            baseRequest.WithMaxRetry(3);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(3, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RetryOption>().MaxRetry);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void WithMaxRedirects_ShouldAddMaxRedirectsToRedirectOption()
+        {
+            baseRequest.WithMaxRedirects(4);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(4, baseRequest.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<RedirectOption>().MaxRedirects);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddMiddlewareOptions_ShouldAddMiddlewareOptionsToTheRequestContext()
+        {
+            var request = new BaseRequest("http://localhost.bar", this.baseClient);
+            var middlewareOptions = new IMiddlewareOption[]
+            {
+                new RetryOption { MaxRetry = 10, ShouldRetry = (response) => true },
+                new AuthOption { ForceRefresh = false, Scopes = new string[] { "foo.bar", "user.read" } },
+                new RedirectOption { MaxRedirects = 6 }
+            };
+
+            request.AddMiddlewareOptions(middlewareOptions);
+
+            Assert.IsType<RequestContext>(request.GetHttpRequestMessage().Properties[typeof(RequestContext).ToString()]);
+            Assert.Equal(middlewareOptions.Length, request.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetRequestContext().MiddlewareOptions.Count);
+            Assert.Same(middlewareOptions[1], request.GetHttpRequestMessage().GetMiddlewareOption<AuthOption>());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage Microsoft.Graph.BaseRequest::GetHttpRequestMessage() at Line 78) of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage, Leaked resource (returned from System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage Microsoft.Graph.BaseRequest::GetHttpRequestMessage() at Line 77) of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage in method "Void BaseRequestExtensionsTests.WithMaxRedirects_ShouldAddMaxRedirectsToRedirectOption()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BaseRequestExtensionsTests.WithMaxRedirects_ShouldAddMaxRedirectsToRedirectOption()
+
+### File:
+tests/Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test/Extensions/BaseRequestExtensionsTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+BaseRequestExtensionsTests.cs|WithMaxRedirects_ShouldAddMaxRedirectsToRedirectOption|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+cb88a3ec2612ae2bf747394930d72dbe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1485/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1485/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f068d4408b0ed5a401a2903b9f0c77d96c9a5bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1485/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** msgraph-sdk-dotnet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//  Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All Rights Reserved.  Licensed under the MIT License.  See License in the project root for license information.
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+namespace Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test.Requests
+{
+    using Mocks;
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net.Http;
+    using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+    using System.Reflection;
+    using System.Threading;
+    using System.Threading.Tasks;
+    using System.Net;
+    using Xunit;
+
+    public class GraphClientFactoryTests : IDisposable
+    {
+        private DelegatingHandler[] handlers = new DelegatingHandler[3];
+        private MockRedirectHandler testHttpMessageHandler;
+
+
+        public GraphClientFactoryTests()
+        {
+            this.testHttpMessageHandler = new MockRedirectHandler();
+            handlers[0] = new RetryHandler();
+            handlers[1] = new RedirectHandler();
+            handlers[2] = new AuthenticationHandler();
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            this.testHttpMessageHandler.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreatePipelineWithoutHttpMessageHandlerInput()
+        {
+            using (RetryHandler retryHandler = (RetryHandler)GraphClientFactory.CreatePipeline(null, handlers))
+            using (RedirectHandler redirectHandler = (RedirectHandler)retryHandler.InnerHandler)
+            using (AuthenticationHandler authenticationHandler = (AuthenticationHandler)redirectHandler.InnerHandler)
+            using (HttpClientHandler innerMost = (HttpClientHandler)authenticationHandler.InnerHandler)
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(retryHandler);
+                Assert.NotNull(redirectHandler);
+                Assert.NotNull(authenticationHandler);
+                Assert.NotNull(innerMost);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(RetryHandler), retryHandler);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(RedirectHandler), redirectHandler);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(AuthenticationHandler), authenticationHandler);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(HttpClientHandler), innerMost);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreatePipelineWithHttpMessageHandlerInput()
+        {
+            using (RetryHandler retryHandler = (RetryHandler)GraphClientFactory.CreatePipeline(this.testHttpMessageHandler, handlers))
+            using (RedirectHandler redirectHandler = (RedirectHandler)retryHandler.InnerHandler)
+            using (AuthenticationHandler authenticationHandler = (AuthenticationHandler)redirectHandler.InnerHandler)
+            using (MockRedirectHandler innerMost = (MockRedirectHandler)authenticationHandler.InnerHandler)
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(retryHandler);
+                Assert.NotNull(redirectHandler);
+                Assert.NotNull(authenticationHandler);
+                Assert.NotNull(innerMost);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(RetryHandler), retryHandler);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(RedirectHandler), redirectHandler);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(AuthenticationHandler), authenticationHandler);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(MockRedirectHandler), innerMost);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreatePipelineWithoutPipeline()
+        {
+            using (MockRedirectHandler handler = (MockRedirectHandler)GraphClientFactory.CreatePipeline(this.testHttpMessageHandler, null))
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(handler);
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(MockRedirectHandler), handler);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreateClient_CustomHttpHandlingBehaviors()
+        {
+            var timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(200);
+            var baseAddress = new Uri("https://localhost");
+            var cacheHeader = new CacheControlHeaderValue();
+            
+            using (HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(handlers))
+            {
+                GraphClientFactory.Configure(client, timeout, baseAddress, cacheHeader);
+                Assert.NotNull(client);
+                Assert.Equal(client.Timeout, timeout);
+                Assert.False(client.DefaultRequestHeaders.CacheControl.NoCache, "NoCache true.");
+                Assert.False(client.DefaultRequestHeaders.CacheControl.NoStore, "NoStore true.");
+                Assert.Equal(client.BaseAddress, baseAddress);
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreateClient_SelectedCloud()
+        {
+            GraphClientFactory.Version = "beta";
+            using (HttpClient httpClient = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(GraphClientFactory.Germany_Cloud, handlers))
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(httpClient);
+                Uri clouldEndpoint = new Uri("https://graph.microsoft.de/beta");
+                Assert.Equal(httpClient.BaseAddress, clouldEndpoint);
+                Assert.Equal(httpClient.Timeout, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(100));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreateClient_SelectedCloudWithExceptions()
+        {
+            string nation = "Canada";
+            try
+            {
+                HttpClient httpClient = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(nation, handlers);
+            }
+            catch (ArgumentException exception)
+            {
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(ArgumentException), exception);
+                Assert.Equal(exception.Message, String.Format("{0} is an unexpected national cloud.", nation));
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreateClient_WithInnerHandler()
+        {
+
+            using (HttpClient httpClient = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(this.testHttpMessageHandler, null))
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(httpClient);
+                Assert.True(httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Contains(CoreConstants.Headers.SdkVersionHeaderName), "SDK version not set.");
+                Version assemblyVersion = typeof(GraphClientFactory).GetTypeInfo().Assembly.GetName().Version;
+                string value = string.Format(
+                    CoreConstants.Headers.SdkVersionHeaderValueFormatString,
+                    "Graph",
+                    assemblyVersion.Major,
+                    assemblyVersion.Minor,
+                    assemblyVersion.Build);
+                IEnumerable<string> values;
+                Assert.True(httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.TryGetValues(CoreConstants.Headers.SdkVersionHeaderName, out values), "SDK version value not set");
+                Assert.Equal(values.Count(), 1);
+                Assert.Equal(values.First(), value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreateClient_WithHandlers()
+        {
+            using (HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(handlers))
+            {
+                Assert.NotNull(client);
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task SendRequest_Redirect()
+        {
+            var httpRequestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "http://example.org/foo");
+            var redirectResponse = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.MovedPermanently);
+
+            redirectResponse.Headers.Location = new Uri("http://example.org/bar");
+            var oKResponse = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK);
+            this.testHttpMessageHandler.SetHttpResponse(redirectResponse, oKResponse);
+
+            using (HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(this.testHttpMessageHandler, handlers))
+            {
+                var response = await client.SendAsync(httpRequestMessage, new CancellationToken());
+                Assert.Equal(response, oKResponse);
+                Assert.Equal(response.RequestMessage.Method, httpRequestMessage.Method);
+                Assert.NotSame(response.RequestMessage, httpRequestMessage);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task SendRequest_Retry()
+        {
+            var httpRequestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "http://example.org/foo");
+            httpRequestMessage.Content = new StringContent("Hello World");
+
+            var retryResponse = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable);
+            retryResponse.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("Retry-After", 30.ToString());
+            var response_2 = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK);
+
+            this.testHttpMessageHandler.SetHttpResponse(retryResponse, response_2);
+
+            using (HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(this.testHttpMessageHandler, handlers))
+            {
+                var response = await client.SendAsync(httpRequestMessage, new CancellationToken());
+                Assert.Same(response, response_2);
+                IEnumerable<string> values;
+                Assert.True(httpRequestMessage.Headers.TryGetValues("Retry-Attempt", out values), "Don't set Retry-Attemp Header");
+                Assert.Equal(values.Count(), 1);
+                Assert.Equal(values.First(), 1.ToString());
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task SendRequest_UnauthorizedWithNoAuthenticationProvider()
+        {
+            var httpRequestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Put, "https://example.com/bar");
+            httpRequestMessage.Content = new StringContent("Hello World");
+
+            var unauthorizedResponse = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized);
+            var okResponse = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK);
+
+            testHttpMessageHandler.SetHttpResponse(unauthorizedResponse, okResponse);
+
+            using (HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(testHttpMessageHandler, handlers))
+            {
+                var response = await client.SendAsync(httpRequestMessage, new CancellationToken());
+                Assert.Same(response, unauthorizedResponse);
+                Assert.Same(response.RequestMessage, httpRequestMessage);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task SendRequest_UnauthorizedWithAuthenticationProvider()
+        {
+            var httpRequestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Put, "https://example.com/bar");
+            httpRequestMessage.Content = new StringContent("Hello World");
+
+            var unauthorizedResponse = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.Unauthorized);
+            var okResponse = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK);
+
+            testHttpMessageHandler.SetHttpResponse(unauthorizedResponse, okResponse);
+
+            handlers[2] = new AuthenticationHandler(new MockAuthenticationProvider().Object);
+
+            using (HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(testHttpMessageHandler, handlers))
+            {
+                var response = await client.SendAsync(httpRequestMessage, new CancellationToken());
+                Assert.Same(response, okResponse);
+                Assert.Same(response.RequestMessage, httpRequestMessage);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void CreateClient_WithHandlersHasExceptions()
+        {
+            handlers[handlers.Length - 1] = null;
+            try
+            {
+                HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(handlers);
+            }
+            catch (ArgumentNullException exception)
+            {
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(ArgumentNullException), exception);
+                Assert.Equal(exception.ParamName, "handlers");
+            }
+
+            handlers[handlers.Length - 1] = new RetryHandler(this.testHttpMessageHandler);
+            try
+            {
+                HttpClient client = GraphClientFactory.CreateClient(handlers);
+            }
+            catch (ArgumentException exception)
+            {
+                Assert.IsType(typeof(ArgumentException), exception);
+                Assert.Equal(exception.Message, String.Format("DelegatingHandler array has unexpected InnerHandler. {0} has unexpected InnerHandler.", handlers[handlers.Length - 1]));
+
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource httpClient of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void GraphClientFactoryTests.CreateClient_SelectedCloudWithExceptions()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GraphClientFactoryTests.CreateClient_SelectedCloudWithExceptions()
+
+### File:
+tests/Microsoft.Graph.DotnetCore.Core.Test/Requests/GraphClientFactoryTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+GraphClientFactoryTests.cs|CreateClient_SelectedCloudWithExceptions|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f3c0397f28a821980044032e71013b94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1559/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1559/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f0f2a737f8aa4851e7753f2e49db5f20a059acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1559/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Procurement
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Text;
+using POEApi.Infrastructure;
+using System.Security;
+using POEApi.Infrastructure.Events;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+
+namespace POEApi.Transport
+{
+    public class HttpTransport : ITransport
+    {
+        private string email;
+        private CookieContainer credentialCookies;
+
+        private bool useProxy = false;
+        private string proxyUser;
+        private string proxyPassword;
+        private string proxyDomain;
+        
+        private enum HttpMethod { GET, POST }
+
+        private const string loginURL = @"https://www.pathofexile.com/login";
+        private const string characterURL = @"http://www.pathofexile.com/character-window/get-characters";
+        private const string stashURL = @"http://www.pathofexile.com/character-window/get-stash-items?league={0}&tabs=1&tabIndex={1}";
+        private const string inventoryURL = @"http://www.pathofexile.com/character-window/get-items?character={0}";
+        private const string hashRegEx = "name=\\\"hash\\\" value=\\\"(?<hash>[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,})\\\"";
+
+        private const string updateThreadHashEx = "name=\\\"forum_thread\\\" value=\\\"(?<hash>[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,})\\\"";
+        private const string bumpThreadHashEx = "name=\\\"forum_post\\\" value=\\\"(?<hash>[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,})\\\"";      
+
+        private const string updateShopURL = @"http://www.pathofexile.com/forum/edit-thread/{0}";
+        private const string bumpShopURL = @"http://www.pathofexile.com/forum/post-reply/{0}";
+
+        public event ThottledEventHandler Throttled;
+
+        public HttpTransport(string login)
+        {
+            credentialCookies = new CookieContainer();
+            this.email = login;
+            RequestThrottle.Instance.Throttled += new ThottledEventHandler(instance_Throttled);
+        }
+
+        public HttpTransport(string login, string proxyUser, string proxyPassword, string proxyDomain)
+            : this(login)
+        {
+            this.proxyUser = proxyUser;
+            this.proxyPassword = proxyPassword;
+            this.proxyDomain = proxyDomain;
+            this.useProxy = true;
+        }
+
+        private void instance_Throttled(object sender, ThottledEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (Throttled != null)
+                Throttled(this, e);
+        }
+
+        public bool Authenticate(string email, SecureString password, bool useSessionID)
+        {
+            if (useSessionID)
+            {
+                credentialCookies.Add(new System.Net.Cookie("PHPSESSID", password.UnWrap(), "/", "www.pathofexile.com"));
+                HttpWebRequest confirmAuth = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.GET, loginURL);
+                HttpWebResponse confirmAuthResponse = (HttpWebResponse)confirmAuth.GetResponse();
+
+                if (confirmAuthResponse.ResponseUri.ToString() == loginURL)
+                    throw new LogonFailedException();
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            HttpWebRequest getHash = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.GET, loginURL);
+            HttpWebResponse hashResponse = (HttpWebResponse)getHash.GetResponse();
+            string loginResponse = Encoding.Default.GetString(getMemoryStreamFromResponse(hashResponse).ToArray());
+            string hashValue = Regex.Match(loginResponse, hashRegEx).Groups["hash"].Value;
+
+            HttpWebRequest request = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.POST, loginURL);
+            request.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
+
+            StringBuilder data = new StringBuilder();
+            data.Append("login_email=" + Uri.EscapeDataString(email));
+            data.Append("&login_password=" + Uri.EscapeDataString(password.UnWrap()));
+            data.Append("&hash=" + hashValue);
+
+            byte[] byteData = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data.ToString());
+
+            request.ContentLength = byteData.Length;
+
+            Stream postStream = request.GetRequestStream();
+            postStream.Write(byteData, 0, byteData.Length);
+
+            HttpWebResponse response;
+            response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
+
+            //If we didn't get a redirect, your gonna have a bad time.
+            if (response.StatusCode != HttpStatusCode.Found)
+                throw new LogonFailedException(this.email);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private HttpWebRequest getHttpRequest(HttpMethod method, string url)
+        {
+            HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)RequestThrottle.Instance.Create(url);
+            
+            request.CookieContainer = credentialCookies;
+            request.UserAgent = "User-Agent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.3; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)";           
+            request.Method = method.ToString();
+            if (useProxy)
+                request.Proxy = processProxySettings();
+
+            request.ContentType = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
+
+            return request;
+        }
+
+        public WebProxy processProxySettings()
+        {
+            System.Net.WebProxy proxy = System.Net.WebProxy.GetDefaultProxy();
+            System.Net.NetworkCredential credentials = new System.Net.NetworkCredential(proxyUser, proxyPassword, proxyDomain);
+            proxy.Credentials = credentials;
+
+            return proxy;
+        }
+
+        public Stream GetStash(int index, string league, bool refresh)
+        {
+            HttpWebRequest request = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.GET, string.Format(stashURL, league, index));
+            HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
+
+            return getMemoryStreamFromResponse(response);
+        }
+
+        public Stream GetStash(int index, string league)
+        {
+            return GetStash(index, league, false);
+        }
+
+        public Stream GetCharacters()
+        {
+            HttpWebRequest request = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.GET, characterURL);
+            HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
+
+            return getMemoryStreamFromResponse(response);
+        }
+
+        public Stream GetImage(string url)
+        {
+            WebClient client = new WebClient();
+            client.Proxy = processProxySettings();
+            return new MemoryStream(client.DownloadData(url));
+        }
+
+        public Stream GetInventory(string characterName, bool forceRefresh)
+        {
+            HttpWebRequest request = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.GET, string.Format(inventoryURL, characterName));
+            HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
+
+            return getMemoryStreamFromResponse(response);
+        }
+
+        private MemoryStream getMemoryStreamFromResponse(HttpWebResponse response)
+        {
+            StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream());
+            byte[] buffer = reader.ReadAllBytes();
+            RequestThrottle.Instance.Complete();
+
+            return new MemoryStream(buffer);
+        }
+
+        public bool UpdateThread(string threadID, string threadTitle, string threadText)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string threadHash = getThreadHash(string.Format(updateShopURL, threadID), updateThreadHashEx);
+
+                StringBuilder data = new StringBuilder();
+                data.Append("title=" + Uri.EscapeDataString(threadTitle));
+                data.Append("&content=" + Uri.EscapeDataString(threadText));
+                data.Append("&forum_thread=" + threadHash);
+
+                postToForum(data.ToString(), string.Format(updateShopURL, threadID));
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Logger.Log("Error updating shop thread: " + ex.ToString());
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool BumpThread(string threadID)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string threadHash = getThreadHash(string.Format(bumpShopURL, threadID), bumpThreadHashEx);
+
+                StringBuilder data = new StringBuilder();
+                data.Append("forum_post=" + threadHash);
+                data.Append("&content=" + Uri.EscapeDataString("[url=https://code.google.com/p/procurement/]Bumped with Procurement![/url]"));
+                data.Append("&post_submit=" + Uri.EscapeDataString("Submit"));
+
+                var response = postToForum(data.ToString(), string.Format(bumpShopURL, threadID));
+                var htmlResponse = Encoding.Default.GetString(getMemoryStreamFromResponse(response).ToArray());
+
+                return true;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Logger.Log("Error bumping shop thread: " + ex.ToString());
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private HttpWebResponse postToForum(string data, string url)
+        {
+            HttpWebRequest request = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.POST, url);
+            request.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
+
+            byte[] byteData = UTF8Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data);
+
+            request.ContentLength = byteData.Length;
+
+            Stream postStream = request.GetRequestStream();
+            postStream.Write(byteData, 0, byteData.Length);
+
+            HttpWebResponse response;
+            response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
+
+            return response;
+        }
+
+        private string getThreadHash(string url, string regex)
+        {
+            HttpWebRequest getHash = getHttpRequest(HttpMethod.GET, url);
+            HttpWebResponse hashResponse = (HttpWebResponse)getHash.GetResponse();
+            string hashRepsonse = Encoding.Default.GetString(getMemoryStreamFromResponse(hashResponse).ToArray());
+            string hashValue = Regex.Match(hashRepsonse, regex).Groups["hash"].Value;
+            return hashValue;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from System.IO.MemoryStream POEApi.Transport.HttpTransport::getMemoryStreamFromResponse(System.Net.HttpWebResponse) at Line 206) of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Boolean HttpTransport.BumpThread(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean HttpTransport.BumpThread(String)
+
+### File:
+POEApi.Transport/HttpTransport.cs
+
+### Key:
+HttpTransport.cs|BumpThread|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2fc9d0c9d666ac0c04516d926258c44f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1561/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1561/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbbcfea31ecba58c8201ee95f26457de6c72ae6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1561/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Procurement
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization.Json;
+using POEApi.Infrastructure;
+using POEApi.Model.Events;
+using POEApi.Transport;
+using System.Security;
+using System;
+using POEApi.Infrastructure.Events;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization;
+
+namespace POEApi.Model
+{
+    public class POEModel
+    {
+        private ITransport transport;
+        private CacheService cacheService;
+        private bool downOnlyMyCharacters;
+
+
+        public delegate void AuthenticateEventHandler(POEModel sender, AuthenticateEventArgs e);
+        public event AuthenticateEventHandler Authenticating;
+
+        public delegate void StashLoadEventHandler(POEModel sender, StashLoadedEventArgs e);
+        public event StashLoadEventHandler StashLoading;
+
+        public delegate void ImageLoadEventHandler(POEModel sender, ImageLoadedEventArgs e);
+        public event ImageLoadEventHandler ImageLoading;
+
+        public event ThottledEventHandler Throttled;
+
+        public bool Offline { get; private set; }
+
+        public POEModel()
+        {
+            downOnlyMyCharacters = bool.Parse(Settings.UserSettings["DownloadOnlyMyCharacters"]);
+        }
+
+        public bool Authenticate(string email, SecureString password, bool offline, bool useSessionID)
+        {
+            if (transport != null)
+                transport.Throttled -= new ThottledEventHandler(instance_Throttled);
+
+            transport = getTransport(email);
+            cacheService = new CacheService(email);
+            Offline = offline;
+
+            if (offline)
+                return true;
+
+            transport.Throttled += new ThottledEventHandler(instance_Throttled);
+            onAuthenticate(POEEventState.BeforeEvent, email);
+
+            transport.Authenticate(email, password, useSessionID);
+
+            onAuthenticate(POEEventState.AfterEvent, email);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        void instance_Throttled(object sender, ThottledEventArgs e)
+        {
+            if (Throttled != null)
+                Throttled(sender, e);
+        }
+
+        private ITransport getTransport(string email)
+        {
+            if (Settings.ProxySettings["Enabled"] != bool.TrueString)
+                return new CachedTransport(email, new HttpTransport(email));
+
+            return new CachedTransport(email, new HttpTransport(email, Settings.ProxySettings["Username"], Settings.ProxySettings["Password"], Settings.ProxySettings["Domain"]));
+        }
+
+        public void ForceRefresh()
+        {
+            cacheService.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public Stash GetStash(int index, string league, bool forceRefresh)
+        {
+            DataContractJsonSerializer serialiser = new DataContractJsonSerializer(typeof(JSONProxy.Stash));
+            JSONProxy.Stash proxy = null;
+
+            onStashLoaded(POEEventState.BeforeEvent, index, -1);
+
+            using (Stream stream = transport.GetStash(index, league, forceRefresh))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    proxy = (JSONProxy.Stash)serialiser.ReadObject(stream);
+                    if (proxy == null)
+                        logNullStash(stream, "Proxy was null");
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    Logger.Log(ex);
+                    logNullStash(stream, "JSON Serialization Failed");
+                }
+            }
+
+            onStashLoaded(POEEventState.AfterEvent, index, proxy.NumTabs);
+           
+            return new Stash(proxy);
+        }
+        
+        private void logNullStash(Stream stream, string errorPrefix)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                MemoryStream ms = stream as MemoryStream;
+                ms.Seek(0, SeekOrigin.Begin);
+                Logger.Log(errorPrefix + ": base64 bytes:");
+                Logger.Log(Convert.ToBase64String(ms.ToArray()));
+                Logger.Log("END");
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Logger.Log(ex);
+            }
+
+            throw new Exception(@"Downloading stash, details logged to DebugLog.log, please open a ticket at https://code.google.com/p/procurement/issues/list");
+        }
+
+        public Stash GetStash(string league)
+        {
+            var myTabs = Settings.Lists["MyTabs"];
+            bool onlyMyTabs = myTabs.Count != 0;
+
+            Stash stash = GetStash(0, league, false);
+
+            if (stash.Tabs[0].Hidden)
+                stash.ClearItems();
+
+            List<Tab> skippedTabs = new List<Tab>();
+
+            if (!onlyMyTabs)
+                return getAllTabs(league, stash);
+
+            int tabCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < stash.NumberOfTabs; i++)
+            {
+                if (myTabs.Contains(stash.Tabs[i].Name))
+                {
+                    stash.Add(GetStash(i, league, false));
+                    ++tabCount;
+                }
+                else
+                    skippedTabs.Add(stash.Tabs[i]);
+            }
+
+            foreach (var tab in skippedTabs)
+                stash.Tabs.Remove(tab);
+
+            stash.NumberOfTabs = tabCount + 1;
+
+            return stash;
+        }
+
+        private Stash getAllTabs(string league, Stash stash)
+        {
+            List<Tab> hiddenTabs = new List<Tab>();
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < stash.NumberOfTabs; i++)
+                if (!stash.Tabs[i].Hidden)
+                    stash.Add(GetStash(i, league, false));
+                else
+                    hiddenTabs.Add(stash.Tabs[i]);
+
+            if (stash.Tabs[0].Hidden)
+            {
+                stash.Tabs.Remove(stash.Tabs[0]);
+                --stash.NumberOfTabs;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var tab in hiddenTabs)
+            {
+                stash.Tabs.Remove(tab);
+                --stash.NumberOfTabs;
+            }
+
+            return stash;
+        }
+
+        public List<Character> GetCharacters()
+        {
+            DataContractJsonSerializer serialiser = new DataContractJsonSerializer(typeof(List<JSONProxy.Character>));
+            List<JSONProxy.Character> characters;
+
+            using (Stream stream = transport.GetCharacters())
+                characters = (List<JSONProxy.Character>)serialiser.ReadObject(stream);
+
+            return characters.Select(c => new Character(c)).ToList();
+        }
+
+        public List<Item> GetInventory(string characterName, bool forceRefresh)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (downOnlyMyCharacters && !Settings.Lists["MyCharacters"].Contains(characterName))
+                    return new List<Item>();
+
+                DataContractJsonSerializer serialiser = new DataContractJsonSerializer(typeof(JSONProxy.Inventory));
+                JSONProxy.Inventory item;
+
+                using (Stream stream = transport.GetInventory(characterName, forceRefresh))
+                    item = (JSONProxy.Inventory)serialiser.ReadObject(stream);
+
+                if (item.Items == null)
+                    return new List<Item>();
+
+                return item.Items.Select(i => ItemFactory.Get(i)).ToList();
+            }
+            catch (SerializationException sex)
+            {
+                Logger.Log(sex);
+                throw new Exception(string.Format("Error reading character data for {0}, if you are in offline mode you will need to login and update. If you received this error while logging in, the authenticated session may have expired or bad data has been returned by GGG or a network issue may have occurred - Please try again.", characterName));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void GetImages(Stash stash)
+        {
+            foreach (var item in stash.Get<Item>().Distinct(new ImageComparer()))
+                getImageWithEvents(item);
+
+            foreach (var item in stash.Tabs)
+                getImageWithEvents("Tab Icon " + item.i, item.srcC);
+        }
+
+        public void GetImages(IEnumerable<Item> items)
+        {
+            foreach (var item in items.Distinct(new ImageComparer()))
+                getImageWithEvents(item);
+        }
+
+        private void getImageWithEvents(Item item)
+        {
+            getImageWithEvents(GetItemName(item), item.IconURL);
+        }
+
+        private void getImageWithEvents(string name, string url)
+        {
+            onImageLoaded(POEEventState.BeforeEvent, name);
+            transport.GetImage(url);
+            onImageLoaded(POEEventState.AfterEvent, name);
+        }
+
+        public Stream GetImage(string url)
+        {
+            return transport.GetImage(url);
+        }
+        
+        public Stream GetImage(Item item)
+        {
+            onImageLoaded(POEEventState.BeforeEvent, GetItemName(item));
+            Stream ret = transport.GetImage(item.IconURL);
+            onImageLoaded(POEEventState.AfterEvent, GetItemName(item));
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<Stream> GetImage(Tab tab)
+        {
+            onImageLoaded(POEEventState.BeforeEvent, tab.Name);
+            yield return transport.GetImage(tab.srcL);
+            yield return transport.GetImage(tab.srcC);
+            yield return transport.GetImage(tab.srcR);
+            onImageLoaded(POEEventState.AfterEvent, tab.Name);
+        }
+
+        public bool UpdateThread(string threadID, string threadTitle, string threadText)
+        {
+            return transport.UpdateThread(threadID, threadTitle, threadText);
+        }
+
+        public bool BumpThread(string threadId)
+        {
+            return transport.BumpThread(threadId);
+        }
+
+        private static string GetItemName(Item item)
+        {
+            if (item.Name != string.Empty)
+                return item.Name;
+
+            return item.TypeLine;
+        }
+
+        public Dictionary<string, decimal> CalculateFreeSpace(Stash stash)
+        {
+            return stash.CalculateFreeSpace();   
+        }
+
+        private void onStashLoaded(POEEventState state, int index, int numberOfTabs)
+        {
+            if (StashLoading != null)
+                StashLoading(this, new StashLoadedEventArgs(index, numberOfTabs, state));
+        }
+
+        private void onImageLoaded(POEEventState state, string url)
+        {
+            if (ImageLoading != null)
+                ImageLoading(this, new ImageLoadedEventArgs(url, state));
+        }
+
+        private void onAuthenticate(POEEventState state, string email)
+        {
+            if (Authenticating != null)
+                Authenticating(this, new AuthenticateEventArgs(email, state));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `ms` last assigned on line 112 could be null and is dereferenced at line 113, column 17.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void POEModel.logNullStash(Stream,String)
+
+### File:
+POEApi.Model/POEModel.cs
+
+### Key:
+POEModel.cs|logNullStash|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2492dd55e18d4854810eec2af8d6b86c
+
+### Hash:
+ae0d37004de706850ec847004c5cbc21
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1566/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1566/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9756ad3705034fe99a8e024d90cf1fb95e8f6854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1566/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MefContrib
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting;
+using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Primitives;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace MefContrib.Interception.Generics
+{
+    public class GenericExportHandler : IExportHandler
+    {
+        private ComposablePartCatalog _decoratedCatalog;
+        private AggregateCatalog _catalog = new AggregateCatalog();
+        private IDictionary<Type, Type> _genericTypes = new Dictionary<Type, Type>();
+        private List<Type> _manufacturedParts = new List<Type>();
+
+        #region IExportHandler Members
+
+        public void Initialize(ComposablePartCatalog catalog)
+        {
+            _decoratedCatalog = catalog;
+            LoadTypeMappings(_genericTypes);
+        }
+
+        private void LoadTypeMappings(IDictionary<Type, Type> genericTypes)
+        {
+            using (var ep = new CatalogExportProvider(_decoratedCatalog))
+            {
+                ep.SourceProvider = ep;
+                var locators = ep.GetExportedValues<GenericContractTypeMapping>();
+                foreach (var locator in locators)
+                    genericTypes.Add(locator.GenericContractTypeDefinition, locator.GenericImplementationTypeDefinition);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CreateGenericPart(Type importDefinitionType)
+        {
+            var type = TypeHelper.BuildGenericType(importDefinitionType, _genericTypes);
+            _manufacturedParts.Add(type);
+            var typeCatalog = new TypeCatalog(type);
+            _catalog.Catalogs.Add(typeCatalog);
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<Tuple<ComposablePartDefinition, ExportDefinition>> GetExports(ImportDefinition definition, IEnumerable<Tuple<ComposablePartDefinition, ExportDefinition>> exports)
+        {
+            var contractDef = (ContractBasedImportDefinition)definition;
+            List<Tuple<ComposablePartDefinition, ExportDefinition>> returnedExports = new List<Tuple<ComposablePartDefinition, ExportDefinition>>();
+            Type importDefinitionType = TypeHelper.GetImportDefinitionType(definition);
+
+            ComposablePartDefinition partDefinition = null;
+
+            if (exports.Any())
+                return exports;
+
+            var genericExports = _catalog.GetExports(definition);
+            returnedExports.Concat(exports);
+            
+            if (_manufacturedParts.Contains(importDefinitionType))
+                returnedExports.AddRange(_catalog.GetExports(definition));
+            else if (TypeHelper.ShouldCreateClosedGenericPart(contractDef, importDefinitionType))
+            {
+                CreateGenericPart(importDefinitionType);
+                returnedExports.AddRange(_catalog.GetExports(definition));
+            }
+            return returnedExports;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource typeCatalog of type System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting.TypeCatalog in method "Void GenericExportHandler.CreateGenericPart(Type)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GenericExportHandler.CreateGenericPart(Type)
+
+### File:
+src/MefContrib.Interception/Generics/GenericExportHandler.cs
+
+### Key:
+GenericExportHandler.cs|CreateGenericPart|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+81f6fc69ec478e78d7c756e6056badc8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1568/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1568/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ea956073a9aaa5a7f5d6d46d8f105862ed32e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1568/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MefContrib
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+namespace MefContrib.Hosting.Interception.Handlers
+{
+    using System;
+    using System.Collections.Generic;
+    using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting;
+    using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Primitives;
+    using System.Linq;
+
+    public class ConcreteTypeExportHandler : IExportHandler
+    {
+        private readonly AggregateCatalog catalog;
+
+        public ConcreteTypeExportHandler()
+        {
+            this.catalog = new AggregateCatalog();
+        }
+
+        public void Initialize(ComposablePartCatalog interceptedCatalog)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<Tuple<ComposablePartDefinition, ExportDefinition>> GetExports(ImportDefinition definition, IEnumerable<Tuple<ComposablePartDefinition, ExportDefinition>> exports)
+        {
+            if (!exports.Any())
+                exports = this.catalog.GetExports(definition);
+                        
+            if (exports.Any())
+                return exports;
+            
+            var returnedExports = new List<Tuple<ComposablePartDefinition, ExportDefinition>>();
+            var importDefinitionType = TypeHelper.GetImportDefinitionType(definition);
+            
+            if (!importDefinitionType.IsAbstract && !importDefinitionType.IsInterface)
+            {
+                var typeCatalog = new TypeCatalog(importDefinitionType);
+                this.catalog.Catalogs.Add(typeCatalog);
+                var currentExports = this.catalog.GetExports(definition);
+                returnedExports.AddRange(currentExports);
+            }
+            
+            return returnedExports;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `importDefinitionType` last assigned on line 31 could be null and is dereferenced at line 33, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEnumerable`1<!0> ConcreteTypeExportHandler.GetExports(ImportDefinition,IEnumerable`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+src/MefContrib/Hosting/Interception/Handlers/ConcreteTypeExportHandler.cs
+
+### Key:
+ConcreteTypeExportHandler.cs|GetExports|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+56203f4e21ecf9e860f6a12dc3683775
+
+### Hash:
+5a2dc5275ec44a24835d86a03c4e8732
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1592/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1592/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39b66697a1bbd87ca21b2e7057af70b0ba2f467e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1592/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AlterNats
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Threading.Tasks.Sources;
+
+namespace AlterNats.Commands;
+
+internal sealed class PublishCommand<T> : CommandBase<PublishCommand<T>>
+{
+    NatsKey? subject;
+    T? value;
+    INatsSerializer? serializer;
+
+    PublishCommand()
+    {
+    }
+
+    // TODO:reply-to
+
+    public static PublishCommand<T> Create(string subject, T? value, INatsSerializer serializer)
+    {
+        if (!pool.TryPop(out var result))
+        {
+            result = new PublishCommand<T>();
+        }
+
+        result.subject = new NatsKey(subject); // TODO:use specified overload.
+        result.value = value;
+        result.serializer = serializer;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public static PublishCommand<T> Create(NatsKey subject, T? value, INatsSerializer serializer)
+    {
+        if (!pool.TryPop(out var result))
+        {
+            result = new PublishCommand<T>();
+        }
+
+        result.subject = subject;
+        result.value = value;
+        result.serializer = serializer;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public override void Write(ProtocolWriter writer)
+    {
+        writer.WritePublish(subject!, null, value, serializer!);
+    }
+
+    public override void Reset()
+    {
+        subject = null;
+        value = default;
+        serializer = null;
+    }
+}
+
+internal sealed class AsyncPublishCommand<T> : AsyncCommandBase<AsyncPublishCommand<T>>
+{
+    NatsKey? subject;
+    T? value;
+    INatsSerializer? serializer;
+
+    AsyncPublishCommand()
+    {
+    }
+
+    // TODO:reply-to
+
+    public static AsyncPublishCommand<T> Create(string subject, T? value, INatsSerializer serializer)
+    {
+        if (!pool.TryPop(out var result))
+        {
+            result = new AsyncPublishCommand<T>();
+        }
+
+        result.subject = new NatsKey(subject); // TODO:use specified overload.
+        result.value = value;
+        result.serializer = serializer;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public static AsyncPublishCommand<T> Create(NatsKey subject, T? value, INatsSerializer serializer)
+    {
+        if (!pool.TryPop(out var result))
+        {
+            result = new AsyncPublishCommand<T>();
+        }
+
+        result.subject = subject;
+        result.value = value;
+        result.serializer = serializer;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public override void Write(ProtocolWriter writer)
+    {
+        writer.WritePublish(subject!, null, value, serializer!);
+    }
+
+    public override void Reset()
+    {
+        subject = null;
+        value = default;
+        serializer = null;
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+// TODO:Async Impl
+internal sealed class PublishBytesCommand : CommandBase<PublishBytesCommand>
+{
+    string? stringSubject;
+    string? stringReplyTo;
+    NatsKey? encodedSubject;
+    NatsKey? encodedReplyTo;
+    ReadOnlyMemory<byte> value;
+
+    PublishBytesCommand()
+    {
+    }
+
+    public static PublishBytesCommand Create(string subject, string? replyTo, ReadOnlyMemory<byte> value)
+    {
+        if (!pool.TryPop(out var result))
+        {
+            result = new PublishBytesCommand();
+        }
+
+        result.stringSubject = subject;
+        result.stringReplyTo = replyTo;
+        result.value = value;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public static PublishBytesCommand Create(NatsKey subject, NatsKey? replyTo, byte[] value, INatsSerializer serializer)
+    {
+        if (!pool.TryPop(out var result))
+        {
+            result = new PublishBytesCommand();
+        }
+
+        result.encodedSubject = subject;
+        result.encodedReplyTo = replyTo;
+        result.value = value;
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public override void Write(ProtocolWriter writer)
+    {
+        if (stringSubject != null)
+        {
+            writer.WritePublish(stringSubject, stringReplyTo, value.Span);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            writer.WritePublish(encodedSubject!, encodedReplyTo, value.Span);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public override void Reset()
+    {
+        stringSubject = null;
+        stringReplyTo = null;
+        encodedSubject = null;
+        encodedReplyTo = null;
+        value = default;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`result` is read without initialization.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+PublishBatchCommand`1<T> PublishBatchCommand`1<T>.Create(ObjectPool,IEnumerable`1<!0>,INatsSerializer)
+
+### File:
+src/AlterNats/Commands/PublishCommand.cs
+
+### Key:
+PublishCommand.cs|Create|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+e15053763e1d3ff6460996c188d49ff5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1595/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1595/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..94b22be54256766415c577b1e3a643f5ae6aef0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1595/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NRules
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text.Json;
+using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
+
+namespace NRules.Json.Converters
+{
+    internal class ExpressionConverter : JsonConverter<Expression>
+    {
+        public override bool CanConvert(Type typeToConvert) =>
+            typeof(Expression).IsAssignableFrom(typeToConvert);
+
+        public override Expression Read(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, Type typeToConvert, JsonSerializerOptions options)
+        {
+            if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.StartObject) throw new JsonException();
+
+            reader.Read();
+            if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.PropertyName && 
+                reader.GetString() != nameof(Expression.NodeType)) throw new JsonException();
+            reader.Read();
+            if (!Enum.TryParse(reader.GetString(), out ExpressionType nodeType)) throw new JsonException();
+
+            Expression value;
+            if (nodeType == ExpressionType.Lambda)
+                value = ReadLambda(ref reader, options);
+            else if (nodeType == ExpressionType.Parameter)
+                value = ReadParameter(ref reader, options);
+            else if (nodeType == ExpressionType.MemberAccess)
+                value = ReadMember(ref reader, options);
+            else if (nodeType == ExpressionType.Call)
+                value = ReadMethodCall(ref reader, options);
+            else
+                throw new NotSupportedException($"Unsupported expression type. NodeType={nodeType}");
+
+            return value;
+        }
+        
+        public override void Write(Utf8JsonWriter writer, Expression value, JsonSerializerOptions options)
+        {
+            writer.WriteStartObject();
+            writer.WriteString(nameof(value.NodeType), value.NodeType.ToString());
+
+            if (value is LambdaExpression le)
+                WriteLambda(writer, options, le);
+            else if (value is ParameterExpression pe)
+                WriteParameter(writer, options, pe);
+            else if (value is MemberExpression me)
+                WriteMember(writer, options, me);
+            else if (value is MethodCallExpression mce)
+                WriteMethodCall(writer, options, mce);
+            else
+                throw new NotSupportedException($"Unsupported expression type. NodeType={value.NodeType}");
+
+            writer.WriteEndObject();
+        }
+
+        private Expression ReadLambda(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, JsonSerializerOptions options)
+        {
+            Type type = default;
+            Expression body = default;
+            var parameters = new List<ParameterExpression>();
+
+            while (reader.Read() && reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.EndObject)
+            {
+                if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.PropertyName) throw new JsonException();
+                var propertyName = reader.GetString();
+                reader.Read();
+
+                if (propertyName == nameof(LambdaExpression.Type))
+                {
+                    type = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Type>(ref reader, options);
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(LambdaExpression.Body))
+                {
+                    body = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Expression>(ref reader, options);
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(LambdaExpression.Parameters))
+                {
+                    if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.StartArray) throw new JsonException();
+
+                    while (reader.Read() && reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.EndArray)
+                    {
+                        var parameter = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<ParameterExpression>(ref reader, options);
+                        parameters.Add(parameter);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            var expression = Expression.Lambda(type!, body!, parameters);
+
+            var parameterCompactor = new ExpressionParameterCompactor();
+            var result = parameterCompactor.Compact(expression);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private void WriteLambda(Utf8JsonWriter writer, JsonSerializerOptions options, LambdaExpression value)
+        {
+            writer.WritePropertyName(nameof(value.Type));
+            JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, value.Type, options);
+
+            writer.WritePropertyName(nameof(value.Body));
+            JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, value.Body, options);
+
+            writer.WriteStartArray(nameof(value.Parameters));
+            foreach (var parameter in value.Parameters)
+            {
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, parameter, options);
+            }
+            writer.WriteEndArray();
+        }
+
+        private Expression ReadParameter(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, JsonSerializerOptions options)
+        {
+            Type type = default;
+            string name = default;
+
+            while (reader.Read() && reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.EndObject)
+            {
+                if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.PropertyName) throw new JsonException();
+                var propertyName = reader.GetString();
+                reader.Read();
+
+                if (propertyName == nameof(ParameterExpression.Name))
+                {
+                    name = reader.GetString();
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(ParameterExpression.Type))
+                {
+                    type = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Type>(ref reader, options);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return Expression.Parameter(type!, name);
+        }
+
+        private void WriteParameter(Utf8JsonWriter writer, JsonSerializerOptions options, ParameterExpression value)
+        {
+            writer.WriteString(nameof(value.Name), value.Name);
+            
+            writer.WritePropertyName(nameof(value.Type));
+            JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, value.Type, options);
+        }
+
+        private Expression ReadMember(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, JsonSerializerOptions options)
+        {
+            Expression expression = default;
+            MemberTypes memberType = default;
+            string name = default;
+            Type declaringType = default;
+
+            while (reader.Read() && reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.EndObject)
+            {
+                if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.PropertyName) throw new JsonException();
+                var propertyName = reader.GetString();
+                reader.Read();
+
+                if (propertyName == nameof(MemberExpression.Expression))
+                {
+                    expression = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Expression>(ref reader, options);
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(MemberExpression.Member.MemberType))
+                {
+                    Enum.TryParse(reader.GetString(), out memberType);
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(MemberExpression.Member.Name))
+                {
+                    name = reader.GetString();
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(MemberExpression.Member.DeclaringType))
+                {
+                    declaringType = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Type>(ref reader, options);
+                }
+            }
+
+            MemberInfo member;
+            if (memberType == MemberTypes.Field)
+                member = declaringType.GetField(name);
+            else if (memberType == MemberTypes.Property)
+                member = declaringType.GetProperty(name);
+            else
+                throw new NotSupportedException($"MemberType={memberType}");
+
+            return Expression.MakeMemberAccess(expression, member!);
+        }
+
+        private void WriteMember(Utf8JsonWriter writer, JsonSerializerOptions options, MemberExpression value)
+        {
+            writer.WriteString(nameof(value.Member.MemberType), value.Member.MemberType.ToString());
+            writer.WriteString(nameof(value.Member.Name), value.Member.Name);
+            writer.WritePropertyName(nameof(value.Member.DeclaringType));
+            JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, value.Member.DeclaringType, options);
+
+            writer.WritePropertyName(nameof(value.Expression));
+            JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, value.Expression, options);
+        }
+
+        private Expression ReadMethodCall(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, JsonSerializerOptions options)
+        {
+            Expression @object = default;
+            string name = default;
+            Type declaringType = default;
+            var arguments = new List<Expression>();
+
+            while (reader.Read() && reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.EndObject)
+            {
+                if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.PropertyName) throw new JsonException();
+                var propertyName = reader.GetString();
+                reader.Read();
+
+                if (propertyName == nameof(MethodCallExpression.Object))
+                {
+                    @object = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Expression>(ref reader, options);
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(MethodCallExpression.Method.Name))
+                {
+                    name = reader.GetString();
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(MethodCallExpression.Method.DeclaringType))
+                {
+                    declaringType = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Type>(ref reader, options);
+                }
+                else if (propertyName == nameof(MethodCallExpression.Arguments))
+                {
+                    if (reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.StartArray) throw new JsonException();
+
+                    while (reader.Read() && reader.TokenType != JsonTokenType.EndArray)
+                    {
+                        var argument = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Expression>(ref reader, options);
+                        arguments.Add(argument);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            var method = declaringType!.GetMethod(name!, arguments.Select(x => x.Type).ToArray());
+
+            return Expression.Call(@object, method!, arguments);
+        }
+
+        private void WriteMethodCall(Utf8JsonWriter writer, JsonSerializerOptions options, MethodCallExpression value)
+        {
+            writer.WriteString(nameof(value.Method.Name), value.Method.Name);
+            writer.WritePropertyName(nameof(value.Method.DeclaringType));
+            JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, value.Method.DeclaringType, options);
+
+            if (value.Object != null)
+            {
+                writer.WritePropertyName(nameof(value.Object));
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, value.Object, options);
+            }
+
+            writer.WriteStartArray(nameof(value.Arguments));
+            foreach (var argument in value.Arguments)
+            {
+                JsonSerializer.Serialize(writer, argument, options);
+            }
+            writer.WriteEndArray();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`name` could be null (last assigned on line 150) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression ExpressionConverter.ReadMember(Utf8JsonReader&,JsonSerializerOptions)
+
+### File:
+src/NRules/NRules.Json/Converters/ExpressionConverter.cs
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionConverter.cs|ReadMember|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+fba29637012c207e3b9b7fbcd6c54ba5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1610/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1610/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b25869a90bb74c905b4d78cbf8ccd4889e93c6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1610/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet10()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet10()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|TestSubnet10|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+13e28c1466138755893be5403a90e386
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1611/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1611/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3262be7f136e380ff393e0901d4bbc26ba5980be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1611/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// IPNetworkUnitTest test every single method
+    /// </summary>
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkUnitTest {
+
+        #region Parse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(ip, ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse("", 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse(null, 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(n, n);
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", 33);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "10.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "10.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "10.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "10.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "10.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "172.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "172.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "172.0.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "172.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "172.0.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            uint usable = 65534;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "192.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.0.0.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.0.0.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "224.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "240.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, ip, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(null, 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(n, n, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE6() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10"), null, out ipnet);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE7() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", null, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", 33, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp2() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToCidrANE() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(null);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrANE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(null, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual((byte)0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE2() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"), out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr32() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte result = 32;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr24() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte result = 24;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr16() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte result = 16;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr8() {
+
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 8;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr0() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(null);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE2() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte2() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(32, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 4294967295;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte3() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(null, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(ip, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE2() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, result, "result");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = null;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask32() {
+
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 31;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.254";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 30;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.252";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask29() {
+
+            byte cidr = 29;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.248";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "128.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 33;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = null;
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.1");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet32() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint bits = 32;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet24() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint bits = 24;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint bits = 16;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("128.128.128.128");
+            uint bits = 4;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10.0/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.100");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.128/25");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2b() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.1.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress1 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.2.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress3 = IPAddress.Parse("10.1.2.3");
+            IPAddress ipaddress4 = IPAddress.Parse("10.4.5.6");
+
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress1);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress3);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress1, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress3, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress4, contains4);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork iana_a_block = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_b_block = IPNetwork.IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_c_block = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_a_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_b_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_c_block);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Example5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[]{ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2});
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+            
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.168.200");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.200");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+        public void Example9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.254");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Supernet(network, network2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IANA blocks
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA1() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.66.66");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA2() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA3() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("172.17.10.10");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.66.66/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10/18");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.31.10.10/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA7() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA9() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("1.2.3.4");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.16.0.0/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA11() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            string expected = "192.0.0.0/8";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/9");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/9";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/10");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/10";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/11");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/11";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/12");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/12";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/13");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/13";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/14");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/14";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/15");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/15";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/16");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/16";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.255/32", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4294967296, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", subnets[4294967295].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Supernet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork result = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 })[0];
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SupernetArray
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/22") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], expected[0], "suppernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray1()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray2()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = null;
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = null;
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(65536, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/8");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(16777216, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.0.0.0/8") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8")
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("11.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.6.6.6/8"),
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/7"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Equals
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            object network2 = "";
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet1() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.0";
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet2() {
+
+            string start = null;
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet3() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = null;
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet4() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = "192.168.168.0";
+
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet7() {
+
+            string start = "0.0.0.0";
+            string end = "0.255.255.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet8() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/5");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet9()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0/24";
+            string end = "200.16.3.0/24";
+            var firt = IPNetwork.Parse(start).FirstUsable.ToString();
+            var last = IPNetwork.Parse(end).LastUsable.ToString();
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(firt, last);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet10()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0";
+            string end = "200.16.3.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid1() {
+
+            string start = "invalid";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid2() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "invalid";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrA() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("10.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrB() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("172.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrC() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("192.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrD() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("224.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrE() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("240.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region GetHashCode
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Print
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Print() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn).Replace("\r", "");
+            string expected = @"IPNetwork   : 0.0.0.0/0
+Network     : 0.0.0.0
+Netmask     : 0.0.0.0
+Cidr        : 0
+Broadcast   : 255.255.255.255
+FirstUsable : 0.0.0.1
+LastUsable  : 255.255.255.254
+Usable      : 4294967294
+".Replace("\r", "");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, print, "Print");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void PrintNull() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = null;
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Sort
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach(string ip in ips) {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2.2.2.2/32", ipns[2].ToString(), "2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", ipns[3].ToString(), "3");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.100/32", "0.0.0.0/24" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/24", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.100/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryWideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet3() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet4() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "1.1.1.1", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(null, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(null);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull2() {
+
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "e", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /**
+         * 
+        #region TrySubstractNetwork
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "178.82.0.0/16" };
+            string substract = "178.82.131.209/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.0/0" };
+            string substract = "1.1.1.1/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+        **/
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            var total = 4294967296;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            uint usable = 254;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            uint usable = 65534;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr3() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet13()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet13()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkUnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkUnitTest.cs|TestSubnet13|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+36c8925f26fb69072e1944e8acea6934
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1616/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1616/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7764d1c57dbe8873684c0d25f1c03516e6118648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1616/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet13()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet13()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|TestSubnet13|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+e6f376632f87401df0aa4fc8db62bb23
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1617/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1617/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d8f2be338800d30bcb71cab5d5196ddfa80ad09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1617/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`subnets` could be null (from the call to `IPNetwork.Subnet(...)` on line 1919) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.TestSubnet7()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|TestSubnet7|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+79954fc8b12460984546445d78d34c2e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1618/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1618/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aabb3594f00a106b4750392234446aa8d678b334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1618/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// IPNetworkUnitTest test every single method
+    /// </summary>
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkUnitTest {
+
+        #region Parse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(ip, ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse("", 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse(null, 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(n, n);
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", 33);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "10.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "10.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "10.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "10.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "10.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "172.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "172.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "172.0.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "172.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "172.0.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            uint usable = 65534;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "192.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.0.0.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.0.0.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "224.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "240.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, ip, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(null, 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(n, n, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE6() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10"), null, out ipnet);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE7() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", null, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", 33, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp2() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToCidrANE() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(null);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrANE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(null, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual((byte)0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE2() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"), out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr32() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte result = 32;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr24() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte result = 24;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr16() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte result = 16;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr8() {
+
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 8;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr0() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(null);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE2() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte2() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(32, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 4294967295;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte3() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(null, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(ip, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE2() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, result, "result");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = null;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask32() {
+
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 31;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.254";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 30;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.252";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask29() {
+
+            byte cidr = 29;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.248";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "128.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 33;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = null;
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.1");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet32() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint bits = 32;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet24() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint bits = 24;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint bits = 16;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("128.128.128.128");
+            uint bits = 4;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10.0/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.100");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.128/25");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2b() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.1.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress1 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.2.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress3 = IPAddress.Parse("10.1.2.3");
+            IPAddress ipaddress4 = IPAddress.Parse("10.4.5.6");
+
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress1);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress3);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress1, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress3, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress4, contains4);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork iana_a_block = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_b_block = IPNetwork.IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_c_block = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_a_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_b_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_c_block);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Example5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[]{ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2});
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+            
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.168.200");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.200");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+        public void Example9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.254");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Supernet(network, network2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IANA blocks
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA1() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.66.66");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA2() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA3() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("172.17.10.10");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.66.66/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10/18");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.31.10.10/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA7() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA9() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("1.2.3.4");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.16.0.0/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA11() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            string expected = "192.0.0.0/8";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/9");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/9";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/10");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/10";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/11");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/11";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/12");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/12";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/13");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/13";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/14");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/14";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/15");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/15";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/16");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/16";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.255/32", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4294967296, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", subnets[4294967295].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Supernet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork result = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 })[0];
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SupernetArray
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/22") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], expected[0], "suppernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray1()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray2()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = null;
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = null;
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(65536, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/8");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(16777216, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.0.0.0/8") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8")
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("11.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.6.6.6/8"),
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/7"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Equals
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            object network2 = "";
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet1() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.0";
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet2() {
+
+            string start = null;
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet3() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = null;
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet4() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = "192.168.168.0";
+
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet7() {
+
+            string start = "0.0.0.0";
+            string end = "0.255.255.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet8() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/5");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet9()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0/24";
+            string end = "200.16.3.0/24";
+            var firt = IPNetwork.Parse(start).FirstUsable.ToString();
+            var last = IPNetwork.Parse(end).LastUsable.ToString();
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(firt, last);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet10()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0";
+            string end = "200.16.3.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid1() {
+
+            string start = "invalid";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid2() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "invalid";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrA() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("10.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrB() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("172.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrC() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("192.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrD() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("224.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrE() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("240.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region GetHashCode
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Print
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Print() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn).Replace("\r", "");
+            string expected = @"IPNetwork   : 0.0.0.0/0
+Network     : 0.0.0.0
+Netmask     : 0.0.0.0
+Cidr        : 0
+Broadcast   : 255.255.255.255
+FirstUsable : 0.0.0.1
+LastUsable  : 255.255.255.254
+Usable      : 4294967294
+".Replace("\r", "");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, print, "Print");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void PrintNull() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = null;
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Sort
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach(string ip in ips) {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2.2.2.2/32", ipns[2].ToString(), "2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", ipns[3].ToString(), "3");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.100/32", "0.0.0.0/24" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/24", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.100/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryWideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet3() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet4() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "1.1.1.1", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(null, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(null);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull2() {
+
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "e", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /**
+         * 
+        #region TrySubstractNetwork
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "178.82.0.0/16" };
+            string substract = "178.82.131.209/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.0/0" };
+            string substract = "1.1.1.1/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+        **/
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            var total = 4294967296;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            uint usable = 254;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            uint usable = 65534;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr3() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet12()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet12()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkUnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkUnitTest.cs|TestSubnet12|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1c4ba4beee9cb1fa2ed7feb64f63e13e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1621/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1621/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..458a57d135536c81a39fbaa9e29f827e85336a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1621/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2546 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkV6UnitTest {
+
+        #region ParseIP
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", "xxxx::");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("xxxx::", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("::", 129);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_128() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            BigInteger usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+        
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_127() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1";
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            BigInteger usable = 2;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_126() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::3";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::3";
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            BigInteger usable = 4;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_125() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::7";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::7";
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            BigInteger usable = 8;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_124() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            BigInteger usable = 16;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_123() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0";
+            //string broadcast = "2001:db8::1f";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::1f";
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            BigInteger usable = 32;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_112() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            uint usable = 65536;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_64() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:1234:1234:1234:1234";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_16() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000";
+
+            string network = "ffff::";
+            string netmask2 = "ffff::";
+            //string broadcast = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask2, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParsev6_EDGE() {
+
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion 
+
+        #region ParseString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::f";
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            uint usable = 16;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = ":: ::";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/0";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr));
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::/32";
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            BigInteger usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, (128 - cidr)) ;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString6()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128";
+
+            string network = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            uint usable = 1;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString7_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFF:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:ffff:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:ffff:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString8_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFE:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffe:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffe:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString9_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFC:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffc:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffc:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString10_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2FFF:FFFA:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "2fff:fffa:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "2fff:fffa:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString11_Uppercase_ipv6_must_parse()
+        {
+
+            string ipaddress = "FFFF:FFF1:123::/60";
+
+            string network = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0::";
+            string firstUsable = "ffff:fff1:123::";
+            string lastUsable = "ffff:fff1:123:f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 60;
+            // BigInteger usable = 295147905179352825856;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            //Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "::";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+
+
+            string network = "::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "::";
+            string lastUsable = "::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::1";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+            string network = "2001:db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::";
+            string firstUsable = "2001:db8::";
+            string lastUsable = "2001:db8::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            byte cidr = 64;
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 64);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnetwork.Broadcast, "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0:0:0:0:0:0:1:0:0 0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/124", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "2001:0db8::";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+        
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8:3:4:5:6:7:8"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+        
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr128() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr127() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe");
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr126() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc");
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr125() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8");
+            byte cidr = 125;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr124() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            byte cidr = 124;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr123() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffe0");
+            byte cidr = 123;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr122() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffc0");
+            byte cidr = 122;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr121() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff80");
+            byte cidr = 121;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr120() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ff00");
+            byte cidr = 120;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr119() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fe00");
+            byte cidr = 119;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr118() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fc00");
+            byte cidr = 118;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr117() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f800");
+            byte cidr = 117;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr116() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:f000");
+            byte cidr = 116;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr115() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:e000");
+            byte cidr = 115;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr114() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:c000");
+            byte cidr = 114;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr113() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:8000");
+            byte cidr = 113;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr112() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            byte cidr = 112;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr111() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe:0");
+            byte cidr = 111;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr110() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc:0");
+            byte cidr = 110;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr109() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff8:0");
+            byte cidr = 109;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr108() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0:0");
+            byte cidr = 108;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr001() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("8000::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr000() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            var parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::f");
+            uint uintMask = 0xf;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::fff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xfff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+    
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ffff");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:ff00");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ffff:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::ff00:0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:8000::");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask128() {
+
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 127;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffe";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 126;
+            string netmask = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fffc";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "8000::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "::";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 129;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:ffff");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000:0001");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet128() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff");
+            uint bits = 128;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet120() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:fff0");
+            uint bits = 124;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:0000");
+            uint bits = 112;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0:f0f0");
+            uint bits = 64;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1::/65");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/63");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains11_different_adress_family_returns_false()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::1"); // IPv6
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"); // IPv4
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:0:1::/65");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/68");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6() {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:1::/68");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0:2::/62");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db8::1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("2001:0db9::1");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::1/128");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::1/64");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example4() {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        public void Example5() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db9::/64");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2 });
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+
+        }
+        public void Example6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:8329/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("2001:db8::");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("fe80::202:b3ff:fe1e:1");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/124");
+            IPNetworkCollection ips = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, 128);
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ip in ips) {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ip);
+            }
+        }
+
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/32");
+            string expected = "2001:db8::/32";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/64");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2::/64";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:0db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/100");
+            string expected = "2001:db8:1:2:3:4::/100";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 129;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("::");
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 72;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1::/72", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1:1:1:1:ff00::/72", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08:1:1:1:1:1:1");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, ipnetwork.Cidr);
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1::ff/128", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db08:1:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count-1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/0");
+            byte cidr = 128;
+            var count = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128-ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(count, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("::/128", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff/128", subnets[count - 1].ToString(), "last");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 70;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet14()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("15.0.0.0/8");
+            var subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(network, (byte)12);
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[0].ToString(), "15.0.0.0/12", "subnets[0]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[1].ToString(), "15.16.0.0/12", "subnets[1]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[2].ToString(), "15.32.0.0/12", "subnets[2]");
+            Assert.AreEqual(subnets[15].ToString(), "15.240.0.0/12", "subnets[15]");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ipn);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 255;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db08::/64");
+            byte cidr = 63;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 65;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/65", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            byte cidr = 68;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8::/68", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:1000::/68", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:2000::/68", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:3000::/68", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:4000::/68", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:5000::/68", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:6000::/68", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:7000::/68", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/68", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:9000::/68", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:a000::/68", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:b000::/68", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:c000::/68", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:d000::/68", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:e000::/68", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2001:db8:0:0:f000::/68", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool supernetted = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetted, result, "supernetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db9::/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dba::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::1/65");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db0::/64");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:dbf::/64");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0000::/65");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8:0:0:8000::/65");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("2001:db8::/64") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr1() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidr2() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("2001:0db8::", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(64, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var total = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/128");
+            uint usable = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/127");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/126");
+            uint usable = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/120");
+            uint usable = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/112");
+            uint usable = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/104");
+            uint usable = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("::/0");
+            var usable = BigInteger.Pow(2, 128);
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr33() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 33;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr128() {
+
+            string sidr = "128";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte result = 128;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr129() {
+
+            string sidr = "129";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetworkV6, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`subneted` could be null (from the call to `IPNetwork.Subnet(...)` on line 1748) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkV6UnitTest.Example4()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkV6UnitTest.cs|Example4|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+a3802d7902eec327e94bdca3ce0f9d14
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1627/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1627/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..facfe4dc3a0b2e13084a63b3ffa493d961dfbab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1627/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// IPNetworkUnitTest test every single method
+    /// </summary>
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkUnitTest {
+
+        #region Parse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(ip, ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse("", 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse(null, 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(n, n);
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", 33);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "10.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "10.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "10.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "10.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "10.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "172.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "172.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "172.0.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "172.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "172.0.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            uint usable = 65534;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "192.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.0.0.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.0.0.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "224.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "240.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, ip, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(null, 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(n, n, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE6() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10"), null, out ipnet);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE7() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", null, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", 33, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp2() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToCidrANE() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(null);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrANE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(null, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual((byte)0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE2() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"), out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr32() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte result = 32;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr24() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte result = 24;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr16() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte result = 16;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr8() {
+
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 8;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr0() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(null);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE2() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte2() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(32, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 4294967295;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte3() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(null, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(ip, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE2() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, result, "result");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = null;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask32() {
+
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 31;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.254";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 30;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.252";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask29() {
+
+            byte cidr = 29;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.248";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "128.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 33;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = null;
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.1");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet32() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint bits = 32;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet24() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint bits = 24;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint bits = 16;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("128.128.128.128");
+            uint bits = 4;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10.0/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.100");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.128/25");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2b() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.1.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress1 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.2.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress3 = IPAddress.Parse("10.1.2.3");
+            IPAddress ipaddress4 = IPAddress.Parse("10.4.5.6");
+
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress1);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress3);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress1, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress3, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress4, contains4);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork iana_a_block = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_b_block = IPNetwork.IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_c_block = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_a_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_b_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_c_block);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Example5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[]{ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2});
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+            
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.168.200");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.200");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+        public void Example9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.254");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Supernet(network, network2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IANA blocks
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA1() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.66.66");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA2() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA3() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("172.17.10.10");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.66.66/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10/18");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.31.10.10/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA7() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA9() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("1.2.3.4");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.16.0.0/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA11() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            string expected = "192.0.0.0/8";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/9");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/9";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/10");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/10";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/11");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/11";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/12");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/12";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/13");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/13";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/14");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/14";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/15");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/15";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/16");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/16";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.255/32", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4294967296, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", subnets[4294967295].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Supernet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork result = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 })[0];
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SupernetArray
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/22") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], expected[0], "suppernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray1()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray2()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = null;
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = null;
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(65536, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/8");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(16777216, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.0.0.0/8") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8")
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("11.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.6.6.6/8"),
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/7"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Equals
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            object network2 = "";
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet1() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.0";
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet2() {
+
+            string start = null;
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet3() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = null;
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet4() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = "192.168.168.0";
+
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet7() {
+
+            string start = "0.0.0.0";
+            string end = "0.255.255.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet8() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/5");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet9()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0/24";
+            string end = "200.16.3.0/24";
+            var firt = IPNetwork.Parse(start).FirstUsable.ToString();
+            var last = IPNetwork.Parse(end).LastUsable.ToString();
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(firt, last);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet10()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0";
+            string end = "200.16.3.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid1() {
+
+            string start = "invalid";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid2() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "invalid";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrA() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("10.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrB() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("172.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrC() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("192.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrD() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("224.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrE() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("240.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region GetHashCode
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Print
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Print() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn).Replace("\r", "");
+            string expected = @"IPNetwork   : 0.0.0.0/0
+Network     : 0.0.0.0
+Netmask     : 0.0.0.0
+Cidr        : 0
+Broadcast   : 255.255.255.255
+FirstUsable : 0.0.0.1
+LastUsable  : 255.255.255.254
+Usable      : 4294967294
+".Replace("\r", "");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, print, "Print");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void PrintNull() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = null;
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Sort
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach(string ip in ips) {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2.2.2.2/32", ipns[2].ToString(), "2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", ipns[3].ToString(), "3");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.100/32", "0.0.0.0/24" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/24", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.100/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryWideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet3() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet4() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "1.1.1.1", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(null, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(null);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull2() {
+
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "e", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /**
+         * 
+        #region TrySubstractNetwork
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "178.82.0.0/16" };
+            string substract = "178.82.131.209/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.0/0" };
+            string substract = "1.1.1.1/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+        **/
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            var total = 4294967296;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            uint usable = 254;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            uint usable = 65534;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr3() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet3()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet3()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkUnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkUnitTest.cs|TestSubnet3|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2ff285f97f5469be18600ae0f08ca6a0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1628/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1628/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95914ad9336a2746615d6fb191ed9181012c14ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1628/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3382 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ipnetwork
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics;
+
+namespace System.Net.TestProject
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// IPNetworkUnitTest test every single method
+    /// </summary>
+    [TestClass]
+    public class IPNetworkUnitTest {
+
+        #region Parse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(ip, ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse("", 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork.Parse(null, 0);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork.Parse(n, n);
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("x.x.x.x", 0);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0", 33);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "10.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "10.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "10.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "10.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "10.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "172.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "172.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "172.0.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "172.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "172.0.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            uint usable = 65534;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.0.0.0";
+
+            string network = "192.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.0.0.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.0.0.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "224.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseIPAddressNoNetmask5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "240.0.0.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress);
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParse
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE2() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, ip, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE3() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE4() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(null, 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE5() {
+            string n = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(n, n, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE6() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10"), null, out ipnet);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE7() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", null, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE8() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE9() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", "x.x.x.x", out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE10() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("x.x.x.x", 0, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmaskANE11() {
+            IPNetwork ipnet = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse("0.0.0.0", 33, out ipnet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, ipnet, "ipnet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseIPAddressNetmask() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, netmask, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100 255.255.255.0";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100/24";
+
+            string network = "192.168.168.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            string broadcast = "192.168.168.255";
+            string firstUsable = "192.168.168.1";
+            string lastUsable = "192.168.168.254";
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            uint usable = 254;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/0";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.1";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.254";
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0/32";
+
+            string network = "0.0.0.0";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "0.0.0.0";
+            string firstUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            string lastUsable = "0.0.0.0";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed"); 
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            string ipaddress = "255.255.255.255/32";
+
+            string network = "255.255.255.255";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string broadcast = "255.255.255.255";
+            string firstUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            string lastUsable = "255.255.255.255";
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            uint usable = 0;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(network, ipnetwork.Network.ToString(), "Network");
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, ipnetwork.Netmask.ToString(), "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(broadcast, ipnetwork.Broadcast.ToString(), "Broadcast");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, ipnetwork.Cidr, "Cidr");
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, ipnetwork.Usable, "Usable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(firstUsable, ipnetwork.FirstUsable.ToString(), "FirstUsable");
+            Assert.AreEqual(lastUsable, ipnetwork.LastUsable.ToString(), "LastUsable");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE1() {
+            string ipaddress = "garbage";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringAE2() {
+            string ipaddress = "0.0.0.0 0.0.1.0";
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryParseStringANE1() {
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParse(ipaddress, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseStringString
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestParseStringString1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString2() {
+
+            string ipaddress = null;
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = null;
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString4() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestParseStringString5() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "";
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ipaddress, netmask);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ParseIpIp
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ParseIpIp1() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.0";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = IPAddress.Parse(netmask);
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.168.0/24", ipnetwork.ToString(), "network");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp2() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void ParseIpIp3() {
+
+            string ipaddress = "192.168.168.100";
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse(ipaddress);
+            IPAddress netm = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse(ip, netm);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToCidrANE() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(null);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidrAE() {
+            byte cidr = IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestToCidrAE2() {
+            IPNetwork.ToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"));
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte cidr = 24;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 16;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 8;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToCidr0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            int result = IPNetwork.ToCidr(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrANE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(null, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual((byte)0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidrAE2() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(IPAddress.Parse("6.6.6.6"), out cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr32() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            byte result = 32;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr24() {
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            byte result = 24;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr16() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            byte result = 16;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr8() {
+
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 8;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToCidr0() {
+
+            byte? cidr = null;
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            byte result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToCidr(mask, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(cidr, result, "cidr");
+            
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(null);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(ip);
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerANE2() {
+            BigInteger? result = IPNetwork.ToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte2() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(32, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 4294967295;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToBigIntegerByte3() {
+            BigInteger result = IPNetwork.ToUint(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork);
+            uint expected = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "result");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToBigInteger
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger32() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffffff;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger24() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffffff00;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger16() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xffff0000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger8() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0xff000000;
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigInteger0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+            uint uintMask = 0x00000000;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(mask, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(uintMask, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(null, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE3() {
+            IPAddress ip = null;
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(ip, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, result, "uint");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryToBigIntegerANE2() {
+
+            BigInteger? result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToBigInteger(IPAddress.IPv6Any, out result);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, result, "result");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryToNetmask
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask1() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(0, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = IPAddress.Parse("0.0.0.0");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryToNetmask2() {
+            IPAddress result = null;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryToNetmask(33, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out result);
+            IPAddress expected = null;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "Netmask");
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask32() {
+
+            byte cidr = 32;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.255";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask31() {
+
+            byte cidr = 31;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.254";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask30() {
+
+            byte cidr = 30;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.252";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask29() {
+
+            byte cidr = 29;
+            string netmask = "255.255.255.248";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask1() {
+
+            byte cidr = 1;
+            string netmask = "128.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ToNetmask0() {
+
+            byte cidr = 0;
+            string netmask = "0.0.0.0";
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(netmask, result, "netmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void ToNetmaskOORE1() {
+            byte cidr = 33;
+            string result = IPNetwork.ToNetmask(cidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork).ToString();
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ValidNetmask
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask0() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmask2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE1() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("0.255.0.0");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE2() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = null;
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestValidNetmaskEAE3() {
+
+            IPAddress mask = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.1");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.ValidNetmask(mask);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ValidNetmask");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region BitsSet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet32() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.255");
+            uint bits = 32;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet24() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.255.0");
+            uint bits = 24;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet16() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("255.255.0.0");
+            uint bits = 16;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBitsSet4() {
+
+            IPAddress ip = IPAddress.Parse("128.128.128.128");
+            uint bits = 4;
+            uint result = IPNetwork.BitsSet(ip);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(bits, result, "BitsSet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Contains
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains1()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains2()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.10.10.10");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10.0/24");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestContains6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "contains");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestContains10()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Overlap
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestOverlap2()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap3()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/0");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestOverlap6()
+        {
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.0.0/16");
+            bool result = IPNetwork.Overlap(network1, network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "overlap");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Examples
+
+        public void Example1()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.100");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.128/25");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            bool overlap1 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork2);
+            bool overlap2 = IPNetwork.Overlap(ipnetwork, ipnetwork3);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, contains4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork2, overlap1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} overlap {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipnetwork3, overlap2);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example2b() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("10.1.0.0/16");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress1 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.1.1");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.2.100");
+            IPAddress ipaddress3 = IPAddress.Parse("10.1.2.3");
+            IPAddress ipaddress4 = IPAddress.Parse("10.4.5.6");
+
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress1);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork2, ipaddress2);
+            bool contains3 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress3);
+            bool contains4 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork1, ipaddress4);
+
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress1, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork1, ipaddress2, contains2);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress3, contains3);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork2, ipaddress4, contains4);
+
+
+        }
+
+        public void Example3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork iana_a_block = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_b_block = IPNetwork.IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1;
+            IPNetwork iana_c_block = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_a_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_BBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_b_block);
+            Console.WriteLine("IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1 is {0}", iana_c_block);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example4()
+        {
+            IPNetwork wholeInternet = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte newCidr = 2;
+            IPNetworkCollection subneted = IPNetwork.Subnet(wholeInternet, newCidr);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} was subnetted into {1} subnets", wholeInternet, subneted.Count);
+            Console.WriteLine("First: {0}", subneted[0]);
+            Console.WriteLine("Last : {0}", subneted[subneted.Count - 1]);
+            Console.WriteLine("All  :");
+
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipnetwork in subneted)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine("{0}", ipnetwork);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Example5()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[]{ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2});
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} + {1} = {2}", ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3[0]);
+            
+        }
+
+
+
+        public void Example7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.100/24");
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.168.200");
+            IPAddress ipaddress2 = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.0.200");
+
+            bool contains1 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress);
+            bool contains2 = IPNetwork.Contains(ipnetwork, ipaddress2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress, contains1);
+            Console.WriteLine("{0} contains {1} : {2}", ipnetwork, ipaddress2, contains2);
+
+        }
+        public void Example9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.254");
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Supernet(network, network2);
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        public void Example10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+
+            Console.WriteLine("Network : {0}", ipnetwork.Network);
+            Console.WriteLine("Netmask : {0}", ipnetwork.Netmask);
+            Console.WriteLine("Broadcast : {0}", ipnetwork.Broadcast);
+            Console.WriteLine("FirstUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.FirstUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("LastUsable : {0}", ipnetwork.LastUsable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Usable : {0}", ipnetwork.Usable);
+            Console.WriteLine("Cidr : {0}", ipnetwork.Cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region IANA blocks
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA1() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("192.168.66.66");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA2() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("10.0.0.0");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA3() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("172.17.10.10");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.66.66/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("10.10.10/18");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.31.10.10/24");
+            bool expected = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA7() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestIANA8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA9() {
+
+            IPAddress ipaddress = IPAddress.Parse("1.2.3.4");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipaddress);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA10() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("172.16.0.0/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestIANA11() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            bool expected = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.IsIANAReserved(ipnetwork);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "IANA");
+
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region ToString
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/8");
+            string expected = "192.0.0.0/8";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/9");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/9";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/10");
+            string expected = "192.128.0.0/10";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/11");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/11";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/12");
+            string expected = "192.160.0.0/12";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/13");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/13";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/14");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/14";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/15");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/15";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestToString8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.15.1/16");
+            string expected = "192.168.0.0/16";
+            string result = ipnetwork.ToString();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "ToString");
+        }
+        
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Subnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 24;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/24", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.255.0/24", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.255/32", subnets[255].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet10()
+        {
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            byte cidr = 32;
+
+            // Here I spawm a OOM dragon ! beware of the beast !
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            Assert.AreEqual(4294967296, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", subnets[4294967295].ToString(), "subnet256");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubnet12() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            int i = -1;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            foreach (IPNetwork ipn in subnets) {
+                i++;
+                Assert.AreEqual(subnets[i], ipn, "subnet");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSubnet13() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork, cidr);
+            IPNetwork error = subnets[1000];
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySubnet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 55;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 1;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, subnetted, "subnetted");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_ABLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 9;
+
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.0.0.0/9", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("10.128.0.0/9", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySubnet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.IANA_CBLK_RESERVED1;
+            byte cidr = 20;
+
+            IPNetworkCollection subnets = null;
+            bool subnetted = IPNetwork.TrySubnet(ipnetwork, cidr, out subnets);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, subnetted, "subnetted");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, subnets.Count, "count");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.0.0/20", subnets[0].ToString(), "subnet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.16.0/20", subnets[1].ToString(), "subnet2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.32.0/20", subnets[2].ToString(), "subnet3");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.48.0/20", subnets[3].ToString(), "subnet4");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.64.0/20", subnets[4].ToString(), "subnet5");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.80.0/20", subnets[5].ToString(), "subnet6");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.96.0/20", subnets[6].ToString(), "subnet7");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.112.0/20", subnets[7].ToString(), "subnet8");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.128.0/20", subnets[8].ToString(), "subnet9");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.144.0/20", subnets[9].ToString(), "subnet10");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.160.0/20", subnets[10].ToString(), "subnet11");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.176.0/20", subnets[11].ToString(), "subnet12");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.192.0/20", subnets[12].ToString(), "subnet13");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.208.0/20", subnets[13].ToString(), "subnet14");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.224.0/20", subnets[14].ToString(), "subnet15");
+            Assert.AreEqual("192.168.240.0/20", subnets[15].ToString(), "subnet16");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Supernet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestSupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))]
+        public void TestSupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, supernet, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestSupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet = IPNetwork.Supernet(network1, network2);
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSupernet9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork result = IPNetwork.Supernet(new[] { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 })[0];
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "supernet");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TrySupernet
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = null;
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.5.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet6() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet7() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet8() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork supernetExpected = null;
+            IPNetwork supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network1, network2, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet9() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new [] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[1], supernet[1], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet10() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = new[] { network1, network2 };
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = true;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(supernetExpected[0], supernet[0], "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernet11() {
+
+            IPNetwork[] network3 = null;
+            IPNetwork[] supernetExpected = new[] { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/23") };
+            IPNetwork[] supernet;
+            bool parsed = false;
+            bool result = IPNetwork.TrySupernet(network3, out supernet);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(null, supernet, "supernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(parsed, result, "parsed");
+
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region SupernetArray
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/22") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], expected[0], "suppernet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray1()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray2()
+        {
+
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = null;
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray3()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork3 = null;
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork4 = null;
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { ipnetwork1, ipnetwork2, ipnetwork3, ipnetwork4 };
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray4()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(256, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray5()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(65536, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/16") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray6()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/8");
+            IPNetworkCollection subnetted = IPNetwork.Subnet(ipnetwork1, 32);
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = subnetted.ToArray();
+            Assert.AreEqual(16777216, ipnetworks.Length, "subnet");
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { IPNetwork.Parse("192.0.0.0/8") };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], ipnetwork1, "suppernet");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray7()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray8()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8")
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrySupernetArray9()
+        {
+
+            IPNetwork[] ipnetworks = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.2.2/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.2.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.1.1/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.3.0/24"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("11.6.6.6/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.6.6.6/8"),
+                
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] expected = { 
+                IPNetwork.Parse("10.0.0.0/7"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("12.0.0.0/8"),
+                IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0/22")
+            };
+
+            IPNetwork[] result = IPNetwork.Supernet(ipnetworks);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected.Length, result.Length, "supernetarray");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[0], result[0], "suppernet");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[1], result[1], "suppernet1");
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected[2], result[2], "suppernet2");
+        }
+
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Equals
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals1() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = true;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals2() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = null;
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals3() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            object network2 = "";
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals4() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/25");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestEquals5() {
+
+            IPNetwork network1 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.0.1/24");
+            IPNetwork network2 = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.1.1/24");
+            bool result = network1.Equals(network2);
+            bool expected = false;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, result, "equals");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet1() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.0";
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet2() {
+
+            string start = null;
+            string end = "192.168.168.255";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnet3() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = null;
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet4() {
+
+            string start = "192.168.168.255";
+            string end = "192.168.168.0";
+
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("192.168.168.0/24");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet7() {
+
+            string start = "0.0.0.0";
+            string end = "0.255.255.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet8() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/5");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet9()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0/24";
+            string end = "200.16.3.0/24";
+            var firt = IPNetwork.Parse(start).FirstUsable.ToString();
+            var last = IPNetwork.Parse(end).LastUsable.ToString();
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(firt, last);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestWideSubnet10()
+        {
+
+            string start = "200.16.0.0";
+            string end = "200.16.3.255";
+
+            IPNetwork expected = IPNetwork.Parse("200.16.0.0/22");
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, wideSubnet, "wideSubnet");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid1() {
+
+            string start = "invalid";
+            string end = "5.6.7.8";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void TestWideSubnetInvalid2() {
+
+            string start = "1.2.3.4";
+            string end = "invalid";
+
+            IPNetwork wideSubnet = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(start, end);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryGuessCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrNull() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr(null, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrA() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("10.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(8, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrB() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("172.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrC() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("192.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, cidr, "cidr");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrD() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("224.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTryGuessCidrE() {
+
+            byte cidr;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryGuessCidr("240.0.0.0", out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region GetHashCode
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode1() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.1.1/0");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode2() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/1");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGetHashCode3() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork1 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork2 = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            int hashCode1 = ipnetwork1.GetHashCode();
+            int hashCode2 = ipnetwork2.GetHashCode();
+            Assert.AreEqual(hashCode1, hashCode2, "hashcode");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Print
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Print() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn).Replace("\r", "");
+            string expected = @"IPNetwork   : 0.0.0.0/0
+Network     : 0.0.0.0
+Netmask     : 0.0.0.0
+Cidr        : 0
+Broadcast   : 255.255.255.255
+FirstUsable : 0.0.0.1
+LastUsable  : 255.255.255.254
+Usable      : 4294967294
+".Replace("\r", "");
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expected, print, "Print");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void PrintNull() {
+            IPNetwork ipn = null;
+            string print = IPNetwork.Print(ipn);
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Sort
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach(string ip in ips) {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/32", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+            Assert.AreEqual("2.2.2.2/32", ipns[2].ToString(), "2");
+            Assert.AreEqual("255.255.255.255/32", ipns[3].ToString(), "3");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSort2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.100/32", "0.0.0.0/24" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ipns.Sort();
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/24", ipns[0].ToString(), "0");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.100/32", ipns[1].ToString(), "1");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryWideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet3() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "c", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnet4() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "1.1.1.1", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(ipns.ToArray(), out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, wide, "wide");
+            Assert.AreEqual("1.1.1.1/32", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryWideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = null;
+            bool wide = IPNetwork.TryWideSubnet(null, out ipnetwork);
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, wide, "wide");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region WideSubnet
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "255.255.255.255", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/0", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void WideSubnet2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "1.1.1.1", "10.0.0.0", "2.2.2.2", "0.0.0.0" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+            Assert.AreEqual("0.0.0.0/4", ipnetwork.ToString(), "ipnetwork");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentNullException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull() {
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(null);
+
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(ArgumentException))]
+        public void WideSubnetNull2() {
+
+            string[] ips = new[] { "a", "b", "e", "d" };
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            foreach (string ip in ips)
+            {
+                IPNetwork ipn;
+                if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, 32, out ipn))
+                {
+                    ipns.Add(ipn);
+                }
+            }
+
+            IPNetwork ipnetwork = IPNetwork.WideSubnet(ipns.ToArray());
+
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        /**
+         * 
+        #region TrySubstractNetwork
+
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork1() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "178.82.0.0/16" };
+            string substract = "178.82.131.209/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TrySubstractNetwork2() {
+            string[] ips = new[] { "0.0.0.0/0" };
+            string substract = "1.1.1.1/32";
+
+            List<IPNetwork> ipns = new List<IPNetwork>();
+            Array.ForEach<string>(ips, new Action<string>(
+                delegate(string ip)
+                {
+                    IPNetwork ipn;
+                    if (IPNetwork.TryParse(ip, out ipn)) {
+                        ipns.Add(ipn);
+                    }
+                }
+            ));
+
+            var nsubstract = IPNetwork.Parse(substract);
+
+            IEnumerable<IPNetwork> result;
+            bool substracted = IPNetwork.TrySubstractNetwork(ipns.ToArray(), nsubstract, out result);
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, substracted, "substracted");
+
+        }
+
+
+
+        #endregion
+        **/
+
+        #region Count
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            var total = 1;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            var total = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            var total = 4;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            var total = 256;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            var total = 65536;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            var total = 16777216;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Total0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            var total = 4294967296;
+            Assert.AreEqual(total, network.Total, "Total");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Usable
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable32() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/32");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable31() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/31");
+            uint usable = 0;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable30() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/30");
+            uint usable = 2;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable24() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/24");
+            uint usable = 254;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable16() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/16");
+            uint usable = 65534;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable8() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/8");
+            uint usable = 16777214;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void Usable0() {
+            var network = IPNetwork.Parse("0.0.0.0/0");
+            uint usable = 4294967294;
+            Assert.AreEqual(usable, network.Usable, "Usable");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region TryParseCidr
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr1() {
+
+            string sidr = "0";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = 0;
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(true, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr2() {
+
+            string sidr = "sadsd";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TryParseCidr3() {
+
+            string sidr = "33";
+            byte? cidr;
+            byte? result = null;
+
+            bool parsed = IPNetwork.TryParseCidr(sidr, Sockets.AddressFamily.InterNetwork, out cidr);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(false, parsed, "parsed");
+            Assert.AreEqual(result, cidr, "cidr");
+
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource subnets of type System.Net.IPNetworkCollection in method "Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet8()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void IPNetworkUnitTest.TestSubnet8()
+
+### File:
+src/System.Net.IPNetwork.TestProject.Source/IPNetworkUnitTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+IPNetworkUnitTest.cs|TestSubnet8|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2315c6d7453660c8f8657dee398d421d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1643/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1643/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0bdf9d0a85997f8fe74ae6ed73974a35ebbec11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1643/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,850 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sensenet
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using SenseNet.ApplicationModel;
+using SenseNet.ContentRepository.Fields;
+using SenseNet.ContentRepository.Storage;
+using SenseNet.ContentRepository.Storage.Security;
+using SenseNet.Diagnostics;
+using SenseNet.Configuration;
+using SenseNet.ContentRepository.Schema;
+using SenseNet.Tools;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using SenseNet.ContentRepository;
+using SenseNet.OData.Writers;
+using SenseNet.Security;
+using Task = System.Threading.Tasks.Task;
+// ReSharper disable UnusedMember.Global
+// ReSharper disable CommentTypo
+// ReSharper disable ArrangeThisQualifier
+
+namespace SenseNet.OData
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// AN ASP.NET Core middleware to process the OData requests.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ODataMiddleware
+    {
+        public static readonly string ODataRequestHttpContextKey = "SenseNet.OData.ODataRequest";
+
+        private static readonly IActionResolver DefaultActionResolver = new DefaultActionResolver();
+        internal static IActionResolver ActionResolver => Providers.Instance.GetProvider<IActionResolver>() ?? DefaultActionResolver;
+
+        internal static readonly string[] HeadFieldNames = new[] { "Id", "Name", "DisplayName", "Icon", "CreationDate", "ModificationDate", "CreatedBy", "ModifiedBy" };
+        internal static readonly List<string> DisabledFieldNames = new List<string>(new[] { "TypeIs", "InTree", "InFolder", "NodeType", "Rate"/*, "VersioningMode", "ApprovingMode", "RateAvg", "RateCount"*/ });
+        internal static readonly List<string> DeferredFieldNames = new List<string>(new[] { "AllowedChildTypes", "EffectiveAllowedChildTypes" });
+        internal static readonly List<string> AllowedMethodNamesWithoutContent = new List<string>(new[] { "PATCH", "PUT", "POST", "DELETE" });
+
+        internal static List<JsonConverter> JsonConverters { get; }
+        internal static List<FieldConverter> FieldConverters { get; }
+
+        static ODataMiddleware()
+        {
+            JsonConverters = new List<JsonConverter> {new Newtonsoft.Json.Converters.VersionConverter()};
+
+            FieldConverters = new List<FieldConverter>();
+            var fieldConverterTypes = TypeResolver.GetTypesByBaseType(typeof(FieldConverter));
+            foreach (var fieldConverterType in fieldConverterTypes)
+            {
+                var fieldConverter = (FieldConverter)Activator.CreateInstance(fieldConverterType);
+                JsonConverters.Add(fieldConverter);
+                FieldConverters.Add(fieldConverter);
+            }
+
+            OperationCenter.Discover();
+            Providers.Instance.SetProvider(typeof(IOperationMethodStorage), new OperationMethodStorage());
+        }
+
+        internal static readonly DateTime BaseDate = new DateTime(1970, 1, 1);
+        internal const string ModelRequestKeyName = "models";
+        internal const string ActionsPropertyName = "Actions";
+        internal const string ChildrenPropertyName = "Children";
+        internal const string BinaryPropertyName = "Binary";
+        internal const int ExpansionLimit = int.MaxValue - 1;
+
+        private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
+        // Must have constructor with this signature, otherwise exception at run time
+        public ODataMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
+        {
+            _next = next;
+        }
+
+
+        public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext httpContext)
+        {
+            // Create OData-response strategy
+            var odataRequest = ODataRequest.Parse(httpContext);
+
+            // Write headers and body of the HttpResponse
+            await ProcessRequestAsync(httpContext, odataRequest).ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            // Call next in the chain if exists
+            if (_next != null)
+                await _next(httpContext).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        [SuppressMessage("ReSharper", "PossibleNullReferenceException")]
+        internal async Task ProcessRequestAsync(HttpContext httpContext, ODataRequest odataRequest)
+        {
+            httpContext.SetODataRequest(odataRequest);
+
+            var request = httpContext.Request;
+            var httpMethod = request.Method;
+            var inputStream = request.Body;
+            ODataWriter odataWriter = null;
+            try
+            {
+                Content content;
+                if (odataRequest == null)
+                {
+                    odataWriter = new ODataJsonWriter();
+                    throw new ODataException("The Request is not an OData request.", ODataExceptionCode.RequestError);
+                }
+
+                odataWriter = ODataWriter.Create(httpContext, odataRequest);
+                if (odataWriter == null)
+                {
+                    odataWriter = new ODataJsonWriter();
+                    odataWriter.Initialize(odataRequest);
+                    throw new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.InvalidFormatParameter);
+                }
+
+                odataWriter.Initialize(odataRequest);
+
+                var requestError = odataRequest.RequestError;
+                if (requestError != null)
+                {
+                    var innerOdataError = requestError as ODataException;
+                    var message = "An error occured during request parsing. " + requestError.Message +
+                                  " See inner exception for details.";
+                    var code = innerOdataError?.ODataExceptionCode ?? ODataExceptionCode.RequestError;
+                    throw new ODataException(message, code, requestError);
+                }
+
+                odataRequest.Format = odataWriter.FormatName;
+
+                var requestedContent = LoadContentByVersionRequest(odataRequest.RepositoryPath, httpContext);
+
+                var exists = requestedContent != null;
+                if (!exists && !odataRequest.IsServiceDocumentRequest && !odataRequest.IsMetadataRequest &&
+                    !AllowedMethodNamesWithoutContent.Contains(httpMethod))
+                {
+                    ContentNotFound(httpContext);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                JObject model;
+                switch (httpMethod)
+                {
+                    case "GET":
+                        if (odataRequest.IsServiceDocumentRequest)
+                        {
+                            await odataWriter.WriteServiceDocumentAsync(httpContext, odataRequest)
+                                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
+                        else if (odataRequest.IsMetadataRequest)
+                        {
+                            await odataWriter.WriteMetadataAsync(httpContext, odataRequest)
+                                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            if (!Node.Exists(odataRequest.RepositoryPath))
+                                ContentNotFound(httpContext);
+                            else if (odataRequest.IsCollection)
+                                await odataWriter.WriteChildrenCollectionAsync(odataRequest.RepositoryPath, httpContext,
+                                        odataRequest)
+                                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                            else if (odataRequest.IsMemberRequest)
+                                await odataWriter.WriteContentPropertyAsync(
+                                        odataRequest.RepositoryPath, odataRequest.PropertyName,
+                                        odataRequest.IsRawValueRequest, httpContext, odataRequest)
+                                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                            else
+                                await odataWriter.WriteSingleContentAsync(requestedContent, httpContext)
+                                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    case "PUT": // update
+                        if (odataRequest.IsMemberRequest)
+                        {
+                            throw new ODataException("Cannot access a member with HTTP PUT.",
+                                ODataExceptionCode.IllegalInvoke);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            model = await ReadToJsonAsync(inputStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                            content = LoadContentOrVirtualChild(odataRequest);
+                            if (content == null)
+                            {
+                                ContentNotFound(httpContext);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            ResetContent(content);
+                            UpdateContent(content, model, odataRequest);
+                            await odataWriter.WriteSingleContentAsync(content, httpContext)
+                                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    case "MERGE":
+                    case "PATCH": // update
+                        if (odataRequest.IsMemberRequest)
+                        {
+                            throw new ODataException(
+                                String.Concat("Cannot access a member with HTTP ", httpMethod, "."),
+                                ODataExceptionCode.IllegalInvoke);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            model = await ReadToJsonAsync(inputStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                            content = LoadContentOrVirtualChild(odataRequest);
+                            if (content == null)
+                            {
+                                ContentNotFound(httpContext);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            UpdateContent(content, model, odataRequest);
+                            await odataWriter.WriteSingleContentAsync(content, httpContext)
+                                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    case "POST": // invoke an action, create content
+                        if (odataRequest.IsMemberRequest)
+                        {
+                            // MEMBER REQUEST
+                            await odataWriter.WriteOperationResultAsync(inputStream, httpContext, odataRequest)
+                                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            // CREATION
+                            if (!Node.Exists(odataRequest.RepositoryPath))
+                            {
+                                // parent does not exist
+                                ContentNotFound(httpContext);
+                                return;
+                            }
+
+                            model = await ReadToJsonAsync(inputStream).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                            var newContent = CreateNewContent(model, odataRequest);
+                            await odataWriter.WriteSingleContentAsync(newContent, httpContext)
+                                .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    case "DELETE":
+                        if (odataRequest.IsMemberRequest)
+                        {
+                            throw new ODataException(
+                                String.Concat("Cannot access a member with HTTP ", httpMethod, "."),
+                                ODataExceptionCode.IllegalInvoke);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            content = LoadContentOrVirtualChild(odataRequest);
+                            if (content != null)
+                            {
+                                var x = httpContext.Request.Query["permanent"].ToString();
+                                if (x.Equals("true", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                                    content.DeletePhysical();
+                                else
+                                    content.Delete();
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (ContentNotFoundException e)
+            {
+                var oe = new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.ResourceNotFound, e);
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, oe)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (ODataException e)
+            {
+                if (e.HttpStatusCode == 500)
+                    SnLog.WriteException(e);
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, e)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (AccessDeniedException e)
+            {
+                var oe = new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.Forbidden, e);
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, oe)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (UnauthorizedAccessException e)
+            {
+                var oe = new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.Unauthorized, e);
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, oe)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (SenseNetSecurityException e)
+            {
+                // In case of a visitor we should not expose the information that this content actually exists. We return
+                // a simple 404 instead to provide exactly the same response as the regular 404, where the content 
+                // really does not exist. But do this only if the visitor really does not have permission for the
+                // requested content (because security exception could be thrown by an action or something else too).
+                if (odataRequest != null && User.Current.Id == Identifiers.VisitorUserId)
+                {
+                    var head = NodeHead.Get(odataRequest.RepositoryPath);
+                    if (head != null && !SecurityHandler.HasPermission(head, PermissionType.Open))
+                    {
+                        ContentNotFound(httpContext);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                var oe = new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.NotSpecified, e);
+
+                SnLog.WriteException(oe);
+
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, oe)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (InvalidContentActionException ex)
+            {
+                var oe = new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.NotSpecified, ex);
+                if (ex.Reason != InvalidContentActionReason.NotSpecified)
+                    oe.ErrorCode = Enum.GetName(typeof(InvalidContentActionReason), ex.Reason);
+
+                // it is unnecessary to log this exception as this is not a real error
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, oe)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (ContentRepository.Storage.Data.NodeAlreadyExistsException nae)
+            {
+                var oe = new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.ContentAlreadyExists, nae);
+
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, oe)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                var oe = new ODataException(ODataExceptionCode.NotSpecified, ex);
+
+                SnLog.WriteException(oe);
+
+                await odataWriter.WriteErrorResponseAsync(httpContext, oe)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* =================================================================================== */
+
+        internal static async Task<JObject> ReadToJsonAsync(Stream inputStream)
+        {
+            string models;
+            if (inputStream == null)
+                return null;
+            if (inputStream == Stream.Null)
+                return null;
+            using (var reader = new StreamReader(inputStream))
+                models = await reader.ReadToEndAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+            return ReadToJson(models);
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper method for deserializing the given string representation.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="models">JSON object that will be deserialized.</param>
+        /// <returns>Deserialized JObject instance.</returns>
+        internal static JObject ReadToJson(string models)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(models))
+                return null;
+
+            var firstChar = models.Last() == ']' ? '[' : '{';
+            var p = models.IndexOf(firstChar);
+            if (p > 0)
+                models = models.Substring(p);
+
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings { DateFormatHandling = DateFormatHandling.IsoDateFormat };
+            var serializer = JsonSerializer.Create(settings);
+            var jReader = new JsonTextReader(new StringReader(models));
+            var deserialized = serializer.Deserialize(jReader);
+
+            if (deserialized is JObject jObject)
+                return jObject;
+            if (deserialized is JArray jArray)
+                return jArray[0] as JObject;
+
+            throw new SnNotSupportedException();
+        }
+        internal static object Read(Stream inputStream, Type type)
+        {
+            string models;
+            using (var reader = new StreamReader(inputStream))
+                models = reader.ReadToEnd(); // HttpUtility.UrlDecode(reader.ReadToEnd());
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(models))
+                return null;
+
+            var firstChar = models.Last() == ']' ? '[' : '{';
+            var p = models.IndexOf(firstChar);
+            if (p > 0)
+                models = models.Substring(p);
+
+            var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings { DateFormatHandling = DateFormatHandling.IsoDateFormat };
+            var serializer = JsonSerializer.Create(settings);
+            var jReader = new JsonTextReader(new StringReader(models));
+            var deserialized = serializer.Deserialize(jReader, type);
+
+            return deserialized;
+        }
+
+        internal static string GetEntityUrl(string path)
+        {
+            path = path.TrimEnd('/');
+
+            var p = path.LastIndexOf('/');
+            if (p < 0)
+                return string.Concat("(", path, ")");
+
+            return string.Concat(path.Substring(0, p), "('", path.Substring(p + 1), "')");
+        }
+
+        internal static void ContentNotFound(HttpContext httpContext)
+        {
+            httpContext.Response.Clear();
+            httpContext.Response.StatusCode = 404;
+        }
+        internal static void ContentAlreadyExists(string path)
+        {
+            throw new ODataException(SNSR.GetString(SNSR.Exceptions.OData.ContentAlreadyExists_1, path), ODataExceptionCode.ContentAlreadyExists);
+        }
+        internal static void ResourceNotFound(Content content, string propertyName)
+        {
+            throw new ODataException(SNSR.GetString(SNSR.Exceptions.OData.ResourceNotFound_2, content.Path, propertyName), ODataExceptionCode.ResourceNotFound);
+        }
+        internal static void ResourceNotFound()
+        {
+            throw new ODataException(SNSR.GetString(SNSR.Exceptions.OData.ResourceNotFound), ODataExceptionCode.ResourceNotFound);
+        }
+
+        // ==============================================================================================================
+
+        internal static Content LoadContentByVersionRequest(string path, HttpContext httpContext)
+        {
+            var versionRequest = httpContext.Request.Query["version"].ToString();
+            return !string.IsNullOrEmpty(versionRequest) && VersionNumber.TryParse(versionRequest, out var version)
+                ? Content.Load(path, version)
+                : Content.Load(path);
+        }
+
+        private Content CreateNewContent(JObject model, ODataRequest odataRequest)
+        {
+            var contentTypeName = GetPropertyValue<string>("__ContentType", model);
+            var templateName = GetPropertyValue<string>("__ContentTemplate", model);
+
+            var name = GetPropertyValue<string>("Name", model);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
+            {
+                var displayName = GetPropertyValue<string>("DisplayName", model);
+                name = ContentNamingProvider.GetNameFromDisplayName(displayName);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // do not allow saving a content with unencoded name
+                name = ContentNamingProvider.GetNameFromDisplayName(name);
+            }
+
+            var parent = Node.Load<GenericContent>(odataRequest.RepositoryPath);
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(contentTypeName))
+            {
+                var allowedChildTypeNames = parent.GetAllowedChildTypeNames();
+
+                if (allowedChildTypeNames is AllContentTypeNames)
+                {
+                    contentTypeName = typeof(ContentRepository.File).Name;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var allowedContentTypeNames = parent.GetAllowedChildTypeNames().ToArray();
+                    contentTypeName = allowedContentTypeNames.FirstOrDefault();
+                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(contentTypeName))
+                        contentTypeName = typeof(ContentRepository.File).Name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            Content content;
+            Node template = null;
+            if (templateName != null)
+                template = ContentTemplate.GetNamedTemplate(contentTypeName, templateName);
+
+            if (template == null)
+            {
+                content = Content.CreateNew(contentTypeName, parent, name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var node = ContentTemplate.CreateFromTemplate(parent, template, name);
+                content = Content.Create(node);
+            }
+
+
+            UpdateFields(content, model);
+
+            if (odataRequest.MultistepSave)
+                content.Save(SavingMode.StartMultistepSave);
+            else
+                content.Save();
+
+            return content;
+        }
+        private static readonly List<string> SafeFieldsInReset = new List<string>(new[] {
+            "Name",
+            "CreatedBy", "CreatedById", "CreationDate",
+            "ModifiedBy", "ModifiedById", "ModificationDate" });
+
+        private static Content LoadContentOrVirtualChild(ODataRequest odataReq)
+        {
+            var content = Content.Load(odataReq.RepositoryPath);
+
+            if (content == null)
+            {
+                // try to load a virtual content
+                var parentPath = RepositoryPath.GetParentPath(odataReq.RepositoryPath);
+                var name = RepositoryPath.GetFileName(odataReq.RepositoryPath);
+                if (Node.LoadNode(parentPath) is ISupportsVirtualChildren vp)
+                    content = vp.GetChild(name);
+            }
+
+            return content;
+        }
+
+        private void ResetContent(Content content)
+        {
+            // Create "dummy" content
+            var newContent = SystemAccount.Execute(() => Content.CreateNew(content.ContentType.Name, content.ContentHandler.Parent, null));
+
+            Aspect[] aspects = null;
+            if (content.ContentHandler.HasProperty(GenericContent.ASPECTS))
+            {
+                // Get aspects
+                aspects = content.ContentHandler.GetReferences(GenericContent.ASPECTS).Cast<Aspect>().ToArray();
+
+                // Reset aspect fields
+                if (content.ContentHandler is GenericContent gc)
+                {
+                    content.RemoveAllAspects();
+                    gc.AspectData = null;
+                    gc.ClearReference(GenericContent.ASPECTS);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Reset regular fields
+            foreach (var field in content.Fields.Values)
+            {
+                var fieldName = field.Name;
+                if (newContent.Fields.Any(f => f.Value.Name == fieldName) && !field.ReadOnly && !SafeFieldsInReset.Contains(fieldName))
+                    content[fieldName] = newContent[fieldName];
+            }
+
+            if (content.ContentHandler.HasProperty(GenericContent.ASPECTS))
+            {
+                // Re-add all the aspects
+                content.AddAspects(aspects);
+            }
+        }
+        private void UpdateContent(Content content, JObject model, ODataRequest odataRequest)
+        {
+            UpdateFields(content, model);
+
+            if (odataRequest.MultistepSave)
+                content.Save(SavingMode.StartMultistepSave);
+            else
+                content.Save();
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper method for updating the given <see cref="Content"/> with a model represented by JObject.
+        /// The <see cref="Content"/> will not be saved.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="content">The <see cref="Content"/> that will be modified. Cannot be null.</param>
+        /// <param name="model">The modifier JObject instance. Cannot be null.</param>
+        public static void UpdateFields(Content content, JObject model)
+        {
+            if (content == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(content));
+            if (model == null)
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(model));
+
+            var isNew = content.Id == 0;
+            foreach (var prop in model.Properties())
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(prop.Name) || prop.Name == "__ContentType" || prop.Name == "__ContentTemplate" || prop.Name == "Type" || prop.Name == "ContentType")
+                    continue;
+
+                var hasField = content.Fields.TryGetValue(prop.Name, out var field);
+                if (!hasField && content.SupportsAddingFieldsOnTheFly && (prop.Value as JValue)?.Value != null)
+                {
+                    var value = ((JValue)prop.Value).Value;
+                    var fieldSetting = FieldSetting.InferFieldSettingFromType(value.GetType(), prop.Name);
+                    var meta = new FieldMetadata(true, true, prop.Name, prop.Name, fieldSetting);
+                    hasField = content.AddFieldsOnTheFly(new[] { meta }) && content.Fields.TryGetValue(prop.Name, out field);
+                }
+
+                if (hasField)
+                {
+                    if (!field.ReadOnly)
+                    {
+                        if (prop.Value is JValue jValue)
+                        {
+                            if (field is IntegerField)
+                            {
+                                field.SetData(Convert.ToInt32(jValue.Value));
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            if (field is DateTimeField && jValue.Value == null)
+                                continue;
+                            if (isNew && field is ReferenceField && jValue.Value == null)
+                            {
+                                if (field.Name == "CreatedBy" || field.Name == "ModifiedBy")
+                                    continue;
+                            }
+                            if (field is ReferenceField && jValue.Value != null)
+                            {
+                                var refNode = jValue.Type == JTokenType.Integer
+                                    ? Node.LoadNode(Convert.ToInt32(jValue.Value))
+                                    : Node.LoadNode(jValue.Value.ToString());
+
+                                field.SetData(refNode);
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            if (isNew && field.Name == "Name" && jValue.Value != null)
+                            {
+                                field.SetData(ContentNamingProvider.GetNameFromDisplayName(jValue.Value.ToString()));
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            field.SetData(jValue.Value);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (prop.Value is JObject)
+                        {
+                            //TODO: ODATA: setting field when posted value is JObject.
+                            // field.SetData(jValue.Value);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (prop.Value is JArray aValue)
+                        {
+                            if (field is ReferenceField)
+                            {
+                                var refValues = aValue.Values().ToList();
+                                if (refValues.Count == 0)
+                                {
+                                    field.SetData(null);
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+
+                                var fieldSetting = field.FieldSetting as ReferenceFieldSetting;
+                                var nodes = refValues.Select(rv => rv.Type == JTokenType.Integer ? Node.LoadNode(Convert.ToInt32(rv.ToString())) : Node.LoadNode(rv.ToString()));
+
+                                if (fieldSetting?.AllowMultiple != null && fieldSetting.AllowMultiple.Value)
+                                    field.SetData(nodes);
+                                else
+                                    field.SetData(nodes.First());
+
+                            }
+                            else if (field is ChoiceField)
+                            {
+                                // ChoiceField expects the value to be of type List<string>
+                                var list = new List<string>();
+                                foreach (var token in aValue)
+                                {
+                                    if (token is JValue value)
+                                        list.Add(value.Value.ToString());
+                                    else
+                                        throw new Exception(
+                                            $"Token type {token.GetType().Name} for field {field.Name} (type {field.GetType().Name}) is not supported.");
+                                }
+
+                                field.SetData(list);
+                            }
+                            else if (field is AllowedChildTypesField &&
+                                     field.Name == "AllowedChildTypes" &&
+                                     content.ContentHandler is GenericContent gc)
+                            {
+                                var types = aValue.Values().Select(rv =>
+                                {
+                                    switch (rv.Type)
+                                    {
+                                        case JTokenType.Integer:
+                                            return Node.LoadNode(Convert.ToInt32(rv.ToString())) as ContentType;
+                                        default:
+                                            var typeId = rv.ToString();
+                                            if (RepositoryPath.IsValidPath(typeId) == RepositoryPath.PathResult.Correct)
+                                                return Node.LoadNode(typeId) as ContentType;
+                                            return ContentType.GetByName(typeId);
+                                    }
+                                }).Where(ct => ct != null).ToArray();
+
+                                gc.SetAllowedChildTypes(types);
+                            }
+
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        throw new SnNotSupportedException();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private T GetPropertyValue<T>(string name, JObject model)
+        {
+            if (model[name] is JValue jValue)
+                return (T)jValue.Value;
+            return default;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an OData path that can request the entity identified by the given path. This path is part of the OData entity request. For example
+        /// "/Root/MyFolder/MyDocument.doc" will be transformed to "/Root/MyFolder('MyDocument.doc')"
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="path">This path will be transformed.</param>
+        /// <returns>An OData path.</returns>
+        public static string GetODataPath(string path)
+        {
+            if (string.Compare(path, Identifiers.RootPath, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) == 0)
+                return string.Empty;
+
+            return GetODataPath(RepositoryPath.GetParentPath(path), RepositoryPath.GetFileName(path));
+        }
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an OData path that can request the entity identified by the given path plus name. This path is part of the OData entity request. For example
+        /// path = "/Root/MyFolder" and name = "MyDocument.doc" will be transformed to "/Root/MyFolder('MyDocument.doc')".
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parentPath">A container path.</param>
+        /// <param name="name">Content's name in the given container.</param>
+        /// <returns>An OData path.</returns>
+        public static string GetODataPath(string parentPath, string name)
+        {
+            return $"{parentPath}('{name}')";
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal interface IActionResolver
+    {
+        GenericScenario GetScenario(string name, string parameters, HttpContext httpContext);
+        IEnumerable<ActionBase> GetActions(Content context, string scenario, string backUri, HttpContext httpContext);
+        ActionBase GetAction(Content context, string scenario, string actionName, string backUri, object parameters, HttpContext httpContext);
+    }
+    internal class DefaultActionResolver : IActionResolver
+    {
+        public GenericScenario GetScenario(string name, string parameters, HttpContext httpContext)
+        {
+            return ScenarioManager.GetScenario(name, httpContext.Request.QueryString.ToString());
+        }
+        public IEnumerable<ActionBase> GetActions(Content context, string scenario, string backUri, HttpContext httpContext)
+        {
+            return ActionFramework.GetActions(context, scenario, null, backUri, httpContext);
+        }
+        public ActionBase GetAction(Content context, string scenario, string actionName, string backUri, object parameters, HttpContext httpContext)
+        {
+            return backUri == null
+                ? ActionFramework.GetAction(actionName, context, parameters, GetMethodBasedAction, httpContext)
+                : ActionFramework.GetAction(actionName, context, backUri, parameters, GetMethodBasedAction, httpContext);
+        }
+
+        private ActionBase GetMethodBasedAction(string name, Content content, object state)
+        {
+            var httpContext = (HttpContext) state;
+            //var odataRequest = (ODataRequest) httpContext.Items[ODataMiddleware.ODataRequestHttpContextKey];
+            OperationCallingContext method;
+            try
+            {
+                method = OperationCenter.GetMethodByRequest(content, name,
+                    ODataMiddleware.ReadToJsonAsync(httpContext.Request.Body)
+                        .GetAwaiter().GetResult(),
+                    httpContext.Request.Query);
+            }
+            catch (OperationNotFoundException e)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidContentActionException(e, InvalidContentActionReason.UnknownAction, content.Path,
+                    e.Message, name);
+            }
+            catch (AmbiguousMatchException e)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidContentActionException(e, InvalidContentActionReason.UnknownAction, content.Path,
+                    e.Message, name);
+            }
+
+            method.HttpContext = httpContext;
+            return new ODataOperationMethodExecutor(method);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource jReader of type Newtonsoft.Json.JsonTextReader, Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StringReader::.ctor() at Line 376) of type System.IO.StringReader in method "JObject ODataMiddleware.ReadToJson(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+JObject ODataMiddleware.ReadToJson(String)
+
+### File:
+src/OData/ODataMiddleware.cs
+
+### Key:
+ODataMiddleware.cs|ReadToJson|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+bab19f76a3270adcd89025496bc197c1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1672/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1672/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ff9e8589653cfb3a13f6337f5205a582e60d66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1672/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sipsorcery
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Filename: RTPMediaSession.cs
+//
+// Description: An implementation of IMediaSession based on RTPSession
+//
+// Author(s):
+// Yizchok G.
+//
+// History:
+// 12/23/2019	Yitzchok	  Created.
+//
+// License: 
+// BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License, see included LICENSE.md file.
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using SIPSorcery.Net;
+using SIPSorcery.Sys;
+
+namespace SIPSorcery.SIP.App
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The SipSorcery concrete implementation of IMediaSession.
+    /// Relies on RTPSession and RTPChannel for RTP and network functions.
+    ///
+    /// This implementation sets up the RTP stream but doesn't process the actual audio or video
+    /// and will need another component to do the processing of the media and send/receive it to/from the RTP session.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class RTPMediaSession : IMediaSession
+    {
+        private static readonly ILogger logger = Log.Logger;
+
+        public RTPSession Session { get; }
+        public bool LocalOnHold { get; set; }
+        public bool RemoteOnHold { get; set; }
+
+        public RTPMediaSession(RTPSession rtpSession)
+        {
+            Session = rtpSession;
+            Session.OnRtpEvent += OnRemoteRtpEvent;
+            Session.OnReceivedSampleReady += OnReceivedSampleReady;
+            Session.OnRtpDisconnect += () => OnRtpDisconnected?.Invoke();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// This event is invoked when the session media has changed
+        /// and a new SDP is available.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action<string> SessionMediaChanged;
+
+        /// <summary>	
+        /// The remote call party has put us on hold.	
+        /// </summary>	
+        public event Action RemotePutOnHold;
+
+        /// <summary>	
+        /// The remote call party has taken us off hold.	
+        /// </summary>	
+        public event Action RemoteTookOffHold;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Media Session closed.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action Closed;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets fired when an RTP DTMF event is completed on the remote call party's RTP stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action<byte> DtmfCompleted;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets fired when an RTP packet is received, has been identified and is ready for processing.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action<byte[]> OnReceivedSampleReady;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fired when a network error occurs indicating the remote party is no longer accepting 
+        /// RTP packets.
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action OnRtpDisconnected;
+
+        public Task SendDtmf(byte key, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
+        {
+            var dtmfEvent = new RTPEvent(key, false, RTPEvent.DEFAULT_VOLUME, 1200, RTPSession.DTMF_EVENT_PAYLOAD_ID);
+            return Session.SendDtmfEvent(dtmfEvent, cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Send a re-INVITE request to put the remote call party on hold.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void PutOnHold()
+        {
+            LocalOnHold = true;
+            SessionMediaChanged?.Invoke(CreateOfferInternal());
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Send a re-INVITE request to take the remote call party on hold.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void TakeOffHold()
+        {
+            LocalOnHold = false;
+            SessionMediaChanged?.Invoke(CreateOfferInternal());
+        }
+
+        public virtual void Close()
+        {
+            Session.OnRtpEvent -= OnRemoteRtpEvent;
+            Session.OnReceivedSampleReady -= OnReceivedSampleReady;
+            Session.Close();
+            Closed?.Invoke();
+        }
+
+        public Task<string> CreateOffer(IPAddress destinationAddress = null) =>
+            Task.FromResult(CreateOfferInternal(destinationAddress));
+
+        private string CreateOfferInternal(IPAddress destinationAddress = null)
+        {
+            var destinationAddressToUse = FindDestinationAddressToUse(destinationAddress);
+
+            IPAddress localIPAddress = NetServices.GetLocalAddressForRemote(destinationAddressToUse);
+
+            var localSDP = Session.GetSDP(localIPAddress);
+
+            AdjustSdpForMediaState(localSDP);
+
+            return localSDP.ToString();
+        }
+
+        private IPAddress FindDestinationAddressToUse(IPAddress destinationAddress)
+        {
+            IPAddress destinationAddressToUse = destinationAddress;
+
+            if (destinationAddressToUse == null)
+            {
+                if (Session.RemoteSDP != null)
+                {
+                    //Check for endpoint from the SDP
+                    IPEndPoint dstRtpEndPoint = Session.RemoteSDP.GetSDPRTPEndPoint();
+                    destinationAddressToUse = dstRtpEndPoint.Address;
+
+                    bool newEndpoint = Session.DestinationEndPoint != dstRtpEndPoint;
+
+                    if (newEndpoint)
+                    {
+                        logger.LogDebug(
+                            $"Remote call party RTP end point changed from {Session.DestinationEndPoint} to {dstRtpEndPoint}.");
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    destinationAddressToUse = IPAddress.Any;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return destinationAddressToUse;
+        }
+
+        private void AdjustSdpForMediaState(SDP localSDP)
+        {
+            var mediaAnnouncement = localSDP.Media.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Media == SDPMediaTypesEnum.audio);
+
+            if (mediaAnnouncement == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (LocalOnHold && RemoteOnHold)
+            {
+                mediaAnnouncement.MediaStreamStatus = MediaStreamStatusEnum.None;
+            }
+            else if (!LocalOnHold && !RemoteOnHold)
+            {
+                mediaAnnouncement.MediaStreamStatus = MediaStreamStatusEnum.SendRecv;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                mediaAnnouncement.MediaStreamStatus =
+                    LocalOnHold
+                        ? MediaStreamStatusEnum.SendOnly
+                        : MediaStreamStatusEnum.RecvOnly;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Task OfferAnswered(string remoteSDP)
+        {
+            SetRemoteSDP(remoteSDP);
+            return Task.FromResult(true);
+        }
+
+        public Task<string> AnswerOffer(string remoteSDP)
+        {
+            SetRemoteSDP(remoteSDP);
+            return CreateOffer();
+        }
+
+        public Task<string> RemoteReInvite(string remoteSDP)
+        {
+            SetRemoteSDP(remoteSDP);
+            return CreateOffer();
+        }
+
+        private void SetRemoteSDP(string remoteSDP)
+        {
+            var sdp = SDP.ParseSDPDescription(remoteSDP);
+            Session.SetRemoteSDP(sdp);
+            Session.DestinationEndPoint = sdp.GetSDPRTPEndPoint();
+
+            CheckRemotePartyHoldCondition(sdp);
+
+            logger.LogDebug($"Remote RTP socket {Session.DestinationEndPoint}.");
+        }
+
+        private void CheckRemotePartyHoldCondition(SDP remoteSDP)
+        {
+            var mediaStreamStatus = remoteSDP.GetMediaStreamStatus(SDPMediaTypesEnum.audio, 0);
+
+            if (mediaStreamStatus == MediaStreamStatusEnum.SendOnly)
+            {
+                if (!RemoteOnHold)
+                {
+                    RemoteOnHold = true;
+                    RemotePutOnHold?.Invoke();
+                }
+            }
+            else if (mediaStreamStatus == MediaStreamStatusEnum.SendRecv && RemoteOnHold)
+            {
+                if (RemoteOnHold)
+                {
+                    RemoteOnHold = false;
+                    RemoteTookOffHold?.Invoke();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void SendAudioFrame(uint timestamp, byte[] buffer) =>
+            Session.SendAudioFrame(timestamp, buffer);
+
+        private ushort remoteDtmfDuration;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Event handler for RTP events from the remote call party.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="rtpEvent">The received RTP event.</param>
+        private void OnRemoteRtpEvent(RTPEvent rtpEvent)
+        {
+            if (rtpEvent.EndOfEvent)
+            {
+                remoteDtmfDuration = 0;
+            }
+            else if (remoteDtmfDuration == 0)
+            {
+                remoteDtmfDuration = rtpEvent.Duration;
+                DtmfCompleted?.Invoke(rtpEvent.EventID);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `dstRtpEndPoint` last assigned on line 144 could be null and is dereferenced at line 145, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IPAddress RTPMediaSession.FindDestinationAddressToUse(IPAddress)
+
+### File:
+src/app/Media/RTPMediaSession.cs
+
+### Key:
+RTPMediaSession.cs|FindDestinationAddressToUse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+c9b2f2f0f764585c70d36baac36ef89f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1675/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1675/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67983d6524eb71deab6d7941d3ca2120fc3e5aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1675/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CSLightStudio
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+namespace CSLE
+{
+
+    public class CLS_Expression_LoopDowhile : ICLS_Expression
+    {
+        public CLS_Expression_LoopDowhile(int tbegin, int tend, int lbegin, int lend)
+        {
+            listParam = new List<ICLS_Expression>();
+            tokenBegin = tbegin;
+            tokenEnd = tend;
+
+            lineBegin = lbegin;
+            lineEnd = lend;
+        }
+        public int lineBegin
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+        public int lineEnd
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+        //Block的参数 一个就是一行，顺序执行，没有
+        public List<ICLS_Expression> listParam
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+        public int tokenBegin
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+        public int tokenEnd
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+        public CLS_Content.Value ComputeValue(CLS_Content content)
+        {
+            content.InStack(this);
+            content.DepthAdd();
+            ICLS_Expression expr_while = listParam[1] as ICLS_Expression;
+            ICLS_Expression expr_block = listParam[0] as ICLS_Expression;
+
+            CLS_Content.Value v = null;
+            do
+            {
+                if (expr_block != null)
+                {
+                    if (expr_block is CLS_Expression_Block)
+                    {
+                        v = expr_block.ComputeValue(content);
+                        if (v != null && v.breakBlock > 1) break; ;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        content.DepthAdd();
+                        v = expr_block.ComputeValue(content);
+                        if (v != null && v.breakBlock > 1) break; ;
+                        content.DepthRemove();
+                    }
+                    //if (v.breakBlock == 1) continue;
+                    //if (v.breakBlock == 2) break;
+                    //if (v.breakBlock == 10) return v;
+                }
+            } while ((bool)expr_while.ComputeValue(content).value);
+            content.DepthRemove();
+            content.OutStack(this);
+            return v;
+            //for 逻辑
+            //做数学计算
+            //从上下文取值
+            //_value = null;
+        }
+
+
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "Do{}While|";
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `expr_while` last assigned on line 48 could be null and is dereferenced at line 72, column 15.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+CLS_Content$Value CLS_Expression_LoopDowhile.ComputeValue(CLS_Content)
+
+### File:
+CSLightStudio/core/CSLightEvil/C#LE/Expression/Loop/CLS_Expression_LoopDowhile.cs
+
+### Key:
+CLS_Expression_LoopDowhile.cs|ComputeValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+13bfd1f29e10ee7fa9c3e90267e0bca8
+
+### Hash:
+9e09ca6241cd77105d7605cd9c300fb9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1681/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1681/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..596761834e77a575770c2bbd891d530ba56de627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1681/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CSLightStudio
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+namespace CSLE
+{
+
+    public class CLS_Expression_LoopFor : ICLS_Expression
+    {
+        public CLS_Expression_LoopFor(int tbegin, int tend, int lbegin, int lend)
+        {
+            listParam = new List<ICLS_Expression>();
+            tokenBegin = tbegin;
+            tokenEnd = tend;
+
+            lineBegin = lbegin;
+            lineEnd = lend;
+        }
+        public int lineBegin
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+        public int lineEnd
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+        //Block的参数 一个就是一行，顺序执行，没有
+        public List<ICLS_Expression> listParam
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+        public int tokenBegin
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+        public int tokenEnd
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+        public CLS_Content.Value ComputeValue(CLS_Content content)
+        {
+            content.InStack(this);
+            content.DepthAdd();
+            ICLS_Expression expr_init = listParam[0] as ICLS_Expression;
+            if (expr_init != null) expr_init.ComputeValue(content);
+
+            ICLS_Expression expr_continue = listParam[1] as ICLS_Expression;
+            ICLS_Expression expr_step = listParam[2] as ICLS_Expression;
+
+            ICLS_Expression expr_block = listParam[3] as ICLS_Expression;
+
+            for (; (bool)expr_continue.ComputeValue(content).value; expr_step.ComputeValue(content))
+            {
+                if (expr_block != null)
+                {
+                    if (expr_block is CLS_Expression_Block)
+                    {
+                        var v = expr_block.ComputeValue(content);
+                        if (v != null && v.breakBlock > 1) break; ;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        content.DepthAdd();
+                        var v = expr_block.ComputeValue(content);
+                        if (v != null && v.breakBlock > 1) break; ;
+                        content.DepthRemove();
+                    }
+                    //if (v.breakBlock == 1) continue;
+                    //if (v.breakBlock == 2) break;
+                    //if (v.breakBlock == 10) return v;
+                }
+            }
+            content.DepthRemove();
+            content.OutStack(this);
+            return null;
+            //for 逻辑
+            //做数学计算
+            //从上下文取值
+            //_value = null;
+        }
+
+
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "For|";
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `expr_continue` last assigned on line 51 could be null and is dereferenced at line 56, column 20.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+CLS_Content$Value CLS_Expression_LoopFor.ComputeValue(CLS_Content)
+
+### File:
+CSLightStudio/core/CSLightEvil/C#LE/Expression/Loop/CLS_Expression_LoopFor.cs
+
+### Key:
+CLS_Expression_LoopFor.cs|ComputeValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+13bfd1f29e10ee7fa9c3e90267e0bca8
+
+### Hash:
+2b8082ed76f62b2cbacdb930bfc9c743
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1686/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1686/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6116e20dd9d55dd69d2e9d925c818e4ff6b72024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1686/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cirqus
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using d60.Cirqus.Aggregates;
+using d60.Cirqus.Commands;
+using d60.Cirqus.Events;
+using d60.Cirqus.Extensions;
+using d60.Cirqus.MsSql.Events;
+using d60.Cirqus.MsSql.Views;
+using d60.Cirqus.Tests.MsSql;
+using d60.Cirqus.Views;
+using d60.Cirqus.Views.ViewManagers;
+using d60.Cirqus.Views.ViewManagers.Locators;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace d60.Cirqus.Tests.Examples
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class ReadmeSnippet : FixtureBase
+    {
+        protected override void DoSetUp()
+        {
+            MsSqlTestHelper.EnsureTestDatabaseExists();
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TheSnippet()
+        {
+            MsSqlTestHelper.DropTable("events");
+            MsSqlTestHelper.DropTable("counters");
+
+            var eventStore = new MsSqlEventStore(MsSqlTestHelper.ConnectionString, "events", automaticallyCreateSchema: true);
+            var aggregateRootRepository = new DefaultAggregateRootRepository(eventStore);
+            var viewManager = new MsSqlViewManager<CounterView>(MsSqlTestHelper.ConnectionString, "counters", automaticallyCreateSchema: true);
+
+            var eventDispatcher = new ViewManagerEventDispatcher(aggregateRootRepository, eventStore, viewManager);
+
+            var processor = new CommandProcessor(eventStore, aggregateRootRepository, eventDispatcher);
+
+            RegisterForDisposal(processor);
+
+            processor.Initialize();
+
+            var aggregateRootId = Guid.NewGuid();
+            processor.ProcessCommand(new IncrementCounter(aggregateRootId, 1));
+            processor.ProcessCommand(new IncrementCounter(aggregateRootId, 2));
+            processor.ProcessCommand(new IncrementCounter(aggregateRootId, 3));
+            processor.ProcessCommand(new IncrementCounter(aggregateRootId, 5));
+            processor.ProcessCommand(new IncrementCounter(aggregateRootId, 8));
+        }
+
+        public class IncrementCounter : Command<Counter>
+        {
+            public IncrementCounter(Guid aggregateRootId, int delta)
+                : base(aggregateRootId)
+            {
+                Delta = delta;
+            }
+
+            public int Delta { get; private set; }
+
+            public override void Execute(Counter aggregateRoot)
+            {
+                aggregateRoot.Increment(Delta);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class CounterIncremented : DomainEvent<Counter>
+        {
+            public CounterIncremented(int delta)
+            {
+                Delta = delta;
+            }
+
+            public int Delta { get; private set; }
+        }
+
+        public class Counter : AggregateRoot, IEmit<CounterIncremented>
+        {
+            int _currentValue;
+
+            public void Increment(int delta)
+            {
+                Emit(new CounterIncremented(delta));
+            }
+
+            public void Apply(CounterIncremented e)
+            {
+                _currentValue += e.Delta;
+            }
+
+            public int CurrentValue
+            {
+                get { return _currentValue; }
+            }
+
+            public double GetSecretBizValue()
+            {
+                return CurrentValue%2 == 0
+                    ? Math.PI
+                    : CurrentValue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class CounterView : IViewInstance<InstancePerAggregateRootLocator>, ISubscribeTo<CounterIncremented>
+        {
+            public CounterView()
+            {
+                SomeRecentBizValues = new List<double>();
+            }
+
+            public string Id { get; set; }
+
+            public long LastGlobalSequenceNumber { get; set; }
+
+            public int CurrentValue { get; set; }
+
+            public double SecretBizValue { get; set; }
+
+            public List<double> SomeRecentBizValues { get; set; }
+
+            public void Handle(IViewContext context, CounterIncremented domainEvent)
+            {
+                CurrentValue += domainEvent.Delta;
+
+                var counter = context.Load<Counter>(domainEvent.GetAggregateRootId(), domainEvent.GetGlobalSequenceNumber());
+
+                SecretBizValue = counter.GetSecretBizValue();
+
+                SomeRecentBizValues.Add(SecretBizValue);
+
+                // trim to 10 most recent biz values
+                while(SomeRecentBizValues.Count > 10) 
+                    SomeRecentBizValues.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource processor of type d60.Cirqus.CommandProcessor, Leaked resource eventDispatcher of type d60.Cirqus.Views.ViewManagerEventDispatcher in method "Void ReadmeSnippet.TheSnippet()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ReadmeSnippet.TheSnippet()
+
+### File:
+d60.Cirqus.Tests/Examples/ReadmeSnippet.cs
+
+### Key:
+ReadmeSnippet.cs|TheSnippet|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3b6e4b145d86abe7073f2e217f4952c2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1688/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1688/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b299da9b1a0de9b3bf4138a0c7fe6897b5ca8a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1688/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cirqus
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using d60.Cirqus.Logging;
+using d60.Cirqus.Logging.Console;
+using d60.Cirqus.Tests.Contracts.Views.Factories;
+using d60.Cirqus.Tests.Contracts.Views.Models.ObjectGraph;
+using d60.Cirqus.Views.ViewManagers;
+using d60.Cirqus.Views.ViewManagers.Locators;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using TestContext = d60.Cirqus.Testing.TestContext;
+
+namespace d60.Cirqus.Tests.Contracts.Views
+{
+    [TestFixture(typeof(MongoDbViewManagerFactory), Category = TestCategories.MongoDb)]
+    [TestFixture(typeof(EntityFrameworkViewManagerFactory), Category = TestCategories.MsSql)]
+    [TestFixture(typeof(InMemoryViewManagerFactory))]
+    [Description("Some view managers must be able to save and load an entire object graph")]
+    public class ObjectGraph<TFactory> : FixtureBase where TFactory : AbstractViewManagerFactory, new()
+    {
+        TFactory _factory;
+        TestContext _context;
+        IViewManager<ViewRoot> _viewManager;
+
+        protected override void DoSetUp()
+        {
+            CirqusLoggerFactory.Current = new ConsoleLoggerFactory(minLevel: Logger.Level.Warn);
+
+            _factory = RegisterForDisposal(new TFactory());
+            _context = RegisterForDisposal(new TestContext());
+
+            _context.AddViewManager(_viewManager = _factory.GetViewManager<ViewRoot>());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void WorksWithChildren()
+        {
+            var root1 = new Guid("B8FC0210-B7E4-4279-8BC8-53F13A557751");
+            
+            _context.Save(root1, new Event {NumberOfChildren = 3});
+
+            var view = _factory.Load<ViewRoot>(InstancePerAggregateRootLocator.GetViewIdFromAggregateRootId(root1));
+            Assert.That(view.Children.Count, Is.EqualTo(3));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ItWorksWithSeveralViewsAndDeletionOfRemovedChildren()
+        {
+            var root1 = new Guid("B8FC0210-B7E4-4279-8BC8-53F13A557751");
+            var root2 = new Guid("394C50E4-245A-4C35-829D-B4625EDC59F4");
+            _context.Save(root1, new Event { NumberOfChildren = 30 });
+            _context.Save(root2, new Event { NumberOfChildren = 20 });
+            
+            _context.Save(root1, new Event {NumberOfChildren = 1});
+            _context.Save(root2, new Event {NumberOfChildren = 2});
+
+            var view1 = _factory.Load<ViewRoot>(InstancePerAggregateRootLocator.GetViewIdFromAggregateRootId(root1));
+            var view2 = _factory.Load<ViewRoot>(InstancePerAggregateRootLocator.GetViewIdFromAggregateRootId(root2));
+            Assert.That(view1.Children.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));
+            Assert.That(view2.Children.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of d60.Cirqus.Testing.TestContext::.ctor() at Line 28) of type d60.Cirqus.Testing.TestContext in method "Void ObjectGraph`1<TFactory>.DoSetUp()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ObjectGraph`1<TFactory>.DoSetUp()
+
+### File:
+d60.Cirqus.Tests/Contracts/Views/ObjectGraph.cs
+
+### Key:
+ObjectGraph.cs|DoSetUp|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ab904bb952dfad191435446356a9e88d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1753/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1753/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a15c22356f13a678ad2abe103222b162e9df5fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1753/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FastExpressionCompiler
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection.Emit;
+using ILDebugging.Decoder;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+#if LIGHT_EXPRESSION
+using static FastExpressionCompiler.LightExpression.Expression;
+namespace FastExpressionCompiler.LightExpression.UnitTests
+#else
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+using static System.Linq.Expressions.Expression;
+namespace FastExpressionCompiler.UnitTests
+#endif
+{
+class Issue91_Issue95_Tests
+    {
+        delegate void ActionRef<T>(ref T a1);
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RefAssign()
+        {
+            var objRef = Parameter(typeof(double).MakeByRefType());
+            var lambda = Lambda<ActionRef<double>>(Assign(objRef, Add(objRef, Constant((double)3.0))), objRef);
+
+            var compiledB = lambda.CompileFast(true);
+            var exampleB = 5.0;
+            compiledB(ref exampleB);
+            Assert.AreEqual(8.0, exampleB);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void NullComparisonTest()
+        {
+            var pParam = Parameter(typeof(string), "p");
+
+            var condition = Condition(NotEqual(pParam, Constant(null)),
+                Constant(1),
+                Constant(0));
+            var lambda = Lambda<Func<string, int>>(condition, pParam);
+            var convert1 = lambda.CompileFast(true);
+            Assert.NotNull(convert1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, convert1("aaa"));
+
+            // Check TryEmitInvertedNullComparison is used
+            var il = ILReaderFactory.Create(convert1.Method).ToList();
+            Assert.AreEqual(il[0].OpCode, OpCodes.Ldarg_0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(il[1].OpCode, OpCodes.Brfalse);
+            Assert.AreEqual(il[2].OpCode, OpCodes.Ldc_I4_1);
+            Assert.AreEqual(il[3].OpCode, OpCodes.Br);
+            Assert.AreEqual(il[4].OpCode, OpCodes.Ldc_I4_0);
+            Assert.AreEqual(il[5].OpCode, OpCodes.Ret);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestAddAssign()
+        {
+            var objRef = Parameter(typeof(double).MakeByRefType());
+            var lambda = Lambda<ActionRef<double>>(AddAssign(objRef, Constant((double)3.0)), objRef);
+
+            var compiledB = lambda.CompileFast<ActionRef<double>>(true);
+            var exampleB = 5.0;
+            compiledB(ref exampleB);
+            Assert.AreEqual(8.0, exampleB);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`convert1` could be null (from the call to `ExpressionCompiler.CompileFast(...)` on line 41) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Issue91_Issue95_Tests.NullComparisonTest()
+
+### File:
+test/FastExpressionCompiler.IssueTests/Issue91_Issue95_Tests.cs
+
+### Key:
+Issue91_Issue95_Tests.cs|NullComparisonTest|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+1da9e4aae0d6908e6bb20f3661fd83aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1754/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1754/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eef62cb7e8613e248af72489bf42a8d3eb17e7c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1754/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FastExpressionCompiler
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq.Expressions;
+
+#pragma warning disable CS1591 // Missing XML comment for publicly visible type or member
+#nullable disable
+
+namespace FastExpressionCompiler.LightExpression
+{
+    /// <summary>The order of the visiting is important</summary>
+    public abstract class ExpressionVisitor
+    {
+        public virtual Expression Visit(Expression node) => node?.Accept(this);
+
+        public IReadOnlyList<Expression> Visit(IReadOnlyList<Expression> nodes)
+        {
+            Expression[] newNodes = null;
+            var count = nodes.Count;
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+            {
+                var newNode = Visit(nodes[i]);
+                if (newNodes != null)
+                    newNodes[i] = newNode;
+                else if (newNode != nodes[i])
+                {
+                    newNodes = new Expression[count];
+                    for (var j = 0; j < i; ++j)
+                        newNodes[j] = nodes[j];
+                    newNodes[i] = newNode;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return newNodes ?? nodes;
+        }
+
+        public IReadOnlyList<T> VisitAndConvert<T>(IReadOnlyList<T> nodes) where T : Expression
+        {
+            T[] newNodes = null;
+            var count = nodes.Count;
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+            {
+                var newNode = VisitAndConvert(nodes[i]);
+                if (newNodes != null)
+                    newNodes[i] = newNode;
+                else if (newNode != nodes[i])
+                {
+                    newNodes = new T[count];
+                    for (var j = 0; j < i; ++j)
+                        newNodes[j] = nodes[j];
+                    newNodes[i] = newNode;
+                }
+            }
+            return newNodes ?? nodes;
+        }
+
+        public IReadOnlyList<T> VisitAndConvert<T>(IReadOnlyList<T> nodes, Func<T, T> visit)
+        {
+            T[] newNodes = null;
+            var count = nodes.Count;
+            for (var i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+            {
+                var newNode = visit(nodes[i]);
+                if (newNodes != null)
+                    newNodes[i] = newNode;
+                else if (!Equals(newNode, nodes[i]))
+                {
+                    newNodes = new T[count];
+                    for (var j = 0; j < i; ++j)
+                        newNodes[j] = nodes[j];
+                    newNodes[i] = newNode;
+                }
+            }
+            return newNodes ?? nodes;
+        }
+
+        public T VisitAndConvert<T>(T node) where T : Expression
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return null;
+            var x = Visit(node);
+            if (x is T converted)
+                return converted;
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Converting visited node is not compatible from {x?.GetType()} to {typeof(T)}");
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitBinary(BinaryExpression node)
+        {
+            var left = Visit(node.Left); 
+            var conversion = VisitAndConvert(node.Conversion);
+            var right = Visit(node.Right);
+            if (node.Left == left && node.Conversion == conversion && node.Right == right)
+                return node;
+            return Expression.MakeBinary(node.NodeType, left, right, conversion);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitBlock(BlockExpression node)
+        {
+            // the order of the visiting is important
+            var expressions = Visit(node.Expressions);
+            var variables = VisitAndConvert(node.Variables);
+            if (ReferenceEquals(expressions, node.Expressions) && ReferenceEquals(variables, node.Variables))
+                return node;
+            return Expression.MakeBlock(node.Type, variables, expressions);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitConditional(ConditionalExpression node)
+        {
+            var test = Visit(node.Test);
+            var ifTrue = Visit(node.IfTrue);
+            var ifFalse = Visit(node.IfFalse);
+            if (test == node.Test && ifTrue == node.IfTrue && ifFalse == node.IfFalse)
+                return node;
+            if (ifFalse == Expression.VoidDefault)
+                return Expression.IfThen(test, ifTrue);
+            return Expression.Condition(test, ifTrue, ifFalse, node.Type);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitConstant(ConstantExpression node) => node;
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitDefault(DefaultExpression node) => node;
+
+        protected internal virtual LabelTarget VisitLabelTarget(LabelTarget node) => node;
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitGoto(GotoExpression node)
+        {
+            var target = VisitLabelTarget(node.Target);
+            var value = Visit(node.Value);
+            if (target == node.Target && value == node.Value)
+                return node;
+            return Expression.Goto(target, value, node.Type);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitInvocation(InvocationExpression node)
+        {
+            var expression = Visit(node.Expression);
+            if (node is OneArgumentInvocationExpression oneArgExpr)
+            {
+                var newArg = Visit(oneArgExpr.Argument);
+                if (expression == node.Expression && newArg == oneArgExpr.Argument)
+                    return node;
+                return Expression.Invoke(node.Type, expression, newArg);
+            }
+         
+            var arguments = Visit(node.Arguments);
+            if (expression == node.Expression && ReferenceEquals(arguments, node.Arguments))
+                return node;
+            return Expression.Invoke(node.Type, expression, arguments);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitLabel(LabelExpression node)
+        {
+            var target = VisitLabelTarget(node.Target);
+            var value = Visit(node.DefaultValue);
+            if (target == node.Target && value == node.DefaultValue)
+                return node;
+            return Expression.Label(target, value);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitLambda(LambdaExpression node)
+        {
+            var body = Visit(node.Body);
+            var parameters = VisitAndConvert(node.Parameters);
+            if (body == node.Body && ReferenceEquals(parameters, node.Parameters))
+                return node;
+            return parameters.Count == 0
+                ? (body.Type == node.ReturnType 
+                    ? new LambdaExpression(node.Type, body)
+                    : new TypedReturnLambdaExpression(node.Type, body, node.ReturnType))
+                : (body.Type == node.ReturnType 
+                    ? new ManyParametersLambdaExpression(node.Type, body, parameters)
+                    : (LambdaExpression)new ManyParametersTypedReturnLambdaExpression(node.Type, body, parameters, node.ReturnType));
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitLambda<T>(Expression<T> node) where T : System.Delegate
+        {
+            var body = Visit(node.Body);
+            var parameters = VisitAndConvert(node.Parameters);
+            if (body == node.Body && ReferenceEquals(parameters, node.Parameters))
+                return node;
+            return parameters.Count == 0
+                ? (body.Type == node.ReturnType
+                    ? new Expression<T>(body)
+                    : new TypedReturnExpression<T>(body, node.ReturnType))
+                : (body.Type == node.ReturnType
+                    ? new ManyParametersExpression<T>(body, parameters)
+                    : (Expression<T>)new ManyParametersTypedReturnExpression<T>(body, parameters, node.ReturnType));
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitLoop(LoopExpression node)
+        {
+            var breakLabel = VisitLabelTarget(node.BreakLabel);
+            var continueLabel = VisitLabelTarget(node.ContinueLabel);
+            var body = Visit(node.Body);
+            if (breakLabel == node.BreakLabel && continueLabel == node.ContinueLabel && body == node.Body)
+                return node;
+            return Expression.Loop(body, breakLabel, continueLabel);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitMember(MemberExpression node)
+        {
+            var expression = Visit(node.Expression);
+            if (expression == node.Expression)
+                return node;
+            return Expression.MakeMemberAccess(expression, node.Member);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitIndex(IndexExpression node)
+        {
+            var instance = Visit(node.Object);
+            var arguments = Visit(node.Arguments);
+            if (instance == node.Object && ReferenceEquals(arguments, node.Arguments))
+                return node;
+            return Expression.MakeIndex(instance, node.Indexer, arguments);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitMethodCall(MethodCallExpression node)
+        {
+            var instance = Visit(node.Object);
+            var instanceUnchanged = instance == node.Object;
+            var fewArgCount = node.FewArgumentCount;
+            if (fewArgCount == 0)
+                return instanceUnchanged ? node : Expression.Call(instance, node.Method);
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 1)
+            {
+                var arg = ((OneArgumentMethodCallExpression)node).Argument;
+                var newArg = Visit(arg);
+                return instanceUnchanged && newArg == arg ? node : 
+                    Expression.Call(instance, node.Method, newArg);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 2)
+            {
+                var n = (TwoArgumentsMethodCallExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                return instanceUnchanged && newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 ? node :
+                    Expression.Call(instance, node.Method, newArg0, newArg1);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 3)
+            {
+                var n = (ThreeArgumentsMethodCallExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                var newArg2 = Visit(n.Argument2);
+                return instanceUnchanged && newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 && newArg2 == n.Argument2 ? node :
+                    Expression.Call(instance, node.Method, newArg0, newArg1, newArg2);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 4)
+            {
+                var n = (FourArgumentsMethodCallExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                var newArg2 = Visit(n.Argument2);
+                var newArg3 = Visit(n.Argument3);
+                return instanceUnchanged && 
+                       newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 && newArg2 == n.Argument2 && newArg3 == n.Argument3 ? node :
+                    Expression.Call(instance, node.Method, newArg0, newArg1, newArg2, newArg3);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 5)
+            {
+                var n = (FiveArgumentsMethodCallExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                var newArg2 = Visit(n.Argument2);
+                var newArg3 = Visit(n.Argument3);
+                var newArg4 = Visit(n.Argument4);
+                return instanceUnchanged && 
+                    newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 && newArg2 == n.Argument2 && newArg3 == n.Argument3 && newArg4 == n.Argument4 ? node :
+                    Expression.Call(instance, node.Method, newArg0, newArg1, newArg2, newArg3, newArg4);
+            }
+
+            var arguments = Visit(node.Arguments);
+            return instance == node.Object && ReferenceEquals(arguments, node.Arguments) ? node :
+                Expression.Call(instance, node.Method, node.Arguments);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitNewArray(NewArrayExpression node)
+        {
+            var expressions = Visit(node.Expressions);
+            if (ReferenceEquals(expressions, node.Expressions))
+                return node;
+            return new NewArrayExpression(node.NodeType, node.Type, expressions);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitNew(NewExpression node)
+        {
+            var fewArgCount = node.FewArgumentCount;
+            if (fewArgCount == 0)
+                return node;
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 1)
+            {
+                var arg = ((OneArgumentNewExpression)node).Argument;
+                var newArg = Visit(arg);
+                return newArg == arg ? node : Expression.New(node.Constructor, newArg);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 2)
+            {
+                var n = (TwoArgumentsNewExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                return newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 ? node :
+                    Expression.New(node.Constructor, newArg0, newArg1);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 3)
+            {
+                var n = (ThreeArgumentsNewExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                var newArg2 = Visit(n.Argument2);
+                return newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 && newArg2 == n.Argument2 ? node :
+                    Expression.New(node.Constructor, newArg0, newArg1, newArg2);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 4)
+            {
+                var n = (FourArgumentsNewExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                var newArg2 = Visit(n.Argument2);
+                var newArg3 = Visit(n.Argument3);
+                return newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 && newArg2 == n.Argument2 && newArg3 == n.Argument3 ? node :
+                    Expression.New(node.Constructor, newArg0, newArg1, newArg2, newArg3);
+            }
+
+            if (fewArgCount == 5)
+            {
+                var n = (FiveArgumentsNewExpression)node;
+                var newArg0 = Visit(n.Argument0);
+                var newArg1 = Visit(n.Argument1);
+                var newArg2 = Visit(n.Argument2);
+                var newArg3 = Visit(n.Argument3);
+                var newArg4 = Visit(n.Argument4);
+                return newArg0 == n.Argument0 && newArg1 == n.Argument1 && newArg2 == n.Argument2 && newArg3 == n.Argument3 && newArg4 == n.Argument4 ? node :
+                    Expression.New(node.Constructor, newArg0, newArg1, newArg2, newArg3, newArg4);
+            }
+
+            var arguments = Visit(node.Arguments);
+            return ReferenceEquals(arguments, node.Arguments) ? node :
+                Expression.New(node.Constructor, node.Arguments);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitParameter(ParameterExpression node) => node;
+
+        protected internal virtual SwitchCase VisitSwitchCase(SwitchCase node)
+        {
+            var testValues = Visit(node.TestValues);
+            var body = Visit(node.Body);
+            if (ReferenceEquals(testValues, node.TestValues) && body == node.Body)
+                return node;
+            return new SwitchCase(body, testValues);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitSwitch(SwitchExpression node)
+        {
+            var switchValue = Visit(node.SwitchValue);
+            var cases = VisitAndConvert(node.Cases, VisitSwitchCase);
+            var defaultBody = Visit(node.DefaultBody);
+            if (switchValue == node.SwitchValue && ReferenceEquals(cases, node.Cases) && defaultBody == node.DefaultBody)
+                return node;
+            return new SwitchExpression(node.Type, switchValue, defaultBody, node.Comparison, cases.AsArray());
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual CatchBlock VisitCatchBlock(CatchBlock node)
+        {
+            var variable = VisitAndConvert(node.Variable);
+            var filter = Visit(node.Filter);
+            var body = Visit(node.Body);
+            if (variable == node.Variable && filter == node.Filter && body == node.Body)
+                return node;
+            return new CatchBlock(variable, body, filter, node.Test);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitTry(TryExpression node)
+        {
+            var body = Visit(node.Body);
+            
+            var handlers = node.Handlers?.Count > 0
+                ? VisitAndConvert(node.Handlers, VisitCatchBlock)
+                : node.Handlers;
+            
+            var @finally = node.Finally != null 
+                ? Visit(node.Finally) 
+                : node.Finally;
+
+            if (body == node.Body && ReferenceEquals(handlers, node.Handlers) && @finally == node.Finally)
+                return node;
+
+            return @finally == null
+                ? new TryExpression(body, handlers.AsArray())
+                : new WithFinallyTryExpression(body, handlers.AsArray(), @finally);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitTypeBinary(TypeBinaryExpression node)
+        {
+            var expression = Visit(node.Expression);
+            if (expression == node.Expression)
+                return node;
+            return new TypeBinaryExpression(node.NodeType, expression, node.TypeOperand);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitUnary(UnaryExpression node)
+        {
+            var operand = Visit(node.Operand);
+            if (operand == node.Operand)
+                return node;
+            return Expression.MakeUnary(node.NodeType, operand, node.Type);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitMemberInit(MemberInitExpression node)
+        {
+            var newExpression = VisitAndConvert(node.NewExpression);
+            var bindings = VisitAndConvert(node.Bindings, VisitMemberBinding);
+            if (newExpression == node.NewExpression && ReferenceEquals(bindings, node.Bindings))
+                return node;
+            return new MemberInitExpression(newExpression, bindings.AsArray());
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual MemberBinding VisitMemberBinding(MemberBinding node)
+        {
+            switch (node.BindingType)
+            {
+                case MemberBindingType.Assignment:
+                    return VisitMemberAssignment((MemberAssignment)node);
+                case MemberBindingType.MemberBinding:
+                    return VisitMemberMemberBinding((MemberMemberBinding)node);
+                case MemberBindingType.ListBinding:
+                    return VisitMemberListBinding((MemberListBinding)node);
+                default:
+                    throw new NotSupportedException($"Unhandled Binding Type: {node.BindingType}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual MemberAssignment VisitMemberAssignment(MemberAssignment node)
+        {
+            var expression = Visit(node.Expression);
+            if (expression == node.Expression)
+                return node;
+            return new MemberAssignment(node.Member, expression);
+        }
+        
+        protected internal virtual MemberMemberBinding VisitMemberMemberBinding(MemberMemberBinding node)
+        {
+            var bindings = VisitAndConvert(node.Bindings, b => VisitMemberBinding(b));
+            if (ReferenceEquals(bindings, node.Bindings))
+                return node;
+            return new MemberMemberBinding(node.Member, bindings);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual MemberListBinding VisitMemberListBinding(MemberListBinding node)
+        {
+            var newItems = VisitAndConvert(node.Initializers, x => VisitElementInit(x));
+            if (ReferenceEquals(newItems, node.Initializers))
+                return node;
+            return new MemberListBinding(node.Member, newItems);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitListInit(ListInitExpression node)
+        {
+            var newExpression = VisitAndConvert(node.NewExpression);
+            var initializers = VisitAndConvert(node.Initializers, VisitElementInit);
+            if (newExpression == node.NewExpression && ReferenceEquals(initializers, node.Initializers))
+                return node;
+            return new ListInitExpression(newExpression, initializers.AsReadOnlyList());
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual ElementInit VisitElementInit(ElementInit node) 
+        {
+            var arguments = VisitAndConvert(node.Arguments);
+            if (arguments == node.Arguments)
+                return node;
+            return new ElementInit(node.AddMethod, arguments);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitDynamic(DynamicExpression node) => node;
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitExtension(Expression node) =>
+            node.VisitChildren(this);
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitRuntimeVariables(RuntimeVariablesExpression node)
+        {
+            var newItems = VisitAndConvert(node.Variables);
+            if (newItems == node.Variables)
+                return node;
+            return new RuntimeVariablesExpression(newItems);
+        }
+
+        protected internal virtual Expression VisitDebugInfo(DebugInfoExpression node) => node;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `body` last assigned on line 176 could be null and is dereferenced at line 187, column 9.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression ExpressionVisitor.VisitLambda(Expression`1<TDelegate>)
+
+### File:
+src/FastExpressionCompiler.LightExpression/ExpressionVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionVisitor.cs|VisitLambda|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0a2f2289efc1b4f27401d167fdf3ab36
+
+### Hash:
+2122d962ad10706045e28079e90ee673
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1816/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1816/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4667926579c89d776987d855118d374455bf6df0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1816/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** csly
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using sly.lexer;
+using sly.parser.parser;
+using sly.parser.syntax.tree;
+
+namespace sly.parser.generator.visitor
+{
+    public class EBNFSyntaxTreeVisitor<IN, OUT> : SyntaxTreeVisitor<IN, OUT> where IN : struct
+    {
+        public EBNFSyntaxTreeVisitor(ParserConfiguration<IN, OUT> conf, object parserInstance) : base(conf,
+            parserInstance)
+        {
+        }
+
+
+        protected override SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT> Visit(ISyntaxNode<IN> n, object context = null)
+        {
+            switch (n)
+            {
+                case SyntaxLeaf<IN> leaf:
+                    return Visit(leaf);
+                case GroupSyntaxNode<IN> node:
+                    return Visit(node, context);
+                case ManySyntaxNode<IN> node:
+                    return Visit(node, context);
+                case OptionSyntaxNode<IN> node:
+                    return Visit(node, context);
+                case SyntaxNode<IN> node:
+                    return Visit(node, context);
+                default:
+                    return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT> Visit(GroupSyntaxNode<IN> node, object context = null)
+        {
+            var group = new Group<IN, OUT>();
+            var values = new List<SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>>();
+            foreach (var n in node.Children)
+            {
+                var v = Visit(n, context);
+
+                if (v.IsValue) group.Add(n.Name, v.ValueResult);
+                if (v.IsToken)
+                    if (!v.Discarded)
+                        group.Add(n.Name, v.TokenResult);
+            }
+
+
+            var res = SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewGroup(group);
+            return res;
+        }
+
+        private SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT> Visit(OptionSyntaxNode<IN> node, object context = null)
+        {
+            var child = node.Children != null && node.Children.Any<ISyntaxNode<IN>>() ? node.Children[0] : null;
+            if (child == null || node.IsEmpty)
+            {
+                if (node.IsGroupOption)
+                {
+                 return SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewOptionGroupNone();   
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewOptionNone();
+                }
+            }
+
+            var innerResult = Visit(child, context);
+            switch (child)
+            {
+                case SyntaxLeaf<IN> leaf:
+                    return SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewToken(leaf.Token);
+                case GroupSyntaxNode<IN> group:
+                    return SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewOptionGroupSome(innerResult.GroupResult);
+                default:
+                    return SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewOptionSome(innerResult.ValueResult);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        private SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT> Visit(SyntaxNode<IN> node, object context = null)
+        {
+            var result = SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NoneResult();
+            if (node.Visitor != null || node.IsByPassNode)
+            {
+                
+                
+                var args = new List<object>();
+
+                foreach (var n in node.Children)
+                {
+                    var v = Visit(n, context);
+                    
+                    if (v.IsToken)
+                    {
+                        if (!n.Discarded) args.Add(v.TokenResult);
+                    }
+                    else if (v.IsValue)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(v.ValueResult);
+                    }
+                    else if (v.IsOption)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(v.OptionResult);
+                    }
+                    else if (v.IsOptionGroup)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(v.OptionGroupResult);
+                    }
+                    else if (v.IsGroup)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(v.GroupResult);
+                    }
+                    else if (v.IsTokenList)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(v.TokenListResult);
+                    }
+                    else if (v.IsValueList)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(v.ValueListResult);
+                    }
+                    else if (v.IsGroupList)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(v.GroupListResult);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (node.IsByPassNode)
+                {
+                    result = SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewValue((OUT)args[0]);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    MethodInfo method = null;
+                    try
+                    {
+                        if (!(context is NoContext))
+                        {
+                            args.Add(context);
+                        }
+
+                        if (method == null) method = node.Visitor;
+                        var t = method.Invoke(ParserVsisitorInstance, args.ToArray());
+                        var res = (OUT) t;
+                        result = SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewValue(res);
+                    }
+                    catch (TargetInvocationException tie)
+                    {
+                        if (tie.InnerException != null)
+                        {
+                            throw tie.InnerException;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT> Visit(ManySyntaxNode<IN> node, object context = null)
+        {
+            SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT> result = null;
+
+            var values = new List<SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>>();
+            foreach (var n in node.Children)
+            {
+                var v = Visit(n, context);
+                values.Add(v);
+            }
+
+            if (node.IsManyTokens)
+            {
+                var tokens = new List<Token<IN>>();
+                values.ForEach(v => tokens.Add(v.TokenResult));
+                result = SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewTokenList(tokens);
+            }
+            else if (node.IsManyValues)
+            {
+                var vals = new List<OUT>();
+                values.ForEach(v => vals.Add(v.ValueResult));
+                result = SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewValueList(vals);
+            }
+            else if (node.IsManyGroups)
+            {
+                var vals = new List<Group<IN, OUT>>();
+                values.ForEach(v => vals.Add(v.GroupResult));
+                result = SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewGroupList(vals);
+            }
+
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        private SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT> Visit(SyntaxLeaf<IN> leaf)
+        {
+            return SyntaxVisitorResult<IN, OUT>.NewToken(leaf.Token);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `innerResult` last assigned on line 69 could be null and is dereferenced at line 74, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+SyntaxVisitorResult`2<IN,OUT> EBNFSyntaxTreeVisitor`2<IN,OUT>.Visit(OptionSyntaxNode`1<IN>,Object)
+
+### File:
+sly/parser/generator/visitor/EBNFSyntaxTreeVisitor.cs
+
+### Key:
+EBNFSyntaxTreeVisitor.cs|Visit|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e0174cb94cf16471080b6c97777c8803
+
+### Hash:
+fbf793424d41ac35388844fb794bfe01
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1818/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1818/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f5e9bd803eb9816cb05ddc00268d29c5d2e73d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1818/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** elasticsearch-net
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace ElasticSearch.Client
+{
+	internal class Connection : IConnection
+	{
+		public static ManualResetEvent allDone = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+		const int BUFFER_SIZE = 1024;
+
+		private IConnectionSettings _ConnectionSettings { get; set; }
+
+		public Connection(IConnectionSettings settings)
+		{
+			this._ConnectionSettings = settings;
+		}
+		
+		public ConnectionStatus GetSync(string path)
+		{
+			var connection = this.CreateConnection(path);
+			connection.Timeout = this._ConnectionSettings.TimeOut;
+			connection.Method = "GET";
+			try
+			{
+				var response = connection.GetResponse();
+				var result = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()).ReadToEnd();
+				return new ConnectionStatus(result);
+			}
+			catch (WebException e) 
+			{
+				if (e.Status == WebExceptionStatus.Timeout)
+					return new ConnectionStatus(new ConnectionError() { Type = ConnectionErrorType.Server, Message = "Timeout", OriginalException = e });
+
+				if (e.Status != WebExceptionStatus.Success
+					&& e.Status != WebExceptionStatus.ProtocolError)
+					return new ConnectionStatus(new ConnectionError() { Type = ConnectionErrorType.Server, Message = e.Message, OriginalException = e });
+
+				return new ConnectionStatus(new ConnectionError() { HttpStatusCode = ((HttpWebResponse)e.Response).StatusCode, Message = e.Message, OriginalException = e, Type = ConnectionErrorType.Server }); 
+			}
+			catch (Exception e) { return new ConnectionStatus(new ConnectionError() { Type = ConnectionErrorType.Uncaught }); }
+		}
+		public ConnectionStatus PostSync(string path, string data)
+		{
+			var connection = this.CreateConnection(path);
+			connection.Timeout = this._ConnectionSettings.TimeOut;
+			connection.Method = "POST";
+			try
+			{
+				byte[] buffer = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(data);
+				connection.ContentLength = buffer.Length;
+				var postStream = connection.GetRequestStream();
+				postStream.Write(buffer, 0, buffer.Length);
+				postStream.Close();
+				var response = connection.GetResponse();
+				var result = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream()).ReadToEnd();
+				return new ConnectionStatus(result);
+			}
+			catch (WebException e) 
+			{
+				ConnectionError error;
+				if (e.Status == WebExceptionStatus.Timeout)
+				{
+					error = new ConnectionError { HttpStatusCode = HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError };
+				}
+				else 
+				{
+					error = new ConnectionError() { HttpStatusCode = ((HttpWebResponse)e.Response).StatusCode };
+				}
+				error.Type = ConnectionErrorType.Server;
+				error.OriginalException = e;
+				error.Message = e.Message;
+				return new ConnectionStatus(error);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e) { return new ConnectionStatus(new ConnectionError() { Type = ConnectionErrorType.Uncaught }); }
+		}
+		
+		public void Get(string path, Action<ConnectionStatus> callback)
+		{
+			ConnectionState state = new ConnectionState()
+			{
+				Callback = callback,
+				Connection = this.CreateConnection(path)
+			};
+			this.BeginGetResponse(state);
+		}
+		public void Post(string path, string data, Action<ConnectionStatus> callback)
+		{
+			this._PutOrPost("POST", path, data, callback);
+		}
+		public void Put(string path, string data, Action<ConnectionStatus> callback)
+		{
+			this._PutOrPost("PUT", path, data, callback);
+		}
+
+		private void _PutOrPost(string method, string path,string data, Action<ConnectionStatus> callback)
+		{
+			ConnectionState state = new ConnectionState()
+			{
+				Callback = callback,
+				Connection = this.CreateConnection(path),
+				PostData = data
+			};
+			state.Connection.Method = method;
+
+			state.Connection.BeginGetRequestStream(this.PostStreamOpened, state);
+		}
+		private void PostStreamOpened(IAsyncResult result)
+		{
+			var state = (ConnectionState)result.AsyncState;
+
+			Stream postStream = state.Connection.EndGetRequestStream(result);
+
+			UTF8Encoding encoding = new UTF8Encoding();
+			byte[] bytes = encoding.GetBytes(state.PostData);
+			//state.Connection.ContentLength = bytes.Length;
+
+			postStream.Write(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
+			postStream.Close();
+			this.BeginGetResponse(state);
+
+		}
+
+		private void BeginGetResponse(ConnectionState state)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				IAsyncResult result = (IAsyncResult)state.Connection.BeginGetResponse(
+					new AsyncCallback(GetResponseHandle),
+					state
+				);
+				ThreadPool.RegisterWaitForSingleObject(
+					result.AsyncWaitHandle,
+					new WaitOrTimerCallback(TimeoutCallback),
+					state.Connection,
+					this._ConnectionSettings.TimeOut,
+					true
+				);
+
+			}
+			catch (WebException e)
+			{
+				state.RaiseCallBack(e);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				state.RaiseCallBack(e);
+			}
+		}
+
+
+		private static void TimeoutCallback(object state, bool timedOut)
+		{
+			if (timedOut)
+			{
+				HttpWebRequest request = state as HttpWebRequest;
+				if (request != null)
+				{
+					request.Abort();
+					allDone.Set();
+
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+
+		private void GetResponseHandle(IAsyncResult result)
+		{
+			var state = (ConnectionState)result.AsyncState;
+			try
+			{
+				var conn = state.Connection;
+				state.Response = (HttpWebResponse)conn.EndGetResponse(result);
+
+				Stream responseStream = state.Response.GetResponseStream();
+
+				state.StreamResponse = responseStream;
+
+				IAsyncResult readResult = responseStream.BeginRead(
+					state.BufferRead,
+					0,
+					BUFFER_SIZE,
+					new AsyncCallback(ReadCallBack),
+					state
+				);
+				return;
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				state.RaiseCallBack(e);
+			}
+		}
+		private static void ReadCallBack(IAsyncResult result)
+		{
+			var state = (ConnectionState)result.AsyncState;
+			try
+			{
+				var conn = state.Connection;
+
+				Stream responseStream = state.StreamResponse;
+				int read = responseStream.EndRead(result);
+				if (read > 0)
+				{
+					state.RequestData.Append(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(state.BufferRead, 0, read));
+					IAsyncResult asynchronousResult = responseStream.BeginRead(
+						state.BufferRead, 0, BUFFER_SIZE, new AsyncCallback(ReadCallBack), state);
+					return;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					state.Response.Close();
+					state.RaiseCallBack();
+				}
+
+			}
+			catch (WebException e)
+			{
+				state.RaiseCallBack(e);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				state.RaiseCallBack(e);
+			}
+			allDone.Set();
+
+		}
+
+
+		private HttpWebRequest CreateConnection(string path)
+		{
+			var url = this._CreateUriString(path);
+			HttpWebRequest myReq = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url);
+			myReq.Accept = "application/json";
+			myReq.ContentType = "application/json";
+			
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(this._ConnectionSettings.ProxyAddress))
+			{
+				var proxy = new WebProxy();
+				var uri = new Uri(this._ConnectionSettings.ProxyAddress);
+				var credentials = new NetworkCredential(this._ConnectionSettings.Username, this._ConnectionSettings.Password);
+				proxy.Address = uri;
+				proxy.Credentials = credentials;
+				myReq.Proxy = proxy;
+			}
+			return myReq;
+		}
+
+		private string _CreateUriString(string path)
+		{
+			var s = this._ConnectionSettings;
+			if (!path.StartsWith("/"))
+				path = "/" + path;
+			return string.Format("http://{0}:{1}{2}", s.Host, s.Port, path);
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.IO.StreamReader::.ctor() at Line 32) of type System.IO.StreamReader in method "ConnectionStatus Connection.GetSync(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ConnectionStatus Connection.GetSync(String)
+
+### File:
+src/ElasticSearch.Client/Connection.cs
+
+### Key:
+Connection.cs|GetSync|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+89728bcd9dc1dbde8669af7db19320e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1820/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1820/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab4728cf2fdee1a412710020d5fd508ec74419e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1820/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ultraviolet
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using TwistedLogik.Nucleus;
+
+namespace TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation.Styles
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a trigger which fires when a routed event is raised.
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class EventTrigger : Trigger, IRoutedEventRaisedNotificationSubscriber
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="EventTrigger"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="eventName">The name of the event that causes this trigger to be applied.</param>
+        internal EventTrigger(String eventName)
+        {
+            Contract.RequireNotEmpty(eventName, "eventName");
+
+            this.eventName = new UvmlName(eventName);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        void IRoutedEventRaisedNotificationSubscriber.ReceiveRoutedEventRaisedNotification(DependencyObject dobj, RoutedEvent evt)
+        {
+            Activate(dobj);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the name of the event that causes this trigger to be applied.
+        /// </summary>
+        public UvmlName EventName
+        {
+            get { return eventName; }
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected internal override void Attach(DependencyObject dobj)
+        {
+            var routedEvent = EventManager.FindByStylingName(Ultraviolet, dobj, eventName.Owner, eventName.Name);
+            if (routedEvent == null)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(PresentationStrings.EventOrPropertyDoesNotExist.Format(eventName, dobj.GetType()));
+
+            RoutedEvent.RegisterRaisedNotification(dobj, routedEvent, this);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        protected internal override void Detach(DependencyObject dobj)
+        {
+            var routedEvent = EventManager.FindByStylingName(Ultraviolet, dobj, eventName.Owner, eventName.Name);
+            if (routedEvent == null)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(PresentationStrings.EventOrPropertyDoesNotExist.Format(eventName, dobj.GetType()));
+
+            RoutedEvent.UnregisterRaisedNotification(dobj, routedEvent, this);
+        }
+
+        // Property values.
+        private readonly UvmlName eventName;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`this.TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation.UvmlName.container` is read without initialization during the call to `UvmlName.get_Owner()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void EventTrigger.Detach(DependencyObject)
+
+### File:
+TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation/Styles/EventTrigger.cs
+
+### Key:
+EventTrigger.cs|Detach|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+e408c113c5a52c96d735c0d2a9d7cd11
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1829/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1829/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb9c0efa2d381236810f35532bbc60d7bdec8985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1829/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ultraviolet
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using TwistedLogik.Nucleus;
+using TwistedLogik.Nucleus.Data;
+
+namespace TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation.Styles
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents one of the conditions of a property trigger.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class PropertyTriggerCondition
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="PropertyTriggerCondition"/> class.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="op">A <see cref="TriggerComparisonOp"/> value that specifies the type of comparison performed by this condition.</param>
+        /// <param name="dpropName">The name of the dependency property to evaluate.</param>
+        /// <param name="refval">The reference value to compare to the value of the dependency property.</param>
+        internal PropertyTriggerCondition(TriggerComparisonOp op, String dpropName, String refval)
+        {
+            this.op        = op;
+            this.dpropName = new UvmlName(dpropName);
+            this.refval    = refval;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Evaluates whether the condition is true for the specified object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dobj">The object against which to evaluate the trigger condition.</param>
+        /// <returns><c>true</c> if the condition is true for the specified object; otherwise, <c>false</c>.</returns>
+        internal Boolean Evaluate(UltravioletContext uv, DependencyObject dobj)
+        {
+            Contract.Require(uv, "uv");
+            Contract.Require(dobj, "dobj");
+
+            var dprop = DependencyProperty.FindByStylingName(uv, dobj, dpropName.Owner, dpropName.Name);
+            if (dprop == null)
+                return false;
+
+            if (refvalCache == null || (refvalCache.GetType() != dprop.PropertyType && Nullable.GetUnderlyingType(dprop.PropertyType) != refvalCache.GetType()))
+            {
+                refvalCache = ObjectResolver.FromString(refval, dprop.PropertyType);
+            }
+
+            var comparison = TriggerComparisonCache.Get(dprop.PropertyType, op);
+            if (comparison == null)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(PresentationStrings.InvalidTriggerComparison.Format(dpropName, op, dprop.PropertyType));
+
+            return comparison(dobj, dprop, refvalCache);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the comparison operation performed by this condition.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TriggerComparisonOp ComparisonOperation
+        {
+            get { return op; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the name of the dependency property which is evaluated by this condition.
+        /// </summary>
+        public UvmlName DependencyPropertyName
+        {
+            get { return dpropName; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a string which represents the reference value for this condition.
+        /// </summary>
+        public String ReferenceValue
+        {
+            get { return refval; }
+        }
+
+        // State values.
+        private readonly TriggerComparisonOp op;
+        private readonly UvmlName dpropName;
+        private readonly String refval;
+        private Object refvalCache;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`this.TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation.UvmlName.container` is read without initialization during the call to `UvmlName.get_Owner()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean PropertyTriggerCondition.Evaluate(UltravioletContext,DependencyObject)
+
+### File:
+TwistedLogik.Ultraviolet.UI.Presentation/Styles/PropertyTriggerCondition.cs
+
+### Key:
+PropertyTriggerCondition.cs|Evaluate|PULSE_UNINITIALIZED_VALUE
+
+### Hash:
+85318a62fe7ca82bf6d08a14f7e58b91
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Uninitialized Value
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1842/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1842/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6a59c7978172d914e2c3fe1b45a5f6a986d1504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1842/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2803 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 95
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NullFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class InfinityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(double.PositiveInfinity);
+        }
+    }
+    class NegInfinityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(double.NegativeInfinity);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsNaNFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            return new Variable(arg.Type != Variable.VarType.NUMBER || double.IsNaN(arg.Value));
+        }
+    }   
+
+    class TypeOfFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            var vari = GetVariable(args[0], script);
+            if (vari == null || vari.GetValue(script).Type == Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED)
+            {
+                return Variable.Undefined;
+            }
+
+            var exists = FunctionExists(args[0]);
+            if (!exists)
+            {
+                return Variable.Undefined;
+            }
+
+            bool complexVariable = args.Count > 1 &&
+                Utils.CanConvertToDouble(args[1], out double converted) && converted > 0;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0], script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = new Variable(args[0]);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsFiniteFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double value = arg.Value;
+            if (arg.Type != Variable.VarType.NUMBER &&
+               !double.TryParse(arg.String, out value))
+            {
+                value = double.PositiveInfinity;
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(!double.IsInfinity(value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsUndefinedFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        string m_argument;
+        string m_action;
+
+        internal IsUndefinedFunction(string arg = "", string action = "")
+        {
+            m_argument = arg;
+            m_action = action;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var variable =  ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_argument, script);
+            var varValue = variable == null ? null : variable.GetValue(script);
+            bool isUndefined = varValue == null || varValue.Type == Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED;
+
+            bool result = m_action == "===" || m_action == "==" ? isUndefined :
+                          !isUndefined;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ObjectPropsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable obj = Utils.GetItem(script, true);
+            string propName = Utils.GetItem(script, true).AsString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(',');
+
+            Variable value = Utils.GetProperties(script);
+            obj.SetProperty(propName, value, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobal(obj.ParamName, new GetVarFunction(obj), false);
+             
+            return new Variable(obj.ParamName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class VarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script);
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            foreach (var arg in args)
+            {
+                var ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind <= 0)
+                {
+                    if (!FunctionExists(arg))
+                    {
+                        AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(arg, new GetVarFunction(new Variable(Variable.VarType.NONE)), script);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                var varName = arg.Substring(0, ind);
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(arg.Substring(ind + 1));
+                AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+                result = assign.Assign(tempScript, varName, true);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            //var varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //char action = script.CurrentAndForward();
+
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script);
+            Task<Variable> result = null;
+            foreach (var arg in args)
+            {
+                var ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind <= 0)
+                {
+                    if (!FunctionExists(arg))
+                    {
+                        AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(arg, new GetVarFunction(new Variable(Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED)), script);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                var varName = arg.Substring(0, ind);
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(arg.Substring(ind + 1));
+                AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+                result = assign.AssignAsync(tempScript, varName, true);
+            }
+
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance: await result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string functionName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            CustomFunction custFunc = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, script) as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(functionName, custFunc, script);
+
+#if __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            CustomCompiledFunction comp = custFunc as CustomCompiledFunction;
+            if (comp != null)
+            {
+                return new Variable(comp.Precompiler.CSharpCode);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSetLower = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                m_propSetLower.Add(name.ToLower());
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out Variable value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSetLower.Contains(name.ToLower());
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args).Result;
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out _);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = RealArgs = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    RealArgs[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                }
+
+                ArgMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (ArgMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be in arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            m_stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = m_args.Length; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[args[i].ParamName] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(m_stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public override ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            var newInstance = (CustomFunction)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            newInstance.m_stackLevel = null;
+            return newInstance;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+        protected StackLevel m_stackLevel;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+
+        public Dictionary<string, int> ArgMap { get; private set; } = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        public string[] RealArgs { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item, script);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class UndefinedFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            string format = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            string result = arg.AsString(format);
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ConstantsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DoWhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessDoWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessDoWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SwitchStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessSwitch(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessSwitch(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CaseStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessCase(script, Name);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessCase(script, Name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return Execute(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return await ExecuteAsync(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Execute(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> ExecuteAsync(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+                script.Forward();
+
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return EvaluateFunction(propValue, script, m_propName);
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return await EvaluateFunctionAsync(propValue, script, m_propName);
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable EvaluateFunction(Variable var, ParsingScript script, string m_propName)
+        {
+            if (var.CustomFunctionGet != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.Prev == '(' ? script.GetFunctionArgs() : new List<Variable>();
+                if (var.StackVariables != null)
+                {
+                    args.AddRange(var.StackVariables);
+                }
+                return var.CustomFunctionGet.Run(args, script);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(var.CustomGet))
+            {
+                return ParsingScript.RunString(var.CustomGet); 
+            }
+            return var;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> EvaluateFunctionAsync(Variable var, ParsingScript script, string m_propName)
+        {
+            if (var.CustomFunctionGet != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.Prev == '(' ? await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync() : new List<Variable>();
+                if (var.StackVariables != null)
+                {
+                    args.AddRange(var.StackVariables);
+                }
+                return await var.CustomFunctionGet.RunAsync(args, script);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(var.CustomGet))
+            {
+                return ParsingScript.RunString(var.CustomGet);
+            }
+            return var;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(Name, script);
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left), script);
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Assign(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public Variable Assign(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null && script.ClassInstance == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (pf.GetValue(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await AssignAsync(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> AssignAsync(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (await pf.GetValueAsync(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            if (script.StackLevel != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalVariable(new GetVarFunction(currentValue), varName);
+            }
+            else if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg(m_name + " function can't be defined inside of a class.",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                     new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name, script);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1843/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1843/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8bd554c24b50b161a4fa06ba60b7bcf50d13080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1843/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 59
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            return new Variable(function != null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1844/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1844/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/inferredbugs-1844/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2552 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 92
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class VarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf('=');
+            AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+            return assign.Assign(script, varName, true);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf('=');
+            AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+            return await assign.AssignAsync(script, varName, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string functionName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            CustomFunction custFunc = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, script) as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(functionName, custFunc, script);
+
+#if __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            CustomCompiledFunction comp = custFunc as CustomCompiledFunction;
+            if (comp != null)
+            {
+                return new Variable(comp.Precompiler.CSharpCode);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSetLower = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                m_propSetLower.Add(name.ToLower());
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out Variable value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSetLower.Contains(name.ToLower());
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args).Result;
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out _);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = RealArgs = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    RealArgs[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                }
+
+                ArgMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (ArgMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be in arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            m_stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(m_stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public override ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            var newInstance = (CustomFunction)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            newInstance.m_stackLevel = null;
+            return newInstance;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+        protected StackLevel m_stackLevel;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+
+        public Dictionary<string, int> ArgMap { get; private set; } = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        public string[] RealArgs { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item, script);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            string format = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            string result = arg.AsString(format);
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ConstantsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return Execute(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return await ExecuteAsync(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Execute(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> ExecuteAsync(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+                script.Forward();
+
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(Name, script);
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left), script);
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Assign(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public Variable Assign(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null && script.ClassInstance == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (pf.GetValue(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await AssignAsync(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> AssignAsync(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (await pf.GetValueAsync(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            if (script.StackLevel != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalVariable(new GetVarFunction(currentValue), varName);
+            }
+            else if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg(m_name + " function can't be defined inside of a class.",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                     new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name, script);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1845/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1845/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4756f6dd43be5361922739a9be2fd367ff3e0df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1845/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,807 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 66
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    public class ParserFunction
+    {
+        public ParserFunction()
+        {
+            m_impl = this;
+        }
+
+        // A "virtual" Constructor
+        internal ParserFunction(ParsingScript script, string item, char ch, ref string action)
+        {
+            if (item.Length == 0 && (ch == Constants.START_ARG || !script.StillValid()))
+            {
+                // There is no function, just an expression in parentheses
+                m_impl = s_idFunction;
+                return;
+            }
+            if (item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && item[item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && item[item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                // We are dealing with a string.
+                s_strOrNumFunction.Item = item;
+                m_impl = s_strOrNumFunction;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            item = Constants.ConvertName(item);
+
+            m_impl = GetRegisteredAction(item, ref action);
+            if (m_impl != null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            m_impl = GetArrayFunction(item, script, action);
+            if (m_impl != null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            m_impl = GetObjectFunction(item, script);
+            if (m_impl != null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            m_impl = GetFunction(item, script);
+            if (m_impl != null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (m_impl == s_strOrNumFunction && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(item))
+            {
+                string problem = (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(action) ? action : ch.ToString());
+                string restData = ch.ToString() + script.Rest;
+                throw new ArgumentException("Couldn't parse [" + problem + "] in " + restData + "...");
+            }
+
+            // Function not found, will try to parse this as a string in quotes or a number.
+            s_strOrNumFunction.Item = item;
+            m_impl = s_strOrNumFunction;
+        }
+
+        static ParserFunction GetArrayFunction(string name, ParsingScript script, string action)
+        {
+            int arrayStart = name.IndexOf(Constants.START_ARRAY);
+            if (arrayStart < 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            string arrayName = name;
+
+            int delta = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, arrayName, delta, (string arr, int del) => { arrayName = arr; delta = del; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(arrayName, script);
+            GetVarFunction varFunc = pf as GetVarFunction;
+            if (varFunc == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // we temporarily backtrack for the processing
+            script.Backward(name.Length - arrayStart - 1);
+            script.Backward(action != null ? action.Length : 0);
+            // delta shows us how manxy chars we need to advance forward in GetVarFunction()
+            delta -= arrayName.Length;
+            delta += action != null ? action.Length : 0;
+
+            varFunc.Indices = arrayIndices;
+            varFunc.Delta = delta;
+            return varFunc;
+        }
+
+        static ParserFunction GetObjectFunction(string name, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null && script.CurrentClass.Name == name)
+            {
+                script.Backward(name.Length + 1);
+                return new FunctionCreator();
+            }
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null &&
+               (script.ClassInstance.PropertyExists(name) || script.ClassInstance.FunctionExists(name)))
+            {
+                name = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + name;
+            }
+            int ind = name.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string baseName = name.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop     = name.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunctionNamespace(prop, baseName, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                return pf;
+            }
+
+            pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(baseName, script);
+            GetVarFunction varFunc = pf as GetVarFunction;
+            if (varFunc == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            varFunc.PropertyName = prop;
+            return varFunc;
+        }
+
+        static ParserFunction GetRegisteredAction(string name, ref string action)
+        {
+            ActionFunction actionFunction = GetAction(action);
+
+            // If passed action exists and is registered we are done.
+            if (actionFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ActionFunction theAction = actionFunction.NewInstance() as ActionFunction;
+            theAction.Name = name;
+            theAction.Action = action;
+
+            action = null;
+            return theAction;
+        }
+
+        public static bool TryAddToNamespace(string name, string nameSpace, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            StackLevel level;
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(nameSpace) ||
+               !s_namespaces.TryGetValue(nameSpace, out level))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var vars = level.Variables;
+            vars[name] = new GetVarFunction(varValue);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public static ParserFunction GetFunctionNamespace(string name, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction result = GetFunctionNamespace(name, s_namespace, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static ParserFunction GetFunctionNamespace(string name, string nameSpace, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(nameSpace))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            StackLevel level;
+            if  (!s_namespaces.TryGetValue(nameSpace, out level))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            var vars = level.Variables;
+            ParserFunction impl;
+            if (vars.TryGetValue(name, out impl))
+            {
+                return impl;
+            }
+
+            if (!name.StartsWith(nameSpace, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                name = nameSpace + "." + name;
+                if (vars.TryGetValue(name, out impl))
+                {
+                    return impl;
+                }
+                if (s_functions.TryGetValue(name, out impl))
+                {
+                    return impl;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static ParserFunction GetFunction(string name, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            ParserFunction impl;
+            // First search among local variables.
+            if (s_locals.Count > StackLevelDelta)
+            {
+                Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> local = s_locals.Peek().Variables;
+                if (local.TryGetValue(name, out impl))
+                {
+                    // Local function exists (a local variable)
+                    return impl;
+                }
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = script == null || script.Filename == null ? "" : script.Filename;
+            impl = GetLocalScopeVariable(name, scopeName);
+            if (impl != null)
+            {
+                // Local scope variable exists
+                return impl;
+            }
+
+            if (s_functions.TryGetValue(name, out impl))
+            {
+                // Global function exists and is registered (e.g. pi, exp, or a variable)
+                return impl.NewInstance();
+            }
+
+            return GetFunctionNamespace(name, script);
+        }
+
+        public static void UpdateFunction(Variable variable)
+        {
+            UpdateFunction(variable.ParsingToken, new GetVarFunction(variable));
+        }
+        public static void UpdateFunction(string name, ParserFunction function)
+        {
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            // First search among local variables.
+            if (s_locals.Count > StackLevelDelta)
+            {
+                Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> local = s_locals.Peek().Variables;
+
+                if (local.ContainsKey(name))
+                {
+                    // Local function exists (a local variable)
+                    local[name] = function;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            // If it's not a local variable, update global.
+            s_functions[name] = function;
+        }
+        public static ActionFunction GetAction(string action)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(action))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            ActionFunction impl;
+            if (s_actions.TryGetValue(action, out impl))
+            {
+                // Action exists and is registered (e.g. =, +=, --, etc.)
+                return impl;
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static bool FunctionExists(string item)
+        {
+            // If it is not defined locally, then check globally:
+            return LocalNameExists(item) || GlobalNameExists(item);
+        }
+
+        public static void AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(string name, GetVarFunction function)
+        {
+            name          = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+
+            Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> lastLevel = GetLastLevel();
+            if (lastLevel != null && s_locals.Peek().IsNamespace && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s_namespace))
+            {
+                name = s_namespacePrefix + name;
+            }
+
+            function.Name = Constants.GetRealName(name);
+            if (LocalNameExists(name) || !GlobalNameExists(name))
+            {
+                AddLocalVariable(function);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                AddGlobal(name, function, false /* not native */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static string CreateVariableEntry(ParserFunction variable, bool isLocal = false)
+        {
+            if (!(variable is GetVarFunction) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(variable.Name))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            GetVarFunction gvf = variable as GetVarFunction;
+            return CreateVariableEntry(gvf.Value, variable.Name, isLocal);
+        }
+
+        static string CreateVariableEntry(Variable var, string name, bool isLocal = false)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                string value = var.AsString(true, true, 16);
+                string localGlobal = isLocal ? "0" : "1";
+                string varData = name + ":" + localGlobal + ":" +
+                                 Constants.TypeToString(var.Type).ToLower() + ":" + value;
+                return varData.Trim();
+            }
+            catch(Exception exc)
+            {
+                // TODO: Clean up not used objects.
+                bool removed = isLocal ? PopLocalVariable(name) : RemoveGlobal(name);
+                Console.WriteLine("Object {0} is probably dead ({1}): {2}. Removing it.", name, removed, exc);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void GetVariables(Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> variablesScope,
+                                 StringBuilder sb, bool isLocal = false)
+        {
+            var all = variablesScope.Values.ToList();
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var variable = all[i];
+                string varData = CreateVariableEntry(variable, isLocal);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(varData))
+                {
+                    sb.AppendLine(varData);
+                    GetVarFunction gvf = variable as GetVarFunction;
+                    if (gvf != null && gvf.Value.Type == Variable.VarType.OBJECT)
+                    {
+                        var props = gvf.Value.GetProperties();
+                        foreach (Variable var in props)
+                        {
+                            var val = gvf.Value.GetProperty(var.AsString());
+                            varData = CreateVariableEntry(val, variable.Name + "." + var.AsString(), isLocal);
+                            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(varData))
+                            {
+                                sb.AppendLine(varData);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static string GetVariables(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            // Locals, if any:
+            if (s_locals.Count > 0)
+            {
+                Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> locals = s_locals.Peek().Variables;
+                GetVariables(locals, sb, true);
+            }
+
+            // Variables in the local file scope:
+            if (script != null && script.Filename != null)
+            {
+                Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> localScope;
+                string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+                if (s_localScope.TryGetValue(scopeName, out localScope))
+                {
+                    GetVariables(localScope, sb, true);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Globals:
+            GetVariables(s_functions, sb, false);
+
+            return sb.ToString().Trim();
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> GetLastLevel()
+        {
+            if (s_locals.Count <= StackLevelDelta)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            var result = s_locals.Peek().Variables;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        static bool LocalNameExists(string name)
+        {
+            Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> lastLevel = GetLastLevel();
+            if (lastLevel == null)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            return lastLevel.ContainsKey(name);
+        }
+
+        static bool GlobalNameExists(string name)
+        {
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            return s_functions.ContainsKey(name);
+        }
+
+        public static Variable RegisterEnum(string varName, string enumName)
+        {
+            Variable enumVar = EnumFunction.UseExistingEnum(enumName);
+            if (enumVar == Variable.EmptyInstance)
+            {
+                return enumVar;
+            }
+
+            AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName, new GetVarFunction(enumVar));
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterFunction(string name, ParserFunction function,
+                                            bool isNative = true)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s_namespace))
+            {
+                StackLevel level;
+                if (s_namespaces.TryGetValue(s_namespace, out level) &&
+                   function is CustomFunction)
+                {
+                    ((CustomFunction)function).NamespaceData = level;
+                    name = s_namespacePrefix + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            AddGlobal(name, function, isNative);
+        }
+
+        public static bool RemoveGlobal(string name)
+        {
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            return s_functions.Remove(name);
+        }
+
+        static void NormalizeValue(ParserFunction function)
+        {
+            GetVarFunction gvf = function as GetVarFunction;
+            if (gvf != null)
+            {
+                gvf.Value.CurrentAssign = "";
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void AddGlobal(string name, ParserFunction function,
+                                     bool isNative = true)
+        {
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            NormalizeValue(function);
+            function.isNative = isNative;
+            s_functions[name] = function;
+
+            function.Name = Constants.GetRealName(name);
+#if UNITY_EDITOR == false && UNITY_STANDALONE == false && __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            if (!isNative)
+            {
+                Translation.AddTempKeyword(name);
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+
+        public static void AddLocalScopeVariable(string name, string scopeName, ParserFunction variable)
+        {
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            variable.isNative = false;
+            variable.Name = Constants.GetRealName(name);
+
+            if (scopeName == null)
+            {
+                scopeName = "";
+            }
+
+            Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> localScope;
+            if (!s_localScope.TryGetValue(scopeName, out localScope))
+            {
+                localScope = new Dictionary<string, ParserFunction>();
+            }
+            localScope[name] = variable;
+            s_localScope[scopeName] = localScope;
+        }
+
+        static ParserFunction GetLocalScopeVariable(string name, string scopeName)
+        {
+            scopeName = Path.GetFileName(scopeName);
+            Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> localScope;
+            if (!s_localScope.TryGetValue(scopeName, out localScope))
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            ParserFunction function = null;
+            localScope.TryGetValue(name, out function);
+            return function;
+        }
+
+        public static void AddAction(string name, ActionFunction action)
+        {
+            s_actions[name] = action;
+        }
+
+        public static void AddLocalVariables(StackLevel locals)
+        {
+            s_locals.Push(locals);
+        }
+
+        public static void AddNamespace(string namespaceName)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s_namespace))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Already inside of namespace [" + s_namespace + "].");
+            }
+
+            StackLevel level;
+            if (!s_namespaces.TryGetValue(namespaceName, out level))
+            {
+                level = new StackLevel(namespaceName, true); ;
+            }
+
+            s_locals.Push(level);
+            s_namespaces[namespaceName] = level;
+
+            s_namespace = namespaceName;
+            s_namespacePrefix = namespaceName + ".";
+        }
+
+        public static void PopNamespace()
+        {
+            s_namespace = s_namespacePrefix = "";
+            while (s_locals.Count > 0)
+            {
+                var level = s_locals.Pop();
+                if (level.IsNamespace)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static string AdjustWithNamespace(string name)
+        {
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            return s_namespacePrefix + name;
+        }
+
+        public static void AddStackLevel(string scopeName)
+        {
+            s_locals.Push(new StackLevel(scopeName));
+        }
+
+        public static void AddLocalVariable(ParserFunction local)
+        {
+            NormalizeValue(local);
+            local.m_isGlobal = false;
+            StackLevel locals = null;
+            if (s_locals.Count == 0)
+            {
+                locals = new StackLevel();
+                s_locals.Push(locals);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                locals = s_locals.Peek();
+            }
+
+            var name = Constants.ConvertName(local.Name);
+            local.Name = Constants.GetRealName(name);
+            locals.Variables[name] = local;
+#if UNITY_EDITOR == false && UNITY_STANDALONE == false && __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            Translation.AddTempKeyword(name);
+#endif
+        }
+
+        public static void PopLocalVariables()
+        {
+            if (s_locals.Count > 0)
+            {
+                s_locals.Pop();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static int GetCurrentStackLevel()
+        {
+            return s_locals.Count;
+        }
+
+        public static void InvalidateStacksAfterLevel(int level)
+        {
+            while (level >= 0 && s_locals.Count > level)
+            {
+                s_locals.Pop();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static bool PopLocalVariable(string name)
+        {
+            if (s_locals.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> locals = s_locals.Peek().Variables;
+            name = Constants.ConvertName(name);
+            return locals.Remove(name);
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetValue(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return m_impl.Evaluate(script);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> GetValueAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await m_impl.EvaluateAsync(script);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // The real implementation will be in the derived classes.
+            return new Variable();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // If not overriden, the non-sync version will be called.
+            return Task.FromResult( Evaluate(script) );
+        }
+
+        // Derived classes may want to return a new instance in order to
+        // not to use same object in calculations.
+        public virtual ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public static void CleanUp()
+        {
+            s_functions.Clear();
+            s_actions.Clear();
+            s_locals.Clear();
+            s_localScope.Clear();
+        }
+
+        protected string m_name;
+        public string Name
+        {
+            get { return m_name; }
+            set { m_name = value; }
+        }
+
+        protected bool m_isGlobal = true;
+        public bool isGlobal { get { return m_isGlobal; } set { m_isGlobal = value; } }
+
+        protected bool m_isNative = true;
+        public bool isNative { get { return m_isNative; } set { m_isNative = value; } }
+
+        ParserFunction m_impl;
+        // Global functions and variables:
+        static Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> s_functions = new Dictionary<string, ParserFunction>();
+
+        // Global actions - function:
+        static Dictionary<string, ActionFunction> s_actions = new Dictionary<string, ActionFunction>();
+
+        // Local scope variables- defined only in the current file:
+        static Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, ParserFunction>> s_localScope =
+           new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, ParserFunction>>();
+
+        public static bool IsNumericFunction(string paramName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(paramName, script);
+            return function is INumericFunction;
+        }
+
+        public class StackLevel
+        {
+            public StackLevel(string name = null, bool isNamespace = false)
+            {
+                Name = name;
+                IsNamespace = isNamespace;
+                Variables = new Dictionary<string, ParserFunction>();
+            }
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public bool IsNamespace { get; set; }
+
+            public Dictionary<string, ParserFunction> Variables { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        // Local variables:
+        // Stack of the functions being executed:
+        static Stack<StackLevel> s_locals = new Stack<StackLevel>();
+        public static Stack<StackLevel> ExecutionStack { get { return s_locals; } }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, StackLevel> s_namespaces = new Dictionary<string, StackLevel>();
+        static string s_namespace;
+        static string s_namespacePrefix;
+
+        public static string GetCurrentNamespace { get { return s_namespace; } }
+
+        static StringOrNumberFunction s_strOrNumFunction =
+          new StringOrNumberFunction();
+        static IdentityFunction s_idFunction =
+          new IdentityFunction();
+
+        public static int StackLevelDelta { get; set; }
+    }
+
+    public abstract class ActionFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected string m_action;
+        public string Action { set { m_action = value; } }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `name` last assigned on line 305 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `GetRealName(...)` at line 313, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(String,GetVarFunction)
+
+### File:
+cscs/ParserFunction.cs
+
+### Key:
+ParserFunction.cs|AddGlobalOrLocalVariable|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+840c96a3a061419c9a8b9b3c75aa5d7b
+
+### Hash:
+eb44eb92ddc4fb4a3bd3cf3e55fb489c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1872/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1872/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfc51f663ae47807cf15c0e0f9cd35e0d524f239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1872/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1531 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //Interpreter.Instance.AppendOutput("Registering function [" + funcName + "] ...");
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            string line = script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            var parent = script.ParentScript;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            s_allClasses[className] = this;
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Variable SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public Variable GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new 
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            Variable value = new Variable(instance);
+
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            string line = script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count != m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false: script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, "StringOrNumber");
+            /*if (!Double.TryParse(Item, NumberStyles.Number |
+                                 NumberStyles.AllowExponent |
+                                 NumberStyles.Float,
+                                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num)) {
+              Utils.ThrowException(script, "parseToken", Item, "parseTokenExtra");
+            }*/
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(filename);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref startName, ref m_delta);
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref tmpName, ref delta);
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            /* var function = */ ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            /* var function = */ ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Convert type to string.
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                              element.Tuple.Count :
+                              element.AsString().Length;
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName  = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName    = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1875/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1875/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31746105838553b580e11ebf4ccf461f35f6b341
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1875/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    public class Variable
+    {
+        public enum VarType
+        {
+            NONE, NUMBER, STRING, ARRAY,
+            ARRAY_NUM, ARRAY_STR, MAP_NUM, MAP_STR,
+            BREAK, CONTINUE, OBJECT, ENUM
+        };
+
+        public Variable()
+        {
+            Reset();
+        }
+        public Variable(VarType type)
+        {
+            Type = type;
+            if (Type == VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                SetAsArray();
+            }
+        }
+        public Variable(double d)
+        {
+            Value = d;
+        }
+        public Variable(bool d)
+        {
+            Value = d ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+        }
+        public Variable(string s)
+        {
+            String = s;
+        }
+        public Variable(List<Variable> a)
+        {
+            this.Tuple = a;
+        }
+        public Variable(List<string> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < a.Count; i++)
+            {
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[i]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(List<double> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < a.Count; i++)
+            {
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[i]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(Dictionary<string, string> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            foreach (string key in a.Keys)
+            {
+                string lower = key.ToLower();
+                m_keyMappings[lower] = key;
+                m_dictionary[lower] = tuple.Count;
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[key]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(Dictionary<string, double> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            foreach (string key in a.Keys)
+            {
+                string lower = key.ToLower();
+                m_keyMappings[lower] = key;
+                m_dictionary[lower] = tuple.Count;
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[key]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+
+        public Variable(object o)
+        {
+            Object = o;
+        }
+
+        public virtual Variable Clone()
+        {
+            Variable newVar = (Variable)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            return newVar;
+        }
+
+        public virtual Variable DeepClone()
+        {
+            //Variable newVar = new Variable();
+            //newVar.Copy(this);
+            Variable newVar = (Variable)this.MemberwiseClone();
+
+            if (m_tuple != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> newTuple = new List<Variable>();
+                foreach (var item in m_tuple)
+                {
+                    newTuple.Add(item.DeepClone());
+                }
+
+                newVar.Tuple = newTuple;
+            }
+            return newVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable NewEmpty()
+        {
+            return new Variable();
+        }
+
+        public void Reset()
+        {
+            m_value = Double.NaN;
+            m_string = null;
+            m_object = null;
+            m_tuple = null;
+            Action = null;
+            IsReturn = false;
+            Type = VarType.NONE;
+            m_dictionary.Clear();
+            m_propertyMap.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(Variable other)
+        {
+            if (Type != other.Type)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (Double.IsNaN(Value) != Double.IsNaN(other.Value) ||
+              (!Double.IsNaN(Value) && Value != other.Value))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!String.Equals(this.String, other.String, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!String.Equals(this.Action, other.Action, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if ((this.Tuple == null) != (other.Tuple == null))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (this.Tuple != null && !this.Tuple.Equals(other.Tuple))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!m_propertyMap.Equals(other.m_propertyMap))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void AddVariableToHash(string hash, Variable newVar)
+        {
+            int retValue = 0;
+            Variable listVar = null;
+            string lower = hash.ToLower();
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(lower, out retValue))
+            {
+                // already exists, change the value:
+                listVar = m_tuple[retValue];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                listVar = new Variable(VarType.ARRAY);
+                m_tuple.Add(listVar);
+
+                m_keyMappings[lower] = hash;
+                m_dictionary[lower] = m_tuple.Count - 1;
+            }
+
+            listVar.AddVariable(newVar);
+        }
+
+        public List<Variable> GetAllKeys()
+        {
+            List<Variable> results = new List<Variable>();
+            var keys = m_keyMappings.Values;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                results.Add(new Variable(key));
+            }
+
+            if (results.Count == 0 && m_tuple != null)
+            {
+                results = m_tuple;
+            }
+
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        public List<string> GetKeys()
+        {
+            List<string> results = new List<string>();
+            var keys = m_keyMappings.Values;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                results.Add(key);
+            }
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        public int SetHashVariable(string hash, Variable var)
+        {
+            int retValue = m_tuple.Count;
+            string lower = hash.ToLower();
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(lower, out retValue))
+            {
+                // already exists, change the value:
+                m_tuple[retValue] = var;
+                return retValue;
+            }
+
+            m_tuple.Add(var);
+            m_keyMappings[lower] = hash;
+            m_dictionary[lower] = m_tuple.Count - 1;
+
+            return m_tuple.Count - 1;
+        }
+
+        public int GetArrayIndex(Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (indexVar.Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(indexVar);
+                return (int)indexVar.Value;
+            }
+
+            string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+            string lower = hash.ToLower();
+            int ptr = m_tuple.Count;
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(lower, out ptr) &&
+                ptr < m_tuple.Count)
+            {
+                return ptr;
+            }
+
+            int result = -1;
+            if (!String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(indexVar.String) &&
+                Int32.TryParse(indexVar.String, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        public void AddVariable(Variable v, int index = -1)
+        {
+            SetAsArray();
+            if (index < 0 || m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                m_tuple.Add(v);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_tuple.Insert(index, v);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetVariable(int index)
+        {
+            if (index < 0 || m_tuple == null || m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            return m_tuple[index];
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetVariable(string hash)
+        {
+            int index = 0;
+            string lower = hash.ToLower();
+            if (m_tuple == null || !m_dictionary.TryGetValue(lower, out index) ||
+                m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            return m_tuple[index];
+        }
+
+        public bool Exists(string hash)
+        {
+            string lower = hash.ToLower();
+            return m_dictionary.ContainsKey(lower);
+        }
+
+        public int FindIndex(string val)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            int result = m_tuple.FindIndex(item => item.AsString() == val);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public bool Exists(Variable indexVar, bool notEmpty = false)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (indexVar.Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                if (indexVar.Value < 0 ||
+                    indexVar.Value >= m_tuple.Count ||
+                    indexVar.Value - Math.Floor(indexVar.Value) != 0.0)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (notEmpty)
+                {
+                    return m_tuple[(int)indexVar.Value].Type != VarType.NONE;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+            return Exists(hash);
+        }
+
+        public bool AsBool()
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER && m_value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                if (String.Compare(m_string, "true", true) == 0)
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public int AsInt()
+        {
+            int result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (int)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                Int32.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public float AsFloat()
+        {
+            float result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (float)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                float.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public long AsLong()
+        {
+            long result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (long)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                long.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        public double AsDouble()
+        {
+            double result = 0.0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {// || (Value != 0.0 && Value != Double.NaN)) {
+                return m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                Double.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return AsString();
+        }
+
+        public virtual string AsString(bool isList = true,
+                                       bool sameLine = true,
+                                       int maxCount = -1)
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                return Value.ToString();
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                return m_string == null ? "" : m_string;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.OBJECT)
+            {
+                return ObjectToString();
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            if (Type == VarType.ENUM)
+            {
+                sb.Append(Constants.START_GROUP.ToString() + " ");
+                foreach (string key in m_propertyMap.Keys)
+                {
+                    sb.Append(key + " ");
+                }
+                sb.Append(Constants.END_GROUP.ToString());
+                return sb.ToString();
+            }
+
+            if (Type == VarType.NONE || m_tuple == null)
+            {
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            if (isList)
+            {
+                sb.Append(Constants.START_GROUP.ToString() +
+                         (sameLine ? "" : Environment.NewLine));
+            }
+
+            int count = maxCount < 0 ? m_tuple.Count : Math.Min(maxCount, m_tuple.Count);
+            int i = 0;
+            if (m_dictionary.Count > 0)
+            {
+                count = maxCount < 0 ? m_dictionary.Count : Math.Min(maxCount, m_dictionary.Count);
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, int> entry in m_dictionary)
+                {
+                    if (entry.Value >= 0 || entry.Value < m_tuple.Count)
+                    {
+                        string value = m_tuple[entry.Value].AsString(isList, sameLine, maxCount);
+                        string realKey = entry.Key;
+                        m_keyMappings.TryGetValue(entry.Key.ToLower(), out realKey);
+
+                        sb.Append("\"" + realKey + "\" : " + value);
+                        if (i++ < count - 1)
+                        {
+                            sb.Append(sameLine ? ", " : Environment.NewLine);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    Variable arg = m_tuple[i];
+                    sb.Append(arg.AsString(isList, sameLine, maxCount));
+                    if (i != count - 1)
+                    {
+                        sb.Append(sameLine ? ", " : Environment.NewLine);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (count < m_tuple.Count)
+            {
+                sb.Append(" ...");
+            }
+            if (isList)
+            {
+                sb.Append(Constants.END_GROUP.ToString() +
+                         (sameLine ? "" : Environment.NewLine));
+            }
+
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        string ObjectToString()
+        {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            if (m_object != null)
+            {
+                sb.Append(m_object.ToString());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                sb.Append((m_object != null ? (m_object.ToString() + " ") : "") +
+                           Constants.START_GROUP.ToString());
+
+                List<string> allProps = GetAllProperties();
+                foreach (string prop in allProps)
+                {
+                    if (prop.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                    {
+                        sb.Append(prop);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Variable propValue = GetProperty(prop);
+                    string value = "";
+                    if (propValue != null && propValue != Variable.EmptyInstance)
+                    {
+                        value = propValue.AsString();
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
+                        {
+                            if (propValue.Type == VarType.STRING &&
+                               !prop.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                            {
+                                value = "\"" + value + "\"";
+                            }
+                            value = ": " + value;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    sb.Append(prop + value + ", ");
+                }
+
+                sb.Append(Constants.END_GROUP.ToString());
+            }
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        public void SetAsArray()
+        {
+            Type = VarType.ARRAY;
+            if (m_tuple == null)
+            {
+                m_tuple = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int Count
+        {
+            get { return Type == VarType.ARRAY ? m_tuple.Count :
+                         Type == VarType.NONE  ? 0 : 1; }
+        }
+
+        public int TotalElements()
+        {
+            return Count;
+        }
+
+        public Variable SetProperty(string propName, Variable value, string baseName = "")
+        {
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName);
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case a.b.c = ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = GetProperty(varName);
+                return property.SetProperty(actualPropName, value, baseName);
+            }
+            return FinishSetProperty(propName, value, baseName);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(string propName, Variable value, string baseName = "")
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName);
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case a.b.c = ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = await GetPropertyAsync(varName);
+                result = await property.SetPropertyAsync(actualPropName, value, baseName);
+                return result;
+            }
+            return FinishSetProperty(propName, value, baseName);
+        }
+
+        public Variable FinishSetProperty(string propName, Variable value, string baseName = "")
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, GetAllProperties(), baseName, this);
+            m_propertyMap[match] = value;
+            Type = VarType.OBJECT;
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                result = obj.SetProperty(match, value).Result;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public void SetEnumProperty(string propName, Variable value, string baseName = "")
+        {
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName); 
+
+            string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, GetAllProperties(), baseName, this);
+            m_propertyMap[match] = value;
+
+            if (m_enumMap == null)
+            {
+                m_enumMap = new Dictionary<int, string>();
+            }
+            m_enumMap[value.AsInt()] = match;
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetEnumProperty(string propName, ParsingScript script, string baseName = "")
+        {
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName);
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARG)
+            {
+                Variable value = Utils.GetItem(script);
+                if (propName == Constants.TO_STRING)
+                {
+                    return ConvertEnumToString(value);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return new Variable(m_enumMap != null && m_enumMap.ContainsKey(value.AsInt()));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, GetAllProperties(), baseName, this);
+
+            Variable result = GetCoreProperty(match, script);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable ConvertEnumToString(Variable value)
+        {
+            string result = "";
+            if (m_enumMap != null && m_enumMap.TryGetValue(value.AsInt(), out result))
+            {
+                return new Variable(result);
+            }
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetProperty(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case x = a.b.c ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = GetProperty(varName, script);
+                result = string.IsNullOrEmpty(actualPropName) ? property :
+                               property.GetProperty(actualPropName, script);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+                {
+                    List<Variable> args = null;
+                    if (script != null && script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARG)
+                    {
+                        args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                    }
+                    else if (script != null)
+                    {
+                        args = new List<Variable>();
+                    }
+                    result = obj.GetProperty(match, args, script).Result;
+                    if (result != null)
+                    {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return GetCoreProperty(propName, script);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case x = a.b.c ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = await GetPropertyAsync(varName, script);
+                result = string.IsNullOrEmpty(actualPropName) ? property :
+                               await property.GetPropertyAsync(actualPropName, script);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+                {
+                    List<Variable> args = null;
+                    if (script != null && script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARG)
+                    {
+                        args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+                    }
+                    else if (script != null)
+                    {
+                        args = new List<Variable>();
+                    }
+                    result = await obj.GetProperty(match, args, script);
+                    if (result != null)
+                    {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return GetCoreProperty(propName, script);
+        }
+
+        Variable GetCoreProperty(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            if (m_propertyMap.TryGetValue(propName, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetProperties());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetTypeString());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.SIZE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetSize());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.UPPER, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(AsString().ToUpper());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.LOWER, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(AsString().ToLower());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.STRING, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(AsString());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.FIRST, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (Tuple != null && Tuple.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    return Tuple[0];
+                }
+                return AsString().Length > 0 ? new Variable("" + AsString()[0]) : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.LAST, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                if (Tuple != null && Tuple.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    return Tuple.Last<Variable>();
+                }
+                return AsString().Length > 0 ? new Variable("" + AsString().Last<char>()) : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.INDEX_OF, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+
+                string search = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                int startFrom = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0);
+                string param  = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().IndexOf(search, startFrom,comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.SUBSTRING, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+
+                int startFrom = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 0);
+                int length = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, AsString().Length);
+                length = Math.Min(length, AsString().Length - startFrom);
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().Substring(startFrom, length));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.TOKENIZE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                string sep = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0, " ");
+                var option = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+                return TokenizeFunction.Tokenize(AsString(), sep, option);
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.JOIN, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                string sep = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0, " ");
+                if (Tuple == null)
+                {
+                    return new Variable(AsString());
+                }
+
+                var join = string.Join(sep, Tuple);
+                return new Variable(join);
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.AT, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                int at = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0);
+
+                if (Tuple != null && Tuple.Count > 0)
+                {
+                    return Tuple.Count > at ? Tuple[at] : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+                string str = AsString();
+                return str.Length > at ? new Variable("" + str[at]) : Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.REPLACE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, propName);
+                string oldVal = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string newVal = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().Replace(oldVal, newVal));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.CONTAINS, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                int index = AsString().IndexOf(val, comp);
+                return new Variable(index >= 0);
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.EQUALS, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().Equals(val, comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.STARTS_WITH, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().StartsWith(val, comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.ENDS_WITH, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, propName);
+                string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                string param = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1, "no_case");
+                StringComparison comp = param.Equals("case", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                    StringComparison.CurrentCulture : StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase;
+
+                return new Variable(AsString().EndsWith(val, comp));
+            }
+            else if (script != null && propName.Equals(Constants.TRIM, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                return new Variable(AsString().Trim());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.KEYS, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                List<Variable> results = GetAllKeys();
+                return new Variable(results);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        public List<Variable> GetProperties()
+        {
+            List<string> all = GetAllProperties();
+            List<Variable> allVars = new List<Variable>(all.Count);
+            foreach (string key in all)
+            {
+                allVars.Add(new Variable(key));
+            }
+
+            return allVars;
+        }
+
+        public List<string> GetAllProperties()
+        {
+            HashSet<string> allSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            List<string> all = new List<string>();
+
+            foreach (string key in m_propertyMap.Keys)
+            {
+                allSet.Add(key.ToLower());
+                all.Add(key);
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                List<string> objProps = obj.GetProperties();
+                foreach (string key in objProps)
+                {
+                    if (allSet.Add(key.ToLower()))
+                    {
+                        all.Add(key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            all.Sort();
+
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.SIZE.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.SIZE);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.STRING.ToLower()))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.STRING);
+            }
+
+            return all;
+        }
+
+        public int GetSize()
+        {
+            int size = Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                  Tuple.Count :
+                  AsString().Length;
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        public virtual string GetTypeString()
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.OBJECT && Object != null)
+            {
+                return Object.GetType().ToString();
+            }
+            return Constants.TypeToString(Type);
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetValue(int index)
+        {
+            if (index >= Count)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("There are only [" + Count +
+                                             "] but " + index + " requested.");
+
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return m_tuple[index];
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public static string GetActualPropertyName(string propName, List<string> properties,
+                                                   string baseName = "", Variable root = null)
+        {
+            string match = properties.FirstOrDefault(element => element.Equals(propName,
+                                   StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+            {
+                match = "";
+                if (root != null)
+                {
+                    string objName = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(baseName) ? baseName + "." : "";
+                    if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(objName))
+                    {
+                        CSCSClass.ClassInstance obj = root.m_object as CSCSClass.ClassInstance;
+                        objName = obj != null ? obj.InstanceName + "." : "";
+                    }
+                    match = Constants.GetRealName(objName + propName);
+                    match = match.Substring(objName.Length);
+                }
+            }
+            return match;
+        }
+
+        public double Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+            set { m_value = value; Type = VarType.NUMBER; }
+        }
+
+        public string String
+        {
+            get { return m_string; }
+            set { m_string = value; Type = VarType.STRING; }
+        }
+
+        public object Object
+        {
+            get { return m_object; }
+            set { m_object = value; Type = VarType.OBJECT; }
+        }
+
+        public List<Variable> Tuple
+        {
+            get { return m_tuple; }
+            set { m_tuple = value; Type = VarType.ARRAY; }
+        }
+
+        public string Action { get; set; }
+        public VarType Type
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+        public bool IsReturn { get; set; }
+        public string ParsingToken { get; set; }
+        public int Index { get; set; }
+        public string CurrentAssign { get; set; } = "";
+
+        public static Variable EmptyInstance = new Variable();
+
+        double m_value;
+        string m_string;
+        object m_object;
+        List<Variable> m_tuple;
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_dictionary = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<string, string> m_keyMappings = new Dictionary<string, string>();
+
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_propertyMap = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, string> m_enumMap;
+    }
+
+    // A Variable supporting "dot-notation" must have an object implementing this interface.
+    public interface ScriptObject
+    {
+        // SetProperty is triggered by the following scripting call: "a.name = value;"
+        Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value);
+
+        // GetProperty is triggered by the following scripting call: "x = a.name;"
+        // If args are null, it is triggered by object.ToString() function"
+        // If args are not empty, it is triggered by a function call: "y = a.name(arg1, arg2, ...);"
+        Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null);
+
+        // Returns all of the properties that this object implements. Only these properties will be processed
+        // by SetProperty() and GetProperty() methods above.
+        List<string> GetProperties();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `propName` last assigned on line 577 could be null and is dereferenced at line 579, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable Variable.SetProperty(String,Variable,String)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Variable.cs
+
+### Key:
+Variable.cs|SetProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8f23c407fab7524e0704ad6f3b90d75b
+
+### Hash:
+b3b54157226e4bc8306b2fdc6fe2fd57
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1881/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1881/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1943d22ee85192e8f5be436ec8eab5ac358a2e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1881/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    public class Variable
+    {
+        public enum VarType
+        {
+            NONE, NUMBER, STRING, ARRAY,
+            ARRAY_NUM, ARRAY_STR, MAP_NUM, MAP_STR,
+            BREAK, CONTINUE, OBJECT
+        };
+
+        public Variable()
+        {
+            Reset();
+        }
+        public Variable(VarType type)
+        {
+            Type = type;
+            if (Type == VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                SetAsArray();
+            }
+        }
+        public Variable(double d)
+        {
+            Value = d;
+        }
+        public Variable(bool d)
+        {
+            Value = d ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+        }
+        public Variable(string s)
+        {
+            String = s;
+        }
+        public Variable(List<Variable> a)
+        {
+            this.Tuple = a;
+        }
+        public Variable(Variable other)
+        {
+            Copy(other);
+        }
+        public Variable(List<string> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < a.Count; i++)
+            {
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[i]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(List<double> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            for (int i = 0; i < a.Count; i++)
+            {
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[i]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(Dictionary<string, string> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            foreach (string key in a.Keys)
+            {
+                m_dictionary[key] = tuple.Count;
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[key]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+        public Variable(Dictionary<string, double> a)
+        {
+            List<Variable> tuple = new List<Variable>(a.Count);
+            foreach (string key in a.Keys)
+            {
+                m_dictionary[key] = tuple.Count;
+                tuple.Add(new Variable(a[key]));
+            }
+            this.Tuple = tuple;
+        }
+
+        public Variable(object o)
+        {
+            Object = o;
+        }
+
+        public virtual Variable Clone()
+        {
+            Variable newVar = (Variable)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            return newVar;
+        }
+
+        public virtual Variable DeepClone()
+        {
+            //Variable newVar = new Variable();
+            //newVar.Copy(this);
+            Variable newVar = (Variable)this.MemberwiseClone();
+
+            if (m_tuple != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> newTuple = new List<Variable>();
+                foreach (var item in m_tuple)
+                {
+                    newTuple.Add(item.DeepClone());
+                }
+
+                newVar.Tuple = newTuple;
+            }
+            return newVar;
+        }
+        public virtual void Copy(Variable other)
+        {
+            Reset();
+            Action = other.Action;
+            Type = other.Type;
+            IsReturn = other.IsReturn;
+            m_dictionary = other.m_dictionary;
+            m_propertyMap = other.m_propertyMap;
+            //bug todo
+
+            switch (other.Type)
+            {
+                case VarType.NUMBER:
+                    Value = other.Value;
+                    break;
+                case VarType.STRING:
+                    String = other.String;
+                    break;
+                case VarType.ARRAY:
+                    this.Tuple = other.Tuple;
+                    break;
+                case VarType.OBJECT:
+                    Object = other.Object;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static Variable NewEmpty()
+        {
+            return new Variable();
+        }
+
+        public void Reset()
+        {
+            m_value = Double.NaN;
+            m_string = null;
+            m_object = null;
+            m_tuple = null;
+            Action = null;
+            IsReturn = false;
+            Type = VarType.NONE;
+            m_dictionary.Clear();
+            m_propertyMap.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(Variable other)
+        {
+            if (Type != other.Type)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (Double.IsNaN(Value) != Double.IsNaN(other.Value) ||
+              (!Double.IsNaN(Value) && Value != other.Value))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!String.Equals(this.String, other.String, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!String.Equals(this.Action, other.Action, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if ((this.Tuple == null) != (other.Tuple == null))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (this.Tuple != null && !this.Tuple.Equals(other.Tuple))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!m_propertyMap.Equals(other.m_propertyMap))
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void AddVariableToHash(string hash, Variable newVar)
+        {
+            int retValue = 0;
+            Variable listVar = null;
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out retValue))
+            {
+                // already exists, change the value:
+                listVar = m_tuple[retValue];
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                listVar = new Variable(VarType.ARRAY);
+                m_tuple.Add(listVar);
+                m_dictionary[hash] = m_tuple.Count - 1;
+            }
+
+            listVar.AddVariable(newVar);
+        }
+
+        public List<Variable> GetAllKeys()
+        {
+            List<Variable> results = new List<Variable>();
+            var keys = m_dictionary.Keys;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                results.Add(new Variable(key));
+            }
+
+            if (results.Count == 0 && m_tuple != null)
+            {
+                results = m_tuple;
+            }
+
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        public List<string> GetKeys()
+        {
+            List<string> results = new List<string>();
+            var keys = m_dictionary.Keys;
+            foreach (var key in keys)
+            {
+                results.Add(key);
+            }
+            return results;
+        }
+
+        public int SetHashVariable(string hash, Variable var)
+        {
+            int retValue = m_tuple.Count;
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out retValue))
+            {
+                // already exists, change the value:
+                m_tuple[retValue] = var;
+                return retValue;
+            }
+
+            m_tuple.Add(var);
+            m_dictionary[hash] = m_tuple.Count - 1;
+
+            return m_tuple.Count - 1;
+        }
+
+        public int GetArrayIndex(Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (indexVar.Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(indexVar);
+                return (int)indexVar.Value;
+            }
+
+            string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+            int ptr = m_tuple.Count;
+            if (m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out ptr) &&
+                ptr < m_tuple.Count)
+            {
+                return ptr;
+            }
+
+            int result = -1;
+            if (!String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(indexVar.String) &&
+                Int32.TryParse(indexVar.String, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        public void AddVariable(Variable v, int index = -1)
+        {
+            SetAsArray();
+            if (index < 0 || m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                m_tuple.Add(v);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_tuple.Insert(index, v);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetVariable(int index)
+        {
+            if (index < 0 || m_tuple == null || m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            return m_tuple[index];
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetVariable(string hash)
+        {
+            int index = 0;
+            if (m_tuple == null || !m_dictionary.TryGetValue(hash, out index) ||
+                m_tuple.Count <= index)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            return m_tuple[index];
+        }
+
+        public bool Exists(string hash)
+        {
+            return m_dictionary.ContainsKey(hash);
+        }
+
+        public int FindIndex(string val)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            int result = m_tuple.FindIndex(item => item.AsString() == val);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public bool Exists(Variable indexVar, bool notEmpty = false)
+        {
+            if (this.Type != VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (indexVar.Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                if (indexVar.Value < 0 ||
+                    indexVar.Value >= m_tuple.Count ||
+                    indexVar.Value - Math.Floor(indexVar.Value) != 0.0)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (notEmpty)
+                {
+                    return m_tuple[(int)indexVar.Value].Type != VarType.NONE;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+            return Exists(hash);
+        }
+
+        public bool AsBool()
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER && m_value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                if (String.Compare(m_string, "true", true) == 0)
+                    return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public int AsInt()
+        {
+            int result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (int)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                Int32.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public float AsFloat()
+        {
+            float result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (float)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                float.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public long AsLong()
+        {
+            long result = 0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER || Value != 0.0)
+            {
+                return (long)m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                long.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        public double AsDouble()
+        {
+            double result = 0.0;
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {// || (Value != 0.0 && Value != Double.NaN)) {
+                return m_value;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                Double.TryParse(m_string, out result);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public virtual string AsString(bool isList = true,
+                                       bool sameLine = true,
+                                       int maxCount = -1)
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                return Value.ToString();
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.STRING)
+            {
+                return m_string == null ? "" : m_string;
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.OBJECT)
+            {
+                return ObjectToString();
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.NONE || m_tuple == null)
+            {
+                return string.Empty;
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+            if (isList)
+            {
+                sb.Append(Constants.START_GROUP.ToString() +
+                         (sameLine ? "" : Environment.NewLine));
+            }
+
+            int count = maxCount < 0 ? m_tuple.Count : Math.Min(maxCount, m_tuple.Count);
+            int i = 0;
+            if (m_dictionary.Count > 0)
+            {
+                count = maxCount < 0 ? m_dictionary.Count : Math.Min(maxCount, m_dictionary.Count);
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, int> entry in m_dictionary)
+                {
+                    if (entry.Value >= 0 || entry.Value < m_tuple.Count)
+                    {
+                        string value = m_tuple[entry.Value].AsString(isList, sameLine, maxCount);
+                        sb.Append("\"" + entry.Key + "\" : " + value);
+                        if (i++ < count - 1)
+                        {
+                            sb.Append(sameLine ? ", " : Environment.NewLine);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (; i < count; i++)
+                {
+                    Variable arg = m_tuple[i];
+                    sb.Append(arg.AsString(isList, sameLine, maxCount));
+                    if (i != count - 1)
+                    {
+                        sb.Append(sameLine ? ", " : Environment.NewLine);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (count < m_tuple.Count)
+            {
+                sb.Append(" ...");
+            }
+            if (isList)
+            {
+                sb.Append(Constants.END_GROUP.ToString() +
+                         (sameLine ? "" : Environment.NewLine));
+            }
+
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        string ObjectToString()
+        {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            if (m_object != null)
+            {
+                sb.Append(m_object.ToString());
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                sb.Append((m_object != null ? (m_object.ToString() + " ") : "") + Constants.START_GROUP.ToString());
+
+                List<string> allProps = GetAllProperties();
+                foreach (string prop in allProps)
+                {
+                    if (prop == Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES)
+                    {
+                        sb.Append(prop);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Variable propValue = GetProperty(prop);
+                    string value = "";
+                    if (propValue != null && propValue != Variable.EmptyInstance)
+                    {
+                        value = propValue.AsString();
+                        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
+                        {
+                            if (propValue.Type == VarType.STRING && prop != Constants.OBJECT_TYPE)
+                            {
+                                value = "\"" + value + "\"";
+                            }
+                            value = ": " + value;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    sb.Append(prop + value + ", ");
+                }
+
+                sb.Append(Constants.END_GROUP.ToString());
+            }
+            return sb.ToString();
+        }
+
+        public void SetAsArray()
+        {
+            Type = VarType.ARRAY;
+            if (m_tuple == null)
+            {
+                m_tuple = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int Count
+        {
+            get { return Type == VarType.ARRAY ? m_tuple.Count :
+                         Type == VarType.NONE  ? 0 : 1; }
+        }
+
+        public int TotalElements()
+        {
+            return Count;
+        }
+
+        public Variable SetProperty(string propName, Variable value)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName);
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case a.b.c = ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = GetProperty(varName);
+                result = property.SetProperty(actualPropName, value);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            m_propertyMap[propName] = value;
+            Type = VarType.OBJECT;
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                result = obj.SetProperty(propName, value).Result;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(string propName, Variable value)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            propName = Constants.ConvertName(propName);
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case a.b.c = ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = await GetPropertyAsync(varName);
+                result = await property.SetPropertyAsync(actualPropName, value);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            m_propertyMap[propName] = value;
+            Type = VarType.OBJECT;
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                result = await obj.SetProperty(propName, value);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetProperty(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case x = a.b.c ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = GetProperty(varName, script);
+                result = string.IsNullOrEmpty(actualPropName) ? property :
+                               property.GetProperty(actualPropName, script);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+                {
+                    List<Variable> args = null;
+                    if (script != null && script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARG)
+                    {
+                        args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+                    }
+                    else if (script != null)
+                    {
+                        args = new List<Variable>();
+                    }
+                    result = obj.GetProperty(match, args, script).Result;
+                    if (result != null)
+                    {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (m_propertyMap.TryGetValue(propName, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetProperties());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetTypeString());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.SIZE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetSize());
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(string propName, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+
+            int ind = propName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind > 0)
+            { // The case x = a.b.c ... is dealt here recursively
+                string varName = propName.Substring(0, ind);
+                string actualPropName = propName.Substring(ind + 1);
+                Variable property = await GetPropertyAsync(varName, script);
+                result = string.IsNullOrEmpty(actualPropName) ? property :
+                               await property.GetPropertyAsync(actualPropName, script);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                var supported = obj.GetProperties();
+                string match = GetActualPropertyName(propName, obj.GetProperties());
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+                {
+                    List<Variable> args = null;
+                    if (script != null && script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARG)
+                    {
+                        args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+                    }
+                    else if (script != null)
+                    {
+                        args = new List<Variable>();
+                    }
+                    result = await obj.GetProperty(match, args, script);
+                    if (result != null)
+                    {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (m_propertyMap.TryGetValue(propName, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetProperties());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetTypeString());
+            }
+            else if (propName.Equals(Constants.SIZE, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                return new Variable(GetSize());
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        public List<Variable> GetProperties()
+        {
+            List<string> all = GetAllProperties();
+            List<Variable> allVars = new List<Variable>(all.Count);
+            foreach (string key in all)
+            {
+                allVars.Add(new Variable(key));
+            }
+
+            return allVars;
+        }
+
+        public List<string> GetAllProperties()
+        {
+            HashSet<string> allSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            foreach (string key in m_propertyMap.Keys)
+            {
+                allSet.Add(key);
+            }
+
+            if (Object is ScriptObject)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = Object as ScriptObject;
+                List<string> objProps = obj.GetProperties();
+                foreach (string key in objProps)
+                {
+                    allSet.Add(key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            List<string> all = new List<string>(allSet);
+            all.Sort();
+
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES))
+            {
+                all.Add(Constants.OBJECT_PROPERTIES);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.OBJECT_TYPE))
+            {
+                all.Insert(0, Constants.OBJECT_TYPE);
+            }
+            if (!allSet.Contains(Constants.SIZE))
+            {
+                all.Insert(0, Constants.SIZE);
+            }
+
+            return all;
+        }
+
+        public int GetSize()
+        {
+            int size = Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                  Tuple.Count :
+                  AsString().Length;
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        public virtual string GetTypeString()
+        {
+            if (Type == VarType.OBJECT && Object != null)
+            {
+                return Object.GetType().ToString();
+            }
+            return Constants.TypeToString(Type);
+        }
+
+        public Variable GetValue(int index)
+        {
+            if (index >= Count)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("There are only [" + Count +
+                                             "] but " + index + " requested.");
+
+            }
+            if (Type == VarType.ARRAY)
+            {
+                return m_tuple[index];
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public static string GetActualPropertyName(string propName, List<string> properties)
+        {
+            string match = properties.FirstOrDefault(element => element.Equals(propName,
+                                   StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(match))
+            {
+                match = "";
+            }
+            return match;
+        }
+
+        public double Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+            set { m_value = value; Type = VarType.NUMBER; }
+        }
+
+        public string String
+        {
+            get { return m_string; }
+            set { m_string = value; Type = VarType.STRING; }
+        }
+
+        public object Object
+        {
+            get { return m_object; }
+            set { m_object = value; Type = VarType.OBJECT; }
+        }
+
+        public List<Variable> Tuple
+        {
+            get { return m_tuple; }
+            set { m_tuple = value; Type = VarType.ARRAY; }
+        }
+
+        public string Action { get; set; }
+        public VarType Type { get; set; }
+        public bool IsReturn { get; set; }
+        public string ParsingToken { get; set; }
+        public int Index { get; set; }
+        public string CurrentAssign { get; set; } = "";
+
+        public static Variable EmptyInstance = new Variable();
+
+        double m_value;
+        string m_string;
+        object m_object;
+        List<Variable> m_tuple;
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_dictionary = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_propertyMap = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+    }
+
+    // A Variable supporting "dot-notation" must have an object implementing this interface.
+    public interface ScriptObject
+    {
+        // SetProperty is triggered by the following scripting call: "a.name = value;"
+        Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value);
+
+        // GetProperty is triggered by the following scripting call: "x = a.name;"
+        // If args are null, it is triggered by object.ToString() function"
+        // If args are not empty, it is triggered by a function call: "y = a.name(arg1, arg2, ...);"
+        Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null);
+
+        // Returns all of the properties that this object implements. Only these properties will be processed
+        // by SetProperty() and GetProperty() methods above.
+        List<string> GetProperties();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `propName` last assigned on line 575 could be null and is dereferenced at line 577, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable Variable.SetProperty(String,Variable)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Variable.cs
+
+### Key:
+Variable.cs|SetProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8f23c407fab7524e0704ad6f3b90d75b
+
+### Hash:
+b3b54157226e4bc8306b2fdc6fe2fd57
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1886/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1886/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de82bf061dc3ef5432eb39b801af5505fe00bf3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1886/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2043 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public async Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    Variable defVariable = new Variable(defValue);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script.OriginalLine);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1888/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1888/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3686db32278a1b14882ac61a49aac868febfd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1888/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1598 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //Interpreter.Instance.AppendOutput("Registering function [" + funcName + "] ...");
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            s_allClasses[className] = this;
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Variable SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public Variable GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            Variable value = new Variable(instance);
+
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(new Variable(defValue));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, "StringOrNumber");
+            /*if (!Double.TryParse(Item, NumberStyles.Number |
+                                 NumberStyles.AllowExponent |
+                                 NumberStyles.Float,
+                                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num)) {
+              Utils.ThrowException(script, "parseToken", Item, "parseTokenExtra");
+            }*/
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(filename);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref startName, ref m_delta);
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref tmpName, ref delta);
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Convert type to string.
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                              element.Tuple.Count :
+                              element.AsString().Length;
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1889/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1889/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd564106db3b13221715936226e438c38b1709b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1889/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2489 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 75
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string functionName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            CustomFunction custFunc = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, script) as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(functionName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            RegisterClass(obj: this, className : className);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null ||
+                          ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+                tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+                tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+                tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = RealArgs = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    RealArgs[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                }
+
+                ArgMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (ArgMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be in arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+
+        public Dictionary<string, int> ArgMap { get; private set; } = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        public string[] RealArgs { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result));
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result)); 
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1901/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1901/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..745970892f0f83f7a705455a07b489761544dde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1901/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 62
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            return new Variable(function != null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line, pathname);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(m_name);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `all` last assigned on line 2619 could be null and is dereferenced at line 2626, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable TokenCounterFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bef2fe14012af516d6c7bc5d1bd471c5
+
+### Hash:
+b0f56c2b42f5b0422f61218dea743349
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1906/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1906/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30bd7062b9e093ed462c010052f5e65ad45e4229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1906/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 98
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NullFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class InfinityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(double.PositiveInfinity);
+        }
+    }
+    class NegInfinityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(double.NegativeInfinity);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsNaNFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            return new Variable(arg.Type != Variable.VarType.NUMBER || double.IsNaN(arg.Value));
+        }
+    }   
+
+    class TypeOfFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            if (args[0].StartsWith("\""))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Constants.TypeToString(Variable.VarType.STRING).ToLower());
+            }
+            if (Utils.CanConvertToDouble(args[0], out double _))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Constants.TypeToString(Variable.VarType.NUMBER).ToLower());
+            }
+
+            var vari = GetVariable(args[0], script);
+            if (vari == null || vari.GetValue(script).Type == Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED)
+            {
+                return Variable.Undefined;
+            }
+
+            var exists = FunctionExists(args[0]);
+            if (!exists)
+            {
+                return Variable.Undefined;
+            }
+
+            bool complexVariable = args.Count > 1 &&
+                Utils.CanConvertToDouble(args[1], out double converted) && converted > 0;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0], script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = new Variable(args[0]);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type.ToLower());
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsFiniteFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double value = arg.Value;
+            if (arg.Type != Variable.VarType.NUMBER &&
+               !double.TryParse(arg.String, out value))
+            {
+                value = double.PositiveInfinity;
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(!double.IsInfinity(value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IsUndefinedFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        string m_argument;
+        string m_action;
+
+        internal IsUndefinedFunction(string arg = "", string action = "")
+        {
+            m_argument = arg;
+            m_action = action;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var variable =  ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_argument, script);
+            var varValue = variable == null ? null : variable.GetValue(script);
+            bool isUndefined = varValue == null || varValue.Type == Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED;
+
+            bool result = m_action == "===" || m_action == "==" ? isUndefined :
+                          !isUndefined;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ObjectPropsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable obj = Utils.GetItem(script, true);
+            string propName = Utils.GetItem(script, true).AsString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(',');
+
+            Variable value = Utils.GetProperties(script);
+            obj.SetProperty(propName, value, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobal(obj.ParamName, new GetVarFunction(obj), false);
+             
+            return new Variable(obj.ParamName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class VarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script);
+            Variable result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            foreach (var arg in args)
+            {
+                var ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind <= 0)
+                {
+                    if (!FunctionExists(arg))
+                    {
+                        AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(arg, new GetVarFunction(new Variable(Variable.VarType.NONE)), script);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                var varName = arg.Substring(0, ind);
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(arg.Substring(ind + 1));
+                AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+                result = assign.Assign(tempScript, varName, true);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            //var varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //char action = script.CurrentAndForward();
+
+            var args = Utils.GetTokens(script);
+            Task<Variable> result = null;
+            foreach (var arg in args)
+            {
+                var ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind <= 0)
+                {
+                    if (!FunctionExists(arg))
+                    {
+                        AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(arg, new GetVarFunction(new Variable(Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED)), script);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                var varName = arg.Substring(0, ind);
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(arg.Substring(ind + 1));
+                AssignFunction assign = new AssignFunction();
+                result = assign.AssignAsync(tempScript, varName, true);
+            }
+
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance: await result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string functionName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            CustomFunction custFunc = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, script) as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(functionName, custFunc, script);
+
+#if __ANDROID__ == false && __IOS__ == false
+            CustomCompiledFunction comp = custFunc as CustomCompiledFunction;
+            if (comp != null)
+            {
+                return new Variable(comp.Precompiler.CSharpCode);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args, script);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Namespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(obj.Namespace))
+            {
+                className = obj.Namespace + "." + className;
+            }
+
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+                for (int i = 0; i < method.DefaultArgsCount && i < args.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    m_constructors[args.Length - i - 1] = method;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            string currNamespace = ParserFunction.GetCurrentNamespace;
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currNamespace))
+            {
+                bool namespacePresent = name.Contains(".");
+                if (!namespacePresent)
+                {
+                    name = currNamespace + "." + name;
+                }
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public string Namespace { get; private set; }
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSetLower = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(Constants.PROP_TO_STRING.ToLower(),
+                     out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(null, null, this); 
+                return result.ToString();
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                m_propSetLower.Add(name.ToLower());
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out Variable value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSetLower.Contains(name.ToLower());
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out CustomFunction customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NameExistsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            varName = Constants.ConvertName(varName);
+
+            bool result = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script) != null;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args).Result;
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClassAsync = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClassAsync != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClassAsync.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out _);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out _);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class NamespaceFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string namespaceName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            //Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+            Variable result = null;
+
+            ParserFunction.AddNamespace(namespaceName);
+            try
+            {
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+                string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                         Constants.END_GROUP);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+                Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+                string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = script.GetTempScript(body);
+                tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+                tempScript.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+                Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+                if (debugger != null)
+                {
+                    result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+                }
+
+                while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                      (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+                {
+                    result = tempScript.Execute();
+                    tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                ParserFunction.PopNamespace();
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args, ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = RealArgs = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf('=');
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    RealArgs[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+
+                    Variable defVariable = Utils.GetVariableFromString(defValue, script);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = RealArgs[i].ToLower();
+                }
+
+                ArgMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            if (args == null)
+            {
+                args = new List<Variable>();
+            }
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (ArgMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be in arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            m_stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = m_args.Length; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                m_stackLevel.Variables[args[i].ParamName] = arg;
+            }
+
+            if (NamespaceData  != null)
+            {
+                var vars = NamespaceData.Variables;
+                string prefix = NamespaceData.Name + ".";
+                foreach (KeyValuePair<string, ParserFunction> elem in vars)
+                {
+                    string key = elem.Key.StartsWith(prefix, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?
+                        elem.Key.Substring(prefix.Length) : elem.Key;
+                    m_stackLevel.Variables[key] = elem.Value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(m_stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            Utils.ExtractParameterNames(args, m_name, script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (script != null && debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = Utils.GetTempScript(m_body, m_stackLevel, m_name, script,
+                                                           m_parentScript, m_parentOffset, instance);
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables(m_stackLevel.Id);
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName,
+             Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null, Variable arg3 = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+            if (arg3 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg3);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public override ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            var newInstance = (CustomFunction)this.MemberwiseClone();
+            newInstance.m_stackLevel = null;
+            return newInstance;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public StackLevel NamespaceData { get; set; }
+
+        public int DefaultArgsCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return m_defaultArgs.Count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+        protected StackLevel m_stackLevel;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+
+        public Dictionary<string, int> ArgMap { get; private set; } = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        public string[] RealArgs { get; private set; }
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item, script);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class UndefinedFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.UNDEFINED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+            string format = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            string result = arg.AsString(format);
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.Execute(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteAsync(Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ConstantsFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DoWhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessDoWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessDoWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SwitchStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessSwitch(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessSwitch(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CaseStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessCase(script, Name);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessCase(script, Name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return Execute(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            return await ExecuteAsync(filename, script);
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Execute(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = tempScript.Execute();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> ExecuteAsync(string filename, ParsingScript parentScript = null)
+        {
+            if (parentScript == null)
+            {
+                parentScript = new ParsingScript("");
+            }
+            ParsingScript tempScript = parentScript.GetIncludeFileScript(filename);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (parentScript.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await parentScript.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.StillValid())
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+                script.Forward();
+
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return EvaluateFunction(propValue, script, m_propName);
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices, script);
+                if (script.Prev == '.')
+                {
+                    script.Backward();
+                }
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script); 
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName, script);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp, script);
+                return await EvaluateFunctionAsync(propValue, script, m_propName);
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable EvaluateFunction(Variable var, ParsingScript script, string m_propName)
+        {
+            if (var.CustomFunctionGet != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.Prev == '(' ? script.GetFunctionArgs() : new List<Variable>();
+                if (var.StackVariables != null)
+                {
+                    args.AddRange(var.StackVariables);
+                }
+                return var.CustomFunctionGet.Run(args, script);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(var.CustomGet))
+            {
+                return ParsingScript.RunString(var.CustomGet); 
+            }
+            return var;
+        }
+
+        public static async Task<Variable> EvaluateFunctionAsync(Variable var, ParsingScript script, string m_propName)
+        {
+            if (var.CustomFunctionGet != null)
+            {
+                List<Variable> args = script.Prev == '(' ? await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync() : new List<Variable>();
+                if (var.StackVariables != null)
+                {
+                    args.AddRange(var.StackVariables);
+                }
+                return await var.CustomFunctionGet.RunAsync(args, script);
+            }
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(var.CustomGet))
+            {
+                return ParsingScript.RunString(var.CustomGet);
+            }
+            return var;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(Name, script);
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(func, m_name, script);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue), script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left), script);
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Assign(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public Variable Assign(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null && script.ClassInstance == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (pf.GetValue(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await AssignAsync(script, m_name);
+        }
+
+        public async Task<Variable> AssignAsync(ParsingScript script, string varName, bool localIfPossible = false)
+        {
+            m_name = Constants.GetRealName(varName);
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            script.MoveBackIfPrevious(Constants.END_ARG);
+            varValue.TrySetAsMap();
+
+            if (script.Current == ' ' || script.Prev == ' ')
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg("Can't process expression [" + script.Rest + "].",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                if (script.CurrentClass == null)
+                {
+                    ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(result), script, localIfPossible);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue), script, localIfPossible);
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetVariable(m_name, script);
+            array = pf != null ? (await pf.GetValueAsync(script)) : new Variable();
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array), script, localIfPossible);
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf('.');
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckForValidName(varName, script);
+
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            if (ParserFunction.TryAddToNamespace(prop, name, varValue))
+            {
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetVariable(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, script, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar), script);
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetVariable(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func, script);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices, script);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            if (script.StackLevel != null)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalVariable(new GetVarFunction(currentValue), varName);
+            }
+            else if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                Utils.ThrowErrorMsg(m_name + " function can't be defined inside of a class.",
+                                    script, m_name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+                ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                     new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName, script);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue, script);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue), script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.Execute();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.Execute();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name, script);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ResetVariablesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            ParserFunction.CleanUpVariables();
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1930/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1930/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ee5b047a79235eda389b20b09d8100730beaa5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1930/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1616 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            //Interpreter.Instance.AppendOutput("Registering function [" + funcName + "] ...");
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            m_name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+                        
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public Variable SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            public Variable GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = customFunction.Run(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                               Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            m_name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(new Variable(defValue));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                {
+                    args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Name + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+                Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE &&
+                Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE)
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, "StringOrNumber");
+            /*if (!Double.TryParse(Item, NumberStyles.Number |
+                                 NumberStyles.AllowExponent |
+                                 NumberStyles.Float,
+                                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out num)) {
+              Utils.ThrowException(script, "parseToken", Item, "parseTokenExtra");
+            }*/
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(filename);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref startName, ref m_delta);
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                Variable propValue = m_value.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this trick in case the below statement throws
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                m_name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref tmpName, ref delta);
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref m_name);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Convert type to string.
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, ref varName);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.Type == Variable.VarType.ARRAY ?
+                              element.Tuple.Count :
+                              element.AsString().Length;
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-1939/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-1939/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d79165fb1a42522159400297a72478561409c85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-1939/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2322 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cscs
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace SplitAndMerge
+{
+    class BreakStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.BREAK);
+        }
+    }
+    class ContinueStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(Variable.VarType.CONTINUE);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ReturnStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.SPACE);
+            if (!script.FromPrev(Constants.RETURN.Length).Contains(Constants.RETURN))
+            {
+                script.Backward();
+            }
+            Variable result = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // If we are in Return, we are done:
+            script.SetDone();
+            result.IsReturn = true;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TryBlock : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTry(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessTryAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ExitFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Environment.Exit(0);
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrowFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Extract what to throw.
+            Variable arg = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // 2. Convert it to a string.
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+
+            // 3. Throw it!
+            throw new ArgumentException(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ShowFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string funcName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            ParserFunction function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(funcName, script);
+            CustomFunction custFunc = function as CustomFunction;
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(funcName, custFunc);
+
+            string body = Utils.BeautifyScript(custFunc.Body, custFunc.Header);
+            Utils.PrintScript(body, script);
+
+            return new Variable(body);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FunctionCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string funcName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            funcName = Constants.ConvertName(funcName);
+
+            string[] args = Utils.GetFunctionSignature(script);
+            if (args.Length == 1 && string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[0]))
+            {
+                args = new string[0];
+            }
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            int parentOffset = script.Pointer;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                parentOffset += script.CurrentClass.ParentOffset;
+            }
+
+            string body = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.END_GROUP);
+
+            CustomFunction customFunc = new CustomFunction(funcName, body, args);
+            customFunc.ParentScript = script;
+            customFunc.ParentOffset = parentOffset;
+
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddMethod(funcName, args, customFunc);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.RegisterFunction(funcName, customFunc, false /* not native */);
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CSCSClass : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public CSCSClass() {}
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+        }
+
+        public CSCSClass(string className, string[] baseClasses)
+        {
+            Name = className;
+            RegisterClass(className, this);
+
+            foreach (string baseClass in baseClasses)
+            {
+                var bc = CSCSClass.GetClass(baseClass);
+                if (bc == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Base Class [" + baseClass + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    m_classProperties[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+                foreach (var entry in bc.m_customFunctions)
+                {
+                    m_customFunctions[entry.Key] = entry.Value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void RegisterClass(string className, CSCSClass obj)
+        {
+            obj.Name = className;
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            s_allClasses[className] = obj;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            // TODO: Work in progress, currently not functional
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+
+        public void AddMethod(string name, string[] args, CustomFunction method)
+        {
+            if (name == m_name)
+            {
+                m_constructors[args.Length] = method;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                m_customFunctions[name] = method;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void AddProperty(string name, Variable property)
+        {
+            m_classProperties[name] = property;
+        }
+
+        public static CSCSClass GetClass(string name)
+        {
+            CSCSClass theClass = null;
+            s_allClasses.TryGetValue(name, out theClass);
+            return theClass;
+        }
+
+        static Dictionary<string, CSCSClass> s_allClasses =
+            new Dictionary<string, CSCSClass>();
+
+        Dictionary<int, CustomFunction> m_constructors =
+            new Dictionary<int, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, CustomFunction> m_customFunctions =
+            new Dictionary<string, CustomFunction>();
+        Dictionary<string, Variable> m_classProperties =
+            new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript = null;
+        public int ParentOffset = 0;
+
+        public class ClassInstance : ScriptObject
+        {
+            public ClassInstance(string instanceName, string className, List<Variable> args,
+                                 ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                InstanceName = instanceName;
+                m_cscsClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className);
+                if (m_cscsClass == null)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Class [" + className + "] not found.");
+                }
+
+                // Copy over all the properties defined for this class.
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    SetProperty(entry.Key, entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                // Run "constructor" if any is defined for this number of args.
+                CustomFunction constructor = null;
+                if (m_cscsClass.m_constructors.TryGetValue(args.Count, out constructor))
+                {
+                    constructor.Run(args, script, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public string InstanceName { get; set; }
+            CSCSClass m_cscsClass;
+
+            Dictionary<string, Variable> m_properties = new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+            HashSet<string> m_propSet = new HashSet<string>();
+
+            public override string ToString()
+            {
+                return m_cscsClass.Name + "." + InstanceName;
+            }
+
+            public Task<Variable> SetProperty(string name, Variable value)
+            {
+                m_properties[name] = value;
+                m_propSet.Add(name);
+                return Task.FromResult( Variable.EmptyInstance );
+            }
+
+            public async Task<Variable> GetProperty(string name, List<Variable> args = null, ParsingScript script = null)
+            {
+                Variable value = null;
+                if (m_properties.TryGetValue(name, out value))
+                {
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                if (args == null)
+                {
+                    return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var entry in m_cscsClass.m_classProperties)
+                {
+                    args.Add(entry.Value);
+                }
+
+                Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args, script, this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            public List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> GetPropList()
+            {
+                List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> props = new List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>>();
+                foreach (var entry in m_properties)
+                {
+                    props.Add(new KeyValuePair<string, Variable>(entry.Key, entry.Value));
+                }
+                return props;
+            }
+
+            public List<string> GetProperties()
+            {
+                List<string> props = new List<string>(m_properties.Keys);
+                props.AddRange(m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.Keys);
+
+                return props;
+            }
+            public bool PropertyExists(string name)
+            {
+                return m_propSet.Contains(name);
+            }
+
+            public bool FunctionExists(string name)
+            {
+                CustomFunction customFunction = null;
+                if (!m_cscsClass.m_customFunctions.TryGetValue(name, out customFunction))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class EnumFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<string> properties = Utils.ExtractTokens(script);
+
+            if (properties.Count == 1 && properties[0].Contains("."))
+            {
+                return UseExistingEnum(properties[0]);
+            }
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < properties.Count; i++)
+            {
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(properties[i], new Variable(i));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable UseExistingEnum(string enumName)
+        {
+            Type enumType = GetEnumType(enumName);
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            var names = Enum.GetNames(enumType);
+
+            Variable enumVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ENUM);
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.Length; i++)
+            {
+                var numValue = Enum.Parse(enumType, names[i], true);
+                enumVar.SetEnumProperty(names[i], new Variable((int)numValue));
+            }
+
+            return enumVar;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetEnumType(string enumName)
+        {
+            string[] tokens = enumName.Split('.');
+
+            Type enumType = null;
+            int index = 0;
+            string typeName = "";
+            while(enumType == null && index < tokens.Length)
+            {
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(typeName))
+                {
+                    typeName += ".";
+                }
+                typeName += tokens[index];
+                enumType = GetType(typeName);
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = index; i < tokens.Length && enumType != null; i++)
+            {
+                enumType = enumType.GetNestedType(tokens[i]);
+            }
+
+            if (enumType == null || !enumType.IsEnum)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            return enumType;
+        }
+
+        public static Type GetType(string typeName)
+        {
+            var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
+            foreach (var assembly in assemblies)
+            {
+                var type = assembly.GetType(typeName, false, true);
+                if (type != null)
+                {
+                    return type;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class NewObjectFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            CompiledClass csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClass;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = csClass.GetImplementation(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_ARG);
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            CompiledClassAsync csClass = CSCSClass.GetClass(className) as CompiledClassAsync;
+            if (csClass != null)
+            {
+                ScriptObject obj = await csClass.GetImplementationAsync(args);
+                return new Variable(obj);
+            }
+
+            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = new
+                CSCSClass.ClassInstance(script.CurrentAssign, className, args, script);
+
+            return new Variable(instance);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ClassCreator : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            string className = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            className = Constants.ConvertName(className);
+            string[] baseClasses = Utils.GetBaseClasses(script);
+            CSCSClass newClass = new CSCSClass(className, baseClasses);
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.START_GROUP, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            newClass.ParentOffset = script.Pointer;
+            newClass.ParentScript = script;
+            int lineNumber = 0;
+            /*string line = */script.GetOriginalLine(out lineNumber);
+
+            string scriptExpr = Utils.GetBodyBetween(script, Constants.START_GROUP,
+                                                     Constants.END_GROUP);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            string body = Utils.ConvertToScript(scriptExpr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+            //tempScript.ScriptOffset = newClass.ParentOffset;
+            tempScript.Char2Line = script.Char2Line;
+            tempScript.Filename = script.Filename;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = script.OriginalScript;
+            tempScript.CurrentClass = newClass;
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.DisableBreakpoints = true;
+
+            // Uncomment if want to step into the class creation code when the debugger is attached (unlikely)
+            /*Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }*/
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class CustomFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        internal CustomFunction(string funcName,
+                                string body, string[] args)
+        {
+            Name = funcName;
+            m_body = body;
+            m_args = args;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                string arg = args[i];
+                int ind = arg.IndexOf("=");
+                if (ind > 0)
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.Substring(0, ind).Trim().ToLower();
+                    string defValue = ind >= arg.Length - 1 ? "" : arg.Substring(ind + 1).Trim();
+                    if (defValue.StartsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(1);
+                    }
+                    if (defValue.EndsWith("\""))
+                    {
+                        defValue = defValue.Substring(0, defValue.Length - 1);
+                    }
+                    Variable defVariable = new Variable(defValue);
+                    defVariable.CurrentAssign = m_args[i];
+                    defVariable.Index = i;
+                    m_defArgMap[i] = m_defaultArgs.Count;
+                    m_defaultArgs.Add(defVariable);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    m_args[i] = arg.ToLower();
+                }
+                m_argMap[m_args[i]] = i;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void RegisterArguments(List<Variable> args,
+                                      List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = null)
+        {
+            int missingArgs = m_args.Length - args.Count;
+
+            bool namedParameters = false;
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = args[i];
+                int argIndex = -1;
+                if (m_argMap.TryGetValue(arg.CurrentAssign, out argIndex))
+                {
+                    namedParameters = true;
+                    if (i != argIndex)
+                    {
+                        args[i] = argIndex < args.Count ? args[argIndex] : args[i];
+                        while (argIndex > args.Count - 1)
+                        {
+                            args.Add(Variable.EmptyInstance);
+                        }
+                        args[argIndex] = arg;
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (namedParameters)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("All arguments in function [" + m_name +
+                     "] must be arg=value form.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (missingArgs > 0 && missingArgs <= m_defaultArgs.Count)
+            {
+                if (!namedParameters)
+                {
+                    for (int i = m_defaultArgs.Count - missingArgs; i < m_defaultArgs.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        args.Add(m_defaultArgs[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < args.Count; i++)
+                    {
+                        if (args[i].Type == Variable.VarType.NONE ||
+                           (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(args[i].CurrentAssign) &&
+                            args[i].CurrentAssign != m_args[i]))
+                        {
+                            int defIndex = -1;
+                            if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                            {
+                                throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                                 "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                            }
+                            args[i] = m_defaultArgs[defIndex];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = args.Count; i < m_args.Length; i++)
+            {
+                int defIndex = -1;
+                if (!m_defArgMap.TryGetValue(i, out defIndex))
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No argument [" + m_args[i] +
+                     "] given for function [" + m_name + "].");
+                }
+                args.Add(m_defaultArgs[defIndex]);
+            }
+            StackLevel stackLevel = new StackLevel(m_name);
+
+            if (args2 != null)
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in args2)
+                {
+                    var arg = new GetVarFunction(entry.Value);
+                    arg.Name = entry.Key;
+                    stackLevel.Variables[entry.Key] = arg;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int maxSize = Math.Min(args.Count, m_args.Length);
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxSize; i++)
+            {
+                var arg = new GetVarFunction(args[i]);
+                arg.Name = m_args[i];
+                stackLevel.Variables[m_args[i]] = arg;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalVariables(stackLevel);
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = Run(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = Constants.FUNCT_WITH_SPACE.Contains(m_name) ?
+                // Special case of extracting args.
+                Utils.GetFunctionArgsAsStrings(script) :
+                await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+
+            if (args.Count + m_defaultArgs.Count < m_args.Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("Function [" + m_name + "] arguments mismatch: " +
+                                    m_args.Length + " declared, " + args.Count + " supplied");
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await RunAsync(args, script);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public Variable Run(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+        public async Task<Variable> RunAsync(List<Variable> args, ParsingScript script = null,
+                            CSCSClass.ClassInstance instance = null)
+        {
+            List<KeyValuePair<string, Variable>> args2 = instance == null ? null : instance.GetPropList();
+            // 1. Add passed arguments as local variables to the Parser.
+            RegisterArguments(args, args2);
+
+            // 2. Execute the body of the function.
+            Variable result = null;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(m_body);
+            tempScript.ScriptOffset = m_parentOffset;
+            if (m_parentScript != null)
+            {
+                tempScript.Char2Line = m_parentScript.Char2Line;
+                tempScript.Filename = m_parentScript.Filename;
+                tempScript.OriginalScript = m_parentScript.OriginalScript;
+            }
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script == null ? false : script.InTryBlock;
+            tempScript.ClassInstance = instance;
+
+            Debugger debugger = script != null && script.Debugger != null ? script.Debugger : Debugger.MainInstance;
+            if (debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await debugger.StepInFunctionIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < m_body.Length - 1 &&
+                  (result == null || !result.IsReturn))
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.PopLocalVariables();
+
+            if (result == null)
+            {
+                result = Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result.IsReturn = false;
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Task<Variable> Run(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = customFunction.Run(args);
+            return Task.FromResult( result );
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> RunAsync(string functionName, Variable arg1 = null, Variable arg2 = null)
+        {
+            CustomFunction customFunction = ParserFunction.GetFunction(functionName, null) as CustomFunction;
+
+            if (customFunction == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            List<Variable> args = new List<Variable>();
+            if (arg1 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg1);
+            }
+            if (arg2 != null)
+            {
+                args.Add(arg2);
+            }
+
+            Variable result = await customFunction.RunAsync(args);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ParsingScript ParentScript { set { m_parentScript = value; } }
+        public int ParentOffset { set { m_parentOffset = value; } }
+        public string Body { get { return m_body; } }
+
+        public int ArgumentCount { get { return m_args.Length; } }
+        public string Argument(int nIndex) { return m_args[nIndex]; }
+
+        public string Header
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Constants.FUNCTION + " " + Constants.GetRealName(Name) + " " +
+                       Constants.START_ARG + string.Join(", ", m_args) +
+                       Constants.END_ARG + " " + Constants.START_GROUP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        protected string m_body;
+        protected string[] m_args;
+        protected ParsingScript m_parentScript = null;
+        protected int m_parentOffset = 0;
+
+        List<Variable> m_defaultArgs = new List<Variable>();
+        Dictionary<string, int> m_argMap = new Dictionary<string, int>();
+        Dictionary<int, int> m_defArgMap = new Dictionary<int, int>();
+    }
+
+    class StringOrNumberFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if the passed expression is a string between quotes.
+            if (Item.Length > 1 &&
+              ((Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE  && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE) ||
+               (Item[0] == Constants.QUOTE1 && Item[Item.Length - 1] == Constants.QUOTE1)))
+            {
+                return new Variable(Item.Substring(1, Item.Length - 2));
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise this should be a number.
+            double num = Utils.ConvertToDouble(Item, script);
+            return new Variable(num);
+        }
+
+        public string Item { private get; set; }
+    }
+
+    class AddFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            Variable item = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, -1);
+
+            currentValue.AddVariable(item, index);
+            if (!currentValue.ParsingToken.Contains(Constants.START_ARRAY.ToString()))
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(currentValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                        new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+            string varName = args[0].AsString();
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = args[1];
+
+            bool removed = currentValue.Tuple.Remove(item);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(removed);
+        }
+    }
+    class RemoveAtFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Utils.CheckArray(currentValue, varName);
+
+            // 3. Get the variable to remove.
+            Variable item = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNonNegativeInt(item);
+
+            currentValue.Tuple.RemoveAt(item.AsInt());
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ContainsFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newVarName) => { varName = newVarName; } );
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+
+            // 2b. Special dealings with arrays:
+            Variable query = arrayIndices.Count > 0 ?
+                             Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices) :
+                             currentValue;
+
+            // 3. Get the value to be looked for.
+            Variable searchValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            // 4. Check if the value to search for exists.
+            bool exists = query.Exists(searchValue, true /* notEmpty */);
+
+            script.MoveBackIf(Constants.START_GROUP);
+            return new Variable(exists);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class FindIndexFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable var = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string val = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            int index = var.FindIndex(val);
+
+            return new Variable(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        bool m_value;
+        public BoolFunction(bool init)
+        {
+            m_value = init;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return new Variable(m_value);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDoubleFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToDouble(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToIntFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            int result = Utils.ConvertToInt(arg.AsString());
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToBoolFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            double result = Utils.ConvertToBool(arg.AsString()) ? 1 : 0;
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToDecimalFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = Decimal.Parse(arg.AsString(), NumberStyles.Any).ToString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class ToStringFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+            Variable arg = args[0];
+
+            string result = arg.AsString();
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+    class IdentityFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return script.ExecuteTo(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await script.ExecuteToAsync(Constants.END_ARG);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IfStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIf(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable result = await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessIfAsync(script);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ForStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessFor(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessForAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WhileStatement : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhile(script);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            return await Interpreter.Instance.ProcessWhileAsync(script);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class IncludeFile : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript).Result;
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            string includeScript;
+            ParsingScript tempScript = GetIncludeFileScript(script, args, out includeScript);
+
+            Variable result = null;
+            if (script.Debugger != null)
+            {
+                result = await script.Debugger.StepInIncludeIfNeeded(tempScript);
+            }
+
+            while (tempScript.Pointer < includeScript.Length)
+            {
+                result = await tempScript.ExecuteToAsync();
+                tempScript.GoToNextStatement();
+            }
+            return result == null ? Variable.EmptyInstance : result;
+        }
+
+        ParsingScript GetIncludeFileScript(ParsingScript script, List<Variable> args, out string includeScript)
+        {
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            string filename = args[0].AsString();
+            string pathname = script.GetFilePath(filename);
+            string[] lines = Utils.GetFileLines(pathname);
+
+            string includeFile = string.Join(Environment.NewLine, lines);
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            includeScript = Utils.ConvertToScript(includeFile, out char2Line);
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(includeScript, 0, char2Line);
+            tempScript.Filename = pathname;
+            tempScript.OriginalScript = string.Join(Constants.END_LINE.ToString(), lines);
+            tempScript.ParentScript = script;
+            tempScript.InTryBlock = script.InTryBlock;
+
+            return tempScript;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Get a value of a variable or of an array element
+    public class GetVarFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public GetVarFunction(Variable value)
+        {
+            m_value = value;
+        }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; } );
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = result.GetProperty(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                                     m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                                     m_value.GetProperty(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // First check if this element is part of an array:
+            if (script.TryPrev() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                // There is an index given - it must be for an element of the tuple.
+                if (m_value.Tuple == null || m_value.Tuple.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException("No tuple exists for the index");
+                }
+
+                if (m_arrayIndices == null)
+                {
+                    string startName = script.Substr(script.Pointer - 1);
+                    m_arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, startName, m_delta, (newStart, newDelta) => { startName = newStart; m_delta = newDelta; });
+                }
+
+                script.Forward(m_delta);
+                while (script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY))
+                {
+                }
+
+                Variable result = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(m_value, m_arrayIndices);
+                if (script.TryCurrent() != '.')
+                {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                script.Forward();
+                m_propName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.NEXT_OR_END_ARRAY);
+                Variable propValue = await result.GetPropertyAsync(m_propName, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, m_propName);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Now check that this is an object:
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_propName))
+            {
+                string temp = m_propName;
+                m_propName = null; // Need this to reset for recursive calls
+
+                Variable propValue = m_value.Type == Variable.VarType.ENUM ?
+                         m_value.GetEnumProperty(temp, script) :
+                         await m_value.GetPropertyAsync(temp, script);
+                Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, temp);
+                return propValue;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise just return the stored value.
+            return m_value;
+        }
+
+        public int Delta
+        {
+            set { m_delta = value; }
+        }
+        public Variable Value
+        {
+            get { return m_value; }
+        }
+        public List<Variable> Indices
+        {
+            set { m_arrayIndices = value; }
+        }
+        public string PropertyName
+        {
+            set { m_propName = value; }
+        }
+
+        Variable m_value;
+        int m_delta = 0;
+        List<Variable> m_arrayIndices = null;
+        string m_propName;
+    }
+    class IncrementDecrementFunction : ActionFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool prefix = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(m_name);
+            if (prefix)
+            {// If it is a prefix we do not have the variable name yet.
+                Name = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.TOKEN_SEPARATION);
+            }
+
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            int valueDelta = m_action == Constants.INCREMENT ? 1 : -1;
+            int returnDelta = prefix ? valueDelta : 0;
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b],
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            double newValue = 0;
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0 || script.TryCurrent() == Constants.START_ARRAY)
+            {
+                if (prefix)
+                {
+                    string tmpName = m_name + script.Rest;
+                    int delta = 0;
+                    arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, tmpName, delta, (string t, int d) => { tmpName = t; delta = d; });
+                    script.Forward(Math.Max(0, delta - tmpName.Length));
+                }
+
+                Variable element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+
+                newValue = element.Value + returnDelta;
+                element.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+            else
+            { // A normal variable.
+                newValue = currentValue.Value + returnDelta;
+                currentValue.Value += valueDelta;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            return new Variable(newValue);
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new IncrementDecrementFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OperatorAssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // Value to be added to the variable:
+            Variable right = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(m_name, func);
+
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            currentValue = currentValue.DeepClone();
+            Variable left = currentValue;
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                left = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            if (left.Type == Variable.VarType.NUMBER)
+            {
+                NumberOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                StringOperator(left, right, m_action);
+            }
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                AssignFunction.ExtendArray(currentValue, arrayIndices, 0, left);
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name,
+                                                         new GetVarFunction(left));
+            }
+            return left;
+        }
+
+        static void NumberOperator(Variable valueA,
+                                   Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    valueA.Value += valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "-=":
+                    valueA.Value -= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "*=":
+                    valueA.Value *= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "/=":
+                    valueA.Value /= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "%=":
+                    valueA.Value %= valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "&=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value & (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "|=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value | (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+                case "^=":
+                    valueA.Value = (int)valueA.Value ^ (int)valueB.Value;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        static void StringOperator(Variable valueA,
+          Variable valueB, string action)
+        {
+            switch (action)
+            {
+                case "+=":
+                    if (valueB.Type == Variable.VarType.STRING)
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.AsString();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        valueA.String += valueB.Value;
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new OperatorAssignFunction();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AssignFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = ProcessObject(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = pf.GetValue(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            script.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+            Variable varValue = await Utils.GetItemAsync(script);
+
+            // First try processing as an object (with a dot notation):
+            Variable result = await ProcessObjectAsync(script, varValue);
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            // Check if the variable to be set has the form of x[a][b]...,
+            // meaning that this is an array element.
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = await Utils.GetArrayIndicesAsync(script, m_name, (string name) => { m_name = name; });
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count == 0)
+            {
+                ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(varValue));
+                Variable retVar = varValue.DeepClone();
+                retVar.CurrentAssign = m_name;
+                return retVar;
+                //return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            Variable array;
+
+            ParserFunction pf = ParserFunction.GetFunction(m_name, script);
+            if (pf != null)
+            {
+                array = await pf.GetValueAsync(script);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                array = new Variable();
+            }
+
+            ExtendArray(array, arrayIndices, 0, varValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(m_name, new GetVarFunction(array));
+            return array;
+        }
+
+        Variable ProcessObject(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                varValue = script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue).Result;
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? existing.GetValue(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            baseValue.SetProperty(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+        async Task<Variable> ProcessObjectAsync(ParsingScript script, Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (script.CurrentClass != null)
+            {
+                script.CurrentClass.AddProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+            string varName = m_name;
+            if (script.ClassInstance != null)
+            {
+                //varName = script.ClassInstance.InstanceName + "." + m_name;
+                await script.ClassInstance.SetProperty(m_name, varValue);
+                return varValue.DeepClone();
+            }
+
+            int ind = varName.IndexOf(".");
+            if (ind <= 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+            string name = varName.Substring(0, ind);
+            string prop = varName.Substring(ind + 1);
+
+            ParserFunction existing = ParserFunction.GetFunction(name, script);
+            Variable baseValue = existing != null ? await existing.GetValueAsync(script) : new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+            await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(prop, varValue, name);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            //ParserFunction.AddGlobal(name, new GetVarFunction(baseValue), false);
+
+            return varValue.DeepClone();
+        }
+
+
+        override public ParserFunction NewInstance()
+        {
+            return new AssignFunction();
+        }
+
+        public static void ExtendArray(Variable parent,
+                         List<Variable> arrayIndices,
+                         int indexPtr,
+                         Variable varValue)
+        {
+            if (arrayIndices.Count <= indexPtr)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable index = arrayIndices[indexPtr];
+            int currIndex = ExtendArrayHelper(parent, index);
+
+            if (arrayIndices.Count - 1 == indexPtr)
+            {
+                parent.Tuple[currIndex] = varValue;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Variable son = parent.Tuple[currIndex];
+            ExtendArray(son, arrayIndices, indexPtr + 1, varValue);
+        }
+
+        private static int ExtendArrayHelper(Variable parent, Variable indexVar)
+        {
+            parent.SetAsArray();
+
+            int arrayIndex = parent.GetArrayIndex(indexVar);
+            if (arrayIndex < 0)
+            {
+                // This is not a "normal index" but a new string for the dictionary.
+                string hash = indexVar.AsString();
+                arrayIndex = parent.SetHashVariable(hash, Variable.NewEmpty());
+                return arrayIndex;
+            }
+
+            if (parent.Tuple.Count <= arrayIndex)
+            {
+                for (int i = parent.Tuple.Count; i <= arrayIndex; i++)
+                {
+                    parent.Tuple.Add(Variable.NewEmpty());
+                }
+            }
+            return arrayIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DeepCopyFunction : ActionFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varValue = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            return varValue.DeepClone(); ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TokenizeLinesFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable allTokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+#pragma warning disable 219
+                // bugbug - the toAdd has side effects
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+#pragma warning restore 219
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                Variable tokensVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+                foreach (string token in tokens)
+                {
+                    tokensVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(token));
+                }
+                allTokensVar.Tuple.Add(tokensVar);
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(allTokensVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class AddVariablesToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable lines = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            int fromLine = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+            string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            string sepStr = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 4, "\t");
+            if (sepStr == "\\t")
+            {
+                sepStr = "\t";
+            }
+            char[] sep = sepStr.ToCharArray();
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            for (int counter = fromLine; counter < lines.Tuple.Count; counter++)
+            {
+                Variable lineVar = lines.Tuple[counter];
+                Variable toAdd = new Variable(counter - fromLine);
+                string line = lineVar.AsString();
+                var tokens = line.Split(sep);
+                string hash = tokens[0];
+                mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                              new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class AddVariableToHashFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable toAdd = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+            string hash = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+
+            var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = function != null ? function.GetValue(script) :
+                                        new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash, toAdd);
+            for (int i = 3; i < args.Count; i++)
+            {
+                string hash2 = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hash2) &&
+                    !hash2.Equals(hash, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    mapVar.AddVariableToHash(hash2, toAdd);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+    class TokenCounterFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable all = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            int index = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2);
+
+            // var function = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Variable mapVar = new Variable(Variable.VarType.ARRAY);
+
+            if (all.Tuple == null)
+            {
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            string currentValue = "";
+            int currentCount = 0;
+
+            int globalCount = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < all.Tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = all.Tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count < index)
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+                string newValue = current.Tuple[index].AsString();
+                if (currentValue != newValue)
+                {
+                    currentValue = newValue;
+                    currentCount = 0;
+                }
+                mapVar.Tuple.Add(new Variable(currentCount));
+                currentCount++;
+                globalCount++;
+            }
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(varName,
+                                                new GetVarFunction(mapVar));
+            // Script - Need to enable the warnings
+#pragma warning restore 219
+            return mapVar;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TypeFunction : ParserFunction, IStringFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            bool complexVariable = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1, 0) == 1;
+            Variable element = null;
+            if (complexVariable)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetVariable(args[0].AsString(), script, false);
+            }
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                element = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            }
+
+            string type = element.GetTypeString();
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(type);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SizeFunction : ParserFunction, INumericFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            // 1. Get the name of the variable.
+            string varName = Utils.GetToken(script, Constants.END_ARG_ARRAY);
+            Utils.CheckNotEnd(script, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> arrayIndices = Utils.GetArrayIndices(script, varName, (newName) => { varName = newName; } );
+
+            // 2. Get the current value of the variable.
+            ParserFunction func = ParserFunction.GetFunction(varName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, func);
+            Variable currentValue = func.GetValue(script);
+            Variable element = currentValue;
+
+            // 2b. Special case for an array.
+            if (arrayIndices.Count > 0)
+            {// array element
+                element = Utils.ExtractArrayElement(currentValue, arrayIndices);
+                script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARRAY);
+            }
+
+            // 3. Take either the length of the underlying tuple or
+            // string part if it is defined,
+            // or the numerical part converted to a string otherwise.
+            int size = element.GetSize();
+
+            script.MoveForwardIf(Constants.END_ARG, Constants.SPACE);
+
+            Variable newValue = new Variable(size);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class DefineLocalFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string varName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+            Variable currentValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            if (currentValue == null)
+            {
+                currentValue = new Variable("");
+            }
+
+            string scopeName = Path.GetFileName(script.Filename);
+            ParserFunction.AddLocalScopeVariable(varName, scopeName,
+                                                 new GetVarFunction(currentValue));
+
+            return currentValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertiesFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            List<Variable> props = baseValue.GetProperties();
+            return new Variable(props);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(propName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, propName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static Variable GetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = baseValue.GetProperty(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> GetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, "GetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+
+            Variable propValue = await baseValue.GetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(propValue, sPropertyName);
+
+            return new Variable(propValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SetPropertyFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        protected override async Task<Variable> EvaluateAsync(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 3, m_name, true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            string propName = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 1);
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 2);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(propName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public static Variable SetProperty(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = baseValue.SetProperty(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+        public static async Task<Variable> SetPropertyAsync(ParsingScript script, string sPropertyName)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = await script.GetFunctionArgsAsync();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, "SetProperty", true);
+
+            Variable baseValue = args[0];
+            Variable propValue = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 1);
+
+            Variable result = await baseValue.SetPropertyAsync(sPropertyName, propValue);
+
+            ParserFunction.AddGlobalOrLocalVariable(baseValue.ParsingToken,
+                                                    new GetVarFunction(baseValue));
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CancelFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        public static bool Canceled { get; set; }
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 0, m_name, true);
+
+            bool mode = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 0, 1) == 1;
+            Canceled = mode;
+
+            return new Variable(Canceled);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class ScheduleRunFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer> m_timers =
+           new Dictionary<string, System.Timers.Timer>();
+
+        bool m_startTimer;
+
+        public ScheduleRunFunction(bool startTimer)
+        {
+            m_startTimer = startTimer;
+        }
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+
+            if (!m_startTimer)
+            {
+                Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+                string cancelTimerId = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 0);
+                System.Timers.Timer cancelTimer;
+                if (m_timers.TryGetValue(cancelTimerId, out cancelTimer))
+                {
+                    cancelTimer.Stop();
+                    cancelTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(cancelTimerId);
+                }
+                return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+            }
+
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+            int timeout      = args[0].AsInt();
+            string strAction = args[1].AsString();
+            string arg       = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 2);
+            string timerId   = Utils.GetSafeString(args, 3);
+            bool autoReset   = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 4, 0) != 0;
+
+            arg              = Utils.ProtectQuotes(arg);
+            timerId          = Utils.ProtectQuotes(timerId);
+
+            System.Timers.Timer pauseTimer = new System.Timers.Timer(timeout);
+            pauseTimer.Elapsed += (sender, e) =>
+            {
+                if (!autoReset)
+                {
+                    pauseTimer.Stop();
+                    pauseTimer.Dispose();
+                    m_timers.Remove(timerId);
+                }
+                string body = string.Format("{0}({1},{2});", strAction,
+                              "\"" + arg + "\"", "\"" + timerId + "\"");
+
+                ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(body);
+                tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+            };
+            pauseTimer.AutoReset = autoReset;
+            m_timers[timerId] = pauseTimer;
+
+            pauseTimer.Start();
+
+            return Variable.EmptyInstance;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class SingletonFunction : ParserFunction
+    {
+        static Dictionary<string, Variable> m_singletons =
+           new Dictionary<string, Variable>();
+
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 1, m_name);
+
+            string expr = args[0].AsString();
+            Dictionary<int, int> char2Line;
+            expr = Utils.ConvertToScript(expr, out char2Line);
+
+            Variable result;
+            if (m_singletons.TryGetValue(expr, out result))
+            {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ParsingScript tempScript = new ParsingScript(expr);
+            result = tempScript.ExecuteTo();
+
+            m_singletons[expr] = result;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetColumnFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            List<Variable> args = script.GetFunctionArgs();
+            Utils.CheckArgs(args.Count, 2, m_name);
+
+            Variable arrayVar = Utils.GetSafeVariable(args, 0);
+            int col = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 1);
+            int fromCol = Utils.GetSafeInt(args, 2, 0);
+
+            var tuple = arrayVar.Tuple;
+
+            List<Variable> result = new List<Variable>(tuple.Count);
+            for (int i = fromCol; i < tuple.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable current = tuple[i];
+                if (current.Tuple == null || current.Tuple.Count <= col)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentException(m_name + ": Index [" + col + "] doesn't exist in column " +
+                                                i + "/" + (tuple.Count - 1));
+                }
+                result.Add(current.Tuple[col]);
+            }
+
+            return new Variable(result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class GetAllKeysFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            Variable varName = Utils.GetItem(script);
+            Utils.CheckNotNull(varName, m_name);
+
+            List<Variable> results = varName.GetAllKeys();
+
+            return new Variable(results);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class CheckLoaderMainFunction : ParserFunction, IArrayFunction
+    {
+        protected override Variable Evaluate(ParsingScript script)
+        {
+            bool isMain = !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(script.MainFilename) &&
+                           script.MainFilename == script.Filename;
+
+            return new Variable(isMain);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `currentValue` last assigned on line 1412 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1416, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Variable AddFunction.Evaluate(ParsingScript)
+
+### File:
+cscs/Functions.Flow.cs
+
+### Key:
+Functions.Flow.cs|Evaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+722f645c76bfb99c288630c5b05ba5dc
+
+### Hash:
+e0a75025508ed3930f8cabca0f7a1d83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2003/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2003/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63001f7f6300fa221d0462ab64f9ac5373a2a8ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2003/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cosmonaut
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Cosmonaut.Extensions;
+using Microsoft.Azure.Documents;
+using Microsoft.Azure.Documents.Client;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Cosmonaut.Tests
+{
+    public class ServiceCollectionTests
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void AddCosmosStoreRegistersStore()
+        {
+            // Assign
+            var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();
+            var mockDocumentClient = new Mock<IDocumentClient>();
+            var mockDatabase = new Mock<Database>();
+            var mockCollection = new Mock<DocumentCollection>();
+            var mockOffer = new Mock<Offer>();
+            mockDatabase.Setup(x => x.Id).Returns("databaseName");
+            mockCollection.Setup(x => x.Id).Returns("dummies");
+
+            mockDocumentClient.Setup(x => x.AuthKey).Returns(new SecureString());
+            mockDocumentClient.Setup(x => x.ServiceEndpoint).Returns(new Uri("http://test.com"));
+            mockDocumentClient.Setup(x => x.ReadDatabaseAsync(It.IsAny<string>(), null))
+                .ReturnsAsync(new ResourceResponse<Database>(mockDatabase.Object));
+            mockDocumentClient.Setup(x => x.ReadDocumentCollectionAsync(It.IsAny<string>(), null))
+                .ReturnsAsync(new ResourceResponse<DocumentCollection>(mockCollection.Object));
+            mockDocumentClient.Setup(x => x.CreateDatabaseQuery(null))
+                .Returns(new EnumerableQuery<Database>(new List<Database>(){mockDatabase.Object}));
+            mockDocumentClient.Setup(x => x.CreateDocumentCollectionQuery(It.IsAny<string>(), null))
+                .Returns(new EnumerableQuery<DocumentCollection>(new List<DocumentCollection>() {new DocumentCollection(){Id = "dummies" } }));
+            mockDocumentClient.Setup(x => x.CreateOfferQuery(null)).Returns(
+                new EnumerableQuery<OfferV2>(new List<OfferV2>()
+                {
+                    new OfferV2(mockOffer.Object, 400)
+                }));
+
+            //Act
+            serviceCollection.AddCosmosStore<Dummy>(mockDocumentClient.Object, "databaseName");
+            var provider = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();
+
+            //Assert
+            var cosmosStore = provider.GetService<ICosmosStore<Dummy>>();
+            Assert.NotNull(cosmosStore);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Security.SecureString::.ctor() at Line 29) of type System.Security.SecureString in method "Void ServiceCollectionTests.AddCosmosStoreRegistersStore()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ServiceCollectionTests.AddCosmosStoreRegistersStore()
+
+### File:
+Cosmonaut.Tests/ServiceCollectionTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ServiceCollectionTests.cs|AddCosmosStoreRegistersStore|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+86da0d9270fd87c979109fa86f275ea6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2004/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2004/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e74bdd6e7afc0a8ad9ae24f75cb96f91c2cc42b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2004/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Cosmonaut
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Azure.Documents;
+using Microsoft.Azure.Documents.ChangeFeedProcessor;
+using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Host.Bindings;
+using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Host.Listeners;
+using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Host.Protocols;
+using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Host.Triggers;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace Cosmonaut.WebJobs.Extensions.Trigger
+{
+    internal class CosmosStoreTriggerBinding<T> : ITriggerBinding where T : class
+    {
+        private readonly ParameterInfo _parameter;
+        private readonly ILogger _logger;
+        private readonly IDocumentClient _monitoredDocumentClient;
+        private readonly IDocumentClient _leaseDocumentClient;
+        private readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object> _emptyBindingData = new Dictionary<string, object>();
+
+        public CosmosStoreTriggerBinding(ParameterInfo parameter, DocumentCollectionInfo documentCollectionLocation, DocumentCollectionInfo leaseCollectionLocation, IDocumentClient monitoredDocumentClient, IDocumentClient leaseDocumentClient, ChangeFeedProcessorOptions processorOptions, ILogger logger)
+        {
+            DocumentCollectionLocation = documentCollectionLocation;
+            LeaseCollectionLocation = leaseCollectionLocation;
+            _monitoredDocumentClient = monitoredDocumentClient;
+            _leaseDocumentClient = leaseDocumentClient;
+            _parameter = parameter;
+            ChangeFeedProcessorOptions = processorOptions;
+            _logger = logger;
+        }
+
+        public Type TriggerValueType => typeof(IReadOnlyList<T>);
+
+        internal DocumentCollectionInfo DocumentCollectionLocation { get; }
+
+        internal DocumentCollectionInfo LeaseCollectionLocation { get; }
+
+        internal ChangeFeedProcessorOptions ChangeFeedProcessorOptions { get; }
+
+        public IReadOnlyDictionary<string, Type> BindingDataContract { get; } = new Dictionary<string, Type>();
+
+        public Task<ITriggerData> BindAsync(object value, ValueBindingContext context)
+        {
+            return Task.FromResult<ITriggerData>(new TriggerData(null, _emptyBindingData));
+        }
+
+        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Reliability", "CA2000:Dispose objects before losing scope")]
+        public Task<IListener> CreateListenerAsync(ListenerFactoryContext context)
+        {
+            if (context == null)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context), "Missing listener context");
+            }
+
+            return Task.FromResult<IListener>(new CosmosStoreTriggerListener<T>(context.Executor, DocumentCollectionLocation, LeaseCollectionLocation, ChangeFeedProcessorOptions, _monitoredDocumentClient, _leaseDocumentClient, _logger));
+        }
+
+        public ParameterDescriptor ToParameterDescriptor()
+        {
+            return new CosmosStoreTriggerParameterDescriptor
+            {
+                Name = _parameter.Name,
+                Type = CosmosStoreTriggerConstants.TriggerName,
+                CollectionName = DocumentCollectionLocation.CollectionName
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Cosmonaut.WebJobs.Extensions.Trigger.CosmosStoreTriggerListener`1<T>::.ctor() at Line 57) of type Cosmonaut.WebJobs.Extensions.Trigger.CosmosStoreTriggerListener`1<T> in method "Task`1<!0> CosmosStoreTriggerBinding`1<T>.CreateListenerAsync(ListenerFactoryContext)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task`1<!0> CosmosStoreTriggerBinding`1<T>.CreateListenerAsync(ListenerFactoryContext)
+
+### File:
+src/Cosmonaut.WebJobs.Extensions/Trigger/CosmosStoreTriggerBinding.cs
+
+### Key:
+CosmosStoreTriggerBinding.cs|CreateListenerAsync|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c8d84e45b0f559706d6f4620dc72f27a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2032/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2032/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f94467fa77ebf24bdaf032cf6b362619e4425e65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2032/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FluentFTP
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.FtpClient;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.IO.Compression;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Tests {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Torture test
+    /// </summary>
+    class Program {
+		static readonly string m_host = "ftptest";
+        static readonly string m_user = "ftptest";
+        static readonly string m_pass = "ftptest";
+
+        static void Main(string[] args) {
+            FtpTrace.FlushOnWrite = true;
+            FtpTrace.AddListener(new ConsoleTraceListener());
+
+            try {
+				/*foreach (int i in new int[] {
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.EPSV,
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.EPRT,
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.PASV,
+                     (int)FtpDataConnectionType.PORT
+                 }) {
+                    using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                        cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(m_user, m_pass);
+                        cl.Host = m_host;
+                        cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.None;
+                        cl.ValidateCertificate += new FtpSslValidation(cl_ValidateCertificate);
+                        cl.DataConnectionType = (FtpDataConnectionType)i;
+                        //cl.Encoding = System.Text.Encoding.Default;
+                        cl.Connect();
+                        Upload(cl);
+                        Download(cl);
+                        Delete(cl);
+                    }
+                }*/
+
+				//TestServer();
+
+				//TestManualEncoding();
+
+                //TestServer();
+
+                //TestDisposeWithMultipleThreads();
+
+                //TestMODCOMP_PWD_Parser();
+                //TestDispose();
+                //TestHash();
+
+                //TestNameListing();
+                //TestOpenVMSParser();
+                // TestIISParser();
+                //GetMicrosoftFTPListing();
+                //TestReset();
+                //TestUTF8();
+
+                //TestDirectoryWithDots();
+
+                //TestUnixListParser();
+
+                // TestFileZillaKick();
+
+                //TestUnixList();
+                //TestNetBSDServer();
+
+                // TestConnectionFailure();
+
+                //TestGetObjectInfo();
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex) {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
+            }
+
+            Console.WriteLine("--DONE--");
+            Console.ReadKey();
+        }
+
+        static void TestGetObjectInfo() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                FtpListItem item;
+
+                cl.Host = "ftptest";
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Encoding = Encoding.Default;
+
+                item = cl.GetObjectInfo("/Examples/OpenRead.cs");
+                Console.WriteLine(item.ToString());
+            }
+        }
+
+		static void TestManualEncoding() {
+			using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+				cl.Host = "ftptest";
+				cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+				cl.Encoding = Encoding.Default;
+
+                using (Stream s = cl.OpenWrite("test.txt")) {
+                    s.Close();
+                }
+			}
+		}
+
+        static void TestServer() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+				cl.Host = "ftptest";
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+				cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.Explicit;
+				cl.ValidateCertificate += (control, e) => {
+					e.Accept = true;
+				};
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem i in cl.GetListing("/")) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(i.FullName);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestServerDownload(FtpClient client, string path) {
+            foreach (FtpListItem i in client.GetListing(path)) {
+                switch (i.Type) {
+                    case FtpFileSystemObjectType.Directory:
+                        TestServerDownload(client, i.FullName);
+                        break;
+                    case FtpFileSystemObjectType.File:
+                        using (Stream s = client.OpenRead(i.FullName)) {
+                            byte[] b = new byte[8192];
+                            int read = 0;
+                            long total = 0;
+
+                            try {
+                                while ((read = s.Read(b, 0, b.Length)) > 0) {
+                                    total += read;
+
+                                    Console.Write("\r{0}/{1} {2:p}          ",
+                                        total, s.Length, (double)total / (double)s.Length);
+                                }
+
+                                Console.Write("\r{0}/{1} {2:p}       ",
+                                        total, s.Length, (double)total / (double)s.Length);
+                            }
+                            finally {
+                                Console.WriteLine();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void cl_ValidateCertificate(FtpClient control, FtpSslValidationEventArgs e) {
+            e.Accept = true;
+        }
+
+        static void TestDisposeWithMultipleThreads() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Host = "ftp.netbsd.org";
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftp", "ftp");
+
+                Thread t1 = new Thread(() => {
+                    cl.GetListing();
+                });
+
+                Thread t2 = new Thread(() => {
+                    cl.Dispose();
+                });
+
+                t1.Start();
+                Thread.Sleep(500);
+                t2.Start();
+
+                t1.Join();
+                t2.Join();
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestConnectionFailure() {
+            try {
+                using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                    cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftp", "ftp");
+                    cl.Host = "somefakehost";
+                    cl.ConnectTimeout = 5000;
+                    cl.Connect();
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                Console.WriteLine("Caught connection faillure: {0}", e.Message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestNetBSDServer() {
+            using (FtpClient client = new FtpClient()) {
+                client.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftp", "ftp");
+                client.Host = "ftp.netbsd.org";
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in client.GetListing(null,
+                    FtpListOption.ForceList | FtpListOption.Modify | FtpListOption.DerefLinks)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item);
+
+                    if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Link && item.LinkObject != null)
+                        Console.WriteLine(item.LinkObject);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestUnixList() {
+            using (FtpClient client = new FtpClient()) {
+                client.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                client.Host = "ftptest";
+                foreach (FtpListItem i in client.GetListing(null, FtpListOption.ForceList | FtpListOption.Recursive)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(i.FullName);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestFileZillaKick() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.EnableThreadSafeDataConnections = false;
+
+                if (cl.FileExists("TestFile.txt"))
+                    cl.DeleteFile("TestFile.txt");
+
+                try {
+                    Stream s = cl.OpenWrite("TestFile.txt");
+                    for (int i = 0; true; i++) {
+                        s.WriteByte((byte)i);
+                        Thread.Sleep(100);
+                    }
+
+                    //s.Close();
+                }
+                catch (FtpCommandException ex) {
+                    Console.WriteLine("Exception caught!");
+                    Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestUnixListParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "drwxr-xr-x   7  user1 user1       512 Sep 27  2011 .",
+                "drwxr-xr-x  31 user1  user1      1024 Sep 27  2011 ..",
+                "lrwxrwxrwx   1 user1  user1      9 Sep 27  2011 data.0000 -> data.6460",
+                "drwxr-xr-x  10 user1  user1      512 Jun 29  2012 data.6460",
+                "lrwxrwxrwx   1 user1 user1       8 Sep 27  2011 sys.0000 -> sys.6460",
+                "drwxr-xr-x 133 user1  user1     4096 Jun 25 16:26 sys.6460"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("/", s, FtpCapability.NONE);
+
+                if (item != null)
+                    Console.WriteLine(item);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestDirectoryWithDots() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+                // FTP server set to timeout after 5 seconds.
+                //Thread.Sleep(6000);
+
+                cl.GetListing("Test.Directory", FtpListOption.ForceList);
+                cl.SetWorkingDirectory("Test.Directory");
+                cl.GetListing(null, FtpListOption.ForceList);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestDispose() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+                // FTP server set to timeout after 5 seconds.
+                //Thread.Sleep(6000);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing()) {
+
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestHash() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                Console.WriteLine("Supported HASH algorithms: {0}", cl.HashAlgorithms);
+                Console.WriteLine("Current HASH algorithm: {0}", cl.GetHashAlgorithm());
+
+                foreach (FtpHashAlgorithm alg in Enum.GetValues(typeof(FtpHashAlgorithm))) {
+                    if (alg != FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE && cl.HashAlgorithms.HasFlag(alg)) {
+                        FtpHash hash = null;
+
+                        cl.SetHashAlgorithm(alg);
+                        hash = cl.GetHash("LICENSE.TXT");
+
+                        if (hash.IsValid) {
+                            Debug.Assert(hash.Verify(@"C:\FTPTEST\LICENSE.TXT"), "The computed hash didn't match or the hash object was invalid!");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestReset() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                using (Stream istream = cl.OpenRead("LICENSE.TXT", 10)) {
+                    istream.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void GetMicrosoftFTPListing() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftp", "ftp");
+                cl.Host = "ftp.microsoft.com";
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                Console.WriteLine(cl.Capabilities);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(null, FtpListOption.Modify)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestIISParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "03-07-13  10:02AM                  901 File01.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:03AM                  921 File02.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:04AM                  904 File03.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:04AM                  912 File04.xml",
+                "03-08-13  11:10AM                  912 File05.xml",
+                "03-15-13  02:38PM                  912 File06.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:16AM                  909 File07.xml",
+                "03-07-13  10:16AM                  899 File08.xml",
+                "03-08-13  10:22AM                  904 File09.xml",
+                "03-25-13  07:27AM                  895 File10.xml",
+                "03-08-13  10:22AM                 6199 File11.txt",
+                "03-25-13  07:22AM                31444 File12.txt",
+                "03-25-13  07:24AM                24537 File13.txt"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("/", s, 0);
+
+                if (item != null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                    //Console.WriteLine(item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestOpenVMSParser() {
+            string[] sample = new string[] {
+                "411_4114.TXT;1             11  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CC_NAME_4114.TXT;1    30  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CC_NUM_4114.TXT;1     30  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CELL_NAME_4114.TXT;1 113  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "ACT_CELL_NUM_4114.TXT;1  113  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "AGCY_BUDG_4114.TXT;1      63  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "CELL_SUMM_4114.TXT;1     125  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "CELL_SUMM_CHART_4114.PDF;2 95  21-MAR-2012 10:58 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114.TXT;1          17472  21-MAR-2012 15:17 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_000.TXT;1        777  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_001.TXT;1        254  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_003.TXT;1         21  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_006.TXT;1         22  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_101.TXT;1        431  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_121.TXT;1       2459  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_124.TXT;1       4610  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "DET_4114_200.TXT;1        936  21-MAR-2012 15:18 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)",
+                "TEL_4114.TXT;1           1178  21-MAR-2012 15:19 [TBMS,TBMS_BOSS] (RWED,RWED,,RE)"
+            };
+
+            foreach (string s in sample) {
+                FtpListItem item = FtpListItem.Parse("disk$user520:[4114.2012.Jan]", s, 0);
+
+                if (item != null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                    //Console.WriteLine(item);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestMODCOMP_PWD_Parser() {
+            string response = "PWD = ~TNA=AMP,VNA=VOL03,FNA=U-ED-B2-USL";
+            Match m;
+
+            if ((m = Regex.Match(response, "PWD = (?<pwd>.*)")).Success)
+                Console.WriteLine("PWD: {0}", m.Groups["pwd"].Value);
+        }
+
+        static void TestNameListing() {
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(m_user, m_pass);
+                cl.Host = "127.0.0.1";
+                cl.ValidateCertificate += OnValidateCertificate;
+                cl.DataConnectionType = FtpDataConnectionType.PASV;
+                //cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.Explicit;
+                //cl.SocketPollInterval = 5000;
+                cl.Connect();
+
+                //Console.WriteLine("Sleeping for 10 seconds to force timeout.");
+                //Thread.Sleep(10000);
+
+                foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(null, FtpListOption.SizeModify | FtpListOption.ForceNameList)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified.Kind);
+                    Console.WriteLine(item.Modified);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static FtpClient Connect() {
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+            FtpClient cl = new FtpClient();
+
+            cl.ValidateCertificate += OnValidateCertificate;
+            //cl.EncryptionMode = FtpEncryptionMode.Explicit;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+                int count = i;
+
+                Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                    cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential(m_user, m_pass);
+                    cl.Host = m_host;
+                    cl.Connect();
+
+                    for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++)
+                        cl.Execute("NOOP");
+
+                    if (count % 2 == 0)
+                        cl.Disconnect();
+                }));
+
+                t.Start();
+                threads.Add(t);
+            }
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+                threads.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+
+            return cl;
+        }
+
+        static void OnValidateCertificate(FtpClient control, FtpSslValidationEventArgs e) {
+            e.Accept = true;
+        }
+
+        static void Upload(FtpClient cl) {
+            string root = @"..\..\..";
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+
+            foreach (string s in Directory.GetFiles(root, "*", SearchOption.AllDirectories)) {
+                string file = s;
+
+                if (file.Contains(@"\.git"))
+                    continue;
+
+                Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                    DoUpload(cl, root, file);
+                }));
+
+                t.Start();
+                threads.Add(t);
+            }
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+                threads.RemoveAt(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void DoUpload(FtpClient cl, string root, string s) {
+            FtpDataType type = FtpDataType.Binary;
+            string path = Path.GetDirectoryName(s).Replace(root, "");
+            string name = Path.GetFileName(s);
+
+            if (Path.GetExtension(s).ToLower() == ".cs" || Path.GetExtension(s).ToLower() == ".txt")
+                type = FtpDataType.ASCII;
+
+            if (!cl.DirectoryExists(path))
+                cl.CreateDirectory(path, true);
+            else if (cl.FileExists(string.Format("{0}/{1}", path, name)))
+                cl.DeleteFile(string.Format("{0}/{1}", path, name));
+
+            using (
+                Stream istream = new FileStream(s, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read),
+                        ostream = cl.OpenWrite(s.Replace(root, ""), type)) {
+                byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+                int read = 0;
+
+                try {
+                    while ((read = istream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length)) > 0) {
+                        ostream.Write(buf, 0, read);
+                    }
+                }
+                finally {
+                    ostream.Close();
+                    istream.Close();
+                }
+
+                if (cl.HashAlgorithms != FtpHashAlgorithm.NONE) {
+                    Debug.Assert(cl.GetHash(s.Replace(root, "")).Verify(s), "The computed hashes don't match!");
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*if (!cl.GetHash(s.Replace(root, "")).Verify(s))
+                throw new Exception("Hashes didn't match!");*/
+        }
+
+        static void Download(FtpClient cl) {
+            List<Thread> threads = new List<Thread>();
+
+            Download(threads, cl, "/");
+
+            while (threads.Count > 0) {
+                threads[0].Join();
+
+                lock (threads) {
+                    threads.RemoveAt(0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void Download(List<Thread> threads, FtpClient cl, string path) {
+            foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(path)) {
+                if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Directory)
+                    Download(threads, cl, item.FullName);
+                else if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.File) {
+                    string file = item.FullName;
+
+                    Thread t = new Thread(new ThreadStart(delegate() {
+                        DoDownload(cl, file);
+                    }));
+
+                    t.Start();
+
+                    lock (threads) {
+                        threads.Add(t);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void DoDownload(FtpClient cl, string file) {
+            using (Stream s = cl.OpenRead(file)) {
+                byte[] buf = new byte[8192];
+
+                try {
+                    while (s.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length) > 0) ;
+                }
+                finally {
+                    s.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void Delete(FtpClient cl) {
+            DeleteDirectory(cl, "/");
+        }
+
+        static void DeleteDirectory(FtpClient cl, string path) {
+            foreach (FtpListItem item in cl.GetListing(path)) {
+                if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.File) {
+                    cl.DeleteFile(item.FullName);
+                }
+                else if (item.Type == FtpFileSystemObjectType.Directory) {
+                    DeleteDirectory(cl, item.FullName);
+                    cl.DeleteDirectory(item.FullName);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static void TestUTF8() {
+            // the following file name was reported in the discussions as having
+            // problems:
+            // https://netftp.codeplex.com/discussions/445090
+            string filename = "Verbundmörtel Zubehör + Technische Daten DE.pdf";
+
+            using (FtpClient cl = new FtpClient()) {
+                cl.Host = "localhost";
+                cl.Credentials = new NetworkCredential("ftptest", "ftptest");
+                cl.DataConnectionType = FtpDataConnectionType.PASV;
+                cl.InternetProtocolVersions = FtpIpVersion.ANY;
+
+                using (Stream ostream = cl.OpenWrite(filename)) {
+                    StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter(filename);
+                    writer.WriteLine(filename);
+                    writer.Close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener::.ctor() at Line 25) of type System.Diagnostics.ConsoleTraceListener in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+Tests/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a39082a026e7b8146e74698bb9056daa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2050/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2050/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a455eec31f2372b26f8796506ea7e9a2c7d1b116
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2050/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webview-cs
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting.Server.Features;
+
+namespace Webview.WebHost
+{
+    public static class WebHostExtensions
+    {
+        public static void RunWebview(this IWebHost host, WebviewBuilder builder)
+        {
+            CancellationTokenSource cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            host.StartAsync(cts.Token);
+            var features = host.ServerFeatures.Get<IServerAddressesFeature>();
+            string address = features.Addresses.FirstOrDefault();
+            IContent content = Content.FromUri(new Uri(address));
+            builder.WithContent(content).Build().Run();
+            cts.Cancel();
+        }
+
+        public static void RunWebview(this IWebHost host, string Title = "", Size size = default(Size))
+        {
+            RunWebview(host, new WebviewBuilder().WithTitle(Title).WithSize(size));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class WebHostBuilderExtensions
+    {
+        public static IWebHostBuilder ConfigureForWebview(this IWebHostBuilder builder)
+        {
+            return builder.ConfigureLogging((ILoggingBuilder logBuilder) => { logBuilder.ClearProviders(); })
+                .UseUrls("http://127.0.0.1:0");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource cts of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource, Leaked resource (returned from Webview.Webview Webview.WebviewBuilder::Build() at Line 20) of type Webview.Webview in method "Void WebHostExtensions.RunWebview(IWebHost,WebviewBuilder)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WebHostExtensions.RunWebview(IWebHost,WebviewBuilder)
+
+### File:
+src/Webview.WebHost/WebHostExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+WebHostExtensions.cs|RunWebview|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2b498b75771749aef559e0d7012a5d88
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2051/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2051/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7e6a7c6f9159d5bf40c878ad1ac83c9078195c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2051/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webview-cs
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Drawing;
+
+using Webview;
+
+namespace Eval
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            var html = @"<html><body><h1>Eval</h1><div id='content'></div></body></html>";
+            var webview = new WebviewBuilder("Eval", Content.FromHtml(html))
+                .WithSize(new Size(1024, 768))
+                .Debug()
+                .Build();
+
+            TimeSpan duration = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(1000);
+            DateTime timeout = DateTime.Now;
+
+            int tick = 0;
+            while (webview.Loop() == 0)
+            {
+                if (DateTime.Now > timeout)
+                {
+                    timeout = DateTime.Now + duration;
+                    webview.Eval(@"document.getElementById('content').textContent = 'Time:" + DateTime.Now.ToString() + "'");
+                }
+
+                webview.Title = $"Eval - tick:{tick++.ToString()}";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource webview of type Webview.Webview in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+examples/Eval/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8547cddc1ca80fcace8637903e3c3584
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2058/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2058/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..889463997ca8196129d6cb039633796bcba2ac8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2058/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,951 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** C-Sharp-Algorithms
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+using DataStructures.Common;
+
+namespace DataStructures.Trees
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The binary search tree node.
+    /// </summary>
+
+    public class BSTNode<T> : IComparable<BSTNode<T>> where T : IComparable<T>
+    {
+        private T _value;
+        private BSTNode<T> _parent;
+        private BSTNode<T> _left;
+        private BSTNode<T> _right;
+
+        public BSTNode() : this(default(T), 0, null, null, null) { }
+        public BSTNode(T value) : this(value, 0, null, null, null) { }
+        public BSTNode(T value, int subTreeSize, BSTNode<T> parent, BSTNode<T> left, BSTNode<T> right)
+        {
+            Value = value;
+            Parent = parent;
+            LeftChild = left;
+            RightChild = right;
+        }
+
+        public virtual T Value
+        {
+            get { return this._value; }
+            set { this._value = value; }
+        }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> Parent
+        {
+            get { return this._parent; }
+            set { this._parent = value; }
+        }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> LeftChild
+        {
+            get { return this._left; }
+            set { this._left = value; }
+        }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> RightChild
+        {
+            get { return this._right; }
+            set { this._right = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node has any children.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool HasChildren
+        {
+            get { return (this.ChildrenCount > 0); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node has left child.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool HasLeftChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.LeftChild != null); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node has right child.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool HasRightChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.RightChild != null); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node is the left child of it's parent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool IsLeftChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.Parent != null && this.Parent.LeftChild == this); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node is the left child of it's parent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool IsRightChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.Parent != null && this.Parent.RightChild == this); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node is a leaf node.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool IsLeafNode
+        {
+            get { return (this.ChildrenCount == 0); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns number of direct descendents: 0, 1, 2 (none, left or right, or both).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Number (0,1,2)</returns>
+        public virtual int ChildrenCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                int count = 0;
+
+                if (this.HasLeftChild)
+                    count++;
+                if (this.HasRightChild)
+                    count++;
+
+                return count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compares to.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual int CompareTo(BSTNode<T> other)
+        {
+            if (other == null)
+                return -1;
+
+            return this.Value.CompareTo(other.Value);
+        }
+    }//end-of-bstnode
+
+
+    /******************************************************************************/
+
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Implements a generic Binary Search Tree data structure.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Type of elements.</typeparam>
+
+    public class BinarySearchTree<T> : IBinarySearchTree<T> where T : IComparable<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the mode of travelling through the tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public enum TraversalMode
+        {
+            InOrder = 0,
+            PreOrder = 1,
+            PostOrder = 2
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// TREE INSTANCE VARIABLES
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        protected int _count { get; set; }
+        private BSTNode<T> _root { get; set; }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> Root
+        {
+            get { return this._root; }
+            set { this._root = value; }
+        }
+
+        public BinarySearchTree()
+        {
+            Root = null;
+            _count = 0;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces the node's value from it's parent node object with the newValue.
+        /// Used in the recusive _remove function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">BST node.</param>
+        /// <param name="newNode">New value.</param>
+        protected virtual void _replaceNodeInParent(BSTNode<T> node, BSTNode<T> newNode = null)
+        {
+            if (node.Parent != null)
+            {
+                if (node.IsLeftChild)
+                    node.Parent.LeftChild = newNode;
+                else
+                    node.Parent.RightChild = newNode;
+            }
+
+            if (newNode != null)
+                newNode.Parent = node.Parent;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the specified node.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">Node.</param>
+        /// <returns>>True if removed successfully; false if node wasn't found.</returns>
+        protected virtual bool _remove(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return false;
+
+            var parent = node.Parent;
+
+            if (node.ChildrenCount == 2) // if both children are present
+            {
+                var successor = node.RightChild;
+                node.Value = successor.Value;
+                return (true && _remove(successor));
+            }
+            else if (node.HasLeftChild) // if the node has only a LEFT child
+            {
+                _replaceNodeInParent(node, node.LeftChild);
+                _count--;
+
+            }
+            else if (node.HasRightChild) // if the node has only a RIGHT child
+            {
+                _replaceNodeInParent(node, node.RightChild);
+                _count--;
+            }
+            else //this node has no children
+            {
+                _replaceNodeInParent(node, null);
+                _count--;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inserts a new node to the tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Current node to insert afters.</param>
+        /// <param name="newNode">New node to be inserted.</param>
+        protected virtual void _insertNode(BSTNode<T> newNode)
+        {
+            // Handle empty trees
+            if (this.Root == null)
+            {
+                Root = newNode;
+                _count++;
+                return;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (newNode.Parent == null)
+                    newNode.Parent = this.Root;
+
+                // Go Left
+                if (newNode.Parent.Value.IsGreaterThan(newNode.Value)) // newNode < parent
+                {
+                    if (newNode.Parent.HasLeftChild == false)
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent.LeftChild = newNode;
+                        _count++;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent = newNode.Parent.LeftChild;
+                        _insertNode(newNode);
+                    }
+                }
+                // Go Right
+                else // new node > parent
+                {
+                    if (newNode.Parent.HasRightChild == false)
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent.RightChild = newNode;
+                        _count++;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent = newNode.Parent.RightChild;
+                        _insertNode(newNode);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the tree height from a specific node, recursively.
+        /// Time-complexity: O(n), where n = number of nodes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">Node</param>
+        /// <returns>Height of node's longest subtree</returns>
+        protected virtual int _getTreeHeight(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null || node.IsLeafNode == true)
+                return 0;
+
+            if (node.ChildrenCount == 2) // it has both a right child and a left child
+            {
+                return (1 + Math.Max(_getTreeHeight(node.LeftChild), _getTreeHeight(node.RightChild)));
+            }
+            else if (node.HasLeftChild)
+            {
+                return (1 + _getTreeHeight(node.LeftChild));
+            }
+            else if (node.HasRightChild)
+            {
+                return (1 + _getTreeHeight(node.RightChild));
+            }
+
+            // return-functions-fix
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds a node inside another node's subtrees, given it's value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Node to start search from.</param>
+        /// <param name="item">Search value</param>
+        /// <returns>Node if found; otherwise null</returns>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findNode(BSTNode<T> currentNode, T item)
+        {
+            if (currentNode == null)
+                return currentNode;
+
+            if (item.IsEqualTo(currentNode.Value))
+            {
+                return currentNode;
+            }
+            else if (currentNode.HasLeftChild && item.IsLessThan(currentNode.Value))
+            {
+                return _findNode(currentNode.LeftChild, item);
+            }
+            else if (currentNode.HasRightChild && item.IsGreaterThan(currentNode.Value))
+            {
+                return _findNode(currentNode.RightChild, item);
+            }
+
+            // Return-functions-fix
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the min-node in a subtree.
+        /// Used in the recusive _remove function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The minimum-valued tree node.</returns>
+        /// <param name="node">The tree node with subtree(s).</param>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findMinNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+
+            while (currentNode.HasLeftChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.LeftChild;
+
+            return currentNode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the max-node in a subtree.
+        /// Used in the recusive _remove function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The maximum-valued tree node.</returns>
+        /// <param name="node">The tree node with subtree(s).</param>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findMaxNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+
+            while (currentNode.HasRightChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.RightChild;
+
+            return currentNode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next smaller node in value compared to the specified node.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findNextSmaller(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            if (node.HasLeftChild)
+                return _findMaxNode(node.LeftChild);
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+            while (currentNode.Parent != null && currentNode.IsLeftChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.Parent;
+
+            return currentNode.Parent;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next larger node in value compared to the specified node.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findNextLarger(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            if (node.HasRightChild)
+                return _findMinNode(node.RightChild);
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+            while (currentNode.Parent != null && currentNode.IsRightChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.Parent;
+
+            return currentNode.Parent;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A recursive private method. Used in the public FindAll(predicate) functions.
+        /// Implements in-order traversal to find all the matching elements in a subtree.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Node to start searching from.</param>
+        /// <param name="match"></param>
+        protected virtual void _findAll(BSTNode<T> currentNode, Predicate<T> match, ref List<T> list)
+        {
+            if (currentNode == null)
+                return;
+
+            // call the left child
+            _findAll(currentNode.LeftChild, match, ref list);
+
+            if (match(currentNode.Value)) // match
+            {
+                list.Add(currentNode.Value);
+            }
+
+            // call the right child
+            _findAll(currentNode.RightChild, match, ref list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// In-order traversal of the subtrees of a node. Returns every node it vists.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Node to traverse the tree from.</param>
+        /// <param name="list">List to add elements to.</param>
+        protected virtual void _inOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> currentNode, ref List<T> list)
+        {
+            if (currentNode == null)
+                return;
+
+            // call the left child
+            _inOrderTraverse(currentNode.LeftChild, ref list);
+
+            // visit node
+            list.Add(currentNode.Value);
+
+            // call the right child
+            _inOrderTraverse(currentNode.RightChild, ref list);
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return the number of elements in this tree
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public virtual int Count()
+        {
+            return _count;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if tree is empty.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public virtual bool IsEmpty()
+        {
+            return (_count == 0);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the height of the tree.
+        /// Time-complexity: O(n), where n = number of nodes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Hight</returns>
+        public virtual int Height()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                return 0;
+
+            var currentNode = Root;
+            return _getTreeHeight(currentNode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inserts an element to the tree
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="item">Item to insert</param>
+        public virtual void Insert(T item)
+        {
+            var newNode = new BSTNode<T>(item);
+
+            // Insert node recursively starting from the root.
+            _insertNode(newNode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes an element from the tree
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="item">item to remove.</param>
+        public virtual void Remove(T item)
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+            bool status = _remove(node);
+
+            // If the element was found, remove it.
+            if (status == false)
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the min value from tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual void RemoveMin()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findMinNode(Root);
+            var parent = node.Parent;
+            _remove(node);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the max value from tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual void RemoveMax()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findMaxNode(Root);
+            var parent = node.Parent;
+            _remove(node);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears all elements from tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual void Clear()
+        {
+            Root = null;
+            _count = 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the minimum in tree 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Min</returns>
+        public virtual T FindMin()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            return _findMinNode(Root).Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next smaller element in tree, compared to the specified item.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual T FindNextSmaller(T item)
+        {
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+            var nextSmaller = _findNextSmaller(node);
+
+            if (nextSmaller == null)
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+
+            return nextSmaller.Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next larger element in tree, compared to the specified item.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual T FindNextLarger(T item)
+        {
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+            var nextLarger = _findNextLarger(node);
+
+            if (nextLarger == null)
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+
+            return nextLarger.Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the maximum in tree 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Max</returns>
+        public virtual T FindMax()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            return _findMaxNode(Root).Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Find the item in the tree. Throws an exception if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="item">Item to find.</param>
+        /// <returns>Item.</returns>
+        public virtual T Find(T item)
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+
+            if (node != null)
+                return node.Value;
+            else
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a predicate function, find all the elements that match it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="searchPredicate">The search predicate</param>
+        /// <returns>ArrayList<T> of elements.</returns>
+        public virtual List<T> FindAll(Predicate<T> searchPredicate)
+        {
+            var list = new List<T>();
+            _findAll(Root, searchPredicate, ref list);
+
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sort the elements in this tree, using in-order traversal, and returns them.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual List<T> Sort()
+        {
+            var list = new List<T>();
+            _inOrderTraverse(Root, ref list);
+
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array of nodes' values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The array.</returns>
+        public virtual T[] ToArray()
+        {
+            // the array version of binary search tree is the sorted arrangement of nodes.
+            return Sort().ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of the nodes' value.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual List<T> ToList()
+        {
+            // the list version of binary search tree is the sorted arrangement of nodes.
+            return Sort();
+        }
+
+
+        /*********************************************************************/
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerator that visits node in the order: parent, left child, right child
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual IEnumerator<T> GetPreOrderEnumerator()
+        {
+            return new BinarySearchTreePreOrderEnumerator(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerator that visits node in the order: left child, parent, right child
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual IEnumerator<T> GetInOrderEnumerator()
+        {
+            return new BinarySearchTreeInOrderEnumerator(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerator that visits node in the order: left child, right child, parent
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual IEnumerator<T> GetPostOrderEnumerator()
+        {
+            return new BinarySearchTreePostOrderEnumerator(this);
+        }
+
+
+        /*********************************************************************/
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an preorder-traversal enumerator for the tree values
+        /// </summary>
+        internal class BinarySearchTreePreOrderEnumerator : IEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private BSTNode<T> current;
+            private BinarySearchTree<T> tree;
+            internal Queue<BSTNode<T>> traverseQueue;
+
+            public BinarySearchTreePreOrderEnumerator(BinarySearchTree<T> tree)
+            {
+                this.tree = tree;
+
+                //Build queue
+                traverseQueue = new Queue<BSTNode<T>>();
+                visitNode(this.tree.Root);
+            }
+
+            private void visitNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+            {
+                if (node == null)
+                    return;
+                else
+                {
+                    traverseQueue.Enqueue(node);
+                    visitNode(node.LeftChild);
+                    visitNode(node.RightChild);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get { return current.Value; }
+            }
+
+            object IEnumerator.Current
+            {
+                get { return Current; }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                current = null;
+                tree = null;
+            }
+
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                current = null;
+            }
+
+            public bool MoveNext()
+            {
+                if (traverseQueue.Count > 0)
+                    current = traverseQueue.Dequeue();
+                else
+                    current = null;
+
+                return (current != null);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an inorder-traversal enumerator for the tree values
+        /// </summary>
+        internal class BinarySearchTreeInOrderEnumerator : IEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private BSTNode<T> current;
+            private BinarySearchTree<T> tree;
+            internal Queue<BSTNode<T>> traverseQueue;
+
+            public BinarySearchTreeInOrderEnumerator(BinarySearchTree<T> tree)
+            {
+                this.tree = tree;
+
+                //Build queue
+                traverseQueue = new Queue<BSTNode<T>>();
+                visitNode(this.tree.Root);
+            }
+
+            private void visitNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+            {
+                if (node == null)
+                    return;
+                else
+                {
+                    visitNode(node.LeftChild);
+                    traverseQueue.Enqueue(node);
+                    visitNode(node.RightChild);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get { return current.Value; }
+            }
+
+            object IEnumerator.Current
+            {
+                get { return Current; }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                current = null;
+                tree = null;
+            }
+
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                current = null;
+            }
+
+            public bool MoveNext()
+            {
+                if (traverseQueue.Count > 0)
+                    current = traverseQueue.Dequeue();
+                else
+                    current = null;
+
+                return (current != null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a postorder-traversal enumerator for the tree values
+        /// </summary>
+        internal class BinarySearchTreePostOrderEnumerator : IEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private BSTNode<T> current;
+            private BinarySearchTree<T> tree;
+            internal Queue<BSTNode<T>> traverseQueue;
+
+            public BinarySearchTreePostOrderEnumerator(BinarySearchTree<T> tree)
+            {
+                this.tree = tree;
+
+                //Build queue
+                traverseQueue = new Queue<BSTNode<T>>();
+                visitNode(this.tree.Root);
+            }
+
+            private void visitNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+            {
+                if (node == null)
+                    return;
+                else
+                {
+                    visitNode(node.LeftChild);
+                    visitNode(node.RightChild);
+                    traverseQueue.Enqueue(node);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get { return current.Value; }
+            }
+
+            object IEnumerator.Current
+            {
+                get { return Current; }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                current = null;
+                tree = null;
+            }
+
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                current = null;
+            }
+
+            public bool MoveNext()
+            {
+                if (traverseQueue.Count > 0)
+                    current = traverseQueue.Dequeue();
+                else
+                    current = null;
+
+                return (current != null);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }//end-of-binary-search-tree
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `node` last assigned on line 528 could be null and is dereferenced at line 529, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BinarySearchTree`1<T>.RemoveMin()
+
+### File:
+DataStructures/Trees/BinarySearchTree.cs
+
+### Key:
+BinarySearchTree.cs|RemoveMin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2ecce4273ada11ad161ca44c6f340c1e
+
+### Hash:
+bb6474f7f78987b8a61266e1960aa761
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2059/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2059/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..344b387a9b126ecc1706d9b04f54279bae472e92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2059/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,951 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** C-Sharp-Algorithms
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+using DataStructures.Common;
+
+namespace DataStructures.Trees
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The binary search tree node.
+    /// </summary>
+
+    public class BSTNode<T> : IComparable<BSTNode<T>> where T : IComparable<T>
+    {
+        private T _value;
+        private BSTNode<T> _parent;
+        private BSTNode<T> _left;
+        private BSTNode<T> _right;
+
+        public BSTNode() : this(default(T), 0, null, null, null) { }
+        public BSTNode(T value) : this(value, 0, null, null, null) { }
+        public BSTNode(T value, int subTreeSize, BSTNode<T> parent, BSTNode<T> left, BSTNode<T> right)
+        {
+            Value = value;
+            Parent = parent;
+            LeftChild = left;
+            RightChild = right;
+        }
+
+        public virtual T Value
+        {
+            get { return this._value; }
+            set { this._value = value; }
+        }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> Parent
+        {
+            get { return this._parent; }
+            set { this._parent = value; }
+        }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> LeftChild
+        {
+            get { return this._left; }
+            set { this._left = value; }
+        }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> RightChild
+        {
+            get { return this._right; }
+            set { this._right = value; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node has any children.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool HasChildren
+        {
+            get { return (this.ChildrenCount > 0); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node has left child.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool HasLeftChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.LeftChild != null); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node has right child.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool HasRightChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.RightChild != null); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node is the left child of it's parent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool IsLeftChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.Parent != null && this.Parent.LeftChild == this); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node is the left child of it's parent.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool IsRightChild
+        {
+            get { return (this.Parent != null && this.Parent.RightChild == this); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks whether this node is a leaf node.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual bool IsLeafNode
+        {
+            get { return (this.ChildrenCount == 0); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns number of direct descendents: 0, 1, 2 (none, left or right, or both).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Number (0,1,2)</returns>
+        public virtual int ChildrenCount
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                int count = 0;
+
+                if (this.HasLeftChild)
+                    count++;
+                if (this.HasRightChild)
+                    count++;
+
+                return count;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Compares to.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual int CompareTo(BSTNode<T> other)
+        {
+            if (other == null)
+                return -1;
+
+            return this.Value.CompareTo(other.Value);
+        }
+    }//end-of-bstnode
+
+
+    /******************************************************************************/
+
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Implements a generic Binary Search Tree data structure.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">Type of elements.</typeparam>
+
+    public class BinarySearchTree<T> : IBinarySearchTree<T> where T : IComparable<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Specifies the mode of travelling through the tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public enum TraversalMode
+        {
+            InOrder = 0,
+            PreOrder = 1,
+            PostOrder = 2
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// TREE INSTANCE VARIABLES
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        protected int _count { get; set; }
+        private BSTNode<T> _root { get; set; }
+
+        public virtual BSTNode<T> Root
+        {
+            get { return this._root; }
+            set { this._root = value; }
+        }
+
+        public BinarySearchTree()
+        {
+            Root = null;
+            _count = 0;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Replaces the node's value from it's parent node object with the newValue.
+        /// Used in the recusive _remove function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">BST node.</param>
+        /// <param name="newNode">New value.</param>
+        protected virtual void _replaceNodeInParent(BSTNode<T> node, BSTNode<T> newNode = null)
+        {
+            if (node.Parent != null)
+            {
+                if (node.IsLeftChild)
+                    node.Parent.LeftChild = newNode;
+                else
+                    node.Parent.RightChild = newNode;
+            }
+
+            if (newNode != null)
+                newNode.Parent = node.Parent;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove the specified node.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">Node.</param>
+        /// <returns>>True if removed successfully; false if node wasn't found.</returns>
+        protected virtual bool _remove(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return false;
+
+            var parent = node.Parent;
+
+            if (node.ChildrenCount == 2) // if both children are present
+            {
+                var successor = node.RightChild;
+                node.Value = successor.Value;
+                return (true && _remove(successor));
+            }
+            else if (node.HasLeftChild) // if the node has only a LEFT child
+            {
+                _replaceNodeInParent(node, node.LeftChild);
+                _count--;
+
+            }
+            else if (node.HasRightChild) // if the node has only a RIGHT child
+            {
+                _replaceNodeInParent(node, node.RightChild);
+                _count--;
+            }
+            else //this node has no children
+            {
+                _replaceNodeInParent(node, null);
+                _count--;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inserts a new node to the tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Current node to insert afters.</param>
+        /// <param name="newNode">New node to be inserted.</param>
+        protected virtual void _insertNode(BSTNode<T> newNode)
+        {
+            // Handle empty trees
+            if (this.Root == null)
+            {
+                Root = newNode;
+                _count++;
+                return;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (newNode.Parent == null)
+                    newNode.Parent = this.Root;
+
+                // Go Left
+                if (newNode.Parent.Value.IsGreaterThan(newNode.Value)) // newNode < parent
+                {
+                    if (newNode.Parent.HasLeftChild == false)
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent.LeftChild = newNode;
+                        _count++;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent = newNode.Parent.LeftChild;
+                        _insertNode(newNode);
+                    }
+                }
+                // Go Right
+                else // new node > parent
+                {
+                    if (newNode.Parent.HasRightChild == false)
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent.RightChild = newNode;
+                        _count++;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        newNode.Parent = newNode.Parent.RightChild;
+                        _insertNode(newNode);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the tree height from a specific node, recursively.
+        /// Time-complexity: O(n), where n = number of nodes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="node">Node</param>
+        /// <returns>Height of node's longest subtree</returns>
+        protected virtual int _getTreeHeight(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null || node.IsLeafNode == true)
+                return 0;
+
+            if (node.ChildrenCount == 2) // it has both a right child and a left child
+            {
+                return (1 + Math.Max(_getTreeHeight(node.LeftChild), _getTreeHeight(node.RightChild)));
+            }
+            else if (node.HasLeftChild)
+            {
+                return (1 + _getTreeHeight(node.LeftChild));
+            }
+            else if (node.HasRightChild)
+            {
+                return (1 + _getTreeHeight(node.RightChild));
+            }
+
+            // return-functions-fix
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds a node inside another node's subtrees, given it's value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Node to start search from.</param>
+        /// <param name="item">Search value</param>
+        /// <returns>Node if found; otherwise null</returns>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findNode(BSTNode<T> currentNode, T item)
+        {
+            if (currentNode == null)
+                return currentNode;
+
+            if (item.IsEqualTo(currentNode.Value))
+            {
+                return currentNode;
+            }
+            else if (currentNode.HasLeftChild && item.IsLessThan(currentNode.Value))
+            {
+                return _findNode(currentNode.LeftChild, item);
+            }
+            else if (currentNode.HasRightChild && item.IsGreaterThan(currentNode.Value))
+            {
+                return _findNode(currentNode.RightChild, item);
+            }
+
+            // Return-functions-fix
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the min-node in a subtree.
+        /// Used in the recusive _remove function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The minimum-valued tree node.</returns>
+        /// <param name="node">The tree node with subtree(s).</param>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findMinNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+
+            while (currentNode.HasLeftChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.LeftChild;
+
+            return currentNode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the max-node in a subtree.
+        /// Used in the recusive _remove function.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The maximum-valued tree node.</returns>
+        /// <param name="node">The tree node with subtree(s).</param>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findMaxNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+
+            while (currentNode.HasRightChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.RightChild;
+
+            return currentNode;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next smaller node in value compared to the specified node.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findNextSmaller(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            if (node.HasLeftChild)
+                return _findMaxNode(node.LeftChild);
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+            while (currentNode.Parent != null && currentNode.IsLeftChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.Parent;
+
+            return currentNode.Parent;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next larger node in value compared to the specified node.
+        /// </summary>
+        protected virtual BSTNode<T> _findNextLarger(BSTNode<T> node)
+        {
+            if (node == null)
+                return node;
+
+            if (node.HasRightChild)
+                return _findMinNode(node.RightChild);
+
+            var currentNode = node;
+            while (currentNode.Parent != null && currentNode.IsRightChild)
+                currentNode = currentNode.Parent;
+
+            return currentNode.Parent;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A recursive private method. Used in the public FindAll(predicate) functions.
+        /// Implements in-order traversal to find all the matching elements in a subtree.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Node to start searching from.</param>
+        /// <param name="match"></param>
+        protected virtual void _findAll(BSTNode<T> currentNode, Predicate<T> match, ref List<T> list)
+        {
+            if (currentNode == null)
+                return;
+
+            // call the left child
+            _findAll(currentNode.LeftChild, match, ref list);
+
+            if (match(currentNode.Value)) // match
+            {
+                list.Add(currentNode.Value);
+            }
+
+            // call the right child
+            _findAll(currentNode.RightChild, match, ref list);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// In-order traversal of the subtrees of a node. Returns every node it vists.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="currentNode">Node to traverse the tree from.</param>
+        /// <param name="list">List to add elements to.</param>
+        protected virtual void _inOrderTraverse(BSTNode<T> currentNode, ref List<T> list)
+        {
+            if (currentNode == null)
+                return;
+
+            // call the left child
+            _inOrderTraverse(currentNode.LeftChild, ref list);
+
+            // visit node
+            list.Add(currentNode.Value);
+
+            // call the right child
+            _inOrderTraverse(currentNode.RightChild, ref list);
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Return the number of elements in this tree
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public virtual int Count()
+        {
+            return _count;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if tree is empty.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public virtual bool IsEmpty()
+        {
+            return (_count == 0);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns the height of the tree.
+        /// Time-complexity: O(n), where n = number of nodes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Hight</returns>
+        public virtual int Height()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                return 0;
+
+            var currentNode = Root;
+            return _getTreeHeight(currentNode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Inserts an element to the tree
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="item">Item to insert</param>
+        public virtual void Insert(T item)
+        {
+            var newNode = new BSTNode<T>(item);
+
+            // Insert node recursively starting from the root.
+            _insertNode(newNode);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes an element from the tree
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="item">item to remove.</param>
+        public virtual void Remove(T item)
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+            bool status = _remove(node);
+
+            // If the element was found, remove it.
+            if (status == false)
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the min value from tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual void RemoveMin()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findMinNode(Root);
+            var parent = node.Parent;
+            _remove(node);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes the max value from tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual void RemoveMax()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findMaxNode(Root);
+            var parent = node.Parent;
+            _remove(node);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Clears all elements from tree.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual void Clear()
+        {
+            Root = null;
+            _count = 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the minimum in tree 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Min</returns>
+        public virtual T FindMin()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            return _findMinNode(Root).Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next smaller element in tree, compared to the specified item.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual T FindNextSmaller(T item)
+        {
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+            var nextSmaller = _findNextSmaller(node);
+
+            if (nextSmaller == null)
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+
+            return nextSmaller.Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the next larger element in tree, compared to the specified item.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual T FindNextLarger(T item)
+        {
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+            var nextLarger = _findNextLarger(node);
+
+            if (nextLarger == null)
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+
+            return nextLarger.Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Finds the maximum in tree 
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Max</returns>
+        public virtual T FindMax()
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            return _findMaxNode(Root).Value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Find the item in the tree. Throws an exception if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="item">Item to find.</param>
+        /// <returns>Item.</returns>
+        public virtual T Find(T item)
+        {
+            if (IsEmpty())
+                throw new Exception("Tree is empty.");
+
+            var node = _findNode(Root, item);
+
+            if (node != null)
+                return node.Value;
+            else
+                throw new Exception("Item was not found.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Given a predicate function, find all the elements that match it.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="searchPredicate">The search predicate</param>
+        /// <returns>ArrayList<T> of elements.</returns>
+        public virtual List<T> FindAll(Predicate<T> searchPredicate)
+        {
+            var list = new List<T>();
+            _findAll(Root, searchPredicate, ref list);
+
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sort the elements in this tree, using in-order traversal, and returns them.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual List<T> Sort()
+        {
+            var list = new List<T>();
+            _inOrderTraverse(Root, ref list);
+
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an array of nodes' values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>The array.</returns>
+        public virtual T[] ToArray()
+        {
+            // the array version of binary search tree is the sorted arrangement of nodes.
+            return Sort().ToArray();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a list of the nodes' value.
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual List<T> ToList()
+        {
+            // the list version of binary search tree is the sorted arrangement of nodes.
+            return Sort();
+        }
+
+
+        /*********************************************************************/
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerator that visits node in the order: parent, left child, right child
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual IEnumerator<T> GetPreOrderEnumerator()
+        {
+            return new BinarySearchTreePreOrderEnumerator(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerator that visits node in the order: left child, parent, right child
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual IEnumerator<T> GetInOrderEnumerator()
+        {
+            return new BinarySearchTreeInOrderEnumerator(this);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an enumerator that visits node in the order: left child, right child, parent
+        /// </summary>
+        public virtual IEnumerator<T> GetPostOrderEnumerator()
+        {
+            return new BinarySearchTreePostOrderEnumerator(this);
+        }
+
+
+        /*********************************************************************/
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an preorder-traversal enumerator for the tree values
+        /// </summary>
+        internal class BinarySearchTreePreOrderEnumerator : IEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private BSTNode<T> current;
+            private BinarySearchTree<T> tree;
+            internal Queue<BSTNode<T>> traverseQueue;
+
+            public BinarySearchTreePreOrderEnumerator(BinarySearchTree<T> tree)
+            {
+                this.tree = tree;
+
+                //Build queue
+                traverseQueue = new Queue<BSTNode<T>>();
+                visitNode(this.tree.Root);
+            }
+
+            private void visitNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+            {
+                if (node == null)
+                    return;
+                else
+                {
+                    traverseQueue.Enqueue(node);
+                    visitNode(node.LeftChild);
+                    visitNode(node.RightChild);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get { return current.Value; }
+            }
+
+            object IEnumerator.Current
+            {
+                get { return Current; }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                current = null;
+                tree = null;
+            }
+
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                current = null;
+            }
+
+            public bool MoveNext()
+            {
+                if (traverseQueue.Count > 0)
+                    current = traverseQueue.Dequeue();
+                else
+                    current = null;
+
+                return (current != null);
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns an inorder-traversal enumerator for the tree values
+        /// </summary>
+        internal class BinarySearchTreeInOrderEnumerator : IEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private BSTNode<T> current;
+            private BinarySearchTree<T> tree;
+            internal Queue<BSTNode<T>> traverseQueue;
+
+            public BinarySearchTreeInOrderEnumerator(BinarySearchTree<T> tree)
+            {
+                this.tree = tree;
+
+                //Build queue
+                traverseQueue = new Queue<BSTNode<T>>();
+                visitNode(this.tree.Root);
+            }
+
+            private void visitNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+            {
+                if (node == null)
+                    return;
+                else
+                {
+                    visitNode(node.LeftChild);
+                    traverseQueue.Enqueue(node);
+                    visitNode(node.RightChild);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get { return current.Value; }
+            }
+
+            object IEnumerator.Current
+            {
+                get { return Current; }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                current = null;
+                tree = null;
+            }
+
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                current = null;
+            }
+
+            public bool MoveNext()
+            {
+                if (traverseQueue.Count > 0)
+                    current = traverseQueue.Dequeue();
+                else
+                    current = null;
+
+                return (current != null);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Returns a postorder-traversal enumerator for the tree values
+        /// </summary>
+        internal class BinarySearchTreePostOrderEnumerator : IEnumerator<T>
+        {
+            private BSTNode<T> current;
+            private BinarySearchTree<T> tree;
+            internal Queue<BSTNode<T>> traverseQueue;
+
+            public BinarySearchTreePostOrderEnumerator(BinarySearchTree<T> tree)
+            {
+                this.tree = tree;
+
+                //Build queue
+                traverseQueue = new Queue<BSTNode<T>>();
+                visitNode(this.tree.Root);
+            }
+
+            private void visitNode(BSTNode<T> node)
+            {
+                if (node == null)
+                    return;
+                else
+                {
+                    visitNode(node.LeftChild);
+                    visitNode(node.RightChild);
+                    traverseQueue.Enqueue(node);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public T Current
+            {
+                get { return current.Value; }
+            }
+
+            object IEnumerator.Current
+            {
+                get { return Current; }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                current = null;
+                tree = null;
+            }
+
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                current = null;
+            }
+
+            public bool MoveNext()
+            {
+                if (traverseQueue.Count > 0)
+                    current = traverseQueue.Dequeue();
+                else
+                    current = null;
+
+                return (current != null);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }//end-of-binary-search-tree
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `node` last assigned on line 541 could be null and is dereferenced at line 542, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BinarySearchTree`1<T>.RemoveMax()
+
+### File:
+DataStructures/Trees/BinarySearchTree.cs
+
+### Key:
+BinarySearchTree.cs|RemoveMax|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2ecce4273ada11ad161ca44c6f340c1e
+
+### Hash:
+e75e246b3542def1cde85db205ed2b2d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2060/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2060/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd85a0a39cd02df007f998e90b328e0566970ef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2060/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NuGet.Client
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Xml;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+
+namespace NuGet.Configuration
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Concrete implementation of ISettings to support NuGet Settings
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Settings : ISettings
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Default file name for a settings file is 'NuGet.config'
+        /// Also, the machine level setting file at '%APPDATA%\NuGet' always uses this name
+        /// </summary>
+        public const string DefaultSettingsFileName = "NuGet.config";
+        private XDocument ConfigXDocument { get; set; }
+        private string ConfigFileName { get; set; }
+
+        // next config file to read if any
+        private Settings _next;
+
+        private readonly bool _isMachineWideSettings;
+
+        // The priority of this setting file
+        private int _priority;
+
+        public Settings(string root /*, ILogger logger */)
+            : this(root, DefaultSettingsFileName, false)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public Settings(string root, string fileName)
+            : this(root, fileName, false)
+        {
+        }
+
+        public Settings(string root, string fileName, bool isMachineWideSettings)
+        {
+            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(root))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("root cannot be null or empty");
+            }
+
+            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(fileName))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException(NuGet_Configuration_Resources.Argument_Cannot_Be_Null_Or_Empty, "fileName");
+            }
+
+            if(!String.Equals(fileName, Path.GetFileName(fileName), StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException(NuGet_Configuration_Resources.Settings_FileName_Cannot_Be_A_Path);
+            }
+
+            Root = root;
+            ConfigFileName = fileName;
+            XDocument config = null;
+            ExecuteSynchronized(() => config = XmlUtility.GetOrCreateDocument("configuration", ConfigFilePath));
+            ConfigXDocument = config;
+            _isMachineWideSettings = isMachineWideSettings;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Folder under which the config file is present
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Root
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Full path to the ConfigFile corresponding to this Settings object
+        /// </summary>
+        public string ConfigFilePath
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(Root, ConfigFileName));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public string GetValue(string section, string key, bool isPath = false)
+        {
+            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(section))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException(NuGet_Configuration_Resources.Argument_Cannot_Be_Null_Or_Empty, "section");
+            }
+
+            if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(key))
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException(NuGet_Configuration_Resources.Argument_Cannot_Be_Null_Or_Empty, "key");
+            }
+
+            XElement element = null;
+            string ret = null;
+
+            var curr = this;
+            while (curr != null)
+            {
+                XElement newElement = curr.GetValueInternal(section, key, element);
+                if (!object.ReferenceEquals(element, newElement))
+                {
+                    element = newElement;
+
+                    // we need to evaluate using current Settings in case value needs path transformation
+                    ret = curr.ElementToValue(element, isPath);
+                }
+                curr = curr._next;
+            }
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        public IList<SettingValue> GetSettingValues(string section)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public IList<KeyValuePair<string, string>> GetNestedValues(string section, string subSection)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public void SetValue(string section, string key, string value)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public void SetValues(string section, IList<KeyValuePair<string, string>> values)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public void SetNestedValues(string section, string subSection, IList<KeyValuePair<string, string>> values)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public bool DeleteValue(string section, string key)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        public bool DeleteSection(string section)
+        {
+            throw new NotImplementedException();
+        }
+
+        private XElement GetValueInternal(string section, string key, XElement curr)
+        {
+            // Get the section and return curr if it doesn't exist
+            var sectionElement = GetSection(ConfigXDocument.Root, section);
+            if (sectionElement == null)
+            {
+                return curr;
+            }
+
+            // Get the add element that matches the key and return curr if it doesn't exist
+            return FindElementByKey(sectionElement, key, curr);
+        }
+
+        private static XElement GetSection(XElement parentElement, string section)
+        {
+            section = XmlConvert.EncodeLocalName(section);
+            return parentElement.Element(section);
+        }
+
+        private static XElement FindElementByKey(XElement sectionElement, string key, XElement curr)
+        {
+            XElement result = curr;
+            foreach (var element in sectionElement.Elements())
+            {
+                string elementName = element.Name.LocalName;
+                if (elementName.Equals("clear", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    result = null;
+                }
+                else if (elementName.Equals("add", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) &&
+                         XmlUtility.GetOptionalAttributeValue(element, "key").Equals(key, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                {
+                    result = element;
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        private string ElementToValue(XElement element, bool isPath)
+        {
+            if (element == null)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // Return the optional value which if not there will be null;
+            string value = XmlUtility.GetOptionalAttributeValue(element, "value");
+            if (!isPath || String.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
+            {
+                return value;
+            }
+            return Path.Combine(Root, ResolvePath(Path.GetDirectoryName(ConfigFilePath), value));
+        }
+
+        private static string ResolvePath(string configDirectory, string value)
+        {
+            // Three cases for when Path.IsRooted(value) is true:
+            // 1- C:\folder\file
+            // 2- \\share\folder\file
+            // 3- \folder\file
+            // In the first two cases, we want to honor the fully qualified path
+            // In the last case, we want to return X:\folder\file with X: drive where config file is located.
+            // However, Path.Combine(path1, path2) always returns path2 when Path.IsRooted(path2) == true (which is current case)
+            var root = Path.GetPathRoot(value);
+            // this corresponds to 3rd case
+            if (root != null && root.Length == 1 && (root[0] == Path.DirectorySeparatorChar || value[0] == Path.AltDirectorySeparatorChar))
+            {
+                return Path.Combine(Path.GetPathRoot(configDirectory), value.Substring(1));
+            }
+            return Path.Combine(configDirectory, value);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Wrap all IO operations on setting files with this function to avoid file-in-use errors
+        /// </summary>
+        private void ExecuteSynchronized(Action ioOperation)
+        {
+            var configFilePath = ConfigFilePath;
+
+            // Global: ensure mutex is honored across TS sessions
+            using (var mutex = new Mutex(false, "Global\\" + EncryptionUtility.GenerateUniqueToken(configFilePath)))
+            {
+                var owner = false;
+                try
+                {
+                    // operations on NuGet.config should be very short lived
+                    owner = mutex.WaitOne(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1));
+                    // decision here is to proceed even if we were not able to get mutex ownership
+                    // and let the potential IO errors bubble up. Reasoning is that failure to get
+                    // ownership probably means faulty hardware and in this case it's better to report
+                    // back than hang
+                    ioOperation();
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    if (owner)
+                    {
+                        mutex.ReleaseMutex();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+``String XmlUtility.GetOptionalAttributeValue(XElement,String,String)`` could be null (from the call to `XmlUtility.GetOptionalAttributeValue(...)` on line 186) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+XElement Settings.FindElementByKey(XElement,String,XElement)
+
+### File:
+src/NuGet.Configuration/Settings/Settings.cs
+
+### Key:
+Settings.cs|FindElementByKey|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+349a073fa4d6d83c657b814434508900
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2061/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2061/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09630a312cc38533651ea932695968457d78ff49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2061/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pvc
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace PvcCore
+{
+    public static class PvcUtil
+    {
+        public static PvcStream StringToStream(string data, string streamName)
+        {
+            var stream = new MemoryStream();
+            var writer = new StreamWriter(stream);
+
+            writer.Write(data);
+            writer.Flush();
+
+            return new PvcStream(stream).As(streamName);
+        }
+
+        public static string StreamToTempFile(PvcStream stream)
+        {
+            // be sure to start from beginning
+            stream.Position = 0;
+
+            var tmpFileName = Path.GetTempFileName();
+            File.WriteAllText(tmpFileName, new StreamReader(stream).ReadToEnd());
+
+            return tmpFileName;
+        }
+
+        public static Tuple<Stream, Stream> StreamProcessExecution(string processPath, string workingDirectory, params string[] args)
+        {
+            var startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo(processPath, string.Join(" ", args));
+            startInfo.UseShellExecute = false;
+            startInfo.CreateNoWindow = true;
+            startInfo.ErrorDialog = false;
+            startInfo.WorkingDirectory = workingDirectory;
+            startInfo.RedirectStandardError = true;
+            startInfo.RedirectStandardOutput = true;
+
+            var process = Process.Start(startInfo);
+            return new Tuple<Stream, Stream>(process.StandardOutput.BaseStream, process.StandardError.BaseStream);
+        }
+
+        public static string PathRelativeToCurrentDirectory(string absolutePath)
+        {
+            string currentDir = Environment.CurrentDirectory;
+            DirectoryInfo directory = new DirectoryInfo(currentDir);
+            FileInfo file = new FileInfo(absolutePath);
+
+            string fullDirectory = directory.FullName;
+            string fullFile = file.FullName;
+
+            if (fullFile.StartsWith(fullDirectory))
+            {
+                // The +1 is to avoid the directory separator
+                return fullFile.Substring(fullDirectory.Length + 1);
+            }
+
+            // could not generate a relative path, let the abs path through?
+            return absolutePath;
+        }
+
+        public static string FindBinaryInPath(params string[] binaries)
+        {
+            var searchBinaries = new List<string>();
+            foreach (var binary in binaries)
+            {
+                if (File.Exists(binary))
+                    return Path.GetFullPath(binary);
+
+                if (Path.GetDirectoryName(binary) == string.Empty)
+                    searchBinaries.Add(binary);
+            }
+
+            var searchDirectories = (Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("PATH") ?? "").Split(';');
+
+            // Add chocolatey bin (in case the users PATH is busted)
+            searchDirectories.Concat(new[] { Path.Combine(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ChocolateyInstall"), "bin") });
+
+            foreach (string test in searchDirectories)
+            {
+                string path = test.Trim();
+
+                foreach (var searchBinary in searchBinaries)
+                {
+                    var binary = Environment.ExpandEnvironmentVariables(searchBinary);
+                    var binaryRelPath = Path.Combine(path, binary);
+                    if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(path) && File.Exists(binaryRelPath))
+                        return Path.GetFullPath(binaryRelPath);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (binaries.Length == 1)
+                throw new FileNotFoundException("Unable to find requested binary in PATH: " + binaries[0]);
+            else
+                throw new FileNotFoundException("Unable to find any of the requested binaries in PATH: " + string.Join(", ", binaries));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource writer of type System.IO.StreamWriter, Leaked resource stream of type System.IO.MemoryStream, Leaked resource (output of PvcCore.PvcStream::.ctor() at Line 21) of type PvcCore.PvcStream in method "PvcStream PvcUtil.StringToStream(String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+PvcStream PvcUtil.StringToStream(String,String)
+
+### File:
+Pvc.Core/PvcUtil.cs
+
+### Key:
+PvcUtil.cs|StringToStream|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+79a61a2f359a0920faa23500f5b7a4a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2066/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2066/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51be42b1bcc7390dde25d61b8a9b2d0ce42f49f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2066/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** exceltk
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+
+#if OS_WINDOWS
+using Exceltk.Clipborad;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Windows.Forms;
+#endif
+
+using Exceltk.Util;
+
+namespace Exceltk {
+    internal class Program {
+        
+        #if OS_WINDOWS
+        [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+        static extern bool AllocConsole();
+
+        [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+        static extern bool FreeConsole();
+
+        [DllImport("kernel32", SetLastError = true)]
+        static extern bool AttachConsole(int dwProcessId);
+        #endif
+
+        [STAThread]
+        private static void Main(string[] args) {
+            var cmd=new CommandParser(args);
+            var r = InitConfig(cmd);
+            if (r) {
+                Xls2MarkDown(cmd);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static bool InitConfig(CommandParser cmd) {
+            // default
+            Config.DecimalPrecision = 0;
+            if (cmd["t"]!=null){
+                if (cmd["t"] == "md"){
+                    if (cmd["bhead"]!=null) {
+                        Config.BodyHead = true;
+                    } else {
+                        Config.BodyHead = false;
+                    }
+
+                    if (cmd["p"]!=null) {
+                        int precision = 0;
+                        var ret = Int32.TryParse(cmd["p"],out precision);
+                        if (ret) {
+                            if (precision > 10) {
+                                Console.WriteLine("presision too larger:" + precision);
+                                return false;
+                            }
+                            if (precision > 0) {
+                                Config.DecimalPrecision = precision;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (cmd["t"] == "tex") {
+                    if (cmd["sn"] != null) {
+                        Config.SplitNumber = true;
+                    } else {
+                        Config.SplitNumber = false;
+                    }
+
+                    if (cmd["st"] != null) {
+                        Config.SplitTable = true;
+                        int rows = 0;
+                        bool ret = Int32.TryParse(cmd["st"], out rows);
+                        if (ret) {
+                            Config.SplitTableRow = rows;
+                        } else {
+                            Config.SplitTable = false;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        Config.SplitTable = false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private static void Xls2MarkDown(CommandParser cmd) {
+            int ret=1;
+            #if OS_WINDOWS
+            var allocConsole = false;
+            #endif
+            do {
+                // check target
+                if (cmd["t"]==null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine("ERROR:target not found");
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // run gui
+                if (cmd["t"] == "cm") {
+                    #if OS_WINDOWS
+                    Application.Run(new ClipboradMonitor());
+                    #endif
+                    ret = 0;
+                    break;
+                } 
+
+                // run console
+                #if OS_WINDOWS
+                if (!AttachConsole(-1)) {
+                    AllocConsole();
+                    allocConsole = true;
+                }
+                #endif
+
+                // check xls arg 
+                if (cmd["xls"] == null) {
+                    Console.WriteLine("ERROR:xls not found");
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // check xls exist
+                string xls = cmd["xls"];
+                string sheet = cmd["sheet"];
+                string root = Directory.GetCurrentDirectory();
+                xls = Path.Combine(root, xls);
+                if (!File.Exists(xls)) {
+                    Console.WriteLine("ERROR:xls file is not exist:{0}", xls);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // check xls path
+                string dirName = Path.GetDirectoryName(xls);
+                string fileName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(xls);
+                if(dirName==null||fileName==null){
+                    Console.WriteLine("ERROR: xls path is valid:{0}",xls);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // check md or json target
+                var target = cmd["t"];
+                if(target!="md"&&target!="json"&&target!="tex"){
+                    Console.WriteLine("ERROR: target not support",target);
+                    break;
+                }
+                
+                // output
+                var output=Path.Combine(dirName, fileName);
+                if (sheet!=null) {
+                    var table=xls.ToSimpleTable(sheet, target);
+                    string tableFile=output+table.Name+"."+ target;
+                    File.WriteAllText(tableFile, table.Value);
+                    Console.WriteLine("Output File: {0}", tableFile);
+                } else {
+                    var tables=xls.ToSimpleTable(target);
+                    foreach (var table in tables) {
+                        string tableFile=output+table.Name+"."+ target;
+                        File.WriteAllText(tableFile, table.Value);
+                        Console.WriteLine("Output File: {0}", tableFile);
+                    }
+                }
+                ret=0;
+                Console.WriteLine("Done!");  
+                
+
+            } while (false);
+
+            if (ret!=0) {
+                Console.WriteLine();
+                Console.WriteLine("Usecase:");
+                Console.WriteLine("1. Convert xls to markdown: Exceltk -t md -xls xlsfile [-sheet sheetname]");
+                Console.WriteLine("2. Monitor and convert clipboard to markdown: Exceltk -t cm");
+            }
+
+            #if OS_WINDOWS
+            SendKeys.SendWait("{ENTER}");
+            if (allocConsole) {
+                FreeConsole();
+            }
+
+            System.Environment.Exit(0);
+            #endif
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Exceltk.Clipborad.ClipboradMonitor::.ctor() at Line 102) of type System.Windows.Forms.Form in method "Void Program.Xls2MarkDown(CommandParser)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Xls2MarkDown(CommandParser)
+
+### File:
+src/Exceltk/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Xls2MarkDown|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+516aa706f6a4989520e2a1f44354b052
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2067/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2067/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85bcdf7299514dff542574a876f323272ef484a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2067/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** exceltk
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+
+#if OS_WINDOWS
+using exceltk.Clipborad;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Windows.Forms;
+#endif
+
+namespace ExcelToolKit {
+    internal class Program {
+        
+        #if OS_WINDOWS
+        [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+        static extern bool AllocConsole();
+
+        [DllImport("kernel32.dll", SetLastError = true)]
+        static extern bool FreeConsole();
+
+        [DllImport("kernel32", SetLastError = true)]
+        static extern bool AttachConsole(int dwProcessId);
+        #endif
+
+        [STAThread]
+        private static void Main(string[] args) {
+            var cmd=new CommandParser(args);
+            var r = InitConfig(cmd);
+            if (r) {
+                Xls2MarkDown(cmd);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static bool InitConfig(CommandParser cmd) {
+            // default
+            Config.DecimalPrecision = 0;
+            if (cmd["t"]!=null){
+                if (cmd["t"] == "md"){
+                    if (cmd["p"]!=null) {
+                        int precision = 0;
+                        Int32.TryParse(cmd["p"],out precision);
+                        if (precision > 10) {
+                            Console.WriteLine("presision too larger:"+precision);
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        if(precision>0){
+                            Config.DecimalPrecision=precision;                            
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private static void Xls2MarkDown(CommandParser cmd) {
+            int ret=1;
+            #if OS_WINDOWS
+            var allocConsole = false;
+            #endif
+            do {
+                if (cmd["t"]!=null) {
+                    if (cmd["t"] == "md") {
+                        #if OS_WINDOWS
+                        if (!AttachConsole(-1)) {
+                            AllocConsole();
+                            allocConsole = true;
+                        }
+                        #endif
+
+                        if (cmd["xls"] == null) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        string xls = cmd["xls"];
+                        string sheet = cmd["sheet"];
+                        string dirName = Path.GetDirectoryName(xls);
+                        string fileName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(xls);
+                        if(dirName!=null&&fileName!=null){
+                            string output=Path.Combine(dirName, fileName);
+
+                            if (!File.Exists(xls)) {
+                                Console.WriteLine("xls file is not exist:{0}", xls);
+                                break;
+                            }
+
+                            if (sheet!=null) {
+                                MarkDownTable table=xls.ToMd(sheet);
+                                string tableFile=output+table.Name+".md";
+                                File.WriteAllText(tableFile, table.Value);
+                                Console.WriteLine("Output File: {0}", tableFile);
+                            } else {
+                                IEnumerable<MarkDownTable> tables=xls.ToMd();
+                                foreach (MarkDownTable table in tables) {
+                                    string tableFile=output+table.Name+".md";
+                                    File.WriteAllText(tableFile, table.Value);
+                                    Console.WriteLine("Output File: {0}", tableFile);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            ret=0;
+                            Console.WriteLine("Done!");                            
+                        }else{
+                            Console.WriteLine("ERROR: xls path is valid:{0}",xls);
+                        }
+
+                    } else if (cmd["t"] == "cm") {
+                        #if OS_WINDOWS
+                        Application.Run(new ClipboradMonitor());
+                        #endif
+                        ret = 0;
+                    } else {
+                        // Ignore
+                    }
+                }
+
+            } while (false);
+
+            if (ret!=0) {
+                Console.WriteLine();
+                Console.WriteLine("Usecase:");
+                Console.WriteLine("1. Convert xls to markdown: exceltk -t md -xls xlsfile [-sheet sheetname]");
+                Console.WriteLine("2. Monitor and convert clipboard to markdown: exceltk -t cm");
+            }
+
+            #if OS_WINDOWS
+            SendKeys.SendWait("{ENTER}");
+            if (allocConsole) {
+                FreeConsole();
+            }
+
+            System.Environment.Exit(0);
+            #endif
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of exceltk.Clipborad.ClipboradMonitor::.ctor() at Line 107) of type System.Windows.Forms.Form in method "Void Program.Xls2MarkDown(CommandParser)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Xls2MarkDown(CommandParser)
+
+### File:
+src/Exceltk/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Xls2MarkDown|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+04604b28e0e6f8dc469dc111f0eac915
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2068/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2068/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ed53d4d84908e6a03cfaa93c0784bea171987cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2068/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PowerArgs
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace PowerArgs
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An exception that will be thrown if there was an error while tokenizing a string.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class TokenizerException : Exception
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new tokenizer exception given a message
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="message">The exception message</param>
+        public TokenizerException(string message) : base(message) { }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A base token class that represents a substring from a document.  The location in the source
+    /// document is tracked along with the substring so that code that processes the token can indicate
+    /// where problems are to the user who supplied the document if needed.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Token
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the value of the token
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Value { get; internal set; }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the zero based start index of this token in the document
+        /// </summary>
+        public int StartIndex { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a string that represents the source file of this document.  It does not need to be a file name, but it usually is.
+        /// </summary>
+        public string SourceFileLocation { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the end index of the token in the document
+        /// </summary>
+        public int EndIndex
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return StartIndex + Value.Length;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the 1 based line number of the token in the document
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Line { get; private set; }
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the 1 based index of the token within it's line
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Column { get; private set; }
+
+        internal List<int> ExplicitNonDelimiterCharacters { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a string that represents the position of this token in the source document. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public string Position
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return string.Format("Line '{0}', column '{1}', source '{2}'", Line, Column, SourceFileLocation);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a token given an initial value, a start index, a line number, and a column number
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="initialValue">The initial value of a token.  You can append to the token later</param>
+        /// <param name="startIndex">the zero based start index of this token in the document</param>
+        /// <param name="line">the 1 based line number of the token in the document</param>
+        /// <param name="col">the 1 based index of the token within it's line</param>
+        public Token(string initialValue, int startIndex, int line, int col)
+        {
+            if (startIndex < 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException("token startIndex cannot be 0");
+            }
+
+            ExplicitNonDelimiterCharacters = new List<int>();
+            Value = initialValue;
+            StartIndex = startIndex;
+            Line = line;
+            Column = col;
+        }
+
+        internal void SetLastCharacterAsExplicitNonDelimiter()
+        {
+            if(this.Value.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException("This token has no value");
+            }
+            ExplicitNonDelimiterCharacters.Add(this.Value.Length - 1);
+        }
+
+        internal bool EndsWithDelimiter(string delimiter)
+        {
+            if(this.Value.EndsWith(delimiter) == false)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var firstTokenValue = this.Value.Substring(0, this.Value.Length - delimiter.Length);
+
+            for(var i = firstTokenValue.Length; i < this.Value.Length; i++)
+            {
+                if(ExplicitNonDelimiterCharacters.Contains(i))
+                {
+                    return false; // TODO - P0 - no code coverage for this case
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a string representation of the token, along with position info
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>a string representation of the token, along with position info</returns>
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return "---> '" + Value + "'<--- - " + Position;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of the strongly typed token and copies all of the base token's properties to the new value
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">The type of the derived token.</typeparam>
+        /// <returns>The strongly typed token</returns>
+        public T As<T>() where T : Token
+        {
+            var ret = (T)Activator.CreateInstance(typeof(T), this.Value, this.StartIndex, this.Line, this.Column);
+            ret.SourceFileLocation = this.SourceFileLocation;
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An enum describing the different ways the tokenizer can handle whitespace
+    /// </summary>
+    public enum WhitespaceBehavior
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Treats whitespace as a delimiter and includes the whitespace tokens in the output list of tokens
+        /// </summary>
+        DelimitAndInclude,
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Treats whitespace as a delimiter, but excludes the whitespace tokens from the output list of tokens
+        /// </summary>
+        DelimitAndExclude,
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Includes whitespace in the output and does not treat it as a delimiter
+        /// </summary>
+        Include,
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// An enum describing the different ways the tokenizer can handle double quotes
+    /// </summary>
+    public enum DoubleQuoteBehavior
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// No special handling.  Double quotes will be treated like any normal character.  You can include the double quote in the delimiters list.
+        /// </summary>
+        NoSpecialHandling,
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Treat values within double quotes as string literals.
+        /// </summary>
+        IncludeQuotedTokensAsStringLiterals,
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A general purpose string tokenizer
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <typeparam name="T">The type of tokens that this tokenizer should output</typeparam>
+    public class Tokenizer<T> where T : Token
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// strings to treat as delimiters.  Delimiters with longer lengths will take preference over
+        /// those with shorter lengths.  For example if you add delimiters '{{' and '{' and the document
+        /// contains '{{Hello' then you'll get 2 tokens, first '{{', then 'hello'
+        /// </summary>
+        public List<string> Delimiters { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A function that given a plain token can transform it into the strongly typed token
+        /// </summary>
+        public Func<Token, List<T>, T> TokenFactory { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the option that describes how whitespace should be treated.
+        /// </summary>
+        public WhitespaceBehavior WhitespaceBehavior { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the option that describes how double quotes should be treated.
+        /// </summary>
+        public DoubleQuoteBehavior DoubleQuoteBehavior { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An escape sequence identifier.  By default it is '\'
+        /// </summary>
+        public char? EscapeSequenceIndicator { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A string that describes the source location for the given document
+        /// </summary>
+        public string SourceFileLocation { get; set; }
+        
+        private bool insideStringLiteral = false;
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new tokenizer
+        /// </summary>
+        public Tokenizer()
+        {
+            this.Delimiters = new List<string>();
+            this.SourceFileLocation = "Not source location specified";
+            if (typeof(T) == typeof(Token))
+            {
+                this.TokenFactory = (token, previousTokens) => (T)token;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                this.TokenFactory = (token, previousTokens) => token.As<T>();
+            }
+
+            this.EscapeSequenceIndicator = '\\';
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Tokenizes the given string into a list of tokens
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="input">The string to tokenize</param>
+        /// <returns>The list of tokens</returns>
+        public List<T> Tokenize(string input)
+        {
+            List<T> tokens = new List<T>();
+            Token currentToken = null;
+
+            insideStringLiteral = false;
+
+            char currentCharacter;
+            char? nextCharacter;
+            int currentIndex = -1;
+            int currentLine = 1;
+            int currentColumn = 0;
+            while (TryReadCharacter(input, ref currentIndex, out currentCharacter))
+            {
+                char peeked;
+                if(TryPeekCharacter(input, currentIndex, out peeked))
+                {
+                    nextCharacter = peeked;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    nextCharacter = null;
+                }
+
+                currentColumn++;
+                if(currentCharacter == '\n')
+                {
+                    Tokenize_Whitespace(input, ref currentIndex, ref currentCharacter, ref currentLine, ref currentColumn, ref currentToken, tokens);
+                    currentLine++;
+                    currentColumn = 0;
+                }
+                else if (IsEscapeSequence(currentCharacter, nextCharacter))
+                {
+                    Tokenize_EscapeCharacter(input, ref currentIndex, ref currentCharacter, ref currentLine, ref currentColumn, ref currentToken, tokens);
+                }
+                else if(insideStringLiteral)
+                {
+                    Tokenize_Plain(input, ref currentIndex, ref currentCharacter, ref currentLine, ref currentColumn, ref currentToken, tokens);
+                }
+                else if (Delimiters.Contains("" + currentCharacter))
+                {
+                    Tokenize_DelimiterCharacter(input, ref currentIndex, ref currentCharacter, ref currentLine, ref currentColumn, ref currentToken, tokens);
+                }
+                else if (char.IsWhiteSpace(currentCharacter))
+                {
+                    Tokenize_Whitespace(input, ref currentIndex, ref currentCharacter, ref currentLine, ref currentColumn, ref currentToken, tokens);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Tokenize_Plain(input, ref currentIndex, ref currentCharacter, ref currentLine, ref currentColumn, ref currentToken, tokens);
+                }
+            }
+
+            FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+
+            return tokens;
+        }
+
+        private bool IsEscapeSequence(char current, char? next)
+        {
+            if (EscapeSequenceIndicator.HasValue == false || current != EscapeSequenceIndicator.Value)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else if (next.HasValue == false)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else if(DoubleQuoteBehavior == PowerArgs.DoubleQuoteBehavior.IncludeQuotedTokensAsStringLiterals && next.Value == '"')
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else if (Delimiters.Count > 0 && Delimiters.Contains(next.Value + ""))
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Tokenize_EscapeCharacter(string input, ref int currentIndex, ref char currentCharacter, ref int line, ref int col, ref Token currentToken, List<T> tokens)
+        {
+            char nextCharacter;
+            if (TryReadCharacter(input, ref currentIndex, out nextCharacter) == false)
+            {
+                throw new TokenizerException("Expected character after escape indicator at end of string");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                AppendToTokenSafe(ref currentToken, nextCharacter, currentIndex, line, col);
+                currentToken.SetLastCharacterAsExplicitNonDelimiter();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static string[] Empty = new string[0];
+        private void Tokenize_Plain(string input, ref int currentIndex, ref char currentCharacter, ref int line, ref int col, ref Token currentToken, List<T> tokens)
+        {
+            if (currentCharacter == '"' && DoubleQuoteBehavior != PowerArgs.DoubleQuoteBehavior.NoSpecialHandling)
+            {
+                if(DoubleQuoteBehavior == PowerArgs.DoubleQuoteBehavior.IncludeQuotedTokensAsStringLiterals)
+                {
+                    if (insideStringLiteral == false)
+                    {
+                        FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+                        AppendToTokenSafe(ref currentToken, currentCharacter, currentIndex, line, col);
+                        insideStringLiteral = true;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        AppendToTokenSafe(ref currentToken, currentCharacter, currentIndex, line, col);
+                        FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+                        insideStringLiteral = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw new TokenizerException("Unknown double quote option: " + DoubleQuoteBehavior);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                AppendToTokenSafe(ref currentToken, currentCharacter, currentIndex, line, col);
+
+                if (insideStringLiteral == false)
+                {
+                    var t = currentToken;
+
+                    var delimiterMatch = Delimiters.Count == 0 ? Empty : (from d in Delimiters where t.EndsWithDelimiter(d) select d).OrderByDescending(d => d.Length).ToArray();
+
+                    if (Delimiters.Count == 0 || delimiterMatch.None())
+                    {
+                        // do nothing
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        if (Delimiters.Contains(currentToken.Value))
+                        {
+                            FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            var delimiter = delimiterMatch.First();
+                            currentToken.Value = currentToken.Value.Substring(0, currentToken.Value.Length - delimiter.Length);
+                            var prevToken = currentToken;
+                            FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+                            currentToken = CreateTokenForTokenizer(delimiter, prevToken.StartIndex + prevToken.Value.Length, prevToken.Line, prevToken.Column + prevToken.Value.Length);
+                            FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Tokenize_DelimiterCharacter(string input, ref int currentIndex, ref char currentCharacter, ref int line, ref int col, ref Token currentToken, List<T> tokens)
+        {
+            FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+            currentToken = CreateTokenForTokenizer(currentCharacter,currentIndex, line, col);
+            FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+        }
+
+        private void Tokenize_Whitespace(string input, ref int currentIndex, ref char currentCharacter, ref int line, ref int col, ref Token currentToken, List<T> tokens)
+        {
+            if (WhitespaceBehavior == WhitespaceBehavior.DelimitAndExclude)
+            {
+                FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+            }
+            else if (WhitespaceBehavior == WhitespaceBehavior.DelimitAndInclude)
+            {
+                FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);
+                currentToken = CreateTokenForTokenizer(currentCharacter, currentIndex, line, col);
+                FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref currentToken, tokens);   
+            }
+            else if (WhitespaceBehavior == WhitespaceBehavior.Include)
+            {
+                AppendToTokenSafe(ref currentToken, currentCharacter, currentIndex, line, col);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new TokenizerException("Unknown whitespace behavior: " + WhitespaceBehavior);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void FinalizeTokenIfNotNull(ref Token currentToken, List<T> tokens)
+        {
+            if (currentToken != null)
+            {
+                tokens.Add(TokenFactoryImpl(currentToken, tokens));
+            }
+         
+            currentToken = null;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual T TokenFactoryImpl(Token current, List<T> tokens)
+        {
+            return TokenFactory(current, tokens);
+        }
+
+        private void AppendToTokenSafe(ref Token currentToken, char toAppend, int startIndex, int line, int col)
+        {
+            if (currentToken == null)
+            {
+                currentToken = CreateTokenForTokenizer(toAppend, startIndex, line, col);
+                currentToken.SourceFileLocation = this.SourceFileLocation;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                currentToken.Value += toAppend;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static bool TryReadCharacter(string input, ref int index, out char toRead)
+        {
+            index++;
+            if (index >= input.Length)
+            {
+                toRead = default(char);
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                toRead = input[index];
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static bool TryPeekCharacter(string input, int index, out char toRead)
+        {
+            var peekIndex = index + 1;
+            if (peekIndex >= input.Length)
+            {
+                toRead = default(char);
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                toRead = input[peekIndex];
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Token CreateTokenForTokenizer(string currentCharacter, int currentIndex, int line, int col)
+        {
+            var ret = new Token(currentCharacter, currentIndex, line, col);
+            ret.SourceFileLocation = this.SourceFileLocation;
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        private Token CreateTokenForTokenizer(char currentCharacter,int currentIndex, int line, int col)
+        {
+            return CreateTokenForTokenizer(currentCharacter + "", currentIndex, line, col);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+The call to `Void Tokenizer`1<T>.Tokenize_DelimiterCharacter(String,Int32&,Char&,Int32&,Int32&,Token&,List`1<!0>)` may trigger the following issue: `currentToken` could be null (from the call to `Tokenizer`1` on line 403) and is dereferenced in call to `Tokenizer`1`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+List`1<!0> Tokenizer`1<T>.Tokenize(String)
+
+### File:
+PowerArgs/Templating/Tokenizer.cs
+
+### Key:
+Tokenizer.cs|Tokenize|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+8f37ff86962c1e7fc1fc4db353d700f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2069/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2069/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d2dc5098ddc936b7320178eec99c986e4b175a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2069/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PowerArgs
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+using System;
+using System.ComponentModel;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace PowerArgs.Cli
+{
+    // todos before fully supporting the .Cli namespace
+    //
+    // Command bar
+    // Notifications
+    // Pull out view model concepts
+    // Samples for different data sources (e.g. An azure table, a file system)  
+    // Lots of testing
+    // Final code review and documentation
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A class representing a console application that uses a message pump to synchronize work on a UI thread
+    /// </summary>
+    public class ConsoleApp : Lifetime
+    {
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static ConsoleApp _current;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a reference to the current app running on this thread.  This will only be populated by the thread
+        /// that is running the message pump (i.e. it will never be your main thread).
+        /// </summary>
+        public static ConsoleApp Current
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _current;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An event that fires when a control is added to the visual tree
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action<ConsoleControl> ControlAdded;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An event that fires when a control is removed from the visual tree
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action<ConsoleControl> ControlRemoved;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An event that fired when the application stops, after the message pump is no longer running, and the console
+        /// has been cleared of the app's visuals
+        /// </summary>
+        public event Action ApplicationStopped;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the bitmap that will be painted to the console
+        /// </summary>
+        public ConsoleBitmap Bitmap { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the root panel that contains the controls being used by the app
+        /// </summary>
+        public ConsolePanel LayoutRoot { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the message pump that is used to synchronize work
+        /// </summary>
+        public CliMessagePump MessagePump { get; private set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the focus manager used to manage input focus
+        /// </summary>
+        public FocusManager FocusManager { get; private set; }
+
+        public bool AutoFillOnConsoleResize { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the theme
+        /// </summary>
+        public Theme Theme { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or set whether or not to give focus to a control when the app starts.  The default is true.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool SetFocusOnStart { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new console app given a set of boundaries
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="x">The left position on the target console to bound this app</param>
+        /// <param name="y">The right position on the target console to bound this app</param>
+        /// <param name="w">The width of the app</param>
+        /// <param name="h">The height of the app</param>
+        public ConsoleApp(int x, int y, int w, int h)
+        {
+            SetFocusOnStart = true;
+            Theme = new Theme();
+            Bitmap = new ConsoleBitmap(x, y, w, h);
+            MessagePump = new CliMessagePump(Bitmap.Console, KeyPressed);
+            LayoutRoot = new ConsolePanel { Width = w, Height = h };
+            FocusManager = new FocusManager();
+            LayoutRoot.Application = this;
+            AutoFillOnConsoleResize = false;
+            FocusManager.SubscribeForLifetime(nameof(FocusManager.FocusedControl), Paint, LifetimeManager);
+            LayoutRoot.Controls.BeforeAdded.SubscribeForLifetime((c) => { c.Application = this; c.BeforeAddedToVisualTreeInternal(); }, LifetimeManager);
+            LayoutRoot.Controls.BeforeRemoved.SubscribeForLifetime((c) => { c.BeforeRemovedFromVisualTreeInternal(); }, LifetimeManager);
+            LayoutRoot.Controls.Added.SubscribeForLifetime(ControlAddedToVisualTree, LifetimeManager);
+            LayoutRoot.Controls.Removed.SubscribeForLifetime(ControlRemovedFromVisualTree, LifetimeManager);
+            MessagePump.WindowResized += HandleDebouncedResize;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a full screen console app
+        /// </summary>
+        public ConsoleApp() : this(0,0,ConsoleProvider.Current.BufferWidth, ConsoleProvider.Current.WindowHeight-1)
+        {
+            this.AutoFillOnConsoleResize = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Starts the app, asynchronously.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A task that will complete when the app exits</returns>
+        public Task Start()
+        {
+            Task pumpTask = MessagePump.Start();
+            var ret = pumpTask.ContinueWith((t) =>
+            {
+                ExitInternal();
+            });
+
+            if (SetFocusOnStart)
+            {
+                MessagePump.QueueAction(() => { FocusManager.TryMoveFocus(); });
+            }
+
+            MessagePump.QueueAction(() =>
+            {
+                if (_current != null)
+                {
+                    throw new NotSupportedException("An application is already running on this thread.");
+                }
+                // ensures that the current app is set on the message pump thread
+                _current = this;
+            });
+            Paint();
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        private void HandleDebouncedResize()
+        {
+            if(AutoFillOnConsoleResize)
+            {
+                Bitmap.Resize(Bitmap.Console.BufferWidth, Bitmap.Console.WindowHeight - 1);
+                this.LayoutRoot.Size = new Size(Bitmap.Console.BufferWidth, Bitmap.Console.WindowHeight - 1);
+            }
+
+            Paint();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Queues up a request to paint the app.  The system will dedupe multiple paint requests when there are multiple in the pump's work queue
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Paint()
+        {
+            MessagePump.QueueAction(new PaintMessage(PaintInternal));
+        }
+
+        private void ControlAddedToVisualTree(ConsoleControl c)
+        {
+            c.Application = this;
+
+            if (c is ConsolePanel)
+            {
+                var childPanel = c as ConsolePanel;
+                childPanel.Controls.SynchronizeForLifetime((cp) => { ControlAddedToVisualTree(cp); }, (cp) => { ControlRemovedFromVisualTree(cp); }, () => { }, c.LifetimeManager);
+            }
+
+            FocusManager.Add(c);
+            c.AddedToVisualTreeInternal();
+
+            if (ControlAdded != null)
+            {
+                ControlAdded(c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ControlRemovedFromVisualTree(ConsoleControl c)
+        {
+            if (ControlRemovedFromVisualTreeRecursive(c))
+            {
+                FocusManager.TryRestoreFocus();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool ControlRemovedFromVisualTreeRecursive(ConsoleControl c)
+        {
+            bool focusChanged = false;
+
+            if (c is ConsolePanel)
+            {
+                foreach (var child in (c as ConsolePanel).Controls)
+                {
+                    focusChanged = ControlRemovedFromVisualTreeRecursive(child) || focusChanged;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (FocusManager.FocusedControl == c)
+            {
+                FocusManager.ClearFocus();
+                focusChanged = true;
+            }
+
+            FocusManager.Remove(c);
+
+            c.RemovedFromVisualTreeInternal();
+            c.Application = null;
+            if (ControlRemoved != null)
+            {
+                ControlRemoved(c);
+            }
+            c.Dispose();
+            return focusChanged;
+        }
+
+        private void KeyPressed(ConsoleKeyInfo info)
+        {
+            if (FocusManager.GlobalKeyHandlers.TryIntercept(info))
+            {
+                // great, it was handled
+            }
+            else if (info.Key == ConsoleKey.Tab)
+            {
+                FocusManager.TryMoveFocus(info.Modifiers.HasFlag(ConsoleModifiers.Shift) == false);
+            }
+            else if (info.Key == ConsoleKey.Escape)
+            {
+                MessagePump.Stop();
+                return;
+            }
+            else if (FocusManager.FocusedControl != null)
+            {
+                FocusManager.FocusedControl.HandleKeyInput(info);
+            }
+
+            Paint();
+        }
+
+        private void ExitInternal()
+        {
+            using (var snapshot = Bitmap.CreateSnapshot())
+            {
+                Bitmap.CreateWiper().Wipe();
+                if (ApplicationStopped != null)
+                {
+                    ApplicationStopped();
+                }
+                Bitmap.Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleString.DefaultForegroundColor;
+                Bitmap.Console.BackgroundColor = ConsoleString.DefaultBackgroundColor;
+            }
+            Dispose();
+        }
+
+        private void PaintInternal()
+        {
+
+            Bitmap.Pen = new ConsoleCharacter(' ', null, Theme.BackgroundColor);
+            Bitmap.FillRect(0, 0, LayoutRoot.Width, LayoutRoot.Height);
+#if PROFILING
+            using (new TimeProfiler("LayoutRoot.Paint"))
+            {
+#endif
+                LayoutRoot.Paint(Bitmap);
+#if PROFILING
+            }
+#endif
+
+#if PROFILING
+            using (new TimeProfiler("Bitmap.Paint"))
+            {
+#endif
+                Bitmap.Paint();
+#if PROFILING
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from PowerArgs.ConsoleWiper PowerArgs.Cli.ConsoleBitmap::CreateWiper() at Line 252) of type PowerArgs.ConsoleWiper in method "Void ConsoleApp.ExitInternal()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ConsoleApp.ExitInternal()
+
+### File:
+PowerArgs/CLI/ConsoleApp.cs
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleApp.cs|ExitInternal|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9d75afc4c6668976b78dbdf8ae1a6b48
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2093/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2093/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8aa5761cf6963df51e7a8284d32b67413f4c10ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2093/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RestSharp
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#region License
+//   Copyright 2010 John Sheehan
+//
+//   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+//   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+//   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+//   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+//   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+//   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+//   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+//   limitations under the License. 
+#endregion
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Xml;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
+using RestSharp.Deserializers;
+using RestSharp.Extensions;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace RestSharp
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Client to translate RestRequests into Http requests and process response result
+	/// </summary>
+	public partial class RestClient : IRestClient
+	{
+		public IHttpFactory HttpFactory = new SimpleFactory<Http>();
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor that registers default content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public RestClient()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers = new Dictionary<string, IDeserializer>();
+			AcceptTypes = new List<string>();
+			DefaultParameters = new List<Parameter>();
+
+			// register default handlers
+			AddHandler("application/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("application/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/x-json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/javascript", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("*", new XmlDeserializer());
+
+			// silverlight friendly way to get current version
+			var assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+			AssemblyName assemblyName = new AssemblyName(assembly.FullName);
+			var version = assemblyName.Version;
+
+			UserAgent = "RestSharp " + version.ToString();
+			FollowRedirects = true;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the BaseUrl property for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="baseUrl"></param>
+		public RestClient(string baseUrl)
+			: this()
+		{
+			BaseUrl = baseUrl;
+		}
+
+		private IDictionary<string, IDeserializer> ContentHandlers { get; set; }
+		private IList<string> AcceptTypes { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parameters included with every request made with this instance of RestClient
+		/// If specified in both client and request, the request wins
+		/// </summary>
+		public IList<Parameter> DefaultParameters { get; private set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Add a parameter to use on every request made with this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="p">Parameter to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(Parameter p)
+		{
+			if (p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody)
+			{
+				throw new NotSupportedException("Cannot set request body from default headers. Use Request.AddBody() instead.");
+			}
+
+			DefaultParameters.Add(p);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Adds a HTTP parameter (QueryString for GET, DELETE, OPTIONS and HEAD; Encoded form for POST and PUT)
+		/// Used on every request made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the parameter</param>
+		/// <returns>This request</returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(string name, object value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(new Parameter { Name = name, Value = value, Type = ParameterType.GetOrPost });
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Adds a parameter to the request. There are four types of parameters:
+		///	- GetOrPost: Either a QueryString value or encoded form value based on method
+		///	- HttpHeader: Adds the name/value pair to the HTTP request's Headers collection
+		///	- UrlSegment: Inserted into URL if there is a matching url token e.g. {AccountId}
+		///	- RequestBody: Used by AddBody() (not recommended to use directly)
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the parameter</param>
+		/// <param name="type">The type of parameter to add</param>
+		/// <returns>This request</returns>
+		public void AddDefaultParameter(string name, object value, ParameterType type)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(new Parameter { Name = name, Value = value, Type = type });
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Shortcut to AddDefaultParameter(name, value, HttpHeader) overload
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the header to add</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the header to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultHeader(string name, string value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(name, value, ParameterType.HttpHeader);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Shortcut to AddDefaultParameter(name, value, UrlSegment) overload
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="name">Name of the segment to add</param>
+		/// <param name="value">Value of the segment to add</param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public void AddDefaultUrlSegment(string name, string value)
+		{
+			AddDefaultParameter(name, value, ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Registers a content handler to process response content
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type of the response content</param>
+		/// <param name="deserializer">Deserializer to use to process content</param>
+		public void AddHandler(string contentType, IDeserializer deserializer)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers[contentType] = deserializer;
+			if (contentType != "*")
+			{
+				AcceptTypes.Add(contentType);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove a content handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to remove</param>
+		public void RemoveHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Remove(contentType);
+			AcceptTypes.Remove(contentType);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove all content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public void ClearHandlers()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Clear();
+			AcceptTypes.Clear();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve the handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to retrieve</param>
+		/// <returns>IDeserializer instance</returns>
+		IDeserializer GetHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(contentType) && ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				return ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			var semicolonIndex = contentType.IndexOf(';');
+			if (semicolonIndex > -1) contentType = contentType.Substring(0, semicolonIndex);
+			IDeserializer handler = null;
+			if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey(contentType))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers[contentType];
+			}
+			else if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			return handler;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Maximum number of redirects to follow if FollowRedirects is true
+		/// </summary>
+		public int? MaxRedirects { get; set; }
+
+#if FRAMEWORK
+		/// <summary>
+		/// X509CertificateCollection to be sent with request
+		/// </summary>
+		public X509CertificateCollection ClientCertificates { get; set; }
+#endif
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default is true. Determine whether or not requests that result in 
+		/// HTTP status codes of 3xx should follow returned redirect
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool FollowRedirects { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// UserAgent to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public string UserAgent { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Timeout in milliseconds to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public int Timeout { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Authenticator to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public IAuthenticator Authenticator { get; set; }
+
+		private string _baseUrl;
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Combined with Request.Resource to construct URL for request
+		/// Should include scheme and domain without trailing slash.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <example>
+		/// client.BaseUrl = "http://example.com";
+		/// </example>
+		public string BaseUrl
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return _baseUrl;
+			}
+			set
+			{
+				_baseUrl = value;
+				if (_baseUrl.EndsWith("/"))
+				{
+					_baseUrl = _baseUrl.Substring(0, _baseUrl.Length - 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void AuthenticateIfNeeded(RestClient client, RestRequest request)
+		{
+			if (Authenticator != null)
+			{
+				Authenticator.Authenticate(client, request);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Assembles URL to call based on parameters, method and resource
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="request">RestRequest to execute</param>
+		/// <returns>Assembled System.Uri</returns>
+		public Uri BuildUri(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			var assembled = request.Resource;
+			var urlParms = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+			foreach (var p in urlParms)
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Replace("{" + p.Name + "}", p.Value.ToString().UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled) && assembled.StartsWith("/"))
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Substring(1);
+			}
+
+			if(!string.IsNullOrEmpty(BaseUrl))
+				assembled = string.Format("{0}/{1}", BaseUrl, assembled);
+
+			if (request.Method != Method.POST && request.Method != Method.PUT)
+			{
+				// build and attach querystring if this is a get-style request
+				if (request.Parameters.Any(p => p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost))
+				{
+					if (assembled.EndsWith("/"))
+					{
+						assembled = assembled.Substring(0, assembled.Length - 1);
+					}
+
+					var data = EncodeParameters(request);
+					assembled = string.Format("{0}?{1}", assembled, data);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return new Uri(assembled);
+		}
+
+		private string EncodeParameters(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			var querystring = new StringBuilder();
+			foreach (var p in request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost))
+			{
+				if (querystring.Length > 1)
+					querystring.Append("&");
+				querystring.AppendFormat("{0}={1}", p.Name.UrlEncode(), (p.Value.ToString()).UrlEncode());
+			}
+
+			return querystring.ToString();
+		}
+
+		private void ConfigureHttp(RestRequest request, IHttp http)
+		{
+			// move RestClient.DefaultParameters into Request.Parameters
+			foreach(var p in DefaultParameters)
+			{
+				if(request.Parameters.Any(p2 => p2.Name == p.Name && p2.Type == p.Type))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				request.AddParameter(p);
+			}
+
+			http.Url = BuildUri(request);
+			
+			if(UserAgent.HasValue())
+			{
+				http.UserAgent = UserAgent;
+			}
+
+			http.Timeout = request.Timeout == 0 ? Timeout : request.Timeout;
+
+#if !SILVERLIGHT
+			http.FollowRedirects = FollowRedirects;
+#endif
+#if FRAMEWORK
+			if (ClientCertificates != null)
+			{
+				http.ClientCertificates = ClientCertificates;
+			}
+
+			http.MaxRedirects = MaxRedirects;
+#endif
+
+			if(request.Credentials != null)
+			{
+				http.Credentials = request.Credentials;
+			}
+
+			var headers = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.HttpHeader
+						  select new HttpHeader
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var header in headers)
+			{
+				http.Headers.Add(header);
+			}
+
+			var cookies = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.Cookie
+						  select new HttpCookie
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var cookie in cookies)
+			{
+				http.Cookies.Add(cookie);
+			}
+
+			var @params = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost
+								&& p.Value != null
+						  select new HttpParameter
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach(var parameter in @params)
+			{
+				http.Parameters.Add(parameter);
+			}
+
+			foreach(var file in request.Files)
+			{
+				http.Files.Add(new HttpFile { Name = file.Name, ContentType = file.ContentType, Writer = file.Writer, FileName = file.FileName, ContentLength = file.ContentLength });
+			}
+
+			var body = (from p in request.Parameters
+						where p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody
+						select p).FirstOrDefault();
+
+			if(body != null)
+			{
+				http.RequestBody = body.Value.ToString();
+				http.RequestContentType = body.Name;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse ConvertToRestResponse(HttpResponse httpResponse)
+		{
+			var restResponse = new RestResponse();
+			restResponse.Content = httpResponse.Content;
+			restResponse.ContentEncoding = httpResponse.ContentEncoding;
+			restResponse.ContentLength = httpResponse.ContentLength;
+			restResponse.ContentType = httpResponse.ContentType;
+			restResponse.ErrorException = httpResponse.ErrorException;
+			restResponse.ErrorMessage = httpResponse.ErrorMessage;
+			restResponse.RawBytes = httpResponse.RawBytes;
+			restResponse.ResponseStatus = httpResponse.ResponseStatus;
+			restResponse.ResponseUri = httpResponse.ResponseUri;
+			restResponse.Server = httpResponse.Server;
+			restResponse.StatusCode = httpResponse.StatusCode;
+			restResponse.StatusDescription = httpResponse.StatusDescription;
+
+			foreach (var header in httpResponse.Headers)
+			{
+				restResponse.Headers.Add(new Parameter { Name = header.Name, Value = header.Value, Type = ParameterType.HttpHeader });
+			}
+
+			foreach (var cookie in httpResponse.Cookies)
+			{
+				restResponse.Cookies.Add(new RestResponseCookie {
+					Comment = cookie.Comment,
+					CommentUri = cookie.CommentUri,
+					Discard = cookie.Discard,
+					Domain = cookie.Domain,
+					Expired = cookie.Expired,
+					Expires = cookie.Expires,
+					HttpOnly = cookie.HttpOnly,
+					Name = cookie.Name,
+					Path = cookie.Path,
+					Port = cookie.Port,
+					Secure = cookie.Secure,
+					TimeStamp = cookie.TimeStamp,
+					Value = cookie.Value,
+					Version = cookie.Version
+				});
+			}
+
+			return restResponse;
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse<T> Deserialize<T>(RestRequest request, RestResponse raw) where T : new()
+		{
+			request.OnBeforeDeserialization(raw);
+
+			IDeserializer handler = GetHandler(raw.ContentType);
+			handler.RootElement = request.RootElement;
+			handler.DateFormat = request.DateFormat;
+			handler.Namespace = request.XmlNamespace;
+
+			var response = new RestResponse<T>();
+			try
+			{
+				response = (RestResponse<T>)raw;
+				response.Data = handler.Deserialize<T>(raw);
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				response.ResponseStatus = ResponseStatus.Error;
+				response.ErrorMessage = ex.Message;
+				response.ErrorException = ex;
+			}
+
+			return response;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `handler` last assigned on line 471 could be null and is dereferenced at line 472, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+RestResponse`1<T> RestClient.Deserialize(RestRequest,RestResponse)
+
+### File:
+RestSharp/RestClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+RestClient.cs|Deserialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2236178ec05847b99a27c4d3a26e337e
+
+### Hash:
+d8a3d400cddabf0a45f8402573312304
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2095/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2095/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b30d6e27c1b50fe9b8b0c91078e3dd43d28c905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2095/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** RestSharp
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#region License
+//   Copyright 2010 John Sheehan
+//
+//   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+//   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+//   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+//   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+//   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+//   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+//   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+//   limitations under the License. 
+#endregion
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Xml;
+using System.Xml.Linq;
+using RestSharp.Deserializers;
+
+namespace RestSharp
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Client to translate RestRequests into Http requests and process response result
+	/// </summary>
+	public partial class RestClient : IRestClient
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor that registers default content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public RestClient()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers = new Dictionary<string, IDeserializer>();
+			AcceptTypes = new List<string>();
+
+			// register default handlers
+			AddHandler("application/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("application/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/x-json", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/javascript", new JsonDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("text/xml", new XmlDeserializer());
+			AddHandler("*", new XmlDeserializer());
+
+			UserAgent = "RestSharp Release 1";
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Sets the BaseUrl property for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="baseUrl"></param>
+		public RestClient(string baseUrl)
+			: this()
+		{
+			BaseUrl = baseUrl;
+		}
+
+		private IDictionary<string, IDeserializer> ContentHandlers { get; set; }
+		private IList<string> AcceptTypes { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Registers a content handler to process response content
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type of the response content</param>
+		/// <param name="deserializer">Deserializer to use to process content</param>
+		public void AddHandler(string contentType, IDeserializer deserializer)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers[contentType] = deserializer;
+			if (contentType != "*")
+			{
+				AcceptTypes.Add(contentType);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove a content handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to remove</param>
+		public void RemoveHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Remove(contentType);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove all content handlers
+		/// </summary>
+		public void ClearHandlers()
+		{
+			ContentHandlers.Clear();
+			AcceptTypes.Clear();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve the handler for the specified MIME content type
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="contentType">MIME content type to retrieve</param>
+		/// <returns>IDeserializer instance</returns>
+		IDeserializer GetHandler(string contentType)
+		{
+			var semicolonIndex = contentType.IndexOf(';');
+			if (semicolonIndex > -1) contentType = contentType.Substring(0, semicolonIndex);
+			IDeserializer handler = null;
+			if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey(contentType))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers[contentType];
+			}
+			else if (ContentHandlers.ContainsKey("*"))
+			{
+				handler = ContentHandlers["*"];
+			}
+
+			return handler;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// UserAgent to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public string UserAgent { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Timeout in milliseconds to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public int Timeout { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Authenticator to use for requests made by this client instance
+		/// </summary>
+		public IAuthenticator Authenticator { get; set; }
+
+		private string _baseUrl;
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Combined with Request.Resource to construct URL for request
+		/// Should include scheme and domain without trailing slash.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <example>
+		/// client.BaseUrl = "http://example.com";
+		/// </example>
+		public string BaseUrl
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return _baseUrl;
+			}
+			set
+			{
+				_baseUrl = value;
+				if (_baseUrl.EndsWith("/"))
+				{
+					_baseUrl = _baseUrl.Substring(0, _baseUrl.Length - 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void AuthenticateIfNeeded(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			if (Authenticator != null)
+			{
+				Authenticator.Authenticate(request);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Assembles URL to call based on parameters, method and resource
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="request">RestRequest to execute</param>
+		/// <returns>Assembled System.Uri</returns>
+		public Uri BuildUri(RestRequest request)
+		{
+			var assembled = request.Resource;
+			var urlParms = request.Parameters.Where(p => p.Type == ParameterType.UrlSegment);
+			foreach (var p in urlParms)
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Replace("{" + p.Name + "}", p.Value.ToString());
+			}
+
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(assembled) && assembled.StartsWith("/"))
+			{
+				assembled = assembled.Substring(1);
+			}
+
+			return new Uri(string.Format("{0}/{1}", BaseUrl, assembled));
+		}
+
+		private void ConfigureHttp(RestRequest request, IHttp http)
+		{
+			http.Url = BuildUri(request);
+
+			if (UserAgent != null)
+			{
+				http.UserAgent = UserAgent;
+			}
+
+			http.Timeout = request.Timeout == 0 ? Timeout : request.Timeout;
+
+			if (request.Credentials != null)
+			{
+				http.Credentials = request.Credentials;
+			}
+
+			var headers = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.HttpHeader
+						  select new HttpHeader
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var header in headers)
+			{
+				http.Headers.Add(header);
+			}
+
+			var cookies = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.Cookie
+						  select new HttpCookie
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var cookie in cookies)
+			{
+				http.Cookies.Add(cookie);
+			}
+
+			var @params = from p in request.Parameters
+						  where p.Type == ParameterType.GetOrPost
+								&& p.Value != null
+						  select new HttpParameter
+						  {
+							  Name = p.Name,
+							  Value = p.Value.ToString()
+						  };
+
+			foreach (var parameter in @params)
+			{
+				http.Parameters.Add(parameter);
+			}
+
+			foreach (var file in request.Files)
+			{
+				http.Files.Add(new HttpFile { ContentType = file.ContentType, Data = file.Data, FileName = file.FileName });
+			}
+
+			var body = (from p in request.Parameters
+						where p.Type == ParameterType.RequestBody
+						select p).FirstOrDefault();
+
+			if (body != null)
+			{
+				http.RequestBody = body.Value.ToString();
+				http.RequestContentType = body.Name;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse ConvertToRestResponse(HttpResponse httpResponse)
+		{
+			var restResponse = new RestResponse();
+			restResponse.Content = httpResponse.Content;
+			restResponse.ContentEncoding = httpResponse.ContentEncoding;
+			restResponse.ContentLength = httpResponse.ContentLength;
+			restResponse.ContentType = httpResponse.ContentType;
+			restResponse.ErrorException = httpResponse.ErrorException;
+			restResponse.ErrorMessage = httpResponse.ErrorMessage;
+			restResponse.RawBytes = httpResponse.RawBytes;
+			restResponse.ResponseStatus = httpResponse.ResponseStatus;
+			restResponse.ResponseUri = httpResponse.ResponseUri;
+			restResponse.Server = httpResponse.Server;
+			restResponse.StatusCode = httpResponse.StatusCode;
+			restResponse.StatusDescription = httpResponse.StatusDescription;
+
+			foreach (var header in httpResponse.Headers)
+			{
+				restResponse.Headers.Add(new Parameter { Name = header.Name, Value = header.Value, Type = ParameterType.HttpHeader });
+			}
+
+			foreach (var cookie in httpResponse.Cookies)
+			{
+				restResponse.Cookies.Add(new Parameter { Name = cookie.Name, Value = cookie.Value, Type = ParameterType.Cookie });
+			}
+
+			return restResponse;
+		}
+
+		private RestResponse<T> Deserialize<T>(RestRequest request, RestResponse raw) where T : new()
+		{
+			IDeserializer handler = GetHandler(raw.ContentType);
+			handler.RootElement = request.RootElement;
+			handler.DateFormat = request.DateFormat;
+			handler.Namespace = request.XmlNamespace;
+
+			var response = new RestResponse<T>();
+			try
+			{
+				response = (RestResponse<T>)raw;
+				response.Data = handler.Deserialize<T>(raw);
+			}
+			catch (Exception ex)
+			{
+				response.ResponseStatus = ResponseStatus.Error;
+				response.ErrorMessage = ex.Message;
+				response.ErrorException = ex;
+			}
+
+			return response;
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`handler` could be null (from the call to `RestClient.GetHandler(...)` on line 292) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+RestResponse`1<T> RestClient.Deserialize(RestRequest,RestResponse)
+
+### File:
+RestSharp/RestClient.cs
+
+### Key:
+RestClient.cs|Deserialize|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+0d96ca46d75df919bbec6e4dd0f29849
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2207/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2207/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..406456827bf86ec55d6dabbb2b4dca573fbd2d4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2207/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** uhttpsharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 uhttpsharp project - http://github.com/raistlinthewiz/uhttpsharp
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
+ */
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Dynamic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Web.UI;
+using uhttpsharp;
+using uhttpsharp.Handlers;
+using uhttpsharp.Headers;
+using uhttpsharp.Listeners;
+using uhttpsharp.ModelBinders;
+using uhttpsharp.RequestProviders;
+using uhttpsharpdemo.Handlers;
+using HttpResponse = System.Web.HttpResponse;
+
+namespace uhttpsharpdemo
+{
+    internal static class Program
+    {
+        private static void Main()
+        {
+            log4net.Config.XmlConfigurator.Configure();
+
+            //var serverCertificate = X509Certificate.CreateFromCertFile(@"TempCert.cer");
+
+            using (var httpServer = new HttpServer(new HttpRequestProvider()))
+            {
+                httpServer.Use(new TcpListenerAdapter(new TcpListener(IPAddress.Loopback, 82)));
+                //httpServer.Use(new ListenerSslDecorator(new TcpListenerAdapter(new TcpListener(IPAddress.Loopback, 443)), serverCertificate));
+
+                //httpServer.Use(new SessionHandler<DateTime>(() => DateTime.Now));
+                httpServer.Use(new ExceptionHandler());
+                httpServer.Use(new ClassRouter(new MySuperHandler()));
+                httpServer.Use(new TimingHandler());
+
+                httpServer.Use(new MyHandler());
+                httpServer.Use(new HttpRouter().With(string.Empty, new IndexHandler())
+                                               .With("about", new AboutHandler())
+                                               .With("strings", new RestHandler<string>(new StringsRestController(), JsonResponseProvider.Default)));
+
+                httpServer.Use(new FileHandler());
+                httpServer.Use(new ErrorHandler());
+                httpServer.Use((context, next) =>
+                {
+                    Console.WriteLine("Got Request!");
+                    return next();
+                });
+
+                httpServer.Start();
+                Console.ReadLine();
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class MySuperHandler : IHttpRequestHandler
+    {
+
+        public MySuperHandler Child
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return new MySuperHandler();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Task Handle(IHttpContext context, Func<Task> next)
+        {
+            context.Response = uhttpsharp.HttpResponse.CreateWithMessage(HttpResponseCode.Ok, "Hello!", true);
+            return Task.Factory.GetCompleted();
+        }
+
+
+        [Indexer]
+        public Task<IHttpRequestHandler> GetChild(int index)
+        {
+            return Task.FromResult<IHttpRequestHandler>(new MySuperHandler());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class MyModel
+    {
+        public int MyProperty
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+
+        public MyModel Model
+        {
+            get;
+            set;
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class MyHandler : IHttpRequestHandler
+    {
+        public System.Threading.Tasks.Task Handle(IHttpContext context, Func<System.Threading.Tasks.Task> next)
+        {
+            var model = new ModelBinder(new ObjectActivator()).Get<MyModel>(context.Request.QueryString);
+
+            return Task.Factory.GetCompleted();
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class SessionHandler<TSession> : IHttpRequestHandler
+    {
+        private readonly Func<TSession> _sessionFactory;
+
+        private static readonly Random RandomGenerator = new Random();
+
+        private class SessionHolder
+        {
+            private readonly TSession _session;
+            private DateTime _lastAccessTime = DateTime.Now;
+
+            public TSession Session
+            {
+                get
+                {
+                    _lastAccessTime = DateTime.Now;
+                    return _session;
+                }
+            }
+
+            public DateTime LastAccessTime
+            {
+                get
+                {
+                    return _lastAccessTime;
+                }
+            }
+
+            public SessionHolder(TSession session)
+            {
+                _session = session;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, TSession> _sessions = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, TSession>();
+
+        public SessionHandler(Func<TSession> sessionFactory)
+        {
+            _sessionFactory = sessionFactory;
+        }
+
+        public System.Threading.Tasks.Task Handle(IHttpContext context, Func<System.Threading.Tasks.Task> next)
+        {
+
+            string sessId;
+            if (!context.Cookies.TryGetByName("SESSID", out sessId))
+            {
+                sessId = RandomGenerator.Next().ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                context.Cookies.Upsert("SESSID", sessId);
+            }
+
+            var session = _sessions.GetOrAdd(sessId, CreateSession);
+
+            context.State.Session = session;
+
+            return next();
+        }
+        private TSession CreateSession(string sessionId)
+        {
+            return _sessionFactory();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from uhttpsharp.HttpResponse uhttpsharp.HttpResponse::CreateWithMessage(uhttpsharp.HttpResponseCode,System.String,System.Boolean,System.String) at Line 91).uhttpsharp.HttpResponse._headerStream of type System.IO.MemoryStream in method "Task MySuperHandler.Handle(IHttpContext,Func`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Task MySuperHandler.Handle(IHttpContext,Func`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+uhttpsharp-demo/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Handle|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+8bd2945ed82fbbb6b2f7237a19d925a2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2231/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2231/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82a82e88928466c99ea6a4990d86c86e9d769c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2231/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ILRuntime
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using ILRuntime.CLR.TypeSystem;
+using ILRuntimeTest.Test;
+using ILRuntimeTest.TestFramework;
+
+namespace ILRuntimeTest.TestBase
+{
+    public class TestSession 
+    {
+        ILRuntime.Runtime.Enviorment.AppDomain _app;
+        private List<BaseTestUnit> _testUnitList = new List<BaseTestUnit>();
+        FileStream fs, fs2;
+
+        public List<BaseTestUnit> TestList => _testUnitList;
+
+        static TestSession lastSession;
+
+        public static TestSession LastSession => lastSession;
+
+        public ILRuntime.Runtime.Enviorment.AppDomain Appdomain => _app;
+
+        public void Load(string assemblyPath, bool useRegister)
+        {
+            fs = new FileStream(assemblyPath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            {
+                var path = Path.GetDirectoryName(assemblyPath);
+                var name = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(assemblyPath);
+                var pdbPath = Path.Combine(path, name) + ".pdb";
+                if (!File.Exists(pdbPath))
+                {
+                    name = Path.GetFileName(assemblyPath);
+                    pdbPath = Path.Combine(path, name) + ".mdb";
+                }
+
+                _app = new ILRuntime.Runtime.Enviorment.AppDomain(useRegister ? ILRuntime.Runtime.ILRuntimeJITFlags.JITImmediately : ILRuntime.Runtime.ILRuntimeJITFlags.None);
+                _app.DebugService.StartDebugService(56000);
+                fs2 = new System.IO.FileStream(pdbPath, FileMode.Open);
+                {
+                    ILRuntime.Mono.Cecil.Cil.ISymbolReaderProvider symbolReaderProvider = null;
+                    if (pdbPath.EndsWith(".pdb"))
+                    {
+                        symbolReaderProvider = new ILRuntime.Mono.Cecil.Pdb.PdbReaderProvider();
+                    }/* else if (pdbPath.EndsWith (".mdb")) {
+                            symbolReaderProvider = new Mono.Cecil.Mdb.MdbReaderProvider ();
+                        }*/
+
+                    _app.LoadAssembly(fs, fs2, symbolReaderProvider);
+                }
+
+                ILRuntimeHelper.Init(_app);
+                ILRuntime.Runtime.Generated.CLRBindings.Initialize(_app);
+                _app.InitializeBindings(true);
+                LoadTest();
+            }
+            lastSession = this;
+        }
+
+        void LoadTest()
+        {
+            var types = _app.LoadedTypes.Values.ToList();
+            foreach (var type in types)
+            {
+                var ilType = type as ILType;
+                if (ilType == null)
+                    continue;
+                var methods = ilType.GetMethods();
+                foreach (var methodInfo in methods)
+                {
+                    string fullName = ilType.FullName;
+                    //Console.WriteLine("call the method:{0},return type {1},params count{2}", fullName + "." + methodInfo.Name, methodInfo.ReturnType, methodInfo.GetParameters().Length);
+                    //目前只支持无参数，无返回值测试
+                    if (methodInfo.ParameterCount == 0 && methodInfo.IsStatic && ((ILRuntime.CLR.Method.ILMethod)methodInfo).Definition.IsPublic)
+                    {
+                        var testUnit = new StaticTestUnit();
+                        testUnit.Init(_app, fullName, methodInfo.Name);
+                        _testUnitList.Add(testUnit);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            fs?.Close();
+            fs2?.Close();
+            _app.Dispose();
+            _app = null;
+            _testUnitList.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource TestBase.TestSession.ILRuntimeTest.TestBase.TestSession.lastSession.ILRuntimeTest.TestBase.TestSession.fs of type System.IO.FileStream, Leaked resource (returned from ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService ILRuntime.Runtime.Enviorment.AppDomain::get_DebugService() at Line 40).ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService.server.ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebuggerServer.sendStreamForUdp of type System.IO.MemoryStream, Leaked resource (returned from ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService ILRuntime.Runtime.Enviorment.AppDomain::get_DebugService() at Line 40).ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService.server.ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebuggerServer.sendStream of type System.IO.MemoryStream, Leaked resource (returned from ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService ILRuntime.Runtime.Enviorment.AppDomain::get_DebugService() at Line 40).ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService.server.ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebuggerServer.bwForUdp of type System.IO.BinaryWriter, Leaked resource (returned from ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService ILRuntime.Runtime.Enviorment.AppDomain::get_DebugService() at Line 40).ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebugService.server.ILRuntime.Runtime.Debugger.DebuggerServer.bw of type System.IO.BinaryWriter in method "Void TestSession.Load(String,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TestSession.Load(String,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+ILRuntimeTestBase/TestBase/TestSession.cs
+
+### Key:
+TestSession.cs|Load|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+fef0b8857be2542143c91baa0c649604
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2236/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2236/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f52a089a1f1261d1591fa75a888ad10c1ed3452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2236/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** atata
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Text;
+using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
+using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
+
+namespace Atata
+{
+    public class ATContext
+    {
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static ATContext current;
+
+        public RemoteWebDriver Driver { get; internal set; }
+
+        public ILogManager Log { get; internal set; }
+
+        public string BaseUrl { get; internal set; }
+
+        public UIComponent PageObject { get; internal set; }
+
+        internal List<UIComponent> TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList { get; private set; }
+
+        internal bool IsNavigated { get; set; }
+
+        private DateTime SetUpDateTime { get; set; }
+        private DateTime CleanExecutionStartDateTime { get; set; }
+
+        public ReadOnlyCollection<UIComponent> TemporarilyPreservedPageObjects
+        {
+            get { return TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList.ToReadOnly(); }
+        }
+
+        public static ATContext Current
+        {
+            get { return current; }
+            private set { current = value; }
+        }
+
+        public static void SetUp(Func<RemoteWebDriver> driverFactory = null, ILogManager log = null, string testName = null, string baseUrl = null)
+        {
+            if (baseUrl != null && !Uri.IsWellFormedUriString(baseUrl, UriKind.Absolute))
+                throw new ArgumentException("Invalid URL format \"{0}\".".FormatWith(baseUrl), "baseUrl");
+
+            Current = new ATContext
+            {
+                TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList = new List<UIComponent>(),
+                Log = log ?? new LogManager().Use(new DebugLogConsumer()),
+                BaseUrl = baseUrl,
+                SetUpDateTime = DateTime.UtcNow
+            };
+
+            Current.LogTestStart(testName);
+
+            Current.Log.Start("Init WebDriver");
+            Current.Driver = driverFactory != null ? driverFactory() : new FirefoxDriver();
+            Current.Log.EndSection();
+
+            Current.CleanExecutionStartDateTime = DateTime.UtcNow;
+        }
+
+        private void LogTestStart(string testName)
+        {
+            StringBuilder logMessageBuilder = new StringBuilder("Starting test");
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(testName))
+                logMessageBuilder.AppendFormat(": {0}", testName);
+
+            Current.Log.Info(logMessageBuilder.ToString());
+        }
+
+        public static void CleanUp()
+        {
+            if (Current != null)
+            {
+                TimeSpan cleanTestExecutionTime = DateTime.UtcNow - Current.CleanExecutionStartDateTime;
+
+                Current.Log.Start("Clean-up test context");
+
+                Current.Driver.Quit();
+                Current.CleanUpTemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList();
+
+                if (Current.PageObject != null)
+                    UIComponentResolver.CleanUpPageObject(Current.PageObject);
+
+                Current.Log.EndSection();
+
+                TimeSpan testExecutionTime = DateTime.UtcNow - Current.SetUpDateTime;
+                Current.Log.InfoWithExecutionTimeInBrackets("Finished test", testExecutionTime);
+                Current.Log.InfoWithExecutionTime("Сlean test execution time: ", cleanTestExecutionTime);
+
+                Current.Log = null;
+                Current = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal void CleanUpTemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList()
+        {
+            UIComponentResolver.CleanUpPageObjects(TemporarilyPreservedPageObjects);
+            TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox.FirefoxDriver::.ctor() at Line 61) of type OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox.FirefoxDriver in method "Void ATContext.SetUp(Func`1<!0>,ILogManager,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ATContext.SetUp(Func`1<!0>,ILogManager,String,String)
+
+### File:
+src/Atata/ATContext.cs
+
+### Key:
+ATContext.cs|SetUp|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+64fabcd7beee9467ab3b83380ce37b55
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2238/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2238/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a46425690bc76bb163152392861f121fa5b7071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2238/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** atata
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
+using OpenQA.Selenium.Remote;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Atata
+{
+    public class AtataContext
+    {
+        [ThreadStatic]
+        private static AtataContext current;
+
+        public RemoteWebDriver Driver { get; internal set; }
+
+        public ILogManager Log { get; internal set; }
+
+        public UIComponent PageObject { get; internal set; }
+
+        internal List<UIComponent> TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList { get; private set; }
+
+        public ReadOnlyCollection<UIComponent> TemporarilyPreservedPageObjects
+        {
+            get { return TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList.ToReadOnly(); }
+        }
+
+        public static AtataContext Current
+        {
+            get { return current; }
+            private set { current = value; }
+        }
+
+        public static void SetUp(Func<RemoteWebDriver> driverFactory = null, ILogManager log = null, string testName = null)
+        {
+            Current = new AtataContext
+            {
+                TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList = new List<UIComponent>(),
+                Log = log ?? new SimpleLogManager()
+            };
+
+            Current.LogTestStart(testName);
+
+            Current.Log.StartSection("Init web driver");
+            Current.Driver = driverFactory != null ? driverFactory() : new FirefoxDriver();
+            Current.Log.EndSection();
+        }
+
+        private void LogTestStart(string testName)
+        {
+            StringBuilder logMessageBuilder = new StringBuilder("Starting test");
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(testName))
+                logMessageBuilder.AppendFormat(": {0}", testName);
+
+            Current.Log.Info(logMessageBuilder.ToString());
+        }
+
+        public static void CleanUp()
+        {
+            if (Current != null)
+            {
+                Current.Log.Info("Finished test");
+
+                Current.Log = null;
+                Current.Driver.Quit();
+                Current.CleanUpTemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList();
+                UIComponentResolver.CleanUpPageObject(Current.PageObject);
+                Current = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal void CleanUpTemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList()
+        {
+            UIComponentResolver.CleanUpPageObjects(TemporarilyPreservedPageObjects);
+            TemporarilyPreservedPageObjectList.Clear();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox.FirefoxDriver::.ctor() at Line 47) of type OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox.FirefoxDriver in method "Void AtataContext.SetUp(Func`1<!0>,ILogManager,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void AtataContext.SetUp(Func`1<!0>,ILogManager,String)
+
+### File:
+src/Atata/AtataContext.cs
+
+### Key:
+AtataContext.cs|SetUp|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3ecab92b038de51aa118bff50f1f25e5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2252/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2252/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a061c1fd9dbd8c0265f6fb791892161ec92f1fd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2252/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Sir.Documents;
+using Sir.VectorSpace;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Sir.Search
+{
+    public class DocumentStreamSession : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly string _directory;
+        protected readonly StreamFactory SessionFactory;
+        private readonly IDictionary<ulong, DocumentReader> _streamReaders;
+
+        public DocumentStreamSession(string directory, StreamFactory sessionFactory) 
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+            SessionFactory = sessionFactory;
+            _streamReaders = new Dictionary<ulong, DocumentReader>();
+        }
+
+
+        public int Count(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return GetOrCreateDocumentReader(collectionId).DocumentCount();
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<Document> ReadDocuments(
+            ulong collectionId, 
+            HashSet<string> select,
+            int skip = 0, 
+            int take = 0)
+        {
+            var documentReader = GetOrCreateDocumentReader(collectionId);
+            var docCount = documentReader.DocumentCount();
+
+            if (take == 0)
+                take = docCount;
+
+            var took = 0;
+            long docId = skip;
+
+            while (docId < docCount && took++ < take)
+            {
+                yield return ReadDocument((collectionId, docId++), select, documentReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<AnalyzedDocument> ReadDocumentVectors<T>(
+            ulong collectionId,
+            HashSet<string> select,
+            IModel<T> model,
+            int skip = 0,
+            int take = 0)
+        {
+            var documentReader = GetOrCreateDocumentReader(collectionId);
+            var docCount = documentReader.DocumentCount();
+
+            if (take == 0)
+                take = docCount;
+
+            var took = 0;
+            long docId = skip;
+
+            while (docId < docCount && took++ < take)
+            {
+                var columns = new List<VectorNode>();
+
+                foreach (var node in ReadDocumentVectors((collectionId, docId), select, documentReader, model))
+                {
+                    columns.Add(node);
+                }
+
+                yield return new AnalyzedDocument(columns);
+
+                docId++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<T> ReadDocumentValues<T>(
+            ulong collectionId,
+            string field,
+            int skip = 0,
+            int take = 0)
+        {
+            var documentReader = GetOrCreateDocumentReader(collectionId);
+            var docCount = documentReader.DocumentCount();
+
+            if (take == 0)
+                take = docCount;
+
+            var took = 0;
+            long docId = skip;
+
+            while (docId < docCount && took++ < take)
+            {
+                var value = ReadDocumentValue<T>((collectionId, docId), field, documentReader);
+
+                if (value != null)
+                    yield return value;
+
+                docId++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<Document> ReadDocuments(
+            DocumentReader documentReader,
+            HashSet<string> select,
+            int skip = 0,
+            int take = 0)
+        {
+            var docCount = documentReader.DocumentCount();
+
+            if (take == 0)
+                take = docCount;
+
+            var took = 0;
+            long docId = skip;
+
+            while (docId <= docCount && took++ < take)
+            {
+                yield return ReadDocument((documentReader.CollectionId, docId++), select, documentReader);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public T ReadDocumentValue<T>(
+            (ulong collectionId, long docId) doc,
+            string field,
+            DocumentReader streamReader)
+        {
+            var docInfo = streamReader.GetDocumentAddress(doc.docId);
+            var docMap = streamReader.GetDocumentMap(docInfo.offset, docInfo.length);
+            T value = default(T);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < docMap.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var kvp = docMap[i];
+                var kInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfKey(kvp.keyId);
+                var key = (string)streamReader.GetKey(kInfo.offset, kInfo.len, kInfo.dataType);
+
+                if (key == field)
+                {
+                    var vInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfValue(kvp.valId);
+
+                    value = (T)streamReader.GetValue(vInfo.offset, vInfo.len, vInfo.dataType);
+
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<VectorNode> ReadDocumentVectors<T>(
+            (ulong collectionId, long docId) doc,
+            HashSet<string> select,
+            DocumentReader streamReader,
+            IModel<T> model)
+        {
+            var docInfo = streamReader.GetDocumentAddress(doc.docId);
+            var docMap = streamReader.GetDocumentMap(docInfo.offset, docInfo.length);
+
+            // for each key, create a tree
+            for (int i = 0; i < docMap.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var kvp = docMap[i];
+                var kInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfKey(kvp.keyId);
+                var key = (string)streamReader.GetKey(kInfo.offset, kInfo.len, kInfo.dataType);
+                var tree = new VectorNode(keyId:kvp.keyId);
+
+                if (select.Contains(key))
+                {
+                    var vInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfValue(kvp.valId);
+
+                    foreach (var vector in streamReader.GetVectors<T>(vInfo.offset, vInfo.len, vInfo.dataType, value => model.Tokenize(value)))
+                    {
+                        tree.AddIfUnique(new VectorNode(vector, docId:doc.docId, keyId:kvp.keyId), model);
+                    }
+
+                    yield return tree;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Document ReadDocument(
+            (ulong collectionId, long docId) docId,
+            HashSet<string> select,
+            double? score = null)
+        {
+            var streamReader = GetOrCreateDocumentReader(docId.collectionId);
+
+            return ReadDocument(docId, select, streamReader, score);
+        }
+
+        public Document ReadDocument(
+            (ulong collectionId, long docId) doc,
+            HashSet<string> select,
+            DocumentReader streamReader,
+            double? score = null)
+        {
+            var docInfo = streamReader.GetDocumentAddress(doc.docId);
+            var docMap = streamReader.GetDocumentMap(docInfo.offset, docInfo.length);
+            var fields = new List<Field>();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < docMap.Count; i++)
+            {
+                var kvp = docMap[i];
+                var kInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfKey(kvp.keyId);
+                var key = (string)streamReader.GetKey(kInfo.offset, kInfo.len, kInfo.dataType);
+
+                if (select.Contains(key))
+                {
+                    var vInfo = streamReader.GetAddressOfValue(kvp.valId);
+                    var val = streamReader.GetValue(vInfo.offset, vInfo.len, vInfo.dataType);
+
+                    fields.Add(new Field(key, val, kvp.keyId));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return new Document(fields, collectionId:doc.collectionId, documentId:doc.docId, score:(score.HasValue ? score.Value : 0));
+        }
+
+        private DocumentReader GetOrCreateDocumentReader(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            DocumentReader reader;
+
+            if (!_streamReaders.TryGetValue(collectionId, out reader))
+            {
+                reader = new DocumentReader(_directory, collectionId, SessionFactory);
+                _streamReaders.Add(collectionId, reader);
+            }
+
+            return reader;
+        }
+
+        public virtual void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var reader in _streamReaders.Values)
+            {
+                reader.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource streamReader of type Sir.Documents.DocumentReader in method "Document DocumentStreamSession.ReadDocument(ValueTuple`2<!0,!1>,HashSet`1<!0>,Nullable`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Document DocumentStreamSession.ReadDocument(ValueTuple`2<!0,!1>,HashSet`1<!0>,Nullable`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Search/Session/DocumentStreamSession.cs
+
+### Key:
+DocumentStreamSession.cs|ReadDocument|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9143f58849b982bb0079db77fd58cc93
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2253/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2253/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8f3faa7963b0d162363588551bd33e36b0b3dd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2253/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
+namespace Sir.Store
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initialize app.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Start : IPluginStart
+    {
+        public void OnApplicationStartup(
+            IServiceCollection services, ServiceProvider serviceProvider, IConfigurationProvider config)
+        {
+            var httpParser = new HttpQueryParser(new QueryParser());
+            var httpBowParser = new HttpBowQueryParser(httpParser);
+            var sessionFactory = new SessionFactory(config);
+
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IStringModel), new BocModel());
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(SessionFactory), sessionFactory);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(HttpQueryParser), httpParser);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(HttpBowQueryParser), new HttpBowQueryParser(httpParser));
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IQueryFormatter), new QueryFormatter());
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IWriter), new StoreWriter(sessionFactory));
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IReader), new StoreReader(sessionFactory, httpParser, httpBowParser));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource sessionFactory of type Sir.Store.SessionFactory, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Store.StoreReader::.ctor() at Line 23) of type Sir.Store.StoreReader, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Store.StoreWriter::.ctor() at Line 22) of type Sir.Store.StoreWriter in method "Void Start.OnApplicationStartup(IServiceCollection,ServiceProvider,IConfigurationProvider)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Start.OnApplicationStartup(IServiceCollection,ServiceProvider,IConfigurationProvider)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Store/Start.cs
+
+### Key:
+Start.cs|OnApplicationStartup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d317358450c14d89d6c8c9318ade33a7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2254/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2254/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e3fd329cd37bff222303bd3cde9a595999b5780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2254/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Sir.Core;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace Sir.Store
+{
+    public class BowIndexSession : CollectionSession, IDisposable, ILogger
+    {
+        private readonly IConfigurationProvider _config;
+        private readonly ReadSession _readSession;
+        private readonly ITokenizer _tokenizer;
+        private readonly ProducerConsumerQueue<(long docId, long keyId, SortedList<long, int> vector)> _indexWriter;
+        private readonly SortedList<long, VectorNode> _newColumns;
+        private readonly Stream _documentVectorStream;
+        private readonly object _writeSync = new object();
+
+        public BowIndexSession(
+            string collectionName,
+            ulong collectionId,
+            SessionFactory sessionFactory,
+            IConfigurationProvider config,
+            ITokenizer tokenizer,
+            ConcurrentDictionary<long, NodeReader> indexReaders) : base(collectionName, collectionId, sessionFactory)
+        {
+            _config = config;
+            _readSession = new ReadSession(collectionName, collectionId, sessionFactory, config, indexReaders);
+            _tokenizer = tokenizer;
+
+            _indexWriter = new ProducerConsumerQueue<(long docId, long keyId, SortedList<long, int> vector)>(
+                int.Parse(_config.Get("write_thread_count")), WriteToMemIndex);
+
+            _newColumns = new SortedList<long, VectorNode>();
+
+            var docVecFileName = Path.Combine(SessionFactory.Dir, CollectionId + ".vec1");
+
+            _documentVectorStream = SessionFactory.CreateAppendStream(docVecFileName);
+        }
+
+        public void Write(IEnumerable<IDictionary> documents, params long[] excludeKeyIds)
+        {
+            foreach (var doc in documents)
+            {
+                var docId = (long)doc["___docid"];
+
+                foreach (var key in doc.Keys)
+                {
+                    var strKey = key.ToString();
+
+                    if (strKey.StartsWith("__"))
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    var keyId = SessionFactory.GetKeyId(CollectionId, strKey.ToHash());
+
+                    if (excludeKeyIds.Contains(keyId))
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    var treeReader = _readSession.CreateIndexReader(keyId);
+                    var docVec = CreateDocumentVector(doc[key].ToString(), treeReader, _tokenizer);
+
+                    _indexWriter.Enqueue((docId, keyId, docVec));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteToMemIndex((long docId, long keyId, SortedList<long, int> vector) item)
+        {
+            VectorNode column;
+
+            if (!_newColumns.TryGetValue(item.keyId, out column))
+            {
+                lock (_writeSync)
+                {
+                    if (!_newColumns.TryGetValue(item.keyId, out column))
+                    {
+                        column = new VectorNode();
+                        _newColumns.Add(item.keyId, column);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            column.Add(
+                new VectorNode(item.vector, item.docId), 
+                CosineSimilarity.Document, 
+                _documentVectorStream);
+
+            this.Log("added doc field {0}.{1} to memory index", item.docId, item.keyId);
+        }
+
+        private static SortedList<long, int> CreateDocumentVector(
+            string value, NodeReader reader, ITokenizer tokenizer)
+        {
+            var terms = tokenizer.Tokenize(value);
+
+            return VectorOperations.CreateDocumentVector(terms.Embeddings(), CosineSimilarity.Document, reader, tokenizer);
+        }
+
+        private void Flush()
+        {
+            _indexWriter.Dispose();
+            _documentVectorStream.Dispose();
+
+            var tasks = new List<Task>();
+            var writers = new List<ColumnSerializer>();
+
+            foreach (var model in _newColumns)
+            {
+                var columnWriter = new ColumnSerializer(
+                    CollectionId, model.Key, SessionFactory, new RemotePostingsWriter(_config, CollectionName), "ix1", "ixp1");
+
+                tasks.Add(columnWriter.SerializeColumnSegment(model.Value));
+
+                writers.Add(columnWriter);
+            }
+
+            Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray());
+
+            this.Log("***FLUSHED*** and completed building of model {0}", CollectionId);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _readSession.Dispose();
+
+            Flush();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource columnWriter.Sir.Store.ColumnSerializer._pageIndexWriter of type Sir.Store.PageIndexWriter, Leaked resource columnWriter.Sir.Store.ColumnSerializer._ixStream of type System.IO.FileStream in method "Void BowIndexSession.Flush()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void BowIndexSession.Flush()
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Store/Session/BowIndexSession.cs
+
+### Key:
+BowIndexSession.cs|Flush|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0c1c140da8d875c584b918be66c131c0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2255/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2255/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..723d971d9717de133fb5b453cb60725fbba1f3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2255/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using log4net;
+using Resin.Analysis;
+using Resin.IO;
+using Resin.IO.Read;
+using Resin.Querying;
+using Resin.Sys;
+
+namespace Resin
+{
+    public class Collector : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly string _directory;
+        private static readonly ILog Log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(Collector));
+        private readonly IxInfo _ix;
+        private readonly IDictionary<Term, IList<DocumentPosting>> _termCache;
+        private readonly IScoringScheme _scorer;
+
+        public Collector(string directory, IxInfo ix, IScoringScheme scorer)
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+            _ix = ix;
+            _termCache = new Dictionary<Term, IList<DocumentPosting>>();
+            _scorer = scorer;
+        }
+
+        public IEnumerable<DocumentScore> Collect(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            Scan(query);
+            GetPostings(query);
+
+            return query.Reduce().Select(p=>p.Score).OrderByDescending(s => s.Score);
+        }
+
+        private void Scan(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            if (query == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("query");
+
+            Parallel.ForEach(new List<QueryContext> {query}.Concat(query.Children), DoScan);
+        }
+
+        private void DoScan(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            var time = Time();
+
+            using (var reader = GetTreeReader(query.Field))
+            {
+                if (query.Fuzzy)
+                {
+                    query.Terms = reader.Near(query.Value, query.Edits).Select(word => new Term(query.Field, word));
+                }
+                else if (query.Prefix)
+                {
+                    query.Terms = reader.StartsWith(query.Value).Select(word => new Term(query.Field, word));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (reader.HasWord(query.Value))
+                    {
+                        query.Terms = new List<Term> {new Term(query.Field, new Word(query.Value))};
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        query.Terms = new List<Term>();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Log.DebugFormat("scanned {0} in {1}", query, time.Elapsed);
+        }
+
+        private void GetPostings(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            if (query == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("query");
+
+            var time = Time();
+
+            foreach (var q in new List<QueryContext> {query}.Concat(query.Children))
+            {
+                DoGetPostings(q);
+            }
+
+            Log.DebugFormat("read postings for {0} in {1}", query, time.Elapsed);
+        }
+
+        private void DoGetPostings(QueryContext query)
+        {
+            var result = DoReadPostings(query.Terms)
+                .Aggregate<IEnumerable<DocumentPosting>, IEnumerable<DocumentPosting>>(null, DocumentPosting.JoinOr);
+
+            query.Postings = result ?? Enumerable.Empty<DocumentPosting>();
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<IEnumerable<DocumentPosting>> DoReadPostings(IEnumerable<Term> terms)
+        {
+            foreach(var term in terms)
+            {
+                IList<DocumentPosting> postings;
+
+                if (!_termCache.TryGetValue(term, out postings))
+                {
+                    postings = GetPostingsReader(term).Read(term).ToList();
+                    postings = Score(postings).ToList();
+                    _termCache.Add(term, postings);
+                }
+
+                yield return postings;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private PostingsReader GetPostingsReader(Term term)
+        {
+            var fileId = term.ToPostingsFileId();
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(_directory, fileId + ".pos");
+            var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read, 4096, FileOptions.SequentialScan);
+            var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.ASCII);
+
+            return new PostingsReader(sr);
+        }
+
+        private IEnumerable<DocumentPosting> Score(IEnumerable<DocumentPosting> postings)
+        {
+            foreach (var posting in postings)
+            {
+                var scorer = _scorer.CreateScorer(_ix.DocumentCount.DocCount[posting.Field], posting.Count);
+
+                posting.Score = new DocumentScore(posting.DocumentId, posting.Count);
+
+                scorer.Score(posting.Score);
+
+                yield return posting;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        private LcrsTreeReader GetTreeReader(string field)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(_directory, field.ToTrieFileId() + ".tri");
+            var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read, 4096, FileOptions.SequentialScan);
+            var sr = new StreamReader(fs, Encoding.Unicode);
+            var reader = new LcrsTreeReader(sr);
+            
+            return reader;
+        }
+
+        private static Stopwatch Time()
+        {
+            var timer = new Stopwatch();
+            timer.Start();
+            return timer;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Resin.IO.Read.LcrsTreeReader, Leaked resource sr of type System.IO.StreamReader, Leaked resource fs of type System.IO.FileStream in method "LcrsTreeReader Collector.GetTreeReader(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+LcrsTreeReader Collector.GetTreeReader(String)
+
+### File:
+Resin/Collector.cs
+
+### Key:
+Collector.cs|GetTreeReader|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ec39b4d128f4e72bb0a65d5d1a315443
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2262/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2262/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2043e830eab41a2773c9fbf5972e66cafa6e46f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2262/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using log4net;
+using Resin.IO;
+
+namespace Resin
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A reader that provides thread-safe access to an index. Not lock-free.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Searcher : IDisposable
+    {
+        private static readonly ILog Log = LogManager.GetLogger(typeof(Searcher));
+        private readonly string _directory;
+        private readonly QueryParser _parser;
+        private readonly IScoringScheme _scorer;
+        private readonly IndexInfo _ix;
+        private readonly Dictionary<string, DocumentFile> _docContainers;
+        private static readonly object Sync = new object();
+
+        public Searcher(string directory, QueryParser parser, IScoringScheme scorer)
+        {
+            _directory = directory;
+            _parser = parser;
+            _scorer = scorer;
+            _docContainers = new Dictionary<string, DocumentFile>();
+
+            _ix = IndexInfo.Load(Path.Combine(_directory, "0.ix"));
+        }
+
+        public Result Search(string query, int page = 0, int size = 10000, bool returnTrace = false)
+        {
+            var timer = new Stopwatch();
+            timer.Start();
+            var collector = new Collector(_directory, _ix);
+            var q = _parser.Parse(query);
+            if (q == null)
+            {
+                return new Result { Docs = Enumerable.Empty<IDictionary<string, string>>() };
+            }
+            Log.DebugFormat("parsed query {0} in {1}", q, timer.Elapsed);
+            var scored = collector.Collect(q, page, size, _scorer).ToList();
+            var skip = page * size;
+            var paged = scored.Skip(skip).Take(size).ToDictionary(x => x.DocId, x => x);
+            var docs = paged.Values.Select(s => GetDoc(s.DocId));
+            return new Result { Docs = docs, Total = scored.Count };  
+        }
+
+
+        private IDictionary<string, string> GetDoc(string docId)
+        {
+            var containerId = docId.ToDocContainerId();
+            DocumentFile container;
+            if (!_docContainers.TryGetValue(containerId, out container))
+            {
+                lock (Sync)
+                {
+                    if (!_docContainers.TryGetValue(containerId, out container))
+                    {
+                        container = new DocumentFile(_directory, containerId);
+                        _docContainers.Add(containerId, container);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return container.Get(docId).Fields;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var dc in _docContainers.Values)
+            {
+                dc.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource container of type Resin.IO.DocumentFile in method "IDictionary`2<!0,!1> Searcher.GetDoc(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IDictionary`2<!0,!1> Searcher.GetDoc(String)
+
+### File:
+Resin/Searcher.cs
+
+### Key:
+Searcher.cs|GetDoc|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+579d081cc6d679045cc31eeba71e0cee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2263/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2263/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49ea3b22c00e43fb05148149a911458fd7ebe26e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2263/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.IO.MemoryMappedFiles;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Sir.Store
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Dispatcher of sessions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class SessionFactory : IDisposable, ILogger
+    {
+        private ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>> _keys;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, IList<(long offset, long length)>> _pageInfo;
+        private readonly Semaphore WriteSync = new Semaphore(1, 2);
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, DocumentStreamWriter> _documentWriters;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, MemoryMappedFile> _mmfs;
+
+        public string Dir { get; }
+        public IConfigurationProvider Config { get; }
+        public IStringModel Model { get; }
+
+        public SessionFactory(IConfigurationProvider config, IStringModel model)
+        {
+            var time = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            Dir = config.Get("data_dir");
+            Config = config;
+
+            if (!Directory.Exists(Dir))
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(Dir);
+            }
+
+            _keys = LoadKeys();
+            _pageInfo = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, IList<(long offset, long length)>>();
+            _documentWriters = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, DocumentStreamWriter>();
+            _mmfs = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, MemoryMappedFile>();
+            Model = model;
+
+            this.Log($"initiated in {time.Elapsed}");
+        }
+
+        public MemoryMappedFile OpenMMF(string fileName)
+        {
+            var mapName = fileName.Replace(":", "").Replace("\\", "_");
+
+            try
+            {
+                return _mmfs.GetOrAdd(mapName, x =>
+                {
+                    return MemoryMappedFile.CreateFromFile(fileName, FileMode.Open, mapName, 0, MemoryMappedFileAccess.ReadWrite);
+                });
+            }
+            catch
+            {
+                return _mmfs.GetOrAdd(mapName, x =>
+                {
+                    return MemoryMappedFile.OpenExisting(mapName);
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long GetDocCount(string collection)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(Dir, $"{collection.ToHash()}.dix");
+
+            if (!File.Exists(fileName))
+                return 0;
+
+            return new FileInfo(fileName).Length / (sizeof(long) + sizeof(int));
+        }
+
+        public void Truncate(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*"))
+                File.Delete(file);
+
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+
+            _keys.Clear();
+
+            this.Log($"truncated {collectionId}");
+        }
+
+        public void TruncateIndex(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.ix"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.ixp"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.vec"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.pos"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public void ExecuteWrite(Job job)
+        {
+            WriteSync.WaitOne();
+
+            var timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+
+            using (var writeSession = CreateWriteSession(job.CollectionId, job.Model))
+            {
+                writeSession.Write(job.Documents);
+            }
+
+            this.Log("executed {0} write+index job in {1}", job.CollectionId, timer.Elapsed);
+
+            WriteSync.Release();
+        }
+
+        public void ClearPageInfo()
+        {
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public IList<(long offset, long length)> GetAllPages(string pageFileName)
+        {
+            return _pageInfo.GetOrAdd(pageFileName, key =>
+            {
+                using (var ixpStream = CreateReadStream(key))
+                {
+                    return new PageIndexReader(ixpStream).GetAll();
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        public void RefreshKeys()
+        {
+            _keys = LoadKeys();
+        }
+
+        public ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>> LoadKeys()
+        {
+            var timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            var allkeys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>>();
+
+            foreach (var keyFile in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, "*.kmap"))
+            {
+                var collectionId = ulong.Parse(Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(keyFile));
+                ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long> keys;
+
+                if (!allkeys.TryGetValue(collectionId, out keys))
+                {
+                    keys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>();
+                    allkeys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, keys);
+                }
+
+                using (var stream = new FileStream(keyFile, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite))
+                {
+                    long i = 0;
+                    var buf = new byte[sizeof(ulong)];
+                    var read = stream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length);
+
+                    while (read > 0)
+                    {
+                        keys.GetOrAdd(BitConverter.ToUInt64(buf, 0), i++);
+
+                        read = stream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            this.Log("loaded keys into memory in {0}", timer.Elapsed);
+
+            return allkeys;
+        }
+
+        public void PersistKeyMapping(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash, long keyId)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(Dir, string.Format("{0}.kmap", collectionId));
+            ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long> keys;
+
+            if (!_keys.TryGetValue(collectionId, out keys))
+            {
+                keys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>();
+                _keys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, keys);
+            }
+
+            if (!keys.ContainsKey(keyHash))
+            {
+                keys.GetOrAdd(keyHash, keyId);
+
+                using (var stream = CreateAppendStream(fileName))
+                {
+                    stream.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes(keyHash), 0, sizeof(ulong));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long GetKeyId(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash)
+        {
+            return _keys[collectionId][keyHash];
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetKeyId(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash, out long keyId)
+        {
+            var keys = _keys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>());
+
+            if (!keys.TryGetValue(keyHash, out keyId))
+            {
+                keyId = -1;
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public DocumentStreamSession CreateDocumentStreamSession(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new DocumentStreamSession(collectionId, this, new DocumentStreamReader(collectionId, this));
+        }
+
+        public WriteSession CreateWriteSession(ulong collectionId, IStringModel model)
+        {
+            var documentWriter = _documentWriters.GetOrAdd(collectionId, new DocumentStreamWriter(collectionId, this));
+
+            return new WriteSession(
+                collectionId, this, documentWriter, Config, model, CreateIndexSession(collectionId));
+        }
+
+        public TermIndexSession CreateIndexSession(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new TermIndexSession(collectionId, this, Model, Config);
+        }
+
+        public ValidateSession CreateValidateSession(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new ValidateSession(collectionId, this, Model, Config);
+        }
+
+        public ReadSession CreateReadSession(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new ReadSession(
+                collectionId, this, Config, Model, new DocumentStreamReader(collectionId, this));
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAsyncReadStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(fileName)
+            ? new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, FileOptions.Asynchronous)
+            : null;
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateReadStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096, FileOptions fileOptions = FileOptions.RandomAccess)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(fileName)
+                ? new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, fileOptions)
+                : null;
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAsyncAppendStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            return new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, FileOptions.Asynchronous);
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAppendStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(fileName))
+            {
+                using (var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize))
+                {
+                }
+            }
+
+            return new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize);
+        }
+
+        public bool CollectionExists(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(Path.Combine(Dir, collectionId + ".val"));
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var x in _documentWriters.Values)
+                x.Dispose();
+
+            foreach (var file in _mmfs.Values)
+                file.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Sir.Store.WriteSession, Leaked resource (returned from Sir.Store.TermIndexSession Sir.Store.SessionFactory::CreateIndexSession(System.UInt64) at Line 232) of type Sir.Store.TermIndexSession, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Store.DocumentStreamWriter::.ctor() at Line 230) of type Sir.Store.DocumentStreamWriter in method "WriteSession SessionFactory.CreateWriteSession(UInt64,IStringModel)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+WriteSession SessionFactory.CreateWriteSession(UInt64,IStringModel)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Store/Session/SessionFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+SessionFactory.cs|CreateWriteSession|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+31dae4d9c330a2fdc556558f7ffa4ce4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2290/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2290/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a200d9248e77c85ac298028d4c2ae3cec031498a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2290/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using DocumentTable;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestClass()]
+    public class Setup
+    {
+        private const string root = @"c:\temp\resin_tests\";
+
+        protected static string CreateDir()
+        {
+            var dir = root + Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
+            Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
+            return dir;
+        }
+
+        protected static IReadSession CreateReadSession(string directory, long version)
+        {
+            return new ReadSessionFactory(directory).OpenReadSession(version);
+        }
+
+        [AssemblyInitialize()]
+        public static void AssemblyInit(TestContext context)
+        {
+            if(Directory.Exists(root))
+            foreach(var dir in Directory.GetDirectories(root))
+            {
+                Directory.Delete(dir, true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type DocumentTable.ReadSession, Leaked resource (output of DocumentTable.ReadSessionFactory::.ctor() at Line 22) of type DocumentTable.ReadSessionFactory in method "IReadSession Setup.CreateReadSession(String,Int64)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IReadSession Setup.CreateReadSession(String,Int64)
+
+### File:
+src/Resin.UnitTests/Setup.cs
+
+### Key:
+Setup.cs|CreateReadSession|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b9b7059a3dd89b2310da55fd4873ee83
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2296/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2296/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b426bec540ccb268478e398074c4c0f3edcd893a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2296/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 40
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Sir.Store
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Dispatcher of sessions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class SessionFactory : IDisposable, ILogger
+    {
+        private ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>> _keys;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<string, IList<(long offset, long length)>> _pageInfo;
+        private readonly Semaphore WriteSync = new Semaphore(1, 2);
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, DocumentStreamWriter> _documentWriters;
+        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<long, ColumnSerializer>> _columnSerializers;
+
+        public string Dir { get; }
+        public IConfigurationProvider Config { get; }
+        public IStringModel Model { get; }
+
+        public SessionFactory(IConfigurationProvider config, IStringModel model)
+        {
+            Dir = config.Get("data_dir");
+            Config = config;
+
+            if (!Directory.Exists(Dir))
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(Dir);
+            }
+
+            Model = model;
+            _keys = LoadKeys();
+            _pageInfo = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, IList<(long offset, long length)>>();
+            _documentWriters = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, DocumentStreamWriter>();
+            _columnSerializers = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<long, ColumnSerializer>>();
+
+            this.Log("initiated");
+        }
+
+        public long GetDocCount(string collection)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(Dir, $"{collection.ToHash()}.dix");
+
+            if (!File.Exists(fileName))
+                return 0;
+
+            return new FileInfo(fileName).Length / (sizeof(long) + sizeof(int));
+        }
+
+        public void Truncate(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+
+            _keys.Clear();
+
+            this.Log($"truncated {collectionId}");
+        }
+
+        public void TruncateIndex(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.ix"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.ixp"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.vec"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+            foreach (var file in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, $"{collectionId}*.pos"))
+            {
+                File.Delete(file);
+            }
+
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public void ExecuteWrite(Job job)
+        {
+            WriteSync.WaitOne();
+
+            var timer = Stopwatch.StartNew();
+            var colId = job.Collection.ToHash();
+
+            using (var writeSession = CreateWriteSession(job.Collection, colId, job.Model))
+            {
+                writeSession.Write(job.Documents);
+            }
+
+            this.Log("executed {0} write+index job in {1}", job.Collection, timer.Elapsed);
+
+            WriteSync.Release();
+        }
+
+        public void ClearPageInfo()
+        {
+            _pageInfo.Clear();
+        }
+
+        public IList<(long offset, long length)> ReadPageInfo(string pageFileName)
+        {
+            return _pageInfo.GetOrAdd(pageFileName, key =>
+            {
+                using (var ixpStream = CreateReadStream(key))
+                {
+                    return new PageIndexReader(ixpStream).ReadAll();
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        public void RefreshKeys()
+        {
+            _keys = LoadKeys();
+        }
+
+        public ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>> LoadKeys()
+        {
+            var timer = new Stopwatch();
+            timer.Start();
+
+            var allkeys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>>();
+
+            foreach (var keyFile in Directory.GetFiles(Dir, "*.kmap"))
+            {
+                var collectionId = ulong.Parse(Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(keyFile));
+                ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long> keys;
+
+                if (!allkeys.TryGetValue(collectionId, out keys))
+                {
+                    keys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>();
+                    allkeys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, keys);
+                }
+
+                using (var stream = new FileStream(keyFile, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite))
+                {
+                    long i = 0;
+                    var buf = new byte[sizeof(ulong)];
+                    var read = stream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length);
+
+                    while (read > 0)
+                    {
+                        keys.GetOrAdd(BitConverter.ToUInt64(buf, 0), i++);
+
+                        read = stream.Read(buf, 0, buf.Length);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            this.Log("loaded keys into memory in {0}", timer.Elapsed);
+
+            return allkeys;
+        }
+
+        public void PersistKeyMapping(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash, long keyId)
+        {
+            var fileName = Path.Combine(Dir, string.Format("{0}.kmap", collectionId));
+            ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long> keys;
+
+            if (!_keys.TryGetValue(collectionId, out keys))
+            {
+                keys = new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>();
+                _keys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, keys);
+            }
+
+            if (!keys.ContainsKey(keyHash))
+            {
+                keys.GetOrAdd(keyHash, keyId);
+
+                using (var stream = CreateAppendStream(fileName))
+                {
+                    stream.Write(BitConverter.GetBytes(keyHash), 0, sizeof(ulong));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public long GetKeyId(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash)
+        {
+            return _keys[collectionId][keyHash];
+        }
+
+        public bool TryGetKeyId(ulong collectionId, ulong keyHash, out long keyId)
+        {
+            var keys = _keys.GetOrAdd(collectionId, new ConcurrentDictionary<ulong, long>());
+
+            if (!keys.TryGetValue(keyHash, out keyId))
+            {
+                keyId = -1;
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public WarmupSession CreateWarmupSession(string collectionName, ulong collectionId, string baseUrl)
+        {
+            return new WarmupSession(collectionName, collectionId, this, Model, Config, baseUrl);
+        }
+
+        public DocumentStreamSession CreateDocumentStreamSession(string collectionName, ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new DocumentStreamSession(collectionName, collectionId, this, new DocumentStreamReader(collectionId, this));
+        }
+
+        public WriteSession CreateWriteSession(string collectionName, ulong collectionId, IStringModel model)
+        {
+            var documentWriter = _documentWriters.GetOrAdd(collectionId, new DocumentStreamWriter(collectionId, this));
+
+            return new WriteSession(
+                collectionName, collectionId, this, documentWriter, Config, model);
+        }
+
+        public TermIndexSession CreateIndexSession(string collectionName, ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new TermIndexSession(collectionName, collectionId, this, Model, Config);
+        }
+
+        public ValidateSession CreateValidateSession(string collectionName, ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new ValidateSession(collectionName, collectionId, this, Model, Config);
+        }
+
+        public ReadSession CreateReadSession(string collectionName, ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return new ReadSession(
+                collectionName, collectionId, this, Config, Model, new DocumentStreamReader(collectionId, this));
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAsyncReadStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(fileName)
+            ? new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, FileOptions.Asynchronous)
+            : null;
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateReadStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096, FileOptions fileOptions = FileOptions.RandomAccess)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(fileName)
+                ? new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, fileOptions)
+                : null;
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAsyncAppendStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            return new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize, FileOptions.Asynchronous);
+        }
+
+        public Stream CreateAppendStream(string fileName, int bufferSize = 4096)
+        {
+            if (!File.Exists(fileName))
+            {
+                using (var fs = new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize))
+                {
+                }
+            }
+
+            return new FileStream(fileName, FileMode.Append, FileAccess.Write, FileShare.ReadWrite, bufferSize);
+        }
+
+        public bool CollectionExists(ulong collectionId)
+        {
+            return File.Exists(Path.Combine(Dir, collectionId + ".val"));
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            foreach (var x in _documentWriters.Values)
+                x.Dispose();
+
+            foreach(var d in _columnSerializers.Values)
+            {
+                foreach (var x in d.Values)
+                    x.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Sir.Store.WriteSession, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Store.DocumentStreamWriter::.ctor() at Line 217) of type Sir.Store.DocumentStreamWriter in method "WriteSession SessionFactory.CreateWriteSession(String,UInt64,IStringModel)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+WriteSession SessionFactory.CreateWriteSession(String,UInt64,IStringModel)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Store/Session/SessionFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+SessionFactory.cs|CreateWriteSession|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+ea545c5d3b5b12f5d191c68acfc68b4d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2297/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2297/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9b613e14955208e728fd6dc0f0c368f93aeba43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2297/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 47
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace Sir.Search
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initialize app.
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Start : IPluginStart
+    {
+        public void OnApplicationStartup(
+            IServiceCollection services, ServiceProvider serviceProvider, IConfigurationProvider config)
+        {
+            var loggerFactory = serviceProvider.GetService<ILoggerFactory>();
+            var model = new BocModel();
+            var sessionFactory = new SessionFactory(
+                config, 
+                model, 
+                loggerFactory);
+
+            var httpParser = new HttpQueryParser(new QueryParser(sessionFactory, model));
+
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IStringModel), model);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(ISessionFactory), sessionFactory);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(SessionFactory), sessionFactory);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(HttpQueryParser), httpParser);
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IHttpWriter), new HttpWriter(sessionFactory));
+            services.AddSingleton(typeof(IHttpReader), new HttpReader(
+                sessionFactory, 
+                httpParser, 
+                config, 
+                loggerFactory.CreateLogger<HttpReader>()));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource sessionFactory of type Sir.Search.SessionFactory, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Search.HttpReader::.ctor() at Line 28) of type Sir.Search.HttpReader, Leaked resource (output of Sir.Search.HttpWriter::.ctor() at Line 27) of type Sir.Search.HttpWriter in method "Void Start.OnApplicationStartup(IServiceCollection,ServiceProvider,IConfigurationProvider)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Start.OnApplicationStartup(IServiceCollection,ServiceProvider,IConfigurationProvider)
+
+### File:
+src/Sir.Search/Start.cs
+
+### Key:
+Start.cs|OnApplicationStartup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+c5f4e6e7007eb4bcdf04edb339f9a468
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2298/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2298/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22d331e04cfd6b95b1ccdbc5386346b86fe48142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2298/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** resin
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Resin;
+
+namespace Tests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class FieldReaderTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void Can_read_field_file()
+        {
+            const string fileName = "c:\\temp\\resin_tests\\Can_read_field_file\\0.fld";
+            if (File.Exists(fileName)) File.Delete(fileName);
+            using (var fw = new FieldFile(fileName))
+            {
+                fw.Write(0, "hello", 0);
+                fw.Write(5, "world", 1);
+            }
+            var reader = FieldReader.Load(fileName);
+            var helloPositionsForDocId0 = reader.GetDocPosition("hello")[0];
+            var worldPositionsForDocId5 = reader.GetDocPosition("world")[5];
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, helloPositionsForDocId0.First());
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, worldPositionsForDocId5.First());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+``IDictionary`2<!0,!1> FieldReader.GetDocPosition(String)`` could be null (from the call to `FieldReader.GetDocPosition(...)` on line 22) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void FieldReaderTests.Can_read_field_file()
+
+### File:
+Tests/FieldReaderTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+FieldReaderTests.cs|Can_read_field_file|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+e2a9d4b492c0066c497869c0d005db38
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2310/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2310/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2524d7433fc3c9d429fec9f766ea0453a6070921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2310/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1323 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TorchSharp
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Buffers;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Numerics.Tensors;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using TorchSharp;
+
+namespace Torch.SNT 
+{
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///   Wrapper class used to surface a Torch ByteTensor as a System.Numerics DensorTensor of byte
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class ByteTorchTensor : DenseTensor<byte>, IDisposable
+    {
+        internal sealed class ByteNativeMemory : MemoryManager<byte>
+        {
+            private readonly ByteTensor.ByteStorage storage;
+
+            public ByteNativeMemory(ByteTensor.ByteStorage storage)
+            {
+                this.storage = storage;
+
+                if (storage.Size () < 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("Length cannot be negative.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a span wrapping the underlying memory.
+            /// Remember to Unpin the memory once the span is disposed.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override Span<byte> GetSpan ()
+            {
+                ulong len = storage.Size ();
+
+                if (len > int.MaxValue)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidCastException ("Tensor size not supported.");
+                }
+
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return new Span<byte> (storage.Data.ToPointer (), (int)len);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a handle to the memory that has been pinned and hence its address can be taken.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="elementIndex">The offset to the element within the memory at which the returned <see cref="MemoryHandle"/> points to. (default = 0)</param>
+            public override MemoryHandle Pin (int elementIndex = 0)
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    storage.Retain();
+                    if ((uint)elementIndex > storage.Size ()) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (elementIndex), "Index out of array bound.");
+                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<byte> ((void*)storage.Data, elementIndex);
+                    return new MemoryHandle (pointer, default, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Lets the garbage collector know that the object is free to be moved now.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override void Unpin ()
+            {
+                storage.Free ();
+            }
+
+            protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    storage.Free ();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly object inner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Property returning the inner TorchSharp tensor the class is wrapping. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public ByteTensor TorchSharpTensor => inner as ByteTensor;
+
+        public ByteTorchTensor (Memory<byte> memory, ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions, ByteTensor inner) : base (memory, dimensions)
+        {
+            this.inner = inner;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Utility method to create a TorchTensor.
+        ///   This is currently failing if the input parameter is empty because SNT 
+        ///   does not support zero-size tensors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sizes">The desired sizes for the dimensions of the tensor.</param>
+        public static ByteTorchTensor Create (params int[] sizes)
+        {
+            var totLength = Utils.GetTotalLength (sizes);
+            var shape = sizes;
+
+            if (sizes.Length == 0)
+            {
+                shape = new int[] { 0 };
+            }
+
+            var inner = CreateByteTensor (sizes.Select (x => (long)x).ToArray ());
+            var storage = inner.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new ByteNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new ByteTorchTensor (mem.Memory, shape, inner);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as ByteTensor;
+            typedInner.Dispose ();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a shallow copy of this tensor, with new backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A shallow copy of this tensor.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<byte> Clone ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as ByteTensor;
+            var innerClone = typedInner.Clone ();
+            var storage = innerClone.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new ByteNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new ByteTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new Tensor of a different type with the specified dimensions and the same layout as this tensor with elements initialized to their default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Type contained in the returned Tensor.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor with the same layout as this tensor but different type and dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<TResult> CloneEmpty<TResult> (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as ByteTensor;
+
+            switch (true)
+            {
+                case bool _ when typeof (TResult) == typeof (byte):
+                    var innerClone = CreateByteTensor (typedInner.Shape);
+                    innerClone.Fill (default);
+                    var mem = new ByteNativeMemory (innerClone.Storage);
+
+                    return new ByteTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone) as Tensor<TResult>;
+                default: throw new NotImplementedException ("Only cloning bytes is currently implemented.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reshapes the current tensor to new dimensions, using the same backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor that reinterprets backing Buffer of this tensor with different dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<byte> Reshape (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            if (dimensions.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ("Dimensions must contain elements.", nameof (dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var newSize = Utils.GetTotalLength (dimensions);
+
+            if (newSize != Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape array due to mismatch in lengths, currently {Length} would become {newSize}.", nameof(dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var typedInner = inner as ByteTensor;
+            ByteTensor reshapedTensor;
+
+            switch (dimensions.Length)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage1d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], 1);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage2d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], dimensions[1], dimensions[1], 1);
+                    break;
+                default: throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape tensor with more than 4 dimensions");
+            }
+
+            return new ByteTorchTensor (Buffer, dimensions, reshapedTensor);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Creates a 1-4D tensor of the specified size(s).
+        /// </summary>    
+        /// <param name="dims">Sizes for the dimensions.</param>
+        internal static ByteTensor CreateByteTensor (params long[] dims)
+        {
+            switch (dims.Length)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return new ByteTensor ();
+                case 1:
+                    return new ByteTensor (dims[0]);
+                case 2:
+                    return new ByteTensor (dims[0], dims[1]);
+                case 3:
+                    return new ByteTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2]);
+                case 4:
+                    return new ByteTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2], dims[3]);
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (dims), "Maximum number of dimensions for tensor creation is 4.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///   Wrapper class used to surface a Torch ShortTensor as a System.Numerics DensorTensor of short
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class ShortTorchTensor : DenseTensor<short>, IDisposable
+    {
+        internal sealed class ShortNativeMemory : MemoryManager<short>
+        {
+            private readonly ShortTensor.ShortStorage storage;
+
+            public ShortNativeMemory(ShortTensor.ShortStorage storage)
+            {
+                this.storage = storage;
+
+                if (storage.Size () < 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("Length cannot be negative.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a span wrapping the underlying memory.
+            /// Remember to Unpin the memory once the span is disposed.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override Span<short> GetSpan ()
+            {
+                ulong len = storage.Size ();
+
+                if (len > int.MaxValue)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidCastException ("Tensor size not supported.");
+                }
+
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return new Span<short> (storage.Data.ToPointer (), (int)len);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a handle to the memory that has been pinned and hence its address can be taken.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="elementIndex">The offset to the element within the memory at which the returned <see cref="MemoryHandle"/> points to. (default = 0)</param>
+            public override MemoryHandle Pin (int elementIndex = 0)
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    storage.Retain();
+                    if ((uint)elementIndex > storage.Size ()) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (elementIndex), "Index out of array bound.");
+                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<short> ((void*)storage.Data, elementIndex);
+                    return new MemoryHandle (pointer, default, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Lets the garbage collector know that the object is free to be moved now.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override void Unpin ()
+            {
+                storage.Free ();
+            }
+
+            protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    storage.Free ();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly object inner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Property returning the inner TorchSharp tensor the class is wrapping. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public ShortTensor TorchSharpTensor => inner as ShortTensor;
+
+        public ShortTorchTensor (Memory<short> memory, ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions, ShortTensor inner) : base (memory, dimensions)
+        {
+            this.inner = inner;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Utility method to create a TorchTensor.
+        ///   This is currently failing if the input parameter is empty because SNT 
+        ///   does not support zero-size tensors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sizes">The desired sizes for the dimensions of the tensor.</param>
+        public static ShortTorchTensor Create (params int[] sizes)
+        {
+            var totLength = Utils.GetTotalLength (sizes);
+            var shape = sizes;
+
+            if (sizes.Length == 0)
+            {
+                shape = new int[] { 0 };
+            }
+
+            var inner = CreateShortTensor (sizes.Select (x => (long)x).ToArray ());
+            var storage = inner.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new ShortNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new ShortTorchTensor (mem.Memory, shape, inner);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as ShortTensor;
+            typedInner.Dispose ();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a shallow copy of this tensor, with new backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A shallow copy of this tensor.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<short> Clone ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as ShortTensor;
+            var innerClone = typedInner.Clone ();
+            var storage = innerClone.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new ShortNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new ShortTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new Tensor of a different type with the specified dimensions and the same layout as this tensor with elements initialized to their default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Type contained in the returned Tensor.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor with the same layout as this tensor but different type and dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<TResult> CloneEmpty<TResult> (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as ShortTensor;
+
+            switch (true)
+            {
+                case bool _ when typeof (TResult) == typeof (short):
+                    var innerClone = CreateShortTensor (typedInner.Shape);
+                    innerClone.Fill (default);
+                    var mem = new ShortNativeMemory (innerClone.Storage);
+
+                    return new ShortTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone) as Tensor<TResult>;
+                default: throw new NotImplementedException ("Only cloning shorts is currently implemented.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reshapes the current tensor to new dimensions, using the same backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor that reinterprets backing Buffer of this tensor with different dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<short> Reshape (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            if (dimensions.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ("Dimensions must contain elements.", nameof (dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var newSize = Utils.GetTotalLength (dimensions);
+
+            if (newSize != Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape array due to mismatch in lengths, currently {Length} would become {newSize}.", nameof(dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var typedInner = inner as ShortTensor;
+            ShortTensor reshapedTensor;
+
+            switch (dimensions.Length)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage1d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], 1);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage2d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], dimensions[1], dimensions[1], 1);
+                    break;
+                default: throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape tensor with more than 4 dimensions");
+            }
+
+            return new ShortTorchTensor (Buffer, dimensions, reshapedTensor);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Creates a 1-4D tensor of the specified size(s).
+        /// </summary>    
+        /// <param name="dims">Sizes for the dimensions.</param>
+        internal static ShortTensor CreateShortTensor (params long[] dims)
+        {
+            switch (dims.Length)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return new ShortTensor ();
+                case 1:
+                    return new ShortTensor (dims[0]);
+                case 2:
+                    return new ShortTensor (dims[0], dims[1]);
+                case 3:
+                    return new ShortTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2]);
+                case 4:
+                    return new ShortTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2], dims[3]);
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (dims), "Maximum number of dimensions for tensor creation is 4.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///   Wrapper class used to surface a Torch IntTensor as a System.Numerics DensorTensor of int
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class IntTorchTensor : DenseTensor<int>, IDisposable
+    {
+        internal sealed class IntNativeMemory : MemoryManager<int>
+        {
+            private readonly IntTensor.IntStorage storage;
+
+            public IntNativeMemory(IntTensor.IntStorage storage)
+            {
+                this.storage = storage;
+
+                if (storage.Size () < 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("Length cannot be negative.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a span wrapping the underlying memory.
+            /// Remember to Unpin the memory once the span is disposed.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override Span<int> GetSpan ()
+            {
+                ulong len = storage.Size ();
+
+                if (len > int.MaxValue)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidCastException ("Tensor size not supported.");
+                }
+
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return new Span<int> (storage.Data.ToPointer (), (int)len);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a handle to the memory that has been pinned and hence its address can be taken.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="elementIndex">The offset to the element within the memory at which the returned <see cref="MemoryHandle"/> points to. (default = 0)</param>
+            public override MemoryHandle Pin (int elementIndex = 0)
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    storage.Retain();
+                    if ((uint)elementIndex > storage.Size ()) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (elementIndex), "Index out of array bound.");
+                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<int> ((void*)storage.Data, elementIndex);
+                    return new MemoryHandle (pointer, default, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Lets the garbage collector know that the object is free to be moved now.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override void Unpin ()
+            {
+                storage.Free ();
+            }
+
+            protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    storage.Free ();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly object inner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Property returning the inner TorchSharp tensor the class is wrapping. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public IntTensor TorchSharpTensor => inner as IntTensor;
+
+        public IntTorchTensor (Memory<int> memory, ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions, IntTensor inner) : base (memory, dimensions)
+        {
+            this.inner = inner;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Utility method to create a TorchTensor.
+        ///   This is currently failing if the input parameter is empty because SNT 
+        ///   does not support zero-size tensors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sizes">The desired sizes for the dimensions of the tensor.</param>
+        public static IntTorchTensor Create (params int[] sizes)
+        {
+            var totLength = Utils.GetTotalLength (sizes);
+            var shape = sizes;
+
+            if (sizes.Length == 0)
+            {
+                shape = new int[] { 0 };
+            }
+
+            var inner = CreateIntTensor (sizes.Select (x => (long)x).ToArray ());
+            var storage = inner.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new IntNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new IntTorchTensor (mem.Memory, shape, inner);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as IntTensor;
+            typedInner.Dispose ();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a shallow copy of this tensor, with new backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A shallow copy of this tensor.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<int> Clone ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as IntTensor;
+            var innerClone = typedInner.Clone ();
+            var storage = innerClone.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new IntNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new IntTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new Tensor of a different type with the specified dimensions and the same layout as this tensor with elements initialized to their default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Type contained in the returned Tensor.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor with the same layout as this tensor but different type and dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<TResult> CloneEmpty<TResult> (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as IntTensor;
+
+            switch (true)
+            {
+                case bool _ when typeof (TResult) == typeof (int):
+                    var innerClone = CreateIntTensor (typedInner.Shape);
+                    innerClone.Fill (default);
+                    var mem = new IntNativeMemory (innerClone.Storage);
+
+                    return new IntTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone) as Tensor<TResult>;
+                default: throw new NotImplementedException ("Only cloning ints is currently implemented.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reshapes the current tensor to new dimensions, using the same backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor that reinterprets backing Buffer of this tensor with different dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<int> Reshape (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            if (dimensions.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ("Dimensions must contain elements.", nameof (dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var newSize = Utils.GetTotalLength (dimensions);
+
+            if (newSize != Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape array due to mismatch in lengths, currently {Length} would become {newSize}.", nameof(dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var typedInner = inner as IntTensor;
+            IntTensor reshapedTensor;
+
+            switch (dimensions.Length)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage1d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], 1);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage2d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], dimensions[1], dimensions[1], 1);
+                    break;
+                default: throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape tensor with more than 4 dimensions");
+            }
+
+            return new IntTorchTensor (Buffer, dimensions, reshapedTensor);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Creates a 1-4D tensor of the specified size(s).
+        /// </summary>    
+        /// <param name="dims">Sizes for the dimensions.</param>
+        internal static IntTensor CreateIntTensor (params long[] dims)
+        {
+            switch (dims.Length)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return new IntTensor ();
+                case 1:
+                    return new IntTensor (dims[0]);
+                case 2:
+                    return new IntTensor (dims[0], dims[1]);
+                case 3:
+                    return new IntTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2]);
+                case 4:
+                    return new IntTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2], dims[3]);
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (dims), "Maximum number of dimensions for tensor creation is 4.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///   Wrapper class used to surface a Torch LongTensor as a System.Numerics DensorTensor of long
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class LongTorchTensor : DenseTensor<long>, IDisposable
+    {
+        internal sealed class LongNativeMemory : MemoryManager<long>
+        {
+            private readonly LongTensor.LongStorage storage;
+
+            public LongNativeMemory(LongTensor.LongStorage storage)
+            {
+                this.storage = storage;
+
+                if (storage.Size () < 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("Length cannot be negative.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a span wrapping the underlying memory.
+            /// Remember to Unpin the memory once the span is disposed.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override Span<long> GetSpan ()
+            {
+                ulong len = storage.Size ();
+
+                if (len > int.MaxValue)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidCastException ("Tensor size not supported.");
+                }
+
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return new Span<long> (storage.Data.ToPointer (), (int)len);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a handle to the memory that has been pinned and hence its address can be taken.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="elementIndex">The offset to the element within the memory at which the returned <see cref="MemoryHandle"/> points to. (default = 0)</param>
+            public override MemoryHandle Pin (int elementIndex = 0)
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    storage.Retain();
+                    if ((uint)elementIndex > storage.Size ()) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (elementIndex), "Index out of array bound.");
+                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<long> ((void*)storage.Data, elementIndex);
+                    return new MemoryHandle (pointer, default, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Lets the garbage collector know that the object is free to be moved now.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override void Unpin ()
+            {
+                storage.Free ();
+            }
+
+            protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    storage.Free ();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly object inner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Property returning the inner TorchSharp tensor the class is wrapping. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public LongTensor TorchSharpTensor => inner as LongTensor;
+
+        public LongTorchTensor (Memory<long> memory, ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions, LongTensor inner) : base (memory, dimensions)
+        {
+            this.inner = inner;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Utility method to create a TorchTensor.
+        ///   This is currently failing if the input parameter is empty because SNT 
+        ///   does not support zero-size tensors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sizes">The desired sizes for the dimensions of the tensor.</param>
+        public static LongTorchTensor Create (params int[] sizes)
+        {
+            var totLength = Utils.GetTotalLength (sizes);
+            var shape = sizes;
+
+            if (sizes.Length == 0)
+            {
+                shape = new int[] { 0 };
+            }
+
+            var inner = CreateLongTensor (sizes.Select (x => (long)x).ToArray ());
+            var storage = inner.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new LongNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new LongTorchTensor (mem.Memory, shape, inner);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as LongTensor;
+            typedInner.Dispose ();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a shallow copy of this tensor, with new backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A shallow copy of this tensor.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<long> Clone ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as LongTensor;
+            var innerClone = typedInner.Clone ();
+            var storage = innerClone.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new LongNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new LongTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new Tensor of a different type with the specified dimensions and the same layout as this tensor with elements initialized to their default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Type contained in the returned Tensor.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor with the same layout as this tensor but different type and dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<TResult> CloneEmpty<TResult> (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as LongTensor;
+
+            switch (true)
+            {
+                case bool _ when typeof (TResult) == typeof (long):
+                    var innerClone = CreateLongTensor (typedInner.Shape);
+                    innerClone.Fill (default);
+                    var mem = new LongNativeMemory (innerClone.Storage);
+
+                    return new LongTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone) as Tensor<TResult>;
+                default: throw new NotImplementedException ("Only cloning longs is currently implemented.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reshapes the current tensor to new dimensions, using the same backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor that reinterprets backing Buffer of this tensor with different dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<long> Reshape (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            if (dimensions.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ("Dimensions must contain elements.", nameof (dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var newSize = Utils.GetTotalLength (dimensions);
+
+            if (newSize != Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape array due to mismatch in lengths, currently {Length} would become {newSize}.", nameof(dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var typedInner = inner as LongTensor;
+            LongTensor reshapedTensor;
+
+            switch (dimensions.Length)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage1d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], 1);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage2d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], dimensions[1], dimensions[1], 1);
+                    break;
+                default: throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape tensor with more than 4 dimensions");
+            }
+
+            return new LongTorchTensor (Buffer, dimensions, reshapedTensor);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Creates a 1-4D tensor of the specified size(s).
+        /// </summary>    
+        /// <param name="dims">Sizes for the dimensions.</param>
+        internal static LongTensor CreateLongTensor (params long[] dims)
+        {
+            switch (dims.Length)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return new LongTensor ();
+                case 1:
+                    return new LongTensor (dims[0]);
+                case 2:
+                    return new LongTensor (dims[0], dims[1]);
+                case 3:
+                    return new LongTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2]);
+                case 4:
+                    return new LongTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2], dims[3]);
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (dims), "Maximum number of dimensions for tensor creation is 4.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///   Wrapper class used to surface a Torch DoubleTensor as a System.Numerics DensorTensor of double
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class DoubleTorchTensor : DenseTensor<double>, IDisposable
+    {
+        internal sealed class DoubleNativeMemory : MemoryManager<double>
+        {
+            private readonly DoubleTensor.DoubleStorage storage;
+
+            public DoubleNativeMemory(DoubleTensor.DoubleStorage storage)
+            {
+                this.storage = storage;
+
+                if (storage.Size () < 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("Length cannot be negative.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a span wrapping the underlying memory.
+            /// Remember to Unpin the memory once the span is disposed.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override Span<double> GetSpan ()
+            {
+                ulong len = storage.Size ();
+
+                if (len > int.MaxValue)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidCastException ("Tensor size not supported.");
+                }
+
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return new Span<double> (storage.Data.ToPointer (), (int)len);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a handle to the memory that has been pinned and hence its address can be taken.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="elementIndex">The offset to the element within the memory at which the returned <see cref="MemoryHandle"/> points to. (default = 0)</param>
+            public override MemoryHandle Pin (int elementIndex = 0)
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    storage.Retain();
+                    if ((uint)elementIndex > storage.Size ()) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (elementIndex), "Index out of array bound.");
+                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<double> ((void*)storage.Data, elementIndex);
+                    return new MemoryHandle (pointer, default, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Lets the garbage collector know that the object is free to be moved now.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override void Unpin ()
+            {
+                storage.Free ();
+            }
+
+            protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    storage.Free ();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly object inner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Property returning the inner TorchSharp tensor the class is wrapping. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public DoubleTensor TorchSharpTensor => inner as DoubleTensor;
+
+        public DoubleTorchTensor (Memory<double> memory, ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions, DoubleTensor inner) : base (memory, dimensions)
+        {
+            this.inner = inner;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Utility method to create a TorchTensor.
+        ///   This is currently failing if the input parameter is empty because SNT 
+        ///   does not support zero-size tensors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sizes">The desired sizes for the dimensions of the tensor.</param>
+        public static DoubleTorchTensor Create (params int[] sizes)
+        {
+            var totLength = Utils.GetTotalLength (sizes);
+            var shape = sizes;
+
+            if (sizes.Length == 0)
+            {
+                shape = new int[] { 0 };
+            }
+
+            var inner = CreateDoubleTensor (sizes.Select (x => (long)x).ToArray ());
+            var storage = inner.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new DoubleNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new DoubleTorchTensor (mem.Memory, shape, inner);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as DoubleTensor;
+            typedInner.Dispose ();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a shallow copy of this tensor, with new backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A shallow copy of this tensor.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<double> Clone ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as DoubleTensor;
+            var innerClone = typedInner.Clone ();
+            var storage = innerClone.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new DoubleNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new DoubleTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new Tensor of a different type with the specified dimensions and the same layout as this tensor with elements initialized to their default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Type contained in the returned Tensor.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor with the same layout as this tensor but different type and dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<TResult> CloneEmpty<TResult> (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as DoubleTensor;
+
+            switch (true)
+            {
+                case bool _ when typeof (TResult) == typeof (double):
+                    var innerClone = CreateDoubleTensor (typedInner.Shape);
+                    innerClone.Fill (default);
+                    var mem = new DoubleNativeMemory (innerClone.Storage);
+
+                    return new DoubleTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone) as Tensor<TResult>;
+                default: throw new NotImplementedException ("Only cloning doubles is currently implemented.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reshapes the current tensor to new dimensions, using the same backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor that reinterprets backing Buffer of this tensor with different dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<double> Reshape (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            if (dimensions.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ("Dimensions must contain elements.", nameof (dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var newSize = Utils.GetTotalLength (dimensions);
+
+            if (newSize != Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape array due to mismatch in lengths, currently {Length} would become {newSize}.", nameof(dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var typedInner = inner as DoubleTensor;
+            DoubleTensor reshapedTensor;
+
+            switch (dimensions.Length)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage1d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], 1);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage2d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], dimensions[1], dimensions[1], 1);
+                    break;
+                default: throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape tensor with more than 4 dimensions");
+            }
+
+            return new DoubleTorchTensor (Buffer, dimensions, reshapedTensor);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Creates a 1-4D tensor of the specified size(s).
+        /// </summary>    
+        /// <param name="dims">Sizes for the dimensions.</param>
+        internal static DoubleTensor CreateDoubleTensor (params long[] dims)
+        {
+            switch (dims.Length)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return new DoubleTensor ();
+                case 1:
+                    return new DoubleTensor (dims[0]);
+                case 2:
+                    return new DoubleTensor (dims[0], dims[1]);
+                case 3:
+                    return new DoubleTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2]);
+                case 4:
+                    return new DoubleTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2], dims[3]);
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (dims), "Maximum number of dimensions for tensor creation is 4.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    ///   Wrapper class used to surface a Torch FloatTensor as a System.Numerics DensorTensor of float
+    /// </summary>
+    public sealed class FloatTorchTensor : DenseTensor<float>, IDisposable
+    {
+        internal sealed class FloatNativeMemory : MemoryManager<float>
+        {
+            private readonly FloatTensor.FloatStorage storage;
+
+            public FloatNativeMemory(FloatTensor.FloatStorage storage)
+            {
+                this.storage = storage;
+
+                if (storage.Size () < 0)
+                {
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException ("Length cannot be negative.");
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a span wrapping the underlying memory.
+            /// Remember to Unpin the memory once the span is disposed.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override Span<float> GetSpan ()
+            {
+                ulong len = storage.Size ();
+
+                if (len > int.MaxValue)
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidCastException ("Tensor size not supported.");
+                }
+
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    return new Span<float> (storage.Data.ToPointer (), (int)len);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Returns a handle to the memory that has been pinned and hence its address can be taken.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="elementIndex">The offset to the element within the memory at which the returned <see cref="MemoryHandle"/> points to. (default = 0)</param>
+            public override MemoryHandle Pin (int elementIndex = 0)
+            {
+                unsafe
+                {
+                    storage.Retain();
+                    if ((uint)elementIndex > storage.Size ()) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (elementIndex), "Index out of array bound.");
+                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<float> ((void*)storage.Data, elementIndex);
+                    return new MemoryHandle (pointer, default, this);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Lets the garbage collector know that the object is free to be moved now.
+            /// </summary>
+            public override void Unpin ()
+            {
+                storage.Free ();
+            }
+
+            protected override void Dispose (bool disposing)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    storage.Free ();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly object inner;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Property returning the inner TorchSharp tensor the class is wrapping. 
+        /// </summary>
+        public FloatTensor TorchSharpTensor => inner as FloatTensor;
+
+        public FloatTorchTensor (Memory<float> memory, ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions, FloatTensor inner) : base (memory, dimensions)
+        {
+            this.inner = inner;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Utility method to create a TorchTensor.
+        ///   This is currently failing if the input parameter is empty because SNT 
+        ///   does not support zero-size tensors.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sizes">The desired sizes for the dimensions of the tensor.</param>
+        public static FloatTorchTensor Create (params int[] sizes)
+        {
+            var totLength = Utils.GetTotalLength (sizes);
+            var shape = sizes;
+
+            if (sizes.Length == 0)
+            {
+                shape = new int[] { 0 };
+            }
+
+            var inner = CreateFloatTensor (sizes.Select (x => (long)x).ToArray ());
+            var storage = inner.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new FloatNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new FloatTorchTensor (mem.Memory, shape, inner);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as FloatTensor;
+            typedInner.Dispose ();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a shallow copy of this tensor, with new backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>A shallow copy of this tensor.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<float> Clone ()
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as FloatTensor;
+            var innerClone = typedInner.Clone ();
+            var storage = innerClone.Storage;
+            storage.Retain ();
+            var mem = new FloatNativeMemory (storage);
+
+            return new FloatTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new Tensor of a different type with the specified dimensions and the same layout as this tensor with elements initialized to their default value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="TResult">Type contained in the returned Tensor.</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor with the same layout as this tensor but different type and dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<TResult> CloneEmpty<TResult> (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            var typedInner = inner as FloatTensor;
+
+            switch (true)
+            {
+                case bool _ when typeof (TResult) == typeof (float):
+                    var innerClone = CreateFloatTensor (typedInner.Shape);
+                    innerClone.Fill (default);
+                    var mem = new FloatNativeMemory (innerClone.Storage);
+
+                    return new FloatTorchTensor (mem.Memory, Dimensions, innerClone) as Tensor<TResult>;
+                default: throw new NotImplementedException ("Only cloning floats is currently implemented.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Reshapes the current tensor to new dimensions, using the same backing storage.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="dimensions">An span of integers that represent the size of each dimension of the DenseTensor to create.</param>
+        /// <returns>A new tensor that reinterprets backing Buffer of this tensor with different dimensions.</returns>
+        public override Tensor<float> Reshape (ReadOnlySpan<int> dimensions)
+        {
+            if (dimensions.Length == 0)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ("Dimensions must contain elements.", nameof (dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var newSize = Utils.GetTotalLength (dimensions);
+
+            if (newSize != Length)
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape array due to mismatch in lengths, currently {Length} would become {newSize}.", nameof(dimensions));
+            }
+
+            var typedInner = inner as FloatTensor;
+            FloatTensor reshapedTensor;
+
+            switch (dimensions.Length)
+            {
+                case 1:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage1d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], 1);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    reshapedTensor = typedInner.NewWithStorage2d (UIntPtr.Zero, dimensions[0], dimensions[1], dimensions[1], 1);
+                    break;
+                default: throw new ArgumentException ($"Cannot reshape tensor with more than 4 dimensions");
+            }
+
+            return new FloatTorchTensor (Buffer, dimensions, reshapedTensor);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        ///   Creates a 1-4D tensor of the specified size(s).
+        /// </summary>    
+        /// <param name="dims">Sizes for the dimensions.</param>
+        internal static FloatTensor CreateFloatTensor (params long[] dims)
+        {
+            switch (dims.Length)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return new FloatTensor ();
+                case 1:
+                    return new FloatTensor (dims[0]);
+                case 2:
+                    return new FloatTensor (dims[0], dims[1]);
+                case 3:
+                    return new FloatTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2]);
+                case 4:
+                    return new FloatTensor (dims[0], dims[1], dims[2], dims[3]);
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException (nameof (dims), "Maximum number of dimensions for tensor creation is 4.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource mem of type Torch.SNT.LongTorchTensor$LongNativeMemory, Leaked resource (output of Torch.SNT.LongTorchTensor::.ctor() at Line 782) of type Torch.SNT.LongTorchTensor, Leaked resource (returned from TorchSharp.LongTensor$LongStorage TorchSharp.LongTensor::get_Storage() at Line 780) of type TorchSharp.LongTensor$LongStorage in method "Tensor`1<!0> LongTorchTensor.CloneEmpty(ReadOnlySpan`1<!0>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Tensor`1<!0> LongTorchTensor.CloneEmpty(ReadOnlySpan`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+SNT/TypeGenerator.cs
+
+### Key:
+TypeGenerator.cs|CloneEmpty|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+6183cc1eaf81c39db949d4a1166e88c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2317/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2317/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa3a751c41990ba02deb22cdb0dbf5fc10988d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2317/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TorchSharp
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using TorchSharp.Tensor;
+
+namespace TorchSharp.Test
+{
+    [TestClass]
+    public class TorchSharp
+    {
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CreateFloatTensorOnes()
+        {
+            var ones = FloatTensor.Ones(new long[] { 2, 2 });
+            Assert.IsNotNull(ones);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CreateFloatTensorOnesCheckData()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                var ones = FloatTensor.Ones(new long[] { 2, 2 });
+                var data = ones.Data;
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+                {
+                    Assert.AreEqual(data[i], 1.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CreateIntTensorOnesCheckData()
+        {
+            unsafe
+            {
+                var ones = IntTensor.Ones(new long[] { 2, 2 });
+                var data = ones.Data;
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
+                {
+                    Assert.AreEqual(data[i], 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void ScoreModel()
+        {
+            var ones = FloatTensor.Ones(new long[] { 1, 3, 224, 224 });
+            Assert.IsNotNull(ones);
+
+            var module = JIT.Module.Load(@"E:\Source\Repos\libtorch\model.pt");
+            Assert.IsNotNull(module);
+
+            var result = module.Forward(ones);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CreateLinear()
+        {
+            var lin = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(lin);
+            var modules = lin.GetName();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CreateRelu()
+        {
+            var rel = NN.Module.Relu();
+            Assert.IsNotNull(rel);
+            var modules = rel.GetName();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void CreateSequence()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+            var modules = seq.GetModules();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void EvalSequence()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            var x = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 1000 }, device: "cpu:0", requiresGrad: true);
+            var eval = seq.Forward(x);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(eval);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void EvalLossSequence()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            var x = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 1000 }, device: "cpu:0");
+            var y = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 10 }, device: "cpu:0");
+
+            var eval = seq.Forward(x);
+            var loss = NN.LossFunction.MSE(eval, y, NN.Reduction.None);
+
+            var result = loss.Item;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestZeroGrad()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            seq.ZeroGrad();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestBackward()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            var x = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 1000 }, device: "cpu:0");
+            var y = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 10 }, device: "cpu:0");
+
+            var eval = seq.Forward(x);
+            var loss = NN.LossFunction.MSE(eval, y, NN.Reduction.None);
+
+            seq.ZeroGrad();
+
+            loss.Backward();
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGettingParameters()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            var x = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 1000 }, device: "cpu:0");
+            var y = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 10 }, device: "cpu:0");
+
+            var eval = seq.Forward(x);
+            var loss = NN.LossFunction.MSE(eval, y, NN.Reduction.None);
+
+            seq.ZeroGrad();
+
+            loss.Backward();
+
+            foreach (var parm in seq.Parameters())
+            {
+                Assert.IsNotNull(parm);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestGrad()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            var x = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 1000 }, device: "cpu:0");
+            var y = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 10 }, device: "cpu:0");
+
+            var eval = seq.Forward(x);
+            var loss = NN.LossFunction.MSE(eval, y, NN.Reduction.None);
+
+            seq.ZeroGrad();
+
+            loss.Backward();
+
+            foreach (var parm in seq.Parameters())
+            {
+                var grad = parm.Grad();
+                Assert.IsNotNull(grad);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestSubInPlace()
+        {
+            var x = IntTensor.Ones(new long[] { 100, 100 });
+            var y = IntTensor.Ones(new long[] { 100, 100 });
+
+            var z = x.SubInPlace(y);
+
+            var zdata = z.Data;
+            var xdata = x.Data;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+            {
+                for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)
+                {
+                    Assert.AreEqual(zdata[i + j], xdata[i + j]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestMul()
+        {
+            var x = FloatTensor.Ones(new long[] { 100, 100 });
+
+            var y = x.Mul(0.5f);
+
+            var ydata = y.Data;
+            var xdata = x.Data;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)
+            {
+                for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)
+                {
+                    Assert.AreEqual(ydata[i + j], xdata[i + j] * 0.5f);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fully connected Relu net with one hidden layer trained using gradient descent.
+        /// Taken from <see cref="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/examples_nn/two_layer_net_nn.html"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTraining()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            var x = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 1000 }, device: "cpu:0");
+            var y = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 10 }, device: "cpu:0");
+
+            float learning_rate = 0.00004f;
+            float prevLoss = float.MaxValue;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            {
+                var eval = seq.Forward(x);
+                var loss = NN.LossFunction.MSE(eval, y, NN.Reduction.None);
+                var lossVal = loss.Item;
+
+                Assert.IsTrue(lossVal < prevLoss);
+                prevLoss = lossVal;
+
+                seq.ZeroGrad();
+
+                loss.Backward();
+
+                // using(var noGrad = NN.NoGrad())
+                // The operators Mul and SubInPlace have no_grad=true by default
+                foreach (var param in seq.Parameters())
+                {
+                    var grad = param.Grad();
+                    var update = grad.Mul(learning_rate);
+                    param.SubInPlace(update);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestAdam()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            double learning_rate = 0.00001;
+
+            var optimizer = NN.Optimizer.Adam(seq, learning_rate);
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(optimizer);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Fully connected Relu net with one hidden layer trained using Adam optimizer.
+        /// Taken from <see cref="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/pytorch_with_examples.html#pytorch-optim"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        [TestMethod]
+        public void TestTrainingAdam()
+        {
+            var lin1 = NN.Module.Linear(1000, 100);
+            var lin2 = NN.Module.Linear(100, 10);
+            var seq = NN.Module.Sequential(lin1, NN.Module.Relu(), lin2);
+
+            var x = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 1000 }, device: "cpu:0");
+            var y = FloatTensor.RandomN(new long[] { 64, 10 }, device: "cpu:0");
+
+            double learning_rate = 0.00004f;
+            float prevLoss = float.MaxValue;
+            var optimizer = NN.Optimizer.Adam(seq, learning_rate);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+            {
+                var eval = seq.Forward(x);
+                var loss = NN.LossFunction.MSE(eval, y, NN.Reduction.Sum);
+                var lossVal = loss.Item;
+
+                Assert.IsTrue(lossVal < prevLoss);
+                prevLoss = lossVal;
+
+                optimizer.ZeroGrad();
+
+                loss.Backward();
+
+                optimizer.Step();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource optimizer.TorchSharp.NN.Optimizer.handle of type TorchSharp.NN.Optimizer$HType, Leaked resource seq of type TorchSharp.NN.Sequential, Leaked resource n$2.[_] of type TorchSharp.NN.Linear in method "Void TorchSharp.TestTrainingAdam()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void TorchSharp.TestTrainingAdam()
+
+### File:
+Test/TorchSharp.cs
+
+### Key:
+TorchSharp.cs|TestTrainingAdam|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+3c99149e1aeae277795dca3500bcff04
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2402/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2402/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8b6609e8c1c63b306cc17a7efb70ca6a521a436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2402/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** i18n
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Web;
+using System.Web.Caching;
+using System.Web.Hosting;
+using i18n.Domain.Abstract;
+using i18n.Domain.Entities;
+using i18n.Helpers;
+
+namespace i18n.Domain.Concrete
+{
+	public class POTranslationRepository : ITranslationRepository
+	{
+		private i18nSettings _settings;
+
+		public POTranslationRepository(i18nSettings settings)
+		{
+			_settings = settings;
+		}
+
+		#region load and getters
+
+		public Translation GetTranslation(string langtag)
+		{
+			return ParseTranslationFile(langtag);
+		}
+
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Checks in first hand settings file, if not found there it checks file structure
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns>List of available languages</returns>
+		public IEnumerable<Language> GetAvailableLanguages()
+		{
+			//todo: ideally we want to fill the other data in the Language object so this is usable by project incorporating i18n that they can simply lookup available languages. Maybe we even add a country property so that it's easier for projects to add corresponding flags.
+
+			List<string> languages = _settings.AvailableLanguages.ToList();
+			Language lang;
+			List<Language> dirList = new List<Language>();
+
+
+			//This means there was no languages from settings
+			if (languages.Count == 0
+                || (languages.Count == 1 && languages[0] == ""))
+			{
+				//We instead check for file structure
+				DirectoryInfo di = new DirectoryInfo(GetAbsoluteLocaleDir());
+				
+				foreach (var dir in di.EnumerateDirectories().Select(x => x.Name))
+				{
+					lang = new Language();
+					lang.LanguageShortTag = dir;
+					dirList.Add(lang);
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				//see if the desired language was one of the returned from settings
+				foreach (var language in languages)
+				{
+					lang = new Language();
+					lang.LanguageShortTag = language;
+					dirList.Add(lang);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return dirList;
+
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Checks if the language is set as supported in config file
+		/// If not it checks if the PO file is available
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="langtag">The tag for which you want to check if support exists. For instance "sv-SE"</param>
+		/// <returns>True if language exists, otherwise false</returns>
+		public bool TranslationExists(string langtag)
+		{
+			List<string> languages = _settings.AvailableLanguages.ToList();
+
+			//This means there was no languages from settings
+			if (languages.Count == 0
+                || (languages.Count == 1 && languages[0] == ""))
+			{
+				//We instead check if the file exists
+				return File.Exists(GetPathForLanguage(langtag));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				//see if the desired language was one of the returned from settings
+				foreach (var language in languages)
+				{
+					if (language == langtag)
+					{
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			//did not exist in settings nor as file, we return false
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		public CacheDependency GetCacheDependencyForSingleLanguage(string langtag)
+		{
+            var path = GetPathForLanguage(langtag);
+            if (!File.Exists(path)) {
+                return null; }
+			return new CacheDependency(path);
+		}
+
+		public CacheDependency GetCacheDependencyForAllLanguages()
+		{
+			return new FsCacheDependency(GetAbsoluteLocaleDir());
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region save
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Saves a translation into file with standard pattern locale/langtag/message.po
+		/// Also saves a backup of previous version
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="translation">The translation you wish to save. Must have Language shortag filled out.</param>
+		public void SaveTranslation(Translation translation)
+		{
+			string filePath = GetPathForLanguage(translation.LanguageInformation.LanguageShortTag);
+			string backupPath = GetPathForLanguage(translation.LanguageInformation.LanguageShortTag) + ".backup";
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we backup one version. more advanced backup solutions could be added here.
+			{
+				if (File.Exists(backupPath))
+				{
+					File.Delete(backupPath);
+				}
+				System.IO.File.Move(filePath, backupPath);
+			}
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we make sure the old file is removed first
+			{
+				File.Delete(filePath);
+			}
+
+			bool hasReferences = false;
+
+            if (!File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filePath);
+                var dirInfo = new DirectoryInfo(Path.GetDirectoryName(filePath));
+                if (!dirInfo.Exists)
+                {
+                    dirInfo.Create();
+                }
+                fileInfo.Create().Close();
+            }
+
+			using (StreamWriter stream = new StreamWriter(filePath))
+			{
+               // Establish ordering of items in PO file.
+                var orderedItems = translation.Items.Values
+                    .OrderBy(x => x.References == null || x.References.Count() == 0)
+                        // Non-orphan items before orphan items.
+                    .ThenBy(x => x.MsgKey);
+                        // Then order alphanumerically.
+               //
+
+				//This is required for poedit to read the files correctly if they contains for instance swedish characters
+				stream.WriteLine("msgid \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("msgstr \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("\"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\\n\"");
+				stream.WriteLine();
+
+				foreach (var item in orderedItems)
+				{
+					hasReferences = false;
+
+					if (item.TranslatorComments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var translatorComment in item.TranslatorComments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("# " + translatorComment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.ExtractedComments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var extractedComment in item.ExtractedComments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#. " + extractedComment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.References != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var reference in item.References)
+						{
+							hasReferences = true;
+							stream.WriteLine("#: " + reference);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.Flags != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var flag in item.Flags)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#, " + flag);
+						}
+					}
+
+					string prefix = hasReferences ? "" : prefix = "#~ ";
+
+                    if (_settings.MessageContextEnabledFromComment
+                        && item.ExtractedComments != null
+                        && item.ExtractedComments.Count() != 0) {
+                        WriteString(stream, hasReferences, "msgctxt", item.ExtractedComments.First());
+                    }
+
+                    WriteString(stream, hasReferences, "msgid", item.MsgId);
+                    WriteString(stream, hasReferences, "msgstr", escape(item.Message));
+
+                    stream.WriteLine("");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Saves a template file which is a all strings (needing translation) used in the entire project. Not language dependent
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="items">A list of template items to save. The list should be all template items for the entire project.</param>
+		public void SaveTemplate(IDictionary<string, TemplateItem> items)
+		{
+			string filePath = GetAbsoluteLocaleDir() + "/messages.pot";
+			string backupPath = filePath + ".backup";
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we backup one version. more advanced backup solutions could be added here.
+			{
+				if (File.Exists(backupPath))
+				{
+					File.Delete(backupPath);
+				}
+				System.IO.File.Move(filePath, backupPath);
+			}
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we make sure the old file is removed first
+			{
+				File.Delete(filePath);
+			}
+
+		    if (! File.Exists(filePath))
+		    {
+		        var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filePath);
+                var dirInfo = new DirectoryInfo(Path.GetDirectoryName(filePath));
+		        if (! dirInfo.Exists)
+		        {
+		            dirInfo.Create();
+		        }
+		        fileInfo.Create().Close();
+		    }
+
+            using (StreamWriter stream = new StreamWriter(filePath))
+			{
+               // Establish ordering of items in PO file.
+                var orderedItems = items.Values
+                    .OrderBy(x => x.References == null || x.References.Count() == 0)
+                        // Non-orphan items before orphan items.
+                    .ThenBy(x => x.MsgKey);
+                        // Then order alphanumerically.
+               //
+
+				//This is required for poedit to read the files correctly if they contains for instance swedish characters
+				stream.WriteLine("msgid \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("msgstr \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("\"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\\n\"");
+				stream.WriteLine();
+
+				foreach (var item in orderedItems)
+				{
+					if (item.Comments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var comment in item.Comments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#. " + comment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					foreach (var reference in item.References)
+					{
+						stream.WriteLine("#: " + reference);
+					}
+
+					stream.WriteLine("msgid \"" + escape(item.MsgId) + "\"");
+					stream.WriteLine("msgstr \"\""); // enable loading of POT file into editor e.g. PoEdit.
+					stream.WriteLine("");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region helpers
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the locale directory from settings and makes sure it is translated into absolut path
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns>the locale directory in absolute path</returns>
+		private string GetAbsoluteLocaleDir()
+		{
+			return _settings.LocaleDirectory;
+		}
+
+		private string GetPathForLanguage(string langtag)
+		{
+			return Path.Combine(GetAbsoluteLocaleDir(), langtag, "messages.po");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parses a PO file into a Language object
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="langtag">The language (tag) you wish to load into Translation object</param>
+		/// <returns>A complete translation object with all all translations and language values set.</returns>
+		private Translation ParseTranslationFile(string langtag)
+		{
+			//todo: consider that lines we don't understand like headers from poedit and #| should be preserved and outputted again.
+
+			Translation translation = new Translation();
+			Language language = new Language();
+			language.LanguageShortTag = langtag;
+			translation.LanguageInformation = language;
+			var items = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, TranslationItem>();
+
+			string path = GetPathForLanguage(langtag);
+
+            if (File.Exists(path)) {
+
+			    using (var fs = File.OpenText(path))
+			    {
+				    // http://www.gnu.org/s/hello/manual/gettext/PO-Files.html
+
+				    string line;
+				    bool itemStarted = false;
+				    while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null)
+				    {
+					    List<string> extractedComments = new List<string>();
+					    List<string> translatorComments = new List<string>();
+					    List<string> flags = new List<string>();
+					    List<string> references = new List<string>();
+
+					    //read all comments, flags and other descriptive items for this string
+					    //if we have #~ its a historical/log entry but it is the messageID/message so we skip this do/while
+					    if (line.StartsWith("#") && !line.StartsWith("#~"))
+					    {
+						    do
+						    {
+							    itemStarted = true;
+							    switch (line[1])
+							    {
+								    case '.': //Extracted comments
+									    extractedComments.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									    break;
+								    case ':': //references
+									    references.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									    break;
+								    case ',': //flags
+									    flags.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									    break;
+								    case '|': //msgid previous-untranslated-string - NOT used by us
+									    break;
+								    default: //translator comments
+									    translatorComments.Add(line.Substring(1).Trim());
+									    break;
+							    }
+
+						    } while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null && line.StartsWith("#"));
+					    }
+
+					    if (itemStarted || line.StartsWith("#~"))
+					    {
+						    TranslationItem item = ParseBody(fs, line, extractedComments);
+
+                            if (item != null) {
+                               //
+					            item.TranslatorComments = translatorComments;
+					            item.ExtractedComments = extractedComments;
+					            item.Flags = flags;
+					            item.References = references;
+                               //
+                                items.AddOrUpdate(
+                                    item.MsgKey, 
+                                    // Add routine.
+                                    k => {
+			                            return item;
+                                    },
+                                    // Update routine.
+                                    (k, v) => {
+                                        v.References = v.References.Append(item.References);
+                                        v.ExtractedComments = v.ExtractedComments.Append(item.References);
+                                        v.TranslatorComments = v.TranslatorComments.Append(item.References);
+                                        v.Flags = v.Flags.Append(item.References);
+                                        return v;
+                                    });
+                            }
+					    }
+
+					    itemStarted = false;
+				    }
+			    }
+            }
+			translation.Items = items;
+			return translation;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Removes the preceding characters in a file showing that an item is historical/log. That is to say it has been removed from the project. We don't need care about the character as the fact that it lacks references is what tells us it's a log item
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="line"></param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		private string RemoveCommentIfHistorical(string line)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(line))
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			if (line.StartsWith("#~"))
+			{
+				return line.Replace("#~", "").Trim();
+			}
+
+			return line;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parses the body of a PO file item. That is to say the message id and the message itself.
+		/// Reason for why it must be on second line (textreader) is so that you can read until you have read to far without peek previously for meta data.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="fs">A textreader that must be on the second line of a message body</param>
+		/// <param name="line">The first line of the message body.</param>
+		/// <returns>Returns a TranslationItem with only key, id and message set</returns>
+		private TranslationItem ParseBody(TextReader fs, string line, List<string> extractedComments)
+		{
+            string originalLine = line;
+
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(line)) {
+                return null; }
+
+            TranslationItem message = new TranslationItem { MsgKey = "" };
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+            string msgctxt = null;
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line); //so that we read in removed historical records too
+			if (line.StartsWith("msgctxt"))
+			{
+				msgctxt = Unquote(line);
+				line = fs.ReadLine();
+			}
+
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line); //so that we read in removed historical records too
+			if (line.StartsWith("msgid"))
+			{
+				var msgid = Unquote(line);
+				sb.Append(msgid);
+
+				while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null)
+				{
+					line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+                    if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(line))
+                    {
+                        Console.WriteLine("ERROR - line is empty. Original line: " + originalLine);
+                    }
+					if (!line.StartsWith("msgstr") && (msgid = Unquote(line)) != null)
+					{
+						sb.Append(msgid);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+                message.MsgId = Unescape(sb.ToString());
+                
+                // If no msgctxt is set then msgkey is the msgid; otherwise it is msgid+msgctxt.
+                message.MsgKey = string.IsNullOrEmpty(msgctxt) ?
+                    message.MsgId:
+                    TemplateItem.KeyFromMsgidAndComment(message.MsgId, msgctxt, true);
+			}
+
+			sb.Clear();
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(line) && line.StartsWith("msgstr"))
+			{
+				var msgstr = Unquote(line);
+				sb.Append(msgstr);
+
+				while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null && (msgstr = Unquote(line)) != null)
+				{
+					line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+					sb.Append(msgstr);
+				}
+
+				message.Message = Unescape(sb.ToString());
+			}
+            return message;
+		}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper for writing either a msgid or msgstr to the po file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream"></param>
+        /// <param name="hasReferences"></param>
+        /// <param name="type">"msgid" or "msgstr"</param>
+        /// <param name="value"></param>
+        private static void WriteString(StreamWriter stream, bool hasReferences, string type, string value)
+        {
+        // Logic for outputting multi-line msgid.
+        //
+        // IN : a<LF>b
+        // OUT: msgid "a\n"
+        //      msgid "b"
+        //
+        // IN : a<LF>b<LF>
+        // OUT: msgid "a\n"
+        //      msgid "b\n"
+        //
+			string prefix = hasReferences ? "" : prefix = "#~ ";
+			value = value ?? "";
+            value = value.Replace("\r\n", "\n");
+            string[] lines = value.Split('\n');
+            if (lines.Length > 1) {
+                stream.WriteLine(string.Format("{0}{1} \"\"", prefix, type));
+                for (int i = 0; i < lines.Length; ++i) {
+                    string m = lines[i];
+                    bool last = i == lines.Length -1;
+                    if (m.Length != 0) {
+                        stream.WriteLine(string.Format("\"{0}{1}\"", m, last ? "" : "\\n"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                stream.WriteLine(string.Format("{0}{1} \"{2}\"", prefix, type, value));
+            }
+        }
+
+		#region quoting and escaping
+
+		//this method removes anything before the first quote and also removes first and last quote
+		private string Unquote(string lhs, string quotechar = "\"")
+		{
+			int begin = lhs.IndexOf(quotechar);
+			if (begin == -1)
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			int end = lhs.LastIndexOf(quotechar);
+			if (end <= begin)
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			return lhs.Substring(begin + 1, end - begin - 1);
+		}
+
+		private string escape(string s)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s))
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			return s.Replace("\"", "\\\"");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Looks up in the subject string standard C escape sequences and converts them
+		/// to their actual character counterparts.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <seealso href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6629020/evaluate-escaped-string/8854626#8854626"/>
+		private string Unescape(string s)
+		{
+			Regex regex_unescape = new Regex("\\\\[abfnrtv?\"'\\\\]|\\\\[0-3]?[0-7]{1,2}|\\\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}|.", RegexOptions.Singleline);
+
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+			MatchCollection mc = regex_unescape.Matches(s, 0);
+
+			foreach (Match m in mc)
+			{
+				if (m.Length == 1)
+				{
+					sb.Append(m.Value);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					if (m.Value[1] >= '0' && m.Value[1] <= '7')
+					{
+						int i = 0;
+
+						for (int j = 1; j < m.Length; j++)
+						{
+							i *= 8;
+							i += m.Value[j] - '0';
+						}
+
+						sb.Append((char)i);
+					}
+					else if (m.Value[1] == 'u')
+					{
+						int i = 0;
+
+						for (int j = 2; j < m.Length; j++)
+						{
+							i *= 16;
+
+							if (m.Value[j] >= '0' && m.Value[j] <= '9')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - '0';
+							}
+							else if (m.Value[j] >= 'A' && m.Value[j] <= 'F')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - 'A' + 10;
+							}
+							else if (m.Value[j] >= 'a' && m.Value[j] <= 'a')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - 'a' + 10;
+							}
+						}
+
+						sb.Append((char)i);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						switch (m.Value[1])
+						{
+							case 'a':
+								sb.Append('\a');
+								break;
+							case 'b':
+								sb.Append('\b');
+								break;
+							case 'f':
+								sb.Append('\f');
+								break;
+							case 'n':
+								sb.Append('\n');
+								break;
+							case 'r':
+								sb.Append('\r');
+								break;
+							case 't':
+								sb.Append('\t');
+								break;
+							case 'v':
+								sb.Append('\v');
+								break;
+							default:
+								sb.Append(m.Value[1]);
+								break;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			return sb.ToString();
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#endregion
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `line` last assigned on line 457 could be null and is dereferenced at line 458, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+TranslationItem POTranslationRepository.ParseBody(TextReader,String,List`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+src/i18n.Domain/Concrete/POTranslationRepository.cs
+
+### Key:
+POTranslationRepository.cs|ParseBody|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+0a6f568fc8923f33b510e1c243325c94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2403/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2403/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7dbe505e4107bcd593c39e0c037d45b0cf6f233f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2403/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** i18n
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using i18n.Domain.Abstract;
+using i18n.Domain.Entities;
+using i18n.Helpers;
+
+namespace i18n.Domain.Concrete
+{
+	public class POTranslationRepository : ITranslationRepository
+	{
+		private i18nSettings _settings;
+
+		public POTranslationRepository(i18nSettings settings)
+		{
+			_settings = settings;
+		}
+
+		#region load
+
+/*MC001
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieves a language queryable for use with LINQ.
+		/// This does not take care of thread safety.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="tag">The languagetag to get the language for</param>
+		/// <returns>Queryable translate items for use with LINQ</returns>
+		public IQueryable<TranslateItem> GetLanguageItems(string tag)
+		{
+			Translation translation = ParseTranslationFile(tag);
+			return translation.Items.AsQueryable();
+		}
+*/
+
+		public Translation GetLanguage(string tag)
+		{
+			return ParseTranslationFile(tag);
+		}
+
+/*MC001
+		public ConcurrentDictionary<string, TranslateItem> GetLanguageDictionary(string tag)
+		{
+			ConcurrentDictionary<string, TranslateItem> messages = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, TranslateItem>();
+
+			//todo: instead of always calling ParseTranslationFile here we could cache the translation and just read from there. If we want to do that the ITranslationRepository needs to add a ReleaseCache or similar for when the file has been changed.
+			Translation translation = ParseTranslationFile(tag);
+
+
+			// Only if a msgstr (translation) is provided for this entry do we add an entry to the cache.
+			// This conditions facilitates more useful operation of the IsLanguageValid method,
+			// which prior to this condition was indicating a language was available when in fact there
+			// were zero translation in the PO file (it having been autogenerated during gettext merge).
+			foreach (TranslateItem item in translation.Items)
+			{
+				if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(item.Message))
+				{
+					if (!messages.ContainsKey(item.Id))
+					{
+						messages[item.Id] = item;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			return messages;
+		}
+*/
+
+		public IEnumerable<Language> GetAvailableLanguages()
+		{
+			//todo: ideally we want to fill the other data in the Language object so this is usable by project incorporating i18n that they can simply lookup available languages. Maybe we even add a country property so that it's easier for projects to add corresponding flags.
+
+			DirectoryInfo di = new DirectoryInfo(GetAbsoluteLocaleDir());
+			List<Language> dirList = new List<Language>();
+			Language language;
+
+			foreach (var dir in di.EnumerateDirectories().Select(x => x.Name))
+			{
+				language = new Language();
+				language.LanguageShortTag = dir;
+				dirList.Add(language);
+			}
+			return dirList;
+		}
+
+		public bool TranslationExists(string tag)
+		{
+			return File.Exists(GetPathForLanguage(tag));
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region save
+
+		public void SaveTranslation(Translation translation)
+		{
+			string filePath = GetPathForLanguage(translation.LanguageInformation.LanguageShortTag);
+			string backupPath = GetPathForLanguage(translation.LanguageInformation.LanguageShortTag) + ".backup";
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we backup one version. more advanced backup solutions could be added here.
+			{
+				if (File.Exists(backupPath))
+				{
+					File.Delete(backupPath);
+				}
+				System.IO.File.Move(filePath, backupPath);
+			}
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we make sure the old file is removed first
+			{
+				File.Delete(filePath);
+			}
+
+			bool hasReferences = false;
+
+			using (StreamWriter stream = new StreamWriter(filePath))
+			{
+               // Establish ordering of items in PO file.
+                var orderedItems = translation.Items.Values
+                    .OrderBy(x => x.References == null || x.References.Count() == 0)
+                        // Non-orphan items before orphan items.
+                    .ThenBy(x => x.Id);
+                        // Then order alphanumerically.
+               //
+				foreach (var item in orderedItems)
+				{
+					hasReferences = false;
+
+					if (item.TranslatorComments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var translatorComment in item.TranslatorComments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("# " + translatorComment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.ExtractedComments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var extractedComment in item.ExtractedComments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#. " + extractedComment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.References != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var reference in item.References)
+						{
+							hasReferences = true;
+							stream.WriteLine("#: " + reference);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.Flags != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var flag in item.Flags)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#, " + flag);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (hasReferences)
+					{
+						stream.WriteLine("msgid \"" + escape(item.Id) + "\"");
+						stream.WriteLine("msgstr \"" + escape(item.Message) + "\"");
+						stream.WriteLine("");
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						stream.WriteLine("#~ msgid \"" + escape(item.Id) + "\"");
+						stream.WriteLine("#~ msgstr \"" + escape(item.Message) + "\"");
+						stream.WriteLine("");
+					}
+					
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void SaveTemplate(IDictionary<string, TemplateItem> items)
+		{
+			string filePath = GetAbsoluteLocaleDir() + "/messages.pot";
+			string backupPath = filePath + ".backup";
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we backup one version. more advanced backup solutions could be added here.
+			{
+				if (File.Exists(backupPath))
+				{
+					File.Delete(backupPath);
+				}
+				System.IO.File.Move(filePath, backupPath);
+			}
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we make sure the old file is removed first
+			{
+				File.Delete(filePath);
+			}
+
+			using (StreamWriter stream = new StreamWriter(filePath))
+			{
+				foreach (var item in items.Values)
+				{
+					if (item.Comments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var comment in item.Comments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#. " + comment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					foreach (var reference in item.References)
+					{
+						stream.WriteLine("#: " + reference);
+					}
+
+					stream.WriteLine("msgid \"" + escape(item.Id) + "\"");
+					stream.WriteLine("");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region helpers
+
+		private string GetAbsoluteLocaleDir()
+		{
+			string localeDir = _settings.LocaleDirectory;
+			String path;
+
+			if (Path.IsPathRooted(localeDir))
+			{
+				path = localeDir;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				path = Path.GetFullPath(localeDir);
+			}
+
+			return path;
+		}
+
+		private string GetPathForLanguage(string tag)
+		{
+			string path = GetAbsoluteLocaleDir();
+			return path + "/" + tag + "/messages.po";
+		}
+
+		private Translation ParseTranslationFile(string tag)
+		{
+			//todo: consider that lines we don't understand like headers from poedit and #| should be preserved and outputted again.
+
+			Translation translation = new Translation();
+			Language language = new Language();
+			language.LanguageShortTag = tag;
+			translation.LanguageInformation = language;
+			var items = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, TranslateItem>();
+
+			string path = GetPathForLanguage(tag);
+
+			using (var fs = File.OpenText(path))
+			{
+				// http://www.gnu.org/s/hello/manual/gettext/PO-Files.html
+
+				string line;
+				bool currentlyReadingItem = false;
+				while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null)
+				{
+					List<string> extractedComments = new List<string>();
+					List<string> translatorComments = new List<string>();
+					List<string> flags = new List<string>();
+					List<string> references = new List<string>();
+
+					//read all comments, flags and other descriptive items for this string
+					//if we have #~ its a historical/log entry but it is the messageID/message so we skip this do/while
+					if (line.StartsWith("#") && !line.StartsWith("#~"))
+					{
+						do
+						{
+							currentlyReadingItem = true;
+							switch (line[1])
+							{
+								case '.': //Extracted comments
+									extractedComments.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									break;
+								case ':': //references
+									references.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									break;
+								case ',': //flags
+									flags.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									break;
+								case '|': //msgid previous-untranslated-string - NOT used by us
+									break;
+								default: //translator comments
+									translatorComments.Add(line.Substring(1).Trim());
+									break;
+							}
+
+						} while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null && line.StartsWith("#"));
+					}
+
+					if (currentlyReadingItem || line.StartsWith("#~"))
+					{
+						TranslateItem item = ParseBody(fs, line);
+
+                        if (item != null) {
+                           //
+					        item.TranslatorComments = translatorComments;
+					        item.ExtractedComments = extractedComments;
+					        item.Flags = flags;
+					        item.References = references;
+                           //
+                            items.AddOrUpdate(
+                                item.Id, 
+                                // Add routine.
+                                k => {
+			                        return item;
+                                },
+                                // Update routine.
+                                (k, v) => {
+                                    v.References = v.References.Append(item.References);
+                                    v.ExtractedComments = v.ExtractedComments.Append(item.References);
+                                    v.TranslatorComments = v.TranslatorComments.Append(item.References);
+                                    v.Flags = v.Flags.Append(item.References);
+                                    return v;
+                                });
+                        }
+					}
+
+					currentlyReadingItem = false;
+				}
+			}
+			translation.Items = items;
+			return translation;
+		}
+
+		private string RemoveCommentIfHistorical(string line)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(line))
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			if (line.StartsWith("#~"))
+			{
+				return line.Replace("#~", "").Trim();
+			}
+
+			return line;
+		}
+
+		private TranslateItem ParseBody(TextReader fs, string line)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(line)) {
+                return null; }
+
+            TranslateItem message = new TranslateItem();
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line); //so that we read in removed historical records too
+			if (line.StartsWith("msgid"))
+			{
+				var msgid = Unquote(line);
+				sb.Append(msgid);
+
+				while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null)
+				{
+					line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+					if (!line.StartsWith("msgstr") && (msgid = Unquote(line)) != null)
+					{
+						sb.Append(msgid);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+				message.Id = Unescape(sb.ToString());
+			}
+
+			sb.Clear();
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(line) && line.StartsWith("msgstr"))
+			{
+				var msgstr = Unquote(line);
+				sb.Append(msgstr);
+
+				while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null && (msgstr = Unquote(line)) != null)
+				{
+					line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+					sb.Append(msgstr);
+				}
+
+				message.Message = Unescape(sb.ToString());
+			}
+            return message;
+		}
+
+		#region quoting and escaping
+
+		//this method removes anything before the first quote and also removes first and last quote
+		private string Unquote(string lhs, string quotechar = "\"")
+		{
+			int begin = lhs.IndexOf(quotechar);
+			if (begin == -1)
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			int end = lhs.LastIndexOf(quotechar);
+			if (end <= begin)
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			return lhs.Substring(begin + 1, end - begin - 1);
+		}
+
+		private string escape(string s)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s))
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			return s.Replace("\"", "\\\"");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Looks up in the subject string standard C escape sequences and converts them
+		/// to their actual character counterparts.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <seealso href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6629020/evaluate-escaped-string/8854626#8854626"/>
+		private string Unescape(string s)
+		{
+			Regex regex_unescape = new Regex("\\\\[abfnrtv?\"'\\\\]|\\\\[0-3]?[0-7]{1,2}|\\\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}|.");
+
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+			MatchCollection mc = regex_unescape.Matches(s, 0);
+
+			foreach (Match m in mc)
+			{
+				if (m.Length == 1)
+				{
+					sb.Append(m.Value);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					if (m.Value[1] >= '0' && m.Value[1] <= '7')
+					{
+						int i = 0;
+
+						for (int j = 1; j < m.Length; j++)
+						{
+							i *= 8;
+							i += m.Value[j] - '0';
+						}
+
+						sb.Append((char)i);
+					}
+					else if (m.Value[1] == 'u')
+					{
+						int i = 0;
+
+						for (int j = 2; j < m.Length; j++)
+						{
+							i *= 16;
+
+							if (m.Value[j] >= '0' && m.Value[j] <= '9')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - '0';
+							}
+							else if (m.Value[j] >= 'A' && m.Value[j] <= 'F')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - 'A' + 10;
+							}
+							else if (m.Value[j] >= 'a' && m.Value[j] <= 'a')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - 'a' + 10;
+							}
+						}
+
+						sb.Append((char)i);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						switch (m.Value[1])
+						{
+							case 'a':
+								sb.Append('\a');
+								break;
+							case 'b':
+								sb.Append('\b');
+								break;
+							case 'f':
+								sb.Append('\f');
+								break;
+							case 'n':
+								sb.Append('\n');
+								break;
+							case 'r':
+								sb.Append('\r');
+								break;
+							case 't':
+								sb.Append('\t');
+								break;
+							case 'v':
+								sb.Append('\v');
+								break;
+							default:
+								sb.Append(m.Value[1]);
+								break;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			return sb.ToString();
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#endregion
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `line` last assigned on line 371 could be null and is dereferenced at line 372, column 6.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+TranslateItem POTranslationRepository.ParseBody(TextReader,String)
+
+### File:
+src/i18n.Domain/Concrete/POTranslationRepository.cs
+
+### Key:
+POTranslationRepository.cs|ParseBody|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c16cc1d2b5bc88a6c7c2310f1d47f089
+
+### Hash:
+0a6f568fc8923f33b510e1c243325c94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2404/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2404/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a379e1fd9c29679783d7d6313c6e036b0739f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2404/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** i18n
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Web;
+using i18n.Helpers;
+
+namespace i18n
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// HTTP module responsible for:
+    /// 1. Implementing early URL localization
+    /// 2. Installing our ResponseFilter into the ASP.NET pipeline.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    ///     LocalizingModule can be installed like this:
+    /// 
+    ///         IIS7+ Integrated mode:
+    /// 
+    ///           &lt;system.webServer&gt;
+    ///             &lt;modules&gt;
+    ///               &lt;add name="i18n.LocalizingModule" type="i18n.LocalizingModule, i18n" /&gt;
+    ///             &lt;/modules&gt;
+    ///           &lt;/system.webServer&gt;
+    /// 
+    ///         IIS7 Classic mode and IIS6:
+    /// 
+    ///           &lt;system.web&gt;
+    ///             &lt;httpModules&gt;
+    ///               &lt;add name="i18n.LocalizingModule" type="i18n.LocalizingModule, i18n" /&gt; &lt;!-- #37 --&gt;
+    ///             &lt;/httpModules&gt;
+    ///           &lt;/system.web&gt;
+    /// </remarks>
+    public class LocalizingModule : IHttpModule
+    {
+        private IRootServices m_rootServices;
+
+        public LocalizingModule()
+        :   this(LocalizedApplication.Current)
+        {}
+        public LocalizingModule(
+            IRootServices rootServices)
+        {
+            m_rootServices = rootServices;
+        }
+
+    #region [IHttpModule]
+
+        public void Init(HttpApplication application)
+        {
+            DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::Init -- application: {0}", application);
+            
+            // Wire up our event handlers into the ASP.NET pipeline.
+            application.BeginRequest        += OnBeginRequest;
+            application.ReleaseRequestState += OnReleaseRequestState;
+            application.PostRequestHandlerExecute += OnPostRequestHandlerExecute;
+        }
+        public void Dispose() {}
+
+    #endregion
+
+    // Implementation
+
+    // Events handlers
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Handler for the BeginRequest ASP.NET request pipeline event, where we inject our
+        /// Early URL Localization logic.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void OnBeginRequest(object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            HttpContextBase context = HttpContext.Current.GetHttpContextBase();
+            DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::OnBeginRequest -- sender: {0}, e:{1}, ContentType: {2},\n\tUrl: {3}\n\tRawUrl:{4}", sender, e, context.Response.ContentType, context.Request.Url, context.Request.RawUrl);
+
+            // Establish the language for the request. That is, we need to call
+            // context.SetPrincipalAppLanguageForRequest with a language, got from the URL,
+            // the i18n.langtag cookie, the Accept-Language header, or failing all that the
+            // default application language.
+            // · If early URL localizer configured, allow it to do it.
+            if (UrlLocalizer.UrlLocalizationScheme != UrlLocalizationScheme.Void
+                && m_rootServices.EarlyUrlLocalizerForApp != null) {
+                m_rootServices.EarlyUrlLocalizerForApp.ProcessIncoming(context); }
+            // · Otherwise skip the URL aspect and detemrine from the other (inferred) attributes.
+            else {
+                context.SetPrincipalAppLanguageForRequest(context.GetInferredLanguage()); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Handler for the ReleaseRequestState ASP.NET request pipeline event.
+        /// This event occurs late on in the pipeline but prior to the response being filtered.
+        /// We take the opportunity to inject our i8n post-processing of the response.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void OnReleaseRequestState(object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+        //
+            HttpContextBase context = HttpContext.Current.GetHttpContextBase();
+            DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::OnReleaseRequestState -- sender: {0}, e:{1}, ContentType: {2},\n\tUrl: {3}\n\tRawUrl:{4}", sender, e, context.Response.ContentType, context.Request.Url, context.Request.RawUrl);
+
+            // If the content type of the entity is eligible for processing AND the URL is not to be excluded,
+            // wire up our filter to do the processing. The entity data will be run through the filter a
+            // bit later on in the pipeline.
+            if ((LocalizedApplication.Current.ContentTypesToLocalize != null
+                    && LocalizedApplication.Current.ContentTypesToLocalize.Match(context.Response.ContentType).Success) // Include certain content types from being processed
+                    )
+            {
+                if ((LocalizedApplication.Current.UrlsToExcludeFromProcessing != null
+                    && LocalizedApplication.Current.UrlsToExcludeFromProcessing.Match(context.Request.RawUrl).Success) // Exclude certain URLs from being processed
+                    )
+                {
+                    DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::OnReleaseRequestState -- Bypassing filter, URL excluded: ({0}).", context.Request.RawUrl);
+                }
+                else if ((context.Response.Headers["Content-Encoding"] != null
+                    || context.Response.Headers["Content-Encoding"] == "gzip") // Exclude responses that have already been compressed earlier in the pipeline
+                )
+                {
+                    DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::OnReleaseRequestState -- Bypassing filter, response compressed.");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::OnReleaseRequestState -- Installing filter");
+                    context.Response.Filter = new ResponseFilter(
+                        context,
+                        context.Response.Filter,
+                        UrlLocalizer.UrlLocalizationScheme == UrlLocalizationScheme.Void ? null : m_rootServices.EarlyUrlLocalizerForApp,
+                        m_rootServices.NuggetLocalizerForApp);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::OnReleaseRequestState -- Bypassing filter, No content-type match: ({0}).", context.Response.ContentType);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void OnPostRequestHandlerExecute(object sender, EventArgs e)
+        {
+            //Deal with an issue that causes empty responses to requests for WebResource.axd, set the internal HttpWriter to allow further writes
+            //this is not known to be necessary for any other cases, hence the hard-coded check for the WebResource.axd URL
+            var context = HttpContext.Current;
+            DebugHelpers.WriteLine("LocalizingModule::OnPostRequestHandlerExecute -- sender: {0}, e:{1}, ContentType: {2},\n\tUrl: {3}\n\tRawUrl:{4}", sender, e, context.Response.ContentType, context.Request.Url, context.Request.RawUrl);
+
+            if (context.Request.RawUrl.ToLower().StartsWith("/webresource.axd"))
+            {
+                var response = context.Response;
+                var httpWriterField = typeof(HttpResponse).GetField("_httpWriter",
+                                        System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance);
+                var ignoringFurtherWritesField = typeof(HttpWriter).GetField("_ignoringFurtherWrites",
+                                                System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic | System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance);
+                var httpWriter = httpWriterField.GetValue(response);
+                ignoringFurtherWritesField.SetValue(httpWriter, false);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of i18n.ResponseFilter::.ctor() at Line 132) of type i18n.ResponseFilter, Leaked resource (output of i18n.ResponseFilter::.ctor() at Line 122) of type i18n.ResponseFilter in method "Void LocalizingModule.OnReleaseRequestState(Object,EventArgs)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void LocalizingModule.OnReleaseRequestState(Object,EventArgs)
+
+### File:
+src/i18n/Pipeline/LocalizingModule.cs
+
+### Key:
+LocalizingModule.cs|OnReleaseRequestState|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7a1df94c81486d7d259775f60402ea59
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2405/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2405/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d8c7db1ca097ebc90217ec106b6b0f86f496bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2405/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** i18n
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Web;
+using System.Web.Caching;
+using System.Web.Hosting;
+using i18n.Domain.Abstract;
+using i18n.Domain.Entities;
+using i18n.Helpers;
+
+namespace i18n.Domain.Concrete
+{
+	public class POTranslationRepository : ITranslationRepository
+	{
+		private i18nSettings _settings;
+
+		public POTranslationRepository(i18nSettings settings)
+		{
+			_settings = settings;
+		}
+
+		#region load and getters
+
+		public Translation GetTranslation(string langtag)
+		{
+			return ParseTranslationFile(langtag);
+		}
+
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Checks in first hand settings file, if not found there it checks file structure
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns>List of available languages</returns>
+		public IEnumerable<Language> GetAvailableLanguages()
+		{
+			//todo: ideally we want to fill the other data in the Language object so this is usable by project incorporating i18n that they can simply lookup available languages. Maybe we even add a country property so that it's easier for projects to add corresponding flags.
+
+			List<string> languages = _settings.AvailableLanguages.ToList();
+			Language lang;
+			List<Language> dirList = new List<Language>();
+
+
+			//This means there was no languages from settings
+			if (languages.Count == 0
+                || (languages.Count == 1 && languages[0] == ""))
+			{
+				//We instead check for file structure
+				DirectoryInfo di = new DirectoryInfo(GetAbsoluteLocaleDir());
+				
+				foreach (var dir in di.EnumerateDirectories().Select(x => x.Name))
+				{
+					lang = new Language();
+					lang.LanguageShortTag = dir;
+					dirList.Add(lang);
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				//see if the desired language was one of the returned from settings
+				foreach (var language in languages)
+				{
+					lang = new Language();
+					lang.LanguageShortTag = language;
+					dirList.Add(lang);
+				}
+			}
+
+			return dirList;
+
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Checks if the language is set as supported in config file
+		/// If not it checks if the PO file is available
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="langtag">The tag for which you want to check if support exists. For instance "sv-SE"</param>
+		/// <returns>True if language exists, otherwise false</returns>
+		public bool TranslationExists(string langtag)
+		{
+			List<string> languages = _settings.AvailableLanguages.ToList();
+
+			//This means there was no languages from settings
+			if (languages.Count == 0
+                || (languages.Count == 1 && languages[0] == ""))
+			{
+				//We instead check if the file exists
+				return File.Exists(GetPathForLanguage(langtag));
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				//see if the desired language was one of the returned from settings
+				foreach (var language in languages)
+				{
+					if (language == langtag)
+					{
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			//did not exist in settings nor as file, we return false
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		public CacheDependency GetCacheDependencyForSingleLanguage(string langtag)
+		{
+            var path = GetPathForLanguage(langtag);
+            if (!File.Exists(path)) {
+                return null; }
+			return new CacheDependency(path);
+		}
+
+		public CacheDependency GetCacheDependencyForAllLanguages()
+		{
+			return new FsCacheDependency(GetAbsoluteLocaleDir());
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region save
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Saves a translation into file with standard pattern locale/langtag/message.po
+		/// Also saves a backup of previous version
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="translation">The translation you wish to save. Must have Language shortag filled out.</param>
+		public void SaveTranslation(Translation translation)
+		{
+			string filePath = GetPathForLanguage(translation.LanguageInformation.LanguageShortTag);
+			string backupPath = GetPathForLanguage(translation.LanguageInformation.LanguageShortTag) + ".backup";
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we backup one version. more advanced backup solutions could be added here.
+			{
+				if (File.Exists(backupPath))
+				{
+					File.Delete(backupPath);
+				}
+				System.IO.File.Move(filePath, backupPath);
+			}
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we make sure the old file is removed first
+			{
+				File.Delete(filePath);
+			}
+
+			bool hasReferences = false;
+
+            if (!File.Exists(filePath))
+            {
+                var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filePath);
+                var dirInfo = new DirectoryInfo(Path.GetDirectoryName(filePath));
+                if (!dirInfo.Exists)
+                {
+                    dirInfo.Create();
+                }
+                fileInfo.Create().Close();
+            }
+
+			using (StreamWriter stream = new StreamWriter(filePath))
+			{
+               // Establish ordering of items in PO file.
+                var orderedItems = translation.Items.Values
+                    .OrderBy(x => x.References == null || x.References.Count() == 0)
+                        // Non-orphan items before orphan items.
+                    .ThenBy(x => x.MsgKey);
+                        // Then order alphanumerically.
+               //
+
+				//This is required for poedit to read the files correctly if they contains for instance swedish characters
+				stream.WriteLine("msgid \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("msgstr \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("\"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\\n\"");
+				stream.WriteLine();
+
+				foreach (var item in orderedItems)
+				{
+					hasReferences = false;
+
+					if (item.TranslatorComments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var translatorComment in item.TranslatorComments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("# " + translatorComment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.ExtractedComments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var extractedComment in item.ExtractedComments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#. " + extractedComment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.References != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var reference in item.References)
+						{
+							hasReferences = true;
+							stream.WriteLine("#: " + reference);
+						}
+					}
+
+					if (item.Flags != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var flag in item.Flags)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#, " + flag);
+						}
+					}
+
+					string prefix = hasReferences ? "" : prefix = "#~ ";
+
+                    if (_settings.MessageContextEnabledFromComment
+                        && item.ExtractedComments != null
+                        && item.ExtractedComments.Count() != 0) {
+                        WriteString(stream, hasReferences, "msgctxt", item.ExtractedComments.First());
+                    }
+
+                    WriteString(stream, hasReferences, "msgid", item.MsgId);
+                    WriteString(stream, hasReferences, "msgstr", escape(item.Message));
+
+                    stream.WriteLine("");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Saves a template file which is a all strings (needing translation) used in the entire project. Not language dependent
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="items">A list of template items to save. The list should be all template items for the entire project.</param>
+		public void SaveTemplate(IDictionary<string, TemplateItem> items)
+		{
+			string filePath = GetAbsoluteLocaleDir() + "/messages.pot";
+			string backupPath = filePath + ".backup";
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we backup one version. more advanced backup solutions could be added here.
+			{
+				if (File.Exists(backupPath))
+				{
+					File.Delete(backupPath);
+				}
+				System.IO.File.Move(filePath, backupPath);
+			}
+
+			if (File.Exists(filePath)) //we make sure the old file is removed first
+			{
+				File.Delete(filePath);
+			}
+
+		    if (! File.Exists(filePath))
+		    {
+		        var fileInfo = new FileInfo(filePath);
+                var dirInfo = new DirectoryInfo(Path.GetDirectoryName(filePath));
+		        if (! dirInfo.Exists)
+		        {
+		            dirInfo.Create();
+		        }
+		        fileInfo.Create().Close();
+		    }
+
+            using (StreamWriter stream = new StreamWriter(filePath))
+			{
+               // Establish ordering of items in PO file.
+                var orderedItems = items.Values
+                    .OrderBy(x => x.References == null || x.References.Count() == 0)
+                        // Non-orphan items before orphan items.
+                    .ThenBy(x => x.MsgKey);
+                        // Then order alphanumerically.
+               //
+
+				//This is required for poedit to read the files correctly if they contains for instance swedish characters
+				stream.WriteLine("msgid \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("msgstr \"\"");
+				stream.WriteLine("\"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\\n\"");
+				stream.WriteLine();
+
+				foreach (var item in orderedItems)
+				{
+					if (item.Comments != null)
+					{
+						foreach (var comment in item.Comments)
+						{
+							stream.WriteLine("#. " + comment);
+						}
+					}
+
+					foreach (var reference in item.References)
+					{
+						stream.WriteLine("#: " + reference);
+					}
+
+					stream.WriteLine("msgid \"" + escape(item.MsgId) + "\"");
+					stream.WriteLine("msgstr \"\""); // enable loading of POT file into editor e.g. PoEdit.
+					stream.WriteLine("");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#region helpers
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Gets the locale directory from settings and makes sure it is translated into absolut path
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns>the locale directory in absolute path</returns>
+		private string GetAbsoluteLocaleDir()
+		{
+			return _settings.LocaleDirectory;
+		}
+
+		private string GetPathForLanguage(string langtag)
+		{
+			return Path.Combine(GetAbsoluteLocaleDir(), langtag, "messages.po");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parses a PO file into a Language object
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="langtag">The language (tag) you wish to load into Translation object</param>
+		/// <returns>A complete translation object with all all translations and language values set.</returns>
+		private Translation ParseTranslationFile(string langtag)
+		{
+			//todo: consider that lines we don't understand like headers from poedit and #| should be preserved and outputted again.
+
+			Translation translation = new Translation();
+			Language language = new Language();
+			language.LanguageShortTag = langtag;
+			translation.LanguageInformation = language;
+			var items = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, TranslationItem>();
+
+			string path = GetPathForLanguage(langtag);
+
+            if (File.Exists(path)) {
+
+			    using (var fs = File.OpenText(path))
+			    {
+				    // http://www.gnu.org/s/hello/manual/gettext/PO-Files.html
+
+				    string line;
+				    bool itemStarted = false;
+				    while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null)
+				    {
+					    List<string> extractedComments = new List<string>();
+					    List<string> translatorComments = new List<string>();
+					    List<string> flags = new List<string>();
+					    List<string> references = new List<string>();
+
+					    //read all comments, flags and other descriptive items for this string
+					    //if we have #~ its a historical/log entry but it is the messageID/message so we skip this do/while
+					    if (line.StartsWith("#") && !line.StartsWith("#~"))
+					    {
+						    do
+						    {
+							    itemStarted = true;
+							    switch (line[1])
+							    {
+								    case '.': //Extracted comments
+									    extractedComments.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									    break;
+								    case ':': //references
+									    references.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									    break;
+								    case ',': //flags
+									    flags.Add(line.Substring(2).Trim());
+									    break;
+								    case '|': //msgid previous-untranslated-string - NOT used by us
+									    break;
+								    default: //translator comments
+									    translatorComments.Add(line.Substring(1).Trim());
+									    break;
+							    }
+
+						    } while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null && line.StartsWith("#"));
+					    }
+
+					    if (itemStarted || line.StartsWith("#~"))
+					    {
+						    TranslationItem item = ParseBody(fs, line, extractedComments);
+
+                            if (item != null) {
+                               //
+					            item.TranslatorComments = translatorComments;
+					            item.ExtractedComments = extractedComments;
+					            item.Flags = flags;
+					            item.References = references;
+                               //
+                                items.AddOrUpdate(
+                                    item.MsgKey, 
+                                    // Add routine.
+                                    k => {
+			                            return item;
+                                    },
+                                    // Update routine.
+                                    (k, v) => {
+                                        v.References = v.References.Append(item.References);
+                                        v.ExtractedComments = v.ExtractedComments.Append(item.References);
+                                        v.TranslatorComments = v.TranslatorComments.Append(item.References);
+                                        v.Flags = v.Flags.Append(item.References);
+                                        return v;
+                                    });
+                            }
+					    }
+
+					    itemStarted = false;
+				    }
+			    }
+            }
+			translation.Items = items;
+			return translation;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Removes the preceding characters in a file showing that an item is historical/log. That is to say it has been removed from the project. We don't need care about the character as the fact that it lacks references is what tells us it's a log item
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="line"></param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		private string RemoveCommentIfHistorical(string line)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(line))
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			if (line.StartsWith("#~"))
+			{
+				return line.Replace("#~", "").Trim();
+			}
+
+			return line;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Parses the body of a PO file item. That is to say the message id and the message itself.
+		/// Reason for why it must be on second line (textreader) is so that you can read until you have read to far without peek previously for meta data.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="fs">A textreader that must be on the second line of a message body</param>
+		/// <param name="line">The first line of the message body.</param>
+		/// <returns>Returns a TranslationItem with only key, id and message set</returns>
+		private TranslationItem ParseBody(TextReader fs, string line, List<string> extractedComments)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(line)) {
+                return null; }
+
+            TranslationItem message = new TranslationItem { MsgKey = "" };
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+            string msgctxt = null;
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line); //so that we read in removed historical records too
+			if (line.StartsWith("msgctxt"))
+			{
+				msgctxt = Unquote(line);
+				line = fs.ReadLine();
+			}
+
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line); //so that we read in removed historical records too
+			if (line.StartsWith("msgid"))
+			{
+				var msgid = Unquote(line);
+				sb.Append(msgid);
+
+				while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null)
+				{
+					line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+					if (!line.StartsWith("msgstr") && (msgid = Unquote(line)) != null)
+					{
+						sb.Append(msgid);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+                message.MsgId = Unescape(sb.ToString());
+                
+                // If no msgctxt is set then msgkey is the msgid; otherwise it is msgid+msgctxt.
+                message.MsgKey = string.IsNullOrEmpty(msgctxt) ?
+                    message.MsgId:
+                    TemplateItem.KeyFromMsgidAndComment(message.MsgId, msgctxt, true);
+			}
+
+			sb.Clear();
+			line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+			if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(line) && line.StartsWith("msgstr"))
+			{
+				var msgstr = Unquote(line);
+				sb.Append(msgstr);
+
+				while ((line = fs.ReadLine()) != null && (msgstr = Unquote(line)) != null)
+				{
+					line = RemoveCommentIfHistorical(line);
+					sb.Append(msgstr);
+				}
+
+				message.Message = Unescape(sb.ToString());
+			}
+            return message;
+		}
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Helper for writing either a msgid or msgstr to the po file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream"></param>
+        /// <param name="hasReferences"></param>
+        /// <param name="type">"msgid" or "msgstr"</param>
+        /// <param name="value"></param>
+        private static void WriteString(StreamWriter stream, bool hasReferences, string type, string value)
+        {
+        // Logic for outputting multi-line msgid.
+        //
+        // IN : a<LF>b
+        // OUT: msgid "a\n"
+        //      msgid "b"
+        //
+        // IN : a<LF>b<LF>
+        // OUT: msgid "a\n"
+        //      msgid "b\n"
+        //
+			string prefix = hasReferences ? "" : prefix = "#~ ";
+			value = value ?? "";
+            value = value.Replace("\r\n", "\n");
+            string[] lines = value.Split('\n');
+            if (lines.Length > 1) {
+                stream.WriteLine(string.Format("{0}{1} \"\"", prefix, type));
+                for (int i = 0; i < lines.Length; ++i) {
+                    string m = lines[i];
+                    bool last = i == lines.Length -1;
+                    if (m.Length != 0) {
+                        stream.WriteLine(string.Format("\"{0}{1}\"", m, last ? "" : "\\n"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                stream.WriteLine(string.Format("{0}{1} \"{2}\"", prefix, type, value));
+            }
+        }
+
+		#region quoting and escaping
+
+		//this method removes anything before the first quote and also removes first and last quote
+		private string Unquote(string lhs, string quotechar = "\"")
+		{
+			int begin = lhs.IndexOf(quotechar);
+			if (begin == -1)
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			int end = lhs.LastIndexOf(quotechar);
+			if (end <= begin)
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			return lhs.Substring(begin + 1, end - begin - 1);
+		}
+
+		private string escape(string s)
+		{
+			if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s))
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+			return s.Replace("\"", "\\\"");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Looks up in the subject string standard C escape sequences and converts them
+		/// to their actual character counterparts.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <seealso href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6629020/evaluate-escaped-string/8854626#8854626"/>
+		private string Unescape(string s)
+		{
+			Regex regex_unescape = new Regex("\\\\[abfnrtv?\"'\\\\]|\\\\[0-3]?[0-7]{1,2}|\\\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}|.", RegexOptions.Singleline);
+
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+			MatchCollection mc = regex_unescape.Matches(s, 0);
+
+			foreach (Match m in mc)
+			{
+				if (m.Length == 1)
+				{
+					sb.Append(m.Value);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					if (m.Value[1] >= '0' && m.Value[1] <= '7')
+					{
+						int i = 0;
+
+						for (int j = 1; j < m.Length; j++)
+						{
+							i *= 8;
+							i += m.Value[j] - '0';
+						}
+
+						sb.Append((char)i);
+					}
+					else if (m.Value[1] == 'u')
+					{
+						int i = 0;
+
+						for (int j = 2; j < m.Length; j++)
+						{
+							i *= 16;
+
+							if (m.Value[j] >= '0' && m.Value[j] <= '9')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - '0';
+							}
+							else if (m.Value[j] >= 'A' && m.Value[j] <= 'F')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - 'A' + 10;
+							}
+							else if (m.Value[j] >= 'a' && m.Value[j] <= 'a')
+							{
+								i += m.Value[j] - 'a' + 10;
+							}
+						}
+
+						sb.Append((char)i);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						switch (m.Value[1])
+						{
+							case 'a':
+								sb.Append('\a');
+								break;
+							case 'b':
+								sb.Append('\b');
+								break;
+							case 'f':
+								sb.Append('\f');
+								break;
+							case 'n':
+								sb.Append('\n');
+								break;
+							case 'r':
+								sb.Append('\r');
+								break;
+							case 't':
+								sb.Append('\t');
+								break;
+							case 'v':
+								sb.Append('\v');
+								break;
+							default:
+								sb.Append(m.Value[1]);
+								break;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			return sb.ToString();
+		}
+
+		#endregion
+
+		#endregion
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `line` last assigned on line 462 could be null and is dereferenced at line 463, column 4.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+TranslationItem POTranslationRepository.ParseBody(TextReader,String,List`1<!0>)
+
+### File:
+src/i18n.Domain/Concrete/POTranslationRepository.cs
+
+### Key:
+POTranslationRepository.cs|ParseBody|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+90535029835413c6e5d1bdebbf52bdf9
+
+### Hash:
+0a6f568fc8923f33b510e1c243325c94
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2434/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2434/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3db9f2883133db6316916d8b5a1903e7db49781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2434/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dotliquid
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using DotLiquid.FileSystems;
+using DotLiquid.Util;
+using DotLiquid.NamingConventions;
+
+namespace DotLiquid
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Templates are central to liquid.
+    /// Interpreting templates is a two step process. First you compile the
+    /// source code you got. During compile time some extensive error checking is performed.
+    /// your code should expect to get some SyntaxErrors.
+    ///
+    /// After you have a compiled template you can then <tt>render</tt> it.
+    /// You can use a compiled template over and over again and keep it cached.
+    ///
+    /// Example:
+    ///
+    /// template = Liquid::Template.parse(source)
+    /// template.render('user_name' => 'bob')
+    /// </summary>
+    public class Template
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Naming convention used for template parsing
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>Default is Ruby</remarks>
+        public static INamingConvention NamingConvention { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Filesystem used for template reading
+        /// </summary>
+        public static IFileSystem FileSystem { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates if the default is thread safe
+        /// </summary>
+        public static bool DefaultIsThreadSafe { get; set; }
+
+        private static Dictionary<string, Tuple<ITagFactory, Type>> Tags { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// TimeOut used for all Regex in DotLiquid
+        /// </summary>
+        public static TimeSpan RegexTimeOut { get; set; }
+
+        private static readonly Dictionary<Type, Func<object, object>> SafeTypeTransformers;
+        private static readonly Dictionary<Type, Func<object, object>> ValueTypeTransformers;
+
+        static Template()
+        {
+            RegexTimeOut = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
+            NamingConvention = new RubyNamingConvention();
+            FileSystem = new BlankFileSystem();
+            Tags = new Dictionary<string, Tuple<ITagFactory, Type>>();
+            SafeTypeTransformers = new Dictionary<Type, Func<object, object>>();
+            ValueTypeTransformers = new Dictionary<Type, Func<object, object>>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Register a tag
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the tag</typeparam>
+        /// <param name="name">Name of the tag</param>
+        public static void RegisterTag<T>(string name)
+            where T : Tag, new()
+        {
+            var tagType = typeof(T);
+            Tags[name] = new Tuple<ITagFactory,Type>(new ActivatorTagFactory(tagType, name), tagType);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers a tag factory.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tagFactory">The ITagFactory to be registered</param>
+        public static void RegisterTagFactory(ITagFactory tagFactory)
+        {
+            Tags[tagFactory.TagName] = new Tuple<ITagFactory, Type>(tagFactory, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the tag type from it's name
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="name"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Type GetTagType(string name)
+        {
+            Tags.TryGetValue(name, out Tuple<ITagFactory, Type> result);
+            return result.Item2;
+        }
+
+        internal static Tag CreateTag(string name)
+        {
+            Tag tagInstance = null;
+            Tags.TryGetValue(name, out Tuple<ITagFactory, Type> result);
+
+            if (result != null)
+            {
+                tagInstance = result.Item1.Create();
+            }
+
+            return tagInstance;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Pass a module with filter methods which should be available
+        ///  to all liquid views. Good for registering the standard library
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="filter"></param>
+        public static void RegisterFilter(Type filter)
+        {
+            Strainer.GlobalFilter(filter);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers a simple type. DotLiquid will wrap the object in a <see cref="DropProxy"/> object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to register</param>
+        /// <param name="allowedMembers">An array of property and method names that are allowed to be called on the object.</param>
+        public static void RegisterSafeType(Type type, string[] allowedMembers)
+        {
+            RegisterSafeType(type, x => new DropProxy(x, allowedMembers));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers a simple type. DotLiquid will wrap the object in a <see cref="DropProxy"/> object.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to register</param>
+        /// <param name="allowedMembers">An array of property and method names that are allowed to be called on the object.</param>
+        /// <param name="func">Function that converts the specified type into a Liquid Drop-compatible object (eg, implements ILiquidizable)</param>
+        public static void RegisterSafeType(Type type, string[] allowedMembers, Func<object, object> func)
+        {
+            RegisterSafeType(type, x => new DropProxy(x, allowedMembers, func));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers a simple type using the specified transformer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to register</param>
+        /// <param name="func">Function that converts the specified type into a Liquid Drop-compatible object (eg, implements ILiquidizable)</param>
+        public static void RegisterSafeType(Type type, Func<object, object> func)
+        {
+            SafeTypeTransformers[type] = func;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Registers a simple value type transformer.  Used for rendering a variable to the output stream
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type">The type to register</param>
+        /// <param name="func">Function that converts the specified type into a Liquid Drop-compatible object (eg, implements ILiquidizable)</param>
+        public static void RegisterValueTypeTransformer(Type type, Func<object, object> func)
+        {
+            ValueTypeTransformers[type] = func;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the corresponding value type converter
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Func<object, object> GetValueTypeTransformer(Type type)
+        {
+            // Check for concrete types
+            if (ValueTypeTransformers.TryGetValue(type, out Func<object, object> transformer))
+                return transformer;
+
+            // Check for interfaces
+            var interfaces = type.GetTypeInfo().ImplementedInterfaces;
+            foreach (var interfaceType in interfaces)
+            {
+                if (ValueTypeTransformers.TryGetValue(interfaceType, out transformer))
+                    return transformer;
+                if (interfaceType.GetTypeInfo().IsGenericType && ValueTypeTransformers.TryGetValue(
+                    interfaceType.GetGenericTypeDefinition(), out transformer))
+                    return transformer;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the corresponding safe type transformer
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="type"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Func<object, object> GetSafeTypeTransformer(Type type)
+        {
+            // Check for concrete types
+            if (SafeTypeTransformers.TryGetValue(type, out Func<object, object> transformer))
+                return transformer;
+
+            // Check for interfaces
+            var interfaces = type.GetTypeInfo().ImplementedInterfaces;
+            foreach (var interfaceType in interfaces)
+            {
+                if (SafeTypeTransformers.TryGetValue(interfaceType, out transformer))
+                    return transformer;
+                if (interfaceType.GetTypeInfo().IsGenericType && SafeTypeTransformers.TryGetValue(
+                    interfaceType.GetGenericTypeDefinition(), out transformer))
+                    return transformer;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <tt>Template</tt> object from liquid source code
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static Template Parse(string source)
+        {
+            Template template = new Template();
+            template.ParseInternal(source);
+            return template;
+        }
+
+        private Hash _registers, _assigns, _instanceAssigns;
+        private List<Exception> _errors;
+        private bool? _isThreadSafe;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Liquid document
+        /// </summary>
+        public Document Root { get; set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Hash of user-defined, internally-available variables
+        /// </summary>
+        public Hash Registers
+        {
+            get { return (_registers = _registers ?? new Hash()); }
+        }
+
+        public Hash Assigns
+        {
+            get { return (_assigns = _assigns ?? new Hash()); }
+        }
+
+        public Hash InstanceAssigns
+        {
+            get { return (_instanceAssigns = _instanceAssigns ?? new Hash()); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Exceptions that have been raised during template rendering
+        /// </summary>
+        public List<Exception> Errors
+        {
+            get { return (_errors = _errors ?? new List<Exception>()); }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates if the parsed templates will be thread safe
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsThreadSafe
+        {
+            get { return _isThreadSafe ?? DefaultIsThreadSafe; }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new <tt>Template</tt> from an array of tokens. Use <tt>Template.parse</tt> instead
+        /// </summary>
+        internal Template()
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parse source code.
+        /// Returns self for easy chaining
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal Template ParseInternal(string source)
+        {
+            source = DotLiquid.Tags.Literal.FromShortHand(source);
+            source = DotLiquid.Tags.Comment.FromShortHand(source);
+
+            Root = new Document();
+            Root.Initialize(null, null, Tokenize(source));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Make this template instance thread safe.
+        /// After this call, you can't use template owned variables anymore.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public void MakeThreadSafe()
+        {
+            _isThreadSafe = true;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Renders the template using default parameters and returns a string containing the result.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string Render(IFormatProvider formatProvider = null)
+        {
+            return Render(new RenderParameters(), formatProvider);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Renders the template using the specified local variables and returns a string containing the result.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="localVariables"></param>
+        /// <param name="formatProvider"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string Render(Hash localVariables, IFormatProvider formatProvider=null)
+        {
+            return Render(new RenderParameters
+                {
+                    LocalVariables = localVariables
+                }, formatProvider);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Renders the template using the specified parameters and returns a string containing the result.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="parameters"></param>
+        /// <param name="formatProvider"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public string Render(RenderParameters parameters, IFormatProvider formatProvider = null)
+        {
+            using (TextWriter writer = formatProvider == null ? new StringWriter() : new StringWriter(formatProvider))
+            {
+                Render(writer, parameters);
+                return writer.ToString();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Renders the template into the specified StreamWriter.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="result"></param>
+        /// <param name="parameters"></param>
+        public void Render(TextWriter result, RenderParameters parameters)
+        {
+            RenderInternal(result, parameters);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Renders the template into the specified Stream.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stream"></param>
+        /// <param name="parameters"></param>
+        public void Render(Stream stream, RenderParameters parameters)
+        {
+            // Can't dispose this new StreamWriter, because it would close the
+            // passed-in stream, which isn't up to us.
+            StreamWriter streamWriter = new StreamWriter(stream);
+            RenderInternal(streamWriter, parameters);
+            streamWriter.Flush();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Render takes a hash with local variables.
+        ///
+        /// if you use the same filters over and over again consider registering them globally
+        /// with <tt>Template.register_filter</tt>
+        ///
+        /// Following options can be passed:
+        ///
+        /// * <tt>filters</tt> : array with local filters
+        /// * <tt>registers</tt> : hash with register variables. Those can be accessed from
+        /// filters and tags and might be useful to integrate liquid more with its host application
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RenderInternal(TextWriter result, RenderParameters parameters)
+        {
+            if (Root == null)
+                return;
+
+            parameters.Evaluate(this, out Context context, out Hash registers, out IEnumerable<Type> filters);
+
+            if (!IsThreadSafe)
+            {
+                if (registers != null)
+                    Registers.Merge(registers);
+
+                if (filters != null)
+                    context.AddFilters(filters);
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                // Render the nodelist.
+                Root.Render(context, result);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (!IsThreadSafe)
+                    _errors = context.Errors;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Uses the <tt>Liquid::TemplateParser</tt> regexp to tokenize the passed source
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="source"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        internal static List<string> Tokenize(string source)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(source))
+                return new List<string>();
+
+            // Trim leading whitespace.
+            source = Regex.Replace(source, string.Format(@"([ \t]+)?({0}|{1})-", Liquid.VariableStart, Liquid.TagStart), "$2", RegexOptions.None, RegexTimeOut);
+
+            // Trim trailing whitespace.
+            source = Regex.Replace(source, string.Format(@"-({0}|{1})(\n|\r\n|[ \t]+)?", Liquid.VariableEnd, Liquid.TagEnd), "$1", RegexOptions.None, RegexTimeOut);
+
+            List<string> tokens = Regex.Split(source, Liquid.TemplateParser).ToList();
+
+            // Trim any whitespace elements from the end of the array.
+            for (int i = tokens.Count - 1; i > 0; --i)
+                if (tokens[i] == string.Empty)
+                    tokens.RemoveAt(i);
+
+            // Removes the rogue empty element at the beginning of the array
+            if (tokens[0] != null && tokens[0] == string.Empty)
+                tokens.Shift();
+
+            return tokens;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource streamWriter of type System.IO.StreamWriter in method "Void Template.Render(Stream,RenderParameters)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Template.Render(Stream,RenderParameters)
+
+### File:
+src/DotLiquid/Template.cs
+
+### Key:
+Template.cs|Render|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b673a7c69112665a3f7b21f19825c14a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2435/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2435/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28e33d225f2e1979341e7d1accf9087569935951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2435/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** CleanArchitecture
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using BlazorHero.CleanArchitecture.Application.Extensions;
+using BlazorHero.CleanArchitecture.Infrastructure.Extensions;
+using BlazorHero.CleanArchitecture.Server.Extensions;
+using BlazorHero.CleanArchitecture.Server.Middlewares;
+using Hangfire;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace BlazorHero.CleanArchitecture.Server
+{
+    public class Startup
+    {
+        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
+        {
+            _configuration = configuration;
+        }
+
+        private readonly IConfiguration _configuration;
+
+        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
+        // For more information on how to configure your application, visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=398940
+
+        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
+        {
+            services.AddSignalR();
+            services.AddDatabase(_configuration);
+            services.AddIdentity();
+            services.AddJwtAuthentication(services.GetApplicationSettings(_configuration));
+            //TODO - add CustomServerLocalStorageService
+            //services.AddScoped<ILocalStorageService, CustomServerLocalStorageService>();
+            //services.AddScoped<IServerPreferenceManager, ServerPreferenceManager>();
+            services.AddLocalization(options =>
+            {
+                options.ResourcesPath = "Resources";
+            });
+            services.AddApplicationLayer();
+            services.AddApplicationServices();
+            services.AddSharedInfrastructure(_configuration);
+            services.RegisterSwagger();
+            services.AddInfrastructureMappings();
+            services.AddHangfire(x => x.UseSqlServerStorage(_configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection")));
+            services.AddHangfireServer();
+            services.AddControllers().AddValidators();
+            services.AddRazorPages();
+            services.AddApiVersioning(config =>
+            {
+                config.DefaultApiVersion = new ApiVersion(1, 0);
+                config.AssumeDefaultVersionWhenUnspecified = true;
+                config.ReportApiVersions = true;
+            });
+            services.AddLazyCache();
+        }
+
+        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
+        {
+            app.UseExceptionHandling(env);
+            app.UseHttpsRedirection();
+            app.UseHangfireDashboard("/jobs");
+            app.UseMiddleware<ErrorHandlerMiddleware>();
+            app.UseBlazorFrameworkFiles();
+            app.UseStaticFiles();
+            app.UseStaticFiles(new StaticFileOptions()
+            {
+                FileProvider = new PhysicalFileProvider(Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), @"Files")),
+                RequestPath = new PathString("/Files")
+            });
+            app.UseRequestLocalizationByCulture();
+            app.UseRouting();
+            app.UseAuthentication();
+            app.UseAuthorization();
+            app.UseEndpoints();
+            app.ConfigureSwagger();
+            app.Initialize(_configuration);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider::.ctor() at Line 68) of type Microsoft.Extensions.FileProviders.PhysicalFileProvider in method "Void Startup.Configure(IApplicationBuilder,IWebHostEnvironment)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Startup.Configure(IApplicationBuilder,IWebHostEnvironment)
+
+### File:
+BlazorHero.CleanArchitecture/Server/Startup.cs
+
+### Key:
+Startup.cs|Configure|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+fc1072ab8d7a22f927118b5157d91cca
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2451/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2451/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d22b8144cb0483a48b08498d440c7be42d000903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2451/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SiaNet
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using SiaNet.Constraints;
+using SiaNet.Initializers;
+using SiaNet.Layers.Activations;
+using SiaNet.Regularizers;
+using TensorSharp;
+using TensorSharp.Expression;
+
+namespace SiaNet.Layers
+{
+    public class Dense : BaseLayer
+    {
+        public int Dim { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseLayer Activation { get; set; }
+
+        public bool UseBias { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseInitializer KernalInitializer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseInitializer BiasInitializer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseConstraint KernalConstraint { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseConstraint BiasConstraint { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseRegularizer KernalRegularizer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseRegularizer BiasRegularizer { get; set; }
+
+        public Dense(int dim, ActivationType activation = ActivationType.Linear,
+                    BaseInitializer kernalInitializer = null, BaseRegularizer kernalRegularizer = null, BaseConstraint kernalConstraint = null,
+                    bool useBias = false, BaseInitializer biasInitializer = null, BaseRegularizer biasRegularizer = null, BaseConstraint biasConstraint = null)
+            : base("dense")
+        {
+            Dim = dim;
+            Activation = ActivationRegistry.Get(activation);
+            UseBias = useBias;
+            KernalInitializer = kernalInitializer ?? new GlorotUniform();
+            BiasInitializer = biasInitializer ?? new Zeros();
+            KernalConstraint = kernalConstraint;
+            BiasConstraint = biasConstraint;
+            KernalRegularizer = kernalRegularizer;
+            BiasRegularizer = biasRegularizer;
+        }
+
+        public override void Forward(Variable x)
+        {
+            Input = x;
+            Variable weight = BuildVar("w", new long[] { x.Data.Shape[1], Dim }, x.Data.ElementType, KernalInitializer, KernalConstraint, KernalRegularizer);
+            Variable bias = null;
+
+            if (UseBias)
+            {
+                bias = BuildVar("b", new long[] { 1, Dim }, x.Data.ElementType, BiasInitializer, BiasConstraint, BiasRegularizer);
+
+                Output = bias.Data.TVar().Expand(x.Data.Shape[0], Dim)
+                    .Addmm(1, 1, x.Data, weight.Data)
+                    .Evaluate();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Output = x.Data.TVar().Dot(weight.Data.TVar()).Evaluate();
+            }
+
+            Activation.Forward(Output.ToVariable());
+        }
+
+        public override void Backward(Tensor outputgrad)
+        {
+            Activation.Backward(outputgrad);
+
+            Input.Grad = outputgrad.TVar().Dot(Params["w"].Data.TVar().Transpose()).Evaluate();
+
+            Params["w"].Grad = outputgrad.TVar().Dot(Params["w"].Data.TVar().Transpose()).Evaluate();
+            if(UseBias)
+                Params["b"].Grad = (Params["b"].Grad + outputgrad.TVar().Sum(0)).Evaluate();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource weight of type SiaNet.Variable, Leaked resource bias of type SiaNet.Variable, Leaked resource (returned from SiaNet.Variable SiaNet.TensorUtil::ToVariable(TensorSharp.Tensor,System.String) at Line 68) of type SiaNet.Variable in method "Void Dense.Forward(Variable)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Dense.Forward(Variable)
+
+### File:
+SiaNet/Layers/Core/Dense.cs
+
+### Key:
+Dense.cs|Forward|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1bae32c4bab5fa8a295013e02bc7d3cf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2456/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2456/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63674d40ac0fd239b18a04e0338baee7bee2d89f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2456/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SiaNet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using TensorSharp;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace SiaNet
+{
+    public class ImgUtil
+    {
+        public static Tensor Im2Col(Tensor x, Tuple<uint, uint, uint> kernalSize, uint? padding = null, uint stride = 1)
+        {
+            if (padding.HasValue)
+            {
+                x = x.Pad(1, padding.Value);
+            }
+
+            var list = x.NDto2DList();
+            var cols = x.Transpose(1, 2, 3, 4, 0).Unfold(3, kernalSize.Item3, stride).Unfold(2, kernalSize.Item2, stride).Unfold(1, kernalSize.Item1, stride);
+
+            return cols;
+        }
+
+        public static Tensor Im2Col(Tensor x, Tuple<uint, uint> kernalSize, uint? padding=null, uint stride = 1)
+        {
+            var (n, c, h, w) = x.GetConv2DShape();
+            if (padding.HasValue)
+            {
+                x = x.Pad(1, padding.Value);
+            }
+
+            var cols = x.Transpose(0, 1, 2, 3).Unfold(2, kernalSize.Item2, stride).Unfold(3, kernalSize.Item1, stride);
+            var x_t = x.Transpose(1, 0, 2, 3);
+            x_t.Narrow(2, 0, 3).Narrow(3, 0, 3).Print();
+
+            return cols;
+        }
+
+        public static Tensor Im2Col(Tensor x, uint steps, uint? padding = null, uint stride = 1)
+        {
+
+            if (padding.HasValue)
+            {
+                x = x.Pad(1, padding.Value);
+            }
+
+            x.Print();
+
+            var cols = x.Transpose(2,1,0).Unfold(1, 1, stride).Unfold(0, 3, 1);
+
+            return cols;
+        }
+
+        public static Tensor Col2Im(Tensor cols, long[] x_shape, uint field_height, uint field_width, uint field_depth, uint? padding = null, uint stride = 1)
+        {
+            return cols;
+        }
+
+        public static Tensor Col2Im(Tensor cols, long[] x_shape, uint field_height, uint field_width, uint? padding = null, uint stride = 1)
+        {
+            return cols;
+        }
+
+        public static Tensor Col2Im(Tensor cols, long[] x_shape, uint field_height, uint? padding = null, uint stride = 1)
+        {
+            return cols;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type TensorSharp.Tensor, Leaked resource (returned from TensorSharp.Tensor TensorSharp.Tensor::Unfold(System.Int32,System.Int64,System.Int64) at Line 49) of type TensorSharp.Tensor in method "Tensor ImgUtil.Im2Col(Tensor,UInt32,Nullable`1<!0>,UInt32)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Tensor ImgUtil.Im2Col(Tensor,UInt32,Nullable`1<!0>,UInt32)
+
+### File:
+SiaNet/Utils/ImgUtil.cs
+
+### Key:
+ImgUtil.cs|Im2Col|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+389bb24d17105006a454d1606e0d7e77
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2458/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2458/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e50d701f11363f01ec34246ed430b12013902f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2458/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SiaNet
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using SiaNet.Constraints;
+using SiaNet.Initializers;
+using SiaNet.Regularizers;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+using TensorSharp;
+
+namespace SiaNet.Layers
+{
+    public class Conv3D : BaseLayer
+    {
+        public uint Filters { get; set; }
+
+        public Tuple<uint, uint, uint> KernalSize { get; set; }
+
+        public uint Strides { get; set; }
+
+        public PaddingType Padding { get; set; }
+
+        public Tuple<uint, uint, uint> DialationRate { get; set; }
+
+        public ActivationType Activation { get; set; }
+
+        public bool UseBias { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseInitializer BiasInitializer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseInitializer KernalInitializer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseConstraint KernalConstraint { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseConstraint BiasConstraint { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseRegularizer KernalRegularizer { get; set; }
+
+        public BaseRegularizer BiasRegularizer { get; set; }
+
+        private Tensor xCols;
+
+        public Conv3D(uint filters, Tuple<uint, uint, uint> kernalSize, uint strides = 1, PaddingType padding = PaddingType.Same, Tuple<uint, uint, uint> dialationRate = null,
+                        ActivationType activation = ActivationType.Linear, BaseInitializer kernalInitializer = null, BaseRegularizer kernalRegularizer = null,
+                        BaseConstraint kernalConstraint = null, bool useBias = true, BaseInitializer biasInitializer = null, BaseRegularizer biasRegularizer = null, BaseConstraint biasConstraint = null)
+            : base("conv3d")
+        {
+            Filters = filters;
+            KernalSize = kernalSize;
+            Strides = strides;
+            Padding = padding;
+            DialationRate = dialationRate ?? Tuple.Create<uint, uint, uint>(1, 1, 1);
+            Activation = activation;
+            UseBias = useBias;
+            KernalInitializer = kernalInitializer ?? new GlorotUniform();
+            BiasInitializer = biasInitializer ?? new Zeros();
+            KernalConstraint = kernalConstraint;
+            BiasConstraint = biasConstraint;
+            KernalRegularizer = kernalRegularizer;
+            BiasRegularizer = biasRegularizer;
+        }
+
+        public override void Forward(Variable x)
+        {
+            //ToDo: Implement DilationRate
+            Input = x;
+            var (n, c, d, h, w) = x.Data.GetConv3DShape();
+
+            Variable weight = BuildVar("w", new long[] { Filters, c, KernalSize.Item1, KernalSize.Item2, KernalSize.Item2 }, x.Data.ElementType, KernalInitializer, KernalConstraint, KernalRegularizer);
+            Variable bias = null;
+            if (UseBias)
+            {
+                bias = BuildVar("b", new long[] { Filters, 1 }, x.Data.ElementType, BiasInitializer, BiasConstraint, BiasRegularizer);
+            }
+
+            uint? pad = null;
+            if (Padding == PaddingType.Same)
+            {
+                pad = 1;
+            }
+            else if (Padding == PaddingType.Full)
+            {
+                pad = 2;
+            }
+
+            var d_out = (d - KernalSize.Item1 + 2 * pad) / Strides + 1;
+            var h_out = (h - KernalSize.Item2 + 2 * pad) / Strides + 1;
+            var w_out = (w - KernalSize.Item3 + 2 * pad) / Strides + 1;
+
+            xCols = ImgUtil.Im2Col(x.Data, KernalSize, pad, Strides);
+            var wRows = weight.Data.Reshape(Filters, -1);
+
+            Output = Dot(wRows, xCols);
+            if (UseBias)
+            {
+                Output = Output + bias.Data;
+            }
+
+            Output = Output.Reshape(Filters, d_out.Value, h_out.Value, w_out.Value, n).Transpose(4, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        }
+
+        public override void Backward(Tensor outputgrad)
+        {
+            uint? pad = null;
+            if (Padding == PaddingType.Same)
+            {
+                pad = 1;
+            }
+            else if (Padding == PaddingType.Full)
+            {
+                pad = 2;
+            }
+
+            var dout_flat = outputgrad.Transpose(4, 0, 1, 2, 3).Reshape(Filters, -1);
+            var dW = Dot(dout_flat, xCols.Transpose());
+            dW = dW.Reshape(Params["w"].Data.Shape);
+            var db = Sum(outputgrad, 0, 2, 3, 4).Reshape(Filters, -1);
+            var W_flat = Params["w"].Data.Reshape(Filters, -1);
+
+            var dX_col = Dot(W_flat.Transpose(), dout_flat);
+            Input.Grad = ImgUtil.Col2Im(dX_col, Input.Data.Shape, KernalSize.Item1, KernalSize.Item2, KernalSize.Item3, pad, Strides);
+
+            Params["w"].Grad = dW;
+            if (UseBias)
+                Params["b"].Grad = db;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.SiaNet.Layers.Conv3D.xCols of type TensorSharp.Tensor, Leaked resource weight of type SiaNet.Variable, Leaked resource bias of type SiaNet.Variable in method "Void Conv3D.Forward(Variable)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Conv3D.Forward(Variable)
+
+### File:
+SiaNet/Layers/Convolution/Conv3D.cs
+
+### Key:
+Conv3D.cs|Forward|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+27449cf5359a5e5870db5a4d2fb6c85a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2460/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2460/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4a4185d82516855d58a6a0295481e8d0fb0f0cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2460/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graze
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.ComponentModel.Composition;
+using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using Mono.Options;
+
+namespace graze
+{
+    public class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var parameters = GetParameters(args);
+                var core = new Core(parameters);
+
+                var extrasFolderCatalog = new DirectoryCatalog(parameters.ExtrasFolder);
+                var currentAssemblyCatalog = new AssemblyCatalog(typeof(Program).Assembly);
+                var aggregateCatalog = new AggregateCatalog(extrasFolderCatalog, currentAssemblyCatalog);
+
+                var container = new CompositionContainer(aggregateCatalog);
+                container.ComposeParts(core);
+
+                core.Run();
+
+                Console.WriteLine("Static site created successfully");
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(ex.ToString());
+
+                if (Debugger.IsAttached)
+                {
+                    Console.ReadLine();
+                }
+
+                Environment.ExitCode = 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        static Core.Parameters GetParameters(IEnumerable<string> args)
+        {
+            string templateRoot = null;
+            string outputRoot = null;
+            string templateFile = null;
+            string outputFile = null;
+            string extrasRoot = null;
+            string configurationFile = null;
+            string templateAssetsFolder = null;
+
+            var shopHelp = false;
+            var copyAssets = true;
+            var copyFile = true;
+
+            var options = new OptionSet
+                              {
+                                      {"t|template=", "The template's root folder.", v => templateRoot = v},
+                                      {"o|output=", "The output folder where static site is generated.", v => outputRoot = v},
+                                      {"tf|templatefile=", "The template's file name. Default: index.cshtml.", v => templateFile = v},
+                                      {"of|outputfile=", "The output file which is generated.", v => outputFile = v},
+                                      { "h|help",  "Show this message and exit", v => shopHelp = true},
+                                      { "s|skip",  "Skip directory creation and asset-folder copy", v => copyAssets = false},
+                                      { "sf|skipfile",  "Skip output file copy", v => copyFile = false},
+                                      { "e|extras=", "The extras folder", v => extrasRoot = v },
+                                      { "c|configuration=", "Configuration file with path", v => configurationFile = v },
+                                      { "a|assets=", "Template's assets folder", v => templateAssetsFolder = v },
+                                  };
+
+            options.Parse(args);
+
+            if (shopHelp)
+            {
+                options.WriteOptionDescriptions(Console.Out);
+                if (Debugger.IsAttached)
+                {
+                    Console.ReadLine();
+                }
+
+                Environment.Exit(0);
+            }
+
+            var result = new Core.Parameters(templateRoot, outputRoot, copyAssets, templateFile, outputFile, copyFile, configurationFile, templateAssetsFolder, null, 4, extrasRoot);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource container of type System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting.CompositionContainer, Leaked resource aggregateCatalog of type System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting.AggregateCatalog, Leaked resource n$17.[_] of type System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting.AssemblyCatalog in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+src/graze/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+1b673e62981c0d305bf5dd83f215e51c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2467/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2467/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aaa2f31289d23edf965e795d6df348ba95bfe8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2467/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,793 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ExcelMapper
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using NPOI.SS.UserModel;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Ganss.Excel.Exceptions;
+using System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Ganss.Excel.Tests
+{
+    public class Tests
+    {
+        [SetUp]
+        public void Setup()
+        {
+            Environment.CurrentDirectory = TestContext.CurrentContext.TestDirectory;
+        }
+
+        private class Product
+        {
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            [Column("Number")]
+            public int NumberInStock { get; set; }
+            public decimal Price { get; set; }
+            public string Value { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is Product o)) return false;
+                return o.Name == Name && o.NumberInStock == NumberInStock && o.Price == Price && o.Value == Value;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (Name + NumberInStock + Price + Value).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private class ProductValue
+        {
+            public decimal Value { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        private class ProductValueString
+        {
+            public decimal Value { get; set; }
+            public string ValueDefaultAsFormula { get; set; }
+            [FormulaResult]
+            public string ValueAsString { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx").Fetch<Product>().ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithTypeTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx").Fetch(typeof(Product));
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithStreamAndIndexTest()
+        {
+            var stream = new FileStream(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            var products = new ExcelMapper().Fetch<Product>(stream, 0);
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithTypeUsingStreamAndIndexTest()
+        {
+            var stream = new FileStream(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            var products = new ExcelMapper().Fetch(stream, typeof(Product), 0);
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithStreamAndSheetNameTest()
+        {
+            var stream = new FileStream(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            var products = new ExcelMapper().Fetch<Product>(stream, "Tabelle1");
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithTypeUsingStreamAndSheetNameTest()
+        {
+            var stream = new FileStream(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx", FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
+            var products = new ExcelMapper().Fetch(stream, typeof(Product), "Tabelle1");
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithFileAndSheetNameTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper().Fetch<Product>(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx", "Tabelle1");
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithFileAndIndexTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper().Fetch<Product>(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx", 0);
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C5*D5" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithTypeThrowsExceptionWithPrimitivesTest()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx");
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => excel.Fetch(typeof(string)));
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => excel.Fetch(typeof(object)));
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => excel.Fetch(typeof(int)));
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => excel.Fetch(typeof(double?)));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchValueTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx").Fetch<ProductValue>().ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<decimal> { 119.4m, 98.67m, 99m }, products.Select(p => p.Value).ToList());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchValueWithTypeTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx").Fetch(typeof(ProductValue))
+                                                                     .OfType<ProductValue>()
+                                                                     .ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<decimal> { 119.4m, 98.67m, 99m }, products.Select(p => p.Value).ToList());
+        }
+
+        private class ProductException : Product
+        {
+            public bool Offer { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchExcpetionWhenEmptyTest()
+        {
+            var ex = Assert.Throws<ExcelMapperConvertException>(() => new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsExceptionEmpty.xlsx").Fetch<ProductException>().ToList());
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("<EMPTY>"));
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("[L:1]:[C:2]"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithTypeExcpetionWhenEmptyTest()
+        {
+            var ex = Assert.Throws<ExcelMapperConvertException>(() => new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsExceptionEmpty.xlsx").Fetch(typeof(ProductException))
+                                                                                                                              .OfType<ProductException>()
+                                                                                                                              .ToList());
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("<EMPTY>"));
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("[L:1]:[C:2]"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchExcpetionWhenFieldTooBigTest()
+        {
+            var ex = Assert.Throws<ExcelMapperConvertException>(() => new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsExceptionTooBig.xlsx").Fetch<ProductException>().ToList());
+            //2147483649 is Int.MaxValue + 1
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("2147483649"));
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("[L:1]:[C:1]"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchExcpetionWhenFieldInvalidTest()
+        {
+            var ex = Assert.Throws<ExcelMapperConvertException>(() => new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsExceptionInvalid.xlsx").Fetch<ProductException>().ToList());
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("FALSEd"));
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("[L:1]:[C:3]"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchExceptionWhenSheetDoesNotExists()
+        {
+            var ex = Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsExceptionInvalid.xlsx").Fetch<ProductException>("this sheet does not exist").ToList());
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("Sheet not found"));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithTypeThrowsExceptionWhenSheetDoesNotExists()
+        {
+            var ex = Assert.Throws<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(() => new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsExceptionInvalid.xlsx").Fetch(typeof(ProductException), "This is not a exist")
+                                                                                                                                .OfType<ProductException>()
+                                                                                                                                .ToList());
+            Assert.That(ex.Message.Contains("Sheet not found"));
+        }
+
+        private class ProductNoHeader
+        {
+            [Column(1)]
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            [Column(3)]
+            public int NumberInStock { get; set; }
+            [Column(4)]
+            public decimal Price { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is ProductNoHeader o)) return false;
+                return o.Name == Name && o.NumberInStock == NumberInStock && o.Price == Price;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (Name + NumberInStock + Price).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchNoHeaderTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsnoheader.xlsx") { HeaderRow = false }.Fetch<ProductNoHeader>("Products").ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<ProductNoHeader>
+            {
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m },
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m },
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchWithTypeNoHeaderTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsnoheader.xlsx") { HeaderRow = false }.Fetch(typeof(ProductNoHeader), "Products")
+                                                                                                   .OfType<ProductNoHeader>()
+                                                                                                   .ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<ProductNoHeader>
+            {
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m },
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m },
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SaveTest()
+        {
+            var products = new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C4*D4" },
+            };
+
+            var file = "productssave.xlsx";
+
+            new ExcelMapper().Save(file, products, "Products");
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file).Fetch<Product>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SaveNoHeaderSaveTest()
+        {
+            var products = new List<ProductNoHeader>
+            {
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m },
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m },
+                new ProductNoHeader { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m },
+            };
+
+            var file = "productsnoheadersave.xlsx";
+
+            new ExcelMapper() { HeaderRow = false }.Save(file, products, "Products");
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file) { HeaderRow = false }.Fetch<ProductNoHeader>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SaveFetchedTest()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx");
+            var products = excel.Fetch<Product>().ToList();
+
+            products[2].Price += 1.0m;
+
+            var file = @"productssavefetched.xlsx";
+
+            excel.Save(file, products);
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file).Fetch<Product>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        private class ProductMapped
+        {
+            public string NameX { get; set; }
+            public int NumberX { get; set; }
+            public decimal PriceX { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is ProductMapped o)) return false;
+                return o.NameX == NameX && o.NumberX == NumberX && o.PriceX == PriceX;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (NameX + NumberX + PriceX).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SaveTrackedObjectsTest()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx") { TrackObjects = true };
+
+            excel.AddMapping(typeof(ProductMapped), "Name", "NameX");
+            excel.AddMapping<ProductMapped>("Number", p => p.NumberX);
+            excel.AddMapping<ProductMapped>("Price", p => p.PriceX);
+
+            var products = excel.Fetch<ProductMapped>().ToList();
+
+            products[1].PriceX += 1.0m;
+
+            var file = @"productssavetracked.xlsx";
+
+            excel.Save(file);
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file).Fetch<ProductMapped>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        private class GetterSetterProduct
+        {
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public DateTime? OfferEnd { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is GetterSetterProduct o)) return false;
+                return o.Name == Name && o.OfferEnd == OfferEnd;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (Name + OfferEnd).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void GetterSetterTest()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\productsconvert.xlsx") { TrackObjects = true };
+
+            excel.AddMapping<GetterSetterProduct>("Name", p => p.Name);
+            excel.AddMapping<GetterSetterProduct>("OfferEnd", p => p.OfferEnd)
+                .SetCellUsing((c, o) =>
+                {
+                    if (o == null) c.SetCellValue("NULL"); else c.SetCellValue((DateTime)o);
+                })
+                .SetPropertyUsing(v =>
+                {
+                    if ((v as string) == "NULL") return null;
+                    return Convert.ChangeType(v, typeof(DateTime), CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+                });
+
+            var products = excel.Fetch<GetterSetterProduct>().ToList();
+
+            var file = @"productsconverttracked.xlsx";
+
+            excel.Save(file);
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file).Fetch<GetterSetterProduct>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        private class IgnoreProduct
+        {
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            [Ignore]
+            public int Number { get; set; }
+            public decimal Price { get; set; }
+            public bool Offer { get; set; }
+            public DateTime OfferEnd { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is IgnoreProduct o)) return false;
+                return o.Name == Name && o.Number == Number && o.Price == Price && o.Offer == Offer && o.OfferEnd == OfferEnd;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (Name + Number + Price + Offer + OfferEnd).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void IgnoreTest()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx");
+            excel.Ignore<IgnoreProduct>(p => p.Price);
+            var products = excel.Fetch<IgnoreProduct>().ToList();
+
+            var nudossi = products[0];
+            Assert.AreEqual("Nudossi", nudossi.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, nudossi.Number);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0m, nudossi.Price);
+            Assert.IsFalse(nudossi.Offer);
+
+            var halloren = products[1];
+            Assert.IsTrue(halloren.Offer);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new DateTime(2015, 12, 31), halloren.OfferEnd);
+
+            var file = "productsignored.xlsx";
+
+            new ExcelMapper().Save(file, products, "Products");
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file).Fetch<IgnoreProduct>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        private class NullableProduct
+        {
+            public string Name { get; set; }
+            public int? Number { get; set; }
+            public decimal? Price { get; set; }
+            public bool? Offer { get; set; }
+            public DateTime? OfferEnd { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is NullableProduct o)) return false;
+                return o.Name == Name && o.Number == Number && o.Price == Price && o.Offer == Offer && o.OfferEnd == OfferEnd;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (Name + Number + Price + Offer + OfferEnd).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void NullableTest()
+        {
+            var workbook = WorkbookFactory.Create(@"..\..\..\products.xlsx");
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(workbook);
+            var products = excel.Fetch<NullableProduct>().ToList();
+
+            var nudossi = products[0];
+            Assert.AreEqual("Nudossi", nudossi.Name);
+            Assert.AreEqual(60, nudossi.Number);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1.99m, nudossi.Price);
+            Assert.IsFalse(nudossi.Offer.Value);
+            nudossi.OfferEnd = null;
+
+            var halloren = products[1];
+            Assert.IsTrue(halloren.Offer.Value);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new DateTime(2015, 12, 31), halloren.OfferEnd);
+            halloren.Number = null;
+            halloren.Offer = null;
+
+            var file = "productsnullable.xlsx";
+
+            new ExcelMapper().Save(file, products, "Products");
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file).Fetch<NullableProduct>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        private class DataFormatProduct
+        {
+            [DataFormat(0xf)]
+            public DateTime Date { get; set; }
+
+            [DataFormat("0%")]
+            public decimal Number { get; set; }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void DataFormatTest()
+        {
+            var p = new DataFormatProduct { Date = new DateTime(2015, 12, 31), Number = 0.47m };
+            var file = "productsdataformat.xlsx";
+            new ExcelMapper().Save(file, new[] { p });
+            var pfs = new ExcelMapper(file).Fetch<DataFormatProduct>().ToList();
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, pfs.Count);
+            var pf = pfs[0];
+            Assert.AreEqual(p.Date, pf.Date);
+            Assert.AreEqual(p.Number, pf.Number);
+        }
+
+        private class DataItem
+        {
+            [Ignore]
+            public string Bql { get; set; }
+
+            [Ignore]
+            public int Id { get; set; }
+
+            [Column(2)]
+            public string OriginalBql { get; set; }
+
+            [Column(1)]
+            public string Title { get; set; }
+
+            [Column(3)]
+            public string TranslatedBql { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is DataItem o)) return false;
+                return o.Bql == Bql && o.Id == Id && o.OriginalBql == OriginalBql && o.Title == Title && o.TranslatedBql == TranslatedBql;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (Bql + Id + OriginalBql + Title + TranslatedBql).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ColumnTest()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\dataitems.xlsx") { HeaderRow = false };
+            var items = excel.Fetch<DataItem>().ToList();
+
+            var trackedFile = "dataitemstracked.xlsx";
+            excel.Save(trackedFile, "DataItems");
+            var itemsTracked = excel.Fetch<DataItem>(trackedFile, "DataItems").ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(items, itemsTracked);
+
+            var saveFile = "dataitemssave.xlsx";
+            new ExcelMapper().Save(saveFile, items, "DataItems");
+            var itemsSaved = new ExcelMapper().Fetch<DataItem>(saveFile, "DataItems").ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(items, itemsSaved);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ColumnTestUsingFetchWithType()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\dataitems.xlsx") { HeaderRow = false };
+            var items = excel.Fetch(typeof(DataItem)).OfType<DataItem>().ToList();
+
+            var trackedFile = "dataitemstracked.xlsx";
+            excel.Save(trackedFile, "DataItems");
+            var itemsTracked = excel.Fetch(trackedFile, typeof(DataItem), "DataItems").OfType<DataItem>().ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(items, itemsTracked);
+
+            var saveFile = "dataitemssave.xlsx";
+            new ExcelMapper().Save(saveFile, items, "DataItems");
+            var itemsSaved = new ExcelMapper().Fetch(saveFile, typeof(DataItem), "DataItems").OfType<DataItem>().ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(items, itemsSaved);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FetchMinMaxTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\ProductsMinMaxRow.xlsx")
+            {
+                HeaderRowNumber = 2,
+                MinRowNumber = 6,
+                MaxRowNumber = 9,
+            }.Fetch<Product>().ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C7*D7" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C8*D8" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C10*D10" },
+            }, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void SaveMinMaxTest()
+        {
+            var products = new List<Product>
+            {
+                new Product { Name = "Nudossi", NumberInStock = 60, Price = 1.99m, Value = "C2*D2" },
+                new Product { Name = "Halloren", NumberInStock = 33, Price = 2.99m, Value = "C3*D3" },
+                new Product { Name = "Filinchen", NumberInStock = 100, Price = 0.99m, Value = "C4*D4" },
+            };
+
+            var file = "productsminmaxsave.xlsx";
+
+            new ExcelMapper
+            {
+                HeaderRowNumber = 1,
+                MinRowNumber = 3
+            }.Save(file, products, "Products");
+
+            var productsFetched = new ExcelMapper(file)
+            {
+                HeaderRowNumber = 1,
+                MinRowNumber = 3
+            }.Fetch<Product>().ToList();
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(products, productsFetched);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FormulaResultAttributeTest()
+        {
+            var products = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\ProductsAsString.xlsx").Fetch<ProductValueString>().ToList();
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(new List<string> { "119.4", "98.67", "99" }, products.Select(p => p.ValueAsString).ToList());
+        }
+
+        private class ProductFormulaMapped
+        {
+            public decimal Result { get; set; }
+            public string Formula { get; set; }
+            public string ResultString { get; set; }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                if (!(obj is ProductFormulaMapped o)) return false;
+                return o.Result == Result && o.Formula == Formula && o.ResultString == ResultString;
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return (Formula + ResultString + Result).GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void FormulaResultMappedTest()
+        {
+            var excel = new ExcelMapper(@"..\..\..\ProductsAsString.xlsx");
+
+            excel.AddMapping<ProductFormulaMapped>("Value", p => p.Result);
+            excel.AddMapping<ProductFormulaMapped>("ValueDefaultAsFormula", p => p.Formula);
+            excel.AddMapping<ProductFormulaMapped>("ValueAsString", p => p.ResultString).AsFormulaResult();
+
+            var products = excel.Fetch<ProductFormulaMapped>().ToList();
+            var expectedProducts = new List<ProductFormulaMapped>
+            {
+                new ProductFormulaMapped { Result = 119.4m, Formula = "C2*D2", ResultString = "119.4" },
+                new ProductFormulaMapped { Result = 98.67m, Formula = "C3*D3", ResultString = "98.67" },
+                new ProductFormulaMapped { Result = 99m, Formula = "C5*D5", ResultString = "99" },
+            };
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedProducts[0], products[0]);
+
+            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(expectedProducts, products);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestExcelMapperConvertException()
+        {
+            ExcelMapperConvertException ex =
+                new ExcelMapperConvertException("cellvalue", typeof(string), 12, 34);
+
+            // Sanity check: Make sure custom properties are set before serialization
+            Assert.AreEqual(12, ex.Line);
+            Assert.AreEqual(34, ex.Column);
+
+            // Round-trip the exception: Serialize and de-serialize with a BinaryFormatter
+            var bf = new BinaryFormatter();
+            using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
+            {
+                // "Save" object state
+                bf.Serialize(ms, ex);
+
+                // Re-use the same stream for de-serialization
+                ms.Seek(0, 0);
+
+                // Replace the original exception with de-serialized one
+                ex = (ExcelMapperConvertException)bf.Deserialize(ms);
+            }
+
+            // Make sure custom properties are preserved after serialization
+            Assert.AreEqual(12, ex.Line);
+            Assert.AreEqual(34, ex.Column);
+
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => ex.GetObjectData(null, new System.Runtime.Serialization.StreamingContext()));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource stream of type System.IO.FileStream in method "Void Tests.FetchWithStreamAndSheetNameTest()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Tests.FetchWithStreamAndSheetNameTest()
+
+### File:
+ExcelMapper.Tests/Tests.cs
+
+### Key:
+Tests.cs|FetchWithStreamAndSheetNameTest|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+56158166580ea46553a34dd8c116b39b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2469/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2469/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68adbb6ffe095902cbbe28eccb160af8f37c0cf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2469/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Universalis
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Universalis.GameData
+{
+    public static class ChineseServers
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts the provided data center name into its Hanzi form. If the provided data center name
+        /// is not a Chinese data center, an <see cref="ArgumentException" /> will be thrown.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <exception cref="ArgumentException">The provided data center is not a Chinese data center.</exception>
+        /// <param name="dataCenter">The data center name, romanized or already in Hanzi.</param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public static string DataCenterToHanzi(string dataCenter)
+            => dataCenter switch
+            {
+                "LuXingNiao" => "陆行鸟",
+                "MoGuLi" => "莫古力",
+                "MaoXiaoPang" => "猫小胖",
+                "陆行鸟" => "陆行鸟",
+                "莫古力" => "莫古力",
+                "猫小胖" => "猫小胖",
+                _ => throw new ArgumentException("No mapping for the provided data center was found."),
+            };
+
+        internal static IEnumerable<DataCenter> DataCenters()
+            => new[]
+            {
+                new DataCenter {Name = "LuXingNiao"},
+                new DataCenter {Name = "MoGuLi"},
+                new DataCenter {Name = "MaoXiaoPang"},
+                new DataCenter {Name = "陆行鸟"}, // LuXingNiao
+                new DataCenter {Name = "莫古力"}, // MoGuLi
+                new DataCenter {Name = "猫小胖"}, // MaoXiaoPang
+            };
+
+        internal static IEnumerable<World> Worlds()
+            => new[]
+            {
+                new World{Name = "红玉海", Id = 1167},
+                new World{Name = "神意之地", Id = 1081},
+                new World{Name = "拉诺西亚", Id = 1042},
+                new World{Name = "幻影群岛", Id = 1044},
+                new World{Name = "萌芽池", Id = 1060},
+                new World{Name = "宇宙和音", Id = 1173},
+                new World{Name = "沃仙曦染", Id = 1174},
+                new World{Name = "晨曦王座", Id = 1175},
+                new World{Name = "白银乡", Id = 1172},
+                new World{Name = "白金幻象", Id = 1076},
+                new World{Name = "神拳痕", Id = 1171},
+                new World{Name = "潮风亭", Id = 1170},
+                new World{Name = "旅人栈桥", Id = 1113},
+                new World{Name = "拂晓之间", Id = 1121},
+                new World{Name = "龙巢神殿", Id = 1166},
+                new World{Name = "梦羽宝境", Id = 1176},
+                new World{Name = "紫水栈桥", Id = 1043},
+                new World{Name = "延夏", Id = 1169},
+                new World{Name = "静语庄园", Id = 1106},
+                new World{Name = "摩杜纳", Id = 1045},
+                new World{Name = "海猫茶屋", Id = 1177},
+                new World{Name = "柔风海湾", Id = 1178},
+                new World{Name = "琥珀原", Id = 1179},
+            };
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+null (last assigned on line 28) is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IEnumerable`1<!0> ChineseServers.DataCenters()
+
+### File:
+src/Universalis.GameData/ChineseServers.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChineseServers.cs|DataCenters|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+cc75f7cf186ef69b0048f04e6a5a5a7e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2493/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2493/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8689cc4d1d79dfb440f8d7afe2ed8c2c0aedccf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2493/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MxNet.Sharp
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using MxNetLib;
+using MxNetLib.Metrics;
+using MxNetLib.NN;
+using MxNetLib.NN.Data;
+using MxNetLib.NN.Initializers;
+using MxNetLib.NN.Layers;
+using MxNetLib.Optimizers;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace ORGate
+{
+    class Program
+    {
+        static void Main(string[] args)
+        {
+            MXNet.SetDevice(DeviceType.CPU);
+
+            //Pred data
+            DataFrame train_x = new DataFrame(2);
+            DataFrame train_y = new DataFrame(1);
+            train_x.Load(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1);
+
+            train_y.Load(0, 1, 1, 0);
+
+            NDArrayIter train = new NDArrayIter(train_x.ToVariable(), train_y.ToVariable());
+
+            //Build Model
+            Module model = new Module(2);
+            BuildSymbolModel(model);
+            //BuildNNModel(model);
+            model.Fit(train, 1000, 2);
+
+            Console.ReadLine();
+        }
+
+        private static void BuildSymbolModel(Module model)
+        {
+            var x = Symbol.Variable("X");
+            var fc1 = sym.Relu(sym.FullyConnected(x, Symbol.Variable("fc1_w"), 64));
+            var fc2 = sym.Relu(sym.FullyConnected(fc1, Symbol.Variable("fc2_w"), 32));
+            var fc3 = sym.Relu(sym.FullyConnected(fc2, Symbol.Variable("fc3_w"), 1));
+            var output = sym.LogisticRegressionOutput(fc3, Symbol.Variable("label"));
+
+            model.SetDefaultInitializer(new RandomUniform(-1, 1));
+            model.Compile(output, OptimizerRegistry.Adam(), MetricType.BinaryAccuracy);
+        }
+
+        private static void BuildNNModel(Module model)
+        {
+            model.Add(new Dense(dim: 64, activation: ActivationType.ReLU, kernalInitializer: new RandomUniform(-1, 1)));
+            model.Add(new Dense(dim: 32, activation: ActivationType.ReLU, kernalInitializer: new GlorotUniform()));
+            model.Add(new Dense(dim: 1));
+
+            //Train
+            model.Compile(OptimizerType.Adam, LossType.SigmoidBinaryCrossEntropy, MetricType.BinaryAccuracy);
+        }
+        
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource train of type MxNetLib.NDArrayIter, Leaked resource (returned from MxNetLib.NDArray MxNetLib.NN.Data.DataFrame::ToVariable() at Line 85) of type MxNetLib.NDArray, Leaked resource (returned from MxNetLib.NDArray MxNetLib.NN.Data.DataFrame::ToVariable() at Line 85) of type MxNetLib.NDArray in method "Void Program.Main(String[])".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.Main(String[])
+
+### File:
+examples/ORGate/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|Main|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+33d17ffeb3279d533abbc31f48d841ba
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2494/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2494/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e78ff7ff4201989ece981d2431222b7d7e2030c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2494/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MxNet.Sharp
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using MxNetLib;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace MxNetLib
+{
+    public class NDArrayIter : DataIter
+    {
+        private NDArray _data;
+        private NDArray _label;
+        
+        private uint num_data;
+
+        public NDArrayIter(NDArray data, NDArray label)
+        {
+            _data = data;
+            _label = label;
+            BatchSize = 32;
+            num_data = data.GetShape()[0];
+            cursor = (int)-BatchSize;
+        }
+
+        public override void BeforeFirst()
+        {
+            cursor = (int)-BatchSize;
+        }
+
+        public override NDArray GetData()
+        {
+            uint start = (uint)cursor;
+            uint end = (uint)cursor + BatchSize;
+            if(end > num_data)
+            {
+                end = num_data;
+            }
+
+            return _data.Slice(start, end);
+        }
+
+        public override int[] GetIndex()
+        {
+            uint start = (uint)cursor;
+            uint end = (uint)cursor + BatchSize;
+            if (end > num_data)
+            {
+                end = num_data;
+            }
+
+            List<int> idx = new List<int>();
+            for (int i = (int)start; i < end; i++)
+            {
+                idx.Add((int)i);
+            }
+
+            return idx.ToArray();
+        }
+
+        public override NDArray GetLabel()
+        {
+            uint start = (uint)cursor;
+            uint end = (uint)cursor + BatchSize;
+            if (end >= num_data)
+            {
+                end = num_data;
+            }
+
+            return _label.Slice(start, end).Ravel();
+        }
+
+        public override int GetPadNum()
+        {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        public override bool Next()
+        {
+            cursor += (int)BatchSize;
+            if(cursor < num_data)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (returned from MxNetLib.NDArray MxNetLib.NDArray::Slice(System.UInt32,System.UInt32) at Line 68) of type MxNetLib.NDArray in method "NDArray NDArrayIter.GetLabel()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+NDArray NDArrayIter.GetLabel()
+
+### File:
+src/MxNetLib/IO/NDArrayIter.cs
+
+### Key:
+NDArrayIter.cs|GetLabel|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+247c08660a425397f164482a8a136774
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2541/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2541/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..219f55ea0aee6ee703bae8885a3bdf2ffa363e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2541/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** docker-lambda
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using AWSLambda.Internal.Bootstrap.Context;
+using AWSLambda.Internal.Bootstrap.Interop.Structures;
+using MockLambdaRuntime;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Net.Http.Headers;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace AWSLambda.Internal.Bootstrap
+{
+    internal class MockRuntime : ILambdaRuntime
+    {
+        private const string STACK_TRACE_INDENT = "   ";
+
+        private bool invoked;
+
+        private bool logTail;
+
+        private string logs;
+
+        private Exception invokeError;
+
+        private readonly IntPtr sharedMem = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(SBSharedMem.UnmanagedStructSize);
+
+        private SBSharedMem curSBSharedMem;
+
+        private readonly MockLambdaContext context;
+
+        private static readonly HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
+
+        public IEnvironment Environment { get; } = new SystemEnvironment();
+
+        public IXRayProfiler XRayProfiler { get; } = new MockXRayProfiler();
+
+        public InitData InitData
+        {
+            get;
+            private set;
+        }
+
+        public MockRuntime(string handler, string body)
+        {
+            context = new MockLambdaContext(handler, body);
+            InitData = new InitData
+            {
+                Handler = handler,
+                InvokeId = context.RequestId,
+                SuppressUserCodeInit = true,
+                ErrorCode = null
+            };
+            invoked = false;
+            client.Timeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan;
+        }
+
+        public bool KeepInvokeLoopRunning()
+        {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public void Init()
+        {
+            var timeout = DateTimeOffset.Now.AddSeconds(1);
+            while (true)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    var result = client.GetAsync("http://127.0.0.1:9001/2018-06-01/ping").Result;
+                    if (result.StatusCode != HttpStatusCode.OK)
+                    {
+                        throw new Exception("Got a bad response from the bootstrap");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    if (DateTimeOffset.Now > timeout)
+                    {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                }
+                Thread.Sleep(5);
+            }
+        }
+
+        unsafe InvokeData ILambdaRuntime.ReceiveInvoke(IDictionary initialEnvironmentVariables, RuntimeReceiveInvokeBuffers buffers)
+        {
+            var result = client.GetAsync("http://127.0.0.1:9001/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/next").Result;
+            if (result.StatusCode != HttpStatusCode.OK)
+            {
+                throw new Exception("Got a bad response from the bootstrap");
+            }
+
+            if (invoked)
+            {
+                logs = "";
+            }
+            invoked = true;
+
+            var requestId = result.Headers.GetValues("Lambda-Runtime-Aws-Request-Id").First();
+            var deadlineMs = result.Headers.GetValues("Lambda-Runtime-Deadline-Ms").First();
+            var functionArn = result.Headers.GetValues("Lambda-Runtime-Invoked-Function-Arn").First();
+            var xAmznTraceId = result.Headers.GetValues("Lambda-Runtime-Trace-Id").First();
+            var clientContext = HeaderHelper.GetFirstOrDefault(result.Headers, "Lambda-Runtime-Client-Context");
+            var cognitoIdentity = HeaderHelper.GetFirstOrDefault(result.Headers, "Lambda-Runtime-Cognito-Identity");
+
+            logTail = HeaderHelper.GetFirstOrDefault(result.Headers, "Docker-Lambda-Log-Type") == "Tail";
+
+            var body = result.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;
+
+            context.RequestId = requestId;
+            context.DeadlineMs = long.Parse(deadlineMs);
+            context.Body = body;
+
+            curSBSharedMem = new SBSharedMem(sharedMem);
+            return new InvokeData(curSBSharedMem)
+            {
+                RequestId = context.RequestId,
+                AwsCredentials = new AwsCredentials
+                {
+                    AccessKeyId = EnvHelper.GetOrDefault("AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID", "SOME_ACCESS_KEY_ID"),
+                    SecretAccessKey = EnvHelper.GetOrDefault("AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY", "SOME_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"),
+                    SessionToken = System.Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("AWS_SESSION_TOKEN")
+                },
+                XAmznTraceId = xAmznTraceId,
+                InputStream = context.InputStream,
+                OutputStream = new UnmanagedMemoryStream(curSBSharedMem.EventBody, 0, SBSharedMem.SizeOfEventBody, FileAccess.Write),
+                LambdaContextInternal = new LambdaContextInternal(
+                    context.RemainingTime,
+                    SendCustomerLogMessage,
+                    GetCognitoClientContextInternalLazy(clientContext),
+                    context.RequestId,
+                    new Lazy<string>(context.Arn),
+                    GetCognitoIdentityIdLazy(cognitoIdentity),
+                    GetCognitoIdentityPoolIdLazy(cognitoIdentity),
+                    initialEnvironmentVariables
+                )
+            };
+        }
+
+        public unsafe void ReportDone(string invokeId, string errorType, bool waitForExit)
+        {
+            if (!invoked && invokeError == null) return;
+
+            var output = Interop.InteropUtils.ReadUTF8String(curSBSharedMem.EventBody, curSBSharedMem.ResponseBodyLen);
+
+            var suffix = errorType == null ? "response" : "error";
+
+            Task<HttpResponseMessage> task;
+            using (var requestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, $"http://127.0.0.1:9001/2018-06-01/runtime/invocation/{context.RequestId}/{suffix}"))
+            {
+                if (logTail)
+                {
+                    requestMessage.Headers.Add("Docker-Lambda-Log-Result", Convert.ToBase64String(LogsTail4k()));
+                }
+                requestMessage.Content = new StringContent(output);
+                task = client.SendAsync(requestMessage);
+                try
+                {
+                    task.Wait();
+                }
+                catch (AggregateException ae)
+                {
+                    if (!context.StayOpen && ae.InnerException is HttpRequestException && ae.InnerException.InnerException != null &&
+                        (ae.InnerException.InnerException is SocketException ||
+                            // happens on dotnetcore2.0
+                            ae.InnerException.InnerException.GetType().ToString().Equals("System.Net.Http.CurlException")))
+                    {
+                        System.Environment.Exit(string.IsNullOrEmpty(errorType) && invokeError == null ? 0 : 1);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw ae;
+                    }
+                }
+                var response = task.Result;
+                if (response.StatusCode != HttpStatusCode.Accepted)
+                {
+                    throw new Exception($"Unknown response from invocation: {response.StatusCode}");
+                }
+            }
+            if (invokeError != null)
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(invokeError);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private byte[] LogsTail4k()
+        {
+            var logBuf = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(logs);
+            if (logBuf.Length <= 4096)
+            {
+                return logBuf;
+            }
+            var slicedLogBuf = new byte[4096];
+            Array.Copy(logBuf, logBuf.Length - 4096, slicedLogBuf, 0, 4096);
+            return slicedLogBuf;
+        }
+
+        public void ReportError(string invokeId, ExceptionResponse exceptionResponse)
+        {
+            invokeError = exceptionResponse.OriginalException;
+
+            // XXX: For the future perhaps:
+            /*
+            StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(exceptionResponse.StackTrace))
+            {
+                stringBuilder.AppendLine(exceptionResponse.StackTrace);
+            }
+            if (exceptionResponse.InnerException != null)
+            {
+                AppendStackTraceToStringBuilder(stringBuilder, exceptionResponse.InnerException);
+            }
+            */
+        }
+
+        /// Try to log everything to stderr except the function result
+        public void SendCustomerLogMessage(string message)
+        {
+            if (context.StayOpen)
+            {
+                if (logTail)
+                {
+                    logs += message + System.Environment.NewLine;
+                }
+                Console.WriteLine(message);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Console.Error.WriteLine(message);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void AppendStackTraceToStringBuilder(StringBuilder builder, ExceptionResponse ex)
+        {
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ex.StackTrace))
+            {
+                string[] array = (from s in ex.StackTrace.Split(new string[]
+                    {
+                        System.Environment.NewLine
+                    }, StringSplitOptions.None)
+                                  select s.Trim() into s
+                                  where !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(s)
+                                  select STACK_TRACE_INDENT + s).ToArray();
+                foreach (string value in array)
+                {
+                    builder.AppendLine(value);
+                }
+            }
+            if (ex.InnerException != null)
+            {
+                string errorMessage = ex.InnerException.ErrorMessage;
+                string errorType = ex.InnerException.ErrorType;
+                if (errorMessage != null)
+                {
+                    builder.Append(errorMessage.Trim());
+                    builder.Append(": ");
+                }
+                builder.AppendLine(errorType);
+                AppendStackTraceToStringBuilder(builder, ex.InnerException);
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal static Lazy<string> GetCognitoIdentityIdLazy(string jsonStr)
+        {
+            return new Lazy<string>(() =>
+            {
+                var match = Regex.Match(jsonStr ?? "", "\"identity_id\":\"([^\"]+)\"");
+                return match.Success ? match.Groups[1].ToString() : string.Empty;
+            });
+        }
+
+        internal static Lazy<string> GetCognitoIdentityPoolIdLazy(string jsonStr)
+        {
+            return new Lazy<string>(() =>
+            {
+                var match = Regex.Match(jsonStr ?? "", "\"identity_pool_id\":\"([^\"]+)\"");
+                return match.Success ? match.Groups[1].ToString() : string.Empty;
+            });
+        }
+
+        internal static Lazy<CognitoClientContextInternal> GetCognitoClientContextInternalLazy(string text)
+        {
+            return new Lazy<CognitoClientContextInternal>(() =>
+            {
+                CognitoClientContextInternal result = null;
+                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(text))
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        return CognitoClientContextInternal.FromJson(text);
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception innerException)
+                    {
+                        throw LambdaExceptions.ValidationException(innerException, "Unable to parse client context JSON string '{0}'.", text);
+                    }
+                }
+                return result;
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class MockXRayProfiler : IXRayProfiler
+    {
+        public void ReportUserInitStart()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public void ReportUserInitEnd()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public void ReportUserInvokeStart()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public void ReportUserInvokeEnd()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public void ReportError(ExceptionResponse exceptionResponse)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    class HeaderHelper
+    {
+        /// Gets the given environment variable with a fallback if it doesn't exist
+        public static string GetFirstOrDefault(HttpHeaders headers, string name)
+        {
+            if (headers.TryGetValues(name, out IEnumerable<string> values))
+            {
+                return values.FirstOrDefault();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource requestMessage of type System.Net.Http.HttpRequestMessage, Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.StringContent::.ctor() at Line 165) of type System.Net.Http.StringContent in method "Void MockRuntime.ReportDone(String,String,Boolean)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MockRuntime.ReportDone(String,String,Boolean)
+
+### File:
+dotnetcore2.0/run/MockBootstraps/MockRuntime.cs
+
+### Key:
+MockRuntime.cs|ReportDone|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+b26efbdf3055933f86deeb4745f122a7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2546/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2546/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52a4f2bcbbf6c01120ade1d2a29c976471144c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2546/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Entitas-CSharp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using Entitas.CodeGeneration.CodeGenerator;
+using Entitas.Utils;
+using Fabl.Appenders;
+using UnityEditor;
+using UnityEngine;
+
+namespace Entitas.CodeGeneration.Unity.Editor {
+
+    public static class UnityCodeGenerator {
+
+        [MenuItem("Tools/Entitas/Generate #%g", false, 100)]
+        public static void Generate() {
+            checkCanGenerate();
+
+            Debug.Log("Generating...");
+
+            Preferences.sharedInstance.Refresh();
+            var codeGenerator = CodeGeneratorUtil.CodeGeneratorFromPreferences(Preferences.sharedInstance);
+
+            var progressOffset = 0f;
+
+            codeGenerator.OnProgress += (title, info, progress) => {
+                var cancel = EditorUtility.DisplayCancelableProgressBar(title, info, progressOffset + progress / 2);
+                if (cancel) {
+                    codeGenerator.Cancel();
+                }
+            };
+
+            CodeGenFile[] dryFiles = null;
+            CodeGenFile[] files = null;
+
+            try {
+                dryFiles = codeGenerator.DryRun();
+                progressOffset = 0.5f;
+                files = codeGenerator.Generate();
+            } catch(Exception ex) {
+                dryFiles = new CodeGenFile[0];
+                files = new CodeGenFile[0];
+
+                EditorUtility.DisplayDialog("Error", ex.Message, "Ok");
+            }
+
+            EditorUtility.ClearProgressBar();
+
+            var totalGeneratedFiles = files.Select(file => file.fileName).Distinct().Count();
+
+            var sloc = dryFiles
+                .Select(file => file.fileContent.ToUnixLineEndings())
+                .Sum(content => content.Split(new [] { '\n' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries).Length);
+
+            var loc = files
+                .Select(file => file.fileContent.ToUnixLineEndings())
+                .Sum(content => content.Split(new [] { '\n' }).Length);
+
+            Debug.Log("Generated " + totalGeneratedFiles + " files (" + sloc + " sloc, " + loc + " loc)");
+
+            AssetDatabase.Refresh();
+        }
+
+        static void checkCanGenerate() {
+            if (EditorApplication.isCompiling) {
+                throw new Exception("Cannot generate because Unity is still compiling. Please wait...");
+            }
+
+            var assembly = typeof(UnityEditor.Editor).Assembly;
+
+            var logEntries = assembly.GetType("UnityEditorInternal.LogEntries")
+                          ?? assembly.GetType("UnityEditor.LogEntries");
+
+            logEntries.GetMethod("Clear").Invoke(new object(), null);
+            var canCompile = (int)logEntries.GetMethod("GetCount").Invoke(new object(), null) == 0;
+            if (!canCompile) {
+                Debug.Log("There are compile errors! Generated code will be based on last compiled executable.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        [MenuItem("Tools/Entitas/Generate with external Code Generator %&g", false, 101)]
+        public static void GenerateExternal() {
+            Debug.Log("Connecting...");
+
+            var client = new TcpClientSocket();
+            client.OnConnect += onConnected;
+            client.OnReceive += onReceive;
+            client.OnDisconnect += onDisconnect;
+            client.Connect(IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1"), 3333);
+
+            AssetDatabase.Refresh();
+        }
+
+        static void onConnected(TcpClientSocket client) {
+            Debug.Log("Connected.");
+            Debug.Log("Generating...");
+            client.Send(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("gen"));
+        }
+
+        static void onReceive(AbstractTcpSocket socket, Socket client, byte[] bytes) {
+            Debug.Log("Generated.");
+            socket.Disconnect();
+        }
+
+        static void onDisconnect(AbstractTcpSocket socket) {
+            Debug.Log("Disconnected");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `logEntries` last assigned on line 80 could be null and is dereferenced at line 75, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void UnityCodeGenerator.checkCanGenerate()
+
+### File:
+Addons/Entitas.CodeGeneration.Unity.Editor/Entitas.CodeGeneration.Unity.Editor/Editor/UnityCodeGenerator.cs
+
+### Key:
+UnityCodeGenerator.cs|checkCanGenerate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e0be9bf879e0b443f0f0e322250a767f
+
+### Hash:
+8d2493dd2fa0bf257ba56cdbf49aeba8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2579/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2579/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c73bc60b9635ca56657e116364c6d18e5647ddc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2579/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** serilog
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright 2013 Nicholas Blumhardt
+// 
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+// 
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+// 
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+using Serilog.Configuration;
+using Serilog.Events;
+using Serilog.Formatting.Display;
+using Serilog.Sinks.DumpFile;
+using Serilog.Sinks.File;
+using Serilog.Sinks.RollingFile;
+using Serilog.Sinks.SystemConsole;
+
+namespace Serilog
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Extends <see cref="LoggerConfiguration"/> to add Full .NET Framework 
+    /// capabilities.
+    /// </summary>
+    public static class LoggerConfigurationFullNetFxExtensions
+    {
+        const string DefaultOutputTemplate = "{TimeStamp} [{Level}] {Message:l}{NewLine:l}{Exception:l}";
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Writes log events to <see cref="System.Console"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sinkConfiguration">Logger sink configuration.</param>
+        /// <param name="restrictedToMinimumLevel">The minimum level for
+        /// events passed through the sink.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputTemplate">A message template describing the format used to write to the sink.
+        /// the default is "{TimeStamp} [{Level}] {Message:l}{NewLine:l}{Exception:l}".</param>
+        /// <returns>Configuration object allowing method chaining.</returns>
+        public static LoggerConfiguration Console(
+            this LoggerSinkConfiguration sinkConfiguration,
+            LogEventLevel restrictedToMinimumLevel = LogEventLevel.Minimum,
+            string outputTemplate = DefaultOutputTemplate)
+        {
+            var formatter = new MessageTemplateTextFormatter(outputTemplate);
+            return sinkConfiguration.Sink(new ConsoleSink(formatter), restrictedToMinimumLevel);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Write log events in a simple text dump format to the specified file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sinkConfiguration">Logger sink configuration.</param>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to the dump file.</param>
+        /// <param name="restrictedToMinimumLevel">The minimum level for
+        /// events passed through the sink.</param>
+        /// <returns>Configuration object allowing method chaining.</returns>
+        public static LoggerConfiguration DumpFile(
+            this LoggerSinkConfiguration sinkConfiguration,
+            string path, 
+            LogEventLevel restrictedToMinimumLevel = LogEventLevel.Minimum)
+        {
+            return sinkConfiguration.Sink(new DumpFileSink(path), restrictedToMinimumLevel);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Write log events to the specified file.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sinkConfiguration">Logger sink configuration.</param>
+        /// <param name="path">Path to the file.</param>
+        /// <param name="restrictedToMinimumLevel">The minimum level for
+        /// events passed through the sink.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputTemplate">A message template describing the format used to write to the sink.
+        /// the default is "{TimeStamp} [{Level}] {Message:l}{NewLine:l}{Exception:l}".</param>
+        /// <returns>Configuration object allowing method chaining.</returns>
+        public static LoggerConfiguration File(
+            this LoggerSinkConfiguration sinkConfiguration,
+            string path,
+            LogEventLevel restrictedToMinimumLevel = LogEventLevel.Minimum,
+            string outputTemplate = DefaultOutputTemplate)
+        {
+            var formatter = new MessageTemplateTextFormatter(outputTemplate);
+            return sinkConfiguration.Sink(new FileSink(path, formatter), restrictedToMinimumLevel);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Write log events to a series of files. Each file will be named according to
+        /// the date of the first log entry written to it. Only simple date-based rolling is
+        /// currently supported.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sinkConfiguration">Logger sink configuration.</param>
+        /// <param name="pathFormat">.NET format string describing the location of the log files,
+        /// with {0} in the place of the file date. E.g. "Logs\myapp-{0}.log" will result in log
+        /// files such as "Logs\myapp-2013-10-20.log", "Logs\myapp-2013-10-21.log" and so on.</param>
+        /// <param name="restrictedToMinimumLevel">The minimum level for
+        /// events passed through the sink.</param>
+        /// <param name="outputTemplate">A message template describing the format used to write to the sink.
+        /// the default is "{TimeStamp} [{Level}] {Message:l}{NewLine:l}{Exception:l}".</param>
+        /// <returns>Configuration object allowing method chaining.</returns>
+        public static LoggerConfiguration RollingFile(
+            this LoggerSinkConfiguration sinkConfiguration,
+            string pathFormat,
+            LogEventLevel restrictedToMinimumLevel = LogEventLevel.Minimum,
+            string outputTemplate = DefaultOutputTemplate)
+        {
+            var formatter = new MessageTemplateTextFormatter(outputTemplate);
+            return sinkConfiguration.Sink(new RollingFileSink(pathFormat, formatter), restrictedToMinimumLevel);
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Serilog.Sinks.RollingFile.RollingFileSink::.ctor() at Line 108) of type Serilog.Sinks.RollingFile.RollingFileSink in method "LoggerConfiguration LoggerConfigurationFullNetFxExtensions.RollingFile(LoggerSinkConfiguration,String,LogEventLevel,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+LoggerConfiguration LoggerConfigurationFullNetFxExtensions.RollingFile(LoggerSinkConfiguration,String,LogEventLevel,String)
+
+### File:
+src/Serilog.FullNetFx/LoggerConfigurationFullNetFxExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+LoggerConfigurationFullNetFxExtensions.cs|RollingFile|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7b7e9bcda3525504874f6e1ab98fd592
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2606/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2606/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2efe5f90a5ccba7ca1f609d4150d6da4c4e9b515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2606/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Hangfire.HttpJob
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Hangfire;
+using Hangfire.Console;
+using Hangfire.Dashboard.BasicAuthorization;
+using Hangfire.HttpJob;
+using Hangfire.MySql.Core;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using NLog.Extensions.Logging;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Data;
+using Hangfire.Tags;
+using Hangfire.Tags.Mysql;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Localization;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+
+namespace TestHangfire
+{
+    public class Startup
+    {
+        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
+        {
+            JsonConfig = configuration;
+        }
+
+        public IConfiguration JsonConfig { get; }
+
+
+        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
+        {
+            services.AddHangfire(Configuration); //Configuration是下面的方法
+        }
+
+        private void Configuration(IGlobalConfiguration globalConfiguration)
+        {
+            var mysqlOption = new MySqlStorageOptions
+            {
+                TransactionIsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.ReadCommitted,
+                QueuePollInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15),
+                JobExpirationCheckInterval = TimeSpan.FromHours(1),
+                CountersAggregateInterval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5),
+                PrepareSchemaIfNecessary = true,
+                DashboardJobListLimit = 50000,
+                TransactionTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1),
+                TablePrefix = "hangfire"
+            };
+            globalConfiguration.UseStorage(
+                    new MySqlStorage(
+                        JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireMysqlConnectionString").Get<string>()
+                        , mysqlOption
+                    ))
+                .UseConsole(new ConsoleOptions()
+                {
+                    BackgroundColor = "#000079"
+                })
+                .UseHangfireHttpJob(new HangfireHttpJobOptions
+                {
+                    MailOption = new MailOption
+                    {
+                        Server = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireMail:Server").Get<string>(),
+                        Port = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireMail:Port").Get<int>(),
+                        UseSsl = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireMail:UseSsl").Get<bool>(),
+                        User = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireMail:User").Get<string>(),
+                        Password = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireMail:Password").Get<string>(),
+                    },
+                    DefaultRecurringQueueName = JsonConfig.GetSection("DefaultRecurringQueueName").Get<string>(),
+                    DefaultBackGroundJobQueueName = "DEFAULT",
+                    DefaultTimeZone = "Asia/Shanghai",
+                    //EnableDingTalk = true,
+                    //CurrentDomain = "http://localhost:5000"
+                    //RecurringJobTimeZone = TimeZoneInfo.Local,
+                    // CheckHttpResponseStatusCode = code => (int)code < 400   //===》(default)
+                    //AddHttpJobFilter = (jobContent) =>
+                    //{
+                    //    //添加httpjob的拦截器 如果返回false就代表不添加 返回true则真正的添加
+
+                    //    if (jobContent.Url.StartsWith("http://localhost") ||
+                    //        jobContent.Url.StartsWith("http://127.0.0.1"))
+                    //    {
+                    //        return true;
+                    //    }
+
+                    //    return false;
+                    //}
+                })
+                .UseTagsWithMysql(sqlOptions: mysqlOption);
+        }
+
+        // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.
+        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory logging)
+        {
+
+            #region 强制显示中文
+            var options = new RequestLocalizationOptions
+            {
+                DefaultRequestCulture = new RequestCulture("zh")
+            };
+
+            app.UseRequestLocalization(options);
+
+            //强制显示中文
+            System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = new System.Globalization.CultureInfo("zh");
+
+            #endregion
+
+            if (env.IsDevelopment())
+            {
+                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
+            }
+
+            var queues = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireQueues").Get<List<string>>().ToArray();
+            app.UseHangfireServer(new BackgroundJobServerOptions
+            {
+                ServerTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(4),
+                SchedulePollingInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15), //秒级任务需要配置短点，一般任务可以配置默认时间，默认15秒
+                ShutdownTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30), //超时时间
+                Queues = queues, //队列
+                WorkerCount = Math.Max(Environment.ProcessorCount, 40) //工作线程数，当前允许的最大线程，默认20
+            });
+
+            var hangfireStartUpPath = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireStartUpPath").Get<string>();
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hangfireStartUpPath)) hangfireStartUpPath = "/job";
+
+            var dashbordConfig = new DashboardOptions
+            {
+                AppPath = "#",
+                DisplayStorageConnectionString = false,
+                IsReadOnlyFunc = Context => false
+            };
+            var dashbordUserName = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireUserName").Get<string>();
+            var dashbordPwd = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfirePwd").Get<string>();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(dashbordPwd) && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(dashbordUserName))
+            {
+                dashbordConfig.Authorization = new[]
+                {
+                    new BasicAuthAuthorizationFilter(new BasicAuthAuthorizationFilterOptions
+                    {
+                        RequireSsl = false,
+                        SslRedirect = false,
+                        LoginCaseSensitive = true,
+                        Users = new[]
+                        {
+                            new BasicAuthAuthorizationUser
+                            {
+                                Login = dashbordUserName,
+                                PasswordClear = dashbordPwd
+                            }
+                        }
+                    })
+                };
+            }
+            app.UseHangfireDashboard(hangfireStartUpPath, dashbordConfig);
+
+            var hangfireReadOnlyPath = JsonConfig.GetSection("HangfireReadOnlyPath").Get<string>();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(hangfireReadOnlyPath))
+            {
+                //只读面板，只能读取不能操作
+                app.UseHangfireDashboard(hangfireReadOnlyPath, new DashboardOptions
+                {
+                    IgnoreAntiforgeryToken = true,
+                    AppPath = hangfireStartUpPath, //返回时跳转的地址
+                    DisplayStorageConnectionString = false, //是否显示数据库连接信息
+                    IsReadOnlyFunc = Context => true
+                });
+            }
+           
+
+            app.Run(async (context) => { await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new { Success = false, Info = "ok" })); });
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Hangfire.MySql.Core.MySqlStorage::.ctor() at Line 51) of type Hangfire.MySql.Core.MySqlStorage in method "Void Startup.Configuration(IGlobalConfiguration)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Startup.Configuration(IGlobalConfiguration)
+
+### File:
+TestHangfire/Startup.cs
+
+### Key:
+Startup.cs|Configuration|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4a4302563b31d7ab1157358b1d716268
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2607/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2607/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6dec56bc125389ca0f111f570d383d892e1e5991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2607/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Hangfire.HttpJob
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Hangfire;
+using Hangfire.Console;
+using Hangfire.Dashboard.BasicAuthorization;
+using Hangfire.HttpJob;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using NLog.Extensions.Logging;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Data;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using Hangfire.Heartbeat;
+using Hangfire.Heartbeat.Server;
+using Hangfire.MySql;
+using Hangfire.Tags;
+using Hangfire.Tags.MySql;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Localization;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using Newtonsoft.Json;
+using IsolationLevel = System.Transactions.IsolationLevel;
+
+namespace MysqlHangfire
+{
+    public static class HangfireCollectionExtensions
+    {
+        private const string HangfireSettingsKey = "Hangfire:HangfireSettings";
+        private const string HttpJobOptionsKey = "Hangfire:HttpJobOptions";
+        private const string HangfireConnectStringKey = "Hangfire:HangfireSettings:ConnectionString";
+        private const string HangfireLangKey = "Hangfire:HttpJobOptions:Lang";
+
+        public static IServiceCollection AddSelfHangfire(this IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration Configuration)
+        {
+            var hangfireSettings = Configuration.GetSection(HangfireSettingsKey);
+            var httpJobOptions = Configuration.GetSection(HttpJobOptionsKey);
+
+            services.Configure<HangfireSettings>(hangfireSettings);
+            services.Configure<HangfireHttpJobOptions>(httpJobOptions);
+
+            services.AddHangfire(globalConfiguration =>
+            {
+                services.ConfigurationHangfire(Configuration, globalConfiguration);
+            });
+            return services;
+        }
+
+
+        public static void ConfigurationHangfire(this IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration Configuration,
+            IGlobalConfiguration globalConfiguration)
+        {
+            var serverProvider = services.BuildServiceProvider();
+            var hangfireSettings = serverProvider.GetService<IOptions<HangfireSettings>>().Value;
+            var httpJobOptions = serverProvider.GetService<IOptions<HangfireHttpJobOptions>>().Value;
+
+            var sqlConnectStr = Configuration.GetSection(HangfireConnectStringKey).Get<string>();
+            
+            var mysqlOption = new MySqlStorageOptions
+            {
+                TransactionIsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.ReadCommitted,
+                QueuePollInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15),
+                JobExpirationCheckInterval = TimeSpan.FromHours(1),
+                CountersAggregateInterval = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5),
+                PrepareSchemaIfNecessary = true,
+                DashboardJobListLimit = 50000,
+                TransactionTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1),
+                TablesPrefix = hangfireSettings.TablePrefix
+            };
+            
+            globalConfiguration.UseStorage(new MySqlStorage(sqlConnectStr, mysqlOption))
+                .UseConsole(new ConsoleOptions
+                {
+                    BackgroundColor = "#000079"
+                })
+                .UseHangfireHttpJob(httpJobOptions)
+                .UseTagsWithMySql(new TagsOptions()
+                {
+                    TagsListStyle = TagsListStyle.Dropdown
+                },sqlOptions:mysqlOption)
+                .UseHeartbeatPage();
+        }
+
+        public static IApplicationBuilder ConfigureSelfHangfire(this IApplicationBuilder app, IConfiguration Configuration)
+        {
+            var langStr = Configuration.GetSection(HangfireLangKey).Get<string>();
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(langStr))
+            {
+                var options = new RequestLocalizationOptions
+                {
+                    DefaultRequestCulture = new RequestCulture(langStr)
+                };
+                app.UseRequestLocalization(options);
+                System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentUICulture = new System.Globalization.CultureInfo(langStr);
+            }
+            
+           
+            
+            var services = app.ApplicationServices;
+            var hangfireSettings = services.GetService<IOptions<HangfireSettings>>().Value;
+
+            var queues = hangfireSettings.JobQueues.Select(m => m.ToLower()).Distinct().ToList();
+
+            var workerCount = Math.Max(Environment.ProcessorCount, hangfireSettings.WorkerCount); //工作线程数，当前允许的最大线程，默认20
+
+            app.UseHangfireServer(new BackgroundJobServerOptions
+            {
+                ServerName = "HangfireServer",
+                ServerTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(4),
+                SchedulePollingInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15), //秒级任务需要配置短点，一般任务可以配置默认时间，默认15秒
+                ShutdownTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30), //超时时间
+                Queues = queues.ToArray(), //队列
+                WorkerCount = workerCount
+            },additionalProcesses: new[] { new ProcessMonitor() });
+
+
+            var dashbordConfig = new DashboardOptions
+            {
+                AppPath = "#",
+                IgnoreAntiforgeryToken = true,
+                DisplayStorageConnectionString = hangfireSettings.DisplayStorageConnectionString,
+                IsReadOnlyFunc = Context => false
+            };
+
+            if (hangfireSettings.HttpAuthInfo.IsOpenLogin && hangfireSettings.HttpAuthInfo.Users.Any())
+            {
+                var httpAuthInfo = hangfireSettings.HttpAuthInfo;
+                var users = hangfireSettings.HttpAuthInfo.Users.Select(m => new BasicAuthAuthorizationUser
+                {
+                    Login = m.Login,
+                    Password = m.Password,
+                    PasswordClear = m.PasswordClear
+                });
+
+                var basicAuthAuthorizationFilterOptions = new BasicAuthAuthorizationFilterOptions
+                {
+                    RequireSsl = httpAuthInfo.RequireSsl,
+                    SslRedirect = httpAuthInfo.SslRedirect,
+                    LoginCaseSensitive = httpAuthInfo.LoginCaseSensitive,
+                    Users = users
+                };
+
+                dashbordConfig.Authorization = new[]
+                {
+                    new BasicAuthAuthorizationFilter(basicAuthAuthorizationFilterOptions)
+                };
+
+            }
+
+            app.UseHangfireDashboard(hangfireSettings.StartUpPath, dashbordConfig);
+
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(hangfireSettings.ReadOnlyPath))
+                //只读面板，只能读取不能操作 
+                app.UseHangfireDashboard(hangfireSettings.ReadOnlyPath, new DashboardOptions
+                {
+                    IgnoreAntiforgeryToken = true,
+                    AppPath = hangfireSettings.StartUpPath, //返回时跳转的地址
+                    DisplayStorageConnectionString = false, //是否显示数据库连接信息
+                    IsReadOnlyFunc = Context => true
+                });
+
+            return app;
+        }
+        
+    }
+
+    public class HangfireSettings
+    {
+        public string TablePrefix { get; set; }
+        public string StartUpPath { get; set; }
+        public string ReadOnlyPath { get; set; }
+        public List<string> JobQueues { get; set; }
+        public HttpAuthInfo HttpAuthInfo { get; set; } = new HttpAuthInfo();
+        public int WorkerCount { get; set; } = 40;
+        public bool DisplayStorageConnectionString { get; set; } = false;
+    }
+
+    public class HttpAuthInfo
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Redirects all non-SSL requests to SSL URL
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool SslRedirect { get; set; } = false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Requires SSL connection to access Hangfire dahsboard. It's strongly recommended to use SSL when you're using basic authentication.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool RequireSsl { get; set; } = false;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Whether or not login checking is case sensitive.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool LoginCaseSensitive { get; set; } = true;
+
+        public bool IsOpenLogin { get; set; } = true;
+
+        public List<UserInfo> Users { get; set; } = new List<UserInfo>();
+    }
+
+    public class UserInfo
+    {
+        public string Login { get; set; }
+        public string PasswordClear { get; set; }
+
+        public byte[] Password => Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(PasswordClear);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Hangfire.MySql.MySqlStorage::.ctor() at Line 74) of type Hangfire.MySql.MySqlStorage in method "Void HangfireCollectionExtensions.ConfigurationHangfire(IServiceCollection,IConfiguration,IGlobalConfiguration)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void HangfireCollectionExtensions.ConfigurationHangfire(IServiceCollection,IConfiguration,IGlobalConfiguration)
+
+### File:
+Test/TestHangfire/HangfireCollectionExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+HangfireCollectionExtensions.cs|ConfigurationHangfire|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+f0788add30bc83c8cdf16704318779bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2608/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2608/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b76c851b7e07080725461c471a85c4220cb925f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2608/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ArchiSteamFarm
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+    _                _      _  ____   _                           _____
+   / \    _ __  ___ | |__  (_)/ ___| | |_  ___   __ _  _ __ ___  |  ___|__ _  _ __  _ __ ___
+  / _ \  | '__|/ __|| '_ \ | |\___ \ | __|/ _ \ / _` || '_ ` _ \ | |_  / _` || '__|| '_ ` _ \
+ / ___ \ | |  | (__ | | | || | ___) || |_|  __/| (_| || | | | | ||  _|| (_| || |   | | | | | |
+/_/   \_\|_|   \___||_| |_||_||____/  \__|\___| \__,_||_| |_| |_||_|   \__,_||_|   |_| |_| |_|
+
+ Copyright 2015-2016 Łukasz "JustArchi" Domeradzki
+ Contact: JustArchi@JustArchi.net
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+					
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+
+*/
+
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+
+namespace ArchiSteamFarm {
+	internal static class Program {
+		internal enum EUserInputType : byte {
+			Login,
+			Password,
+			PhoneNumber,
+			SMS,
+			SteamGuard,
+			SteamParentalPIN,
+			RevocationCode,
+			TwoFactorAuthentication,
+		}
+
+		internal enum EMode : byte {
+			Normal, // Standard most common usage
+			Client, // WCF client only
+			Server // Normal + WCF server
+		}
+
+		private const string LatestGithubReleaseURL = "https://api.github.com/repos/JustArchi/ArchiSteamFarm/releases/latest";
+		internal const string ConfigDirectory = "config";
+		internal const string LogFile = "log.txt";
+		internal const string GlobalConfigFile = "ASF.json";
+
+		private static readonly object ConsoleLock = new object();
+		private static readonly SemaphoreSlim SteamSemaphore = new SemaphoreSlim(1);
+		private static readonly ManualResetEvent ShutdownResetEvent = new ManualResetEvent(false);
+		private static readonly Assembly Assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+		private static readonly string ExecutableFile = Assembly.Location;
+		private static readonly string ExecutableDirectory = Path.GetDirectoryName(ExecutableFile);
+		private static readonly WCF WCF = new WCF();
+
+		internal static readonly string Version = Assembly.GetName().Version.ToString();
+
+		internal static GlobalConfig GlobalConfig { get; private set; }
+		internal static bool ConsoleIsBusy { get; private set; } = false;
+
+		private static EMode Mode = EMode.Normal;
+
+		private static async Task CheckForUpdate() {
+			JObject response = await WebBrowser.UrlGetToJObject(LatestGithubReleaseURL).ConfigureAwait(false);
+			if (response == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			string remoteVersion = response["tag_name"].ToString();
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(remoteVersion)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			string localVersion = Version;
+
+			Logging.LogGenericInfo("Local version: " + localVersion);
+			Logging.LogGenericInfo("Remote version: " + remoteVersion);
+
+			int comparisonResult = localVersion.CompareTo(remoteVersion);
+			if (comparisonResult < 0) {
+				Logging.LogGenericInfo("New version is available!");
+				Logging.LogGenericInfo("Consider updating yourself!");
+				await Utilities.SleepAsync(5000).ConfigureAwait(false);
+			} else if (comparisonResult > 0) {
+				Logging.LogGenericInfo("You're currently using pre-release version!");
+				Logging.LogGenericInfo("Be careful!");
+			}
+		}
+
+		internal static void Exit(int exitCode = 0) {
+			Environment.Exit(exitCode);
+		}
+
+		internal static void Restart() {
+			System.Diagnostics.Process.Start(ExecutableFile, string.Join(" ", Environment.GetCommandLineArgs()));
+			Exit();
+		}
+
+		internal static async Task LimitSteamRequestsAsync() {
+			await SteamSemaphore.WaitAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+			Task.Run(async () => {
+				await Utilities.SleepAsync(GlobalConfig.RequestLimiterDelay * 1000).ConfigureAwait(false);
+				SteamSemaphore.Release();
+			}).Forget();
+		}
+
+		internal static string GetUserInput(string botLogin, EUserInputType userInputType, string extraInformation = null) {
+			string result;
+			lock (ConsoleLock) {
+				ConsoleIsBusy = true;
+				switch (userInputType) {
+					case EUserInputType.Login:
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Please enter your login: ");
+						break;
+					case EUserInputType.Password:
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Please enter your password: ");
+						break;
+					case EUserInputType.PhoneNumber:
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Please enter your full phone number (e.g. +1234567890): ");
+						break;
+					case EUserInputType.SMS:
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Please enter SMS code sent on your mobile: ");
+						break;
+					case EUserInputType.SteamGuard:
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Please enter the auth code sent to your email: ");
+						break;
+					case EUserInputType.SteamParentalPIN:
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Please enter steam parental PIN: ");
+						break;
+					case EUserInputType.RevocationCode:
+						Console.WriteLine("<" + botLogin + "> PLEASE WRITE DOWN YOUR REVOCATION CODE: " + extraInformation);
+						Console.WriteLine("<" + botLogin + "> THIS IS THE ONLY WAY TO NOT GET LOCKED OUT OF YOUR ACCOUNT!");
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Hit enter once ready...");
+						break;
+					case EUserInputType.TwoFactorAuthentication:
+						Console.Write("<" + botLogin + "> Please enter your 2 factor auth code from your authenticator app: ");
+						break;
+				}
+				result = Console.ReadLine();
+				Console.Clear(); // For security purposes
+				ConsoleIsBusy = false;
+			}
+
+			return result.Trim(); // Get rid of all whitespace characters
+		}
+
+		internal static void OnBotShutdown() {
+			foreach (Bot bot in Bot.Bots.Values) {
+				if (bot.KeepRunning) {
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (WCF.IsServerRunning()) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Logging.LogGenericInfo("No bots are running, exiting");
+			ShutdownResetEvent.Set();
+		}
+
+		private static void InitServices() {
+			GlobalConfig = GlobalConfig.Load();
+			if (GlobalConfig == null) {
+				Logging.LogGenericError("Global config could not be loaded, please make sure that ASF.db exists and is valid!");
+				Thread.Sleep(5000);
+				Exit(1);
+			}
+
+			ArchiWebHandler.Init();
+			WebBrowser.Init();
+			WCF.Init();
+		}
+
+		private static void ParseArgs(string[] args) {
+			foreach (string arg in args) {
+				switch (arg) {
+					case "--client":
+						Mode = EMode.Client;
+						Logging.LogToFile = false;
+						break;
+					case "--log":
+						Logging.LogToFile = true;
+						break;
+					case "--no-log":
+						Logging.LogToFile = false;
+						break;
+					case "--server":
+						Mode = EMode.Server;
+						WCF.StartServer();
+						break;
+					default:
+						if (arg.StartsWith("--")) {
+							Logging.LogGenericWarning("Unrecognized parameter: " + arg);
+							continue;
+						}
+
+						if (Mode != EMode.Client) {
+							Logging.LogGenericWarning("Ignoring command because --client wasn't specified: " + arg);
+							continue;
+						}
+
+						Logging.LogGenericInfo("Command sent: \"" + arg + "\"");
+
+						// We intentionally execute this async block synchronously
+						Logging.LogGenericInfo("Response received: \"" + WCF.SendCommand(arg) + "\"");
+						/*
+						Task.Run(async () => {
+							Logging.LogGenericNotice("WCF", "Response received: " + await WCF.SendCommand(arg).ConfigureAwait(false));
+						}).Wait();
+						*/
+						break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private static void UnhandledExceptionHandler(object sender, UnhandledExceptionEventArgs args) {
+			if (sender == null || args == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Logging.LogGenericException((Exception) args.ExceptionObject);
+		}
+
+		private static void Main(string[] args) {
+			AppDomain.CurrentDomain.UnhandledException += UnhandledExceptionHandler;
+
+			Logging.LogGenericInfo("Archi's Steam Farm, version " + Version);
+			Directory.SetCurrentDirectory(ExecutableDirectory);
+			InitServices();
+
+			// Allow loading configs from source tree if it's a debug build
+			if (Debugging.IsDebugBuild) {
+
+				// Common structure is bin/(x64/)Debug/ArchiSteamFarm.exe, so we allow up to 4 directories up
+				for (var i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+					Directory.SetCurrentDirectory("..");
+					if (Directory.Exists(ConfigDirectory)) {
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// If config directory doesn't exist after our adjustment, abort all of that
+				if (!Directory.Exists(ConfigDirectory)) {
+					Directory.SetCurrentDirectory(ExecutableDirectory);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Parse args
+			ParseArgs(args);
+
+			// If we ran ASF as a client, we're done by now
+			if (Mode == EMode.Client) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// From now on it's server mode
+			Logging.Init();
+
+			if (!Directory.Exists(ConfigDirectory)) {
+				Logging.LogGenericError("Config directory doesn't exist!");
+				Thread.Sleep(5000);
+				Exit(1);
+			}
+
+			Task.Run(async () => await CheckForUpdate().ConfigureAwait(false)).Wait();
+
+			// Before attempting to connect, initialize our list of CMs
+			Bot.RefreshCMs().Wait();
+
+			string globalConfigName = GlobalConfigFile.Substring(0, GlobalConfigFile.LastIndexOf('.'));
+
+			foreach (var configFile in Directory.EnumerateFiles(ConfigDirectory, "*.json")) {
+				string botName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(configFile);
+				if (botName.Equals(globalConfigName)) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				Bot bot = new Bot(botName);
+				if (!bot.BotConfig.Enabled) {
+					Logging.LogGenericInfo("Not starting this instance because it's disabled in config file", botName);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// CONVERSION START
+			foreach (var configFile in Directory.EnumerateFiles(ConfigDirectory, "*.xml")) {
+				string botName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(configFile);
+				Logging.LogGenericWarning("Found legacy " + botName + ".xml config file, it will now be converted to new ASF V2.0 format!");
+				Bot bot = new Bot(botName);
+				if (!bot.BotConfig.Enabled) {
+					Logging.LogGenericInfo("Not starting this instance because it's disabled in config file", botName);
+				}
+			}
+			// CONVERSION END
+
+			// Check if we got any bots running
+			OnBotShutdown();
+
+			// Wait for signal to shutdown
+			ShutdownResetEvent.WaitOne();
+
+			// We got a signal to shutdown, consider giving user some time to read the message
+			Thread.Sleep(5000);
+
+			// This is over, cleanup only now
+			WCF.StopServer();
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`#GB<>$ArchiSteamFarm.Program.ArchiSteamFarm.Program.<GlobalConfig>k__BackingField` could be null (from the call to `GlobalConfig.Load()` on line 171) and is dereferenced in call to `ArchiWebHandler.Init()`.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Program.InitServices()
+
+### File:
+ArchiSteamFarm/Program.cs
+
+### Key:
+Program.cs|InitServices|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+b80970be1bf4085a97e4ff96ed6ade38
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2609/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2609/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df81e74b23de841302500042ef4c19e30f079cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2609/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ArchiSteamFarm
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+    _                _      _  ____   _                           _____
+   / \    _ __  ___ | |__  (_)/ ___| | |_  ___   __ _  _ __ ___  |  ___|__ _  _ __  _ __ ___
+  / _ \  | '__|/ __|| '_ \ | |\___ \ | __|/ _ \ / _` || '_ ` _ \ | |_  / _` || '__|| '_ ` _ \
+ / ___ \ | |  | (__ | | | || | ___) || |_|  __/| (_| || | | | | ||  _|| (_| || |   | | | | | |
+/_/   \_\|_|   \___||_| |_||_||____/  \__|\___| \__,_||_| |_| |_||_|   \__,_||_|   |_| |_| |_|
+
+ Copyright 2015-2016 Łukasz "JustArchi" Domeradzki
+ Contact: JustArchi@JustArchi.net
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+					
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+
+*/
+
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+
+namespace ArchiSteamFarm {
+	internal static class Logging {
+		private static readonly object FileLock = new object();
+
+		private static bool LogToFile;
+
+		internal static void Init() {
+			LogToFile = Program.GlobalConfig.LogToFile;
+
+			if (LogToFile) {
+				lock (FileLock) {
+					try {
+						File.Delete(Program.LogFile);
+					} catch (Exception e) {
+						LogToFile = false;
+						LogGenericException(e);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		internal static void LogGenericWTF(string message, string botName = "Main", [CallerMemberName] string previousMethodName = "") {
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(message)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Log("[!!] WTF: " + previousMethodName + "() <" + botName + "> " + message + ", WTF?");
+		}
+
+		internal static void LogGenericError(string message, string botName = "Main", [CallerMemberName] string previousMethodName = "") {
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(message)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Log("[!!] ERROR: " + previousMethodName + "() <" + botName + "> " + message);
+		}
+
+		internal static void LogGenericException(Exception exception, string botName = "Main", [CallerMemberName] string previousMethodName = "") {
+			if (exception == null) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Log("[!] EXCEPTION: " + previousMethodName + "() <" + botName + "> " + exception.Message);
+			Log("[!] StackTrace:" + Environment.NewLine + exception.StackTrace);
+
+			if (exception.InnerException != null) {
+				LogGenericException(exception.InnerException, botName, previousMethodName);
+			}
+		}
+
+		internal static void LogGenericWarning(string message, string botName = "Main", [CallerMemberName] string previousMethodName = "") {
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(message)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Log("[!] WARNING: " + previousMethodName + "() <" + botName + "> " + message);
+		}
+
+		internal static void LogGenericInfo(string message, string botName = "Main", [CallerMemberName] string previousMethodName = "") {
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(message)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Log("[*] INFO: " + previousMethodName + "() <" + botName + "> " + message);
+		}
+
+		internal static void LogNullError(string nullObjectName, string botName = "Main", [CallerMemberName] string previousMethodName = "") {
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(nullObjectName)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			LogGenericError(nullObjectName + " is null!", botName, previousMethodName);
+		}
+
+		[Conditional("DEBUG")]
+		internal static void LogGenericDebug(string message, string botName = "Main", [CallerMemberName] string previousMethodName = "") {
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(message)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Log("[#] DEBUG: " + previousMethodName + "() <" + botName + "> " + message);
+		}
+
+		private static void Log(string message) {
+			if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(message)) {
+				return;
+			}
+
+			string loggedMessage = DateTime.Now + " " + message + Environment.NewLine;
+
+			// Write on console only when not awaiting response from user
+			if (!Program.ConsoleIsBusy) {
+				try {
+					Console.Write(loggedMessage);
+				} catch { }
+			}
+
+			if (LogToFile) {
+				lock (FileLock) {
+					try {
+						File.AppendAllText(Program.LogFile, loggedMessage);
+					} catch (Exception e) {
+						LogToFile = false;
+						LogGenericException(e);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `Logging.Init()` reads without synchronization from `ArchiSteamFarm.Logging.ArchiSteamFarm.Logging.LogToFile`. Potentially races with write in method `Logging.Init()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+WARNING
+
+### Procedure:
+Void Logging.Init()
+
+### File:
+ArchiSteamFarm/Logging.cs
+
+### Key:
+Logging.cs|Init|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Hash:
+a26fbface3e0d9f94d6e0d9d4fd4195c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2630/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2630/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd478a06b8e4793d4885a3533b45866c0d5faefa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2630/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2010 Chris Morgan <chmorgan@gmail.com>
+ */
+
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType.Ieee80211
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class PerPacketInformationTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void AddUnknownField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var unknownField = new PpiUnknown(99, new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD });
+            p.Add(unknownField);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains((PpiFieldType) 99));
+            var recreatedUnknownField = recreatedPacket.FindFirstByType((PpiFieldType) 99) as PpiUnknown;
+            Assert.AreEqual(new byte[] { 0xAA, 0xBB, 0xCC, 0xDD }, recreatedUnknownField.UnknownBytes);
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleAlignedFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+            packet.Flags |= PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit;
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(84, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(92, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithMultipleFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var commonField = new PpiCommon { ChannelFrequency = 2142, AntennaSignalPower = 50, AntennaSignalNoise = 25 };
+            packet.Add(commonField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, packet.Length);
+
+            var processInfoField = new PpiProcessInfo { UserId = 0x1111, UserName = "Hester the tester", GroupId = 0x2222, GroupName = "Test Group" };
+            packet.Add(processInfoField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(82, packet.Length);
+
+            var aggregationField = new PpiAggregation(0x3333);
+            packet.Add(aggregationField);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(90, packet.Length);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            var recreatedCommonField = recreatedPacket[0] as PpiCommon;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedCommonField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2142, recreatedCommonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(50, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(25, recreatedCommonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var recreatedProcessField = recreatedPacket[1] as PpiProcessInfo;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedProcessField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1111, recreatedProcessField.UserId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hester the tester", recreatedProcessField.UserName);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x2222, recreatedProcessField.GroupId);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Test Group", recreatedProcessField.GroupName);
+
+            var recreatedAggregationField = recreatedPacket[2] as PpiAggregation;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedAggregationField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x3333, recreatedAggregationField.InterfaceId);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructPacketWithNoFields()
+        {
+            var packet = new PpiPacket();
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, packet.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, recreatedPacket.Version);
+            Assert.IsFalse((recreatedPacket.Flags & PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit) == PpiPacket.HeaderFlags.Alignment32Bit);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ContainsField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+            Assert.IsFalse(p.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiProcessInfo));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Test that parsing an ip packet yields the proper field values
+        /// </summary>
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadingPacketsFromFile()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_per_packet_information.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, p.Version);
+            Assert.AreEqual(32, p.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, p.Count);
+
+            var commonField = p.FindFirstByType(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon) as PpiCommon;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon, commonField.FieldType);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.TSFTimer);
+            Assert.IsTrue((commonField.Flags & PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame) == PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2, commonField.Rate);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2437, commonField.ChannelFrequency);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x00A0, (int) commonField.ChannelFlags);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssHopset);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, commonField.FhssPattern);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-84, commonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-100, commonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.AreEqual(FrameControlField.FrameSubTypes.ControlCts, macFrame.FrameControl.SubType);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithInvalidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_invalid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+            //The packet is corrupted in such a way that the type field has been changed
+            //to a reserved/unused type. Therefore we don't expect there to be a packet
+            Assert.IsNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadData);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithNoFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_without_fcs.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithValidFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_valid.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            var expectedLength = p.Length - p[1].Length - PpiHeaderFields.FieldHeaderLength;
+            p.Remove(p[1]);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, recreatedPacket.Length);
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveFieldByType()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_multiplefields.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+            p.RemoveAll(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy);
+
+            var recreatedPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ppi, p.Bytes) as PpiPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiCommon));
+            Assert.IsFalse(recreatedPacket.Contains(PpiFieldType.PpiMacPhy));
+
+            var macFrame = recreatedPacket.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `p` last assigned on line 206 could be null and is dereferenced at line 210, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PerPacketInformationTest.ReadPacketWithInvalidFcs()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/PerPacketInformationTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+PerPacketInformationTest.cs|ReadPacketWithInvalidFcs|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+5cecee635dc05e0a4cab256a12275fd9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2636/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2636/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..025c9a62e34ae209a8973e045af8de37ff3f47e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2636/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2010 Chris Morgan <chmorgan@gmail.com>
+ */
+
+using System;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType
+{
+    namespace Ieee80211
+    {
+        [TestFixture]
+        public class PerPacketInformationTest
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Test that parsing an ip packet yields the proper field values
+            /// </summary>
+            [Test]
+            public void ReadingPacketsFromFile ()
+            {
+                var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice ("../../CaptureFiles/80211_per_packet_information.pcap");
+                dev.Open ();
+                var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket ();
+                dev.Close ();
+
+                PpiPacket p = Packet.ParsePacket (rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+
+                Assert.IsNotNull (p);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0, p.Version);
+                Assert.AreEqual (32, p.Length);
+                Assert.AreEqual (1, p.PpiFields.Count);
+                
+                PpiCommon commonField = p.PpiFields [0] as PpiCommon;
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (PpiFieldType.PpiCommon, commonField.FieldType);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0, commonField.TSFTimer);
+                Assert.IsTrue ((commonField.Flags & PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame) == PpiCommon.CommonFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame);
+                Assert.AreEqual (2, commonField.Rate);
+                Assert.AreEqual (2437, commonField.ChannelFrequency);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x00A0, commonField.ChannelFlags);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0, commonField.FhssHopset);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0, commonField.FhssPattern);
+                Assert.AreEqual (-84, commonField.AntennaSignalPower);
+                Assert.AreEqual (-100, commonField.AntennaSignalNoise);
+                
+                MacFrame macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+                Assert.AreEqual(FrameControlField.FrameSubTypes.ControlCTS, macFrame.FrameControl.SubType);
+            }
+            
+            [Test]
+            public void ReadPacketWithInvalidFcs ()
+            {
+                var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice ("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_invalid.pcap");
+                dev.Open ();
+                var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket ();
+                dev.Close ();
+                
+                PpiPacket p = Packet.ParsePacket (rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+                Assert.IsNull (p.PayloadPacket);
+                Assert.IsNotNull (p.PayloadData);
+            }
+            
+            [Test]
+            public void ReadPacketWithValidFcs ()
+            {
+                var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice ("../../CaptureFiles/80211_ppi_fcs_present_and_valid.pcap");
+                dev.Open ();
+                var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket ();
+                dev.Close ();
+                
+                PpiPacket p = Packet.ParsePacket (rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as PpiPacket;
+                Assert.IsNotNull (p.PayloadPacket);
+                Assert.IsNull (p.PayloadData);
+            }
+        } 
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `macFrame` last assigned on line 243 could be null and is dereferenced at line 244, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PerPacketInformationTest.ReadPacketWithValidFcs()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/PerPacketInformationTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+PerPacketInformationTest.cs|ReadPacketWithValidFcs|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+497a935c6930025d31b45c8682fc223c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2637/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2637/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e8285c70b1910df3545f1651e8ce75824eec93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2637/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2010 Chris Morgan <chmorgan@gmail.com>
+ */
+
+using System.IO;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using PacketDotNet.Utils.Converters;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType.Ieee80211
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class RadioPacketTest
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void ConstructFrameWithSinglePresenceField()
+        {
+            var p = new RadioPacket();
+
+            var expectedLength = 8;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, p.Length);
+
+            var flagsField = new FlagsRadioTapField();
+            flagsField.Flags |= RadioTapFlags.FcsIncludedInFrame;
+            flagsField.Flags |= RadioTapFlags.WepEncrypted;
+            p.Add(flagsField);
+
+            expectedLength += flagsField.Length;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, p.Length);
+
+            //We will add the noise field before the signal field. This is not the order required
+            //for radiotap and so will test that the fields are correctly reordered when written
+            var dbAntennaNoiseField = new DbAntennaNoiseRadioTapField { AntennaNoisedB = 33 };
+            p.Add(dbAntennaNoiseField);
+
+            expectedLength += dbAntennaNoiseField.Length;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, p.Length);
+
+            var dbAntennaSignalField = new DbAntennaSignalRadioTapField { SignalStrengthdB = 44 };
+            p.Add(dbAntennaSignalField);
+
+            expectedLength += dbAntennaSignalField.Length;
+            Assert.AreEqual(expectedLength, p.Length);
+
+            //we will just put a single byte of data because we dont want it to be parsed into 
+            //an 802.11 frame in this test
+            p.PayloadData = new byte[] { 0xFF };
+
+            var frameBytes = p.Bytes;
+
+            var recreatedFrame = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ieee80211Radio, frameBytes) as RadioPacket;
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Flags]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbAntennaSignal]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbAntennaNoise]);
+            Assert.AreEqual(new byte[] { 0xFF }, recreatedFrame.PayloadData);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Test that parsing an ip packet yields the proper field values
+        /// </summary>
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadingPacketsFromFile()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_plus_radiotap_header.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as RadioPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Flags]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Rate]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Channel]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaSignal]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaNoise]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.LockQuality]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Antenna]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbAntennaSignal]);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void ReadPacketWithNoFcs()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_radio_without_fcs.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as RadioPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p.PayloadPacket);
+
+            var tsftField = p[RadioTapType.Tsft] as TsftRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(tsftField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(38724775, tsftField.TimestampUsec);
+
+            var flagsField = p[RadioTapType.Flags] as FlagsRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(flagsField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, (int) flagsField.Flags);
+
+            var rateField = p[RadioTapType.Rate] as RateRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(rateField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(1, rateField.RateMbps);
+
+            var channelField = p[RadioTapType.Channel] as ChannelRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(channelField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(2462, channelField.FrequencyMHz);
+            Assert.AreEqual(11, channelField.Channel);
+            Assert.AreEqual(RadioTapChannelFlags.Channel2Ghz | RadioTapChannelFlags.Cck, channelField.Flags);
+
+            var dbmSignalField = p[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaSignal] as DbmAntennaSignalRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(dbmSignalField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-61, dbmSignalField.AntennaSignalDbm);
+
+            var dbmNoiseField = p[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaNoise] as DbmAntennaNoiseRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(dbmNoiseField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(-84, dbmNoiseField.AntennaNoisedBm);
+
+            var antennaField = p[RadioTapType.Antenna] as AntennaRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(antennaField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0, antennaField.Antenna);
+
+            var dbSignalField = p[RadioTapType.DbAntennaSignal] as DbAntennaSignalRadioTapField;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(dbSignalField);
+            Assert.AreEqual(23, dbSignalField.SignalStrengthdB);
+
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+            Assert.IsFalse(macFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void RemoveRadioTapField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_plus_radiotap_header.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as RadioPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Flags]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Rate]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Channel]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaSignal]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaNoise]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.LockQuality]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.Antenna]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p[RadioTapType.DbAntennaSignal]);
+            var macFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(macFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.AppendFcs);
+            Assert.IsTrue(macFrame.FcsValid);
+
+            //Now remove a couple of radio tap fields and check that it is still valid
+            p.Remove(RadioTapType.Rate);
+            p.Remove(RadioTapType.Antenna);
+
+            var recreatedFrame = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, p.Bytes) as RadioPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedFrame);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.Flags]);
+            Assert.IsNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.Rate]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.Channel]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaSignal]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.DbmAntennaNoise]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.LockQuality]);
+            Assert.IsNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.Antenna]);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedFrame[RadioTapType.DbAntennaSignal]);
+            var recreatedMacFrame = p.PayloadPacket as MacFrame;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(recreatedMacFrame);
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedMacFrame.AppendFcs);
+            Assert.IsTrue(recreatedMacFrame.FcsValid);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void TestContainsField()
+        {
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_plus_radiotap_header.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as RadioPacket;
+            Assert.IsNotNull(p);
+            Assert.IsTrue(p.Contains(RadioTapType.Flags));
+            Assert.IsFalse(p.Contains(RadioTapType.Fhss));
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void UnhandledRadioTapField()
+        {
+            var ms = new MemoryStream();
+            var bs = new BinaryWriter(ms);
+            bs.Write((byte) 0x0); //version
+            bs.Write((byte) 0x0); //pad
+            bs.Write((ushort) 0x0010); //length
+            bs.Write(0x80000002); //present 1 (wth flags field)
+            bs.Write((uint) 0x00010000); //present 2 (with unhandled field)
+            bs.Write((ushort) 0x0010); //Flags field (FCS included flag set)
+            bs.Write((ushort) 0x1234); //a made up field that we want to keep even though we dont know what it is
+
+            var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice("../../CaptureFiles/80211_plus_radiotap_header.pcap");
+            dev.Open();
+            var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket();
+            dev.Close();
+
+            var anotherRadioPacket = Packet.ParsePacket(rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data) as RadioPacket;
+            bs.Write(anotherRadioPacket.PayloadPacket.Bytes);
+
+            var radioTap = ms.ToArray();
+
+            var p = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ieee80211Radio, radioTap) as RadioPacket;
+            Assert.AreEqual(16, p.Length);
+            p.Add(new TsftRadioTapField(0x123456789));
+            var finalFrame = Packet.ParsePacket(LinkLayers.Ieee80211Radio, p.Bytes) as RadioPacket;
+
+            Assert.AreEqual(24, finalFrame.Length);
+            Assert.AreEqual(0x1234, EndianBitConverter.Little.ToUInt16(finalFrame.Bytes, finalFrame.Length - 2));
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `p` last assigned on line 156 could be null and is dereferenced at line 158, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void RadioPacketTest.RemoveRadioTapField()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/RadioPacketTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+RadioPacketTest.cs|RemoveRadioTapField|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a35c6d97ccef7486c04c7fb208054b5b
+
+### Hash:
+218471b31d5c381338417ba26ce1e964
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2638/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2638/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..506bfb7e005711c848667f9bfc03827216692477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2638/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** packetnet
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+/*
+This file is part of PacketDotNet
+
+PacketDotNet is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+(at your option) any later version.
+
+PacketDotNet is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+along with PacketDotNet.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+*/
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using SharpPcap.LibPcap;
+using PacketDotNet;
+using PacketDotNet.Utils;
+using PacketDotNet.Ieee80211;
+using System.Net.NetworkInformation;
+
+namespace Test.PacketType
+{
+    namespace Ieee80211
+    {
+        [TestFixture]
+        public class NullDataFrameTest
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Test that parsing a null data frame yields the proper field values
+            /// </summary>
+            [Test]
+            public void Test_Constructor ()
+            {
+                var dev = new CaptureFileReaderDevice ("../../CaptureFiles/80211_null_data_frame.pcap");
+                dev.Open ();
+                var rawCapture = dev.GetNextPacket ();
+                dev.Close ();
+
+                Packet p = Packet.ParsePacket (rawCapture.LinkLayerType, rawCapture.Data);
+                NullDataFrame frame = (NullDataFrame)p.PayloadPacket;
+
+                Assert.AreEqual (0, frame.FrameControl.ProtocolVersion);
+                Assert.AreEqual (FrameControlField.FrameTypes.DataNullFunctionNoData, frame.FrameControl.Type);
+                Assert.IsTrue (frame.FrameControl.ToDS);
+                Assert.IsFalse (frame.FrameControl.FromDS);
+                Assert.IsFalse (frame.FrameControl.MoreFragments);
+                Assert.IsFalse (frame.FrameControl.Retry);
+                Assert.IsFalse (frame.FrameControl.PowerManagement);
+                Assert.IsFalse (frame.FrameControl.MoreData);
+                Assert.IsFalse (frame.FrameControl.Wep);
+                Assert.IsFalse (frame.FrameControl.Order);
+                Assert.AreEqual (314, frame.Duration.Field); //this need expanding on in the future
+                Assert.AreEqual ("001B2F02DC6C", frame.DestinationAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("2477030C721C", frame.SourceAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("001B2F02DC6C", frame.BssId.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual (0, frame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual (1245, frame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber);
+
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x8DAD458C, frame.FrameCheckSequence);
+                Assert.AreEqual (24, frame.FrameSize);
+            }
+            
+            [Test]
+            public void Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues ()
+            {
+                NullDataFrame frame = new NullDataFrame ();
+                
+                frame.FrameControl.ToDS = false;
+                frame.FrameControl.FromDS = true;
+                frame.FrameControl.MoreFragments = true;
+                
+                frame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber = 0x89;
+                frame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber = 0x1;
+                
+                frame.Duration.Field = 0x1234;
+                
+                frame.DestinationAddress = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("111111111111");
+                frame.SourceAddress = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("222222222222");
+                frame.BssId = PhysicalAddress.Parse ("333333333333");
+                
+                frame.PayloadData = new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05};
+                frame.FrameCheckSequence = 0x01020304;
+                
+                //serialize the frame into a byte buffer
+                var bytes = frame.Bytes;
+                var bas = new ByteArraySegment (bytes);
+                
+                //create a new frame that should be identical to the original
+                NullDataFrame recreatedFrame = MacFrame.ParsePacketWithFcs (bas) as NullDataFrame;
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (FrameControlField.FrameTypes.DataNullFunctionNoData, recreatedFrame.FrameControl.Type);
+                Assert.IsFalse (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.ToDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.FromDS);
+                Assert.IsTrue (recreatedFrame.FrameControl.MoreFragments);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x89, recreatedFrame.SequenceControl.SequenceNumber);
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x1, recreatedFrame.SequenceControl.FragmentNumber);
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual ("111111111111", recreatedFrame.DestinationAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("222222222222", recreatedFrame.SourceAddress.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                Assert.AreEqual ("333333333333", recreatedFrame.BssId.ToString ().ToUpper ());
+                
+                Assert.AreEqual (0x01020304, recreatedFrame.FrameCheckSequence);
+            }
+        } 
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `recreatedFrame` last assigned on line 85 could be null and is dereferenced at line 87, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NullDataFrameTest.Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues()
+
+### File:
+Test/PacketType/Ieee80211/NullDataFrameTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+NullDataFrameTest.cs|Test_Constructor_ConstructWithValues|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+77ad2f96ec34c3b456f6b0b046726793
+
+### Hash:
+dd0ed6e953483cec3c43947b480ea426
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2652/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2652/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cb9af3bcd5bfdac648854c0843879df57012197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2652/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Eto.Forms;
+using Eto.Drawing;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms
+{
+    public partial class MainForm : Form
+    {
+        #region Commands
+
+        private Command openFileCommand;
+        private Command openFileWithCommand;
+        private Command saveAllFileCommand;
+
+        private Command openTextSequenceSearcherCommand;
+        private Command openBatchExtractorCommand;
+        private Command openBatchInjectorCommand;
+
+        private Command openHashcommand;
+
+        private Command openEncryptionCommand;
+        private Command openDecryptionCommand;
+
+        private Command openDecompressionCommand;
+        private Command openCompressionCommand;
+
+        private Command openRawImageViewerCommand;
+
+        private Command openImageTranscoderCommand;
+
+        private Command openAboutCommand;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Controls
+
+        private TabControl tabControl;
+        private ProgressBarEx _progressBarEx;
+        private Label statusMessage;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        void InitializeComponent()
+        {
+            #region Commands
+
+            openFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Open", Shortcut=OpenHotKey };
+            openFileWithCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Open with Plugin", Shortcut=OpenWithHotKey };
+            saveAllFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Save All", Shortcut = SaveAllHotKey, Image= MenuSaveResource };
+
+            openTextSequenceSearcherCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Text Sequence Searcher" };
+            openBatchExtractorCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Batch Extractor" };
+            openBatchInjectorCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Batch Injector" };
+
+            openHashcommand = new Command { MenuText = "Hashes" };
+
+            openEncryptionCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Encrypt" };
+            openDecryptionCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Decrypt" };
+
+            openDecompressionCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Decompress" };
+            openCompressionCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Compress" };
+
+            openRawImageViewerCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Raw Image Viewer" };
+
+            openImageTranscoderCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Image Trascoder" };
+
+            openAboutCommand = new Command { MenuText = "About..." };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            Title = "Kuriimu2";
+            ClientSize = new Size(1116, 643);
+            Padding = new Padding(3);
+            Icon = Icon.FromResource("Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Images.kuriimu2winforms.ico");
+
+            #region Menu
+
+            Menu = new MenuBar
+            {
+                Items =
+                {
+                    new ButtonMenuItem { Text = "File", Items = { openFileCommand, openFileWithCommand, new SeparatorMenuItem(), saveAllFileCommand } },
+                    new ButtonMenuItem { Text = "Tools", Items = { openBatchExtractorCommand, openBatchInjectorCommand, openTextSequenceSearcherCommand } },
+                    new ButtonMenuItem(openHashcommand),
+                    new ButtonMenuItem { Text = "Ciphers", Items = { openEncryptionCommand, openDecryptionCommand } },
+                    new ButtonMenuItem { Text = "Compressions", Items = { openDecompressionCommand, openCompressionCommand } },
+                    new ButtonMenuItem(openRawImageViewerCommand),
+                    //new ButtonMenuItem(openImageTranscoderCommand)
+                },
+                AboutItem = openAboutCommand
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Content
+
+            tabControl = new TabControl();
+            _progressBarEx = new ProgressBarEx();
+            statusMessage = new Label();
+
+            var progressLayout = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Spacing = new Size(3, 3),
+
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    new TableRow
+                    {
+                        Cells =
+                        {
+                            new TableCell(_progressBarEx) { ScaleWidth = true },
+                            new TableCell(statusMessage) { ScaleWidth = true },
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            Content = new TableLayout
+            {
+                AllowDrop = true,
+                Spacing = new Size(3, 3),
+
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    new TableRow(tabControl) { ScaleHeight = true },
+                    progressLayout
+                }
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.MainForm.tabControl of type Eto.Forms.TabControl, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.MainForm.statusMessage of type Eto.Forms.Label, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.MainForm._progressBarEx of type Eto.Forms.Drawable, Leaked resource progressLayout of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource %1 of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.MenuBar::.ctor() at Line 78) of type Eto.Forms.MenuBar in method "Void MainForm.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void MainForm.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Forms/MainForm.eto.cs
+
+### Key:
+MainForm.eto.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9078ce524162000bbb44bccc8d1f8a6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2663/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2663/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3921c8c620493f5bdc85050095d50524eaf3cfd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2663/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Eto.Drawing;
+using Eto.Forms;
+using Kontract.Interfaces.Plugins.Identifier;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Dialogs
+{
+    partial class ChoosePluginDialog : Dialog<IFilePlugin>
+    {
+        private StackLayout pluginListPanel;
+        private Button okButton;
+        private Button cancelButton;
+
+        #region Commands
+
+        private Command okButtonCommand;
+        private Command cancelButtonCommand;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private void InitializeComponent()
+        {
+            #region Commands
+
+            okButtonCommand = new Command();
+            cancelButtonCommand = new Command();
+
+            #endregion
+
+            Title = "Choose plugin";
+            Size = new Size(450, 700);
+            Padding = new Padding(3);
+
+            #region Content
+
+            pluginListPanel = new StackLayout
+            {
+                HorizontalContentAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Stretch,
+                VerticalContentAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Stretch
+            };
+            cancelButton = new Button { Text = "Cancel", Command = cancelButtonCommand };
+            okButton = new Button { Text = "Ok", Command = okButtonCommand };
+
+            Content = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    new TableRow { ScaleHeight = true, Cells = { new Scrollable { Content = pluginListPanel } } },
+                    new TableLayout
+                    {
+                        Padding=new Padding(0, 3),
+                        Spacing = new Size(3, 3),
+                        Rows =
+                        {
+                            new TableRow
+                            {
+                                Cells =
+                                {
+                                    new TableCell { ScaleWidth = true },
+                                    cancelButton,
+                                    okButton
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Dialogs.ChoosePluginDialog.pluginListPanel of type Eto.Forms.StackLayout, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Dialogs.ChoosePluginDialog.okButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Dialogs.ChoosePluginDialog.cancelButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TableLayout::.ctor() at Line 43) of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.Scrollable::.ctor() at Line 43) of type Eto.Forms.Scrollable, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TableLayout::.ctor() at Line 43) of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout in method "Void ChoosePluginDialog.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ChoosePluginDialog.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Forms/Dialogs/ChoosePluginDialog.eto.cs
+
+### Key:
+ChoosePluginDialog.eto.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a681da611e185a2a0d14d1e1739c1aa3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2664/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2664/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2d068f708d1fe0469617bf722628c4d1f2a59ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2664/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kuriimu2
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
+using Eto.Drawing;
+using Eto.Forms;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Models;
+using Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Support;
+
+namespace Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats
+{
+    partial class ArchiveForm : Panel
+    {
+        private TextBox searchTextBox;
+        private Button searchClearButton;
+
+        private Button cancelButton;
+
+        private TreeGridView folderView;
+        private TreeGridItemCollection folders;
+
+        private GridView<FileElement> fileView;
+        private ObservableCollection<FileElement> files;
+
+        private ButtonToolStripItem saveButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem saveAsButton;
+
+        private ButtonToolStripItem extractButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem replaceButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem renameButton;
+        private ButtonToolStripItem deleteButton;
+
+        private ButtonMenuItem openWithMenuItem;
+
+        #region Commands
+
+        private Command searchClearCommand;
+
+        private Command cancelCommand;
+
+        private Command openCommand;
+        private Command openWithCommand;
+
+        private Command saveCommand;
+        private Command saveAsCommand;
+
+        private Command extractDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command replaceDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command renameDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command deleteDirectoryCommand;
+        private Command addDirectoryCommand;
+
+        private Command extractFileCommand;
+        private Command replaceFileCommand;
+        private Command renameFileCommand;
+        private Command deleteFileCommand;
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private void InitializeComponent()
+        {
+            #region Initialization
+
+            searchTextBox = new TextBox
+            {
+                Size=new Size(268,-1)
+            };
+
+            #region Commands
+
+            searchClearCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Clear", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+
+            cancelCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Cancel" };
+
+            openCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Open", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Open };
+            openWithCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Open with", Image = ImageResources.Actions.OpenWith };
+
+            saveCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Save", Shortcut = SaveHotKey, Image = ImageResources.Actions.Save };
+            saveAsCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Save As", Shortcut = SaveAsHotKey, Image = ImageResources.Actions.SaveAs };
+
+            extractDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Extract", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FolderExport };
+            replaceDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Replace", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FolderImport };
+            renameDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Rename", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Rename };
+            deleteDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Delete", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+            addDirectoryCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Add", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Add };
+
+            extractFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Extract", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FileExport };
+            replaceFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Replace", Image = ImageResources.Actions.FileImport };
+            renameFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Rename", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Rename };
+            deleteFileCommand = new Command { MenuText = "Delete", Image = ImageResources.Actions.Delete };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Folders
+
+            var folderContext = new ContextMenu
+            {
+                Items =
+                {
+                    extractDirectoryCommand,
+                    replaceDirectoryCommand,
+                    renameDirectoryCommand,
+                    addDirectoryCommand,
+                    deleteDirectoryCommand
+                }
+            };
+
+            folders = new TreeGridItemCollection();
+            folderView = new TreeGridView
+            {
+                ContextMenu=folderContext,
+
+                DataStore = folders,
+                Columns =
+                {
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new ImageTextCell(0, 1)
+                    }
+                },
+                AllowColumnReordering = false
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Files
+
+            //NOTE Image has to be set explicitly, I think the Command is not used anymore as soon as sub-items are added
+            openWithMenuItem = new ButtonMenuItem { Text = "Open with", Command = openWithCommand, Image = openWithCommand.Image };
+            var fileContext = new ContextMenu
+            {
+                Items =
+                {
+                    openCommand,
+                    openWithMenuItem,
+
+                    new SeparatorMenuItem(),
+
+                    extractFileCommand,
+                    replaceFileCommand,
+                    renameFileCommand,
+                    deleteFileCommand
+                }
+            };
+
+            files = new ObservableCollection<FileElement>();
+            fileView = new GridView<FileElement>
+            {
+                ShowHeader = true,
+                AllowMultipleSelection=true,
+                BackgroundColor = KnownColors.White,
+
+                ContextMenu=fileContext,
+
+                Columns =
+                {
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new TextBoxCell(nameof(FileElement.Name)),
+                        HeaderText = "Name",
+                        Sortable = true,
+                        AutoSize = true
+                    },
+                    new GridColumn
+                    {
+                        DataCell = new TextBoxCell(nameof(FileElement.Size)),
+                        HeaderText = "Size",
+                        Sortable = true,
+                        AutoSize = true
+                    }
+                },
+
+                DataStore = files
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Buttons
+
+            searchClearButton = new Button
+            {
+                Image = ImageResources.Actions.Clear,
+                ToolTip = "Reset search",
+                Command = searchClearCommand,
+                Size = new Size(22,-1)
+            };
+
+            cancelButton = new Button
+            {
+                Text = "Cancel",
+                Command = cancelCommand
+            };
+
+            saveButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Save",
+                Command = saveCommand,
+            };
+
+            saveAsButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Save As",
+                Command = saveAsCommand,
+            };
+
+            extractButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Extract file(s)",
+                Command = extractFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            replaceButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Replace file(s)",
+                Command = replaceFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            renameButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Rename file",
+                Command = renameFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            deleteButton = new ButtonToolStripItem
+            {
+                ToolTip = "Delete file",
+                Command = deleteFileCommand,
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #endregion
+
+            #region Content
+
+            var archiveToolStrip = new ToolStrip
+            {
+                Padding = 3,
+                Items =
+                {
+                    saveButton,
+                    saveAsButton
+                }
+            };
+
+            var mainContent = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Spacing = new Size(3,3),
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    // Searchbar and file toolstrip
+                    new TableRow
+                    {
+                        Cells =
+                        {
+                            // Searchbar
+                            new StackLayout
+                            {
+                                Spacing=3,
+                                Orientation = Orientation.Horizontal,
+                                Items =
+                                {
+                                    searchTextBox,
+                                    searchClearButton
+                                }
+                            },
+
+                            // file toolstrip
+                            new ToolStrip
+                            {
+                                Items =
+                                {
+                                    extractButton,
+                                    replaceButton,
+                                    renameButton,
+                                    deleteButton
+                                }
+                            },
+                        }
+                    },
+
+                    // Folder and file view
+                    new TableRow
+                    {
+                        Cells =
+                        {
+                            folderView,
+                            fileView
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            Content = new TableLayout
+            {
+                Spacing = new Size(3, 3),
+                Rows =
+                {
+                    new TableRow(archiveToolStrip),
+                    new TableRow { Cells = { new TableCell(mainContent) { ScaleWidth = true } }, ScaleHeight = true }
+                }
+            };
+
+            #endregion
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource mainContent of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.searchTextBox of type Eto.Forms.TextBox, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.searchClearButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.openWithMenuItem of type Eto.Forms.ButtonMenuItem, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.folderView of type Eto.Forms.TreeGridView, Leaked resource this.Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Forms.Formats.ArchiveForm.cancelButton of type Eto.Forms.Button, Leaked resource %4 of type Eto.Forms.TableLayout, Leaked resource fileContext of type Eto.Forms.ContextMenu, Leaked resource folderContext of type Eto.Forms.ContextMenu, Leaked resource archiveToolStrip of type Eto.Forms.Panel, Leaked resource (output of Kuriimu2.EtoForms.Controls.ToolStrip::.ctor() at Line 244) of type Eto.Forms.Panel, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.StackLayout::.ctor() at Line 244) of type Eto.Forms.StackLayout, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell::.ctor() at Line 145) of type Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 145) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell::.ctor() at Line 145) of type Eto.Forms.TextBoxCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 145) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem::.ctor() at Line 128) of type Eto.Forms.SeparatorMenuItem, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.ImageTextCell::.ctor() at Line 107) of type Eto.Forms.ImageTextCell, Leaked resource (output of Eto.Forms.GridColumn::.ctor() at Line 107) of type Eto.Forms.GridColumn in method "Void ArchiveForm.InitializeComponent()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ArchiveForm.InitializeComponent()
+
+### File:
+src/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Kuriimu2.EtoForms/Forms/Formats/ArchiveForm.eto.cs
+
+### Key:
+ArchiveForm.eto.cs|InitializeComponent|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+36d3c5136ac4a05d307d1730a5d03cee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2690/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2690/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0499b79ce8e733cb2ab9091b36964a2328211dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2690/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** yopngs
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Amazon.S3;
+using Amazon.S3.Model;
+using Iimages.IStore;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Iimages.Stores
+{
+    public class S3Store : StoreBase
+    {
+        AmazonS3Client Client;
+
+        string Domain;
+
+        public S3Store(string secretID, string secretKey, string region, string domain)
+        {
+            Domain = domain;
+  
+            var endPoint = new AmazonS3Config();
+            endPoint.ServiceURL = region;
+          //  endPoint.AuthenticationRegion = region;
+            Client = new AmazonS3Client(secretID, secretKey, endPoint);
+   
+
+        }
+
+        public override bool Up(byte[] maps, string localName,  string localUrl, ref string cdnUrl)
+        {
+           var files= Client.ListBucketsAsync().Result ;
+            var putRequest2 = new PutObjectRequest
+            {
+                BucketName = "xpnas-assets",
+                //获取和设置键属性。此键用于标识S3中的对象,上传到s3的路径+文件名，
+                //S3上没有文件夹可以创建一个，参考https://www.cnblogs.com/web424/p/6840207.html
+                Key = localName,
+                //所有者获得完全控制权，匿名主体被授予读访问权。如果
+                //此策略用于对象，它可以从浏览器中读取，无需验证
+                CannedACL = S3CannedACL.PublicRead,
+                //上传的文件路径
+                FilePath = @"C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\favicon.png",
+                //为对象设置的标记。标记集必须编码为URL查询参数
+                TagSet = new List<Tag>{ new Tag { Key = "Test", Value = "S3Test"} }
+                //ContentType = "image/png"
+            };
+           // putRequest2.Metadata.Add("x-amz-meta-title", "AwsS3Net");
+            PutObjectResponse response2 =  Client.PutObjectAsync(putRequest2).Result;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class S3StoreFactory : IStoreFactory
+    {
+        public IDataStore[] GetStores(IApplicationBuilder app, IConfiguration configuration)
+        {
+
+            var results = new List<IDataStore>();
+            var selection = configuration.GetSection("S3Stores");
+            foreach (IConfigurationSection section in selection.GetChildren())
+            {
+                var active = section.GetValue<bool>("active");
+                if (active)
+                {
+                    var secretID = section.GetValue<string>("secretID");
+                    var secretKey = section.GetValue<string>("secretKey");
+                    var region = section.GetValue<string>("region");
+                    var domain = section.GetValue<string>("Domain");
+
+                    var index = section.GetValue<int>("index");
+                    var name = section.GetValue<string>("name");
+                    var type = section.GetValue<string>("type");
+
+
+                    var diskStore = new S3Store(secretID, secretKey, region, domain)
+                    {
+                        Name = name,
+                        Type = type,
+                        Index = index
+                    };
+
+                    results.Add(diskStore);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return results.ToArray();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource diskStore.Iimages.Stores.S3Store.Client of type Amazon.S3.AmazonS3Client in method "IDataStore[] S3StoreFactory.GetStores(IApplicationBuilder,IConfiguration)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IDataStore[] S3StoreFactory.GetStores(IApplicationBuilder,IConfiguration)
+
+### File:
+yopngs/Stores/S3Store.cs
+
+### Key:
+S3Store.cs|GetStores|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+2631ad65383055008a3697fdd52e44fd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2697/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2697/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c08cf15615f20bf194f5ee9ef7bafaa46683d4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2697/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1366 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** c-raft
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#region C#raft License
+// This file is part of C#raft. Copyright C#raft Team 
+// 
+// C#raft is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+// published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+// License, or (at your option) any later version.
+// 
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+// 
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#endregion
+using System;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using Chraft.Interfaces.Containers;
+using Chraft.Net;
+using Chraft.Net.Packets;
+using Chraft.Plugins.Events;
+using Chraft.Properties;
+using System.IO;
+using Chraft.Entity;
+using Chraft.World.Blocks;
+using Chraft.World.Blocks.Physics;
+using Chraft.World.Weather;
+using Chraft.Plugins.Events.Args;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Chraft.Utils;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Chraft.WorldGen;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using java.util;
+using Timer = System.Threading.Timer;
+
+namespace Chraft.World
+{
+    public partial class WorldManager : IDisposable
+    {
+        private Timer _globalTick;
+        private IChunkGenerator _generator;
+        public object ChunkGenLock = new object();
+        private ChunkProvider _chunkProvider;
+
+        public sbyte Dimension { get { return 0; } }
+        public long Seed { get; private set; }
+        public UniversalCoords Spawn { get; set; }
+        public bool Running { get; private set; }
+        public Server Server { get; private set; }
+        public Logger Logger { get { return Server.Logger; } }
+        public string Name { get { return Settings.Default.DefaultWorldName; } }
+        public string Folder { get { return Settings.Default.WorldsFolder + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar + Name; } }
+        public string SignsFolder { get { return Folder + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar + "Signs"; } }
+
+        public WeatherManager Weather { get; private set; }
+
+        private readonly ChunkSet _chunks;
+        private ChunkSet Chunks { get { return _chunks; } }
+
+        public ConcurrentQueue<ChunkLightUpdate> ChunksToRecalculate;
+
+        public ConcurrentDictionary<int, BaseFallingPhysics> PhysicsBlocks;
+        private Task _physicsSimulationTask;
+        private Task _entityUpdateTask;
+        private Task _mobSpawnerTask;
+
+        public ConcurrentQueue<ChunkBase> ChunksToSave;
+
+        public ConcurrentDictionary<int, ChunkEntry> PendingChunks = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, ChunkEntry>();
+
+        private CancellationTokenSource _saveToken;
+        public bool NeedsFullSave;
+        public bool FullSaving;
+
+        private Task _growStuffTask;
+        private Task _collectTask;
+        private Task _saveTask;
+        private Task _profile;
+
+        private int _time;
+        private Chunk[] _chunksCache;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// In units of 0.05 seconds (between 0 and 23999)
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Time
+        {
+            get { 
+                int time = _time;
+                
+                return time; }
+            set {
+                _time = value;             
+                }
+        }
+
+        private int _worldTicks;
+        
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The current World Tick independant of the world's current Time (1 tick = 0.05 secs with a max value of 4,294,967,295 gives approx. 6.9 years of ticks)
+        /// </summary>
+        public int WorldTicks
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                return _worldTicks;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Chunk GetChunk(UniversalCoords coords, bool create = false, bool load = false)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk;
+            if ((chunk = Chunks[coords]) != null)
+                return chunk;
+
+            return load ? LoadChunk(coords, create) : null;
+        }
+
+        public Chunk GetChunkFromChunkSync(int chunkX, int chunkZ, bool create = false, bool load = false)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk;
+            if ((chunk = Chunks[chunkX, chunkZ]) != null)
+                return chunk;
+
+            return load ? LoadChunk(UniversalCoords.FromChunk(chunkX, chunkZ), create) : null;
+        }
+
+        public Chunk GetChunkFromChunkAsync(int chunkX, int chunkZ, Client client, bool create = false, bool load = false)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk;
+            if ((chunk = Chunks[chunkX, chunkZ]) != null)
+                return chunk;
+
+            return load ? LoadChunk(UniversalCoords.FromChunk(chunkX, chunkZ), create, client, false) : null;
+        }
+
+        public Chunk GetChunkFromWorld(int worldX, int worldZ, bool create = false, bool load = false)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk;
+            if ((chunk = Chunks[worldX >> 4, worldZ >> 4]) != null)
+                return chunk;
+
+            return load ? LoadChunk(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(worldX, 0, worldZ), create) : null;
+        }
+
+        public Chunk GetChunkFromAbs(double absX, double absZ, bool create = false, bool load = false)
+        {
+            int worldX = (int) Math.Floor(absX);
+            int worldZ = (int)Math.Floor(absZ);
+
+            Chunk chunk;
+            if ((chunk = Chunks[worldX >> 4, worldZ >> 4]) != null)
+                return chunk;
+
+            return load ? LoadChunk(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(worldX, 0, worldZ), create) : null;
+        }
+        
+        public IEnumerable<EntityBase> GetEntitiesWithinBoundingBoxExcludingEntity(EntityBase entity, BoundingBox boundingBox)
+        {
+            return (from e in Server.GetEntitiesWithinBoundingBox(boundingBox)
+                   where e != entity
+                   select e);
+        }
+        
+        public BoundingBox[] GetCollidingBoundingBoxes(EntityBase entity, BoundingBox boundingBox)
+        {
+            List<BoundingBox > collidingBoundingBoxes = new List<BoundingBox>();
+
+            UniversalCoords minimumBlockXYZ = UniversalCoords.FromAbsWorld(boundingBox.Minimum.X, boundingBox.Minimum.Y, boundingBox.Minimum.Z);
+            UniversalCoords maximumBlockXYZ = UniversalCoords.FromAbsWorld(boundingBox.Maximum.X + 1.0D, boundingBox.Maximum.Y + 1.0D, boundingBox.Maximum.Z + 1.0D);
+
+            for (int x = minimumBlockXYZ.WorldX; x < maximumBlockXYZ.WorldX; x++)
+            {
+                for (int z = minimumBlockXYZ.WorldZ; z < maximumBlockXYZ.WorldZ; z++)
+                {
+                    Chunk chunk = GetChunkFromWorld(x, z);
+
+                    if (chunk == null)
+                        continue;
+
+                    for (int y = minimumBlockXYZ.WorldY - 1; y < maximumBlockXYZ.WorldY; y++)
+                    {
+                        StructBlock block = chunk.GetBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(x, y, z));
+                        
+                        BlockBase blockInstance = BlockHelper.Instance(block.Type);
+                        
+                        if (blockInstance != null && blockInstance.IsCollidable)
+                        {
+                            BoundingBox blockBox = blockInstance.GetCollisionBoundingBox(block);
+                            if (blockBox.IntersectsWith(boundingBox))
+                            {
+                                collidingBoundingBoxes.Add(blockBox);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+   
+            foreach (var e in GetEntitiesWithinBoundingBoxExcludingEntity(entity, boundingBox.Expand(new Vector3(0.25, 0.25, 0.25))))
+            {
+                collidingBoundingBoxes.Add(e.BoundingBox);
+                
+                // TODO: determine if overridable collision boxes between two entities is necessary
+                BoundingBox? collisionBox = entity.GetCollisionBox(e);
+                if (collisionBox != null && collisionBox.Value != e.BoundingBox && collisionBox.Value.IntersectsWith(boundingBox))
+                {
+                    collidingBoundingBoxes.Add(collisionBox.Value);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            return collidingBoundingBoxes.ToArray();
+        }
+        double[] _lightBrightnessTable = new double[16];
+        public WorldManager(Server server)
+        {          
+            _chunks = new ChunkSet();
+            Server = server;
+            ChunksToRecalculate = new ConcurrentQueue<ChunkLightUpdate>();
+            ChunksToSave = new ConcurrentQueue<ChunkBase>();
+            Load();
+
+            // Create the light brightness table
+            double d = 0.0;
+            for(int i = 0; i < 16; i++)
+            {
+                double d1 = 1.0 - (double)i / 15.0;
+                _lightBrightnessTable[i] = ((1.0 - d1) / (d1 * 3.0 + 1.0)) * (1.0 - d) + d;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool Load()
+        {
+            EnsureDirectory();
+
+            //Event
+            WorldLoadEventArgs e = new WorldLoadEventArgs(this);
+            Server.PluginManager.CallEvent(Event.WorldLoad, e);
+            if (e.EventCanceled) return false;
+            //End Event
+
+            _chunkProvider = new ChunkProvider(this);
+            _generator = _chunkProvider.GetNewGenerator(GeneratorType.Custom, GetSeed());
+            PhysicsBlocks = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, BaseFallingPhysics>();
+
+            InitializeSpawn();
+            InitializeThreads();
+            InitializeWeather();
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        private void InitializeWeather()
+        {
+            Weather = new WeatherManager(this);
+        }
+
+        public int GetHeight(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords);
+            if (chunk == null)
+                return -1;
+
+            return GetChunk(coords).HeightMap[coords.BlockX, coords.BlockZ];
+        }
+
+        public int GetHeight(int x, int z)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunkFromWorld(x, z);
+
+            if(chunk == null)
+                return -1;
+            return chunk.HeightMap[x & 0xf, z & 0xf];
+        }
+
+        public void AddChunk(Chunk c)
+        {
+            c.CreationDate = DateTime.Now;
+            Chunks.Add(c);
+        }
+
+        public ConcurrentDictionary<ChunkEntry, ChunkEntry> TempPendingChunks = new ConcurrentDictionary<ChunkEntry, ChunkEntry>(); 
+      
+        private Chunk LoadChunk(UniversalCoords coords, bool create, Client client = null, bool sync = true)
+        {
+            ChunkEntry newEntry = new ChunkEntry();
+            ChunkEntry entry;
+            ChunkEntry removedEntry;
+
+            entry = PendingChunks.GetOrAdd(coords.ChunkPackedCoords, newEntry);
+            int state = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref entry.State, ChunkEntry.InProgress, ChunkEntry.NotInitialized);
+            Chunk chunk;
+            
+            if (state == ChunkEntry.NotInitialized)
+            {
+                int threads;
+                
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref entry.ThreadsWaiting);
+                // The entry could have been just readded but the chunk is already initialized
+                if ((chunk = Chunks[coords]) != null)
+                {
+                    threads = Interlocked.Decrement(ref entry.ThreadsWaiting);
+                    if (threads == 0)
+                        PendingChunks.TryRemove(coords.ChunkPackedCoords, out removedEntry);
+                    
+                    entry.ChunkRequested = chunk;
+                    entry.State = ChunkEntry.Initialized;
+
+                    NotifyChunkToClients(entry);
+
+                    entry.ChunkLock.Set();
+
+                    return chunk;
+
+                }
+
+
+                if ((chunk = Chunk.Load(coords, this)) != null)
+                    AddChunk(chunk);               
+                else if (create)
+                    chunk = _generator.ProvideChunk(coords.ChunkX, coords.ChunkZ, this);
+
+                if(chunk == null)
+                {
+                    threads = Interlocked.Decrement(ref entry.ThreadsWaiting);
+
+                    if (threads == 0)
+                        PendingChunks.TryRemove(coords.ChunkPackedCoords, out removedEntry);
+
+                    entry.ChunkLock.Set();
+
+                    return chunk;
+                }
+
+                entry.ChunkRequested = chunk;
+                entry.State = ChunkEntry.Initialized;           
+
+                threads = Interlocked.Decrement(ref entry.ThreadsWaiting);
+
+                if (threads == 0)
+                    PendingChunks.TryRemove(coords.ChunkPackedCoords, out removedEntry);
+
+                NotifyChunkToClients(entry);
+                entry.ChunkLock.Set();
+
+                if (chunk != null)
+                {
+                    chunk.InitGrowableCache();
+                    ContainerFactory.LoadContainersFromDisk(chunk);
+                }
+
+                return chunk;
+            }
+           
+            if (state == ChunkEntry.InProgress)
+            {
+                Interlocked.Increment(ref entry.ThreadsWaiting);
+
+                if (!sync)
+                    entry.Requests.Enqueue(new ClientRequest { ClientRequesting = client });
+                else
+                    entry.ChunkLock.WaitOne();
+                
+
+                int threads = Interlocked.Decrement(ref entry.ThreadsWaiting);
+                if (threads == 0)
+                    PendingChunks.TryRemove(coords.ChunkPackedCoords, out removedEntry);
+
+                if(!sync)
+                {
+                    if (entry.State == ChunkEntry.Initialized)
+                        NotifyChunkToClients(entry);
+
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                if (entry.State == ChunkEntry.Initialized)
+                    chunk = Chunks[coords];
+                else
+                    return null;
+
+                Debug.Assert(chunk != null, "RETURNING NULL CHUNK");
+                return chunk;
+            }
+
+            chunk = Chunks[coords];
+
+            Debug.Assert(chunk != null, "RETURNING NULL CHUNK");
+            Debug.Assert(!PendingChunks.TryGetValue(coords.ChunkPackedCoords, out entry), "ENTRY INITIALIZED AND STILL LISTED");
+            
+            return chunk;            
+        }
+
+        private void NotifyChunkToClients(ChunkEntry entry)
+        {
+            int notifyState = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref entry.NotifyStatus, ChunkEntry.Notified,
+                                                          ChunkEntry.NotNotified);
+
+            if (notifyState == ChunkEntry.Notified || entry.Requests.IsEmpty)
+                return;
+
+            Task.Factory.StartNew(() =>
+            {
+                Parallel.For(0, entry.Requests.Count, (i) =>
+                {
+                    ClientRequest req;
+
+                    if (!entry.Requests.TryDequeue(out req))
+                        return;
+
+                    if (entry.ChunkRequested.LightToRecalculate)
+                        entry.ChunkRequested.RecalculateSky();
+
+                    req.ClientRequesting.Owner.LoadedChunks.TryUpdate(entry.ChunkRequested.Coords.ChunkPackedCoords,
+                                                                      entry.ChunkRequested, null);
+                    entry.ChunkRequested.AddClient(req.ClientRequesting);
+                    req.ClientRequesting.SendPreChunk(entry.ChunkRequested.Coords.ChunkX, entry.ChunkRequested.Coords.ChunkZ, true, false);
+                    req.ClientRequesting.SendChunk(entry.ChunkRequested, false);
+                });
+            });
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeThreads()
+        {
+            Running = true;
+            _globalTick = new Timer(GlobalTickProc, null, 50, 50);
+        }
+
+        private void InitializeSpawn()
+        {
+            Logger.LogOnOneLine(Logger.LogLevel.Info, "Initializing spawn area...", true);
+            Spawn = UniversalCoords.FromWorld(Settings.Default.SpawnX, Settings.Default.SpawnY, Settings.Default.SpawnZ);
+
+            Queue<Chunk> toRecalculate = new Queue<Chunk>();           
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunkFromWorld(Spawn.WorldX, Spawn.WorldZ, true, true);
+            chunk.Persistent = true;
+            toRecalculate.Enqueue(chunk);
+
+            Spawn = UniversalCoords.FromWorld(Spawn.WorldX, chunk.HeightMap[Spawn.WorldX, Spawn.WorldZ] + 4, Spawn.WorldZ);
+
+            int chunkX = Spawn.ChunkX;
+            int chunkZ = Spawn.ChunkZ;
+
+            
+            for(int x = chunkX - 4; x < chunkX + 4; ++x)
+            {
+                for(int z = chunkZ - 4; z < chunkZ + 4; ++z)
+                {
+                    if(x == chunkX && z == chunkZ)
+                        continue;
+
+                    chunk = GetChunkFromChunkSync(x, z, true, true);
+                    chunk.Persistent = true;
+                    toRecalculate.Enqueue(chunk);
+                }
+            }
+
+            while(toRecalculate.Count > 0)
+            {
+                chunk = toRecalculate.Dequeue();
+
+                if (chunk.LightToRecalculate)
+                    chunk.RecalculateSky();
+
+                AddChunk(chunk);
+            }
+
+            Logger.LogOnOneLine(Logger.LogLevel.Info, " Done\n", false);
+        }
+
+        private void CollectProc()
+        {
+            CheckAliveClients();
+            Chunk[] chunks = GetChunks();
+            foreach (Chunk c in chunks)
+            {
+                if (c.Persistent)
+                    continue;
+                if (c.GetClients().Length > 0 || (DateTime.Now - c.CreationDate) < TimeSpan.FromSeconds(20.0))
+                    continue;
+
+                c.Save();
+                Chunks.Remove(c);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void CheckAliveClients()
+        {
+            Parallel.ForEach(Server.GetClients(), c => c.CheckAlive());
+        }
+
+        private void FullSave()
+        {
+            // Wait until the task has been canceled
+            _saveTask.Wait();
+
+            int count = ChunksToSave.Count;
+            _saveTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => SaveProc(count, CancellationToken.None));
+            NeedsFullSave = false;
+            FullSaving = false;
+        }
+
+        private void SaveProc(int chunkToSave, CancellationToken token)
+        {
+            if (token.IsCancellationRequested)
+                return;
+
+            int count = ChunksToSave.Count;
+
+            if (count > chunkToSave)
+                count = chunkToSave;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < count && Running && !token.IsCancellationRequested; ++i)
+            {
+                ChunkBase chunk;
+                ChunksToSave.TryDequeue(out chunk);
+
+                if (chunk == null)
+                    continue;
+
+                /* Better to "signal" that the chunk can be queued again before saving, 
+                 * we don't know which signaled changes will be saved during the save */
+                Interlocked.Exchange(ref chunk.ChangesToSave, 0);
+
+                chunk.Save();
+                
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void EnsureDirectory()
+        {
+            if (!Directory.Exists(Settings.Default.WorldsFolder))
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(Settings.Default.WorldsFolder);
+            if (!Directory.Exists(Folder))
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(Folder);
+        }
+
+        public static int LightUpdateCounter;
+
+        private void GlobalTickProc(object state)
+        {
+            // Increment the world tick count
+            Interlocked.Increment(ref _worldTicks);
+
+            int time = Interlocked.Increment(ref _time);
+
+            if (time == 24000)
+            {	// A day has passed.
+                // MUST interface directly with _Time to bypass the write lock, which we hold.
+                _time = 0;
+            }
+
+            // Using this.WorldTick here as it is independant of this.Time. "this.Time" can be changed outside of the WorldManager.
+            if (WorldTicks % 10 == 0)
+            {
+                // Triggered once every half second
+                Task.Factory.StartNew(Server.DoPulse);
+            }
+
+            if (NeedsFullSave)
+            {
+                FullSaving = true;
+                if(_saveTask != null && !_saveTask.IsCompleted)
+                    _saveToken.Cancel();
+
+                Task.Factory.StartNew(FullSave);
+            }
+            else if(WorldTicks % 20 == 0 && !FullSaving && ChunksToSave.Count > 0)
+            {
+                if(_saveTask == null || _saveTask.IsCompleted)
+                {
+                    _saveToken = new CancellationTokenSource();
+                    var token = _saveToken.Token;
+                    _saveTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => SaveProc(20, token), token);
+                }
+            }
+           
+            // Every 5 seconds
+            if(WorldTicks % 100 == 0)
+            {
+                if(_collectTask == null || _collectTask.IsCompleted)
+                {
+                    _collectTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(CollectProc);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Every 10 seconds
+            if (WorldTicks % 200 == 0)
+            {
+                if (_growStuffTask == null || _growStuffTask.IsCompleted)
+                {
+                    _growStuffTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(GrowProc);
+                }
+            }
+   
+            // Every Tick (50ms)
+            if (_physicsSimulationTask == null || _physicsSimulationTask.IsCompleted)
+            {
+                _physicsSimulationTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(PhysicsProc);
+            }
+
+            if (_entityUpdateTask == null || _entityUpdateTask.IsCompleted)
+            {
+                _entityUpdateTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(EntityProc);
+            }
+
+            // Every 2 Ticks (100ms)
+            if (WorldTicks % 2 == 0)
+            {
+                if (_mobSpawnerTask == null || _mobSpawnerTask.IsCompleted)
+                {
+                    _mobSpawnerTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(MobSpawnerProc);
+                }
+            }
+
+#if PROFILE
+            // Must wait at least one second between calls to perf counter
+            if (WorldTicks % 20 == 0)
+            {
+                if(_profile == null || _profile.IsCompleted)
+                {
+                    _profile = Task.Factory.StartNew(Profile);
+                }
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+        
+#if PROFILE
+        private void Profile()
+        {
+            if (Server.ProfileStartTime == DateTime.MinValue)
+                Server.ProfileStartTime = DateTime.Now;
+
+            using (StreamWriter writer = new StreamWriter("cpu.csv", true))
+            {
+                writer.WriteLine("{0};{1}", (DateTime.Now - Server.ProfileStartTime).TotalSeconds, Server.CpuPerfCounter.NextValue() / Environment.ProcessorCount);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            this.Running = false;
+            this._globalTick.Change(Timeout.Infinite, Timeout.Infinite);
+        }
+
+        public byte GetBlockOrLoad(int x, int y, int z)
+        {
+            return GetChunkFromWorld(x, z, true, true)[x & 0xf, y, z & 0xf];
+        }
+
+        public Chunk[] GetChunks()
+        {
+            int changes = Interlocked.Exchange(ref Chunks.Changes, 0);
+            if(_chunksCache == null || changes > 0)
+                _chunksCache = Chunks.Values.ToArray();
+
+            return _chunksCache;
+        }
+
+        private void GrowProc()
+        {
+            foreach (Chunk c in GetChunks())
+            {
+                c.Grow();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void PhysicsProc()
+        {
+            foreach (var physicsBlock in PhysicsBlocks)
+            {
+                physicsBlock.Value.Simulate();
+            }
+        }
+  
+        private void EntityProc()
+        {
+            Parallel.ForEach(Server.GetEntities().Where((entity) => entity.World == this), (e) =>
+            {
+                e.Update();
+            });
+        }
+        
+        private void MobSpawnerProc()
+        {
+            WorldMobSpawner.SpawnMobs(this, true, this.WorldTicks % 400 == 0);
+        }
+  
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Yields each <see cref="StructBlock"/> found within the bounds of a <see cref="BoundingBox"/>
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="boundingBox"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public IEnumerable<StructBlock> GetBlocksInBoundingBox(BoundingBox boundingBox)
+        {
+            UniversalCoords minimum =
+                UniversalCoords.FromAbsWorld(
+                    boundingBox.Minimum.X < 0.0 ? boundingBox.Minimum.X - 1.0 : boundingBox.Minimum.X,
+                    boundingBox.Minimum.Y < 0.0 ? boundingBox.Minimum.Y - 1.0 : boundingBox.Minimum.Y,
+                    boundingBox.Minimum.Z < 0.0 ? boundingBox.Minimum.Z - 1.0 : boundingBox.Minimum.Z);
+            UniversalCoords maximum = UniversalCoords.FromAbsWorld(boundingBox.Maximum.X + 1.0,
+                                                                   boundingBox.Maximum.Y + 1.0,
+                                                                   boundingBox.Maximum.Z + 1.0);
+
+            return GetBlocksBetweenCoords(minimum, maximum);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Yields each <see cref="StructBlock"/> found between two coordinates
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="minimum">Start here</param>
+        /// <param name="maximum">Stop here</param>
+        /// <returns>Yields a <see cref="StructBlock"/> for each coordinate between minimum and maximum</returns>
+        public IEnumerable<StructBlock> GetBlocksBetweenCoords(UniversalCoords minimum, UniversalCoords maximum)
+        {
+            if (minimum.WorldX >= maximum.WorldX || minimum.WorldY >= maximum.WorldY || minimum.WorldZ >= maximum.WorldZ)
+                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("minimum", "minimum X, Y and Z must be less than maximum X, Y and Z");
+
+            for (int x = minimum.WorldX; x < maximum.WorldX; x++)
+            {
+                for (int y = minimum.WorldY; y < maximum.WorldY; y++)
+                {
+                    for (int z = minimum.WorldZ; z < maximum.WorldZ; z++)
+                    {
+                        yield return this.GetBlock(x, y, z);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public StructBlock GetBlock(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords);
+
+            if(chunk == null)
+                return StructBlock.Empty;
+
+            byte blockId = (byte)chunk.GetType(coords);
+            byte blockData = chunk.GetData(coords);
+
+            return new StructBlock(coords, blockId, blockData, this);
+        }
+
+        public StructBlock GetBlock(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunkFromWorld(worldX, worldZ);
+
+            if (chunk == null)
+                return StructBlock.Empty;
+
+            byte blockId = (byte)chunk.GetType(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF);
+            byte blockData = chunk.GetData(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF);
+
+            return new StructBlock(worldX, worldY, worldZ, blockId, blockData, this);
+        }
+                                                            
+        public byte? GetBlockId(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[coords];
+
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk[coords];
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public byte? GetBlockId(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[worldX >> 4, worldZ >> 4];
+
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk[worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF];
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public byte? GetBlockData(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[coords];
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk.GetData(coords);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public byte? GetBlockData(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[worldX >> 4, worldZ >> 4];
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk.GetData(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF);
+            
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public double GetBlockLightBrightness(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            byte? effectiveLight = GetEffectiveLight(coords);
+            if(effectiveLight == null)
+                return 0.0;
+
+            return _lightBrightnessTable[(byte)effectiveLight];        
+        }       
+ 
+        public byte? GetFullBlockLight(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords, false, false);
+
+            if (chunk == null)
+                return null;
+                      
+            return Math.Max(chunk.GetSkyLight(coords), chunk.GetBlockLight(coords));        
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Get the Effective light at a coordinate
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="coords"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+        public byte? GetEffectiveLight(UniversalCoords coords)        
+        {            
+            // TODO: this needs to return the effective light for a block, taking into consideration the time of day etc... see calculateSkylightSubtracted and getBlockLightValue_do                        
+            return GetFullBlockLight(coords); // THIS HAS TO BE REMOVED AND CHANGED TO PROPER TIME CALCULATION TOO        
+        }        
+        
+        public byte? GetBlockLight(UniversalCoords coords)        
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[coords];
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk.GetBlockLight(coords);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public byte? GetBlockLight(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[worldX >> 4, worldZ >> 4];
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk.GetBlockLight(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public byte? GetSkyLight(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[coords];
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk.GetSkyLight(coords);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public byte? GetSkyLight(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = Chunks[worldX >> 4, worldZ >> 4];
+            if (chunk != null)
+                return chunk.GetSkyLight(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF);
+
+            return null;
+        }
+  
+        public IEnumerable<EntityBase> GetEntities()
+        {
+            return Server.GetEntities().Where((e) => e != null && e.World == this);
+        }
+
+        public Player GetClosestPlayer(AbsWorldCoords coords, double radius)
+        {
+            var radiusSqrd = radius * radius;
+            Vector3 coordVector = coords.ToVector();
+            return (from c in Server.GetAuthenticatedClients().Where(client => client.Owner.World == this)
+                    let distance = coordVector.DistanceSquared(c.Owner.Position.ToVector())
+                    where distance <= radiusSqrd
+                    orderby distance
+                    select c.Owner).FirstOrDefault();
+        }
+
+        private RayTraceHitBlock DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords coords, Vector3 rayStart, Vector3 rayEnd)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords);
+
+            if (chunk == null)
+                return null;
+
+            byte blockType = (byte)chunk.GetType(coords); // only get the block type first to save time
+            if (blockType > 0)
+            {
+                byte blockData = chunk.GetData(coords);
+
+                StructBlock block = new StructBlock(coords, (byte)blockType, (byte)blockData, this);
+                BlockBase blockClass = BlockHelper.Instance(block.Type);
+                RayTraceHitBlock blockRayTrace = blockClass.RayTraceIntersection(block, rayStart, rayEnd);
+                if (blockRayTrace != null)
+                {
+                    return blockRayTrace;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+  
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ray traces the blocks along the ray. This method takes approx 0.1ms per 50-60 metres.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>
+        /// The first block hit
+        /// </returns>
+        /// <param name='rayStart'>
+        /// Ray start.
+        /// </param>
+        /// <param name='rayEnd'>
+        /// Ray end.
+        /// </param>
+        public RayTraceHitBlock RayTraceBlocks(AbsWorldCoords rayStart, AbsWorldCoords rayEnd)
+        {
+            UniversalCoords startCoord = UniversalCoords.FromAbsWorld(rayStart);
+            UniversalCoords endCoord = UniversalCoords.FromAbsWorld(rayEnd);
+            
+            UniversalCoords previousPoint;
+            UniversalCoords currentPoint = startCoord;
+            
+            Vector3 rayStartVec = rayStart.ToVector();
+            Vector3 rayEndVec = rayEnd.ToVector();
+            
+            Vector3 stepVector = (rayEndVec - rayStartVec).Normalize();
+            
+            bool xDirectionPositive = stepVector.X > 0;
+            bool yDirectionPositive = stepVector.Y > 0;
+            bool zDirectionPositive = stepVector.Z > 0;
+            
+            Vector3 currentVec = rayStartVec;
+            previousPoint = currentPoint;
+            
+            RayTraceHitBlock blockTrace = null;
+            int blockCheckCount = 0;
+            try
+            {
+                // Step along the ray looking for block collisions
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    #region Check adjacent blocks if necessary (to prevent skipping over the corner of one)
+                    bool xChanged = currentPoint.WorldX - previousPoint.WorldX != 0;
+                    bool yChanged = currentPoint.WorldY - previousPoint.WorldY != 0;
+                    bool zChanged = currentPoint.WorldZ - previousPoint.WorldZ != 0;
+                    
+                    // When we change a coord, need to check which adjacent block also needs to be checked (to prevent missing blocks when jumping over their corners)
+                    if (xChanged && yChanged && zChanged)
+                    {
+                        // -X,Y,Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(previousPoint.WorldX, currentPoint.WorldY, currentPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        // X,-Y,Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(currentPoint.WorldX, previousPoint.WorldY, currentPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        // X,Y,-Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(currentPoint.WorldX, currentPoint.WorldY, previousPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        
+                        // -X,Y,-Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(previousPoint.WorldX, currentPoint.WorldY, previousPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        // -X,-Y,Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(previousPoint.WorldX, previousPoint.WorldY, currentPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        // X,-Y,-Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(currentPoint.WorldX, previousPoint.WorldY, previousPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                    }
+                    else if (xChanged && zChanged)
+                    {
+                        // -X,Y,Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(previousPoint.WorldX, currentPoint.WorldY, currentPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        // X,Y,-Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(currentPoint.WorldX, currentPoint.WorldY, previousPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                    }
+                    else if (xChanged && yChanged)
+                    {
+                        // -X,Y,Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(previousPoint.WorldX, currentPoint.WorldY, currentPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        // X,-Y,Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(currentPoint.WorldX, previousPoint.WorldY, currentPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                    }
+                    else if (zChanged && yChanged)
+                    {
+                        // X,Y,-Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(currentPoint.WorldX, currentPoint.WorldY, previousPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                        // X,-Y,Z
+                        blockCheckCount++;
+                        blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(UniversalCoords.FromWorld(currentPoint.WorldX, previousPoint.WorldY, currentPoint.WorldZ), rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                        if (blockTrace != null)
+                            return blockTrace;
+                    }
+                    #endregion
+                    
+                    // Check the currentPoint
+                    blockCheckCount++;
+                    blockTrace = DoRayTraceBlock(currentPoint, rayStartVec, rayEndVec);
+                    if (blockTrace != null)
+                        return blockTrace;
+                    
+                    if (currentPoint == endCoord)
+                    {
+                        //Console.WriteLine("Reach endCoord with no hits");
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    
+                    #region Get the next coordinate
+                    previousPoint = currentPoint;
+                    do
+                    {
+                        currentVec += stepVector;
+                        currentPoint = UniversalCoords.FromAbsWorld(currentVec.X, currentVec.Y, currentVec.Z);
+                    } while(previousPoint == currentPoint);
+                    
+                    // check we haven't gone past the endCoord
+                    if ((xDirectionPositive && currentPoint.WorldX > endCoord.WorldX) || (!xDirectionPositive && currentPoint.WorldX < endCoord.WorldX) ||
+                        (yDirectionPositive && currentPoint.WorldY > endCoord.WorldY) || (!yDirectionPositive && currentPoint.WorldY < endCoord.WorldY) ||
+                        (zDirectionPositive && currentPoint.WorldZ > endCoord.WorldZ) || (!zDirectionPositive && currentPoint.WorldZ < endCoord.WorldZ))
+                    {
+                        //Console.WriteLine("Went past endCoord: {0}, {1}", startCoord, endCoord);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    #endregion
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                //Console.WriteLine("Block check count {0}", blockCheckCount);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+                    
+        public long GetSeed()
+        {
+            return Settings.Default.WorldSeed.GetHashCode();
+        }
+
+        public void SetBlockAndData(UniversalCoords coords, byte type, byte data, bool needsUpdate = true)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords);
+
+            if(chunk == null)
+                return;
+
+            chunk.SetType(coords, (BlockData.Blocks)type, false);
+            chunk.SetData(coords, data, false);
+
+            if(needsUpdate)
+                chunk.BlockNeedsUpdate(coords.BlockX, coords.BlockY, coords.BlockZ);
+        }
+
+        public void SetBlockAndData(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ, byte type, byte data, bool needsUpdate = true)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunkFromWorld(worldX, worldZ);
+
+            if (chunk == null)
+                return;
+
+            chunk.SetType(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF, (BlockData.Blocks)type, false);
+            chunk.SetData(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF, data, false);
+
+            if (needsUpdate)
+                chunk.BlockNeedsUpdate(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF);
+        }
+
+        public void SetBlockData(UniversalCoords coords, byte data, bool needsUpdate = true)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords);
+
+            if(chunk != null)
+                chunk.SetData(coords, data, needsUpdate);
+        }
+
+        public void SetBlockData(int worldX, int worldY, int worldZ, byte data, bool needsUpdate = true)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunkFromWorld(worldX, worldZ);
+
+            if(chunk != null)
+                chunk.SetData(worldX & 0xF, worldY, worldZ & 0xF, data, needsUpdate);
+        }
+
+        public bool ChunkExists(UniversalCoords coords)
+        {
+            return (Chunks[coords] != null);
+        }
+
+        public bool ChunkExists(int chunkX, int chunkZ)
+        {
+            return (Chunks[chunkX, chunkZ] != null);
+        }
+
+        public void RemoveChunk(Chunk c)
+        {
+            Chunks.Remove(c);
+        }
+
+        internal void Update(UniversalCoords coords, bool updateClients = true)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords);
+
+            if (chunk == null)
+                return;
+
+            if (updateClients)
+                chunk.BlockNeedsUpdate(coords.BlockX, coords.BlockY, coords.BlockZ);
+
+            UpdatePhysics(coords);
+            chunk.ForAdjacent(coords, uc => UpdatePhysics(uc));
+        }
+
+        private void UpdatePhysics(UniversalCoords coords, bool updateClients = true)
+        {
+            Chunk chunk = GetChunk(coords);
+
+            if (chunk == null)
+                return;
+
+            BlockData.Blocks type = chunk.GetType(coords);
+            UniversalCoords oneDown = UniversalCoords.FromWorld(coords.WorldX, coords.WorldY - 1, coords.WorldZ);        
+
+            if (type == BlockData.Blocks.Water)
+            {
+                byte water = 8;
+                chunk.ForNSEW(coords, delegate(UniversalCoords uc)
+                {
+                    Chunk nearbyChunk = GetChunk(uc);
+
+                    if (nearbyChunk == null)
+                        return;
+
+                    BlockData.Blocks blockId = nearbyChunk.GetType(uc);
+                    byte blockData;
+                    if (blockId == BlockData.Blocks.Still_Water)
+                        water = 0;
+                    else if (blockId == BlockData.Blocks.Water && (blockData = nearbyChunk.GetData(uc)) < water)
+                        water = (byte)(blockData + 1);
+                });
+
+                if (water != chunk.GetData(coords))
+                {
+                    if (water == 8)
+                        chunk.SetBlockAndData(coords, 0, 0);
+                    else
+                        chunk.SetBlockAndData(coords, (byte)BlockData.Blocks.Water, water);
+                    //Update(x, y, z, updateClients);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (type == BlockData.Blocks.Air)
+            {
+                UniversalCoords oneUp = UniversalCoords.FromWorld(coords.WorldX, coords.WorldY + 1, coords.WorldZ);
+                BlockData.Blocks blockIdOneUp = chunk.GetType(oneUp);
+                if (coords.WorldY < 127 && (blockIdOneUp == BlockData.Blocks.Water || blockIdOneUp == BlockData.Blocks.Still_Water))
+                {
+                    chunk.SetBlockAndData(coords, (byte)BlockData.Blocks.Water, 0);
+                    //Update(x, y, z, updateClients);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (coords.WorldY < 127 && (blockIdOneUp == BlockData.Blocks.Lava || blockIdOneUp == BlockData.Blocks.Still_Lava))
+                {
+                    chunk.SetBlockAndData(coords, (byte)BlockData.Blocks.Lava, 0);
+                    //Update(x, y, z, updateClients);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                byte water = 8;
+
+                chunk.ForNSEW(coords, delegate(UniversalCoords uc)
+                {
+                    Chunk nearbyChunk = GetChunk(uc);
+
+                    if (nearbyChunk == null)
+                        return;
+
+                    BlockData.Blocks blockId = nearbyChunk.GetType(uc);
+                    byte blockData;
+
+                    if (blockId == BlockData.Blocks.Still_Water)
+                        water = 0;
+                    else if (blockId == BlockData.Blocks.Water && (blockData = nearbyChunk.GetData(uc)) < water)
+                        water = (byte)(blockData + 1);
+                });
+                if (water < 8)
+                {
+                    chunk.SetBlockAndData(coords, (byte)BlockData.Blocks.Water, water);
+                    //Update(x, y, z, updateClients);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                byte lava = 8;
+                chunk.ForNSEW(coords, delegate(UniversalCoords uc)
+                {
+                    Chunk nearbyChunk = GetChunk(uc);
+
+                    if (nearbyChunk == null)
+                        return;
+
+                    BlockData.Blocks blockId = nearbyChunk.GetType(uc);
+                    byte blockData;
+
+                    if (blockId == BlockData.Blocks.Still_Lava)
+                        lava = 0;
+                    else if (blockId == BlockData.Blocks.Lava && (blockData = nearbyChunk.GetData(uc)) < lava)
+                        lava = (byte)(blockData + 1);
+                });
+                if (water < 4)
+                {
+                    chunk.SetBlockAndData(coords, (byte)BlockData.Blocks.Lava, lava);
+                    //Update(x, y, z, updateClients);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        internal UniversalCoords FromFace(UniversalCoords coords, BlockFace blockFace)
+        {
+            int bx = coords.WorldX;
+            int by = coords.WorldY;
+            int bz = coords.WorldZ;
+
+            switch (blockFace)
+            {
+                case BlockFace.Self:
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.Up:
+                    by++;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.Down:
+                    by--;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.North:
+                    bx--;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.South:
+                    bx++;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.East:
+                    bz--;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.West:
+                    bz++;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.NorthEast:
+                    bx--;
+                    bz--;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.NorthWest:
+                    bx--;
+                    bz++;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.SouthEast:
+                    bx++;
+                    bz--;
+                    break;
+
+                case BlockFace.SouthWest:
+                    bx++;
+                    bz++;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            return UniversalCoords.FromWorld(bx, by, bz);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `chunk` last assigned on line 453 could be null and is dereferenced at line 454, column 21.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void WorldManager.InitializeSpawn()
+
+### File:
+Chraft/World/WorldManager.cs
+
+### Key:
+WorldManager.cs|InitializeSpawn|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b34ba4f9627ab82a4c31e4bc155b159b
+
+### Hash:
+8cc37a103595615afffddd6c1c5c9ca5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2699/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2699/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea19b80b367721a6c9217971f161138c8cb9b5f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2699/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sdk-csharp
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// Copyright 2021 Cloud Native Foundation. 
+// Licensed under the Apache 2.0 license.
+// See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
+
+using CloudNative.CloudEvents.UnitTests;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
+using System;
+using System.Net.Mime;
+using System.Text;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace CloudNative.CloudEvents.NewtonsoftJson.UnitTests
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Tests for <see cref="JsonEventFormatter{T}"/>
+    /// </summary>
+    public class GenericJsonEventFormatterTest
+    {
+        [Fact]
+        public void DecodeStructuredMode()
+        {
+            var obj = JsonEventFormatterTest.CreateMinimalValidJObject();
+            obj["data"] = new JObject { [AttributedModel.JsonPropertyName] = "test" };
+            byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(obj.ToString());
+
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var cloudEvent = formatter.DecodeStructuredModeMessage(bytes, null, null);
+
+            var model = (AttributedModel) cloudEvent.Data;
+            Assert.Equal("test", model.AttributedProperty);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DecodeStructuredMode_ContentTypeIgnored()
+        {
+            var obj = JsonEventFormatterTest.CreateMinimalValidJObject();
+            obj["data"] = new JObject { [AttributedModel.JsonPropertyName] = "test" };
+            byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(obj.ToString());
+
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var cloudEvent = formatter.DecodeStructuredModeMessage(bytes, new ContentType("text/plain"), null);
+
+            var model = (AttributedModel)cloudEvent.Data;
+            Assert.Equal("test", model.AttributedProperty);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DecodeStructuredMode_NoData()
+        {
+            var obj = JsonEventFormatterTest.CreateMinimalValidJObject();
+            byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(obj.ToString());
+
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var cloudEvent = formatter.DecodeStructuredModeMessage(bytes, null, null);
+            Assert.Null(cloudEvent.Data);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DecodeStructuredMode_Base64Data()
+        {
+            var obj = JsonEventFormatterTest.CreateMinimalValidJObject();
+            obj["data_base64"] = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("{}"));
+            byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(obj.ToString());
+
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => formatter.DecodeStructuredModeMessage(bytes, null, null));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DecodeBinaryEventModeData()
+        {
+            var obj = new JObject { [AttributedModel.JsonPropertyName] = "test" };
+            byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(obj.ToString());
+
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent();
+            formatter.DecodeBinaryModeEventData(bytes, cloudEvent);
+
+            var model = (AttributedModel)cloudEvent.Data;
+            Assert.Equal("test", model.AttributedProperty);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void DecodeBinaryEventModeData_NoData()
+        {
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent { Data = "original" };
+            formatter.DecodeBinaryModeEventData(new byte[0], cloudEvent);
+            Assert.Null(cloudEvent.Data);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void EncodeStructuredMode()
+        {
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent().PopulateRequiredAttributes();
+            cloudEvent.Data = new AttributedModel { AttributedProperty = "test" };
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var body = formatter.EncodeStructuredModeMessage(cloudEvent, out _);
+            var jobject = JsonEventFormatterTest.ParseJson(body);
+            Assert.False(jobject.ContainsKey("data_base64"));
+            var data = (JObject)jobject["data"];
+
+            new JTokenAsserter
+            {
+                { AttributedModel.JsonPropertyName, JTokenType.String, "test" }
+            }.AssertProperties(data, assertCount: true);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void EncodeStructuredMode_NoData()
+        {
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent().PopulateRequiredAttributes();
+
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var body = formatter.EncodeStructuredModeMessage(cloudEvent, out _);
+            var jobject = JsonEventFormatterTest.ParseJson(body);
+            Assert.False(jobject.ContainsKey("data"));
+            Assert.False(jobject.ContainsKey("data_base64"));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void EncodeStructuredMode_WrongType()
+        {
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent().PopulateRequiredAttributes();
+            cloudEvent.Data = new OtherModelClass { Text = "Wrong type" };
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidCastException>(() => formatter.EncodeStructuredModeMessage(cloudEvent, out _));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void EncodeBinaryModeEventData()
+        {
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent().PopulateRequiredAttributes();
+            cloudEvent.Data = new AttributedModel { AttributedProperty = "test" };
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var body = formatter.EncodeBinaryModeEventData(cloudEvent);
+            var jobject = JsonEventFormatterTest.ParseJson(body);
+
+            new JTokenAsserter
+            {
+                { AttributedModel.JsonPropertyName, JTokenType.String, "test" }
+            }.AssertProperties(jobject, assertCount: true);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void EncodeBinaryModeEventData_NoData()
+        {
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent().PopulateRequiredAttributes();
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            var bytes = formatter.EncodeBinaryModeEventData(cloudEvent);
+            Assert.True(bytes.IsEmpty);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void EncodeBinaryModeEventData_WrongType()
+        {
+            var cloudEvent = new CloudEvent().PopulateRequiredAttributes();
+            cloudEvent.Data = new OtherModelClass { Text = "Wrong type" };
+            var formatter = CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(typeof(AttributedModel));
+            Assert.Throws<InvalidCastException>(() => formatter.EncodeBinaryModeEventData(cloudEvent));
+        }
+
+        private class OtherModelClass
+        {
+            public string Text { get; set; }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+`formatter` could be null (from the call to `CloudEventFormatterAttribute.CreateFormatter(...)` on line 75) and is dereferenced.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void GenericJsonEventFormatterTest.DecodeBinaryEventModeData()
+
+### File:
+test/CloudNative.CloudEvents.UnitTests/NewtonsoftJson/GenericJsonEventFormatterTest.cs
+
+### Key:
+GenericJsonEventFormatterTest.cs|DecodeBinaryEventModeData|NULLPTR_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Hash:
+e293b077aceaabaee39b903ff3b02845
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2773/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2773/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8ff6dcbdfcf0e10da306ed62834e86bbb93d2b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2773/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** data-accelerator
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// *********************************************************************
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License
+// *********************************************************************
+using DataX.Contract;
+
+namespace DataX.Utilities.EventHub
+{
+    public static class EventHub
+    {
+         public static ApiResult CreateConsumerGroup(string subscriptionId, string keyvaultName, string resourceGroup, string resourceGroupLocation, string eventHubNamespace, string eventHubName, string consumerGroupName, string inputType, string clientId, string tenantId, string secretPrefix)
+        {
+            EventHubUtil eventHubUtil = new EventHubUtil(subscriptionId, resourceGroupLocation, keyvaultName, clientId, tenantId, secretPrefix);
+            return eventHubUtil.CreateConsumerGroup(resourceGroup, eventHubNamespace, eventHubName, consumerGroupName, inputType);
+        }
+
+        public static ApiResult DeleteConsumerGroup(string subscriptionId, string keyvaultName, string resourceGroup, string resourceGroupLocation, string eventHubNamespace, string eventHubName, string consumerGroupName, string inputType, string clientId, string tenantId, string secretPrefix)
+        {
+            EventHubUtil eventHubUtil = new EventHubUtil(subscriptionId, resourceGroupLocation, keyvaultName, clientId, tenantId, secretPrefix);
+            return eventHubUtil.DeleteConsumerGroup(resourceGroup, eventHubNamespace, eventHubName, consumerGroupName, inputType);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource eventHubUtil of type DataX.Utilities.EventHub.EventHubUtil in method "ApiResult EventHub.CreateConsumerGroup(String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ApiResult EventHub.CreateConsumerGroup(String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String)
+
+### File:
+Services/DataX.Utilities/DataX.Utilities.EventHub/EventHub.cs
+
+### Key:
+EventHub.cs|CreateConsumerGroup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+444c09f3676ba2a67ed5213f6fb443f2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2774/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2774/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a3d62bd1df6efc81c8b9f944100d02bf7a3a30f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2774/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** data-accelerator
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+// *********************************************************************
+// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the MIT License
+// *********************************************************************
+using DataX.Contract;
+
+namespace DataX.Utilities.EventHub
+{
+    public static class EventHub
+    {
+         public static ApiResult CreateConsumerGroup(string subscriptionId, string keyvaultName, string resourceGroup, string resourceGroupLocation, string eventHubNamespace, string eventHubName, string consumerGroupName, string inputType, string clientId, string tenantId, string secretPrefix)
+        {
+            EventHubUtil eventHubUtil = new EventHubUtil(subscriptionId, resourceGroupLocation, keyvaultName, clientId, tenantId, secretPrefix);
+            return eventHubUtil.CreateConsumerGroup(resourceGroup, eventHubNamespace, eventHubName, consumerGroupName, inputType);
+        }
+
+        public static ApiResult DeleteConsumerGroup(string subscriptionId, string keyvaultName, string resourceGroup, string resourceGroupLocation, string eventHubNamespace, string eventHubName, string consumerGroupName, string inputType, string clientId, string tenantId, string secretPrefix)
+        {
+            EventHubUtil eventHubUtil = new EventHubUtil(subscriptionId, resourceGroupLocation, keyvaultName, clientId, tenantId, secretPrefix);
+            return eventHubUtil.DeleteConsumerGroup(resourceGroup, eventHubNamespace, eventHubName, consumerGroupName, inputType);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource eventHubUtil of type DataX.Utilities.EventHub.EventHubUtil in method "ApiResult EventHub.DeleteConsumerGroup(String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ApiResult EventHub.DeleteConsumerGroup(String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String,String)
+
+### File:
+Services/DataX.Utilities/DataX.Utilities.EventHub/EventHub.cs
+
+### Key:
+EventHub.cs|DeleteConsumerGroup|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+51d66b1a6b73468de0ccc5b62fd0b5ca
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2780/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2780/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac82a3a77eb9c2d4eddada84dc555c00f9150bfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2780/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Binance
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+
+// ReSharper disable once CheckNamespace
+namespace Binance
+{
+    public sealed class ApiRateLimiter : IApiRateLimiter
+    {
+        #region Public Constants
+
+        public static readonly bool EnabledDefault = true;
+
+        #endregion Public Constants
+
+        #region Public Properties
+
+        public bool IsEnabled { get => _isEnabled; set => _isEnabled = value; }
+
+        #endregion Public Properties
+
+        #region Private Fields
+
+        private readonly IServiceProvider _services;
+
+        private volatile bool _isEnabled = EnabledDefault;
+
+        private readonly IDictionary<TimeSpan, IRateLimiter> _limiters
+            = new Dictionary<TimeSpan, IRateLimiter>();
+
+        private readonly object _sync = new object();
+
+        #endregion Private Fields
+
+        #region Constructors
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Constructor.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="services"></param>
+        public ApiRateLimiter(IServiceProvider services = null)
+        {
+            _services = services;
+        }
+
+        #endregion Constructors
+
+        #region Public Methods
+
+        public void Configure(TimeSpan duration, int count)
+        {
+            if (count < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentException($"{nameof(IApiRateLimiter)} count must be greater than 0 (or equal to 0 to disable).", nameof(count));
+
+            ThrowIfDisposed();
+
+            lock (_sync)
+            {
+                if (count == 0)
+                {
+                    if (_limiters.ContainsKey(duration))
+                    {
+                        _limiters.Remove(duration);
+                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (_limiters.ContainsKey(duration))
+                {
+                    _limiters[duration].Count = count;
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                var limiter = _services?.GetService<IRateLimiter>() ?? new RateLimiter();
+
+                limiter.Duration = duration;
+                limiter.Count = count;
+
+                _limiters[duration] = limiter;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public async Task DelayAsync(int count = 1, CancellationToken token = default)
+        {
+            if (!IsEnabled)
+                return;
+
+            ThrowIfDisposed();
+
+            IEnumerable<IRateLimiter> limiters;
+
+            lock (_sync)
+            {
+                limiters = _limiters.Values.ToArray();
+            }
+
+            foreach (var limiter in limiters)
+            {
+                await limiter.DelayAsync(count, token)
+                    .ConfigureAwait(false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion Public Methods
+
+        #region IDisposable
+
+        private bool _disposed;
+
+        private void ThrowIfDisposed()
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+                throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(ApiRateLimiter));
+        }
+
+        private void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (_disposed)
+                return;
+
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                lock (_sync)
+                {
+                    foreach (var limiter in _limiters.Values)
+                    {
+                        limiter.Dispose();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            _disposed = true;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+        }
+
+        #endregion IDisposable
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource limiter of type Binance.RateLimiter in method "Void ApiRateLimiter.Configure(TimeSpan,Int32)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ApiRateLimiter.Configure(TimeSpan,Int32)
+
+### File:
+src/Binance/Api/RateLimit/ApiRateLimiter.cs
+
+### Key:
+ApiRateLimiter.cs|Configure|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+10de3202e816c07901f6841816acc673
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2787/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2787/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..171b9c1a8e6c59a13148ebba9f172214a0863e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2787/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Server.Serialization;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Core.Buckets;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.Views
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class ViewClientTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Row_Is_Dynamic_Query_By_Key_Succeeds()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+             From("beer", "all_beers").
+             Bucket("beer-sample").Limit(1);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<Beer>(query);
+
+            var query2 = new ViewQuery().
+             From("beer", "all_beers").
+             Bucket("beer-sample").Key(result.Rows.First().Id);
+
+            var result2 = client.Execute<Beer>(query2);
+            Assert.AreEqual(result.Rows.First().Id, result2.Rows.First().Id);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Poco_Is_Supplied_Map_Results_To_It()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+              From("beer", "all_beers").
+              Bucket("beer-sample").Limit(10);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<Beer>(query);
+            foreach (var viewRow in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Assert.IsNotNull(viewRow.Id);
+            }
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Error);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.AreEqual(result.Rows.Count(), result.Values.Count());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Query_Is_Succesful_Rows_Are_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                Limit(10);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            foreach (var viewRow in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Assert.IsNotNull(viewRow.Id);
+            }
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.OK, result.StatusCode);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_View_Is_Not_Found_404_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "view_that_does_not_exist").
+                Bucket("beer-sample");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Message);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Message);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_View_Is_Called_With_Invalid_Parameters_Error_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                Group(true);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+
+            Assert.AreEqual("query_parse_error", result.Error);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Message);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                BaseUri("http://192.168.56.105:8092/");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration{ViewRequestTimeout = 30000});
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.AreEqual(typeof(WebException), result.Exception.GetType());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned_2()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                BaseUri("http://192.168.62.200:8092/");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration{ViewRequestTimeout = 30000});
+
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.AreEqual(typeof(WebException), result.Exception.GetType());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_ExecuteAsync()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("docs", "all_docs").
+                Bucket("default");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(),
+                new JsonDataMapper(new ClientConfiguration()),
+                new BucketConfig { Name = "beer-sample" },
+                new ClientConfiguration());
+
+            int n = 10000;
+            var options = new ParallelOptions { MaxDegreeOfParallelism = 4};
+
+            Parallel.For(0, n, options, async i =>
+            {
+                var result = await client.ExecuteAsync<dynamic>(query);
+                Console.WriteLine("{0} {1} {2}", i, result.Success, result.Message);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 47) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void ViewClientTests.When_Poco_Is_Supplied_Map_Results_To_It()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ViewClientTests.When_Poco_Is_Supplied_Map_Results_To_It()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/Views/ViewClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ViewClientTests.cs|When_Poco_Is_Supplied_Map_Results_To_It|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+6412a30fb1c2a352532daef839b0a8a1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2789/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2789/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2baca1bc2425c3a5380b57f29ff2d82d813b476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2789/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.Views
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class ViewClientTests
+    {
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Query_Is_Succesful_Rows_Are_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper());
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.AreEqual(result.StatusCode, HttpStatusCode.OK);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_View_Is_Not_Found_404_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "view_that_does_not_exist").
+                Bucket("beer-sample");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper());
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Message);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Message);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_View_Is_Called_With_Invalid_Parameters_Error_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                Group(true);
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper());
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            
+            Assert.AreEqual("query_parse_error", result.Error);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Invalid URL parameter 'group' or  'group_level' for non-reduce view.", result.Message);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+
+            Console.WriteLine(result.Message);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Url_Is_Invalid_WebException_Is_Returned()
+        {
+            var query = new ViewQuery().
+                From("beer", "brewery_beers").
+                Bucket("beer-sample").
+                BaseUri("http://192.168.56.105:8092/");
+
+            var client = new ViewClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper());
+            var result = client.Execute<dynamic>(query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.AreEqual(HttpStatusCode.ServiceUnavailable, result.StatusCode);
+            Assert.AreEqual(typeof(HttpRequestException), result.Exception.GetType());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 36) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void ViewClientTests.When_View_Is_Not_Found_404_Is_Returned()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ViewClientTests.When_View_Is_Not_Found_404_Is_Returned()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/Views/ViewClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ViewClientTests.cs|When_View_Is_Not_Found_404_Is_Returned|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d1e239941694ee78c7bbb67550328a14
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2800/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2800/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ba80e0c8fc5e9689af513779f99da11e02d4df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2800/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using Couchbase.Configuration;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Server.Providers.FileSystem;
+using Couchbase.Core;
+using Couchbase.Core.Buckets;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Configuration.Client;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.Configuration
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class ConfigInfoTests
+    {
+        private IConfigInfo _configInfo;
+
+        [TestFixtureSetUp]
+        public void SetUp()
+        {
+            var clientConfig = new FakeClientConfig();
+            var serverConfig = new FileSystemConfig(clientConfig.BootstrapPath);
+            serverConfig.Initialize();
+            _configInfo = new ConfigInfo(serverConfig, clientConfig);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_GetKeyMapper()
+        {
+            var keyMapper = _configInfo.GetKeyMapper("default");
+            Assert.IsNotNull(keyMapper);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_MapKey()
+        {
+            const string key = "TheKey";
+            var keyMapper = _configInfo.GetKeyMapper("default");
+            var vBucket = keyMapper.MapKey(key);    
+            Assert.IsNotNull(vBucket);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_BucketType()
+        {
+            Assert.AreEqual(BucketTypeEnum.Couchbase, _configInfo.BucketType);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        [ExpectedException(typeof(NullConfigException))]
+        public void Test_BucketType_Throws_NullConfigException_When_Config_Is_Null()
+        {
+            var configInfo = new PersistentConfigContext(null, null);
+            Assert.AreEqual(BucketTypeEnum.Couchbase, configInfo.BucketType);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource configInfo of type Couchbase.Configuration.PersistentConfigContext in method "Void ConfigInfoTests.Test_BucketType_Throws_NullConfigException_When_Config_Is_Null()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void ConfigInfoTests.Test_BucketType_Throws_NullConfigException_When_Config_Is_Null()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/Configuration/ConfigInfoTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+ConfigInfoTests.cs|Test_BucketType_Throws_NullConfigException_When_Config_Is_Null|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4b0edb81dc21bdcf659c418e09a14fcd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2807/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2807/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92312164e43cde470843337122cc91a67b02199a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2807/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Server.Serialization;
+using Couchbase.Core;
+using Couchbase.IO;
+using Couchbase.IO.Strategies.Awaitable;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.Helpers
+{
+    public static class ObjectFactory
+    {
+        internal static IOStrategy CreateIOStrategy(string server)
+        {
+            var connectionPool = new DefaultConnectionPool(new PoolConfiguration(), Server.GetEndPoint(server));
+            var ioStrategy = new AwaitableIOStrategy(connectionPool, null);
+            return ioStrategy;
+        }
+
+        internal static IOStrategy CreateIOStrategy(Node node)
+        {
+            var server = node.Hostname.Replace("8091", node.Ports.Direct.ToString());
+            var connectionPool = new DefaultConnectionPool(new PoolConfiguration(), Server.GetEndPoint(server));
+            var ioStrategy = new AwaitableIOStrategy(connectionPool, null);
+            return ioStrategy;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Couchbase.IO.Strategies.Awaitable.AwaitableIOStrategy, Leaked resource connectionPool of type Couchbase.IO.DefaultConnectionPool in method "IOStrategy ObjectFactory.CreateIOStrategy(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IOStrategy ObjectFactory.CreateIOStrategy(String)
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/Helpers/ObjectFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+ObjectFactory.cs|CreateIOStrategy|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+9cedda9d6982e4a8703e7704d7f18d5a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2809/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2809/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68a2a6a6c15d6ac259a65d57c45b86af8d1c400a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2809/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Configuration;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net.Http;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.N1QL;
+using Couchbase.Tests.Documents;
+using Couchbase.Views;
+using Newtonsoft.Json.Bson;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.N1QL
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class QueryClientTests
+    {
+        private readonly string _server = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["serverIp"];
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Create_Index()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+
+            var indexes = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "SELECT name FROM system:keyspaces");
+            foreach (var row in indexes.Rows)
+            {
+                if (row.name == "beer-sample")
+                {
+                    client.Query<dynamic>(uri, "DROP PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`");
+                }
+            }
+            const string query = "CREATE PRIMARY INDEX ON `beer-sample`";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_HelloWorld()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' AS Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.AreEqual("Hello World", result.Rows.First().Greeting.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Incorrect_Syntax()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT 'Hello World' ASB Greeting";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsFalse(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsEmpty(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_Where_Type_Is_Beer_As_Poco()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT abv, brewery_id, category, description, ibu, name, srm, style, type, upc, updated " +
+                "FROM `beer-sample` as beer " +
+                "WHERE beer.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<Beer>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+
+            var beer = result.Rows.First();
+            Assert.IsNotNullOrEmpty(beer.Name);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT * FROM `beer-sample` as d LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var uri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string query = "SELECT type, meta FROM `beer-sample` as d WHERE d.type='beer' LIMIT 10";
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(uri, query);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result);
+            Assert.IsTrue(result.Success);
+            Assert.IsNotNull(result.Rows);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void Test_Query_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_POST_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Post);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Positional_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$1 LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddPositionalParameter("beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public async void Test_QueryAsync_GET_Named_Parameters()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` WHERE type=$type LIMIT 10").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false).
+                AddNamedParameter("type", "beer").
+                HttpMethod(Method.Get);
+
+            var result = await client.QueryAsync<dynamic>(request);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(10, result.Rows.Count);
+            foreach (var row in result.Rows)
+            {
+                Console.WriteLine(row);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_True_Client_Uses_Prepared_Statement()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var serverUri = new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server));
+            const string statement = "SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100";
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var normalRequest = QueryRequest.Create(statement).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var preparedRequest = QueryRequest.Create(). //will set the plan later
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var resultNormal = client.Query<dynamic>(normalRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time normal request:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var plan = client.Prepare(serverUri, statement).Rows.First();
+            preparedRequest.Prepared(plan).
+                BaseUri(serverUri).
+                Pretty(false);
+            var resultPrepareExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time prepare statement + execute 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            var resultExecute = client.Query<dynamic>(preparedRequest);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time execute 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            Assert.IsTrue(preparedRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.IsFalse(normalRequest.IsPrepared);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultNormal.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultPrepareExecute.Status);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, resultExecute.Status);
+        }
+
+        [Test]
+        public void When_Prepared_Is_False_Client_Doesnt_Cache()
+        {
+            var config = new ClientConfiguration();
+            var client = new QueryClient(new HttpClient(), new JsonDataMapper(config), config);
+            var request = QueryRequest.Create("SELECT * from `beer-sample` LIMIT 100").
+                BaseUri(new Uri(string.Format("http://{0}:8093/query", _server))).
+                Pretty(false);
+
+            var stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Start();
+            var result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 1:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 2:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+
+            stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
+            stopWatch.Restart();
+            result = client.Query<dynamic>(request);
+            stopWatch.Stop();
+            Console.WriteLine("Elasped time 3:{0}", stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
+            Assert.AreEqual(QueryStatus.Success, result.Status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information          ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of System.Net.Http.HttpClient::.ctor() at Line 107) of type System.Net.Http.HttpClient in method "Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void QueryClientTests.Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer()
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/N1QL/QueryClientTests.cs
+
+### Key:
+QueryClientTests.cs|Test_Query_Select_All_Where_Type_Is_Beer|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+df926b7054334ba13a976dc55f96cef2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2831/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2831/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83db88ef61527c6e5ebc60936d3237ab2b141cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2831/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** couchbase-net-client
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Couchbase.Authentication.SASL;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Client;
+using Couchbase.Configuration.Server.Serialization;
+using Couchbase.Core;
+using Couchbase.IO;
+using Couchbase.IO.Strategies.Async;
+using Couchbase.IO.Strategies.Awaitable;
+
+namespace Couchbase.Tests.Helpers
+{
+    public static class ObjectFactory
+    {
+        internal static IOStrategy CreateIOStrategy(string server)
+        {
+            var connectionPool = new DefaultConnectionPool(new PoolConfiguration(), Server.GetEndPoint(server));
+            var ioStrategy = new SocketAsyncStrategy(connectionPool);
+            return ioStrategy;
+        }
+
+        internal static IOStrategy CreateIOStrategy(Node node)
+        {
+            var server = node.Hostname.Replace("8091", node.Ports.Direct.ToString());
+            var connectionPool = new DefaultConnectionPool(new PoolConfiguration(), Server.GetEndPoint(server));
+            var ioStrategy = new SocketAsyncStrategy(connectionPool);
+            return ioStrategy;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#region [ License information          ]
+
+/* ************************************************************
+ *
+ *    @author Couchbase <info@couchbase.com>
+ *    @copyright 2014 Couchbase, Inc.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * ************************************************************/
+
+#endregion
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource return of type Couchbase.IO.Strategies.Async.SocketAsyncStrategy, Leaked resource connectionPool of type Couchbase.IO.DefaultConnectionPool in method "IOStrategy ObjectFactory.CreateIOStrategy(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IOStrategy ObjectFactory.CreateIOStrategy(String)
+
+### File:
+Src/Couchbase.Tests/Helpers/ObjectFactory.cs
+
+### Key:
+ObjectFactory.cs|CreateIOStrategy|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+109d0ca7ab1aa2ac9d3639a15a27be55
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2838/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2838/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..36c9e093de51db8b0522de80f95b1561bd8f5cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2838/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** UniTask
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+#pragma warning disable CS1591 // Missing XML comment for publicly visible type or member
+
+using System;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Cysharp.Threading.Tasks
+{
+    public static class CancellationTokenExtensions
+    {
+        static readonly Action<object> cancellationTokenCallback = Callback;
+        static readonly Action<object> disposeCallback = DisposeCallback;
+
+        public static CancellationToken ToCancellationToken(this UniTask task)
+        {
+            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            ToCancellationTokenCore(task, cts).Forget();
+            return cts.Token;
+        }
+
+        public static CancellationToken ToCancellationToken(this UniTask task, CancellationToken linkToken)
+        {
+            if (linkToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                return linkToken;
+            }
+
+            if (!linkToken.CanBeCanceled)
+            {
+                return ToCancellationToken(task);
+            }
+
+            var cts = new CancellationTokenSource();
+            ToCancellationTokenCore(task, cts).Forget();
+
+            return CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cts.Token, linkToken).Token;
+        }
+
+        public static CancellationToken ToCancellationToken<T>(this UniTask<T> task)
+        {
+            return ToCancellationToken(task.AsUniTask());
+        }
+
+        public static CancellationToken ToCancellationToken<T>(this UniTask<T> task, CancellationToken linkToken)
+        {
+            return ToCancellationToken(task.AsUniTask(), linkToken);
+        }
+
+        static async UniTaskVoid ToCancellationTokenCore(UniTask task, CancellationTokenSource cts)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                await task;
+            }
+            catch (Exception ex)
+            {
+                UniTaskScheduler.PublishUnobservedTaskException(ex);
+            }
+            cts.Cancel();
+            cts.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public static (UniTask, CancellationTokenRegistration) ToUniTask(this CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            if (cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+            {
+                return (UniTask.FromCanceled(cancellationToken), default(CancellationTokenRegistration));
+            }
+
+            var promise = new UniTaskCompletionSource();
+            return (promise.Task, cancellationToken.RegisterWithoutCaptureExecutionContext(cancellationTokenCallback, promise));
+        }
+
+        static void Callback(object state)
+        {
+            var promise = (UniTaskCompletionSource)state;
+            promise.TrySetResult();
+        }
+
+        public static CancellationTokenAwaitable WaitUntilCanceled(this CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            return new CancellationTokenAwaitable(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public static CancellationTokenRegistration RegisterWithoutCaptureExecutionContext(this CancellationToken cancellationToken, Action callback)
+        {
+            var restoreFlow = false;
+            if (!ExecutionContext.IsFlowSuppressed())
+            {
+                ExecutionContext.SuppressFlow();
+                restoreFlow = true;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                return cancellationToken.Register(callback, false);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (restoreFlow)
+                {
+                    ExecutionContext.RestoreFlow();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static CancellationTokenRegistration RegisterWithoutCaptureExecutionContext(this CancellationToken cancellationToken, Action<object> callback, object state)
+        {
+            var restoreFlow = false;
+            if (!ExecutionContext.IsFlowSuppressed())
+            {
+                ExecutionContext.SuppressFlow();
+                restoreFlow = true;
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                return cancellationToken.Register(callback, state, false);
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (restoreFlow)
+                {
+                    ExecutionContext.RestoreFlow();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static CancellationTokenRegistration AddTo(this IDisposable disposable, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            return cancellationToken.RegisterWithoutCaptureExecutionContext(disposeCallback, disposable);
+        }
+
+        static void DisposeCallback(object state)
+        {
+            var d = (IDisposable)state;
+            d.Dispose();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public struct CancellationTokenAwaitable
+    {
+        CancellationToken cancellationToken;
+
+        public CancellationTokenAwaitable(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            this.cancellationToken = cancellationToken;
+        }
+
+        public Awaiter GetAwaiter()
+        {
+            return new Awaiter(cancellationToken);
+        }
+
+        public struct Awaiter : ICriticalNotifyCompletion
+        {
+            CancellationToken cancellationToken;
+
+            public Awaiter(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+            {
+                this.cancellationToken = cancellationToken;
+            }
+
+            public bool IsCompleted => !cancellationToken.CanBeCanceled || cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested;
+
+            public void GetResult()
+            {
+            }
+
+            public void OnCompleted(Action continuation)
+            {
+                UnsafeOnCompleted(continuation);
+            }
+
+            public void UnsafeOnCompleted(Action continuation)
+            {
+                cancellationToken.RegisterWithoutCaptureExecutionContext(continuation);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource cts of type System.Threading.CancellationTokenSource in method "CancellationToken CancellationTokenExtensions.ToCancellationToken(UniTask,CancellationToken)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+CancellationToken CancellationTokenExtensions.ToCancellationToken(UniTask,CancellationToken)
+
+### File:
+src/UniTask/Assets/Plugins/UniTask/Runtime/CancellationTokenExtensions.cs
+
+### Key:
+CancellationTokenExtensions.cs|ToCancellationToken|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+0b8e2a79c06cc343404b9889cacfe7a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2852/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2852/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dde7abd485b40fb498825dfb43a40a35e0c85566
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2852/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1624 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** P
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Microsoft.Pc.Backend.ASTExt;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker.AST;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker.AST.Declarations;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker.AST.Expressions;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker.AST.Statements;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker.AST.States;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker.Types;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Pc.Backend.Prt
+{
+    public class PrtCodeGenerator : ICodeGenerator
+    {
+        public IEnumerable<CompiledFile> GenerateCode(ICompilationJob job, Scope globalScope)
+        {
+            return PrtCodeGeneratorImpl.GenerateCode(job, globalScope);
+        }
+    }
+
+    internal class PrtCodeGeneratorImpl
+    {
+        private readonly CompilationContext context;
+
+        private PrtCodeGeneratorImpl(CompilationContext context)
+        {
+            this.context = context;
+        }
+
+        public static IEnumerable<CompiledFile> GenerateCode(ICompilationJob job, Scope globalScope)
+        {
+            var context = new CompilationContext(job);
+            var generator = new PrtCodeGeneratorImpl(context);
+            CompiledFile cHeader = generator.GenerateHeaderFile(globalScope);
+            CompiledFile cSource = generator.GenerateSourceFile(globalScope);
+            return new List<CompiledFile> {cHeader, cSource};
+        }
+
+        private const string FunCallArgsArrayName = "_P_GEN_funargs";
+        private const string FunCallRetValName = "_P_GEN_funval";
+        private const string FunResultValName = "_P_GEN_retval";
+        private const string FunNullStaticName = "_P_GEN_null";
+
+        #region Top-level generation methods
+
+        private CompiledFile GenerateHeaderFile(Scope globalScope)
+        {
+            var cHeader = new CompiledFile(context.HeaderFileName);
+
+            WriteHeaderPrologue(cHeader.Stream);
+            foreach (IPDecl decl in globalScope.AllDecls)
+            {
+                WriteExternDeclaration(cHeader.Stream, decl);
+            }
+
+            WriteHeaderEpilogue(cHeader.Stream);
+            return cHeader;
+        }
+
+        private CompiledFile GenerateSourceFile(Scope globalScope)
+        {
+            var cSource = new CompiledFile(context.SourceFileName);
+            // Write includes and common macros, if any
+            WriteSourcePrologue(cSource.Stream);
+
+            // Write the machine and function bodies into temporary buffer
+            var bodyWriter = new StringWriter();
+            foreach (IPDecl decl in globalScope.AllDecls)
+            {
+                WriteSourceDecl(bodyWriter, decl);
+            }
+
+            // Write all the type definitions and function implementation prototypes
+            context.WriteLine(cSource.Stream, "// Type universe for program:");
+            foreach (PLanguageType type in context.UsedTypes.ToArray())
+            {
+                WriteTypeDefinition(cSource.Stream, type);
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(cSource.Stream);
+
+            context.WriteLine(cSource.Stream, "// Function implementation prototypes:");
+            foreach (Function function in globalScope.GetAllMethods())
+            {
+                string functionName = context.Names.GetNameForFunctionImpl(function);
+                context.WriteLine(cSource.Stream,
+                    $"PRT_VALUE* {functionName}(PRT_MACHINEINST* context, PRT_VALUE*** argRefs);");
+                if (!function.IsForeign)
+                {
+                    context.WriteLine(cSource.Stream, $"extern PRT_FUNDECL {context.Names.GetNameForDecl(function)};");
+                }
+
+                context.WriteLine(cSource.Stream);
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(cSource.Stream);
+
+            // Append all the function bodies and declaration structs (which have forward declarations in the header)
+            cSource.Stream.GetStringBuilder().Append(bodyWriter);
+
+            // Finally, write the overall program decl
+            WriteProgramDecl(cSource.Stream, globalScope);
+            return cSource;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Declaration level methods
+
+        private void WriteSourcePrologue(TextWriter output)
+        {
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"#include \"{context.HeaderFileName}\"");
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+        }
+
+        private void WriteSourceDecl(TextWriter output, IPDecl decl)
+        {
+            string declName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(decl);
+            var declLocation = context.LocationResolver.GetLocation(decl);
+            switch (decl)
+            {
+                case EnumElem _:
+                    // Member of a type. Instantitated by usage.
+                    return;
+                case PEnum _:
+                    // Declares a type. Instantitated by usage.
+                    return;
+                case Function function:
+                    if (!function.IsForeign)
+                    {
+                        WriteNormalFunction(output, function);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case Implementation _:
+                    // does not produce a struct definition - aside from ProgramDecl
+                    return;
+                case Interface @interface:
+                    string ifaceRecvSetName;
+                    if (@interface.ReceivableEvents is NamedEventSet set)
+                    {
+                        ifaceRecvSetName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(set);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var interfaceEventSet = new NamedEventSet(@interface.Name + "_RECV", @interface.SourceLocation);
+                        interfaceEventSet.AddEvents(@interface.ReceivableEvents.Events);
+                        WriteSourceDecl(output, interfaceEventSet);
+                        ifaceRecvSetName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(interfaceEventSet);
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {declLocation.Line} \"{declLocation.File.Name}\"");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_INTERFACEDECL {declName} =");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{context.GetDeclNumber(@interface)}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"\"{@interface.Name}\",");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{context.Names.GetNameForType(@interface.PayloadType)},");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{ifaceRecvSetName}");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+                    break;
+                case Machine machine:
+                    var machineFields = machine.Fields.ToList();
+                    var fieldArrayName = "NULL";
+                    if (machineFields.Any())
+                    {
+                        fieldArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{machine.Name}_VARS");
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VARDECL {fieldArrayName}[] = {{");
+                        for (var i = 0; i < machineFields.Count; i++)
+                        {
+                            Variable field = machineFields[i];
+                            string sep = i == machineFields.Count - 1 ? "" : ",";
+                            context.WriteLine(output,
+                                $"{{ \"{field.Name}\", &{context.Names.GetNameForType(field.Type)} }}{sep}");
+                        }
+
+                        context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+                        context.WriteLine(output);
+                    }
+
+                    var machineStates = machine.AllStates().ToList();
+                    var machineStatesInOrder = new State[machineStates.Count];
+                    foreach (State state in machineStates)
+                    {
+                        WriteSourceDecl(output, state);
+                        machineStatesInOrder[context.GetDeclNumber(state)] = state;
+                    }
+
+                    string stateArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{machine.Name}_STATES");
+                    string stateArrayBody =
+                        string.Join(", ", machineStatesInOrder.Select(st => context.Names.GetNameForDecl(st)));
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_STATEDECL {stateArrayName}[] = {{ {stateArrayBody} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output);
+
+                    var machineMethods = machine.Methods.ToList();
+                    foreach (Function machineMethod in machineMethods)
+                    {
+                        WriteSourceDecl(output, machineMethod);
+                    }
+
+                    var methodArrayName = "NULL";
+                    if (machineMethods.Any())
+                    {
+                        methodArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{machine.Name}_METHODS");
+                        string methodArrayBody =
+                            string.Join(", ", machineMethods.Select(m => $"&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(m)}"));
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FUNDECL* {methodArrayName}[] = {{ {methodArrayBody} }};");
+                        context.WriteLine(output);
+                    }
+
+                    string machineRecvSetName = GetReceivesNameOrMkTemp(output, machine);
+                    string machineSendSetName = GetSendsNameOrMkTemp(output, machine);
+                    var machineCreatesName = "NULL";
+                    if (machine.Creates.Interfaces.Any())
+                    {
+                        var createsInterfaces = machine.Creates.Interfaces.ToList();
+                        machineCreatesName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{machine.Name}_CREATES");
+                        string createsArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{machine.Name}_CREATES_ARR");
+                        string createsArrayBody = string.Join(", ", createsInterfaces.Select(context.GetDeclNumber));
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_UINT32 {createsArrayName}[] = {{ {createsArrayBody} }};");
+                        context.WriteLine(
+                            output,
+                            $"PRT_INTERFACESETDECL {machineCreatesName} = {{ {createsInterfaces.Count}, {createsArrayName} }};");
+                        machineCreatesName = "&" + machineCreatesName;
+                    }
+
+                    uint maxQueueSize = machine.Assert ?? uint.MaxValue;
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {declLocation.Line} \"{declLocation.File.Name}\"");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_MACHINEDECL {declName} = ");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{context.GetDeclNumber(machine)}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"\"{machine.Name}\",");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{machineRecvSetName},");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{machineSendSetName},");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{machineCreatesName},");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{machineFields.Count}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{machineStatesInOrder.Length}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{machineMethods.Count}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{maxQueueSize}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{context.GetDeclNumber(machine.StartState)}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{fieldArrayName},");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{stateArrayName},");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{methodArrayName}");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+
+                    break;
+                case NamedEventSet namedEventSet:
+                    string innerSetName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName(namedEventSet.Name + "_INNER");
+                    var eventDeclNames = namedEventSet.Events.Select(x => "&" + context.Names.GetNameForDecl(x))
+                        .ToList();
+                    string eventDeclArrBody = string.Join(", ", eventDeclNames);
+                    eventDeclArrBody = string.IsNullOrEmpty(eventDeclArrBody) ? "NULL" : eventDeclArrBody;
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {declLocation.Line} \"{declLocation.File.Name}\"");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_EVENTDECL* {innerSetName}[] = {{ {eventDeclArrBody} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_EVENTSETDECL {declName} =");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{eventDeclNames.Count}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{innerSetName},");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "NULL");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+                    break;
+                case NamedModule _:
+                    // does not produce a struct definition
+                    return;
+                case PEvent pEvent when pEvent.IsBuiltIn:
+                    return;
+                case PEvent pEvent when !pEvent.IsBuiltIn:
+                    long eventBound = Math.Min(pEvent.Assert == -1 ? uint.MaxValue : (uint) pEvent.Assert,
+                        pEvent.Assume == -1 ? uint.MaxValue : (uint) pEvent.Assume);
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {declLocation.Line} \"{declLocation.File.Name}\"");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_EVENTDECL {declName} = ");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{ PRT_VALUE_KIND_EVENT, 0U },");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"\"{pEvent.Name}\",");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{eventBound}U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{context.Names.GetNameForType(pEvent.PayloadType)}");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+                    break;
+                case RefinementTest _:
+                    // does not produce a struct definition
+                    return;
+                case SafetyTest _:
+                    // does not produce a struct definition
+                    return;
+                case TypeDef typeDef:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {declLocation.Line} \"{declLocation.File.Name}\"");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_TYPE* {declName} = &{context.Names.GetNameForType(typeDef.Type)};");
+                    return;
+                case Variable _:
+                    // does not produce a struct definition
+                    // handled by MachineDecl.
+                    return;
+                case State state:
+                    string stateEntryFunName = state.Entry == null
+                        ? "&_P_NO_OP"
+                        : $"&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(state.Entry)}";
+                    string stateExitFunName =
+                        state.Exit == null ? "&_P_NO_OP" : $"&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(state.Exit)}";
+
+                    int stateIndex = context.GetDeclNumber(state);
+                    PrtTranslationUtils.StateActionResults stateData =
+                        PrtTranslationUtils.BuildActionSets(context, state);
+
+                    WriteSourceDecl(output, stateData.DefersSet);
+                    WriteSourceDecl(output, stateData.TransSet);
+                    WriteSourceDecl(output, stateData.DosSet);
+
+                    var transArrName = "NULL";
+                    if (stateData.Trans.Count != 0)
+                    {
+                        transArrName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("TRANS");
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_TRANSDECL {transArrName}[] =");
+                        context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                        for (var i = 0; i < stateData.Trans.Count; i++)
+                        {
+                            (PEvent triggerEvent, int destIndex, string transFunRef) = stateData.Trans[i];
+                            string triggerName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(triggerEvent);
+                            string comma = i == stateData.Trans.Count - 1 ? "" : ",";
+                            context.WriteLine(output,
+                                $"{{ {stateIndex}, &{triggerName}, {destIndex}, {transFunRef} }}{comma}");
+                        }
+
+                        context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+                        context.WriteLine(output);
+                    }
+
+
+                    var dosArrName = "NULL";
+                    if (stateData.Dos.Count != 0)
+                    {
+                        dosArrName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("DOS");
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_DODECL {dosArrName}[] =");
+                        context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                        for (var i = 0; i < stateData.Dos.Count; i++)
+                        {
+                            (PEvent triggerEvent, Function doFun) = stateData.Dos[i];
+                            string triggerName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(triggerEvent);
+                            string comma = i == stateData.Dos.Count - 1 ? "" : ",";
+                            string funName = doFun != null ? $"&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(doFun)}" : "NULL";
+                            context.WriteLine(output, $"{{ {stateIndex}, &{triggerName}, {funName} }}{comma}");
+                        }
+
+                        context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+                        context.WriteLine(output);
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {declLocation.Line} \"{declLocation.File.Name}\"");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"#define {declName} \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{ \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"\"{state.QualifiedName}\", \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{stateData.Trans.Count}U, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{stateData.Dos.Count}U, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(stateData.DefersSet)}, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(stateData.TransSet)}, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(stateData.DosSet)}, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{transArrName}, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{dosArrName}, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{stateEntryFunName}, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{stateExitFunName}, \\");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+                    break;
+                case StateGroup stateGroup:
+                    foreach (State state in stateGroup.States)
+                    {
+                        WriteSourceDecl(output, state);
+                    }
+
+                    foreach (StateGroup subGroup in stateGroup.Groups)
+                    {
+                        WriteSourceDecl(output, subGroup);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+        }
+
+        private void WriteNormalFunction(TextWriter output, Function function)
+        {
+            string declName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(function);
+            var declLocation = context.LocationResolver.GetLocation(function);
+
+            string functionImplName = context.Names.GetNameForFunctionImpl(function);
+            bool isAnon = string.IsNullOrEmpty(function.Name);
+            string functionName = isAnon ? "NULL" : $"\"{function.Name}\"";
+            var signature = function.Signature.ParameterTypes.ToList();
+            Debug.Assert((isAnon && signature.Count <= 1) || !isAnon);
+            string payloadType = isAnon && signature.Count == 1
+                ? $"&{context.Names.GetNameForType(signature[0])}"
+                : "NULL";
+
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {declLocation.Line} \"{declLocation.File.Name}\"");
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {functionImplName}(PRT_MACHINEINST* context, PRT_VALUE*** argRefs)");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+            WriteFunctionBody(output, function);
+            context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FUNDECL {declName} =");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"{functionName},"); // name of function in original program, NULL if anon
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"&{functionImplName},"); // pointer to implementation
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"{payloadType}"); // payload type for anonymous functions
+            context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+        }
+
+        private string WriteTypeDefinition(TextWriter output, PLanguageType type)
+        {
+            type = type.Canonicalize();
+
+            string typeGenName = context.Names.GetNameForType(type);
+
+            if (context.WrittenTypes.Contains(type))
+            {
+                return typeGenName;
+            }
+
+            switch (type)
+            {
+                case BoundedType boundedType:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// TODO: implement types like {boundedType.CanonicalRepresentation}");
+                    break;
+                case EnumType _:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_INT, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case ForeignType foreignType:
+                    string foreignTypeName = foreignType.CanonicalRepresentation;
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"extern PRT_UINT64 PRT_FOREIGN_MKDEF_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL(void);");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"extern PRT_UINT64 PRT_FOREIGN_CLONE_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL(PRT_UINT64);");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"extern void PRT_FOREIGN_FREE_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL(PRT_UINT64);");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"extern PRT_UINT32 PRT_FOREIGN_GETHASHCODE_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL(PRT_UINT64);");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"extern PRT_BOOLEAN PRT_FOREIGN_ISEQUAL_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL(PRT_UINT64, PRT_UINT64);");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"extern PRT_STRING PRT_FOREIGN_TOSTRING_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL(PRT_UINT64);");
+
+                    string foreignTypeDeclName = context.Names.GetNameForForeignTypeDecl(foreignType);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_FOREIGNTYPEDECL {foreignTypeDeclName} = {{");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "0U,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"\"{foreignTypeName}\",");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FOREIGN_MKDEF_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FOREIGN_CLONE_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FOREIGN_FREE_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FOREIGN_GETHASHCODE_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FOREIGN_ISEQUAL_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FOREIGN_TOSTRING_{foreignTypeName}_IMPL,");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_FOREIGN, {{ .foreignType = &{foreignTypeDeclName} }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case MapType mapType:
+                    string mapKeyTypeName = WriteTypeDefinition(output, mapType.KeyType);
+                    string mapValueTypeName = WriteTypeDefinition(output, mapType.ValueType);
+                    string mapTypeDeclName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("MAPTYPE");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"static PRT_MAPTYPE {mapTypeDeclName} = {{ &{mapKeyTypeName}, &{mapValueTypeName} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_MAP, {{ .map = &{mapTypeDeclName} }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case NamedTupleType namedTupleType:
+                    string ntNamesArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("NMDTUP_N");
+                    string ntTypesArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("NMDTUP_T");
+                    string ntStructName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("NMDTUP");
+                    var typeDeclNames = namedTupleType.Types.Select(t => WriteTypeDefinition(output, t));
+                    context.WriteLine(
+                        output,
+                        $"static PRT_STRING {ntNamesArrayName}[] = {{ {string.Join(", ", namedTupleType.Names.Select(name => "\"" + name + "\""))} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(
+                        output,
+                        $"static PRT_TYPE* {ntTypesArrayName}[] = {{ {string.Join(", ", typeDeclNames.Select(name => "&" + name))} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(
+                        output,
+                        $"static PRT_NMDTUPTYPE {ntStructName} = {{ {namedTupleType.Types.Count}U, {ntNamesArrayName}, {ntTypesArrayName} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_NMDTUP, {{ .nmTuple = &{ntStructName} }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PermissionType _:
+                    // TODO: implement full permission types in runtime
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "// TODO: implement full permission types in runtime");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_MACHINE, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType when Equals(primitiveType, PrimitiveType.Null):
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_NULL, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType when Equals(primitiveType, PrimitiveType.Int):
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_INT, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType when Equals(primitiveType, PrimitiveType.Float):
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_FLOAT, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType when Equals(primitiveType, PrimitiveType.Bool):
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_BOOL, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType when Equals(primitiveType, PrimitiveType.Machine):
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_MACHINE, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType when Equals(primitiveType, PrimitiveType.Event):
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_EVENT, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType when Equals(primitiveType, PrimitiveType.Any):
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_ANY, {{ NULL }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveType primitiveType:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// TODO: implement types like {primitiveType.CanonicalRepresentation}");
+                    break;
+                case SequenceType sequenceType:
+                    string seqElementTypeName = WriteTypeDefinition(output, sequenceType.ElementType);
+                    string seqTypeDeclName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("SEQTYPE");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"static PRT_SEQTYPE {seqTypeDeclName} = {{ &{seqElementTypeName} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_SEQ, {{ .seq = &{seqTypeDeclName} }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case TupleType tupleType:
+                    string tupTypesArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("TUP_T");
+                    string tupStructName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("TUP");
+                    var tupTypeDeclNames = tupleType.Types.Select(t => WriteTypeDefinition(output, t));
+                    context.WriteLine(
+                        output,
+                        $"static PRT_TYPE* {tupTypesArrayName}[] = {{ {string.Join(", ", tupTypeDeclNames.Select(n => "&" + n))} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"static PRT_TUPTYPE {tupStructName} = {{ {tupleType.Types.Count}U, {tupTypesArrayName} }};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"static PRT_TYPE {typeGenName} = {{ PRT_KIND_TUPLE, {{ .tuple = &{tupStructName} }} }};");
+                    break;
+                case TypeDefType _:
+                    Debug.Fail("typedefs shouldn't be possible after canonicalization");
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(type),
+                        "typedefs shouldn't be possible after canonicalization");
+            }
+
+            context.WrittenTypes.Add(type);
+            return typeGenName;
+        }
+
+        private void WriteProgramDecl(TextWriter output, Scope globalScope)
+        {
+            // generate event array
+            string eventArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("ALL_EVENTS");
+            var eventsInOrder = PrtTranslationUtils.ToOrderedListByPermutation(globalScope.Events, context.GetDeclNumber);
+            string eventArrayBody = string.Join(", ", eventsInOrder.Select(ev => "&" + context.Names.GetNameForDecl(ev)));
+            eventArrayBody = string.IsNullOrEmpty(eventArrayBody) ? "NULL" : eventArrayBody;
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_EVENTDECL* {eventArrayName}[] = {{ {eventArrayBody} }};");
+
+            // generate machine array
+            string machineArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("ALL_MACHINES");
+            string machineArrayBody = string.Join(", ", PrtTranslationUtils
+                .ToOrderedListByPermutation(globalScope.Machines, context.GetDeclNumber)
+                .Select(ev => "&" + context.Names.GetNameForDecl(ev)));
+            machineArrayBody = string.IsNullOrEmpty(machineArrayBody) ? "NULL" : machineArrayBody;
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_MACHINEDECL* {machineArrayName}[] = {{ {machineArrayBody} }};");
+
+            // generate interface array
+            string interfaceArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("ALL_INTERFACES");
+            string interfaceArrayBody = string.Join(", ", PrtTranslationUtils
+                .ToOrderedListByPermutation(globalScope.Interfaces, context.GetDeclNumber)
+                .Select(ev => "&" + context.Names.GetNameForDecl(ev)));
+            interfaceArrayBody = string.IsNullOrEmpty(interfaceArrayBody) ? "NULL" : interfaceArrayBody;
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_INTERFACEDECL* {interfaceArrayName}[] = {{ {interfaceArrayBody} }};");
+
+            // generate functions array
+            var allFunctions = globalScope.Functions.Where(f => !f.IsForeign).ToList();
+            string funcArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("ALL_FUNCTIONS");
+            string funcArrayBody =
+                string.Join(", ", allFunctions.Select(ev => "&" + context.Names.GetNameForDecl(ev)));
+            funcArrayBody = string.IsNullOrEmpty(funcArrayBody) ? "NULL" : funcArrayBody;
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_FUNDECL* {funcArrayName}[] = {{ {funcArrayBody} }};");
+
+            // generate foreign types array
+            var foreignTypes = context.WrittenTypes.Where(t => t is ForeignType).Cast<ForeignType>().ToList();
+            string foreignTypesArrayName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("ALL_FOREIGN_TYPES");
+            string foreignTypesArrayBody = string.Join(", ",
+                foreignTypes
+                    .Select(t => $"&{context.Names.GetNameForForeignTypeDecl(t)}"));
+            foreignTypesArrayBody = string.IsNullOrEmpty(foreignTypesArrayBody) ? "NULL" : foreignTypesArrayBody;
+            context.WriteLine(output,
+                $"PRT_FOREIGNTYPEDECL* {foreignTypesArrayName}[] = {{ {foreignTypesArrayBody} }};");
+
+            foreach (Implementation impl in globalScope.Implementations)
+            {
+                var linkMap = impl.ModExpr.ModuleInfo.LinkMap;
+
+                var trueLinkMap = ResolveLinkMap(globalScope, linkMap);
+                var mapNames = Enumerable.Repeat("NULL", trueLinkMap.Length).ToArray();
+                for (var i = 0; i < trueLinkMap.Length; i++)
+                {
+                    var iMap = trueLinkMap[i];
+                    if (iMap != null)
+                    {
+                        string mapTmpName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{impl.Name}_LME_{i}");
+                        mapNames[i] = mapTmpName;
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"int {mapTmpName}[] = {{ {string.Join(",", iMap)} }};");
+                    }
+                }
+
+                string linkMapName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{impl.Name}_LINKMAP");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"int* {linkMapName}[] = {{ {string.Join(", ", mapNames)} }};");
+
+                var machineDefMap = impl.ModExpr.ModuleInfo.InterfaceDef;
+                string machineDefMapName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName($"{impl.Name}_DEFMAP");
+                var realMachineDefMap = Enumerable.Repeat(-1, trueLinkMap.Length).ToArray();
+                foreach (var linking in machineDefMap)
+                {
+                    realMachineDefMap[context.GetDeclNumber(linking.Key)] = context.GetDeclNumber(linking.Value);
+                }
+
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"int {machineDefMapName}[] = {{ {string.Join(",", realMachineDefMap)} }};");
+
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_PROGRAMDECL {context.Names.GetNameForDecl(impl)} = {{");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{globalScope.Events.Count()}U,");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{globalScope.Machines.Count()}U,");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{globalScope.Interfaces.Count()}U,");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{allFunctions.Count}U,");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{foreignTypes.Count}U,");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{eventArrayName},");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{machineArrayName},");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{interfaceArrayName},");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{funcArrayName},");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{foreignTypesArrayName},");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{linkMapName},");
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"{machineDefMapName}");
+                context.WriteLine(output, "};");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private int[][] ResolveLinkMap(Scope globalScope, IDictionary<Interface, IDictionary<Interface, Interface>> linkMap)
+        {
+            int nInterfaces = globalScope.Interfaces.Count();
+            var maps = new int[nInterfaces][];
+            foreach (var keyValuePair in linkMap)
+            {
+                int firstInterfaceIndex = context.GetDeclNumber(keyValuePair.Key);
+                Debug.Assert(maps[firstInterfaceIndex] == null);
+                maps[firstInterfaceIndex] = Enumerable.Repeat(-1, nInterfaces).ToArray();
+
+                foreach (var finalMapping in keyValuePair.Value)
+                {
+                    int secondInterfaceIndex = context.GetDeclNumber(finalMapping.Key);
+                    int finalInterfaceIndex = context.GetDeclNumber(finalMapping.Value);
+                    maps[firstInterfaceIndex][secondInterfaceIndex] = finalInterfaceIndex;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return maps;
+        }
+
+        private string GetReceivesNameOrMkTemp(TextWriter output, Machine machine)
+        {
+            string eventSetName;
+            if (machine.Receives is NamedEventSet mRecvSet)
+            {
+                eventSetName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(mRecvSet);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var machineTempRecvSet = new NamedEventSet(machine.Name + "_RECV", machine.SourceLocation);
+                machineTempRecvSet.AddEvents(machine.Receives.Events);
+                WriteSourceDecl(output, machineTempRecvSet);
+                eventSetName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(machineTempRecvSet);
+            }
+
+            return eventSetName;
+        }
+
+        private string GetSendsNameOrMkTemp(TextWriter output, Machine machine)
+        {
+            string eventSetName;
+            if (machine.Sends is NamedEventSet mSendSet)
+            {
+                eventSetName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(mSendSet);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                var machineTempSendSet = new NamedEventSet(machine.Name + "_SEND", machine.SourceLocation);
+                machineTempSendSet.AddEvents(machine.Sends.Events);
+                WriteSourceDecl(output, machineTempSendSet);
+                eventSetName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(machineTempSendSet);
+            }
+
+            return eventSetName;
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Function body methods
+
+        private void WriteFunctionBody(TextWriter output, Function function)
+        {
+            var funLocation = context.LocationResolver.GetLocation(function);
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {funLocation.Line} \"{funLocation.File.Name}\"");
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < function.Signature.Parameters.Count; i++)
+            {
+                Variable argument = function.Signature.Parameters[i];
+                string varName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(argument);
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE** {varName} = argRefs[{i}];");
+            }
+
+            foreach (Variable localVariable in function.LocalVariables)
+            {
+                string varName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(localVariable);
+                string varTypeName = context.Names.GetNameForType(localVariable.Type);
+                // TODO: optimize away PrtMkDefaultValue if liveness shows no usages before assignments.
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {varName} = PrtMkDefaultValue(&{varTypeName});");
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {FunCallRetValName} = NULL;");
+            // TODO: figure out how many args are actually necessary based on function calls.
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE** {FunCallArgsArrayName}[32];");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "PRT_MACHINEINST_PRIV* p_this = (PRT_MACHINEINST_PRIV*)context;");
+            if (function.Signature.ReturnType.IsSameTypeAs(PrimitiveType.Null))
+            {
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {FunResultValName} = NULL;");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                string nameForReturnType = context.Names.GetNameForType(function.Signature.ReturnType);
+                context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {FunResultValName} = PrtMkDefaultValue(&{nameForReturnType});");
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+
+            // Write the body into a temporary buffer so that forward declarations can be found and added
+            var bodyWriter = new StringWriter();
+            var bodyLocation = context.LocationResolver.GetLocation(function.Body);
+            context.WriteLine(bodyWriter, $"#line {bodyLocation.Line} \"{bodyLocation.File.Name}\"");
+
+            foreach (IPStmt stmt in function.Body.Statements)
+            {
+                WriteStmt(bodyWriter, function, stmt);
+            }
+
+            bodyWriter.WriteLine($"{context.Names.GetReturnLabel(function)}:");
+            foreach (Variable localVariable in function.LocalVariables)
+            {
+                string varName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(localVariable);
+                context.WriteLine(bodyWriter, $"PrtFreeValue({varName}); {varName} = NULL;");
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(bodyWriter, $"return {FunResultValName};");
+
+            // Write gathered literals to the prologue
+            context.WriteLine(output,
+                $"PRT_VALUE {FunNullStaticName} = {{ PRT_VALUE_KIND_NULL, {{ .ev = PRT_SPECIAL_EVENT_NULL }} }};");
+
+            foreach (var literal in context.GetRegisteredIntLiterals(function))
+            {
+                context.WriteLine(output,
+                    $"PRT_VALUE {literal.Value} = {{ PRT_VALUE_KIND_INT, {{ .nt = {literal.Key} }} }};");
+            }
+
+            foreach (var literal in context.GetRegisteredFloatLiterals(function))
+            {
+                context.WriteLine(output,
+                    $"PRT_VALUE {literal.Value} = {{ PRT_VALUE_KIND_FLOAT, {{ .ft = {literal.Key} }} }};");
+            }
+
+            foreach (var literal in context.GetRegisteredBoolLiterals(function))
+            {
+                context.WriteLine(
+                    output,
+                    $"PRT_VALUE {literal.Value} = {{ PRT_VALUE_KIND_BOOL, {{ .bl = {(literal.Key ? "PRT_TRUE" : "PRT_FALSE")} }} }};");
+            }
+
+            output.Write(bodyWriter);
+        }
+
+        private string GetVariableReference(Function function, IVariableRef variableRef)
+        {
+            return $"&({GetVariablePointer(function, variableRef.Variable)})";
+        }
+
+        private void WriteStmt(TextWriter output, Function function, IPStmt stmt)
+        {
+            var stmtLocation = context.LocationResolver.GetLocation(stmt);
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"#line {stmtLocation.Line} \"{stmtLocation.File.Name}\"");
+            switch (stmt)
+            {
+                case AnnounceStmt _:
+                    // TODO: Ankush needs to implement this in Prt
+                    break;
+                case AssertStmt assertStmt:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtAssert(PrtPrimGetBool(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, assertStmt.Assertion);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"), \"{assertStmt.Message}\");");
+                    break;
+                case AssignStmt assignStmt:
+                    // Lookup lvalue
+                    string lvalName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("LVALUE");
+                    context.Write(output, $"PRT_VALUE** {lvalName} = &(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, assignStmt.Location);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+
+                    // Free old value
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PrtFreeValue(*{lvalName});");
+
+                    // Assign new value
+                    context.Write(output, $"*{lvalName} = ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, assignStmt.Value);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ";");
+                    break;
+                case CompoundStmt compoundStmt:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                    foreach (IPStmt pStmt in compoundStmt.Statements)
+                    {
+                        WriteStmt(output, function, pStmt);
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+                    break;
+                case CtorStmt ctorStmt:
+                    context.Write(
+                        output,
+                        $"PrtMkInterface(context, {context.GetDeclNumber(ctorStmt.Interface)}, {ctorStmt.Arguments.Count}");
+                    foreach (IPExpr pExpr in ctorStmt.Arguments)
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(pExpr is IVariableRef);
+                        var argVar = (IVariableRef) pExpr;
+                        context.Write(output, $", {GetVariableReference(function, argVar)}");
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+                    break;
+                case FunCallStmt funCallStmt:
+                    string funImplName = context.Names.GetNameForFunctionImpl(funCallStmt.Fun);
+                    var funArgs = funCallStmt.ArgsList.Cast<ILinearRef>().ToList();
+
+                    // Put all the arguments in the args array
+                    foreach (var arg in funArgs.Select((arg, i) => new {arg, i}))
+                    {
+                        context.WriteLine(
+                            output, $"{FunCallArgsArrayName}[{arg.i}] = {GetVariableReference(function, arg.arg)};");
+                    }
+
+                    // Call the function and immediately free the value
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PrtFreeValue({funImplName}(context, {FunCallArgsArrayName}));");
+
+                    // Free and set to null all the moved arguments
+                    var toFree = funArgs.Where(arg => arg.LinearType.Equals(LinearType.Move))
+                        .Select(arg => GetVariablePointer(function, arg.Variable));
+                    foreach (string argName in toFree)
+                    {
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"PrtFreeValue({argName});");
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"{argName} = NULL;");
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case GotoStmt gotoStmt:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "PrtFreeTriggerPayload(p_this);");
+
+                    int destStateIndex = context.GetDeclNumber(gotoStmt.State);
+                    context.Write(output, $"PrtGoto(p_this, {destStateIndex}U, ");
+                    if (gotoStmt.Payload != null)
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(gotoStmt.Payload is IVariableRef);
+                        var gotoArg = (IVariableRef) gotoStmt.Payload;
+                        context.Write(output, $"1, {GetVariableReference(function, gotoArg)}");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        context.Write(output, "0");
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+                    break;
+                case IfStmt ifStmt:
+                    context.Write(output, "if (PrtPrimGetBool(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, ifStmt.Condition);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "))");
+                    WriteStmt(output, function, ifStmt.ThenBranch);
+                    if (ifStmt.ElseBranch != null)
+                    {
+                        context.WriteLine(output, "else");
+                        WriteStmt(output, function, ifStmt.ElseBranch);
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case InsertStmt insertStmt:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtSeqInsertEx(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, insertStmt.Variable);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, insertStmt.Index);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    Debug.Assert(insertStmt.Value is IVariableRef);
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, insertStmt.Value);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ", PRT_FALSE);");
+                    var insertValueVar = (IVariableRef) insertStmt.Value;
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"*({GetVariableReference(function, insertValueVar)}) = NULL;");
+                    break;
+                case MoveAssignStmt moveAssignStmt:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                    string movedVarName = GetVariablePointer(function, moveAssignStmt.FromVariable);
+
+                    // Get reference to old value
+                    string movedLValue = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("LVALUE");
+                    context.Write(output, $"PRT_VALUE** {movedLValue} = &(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, moveAssignStmt.ToLocation);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+
+                    // Free old value
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PrtFreeValue(*{movedLValue});");
+
+                    // Move variable to lvalue location
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"*{movedLValue} = {movedVarName};");
+
+                    // Null out old variable
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{movedVarName} = NULL;");
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+                    break;
+                case NoStmt _:
+                    return;
+                case PopStmt _:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "PrtFreeTriggerPayload(p_this);");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "PrtPop(p_this);");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"goto {context.Names.GetReturnLabel(function)};");
+                    break;
+                case PrintStmt printStmt:
+                    WritePrintStmt(output, printStmt, function);
+                    break;
+                case RaiseStmt raiseStmt:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "PrtFreeTriggerPayload(p_this);");
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtRaise(p_this, ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, raiseStmt.PEvent);
+                    context.Write(output, $", {raiseStmt.Payload.Count}");
+                    foreach (IPExpr pExpr in raiseStmt.Payload)
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(pExpr is IVariableRef);
+                        var argVar = (IVariableRef) pExpr;
+                        context.Write(output, $", {GetVariableReference(function, argVar)}");
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+
+                    Debug.Assert(raiseStmt.PEvent is IVariableRef);
+                    var raiseEventVar = (IVariableRef) raiseStmt.PEvent;
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"*({GetVariableReference(function, raiseEventVar)}) = NULL;");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"goto {context.Names.GetReturnLabel(function)};");
+                    break;
+                case ReceiveStmt receiveStmt:
+                    string allowedEventIdsName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("allowedEventIds");
+                    string allowedEventIdsValue =
+                        string.Join(", ", receiveStmt.Cases.Keys.Select(context.GetDeclNumber));
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_UINT32 {allowedEventIdsName}[] = {{ {allowedEventIdsValue} }};");
+
+                    string payloadName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("allowedEventIds");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {payloadName} = NULL;");
+
+                    // TODO: implement PrtReceiveAsync. Daan's the man!
+                    string eventIdName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("eventId");
+                    context.WriteLine(output,
+                        $"PRT_UINT32 {eventIdName} = PrtReceiveAsync(context, {allowedEventIdsName}, &{payloadName});");
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"switch ({eventIdName}) {{");
+                    foreach (var receiveCase in receiveStmt.Cases)
+                    {
+                        var ev = receiveCase.Key;
+                        var fn = receiveCase.Value;
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"case {context.GetDeclNumber(ev)}: {{");
+
+                        Debug.Assert(fn.Signature.Parameters.Count <= 1);
+
+                        if (fn.Signature.Parameters.Any())
+                        {
+                            string realPayloadName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(fn.Signature.Parameters[0]);
+                            context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {realPayloadName} = {payloadName};");
+                            
+                            // Get the return label just for the side effect of setting a nice name
+                            context.Names.GetReturnLabel(fn, $"recv_{ev.Name.ToLowerInvariant()}_ret");
+                        }
+
+                        context.WriteLine(output, "} break;");
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "default: {");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "PrtAssert(PRT_FALSE, \"receive returned unhandled event\");");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+                    break;
+                case RemoveStmt removeStmt:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtRemoveByKey(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, removeStmt.Variable);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, removeStmt.Value);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+                    break;
+                case ReturnStmt returnStmt:
+                    if (returnStmt.ReturnValue != null)
+                    {
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"PrtFreeValue({FunResultValName});");
+                        context.Write(output, $"{FunResultValName} = ");
+                        WriteExpr(output, function, returnStmt.ReturnValue);
+                        context.WriteLine(output, ";");
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"goto {context.Names.GetReturnLabel(function)};");
+                    break;
+                case SendStmt sendStmt:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtSendInternal(context, PrtGetMachine(context->process, ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, sendStmt.MachineExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, "), ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, sendStmt.Evt);
+                    context.Write(output, $", {sendStmt.ArgsList.Count}");
+                    foreach (IPExpr sendArgExpr in sendStmt.ArgsList)
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(sendArgExpr is IVariableRef);
+                        var argVar = (IVariableRef) sendArgExpr;
+                        context.Write(output, $", {GetVariableReference(function, argVar)}");
+                    }
+
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+
+                    Debug.Assert(sendStmt.Evt is IVariableRef);
+                    var sendEventVar = (IVariableRef) sendStmt.Evt;
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"*({GetVariableReference(function, sendEventVar)}) = NULL;");
+                    break;
+                case SwapAssignStmt swapAssignStmt:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "{");
+                    string lvName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("LVALUE");
+                    string tmpName = context.Names.GetTemporaryName("SWAP");
+
+                    // Can only swap local variables, so this is safe. Otherwise would have to call a second WriteLValue
+                    string swappedName = GetVariablePointer(function, swapAssignStmt.OldLocation);
+
+                    // Save l-value
+                    context.Write(output, $"PRT_VALUE** {lvName} = &(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, swapAssignStmt.NewLocation);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"PRT_VALUE* {tmpName} = *{lvName};");
+
+                    // Overwrite l-value with var
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"*{lvName} = {swappedName};");
+
+                    // Complete the swap
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"{swappedName} = {tmpName};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+                    break;
+                case WhileStmt whileStmt:
+                    context.Write(output, "while (PrtPrimGetBool(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, whileStmt.Condition);
+                    context.WriteLine(output, "))");
+                    WriteStmt(output, function, whileStmt.Body);
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+        }
+
+        private void WritePrintStmt(TextWriter output, PrintStmt printStmt, Function function)
+        {
+            // format is {str0, n1, str1, n2, ..., nK, strK}
+            var printMessageParts = PrtTranslationUtils.ParsePrintMessage(printStmt.Message);
+
+            // Optimize for simple case.
+            if (printMessageParts.Length == 1)
+            {
+                context.Write(output, "PrtPrintf(\"");
+                context.Write(output, (string) printMessageParts[0]);
+                context.WriteLine(output, "\");");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Otherwise build full parameter pack...
+            int k = (printMessageParts.Length - 1) / 2;
+            context.Write(output, "PrtFormatPrintf(\"");
+            context.Write(output, (string) printMessageParts[0]);
+            context.Write(output, "\", ");
+            context.Write(output, printStmt.Args.Count.ToString());
+            foreach (IPExpr printArg in printStmt.Args)
+            {
+                context.Write(output, ", ");
+                WriteExpr(output, function, printArg);
+            }
+
+            context.Write(output, ", ");
+            context.Write(output, k.ToString());
+            for (var i = 0; i < k; i++)
+            {
+                var n = (int) printMessageParts[1 + 2 * i];
+                var s = (string) printMessageParts[1 + 2 * i + 1];
+                context.Write(output, ", ");
+                context.Write(output, n.ToString());
+                context.Write(output, ", \"");
+                context.Write(output, s);
+                context.Write(output, "\"");
+            }
+
+            context.WriteLine(output, ");");
+        }
+
+        private void WriteLValue(TextWriter output, Function function, IPExpr expr)
+        {
+            switch (expr)
+            {
+                case MapAccessExpr mapAccessExpr:
+                    // TODO: optimize out key copy when possible
+                    context.Write(output, "*(PrtMapGetLValue(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, mapAccessExpr.MapExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, mapAccessExpr.IndexExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, $", PRT_TRUE, &{context.Names.GetNameForType(mapAccessExpr.MapExpr.Type)}))");
+                    break;
+                case NamedTupleAccessExpr namedTupleAccessExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "*(PrtTupleGetLValue(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, namedTupleAccessExpr.SubExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, $", {namedTupleAccessExpr.Entry.FieldNo}))");
+                    break;
+                case SeqAccessExpr seqAccessExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "*(PrtSeqGetLValue(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, seqAccessExpr.SeqExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, seqAccessExpr.IndexExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, "))");
+                    break;
+                case TupleAccessExpr tupleAccessExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "*(PrtTupleGetLValue(");
+                    WriteLValue(output, function, tupleAccessExpr.SubExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, $", {tupleAccessExpr.FieldNo}))");
+                    break;
+                case VariableAccessExpr variableAccessExpr:
+                    WriteVariableAccess(output, function, variableAccessExpr.Variable);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw context.Handler.InternalError(expr.SourceLocation,
+                        new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(expr)));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteExpr(TextWriter output, Function function, IPExpr expr)
+        {
+            switch (expr)
+            {
+                case CloneExpr cloneExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtCloneValue(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, cloneExpr.Term);
+                    context.Write(output, ")");
+                    break;
+                case BinOpExpr binOpExpr:
+                    IPExpr binOpLhs = binOpExpr.Lhs;
+                    IPExpr binOpRhs = binOpExpr.Rhs;
+                    BinOpType binOpType = binOpExpr.Operation;
+
+                    // TODO: if getting a literal, replace with literal.
+                    if (binOpType == BinOpType.Eq || binOpType == BinOpType.Neq)
+                    {
+                        string negate = binOpType == BinOpType.Eq ? "" : "!";
+                        context.Write(output, $"PrtMkBoolValue({negate}PrtIsEqualValue(");
+                        WriteExpr(output, function, binOpLhs);
+                        context.Write(output, ", ");
+                        WriteExpr(output, function, binOpRhs);
+                        context.Write(output, "))");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        (string binOpGetter, _) = GetTypeStructureFuns(binOpLhs.Type);
+                        (_, string binOpBuilder) = GetTypeStructureFuns(binOpExpr.Type);
+
+                        context.Write(output, $"{binOpBuilder}(");
+
+                        context.Write(output, $"{binOpGetter}(");
+                        WriteExpr(output, function, binOpLhs);
+                        context.Write(output, ")");
+
+                        context.Write(output, $" {BinOpToStr(binOpType)} ");
+
+                        context.Write(output, $"{binOpGetter}(");
+                        WriteExpr(output, function, binOpRhs);
+                        context.Write(output, ")");
+
+                        context.Write(output, ")");
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case BoolLiteralExpr boolLiteralExpr:
+                    string boolLiteralName = context.RegisterLiteral(function, boolLiteralExpr.Value);
+                    context.Write(output, $"(&{boolLiteralName})");
+                    break;
+                case CastExpr castExpr:
+                    string castTypeName = context.Names.GetNameForType(castExpr.Type);
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtCloneValue(PrtCastValue(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, castExpr.SubExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, $", &{castTypeName}))");
+                    break;
+                case CoerceExpr coerceExpr:
+                    string coerceCtor;
+                    switch (coerceExpr.NewType)
+                    {
+                        case PrimitiveType primitiveType when PrimitiveType.Int.IsSameTypeAs(primitiveType):
+                        case PLanguageType type when PLanguageType.TypeIsOfKind(type, TypeKind.Enum):
+                            coerceCtor = "PrtMkIntValue";
+                            break;
+                        case PrimitiveType primitiveType when PrimitiveType.Float.IsSameTypeAs(primitiveType):
+                            coerceCtor = "PrtMkFloatValue";
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            throw context.Handler.InternalError(coerceExpr.SourceLocation,
+                                new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(coerceExpr.NewType)));
+                    }
+
+                    string coerceUnpack;
+                    switch (coerceExpr.SubExpr.Type)
+                    {
+                        case PrimitiveType primitiveType when PrimitiveType.Int.IsSameTypeAs(primitiveType):
+                        case PLanguageType type when PLanguageType.TypeIsOfKind(type, TypeKind.Enum):
+                            coerceUnpack = "PrtPrimGetInt";
+                            break;
+                        case PrimitiveType primitiveType when PrimitiveType.Float.IsSameTypeAs(primitiveType):
+                            coerceUnpack = "PrtPrimGetFloat";
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            throw context.Handler.InternalError(coerceExpr.SourceLocation,
+                                new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(coerceExpr.SubExpr.Type)));
+                    }
+
+                    context.Write(output, $"{coerceCtor}({coerceUnpack}(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, coerceExpr.SubExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, "))");
+                    break;
+                case ContainsKeyExpr containsKeyExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtMkBoolValue(PrtMapExists(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, containsKeyExpr.Map);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, containsKeyExpr.Key);
+                    context.Write(output, "));");
+                    break;
+                case CtorExpr ctorExpr:
+                    context.Write(
+                        output,
+                        $"PrtCloneValue(PrtMkInterface(context, {context.GetDeclNumber(ctorExpr.Interface)}, {ctorExpr.Arguments.Count}");
+                    foreach (IPExpr pExpr in ctorExpr.Arguments)
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(pExpr is IVariableRef);
+                        var argVar = (IVariableRef) pExpr;
+                        context.Write(output, $", {GetVariableReference(function, argVar)}");
+                    }
+
+                    context.Write(output, ")->id)");
+                    break;
+                case DefaultExpr defaultExpr:
+                    string nameForDefaultType = context.Names.GetNameForType(defaultExpr.Type);
+                    context.Write(output, $"PrtMkDefaultValue(&{nameForDefaultType})");
+                    break;
+                case EnumElemRefExpr enumElemRefExpr:
+                    string enumLiteralName = context.RegisterLiteral(function, enumElemRefExpr.Value.Value);
+                    context.Write(output, $"(&{enumLiteralName})");
+                    break;
+                case EventRefExpr eventRefExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, $"(&{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(eventRefExpr.Value)}.value)");
+                    break;
+                case FairNondetExpr _:
+                    context.Write(output, "(PrtMkNondetBoolValue())");
+                    break;
+                case FloatLiteralExpr floatLiteralExpr:
+                    string floaLiteralName = context.RegisterLiteral(function, floatLiteralExpr.Value);
+                    context.Write(output, $"(&{floaLiteralName})");
+                    break;
+                case FunCallExpr funCallExpr:
+                    string funImplName = context.Names.GetNameForFunctionImpl(funCallExpr.Function);
+                    var funArgs = funCallExpr.Arguments.Cast<ILinearRef>().ToList();
+                    var argSetup = funArgs.Select((arg, i) =>
+                        $"({FunCallArgsArrayName}[{i}] = {GetVariableReference(function, arg)})");
+                    var funCall = new[] {$"({FunCallRetValName} = {funImplName}(context, {FunCallArgsArrayName}))"};
+                    var argsFree = funArgs.Where(arg => arg.LinearType.Equals(LinearType.Move))
+                        .Select(arg => GetVariablePointer(function, arg.Variable))
+                        .Select(varName => $"(PrtFreeValue({varName}), {varName} = NULL)");
+                    var resRetrieve = new[] {$"({FunCallRetValName})"};
+                    string fullCall = string.Join(", ", argSetup.Concat(funCall).Concat(argsFree).Concat(resRetrieve));
+                    context.Write(output, $"({fullCall})");
+                    break;
+                case IntLiteralExpr intLiteralExpr:
+                    string intLiteralName = context.RegisterLiteral(function, intLiteralExpr.Value);
+                    context.Write(output, $"(&{intLiteralName})");
+                    break;
+                case KeysExpr keysExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtMapGetKeys(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, keysExpr.Expr);
+                    context.Write(output, ")");
+                    break;
+                case LinearAccessRefExpr linearAccessRefExpr:
+                    // TODO: what's special about linear refs here?
+                    WriteVariableAccess(output, function, linearAccessRefExpr.Variable);
+                    break;
+                case MapAccessExpr mapAccessExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtMapGet(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, mapAccessExpr.MapExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, mapAccessExpr.IndexExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, ")");
+                    break;
+                case NamedTupleAccessExpr namedTupleAccessExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtTupleGet(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, namedTupleAccessExpr.SubExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, $", {namedTupleAccessExpr.Entry.FieldNo})");
+                    break;
+                case NamedTupleExpr namedTupleExpr:
+                    var ntArgs = (IReadOnlyList<IVariableRef>) namedTupleExpr.TupleFields;
+                    string ntTypeName = context.Names.GetNameForType(namedTupleExpr.Type);
+                    string namedTupleBody =
+                        string.Join(", ", ntArgs.Select(v => GetVariableReference(function, v)));
+                    context.Write(output, $"(PrtMkTuple(&{ntTypeName}, {namedTupleBody}))");
+                    break;
+                case NondetExpr _:
+                    context.Write(output, "(PrtMkNondetBoolValue())");
+                    break;
+                case NullLiteralExpr _:
+                    context.Write(output, $"(&{FunNullStaticName})");
+                    break;
+                case SeqAccessExpr seqAccessExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtSeqGet(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, seqAccessExpr.SeqExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, ", ");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, seqAccessExpr.IndexExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, ")");
+                    break;
+                case SizeofExpr sizeofExpr:
+                    var sizeofFun = PLanguageType.TypeIsOfKind(sizeofExpr.Expr.Type, TypeKind.Map)
+                        ? "PrtMapSizeOf"
+                        : "PrtSeqSizeOf";
+                    context.Write(output, $"PrtMkIntValue({sizeofFun}(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, sizeofExpr.Expr);
+                    context.Write(output, "))");
+                    break;
+                case ThisRefExpr _:
+                    context.Write(output, "(p_this->id)");
+                    break;
+                case TupleAccessExpr tupleAccessExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtTupleGet(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, tupleAccessExpr.SubExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, $", {tupleAccessExpr.FieldNo})");
+                    break;
+                case UnaryOpExpr unaryOpExpr:
+                    (string unOpGetter, string unOpBuilder) = GetTypeStructureFuns(unaryOpExpr.Type);
+                    context.Write(output, $"{unOpBuilder}(");
+
+                    context.Write(output, UnOpToStr(unaryOpExpr.Operation));
+                    context.Write(output, $"{unOpGetter}(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, unaryOpExpr.SubExpr);
+                    context.Write(output, ")");
+
+                    context.Write(output, ")");
+                    break;
+                case UnnamedTupleExpr unnamedTupleExpr:
+                    var utArgs = (IReadOnlyList<IVariableRef>) unnamedTupleExpr.TupleFields;
+                    string utTypeName = context.Names.GetNameForType(unnamedTupleExpr.Type);
+                    string tupleBody =
+                        string.Join(", ", utArgs.Select(v => GetVariableReference(function, v)));
+                    context.Write(output, $"(PrtMkTuple(&{utTypeName}, {tupleBody}))");
+                    break;
+                case ValuesExpr valuesExpr:
+                    context.Write(output, "PrtMapGetValues(");
+                    WriteExpr(output, function, valuesExpr.Expr);
+                    context.Write(output, ")");
+                    break;
+                case VariableAccessExpr variableAccessExpr:
+                    WriteVariableAccess(output, function, variableAccessExpr.Variable);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string GetVariablePointer(Function function, Variable variable)
+        {
+            if (variable.Role.HasFlag(VariableRole.Param))
+            {
+                // dereference, since params are passed by reference.
+                return $"*{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(variable)}";
+            }
+
+            if (variable.Role.HasFlag(VariableRole.Field))
+            {
+                // TODO: is this always correct? I think the iterator ordering of a List should be consistent...
+                int varIdx = function.Owner.Fields.ToList().IndexOf(variable);
+                return $"p_this->varValues[{varIdx}]";
+            }
+
+            if (variable.Role.HasFlag(VariableRole.Temp) || variable.Role.HasFlag(VariableRole.Local))
+            {
+                return context.Names.GetNameForDecl(variable);
+            }
+
+            throw context.Handler.InternalError(variable.SourceLocation,
+                new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(variable)));
+        }
+
+        private void WriteVariableAccess(TextWriter output, Function function, Variable variable)
+        {
+            context.Write(output, GetVariablePointer(function, variable));
+        }
+
+        private static string UnOpToStr(UnaryOpType operation)
+        {
+            switch (operation)
+            {
+                case UnaryOpType.Negate:
+                    return "-";
+                case UnaryOpType.Not:
+                    return "!";
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(operation));
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static (string, string) GetTypeStructureFuns(PLanguageType type)
+        {
+            string binOpGetter;
+            string binOpBuilder;
+            if (type.IsSameTypeAs(PrimitiveType.Int) || type.TypeKind.Equals(TypeKind.Enum))
+            {
+                binOpGetter = "PrtPrimGetInt";
+                binOpBuilder = "PrtMkIntValue";
+            }
+            else if (type.IsSameTypeAs(PrimitiveType.Bool))
+            {
+                binOpGetter = "PrtPrimGetBool";
+                binOpBuilder = "PrtMkBoolValue";
+            }
+            else if (type.IsSameTypeAs(PrimitiveType.Float))
+            {
+                binOpGetter = "PrtPrimGetFloat";
+                binOpBuilder = "PrtMkFloatValue";
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                throw new ArgumentException($"cannot destructure type {type.CanonicalRepresentation}", nameof(type));
+            }
+
+            return (binOpGetter, binOpBuilder);
+        }
+
+        private static string BinOpToStr(BinOpType binOpType)
+        {
+            switch (binOpType)
+            {
+                case BinOpType.Add:
+                    return "+";
+                case BinOpType.Sub:
+                    return "-";
+                case BinOpType.Mul:
+                    return "*";
+                case BinOpType.Div:
+                    return "/";
+                case BinOpType.Eq:
+                    return "==";
+                case BinOpType.Neq:
+                    return "!=";
+                case BinOpType.Lt:
+                    return "<";
+                case BinOpType.Le:
+                    return "<=";
+                case BinOpType.Gt:
+                    return ">";
+                case BinOpType.Ge:
+                    return ">=";
+                case BinOpType.And:
+                    return "&&";
+                case BinOpType.Or:
+                    return "||";
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(binOpType));
+            }
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Header methods
+
+        private void WriteHeaderPrologue(TextWriter output)
+        {
+            string includeGuardMacro = $"P_{Regex.Replace(context.ProjectName.ToUpperInvariant(), @"\s+", "")}_H_";
+            context.WriteLine(output, "#pragma once");
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"#ifndef {includeGuardMacro}");
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"#define {includeGuardMacro}");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "#include \"Prt.h\"");
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+            context.WriteLine(output, "#ifdef __cplusplus");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "extern \"C\" {");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "#endif");
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+        }
+
+        private void WriteExternDeclaration(TextWriter output, IPDecl decl)
+        {
+            string declName = context.Names.GetNameForDecl(decl);
+            switch (decl)
+            {
+                case EnumElem _:
+                    break;
+                case Function function when !function.IsForeign:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"extern PRT_FUNDECL {declName};");
+                    break;
+                case Implementation _:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"extern PRT_PROGRAMDECL {declName};");
+                    break;
+                case Interface _:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"extern PRT_INTERFACEDECL {declName};");
+                    break;
+                case Machine _:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"extern PRT_MACHINEDECL {declName};");
+                    break;
+                case NamedEventSet namedEventSet:
+                    // TODO: what to do here?
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// DECL(NamedEventSet, {decl.Name}) => {declName}");
+                    break;
+                case NamedModule namedModule:
+                    // TODO: what to do here?
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// DECL(NamedModule, {decl.Name}) => {declName}");
+                    break;
+                case PEnum pEnum:
+                    string enumBody = string.Join(", ",
+                        pEnum.Values.Select(val => $"{context.Names.GetNameForDecl(val)} = {val.Value}"));
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"typedef enum {declName} {{ {enumBody} }} {declName};");
+                    context.WriteLine(output);
+                    break;
+                case PEvent pEvent:
+                    if (!pEvent.IsBuiltIn)
+                    {
+                        context.WriteLine(output, $"extern PRT_EVENTDECL {declName};");
+                    }
+
+                    break;
+                case RefinementTest refinementTest:
+                    // TODO: what to do here?
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// DECL(RefinementTest, {decl.Name}) => {declName}");
+                    break;
+                case SafetyTest safetyTest:
+                    // TODO: what to do here?
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// DECL(SafetyTest, {decl.Name}) => {declName}");
+                    break;
+                case TypeDef _:
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"extern PRT_TYPE* {declName};");
+                    break;
+                case Variable variable:
+                    throw context.Handler.InternalError(variable.SourceLocation,
+                        new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(decl), "can't have global P variables"));
+                case State state:
+                    // TODO: what to do here?
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// DECL(State, {decl.Name}) => {declName}");
+                    break;
+                case StateGroup stateGroup:
+                    // TODO: what to do here?
+                    context.WriteLine(output, $"// DECL(StateGroup, {decl.Name}) => {declName}");
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void WriteHeaderEpilogue(TextWriter output)
+        {
+            string includeGuardMacro = $"P_{Regex.Replace(context.ProjectName.ToUpperInvariant(), @"\s+", "")}_H_";
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+            context.WriteLine(output, "#ifdef __cplusplus");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "}");
+            context.WriteLine(output, "#endif");
+            context.WriteLine(output);
+            context.WriteLine(output, $"#endif // {includeGuardMacro}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource bodyWriter of type System.IO.StringWriter in method "Void PrtCodeGeneratorImpl.WriteFunctionBody(TextWriter,Function)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PrtCodeGeneratorImpl.WriteFunctionBody(TextWriter,Function)
+
+### File:
+Src/Pc/CompilerCore/Backend/Prt/PrtCodeGenerator.cs
+
+### Key:
+PrtCodeGenerator.cs|WriteFunctionBody|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+7936f0b2bf412eb07e3f8a1e581afb98
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2854/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2854/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..450f737909997a5df5a1f7f59ed05b4be501647f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2854/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** P
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Linq;
+
+namespace P.Runtime
+{
+    public abstract class PrtValue
+    {
+        public static PrtNullValue NullValue = new PrtNullValue();
+        public static PrtEventValue HaltEvent = new PrtEventValue(new PrtEvent("Halt", new PrtNullType(), PrtEvent.DefaultMaxInstances, false));
+
+        public abstract PrtValue Clone();
+
+        public static PrtValue PrtMkDefaultValue(PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (type is PrtAnyType || type is PrtNullType || type is PrtEventType || type is PrtMachineType)
+                return new PrtNullValue();
+
+            else if(type is PrtIntType)
+            {
+                return new PrtIntValue();
+            }
+            else if(type is PrtBoolType)
+            {
+                return new PrtBoolValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMapType)
+            {
+                return new PrtMapValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtSeqType)
+            {
+                return new PrtSeqValue();
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtNamedTupleType)
+            {
+                return new PrtNamedTupleValue(type as PrtNamedTupleType);
+            }
+            else if(type is PrtTupleType)
+            {
+                return new PrtTupleValue(type as PrtTupleType);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(false, "Invalid type !!");
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public abstract string GetString();
+
+        public abstract bool IsEqual(PrtValue value);
+
+        public static bool PrtInhabitsType(PrtValue value, PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (type is PrtAnyType)
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (value is PrtNullValue)
+            {
+                if (type is PrtEventType || type is PrtMachineType)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (type is PrtIntType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtIntValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtBoolType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtBoolValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtEventType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtEventValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMachineType)
+            {
+                return value is PrtMachineValue;
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtTupleType)
+            {
+                if ((!(value is PrtTupleValue)) || (value as PrtTupleValue).fieldValues.Count != (type as PrtTupleType).fieldTypes.Count)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int index = 0;
+                    var tupVal = (value as PrtTupleValue);
+                    var tupType = (type as PrtTupleType);
+                    while (index < tupVal.fieldValues.Count)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(tupVal.fieldValues[index], tupType.fieldTypes[index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        index++;
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtNamedTupleType)
+            {
+                if ((!(value is PrtNamedTupleValue)) || (value as PrtNamedTupleValue).fieldValues.Count != (type as PrtNamedTupleType).fieldTypes.Count)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    int index = 0;
+                    var nmtupVal = (value as PrtNamedTupleValue);
+                    var nmtupType = (type as PrtNamedTupleType);
+                    while (index < nmtupVal.fieldValues.Count)
+                    {
+                        if (nmtupVal.fieldNames[index] != nmtupType.fieldNames[index])
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        else if (!PrtInhabitsType(nmtupVal.fieldValues[index], nmtupType.fieldTypes[index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        index++;
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtMapType)
+            {
+                if (!(value is PrtMapValue))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var mapVal = (value as PrtMapValue);
+                    foreach (var key in mapVal.keys)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(key, (type as PrtMapType).keyType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    foreach (var val in mapVal.values)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(val, (type as PrtMapType).valType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (type is PrtSeqType)
+            {
+                if (!(value is PrtSeqValue))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    var seqVal = (value as PrtSeqValue);
+                    foreach (var elem in seqVal.elements)
+                    {
+                        if (!PrtInhabitsType(elem, (type as PrtSeqType).elemType))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Debug.Assert(false, "Unknown type");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static PrtValue PrtCastValue(PrtValue value, PrtType type)
+        {
+            if (!PrtInhabitsType(value, type))
+                throw new PrtInhabitsTypeException(String.Format("value {0} is not a member of type {1}", value.GetString(), type.GetString()));
+            return value.Clone();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class PrtNullValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return "null";
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue value)
+        {
+            if (value is PrtNullValue)
+                return true;
+            else
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtIntValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public int nt;
+
+        public PrtIntValue()
+        {
+            nt = 0;
+        }
+
+        public PrtIntValue(int val)
+        {
+            nt = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtIntValue(this.nt);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtIntValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.nt == (val as PrtIntValue).nt;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return nt.ToString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtBoolValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public bool bl;
+
+        public PrtBoolValue()
+        {
+            bl = false;
+        }
+
+        public PrtBoolValue(bool val)
+        {
+            this.bl = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtBoolValue(this.bl);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtBoolValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.bl == (val as PrtBoolValue).bl;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return bl.ToString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtEventValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public PrtEvent evt;
+
+        public PrtEventValue(PrtEvent val)
+        {
+            this.evt = val;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtEventValue(this.evt);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtEventValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.evt == (val as PrtEventValue).evt;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return evt.name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtMachineValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public PrtImplMachine mach;
+
+        public PrtMachineValue(PrtImplMachine mach)
+        {
+            this.mach = mach;
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            return new PrtMachineValue(this.mach);
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtMachineValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            return this.mach == (val as PrtMachineValue).mach;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            return String.Format("{0}({1})", mach.Name, mach.instanceNumber);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtTupleValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> fieldValues;
+
+        public PrtTupleValue()
+        {
+            fieldValues = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public PrtTupleValue(PrtTupleType tupType)
+        {
+            foreach(var ft in tupType.fieldTypes)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(PrtMkDefaultValue(ft));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PrtTupleValue(PrtTupleType tupType, params PrtValue[] elems)
+        {
+            foreach (var elem in elems)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(elem.Clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtTupleValue();
+            foreach (var val in fieldValues)
+            {
+                clone.fieldValues.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtTupleValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var tupValue = (val as PrtTupleValue);
+            Debug.Assert(tupValue.fieldValues.Count == this.fieldValues.Count, "Error in type checking, tuple sizes not equal");
+
+            int index = 0;
+            while (index < fieldValues.Count)
+            {
+                if (!this.fieldValues[index].IsEqual(tupValue.fieldValues[index]))
+                    return false;
+
+                index++;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "<";
+            foreach (var field in fieldValues)
+            {
+                retStr = retStr + field.GetString() + ",";
+            }
+            retStr += ">";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtNamedTupleValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<string> fieldNames;
+        public List<PrtValue> fieldValues;
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue()
+        {
+            fieldValues = new List<PrtValue>();
+            fieldNames = new List<string>();
+        }
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue(PrtNamedTupleType tupType)
+        {
+            foreach (var fn in tupType.fieldNames)
+            {
+                fieldNames.Add(fn);
+            }
+            foreach (var ft in tupType.fieldTypes)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(PrtMkDefaultValue(ft));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public PrtNamedTupleValue(PrtNamedTupleType tupType, params PrtValue[] elems)
+        {
+            foreach (var fn in tupType.fieldNames)
+            {
+                fieldNames.Add(fn);
+            }
+            foreach (var elem in elems)
+            {
+                fieldValues.Add(elem);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtNamedTupleValue();
+            clone.fieldNames = this.fieldNames;
+            foreach (var val in fieldValues)
+            {
+                clone.fieldValues.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtNamedTupleValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var tup = (val as PrtNamedTupleValue);
+            var tupValues = tup.fieldValues;
+            Debug.Assert(tup.fieldValues.Count == this.fieldValues.Count, "Error in type checking, tuple sizes not equal");
+
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < tupValues.Count)
+            {
+                if (!this.fieldValues[index].IsEqual(tupValues[index]))
+                    return false;
+
+                index++;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "<";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < fieldValues.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += fieldNames[index] + ":" + fieldValues[index].GetString() + ", ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ">";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtSeqValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> elements;
+
+        public PrtSeqValue()
+        {
+            elements = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtSeqValue();
+            foreach (var val in elements)
+            {
+                clone.elements.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public void Insert(int index, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            //TODO: raise an exception for invalid index
+            elements.Insert(index, val.Clone());
+        }
+
+        public void Remove(int index)
+        {
+            //TODO: raise an exception for invalid index
+            elements.RemoveAt(index);
+        }
+
+        public int SizeOf()
+        {
+            return elements.Count();
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtSeqValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var seqVal = val as PrtSeqValue;
+            if (seqVal.elements.Count != this.elements.Count)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                int index = 0;
+                while (index < this.elements.Count)
+                {
+                    if (!this.elements[index].IsEqual(seqVal.elements[index]))
+                        return false;
+
+                    index++;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "(";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < elements.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += elements[index] + ", ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ")";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class PrtMapValue : PrtValue
+    {
+        public List<PrtValue> keys;
+        public List<PrtValue> values;
+
+        public PrtMapValue()
+        {
+            values = new List<PrtValue>();
+            keys = new List<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public override PrtValue Clone()
+        {
+            var clone = new PrtMapValue();
+            foreach (var v in values)
+            {
+                clone.values.Add(v.Clone());
+            }
+            foreach (var k in keys)
+            {
+                clone.keys.Add(k.Clone());
+            }
+            return clone;
+        }
+
+        public int SizeOf()
+        {
+            return values.Count();
+        }
+
+        public bool Contains(PrtValue key)
+        {
+            return keys.Where(k => k.IsEqual(key)).Count() > 0;
+        }
+
+        public void Add(PrtValue key, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            if (Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid add
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                keys.Add(key.Clone());
+                values.Add(val.Clone());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Remove(PrtValue key)
+        {
+            if (!Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid remove
+            }
+            var index = keys.FindIndex((k => k.Equals(key)));
+            keys.RemoveAt(index);
+            values.RemoveAt(index);
+        }
+
+        public void Update(PrtValue key, PrtValue val)
+        {
+            if (!Contains(key))
+            {
+                //TODO: raise an exception for invalid update
+            }
+            var index = keys.FindIndex((k => k.Equals(key)));
+            values[index] = val.Clone();
+        }
+
+        public override bool IsEqual(PrtValue val)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(val is PrtMapValue, "Error in type checking, invalid equals invocation");
+            var mapVal = val as PrtMapValue;
+            if (mapVal.keys.Count != this.keys.Count)
+            {
+                return false;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                foreach (var k in this.keys)
+                {
+                    if (!mapVal.Contains(k))
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        var index = this.keys.FindIndex(_k => _k.IsEqual(k));
+                        var _index = mapVal.keys.FindIndex(_k => _k.IsEqual(k));
+                        if (this.values[index].IsEqual(mapVal.values[_index]))
+                        {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public override string GetString()
+        {
+            string retStr = "(";
+            int index = 0;
+
+            while (index < values.Count)
+            {
+                retStr += "(" + keys[index].GetString() + "," + values[index].GetString() + "), ";
+                index++;
+            }
+            retStr += ")";
+            return retStr;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `tup` last assigned on line 451 could be null and is dereferenced at line 452, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean PrtNamedTupleValue.IsEqual(PrtValue)
+
+### File:
+Src/PTester/PRuntime/PrtValue.cs
+
+### Key:
+PrtValue.cs|IsEqual|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+80a3f4fac40ce0a4f4eeae76df2cf5c1
+
+### Hash:
+7561e658968c2fca3b063520aec574ed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2855/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2855/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c94d8803a1d7b7b187c9c0b91dc4bc2bd132f96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2855/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** P
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+
+namespace P.Runtime
+{
+    public enum PrtMachineStatus
+    {
+        Enabled,        // The state machine is enabled
+        Blocked,        // The state machine is blocked on a dequeue or receive
+        Halted,         // The state machine has halted
+    };
+    public enum PrtNextStatemachineOperation
+    {
+        EntryOperation,
+        DequeueOperation,
+        HandleEventOperation,
+        ReceiveOperation
+    };
+    public enum PrtStateExitReason
+    {
+        NotExit,
+        OnTransition,
+        OnTransitionAfterExit,
+        OnPopStatement,
+        OnGotoStatement,
+        OnUnhandledEvent
+    };
+    public enum PrtDequeueReturnStatus { SUCCESS, NULL, BLOCKED };
+
+    public abstract class PrtImplMachine : PrtMachine
+    {
+        #region Fields
+        
+        public PrtEventBuffer eventQueue;
+        public HashSet<PrtValue> receiveSet;
+        public int maxBufferSize;
+        public bool doAssume;
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Clone and Undo
+        public PrtImplMachine Clone()
+        {
+            var clonedMachine = MakeSkeleton();
+            clonedMachine.instanceNumber = this.instanceNumber;
+            foreach(var fd in fields)
+            {
+                clonedMachine.fields.Add(fd.Clone());
+            }
+            clonedMachine.eventValue = this.eventValue;
+            clonedMachine.stateStack = this.stateStack.Clone();
+            clonedMachine.invertedFunStack = this.invertedFunStack.Clone();
+            clonedMachine.continuation = this.continuation.Clone();
+            clonedMachine.currentTrigger = this.currentTrigger;
+            clonedMachine.currentPayload = this.currentPayload.Clone();
+            clonedMachine.eventQueue = this.eventQueue.Clone();
+            foreach(var ev in this.receiveSet)
+            {
+                clonedMachine.receiveSet.Add(ev);
+            }
+            clonedMachine.currentStatus = this.currentStatus;
+            clonedMachine.nextSMOperation = this.nextSMOperation;
+            clonedMachine.stateExitReason = this.stateExitReason;
+            clonedMachine.maxBufferSize = this.maxBufferSize;
+            clonedMachine.doAssume = this.doAssume;
+            clonedMachine.stateImpl = this.stateImpl;
+            return clonedMachine;
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region Constructor
+        public abstract PrtImplMachine MakeSkeleton();
+
+        public PrtImplMachine() : base()
+        {
+            this.maxBufferSize = 0;
+            this.doAssume = false;
+            this.eventQueue = new PrtEventBuffer();
+            this.receiveSet = new HashSet<PrtValue>();
+        }
+
+        public PrtImplMachine(StateImpl app, int maxBuff, bool assume) : base()
+        {
+            this.instanceNumber = this.NextInstanceNumber(app);
+            this.eventQueue = new PrtEventBuffer();
+            this.receiveSet = new HashSet<PrtValue>();
+            this.maxBufferSize = maxBuff;
+            this.doAssume = assume;
+            this.stateImpl = app;
+            //Push the start state function on the funStack.
+            PrtPushState(StartState);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+        #region getters and setters
+        public abstract int NextInstanceNumber(StateImpl app);
+        #endregion
+
+        #region State machine helper functions
+        public void PrtResetTriggerAndPayload()
+        {
+            currentTrigger = PrtValue.@null;
+            currentPayload = PrtValue.@null;
+        }
+
+        public override void PrtEnqueueEvent(PrtValue e, PrtValue arg, PrtMachine source)
+        {
+            PrtEventValue ev = e as PrtEventValue;
+            if (ev.evt.name == "null")
+            {
+                throw new PrtIllegalEnqueueException("Enqueued event must not be null");
+            }
+            PrtType prtType = ev.evt.payloadType;
+
+            //assertion to check if argument passed inhabits the payload type.
+            if (prtType is PrtNullType)
+            {
+                if (!arg.Equals(PrtValue.@null))
+                {
+                    throw new PrtIllegalEnqueueException("Did not expect a payload value");
+                }
+            }
+            else if (!PrtValue.PrtInhabitsType(arg, prtType))
+            {
+                throw new PrtInhabitsTypeException(String.Format("Payload <{0}> does not match the expected type <{1}> with event <{2}>", arg.ToString(), prtType.ToString(), ev.evt.name));
+            }
+
+            if (currentStatus == PrtMachineStatus.Halted)
+            {
+                stateImpl.Trace(
+                    @"<EnqueueLog> {0}-{1} Machine has been halted and Event {2} is dropped",
+                    this.Name, this.instanceNumber, ev.evt.name);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                stateImpl.Trace(
+                    @"<EnqueueLog> Enqueued Event <{0}, {1}> in {2}-{3} by {4}-{5}",
+                    ev.evt.name, arg.ToString(), this.Name, this.instanceNumber, source.Name, source.instanceNumber);
+
+                this.eventQueue.EnqueueEvent(e, arg);
+                if (this.maxBufferSize != -1 && this.eventQueue.Size() > this.maxBufferSize)
+                {
+                    if (this.doAssume)
+                    {
+                        throw new PrtAssumeFailureException();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        throw new PrtMaxBufferSizeExceededException(
+                            String.Format(@"<EXCEPTION> Event Buffer Size Exceeded {0} in Machine {1}-{2}",
+                            this.maxBufferSize, this.Name, this.instanceNumber));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (currentStatus == PrtMachineStatus.Blocked && this.eventQueue.IsEnabled(this))
+                {
+                    currentStatus = PrtMachineStatus.Enabled;
+                }
+            }
+
+            //Announce it to all the monitors
+            stateImpl.Announce(e, arg, source);
+        }
+
+        public PrtDequeueReturnStatus PrtDequeueEvent(bool hasNullTransition)
+        {
+            if (eventQueue.DequeueEvent(this))
+            {
+                if (currentStatus == PrtMachineStatus.Blocked)
+                {
+                    throw new PrtInternalException("Internal error: Tyring to execute blocked machine");
+                }
+
+                stateImpl.Trace(
+                    "<DequeueLog> Dequeued Event < {0}, {1} > at Machine {2}-{3}\n",
+                    (currentTrigger as PrtEventValue).evt.name, currentPayload.ToString(), Name, instanceNumber);
+                receiveSet = new HashSet<PrtValue>();
+                return PrtDequeueReturnStatus.SUCCESS;
+            }
+            else if (hasNullTransition || receiveSet.Contains(currentTrigger))
+            {
+                if (currentStatus == PrtMachineStatus.Blocked)
+                {
+                    throw new PrtInternalException("Internal error: Tyring to execute blocked machine");
+                }
+                stateImpl.Trace(
+                    "<NullTransLog> Null transition taken by Machine {0}-{1}\n",
+                    Name, instanceNumber);
+                currentPayload = PrtValue.@null;
+                currentTrigger = PrtValue.@null;
+                receiveSet = new HashSet<PrtValue>();
+                return PrtDequeueReturnStatus.NULL;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (currentStatus == PrtMachineStatus.Blocked)
+                {
+                    throw new PrtAssumeFailureException();
+                }
+                currentStatus = PrtMachineStatus.Blocked;
+                if (stateImpl.Deadlock)
+                {
+                    throw new PrtDeadlockException("Deadlock detected");
+                }
+                return PrtDequeueReturnStatus.BLOCKED;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void PrtExecuteReceiveCase(PrtValue ev)
+        {
+            var currRecIndex = continuation.receiveIndex;
+            var currFun = invertedFunStack.TopOfStack.fun.receiveCases[currRecIndex][ev];
+            if(currFun.IsAnonFun)
+                PrtPushFunStackFrame(currFun, currFun.CreateLocals(currentPayload));
+            else
+                PrtPushFunStackFrame(currFun, currFun.CreateLocals());
+
+            currFun.Execute(stateImpl, this);
+        }
+
+        public bool PrtIsPushTransitionPresent(PrtValue ev)
+        {
+            if (CurrentState.transitions.ContainsKey(ev))
+                return CurrentState.transitions[ev].isPushTran;
+            else
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        public bool PrtHasNullReceiveCase()
+        {
+            return receiveSet.Contains(PrtValue.halt);
+        }
+        #endregion
+
+
+        public void PrtRunStateMachine()
+        {
+            int numOfStepsTaken = 0;
+            Debug.Assert(currentStatus == PrtMachineStatus.Enabled, "Invoked PrtRunStateMachine on a blocked or a halted machine");
+
+            try
+            {
+                while (PrtStepStateMachine())
+                {
+                    if (numOfStepsTaken > 100000)
+                    {
+                        throw new PrtInfiniteRaiseLoop();
+                    }                   
+                    numOfStepsTaken++;
+                }
+            }
+            catch(PrtException ex)
+            {
+                stateImpl.Exception = ex;
+            }
+            
+        }
+        
+        public bool PrtStepStateMachine()
+        {
+            PrtValue currEventValue;
+            PrtFun currAction;
+            bool hasMoreWork = false;
+
+            switch(nextSMOperation)
+            {
+                case PrtNextStatemachineOperation.EntryOperation:
+                    goto DoEntry;
+                case PrtNextStatemachineOperation.DequeueOperation:
+                    goto DoDequeue;
+                case PrtNextStatemachineOperation.HandleEventOperation:
+                    goto DoHandleEvent;
+                case PrtNextStatemachineOperation.ReceiveOperation:
+                    goto DoReceive;
+            }
+
+            DoEntry:
+            /*
+             * Note that we have made an assumption that when a state is pushed on state stack or a transition is taken (update to a state)
+             * the action set and deferred set is updated appropriately
+            */
+            if(invertedFunStack.TopOfStack == null)
+            {
+                //Trace: entered state
+                if(CurrentState.entryFun.IsAnonFun)
+                    PrtPushFunStackFrame(CurrentState.entryFun, CurrentState.entryFun.CreateLocals(currentPayload));
+                else
+                    PrtPushFunStackFrame(CurrentState.entryFun, CurrentState.entryFun.CreateLocals());
+            }
+            //invoke the function
+            invertedFunStack.TopOfStack.fun.Execute(stateImpl, this);
+            goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+
+            DoAction:
+            currAction = PrtFindActionHandler(eventValue);
+            if(currAction == PrtCommonFunctions.IgnoreFun)
+            {
+                //Trace: Performed ignore action for the event
+                PrtResetTriggerAndPayload();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if(invertedFunStack.TopOfStack == null)
+                {
+                    //Trace: executed the action handler for event
+                    PrtPushFunStackFrame(currAction, currAction.CreateLocals(currentPayload));
+                }
+                //invoke the action handler
+                invertedFunStack.TopOfStack.fun.Execute(stateImpl, this);
+            }
+            goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+
+            CheckFunLastOperation:
+            if(receiveSet.Count != 0)
+            {
+                // We are at a blocking "receive"; so do receive operation
+                nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.ReceiveOperation;
+                goto Finish;
+
+            }
+
+            switch(continuation.reason)
+            {
+                case PrtContinuationReason.Pop:
+                    {
+                        stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.OnPopStatement;
+                        PrtExecuteExitFunction();
+                        goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+                    }
+                case PrtContinuationReason.Goto:
+                    {
+                        stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.OnGotoStatement;
+                        PrtExecuteExitFunction();
+                        goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+                    }
+                case PrtContinuationReason.Raise:
+                    {
+                        nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.HandleEventOperation;
+                        hasMoreWork = true;
+                        goto Finish;
+                    }
+                case PrtContinuationReason.NewMachine:
+                    {
+                        stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                        hasMoreWork = false;
+                        goto Finish;
+                    }
+                case PrtContinuationReason.Nondet:
+                    {
+                        stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                        stateImpl.SetPendingChoicesAsBoolean(this);
+                        continuation.nondet = ((Boolean)stateImpl.GetSelectedChoiceValue(this));
+                        hasMoreWork = false;
+                        goto Finish;
+                    }
+                case PrtContinuationReason.Receive:
+                    { 
+                        stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                        nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.ReceiveOperation;
+                        hasMoreWork = true;
+                        goto Finish;
+                    }
+                case PrtContinuationReason.Send:
+                    {
+                        stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                        hasMoreWork = false;
+                        goto Finish;
+                    }
+                case PrtContinuationReason.Return:
+                    {
+                        switch (stateExitReason)
+                        {
+                            case PrtStateExitReason.NotExit:
+                                {
+                                    nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.DequeueOperation;
+                                    hasMoreWork = true;
+                                    goto Finish;
+                                }
+                            case PrtStateExitReason.OnPopStatement:
+                                {
+                                    hasMoreWork = !PrtPopState(true);
+                                    nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.DequeueOperation;
+                                    stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                                    goto Finish;
+                                }
+                            case PrtStateExitReason.OnGotoStatement:
+                                {
+                                    PrtChangeState(destOfGoto);
+                                    nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.EntryOperation;
+                                    stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                                    hasMoreWork = true;
+                                    goto Finish;
+                                }
+                            case PrtStateExitReason.OnUnhandledEvent:
+                                {
+                                    hasMoreWork = !PrtPopState(false);
+                                    nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.HandleEventOperation;
+                                    stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                                    goto Finish;
+                                }
+                            case PrtStateExitReason.OnTransition:
+                                {
+                                    stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.OnTransitionAfterExit;
+                                    PrtExecuteTransitionFun(eventValue);
+                                    goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+                                }
+                            case PrtStateExitReason.OnTransitionAfterExit:
+                                {
+                                    PrtChangeState(CurrentState.transitions[eventValue].gotoState);
+                                    stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                                    nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.EntryOperation;
+                                    hasMoreWork = true;
+                                    goto Finish;
+                                }
+                            default:
+                                {
+                                    Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected value for exit reason");
+                                    goto Finish;
+                                }
+                        }
+                        
+                    }
+                default:
+                    {
+                        Debug.Assert(false, "Unexpected value for continuation reason");
+                        goto Finish;
+                    }
+            }
+
+            DoDequeue:
+            Debug.Assert(receiveSet.Count == 0, "Machine cannot be blocked at receive when here");
+            var dequeueStatus = PrtDequeueEvent(CurrentState.hasNullTransition);
+            if(dequeueStatus == PrtDequeueReturnStatus.BLOCKED)
+            {
+                nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.DequeueOperation;
+                hasMoreWork = false;
+                goto Finish;
+
+            }
+            else if (dequeueStatus == PrtDequeueReturnStatus.SUCCESS)
+            {
+                nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.HandleEventOperation;
+                hasMoreWork = true;
+                goto Finish;
+            }
+            else // NULL transition
+            {
+                nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.HandleEventOperation;
+                hasMoreWork = false;
+                goto Finish;
+            }
+
+
+            DoHandleEvent:
+            Debug.Assert(receiveSet.Count == 0, "The machine must not be blocked on a receive");
+            if(!currentTrigger.Equals(PrtValue.@null))
+            {
+                currEventValue = currentTrigger;
+                currentTrigger = PrtValue.@null;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                currEventValue = eventValue;
+            }
+
+            if(PrtIsPushTransitionPresent(currEventValue))
+            {
+                PrtPushState(CurrentState.transitions[currEventValue].gotoState);
+                goto DoEntry;
+            }
+            else if(PrtIsTransitionPresent(currEventValue))
+            {
+                stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.OnTransition;
+                eventValue = currEventValue;
+                PrtExecuteExitFunction();
+                goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+            }
+            else if(PrtIsActionInstalled(currEventValue))
+            {
+                goto DoAction;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.OnUnhandledEvent;
+                eventValue = currEventValue;
+                PrtExecuteExitFunction();
+                goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+            }
+
+            DoReceive:
+            Debug.Assert(receiveSet.Count == 0 && PrtHasNullReceiveCase(), "Receive set empty and at receive !!");
+            if(receiveSet.Count == 0)
+            {
+                stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                PrtExecuteReceiveCase(PrtValue.@null);
+                goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+            }
+            dequeueStatus = PrtDequeueEvent(false);
+            if (dequeueStatus == PrtDequeueReturnStatus.BLOCKED)
+            {
+                nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.ReceiveOperation;
+                hasMoreWork = false;
+                goto Finish;
+
+            }
+            else if (dequeueStatus == PrtDequeueReturnStatus.SUCCESS)
+            {
+                stateExitReason = PrtStateExitReason.NotExit;
+                PrtExecuteReceiveCase(currentTrigger);
+                goto CheckFunLastOperation;
+            }
+            else // NULL case
+            {
+                nextSMOperation = PrtNextStatemachineOperation.ReceiveOperation;
+                hasMoreWork = false;
+                goto Finish;
+            }
+
+            Finish:
+            Debug.Assert(!hasMoreWork || currentStatus == PrtMachineStatus.Enabled, "hasMoreWork is true but the statemachine is blocked");
+            return hasMoreWork;
+
+            }
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+pointer `ev` last assigned on line 109 could be null and is dereferenced at line 110, column 13.
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PrtImplMachine.PrtEnqueueEvent(PrtValue,PrtValue,PrtMachine)
+
+### File:
+Src/PTester/PRuntime/PrtImplMachine.cs
+
+### Key:
+PrtImplMachine.cs|PrtEnqueueEvent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+df8f2a64f2f49e1bc05729fd4440eed4
+
+### Hash:
+2295a870af592b757de09e09d5419138
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2862/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2862/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a742701cde7a20e8cfc1fe62ac8784c4eeb4d8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2862/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** P
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker;
+using Microsoft.Pc.TypeChecker.AST;
+
+namespace Microsoft.Pc.Backend
+{
+    public class PrtCodeGenerator : ICodeGenerator
+    {
+        public IReadOnlyList<CompiledFile> GenerateCode(ITranslationErrorHandler handler, ICompilerOutput log, string projectName,
+                                                        Scope globalScope)
+        {
+            // Manages job-specific state so that jobs can be parallelized
+            var context = new CompilationContext(projectName);
+
+            // Create header and source files.
+            var cHeader = new CompiledFile($"{projectName}.h");
+            var cSource = new CompiledFile($"{projectName}.c");
+
+            // Write the header file
+            WriteGenericHeader(context, cHeader.Stream);
+
+            foreach (IPDecl decl in globalScope.AllDecls)
+            {
+                WriteForwardDeclaration(context, cHeader.Stream, decl);
+            }
+
+            WriteGenericFooter(context, cHeader.Stream);
+
+            // TODO: write the source
+
+            // All done! Return the compiled files.
+            return new List<CompiledFile> {cHeader, cSource};
+        }
+
+        #region Header writing routines
+
+        private static void WriteGenericHeader(CompilationContext context, TextWriter output)
+        {
+            string includeGuardMacro = $"P_{Regex.Replace(context.ProjectName.ToUpperInvariant(), @"\s+", "")}_H_";
+            output.WriteLine("#pragma once");
+            output.WriteLine($"#ifndef {includeGuardMacro}");
+            output.WriteLine($"#define {includeGuardMacro}");
+            output.WriteLine("#include \"Prt.h\"");
+            output.WriteLine();
+            output.WriteLine("#ifdef __cplusplus");
+            output.WriteLine("extern \"C\" {");
+            output.WriteLine("#endif");
+            output.WriteLine();
+        }
+
+        private static void WriteForwardDeclaration(CompilationContext context, TextWriter output, IPDecl decl)
+        {
+            string declName = context.Names.GetNameForNode(decl);
+            output.WriteLine($"DECL({decl.GetType().Name}, {decl.Name}) => {declName}");
+        }
+
+        private static void WriteGenericFooter(CompilationContext context, TextWriter output)
+        {
+            string includeGuardMacro = $"P_{Regex.Replace(context.ProjectName.ToUpperInvariant(), @"\s+", "")}_H_";
+            output.WriteLine();
+            output.WriteLine("#ifdef __cplusplus");
+            output.WriteLine("}");
+            output.WriteLine("#endif");
+            output.WriteLine();
+            output.WriteLine($"#endif // {includeGuardMacro}");
+        }
+
+        #endregion
+
+        private class CompilationContext
+        {
+            public string ProjectName { get; }
+            public NameManager Names { get; }
+            public int IndentationLevel { get; set; } = 0;
+
+            public CompilationContext(string projectName)
+            {
+                ProjectName = projectName;
+                Names = new NameManager($"P_{projectName.ToUpperInvariant()}_");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource cSource.Microsoft.Pc.Backend.CompiledFile.<Stream>k__BackingField of type System.IO.StringWriter, Leaked resource cHeader.Microsoft.Pc.Backend.CompiledFile.<Stream>k__BackingField of type System.IO.StringWriter in method "IReadOnlyList`1<!0> PrtCodeGenerator.GenerateCode(ITranslationErrorHandler,ICompilerOutput,String,Scope)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+IReadOnlyList`1<!0> PrtCodeGenerator.GenerateCode(ITranslationErrorHandler,ICompilerOutput,String,Scope)
+
+### File:
+Src/Pc/CompilerCore/Backend/PrtCodeGenerator.cs
+
+### Key:
+PrtCodeGenerator.cs|GenerateCode|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+dbbd8a934d1504613b454a9eb5e64102
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2863/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2863/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..017d28eb6bc2d9d41962c5aaa8710804d4848d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2863/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Buildalyzer
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
+using Buildalyzer;
+using Microsoft.Build.Evaluation;
+using Microsoft.Build.Execution;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Shouldly;
+
+namespace NetCoreTests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class NetCoreTestFixture
+    {
+        private static string[] _projectFiles =
+        {
+            @"LegacyFrameworkProject\LegacyFrameworkProject.csproj",
+            @"SdkNetCoreProject\SdkNetCoreProject.csproj",
+            @"SdkNetStandardProject\SdkNetStandardProject.csproj"
+        };
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(_projectFiles))]
+        public void LoadsProject(string projectFile)
+        {
+            // Given
+            StringBuilder log = new StringBuilder();
+            ProjectAnalyzer analyzer = GetProjectAnalyzer(projectFile, log);
+
+            // When
+            Project project = analyzer.Load();
+
+            // Then
+            project.ShouldNotBeNull(log.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(_projectFiles))]
+        public void CompilesProject(string projectFile)
+        {
+            // Given
+            StringBuilder log = new StringBuilder();
+            ProjectAnalyzer analyzer = GetProjectAnalyzer(projectFile, log);
+
+            // When
+            ProjectInstance projectInstance = analyzer.Compile();
+
+            // Then
+            projectInstance.ShouldNotBeNull(log.ToString());
+        }
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(_projectFiles))]
+        public void GetsSourceFiles(string projectFile)
+        {
+            // Given
+            StringBuilder log = new StringBuilder();
+            ProjectAnalyzer analyzer = GetProjectAnalyzer(projectFile, log);
+
+            // When
+            IReadOnlyList<string> sourceFiles = analyzer.GetSourceFiles();
+
+            // Then
+            sourceFiles.ShouldContain(x => x.EndsWith("Class1.cs"));
+        }
+
+        private ProjectAnalyzer GetProjectAnalyzer(string projectFile, StringBuilder log)
+        {
+            string projectPath = Path.GetFullPath(
+                Path.Combine(
+                    Path.GetDirectoryName(typeof(NetCoreTestFixture).Assembly.Location),
+                    @"..\..\..\..\" + projectFile));
+            LoggerFactory loggerFactory = null;
+            if (log != null)
+            {
+                loggerFactory = new LoggerFactory();
+                loggerFactory.AddProvider(new StringBuilderLoggerProvider(log));
+            }
+            Analyzer analyzer = new Analyzer(loggerFactory);
+            return analyzer.GetProject(projectPath);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource (output of Buildalyzer.StringBuilderLoggerProvider::.ctor() at Line 76) of type Buildalyzer.StringBuilderLoggerProvider in method "ProjectAnalyzer NetCoreTestFixture.GetProjectAnalyzer(String,StringBuilder)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+ProjectAnalyzer NetCoreTestFixture.GetProjectAnalyzer(String,StringBuilder)
+
+### File:
+NetCoreTests/NetCoreTestFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+NetCoreTestFixture.cs|GetProjectAnalyzer|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+a7893522692f65ea11832d8fc11fad1a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2864/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2864/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00c079c4c7a2d72eab9af3eef1d7b72ddda55e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2864/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Buildalyzer
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Buildalyzer.Environment;
+using LibGit2Sharp;
+using Microsoft.Build.Construction;
+using Microsoft.Build.Framework;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Shouldly;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Buildalyzer.Tests.Integration
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    [NonParallelizable]
+    public class OpenSourceProjectsFixture
+    {
+        private const LoggerVerbosity Verbosity = LoggerVerbosity.Normal;
+        private const bool BinaryLog = false;
+
+        private static EnvironmentPreference[] Preferences =
+        {
+#if Is_Windows
+            EnvironmentPreference.Framework,
+#endif
+            EnvironmentPreference.Core
+        };
+
+        private static TestRepository[] Repositories =
+        {
+            new TestRepository("https://github.com/autofac/Autofac.git"),
+            new TestRepository("https://github.com/AutoMapper/AutoMapper.git"),
+            new TestRepository(EnvironmentPreference.Framework, "https://github.com/JamesNK/Newtonsoft.Json.git"),  // Contains portable project, can't build using SDK
+            new TestRepository("https://github.com/nodatime/nodatime.git",
+                @"\src\NodaTime.Web.Blazor\NodaTime.Web.Blazor.csproj"),
+            new TestRepository(EnvironmentPreference.Framework, "https://github.com/serilog/serilog.git"), // SourceLink messed up from AppVeyor on SDK: "SourceLink.Create.CommandLine.dll. Assembly with same name is already loaded Confirm that the <UsingTask> declaration is correct"
+            new TestRepository("https://github.com/cake-build/cake"),
+            new TestRepository("https://github.com/Wyamio/Wyam.git"),
+        };
+
+        public class TestRepository
+        {
+            public EnvironmentPreference? Preference { get; }
+
+            public string Url { get; }
+
+            public string[] Excluded { get; }
+
+            public TestRepository(string url, params string[] excluded)
+                : this(null, url, excluded)
+            {
+            }
+
+            public TestRepository(EnvironmentPreference? preference, string url, params string[] excluded)
+            {
+                Preference = preference;
+                Url = url;
+                Excluded = excluded ?? Array.Empty<string>();
+            }
+
+            public override string ToString() => Url;
+        }
+        
+        private static List<object[]> ProjectTestCases = new List<object[]>();
+
+        // Do setup in a static constructor since the TestCaseSource depends on it
+        // See https://stackoverflow.com/a/40507964/807064
+        static OpenSourceProjectsFixture()
+        {
+            foreach (TestRepository repository in Repositories)
+            {
+                string path = GetRepositoryPath(repository.Url);
+                CloneRepository(repository.Url, path);
+            }
+            
+            // Iterate all repositories
+            foreach (TestRepository repository in Repositories)
+            {
+                // Iterate all available preferences
+                foreach (EnvironmentPreference preference in Preferences)
+                {
+                    // Only build the desired preferences
+                    if (!repository.Preference.HasValue || repository.Preference.Value == preference)
+                    {
+                        // Iterate all solution files in the repository
+                        foreach (string solutionPath in
+                            Directory.EnumerateFiles(GetRepositoryPath(repository.Url), "*.sln", SearchOption.AllDirectories))
+                        {
+                            // Exclude any solution files we don't want to build
+                            if (!repository.Excluded.Any(x => solutionPath.EndsWith(x)))
+                            {
+                                // Get all the projects in this solution
+                                SolutionFile solutionFile = SolutionFile.Parse(solutionPath);
+                                foreach (string projectPath in
+                                    solutionFile.ProjectsInOrder
+                                    .Where(x => AnalyzerManager.SupportedProjectTypes.Contains(x.ProjectType))
+                                    .Select(x => x.AbsolutePath))
+                                {
+                                    // Exclude any project files we don't want to build
+                                    if (!repository.Excluded.Any(x => projectPath.EndsWith(x)))
+                                    {
+                                        ProjectTestCases.Add(new object[]
+                                        {
+                                                preference,
+                                                solutionPath,
+                                                projectPath
+                                        });
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(ProjectTestCases))]
+        public void CompilesProject(EnvironmentPreference preference, string solutionPath, string projectPath)
+        {
+            // Given
+            StringWriter log = new StringWriter();
+            AnalyzerManager manager = new AnalyzerManager(solutionPath, new AnalyzerManagerOptions
+            {
+                LogWriter = log
+            });
+            ProjectAnalyzer analyzer = manager.GetProject(projectPath);
+            EnvironmentOptions options = new EnvironmentOptions
+            {
+                Preference = preference
+            };
+
+            // Set some enviornment variables to make it seem like we're not in a CI build
+            // Sometimes this messes up libraries like SourceLink since we're building as part of a test and not for CI
+            options.EnvironmentVariables.Add("APPVEYOR", "False");
+            options.EnvironmentVariables.Add("ContinuousIntegrationBuild", null);
+            options.EnvironmentVariables.Add("CI", "False");
+            options.EnvironmentVariables.Add("CI_LINUX", "False");
+            options.EnvironmentVariables.Add("CI_WINDOWS", "False");
+
+            // When
+            DeleteProjectDirectory(analyzer.ProjectFile.Path, "obj");
+            DeleteProjectDirectory(analyzer.ProjectFile.Path, "bin");
+            analyzer.IgnoreFaultyImports = false;
+
+#pragma warning disable 0162
+            if (BinaryLog)
+            {
+                analyzer.AddBinaryLogger($@"E:\Temp\{Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(solutionPath)}.{Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(analyzer.ProjectFile.Path)}.core.binlog");
+            }
+#pragma warning restore 0162
+
+            AnalyzerResults results = analyzer.Build(options);
+
+            // Then
+            results.Count.ShouldBeGreaterThan(0, log.ToString());
+            results.OverallSuccess.ShouldBeTrue(log.ToString());
+            results.ShouldAllBe(x => x.Succeeded, log.ToString());
+        }
+
+        private static void CloneRepository(string repository, string path)
+        {
+            if (!Directory.Exists(path))
+            {
+                TestContext.Progress.WriteLine($"Cloning { path }");
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+                string clonedPath = Repository.Clone(repository, path);
+                TestContext.Progress.WriteLine($"Cloned into { clonedPath }");
+            }
+            else if (!Repository.IsValid(path))
+            {
+                TestContext.Progress.WriteLine($"Recloning { path }");
+                Directory.Delete(path, true);
+                Thread.Sleep(1000);
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+                string clonedPath = Repository.Clone(repository, path);
+                TestContext.Progress.WriteLine($"Cloned into { clonedPath }");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                TestContext.Progress.WriteLine($"Updating { path }");
+                Repository repo = new Repository(path);
+                foreach (Remote remote in repo.Network.Remotes)
+                {
+                    IEnumerable<string> refSpecs = remote.FetchRefSpecs.Select(x => x.Specification);
+                    Commands.Fetch(repo, remote.Name, refSpecs, null, string.Empty);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static string GetRepositoryPath(string repository)
+        {
+            string path = Path.GetFullPath(
+                Path.Combine(
+                    Path.GetDirectoryName(typeof(OpenSourceProjectsFixture).Assembly.Location),
+                    @"..\..\..\..\repos\" + Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(repository)));
+
+            return path.Replace('\\', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+        }
+
+        private static void DeleteProjectDirectory(string projectPath, string directory)
+        {
+            string path = Path.Combine(Path.GetDirectoryName(projectPath), directory);
+            if (Directory.Exists(path))
+            {
+                Directory.Delete(path, true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource log of type System.IO.StringWriter in method "Void OpenSourceProjectsFixture.CompilesProject(EnvironmentPreference,String,String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void OpenSourceProjectsFixture.CompilesProject(EnvironmentPreference,String,String)
+
+### File:
+tests/Buildalyzer.Tests/Integration/OpenSourceProjectsFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+OpenSourceProjectsFixture.cs|CompilesProject|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+4097356181d27ecc7162b30ae2c3dbae
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2865/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2865/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40210460f406e71606ab6a012ed65e0d61758488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2865/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Buildalyzer
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+using Buildalyzer;
+using LibGit2Sharp;
+using Microsoft.Build.Execution;
+using Microsoft.Build.Framework;
+using NUnit.Framework;
+using Shouldly;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace NetCoreIntegrationTests
+{
+    [TestFixture]
+    public class NetCoreIntegrationTestFixture
+    {
+        private const LoggerVerbosity Verbosity = LoggerVerbosity.Normal;
+        private const bool BinaryLog = true;
+
+        private static string[] _repositories =
+        {
+			// "https://github.com/AngleSharp/AngleSharp.git", contains portable project, can't build
+			"https://github.com/autofac/Autofac.git",
+			"https://github.com/AutoMapper/AutoMapper.git",
+			//"https://github.com/MarimerLLC/csla.git", contains portable project, can't build
+			"https://github.com/SixLabors/ImageSharp.git",
+			"https://github.com/moq/moq.git",
+			"https://github.com/JamesNK/Newtonsoft.Json.git",
+			"https://github.com/nodatime/nodatime.git",
+			"https://github.com/JasonBock/Rocks.git",
+			"https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn.git",
+			"https://github.com/Reactive-Extensions/Rx.NET.git",
+			"https://github.com/serilog/serilog.git",
+			"https://github.com/Abc-Arbitrage/ZeroLog.git",
+            "https://github.com/cake-build/cake"
+        };
+
+        [TestCaseSource(nameof(_repositories))]
+        public void CompilesProject(string repository)
+        {
+            // Given
+            string solutionFile = CloneOrFetchRepository(repository);
+            StringWriter log = new StringWriter();
+            AnalyzerManager manager = new AnalyzerManager(solutionFile, new AnalyzerManagerOptions
+            {
+                LogWriter = log,
+                LoggerVerbosity = Verbosity
+            });
+
+            foreach (ProjectAnalyzer analyzer in manager.Projects.Values)
+            {
+                // When
+                Console.WriteLine(analyzer.ProjectFile.Path);
+                if (BinaryLog)
+                {
+                    analyzer.AddBinaryLogger(Path.Combine(@"E:\Temp\", Path.ChangeExtension(Path.GetFileName(analyzer.ProjectFile.Path), ".integration.core.binlog")));
+                }
+                AnalyzerResults results = analyzer.Build();
+
+                // Then
+                results.Count.ShouldBeGreaterThan(0, log.ToString());
+                results.First().OverallSuccess.ShouldBeTrue(log.ToString());
+                results.First().ProjectInstance.ShouldNotBeNull(log.ToString());
+                results.First().GetSourceFiles().Count.ShouldBeGreaterThan(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static ProjectAnalyzer GetProjectAnalyzer(string projectFile, StringWriter log) =>
+            new AnalyzerManager(new AnalyzerManagerOptions
+            {
+                LogWriter = log
+            })
+            .GetProject(projectFile);
+
+        private static string CloneOrFetchRepository(string repository)
+        {
+            string path = GetRepositoryPath(repository);
+            if(!Directory.Exists(path))
+            {
+                Directory.CreateDirectory(path);
+                Repository.Clone(repository, path);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Repository repo = new Repository(path);
+                foreach(Remote remote in repo.Network.Remotes)
+                {
+                    IEnumerable<string> refSpecs = remote.FetchRefSpecs.Select(x => x.Specification);
+                    Commands.Fetch(repo, remote.Name, refSpecs, null, string.Empty);
+                }
+            }
+            return Directory.GetFiles(path, "*.sln", SearchOption.AllDirectories)[0];
+        }
+
+        private static string GetRepositoryPath(string repository)
+        {
+            string path = Path.GetFullPath(
+                Path.Combine(
+                    Path.GetDirectoryName(typeof(NetCoreIntegrationTestFixture).Assembly.Location),
+                    @"..\..\..\..\repos\" + Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(repository)));
+
+            return path.Replace('\\', Path.DirectorySeparatorChar);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource log of type System.IO.StringWriter in method "Void NetCoreIntegrationTestFixture.CompilesProject(String)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void NetCoreIntegrationTestFixture.CompilesProject(String)
+
+### File:
+tests/NetCoreIntegrationTests/NetCoreIntegrationTestFixture.cs
+
+### Key:
+NetCoreIntegrationTestFixture.cs|CompilesProject|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d04e050dd6dc854fc3dac4117a246759
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2890/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2890/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96c3124ec39b842e168f72e93739928307edb33d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2890/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,712 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Csharp
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Industrial-IoT
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** csharp
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```csharp
+
+using Opc.Ua;
+using Opc.Ua.Server;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace OpcPublisher
+{
+    using Newtonsoft.Json;
+    using System.Linq;
+    using System.Net;
+    using static OpcApplicationConfiguration;
+    using static OpcPublisher.Program;
+    using static PublisherNodeConfiguration;
+
+    public class PublisherNodeManager : CustomNodeManager2
+    {
+        public PublisherNodeManager(Opc.Ua.Server.IServerInternal server, ApplicationConfiguration configuration)
+        : base(server, configuration, Namespaces.PublisherApplications)
+        {
+            SystemContext.NodeIdFactory = this;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates the NodeId for the specified node.
+        /// </summary>
+        public override NodeId New(ISystemContext context, NodeState node)
+        {
+            BaseInstanceState instance = node as BaseInstanceState;
+
+            if (instance != null && instance.Parent != null)
+            {
+                string id = instance.Parent.NodeId.Identifier as string;
+
+                if (id != null)
+                {
+                    return new NodeId(id + "_" + instance.SymbolicName, instance.Parent.NodeId.NamespaceIndex);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return node.NodeId;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new folder.
+        /// </summary>
+        private FolderState CreateFolder(NodeState parent, string path, string name)
+        {
+            FolderState folder = new FolderState(parent)
+            {
+                SymbolicName = name,
+                ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypes.Organizes,
+                TypeDefinitionId = ObjectTypeIds.FolderType,
+                NodeId = new NodeId(path, NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = new QualifiedName(path, NamespaceIndex),
+                DisplayName = new LocalizedText("en", name),
+                WriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None,
+                UserWriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None,
+                EventNotifier = EventNotifiers.None
+            };
+
+            if (parent != null)
+            {
+                parent.AddChild(folder);
+            }
+
+            return folder;
+        }
+
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Does any initialization required before the address space can be used.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The externalReferences is an out parameter that allows the node manager to link to nodes
+        /// in other node managers. For example, the 'Objects' node is managed by the CoreNodeManager and
+        /// should have a reference to the root folder node(s) exposed by this node manager.  
+        /// </remarks>
+        public override void CreateAddressSpace(IDictionary<NodeId, IList<IReference>> externalReferences)
+        {
+            lock (Lock)
+            {
+                IList<IReference> references = null;
+
+                if (!externalReferences.TryGetValue(ObjectIds.ObjectsFolder, out references))
+                {
+                    externalReferences[ObjectIds.ObjectsFolder] = references = new List<IReference>();
+                }
+
+                FolderState root = CreateFolder(null, "OpcPublisher", "OpcPublisher");
+                root.AddReference(ReferenceTypes.Organizes, true, ObjectIds.ObjectsFolder);
+                references.Add(new NodeStateReference(ReferenceTypes.Organizes, false, root.NodeId));
+                root.EventNotifier = EventNotifiers.SubscribeToEvents;
+                AddRootNotifier(root);
+
+                List<BaseDataVariableState> variables = new List<BaseDataVariableState>();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    FolderState dataFolder = CreateFolder(root, "Data", "Data");
+
+                    const string connectionStringItemName = "ConnectionString";
+                    DataItemState item = CreateDataItemVariable(dataFolder, connectionStringItemName, connectionStringItemName, BuiltInType.String, ValueRanks.Scalar, AccessLevels.CurrentWrite);
+                    item.Value = String.Empty;
+
+                    FolderState methodsFolder = CreateFolder(root, "Methods", "Methods");
+
+                    MethodState publishNodeMethod = CreateMethod(methodsFolder, "PublishNode", "PublishNode");
+                    SetPublishNodeMethodProperties(ref publishNodeMethod);
+
+                    MethodState unpublishNodeMethod = CreateMethod(methodsFolder, "UnpublishNode", "UnpublishNode");
+                    SetUnpublishNodeMethodProperties(ref unpublishNodeMethod);
+
+                    MethodState getPublishedNodesLegacyMethod = CreateMethod(methodsFolder, "GetPublishedNodes", "GetPublishedNodes");
+                    SetGetPublishedNodesLegacyMethodProperties(ref getPublishedNodesLegacyMethod);
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    Utils.Trace(e, "Error creating the address space.");
+                }
+
+                AddPredefinedNode(SystemContext, root);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets properties of the PublishNode method.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void SetPublishNodeMethodProperties(ref MethodState method)
+        {
+            // define input arguments
+            method.InputArguments = new PropertyState<Argument[]>(method)
+            {
+                NodeId = new NodeId(method.BrowseName.Name + "InArgs", NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = BrowseNames.InputArguments
+            };
+            method.InputArguments.DisplayName = method.InputArguments.BrowseName.Name;
+            method.InputArguments.TypeDefinitionId = VariableTypeIds.PropertyType;
+            method.InputArguments.ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypeIds.HasProperty;
+            method.InputArguments.DataType = DataTypeIds.Argument;
+            method.InputArguments.ValueRank = ValueRanks.OneDimension;
+
+            method.InputArguments.Value = new Argument[]
+            {
+                            new Argument() { Name = "NodeId", Description = "NodeId of the node to publish in NodeId format.",  DataType = DataTypeIds.String, ValueRank = ValueRanks.Scalar },
+                            new Argument() { Name = "EndpointUrl", Description = "Endpoint URI of the OPC UA server owning the node.",  DataType = DataTypeIds.String, ValueRank = ValueRanks.Scalar }
+            };
+
+            method.OnCallMethod = new GenericMethodCalledEventHandler(OnPublishNodeCall);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets properies of the UnpublishNode method.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void SetUnpublishNodeMethodProperties(ref MethodState method)
+        {
+            // define input arguments
+            method.InputArguments = new PropertyState<Argument[]>(method)
+            {
+                NodeId = new NodeId(method.BrowseName.Name + "InArgs", NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = BrowseNames.InputArguments
+            };
+            method.InputArguments.DisplayName = method.InputArguments.BrowseName.Name;
+            method.InputArguments.TypeDefinitionId = VariableTypeIds.PropertyType;
+            method.InputArguments.ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypeIds.HasProperty;
+            method.InputArguments.DataType = DataTypeIds.Argument;
+            method.InputArguments.ValueRank = ValueRanks.OneDimension;
+
+            method.InputArguments.Value = new Argument[]
+            {
+                            new Argument() { Name = "NodeId", Description = "NodeId of the node to publish in NodeId format.",  DataType = DataTypeIds.String, ValueRank = ValueRanks.Scalar },
+                            new Argument() { Name = "EndpointUrl", Description = "Endpoint URI of the OPC UA server owning the node.",  DataType = DataTypeIds.String, ValueRank = ValueRanks.Scalar },
+            };
+
+            method.OnCallMethod = new GenericMethodCalledEventHandler(OnUnpublishNodeCall);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets properies of the GetPublishedNodes method, which is only there for backward compatibility.
+        /// This method is acutally returning the configured nodes in NodeId syntax.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void SetGetPublishedNodesLegacyMethodProperties(ref MethodState method)
+        {
+            // define input arguments
+            method.InputArguments = new PropertyState<Argument[]>(method)
+            {
+                NodeId = new NodeId(method.BrowseName.Name + "InArgs", NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = BrowseNames.InputArguments
+            };
+            method.InputArguments.DisplayName = method.InputArguments.BrowseName.Name;
+            method.InputArguments.TypeDefinitionId = VariableTypeIds.PropertyType;
+            method.InputArguments.ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypeIds.HasProperty;
+            method.InputArguments.DataType = DataTypeIds.Argument;
+            method.InputArguments.ValueRank = ValueRanks.OneDimension;
+
+            method.InputArguments.Value = new Argument[]
+            {
+                            new Argument() { Name = "EndpointUrl", Description = "Endpoint URI of the OPC UA server to return the published nodes for.",  DataType = DataTypeIds.String, ValueRank = ValueRanks.Scalar }
+            };
+
+            // set output arguments
+            method.OutputArguments = new PropertyState<Argument[]>(method)
+            {
+                NodeId = new NodeId(method.BrowseName.Name + "OutArgs", NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = BrowseNames.OutputArguments
+            };
+            method.OutputArguments.DisplayName = method.OutputArguments.BrowseName.Name;
+            method.OutputArguments.TypeDefinitionId = VariableTypeIds.PropertyType;
+            method.OutputArguments.ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypeIds.HasProperty;
+            method.OutputArguments.DataType = DataTypeIds.Argument;
+            method.OutputArguments.ValueRank = ValueRanks.OneDimension;
+
+            method.OutputArguments.Value = new Argument[]
+            {
+                        new Argument() { Name = "Published nodes", Description = "List of the nodes configured to publish in OPC Publisher in NodeId format",  DataType = DataTypeIds.String, ValueRank = ValueRanks.Scalar }
+            };
+            method.OnCallMethod = new GenericMethodCalledEventHandler(OnGetPublishedNodesLegacyCall);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new variable.
+        /// </summary>
+        private DataItemState CreateDataItemVariable(NodeState parent, string path, string name, BuiltInType dataType, int valueRank, byte accessLevel)
+        {
+            DataItemState variable = new DataItemState(parent);
+            variable.ValuePrecision = new PropertyState<double>(variable);
+            variable.Definition = new PropertyState<string>(variable);
+
+            variable.Create(
+                SystemContext,
+                null,
+                variable.BrowseName,
+                null,
+                true);
+
+            variable.SymbolicName = name;
+            variable.ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypes.Organizes;
+            variable.NodeId = new NodeId(path, NamespaceIndex);
+            variable.BrowseName = new QualifiedName(path, NamespaceIndex);
+            variable.DisplayName = new LocalizedText("en", name);
+            variable.WriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None;
+            variable.UserWriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None;
+            variable.DataType = (uint)dataType;
+            variable.ValueRank = valueRank;
+            variable.AccessLevel = accessLevel;
+            variable.UserAccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.Historizing = false;
+            variable.Value = Opc.Ua.TypeInfo.GetDefaultValue((uint)dataType, valueRank, Server.TypeTree);
+            variable.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Good;
+            variable.Timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow;
+
+            if (valueRank == ValueRanks.OneDimension)
+            {
+                variable.ArrayDimensions = new ReadOnlyList<uint>(new List<uint> { 0 });
+            }
+            else if (valueRank == ValueRanks.TwoDimensions)
+            {
+                variable.ArrayDimensions = new ReadOnlyList<uint>(new List<uint> { 0, 0 });
+            }
+
+            variable.ValuePrecision.Value = 2;
+            variable.ValuePrecision.AccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.ValuePrecision.UserAccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.Definition.Value = String.Empty;
+            variable.Definition.AccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.Definition.UserAccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+
+            if (parent != null)
+            {
+                parent.AddChild(variable);
+            }
+
+            return variable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new variable using type Numeric as NodeId.
+        /// </summary>
+        private DataItemState CreateDataItemVariable(NodeState parent, uint id, string name, BuiltInType dataType, int valueRank, byte accessLevel)
+        {
+            DataItemState variable = new DataItemState(parent);
+            variable.ValuePrecision = new PropertyState<double>(variable);
+            variable.Definition = new PropertyState<string>(variable);
+
+            variable.Create(
+                SystemContext,
+                null,
+                variable.BrowseName,
+                null,
+                true);
+
+            variable.SymbolicName = name;
+            variable.ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypes.Organizes;
+            variable.NodeId = new NodeId(id, NamespaceIndex);
+            variable.BrowseName = new QualifiedName(name, NamespaceIndex);
+            variable.DisplayName = new LocalizedText("en", name);
+            variable.WriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None;
+            variable.UserWriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None;
+            variable.DataType = (uint)dataType;
+            variable.ValueRank = valueRank;
+            variable.AccessLevel = accessLevel;
+            variable.UserAccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.Historizing = false;
+            variable.Value = Opc.Ua.TypeInfo.GetDefaultValue((uint)dataType, valueRank, Server.TypeTree);
+            variable.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Good;
+            variable.Timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow;
+
+            if (valueRank == ValueRanks.OneDimension)
+            {
+                variable.ArrayDimensions = new ReadOnlyList<uint>(new List<uint> { 0 });
+            }
+            else if (valueRank == ValueRanks.TwoDimensions)
+            {
+                variable.ArrayDimensions = new ReadOnlyList<uint>(new List<uint> { 0, 0 });
+            }
+
+            variable.ValuePrecision.Value = 2;
+            variable.ValuePrecision.AccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.ValuePrecision.UserAccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.Definition.Value = String.Empty;
+            variable.Definition.AccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+            variable.Definition.UserAccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite;
+
+            if (parent != null)
+            {
+                parent.AddChild(variable);
+            }
+
+            return variable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new variable.
+        /// </summary>
+        private BaseDataVariableState CreateVariable(NodeState parent, string path, string name, NodeId dataType, int valueRank)
+        {
+            BaseDataVariableState variable = new BaseDataVariableState(parent)
+            {
+                SymbolicName = name,
+                ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypes.Organizes,
+                TypeDefinitionId = VariableTypeIds.BaseDataVariableType,
+                NodeId = new NodeId(path, NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = new QualifiedName(path, NamespaceIndex),
+                DisplayName = new LocalizedText("en", name),
+                WriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.DisplayName | AttributeWriteMask.Description,
+                UserWriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.DisplayName | AttributeWriteMask.Description,
+                DataType = dataType,
+                ValueRank = valueRank,
+                AccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite,
+                UserAccessLevel = AccessLevels.CurrentReadOrWrite,
+                Historizing = false,
+                StatusCode = StatusCodes.Good,
+                Timestamp = DateTime.UtcNow
+            };
+
+            if (valueRank == ValueRanks.OneDimension)
+            {
+                variable.ArrayDimensions = new ReadOnlyList<uint>(new List<uint> { 0 });
+            }
+            else if (valueRank == ValueRanks.TwoDimensions)
+            {
+                variable.ArrayDimensions = new ReadOnlyList<uint>(new List<uint> { 0, 0 });
+            }
+
+            if (parent != null)
+            {
+                parent.AddChild(variable);
+            }
+
+            return variable;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new method.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MethodState CreateMethod(NodeState parent, string path, string name)
+        {
+            MethodState method = new MethodState(parent)
+            {
+                SymbolicName = name,
+                ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypeIds.HasComponent,
+                NodeId = new NodeId(path, NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = new QualifiedName(path, NamespaceIndex),
+                DisplayName = new LocalizedText("en", name),
+                WriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None,
+                UserWriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None,
+                Executable = true,
+                UserExecutable = true
+            };
+
+            if (parent != null)
+            {
+                parent.AddChild(method);
+            }
+
+            return method;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new method using type Numeric for the NodeId.
+        /// </summary>
+        private MethodState CreateMethod(NodeState parent, uint id, string name)
+        {
+            MethodState method = new MethodState(parent)
+            {
+                SymbolicName = name,
+                ReferenceTypeId = ReferenceTypeIds.HasComponent,
+                NodeId = new NodeId(id, NamespaceIndex),
+                BrowseName = new QualifiedName(name, NamespaceIndex),
+                DisplayName = new LocalizedText("en", name),
+                WriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None,
+                UserWriteMask = AttributeWriteMask.None,
+                Executable = true,
+                UserExecutable = true
+            };
+
+            if (parent != null)
+            {
+                parent.AddChild(method);
+            }
+
+            return method;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Method to start monitoring a node and publish the data to IoTHub. Executes synchronously.
+        /// </summary>
+        private ServiceResult OnPublishNodeCall(ISystemContext context, MethodState method, IList<object> inputArguments, IList<object> outputArguments)
+        {
+            string logPrefix = "OnPublishNodeCall:";
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(inputArguments[0] as string) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(inputArguments[1] as string))
+            {
+                Logger.Error($"{logPrefix} Invalid Arguments when trying to publish a node.");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadArgumentsMissing, "Please provide all arguments as strings!");
+            }
+
+            HttpStatusCode statusCode = HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError;
+            NodeId nodeId = null;
+            ExpandedNodeId expandedNodeId = null;
+            Uri endpointUri = null;
+            bool isNodeIdFormat = true;
+            try
+            {
+                string id = inputArguments[0] as string;
+                if (id.Contains("nsu=", StringComparison.InvariantCulture))
+                {
+                    expandedNodeId = ExpandedNodeId.Parse(id);
+                    isNodeIdFormat = false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    nodeId = NodeId.Parse(id);
+                    isNodeIdFormat = true;
+                }
+                endpointUri = new Uri(inputArguments[1] as string);
+            }
+            catch (UriFormatException)
+            {
+                Logger.Error($"{logPrefix} The EndpointUrl has an invalid format '{inputArguments[1] as string}'!");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadArgumentsMissing, "Please provide a valid OPC UA endpoint URL as second argument!");
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Logger.Error(e, $"{logPrefix} The NodeId has an invalid format '{inputArguments[0] as string}'!");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadArgumentsMissing, "Please provide a valid OPC UA NodeId in NodeId or ExpandedNodeId format as first argument!");
+            }
+
+            // find/create a session to the endpoint URL and start monitoring the node.
+            try
+            {
+                // lock the publishing configuration till we are done
+                OpcSessionsListSemaphore.Wait();
+
+                if (ShutdownTokenSource.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadUnexpectedError, $"Publisher shutdown in progress.");
+                }
+
+                // find the session we need to monitor the node
+                OpcSession opcSession = null;
+                opcSession = OpcSessions.FirstOrDefault(s => s.EndpointUrl.Equals(endpointUri.OriginalString, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+                // add a new session.
+                if (opcSession == null)
+                {
+                    // create new session info.
+                    opcSession = new OpcSession(endpointUri.OriginalString, true, OpcSessionCreationTimeout);
+                    OpcSessions.Add(opcSession);
+                    Logger.Information($"OnPublishNodeCall: No matching session found for endpoint '{endpointUri.OriginalString}'. Requested to create a new one.");
+                }
+
+                if (isNodeIdFormat)
+                {
+                    // add the node info to the subscription with the default publishing interval, execute syncronously
+                    Logger.Debug($"{logPrefix} Request to monitor item with NodeId '{nodeId.ToString()}' (with default PublishingInterval and SamplingInterval)");
+                    statusCode = opcSession.AddNodeForMonitoringAsync(nodeId, null, null, null, null, ShutdownTokenSource.Token).Result;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // add the node info to the subscription with the default publishing interval, execute syncronously
+                    Logger.Debug($"{logPrefix} Request to monitor item with ExpandedNodeId '{expandedNodeId.ToString()}' (with default PublishingInterval and SamplingInterval)");
+                    statusCode = opcSession.AddNodeForMonitoringAsync(null, expandedNodeId, null, null, null, ShutdownTokenSource.Token).Result;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Logger.Error(e, $"{logPrefix} Exception while trying to configure publishing node '{(isNodeIdFormat ? nodeId.ToString() : expandedNodeId.ToString())}'");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(e, StatusCodes.BadUnexpectedError, $"Unexpected error publishing node: {e.Message}");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                OpcSessionsListSemaphore.Release();
+            }
+
+            if (statusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK || statusCode == HttpStatusCode.Accepted)
+            {
+                return ServiceResult.Good;
+            }
+            return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.Bad, "Can not start monitoring node! Reason unknown.");
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Method to remove the node from the subscription and stop publishing telemetry to IoTHub. Executes synchronously.
+        /// </summary>
+        private ServiceResult OnUnpublishNodeCall(ISystemContext context, MethodState method, IList<object> inputArguments, IList<object> outputArguments)
+        {
+            string logPrefix = "OnUnpublishNodeCall:";
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(inputArguments[0] as string) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(inputArguments[1] as string))
+            {
+                Logger.Error($"{logPrefix} Invalid arguments!");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadArgumentsMissing, "Please provide all arguments!");
+            }
+
+            HttpStatusCode statusCode = HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError;
+            NodeId nodeId = null;
+            ExpandedNodeId expandedNodeId = null;
+            Uri endpointUri = null;
+            bool isNodeIdFormat = true;
+            try
+            {
+                string id = inputArguments[0] as string;
+                if (id.Contains("nsu=", StringComparison.InvariantCulture))
+                {
+                    expandedNodeId = ExpandedNodeId.Parse(id);
+                    isNodeIdFormat = false;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    nodeId = NodeId.Parse(id);
+                    isNodeIdFormat = true;
+                }
+                endpointUri = new Uri(inputArguments[1] as string);
+            }
+            catch (UriFormatException)
+            {
+                Logger.Error($"{logPrefix} The endpointUrl is invalid '{inputArguments[1] as string}'!");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadArgumentsMissing, "Please provide a valid OPC UA endpoint URL as second argument!");
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Logger.Error(e, $"{logPrefix} The NodeId has an invalid format '{inputArguments[0] as string}'!");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadArgumentsMissing, "Please provide a valid OPC UA NodeId in NodeId or ExpandedNodeId format as first argument!");
+            }
+
+            // find the session and stop monitoring the node.
+            try
+            {
+                OpcSessionsListSemaphore.Wait();
+                if (ShutdownTokenSource.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadUnexpectedError, $"Publisher shutdown in progress.");
+                }
+
+                // find the session we need to monitor the node
+                OpcSession opcSession = null;
+                try
+                {
+                    opcSession = OpcSessions.FirstOrDefault(s => s.EndpointUrl.Equals(endpointUri.OriginalString, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+                }
+                catch
+                {
+                    opcSession = null;
+                }
+
+                if (opcSession == null)
+                {
+                    // do nothing if there is no session for this endpoint.
+                    Logger.Error($"{logPrefix} Session for endpoint '{endpointUri.OriginalString}' not found.");
+                    return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadSessionIdInvalid, "Session for endpoint of node to unpublished not found!");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    if (isNodeIdFormat)
+                    {
+                        // stop monitoring the node, execute syncronously
+                        Logger.Information($"{logPrefix} Request to stop monitoring item with NodeId '{nodeId.ToString()}')");
+                        statusCode = opcSession.RequestMonitorItemRemovalAsync(nodeId, null, ShutdownTokenSource.Token).Result;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // stop monitoring the node, execute syncronously
+                        Logger.Information($"{logPrefix} Request to stop monitoring item with ExpandedNodeId '{expandedNodeId.ToString()}')");
+                        statusCode = opcSession.RequestMonitorItemRemovalAsync(null, expandedNodeId, ShutdownTokenSource.Token).Result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                Logger.Error(e, $"{logPrefix} Exception while trying to configure publishing node '{nodeId.ToString()}'");
+                return ServiceResult.Create(e, StatusCodes.BadUnexpectedError, $"Unexpected error unpublishing node: {e.Message}");
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                OpcSessionsListSemaphore.Release();
+            }
+            return (statusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK || statusCode == HttpStatusCode.Accepted ? ServiceResult.Good : ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.Bad, "Can not stop monitoring node!"));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Method to get the list of configured nodes and is only there for backward compatibility. Executes synchronously.
+        /// The format of the returned node description is using NodeId format. The assumption
+        /// is that the caller is able to access the namespace array of the server
+        /// on the endpoint URL(s) themselve and do the correct mapping.
+        /// </summary>
+        private ServiceResult OnGetPublishedNodesLegacyCall(ISystemContext context, MethodState method, IList<object> inputArguments, IList<object> outputArguments)
+        {
+            string logPrefix = "OnGetPublishedNodesLegacyCall:";
+            Uri endpointUri = null;
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(inputArguments[0] as string))
+            {
+                Logger.Information($"{logPrefix} returning all nodes of all endpoints'!");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    endpointUri = new Uri(inputArguments[0] as string);
+                }
+                catch (UriFormatException)
+                {
+                    Logger.Error($"{logPrefix} The endpointUrl is invalid '{inputArguments[0] as string}'!");
+                    return ServiceResult.Create(StatusCodes.BadArgumentsMissing, "Please provide a valid OPC UA endpoint URL as first argument!");
+                }
+            }
+
+            // get the list of published nodes in NodeId format
+            List<PublisherConfigurationFileEntryLegacyModel> configFileEntries = GetPublisherConfigurationFileEntriesAsNodeIdsAsync(endpointUri.OriginalString).Result;
+            outputArguments[0] = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(configFileEntries);
+            Logger.Information($"{logPrefix} Success (number of entries: {configFileEntries.Count})");
+            return ServiceResult.Good;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Type:
+DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+Leaked resource item of type Opc.Ua.DataItemState, Leaked resource publishNodeMethod of type Opc.Ua.MethodState, Leaked resource getPublishedNodesLegacyMethod of type Opc.Ua.MethodState, Leaked resource unpublishNodeMethod of type Opc.Ua.MethodState in method "Void PublisherNodeManager.CreateAddressSpace(IDictionary`2<!0,!1>)".
+
+### Severity:
+ERROR
+
+### Procedure:
+Void PublisherNodeManager.CreateAddressSpace(IDictionary`2<!0,!1>)
+
+### File:
+opcpublisher/PublisherNodeManager.cs
+
+### Key:
+PublisherNodeManager.cs|CreateAddressSpace|DOTNET_RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Hash:
+d09324135fe4601e274bf53d6963a464
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Dotnet Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2891/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2891/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5bc59e6e1665910ca57eef1da2ede89af348916a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2891/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** shadowsocks-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.wowspeeder.encryption;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
+
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.StreamBlockCipher;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.KeyParameter;
+import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.ParametersWithIV;
+
+public abstract class CryptBase implements ICrypt {
+
+	protected final String _name;
+	protected final SecretKey _key;
+	protected final ShadowSocksKey _ssKey;
+	protected final int _ivLength;
+	protected final int _keyLength;
+	protected boolean _ignoreIVSet;
+	protected boolean _encryptIVSet;
+	protected boolean _decryptIVSet;
+	protected byte[] _encryptIV;
+	protected byte[] _decryptIV;
+	protected final Lock encLock = new ReentrantLock();
+	protected final Lock decLock = new ReentrantLock();
+	protected StreamBlockCipher encCipher;
+	protected StreamBlockCipher decCipher;
+	private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(CryptBase.class.getName());
+
+	public CryptBase(String name, String password) {
+		_name = name.toLowerCase();
+		_ivLength = getIVLength();
+		_keyLength = getKeyLength();
+		_ssKey = new ShadowSocksKey(password, _keyLength);
+		_key = getKey();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void ivSetIgnore(boolean ignore) {
+		this._ignoreIVSet = ignore;
+	}
+
+	protected void setIV(byte[] iv, boolean isEncrypt) {
+		if (_ivLength == 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (isEncrypt) {
+			try {
+				_encryptIV = new byte[_ivLength];
+				System.arraycopy(iv, 0, _encryptIV, 0, _ivLength);
+				encCipher = getCipher(isEncrypt);
+				ParametersWithIV parameterIV = new ParametersWithIV(
+						new KeyParameter(_key.getEncoded()), _encryptIV);
+				encCipher.init(isEncrypt, parameterIV);
+			} catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException e) {
+				logger.info(e.toString());
+			}
+		} else {
+			try {
+				_decryptIV = new byte[_ivLength];
+				System.arraycopy(iv, 0, _decryptIV, 0, _ivLength);
+				decCipher = getCipher(isEncrypt);
+				ParametersWithIV parameterIV = new ParametersWithIV(
+						new KeyParameter(_key.getEncoded()), _decryptIV);
+				decCipher.init(isEncrypt, parameterIV);
+			} catch (InvalidAlgorithmParameterException e) {
+				logger.info(e.toString());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void encrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		synchronized (encLock) {
+			stream.reset();
+			if (!_encryptIVSet || _ignoreIVSet) {
+				_encryptIVSet = true;
+				byte[] iv = randomBytes(_ivLength);
+				setIV(iv, true);
+				try {
+					stream.write(iv);
+				} catch (IOException e) {
+					logger.info(e.toString());
+				}
+
+			}
+
+			_encrypt(data, stream);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void encrypt(byte[] data, int length, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		byte[] d = new byte[length];
+		System.arraycopy(data, 0, d, 0, length);
+		encrypt(d, stream);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void decrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		byte[] temp;
+		synchronized (decLock) {
+			stream.reset();
+			if (!_decryptIVSet || _ignoreIVSet) {
+				_decryptIVSet = true;
+				setIV(data, false);
+				temp = new byte[data.length - _ivLength];
+				System.arraycopy(data, _ivLength, temp, 0, data.length
+						- _ivLength);
+			} else {
+				temp = data;
+			}
+
+			_decrypt(temp, stream);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void decrypt(byte[] data, int length, ByteArrayOutputStream stream) {
+		byte[] d = new byte[length];
+		System.arraycopy(data, 0, d, 0, length);
+		decrypt(d, stream);
+	}
+
+	private byte[] randomBytes(int size) {
+		byte[] bytes = new byte[size];
+		new SecureRandom().nextBytes(bytes);
+		return bytes;
+	}
+
+	protected abstract StreamBlockCipher getCipher(boolean isEncrypted)
+			throws InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
+
+	protected abstract SecretKey getKey();
+
+	protected abstract void _encrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream);
+
+	protected abstract void _decrypt(byte[] data, ByteArrayOutputStream stream);
+
+	protected abstract int getIVLength();
+
+	protected abstract int getKeyLength();
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `cn.wowspeeder.encryption.CryptBase.setIV` writes to field `this.cn.wowspeeder.encryption.CryptBase._encryptIV` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CryptBase.setIV(byte[],boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.wowspeeder.encryption.CryptBase.setIV(byte[],boolean):void.9c65d3cdf0eeee1c9e56c987f715ac95
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/cn/wowspeeder/encryption/CryptBase.java
+
+### Key:
+CryptBase.java|setIV|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+43b8be23a9ea635eb7c45d27ce06d707
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2896/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2896/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f65baea43f77e6a3cb4f3b2348fd126ac92f12fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2896/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** find-sec-bugs
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Find Security Bugs
+ * Copyright (c) Philippe Arteau, All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.
+ */
+package com.h3xstream.findbugs.test.service;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.*;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.config.ProjectFilterSettings;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.config.UserPreferences;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.NotThreadSafe;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.jar.JarOutputStream;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+
+@NotThreadSafe
+public class FindBugsLauncher {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FindBugsLauncher.class);
+
+
+    static Plugin loadedPlugin;
+
+    /**
+     * Launch an analysis on the given source files.
+     *
+     * @param classFiles
+     * @param bugReporter
+     * @throws java.io.IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     * @throws edu.umd.cs.findbugs.PluginException
+     *
+     */
+    public void analyze(String[] classFiles, BugReporter bugReporter) throws IOException, InterruptedException,
+            PluginException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+
+        final ClassLoader cl = getClass().getClassLoader();
+
+        Project project = new Project();
+        project.setProjectName("automate-test-project");
+        for (String file : classFiles) {
+            project.addFile(file);
+        }
+
+        if (loadedPlugin == null) {
+            //Initialize the plugin base on the findbugs.xml
+            byte[] archive = buildFakePluginJar();
+
+            File f = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"), "plugin.jar");
+            log.info("Writing " + f.getCanonicalPath());
+            f.deleteOnExit();
+            FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(f);
+            out.write(archive);
+            out.close();
+
+            loadedPlugin = Plugin.loadCustomPlugin(f.toURL(), project);
+        }
+        //FindBugs engine
+        FindBugs2 engine = new FindBugs2();
+        engine.setNoClassOk(true);
+        engine.setMergeSimilarWarnings(false);
+        engine.setBugReporter(bugReporter);
+        engine.setProject(project);
+        engine.setProgressCallback(mock(FindBugsProgress.class));
+
+        engine.setDetectorFactoryCollection(DetectorFactoryCollection.instance());
+
+        //User preferences set to miss no bugs report
+        UserPreferences prefs = UserPreferences.createDefaultUserPreferences();
+
+        ProjectFilterSettings filter = prefs.getFilterSettings();
+        filter.setMinRank(20);
+        filter.setDisplayFalseWarnings(true);
+        filter.setMinPriority("Low");
+
+        engine.setUserPreferences(prefs);
+
+        log.info("Analyzing... {}", classFiles);
+        engine.execute();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum requirement to have a "valid" archive plugin is to include
+     * findbugs.xml, messages.xml and MANIFEST.MF files. The rest of the
+     * resources are load using the parent ClassLoader (Not requires to be in
+     * the jar).
+     * <p>
+     * Instead of building a file on disk, the result of the stream is kept in
+     * memory and return as a byte array.
+     *
+     * @return
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private byte[] buildFakePluginJar() throws IOException {
+        ClassLoader cl = getClass().getClassLoader();
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        JarOutputStream jar = new JarOutputStream(buffer);
+
+        //Add files to the jar stream
+        for (String resource : Arrays.asList("findbugs.xml", "messages.xml", "META-INF/MANIFEST.MF")) {
+            jar.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(resource));
+            jar.write(IOUtils.toByteArray(cl.getResourceAsStream("metadata/" + resource)));
+        }
+        jar.finish();
+
+        return buffer.toByteArray();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.jar.JarOutputStream` acquired to `jar` by call to `JarOutputStream(...)` at line 121 is not released after line 128.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] FindBugsLauncher.buildFakePluginJar()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.h3xstream.findbugs.test.service.FindBugsLauncher.buildFakePluginJar():byte[].dc6397b795836ffb82a086daafae8005
+
+### File:
+findbugs-test-util/src/test/java/com/h3xstream/findbugs/test/service/FindBugsLauncher.java
+
+### Key:
+FindBugsLauncher.java|buildFakePluginJar|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f32d2aa1db1d0ee92b12180ab1e88081
+
+### Hash:
+cce4981e8dee9a29e22df2772c09a5aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2897/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2897/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..620c9b4c79e83659aeb4c8f7a961be2af6d92e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2897/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** find-sec-bugs
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Find Security Bugs
+ * Copyright (c) Philippe Arteau, All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.
+ */
+package com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis;
+
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.FindSecBugsGlobalConfig;
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.data.UnknownSource;
+import com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.data.UnknownSourceType;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.BasicBlock;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.DataflowAnalysisException;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.DepthFirstSearch;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.Edge;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.FrameDataflowAnalysis;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.Location;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.generic.GenericSignatureParser;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.classfile.MethodDescriptor;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.classfile.analysis.AnnotationValue;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.classfile.analysis.MethodInfo;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.io.IO;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.InstructionHandle;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.MethodGen;
+
+/**
+ * Implements taint dataflow operations, in particular meeting facts, transfer
+ * function is delegated to {@link TaintFrameModelingVisitor}
+ * 
+ * @author David Formanek (Y Soft Corporation, a.s.)
+ */
+public class TaintAnalysis extends FrameDataflowAnalysis<Taint, TaintFrame> {
+
+    private final MethodGen methodGen;
+    private final MethodInfo methodDescriptor;
+    private final TaintFrameModelingVisitor visitor;
+    private int parameterStackSize;
+    private List<Integer> slotToParameter;
+
+    private static final List<String> TAINTED_ANNOTATIONS = loadFileContent(
+            "taint-config/taint-param-annotations.txt"
+    );
+    
+    /**
+     * Constructs analysis for the given method
+     * 
+     * @param methodGen method to analyze
+     * @param dfs DFS algorithm
+     * @param descriptor descriptor of the method to analyze
+     * @param taintConfig configured and derived taint summaries
+     */
+    public TaintAnalysis(MethodGen methodGen, DepthFirstSearch dfs,
+            MethodDescriptor descriptor, TaintConfig taintConfig, List<TaintFrameAdditionalVisitor> visitors) {
+        super(dfs);
+        this.methodGen = methodGen;
+        this.methodDescriptor = (MethodInfo) descriptor;
+        this.visitor = new TaintFrameModelingVisitor(methodGen.getConstantPool(), descriptor, taintConfig, visitors, methodGen);
+        computeParametersInfo(descriptor.getSignature(), descriptor.isStatic());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void mergeValues(TaintFrame frame, TaintFrame result, int i)
+            throws DataflowAnalysisException {
+        result.setValue(i, Taint.merge(result.getValue(i), frame.getValue(i)));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void transferInstruction(InstructionHandle handle, BasicBlock block, TaintFrame fact)
+            throws DataflowAnalysisException {
+        visitor.setFrameAndLocation(fact, new Location(handle, block));
+        visitor.analyzeInstruction(handle.getInstruction());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public TaintFrame createFact() {
+        return new TaintFrame(methodGen.getMaxLocals());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the initial state of a TaintFrame.
+     * @param fact Initial frame
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void initEntryFact(TaintFrame fact) {
+        fact.setValid();
+        fact.clearStack();
+        String methodFullSignature = methodDescriptor.getSlashedClassName() + "." + methodDescriptor.getName() + methodDescriptor.getSignature();
+        boolean inMainMethod = isInMainMethod();
+        int numSlots = fact.getNumSlots();
+        int numLocals = fact.getNumLocals();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numSlots; ++i) {
+            Taint value = new Taint(Taint.State.UNKNOWN);
+            if (i < numLocals) {
+                if (i < parameterStackSize) {
+                    int stackOffset = parameterStackSize - i - 1;
+                    if (isTaintedByAnnotation(i - 1)) {
+                        value = new Taint(Taint.State.TAINTED);
+                        // this would add line number for the first instruction in the method
+                        //value.addLocation(new TaintLocation(methodDescriptor, 0,""), true);
+                    } else if (inMainMethod) {
+                        if (FindSecBugsGlobalConfig.getInstance().isTaintedMainArgument()) {
+                            value = new Taint(Taint.State.TAINTED);
+                        } else {
+                            value = new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        value.addParameter(stackOffset);
+                    }
+                    value.addSource(new UnknownSource(UnknownSourceType.PARAMETER,value.getState()).setSignatureMethod(methodFullSignature).setParameterIndex(stackOffset));
+                }
+                value.setVariableIndex(i);
+            }
+            fact.setValue(i, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if the method is the startup point of a console or gui application
+     * ("public static void main(String[] args)"), false otherwise
+     */
+    private boolean isInMainMethod() {
+        return methodDescriptor.isStatic()
+                && "main".equals(methodDescriptor.getName())
+                && "([Ljava/lang/String;)V".equals(methodDescriptor.getSignature())
+                && methodGen.getMethod().isPublic();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determine if the slot value is tainted based on added framework annotations.
+     * <hr/>
+     * Example of mapping done:<br/>
+     *
+     * Method analyzed: "test(String,String,double)V"
+     * For the slot no 2, it look at annotations on the parameter 2.
+     * <pre>
+     *          0               1               2               3
+     *                                    +++++++++++++
+     *  [ double param3 | double param3 | String param2 | String param1 ]
+     * </pre>
+     * <br/>
+     * (Reminder : double and long take two slots for one parameter)
+     *
+     * @param slotNo
+     * @return
+     */
+    private boolean isTaintedByAnnotation(int slotNo) {
+        if (slotNo >= 0 && methodDescriptor.hasParameterAnnotations()) {
+            int parameter = slotToParameter.get(slotNo);
+            Collection<AnnotationValue> annotations = methodDescriptor.getParameterAnnotations(parameter);
+            for (AnnotationValue annotation : annotations) {
+                if (TAINTED_ANNOTATIONS.contains(annotation.getAnnotationClass().getClassName())) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void meetInto(TaintFrame fact, Edge edge, TaintFrame result)
+            throws DataflowAnalysisException {
+        if (fact.isValid() && edge.isExceptionEdge()) {
+            TaintFrame copy = null;
+            // creates modifiable copy
+            copy = modifyFrame(fact, copy);
+            copy.clearStack();
+            // do not trust values that are safe just when an exception occurs
+            copy.pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.UNKNOWN));
+            fact = copy;
+        }
+        mergeInto(fact, result);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * This method must be called after executing the data flow
+     */
+    public void finishAnalysis() {
+        visitor.finishAnalysis();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute two values:
+     *  <li>The number of values required on the stack for a specific call.</li>
+     *  <li>The parameter association with each slot.</li>
+     *
+     * <hr/>
+     *
+     * For exemple : "(I[Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;)V" =>  void a(Integer, String, Object)<br/><br/>
+     * Expected Stack prior the method invocation :<br/>
+     * <pre>
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 0: Object    |
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 1: String    |
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 2: int       |
+     * +--------------+
+     * </pre>
+     * <hr/>
+     *
+     * Special note: double and long (primitive types) value take two slots.<br/>
+     * For exemple : "(IDJ)V" =>  void a(Integer, Double, Long)
+     * <pre>
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 0: long  pt1 |
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 1: long  pt2 |
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 2: double pt1|
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 3: double pt2|
+     * +--------------+
+     * | 4: int       |
+     * +--------------+
+     * </pre>
+     *
+     * @param signature
+     * @param isStatic
+     * @return
+     */
+    private void computeParametersInfo(String signature, boolean isStatic) {
+        assert signature != null && !signature.isEmpty();
+        // static methods does not have reference to this
+        int stackSize = isStatic ? 0 : 1;
+        GenericSignatureParser parser = new GenericSignatureParser(signature);
+        Iterator<String> iterator = parser.parameterSignatureIterator();
+        int paramIdx = 0;
+        slotToParameter = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            String parameter = iterator.next();
+            if (parameter.equals("D") || parameter.equals("J")) {
+                // double and long types takes two slots
+                stackSize += 2;
+                slotToParameter.add(paramIdx);
+                slotToParameter.add(paramIdx);
+            } else {
+                stackSize++;
+                slotToParameter.add(paramIdx);
+            }
+            paramIdx++;
+        }
+        parameterStackSize = stackSize;
+    }
+
+    private static List<String> loadFileContent(String path) {
+        BufferedReader stream = null;
+        try {
+            InputStream in = TaintAnalysis.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(path);
+            stream = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in, "utf-8"));
+            String line;
+            List<String> content = new ArrayList<String>();
+            while ((line = stream.readLine()) != null) {
+                content.add(line.trim());
+            }
+            return content;
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            assert false : ex.getMessage();
+        } finally {
+            IO.close(stream);
+        }
+        return new ArrayList<String>();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 268 is not released after line 278.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 271
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List TaintAnalysis.loadFileContent(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.TaintAnalysis.loadFileContent(java.lang.String):java.util.Li.1a5c0fb5c5dc0e85175d82bcebbbc7a7
+
+### File:
+findsecbugs-plugin/src/main/java/com/h3xstream/findsecbugs/taintanalysis/TaintAnalysis.java
+
+### Key:
+TaintAnalysis.java|loadFileContent|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+1a78488839e2ed780ff0b3c131d62750
+
+### Hash:
+cba4b49fd19838a258b2ef8b7f3291f2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2898/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2898/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d11636801fb7e78d90368cab008b9b8e256c7faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2898/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** find-sec-bugs
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Find Security Bugs
+ * Copyright (c) Philippe Arteau, All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.
+ */
+package com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis;
+
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.AbstractFrameModelingVisitor;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.DataflowAnalysisException;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.InvalidBytecodeException;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.ba.generic.GenericSignatureParser;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.classfile.MethodDescriptor;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.util.ClassName;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.apache.bcel.Constants;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.AALOAD;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.AASTORE;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.ACONST_NULL;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.ANEWARRAY;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.ARETURN;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.CHECKCAST;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.ConstantPoolGen;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.FieldOrMethod;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.INVOKEINTERFACE;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.INVOKESPECIAL;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.INVOKESTATIC;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.INVOKEVIRTUAL;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.InvokeInstruction;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.LDC;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.LDC2_W;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.LoadInstruction;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.NEW;
+import org.apache.bcel.generic.StoreInstruction;
+
+/**
+ * Visitor to make instruction transfer of taint values easier
+ *
+ * @author David Formanek (Y Soft Corporation, a.s.)
+ */
+public class TaintFrameModelingVisitor extends AbstractFrameModelingVisitor<Taint, TaintFrame> {
+
+    private static final String TO_STRING_METHOD = "toString()Ljava/lang/String;";
+    private static final String EQUALS_METHOD = "equals(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z";
+    private static final Set<String> SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES;
+    private static final Set<String> IMMUTABLE_OBJECT_TYPES;
+    private final MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor;
+    private final int parameterStackSize;
+    private final TaintMethodSummaryMap methodSummaries;
+    private final TaintMethodSummary analyzedMethodSummary;
+    private final Set<Integer> writtenIndeces;
+
+    static {
+        // these data types cannot have taint state other than SAFE or NULL
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES = new HashSet<String>(9);
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Boolean;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Character;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Double;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Float;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Integer;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Long;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Byte;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/Short;");
+        SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/BigDecimal;");
+        // these data types are not modified, when passed as a parameter to an unknown method
+        IMMUTABLE_OBJECT_TYPES = new HashSet<String>(SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.size() + 1);
+        IMMUTABLE_OBJECT_TYPES.addAll(SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES);
+        IMMUTABLE_OBJECT_TYPES.add("Ljava/lang/String;");
+    }
+
+    public TaintFrameModelingVisitor(ConstantPoolGen cpg, MethodDescriptor method,
+            TaintMethodSummaryMap methodSummaries) {
+        super(cpg);
+        if (method == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("null method descriptor");
+        }
+        if (methodSummaries == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("null method summaries");
+        }
+        this.methodDescriptor = method;
+        this.methodSummaries = methodSummaries;
+        this.parameterStackSize = getParameterStackSize(method.getSignature(), method.isStatic());
+        this.analyzedMethodSummary = new TaintMethodSummary();
+        this.writtenIndeces = new HashSet<Integer>();
+    }
+
+    private static int getParameterStackSize(String signature, boolean isStatic) {
+        assert signature != null && !signature.isEmpty();
+        // static methods does not have reference to this
+        int stackSize = isStatic ? 0 : 1;
+        GenericSignatureParser parser = new GenericSignatureParser(signature);
+        Iterator<String> iterator = parser.parameterSignatureIterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            String parameter = iterator.next();
+            if (parameter.equals("D") || parameter.equals("J")) {
+                // double and long types takes two slots
+                stackSize += 2;
+            } else {
+                stackSize++;
+            }
+        }
+        return stackSize;
+    }
+
+    private static Collection<Integer> getMutableStackIndices(String signature) {
+        assert signature != null && !signature.isEmpty();
+        ArrayList<Integer> indices = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        int stackIndex = 0;
+        GenericSignatureParser parser = new GenericSignatureParser(signature);
+        Iterator<String> iterator = parser.parameterSignatureIterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            String parameter = iterator.next();
+            if ((parameter.startsWith("L") || parameter.startsWith("["))
+                    && !IMMUTABLE_OBJECT_TYPES.contains(parameter)) {
+                indices.add(stackIndex);
+            }
+            if (parameter.equals("D") || parameter.equals("J")) {
+                // double and long types takes two slots
+                stackIndex += 2;
+            } else {
+                stackIndex++;
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < indices.size(); i++) {
+            int reverseIndex = stackIndex - indices.get(i) - 1;
+            assert reverseIndex >= 0;
+            indices.set(i, reverseIndex);
+        }
+        return indices;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Taint getDefaultValue() {
+        return new Taint(Taint.State.UNKNOWN);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLDC(LDC obj) {
+        pushSafe();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitLDC2_W(LDC2_W obj) {
+        // double and long type takes two slots in BCEL
+        pushSafe();
+        pushSafe();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitACONST_NULL(ACONST_NULL obj) {
+        getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.NULL));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitNEW(NEW obj) {
+        pushSafe();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handleStoreInstruction(StoreInstruction obj) {
+        try {
+            int numConsumed = obj.consumeStack(cpg);
+            if (numConsumed == Constants.UNPREDICTABLE) {
+                throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Unpredictable stack consumption");
+            }
+            int index = obj.getIndex();
+            while (numConsumed-- > 0) {
+                Taint value = getFrame().popValue();
+                writtenIndeces.add(index);
+                getFrame().setValue(index++, value);
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException(ex.toString(), ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handleLoadInstruction(LoadInstruction obj) {
+        int numProduced = obj.produceStack(cpg);
+        if (numProduced == Constants.UNPREDICTABLE) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Unpredictable stack production");
+        }
+        int index = obj.getIndex() + numProduced;
+        while (numProduced-- > 0) {
+            Taint value = getFrame().getValue(--index);
+            // set local variable origin of a stack value
+            value.setLocalVariableIndex(index);
+            if (!writtenIndeces.contains(index)) {
+                // it must be parameter if not written to local variable
+                int stackOffset = parameterStackSize - index - 1;
+                assert stackOffset >= 0; // since there is unwritten index
+                value.addTaintParameter(stackOffset);
+            }
+            getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKEINTERFACE(INVOKEINTERFACE obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKESPECIAL(INVOKESPECIAL obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKESTATIC(INVOKESTATIC obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitINVOKEVIRTUAL(INVOKEVIRTUAL obj) {
+        visitInvoke(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitANEWARRAY(ANEWARRAY obj) {
+        try {
+            getFrame().popValue();
+            pushSafe();
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Array length not in the stack", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitAASTORE(AASTORE obj) {
+        try {
+            Taint valueTaint = getFrame().popValue();
+            getFrame().popValue(); // array index
+            Taint arrayTaint = getFrame().popValue();
+            Taint merge = Taint.merge(valueTaint, arrayTaint);
+            setLocalVariableTaint(merge, arrayTaint);
+            Taint stackTop = null;
+            if (getFrame().getStackDepth() > 0) {
+                stackTop = getFrame().getTopValue();
+            }
+            // varargs use duplicated values
+            if (stackTop == arrayTaint) {
+                getFrame().popValue();
+                getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(merge));
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Not enough values on the stack", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitAALOAD(AALOAD obj) {
+        try {
+            getFrame().popValue(); // array index
+            // just transfer the taint from array to value at any index
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Not enough values on the stack", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitCHECKCAST(CHECKCAST obj) {
+        // keep the top of stack unchanged
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Regroup the method invocations (INVOKEINTERFACE, INVOKESPECIAL,
+     * INVOKESTATIC, INVOKEVIRTUAL)
+     *
+     * @param obj one of the invoke instructions
+     */
+    private void visitInvoke(InvokeInstruction obj) {
+        assert obj != null;
+        TaintMethodSummary methodSummary = getMethodSummary(obj);
+        Taint taint = getMethodTaint(methodSummary);
+        assert taint != null;
+        if (taint.isUnknown()) {
+            taint.addTaintLocation(getTaintLocation(), false);
+        }
+        taintMutableArguments(methodSummary, obj);
+        transferTaintToMutables(methodSummary, taint); // adds variable index to taint too
+        modelInstruction(obj, getNumWordsConsumed(obj), getNumWordsProduced(obj), new Taint(taint));
+    }
+
+    private TaintMethodSummary getMethodSummary(InvokeInstruction obj) {
+        String signature = obj.getSignature(cpg);
+        String returnType = getReturnType(signature);
+        if (SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.contains(returnType)) {
+            return TaintMethodSummary.SAFE_SUMMARY;
+        }
+        String className = getSlashedClassName(obj);
+        String methodName = obj.getMethodName(cpg);
+        String methodNameWithSig = methodName + signature;
+        String fullMethodName = className + "." + methodNameWithSig;
+        TaintMethodSummary methodSummary = methodSummaries.get(fullMethodName);
+        if (methodSummary != null) {
+            return methodSummary;
+        }
+        if (TO_STRING_METHOD.equals(methodNameWithSig)) {
+            return TaintMethodSummary.DEFAULT_TOSTRING_SUMMARY;
+        }
+        if (EQUALS_METHOD.equals(methodNameWithSig)) {
+            return TaintMethodSummary.DEFAULT_EQUALS_SUMMARY;
+        }
+        if (Constants.CONSTRUCTOR_NAME.equals(methodName)
+                && !SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.contains("L" + className + ";")) {
+            int stackSize = getParameterStackSize(signature, false);
+            return TaintMethodSummary.getDefaultConstructorSummary(stackSize);
+        }
+        return methodSummary;
+    }
+
+    private static String getReturnType(String signature) {
+        assert signature != null && signature.contains(")");
+        return signature.substring(signature.indexOf(')') + 1);
+    }
+
+    private String getSlashedClassName(FieldOrMethod obj) {
+        assert obj != null;
+        String className = obj.getReferenceType(cpg).toString();
+        return ClassName.toSlashedClassName(className);
+    }
+
+    private Taint getMethodTaint(TaintMethodSummary methodSummary) {
+        if (methodSummary == null) {
+            return getDefaultValue();
+        }
+        Taint taint = methodSummary.getOutputTaint();
+        assert taint != null;
+        assert taint != methodSummary.getOutputTaint() : "defensive copy not made";
+        if (taint.isUnknown() && taint.hasTaintParameters()) {
+            Taint merge = mergeTransferParameters(taint.getTaintParameters());
+            assert merge != null;
+            return Taint.merge(taint.getNonParametricTaint(), merge);
+        }
+        if (taint.isTainted()) {
+            taint.addTaintLocation(getTaintLocation(), true);
+        }
+        return taint;
+    }
+
+    private void taintMutableArguments(TaintMethodSummary methodSummary, InvokeInstruction obj) {
+        if (methodSummary != null
+                && methodSummary != TaintMethodSummary.SAFE_SUMMARY
+                && !Constants.CONSTRUCTOR_NAME.equals(obj.getMethodName(cpg))) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Collection<Integer> mutableStackIndices = getMutableStackIndices(obj.getSignature(cpg));
+        for (Integer index : mutableStackIndices) {
+            assert index >= 0 && index < getFrame().getStackDepth();
+            try {
+                Taint taint = new Taint(getFrame().getStackValue(index));
+                taint.setState(Taint.State.merge(taint.getState(), Taint.State.UNKNOWN));
+                getFrame().setValue(getFrame().getStackLocation(index), taint);
+                setLocalVariableTaint(taint, taint);
+            } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+                throw new InvalidBytecodeException("Not enough values on the stack", ex);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private Taint mergeTransferParameters(Collection<Integer> transferParameters) {
+        assert transferParameters != null && !transferParameters.isEmpty();
+        Taint taint = null;
+        for (Integer transferParameter : transferParameters) {
+            try {
+                Taint value = getFrame().getStackValue(transferParameter);
+                taint = Taint.merge(taint, value);
+            } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Bad transfer parameter specification", ex);
+            }
+        }
+        assert taint != null;
+        return taint;
+    }
+
+    private void transferTaintToMutables(TaintMethodSummary methodSummary, Taint taint) {
+        assert taint != null;
+        if (methodSummary == null || !methodSummary.hasMutableStackIndeces()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            int stackDepth = getFrame().getStackDepth();
+            for (Integer mutableStackIndex : methodSummary.getMutableStackIndeces()) {
+                assert mutableStackIndex >= 0;
+                if (mutableStackIndex >= stackDepth) {
+                    if (!Constants.CONSTRUCTOR_NAME.equals(methodDescriptor.getName())) {
+                        assert false : "Out of bounds mutables in " + methodDescriptor;
+                    }
+                    continue; // ignore if assertions disabled or if in constructor
+                }
+                Taint stackValue = getFrame().getStackValue(mutableStackIndex);
+                setLocalVariableTaint(taint, stackValue);
+                getFrame().setValue(getFrame().getStackLocation(mutableStackIndex), new Taint(taint));
+            }
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            assert false; // stack depth is checked
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setLocalVariableTaint(Taint valueTaint, Taint indexTaint) {
+        assert valueTaint != null && indexTaint != null;
+        if (!indexTaint.hasValidLocalVariableIndex()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        int index = indexTaint.getLocalVariableIndex();
+        if (index >= getFrame().getNumLocals()) {
+            assert false : "Out of bounds local variable index in " + methodDescriptor;
+            return; // ignore if assertions disabled
+        }
+        valueTaint.setLocalVariableIndex(index);
+        getFrame().setValue(index, valueTaint);
+    }
+    
+    private void pushSafe() {
+        getFrame().pushValue(new Taint(Taint.State.SAFE));
+    }
+
+    private TaintLocation getTaintLocation() {
+        return new TaintLocation(methodDescriptor, getLocation().getHandle().getPosition());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visitARETURN(ARETURN obj) {
+        try {
+            Taint returnTaint = getFrame().getTopValue();
+            Taint currentTaint = analyzedMethodSummary.getOutputTaint();
+            analyzedMethodSummary.setOuputTaint(Taint.merge(returnTaint, currentTaint));
+        } catch (DataflowAnalysisException ex) {
+            throw new InvalidBytecodeException("empty stack before reference return", ex);
+        }
+        handleNormalInstruction(obj);
+    }
+
+    public TaintMethodSummary getAnalyzedMethodSummary() {
+        assert analyzedMethodSummary != null;
+        if (SAFE_OBJECT_TYPES.contains(getReturnType(methodDescriptor.getSignature()))
+                && (analyzedMethodSummary.getOutputTaint() == null
+                || analyzedMethodSummary.getOutputTaint().getState() != Taint.State.NULL)) {
+            return TaintMethodSummary.SAFE_SUMMARY;
+        }
+        return analyzedMethodSummary;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `methodSummary` last assigned on line 288 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getMethodTaint(...)` at line 289.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TaintFrameModelingVisitor.visitInvoke(InvokeInstruction)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.TaintFrameModelingVisitor.visitInvoke(org.apache.bcel.generi.649fbe64c19bdb61a18ec525169c5f2d
+
+### File:
+plugin/src/main/java/com/h3xstream/findsecbugs/taintanalysis/TaintFrameModelingVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+TaintFrameModelingVisitor.java|visitInvoke|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+caa019c8ddef04a2dfd4f76137e22b94
+
+### Hash:
+ff65c5b82a4c04d0b146aa7653d546c1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2899/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2899/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a38f55c03aa10198a3558ad3d92653948e2a7bcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2899/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** find-sec-bugs
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Find Security Bugs
+ * Copyright (c) Philippe Arteau, All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.
+ */
+package com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+/**
+ * Map of taint summaries for all known methods
+ * 
+ * @author David Formanek (Y Soft Corporation, a.s.)
+ */
+public class TaintMethodSummaryMap extends HashMap<String, TaintMethodSummary> {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+    
+    public void load(InputStream input) throws IOException {
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));
+        for (;;) {
+                String line = reader.readLine();
+                if (line == null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                line = line.trim();
+                if (line.isEmpty()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                putFromLine(line);
+            }
+    }
+    
+    public void dump(PrintStream output) {
+        TreeSet<String> keys = new TreeSet<String>(keySet());
+        for (String key : keys) {
+            output.println(key + ":" + get(key));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void putFromLine(String line) throws IOException {
+        if (line.startsWith("-")) {
+            // for comments or removing summary temporarily
+            return;
+        }
+        String[] tuple = line.split("\\:");
+        if (tuple.length != 2) {
+            throw new IOException("Line format is not 'method name:summary info'");
+        }
+        put(tuple[0].trim(), TaintMethodSummary.load(tuple[1]));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 37 is not released after line 49.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 39
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TaintMethodSummaryMap.load(InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.h3xstream.findsecbugs.taintanalysis.TaintMethodSummaryMap.load(java.io.InputStream):void.0c9d919d0cbaffd5185f18247c484725
+
+### File:
+plugin/src/main/java/com/h3xstream/findsecbugs/taintanalysis/TaintMethodSummaryMap.java
+
+### Key:
+TaintMethodSummaryMap.java|load|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+65f5733488849f4f208055e36d0e57fd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2919/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2919/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4704c1a02d1c93c4a50bb3f9d6d66595f09f4dc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2919/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** antares
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package me.hao0.antares.server.schedule.executor;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.dto.JobDetail;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.dto.JobFireTime;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.dto.JobInstanceWaitResp;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.exception.JobStateTransferInvalidException;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.log.Logs;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.model.JobInstance;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.model.enums.JobInstanceStatus;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.model.enums.JobState;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.model.enums.JobTriggerType;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.util.Constants;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.util.Executors;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.util.Systems;
+import me.hao0.antares.server.cluster.client.ClientCluster;
+import me.hao0.antares.server.cluster.server.ServerHost;
+import me.hao0.antares.server.event.core.EventDispatcher;
+import me.hao0.antares.server.event.job.JobFailedEvent;
+import me.hao0.antares.server.event.job.JobFinishedEvent;
+import me.hao0.antares.server.event.job.JobTimeoutEvent;
+import me.hao0.antares.server.exception.JobInstanceCreateException;
+import me.hao0.antares.store.util.Dates;
+import me.hao0.antares.store.service.JobService;
+import me.hao0.antares.store.support.JobSupport;
+import me.hao0.antares.common.util.Response;
+import org.quartz.JobExecutionContext;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+
+/**
+ * Author: haolin
+ * Email:  haolin.h0@gmail.com
+ */
+@Component
+public class DefaultJobExecutor implements JobExecutor {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private JobService jobService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ServerHost serverHost;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ClientCluster clientCluster;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private JobSupport jobSupport;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private EventDispatcher eventDispatcher;
+
+    private final ExecutorService asyncExecutor =
+            Executors.newExecutor(Systems.cpuNum(), 10000, "DEFAULT-JOB-ASYNC-EXECUTOR-");
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute(final JobDetail jobDetail, JobTriggerType triggerType, JobExecutionContext context) {
+
+        final String appName = jobDetail.getApp().getAppName();
+        final String jobClass = jobDetail.getJob().getClazz();
+
+        JobInstance instance = null;
+        try {
+
+            Logs.info("The job({}/{}) is fired.", appName, jobClass);
+
+            if (triggerType == JobTriggerType.DEFAULT){
+                // refresh the job fire time if triggered by scheduler
+                asyncExecutor.submit(new RefreshJobFireTimeTask(appName, jobClass, context));
+            }
+
+            if (!canRunJobInstance(appName, jobClass)){
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // job is running
+            jobSupport.updateJobStateDirectly(appName, jobClass, JobState.RUNNING);
+
+            // create the job instance and shards
+            instance = createInstanceAndShards(jobDetail, triggerType);
+
+            // trigger the clients to pull shards
+            jobSupport.triggerJobInstance(appName, jobClass, instance);
+
+            // blocking until all shards to be finished or timeout
+            Long timeout = jobDetail.getConfig().getTimeout();
+            timeout = timeout == null ? 0L : timeout;
+            JobInstanceWaitResp finishResp = jobSupport.waitingJobInstanceFinish(appName, jobClass, timeout, instance.getId());
+            if (finishResp.isSuccess()){
+                // job instance is finished successfully
+                // publish job finish event
+                eventDispatcher.publish(new JobFinishedEvent(instance.getJobId(), instance.getId()));
+            } else if (finishResp.isTimeout()){
+                // job instance is timeout
+                eventDispatcher.publish(new JobTimeoutEvent(instance.getJobId(), instance.getId(), buildJobTimeoutDetail(instance)));
+            }
+
+            // maybe now the job is paused, stopped, ..., so need to expect the job state
+            jobSupport.updateJobStateSafely(appName, jobClass, JobState.WAITING);
+
+            // job has finished
+        } catch (JobStateTransferInvalidException e){
+            // job state transfer error
+            Logs.warn("failed to update job state(instances={}), cause: {}.", instance, e.toString());
+        } catch (JobInstanceCreateException e){
+            // handle when job instance create failed
+            String cause = Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e);
+            Logs.error("failed to create job instance when execute job(jobDetail={}, instance={}), cause: {}",
+                    jobDetail, instance, cause);
+            handleJobExecuteFailed(jobDetail, instance, appName, jobClass, cause);
+        } catch (Exception e){
+            // handle other exceptions
+            String cause = Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e);
+            Logs.error("failed to execute job(jobDetail={}, instance={}), cause: {}",
+                    jobDetail, instance, cause);
+            handleJobExecuteFailed(jobDetail, instance, appName, jobClass, cause);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String buildJobTimeoutDetail(JobInstance instance) {
+        return "startTime：" + Dates.format(instance.getStartTime()) + ", " +
+               "elapsedTime：" + Dates.timeIntervalStr(instance.getStartTime(), new Date());
+    }
+
+    private boolean canRunJobInstance(String appName, String jobClass) {
+
+        if (!clientCluster.hasAliveClients(appName)){
+            // there aren't alive clients
+            Logs.warn("Invalid job({}/{}) fired, because there are no available clients.", appName, jobClass);
+            return Boolean.FALSE;
+        }
+
+        if (jobSupport.hasJobInstance(appName, jobClass)){
+            Logs.warn("The job({}/{}) has a running instance, so ignore this execution.", appName, jobClass);
+            return Boolean.FALSE;
+        }
+
+        return Boolean.TRUE;
+    }
+
+    private void handleJobExecuteFailed(JobDetail jobDetail, JobInstance instance, String appName, String jobClass, String cause) {
+        try {
+
+            if (instance == null){
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (cause.length() > Constants.MAX_ERROR_LENGTH){
+                cause = cause.substring(0, Constants.MAX_ERROR_LENGTH);
+            }
+
+            // save the job instance
+            jobService.failedJobInstance(instance.getId(), cause);
+
+            // delete the instance
+            jobSupport.deleteJobInstance(appName, jobClass, instance);
+
+            // update the job state
+            jobSupport.updateJobStateDirectly(appName, jobClass, JobState.WAITING);
+
+        } catch (Exception e){
+            Logs.error("failed to handle the job(instance={}, appName={}, jobClass={}) execute failed, cause: {}",
+                    instance, appName, jobClass, Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e));
+        } finally {
+
+            // publish job failed event
+            Long instanceId = instance == null ? null : instance.getId();
+            eventDispatcher.publish(new JobFailedEvent(jobDetail.getJob().getId(), instanceId, cause));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new job instance and shards
+     * @param detail the job detail
+     * @return the new job instance
+     */
+    private JobInstance createInstanceAndShards(JobDetail detail, JobTriggerType triggerType) {
+
+        JobInstance instance = new JobInstance();
+        instance.setJobId(detail.getJob().getId());
+        instance.setStatus(JobInstanceStatus.RUNNING.value());
+        instance.setTriggerType(triggerType.value());
+        instance.setServer(serverHost.get());
+        instance.setStartTime(new Date());
+
+        Response<Boolean> saveResp = jobService.createJobInstanceAndShards(instance, detail.getConfig());
+        if (!saveResp.isSuccess() || !saveResp.getData()){
+            throw new JobInstanceCreateException(saveResp.getErr().toString());
+        }
+
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    private class RefreshJobFireTimeTask implements Runnable {
+
+        private final String appName;
+
+        private final String jobClass;
+
+        private final JobExecutionContext context;
+
+        public RefreshJobFireTimeTask(String appName, String jobClass, JobExecutionContext context) {
+            this.appName = appName;
+            this.jobClass = jobClass;
+            this.context = context;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+
+                // update job fire time info
+                JobFireTime jobFireTime = new JobFireTime();
+
+                jobFireTime.setCurrent(Dates.format(context.getFireTime()));
+                jobFireTime.setPrev(Dates.format(context.getPreviousFireTime()));
+                jobFireTime.setNext(Dates.format(context.getNextFireTime()));
+
+                jobSupport.updateJobFireTime(appName, jobClass, jobFireTime);
+
+            } catch (Exception e){
+                Logs.error("failed to execute async task when execute job({}/{}), cause: {}.",
+                        appName, jobClass, Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `instance.getId()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 90.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultJobExecutor.execute(JobDetail,JobTriggerType,JobExecutionContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+me.hao0.antares.server.schedule.executor.DefaultJobExecutor.execute(me.hao0.antares.common.dto.JobDe.eda8e9255f9160e90d73389d872c04b4
+
+### File:
+antares-server/src/main/java/me/hao0/antares/server/schedule/executor/DefaultJobExecutor.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultJobExecutor.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+be1f268892945b6a5fa1087da17aa7bb
+
+### Hash:
+fe5bc39e139bc22abb8f60e453aadde7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2921/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2921/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..399982a9ac1581b20890120f4aa6ee33c1bbdf84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2921/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** testcontainers-spring-boot
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.playtika.test.selenium;
+
+import com.google.common.net.InetAddresses;
+import com.playtika.test.common.spring.DockerPresenceBootstrapConfiguration;
+import com.playtika.test.common.utils.ContainerUtils;
+import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.openqa.selenium.MutableCapabilities;
+import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxOptions;
+import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.AutoConfigureAfter;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnExpression;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnMissingBean;
+import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.ConditionalOnProperty;
+import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties;
+
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.core.env.ConfigurableEnvironment;
+import org.springframework.core.env.MapPropertySource;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.BrowserWebDriverContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.Container;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.ContainerLaunchException;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.DefaultRecordingFileFactory;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.GenericContainer;
+import org.testcontainers.containers.RecordingFileFactory;
+
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static com.playtika.test.selenium.SeleniumProperties.BEAN_NAME_EMBEDDED_SELENIUM;
+import static com.playtika.test.selenium.SeleniumProperties.BEAN_NAME_EMBEDDED_SELENIUM_DRIVER;
+
+
+@Slf4j
+@Configuration
+@ConditionalOnExpression("${embedded.containers.enabled:true}")
+@AutoConfigureAfter(DockerPresenceBootstrapConfiguration.class)
+@ConditionalOnProperty(name = "embedded.selenium.enabled", matchIfMissing = true)
+@EnableConfigurationProperties(SeleniumProperties.class)
+@RequiredArgsConstructor
+public class EmbeddedSeleniumBootstrapConfiguration {
+
+    private static final String TC_TEMP_DIR_PREFIX = "tc";
+    public static final String DEFINED_VNC_USERNAME = "vnc";
+    public static final String DEFINED_VNC_PASSWORD = "secret";
+
+    public static final String DOCKER_FOR_LINUX_STATIC_IP = "172.17.0.1";
+
+    @Bean
+    @ConditionalOnMissingBean(MutableCapabilities.class)
+    @ConditionalOnProperty(value = "embedded.selenium.browser", havingValue = "CHROMIUM", matchIfMissing = true)
+    public ChromeOptions chromeOptions(SeleniumProperties properties) {
+        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
+        properties.apply(options);
+        return options;
+    }
+
+    @Bean
+    @ConditionalOnMissingBean(MutableCapabilities.class)
+    @ConditionalOnProperty(value = "embedded.selenium.browser", havingValue = "FIREFOX")
+    public FirefoxOptions firefoxOptions(SeleniumProperties properties) {
+        FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
+        properties.apply(options);
+        return options;
+    }
+
+
+    @Bean(name = BEAN_NAME_EMBEDDED_SELENIUM, destroyMethod = "stop")
+    @ConditionalOnMissingBean
+    public BrowserWebDriverContainer selenium(
+            ConfigurableEnvironment environment,
+            SeleniumProperties properties,
+            MutableCapabilities capabilities
+    ) {
+
+        BrowserWebDriverContainer container = new BrowserWebDriverContainer<>().withCapabilities(capabilities);
+        container.withRecordingFileFactory(getRecordingFileFactory());
+
+        File recordingDirOrNull = null;
+        if (properties.getVnc().getMode().convert() != BrowserWebDriverContainer.VncRecordingMode.SKIP) {
+            recordingDirOrNull = getOrCreateTempDir(properties.getVnc().getRecordingDir());
+        }
+        container.withRecordingMode(properties.getVnc().getMode().convert(), recordingDirOrNull);
+
+
+        log.info("Starting Selenium. Docker image: {}", container.getDockerImageName());
+        ContainerUtils.configureCommonsAndStart(container, properties, log);
+
+        Map<String, Object> seleniumEnv = registerSeleniumEnvironment(environment, container, properties.getVnc().getMode().convert(), recordingDirOrNull);
+        log.info("Started Selenium server. Connection details: {}", seleniumEnv);
+        return container;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Testcontainers does not expose its default vnc dir when it is not
+     * defined, so we recreate this implementation here.
+     *
+     * @param vncRecordingDirProperty
+     * @return
+     */
+    private File getOrCreateTempDir(File vncRecordingDirProperty) {
+        if (vncRecordingDirProperty != null) {
+            return vncRecordingDirProperty;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return Files.createTempDirectory(TC_TEMP_DIR_PREFIX).toFile();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // should never happen as per javadoc, since we use valid prefix
+            log.error("Exception while trying to create temp directory ", e);
+            throw new ContainerLaunchException("Exception while trying to create temp directory", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Users can redefine this to create other strategies of saving
+     * vnc recordings
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Bean
+    @ConditionalOnMissingBean
+    public RecordingFileFactory getRecordingFileFactory() {
+        return new DefaultRecordingFileFactory();
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Object> registerSeleniumEnvironment(ConfigurableEnvironment environment, BrowserWebDriverContainer container, BrowserWebDriverContainer.VncRecordingMode vncMode, File recordingDirOrNull) {
+        URL seleniumAddress = container.getSeleniumAddress();
+        String vncAddress = container.getVncAddress();
+        URI vncURI = URI.create(vncAddress);
+
+        LinkedHashMap<String, Object> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.port", seleniumAddress.getPort());
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.host", seleniumAddress.getHost());
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.vnc.port", vncURI.getPort());
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.vnc.host", vncURI.getHost());
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.vnc.username", DEFINED_VNC_USERNAME);
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.vnc.password", DEFINED_VNC_PASSWORD);
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.vnc.recording-dir", recordingDirOrNull);
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.vnc.mode", vncMode);
+        map.put("embedded.selenium.dockerhost", getHostName(container));
+
+        MapPropertySource propertySource = new MapPropertySource("embeddedSeleniumInfo", map);
+        environment.getPropertySources().addFirst(propertySource);
+        return map;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Implementation partly based upon
+     *
+     * https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22944631/how-to-get-the-ip-address-of-the-docker-host-from-inside-a-docker-container
+     * @param container
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getHostName(GenericContainer container) {
+        // unfortunately host.docker.internal only works for mac and windows :(
+        // and we need to work out the hostname for linux.
+        String OS = System.getProperty("os.name", "generic").toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+        if ((OS.indexOf("mac") >= 0) || (OS.indexOf("darwin") >= 0)) {
+            return  "host.docker.internal";
+        } else if (OS.indexOf("win") >= 0) {
+            return "host.docker.internal";
+        } else if (OS.indexOf("nux") >= 0) {
+            Container.ExecResult execResult;
+            try {
+                execResult = container.execInContainer("/sbin/ip route|awk '/default/ { print $3 }'");
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                log.warn("Cannot find host ip", e);
+                return DOCKER_FOR_LINUX_STATIC_IP;
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                return DOCKER_FOR_LINUX_STATIC_IP;
+            }
+            String hostIpAddress = execResult.getStdout();
+            if(isValidIpAddress(hostIpAddress)) {
+                return hostIpAddress;
+            } else {
+                return DOCKER_FOR_LINUX_STATIC_IP;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // currently only supported if docker machine is installed.
+        // otherwise throws an UnsupportedOpertaion exception
+        return container.getTestHostIpAddress();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isValidIpAddress(String ipAddress) {
+        if (ipAddress == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return InetAddresses.isInetAddress(ipAddress);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.testcontainers.containers.BrowserWebDriverContainer` acquired by call to `new()` at line 108 is not released after line 108.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+BrowserWebDriverContainer EmbeddedSeleniumBootstrapConfiguration.selenium(ConfigurableEnvironment,SeleniumProperties,MutableCapabilities)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.playtika.test.selenium.EmbeddedSeleniumBootstrapConfiguration.selenium(org.springframework.core..3a2a4e356935b9e046eab1bc7aaf45f4
+
+### File:
+embedded-selenium/src/main/java/com/playtika/test/selenium/EmbeddedSeleniumBootstrapConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+EmbeddedSeleniumBootstrapConfiguration.java|selenium|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2f97b1fc6f8a8fb00a85579cce991a66
+
+### Hash:
+ec66661089963f01e1cc631c4010b08a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-2926/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-2926/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0251ee6cddfbd57afbcd7479f9aba7202576f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-2926/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1441 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webdrivermanager
+**Bug ID:** 68
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * (C) Copyright 2015 Boni Garcia (http://bonigarcia.github.io/)
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package io.github.bonigarcia.wdm;
+
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.Architecture.X32;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.Architecture.X64;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.Config.isNullOrEmpty;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.CHROME;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.CHROMIUM;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.EDGE;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.FIREFOX;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.IEXPLORER;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.OPERA;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.PHANTOMJS;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.DriverManagerType.SELENIUM_SERVER_STANDALONE;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.OperatingSystem.WIN;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.Shell.getVersionFromPosixOutput;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.Shell.getVersionFromWmicOutput;
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.Shell.runAndWait;
+import static java.io.File.separator;
+import static java.lang.Integer.parseInt;
+import static java.lang.Integer.signum;
+import static java.lang.Integer.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.lookup;
+import static java.nio.charset.Charset.defaultCharset;
+import static java.util.Collections.sort;
+import static java.util.Optional.empty;
+import static java.util.regex.Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE;
+import static java.util.regex.Pattern.compile;
+import static javax.xml.xpath.XPathConstants.NODESET;
+import static javax.xml.xpath.XPathFactory.newInstance;
+import static org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils.deleteDirectory;
+import static org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils.listFiles;
+import static org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils.removeExtension;
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.isNumeric;
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.SystemUtils.IS_OS_LINUX;
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.SystemUtils.IS_OS_MAC;
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.SystemUtils.IS_OS_WINDOWS;
+import static org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.EnumMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.hc.client5.http.classic.methods.HttpGet;
+import org.apache.hc.client5.http.impl.classic.CloseableHttpResponse;
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
+import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
+import com.google.gson.internal.LinkedTreeMap;
+
+/**
+ * Parent driver manager.
+ *
+ * @author Boni Garcia (boni.gg@gmail.com)
+ * @since 2.1.0
+ */
+public abstract class WebDriverManager {
+
+    static final Logger log = getLogger(lookup().lookupClass());
+
+    protected static final String SLASH = "/";
+    protected static final String BETA = "beta";
+    protected static final String ONLINE = "online";
+    protected static final String LOCAL = "local";
+    protected static final String LATEST_RELEASE = "LATEST_RELEASE";
+
+    protected abstract List<URL> getDrivers() throws IOException;
+
+    protected abstract Optional<String> getBrowserVersion();
+
+    protected abstract DriverManagerType getDriverManagerType();
+
+    protected abstract String getDriverName();
+
+    protected abstract void setDriverVersion(String version);
+
+    protected abstract String getDriverVersion();
+
+    protected abstract void setDriverUrl(URL url);
+
+    protected abstract URL getDriverUrl();
+
+    protected abstract Optional<URL> getMirrorUrl();
+
+    protected abstract Optional<String> getExportParameter();
+
+    protected static Map<DriverManagerType, WebDriverManager> instanceMap = new EnumMap<>(
+            DriverManagerType.class);
+
+    protected HttpClient httpClient;
+    protected Downloader downloader;
+    protected UrlFilter urlFilter;
+    protected String versionToDownload;
+    protected String downloadedVersion;
+    protected String binaryPath;
+    protected boolean mirrorLog;
+    protected boolean forcedArch;
+    protected boolean forcedOs;
+    protected boolean isSnap;
+    protected int retryCount = 0;
+    protected Config config = new Config();
+    protected Preferences preferences = new Preferences(config);
+    protected String preferenceKey;
+    protected Properties versionsProperties;
+
+    public static Config globalConfig() {
+        Config global = new Config();
+        global.setAvoidAutoReset(true);
+        for (DriverManagerType type : DriverManagerType.values()) {
+            WebDriverManager.getInstance(type).setConfig(global);
+        }
+        return global;
+    }
+
+    public Config config() {
+        return config;
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager chromedriver() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(CHROME, new ChromeDriverManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(CHROME);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager chromiumdriver() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(CHROMIUM, new ChromiumDriverManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(CHROMIUM);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager firefoxdriver() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(FIREFOX, new FirefoxDriverManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(FIREFOX);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager operadriver() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(OPERA, new OperaDriverManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(OPERA);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager edgedriver() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(EDGE, new EdgeDriverManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(EDGE);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager iedriver() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(IEXPLORER, new InternetExplorerDriverManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(IEXPLORER);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager phantomjs() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(PHANTOMJS, new PhantomJsDriverManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(PHANTOMJS);
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager seleniumServerStandalone() {
+        instanceMap.putIfAbsent(SELENIUM_SERVER_STANDALONE,
+                new SeleniumServerStandaloneManager());
+        return instanceMap.get(SELENIUM_SERVER_STANDALONE);
+    }
+
+    protected static synchronized WebDriverManager voiddriver() {
+        return new VoidDriverManager();
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager getInstance(
+            DriverManagerType driverManagerType) {
+        if (driverManagerType == null) {
+            return voiddriver();
+        }
+        switch (driverManagerType) {
+        case CHROME:
+            return chromedriver();
+        case CHROMIUM:
+            return chromiumdriver();
+        case FIREFOX:
+            return firefoxdriver();
+        case OPERA:
+            return operadriver();
+        case IEXPLORER:
+            return iedriver();
+        case EDGE:
+            return edgedriver();
+        case PHANTOMJS:
+            return phantomjs();
+        case SELENIUM_SERVER_STANDALONE:
+            return seleniumServerStandalone();
+        default:
+            return voiddriver();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized WebDriverManager getInstance(
+            Class<?> webDriverClass) {
+        switch (webDriverClass.getName()) {
+        case "org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver":
+            return chromedriver();
+        case "org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver":
+            return firefoxdriver();
+        case "org.openqa.selenium.opera.OperaDriver":
+            return operadriver();
+        case "org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver":
+            return iedriver();
+        case "org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeDriver":
+            return edgedriver();
+        case "org.openqa.selenium.phantomjs.PhantomJSDriver":
+            return phantomjs();
+        default:
+            return voiddriver();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void setup() {
+        DriverManagerType driverManagerType = getDriverManagerType();
+        if (driverManagerType != null) {
+            try {
+                if (config().getClearPreferences()) {
+                    clearPreferences();
+                }
+                String driverVersion = getDriverVersion();
+                manage(driverVersion);
+            } finally {
+                if (!config().isAvoidAutoReset()) {
+                    reset();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager version(String version) {
+        setDriverVersion(version);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager architecture(Architecture architecture) {
+        config().setArchitecture(architecture);
+        forcedArch = true;
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager arch32() {
+        architecture(X32);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager arch64() {
+        architecture(X64);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager operatingSystem(OperatingSystem os) {
+        config().setOs(os.name());
+        forcedOs = true;
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager forceCache() {
+        config().setForceCache(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager forceDownload() {
+        config().setOverride(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager driverRepositoryUrl(URL url) {
+        setDriverUrl(url);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager useMirror() {
+        Optional<URL> mirrorUrl = getMirrorUrl();
+        if (!mirrorUrl.isPresent()) {
+            throw new WebDriverManagerException("Mirror URL not available");
+        }
+        config().setUseMirror(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager proxy(String proxy) {
+        config().setProxy(proxy);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager proxyUser(String proxyUser) {
+        config().setProxyUser(proxyUser);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager proxyPass(String proxyPass) {
+        config().setProxyPass(proxyPass);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager useBetaVersions() {
+        config().setUseBetaVersions(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager ignoreVersions(String... versions) {
+        config().setIgnoreVersions(versions);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager gitHubTokenSecret(String gitHubTokenSecret) {
+        config().setGitHubTokenSecret(gitHubTokenSecret);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager gitHubTokenName(String gitHubTokenName) {
+        config().setGitHubTokenName(gitHubTokenName);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager localRepositoryUser(String localRepositoryUser) {
+        config().setLocalRepositoryUser(localRepositoryUser);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager localRepositoryPassword(
+            String localRepositoryPassword) {
+        config().setLocalRepositoryPassword(localRepositoryPassword);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager timeout(int timeout) {
+        config().setTimeout(timeout);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager properties(String properties) {
+        config().setProperties(properties);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager targetPath(String targetPath) {
+        config().setTargetPath(targetPath);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager avoidExport() {
+        config().setAvoidExport(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager avoidOutputTree() {
+        config().setAvoidOutputTree(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager avoidAutoVersion() {
+        config().setAvoidAutoVersion(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager avoidPreferences() {
+        config().setAvoidPreferences(true);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager ttl(int seconds) {
+        config().setTtl(seconds);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager browserPath(String browserPath) {
+        config().setBinaryPath(browserPath);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager useLocalVersionsPropertiesFirst() {
+        config().setVersionsPropertiesOnlineFirst(false);
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    public WebDriverManager clearPreferences() {
+        instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType()).preferences.clear();
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType());
+    }
+
+    // ------------
+
+    public String getBinaryPath() {
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType()).binaryPath;
+    }
+
+    public String getDownloadedVersion() {
+        return instanceMap.get(getDriverManagerType()).downloadedVersion;
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getVersions() {
+        httpClient = new HttpClient(config());
+        try {
+            List<URL> drivers = getDrivers();
+            List<String> versions = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (URL url : drivers) {
+                String version = getCurrentVersion(url);
+                if (version.isEmpty() || version.equalsIgnoreCase("icons")) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!versions.contains(version)) {
+                    versions.add(version);
+                }
+            }
+            log.trace("Version list before sorting {}", versions);
+            sort(versions, new VersionComparator());
+            return versions;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new WebDriverManagerException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void clearCache() {
+        String targetPath = config().getTargetPath();
+        try {
+            log.debug("Clearing cache at {}", targetPath);
+            deleteDirectory(new File(targetPath));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("Exception deleting cache at {}", targetPath, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ------------
+
+    protected void manage(String driverVersion) {
+        httpClient = new HttpClient(config());
+        try (HttpClient wdmHttpClient = httpClient) {
+            downloader = new Downloader(getDriverManagerType());
+            urlFilter = new UrlFilter();
+
+            if (isUnknown(driverVersion)) {
+                driverVersion = resolveDriverVersion(driverVersion);
+            }
+
+            downloadAndExport(driverVersion);
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e, driverVersion);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected String resolveDriverVersion(String driverVersion) {
+        preferenceKey = getDriverManagerType().getNameInLowerCase();
+        Optional<String> browserVersion = empty();
+        browserVersion = getValueFromPreferences(browserVersion);
+        if (!browserVersion.isPresent()) {
+            browserVersion = detectBrowserVersion();
+        }
+        if (browserVersion.isPresent()) {
+            preferenceKey = getDriverManagerType().getNameInLowerCase()
+                    + browserVersion.get();
+            driverVersion = preferences.getValueFromPreferences(preferenceKey);
+
+            Optional<String> optionalDriverVersion = empty();
+            if (isUnknown(driverVersion)) {
+                optionalDriverVersion = getDriverVersionFromRepository(
+                        browserVersion);
+            }
+            if (isUnknown(driverVersion)) {
+                optionalDriverVersion = getDriverVersionFromProperties(
+                        preferenceKey);
+            }
+            if (optionalDriverVersion.isPresent()) {
+                driverVersion = optionalDriverVersion.get();
+            }
+            if (isUnknown(driverVersion)) {
+                log.debug(
+                        "The driver version for {} {} is unknown ... trying with latest",
+                        getDriverManagerType(), browserVersion.get());
+            } else if (!isUnknown(driverVersion)) {
+                log.info(
+                        "Using {} {} (since {} {} is installed in your machine)",
+                        getDriverName(), driverVersion, getDriverManagerType(),
+                        browserVersion.get());
+                storeInPreferences(driverVersion, browserVersion.get());
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if driverVersion is still unknown, try with latest
+        if (isUnknown(driverVersion)) {
+            Optional<String> latestDriverVersionFromRepository = getLatestDriverVersionFromRepository();
+            if (latestDriverVersionFromRepository.isPresent()) {
+                driverVersion = latestDriverVersionFromRepository.get();
+            }
+        }
+        return driverVersion;
+    }
+
+    protected void storeInPreferences(String driverVersion,
+            String browserVersion) {
+        if (usePreferences()) {
+            preferences.putValueInPreferencesIfEmpty(
+                    getDriverManagerType().getNameInLowerCase(),
+                    browserVersion);
+            preferences.putValueInPreferencesIfEmpty(preferenceKey,
+                    driverVersion);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> getValueFromPreferences(
+            Optional<String> browserVersion) {
+        if (usePreferences()
+                && preferences.checkKeyInPreferences(preferenceKey)) {
+            browserVersion = Optional
+                    .of(preferences.getValueFromPreferences(preferenceKey));
+        }
+        return browserVersion;
+    }
+
+    protected String preDownload(String target, String version) {
+        log.trace("Pre-download. target={}, version={}", target, version);
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    protected File postDownload(File archive) {
+        File parentFolder = archive.getParentFile();
+        File[] ls = parentFolder.listFiles();
+        for (File f : ls) {
+            if (getDriverName().contains(removeExtension(f.getName()))) {
+                log.trace("Found binary in post-download: {}", f);
+                return f;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new WebDriverManagerException("Driver " + getDriverName()
+                + " not found (using temporal folder " + parentFolder + ")");
+    }
+
+    protected String getCurrentVersion(URL url) {
+        String currentVersion = "";
+        String pattern = "/([^/]*?)/[^/]*?" + getShortDriverName();
+        Matcher matcher = compile(pattern, CASE_INSENSITIVE)
+                .matcher(url.getFile());
+        boolean find = matcher.find();
+        if (find) {
+            currentVersion = matcher.group(1);
+        } else {
+            log.trace("Version not found in URL {}", url);
+        }
+        return currentVersion;
+    }
+
+    protected void downloadAndExport(String driverVersion) throws IOException {
+        Optional<String> driverInCache = searchDriverInCache(driverVersion);
+        String versionStr = isUnknown(driverVersion) ? "(latest version)"
+                : driverVersion;
+
+        if (driverInCache.isPresent() && !config().isOverride()) {
+            storeVersionToDownload(driverVersion);
+            downloadedVersion = driverVersion;
+            log.debug("Driver {} {} found in cache", getDriverName(),
+                    versionStr);
+            exportDriver(driverInCache.get());
+        } else {
+            List<URL> candidateUrls = getCandidateUrls(driverVersion);
+            if (candidateUrls.isEmpty()) {
+                Architecture arch = config().getArchitecture();
+                String os = config().getOs();
+                String errorMessage = getDriverName() + " " + versionStr
+                        + " for " + os + arch.toString() + " not found in "
+                        + getDriverUrl();
+                log.error(errorMessage);
+                throw new WebDriverManagerException(errorMessage);
+            }
+
+            // Download first candidate URL
+            URL url = candidateUrls.iterator().next();
+            String exportValue = downloader.download(url, versionToDownload,
+                    getDriverName());
+            exportDriver(exportValue);
+            downloadedVersion = versionToDownload;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> detectBrowserVersion() {
+        if (config().isAvoidAutoVersion()) {
+            return empty();
+        }
+
+        String driverManagerTypeLowerCase = getDriverManagerType().name()
+                .toLowerCase();
+        Optional<String> browserVersion;
+        if (usePreferences() && preferences
+                .checkKeyInPreferences(driverManagerTypeLowerCase)) {
+            browserVersion = Optional.of(preferences
+                    .getValueFromPreferences(driverManagerTypeLowerCase));
+
+            log.trace("Detected {} version {}", getDriverManagerType(),
+                    browserVersion);
+        } else {
+            browserVersion = getBrowserVersion();
+        }
+        return browserVersion;
+    }
+
+    protected boolean usePreferences() {
+        return !config().isAvoidPreferences() && !config().isOverride()
+                && !forcedArch && !forcedOs;
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isUnknown(String driverVersion) {
+        return isNullOrEmpty(driverVersion)
+                || driverVersion.equalsIgnoreCase("latest");
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> getDriverVersionFromProperties(String key) {
+        boolean online = config().getVersionsPropertiesOnlineFirst();
+        String onlineMessage = online ? ONLINE : LOCAL;
+        log.debug("Getting driver version for {} from {} versions.properties",
+                key, onlineMessage);
+        String value = getVersionFromProperties(online).getProperty(key);
+        if (value == null) {
+            String notOnlineMessage = online ? LOCAL : ONLINE;
+            log.debug(
+                    "Driver for {} not found in {} properties (using {} version)",
+                    key, onlineMessage, notOnlineMessage);
+            versionsProperties = null;
+            value = getVersionFromProperties(!online).getProperty(key);
+        }
+        return value == null ? empty() : Optional.of(value);
+    }
+
+    protected Properties getVersionFromProperties(boolean online) {
+        if (versionsProperties != null) {
+            log.trace("Already created versions.properties");
+            return versionsProperties;
+        } else {
+            try (InputStream inputStream = getVersionsInputStream(online)) {
+                versionsProperties = new Properties();
+                versionsProperties.load(inputStream);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                versionsProperties = null;
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "Cannot read versions.properties", e);
+            }
+            return versionsProperties;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected InputStream getVersionsInputStream(boolean online)
+            throws IOException {
+        String onlineMessage = online ? ONLINE : LOCAL;
+        log.trace("Reading {} version.properties to find out driver version",
+                onlineMessage);
+        InputStream inputStream;
+        try {
+            if (online) {
+                inputStream = getOnlineVersionsInputStream();
+            } else {
+                inputStream = getLocalVersionsInputStream();
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String exceptionMessage = online ? LOCAL : ONLINE;
+            log.warn("Error reading version.properties, using {} instead",
+                    exceptionMessage);
+            if (online) {
+                inputStream = getLocalVersionsInputStream();
+            } else {
+                inputStream = getOnlineVersionsInputStream();
+            }
+        }
+        return inputStream;
+    }
+
+    protected InputStream getLocalVersionsInputStream() {
+        InputStream inputStream;
+        inputStream = Config.class.getResourceAsStream("/versions.properties");
+        return inputStream;
+    }
+
+    protected InputStream getOnlineVersionsInputStream() throws IOException {
+        return httpClient
+                .execute(httpClient
+                        .createHttpGet(config().getVersionsPropertiesUrl()))
+                .getEntity().getContent();
+    }
+
+    protected void handleException(Exception e, String version) {
+        String versionStr = isNullOrEmpty(version) ? "(latest version)"
+                : version;
+        String errorMessage = String.format(
+                "There was an error managing %s %s (%s)", getDriverName(),
+                versionStr, e.getMessage());
+        if (!config().isForceCache() && retryCount == 0) {
+            config().setForceCache(true);
+            config().setUseMirror(true);
+            retryCount++;
+            log.warn("{} ... trying again using mirror", errorMessage);
+            manage(version);
+        } else if (retryCount == 1) {
+            config().setAvoidAutoVersion(true);
+            version = "";
+            retryCount++;
+            log.warn("{} ... trying again using latest from cache",
+                    errorMessage);
+            manage(version);
+        } else {
+            log.error("{}", errorMessage, e);
+            throw new WebDriverManagerException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> getCandidateUrls(String driverVersion)
+            throws IOException {
+        List<URL> urls = getDrivers();
+        List<URL> candidateUrls;
+        log.trace("All URLs: {}", urls);
+        boolean getLatest = isUnknown(driverVersion);
+        Architecture arch = config().getArchitecture();
+        boolean continueSearchingVersion;
+
+        do {
+            // Get the latest or concrete version
+            String filterName = getShortDriverName();
+            candidateUrls = getLatest ? checkLatest(urls, filterName)
+                    : getVersion(urls, filterName, driverVersion);
+            log.trace("Candidate URLs: {}", candidateUrls);
+            if (versionToDownload == null) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            // Filter by OS
+            if (!getDriverName().equalsIgnoreCase("IEDriverServer")
+                    && !getDriverName()
+                            .equalsIgnoreCase("selenium-server-standalone")) {
+                candidateUrls = urlFilter.filterByOs(candidateUrls,
+                        config().getOs());
+            }
+
+            // Filter by architecture
+            candidateUrls = urlFilter.filterByArch(candidateUrls, arch,
+                    forcedArch);
+
+            // Filter by distro
+            candidateUrls = filterByDistro(candidateUrls);
+
+            // Filter by ignored versions
+            candidateUrls = filterByIgnoredVersions(candidateUrls);
+
+            // Filter by beta
+            candidateUrls = urlFilter.filterByBeta(candidateUrls,
+                    config().isUseBetaVersions());
+
+            // Find out if driver version has been found or not
+            continueSearchingVersion = candidateUrls.isEmpty() && getLatest;
+            if (continueSearchingVersion) {
+                log.info(
+                        "No binary found for {} {} ... seeking another version",
+                        getDriverName(), versionToDownload);
+                urls = removeFromList(urls, versionToDownload);
+                versionToDownload = null;
+            }
+        } while (continueSearchingVersion);
+        return candidateUrls;
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> filterByIgnoredVersions(List<URL> candidateUrls) {
+        if (config().getIgnoreVersions() != null && !candidateUrls.isEmpty()) {
+            candidateUrls = urlFilter.filterByIgnoredVersions(candidateUrls,
+                    config().getIgnoreVersions());
+        }
+        return candidateUrls;
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> filterByDistro(List<URL> candidateUrls)
+            throws IOException {
+        // Filter phantomjs 2.5.0 in Linux
+        if (config().getOs().equalsIgnoreCase("linux")
+                && getDriverName().contains("phantomjs")) {
+            candidateUrls = urlFilter.filterByDistro(candidateUrls, "2.5.0");
+        }
+        return candidateUrls;
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> searchDriverInCache(String driverVersion) {
+        Optional<String> driverInCache = empty();
+        boolean getLatest = isUnknown(driverVersion);
+        boolean cache = config().isForceCache();
+
+        if (cache || !getLatest) {
+            driverInCache = getDriverFromCache(driverVersion);
+        }
+        storeVersionToDownload(driverVersion);
+        return driverInCache;
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> getDriverFromCache(String driverVersion) {
+        log.trace("Checking if {} exists in cache", getDriverName());
+        Architecture arch = config().getArchitecture();
+        String os = config().getOs();
+        List<File> filesInCache = getFilesInCache();
+        if (!filesInCache.isEmpty()) {
+            // Filter by name
+            filesInCache = filterCacheBy(filesInCache, getDriverName(), false);
+
+            // Filter by version
+            filesInCache = filterCacheBy(filesInCache, driverVersion, true);
+
+            // Filter by OS
+            filesInCache = filterCacheBy(filesInCache, os, false);
+
+            if (filesInCache.size() == 1) {
+                return Optional.of(filesInCache.get(0).toString());
+            }
+
+            // Filter by arch
+            if (IS_OS_WINDOWS && (getDriverManagerType() == CHROME
+                    || getDriverManagerType() == CHROMIUM)) {
+                log.trace(
+                        "Avoid filtering for architecture {} with {} in Windows",
+                        arch, getDriverName());
+            } else {
+                filesInCache = filterCacheBy(filesInCache, arch.toString(),
+                        false);
+            }
+
+            if (!filesInCache.isEmpty()) {
+                return Optional.of(
+                        filesInCache.get(filesInCache.size() - 1).toString());
+            }
+        }
+
+        log.trace("{} not found in cache", getDriverName());
+        return empty();
+    }
+
+    protected List<File> filterCacheBy(List<File> input, String key,
+            boolean isVersion) {
+        String pathSeparator = isVersion ? separator : "";
+        List<File> output = new ArrayList<>(input);
+        if (!key.isEmpty() && !input.isEmpty()) {
+            String keyInLowerCase = key.toLowerCase();
+            for (File f : input) {
+                if (!f.toString().toLowerCase()
+                        .contains(pathSeparator + keyInLowerCase)) {
+                    output.remove(f);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        log.trace("Filter cache by {} -- input list {} -- output list {} ", key,
+                input, output);
+        return output;
+    }
+
+    protected List<File> getFilesInCache() {
+        List<File> listFiles = (List<File>) listFiles(
+                new File(downloader.getTargetPath()), null, true);
+        sort(listFiles);
+        return listFiles;
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> removeFromList(List<URL> list, String version) {
+        List<URL> out = new ArrayList<>(list);
+        for (URL url : list) {
+            if (url.getFile().contains(version)) {
+                out.remove(url);
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> getVersion(List<URL> list, String driver,
+            String version) {
+        List<URL> out = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (URL url : list) {
+            if (url.getFile().contains(driver)
+                    && url.getFile().contains(version)
+                    && !url.getFile().contains("-symbols")) {
+                out.add(url);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (versionToDownload != null && !versionToDownload.equals(version)) {
+            versionToDownload = version;
+            log.info("Using {} {}", driver, version);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> checkLatest(List<URL> list, String driver) {
+        log.trace("Checking the lastest version of {} with URL list {}", driver,
+                list);
+        List<URL> out = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<URL> copyOfList = new ArrayList<>(list);
+
+        for (URL url : copyOfList) {
+            try {
+                if (!config().isUseBetaVersions()
+                        && (url.getFile().toLowerCase().contains(BETA))) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (url.getFile().contains(driver)) {
+                    String currentVersion = getCurrentVersion(url);
+                    if (versionToDownload == null) {
+                        versionToDownload = currentVersion;
+                    }
+                    if (versionCompare(currentVersion, versionToDownload) > 0) {
+                        versionToDownload = currentVersion;
+                        out.clear();
+                    }
+                    if (url.getFile().contains(versionToDownload)) {
+                        out.add(url);
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                log.trace("There was a problem with URL {} : {}", url,
+                        e.getMessage());
+                list.remove(url);
+            }
+        }
+        storeVersionToDownload(versionToDownload);
+        log.info("Latest version of {} is {}", driver, versionToDownload);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    protected Integer versionCompare(String str1, String str2) {
+        String[] vals1 = str1.replace("v", "").replace("-beta", "")
+                .split("\\.");
+        String[] vals2 = str2.replace("v", "").replace("-beta", "")
+                .split("\\.");
+
+        if (vals1[0].equals("")) {
+            vals1[0] = "0";
+        }
+        if (vals2[0].equals("")) {
+            vals2[0] = "0";
+        }
+
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i < vals1.length && i < vals2.length
+                && vals1[i].equals(vals2[i])) {
+            i++;
+        }
+
+        if (i < vals1.length && i < vals2.length) {
+            return signum(valueOf(vals1[i]).compareTo(valueOf(vals2[i])));
+        } else {
+            return signum(vals1.length - vals2.length);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method works also for http://npm.taobao.org/ and
+     * https://bitbucket.org/ mirrors.
+     */
+    protected List<URL> getDriversFromMirror(URL driverUrl) throws IOException {
+        if (mirrorLog) {
+            log.info("Crawling driver list from mirror {}", driverUrl);
+            mirrorLog = true;
+        } else {
+            log.trace("[Recursive call] Crawling driver list from mirror {}",
+                    driverUrl);
+        }
+
+        String driverStr = driverUrl.toString();
+        String driverOrigin = String.format("%s://%s", driverUrl.getProtocol(),
+                driverUrl.getAuthority());
+
+        try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient
+                .execute(httpClient.createHttpGet(driverUrl))) {
+            InputStream in = response.getEntity().getContent();
+            org.jsoup.nodes.Document doc = Jsoup.parse(in, null, driverStr);
+            Iterator<org.jsoup.nodes.Element> iterator = doc.select("a")
+                    .iterator();
+            List<URL> urlList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                String link = iterator.next().attr("abs:href");
+                if (link.startsWith(driverStr) && link.endsWith(SLASH)) {
+                    urlList.addAll(getDriversFromMirror(new URL(link)));
+                } else if (link.startsWith(driverOrigin)
+                        && !link.contains("icons")
+                        && (link.toLowerCase().endsWith(".bz2")
+                                || link.toLowerCase().endsWith(".zip")
+                                || link.toLowerCase().endsWith(".gz"))) {
+                    urlList.add(new URL(link));
+                }
+            }
+            return urlList;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> getDriversFromXml(URL driverUrl, String xpath)
+            throws IOException {
+        log.info("Reading {} to seek {}", driverUrl, getDriverName());
+        List<URL> urls = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient
+                    .execute(httpClient.createHttpGet(driverUrl))) {
+                Document xml = loadXML(response.getEntity().getContent());
+                NodeList nodes = (NodeList) newInstance().newXPath()
+                        .evaluate(xpath, xml.getDocumentElement(), NODESET);
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < nodes.getLength(); ++i) {
+                    Element e = (Element) nodes.item(i);
+                    urls.add(new URL(driverUrl.toURI().resolve(".")
+                            + e.getChildNodes().item(0).getNodeValue()));
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new WebDriverManagerException(e);
+        }
+        return urls;
+    }
+
+    protected Document loadXML(InputStream inputStream)
+            throws SAXException, IOException, ParserConfigurationException {
+        DocumentBuilderFactory factory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+        DocumentBuilder builder = factory.newDocumentBuilder();
+        return builder.parse(new InputSource(
+                new ByteArrayInputStream(IOUtils.toByteArray(inputStream))));
+    }
+
+    protected void exportDriver(String variableValue) {
+        binaryPath = variableValue;
+        Optional<String> exportParameter = getExportParameter();
+        if (!config.isAvoidExport() && exportParameter.isPresent()) {
+            String variableName = exportParameter.get();
+            log.info("Exporting {} as {}", variableName, variableValue);
+            System.setProperty(variableName, variableValue);
+        } else {
+            log.info("Resulting binary {}", variableValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected InputStream openGitHubConnection(URL driverUrl)
+            throws IOException {
+        HttpGet get = httpClient.createHttpGet(driverUrl);
+
+        String gitHubTokenName = config().getGitHubTokenName();
+        String gitHubTokenSecret = config().getGitHubTokenSecret();
+        if (!isNullOrEmpty(gitHubTokenName)
+                && !isNullOrEmpty(gitHubTokenSecret)) {
+            String userpass = gitHubTokenName + ":" + gitHubTokenSecret;
+            String basicAuth = "Basic "
+                    + new String(new Base64().encode(userpass.getBytes()));
+            get.addHeader("Authorization", basicAuth);
+        }
+
+        return httpClient.execute(get).getEntity().getContent();
+    }
+
+    protected List<URL> getDriversFromGitHub() throws IOException {
+        List<URL> urls;
+        URL driverUrl = getDriverUrl();
+        log.info("Reading {} to seek {}", driverUrl, getDriverName());
+
+        Optional<URL> mirrorUrl = getMirrorUrl();
+        if (mirrorUrl.isPresent() && config.isUseMirror()) {
+            urls = getDriversFromMirror(mirrorUrl.get());
+
+        } else {
+            String driverVersion = versionToDownload;
+
+            try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
+                    new InputStreamReader(openGitHubConnection(driverUrl)))) {
+
+                GsonBuilder gsonBuilder = new GsonBuilder();
+                Gson gson = gsonBuilder.create();
+                GitHubApi[] releaseArray = gson.fromJson(reader,
+                        GitHubApi[].class);
+
+                if (driverVersion != null) {
+                    releaseArray = new GitHubApi[] {
+                            getVersion(releaseArray, driverVersion) };
+                }
+
+                urls = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (GitHubApi release : releaseArray) {
+                    if (release != null) {
+                        List<LinkedTreeMap<String, Object>> assets = release
+                                .getAssets();
+                        for (LinkedTreeMap<String, Object> asset : assets) {
+                            urls.add(new URL(asset.get("browser_download_url")
+                                    .toString()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return urls;
+    }
+
+    protected GitHubApi getVersion(GitHubApi[] releaseArray, String version) {
+        GitHubApi out = null;
+        for (GitHubApi release : releaseArray) {
+            log.trace("Get version {} of {}", version, release);
+            if ((release.getName() != null
+                    && release.getName().contains(version))
+                    || (release.getTagName() != null
+                            && release.getTagName().contains(version))) {
+                out = release;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    protected HttpClient getHttpClient() {
+        return httpClient;
+    }
+
+    protected FilenameFilter getFolderFilter() {
+        return (dir, name) -> dir.isDirectory()
+                && name.toLowerCase().contains(getDriverName());
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> getDefaultBrowserVersion(
+            String[] programFilesEnvs, String[] winBrowserNames,
+            String linuxBrowserName, String macBrowserName, String versionFlag,
+            String browserNameInOutput) {
+
+        String browserBinaryPath = config().getBinaryPath();
+        if (IS_OS_WINDOWS) {
+            String winName = "";
+            for (int i = 0; i < programFilesEnvs.length; i++) {
+                winName = winBrowserNames.length > 1 ? winBrowserNames[0]
+                        : winBrowserNames[i];
+                String browserVersionOutput = getBrowserVersionInWindows(
+                        programFilesEnvs[i], winName, browserBinaryPath);
+                if (!isNullOrEmpty(browserVersionOutput)) {
+                    return Optional
+                            .of(getVersionFromWmicOutput(browserVersionOutput));
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (IS_OS_LINUX || IS_OS_MAC) {
+            String browserPath = getPosixBrowserPath(linuxBrowserName,
+                    macBrowserName, browserBinaryPath);
+            String browserVersionOutput = runAndWait(browserPath, versionFlag);
+            if (browserVersionOutput.toLowerCase().contains("snap")) {
+                isSnap = true;
+            }
+            if (!isNullOrEmpty(browserVersionOutput)) {
+                return Optional.of(getVersionFromPosixOutput(
+                        browserVersionOutput, browserNameInOutput));
+            }
+        }
+        return empty();
+    }
+
+    protected String getPosixBrowserPath(String linuxBrowserName,
+            String macBrowserName, String browserBinaryPath) {
+        if (!isNullOrEmpty(browserBinaryPath)) {
+            return browserBinaryPath;
+        } else {
+            return IS_OS_LINUX ? linuxBrowserName : macBrowserName;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected String getBrowserVersionInWindows(String programFilesEnv,
+            String winBrowserName, String browserBinaryPath) {
+        String programFiles = System.getenv(programFilesEnv).replaceAll("\\\\",
+                "\\\\\\\\");
+        String browserPath = isNullOrEmpty(browserBinaryPath)
+                ? programFiles + winBrowserName
+                : browserBinaryPath;
+        String wmic = "wmic.exe";
+        return runAndWait(findFileLocation(wmic), wmic, "datafile", "where",
+                "name='" + browserPath + "'", "get", "Version", "/value");
+    }
+
+    protected File findFileLocation(String filename) {
+        // Alternative #1: in System32 folder
+        File system32Folder = new File(System.getenv("SystemRoot"), "System32");
+        File system32File = new File(system32Folder, filename);
+        if (checkFileAndFolder(system32Folder, system32File)) {
+            return system32Folder;
+        }
+        // Alternative #2: in wbem folder
+        File wbemFolder = new File(system32Folder, "wbem");
+        File wbemFile = new File(wbemFolder, filename);
+        if (checkFileAndFolder(wbemFolder, wbemFile)) {
+            return wbemFolder;
+        }
+        return new File(".");
+    }
+
+    protected boolean checkFileAndFolder(File folder, File file) {
+        return folder.exists() && folder.isDirectory() && file.exists()
+                && file.isFile();
+    }
+
+    protected Charset getVersionCharset() {
+        return defaultCharset();
+    }
+
+    protected String getLatestVersionLabel() {
+        return LATEST_RELEASE;
+    }
+
+    protected void reset() {
+        config().reset();
+        mirrorLog = false;
+        versionToDownload = null;
+        forcedArch = false;
+        forcedOs = false;
+        retryCount = 0;
+        isSnap = false;
+    }
+
+    protected String getProgramFilesEnv() {
+        return System.getProperty("os.arch").contains("64")
+                ? "PROGRAMFILES(X86)"
+                : "PROGRAMFILES";
+    }
+
+    protected String getOtherProgramFilesEnv() {
+        return System.getProperty("os.arch").contains("64") ? "PROGRAMFILES"
+                : "PROGRAMFILES(X86)";
+    }
+
+    protected URL getDriverUrlCkeckingMirror(URL url) {
+        if (config().isUseMirror()) {
+            Optional<URL> mirrorUrl = getMirrorUrl();
+            if (mirrorUrl.isPresent()) {
+                return mirrorUrl.get();
+            }
+        }
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    protected static void resolveLocal(String validBrowsers, String arg) {
+        log.info("Using WebDriverManager to resolve {}", arg);
+        try {
+            DriverManagerType driverManagerType = DriverManagerType
+                    .valueOf(arg.toUpperCase());
+            WebDriverManager wdm = WebDriverManager
+                    .getInstance(driverManagerType).avoidExport()
+                    .targetPath(".").forceDownload();
+            if (arg.equalsIgnoreCase("edge")
+                    || arg.equalsIgnoreCase("iexplorer")) {
+                wdm.operatingSystem(WIN);
+            }
+            wdm.avoidOutputTree().setup();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.error("Driver for {} not found (valid browsers {})", arg,
+                    validBrowsers);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void startServer(String[] args) {
+        int port = new Config().getServerPort();
+        if (args.length > 1 && isNumeric(args[1])) {
+            port = parseInt(args[1]);
+        }
+        new Server(port);
+    }
+
+    protected static void logCliError(String validBrowsers) {
+        log.error("There are 3 options to run WebDriverManager CLI");
+        log.error(
+                "1. WebDriverManager used to resolve binary drivers locally:");
+        log.error("\tWebDriverManager browserName");
+        log.error("\t(where browserName={})", validBrowsers);
+
+        log.error("2. WebDriverManager as a server:");
+        log.error("\tWebDriverManager server <port>");
+        log.error("\t(where default port is 4041)");
+
+        log.error(
+                "3. To clear previously resolved driver versions (as Java preferences):");
+        log.error("\tWebDriverManager clear-preferences");
+    }
+
+    protected void storeVersionToDownload(String version) {
+        if (!isNullOrEmpty(version)) {
+            if (version.startsWith(".")) {
+                version = version.substring(1);
+            }
+            versionToDownload = version;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setConfig(Config config) {
+        this.config = config;
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> getLatestDriverVersionFromRepository() {
+        return empty();
+    }
+
+    protected Optional<String> getDriverVersionFromRepository(
+            Optional<String> version) {
+        String url = version.isPresent()
+                ? getDriverUrl() + LATEST_RELEASE + "_" + version.get()
+                : getDriverUrl() + getLatestVersionLabel();
+        Optional<String> result = Optional.empty();
+        try (InputStream response = httpClient
+                .execute(httpClient.createHttpGet(new URL(url))).getEntity()
+                .getContent()) {
+            result = Optional.of(IOUtils.toString(response, getVersionCharset())
+                    .replaceAll("\r\n", ""));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("Exception reading {} to get latest version of {} ({})",
+                    url, getDriverName(), e.getMessage());
+        }
+        if (result.isPresent()) {
+            log.debug("Latest version of {} according to {} is {}",
+                    getDriverName(), url, result.get());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    protected String getShortDriverName() {
+        return getDriverName();
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        String validBrowsers = "chrome|firefox|opera|edge|phantomjs|iexplorer|selenium_server_standalone";
+        if (args.length <= 0) {
+            logCliError(validBrowsers);
+        } else {
+            String arg = args[0];
+            if (arg.equalsIgnoreCase("server")) {
+                startServer(args);
+            } else if (arg.equalsIgnoreCase("clear-preferences")) {
+                new Preferences(new Config()).clear();
+            } else {
+                resolveLocal(validBrowsers, arg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager.getDriverVersionFromProperties` indirectly writes to field `$T1_103.io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager.versionsProperties` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path $T1_103 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on $T1_103.io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager.versionsProperties might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Optional WebDriverManager.getDriverVersionFromProperties(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager.getDriverVersionFromProperties(java.lang.String):java.util.deacd4dcd2197c62cda83e23d0bcf3d8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/github/bonigarcia/wdm/WebDriverManager.java
+
+### Key:
+WebDriverManager.java|getDriverVersionFromProperties|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+742e5a3bedf2ac0eb80c07eb95b66923
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3003/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3003/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2969b346a3d963be72df99fa3e857cb1f6ff91a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3003/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webdrivermanager
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * (C) Copyright 2015 Boni Garcia (http://bonigarcia.github.io/)
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * (LGPL) version 2.1 which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ */
+package io.github.bonigarcia.wdm;
+
+import static io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WdmConfig.getString;
+import static java.io.File.separator;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils.deleteDirectory;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
+import com.google.gson.internal.LinkedTreeMap;
+
+/**
+ * Manager for Opera.
+ *
+ * @author Boni Garcia (boni.gg@gmail.com)
+ * @since 1.0.0
+ */
+public class OperaDriverManager extends BrowserManager {
+
+    public static synchronized BrowserManager getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null
+                || !instance.getClass().equals(OperaDriverManager.class)) {
+            instance = new OperaDriverManager();
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected List<URL> getDrivers() throws IOException {
+        URL driverUrl = getDriverUrl();
+        List<URL> urls;
+        if (isUsingTaobaoMirror()) {
+            urls = getDriversFromMirror(driverUrl);
+
+        } else {
+            String driverVersion = versionToDownload;
+
+            try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
+                    new InputStreamReader(openGitHubConnection(driverUrl)))) {
+
+                GsonBuilder gsonBuilder = new GsonBuilder();
+                Gson gson = gsonBuilder.create();
+                GitHubApi[] releaseArray = gson.fromJson(reader,
+                        GitHubApi[].class);
+                if (driverVersion != null) {
+                    releaseArray = new GitHubApi[] {
+                            getVersion(releaseArray, driverVersion) };
+                }
+
+                urls = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (GitHubApi release : releaseArray) {
+                    if (release != null) {
+                        List<LinkedTreeMap<String, Object>> assets = release
+                                .getAssets();
+                        for (LinkedTreeMap<String, Object> asset : assets) {
+                            urls.add(new URL(asset.get("browser_download_url")
+                                    .toString()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return urls;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getExportParameter() {
+        return getString("wdm.operaDriverExport");
+    }
+
+    protected GitHubApi getVersion(GitHubApi[] releaseArray, String version) {
+        GitHubApi out = null;
+        for (GitHubApi release : releaseArray) {
+            if (release.getName() != null
+                    && release.getName().equalsIgnoreCase(version)) {
+                out = release;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected List<String> getDriverName() {
+        return asList("operadriver");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getDriverVersionKey() {
+        return "wdm.operaDriverVersion";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getDriverUrlKey() {
+        return "wdm.operaDriverUrl";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getCurrentVersion(URL url, String driverName)
+            throws MalformedURLException {
+        if (isUsingTaobaoMirror()) {
+            int i = url.getFile().lastIndexOf(SEPARATOR);
+            int j = url.getFile().substring(0, i).lastIndexOf(SEPARATOR) + 1;
+            return url.getFile().substring(j, i);
+        } else {
+            return url.getFile().substring(
+                    url.getFile().indexOf(SEPARATOR + "v") + 2,
+                    url.getFile().lastIndexOf(SEPARATOR));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected File postDownload(File archive) throws IOException {
+        log.trace("Post processing for Opera: {}", archive);
+
+        File extractFolder = archive.getParentFile().listFiles()[0];
+        if (!extractFolder.isFile()) {
+            log.trace("Opera extract folder (to be deleted): {}",
+                    extractFolder);
+            File operadriver = extractFolder.listFiles()[0];
+            log.trace("Operadriver binary: {}", operadriver);
+
+            File target = new File(archive.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath()
+                    + separator + operadriver.getName());
+            log.trace("Operadriver target: {}", target);
+
+            downloader.renameFile(operadriver, target);
+            deleteDirectory(extractFolder);
+            return target;
+        } else {
+            return super.postDownload(archive);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public BrowserManager useTaobaoMirror() {
+        String taobaoUrl = null;
+        try {
+            taobaoUrl = getString(getString("wdm.operaDriverTaobaoUrl"));
+            driverUrl = new URL(taobaoUrl);
+        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+            String errorMessage = "Malformed URL " + taobaoUrl;
+            log.error(errorMessage, e);
+            throw new WebDriverManagerException(errorMessage, e);
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.OperaDriverManager.useTaobaoMirror` reads without synchronization from `wdm.OperaDriverManager.io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.BrowserManager.instance`. Potentially races with write in method `OperaDriverManager.getInstance()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+BrowserManager OperaDriverManager.useTaobaoMirror()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.OperaDriverManager.useTaobaoMirror():io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.BrowserManage.5dc5f203ee1ad22d081b1ff523e9714c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/github/bonigarcia/wdm/OperaDriverManager.java
+
+### Key:
+OperaDriverManager.java|useTaobaoMirror|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7b92361e1c4f08c4ddb132e0ae6534af
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3004/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3004/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d119adc18d7c03677becf50450c8abde227f7e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3004/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webdrivermanager
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * (C) Copyright 2015 Boni Garcia (http://bonigarcia.github.io/)
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * (LGPL) version 2.1 which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-2.1.html
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ */
+package io.github.bonigarcia.wdm;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.SystemUtils.IS_OS_WINDOWS;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+import java.util.zip.ZipFile;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.rauschig.jarchivelib.ArchiveFormat;
+import org.rauschig.jarchivelib.Archiver;
+import org.rauschig.jarchivelib.ArchiverFactory;
+import org.rauschig.jarchivelib.CompressionType;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.common.io.Files;
+
+/**
+ * Downloader class.
+ *
+ * @author Boni Garcia (boni.gg@gmail.com)
+ * @since 1.0.0
+ */
+public class Downloader {
+	protected static final Logger log = LoggerFactory
+			.getLogger(Downloader.class);
+
+	private static final String HOME = "~";
+
+	public static final synchronized void download(URL url, String version,
+			String export, String driverName) throws IOException {
+		File targetFile = new File(getTarget(version, url));
+		File binary = null;
+
+		// Check if binary exists
+		boolean download = !targetFile.getParentFile().exists()
+				|| (targetFile.getParentFile().exists()
+						&& targetFile.getParentFile().list().length == 0)
+				|| WdmConfig.getBoolean("wdm.override");
+
+		if (!download) {
+			// Check if existing binary is valid
+			Collection<File> listFiles = FileUtils
+					.listFiles(targetFile.getParentFile(), null, true);
+			for (File file : listFiles) {
+				if (file.getName().startsWith(driverName)
+						&& file.canExecute()) {
+					binary = file;
+					log.debug("Using binary driver previously downloaded {}",
+							binary);
+					download = false;
+					break;
+				} else {
+					download = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (download) {
+			log.info("Downloading {} to {}", url, targetFile);
+			URLConnection conn = url.openConnection();
+			conn.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0");
+			conn.addRequestProperty("Connection", "keep-alive");
+			conn.connect();
+			FileUtils.copyInputStreamToFile(conn.getInputStream(), targetFile);
+
+			if (!export.contains("edge")) {
+				binary = extract(targetFile, export);
+				targetFile.delete();
+			} else {
+				binary = targetFile;
+			}
+
+		}
+		if (export != null) {
+			BrowserManager.exportDriver(export, binary.toString());
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	public static final File extractMsi(File msi) throws IOException {
+		File tmpMsi = new File(Files.createTempDir().getAbsoluteFile()
+				+ File.separator + msi.getName());
+		Files.move(msi, tmpMsi);
+		log.trace("Temporal msi file: {}", tmpMsi);
+
+		Process process = Runtime.getRuntime()
+				.exec(new String[] { "msiexec", "/a", tmpMsi.toString(), "/qb",
+						"TARGETDIR=" + msi.getParent() });
+		try {
+			process.waitFor();
+		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+			log.error("Exception waiting to msiexec to be finished", e);
+		} finally {
+			process.destroy();
+		}
+
+		tmpMsi.delete();
+
+		Collection<File> listFiles = FileUtils.listFiles(
+				new File(msi.getParent()), new String[] { "exe" }, true);
+		return listFiles.iterator().next();
+	}
+
+	public static final File extract(File compressedFile, String export)
+			throws IOException {
+		log.trace("Compressed file {}", compressedFile);
+
+		File file = null;
+		if (compressedFile.getName().toLowerCase().endsWith("tar.bz2")) {
+			file = unBZip2(compressedFile, export);
+		} else if (compressedFile.getName().toLowerCase().endsWith("gz")) {
+			file = unGzip(compressedFile);
+		} else {
+
+			ZipFile zipFolder = new ZipFile(compressedFile);
+			Enumeration<?> enu = zipFolder.entries();
+
+			while (enu.hasMoreElements()) {
+				ZipEntry zipEntry = (ZipEntry) enu.nextElement();
+
+				String name = zipEntry.getName();
+				long size = zipEntry.getSize();
+				long compressedSize = zipEntry.getCompressedSize();
+				log.trace("Unzipping {} (size: {} KB, compressed size: {} KB)",
+						name, size, compressedSize);
+
+				file = new File(
+						compressedFile.getParentFile() + File.separator + name);
+				if (!file.exists() || WdmConfig.getBoolean("wdm.override")) {
+					if (name.endsWith("/")) {
+						file.mkdirs();
+						continue;
+					}
+
+					File parent = file.getParentFile();
+					if (parent != null) {
+						parent.mkdirs();
+					}
+
+					InputStream is = zipFolder.getInputStream(zipEntry);
+					FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(file);
+					byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
+					int length;
+					while ((length = is.read(bytes)) >= 0) {
+						fos.write(bytes, 0, length);
+					}
+					is.close();
+					fos.close();
+					file.setExecutable(true);
+				} else {
+					log.debug(file + " already exists");
+				}
+
+			}
+			zipFolder.close();
+		}
+
+		file = checkPhantom(compressedFile, export);
+
+		log.trace("Resulting binary file {}", file.getAbsoluteFile());
+		return file.getAbsoluteFile();
+	}
+
+	public static File unGzip(File archive) throws IOException {
+
+		log.trace("UnGzip {}", archive);
+		File target = new File(
+				archive.getParentFile() + File.separator + "wires");
+
+		try (GZIPInputStream in = new GZIPInputStream(
+				new FileInputStream(archive))) {
+			try (FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(target)) {
+				for (int c = in.read(); c != -1; c = in.read()) {
+					out.write(c);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!target.getName().toLowerCase().contains(".exe") && target.exists())
+			target.setExecutable(true);
+
+		return target;
+	}
+
+	public static File unBZip2(File archive, String export) throws IOException {
+		Archiver archiver = ArchiverFactory.createArchiver(ArchiveFormat.TAR,
+				CompressionType.BZIP2);
+		archiver.extract(archive, archive.getParentFile());
+		log.trace("Unbzip2 {}", archive);
+		File target = checkPhantom(archive, export);
+
+		return target;
+	}
+
+	private static File checkPhantom(File archive, String export)
+			throws IOException {
+		File target;
+		String phantomName = "phantomjs";
+		if (export.contains(phantomName)) {
+			String fileNoExtension = archive.getName().replace(".tar.bz2", "")
+					.replace(".zip", "");
+
+			File phantomjs = null;
+			try {
+				phantomjs = new File(archive.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath()
+						+ File.separator + fileNoExtension + File.separator
+						+ "bin" + File.separator).listFiles()[0];
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				String extension = IS_OS_WINDOWS ? ".exe" : "";
+				phantomjs = new File(archive.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath()
+						+ File.separator + fileNoExtension + File.separator
+						+ phantomName + extension);
+			}
+
+			target = new File(archive.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath()
+					+ File.separator + phantomjs.getName());
+			phantomjs.renameTo(target);
+
+			File delete = new File(archive.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath()
+					+ File.separator + fileNoExtension);
+			log.trace("Folder to be deleted: {}", delete);
+			FileUtils.deleteDirectory(delete);
+		} else {
+			target = archive.getParentFile().listFiles()[0];
+		}
+
+		return target;
+	}
+
+	public static final String getTarget(String version, URL url)
+			throws IOException {
+
+		log.trace("getTarget {} {}", version, url);
+
+		String zip = url.getFile().substring(url.getFile().lastIndexOf("/"));
+
+		int iFirst = zip.indexOf("_");
+		int iSecond = zip.indexOf("-");
+		int iLast = iFirst != zip.lastIndexOf("_") ? zip.lastIndexOf("_")
+				: iSecond != -1 ? iSecond : zip.length();
+		String folder = zip.substring(0, iLast).replace(".zip", "")
+				.replace(".tar.bz2", "").replace(".tar.gz", "")
+				.replace(".msi", "").replace(".exe", "")
+				.replace("_", File.separator);
+
+		String target = getTargetPath() + folder + File.separator + version
+				+ zip;
+
+		// Exception for PhantomJS
+		if (target.contains("phantomjs")) {
+			int iSeparator = target.indexOf(version) - 1;
+			int iDash = target.lastIndexOf(version) + version.length();
+			int iPoint = target.lastIndexOf(".tar") != -1
+					? target.lastIndexOf(".tar") : target.lastIndexOf(".zip");
+			target = target.substring(0, iSeparator + 1)
+					+ target.substring(iDash + 1, iPoint)
+					+ target.substring(iSeparator);
+		}
+
+		// Exception for Marionette
+		else if (target.contains("wires")) {
+			int iSeparator = target.indexOf(version) - 1;
+			int iDash = target.lastIndexOf(version) + version.length();
+			int iPoint = target.lastIndexOf("tar.gz") != -1
+					? target.lastIndexOf(".tar.gz")
+					: target.lastIndexOf(".gz") != -1
+							? target.lastIndexOf(".gz")
+							: target.lastIndexOf(".zip");
+			target = target.substring(0, iSeparator + 1)
+					+ target.substring(iDash + 1, iPoint).toLowerCase()
+					+ target.substring(iSeparator);
+		}
+
+		log.trace("Target file for URL {} version {} = {}", url, version,
+				target);
+
+		return target;
+	}
+
+	public static String getTargetPath() {
+		String targetPath = WdmConfig.getString("wdm.targetPath");
+		if (targetPath.contains(HOME)) {
+			targetPath = targetPath.replace(HOME,
+					System.getProperty("user.home"));
+		}
+
+		// Create repository folder if not exits
+		File repository = new File(targetPath);
+		if (!repository.exists()) {
+			repository.mkdirs();
+		}
+		return targetPath;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `archive.getParentFile().listFiles()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 249.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+File Downloader.checkPhantom(File,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.Downloader.checkPhantom(java.io.File,java.lang.String):java.io.File.09d5518e76d3c48dc8ea4508d26703a8
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/github/bonigarcia/wdm/Downloader.java
+
+### Key:
+Downloader.java|checkPhantom|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+96aa42d39c16d8c3ca9bc4be65b323da
+
+### Hash:
+08ee875501924b30dfc5019d2321278c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3113/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3113/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15b8f3ea2088033e72d5a3e6f9dbe1b05c32865b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3113/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1056 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 101
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2019 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pmo;
+
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.Item;
+import com.zerocracy.Par;
+import com.zerocracy.Project;
+import com.zerocracy.SoftException;
+import com.zerocracy.Xocument;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.cactoos.collection.CollectionOf;
+import org.cactoos.iterable.Mapped;
+import org.cactoos.list.ListOf;
+import org.cactoos.list.SolidList;
+import org.cactoos.scalar.IoCheckedScalar;
+import org.cactoos.scalar.Reduced;
+import org.cactoos.time.DateAsText;
+import org.xembly.Directives;
+
+/**
+ * Catalog of all projects.
+ *
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @todo #1305:30min Continue replacing old Date classes with Instant.
+ *  Remember also to remove instances of `DateAsText` (Instant.toString should
+ *  be used). Be careful to ensure Groovy classes are properly updated since
+ *  typing is sometimes dodgy in there. There is a lot of classes to change so
+ *  try to find a good small cluster of related classes that can be updated.
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings(
+    {
+        "PMD.TooManyMethods", "PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals", "PMD.GodClass"
+    }
+)
+public final class Catalog {
+
+    /**
+     * Title.
+     */
+    private static final String PRJ_TITLE = "title";
+
+    /**
+     * PMO.
+     */
+    private final Project pmo;
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param farm Farm
+     */
+    public Catalog(final Farm farm) {
+        this(new Pmo(farm));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param pkt PMO
+     */
+    public Catalog(final Project pkt) {
+        this.pmo = pkt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bootstrap it.
+     * @return Itself
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Catalog bootstrap() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item team = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(team).bootstrap("pmo/catalog");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return all sandbox projects.
+     * @return List of sandbox projects
+     * @checkstyle NonStaticMethodCheck (3 lines)
+     */
+    public Collection<String> sandbox() {
+        return new CollectionOf<>(
+            "CAZPZR9FS", "C63314D6Z", "C7JGJ00DP"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete it entirely.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void delete(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Project %s doesn't exist, can't delete").say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/catalog/project[@id='%s'] ", pid)
+                ).strict(1).remove()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a project with the given ID.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param prefix The prefix
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void add(final String pid, final String prefix) throws IOException {
+        if (this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Project %s already exists").say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath("/catalog")
+                    .add("project")
+                    .attr("id", pid)
+                    .add(Catalog.PRJ_TITLE).set(pid).up()
+                    .add("created")
+                    .set(new DateAsText().asString()).up()
+                    .add("prefix").set(prefix).up()
+                    .add("alive").set(true).up()
+                    .add("fee").set(Cash.ZERO).up()
+                    .add("publish").set(Boolean.toString(false)).up()
+                    .add("adviser").set("0crat").up()
+                    .add("architect").set("0crat").up()
+                    .add("members").up()
+                    .add("jobs").set(0).up()
+                    .add("orders").set(0).up()
+                    .add("cash").attr("deficit", false).set(Cash.ZERO).up()
+                    .add("languages").up()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project's architect.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Architect login
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String architect(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path())
+                .xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/architect/text()",
+                        pid
+                    )
+                ).iterator().next();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change project architect.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @param arc New architect
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void architect(final String pid, final String arc)
+        throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id =  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .addIf("architect")
+                    .set(arc)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project jobs count.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Jobs count
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public int jobs(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return Integer.parseInt(
+                new Xocument(item.path())
+                    .xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/jobs/text()",
+                            pid
+                        )
+                    ).iterator().next()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change project jobs count.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @param cnt Jobs count
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void jobs(final String pid, final int cnt)
+        throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id =  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .addIf("jobs")
+                    .set(cnt)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project orders count.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Architect login
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public int orders(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return Integer.parseInt(
+                new Xocument(item.path())
+                    .xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/orders/text()",
+                            pid
+                        )
+                    ).iterator().next()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change project orders count.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @param cnt New order count
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void orders(final String pid, final int cnt)
+        throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id =  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .addIf("orders")
+                    .set(cnt)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does project under deficit.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return TRUE if in deficit
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean deficit(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return Boolean.parseBoolean(
+                new Xocument(item.path())
+                    .xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/cash/@deficit",
+                            pid
+                        )
+                    ).iterator().next()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Available cash in project.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Cash amount
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Cash cash(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Cash.S(
+                new Xocument(item.path())
+                    .xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/cash/text()",
+                            pid
+                        )
+                    ).iterator().next()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change project cash.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @param cash New cash
+     * @param deficit TRUE if under deficit
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void cash(final String pid, final Cash cash, final boolean deficit)
+        throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id =  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .push()
+                    .xpath("cash")
+                    .remove()
+                    .pop()
+                    .add("cash")
+                    .attr("deficit", deficit)
+                    .set(cash)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * All project members.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Members logins
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Collection<String> members(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/catalog/project[@id='%s']/members/member/text()",
+                    pid
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * All project members.
+     * @param pid Project id.
+     * @param members Members
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void members(final String pid, final Iterable<String> members)
+        throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id =  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .push()
+                    .xpath("members/member")
+                    .remove()
+                    .pop()
+                    .addIf("members")
+                    .append(
+                        new IoCheckedScalar<>(
+                            new Reduced<>(
+                                new Directives(),
+                                (dirs, member) -> dirs
+                                    .add("member")
+                                    .set(member)
+                                    .up(),
+                                members
+                            )
+                        ).value()
+                    )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project's language stack.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Languages set
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Set<String> languages(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new HashSet<>(
+                new ListOf<>(
+                    new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/languages/text()",
+                            pid
+                        )
+                    ).iterator().next().split(",")
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change project language stack.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @param langs New laguages
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void languages(final String pid, final Set<String> langs)
+        throws IOException {
+        this.checkExist(pid);
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id =  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .addIf("languages")
+                    .set(String.join(",", langs))
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project exists?
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @return TRUE if it exists
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean exists(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                String.format("//project[@id  ='%s']", pid)
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find a project by XPath query.
+     * @param xpath XPath query
+     * @return Prefixes found, if found
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Collection<String> findByXPath(final String xpath)
+        throws IOException {
+        String term = xpath;
+        if (!term.isEmpty()) {
+            term = String.format("[%s]", term);
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                String.format("//project%s/prefix/text()", term)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is it on pause?
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @return TRUE if on pause
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean pause(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Project %s doesn't exist").say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !Boolean.parseBoolean(
+                new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/catalog/project[@id='%s']/alive/text()",
+                        pid
+                    )
+                ).get(0)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set it on pause.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param pause TRUE if it has to go on pause
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void pause(final String pid,
+        final boolean pause) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Project %s doesn't exist, can't pause").say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/catalog/project[@id='%s']/alive", pid)
+                ).strict(1).set(!pause)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get project fee or Zero.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @return Per transaction fee
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Cash fee(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't get fee"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> fees = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format("/catalog/project[@id='%s']/fee/text()", pid)
+            ).iterator();
+            final Cash fee;
+            if (fees.hasNext()) {
+                fee = new Cash.S(fees.next());
+            } else {
+                fee = Cash.ZERO;
+            }
+            return fee;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set project fee.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param fee Fee to set
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void fee(final String pid, final Cash fee) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't set fee"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/catalog/project[@id='%s']/fee", pid)
+                ).strict(1).set(fee)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Publish or unpublish this project.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param status Publication success to set
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void publish(final String pid, final boolean status)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (this.links(pid, "github").isEmpty()) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s is not linked to any GitHub repositories,",
+                    "it can't be published on the board, see §26"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't publish, see §26"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/catalog/project[@id='%s']/publish", pid)
+                ).strict(1).set(Boolean.toString(status))
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This project is published?
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @return TRUE if published
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean published(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project \"%s\" doesn't exist, can't check publish"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return Boolean.parseBoolean(
+                new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/catalog/project[@id='%s']/publish/text()",
+                        pid
+                    )
+                ).get(0)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a link to the pmo.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param rel REL
+     * @param href HREF
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void link(final String pid, final String rel, final String href)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't add link"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        if (this.hasLink(pid, rel, href)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s already has link, rel=`%s`, href=`%s`"
+                ).say(pid, rel, href)
+            );
+        }
+        if (this.linkExists(rel, href)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Some other project already has `%s/%s` link"
+                ).say(rel, href)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id='%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .addIf("links")
+                    .add("link")
+                    .attr("rel", rel)
+                    .attr("href", href)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a link from the pmo.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param rel REL
+     * @param href HREF
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void unlink(final String pid, final String rel, final String href)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't unlink"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id=  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .xpath(
+                        String.format(
+                            "links/link[@rel='%s' and @href='%s']",
+                            rel, href
+                        )
+                    )
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .remove()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all project links.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @return Links found
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Collection<String> links(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't get links"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new SolidList<>(
+                new Mapped<>(
+                    xml -> String.format(
+                        "%s:%s",
+                        xml.xpath("@rel").get(0),
+                        xml.xpath("@href").get(0)
+                    ),
+                    new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                        String.format(
+                            "/catalog/project[@id='%s']/links/link",
+                            pid
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get project links by REL.
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param rel REL to look for
+     * @return Links found
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Collection<String> links(final String pid, final String rel)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't get links"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/catalog/project[@id='%s']/links/link[@rel='%s']/@href",
+                    pid, rel
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project has this link?
+     * @param pid Project ID
+     * @param rel REL
+     * @param href HREF
+     * @return TRUE if it has a link
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasLink(final String pid, final String rel,
+        final String href) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't check link"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item.path()).nodes(
+                String.format(
+                    // @checkstyle LineLength (1 line)
+                    "/catalog/project[@id='%s' and links/link[@rel='%s' and @href='%s']]",
+                    pid, rel, href
+                )
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This link exists in any project?
+     * @param rel REL
+     * @param href HREF
+     * @return TRUE if it exists already
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean linkExists(final String rel, final String href)
+        throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item.path()).nodes(
+                String.format(
+                    "/catalog/project/links/link[@rel='%s' and @href='%s']",
+                    rel, href
+                )
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change project title.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @param title New title
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void title(final String pid, final String title)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't change title"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives()
+                    .xpath(String.format("/catalog/project[@id =  '%s']", pid))
+                    .strict(1)
+                    .addIf(Catalog.PRJ_TITLE)
+                    .set(title)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project title.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Title string
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String title(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't get title"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> items = new Xocument(item.path())
+                .xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/title/text()",
+                        pid
+                    )
+                ).iterator();
+            String title = pid;
+            if (items.hasNext()) {
+                title = items.next();
+            }
+            return title;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Has project adviser.
+     *
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return True if has
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasAdviser(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final List<String> xpath = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/adviser/text()",
+                    pid
+                )
+            );
+            return !xpath.isEmpty() && !"0crat".equals(xpath.get(0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Project adviser.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @return Adviser id
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String adviser(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't get adviser"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']/adviser/text()",
+                    pid
+                )
+            ).get(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change project's adviser.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @param adviser Adviser id
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void adviser(final String pid, final String adviser)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist, can't get adviser"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/catalog/project[@id = '%s']",
+                        pid
+                    )
+                ).addIf("adviser").set(adviser)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Active project IDs.
+     * @return Set of project IDs
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Set<String> active() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new HashSet<>(
+                new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                    "/catalog/project[alive = 'true']/@id"
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check project exists, or throw exception.
+     * @param pid Project id
+     * @throws IOException If not exist
+     */
+    private void checkExist(final String pid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(pid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Project %s doesn't exist"
+                ).say(pid)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The item.
+     * @return Item
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    private Item item() throws IOException {
+        return this.pmo.acq("catalog.xml");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `Par(...)` at line 827 is not released after line 830.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Catalog.title(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pmo.Catalog.title(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):void.ca15b04105376b6015fbaa35c3fc0329
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zerocracy/pmo/Catalog.java
+
+### Key:
+Catalog.java|title|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da4621e3cd0bc306162ff2464b4e3806
+
+### Hash:
+c9100e062168a0b6221d7c2bb1f4c697
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3114/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3114/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e332a90a16cbfe93bf419166d1fbd330a48cefce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3114/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 55
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.tk.project;
+
+import com.jcabi.matchers.XhtmlMatchers;
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.footprint.FtFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.ClaimOut;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.RqWithUser;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.TkApp;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.takes.rq.RqFake;
+import org.takes.rq.RqWithHeaders;
+import org.takes.rs.RsPrint;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link TkReport}.
+ * @author Yegor Bugayenko (yegor256@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @since 0.18
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+public final class TkReportTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void rendersReport() throws Exception {
+        final Farm farm = new FtFarm(new PropsFarm(new FkFarm()));
+        final String uid = "yegor256";
+        new ClaimOut()
+            .type("Order was given")
+            .param("login", uid)
+            .postTo(farm.find("@id='C00000000'").iterator().next());
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            XhtmlMatchers.xhtml(
+                new RsPrint(
+                    new TkApp(farm).act(
+                        new RqWithHeaders(
+                            new RqWithUser(
+                                farm,
+                                new RqFake(
+                                    "GET",
+                                    // @checkstyle LineLength (1 line)
+                                    "/report/C00000000?report=orders-given-by-week"
+                                )
+                            ),
+                            "Accept: application/vnd.zerocracy+xml"
+                        )
+                    )
+                ).printBody()
+            ),
+            XhtmlMatchers.hasXPaths("/page/rows/row[week]")
+        );
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.footprint.FtFarm` acquired by call to `new()` at line 45 is not released after line 51.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TkReportTest.rendersReport()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.tk.project.TkReportTest.rendersReport():void.06c206903f5e133abdb4e784b359cb52
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/tk/project/TkReportTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TkReportTest.java|rendersReport|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4160223c1fee3e4ba08cafd59bc559f6
+
+### Hash:
+c440925b164922db157a9c034d6025ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3122/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3122/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ac880072b69a7869a72e3a6193f0ed861e311ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3122/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.radars.viber;
+
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.Par;
+import com.zerocracy.tk.RsParFlash;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import javax.json.Json;
+import javax.json.JsonException;
+import javax.json.JsonObject;
+import javax.json.JsonReader;
+import org.takes.Request;
+import org.takes.Response;
+import org.takes.Take;
+import org.takes.facets.forward.RsForward;
+import org.takes.rs.RsWithStatus;
+
+/**
+ * Viber webhook entry point.
+ *
+ * @author Carlos Miranda (miranda.cma@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @since 0.22
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (2 lines)
+ */
+public final class TkViber implements Take {
+
+    /**
+     * Farm to use.
+     */
+    private final Farm farm;
+
+    /**
+     * Reactions.
+     */
+    private final Reaction reaction;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     * @param farm Farm to use
+     */
+    public TkViber(final Farm farm) {
+        this(farm, new ReProfile());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     * @param farm Farm to use
+     * @param react Reaction to use
+     */
+    TkViber(final Farm farm, final Reaction react) {
+        this.farm = farm;
+        this.reaction = react;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Response act(final Request req) throws IOException {
+        final JsonObject json = TkViber.json(
+            new InputStreamReader(req.body(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)
+        );
+        if (json.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new RsForward(
+                new RsParFlash(
+                    new Par(
+                        "We expect this URL to be called by Viber",
+                        "with JSON as body of the request"
+                    ).say(),
+                    Level.WARNING
+                )
+            );
+        }
+        if (Objects.equals(json.getString("event"), "message")) {
+            this.reaction.react(
+                new VbBot(), this.farm, new VbEvent.Simple(json)
+            );
+        }
+        return new RsWithStatus(
+            HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read JSON from body.
+     * @param body The body
+     * @return The JSON object
+     */
+    private static JsonObject json(final Reader body) {
+        try (
+            final JsonReader reader = Json.createReader(body)
+        ) {
+            return reader.readObject();
+        } catch (final JsonException ex) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                String.format("Can't parse JSON: %s", body),
+                ex
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `Par(...)` at line 83 is not released after line 88.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Response TkViber.act(Request)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.radars.viber.TkViber.act(org.takes.Request):org.takes.Response.0d91e6abf7e4e3ae9ebb9f9733262aa5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zerocracy/radars/viber/TkViber.java
+
+### Key:
+TkViber.java|act|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3eedcda6f33b682d953b6334ca7158ad
+
+### Hash:
+f21d70f941b10c777ce97856a4a4e962
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3125/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3125/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21cd46d8fb23b83b04b18a2b47d64975e5370598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3125/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1002 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pmo;
+
+import com.jcabi.xml.XML;
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.Item;
+import com.zerocracy.Par;
+import com.zerocracy.Policy;
+import com.zerocracy.SoftException;
+import com.zerocracy.Xocument;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.CashParsingException;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.staff.Roles;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import org.cactoos.iterable.ItemAt;
+import org.cactoos.iterable.Mapped;
+import org.cactoos.scalar.NumberOf;
+import org.cactoos.scalar.UncheckedScalar;
+import org.cactoos.time.DateAsText;
+import org.cactoos.time.DateOf;
+import org.xembly.Directives;
+
+/**
+ * Data about people.
+ * @author Yegor Bugayenko (yegor256@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ * @since 0.1
+ * @todo #552:30min Let's keep agenda inside `people.xml` and update it
+ *  when agenda changed as described in
+ *  https://github.com/zerocracy/farm/issues/366#issuecomment-359568311
+ *  Also put it as 'agenda' element in TkGang xml.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings
+    (
+        {
+            "PMD.TooManyMethods", "PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals",
+            "PMD.NPathComplexity", "PMD.CyclomaticComplexity"
+        }
+    )
+public final class People {
+
+    /**
+     * PMO.
+     */
+    private final Pmo pmo;
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param farm Farm
+     */
+    public People(final Farm farm) {
+        this(new Pmo(farm));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param pkt PMO
+     */
+    public People(final Pmo pkt) {
+        this.pmo = pkt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bootstrap it.
+     * @return Itself
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public People bootstrap() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).bootstrap("pmo/people");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get them all.
+     * @return List of them
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> iterate() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                "/people/person/@id"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove person.
+     * @param uid Person id
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void remove(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/people/person[@id='%s']", uid)
+                ).remove()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Touch this dude.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void touch(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set mentor to '0crat'.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void graduate(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.hasMentor(uid)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "User @%s is not with us yet"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("mentor")
+                    .set("0crat")
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set details.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param text Text to save
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void details(final String uid, final String text)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.hasMentor(uid)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "User @%s is not with us yet"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        if (text.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "User @%s details can't be empty"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("details")
+                    .set(text)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user details.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Details of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String details(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> items = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/details/text()",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String text;
+            if (items.hasNext()) {
+                text = items.next();
+            } else {
+                text = "";
+            }
+            return text;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invite that person and set a mentor.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param mentor User ID of the mentor
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void invite(final String uid, final String mentor)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (this.hasMentor(uid)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "@%s is already with us, no need to invite again"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final int max = new Policy().get("1.max-students", 16);
+            final int current = new Xocument(item.path())
+                .nodes(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[mentor/text()='%s']",
+                        mentor
+                    )
+                ).size();
+            if (current >= max
+                && !new Roles(this.pmo).bootstrap().hasAnyRole(mentor)) {
+                throw new SoftException(
+                    new Par(
+                        "You can not invite more than %d students;",
+                        "you already have %d, see §1"
+                    ).say(max, current)
+                );
+            }
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .push()
+                    .xpath("mentor")
+                    .strict(0)
+                    .pop()
+                    .add("mentor")
+                    .set(mentor)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This person has a mentor?
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return TRUE if he has a mentor
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasMentor(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item.path()).nodes(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/mentor",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Person's mentor.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Id of person's mentor
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String mentor(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/mentor/text()",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).get(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Breakup with a person.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void breakup(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/people/person[@id='%s']/mentor", uid)
+                ).remove()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set rate.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param rate Rate of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void rate(final String uid, final Cash rate) throws IOException {
+        final Cash max = new Policy().get("16.max", new Cash.S("$256"));
+        if (rate.compareTo(max) > 0) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "This is too high (%s),",
+                    "we do not work with rates higher than %s, see §16"
+                ).say(rate, max)
+            );
+        }
+        final Cash min = new Policy().get("16.min", Cash.ZERO);
+        if (rate.compareTo(min) < 0) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "This is too low (%s),",
+                    "we do not work with rates lower than %s, see §16"
+                ).say(rate, min)
+            );
+        }
+        if (this.wallet(uid).isEmpty()) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "You must configure your wallet first,",
+                    "before setting the rate to %s, see §20"
+                ).say(rate)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("rate")
+                    .set(rate)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user rate.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Rate of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Cash rate(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<XML> rates = new Xocument(item.path()).nodes(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/rate",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String rate;
+            if (rates.hasNext()) {
+                rate = rates.next().xpath("text()").get(0);
+            } else {
+                rate = Cash.ZERO.toString();
+            }
+            return new Cash.S(rate);
+        } catch (final CashParsingException ex) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set wallet.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param bank Bank
+     * @param wallet Wallet value
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     * @checkstyle CyclomaticComplexityCheck (100 lines)
+     */
+    public void wallet(final String uid, final String bank,
+        final String wallet) throws IOException {
+        if (!bank.matches("paypal|btc|bch|eth|ltc")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Bank name `%s` is invalid, we accept only",
+                    "`paypal`, `btc`, `bch`, `eth`, or `ltc`, see §20"
+                ).say(bank)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("paypal".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("\\b[\\w.%-]+@[-.\\w]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,4}\\b")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Email address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("btc".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("(1|3|bc1)[a-zA-Z0-9]{20,40}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Bitcoin address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("bch".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("[pq][a-z0-9]{41}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Bitcoin Cash address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("eth".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Ethereum address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("ltc".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("[0-9a-zA-Z]{34}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Litecoin address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("wallet")
+                    .set(wallet)
+                    .attr("bank", bank)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user wallet.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Wallet of the user or empty string if it's not set
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String wallet(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> wallet = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/wallet/text()",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String value;
+            if (wallet.hasNext()) {
+                value = wallet.next();
+            } else {
+                value = "";
+            }
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user bank (like "paypal").
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Wallet of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String bank(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> banks = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/wallet/@bank",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String value;
+            if (banks.hasNext()) {
+                value = banks.next();
+            } else {
+                value = "";
+            }
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add alias.
+     *
+     * <p>There can be multiple aliases for a single user ID. Each alias
+     * comes from some other system, where that user is present. For example,
+     * "email", "twitter", "github", "jira", etc.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param rel REL for the alias, e.g. "github"
+     * @param alias Alias, e.g. "yegor256"
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void link(final String uid, final String rel,
+        final String alias) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("links")
+                    .add("link")
+                    .attr("rel", rel)
+                    .attr("href", alias)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find user ID by alias.
+     * @param rel REL
+     * @param alias Alias
+     * @return Found user ID or empty iterable
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> find(final String rel,
+        final String alias) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[links/link[@rel='%s' and @href='%s']]/@id",
+                    rel, alias
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all aliases of a user.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Aliases found
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> links(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Mapped<>(
+                xml -> String.format(
+                    "%s:%s",
+                    xml.xpath("@rel").get(0),
+                    xml.xpath("@href").get(0)
+                ),
+                new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/links/link",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all aliases of a user by fixed REL.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param rel The REL
+     * @return HREFs found
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> links(final String uid, final String rel)
+        throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/links/link[@rel='%s']/@href",
+                    uid, rel
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get single link by REL.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param rel Link rel
+     * @return Single link href
+     * @throws IOException If there is no links or too many
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("PMD.PrematureDeclaration")
+    public String link(final String uid, final String rel)
+        throws IOException {
+        final Iterator<String> links = this.links(uid, rel).iterator();
+        if (!links.hasNext()) {
+            throw new IOException(
+                String.format("No such link '%s' for '%s'", rel, uid)
+            );
+        }
+        final String link = links.next();
+        if (links.hasNext()) {
+            throw new IOException(
+                String.format("Too many links '%s' for '%s'", rel, uid)
+            );
+        }
+        return link;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set vacation mode.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param mode TRUE if vacation mode on
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void vacation(final String uid,
+        final boolean mode) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("vacation")
+                    .set(mode)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check vacation mode.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return TRUE if person on vacation
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean vacation(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new UncheckedScalar<>(
+                new ItemAt<>(
+                    false,
+                    new Mapped<>(
+                        Boolean::parseBoolean,
+                        new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                            String.format(
+                                "/people/person[@id='%s']/vacation/text()",
+                                uid
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            ).value();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Students of a person.
+     * @param uid Person's login
+     * @return Iterable with student ids
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> students(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[mentor/text()='%s']/@id",
+                    uid
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update person reputation.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param rep Reputation
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void reputation(final String uid, final int rep)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).addIf("reputation").set(rep)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get person reputation.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Reputation
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public int reputation(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new NumberOf(
+                new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/reputation/text()",
+                        uid
+                    ),
+                    "0"
+                )
+            ).intValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update number of jobs in person's agenda.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param jobs Jobs
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void jobs(final String uid, final int jobs)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).addIf("jobs").set(jobs)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get number of jobs in person's agenda.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Number of jobs in agenda
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public int jobs(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new NumberOf(
+                new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/jobs/text()",
+                        uid
+                    ),
+                    "0"
+                )
+            ).intValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update person's speed.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param speed Speed
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     * @todo #1121:30min We should periodically compute average speed for each
+     *  person and update it. This stat will be displayed in Team page.
+     *  Probably the most logical time to do this is after "Order was finished"
+     *  claim. We can add this logic to compute_speed.groovy stakeholder. We
+     *  should also add tests for it.
+     */
+    public void speed(final String uid, final double speed)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).addIf("speed").set(speed)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get person's speed.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Speed
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public double speed(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new NumberOf(
+                new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/speed/text()",
+                        uid
+                    ),
+                    "0.0"
+                )
+            ).doubleValue();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Person exists?
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return TRUE if it exists
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean exists(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                String.format("//people/person[@id  ='%s']", uid)
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param when When applied (UTC)
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void apply(final String uid, final Date when) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("//people/person[@id  ='%s']", uid)
+                ).addIf("applied").set(new DateAsText(when).asString())
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does user apply.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return True if applied
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean applied(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                String.format("//people/person[@id  ='%s']/applied", uid)
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When user applied.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Applied time (UTC)
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Date appliedTime(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        if (!this.applied(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't have apply-time").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new DateOf(
+                new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "//people/person[@id  ='%s']/applied/text()",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).get(0)
+            ).value();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The item.
+     * @return Item
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    private Item item() throws IOException {
+        return this.pmo.acq("people.xml");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start directives, to make sure this user is in XML.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Directives
+     */
+    private static Directives start(final String uid) {
+        return new Directives()
+            .xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people[not(person[@id='%s'])]",
+                    uid
+                )
+            )
+            .add("person")
+            .attr("id", uid)
+            .add("reputation").set("0").up()
+            .add("jobs").set("0").up()
+            .add("projects").set("0").up()
+            .add("speed").set("0.0").up()
+            .add("skills").attr("updated", new DateAsText().asString()).up()
+            .add("links")
+            .add("link")
+            .attr("rel", "github")
+            .attr("href", uid)
+            .xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                    uid
+                )
+            )
+            .strict(1);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `Par(...)` at line 787 is not released after line 788.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+double People.speed(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pmo.People.speed(java.lang.String):double.0cec05c61f41bc2a77ef360f1d8300e7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zerocracy/pmo/People.java
+
+### Key:
+People.java|speed|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da4621e3cd0bc306162ff2464b4e3806
+
+### Hash:
+94186817357f93c03cb1e751b95927dd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3141/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3141/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..341148859c04d32e7d608e167f3cbf85e2cbf8ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3141/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 85
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pm.in;
+
+import com.zerocracy.Project;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkProject;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.props.PropsFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.cost.Estimates;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.cost.Ledger;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.cost.Rates;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.scope.Wbs;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.hamcrest.collection.IsEmptyCollection;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link Orders}.
+ * @since 1.0
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals")
+public final class OrdersTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void assignsAndResigns() throws Exception {
+        final Project project = new FkProject();
+        final Orders orders = new Orders(new PropsFarm(), project).bootstrap();
+        final String job = "gh:yegor256/0pdd#13";
+        new Wbs(project).bootstrap().add(job);
+        orders.assign(job, "yegor256", "0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setsEstimatesOnAssign() throws Exception {
+        final Project project = new FkProject();
+        final PropsFarm farm = new PropsFarm();
+        new Ledger(farm, project).bootstrap().add(
+            new Ledger.Transaction(
+                new Cash.S("$1000"),
+                "assets", "cash",
+                "income", "sponsor",
+                "There is some funding just arrived"
+            )
+        );
+        final String login = "dmarkov";
+        new Rates(project).bootstrap().set(login, new Cash.S("$50"));
+        final String job = "gh:yegor256/0pdd#19";
+        final Wbs wbs = new Wbs(project).bootstrap();
+        wbs.add(job);
+        wbs.role(job, "REV");
+        final Orders orders = new Orders(farm, project).bootstrap();
+        orders.assign(job, login, "0");
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new Estimates(farm, project).bootstrap().get(job),
+            Matchers.equalTo(new Cash.S("$12.50"))
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void removesOrder() throws Exception {
+        final Project project = new FkProject();
+        final Orders orders = new Orders(new PropsFarm(), project).bootstrap();
+        final String job = "gh:yegor256/0pdd#13";
+        new Wbs(project).bootstrap().add(job);
+        orders.assign(job, "yegor256", "0");
+        orders.remove(job);
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            "Order not removed",
+            orders.iterate(),
+            new IsEmptyCollection<>()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `PropsFarm()` at line 79 is not released after line 86.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void OrdersTest.removesOrder()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pm.in.OrdersTest.removesOrder():void.26742cdae7630145980f564cba2d8749
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/pm/in/OrdersTest.java
+
+### Key:
+OrdersTest.java|removesOrder|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+14442cc3be013c833ab63ae2401ac83a
+
+### Hash:
+55add812e54e3f1ef26ee3d1c1862d4d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3146/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3146/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88f75fc7e515409d1c530908725fdd59e8771663
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+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 49
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.radars.github;
+
+import com.jcabi.github.Issue;
+import com.jcabi.github.Pull;
+import com.jcabi.github.Repo;
+import com.jcabi.github.Repos;
+import com.jcabi.github.mock.MkGithub;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm;
+import com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkProject;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.staff.Roles;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import javax.json.Json;
+import javax.json.JsonObjectBuilder;
+import org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert;
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link RbPingArchitect}.
+ *
+ * @author Krzysztof Krason (Krzysztof.Krason@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @since 0.25
+ * @checkstyle JavadocMethodCheck (500 lines)
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals")
+public final class RbPingArchitectTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void informsAboutMissingArc() throws IOException {
+        final MkGithub github = new MkGithub();
+        final JsonObjectBuilder builder =
+            RbPingArchitectTest.event(true, github, "random");
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new RbPingArchitect().react(new FkFarm(), github, builder.build()),
+            Matchers.is("No architects here")
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void handlesPullRequest() throws IOException {
+        final MkGithub github = new MkGithub("jeff");
+        final JsonObjectBuilder builder =
+            RbPingArchitectTest.event(false, github, "smith");
+        final FkProject pkt = new FkProject();
+        final FkFarm farm = new FkFarm(pkt.pid(), pkt);
+        final Roles roles = new Roles(pkt).bootstrap();
+        roles.assign("jeff", "ARC");
+        roles.assign("john", "REV");
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new RbPingArchitect().react(farm, github, builder.build()),
+            Matchers.is("Some REV will pick it up")
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void handlesArcIssue() throws IOException {
+        final MkGithub github = new MkGithub("jeff");
+        final JsonObjectBuilder builder =
+            RbPingArchitectTest.event(true, github, "jeff");
+        final FkProject pkt = new FkProject();
+        final FkFarm farm = new FkFarm(pkt.pid(), pkt);
+        new Roles(pkt).bootstrap().assign("jeff", "ARC");
+        MatcherAssert.assertThat(
+            new RbPingArchitect().react(farm, github, builder.build()),
+            Matchers.is("The architect is speaking")
+        );
+    }
+
+    private static JsonObjectBuilder event(final boolean iss,
+        final MkGithub github, final String author)
+        throws IOException {
+        final Repo repo = github.repos().create(
+            new Repos.RepoCreate("test", false)
+        );
+        final JsonObjectBuilder builder = Json.createObjectBuilder()
+            .add(
+                "repository",
+                Json.createObjectBuilder()
+                    .add("full_name", repo.coordinates().toString())
+                    .build()
+            );
+        if (iss) {
+            final Issue issue =
+                github.relogin(author).repos().get(repo.coordinates())
+                    .issues().create("Some issue", "Body of issue");
+            builder.add(
+                "issue",
+                Json.createObjectBuilder().add("number", issue.number()).build()
+            );
+        } else {
+            github.relogin(author);
+            final Pull pull =
+                github.relogin(author).repos().get(repo.coordinates())
+                    .pulls().create("Some PR", "1", "2");
+            builder.add(
+                "pull_request",
+                Json.createObjectBuilder().add("number", pull.number()).build()
+            );
+        }
+        return builder;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired to `farm` by call to `FkFarm(...)` at line 62 is not released after line 67.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RbPingArchitectTest.handlesPullRequest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.radars.github.RbPingArchitectTest.handlesPullRequest():void.bbe5723075795eb9dab765731efb6f40
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/zerocracy/radars/github/RbPingArchitectTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RbPingArchitectTest.java|handlesPullRequest|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+60ed9468a41e3ec4b128da9c0342bc89
+
+### Hash:
+f47b32d3c6d0198173d08ad3b6d8926a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3148/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3148/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14fc0f2392d9fd553aca3b39c8ae997f5694a02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3148/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1002 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** farm
+**Bug ID:** 40
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016-2018 Zerocracy
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to read
+ * the Software only. Permissions is hereby NOT GRANTED to use, copy, modify,
+ * merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.zerocracy.pmo;
+
+import com.jcabi.xml.XML;
+import com.zerocracy.Farm;
+import com.zerocracy.Item;
+import com.zerocracy.Par;
+import com.zerocracy.Policy;
+import com.zerocracy.SoftException;
+import com.zerocracy.Xocument;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.Cash;
+import com.zerocracy.cash.CashParsingException;
+import com.zerocracy.pm.staff.Roles;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import org.cactoos.iterable.ItemAt;
+import org.cactoos.iterable.Mapped;
+import org.cactoos.scalar.NumberOf;
+import org.cactoos.scalar.UncheckedScalar;
+import org.cactoos.time.DateAsText;
+import org.cactoos.time.DateOf;
+import org.xembly.Directives;
+
+/**
+ * Data about people.
+ * @author Yegor Bugayenko (yegor256@gmail.com)
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @checkstyle ClassDataAbstractionCouplingCheck (500 lines)
+ * @since 0.1
+ * @todo #552:30min Let's keep agenda inside `people.xml` and update it
+ *  when agenda changed as described in
+ *  https://github.com/zerocracy/farm/issues/366#issuecomment-359568311
+ *  Also put it as 'agenda' element in TkGang xml.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings
+    (
+        {
+            "PMD.TooManyMethods", "PMD.AvoidDuplicateLiterals",
+            "PMD.NPathComplexity", "PMD.CyclomaticComplexity"
+        }
+    )
+public final class People {
+
+    /**
+     * PMO.
+     */
+    private final Pmo pmo;
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param farm Farm
+     */
+    public People(final Farm farm) {
+        this(new Pmo(farm));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ctor.
+     * @param pkt PMO
+     */
+    public People(final Pmo pkt) {
+        this.pmo = pkt;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bootstrap it.
+     * @return Itself
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public People bootstrap() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).bootstrap("pmo/people");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get them all.
+     * @return List of them
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> iterate() throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                "/people/person/@id"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove person.
+     * @param uid Person id
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void remove(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/people/person[@id='%s']", uid)
+                ).remove()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Touch this dude.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void touch(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set mentor to '0crat'.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void graduate(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.hasMentor(uid)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "User @%s is not with us yet"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("mentor")
+                    .set("0crat")
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set details.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param text Text to save
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void details(final String uid, final String text)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.hasMentor(uid)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "User @%s is not with us yet"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        if (text.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "User @%s details can't be empty"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("details")
+                    .set(text)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user details.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Details of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String details(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> items = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/details/text()",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String text;
+            if (items.hasNext()) {
+                text = items.next();
+            } else {
+                text = "";
+            }
+            return text;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invite that person and set a mentor.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param mentor User ID of the mentor
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void invite(final String uid, final String mentor)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (this.hasMentor(uid)) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "@%s is already with us, no need to invite again"
+                ).say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final int max = new Policy().get("1.max-students", 16);
+            final int current = new Xocument(item.path())
+                .nodes(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[mentor/text()='%s']",
+                        mentor
+                    )
+                ).size();
+            if (current >= max
+                && !new Roles(this.pmo).bootstrap().hasAnyRole(mentor)) {
+                throw new SoftException(
+                    new Par(
+                        "You can not invite more than %d students;",
+                        "you already have %d, see §1"
+                    ).say(max, current)
+                );
+            }
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .push()
+                    .xpath("mentor")
+                    .strict(0)
+                    .pop()
+                    .add("mentor")
+                    .set(mentor)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This person has a mentor?
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return TRUE if he has a mentor
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean hasMentor(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item.path()).nodes(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/mentor",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Person's mentor.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Id of person's mentor
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String mentor(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/mentor/text()",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).get(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Breakup with a person.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void breakup(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("/people/person[@id='%s']/mentor", uid)
+                ).remove()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set rate.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param rate Rate of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void rate(final String uid, final Cash rate) throws IOException {
+        final Cash max = new Policy().get("16.max", new Cash.S("$256"));
+        if (rate.compareTo(max) > 0) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "This is too high (%s),",
+                    "we do not work with rates higher than %s, see §16"
+                ).say(rate, max)
+            );
+        }
+        final Cash min = new Policy().get("16.min", Cash.ZERO);
+        if (rate.compareTo(min) < 0) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "This is too low (%s),",
+                    "we do not work with rates lower than %s, see §16"
+                ).say(rate, min)
+            );
+        }
+        if (this.wallet(uid).isEmpty()) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "You must configure your wallet first,",
+                    "before setting the rate to %s, see §20"
+                ).say(rate)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("rate")
+                    .set(rate)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user rate.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Rate of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Cash rate(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<XML> rates = new Xocument(item.path()).nodes(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/rate",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String rate;
+            if (rates.hasNext()) {
+                rate = rates.next().xpath("text()").get(0);
+            } else {
+                rate = Cash.ZERO.toString();
+            }
+            return new Cash.S(rate);
+        } catch (final CashParsingException ex) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set wallet.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param bank Bank
+     * @param wallet Wallet value
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     * @checkstyle CyclomaticComplexityCheck (100 lines)
+     */
+    public void wallet(final String uid, final String bank,
+        final String wallet) throws IOException {
+        if (!bank.matches("paypal|btc|bch|eth|ltc")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par(
+                    "Bank name `%s` is invalid, we accept only",
+                    "`paypal`, `btc`, `bch`, `eth`, or `ltc`, see §20"
+                ).say(bank)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("paypal".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("\\b[\\w.%-]+@[-.\\w]+\\.[A-Za-z]{2,4}\\b")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Email address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("btc".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("(1|3|bc1)[a-zA-Z0-9]{20,40}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Bitcoin address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("bch".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("[pq][a-z0-9]{41}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Bitcoin Cash address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("eth".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("(0x)?[0-9a-fA-F]{40}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Ethereum address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        if ("ltc".equals(bank)
+            && !wallet.matches("[0-9a-zA-Z]{34}")) {
+            throw new SoftException(
+                new Par("Litecoin address is not valid: `%s`").say(wallet)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("wallet")
+                    .set(wallet)
+                    .attr("bank", bank)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user wallet.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Wallet of the user or empty string if it's not set
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String wallet(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> wallet = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/wallet/text()",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String value;
+            if (wallet.hasNext()) {
+                value = wallet.next();
+            } else {
+                value = "";
+            }
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get user bank (like "paypal").
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Wallet of the user
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public String bank(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            final Iterator<String> banks = new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/wallet/@bank",
+                    uid
+                )
+            ).iterator();
+            final String value;
+            if (banks.hasNext()) {
+                value = banks.next();
+            } else {
+                value = "";
+            }
+            return value;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add alias.
+     *
+     * <p>There can be multiple aliases for a single user ID. Each alias
+     * comes from some other system, where that user is present. For example,
+     * "email", "twitter", "github", "jira", etc.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param rel REL for the alias, e.g. "github"
+     * @param alias Alias, e.g. "yegor256"
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void link(final String uid, final String rel,
+        final String alias) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("links")
+                    .add("link")
+                    .attr("rel", rel)
+                    .attr("href", alias)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find user ID by alias.
+     * @param rel REL
+     * @param alias Alias
+     * @return Found user ID or empty iterable
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> find(final String rel,
+        final String alias) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[links/link[@rel='%s' and @href='%s']]/@id",
+                    rel, alias
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all aliases of a user.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Aliases found
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> links(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Mapped<>(
+                xml -> String.format(
+                    "%s:%s",
+                    xml.xpath("@rel").get(0),
+                    xml.xpath("@href").get(0)
+                ),
+                new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/links/link",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all aliases of a user by fixed REL.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param rel The REL
+     * @return HREFs found
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> links(final String uid, final String rel)
+        throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']/links/link[@rel='%s']/@href",
+                    uid, rel
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get single link by REL.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param rel Link rel
+     * @return Single link href
+     * @throws IOException If there is no links or too many
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("PMD.PrematureDeclaration")
+    public String link(final String uid, final String rel)
+        throws IOException {
+        final Iterator<String> links = this.links(uid, rel).iterator();
+        if (!links.hasNext()) {
+            throw new IOException(
+                String.format("No such link '%s' for '%s'", rel, uid)
+            );
+        }
+        final String link = links.next();
+        if (links.hasNext()) {
+            throw new IOException(
+                String.format("Too many links '%s' for '%s'", rel, uid)
+            );
+        }
+        return link;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set vacation mode.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @param mode TRUE if vacation mode on
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void vacation(final String uid,
+        final boolean mode) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                People.start(uid)
+                    .addIf("vacation")
+                    .set(mode)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check vacation mode.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return TRUE if person on vacation
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean vacation(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new UncheckedScalar<>(
+                new ItemAt<>(
+                    false,
+                    new Mapped<>(
+                        Boolean::parseBoolean,
+                        new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                            String.format(
+                                "/people/person[@id='%s']/vacation/text()",
+                                uid
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            ).value();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Students of a person.
+     * @param uid Person's login
+     * @return Iterable with student ids
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Iterable<String> students(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[mentor/text()='%s']/@id",
+                    uid
+                )
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update person reputation.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param rep Reputation
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void reputation(final String uid, final int rep)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).addIf("reputation").set(rep)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get person reputation.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Reputation
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public int reputation(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new NumberOf(
+                new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/reputation/text()",
+                        uid
+                    ),
+                    "0"
+                )
+            ).intValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update number of jobs in person's agenda.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param jobs Jobs
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void jobs(final String uid, final int jobs)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).addIf("jobs").set(jobs)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get number of jobs in person's agenda.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Number of jobs in agenda
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public int jobs(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new NumberOf(
+                new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/jobs/text()",
+                        uid
+                    ),
+                    "0"
+                )
+            ).intValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update person's speed.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param speed Speed
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     * @todo #1121:30min We should periodically compute average speed for each
+     *  person and update it. This stat will be displayed in Team page.
+     *  Probably the most logical time to do this is after "Order was finished"
+     *  claim. We can add this logic to compute_speed.groovy stakeholder. We
+     *  should also add tests for it.
+     */
+    public void speed(final String uid, final double speed)
+        throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).addIf("speed").set(speed)
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get person's speed.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Speed
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public double speed(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new NumberOf(
+                new Xocument(item.path()).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "/people/person[@id='%s']/speed/text()",
+                        uid
+                    ),
+                    "0.0"
+                )
+            ).doubleValue();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Person exists?
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return TRUE if it exists
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean exists(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                String.format("//people/person[@id  ='%s']", uid)
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @param when When applied (UTC)
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public void apply(final String uid, final Date when) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            new Xocument(item.path()).modify(
+                new Directives().xpath(
+                    String.format("//people/person[@id  ='%s']", uid)
+                ).addIf("applied").set(new DateAsText(when).asString())
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does user apply.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return True if applied
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public boolean applied(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return !new Xocument(item).nodes(
+                String.format("//people/person[@id  ='%s']/applied", uid)
+            ).isEmpty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When user applied.
+     * @param uid User id
+     * @return Applied time (UTC)
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    public Date appliedTime(final String uid) throws IOException {
+        if (!this.exists(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't exist").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        if (!this.applied(uid)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                new Par("Person @%s doesn't have apply-time").say(uid)
+            );
+        }
+        try (final Item item = this.item()) {
+            return new DateOf(
+                new Xocument(item).xpath(
+                    String.format(
+                        "//people/person[@id  ='%s']/applied/text()",
+                        uid
+                    )
+                ).get(0)
+            ).value();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The item.
+     * @return Item
+     * @throws IOException If fails
+     */
+    private Item item() throws IOException {
+        return this.pmo.acq("people.xml");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start directives, to make sure this user is in XML.
+     * @param uid User ID
+     * @return Directives
+     */
+    private static Directives start(final String uid) {
+        return new Directives()
+            .xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people[not(person[@id='%s'])]",
+                    uid
+                )
+            )
+            .add("person")
+            .attr("id", uid)
+            .add("reputation").set("0").up()
+            .add("jobs").set("0").up()
+            .add("projects").set("0").up()
+            .add("speed").set("0.0").up()
+            .add("skills").attr("updated", new DateAsText().asString()).up()
+            .add("links")
+            .add("link")
+            .attr("rel", "github")
+            .attr("href", uid)
+            .xpath(
+                String.format(
+                    "/people/person[@id='%s']",
+                    uid
+                )
+            )
+            .strict(1);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.zerocracy.farm.fake.FkFarm` acquired by call to `Par(...)` at line 763 is not released after line 764.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void People.speed(String,double)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zerocracy.pmo.People.speed(java.lang.String,double):void.f9aba51780c661589b023be29e8476c0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zerocracy/pmo/People.java
+
+### Key:
+People.java|speed|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da4621e3cd0bc306162ff2464b4e3806
+
+### Hash:
+94186817357f93c03cb1e751b95927dd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3170/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3170/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..387e27e349cd68d117853a364f488d1145607757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3170/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.storage.cueball;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.compress.CompressionCodec;
+
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+public final class CueballMerger implements ICueballMerger {
+
+  public void merge(final CueballFilePath base,
+                    final List<CueballFilePath> deltas,
+                    final String newBasePath,
+                    final int keyHashSize,
+                    final int valueSize,
+                    ValueTransformer transformer,
+                    int hashIndexBits,
+                    CompressionCodec compressionCodec) throws IOException {
+    // Perform merging
+
+    StreamBuffer[] sbs = new StreamBuffer[deltas.size() + 1];
+
+    // open the current base
+    StreamBuffer baseBuffer = new StreamBuffer(base.getPath(), 0,
+        keyHashSize, valueSize, hashIndexBits, compressionCodec);
+    sbs[0] = baseBuffer;
+
+    // open all the deltas
+    int i = 1;
+    for (CueballFilePath delta : deltas) {
+      StreamBuffer db = new StreamBuffer(delta.getPath(), i,
+          keyHashSize, valueSize, hashIndexBits, compressionCodec);
+      sbs[i++] = db;
+    }
+
+    // output stream for the new base to be written. intentionally unbuffered -
+    // the writer below will do that on its own.
+    OutputStream newBaseStream = new FileOutputStream(newBasePath);
+
+    // note that we intentionally omit the hasher here, since it will *not* be
+    // used
+    CueballWriter writer = new CueballWriter(newBaseStream, keyHashSize, null, valueSize, compressionCodec, hashIndexBits);
+
+    while (true) {
+      StreamBuffer least = null;
+      for (i = 0; i < sbs.length; i++) {
+        boolean remaining = sbs[i].anyRemaining();
+        if (remaining) {
+          if (least == null) {
+            least = sbs[i];
+          } else {
+            int comparison = least.compareTo(sbs[i]);
+            if (comparison == 0) {
+              least.consume();
+              least = sbs[i];
+            } else if (comparison == 1) {
+              least = sbs[i];
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (least == null) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (transformer != null) {
+        transformer.transform(least.getBuffer(), least.getCurrentOffset() + keyHashSize, least.getIndex());
+      }
+      final ByteBuffer keyHash = ByteBuffer.wrap(least.getBuffer(), least.getCurrentOffset(), keyHashSize);
+      final ByteBuffer valueBytes = ByteBuffer.wrap(least.getBuffer(), least.getCurrentOffset() + keyHashSize, valueSize);
+      writer.writeHash(keyHash, valueBytes);
+      least.consume();
+    }
+
+    for (StreamBuffer sb : sbs) {
+      sb.close();
+    }
+
+    writer.close();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `StreamBuffer(...)` at line 42 is not released after line 98.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CueballMerger.merge(CueballFilePath,List,String,int,int,ValueTransformer,int,CompressionCodec)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.storage.cueball.CueballMerger.merge(com.rapleaf.hank.storage.cueball.CueballFilePat.f50289f4ecf49c83da663db79fd5435b
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/storage/cueball/CueballMerger.java
+
+### Key:
+CueballMerger.java|merge|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e750639a3212731ac04d264329f25a2b
+
+### Hash:
+286108b36d7eeea2913897734cae5865
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3176/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3176/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..769f5f6f8f7491acd50d57f86b1ce61dd18aab4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3176/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.storage.cueball;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.compress.CompressionCodec;
+
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+public final class CueballMerger implements ICueballMerger {
+
+  public void merge(final CueballFilePath base,
+                    final List<CueballFilePath> deltas,
+                    final String newBasePath,
+                    final int keyHashSize,
+                    final int valueSize,
+                    ValueTransformer transformer,
+                    int hashIndexBits,
+                    CompressionCodec compressionCodec) throws IOException {
+    // Array of stream buffers for the base and all deltas in order
+    CueballStreamBuffer[] cueballStreamBuffers = new CueballStreamBuffer[deltas.size() + 1];
+
+    // Open the current base
+    CueballStreamBuffer cueballBaseStreamBuffer = new CueballStreamBuffer(base.getPath(), 0,
+        keyHashSize, valueSize, hashIndexBits, compressionCodec);
+    cueballStreamBuffers[0] = cueballBaseStreamBuffer;
+
+    // Open all the deltas
+    int i = 1;
+    for (CueballFilePath delta : deltas) {
+      CueballStreamBuffer cueballStreamBuffer =
+          new CueballStreamBuffer(delta.getPath(), i, keyHashSize, valueSize, hashIndexBits, compressionCodec);
+      cueballStreamBuffers[i++] = cueballStreamBuffer;
+    }
+
+    // Output stream for the new base to be written. intentionally unbuffered, the writer below will do that on its own.
+    OutputStream newCueballBaseOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(newBasePath);
+
+    // Note that we intentionally omit the hasher here, since it will *not* be used
+    CueballWriter newCueballBaseWriter =
+        new CueballWriter(newCueballBaseOutputStream, keyHashSize, null, valueSize, compressionCodec, hashIndexBits);
+
+    while (true) {
+      // Find the stream buffer with the next smallest key hash
+      CueballStreamBuffer cueballStreamBufferToUse = null;
+      for (i = 0; i < cueballStreamBuffers.length; i++) {
+        if (cueballStreamBuffers[i].anyRemaining()) {
+          if (cueballStreamBufferToUse == null) {
+            cueballStreamBufferToUse = cueballStreamBuffers[i];
+          } else {
+            int comparison = cueballStreamBufferToUse.compareTo(cueballStreamBuffers[i]);
+            if (comparison == 0) {
+              // If two equal key hashes are found, use the most recent value (i.e. the one from the lastest delta)
+              // and skip (consume) the older ones
+              cueballStreamBufferToUse.consume();
+              cueballStreamBufferToUse = cueballStreamBuffers[i];
+            } else if (comparison == 1) {
+              // Found a stream buffer with a smaller key hash
+              cueballStreamBufferToUse = cueballStreamBuffers[i];
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (cueballStreamBufferToUse == null) {
+        // Nothing more to write
+        break;
+      }
+
+      // Transform if necessary
+      if (transformer != null) {
+        transformer.transform(cueballStreamBufferToUse.getBuffer(),
+            cueballStreamBufferToUse.getCurrentOffset() + keyHashSize,
+            cueballStreamBufferToUse.getIndex());
+      }
+
+      // Get next key hash and value
+      final ByteBuffer keyHash = ByteBuffer.wrap(cueballStreamBufferToUse.getBuffer(),
+          cueballStreamBufferToUse.getCurrentOffset(), keyHashSize);
+      final ByteBuffer valueBytes = ByteBuffer.wrap(cueballStreamBufferToUse.getBuffer(),
+          cueballStreamBufferToUse.getCurrentOffset() + keyHashSize, valueSize);
+
+      // Write next key hash and value
+      newCueballBaseWriter.writeHash(keyHash, valueBytes);
+      cueballStreamBufferToUse.consume();
+    }
+
+    // Close all buffers and the base writer
+    for (CueballStreamBuffer cueballStreamBuffer : cueballStreamBuffers) {
+      cueballStreamBuffer.close();
+    }
+    newCueballBaseWriter.close();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `CueballStreamBuffer(...)` at line 41 is not released after line 109.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CueballMerger.merge(CueballFilePath,List,String,int,int,ValueTransformer,int,CompressionCodec)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.storage.cueball.CueballMerger.merge(com.rapleaf.hank.storage.cueball.CueballFilePat.f50289f4ecf49c83da663db79fd5435b
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/storage/cueball/CueballMerger.java
+
+### Key:
+CueballMerger.java|merge|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e750639a3212731ac04d264329f25a2b
+
+### Hash:
+863d3ad5d4a172194e5d1f12738c56aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3178/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3178/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80153bd49b3e65845b642c620556587761307ecd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3178/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.ring_group_conductor;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.RingGroupConductorConfigurator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.yaml.YamlRingGroupConductorConfigurator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.*;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.partition_assigner.ModPartitionAssigner;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.util.CommandLineChecker;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.log4j.PropertyConfigurator;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+public class RingGroupConductor implements RingGroupChangeListener, DomainGroupChangeListener {
+
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(RingGroupConductor.class);
+
+  private final RingGroupConductorConfigurator configurator;
+  private final String ringGroupName;
+  private final Coordinator coordinator;
+  private final Object lock = new Object();
+
+  private RingGroup ringGroup;
+  private DomainGroup domainGroup;
+
+  private final RingGroupUpdateTransitionFunction transFunc;
+
+  private boolean stopping = false;
+  private boolean claimedRingGroupConductor;
+
+  private Thread shutdownHook;
+
+  public RingGroupConductor(RingGroupConductorConfigurator configurator) throws IOException {
+    this(configurator, new RingGroupUpdateTransitionFunctionImpl(new ModPartitionAssigner()));
+  }
+
+  RingGroupConductor(RingGroupConductorConfigurator configurator, RingGroupUpdateTransitionFunction transFunc) throws IOException {
+    this.configurator = configurator;
+    this.transFunc = transFunc;
+    ringGroupName = configurator.getRingGroupName();
+    this.coordinator = configurator.createCoordinator();
+  }
+
+  public void run() throws IOException {
+    // Add shutdown hook
+    addShutdownHook();
+    claimedRingGroupConductor = false;
+    LOG.info("Ring Group Conductor for ring group " + ringGroupName + " starting.");
+    try {
+      ringGroup = coordinator.getRingGroup(ringGroupName);
+
+      // attempt to claim the ring group conductor title
+      if (ringGroup.claimRingGroupConductor(configurator.getInitialMode())) {
+        claimedRingGroupConductor = true;
+
+        // we are now *the* ring group conductor for this ring group.
+        domainGroup = ringGroup.getDomainGroup();
+
+        // set a watch on the ring group
+        ringGroup.setListener(this);
+
+        // set a watch on the domain group version
+        domainGroup.setListener(this);
+
+        // loop until we're taken down
+        stopping = false;
+        try {
+          while (!stopping) {
+            // take a snapshot of the current ring, since it might get changed
+            // while we're processing the current update.
+            RingGroup snapshotRingGroup;
+            synchronized (lock) {
+              snapshotRingGroup = ringGroup;
+            }
+
+            // Only process updates if ring group conductor is configured to be active/proactive
+            if (snapshotRingGroup.getRingGroupConductorMode() == RingGroupConductorMode.ACTIVE ||
+                snapshotRingGroup.getRingGroupConductorMode() == RingGroupConductorMode.PROACTIVE) {
+              processUpdates(snapshotRingGroup);
+            }
+            Thread.sleep(configurator.getSleepInterval());
+          }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          // daemon is going down.
+        }
+      } else {
+        LOG.info("Attempted to claim Ring Group Conductor status, but there was already a lock in place!");
+      }
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      LOG.fatal("unexpected exception!", t);
+    } finally {
+      releaseIfClaimed();
+    }
+    LOG.info("Ring Group Conductor for ring group " + ringGroupName + " shutting down.");
+    // Remove shutdown hook. We don't need it anymore
+    removeShutdownHook();
+  }
+
+  void processUpdates(RingGroup ringGroup) throws IOException {
+    RingGroupConductorMode ringGroupConductorMode = ringGroup.getRingGroupConductorMode();
+    if (ringGroupConductorMode != null && ringGroupConductorMode.equals(RingGroupConductorMode.PROACTIVE)) {
+      // Check if there is a new version available for this ring group (only in PROACTIVE mode)
+      final DomainGroupVersion domainGroupVersion = DomainGroups.getLatestVersion(ringGroup.getDomainGroup());
+      if (domainGroupVersion != null &&
+          (ringGroup.getTargetVersionNumber() == null ||
+              ringGroup.getTargetVersionNumber() < domainGroupVersion.getVersionNumber())) {
+        // There is a more recent version available
+        LOG.info("There is a new domain group version available for ring group " + ringGroupName
+            + ": " + domainGroupVersion);
+        // We can change the target version of this ring group
+        LOG.info("Changing target version of ring group " + ringGroupName
+            + " to domain group version " + domainGroupVersion);
+        RingGroups.setTargetVersion(ringGroup, domainGroupVersion);
+      }
+    }
+    transFunc.manageTransitions(ringGroup);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onRingGroupChange(RingGroup newRingGroup) {
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+        LOG.debug("Got an updated ring group version!");
+      }
+      ringGroup = newRingGroup;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onDomainGroupChange(DomainGroup newDomainGroup) {
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+        LOG.debug("Got an updated domain group version: " + newDomainGroup + "!");
+      }
+      domainGroup = newDomainGroup;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void releaseIfClaimed() throws IOException {
+    if (claimedRingGroupConductor) {
+      ringGroup.releaseRingGroupConductor();
+      claimedRingGroupConductor = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Give up ring group conductor status on VM exit
+  private void addShutdownHook() {
+    if (shutdownHook == null) {
+      shutdownHook = new Thread() {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+          try {
+            releaseIfClaimed();
+          } catch (IOException e) {
+            // When VM is exiting and we fail to release ring group conductor status, swallow the exception
+          }
+        }
+      };
+      Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void removeShutdownHook() {
+    if (shutdownHook != null) {
+      Runtime.getRuntime().removeShutdownHook(shutdownHook);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param args
+   * @throws Exception
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+    CommandLineChecker.check(args, new String[]{"configuration_file_path", "log4j_properties_file_path"}, RingGroupConductor.class);
+    String configPath = args[0];
+    String log4jprops = args[1];
+
+    RingGroupConductorConfigurator configurator = new YamlRingGroupConductorConfigurator(configPath);
+    PropertyConfigurator.configure(log4jprops);
+    new RingGroupConductor(configurator).run();
+  }
+
+  public void stop() {
+    stopping = true;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.rapleaf.hank.ring_group_conductor.RingGroupConductor.run` writes to field `this.com.rapleaf.hank.ring_group_conductor.RingGroupConductor.domainGroup` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RingGroupConductor.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.ring_group_conductor.RingGroupConductor.run():void.2d356068d96d10e3e687d858a273c102
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/ring_group_conductor/RingGroupConductor.java
+
+### Key:
+RingGroupConductor.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a92a80212921fc5ea6ce4c3bf903c05b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3179/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3179/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97ef794c869a6292f0eb69eef67a62faed5fb073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3179/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.rapleaf.hank.partition_server;
+
+import java.text.DecimalFormat;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator {
+
+  private static DecimalFormat format3 = new DecimalFormat("#.###");
+  private static DecimalFormat format1 = new DecimalFormat("#.#");
+  private static DecimalFormat format0 = new DecimalFormat("#");
+
+  private double minimum;
+  private double maximum;
+  private long numValues;
+  private double total;
+  private double[] deciles;
+
+  public DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator() {
+    minimum = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    maximum = Double.MIN_VALUE;
+    numValues = 0;
+    total = 0.0;
+    deciles = new double[]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  }
+
+  public DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator(double minimum,
+                                              double maximum,
+                                              long numValues,
+                                              double total,
+                                              double[] deciles) {
+    if (deciles.length != 9) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Invalid population statistics: num deciles =" + deciles.length);
+    }
+    this.minimum = minimum;
+    this.maximum = maximum;
+    this.numValues = numValues;
+    this.total = total;
+    this.deciles = deciles;
+  }
+
+  public void clear() {
+    minimum = Double.MAX_VALUE;
+    maximum = Double.MIN_VALUE;
+    numValues = 0;
+    total = 0.0;
+    Arrays.fill(deciles, 0);
+  }
+
+  public void aggregate(double minimum, double maximum, long numValues, double total, double[] deciles) {
+    if (numValues < 10 || deciles.length != 9) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Invalid population statistics to aggregate. numValues="
+          + numValues + ", deciles.length=" + deciles.length);
+    }
+    if (this.numValues == 0) {
+      // Copy deciles directly
+      System.arraycopy(deciles, 0, this.deciles, 0, 9);
+    } else if (numValues == 0) {
+      // Do nothing
+    } else {
+      aggregateDeciles(this.deciles, this.numValues, this.getMaximum(),
+          deciles, numValues, maximum,
+          this.deciles);
+    }
+    if (maximum > this.maximum) {
+      this.maximum = maximum;
+    }
+    if (minimum < this.minimum) {
+      this.minimum = minimum;
+    }
+    this.numValues += numValues;
+    this.total += total;
+  }
+
+  public void aggregate(DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator other) {
+    if (numValues == 0) {
+      // Copy deciles directly
+      System.arraycopy(other.deciles, 0, deciles, 0, 9);
+    } else if (other.numValues == 0) {
+      // Keep this deciles unchanged
+    } else {
+      // Aggregate both deciles
+      aggregateDeciles(this.deciles, this.numValues, this.getMaximum(),
+          other.deciles, other.numValues, other.getMaximum(),
+          this.deciles);
+    }
+    if (other.maximum > this.maximum) {
+      this.maximum = other.maximum;
+    }
+    if (other.minimum < this.minimum) {
+      this.minimum = other.minimum;
+    }
+    this.numValues += other.numValues;
+    this.total += other.total;
+  }
+
+  private static void aggregateDeciles(double[] decilesA, long numValuesA, double maximumA,
+                                       double[] decilesB, long numValuesB, double maximumB,
+                                       double[] outputDeciles) {
+    // Compute all deciles
+    ValueAndCount[] allDeciles = new ValueAndCount[2 * 10];
+    // Load all decile values and counts into one array
+    for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
+      allDeciles[i] = new ValueAndCount(decilesA[i], numValuesA);
+      allDeciles[i + 9] = new ValueAndCount(decilesB[i], numValuesB);
+    }
+
+    // Fake deciles to fill in voids
+    allDeciles[18] = new ValueAndCount(maximumA, numValuesA);
+    allDeciles[19] = new ValueAndCount(maximumB, numValuesB);
+
+    // Sort all deciles
+    Arrays.sort(allDeciles);
+
+    // Update deciles
+    final long numValuesCombined = 10 * (numValuesA + numValuesB);
+    long previousRank = 0;
+    int j = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
+      final long decileRank = Math.round(getDecileRank(numValuesCombined, i + 1));
+      while (previousRank + allDeciles[j].count < decileRank) {
+        previousRank += allDeciles[j].count;
+        j += 1;
+      }
+
+      // j point to the current segment where the correct decile rank lies
+      if (j == 0) {
+        // For the first decile, consider all value to be equal (no interpolation)
+        outputDeciles[i] = allDeciles[j].value;
+      } else {
+        // Interpolate value for other deciles
+        outputDeciles[i] =
+            interpolateValueWithinValueAndCounts(allDeciles[j - 1].value,
+                allDeciles[j],
+                decileRank - previousRank);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static double interpolateValueWithinValueAndCounts(double value, ValueAndCount segment, long indexInSegment) {
+    double remainder = (double) (indexInSegment + 1) / (double) segment.count;
+    return value + remainder * (segment.value - value);
+  }
+
+  public Double getMaximum() {
+    if (maximum == Double.MIN_VALUE) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return maximum;
+  }
+
+  public Double getMinimum() {
+    if (minimum == Double.MAX_VALUE) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return minimum;
+  }
+
+  public double getMean() {
+    if (numValues != 0) {
+      return total / numValues;
+    } else {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public double[] getDeciles() {
+    return deciles;
+  }
+
+  public static String toString(DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator populationStatistics) {
+    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+    result.append(populationStatistics.minimum);
+    result.append(' ');
+    result.append(populationStatistics.maximum);
+    result.append(' ');
+    result.append(populationStatistics.numValues);
+    result.append(' ');
+    result.append(populationStatistics.total);
+    for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
+      result.append(' ');
+      result.append(populationStatistics.deciles[i]);
+    }
+    return result.toString();
+  }
+
+  public static String formatDouble(double value) {
+    if (value < 1) {
+      return format3.format(value);
+    } else if (value < 100) {
+      return format1.format(value);
+    } else {
+      return format0.format(value);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public String format() {
+    StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+    // Compute median on the fly
+    double median = numValues == 0 ? 0 : deciles[4];
+    // Compute 90% percentile on the fly
+    double ninetiethPercentile = numValues == 0 ? 0 : deciles[8];
+    result.append(formatDouble(getMean()));
+    result.append(" / ");
+    result.append(formatDouble(median));
+    result.append(" / ");
+    result.append(formatDouble(ninetiethPercentile));
+    result.append(" ms");
+    return result.toString();
+  }
+
+  public static class ValueAndCount implements Comparable<ValueAndCount> {
+
+    public final double value;
+    public final long count;
+
+    public ValueAndCount(double value, long count) {
+      this.value = value;
+      this.count = count;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator.ValueAndCount other) {
+      return Double.compare(value, other.value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+      return value + "(" + count + ")";
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static double getSortedPopulationDecile(double[] population, int decile) {
+    return getInterpolatedValueAtIndex(population, getDecileRank(population.length, decile));
+  }
+
+  public static double getSortedPopulationDecile(long[] population, int decile) {
+    return getInterpolatedValueAtIndex(population, getDecileRank(population.length, decile));
+  }
+
+  public static double getDecileRank(long size, int decile) {
+    if (decile < 1 || decile > 9) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Invalid decile: " + decile);
+    }
+    if (size < 10) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Population is too small to compute deciles. Size: " + size);
+    }
+    return ((size / 10.0) * decile) - 1;
+  }
+
+  public static double getInterpolatedValueAtIndex(double[] population, double rank) {
+    double rankFloored = Math.floor(rank);
+    double remainder = rank - rankFloored;
+
+    // Return interpolated value at index
+    return population[(int) rankFloored] + (remainder * (population[(int) rankFloored + 1] - population[(int) rankFloored]));
+  }
+
+  public static double getInterpolatedValueAtIndex(long[] population, double rank) {
+    double rankFloored = Math.floor(rank);
+    double remainder = rank - rankFloored;
+
+    // Return interpolated value at index
+    return population[(int) rankFloored] + (remainder * (population[(int) rankFloored + 1] - population[(int) rankFloored]));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `other.getMaximum()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 99.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator.aggregate(DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.partition_server.DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator.aggregate(com.rapleaf.hank.pa.a5278a249dcc942610ca2ff7ca81ad54
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/partition_server/DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator.java
+
+### Key:
+DoublePopulationStatisticsAggregator.java|aggregate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4e40cf4b057cfc6102ca2104f1fe79e1
+
+### Hash:
+9f3ce91f3fbec8f088980df5da63012a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3182/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3182/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c2fbd6243b323a263eebe1181b12b9d77fd42b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3182/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.zk;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.*;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.WatchedInt;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.WatchedMap;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.WatchedMap.ElementLoader;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.ZkPath;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.ZooKeeperPlus;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+public class ZkRingGroup extends AbstractRingGroup {
+  private static final String UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT = "updating_to_version";
+  private static final String CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT = "current_version";
+  protected static final String RING_GROUP_CONDUCTOR_ONLINE_PATH_SEGMENT = "ring_group_conductor_online";
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ZkRingGroup.class);
+
+  private final String ringGroupName;
+  private DomainGroup domainGroup;
+  private final Map<String, ZkRing> ringsByNumber;
+  private final String ringGroupPath;
+  private final String currentVerPath;
+  private final String updatingToVersionPath;
+  private final String ringGroupConductorOnlinePath;
+  private final ZooKeeperPlus zk;
+  private final Coordinator coordinator;
+
+  private final WatchedInt currentVersion;
+  private final WatchedInt updatingToVersion;
+
+  public static ZkRingGroup create(ZooKeeperPlus zk, String path, ZkDomainGroup domainGroup, Coordinator coordinator) throws KeeperException, InterruptedException, IOException {
+    if (domainGroup.getVersions().isEmpty()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException(
+          "You cannot create a ring group for a domain group that has no versions!");
+    }
+    zk.create(path, domainGroup.getName().getBytes());
+    zk.create(ZkPath.append(path, CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT), null);
+    zk.create(ZkPath.append(path, UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT),
+        (Integer.toString(domainGroup.getLatestVersion().getVersionNumber())).getBytes());
+    return new ZkRingGroup(zk, path, domainGroup, coordinator);
+  }
+
+  public ZkRingGroup(ZooKeeperPlus zk, String ringGroupPath, DomainGroup domainGroup, final Coordinator coordinator)
+      throws InterruptedException, KeeperException {
+    this.zk = zk;
+    this.ringGroupPath = ringGroupPath;
+    this.domainGroup = domainGroup;
+    this.coordinator = coordinator;
+
+    if (coordinator == null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot initialize a ZkRingGroup with a null Coordinator.");
+    }
+
+    ringGroupName = ZkPath.getFilename(ringGroupPath);
+    ringsByNumber = new WatchedMap<ZkRing>(zk, ringGroupPath, new ElementLoader<ZkRing>() {
+      @Override
+      public ZkRing load(ZooKeeperPlus zk, String basePath, String relPath) throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+        if (relPath.matches("ring-\\d+")) {
+          return new ZkRing(zk, ZkPath.append(basePath, relPath), ZkRingGroup.this, coordinator);
+        }
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+
+    currentVerPath = ZkPath.append(ringGroupPath, CURRENT_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT);
+    updatingToVersionPath = ZkPath.append(ringGroupPath, UPDATING_TO_VERSION_PATH_SEGMENT);
+    ringGroupConductorOnlinePath = ZkPath.append(ringGroupPath, RING_GROUP_CONDUCTOR_ONLINE_PATH_SEGMENT);
+
+    currentVersion = new WatchedInt(zk, currentVerPath, true, null);
+    updatingToVersion = new WatchedInt(zk, updatingToVersionPath, true, null);
+  }
+
+  private final class StateChangeListener implements Watcher {
+    private final RingGroupChangeListener listener;
+
+    public StateChangeListener(RingGroupChangeListener listener)
+        throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+      this.listener = listener;
+      reregister();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+      switch (event.getType()) {
+        case NodeChildrenChanged:
+          // ring group was added OR currentversion was set for the first time
+          LOG.debug("NodeChildrenChanged fired");
+          fireListener();
+          break;
+
+        case NodeDataChanged:
+          // one of the versions was updated
+          LOG.debug("NodeDataChanged fired");
+          fireListener();
+          break;
+
+        case NodeDeleted:
+          // updatingToVersion was whacked
+          LOG.debug("NodeDeleted fired");
+          fireListener();
+          break;
+
+        default:
+          LOG.debug("Unexpected event type " + event.getType());
+      }
+    }
+
+    private void fireListener() {
+      listener.onRingGroupChange(ZkRingGroup.this);
+      try {
+        reregister();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LOG.error("Unexpected error registering watch!", e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    private void reregister() throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+      zk.getChildren(ringGroupPath, this);
+      if (zk.exists(currentVerPath, this) != null) {
+        zk.getData(currentVerPath, this, new Stat());
+      }
+      if (zk.exists(updatingToVersionPath, this) != null) {
+        zk.getData(updatingToVersionPath, this, new Stat());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public DomainGroup getDomainGroup() {
+    return domainGroup;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getName() {
+    return ringGroupName;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Ring getRing(int ringNumber) {
+    return ringsByNumber.get("ring-" + ringNumber);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Ring getRingForHost(PartitionServerAddress hostAddress) {
+    for (Ring ring : ringsByNumber.values()) {
+      if (ring.getHostByAddress(hostAddress) != null) {
+        return ring;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Set<Ring> getRings() {
+    return new HashSet<Ring>(ringsByNumber.values());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean claimRingGroupConductor() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      if (zk.exists(ringGroupConductorOnlinePath, false) == null) {
+        zk.create(ringGroupConductorOnlinePath, null, CreateMode.EPHEMERAL);
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void releaseRingGroupConductor() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      if (zk.exists(ringGroupConductorOnlinePath, false) != null) {
+        zk.delete(ringGroupConductorOnlinePath, -1);
+        return;
+      }
+      throw new IllegalStateException(
+          "Can't release the ring group conductor lock when it's not currently set!");
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Integer getCurrentVersion() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      return currentVersion.get();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setUpdatingToVersion(Integer versionNumber) throws IOException {
+    try {
+      updatingToVersion.set(versionNumber);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void updateComplete() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      currentVersion.set(getUpdatingToVersion());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+    setUpdatingToVersion(null);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setListener(RingGroupChangeListener listener) throws IOException {
+    try {
+      new StateChangeListener(listener);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Integer getUpdatingToVersion() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      return updatingToVersion.get();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Ring addRing(int ringNum) throws IOException {
+    try {
+      ZkRing rc = ZkRing.create(zk, coordinator, ringGroupPath, ringNum, this,
+          isUpdating() ? getUpdatingToVersion() : getCurrentVersion());
+      ringsByNumber.put("ring-" + Integer.toString(rc.getRingNumber()), rc);
+      return rc;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isRingGroupConductorOnline() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      return zk.exists(ringGroupConductorOnlinePath, false) != null;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean delete() throws IOException {
+    try {
+      zk.deleteNodeRecursively(ringGroupPath);
+      return true;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `domainGroup.getLatestVersion()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ZkRingGroup ZkRingGroup.create(ZooKeeperPlus,String,ZkDomainGroup,ZooKeeperCoordinator)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.zk.ZkRingGroup.create(com.rapleaf.hank.zookeeper.ZooKeeperPlus,java.lan.4ee6a9b61a39e16df0f0343cb0970a4d
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/coordinator/zk/ZkRingGroup.java
+
+### Key:
+ZkRingGroup.java|create|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+8906d3ad99aecc19281e8f1c13650ce3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3183/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3183/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..680c557b6c86e2aa569ae45051f4d0b80b727540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3183/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.rapleaf.hank.update_daemon;
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.log4j.PropertyConfigurator;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.DomainConfig;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.DomainConfigVersion;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.DomainGroupConfig;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.PartDaemonAddress;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.RingConfig;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.RingGroupConfig;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.UpdateDaemonConfigurator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Coordinator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.DaemonState;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.DaemonType;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Coordinator.DaemonStateChangeListener;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.exception.DataNotFoundException;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.storage.StorageEngine;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.util.HostUtils;
+
+public class UpdateDaemon implements DaemonStateChangeListener {
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(UpdateDaemon.class);
+
+  private static final String HOST_NAME;
+  static {
+    try {
+      HOST_NAME = HostUtils.getHostName();
+    } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private final class UpdateToDo implements Runnable {
+    private final StorageEngine engine;
+    private final int partNum;
+    private final Queue<Throwable> exceptionQueue;
+
+    public UpdateToDo(StorageEngine engine, int partNum, Queue<Throwable> exceptionQueue) {
+      this.engine = engine;
+      this.partNum = partNum;
+      this.exceptionQueue = exceptionQueue;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+      try {
+        LOG.debug(String.format("UpdateToDo %s part %d starting...", engine.toString(), partNum));
+        engine.getUpdater(configurator, partNum).update();
+        LOG.debug(String.format("UpdateToDo %s part %d completed.", engine.toString(), partNum));
+      } catch (Throwable e) {
+        // TODO: i just *know* that i'm going to end up wishing i toStringed the
+        // storage engine and part num here
+        LOG.fatal("Failed to complete an UpdateToDo!", e);
+        exceptionQueue.add(e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private final UpdateDaemonConfigurator configurator;
+  private final Coordinator coord;
+  private boolean goingDown;
+
+  private final int ringNumber;
+
+  private final String ringGroupName;
+
+  private final PartDaemonAddress hostAddress;
+
+  public UpdateDaemon(UpdateDaemonConfigurator configurator, String hostName) throws UnknownHostException {
+    this.configurator = configurator;
+    this.coord = configurator.getCoordinator();
+    this.ringGroupName = configurator.getRingGroupName();
+    this.ringNumber = configurator.getRingNumber();
+    hostAddress = new PartDaemonAddress(hostName, configurator.getServicePort());
+    coord.addDaemonStateChangeListener(ringGroupName, ringNumber, hostAddress, DaemonType.UPDATE_DAEMON, this);
+  }
+
+  void run() throws UnknownHostException {
+    goingDown = false;
+
+    // prime things the process by querying the current state and feeding it to
+    // the event handler
+    DaemonState state = coord.getDaemonState(ringGroupName, ringNumber, hostAddress, DaemonType.UPDATE_DAEMON);
+    onDaemonStateChange(ringGroupName, ringNumber, hostAddress, DaemonType.UPDATE_DAEMON, state);
+
+    while (!goingDown) {
+      try {
+        Thread.sleep(1000);
+      } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        LOG.debug("Interrupted while waiting for watching thread to go to wake up!", e);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onDaemonStateChange(String ringGroupName, int ringNumber, PartDaemonAddress hostAddress, DaemonType type, DaemonState newState) {
+    // we only pay attention to state changes for *this* daemon, so don't need
+    // to be concerned with the identification stuff
+    switch (newState) {
+      case UPDATING:
+        // we must have crashed while updating in a prior iteration. just pick
+        // up where we left off.
+      case UPDATEABLE:
+        setUpdating();
+        try {
+          update();
+          setIdle();
+        } catch (DataNotFoundException e) {
+          LOG.fatal("Caught an unexpected exception during update process!", e);
+          goingDown = true;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        // we don't care about other state changes, because they're not relevant
+        // to us. but let's log them anyways for the sake of completeness
+        LOG.info("Notified of uninteresting state change: " + newState + ". Ignoring.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void update() throws DataNotFoundException {
+    ThreadFactory factory = new ThreadFactory() {
+      private int x = 0;
+
+      @Override
+      public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+        return new Thread(r, "Updater Thread Pool Thread #" + ++x);
+      }
+    };
+
+    ExecutorService executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
+        configurator.getNumConcurrentUpdates(),
+        configurator.getNumConcurrentUpdates(),
+        1, TimeUnit.DAYS,
+        new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
+        factory);
+    Queue<Throwable> exceptionQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<Throwable>();
+
+    RingGroupConfig ringGroupConfig = coord.getRingGroupConfig(configurator.getRingGroupName());
+    RingConfig ringConfig = ringGroupConfig.getRingConfigForHost(hostAddress);
+
+    DomainGroupConfig domainGroupConfig = ringGroupConfig.getDomainGroupConfig();
+    for (DomainConfigVersion dcv : domainGroupConfig.getLatestVersion().getDomainConfigVersions()) {
+      DomainConfig domainConfig = dcv.getDomainConfig();
+      StorageEngine engine = domainConfig.getStorageEngine();
+
+      int domainId = domainGroupConfig.getDomainId(domainConfig.getName());
+      for (Integer part : ringConfig.getDomainPartitionsForHost(hostAddress, domainId)) {
+        LOG.debug(String.format("Configuring update task for group-%s/ring-%d/domain-%s/part-%d", ringGroupConfig.getName(), ringConfig.getRingNumber(), domainConfig.getName(), part));
+        executor.execute(new UpdateToDo(engine, part, exceptionQueue));
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      boolean terminated = false;
+      executor.shutdown();
+      while (!terminated) {
+        LOG.debug("Waiting for update executor to complete...");
+        terminated = executor.awaitTermination(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        // TODO: report on progress?
+        // TODO: check exception queue
+      }
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      // TODO: log and quit
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void setIdle() {
+    setState(DaemonState.IDLE);
+  }
+
+  private void setUpdating() {
+    setState(DaemonState.UPDATING);
+  }
+  
+  private void setState(DaemonState state) {
+    coord.setDaemonState(ringGroupName, ringNumber, hostAddress, DaemonType.UPDATE_DAEMON, state);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Main method.
+   * @param args
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+    String configPath = args[0];
+    String log4jprops = args[1];
+
+    PropertyConfigurator.configure(log4jprops);
+
+    new UpdateDaemon(null, HostUtils.getHostName()).run();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `UpdateDaemon(...)` at line 216.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpdateDaemon.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.update_daemon.UpdateDaemon.main(java.lang.String[]):void.0d5f78289cd15780a0d5a5744d86821c
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/update_daemon/UpdateDaemon.java
+
+### Key:
+UpdateDaemon.java|main|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3c7d22e48063b90f665efd8de7d66306
+
+### Hash:
+04a9ba03f1b533be37d06dd28309b85d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3209/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3209/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f86124e8f134025e6597a0a6aa67d278f83bdd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3209/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hank
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2011 Rapleaf
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.rapleaf.hank.data_deployer;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.log4j.PropertyConfigurator;
+
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.DataDeployerConfigurator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.config.yaml.YamlDataDeployerConfigurator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Coordinator;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.DomainGroup;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.DomainGroupChangeListener;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Host;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.HostDomain;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.HostDomainPartition;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.Ring;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.RingGroup;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.coordinator.RingGroupChangeListener;
+import com.rapleaf.hank.util.CommandLineChecker;
+
+public class DataDeployer implements RingGroupChangeListener, DomainGroupChangeListener {
+  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(DataDeployer.class);
+
+  private final DataDeployerConfigurator config;
+  private final String ringGroupName;
+  private final Coordinator coord;
+  private final Object lock = new Object();
+
+  private RingGroup ringGroupConfig;
+  private DomainGroup domainGroup;
+
+  private final RingGroupUpdateTransitionFunction transFunc;
+
+  private boolean goingDown = false;
+
+  public DataDeployer(DataDeployerConfigurator config) {
+    this(config, new RingGroupUpdateTransitionFunctionImpl());
+  }
+
+  DataDeployer(DataDeployerConfigurator config, RingGroupUpdateTransitionFunction transFunc) {
+    this.config = config;
+    this.transFunc = transFunc;
+    ringGroupName = config.getRingGroupName();
+    coord = config.getCoordinator();
+  }
+
+  public void run() throws IOException {
+    LOG.info("Data Deployer Daemon for ring group " + ringGroupName + " starting.");
+    boolean claimedDataDeployer = false;
+    try {
+      ringGroupConfig = coord.getRingGroup(ringGroupName);
+
+      // attempt to claim the data deployer title
+      if (ringGroupConfig.claimDataDeployer()) {
+        claimedDataDeployer = true;
+
+        // we are now *the* data deployer for this ring group.
+        domainGroup = ringGroupConfig.getDomainGroup();
+
+        // set a watch on the ring group
+        ringGroupConfig.setListener(this);
+
+        // set a watch on the domain group version
+        domainGroup.setListener(this);
+
+        // loop until we're taken down
+        goingDown = false;
+        try {
+          while (!goingDown) {
+            // take a snapshot of the current ring/domain group configs, since
+            // they might get changed while we're processing the current update.
+            RingGroup snapshotRingGroupConfig;
+            DomainGroup snapshotDomainGroup;
+            synchronized (lock) {
+              snapshotRingGroupConfig = ringGroupConfig;
+              snapshotDomainGroup = domainGroup;
+            }
+
+            processUpdates(snapshotRingGroupConfig, snapshotDomainGroup);
+            Thread.sleep(config.getSleepInterval());
+          }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          // daemon is going down.
+        }
+      } else {
+        LOG.info("Attempted to claim data deployer status, but there was already a lock in place!");
+      }
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      LOG.fatal("unexpected exception!", t);
+    } finally {
+      if (claimedDataDeployer) {
+        ringGroupConfig.releaseDataDeployer();
+      }
+    }
+    LOG.info("Data Deployer Daemon for ring group " + ringGroupName + " shutting down.");
+  }
+
+  void processUpdates(RingGroup ringGroup, DomainGroup domainGroup) throws IOException {
+    if (ringGroup.isUpdating()) {
+      LOG.info("Ring group " + ringGroupName
+          + " is currently updating from version "
+          + ringGroup.getCurrentVersion() + " to version "
+          + ringGroup.getUpdatingToVersion() + ".");
+      // There's already an update in progress. Let's just move that one along as necessary.
+      transFunc.manageTransitions(ringGroup);
+    } else {
+      int latestVersionNumber = domainGroup.getLatestVersion().getVersionNumber();
+      if (ringGroup.getCurrentVersion() < latestVersionNumber) {
+        // We can start a new update of this ring group.
+
+        // set the ring group's updating version to the new domain group version
+        // this will mark all the subordinate rings and hosts for update as well.
+        LOG.info("Ring group " + ringGroupName + " is in need of an update. Starting the update now...");
+        for (Ring ringConfig : ringGroup.getRings()) {
+          for (Host hostConfig : ringConfig.getHosts()) {
+            for (HostDomain hdc : hostConfig.getAssignedDomains()) {
+              for (HostDomainPartition hdpc : hdc.getPartitions()) {
+                hdpc.setUpdatingToDomainGroupVersion(latestVersionNumber);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          ringConfig.setUpdatingToVersion(latestVersionNumber);
+        }
+        ringGroup.setUpdatingToVersion(latestVersionNumber);
+      } else {
+        LOG.info("No updates in process and no updates pending.");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  @Override
+  public void onRingGroupChange(RingGroup newRingGroup) {
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      LOG.debug("Got an updated ring group config version!");
+      ringGroupConfig = newRingGroup;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onDomainGroupChange(DomainGroup newDomainGroup) {
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      LOG.debug("Got an updated domain group config version: " + newDomainGroup + "!" );
+      domainGroup = newDomainGroup;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param args
+   * @throws Exception
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+    CommandLineChecker.check(args, new String[]{"configuration_file_path", "log4j_properties_file_path"}, DataDeployer.class);
+    String configPath = args[0];
+    String log4jprops = args[1];
+
+    DataDeployerConfigurator configurator = new YamlDataDeployerConfigurator(configPath);
+    PropertyConfigurator.configure(log4jprops);
+    new DataDeployer(configurator).run();
+  }
+
+  public void stop() {
+    goingDown = true;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.rapleaf.hank.data_deployer.DataDeployer.run` reads with synchronization from `this.com.rapleaf.hank.data_deployer.DataDeployer.ringGroupConfig`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `DataDeployer.run()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DataDeployer.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.rapleaf.hank.data_deployer.DataDeployer.run():void.5f61500e1474da1e9e0a8a7280ac2c3e
+
+### File:
+src/java/com/rapleaf/hank/data_deployer/DataDeployer.java
+
+### Key:
+DataDeployer.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b06555484d1066fa5dbcc776f9cb95b1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3231/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3231/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..322ea1c6ad420802d53a0c8772dd41d86c564a77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3231/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jmxtrans-agent
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2013 the original author or authors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ */
+package org.jmxtrans.agent;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import static org.jmxtrans.agent.util.ConfigurationUtils.getString;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="mailto:cleclerc@cloudbees.com">Cyrille Le Clerc</a>
+ */
+public class FileOverwriterOutputWriter extends AbstractOutputWriter {
+
+    public final static String SETTING_FILE_NAME = "fileName";
+    public final static String SETTING_FILE_NAME_DEFAULT_VALUE = "jmxtrans-agent.data";
+    private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName());
+    protected Writer temporaryFileWriter;
+    protected File temporaryFile;
+    protected File file = new File(SETTING_FILE_NAME_DEFAULT_VALUE);
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void postConstruct(Map<String, String> settings) {
+        super.postConstruct(settings);
+        file = new File(getString(settings, SETTING_FILE_NAME, SETTING_FILE_NAME_DEFAULT_VALUE));
+        logger.info("FileOverwriterOutputWriter configured with file " + file.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    protected Writer getTemporaryFileWriter() throws IOException {
+        if (temporaryFile == null) {
+            temporaryFile = File.createTempFile("jmxtrans-agent-", ".data");
+            temporaryFile.deleteOnExit();
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINE))
+                logger.fine("Created temporary file " + temporaryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+
+            temporaryFileWriter = null;
+        }
+        if (temporaryFileWriter == null) {
+            temporaryFileWriter = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(temporaryFile, false));
+        }
+
+        return temporaryFileWriter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void writeQueryResult(String metricName, Object value) throws IOException {
+        writeResult(metricName, value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeInvocationResult(String invocationName, Object value) throws IOException {
+        writeResult(invocationName, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void writeResult(String name, Object value) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            getTemporaryFileWriter().write(name + " " + value + "\n");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            releaseTemporaryWriter();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void releaseTemporaryWriter() {
+        try {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(getTemporaryFileWriter());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // silently skip
+        }
+        if (temporaryFile != null) {
+           temporaryFile.delete();
+        }
+        temporaryFile = null;
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void postCollect() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            getTemporaryFileWriter().close();
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINE))
+                logger.fine("Overwrite " + file.getAbsolutePath() + " by " + temporaryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+            IoUtils.replaceFile(temporaryFile, file);
+        } finally {
+            temporaryFileWriter = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class IoUtils {
+
+        /**
+         * Simple implementation without chunking if the source file is big.
+         *
+         * @param source
+         * @param destination
+         * @throws java.io.IOException
+         */
+        private static void doCopySmallFile(File source, File destination) throws IOException {
+            if (destination.exists() && destination.isDirectory()) {
+                throw new IOException("Can not copy file, destination is a directory: " + destination.getAbsolutePath());
+            }
+
+            FileInputStream fis = null;
+            FileOutputStream fos = null;
+            FileChannel input = null;
+            FileChannel output = null;
+            try {
+                fis = new FileInputStream(source);
+                fos = new FileOutputStream(destination, false);
+                input = fis.getChannel();
+                output = fos.getChannel();
+                output.transferFrom(input, 0, input.size());
+            } finally {
+                closeQuietly(output);
+                closeQuietly(input);
+                closeQuietly(fis);
+                closeQuietly(fos);
+            }
+            if (destination.length() != source.length()) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to copy content from '" +
+                        source + "' (" + source.length() + "bytes) to '" + destination + "' (" + destination.length() + ")");
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        public static void closeQuietly(Closeable closeable) {
+            if (closeable == null)
+                return;
+            try {
+                closeable.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // ignore silently
+            }
+        }
+
+        public static void closeQuietly(Writer writer) {
+            if (writer == null)
+                return;
+            try {
+                writer.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // ignore silently
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Needed for old JVMs where {@link java.io.InputStream} does not implement {@link java.io.Closeable}.
+         */
+        public static void closeQuietly(InputStream inputStream) {
+            if (inputStream == null)
+                return;
+            try {
+                inputStream.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // ignore silently
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void replaceFile(File source, File destination) throws IOException {
+            boolean destinationExists;
+            if (destination.exists()) {
+                boolean deleted = destination.delete();
+                if (deleted) {
+                    destinationExists = false;
+                } else {
+                    destinationExists = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                destinationExists = false;
+            }
+            if (destinationExists) {
+                doCopySmallFile(source, destination);
+            } else {
+                boolean renamed = source.renameTo(destination);
+                if (!renamed) {
+                    doCopySmallFile(source, destination);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.jmxtrans.agent.FileOverwriterOutputWriter.releaseTemporaryWriter` reads without synchronization from `this.org.jmxtrans.agent.FileOverwriterOutputWriter.temporaryFile`. Potentially races with write in method `FileOverwriterOutputWriter.writeQueryResult(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileOverwriterOutputWriter.releaseTemporaryWriter()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jmxtrans.agent.FileOverwriterOutputWriter.releaseTemporaryWriter():void.f44c26c69bedc0f2eebd200547efb994
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jmxtrans/agent/FileOverwriterOutputWriter.java
+
+### Key:
+FileOverwriterOutputWriter.java|releaseTemporaryWriter|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c3df944aab1d15417c69435b56d820d9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3236/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3236/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cab45608d5f959e290ec64b2e8da87f619fddc4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3236/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FastDFS_Client
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.tobato.soket.server;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+public class SoketServer {
+    private int port = 22122;
+    private ServerSocket serverSocket;
+
+    public void service() {
+        int i = 0;
+        try {
+            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);
+        } catch (IOException e1) {
+            e1.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            Socket socket = null;
+            try {
+                i++;
+                socket = serverSocket.accept(); // 主线程获取客户端连接
+                System.out.println("第" + i + "个客户端成功连接！");
+                Thread workThread = new Thread(new Handler(socket)); // 创建线程
+                workThread.start(); // 启动线程
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] agrs) {
+        SoketServer server = new SoketServer();
+        System.out.println("------服务启动--------");
+        server.service();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.Socket` acquired by call to `accept()` at line 23 is not released after line 25.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SoketServer.service()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.tobato.soket.server.SoketServer.service():void.342c1bea71f7816f64a6e9f17fa881f3
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/github/tobato/soket/server/SoketServer.java
+
+### Key:
+SoketServer.java|service|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2fbf5d3b704883b75cc1cd09cffebc55
+
+### Hash:
+baddade0e6106b8550cb1db421573e18
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3310/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3310/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aee0219d3e65ba3a58b564df56ff87dde431a8fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3310/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** azure-maven-plugins
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
+ * Licensed under the MIT License. See License.txt in the project root for
+ * license information.
+ */
+
+package com.microsoft.azure.auth;
+
+import com.microsoft.azure.AzureEnvironment;
+import com.microsoft.azure.auth.configuration.AuthConfiguration;
+import com.microsoft.azure.credentials.ApplicationTokenCredentials;
+import com.microsoft.azure.credentials.AzureCliCredentials;
+import com.microsoft.azure.credentials.AzureTokenCredentials;
+import com.microsoft.azure.credentials.MSICredentials;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.powermock.core.classloader.annotations.PrepareForTest;
+import org.powermock.modules.junit4.PowerMockRunner;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito.mockStatic;
+import static org.powermock.api.mockito.PowerMockito.when;
+
+@RunWith(PowerMockRunner.class)
+@PrepareForTest({AzureLoginHelper.class})
+public class AzureAuthHelperTest {
+    private File tempDirectory;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() throws IOException {
+        tempDirectory = Files.createTempDirectory("azure-auth-helper-test").toFile();
+        // avoid write test data to the actual file: azure-secret.json
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, tempDirectory.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void afterEachTestMethod() throws IOException {
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, null);
+        FileUtils.deleteDirectory(tempDirectory);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOAuthLogin() throws Exception {
+        final AzureEnvironment env = AzureEnvironment.AZURE;
+        final AzureCredential credExpected = AzureCredential.fromAuthenticationResult(TestHelper.createAuthenticationResult());
+        mockStatic(AzureLoginHelper.class);
+        when(AzureLoginHelper.oAuthLogin(env)).thenReturn(credExpected);
+
+        final AzureCredential cred = AzureAuthHelper.oAuthLogin(env);
+        assertEquals(credExpected, cred);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeviceLogin() throws Exception {
+        final AzureEnvironment env = AzureEnvironment.AZURE;
+        final AzureCredential credExpected = AzureCredential.fromAuthenticationResult(TestHelper.createAuthenticationResult());
+        mockStatic(AzureLoginHelper.class);
+        when(AzureLoginHelper.deviceLogin(env)).thenReturn(credExpected);
+
+        final AzureCredential cred = AzureAuthHelper.deviceLogin(env);
+        assertEquals(credExpected, cred);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRefreshToken() throws Exception {
+        final AzureEnvironment env = AzureEnvironment.AZURE;
+        final AzureCredential credExpected = AzureCredential.fromAuthenticationResult(TestHelper.createAuthenticationResult());
+        mockStatic(AzureLoginHelper.class);
+        when(AzureLoginHelper.refreshToken(env, "token for power mock")).thenReturn(credExpected);
+
+        final AzureCredential cred = AzureAuthHelper.refreshToken(env, "token for power mock");
+        assertEquals(credExpected, cred);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRefreshTokenInvalidToken() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            AzureAuthHelper.refreshToken(AzureEnvironment.AZURE, "invalid");
+            fail("Should throw AzureLoginFailureException when refreshToken is invalid.");
+        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRefreshTokenInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            AzureAuthHelper.refreshToken(null, "abc");
+            fail("Should throw IAE when env is null.");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+
+        try {
+            AzureAuthHelper.refreshToken(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_CHINA, "");
+            fail("Should throw IAE when refreshToken is empty.");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAzureEnvironment() {
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment(null));
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment(" "));
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("azure"));
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("aZUre"));
+
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AZURE_CLOUD"));
+
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_GERMANY, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AZURE_GERMANY"));
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_GERMANY, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AzureGermanCloud"));
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_GERMANY, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AZUREGERMANCLOUD"));
+
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_US_GOVERNMENT, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AZURE_US_GOVERNMENT"));
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_US_GOVERNMENT, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AZUREUSGOVERNMENT"));
+
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_CHINA, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AzureChinaCloud"));
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_CHINA, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("Azure_China"));
+
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE, AzureAuthHelper.getAzureEnvironment("AzureChinaCloud "));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnvironmentValidation() {
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment(null));
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment(""));
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment(" "));
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment("azure"));
+        assertFalse(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment("azure "));
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment("azure_cloud"));
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment("AZURE_CLOUD"));
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment("aZURe"));
+        assertFalse(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment("aZURe "));
+        assertFalse(AzureAuthHelper.validateEnvironment("foo"));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAzureSecretFile() {
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, null);
+        final File azureSecretFile = AzureAuthHelper.getAzureSecretFile();
+        assertEquals(Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home"), ".azure", "azure-secret.json").toString(), azureSecretFile.getAbsolutePath());
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, "test_dir");
+        assertEquals(Paths.get("test_dir", "azure-secret.json").toFile().getAbsolutePath(), AzureAuthHelper.getAzureSecretFile().getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAzureConfigFolder() {
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, null);
+        final File azureConfigFolder = AzureAuthHelper.getAzureConfigFolder();
+        assertEquals(Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home"), ".azure").toString(), azureConfigFolder.getAbsolutePath());
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, "test_dir");
+        assertEquals(Paths.get("test_dir").toFile().getAbsolutePath(), AzureAuthHelper.getAzureConfigFolder().getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExistsAzureSecretFile() {
+        final File testConfigDir = new File(this.getClass().getResource("/azure-login/azure-secret.json").getFile()).getParentFile();
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, testConfigDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.existsAzureSecretFile());
+
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, testConfigDir.getParentFile().getAbsolutePath());
+        assertFalse(AzureAuthHelper.existsAzureSecretFile());
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, "");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadAzureCredentials() throws Exception {
+        final File testConfigDir = new File(this.getClass().getResource("/azure-login/azure-secret.json").getFile()).getParentFile();
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, testConfigDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.existsAzureSecretFile());
+        assertNotNull(AzureAuthHelper.readAzureCredentials());
+
+        try {
+            AzureAuthHelper.readAzureCredentials(null);
+            fail("Should throw IAE");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expect
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWriteAzureCredentials() throws Exception {
+        final File testConfigDir = new File(this.getClass().getResource("/azure-login/azure-secret.json").getFile()).getParentFile();
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, testConfigDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.existsAzureSecretFile());
+        final AzureCredential cred = AzureAuthHelper.readAzureCredentials();
+        final File tempFile = new File(tempDirectory, "azure-secret.json");
+        AzureAuthHelper.writeAzureCredentials(cred, tempFile);
+        final AzureCredential cred2 = AzureAuthHelper.readAzureCredentials(tempFile);
+        assertEquals(cred.getAccessToken(), cred2.getAccessToken());
+        assertEquals(cred.getAccessTokenType(), cred2.getAccessTokenType());
+        assertEquals(cred.getRefreshToken(), cred2.getRefreshToken());
+        assertEquals(cred.getDefaultSubscription(), cred2.getDefaultSubscription());
+        assertEquals(cred.getEnvironment(), cred2.getEnvironment());
+        assertEquals(cred.getIdToken(), cred2.getIdToken());
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, tempDirectory.getAbsolutePath());
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.existsAzureSecretFile());
+        AzureAuthHelper.deleteAzureSecretFile();
+        assertFalse(AzureAuthHelper.existsAzureSecretFile());
+        assertFalse(AzureAuthHelper.deleteAzureSecretFile());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWriteAzureCredentialsBadParameter() throws Exception {
+        final File tempFile = File.createTempFile("azure-auth-helper-test", ".json");
+        try {
+            AzureAuthHelper.writeAzureCredentials(null, tempFile);
+            fail("Should throw IAE here.");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            AzureAuthHelper.writeAzureCredentials(AzureCredential.fromAuthenticationResult(TestHelper.createAuthenticationResult()), null);
+            fail("Should throw IAE here.");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsInCloudShell() {
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.CLOUD_SHELL_ENV_KEY, "azure");
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.isInCloudShell());
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.CLOUD_SHELL_ENV_KEY, null);
+        assertFalse(AzureAuthHelper.isInCloudShell());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAzureTokenCredentials() throws Exception {
+        // 1. use azure-secret.json
+        File testConfigDir = new File(this.getClass().getResource("/azure-login/azure-secret.json").getFile()).getParentFile();
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, testConfigDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        AzureTokenCredentials cred = AzureAuthHelper.getAzureTokenCredentials(null);
+        assertNotNull(cred);
+        assertEquals("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001", cred.defaultSubscriptionId());
+
+        // 2. use azure cli(non SP)
+        testConfigDir = new File(this.getClass().getResource("/azure-cli/default/azureProfile.json").getFile()).getParentFile();
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, testConfigDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        cred = AzureAuthHelper.getAzureTokenCredentials(null);
+        assertNotNull(cred);
+        assertTrue(cred instanceof AzureCliCredentials);
+        final AzureCliCredentials cliCred = (AzureCliCredentials) cred;
+        assertEquals("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001", cliCred.defaultSubscriptionId());
+        assertEquals("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000002", cliCred.clientId());
+        assertEquals("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003", cliCred.domain());
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_CHINA, cliCred.environment());
+
+        // 3. use azure cli(SP)
+        testConfigDir = new File(this.getClass().getResource("/azure-cli/sp/azureProfile.json").getFile()).getParentFile();
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, testConfigDir.getAbsolutePath());
+        cred = AzureAuthHelper.getAzureTokenCredentials(null);
+        assertNotNull(cred);
+        assertTrue(cred instanceof AzureCliCredentials);
+        final AzureCliCredentials azureCliCredential = (AzureCliCredentials) cred;
+        assertEquals("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001", cred.defaultSubscriptionId());
+        assertEquals("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000002", azureCliCredential.clientId());
+        assertEquals("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000003", cred.domain());
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_CHINA, cliCred.environment());
+
+        // 4. use cloud shell
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.CLOUD_SHELL_ENV_KEY, "azure");
+        assertTrue(AzureAuthHelper.isInCloudShell());
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.AZURE_CONFIG_DIR, "non-exist-folder");
+        cred = AzureAuthHelper.getAzureTokenCredentials(null);
+        assertNotNull(cred);
+        assertTrue(cred instanceof MSICredentials);
+
+        // 5. all of the ways have been tried
+        TestHelper.injectEnvironmentVariable(Constants.CLOUD_SHELL_ENV_KEY, null);
+        assertNull(AzureAuthHelper.getAzureTokenCredentials(null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAzureTokenCredentialsFromConfiguration() throws Exception {
+        final AuthConfiguration auth = new AuthConfiguration();
+        auth.setClient("client_id");
+        auth.setTenant("tenant_id");
+        auth.setKey("key");
+        auth.setEnvironment("azure_germany");
+        final AzureTokenCredentials cred = AzureAuthHelper.getAzureTokenCredentials(auth);
+        assertNotNull(cred);
+        assertTrue(cred instanceof ApplicationTokenCredentials);
+        assertNull(cred.defaultSubscriptionId());
+        assertEquals(AzureEnvironment.AZURE_GERMANY, cred.environment());
+        assertEquals("tenant_id", cred.domain());
+        assertEquals("client_id", ((ApplicationTokenCredentials) cred).clientId());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetToken() throws Exception {
+        final AzureCredential credExpected = AzureCredential.fromAuthenticationResult(TestHelper.createAuthenticationResult());
+        credExpected.setAccessToken("token refreshed");
+        mockStatic(AzureLoginHelper.class);
+
+        final AzureEnvironment env = AzureEnvironment.AZURE;
+        final AzureCredential cred = AzureCredential.fromAuthenticationResult(TestHelper.createAuthenticationResult());
+        when(AzureLoginHelper.refreshToken(eq(env), eq("refresh token"))).thenReturn(credExpected);
+        cred.setRefreshToken("refresh token");
+        //  sample token from https://medium.com/@siddharthac6/json-web-token-jwt-the-right-way-of-implementing-with-node-js-65b8915d550e
+        final String expiredToken = "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJkYXRhMSI6IkRhdGEgMSIsImRhdGEyIjoiRGF0YSAyIiwiZGF0YTMiOiJEYXRhIDMiLCJkYXRhNCI6Ik" +
+                "RhdGEgNCIsImlhdCI6MTUyNTE5MzM3NywiZXhwIjoxNTI1MjM2NTc3LCJhdWQiOiJodHRwOi8vbXlzb2Z0Y29ycC5pbiIsImlzcyI6Ik15c29mdCBjb3JwIiwic3ViIjoic29tZUB1c2" +
+                "VyLmNvbSJ9.ID2fn6t0tcoXeTgkG2AivnG1skctbCAyY8M1ZF38kFvUJozRWSbdVc7FLwot-bwV8k1imV8o0fqdv5sVY0Yzmg";
+        cred.setAccessToken(expiredToken);
+        assertEquals("token refreshed", AzureAuthHelper.getMavenAzureLoginCredentials(cred, env).getToken(env.resourceManagerEndpoint()));
+
+        // token created by site: http://jwtbuilder.jamiekurtz.com/,
+        //{
+        //    "iss": "Online JWT Builder",
+        //    "iat": 1566201321,
+        //    "exp": 4090722921,
+        //    "aud": "www.example.com",
+        //    "sub": "jrocket@example.com",
+        //    "GivenName": "Johnny",
+        //    "Surname": "Rocket",
+        //    "Email": "jrocket@example.com",
+        //    "Role": [
+        //        "Manager",
+        //        "Project Administrator"
+        //    ]
+        //}
+        final String validToken = "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJPbmxpbmUgSldUIEJ1aWxkZXIiLCJpYXQiOjE1NjYyMDEzMjEsImV4cCI6NDA5MDcyMjkyMSw" +
+                "iYXVkIjoid3d3LmV4YW1wbGUuY29tIiwic3ViIjoianJvY2tldEBleGFtcGxlLmNvbSIsIkdpdmVuTmFtZSI6IkpvaG5ueSIsIlN1cm5hbWUiOiJSb2NrZXQiLCJFbWFpbCI6Impyb2" +
+                "NrZXRAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20iLCJSb2xlIjpbIk1hbmFnZXIiLCJQcm9qZWN0IEFkbWluaXN0cmF0b3IiXX0.m0yY1rRd9-zo9pUKWdkuuCSIj48K-X8IPr1-3gj-dGQ";
+        cred.setAccessToken(validToken);
+
+        assertEquals(validToken, AzureAuthHelper.getMavenAzureLoginCredentials(cred, env).getToken(env.resourceManagerEndpoint()));
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `cred` last assigned on line 251 could be null and is dereferenced at line 253.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AzureAuthHelperTest.testGetAzureTokenCredentials()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.microsoft.azure.auth.AzureAuthHelperTest.testGetAzureTokenCredentials():void.51e71b36d32eac5050381dc3adf918f2
+
+### File:
+azure-auth-helper/src/test/java/com/microsoft/azure/auth/AzureAuthHelperTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AzureAuthHelperTest.java|testGetAzureTokenCredentials|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+1f83c926c3d2478f6e800a5f0da6cc8a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3319/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3319/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5eb165e4ca667dc20621bf59a710313d39e84689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3319/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1312 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ * 
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test {
+
+    private final Random _random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the _random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this._random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the isStringBase64 method.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsStringBase64() {
+        String nullString = null;
+        String emptyString = "";
+        String validString = "abc===defg\n\r123456\r789\r\rABC\n\nDEF==GHI\r\nJKL==============";
+        String invalidString = validString + (char)0; // append null character
+        
+        try {
+            Base64.isBase64(nullString);
+            fail("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            assertNotNull("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.", npe);
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(empty-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(emptyString));
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(valid-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(validString));        
+        assertFalse("Base64.isStringBase64(invalid-string) is false", Base64.isBase64(invalidString));        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64() {
+        String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually) {e-acute*6}
+        byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertEquals("decode hello world", "Hello World", decodeString);        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger1() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger4() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes("UTF-8")));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'}); // TODO do we need to check sep if len = -1?
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+        assertNotNull(base64);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes("UTF-8")).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes("UTF-8");
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertEquals("Dest string doesn't equal the original", orig, dest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + new String(enc) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec112() { // size calculation assumes always chunked
+        byte[] in = new byte[] {0};
+        byte[] out=Base64.encodeBase64(in);
+        Base64.encodeBase64(in, false, false, out.length);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownDecodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownEncodings() throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertEquals("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    0, result.length);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(Integer.valueOf(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes("UTF-8"));
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object origObj = original.getBytes("UTF-8");
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+    
+    private void testDecodeEncode(String encodedText) {
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+    
+    private void testEncodeDecode(String plainText) {
+        String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     * 
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        byte[] b3 = null;
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        String s2 = "";
+        String s3 = null;
+        String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(byte[] data) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests a lineSeparator much bigger than DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/commons-dev/201202.mbox/%3C4F3C85D7.5060706@snafu.de%3E">dev@commons.apache.org</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testHugeLineSeparator() {
+        final int BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
+        final int Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK = 4;
+        byte[] baLineSeparator = new byte[BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE * 4 - 3];
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK, baLineSeparator);
+        String strOriginal = "Hello World";
+        String strDecoded = new String(b64.decode(b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(strOriginal))));
+        assertEquals("testDEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", strOriginal, strDecoded);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes("UTF-8"))` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `String(...)` at line 252.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testDecodePadMarkerIndex2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testDecodePadMarkerIndex2():void.2dedf396e8e849aeb6b9ae6bda7e8797
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testDecodePadMarkerIndex2|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e7100ed3d2ec428549af314291e315ce
+
+### Hash:
+2fca1cca759643d9af555f47d208da93
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3326/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3326/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cd14f591706da3fa45b7b11faba127c07ec50b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3326/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @version $Id $
+ * @since 1.4
+ */
+public class Base64InputStreamTest {
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes to {0, 0, 0, 255, 255, 255}
+     */
+    private static final String ENCODED_B64 = "AAAA////";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base64OutputStream base64os = new Base64OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base64os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base64os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base64InputStream ins = new Base64InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0 because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+        int c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+
+        c = in.read(result);
+        assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     *
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base64InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     *
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bais);
+        InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+        String line = br.readLine();
+        assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+        byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+        Base64InputStream stream = new Base64InputStream(data);
+
+        // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+
+        String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("codec-98 NPE Base64InputStream", Base64TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(1, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.available());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase64EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase64EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base64InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n");
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA==\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // OpenSSL interop test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+
+        // Single Line test.
+        String singleLine = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        decoded = Base64TestData.DECODED;
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, false);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base64TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base64InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base64 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base64 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base64 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base64 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base64InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base64InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base64 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base64InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base64InputStream in = new Base64InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base64InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base64InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping number of characters larger than the internal buffer.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipBig() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b64stream.skip(0));
+        b64stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, (byte) 255, (byte) 255, (byte) 255 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(6, b64stream.skip(6));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b64stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if negative arguments to skip are handled correctly.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSkipWrongArgument() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_B64));
+        Base64InputStream b64stream = new Base64InputStream(ins);
+        b64stream.skip(-10);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStream` acquired to `in` by call to `Base64InputStream(...)` at line 429 is not released after line 431.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64InputStreamTest.testReadNull()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64InputStreamTest.testReadNull():void.3c7e02960679f7309286752cf1fb4560
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64InputStreamTest.java|testReadNull|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5533a9ebb24db4f5d91393d0b35659f5
+
+### Hash:
+f7947cee3005991714efc240682fd36a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3328/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3328/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..93d606dd7b7e0d9c1288aa4d0a2ed611f9e7812d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3328/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1244 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ * 
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @author Apache Software Foundation
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test extends TestCase {
+
+    private Random _random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new instance of this test case.
+     * 
+     * @param name
+     *            Name of the test case
+     */
+    public Base64Test(String name) {
+        super(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the _random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this._random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    public void testBase64() {
+        String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertTrue("encoding hello world", encodedContent.equals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ="));
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually)
+        byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertTrue("decode hello world", decodeString.equals("Hello World"));        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger1() {
+        String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger2() {
+        String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger3() {
+        String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeInteger4() {
+        String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes()));
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+    }
+
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() {
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes())));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes()).length == 0);
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() {
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes())));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+        assertTrue(Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes()).length == 0);
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes());
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes();
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertTrue("Dest string doesn't equal the original", dest.equals(orig));
+    }
+
+    public void testDiscardWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes());
+        StringBuffer intermediate = new StringBuffer(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes();
+        byte[] encodedNoWS = Base64.discardWhitespace(encodedWithWS);
+        byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+        byte[] decodedNoWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedNoWS);
+
+        String destFromWS = new String(decodedWithWS);
+        String destFromNoWS = new String(decodedNoWS);
+
+        assertTrue("Dest string doesn't equal original", destFromWS.equals(orig));
+        assertTrue("Dest string doesn't equal original", destFromNoWS.equals(orig));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + (new String(enc)) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isArrayByteBase64(enc));
+            byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expceted
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isArrayByteBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isArrayByteBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isArrayByteBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    public void testKnownDecodings() {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testKnownEncodings() {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes())));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes())));
+    }
+
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isArrayByteBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertTrue("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    result.length == 0);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(new Integer(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes());
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertTrue("dest string does not equal original", dest.equals(original));
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        String original = "Hello World!";
+        Object origObj = original.getBytes();
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertTrue("dest string does not equal original", dest.equals(original));
+    }
+
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes("UTF-8"))));
+    }
+
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, Base64.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, Base64.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        //assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        //assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        //testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+    
+    private void testDecodeEncode(String encodedText) {
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * 
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+    
+    private void testEncodeDecode(String plainText) {
+        String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+    
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     * 
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        byte[] b3 = null;
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        String s2 = "";
+        String s3 = null;
+        String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(byte[] data) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `decodeBase64("====".getBytes())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 232.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testDecodePadOnly()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testDecodePadOnly():void.402f9e7c9e19ad22994a4705cc6b070d
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testDecodePadOnly|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c26a9a455e055d38651d28ebec106b05
+
+### Hash:
+c98000d494af3c50f32cad29cb9e7436
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3342/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3342/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb7700274018f07dcf926d92ec9ae8b1b095a862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3342/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1332 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 54
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.Charsets;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.DecoderException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.EncoderException;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases for Base64 class.
+ *
+ * @see <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt">RFC 2045</a>
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class Base64Test {
+
+    private final Random random = new Random();
+
+    /**
+     * @return Returns the random.
+     */
+    public Random getRandom() {
+        return this.random;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the isStringBase64 method.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsStringBase64() {
+        final String nullString = null;
+        final String emptyString = "";
+        final String validString = "abc===defg\n\r123456\r789\r\rABC\n\nDEF==GHI\r\nJKL==============";
+        final String invalidString = validString + (char)0; // append null character
+
+        try {
+            Base64.isBase64(nullString);
+            fail("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.");
+        } catch (final NullPointerException npe) {
+            assertNotNull("Base64.isStringBase64() should not be null-safe.", npe);
+        }
+
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(empty-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(emptyString));
+        assertTrue("Base64.isStringBase64(valid-string) is true", Base64.isBase64(validString));
+        assertFalse("Base64.isStringBase64(invalid-string) is false", Base64.isBase64(invalidString));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base64 implementation
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase64() {
+        final String content = "Hello World";
+        String encodedContent;
+        byte[] encodedBytes = Base64.encodeBase64(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        Base64 b64 = new Base64(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        b64 = new Base64(0, null);  // null lineSeparator same as saying no-chunking
+        encodedBytes = b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(content));
+        encodedContent = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encodedBytes);
+        assertEquals("encoding hello world", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", encodedContent);
+
+        // bogus characters to decode (to skip actually) {e-acute*6}
+        final byte[] decode = b64.decode("SGVsbG{\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9}8gV29ybGQ=");
+        final String decodeString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decode);
+        assertEquals("decode hello world", "Hello World", decodeString);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test our decode with pad character in the middle.
+     * (Our current implementation:  halt decode and return what we've got so far).
+     *
+     * The point of this test is not to say "this is the correct way to decode base64."
+     * The point is simply to keep us aware of the current logic since 1.4 so we
+     * don't accidentally break it without realizing.
+     *
+     * Note for historians.  The 1.3 logic would decode to:
+     * "Hello World\u0000Hello World" -- null in the middle ---
+     * and 1.4 unwittingly changed it to current logic.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithInnerPad() {
+        final String content = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=";
+        final byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(content);
+        final byte[] shouldBe = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        assertTrue("decode should halt at pad (=)", Arrays.equals(result, shouldBe));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests Base64.encodeBase64().
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedEncodeMultipleOf76() {
+        final byte[] expectedEncode = Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true);
+        // convert to "\r\n" so we're equal to the old openssl encoding test stored
+        // in Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE:
+        final String actualResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_76_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "\r\n");
+        final byte[] actualEncode = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(actualResult);
+        assertTrue("chunkedEncodeMultipleOf76", Arrays.equals(expectedEncode, actualEncode));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CODEC-68: isBase64 throws ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException on some non-BASE64 bytes
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec68() {
+        final byte[] x = new byte[]{'n', 'A', '=', '=', (byte) 0x9c};
+        Base64.decodeBase64(x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger1() {
+        final String encodedInt1 = "li7dzDacuo67Jg7mtqEm2TRuOMU=";
+        final BigInteger bigInt1 = new BigInteger("85739377120809420210425962799" + "0318636601332086981");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt1, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt1)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt1, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt1.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger2() {
+        final String encodedInt2 = "9B5ypLY9pMOmtxCeTDHgwdNFeGs=";
+        final BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("13936727572861167254666467268" + "91466679477132949611");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt2, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt2)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt2, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt2.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger3() {
+        final String encodedInt3 = "FKIhdgaG5LGKiEtF1vHy4f3y700zaD6QwDS3IrNVGzNp2" + "rY+1LFWTK6D44AyiC1n8uWz1itkYMZF0/aKDK0Yjg==";
+        final BigInteger bigInt3 = new BigInteger("10806548154093873461951748545"
+            + "1196989136416448805819079363524309897749044958112417136240557"
+            + "4495062430572478766856090958495998158114332651671116876320938126");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt3, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt3)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt3, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt3.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeInteger4() {
+        final String encodedInt4 = "ctA8YGxrtngg/zKVvqEOefnwmViFztcnPBYPlJsvh6yKI"
+            + "4iDm68fnp4Mi3RrJ6bZAygFrUIQLxLjV+OJtgJAEto0xAs+Mehuq1DkSFEpP3o"
+            + "DzCTOsrOiS1DwQe4oIb7zVk/9l7aPtJMHW0LVlMdwZNFNNJoqMcT2ZfCPrfvYv"
+            + "Q0=";
+        final BigInteger bigInt4 = new BigInteger("80624726256040348115552042320"
+            + "6968135001872753709424419772586693950232350200555646471175944"
+            + "519297087885987040810778908507262272892702303774422853675597"
+            + "748008534040890923814202286633163248086055216976551456088015"
+            + "338880713818192088877057717530169381044092839402438015097654"
+            + "53542091716518238707344493641683483917");
+
+        assertEquals(encodedInt4, new String(Base64.encodeInteger(bigInt4)));
+        assertEquals(bigInt4, Base64.decodeInteger(encodedInt4.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerEdgeCases() {
+        // TODO
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodeIntegerNull() {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeInteger(null);
+            fail("Exception not thrown when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        } catch (final NullPointerException npe) {
+            // expected
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            fail("Incorrect Exception caught when passing in null to encodeInteger(BigInteger)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() {
+        Base64 base64;
+        base64 = new Base64();
+        base64 = new Base64(-1);
+        base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{});
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{});
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(-1, new byte[]{'A'}); // TODO do we need to check sep if len = -1?
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'='});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use '=' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'$'}); // OK
+        try {
+            base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'A', '$'});
+            fail("Should have rejected attempt to use 'A$' as a line separator");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+        base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{' ', '$', '\n', '\r', '\t'}); // OK
+        assertNotNull(base64);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean() {
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64(65, new byte[]{'\t'}, false);
+        final byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        final String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(65, \\t, false)", expectedResult, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor_Int_ByteArray_Boolean_UrlSafe() {
+        // url-safe variation
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64(64, new byte[]{'\t'}, true);
+        final byte[] encoded = base64.encode(Base64TestData.DECODED);
+        String expectedResult = Base64TestData.ENCODED_64_CHARS_PER_LINE;
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replaceAll("=", ""); // url-safe has no == padding.
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('\n', '\t');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('+', '-');
+        expectedResult = expectedResult.replace('/', '_');
+        final String result = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(encoded);
+        assertEquals("new Base64(64, \\t, true)", result, expectedResult);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional true branch for "marker0" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex2() {
+        assertEquals("A", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QQ==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests conditional branches for "marker1" test.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadMarkerIndex3() {
+        assertEquals("AA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUE=".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("AAA", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("QUFB".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnly() {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodePadOnlyChunked() {
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals("", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("====\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        // Test truncated padding
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("===\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("==\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("=\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+        assertEquals(0, Base64.decodeBase64("\n".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)).length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodeWithWhitespace() throws Exception {
+
+        final String orig = "I am a late night coder.";
+
+        final byte[] encodedArray = Base64.encodeBase64(orig.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8));
+        final StringBuilder intermediate = new StringBuilder(new String(encodedArray));
+
+        intermediate.insert(2, ' ');
+        intermediate.insert(5, '\t');
+        intermediate.insert(10, '\r');
+        intermediate.insert(15, '\n');
+
+        final byte[] encodedWithWS = intermediate.toString().getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8);
+        final byte[] decodedWithWS = Base64.decodeBase64(encodedWithWS);
+
+        final String dest = new String(decodedWithWS);
+
+        assertEquals("Dest string doesn't equal the original", orig, dest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test encode and decode of empty byte array.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyBase64() {
+        byte[] empty = new byte[0];
+        byte[] result = Base64.encodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.encodeBase64(null));
+
+        empty = new byte[0];
+        result = Base64.decodeBase64(empty);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 decode", 0, result.length);
+        assertEquals("empty base64 encode", null, Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) null));
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode a large random array
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeRandom() {
+        for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
+            final byte[] data = new byte[this.getRandom().nextInt(10000) + 1];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            final byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            final byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encode/decode random arrays from size 0 to size 11
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeDecodeSmall() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 12; i++) {
+            final byte[] data = new byte[i];
+            this.getRandom().nextBytes(data);
+            final byte[] enc = Base64.encodeBase64(data);
+            assertTrue("\"" + new String(enc) + "\" is Base64 data.", Base64.isBase64(enc));
+            final byte[] data2 = Base64.decodeBase64(enc);
+            assertTrue(toString(data) + " equals " + toString(data2), Arrays.equals(data, data2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEncodeOverMaxSize() throws Exception {
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(-1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(0);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(1);
+        testEncodeOverMaxSize(2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec112() { // size calculation assumes always chunked
+        final byte[] in = new byte[] {0};
+        final byte[] out=Base64.encodeBase64(in);
+        Base64.encodeBase64(in, false, false, out.length);
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeOverMaxSize(final int maxSize) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Base64.encodeBase64(Base64TestData.DECODED, true, false, maxSize);
+            fail("Expected " + IllegalArgumentException.class.getName());
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoringNonBase64InDecode() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIH@$#$@%F1aWN@#@#@@rIGJyb3duIGZve\n\r\t%#%#%#%CBqd##$#$W1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIsArrayByteBase64() {
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-125}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{-10}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{0}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{64, Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{Byte.MAX_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', Byte.MIN_VALUE}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'A', 'Z', 'a'}));
+        assertTrue(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'/', '=', '+'}));
+        assertFalse(Base64.isBase64(new byte[]{'$'}));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests isUrlSafe.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testIsUrlSafe() {
+        final Base64 base64Standard = new Base64(false);
+        final Base64 base64URLSafe = new Base64(true);
+
+        assertFalse("Base64.isUrlSafe=false", base64Standard.isUrlSafe());
+        assertTrue("Base64.isUrlSafe=true", base64URLSafe.isUrlSafe());
+
+        final byte[] whiteSpace = {' ', '\n', '\r', '\t'};
+        assertTrue("Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace)=true", Base64.isBase64(whiteSpace));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownDecodings() {
+        assertEquals("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz", new String(Base64
+                .decodeBase64("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0="
+                .getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("xyzzy!", new String(Base64.decodeBase64("eHl6enkh".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testKnownEncodings() {
+        assertEquals("VGhlIHF1aWNrIGJyb3duIGZveCBqdW1wZWQgb3ZlciB0aGUgbGF6eSBkb2dzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals(
+                "YmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJs\r\nYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFo\r\nIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBibGFoIGJsYWggYmxhaCBi\r\nbGFoIGJsYWg=\r\n",
+                new String(
+                        Base64
+                                .encodeBase64Chunked("blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah blah"
+                                        .getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("SXQgd2FzIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLCBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIHdvcnN0IG9mIHRpbWVzLg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("aHR0cDovL2pha2FydGEuYXBhY2hlLm9yZy9jb21tbW9ucw==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("http://jakarta.apache.org/commmons".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("QWFCYkNjRGRFZUZmR2dIaElpSmpLa0xsTW1Obk9vUHBRcVJyU3NUdFV1VnZXd1h4WXlaeg==", new String(Base64
+                .encodeBase64("AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("eyAwLCAxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA3LCA4LCA5IH0=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }"
+                .getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+        assertEquals("eHl6enkh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64("xyzzy!".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNonBase64Test() throws Exception {
+
+        final byte[] bArray = {'%'};
+
+        assertFalse("Invalid Base64 array was incorrectly validated as " + "an array of Base64 encoded data", Base64
+                .isBase64(bArray));
+
+        try {
+            final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+            final byte[] result = b64.decode(bArray);
+
+            assertEquals("The result should be empty as the test encoded content did " + "not contain any valid base 64 characters",
+                    0, result.length);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            fail("Exception was thrown when trying to decode "
+                + "invalid base64 encoded data - RFC 2045 requires that all "
+                + "non base64 character be discarded, an exception should not"
+                + " have been thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+
+        try {
+            b64.decode(Integer.valueOf(5));
+            fail("decode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed an Integer object");
+        } catch (final DecoderException e) {
+            // ignored
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectDecodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        final String original = "Hello World!";
+        final Object o = Base64.encodeBase64(original.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8));
+
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        final Object oDecoded = b64.decode(o);
+        final byte[] baDecoded = (byte[]) oDecoded;
+        final String dest = new String(baDecoded);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithInvalidParameter() throws Exception {
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        try {
+            b64.encode("Yadayadayada");
+            fail("encode(Object) didn't throw an exception when passed a String object");
+        } catch (final EncoderException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncodeWithValidParameter() throws Exception {
+
+        final String original = "Hello World!";
+        final Object origObj = original.getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8);
+
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        final Object oEncoded = b64.encode(origObj);
+        final byte[] bArray = Base64.decodeBase64((byte[]) oEncoded);
+        final String dest = new String(bArray);
+
+        assertEquals("dest string does not equal original", original, dest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectEncode() throws Exception {
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64();
+        assertEquals("SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", new String(b64.encode("Hello World".getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPairs() {
+        assertEquals("AAA=", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{0, 0})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            final byte test[] = {(byte) i, (byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 2.1 CRLF definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section2Dot1CrLfDefinition() {
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new byte[]{13, 10}, Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 2045 section 6.8 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc2045Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(76, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 1421 section 4.3.2.4 chuck size definition.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc1421Section6Dot8ChunkSizeDefinition() {
+        assertEquals(64, BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Decode() {
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("")));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==")));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=")));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v")));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==")));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=")));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeWithCrLf() {
+        final String CRLF = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.CHUNK_SEPARATOR);
+        assertEquals("", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("f", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm8=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foo", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9v" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foob", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYg==" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("fooba", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmE=" + CRLF)));
+        assertEquals("foobar", StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy" + CRLF)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10Encode() {
+        assertEquals("", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("")));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("f")));
+        assertEquals("Zm8=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9v", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foo")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYg==", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foob")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmE=", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("fooba")));
+        assertEquals("Zm9vYmFy", Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("foobar")));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10DecodeEncode() {
+        testDecodeEncode("");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zg==");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm8=");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9v");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYg==");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmE=");
+        testDecodeEncode("Zm9vYmFy");
+    }
+
+    private void testDecodeEncode(final String encodedText) {
+        final String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        final String encodedText2 = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(decodedText));
+        assertEquals(encodedText, encodedText2);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests RFC 4648 section 10 test vectors.
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>BASE64("") = ""</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("f") = "Zg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fo") = "Zm8="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foo") = "Zm9v"</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foob") = "Zm9vYg=="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("fooba") = "Zm9vYmE="</li>
+     * <li>BASE64("foobar") = "Zm9vYmFy"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @see <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648">http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648</a>
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRfc4648Section10EncodeDecode() {
+        testEncodeDecode("");
+        testEncodeDecode("f");
+        testEncodeDecode("fo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foo");
+        testEncodeDecode("foob");
+        testEncodeDecode("fooba");
+        testEncodeDecode("foobar");
+    }
+
+    private void testEncodeDecode(final String plainText) {
+        final String encodedText = Base64.encodeBase64String(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(plainText));
+        final String decodedText = StringUtils.newStringUsAscii(Base64.decodeBase64(encodedText));
+        assertEquals(plainText, decodedText);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletons() {
+        assertEquals("AA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+        for (int i = -128; i <= 127; i++) {
+            final byte test[] = {(byte) i};
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(test, Base64.decodeBase64(Base64.encodeBase64(test))));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingletonsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("Ag==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("Aw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("BA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("BQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("Bg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("Bw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("CA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("CQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("Cg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("Cw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("DA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("DQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("Dg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("Dw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("EA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("EQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("Eg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("Ew==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("FA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("FQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("Fg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("Fw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("GA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("GQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("Gg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("Gw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("HA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("HQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("Hg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("Hw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("IA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("IQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("Ig==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("Iw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("JA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("JQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("Jg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("Jw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("KA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("KQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("Kg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("Kw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("LA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("LQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("Lg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("Lw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("MA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("MQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("Mg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("Mw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("NA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("NQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("Ng==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("Nw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("OA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("OQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("Og==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("Ow==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("PA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("PQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("Pg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("Pw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 63})));
+        assertEquals("QA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 64})));
+        assertEquals("QQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 65})));
+        assertEquals("Qg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 66})));
+        assertEquals("Qw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 67})));
+        assertEquals("RA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 68})));
+        assertEquals("RQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 69})));
+        assertEquals("Rg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 70})));
+        assertEquals("Rw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 71})));
+        assertEquals("SA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 72})));
+        assertEquals("SQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 73})));
+        assertEquals("Sg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 74})));
+        assertEquals("Sw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 75})));
+        assertEquals("TA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 76})));
+        assertEquals("TQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 77})));
+        assertEquals("Tg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 78})));
+        assertEquals("Tw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 79})));
+        assertEquals("UA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 80})));
+        assertEquals("UQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 81})));
+        assertEquals("Ug==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 82})));
+        assertEquals("Uw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 83})));
+        assertEquals("VA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 84})));
+        assertEquals("VQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 85})));
+        assertEquals("Vg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 86})));
+        assertEquals("Vw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 87})));
+        assertEquals("WA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 88})));
+        assertEquals("WQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 89})));
+        assertEquals("Wg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 90})));
+        assertEquals("Ww==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 91})));
+        assertEquals("XA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 92})));
+        assertEquals("XQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 93})));
+        assertEquals("Xg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 94})));
+        assertEquals("Xw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 95})));
+        assertEquals("YA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 96})));
+        assertEquals("YQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 97})));
+        assertEquals("Yg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 98})));
+        assertEquals("Yw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 99})));
+        assertEquals("ZA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 100})));
+        assertEquals("ZQ==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 101})));
+        assertEquals("Zg==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 102})));
+        assertEquals("Zw==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 103})));
+        assertEquals("aA==\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 104})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTriplets() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/", new String(Base64.encodeBase64(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTripletsChunked() {
+        assertEquals("AAAA\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 0})));
+        assertEquals("AAAB\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 1})));
+        assertEquals("AAAC\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 2})));
+        assertEquals("AAAD\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 3})));
+        assertEquals("AAAE\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 4})));
+        assertEquals("AAAF\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 5})));
+        assertEquals("AAAG\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 6})));
+        assertEquals("AAAH\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 7})));
+        assertEquals("AAAI\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 8})));
+        assertEquals("AAAJ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 9})));
+        assertEquals("AAAK\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 10})));
+        assertEquals("AAAL\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 11})));
+        assertEquals("AAAM\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 12})));
+        assertEquals("AAAN\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 13})));
+        assertEquals("AAAO\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 14})));
+        assertEquals("AAAP\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 15})));
+        assertEquals("AAAQ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 16})));
+        assertEquals("AAAR\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 17})));
+        assertEquals("AAAS\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 18})));
+        assertEquals("AAAT\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 19})));
+        assertEquals("AAAU\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 20})));
+        assertEquals("AAAV\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 21})));
+        assertEquals("AAAW\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 22})));
+        assertEquals("AAAX\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 23})));
+        assertEquals("AAAY\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 24})));
+        assertEquals("AAAZ\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 25})));
+        assertEquals("AAAa\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 26})));
+        assertEquals("AAAb\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 27})));
+        assertEquals("AAAc\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 28})));
+        assertEquals("AAAd\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 29})));
+        assertEquals("AAAe\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 30})));
+        assertEquals("AAAf\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 31})));
+        assertEquals("AAAg\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 32})));
+        assertEquals("AAAh\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 33})));
+        assertEquals("AAAi\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 34})));
+        assertEquals("AAAj\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 35})));
+        assertEquals("AAAk\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 36})));
+        assertEquals("AAAl\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 37})));
+        assertEquals("AAAm\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 38})));
+        assertEquals("AAAn\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 39})));
+        assertEquals("AAAo\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 40})));
+        assertEquals("AAAp\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 41})));
+        assertEquals("AAAq\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 42})));
+        assertEquals("AAAr\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 43})));
+        assertEquals("AAAs\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 44})));
+        assertEquals("AAAt\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 45})));
+        assertEquals("AAAu\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 46})));
+        assertEquals("AAAv\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 47})));
+        assertEquals("AAAw\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 48})));
+        assertEquals("AAAx\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 49})));
+        assertEquals("AAAy\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 50})));
+        assertEquals("AAAz\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 51})));
+        assertEquals("AAA0\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 52})));
+        assertEquals("AAA1\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 53})));
+        assertEquals("AAA2\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 54})));
+        assertEquals("AAA3\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 55})));
+        assertEquals("AAA4\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 56})));
+        assertEquals("AAA5\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 57})));
+        assertEquals("AAA6\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 58})));
+        assertEquals("AAA7\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 59})));
+        assertEquals("AAA8\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 60})));
+        assertEquals("AAA9\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 61})));
+        assertEquals("AAA+\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 62})));
+        assertEquals("AAA/\r\n", new String(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(new byte[]{(byte) 0, (byte) 0, (byte) 63})));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests url-safe Base64 against random data, sizes 0 to 150.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUrlSafe() {
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            final byte[][] randomData = Base64TestData.randomData(i, true);
+            final byte[] encoded = randomData[1];
+            final byte[] decoded = randomData[0];
+            final byte[] result = Base64.decodeBase64(encoded);
+            assertTrue("url-safe i=" + i, Arrays.equals(decoded, result));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '='", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '='));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '\\'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '\\'));
+            assertFalse("url-safe i=" + i + " no '+'", Base64TestData.bytesContain(encoded, (byte) '+'));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base64 encoding of UUID's is a common use-case, especially in URL-SAFE mode. This test case ends up being the
+     * "URL-SAFE" JUnit's.
+     *
+     * @throws DecoderException
+     *             if Hex.decode() fails - a serious problem since Hex comes from our own commons-codec!
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUUID() throws DecoderException {
+        // The 4 UUID's below contains mixtures of + and / to help us test the
+        // URL-SAFE encoding mode.
+        final byte[][] ids = new byte[4][];
+
+        // ids[0] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one +.
+        ids[0] = Hex.decodeHex("94ed8d0319e4493399560fb67404d370".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[1] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +.
+        ids[1] = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[2] was chosen so that it encodes with at least one /.
+        ids[2] = Hex.decodeHex("64be154b6ffa40258d1a01288e7c31ca".toCharArray());
+
+        // ids[3] was chosen so that it encodes with both / and +, with /
+        // right at the beginning.
+        ids[3] = Hex.decodeHex("ff7f8fc01cdb471a8c8b5a9306183fe8".toCharArray());
+
+        final byte[][] standard = new byte[4][];
+        standard[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg+2dATTcA==");
+        standard[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        standard[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2/6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        standard[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("/3+PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg/6A==");
+
+        final byte[][] urlSafe1 = new byte[4][];
+        // regular padding (two '==' signs).
+        urlSafe1[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA==");
+        urlSafe1[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==");
+        urlSafe1[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg==");
+        urlSafe1[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A==");
+
+        final byte[][] urlSafe2 = new byte[4][];
+        // single padding (only one '=' sign).
+        urlSafe2[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA=");
+        urlSafe2[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA=");
+        urlSafe2[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg=");
+        urlSafe2[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A=");
+
+        final byte[][] urlSafe3 = new byte[4][];
+        // no padding (no '=' signs).
+        urlSafe3[0] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("lO2NAxnkSTOZVg-2dATTcA");
+        urlSafe3[1] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA");
+        urlSafe3[2] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("ZL4VS2_6QCWNGgEojnwxyg");
+        urlSafe3[3] = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("_3-PwBzbRxqMi1qTBhg_6A");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            final byte[] encodedStandard = Base64.encodeBase64(ids[i]);
+            final byte[] encodedUrlSafe = Base64.encodeBase64URLSafe(ids[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedStandard = Base64.decodeBase64(standard[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedUrlSafe1 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe1[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedUrlSafe2 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe2[i]);
+            final byte[] decodedUrlSafe3 = Base64.decodeBase64(urlSafe3[i]);
+
+            // Very important debugging output should anyone
+            // ever need to delve closely into this stuff.
+            if (false) {
+                System.out.println("reference: [" + Hex.encodeHexString(ids[i]) + "]");
+                System.out.println("standard:  [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedStandard) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(standard[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe1:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe1) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe1[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe2:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe2) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe2[i]) +
+                    "]");
+                System.out.println("safe3:     [" +
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(decodedUrlSafe3) +
+                    "] From: [" +
+                    StringUtils.newStringUtf8(urlSafe3[i]) +
+                    "]");
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("standard encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedStandard, standard[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe encode uuid", Arrays.equals(encodedUrlSafe, urlSafe3[i]));
+            assertTrue("standard decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedStandard, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe1 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe1, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe2 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe2, ids[i]));
+            assertTrue("url-safe3 decode uuid", Arrays.equals(decodedUrlSafe3, ids[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByteToStringVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64(0);
+        final byte[] b1 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("Hello World");
+        final byte[] b2 = new byte[0];
+        final byte[] b3 = null;
+        final byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("byteToString Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", base64.encodeToString(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static Hello World", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=", Base64.encodeBase64String(b1));
+        assertEquals("byteToString \"\"", "", base64.encodeToString(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static \"\"", "", Base64.encodeBase64String(b2));
+        assertEquals("byteToString null", null, base64.encodeToString(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static null", null, Base64.encodeBase64String(b3));
+        assertEquals("byteToString UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", base64.encodeToString(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static UUID", "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==", Base64.encodeBase64String(b4));
+        assertEquals("byteToString static-url-safe UUID", "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA", Base64.encodeBase64URLSafeString(b4));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStringToByteVariations() throws DecoderException {
+        final Base64 base64 = new Base64();
+        final String s1 = "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=\r\n";
+        final String s2 = "";
+        final String s3 = null;
+        final String s4a = "K/fMJwH+Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA==\r\n";
+        final String s4b = "K_fMJwH-Q5e0nr7tWsxwkA";
+        final byte[] b4 = Hex.decodeHex("2bf7cc2701fe4397b49ebeed5acc7090".toCharArray());  // for url-safe tests
+
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8((byte[])base64.decode((Object)s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static Hello World", "Hello World", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s1)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static \"\"", "", StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s2)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(base64.decode(s3)));
+        assertEquals("StringToByte static null", null, StringUtils.newStringUtf8(Base64.decodeBase64(s3)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, base64.decode(s4b)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4a)));
+        assertTrue("StringToByte static-url-safe UUID", Arrays.equals(b4, Base64.decodeBase64(s4b)));
+    }
+
+    private String toString(final byte[] data) {
+        final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
+            buf.append(data[i]);
+            if (i != data.length - 1) {
+                buf.append(",");
+            }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests a lineSeparator much bigger than DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.
+     *
+     * @see "<a href='http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/commons-dev/201202.mbox/%3C4F3C85D7.5060706@snafu.de%3E'>dev@commons.apache.org</a>"
+     */
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testHugeLineSeparator() {
+        final int BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE = 8192;
+        final int Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK = 4;
+        final byte[] baLineSeparator = new byte[BaseNCodec_DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE * 4 - 3];
+        final Base64 b64 = new Base64(Base64_BYTES_PER_ENCODED_BLOCK, baLineSeparator);
+        final String strOriginal = "Hello World";
+        final String strDecoded = new String(b64.decode(b64.encode(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(strOriginal))));
+        assertEquals("testDEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", strOriginal, strDecoded);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `encodeBase64("The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dogs.".getBytes(org.apache.commons.codec.Charsets.UTF_8))` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `String(...)` at line 447.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base64Test.testKnownEncodings()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64Test.testKnownEncodings():void.670a68ecdebf6e9e5648d4b88c578642
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base64Test.java
+
+### Key:
+Base64Test.java|testKnownEncodings|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e7100ed3d2ec428549af314291e315ce
+
+### Hash:
+d7263b5dce92ebb04aed5ef5b5afab08
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3344/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3344/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13929c0def47fa29e27758ae65dfd59abde10122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3344/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-codec
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.codec.binary;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class Base32InputStreamTest {
+
+    private static final String ENCODED_FOO = "MZXW6===";
+
+    private final static byte[] CRLF = { (byte) '\r', (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private final static byte[] LF = { (byte) '\n' };
+
+    private static final String STRING_FIXTURE = "Hello World";
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the problem reported in CODEC-130. Missing / wrong implementation of skip.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec130() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        Base32OutputStream base32os = new Base32OutputStream(bos);
+
+        base32os.write(StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(STRING_FIXTURE));
+        base32os.close();
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+        Base32InputStream ins = new Base32InputStream(bis);
+
+        // we skip the first character read from the reader
+        ins.skip(1);
+        byte[] decodedBytes = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(ins, new byte[64]);
+        String str = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+
+        assertEquals(STRING_FIXTURE.substring(1), str);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the bug reported in CODEC-105. Bad interactions with InputStream when reading one byte at a time.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCodec105() throws IOException {
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(new Codec105ErrorInputStream(), true, 0, null);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                in.read();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            in.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // /**
+    // * Test for the CODEC-101 bug: InputStream.read(byte[]) should never return 0
+    // * because Java's builtin InputStreamReader hates that.
+    // *
+    // * @throws Exception for some failure scenarios.
+    // */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testCodec101() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+    // Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bais);
+    // byte[] result = new byte[8192];
+    // int c = in.read(result);
+    // assertTrue("Codec101: First read successful [c=" + c + "]", c > 0);
+    //
+    // c = in.read(result);
+    // assertTrue("Codec101: Second read should report end-of-stream [c=" + c + "]", c < 0);
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Another test for the CODEC-101 bug: In commons-codec-1.4 this test shows InputStreamReader explicitly hating an
+     * InputStream.read(byte[]) return of 0:
+     *
+     * java.io.IOException: Underlying input stream returned zero bytes at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.readBytes(StreamDecoder.java:268) at
+     * sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.implRead(StreamDecoder.java:306) at sun.nio.cs.StreamDecoder.read(StreamDecoder.java:158) at
+     * java.io.InputStreamReader.read(InputStreamReader.java:167) at java.io.BufferedReader.fill(BufferedReader.java:136) at
+     * java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:299) at java.io.BufferedReader.readLine(BufferedReader.java:362) at
+     * org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStreamTest.testInputStreamReader(Base32InputStreamTest.java:75)
+     *
+     * But in commons-codec-1.5 it's fixed. :-)
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testInputStreamReader() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec101 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_101_MULTIPLE_OF_3);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec101);
+    // Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bais);
+    // InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in);
+    // BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
+    // String line = br.readLine();
+    // assertNotNull("Codec101:  InputStreamReader works!", line);
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the Base32InputStream implementation against the special NPE inducing input identified in the CODEC-98 bug.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    // @Test
+    // public void testCodec98NPE() throws Exception {
+    // byte[] codec98 = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.CODEC_98_NPE);
+    // ByteArrayInputStream data = new ByteArrayInputStream(codec98);
+    // Base32InputStream stream = new Base32InputStream(data);
+    //
+    // // This line causes an NPE in commons-codec-1.4.jar:
+    // byte[] decodedBytes = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(stream, new byte[1024]);
+    //
+    // String decoded = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(decodedBytes);
+    // assertEquals(
+    // "codec-98 NPE Base32InputStream", Base32TestData.CODEC_98_NPE_DECODED, decoded
+    // );
+    // }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(1, b32stream.available());
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(0, b32stream.available());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(0, b32stream.available());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32EmptyInputStreamMimeChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase32EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation against empty input.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32EmptyInputStreamPemChuckSize() throws Exception {
+        testBase32EmptyInputStream(BaseNCodec.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    private void testBase32EmptyInputStream(int chuckSize) throws Exception {
+        byte[] emptyEncoded = new byte[0];
+        byte[] emptyDecoded = new byte[0];
+        testByteByByte(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+        testByChunk(emptyEncoded, emptyDecoded, chuckSize, CRLF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32InputStreamByChunk() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.BASE32_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA======\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByChunk(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // // OpenSSL interop test.
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByChunk(encoded, decoded, Base32.PEM_CHUNK_SIZE, LF);
+        //
+        // // Single Line test.
+        // String singleLine = Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        BaseNCodec codec = new Base32();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base32TestData.randomData(codec, i);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByChunk(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests the Base32InputStream implementation.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBase32InputStreamByteByByte() throws Exception {
+        // Hello World test.
+        byte[] encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.BASE32_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // Single Byte test.
+        encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8("AA======\r\n");
+        decoded = new byte[] { (byte) 0 };
+        testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, BaseNCodec.MIME_CHUNK_SIZE, CRLF);
+
+        // // Single Line test.
+        // String singleLine = Base32TestData.ENCODED_32_CHARS_PER_LINE.replaceAll("\n", "");
+        // encoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(singleLine);
+        // decoded = Base32TestData.DECODED;
+        // testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+
+        // test random data of sizes 0 thru 150
+        BaseNCodec codec = new Base32();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 150; i++) {
+            byte[][] randomData = Base32TestData.randomData(codec, i);
+            encoded = randomData[1];
+            decoded = randomData[0];
+            testByteByByte(encoded, decoded, 0, LF);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base32InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base32 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base32 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base32 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base32 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByChunk(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in);
+        output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = Base32TestData.streamToBytes(in);
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests method does three tests on the supplied data: 1. encoded ---[DECODE]--> decoded 2. decoded ---[ENCODE]--> encoded 3. decoded
+     * ---[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...] --> decoded
+     * <p/>
+     * By "[WRAP-WRAP-WRAP-etc...]" we mean situation where the Base32InputStream wraps itself in encode and decode mode over and over
+     * again.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     *            base32 encoded data
+     * @param decoded
+     *            the data from above, but decoded
+     * @param chunkSize
+     *            chunk size (line-length) of the base32 encoded data.
+     * @param seperator
+     *            Line separator in the base32 encoded data.
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             Usually signifies a bug in the Base32 commons-codec implementation.
+     */
+    private void testByteByByte(byte[] encoded, byte[] decoded, int chunkSize, byte[] seperator) throws Exception {
+
+        // Start with encode.
+        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+        byte[] output = new byte[encoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 encode", Arrays.equals(output, encoded));
+
+        // Now let's try decode.
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(encoded);
+        in = new Base32InputStream(in);
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 decode", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+
+        // I always wanted to do this! (wrap encoder with decoder etc etc).
+        in = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, true, chunkSize, seperator);
+            in = new Base32InputStream(in, false);
+        }
+        output = new byte[decoded.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < output.length; i++) {
+            output[i] = (byte) in.read();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertEquals("Still EOF", -1, in.read());
+        assertTrue("Streaming base32 wrap-wrap-wrap!", Arrays.equals(output, decoded));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests markSupported.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMarkSupported() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        // Always returns false for now.
+        assertFalse("Base32InputStream.markSupported() is false", in.markSupported());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read returning 0
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRead0() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        bytesRead = in.read(buf, 0, 0);
+        assertEquals("Base32InputStream.read(buf, 0, 0) returns 0", 0, bytesRead);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read with null.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     *             for some failure scenarios.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadNull() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+        try {
+            in.read(null, 0, 0);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(null, 0, 0) to throw a NullPointerException");
+        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests read throwing IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadOutOfBounds() throws Exception {
+        byte[] decoded = StringUtils.getBytesUtf8(Base32TestData.STRING_FIXTURE);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
+        ByteArrayInputStream bin = new ByteArrayInputStream(decoded);
+        Base32InputStream in = new Base32InputStream(bin, true, 4, new byte[] { 0, 0, 0 });
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, -1, 0);
+            fail("Expected Base32InputStream.read(buf, -1, 0) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, 0, -1);
+            fail("Expected Base32InputStream.read(buf, 0, -1) to throw IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(buf, buf.length + 1, 0) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+
+        try {
+            in.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2);
+            fail("Base32InputStream.read(buf, buf.length - 1, 2) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            // Expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping as a noop
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipNone() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        byte[] actualBytes = new byte[6];
+        assertEquals(0, b32stream.skip(0));
+        b32stream.read(actualBytes, 0, actualBytes.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(actualBytes, new byte[] { 102, 111, 111, 0, 0, 0 });
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping number of characters larger than the internal buffer.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipBig() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(1024));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping past the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipPastEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(10));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests skipping to the end of a stream.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipToEnd() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        // due to CODEC-130, skip now skips correctly decoded characters rather than encoded
+        assertEquals(3, b32stream.skip(3));
+        // End of stream reached
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+        assertEquals(-1, b32stream.read());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tests if negative arguments to skip are handled correctly.
+     *
+     * @throws Throwable
+     */
+    @Test(expected=IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testSkipWrongArgument() throws Throwable {
+        InputStream ins = new ByteArrayInputStream(StringUtils.getBytesIso8859_1(ENCODED_FOO));
+        Base32InputStream b32stream = new Base32InputStream(ins);
+        b32stream.skip(-10);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStream` acquired to `in` by call to `Base32InputStream(...)` at line 403 is not released after line 404.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Base32InputStreamTest.testRead0()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base32InputStreamTest.testRead0():void.515aed93c5a47cccd591977f19b59757
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/codec/binary/Base32InputStreamTest.java
+
+### Key:
+Base32InputStreamTest.java|testRead0|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5a6e208cc7f78de45b9aadcd0bcdb83f
+
+### Hash:
+8411fe03d4963940c0e242fa4daf16ca
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3372/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3372/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2394ff60bc87c50a72a1312ec67fbea9266b7c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3372/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** EMV-NFC-Paycard-Enrollment
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.utils;
+
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+
+import org.fest.assertions.Assertions;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.EmvCard;
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.enums.ServiceCode1Enum;
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.enums.ServiceCode2Enum;
+import com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.model.enums.ServiceCode3Enum;
+
+import fr.devnied.bitlib.BytesUtils;
+
+public class TrackUtilsTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void track1Test() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("70 75 9F 6C 02 00 01 9F 62 06 00 00 00 38 00 00 9F 63 06 00 00 00 00 E0 E0 56 34 42343131313131313131313131313131313f305e202f5e31373032323031313030333f313030313030303030303030303030303f30303030 9F 64 01 03 9F 65 02 1C 00 9F 66 02 03 F0 9F 6B 13 5566887766556677 D1 81 02 01 00 00 00 00 00 10 0F 9F 67 01 03 90 00"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("4111111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("02/2017");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track1NameTest() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("563A42343131313131313131313131313131313F305E446F652F4A6F686E5E31373032323031313030333F313030313030303030303030303030303F30303030"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("4111111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("02/2017");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderFirstname()).isEqualTo("John");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderLastname()).isEqualTo("Doe");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track1FormatTest() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("564C42353231313131313131313131313131315E202F2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020205E31363038323032303030303030303030303030312020303030202020202030"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5211111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("08/2016");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderFirstname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderLastname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.GOODS_SERVICES);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void track1FormatNullUser() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils
+				.extractTrack1Data(
+						card,
+						BytesUtils
+								.fromString("564C42353231313131313131313131313131315E22202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020205E31363038323032303030303030303030303030312020303030202020202030"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5211111111111111");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("08/2016");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderFirstname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getHolderLastname()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.GOODS_SERVICES);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack1().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track2Test() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("57 13 55 66 88 77 66 55 66 77 D1 50 62 01 69 28 07 65 90 00 0F"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5566887766556677");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("06/2015");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.INTERNATIONNAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1().getInterchange()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1().getTechnology()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.NORMAL);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2().getAuthorizationProcessing()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3().getAllowedServices()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3().getPinRequirements()).isNotNull();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track2Test2() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("57 15 55 55 55 66 88 77 66 55 66 7D 11 05 62 01 69 28 07 65 90 00 0F"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5555556688776655667");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("05/2011");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode1Enum.NATIONAL_ICC);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode2Enum.BY_ISSUER);
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3()).isEqualTo(ServiceCode3Enum.NO_RESTRICTION_PIN_REQUIRED);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void track2TestNullService() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("57 15 55 55 55 66 88 77 66 55 66 7D 11 05 FF F1 69 28 07 65 90 00 0F"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isTrue();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getCardNumber()).isEqualTo("5555556688776655667");
+		SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/yyyy");
+		Assertions.assertThat(sdf.format(card.getExpireDate())).isEqualTo("05/2011");
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService()).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode1()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode2()).isNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2().getService().getServiceCode3()).isNull();
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void track2TestNull() {
+		EmvCard card = new EmvCard();
+		boolean ret = TrackUtils.extractTrack2Data(card,
+				BytesUtils.fromString("00"));
+
+		Assertions.assertThat(ret).isFalse();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card).isNotNull();
+		Assertions.assertThat(card.getTrack2()).isNull();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `card.getTrack1()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 58.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TrackUtilsTest.track1NameTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.devnied.emvnfccard.utils.TrackUtilsTest.track1NameTest():void.53e325339de4d12fd71debe3ee8a90d1
+
+### File:
+library/src/test/java/com/github/devnied/emvnfccard/utils/TrackUtilsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TrackUtilsTest.java|track1NameTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+10ba20e0b90868175e9e7232c425c696
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3373/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3373/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11f6883f8c0189171765b7bb5d0bc9bb9f2da7cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3373/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist.compiler;
+
+import javassist.CtClass;
+import javassist.CtField;
+import javassist.ClassPool;
+import javassist.NotFoundException;
+import javassist.compiler.ast.*;
+import javassist.bytecode.*;
+
+public class TypeChecker extends Visitor implements Opcode, TokenId {
+    static final String javaLangObject = "java.lang.Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangObject = "java/lang/Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangString = "java/lang/String";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangClass = "java/lang/Class";
+
+    /* The following fields are used by atXXX() methods
+     * for returning the type of the compiled expression.
+     */
+    protected int exprType;     // VOID, NULL, CLASS, BOOLEAN, INT, ...
+    protected int arrayDim;
+    protected String className; // JVM-internal representation
+
+    protected MemberResolver resolver;
+    protected CtClass   thisClass;
+    protected MethodInfo thisMethod;
+
+    public TypeChecker(CtClass cc, ClassPool cp) {
+        resolver = new MemberResolver(cp);
+        thisClass = cc;
+        thisMethod = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the currently compiled method.
+     */
+    public void setThisMethod(MethodInfo m) {
+        thisMethod = m;
+    }
+
+    protected static void fatal() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("fatal");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this class name.
+     */
+    protected String getThisName() {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(thisClass.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this super class name.
+     */
+    protected String getSuperName() throws CompileError {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(
+                        MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass).getName());
+    }
+
+    /* Converts a class name into a JVM-internal representation.
+     *
+     * It may also expand a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(ASTList name) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveClassName(name);
+    }
+
+    /* Expands a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(String jvmName) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveJvmClassName(jvmName);
+    }
+
+    public void atNewExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr.isArray())
+            atNewArrayExpr(expr);
+        else {
+            CtClass clazz = resolver.lookupClassByName(expr.getClassName());
+            String cname = clazz.getName();
+            ASTList args = expr.getArguments();
+            atMethodCallCore(clazz, MethodInfo.nameInit, args);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(cname);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atNewArrayExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int type = expr.getArrayType();
+        ASTList size = expr.getArraySize();
+        ASTList classname = expr.getClassName();
+        if (size.length() > 1)
+            atMultiNewArray(type, classname, size);
+        else {
+            size.head().accept(this);
+            exprType = type;
+            arrayDim = 1;
+            if (type == CLASS)
+                className = resolveClassName(classname);
+            else
+                className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atMultiNewArray(int type, ASTList classname, ASTList size)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int count, dim;
+        dim = size.length();
+        for (count = 0; size != null; size = size.tail()) {
+            ASTree s = size.head();
+            if (s == null)
+                break;          // int[][][] a = new int[3][4][];
+
+            ++count;
+            s.accept(this);
+        }
+
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (type == CLASS)
+            className = resolveClassName(classname);
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    public void atAssignExpr(AssignExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, >>>=
+        int op = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (left instanceof Variable)
+            atVariableAssign(expr, op, (Variable)left,
+                             ((Variable)left).getDeclarator(),
+                             right);
+        else {
+            if (left instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)left;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayAssign(expr, op, (Expr)left, right);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldAssign(expr, op, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* op is either =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, or >>>=.
+     *
+     * expr and var can be null.
+     */
+    private void atVariableAssign(Expr expr, int op, Variable var,
+                                  Declarator d, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int varType = d.getType();
+        int varArray = d.getArrayDim();
+        String varClass = d.getClassName();
+
+        if (op != '=')
+            atVariable(var);
+
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = varType;
+        arrayDim = varArray;
+        className = varClass;
+    }
+
+    private void atArrayAssign(Expr expr, int op, Expr array,
+                        ASTree right) throws CompileError
+    {
+        atArrayRead(array.oprand1(), array.oprand2());
+        int aType = exprType;
+        int aDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = aType;
+        arrayDim = aDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldAssign(Expr expr, int op, ASTree left, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(left);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int fType = exprType;
+        int fDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = fType;
+        arrayDim = fDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atCondExpr(CondExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        booleanExpr(expr.condExpr());
+        expr.thenExpr().accept(this);
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname1 = className;
+        expr.elseExpr().accept(this);
+
+        if (dim1 == 0 && dim1 == arrayDim)
+            if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, exprType))
+                expr.setThen(new CastExpr(exprType, 0, expr.thenExpr()));
+            else if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(exprType, type1)) {
+                expr.setElse(new CastExpr(type1, 0, expr.elseExpr()));
+                exprType = type1;
+            }
+    }
+
+    public void atBinExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        int k = CodeGen.lookupBinOp(token);
+        if (k >= 0) {
+            /* arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %, |, ^, &, <<, >>, >>>
+             */
+            if (token == '+') {
+                Expr e = atPlusExpr(expr);
+                if (e != null) {
+                    /* String concatenation has been translated into
+                     * an expression using StringBuffer.
+                     */
+                    e = CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', e,
+                                            new Member("toString")), null);
+                    expr.setLeft(e);
+                    expr.setOprand2(null);    // <---- look at this!
+                    className = jvmJavaLangString;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+                int type1 = exprType;
+                expr.oprand2().accept(this);
+                computeBinExprType(expr, token, type1);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* equation: &&, ||, ==, !=, <=, >=, <, >
+            */
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // expr must be a + expression.
+    private Expr atPlusExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (right == null) {
+            /* this expression has been already type-checked since it is
+               string concatenation.
+               see atBinExpr() above.
+             */
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = jvmJavaLangString;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (isPlusExpr(left)) {
+            Expr newExpr = atPlusExpr((BinExpr)left);
+            if (newExpr != null) {
+                right.accept(this);
+                exprType = CLASS;
+                arrayDim = 0;
+                className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+                return makeAppendCall(newExpr, right);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            left.accept(this);
+
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        if ((type1 == CLASS && dim1 == 0 && jvmJavaLangString.equals(cname))
+            || (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0
+                && jvmJavaLangString.equals(className))) {
+            ASTList sbufClass = ASTList.make(new Symbol("java"),
+                            new Symbol("lang"), new Symbol("StringBuffer"));
+            ASTree e = new NewExpr(sbufClass, null);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+            return makeAppendCall(makeAppendCall(e, left), right);
+        }
+        else {
+            computeBinExprType(expr, '+', type1);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isPlusExpr(ASTree expr) {
+        if (expr instanceof BinExpr) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            int token = bexpr.getOperator();
+            return token == '+';
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static Expr makeAppendCall(ASTree target, ASTree arg) {
+        return CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', target, new Member("append")),
+                                 new ASTList(arg));
+    }
+
+    private void computeBinExprType(BinExpr expr, int token, int type1)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        // arrayDim should be 0.
+        int type2 = exprType;
+        if (token == LSHIFT || token == RSHIFT || token == ARSHIFT)
+            exprType = type1;
+        else
+            insertCast(expr, type1, type2);
+
+        if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+            exprType = INT;         // type1 may be BYTE, ...
+    }
+
+    private void booleanExpr(ASTree expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int op = CodeGen.getCompOperator(expr);
+        if (op == EQ) {         // ==, !=, ...
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            int type1 = exprType;
+            int dim1 = arrayDim;
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+            if (dim1 == 0 && arrayDim == 0)
+                insertCast(bexpr, type1, exprType);
+        }
+        else if (op == '!')
+            ((Expr)expr).oprand1().accept(this);
+        else if (op == ANDAND || op == OROR) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+        }
+        else                // others
+            expr.accept(this);
+
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    private void insertCast(BinExpr expr, int type1, int type2)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, type2))
+            expr.setLeft(new CastExpr(type2, 0, expr.oprand1()));
+        else
+            exprType = type1;
+    }
+
+    public void atCastExpr(CastExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String cname = resolveClassName(expr.getClassName());
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = expr.getType();
+        arrayDim = expr.getArrayDim();
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atInstanceOfExpr(InstanceOfExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atExpr(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // array access, member access,
+        // (unary) +, (unary) -, ++, --, !, ~
+
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree oprand = expr.oprand1();
+        if (token == '.') {
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("length"))
+                atArrayLength(expr);
+            else if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == MEMBER) {     // field read
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == ARRAY)
+            atArrayRead(oprand, expr.oprand2());
+        else if (token == PLUSPLUS || token == MINUSMINUS)
+            atPlusPlus(token, oprand, expr);
+        else if (token == '!')
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        else if (token == CALL)              // method call
+            fatal();
+        else {
+            expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            if (token == '-' || token == '~')
+                if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+                    exprType = INT;         // type may be BYTE, ...
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atCallExpr(CallExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String mname = null;
+        CtClass targetClass = null;
+        ASTree method = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTList args = (ASTList)expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (method instanceof Member) {
+            mname = ((Member)method).get();
+            targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Keyword) {   // constructor
+            mname = MethodInfo.nameInit;        // <init>
+            if (((Keyword)method).get() == SUPER)
+                targetClass = MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass);
+            else
+                targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)method;
+            mname = ((Symbol)e.oprand2()).get();
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)                // static method
+                targetClass
+                        = resolver.lookupClass(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                               false);
+            else if (op == '.') {
+                ASTree target = e.oprand1();
+                try {
+                    target.accept(this);
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != target)
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    // it should be a static method.
+                    exprType = CLASS;
+                    arrayDim = 0;
+                    className = nfe.getField(); // JVM-internal
+                }
+
+                if (arrayDim > 0)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClass(javaLangObject, true);
+                else if (exprType == CLASS /* && arrayDim == 0 */)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClassByJvmName(className);
+                else
+                    badMethod();
+            }
+            else
+                badMethod();
+        }
+        else
+            fatal();
+
+        MemberResolver.Method minfo
+            = atMethodCallCore(targetClass, mname, args);
+        expr.setMethod(minfo);
+    }
+
+    private static void badMethod() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad method");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return  a pair of the class declaring the invoked method
+     *          and the MethodInfo of that method.  Never null.
+     */
+    public MemberResolver.Method atMethodCallCore(CtClass targetClass,
+                                                  String mname, ASTList args)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int nargs = getMethodArgsLength(args);
+        int[] types = new int[nargs];
+        int[] dims = new int[nargs];
+        String[] cnames = new String[nargs];
+        atMethodArgs(args, types, dims, cnames);
+
+        MemberResolver.Method found
+            = resolver.lookupMethod(targetClass, thisMethod, mname,
+                                    types, dims, cnames, false);
+        if (found == null) {
+            String msg;
+            if (mname.equals(MethodInfo.nameInit))
+                msg = "constructor not found";
+            else
+                msg = "Method " + mname + " not found in "
+                    + targetClass.getName();
+
+            throw new CompileError(msg);
+        }
+
+        String desc = found.info.getDescriptor();
+        setReturnType(desc);
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    public int getMethodArgsLength(ASTList args) {
+        return ASTList.length(args);
+    }
+
+    public void atMethodArgs(ASTList args, int[] types, int[] dims,
+                             String[] cnames) throws CompileError {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (args != null) {
+            ASTree a = args.head();
+            a.accept(this);
+            types[i] = exprType;
+            dims[i] = arrayDim;
+            cnames[i] = className;
+            ++i;
+            args = args.tail();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setReturnType(String desc) throws CompileError {
+        int i = desc.indexOf(')');
+        if (i < 0)
+            badMethod();
+
+        char c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        int dim = 0;
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (c == 'L') {
+            int j = desc.indexOf(';', i + 1);
+            if (j < 0)
+                badMethod();
+
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            className = desc.substring(i + 1, j);
+        }
+        else {
+            exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+            className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(fieldAccess(expr));
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(CtField f) throws CompileError {
+        FieldInfo finfo = f.getFieldInfo2();
+        String type = finfo.getDescriptor();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int dim = 0;
+        char c = type.charAt(i);
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = type.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+
+        if (c == 'L')
+            className = type.substring(i + 1, type.indexOf(';', i + 1));
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    protected CtField fieldAccess(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr instanceof Member) {
+            String name = ((Member)expr).get();
+            try {
+                return thisClass.getField(name);
+            }
+            catch (NotFoundException e) {
+                // EXPR might be part of a static member access?
+                throw new NoFieldException(name, expr);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (expr instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)expr;
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)
+                return resolver.lookupField(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                            (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+            else if (op == '.')
+                try {
+                    e.oprand1().accept(this);
+                    if (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0)
+                        return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName(className,
+                                                    (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != e.oprand1())
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    /* EXPR should be a static field.
+                     * If EXPR might be part of a qualified class name,
+                     * lookupFieldByJvmName2() throws NoFieldException.
+                     */
+                    Symbol fname = (Symbol)e.oprand2();
+                    return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName2(nfe.getField(),
+                                                          fname, expr);
+                }
+        }
+
+        throw new CompileError("bad filed access");
+    }
+
+    public void atClassObject(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className =jvmJavaLangClass;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayLength(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+        exprType = INT;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayRead(ASTree array, ASTree index)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        array.accept(this);
+        int type = exprType;
+        int dim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        index.accept(this);
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim - 1;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    private void atPlusPlus(int token, ASTree oprand, Expr expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        boolean isPost = oprand == null;        // ++i or i++?
+        if (isPost)
+            oprand = expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (oprand instanceof Variable) {
+            Declarator d = ((Variable)oprand).getDeclarator();
+            exprType = d.getType();
+            arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        }
+        else {
+            if (oprand instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)oprand;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayRead(e.oprand1(), e.oprand2());
+                    // arrayDim should be 0.
+                    int t = exprType;
+                    if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+                        exprType = INT;
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldPlusPlus(oprand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldPlusPlus(ASTree oprand) throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(oprand);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int t = exprType;
+        if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+            exprType = INT;
+    }
+
+    public void atMember(Member mem) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(mem);
+    }
+
+    public void atVariable(Variable v) throws CompileError {
+        Declarator d = v.getDeclarator();
+        exprType = d.getType();
+        arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        className = d.getClassName();
+    }
+
+    public void atKeyword(Keyword k) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int token = k.get();
+        switch (token) {
+        case TRUE :
+        case FALSE :
+            exprType = BOOLEAN;
+            break;
+        case NULL :
+            exprType = NULL;
+            break;
+        case THIS :
+        case SUPER :
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            if (token == THIS)
+                className = getThisName();
+            else
+                className = getSuperName();             
+            break;
+        default :
+            fatal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atStringL(StringL s) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className = jvmJavaLangString;
+    }
+
+    public void atIntConst(IntConst i) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int type = i.getType();
+        if (type == IntConstant || type == CharConstant)
+            exprType = (type == IntConstant ? INT : CHAR);
+        else
+            exprType = LONG;
+    }
+
+    public void atDoubleConst(DoubleConst d) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        if (d.getType() == DoubleConstant)
+            exprType = DOUBLE;
+        else
+            exprType = FLOAT;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `expr.oprand2()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 252.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TypeChecker.atBinExpr(BinExpr)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.compiler.TypeChecker.atBinExpr(javassist.compiler.ast.BinExpr):void.6c6b77f49b94bea20d303dc75ee7bd77
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/compiler/TypeChecker.java
+
+### Key:
+TypeChecker.java|atBinExpr|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a75dc278498198c713176bb8ed0c78f3
+
+### Hash:
+b297e77e919e13698314adebc7f3c4d4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3374/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3374/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2177811ec3fc6678e8338c94f503fe1a514ceeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3374/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist.compiler;
+
+import javassist.CtClass;
+import javassist.CtField;
+import javassist.ClassPool;
+import javassist.NotFoundException;
+import javassist.compiler.ast.*;
+import javassist.bytecode.*;
+
+public class TypeChecker extends Visitor implements Opcode, TokenId {
+    static final String javaLangObject = "java.lang.Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangObject = "java/lang/Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangString = "java/lang/String";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangClass = "java/lang/Class";
+
+    /* The following fields are used by atXXX() methods
+     * for returning the type of the compiled expression.
+     */
+    protected int exprType;     // VOID, NULL, CLASS, BOOLEAN, INT, ...
+    protected int arrayDim;
+    protected String className; // JVM-internal representation
+
+    protected MemberResolver resolver;
+    protected CtClass   thisClass;
+    protected MethodInfo thisMethod;
+
+    public TypeChecker(CtClass cc, ClassPool cp) {
+        resolver = new MemberResolver(cp);
+        thisClass = cc;
+        thisMethod = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the currently compiled method.
+     */
+    public void setThisMethod(MethodInfo m) {
+        thisMethod = m;
+    }
+
+    protected static void fatal() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("fatal");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this class name.
+     */
+    protected String getThisName() {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(thisClass.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this super class name.
+     */
+    protected String getSuperName() throws CompileError {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(
+                        MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass).getName());
+    }
+
+    /* Converts a class name into a JVM-internal representation.
+     *
+     * It may also expand a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(ASTList name) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveClassName(name);
+    }
+
+    /* Expands a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(String jvmName) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveJvmClassName(jvmName);
+    }
+
+    public void atNewExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr.isArray())
+            atNewArrayExpr(expr);
+        else {
+            CtClass clazz = resolver.lookupClassByName(expr.getClassName());
+            String cname = clazz.getName();
+            ASTList args = expr.getArguments();
+            atMethodCallCore(clazz, MethodInfo.nameInit, args);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(cname);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atNewArrayExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int type = expr.getArrayType();
+        ASTList size = expr.getArraySize();
+        ASTList classname = expr.getClassName();
+        if (size.length() > 1)
+            atMultiNewArray(type, classname, size);
+        else {
+            size.head().accept(this);
+            exprType = type;
+            arrayDim = 1;
+            if (type == CLASS)
+                className = resolveClassName(classname);
+            else
+                className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atMultiNewArray(int type, ASTList classname, ASTList size)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int count, dim;
+        dim = size.length();
+        for (count = 0; size != null; size = size.tail()) {
+            ASTree s = size.head();
+            if (s == null)
+                break;          // int[][][] a = new int[3][4][];
+
+            ++count;
+            s.accept(this);
+        }
+
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (type == CLASS)
+            className = resolveClassName(classname);
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    public void atAssignExpr(AssignExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, >>>=
+        int op = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (left instanceof Variable)
+            atVariableAssign(expr, op, (Variable)left,
+                             ((Variable)left).getDeclarator(),
+                             right);
+        else {
+            if (left instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)left;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayAssign(expr, op, (Expr)left, right);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldAssign(expr, op, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* op is either =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, or >>>=.
+     *
+     * expr and var can be null.
+     */
+    private void atVariableAssign(Expr expr, int op, Variable var,
+                                  Declarator d, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int varType = d.getType();
+        int varArray = d.getArrayDim();
+        String varClass = d.getClassName();
+
+        if (op != '=')
+            atVariable(var);
+
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = varType;
+        arrayDim = varArray;
+        className = varClass;
+    }
+
+    private void atArrayAssign(Expr expr, int op, Expr array,
+                        ASTree right) throws CompileError
+    {
+        atArrayRead(array.oprand1(), array.oprand2());
+        int aType = exprType;
+        int aDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = aType;
+        arrayDim = aDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldAssign(Expr expr, int op, ASTree left, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(left);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int fType = exprType;
+        int fDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = fType;
+        arrayDim = fDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atCondExpr(CondExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        booleanExpr(expr.condExpr());
+        expr.thenExpr().accept(this);
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname1 = className;
+        expr.elseExpr().accept(this);
+
+        if (dim1 == 0 && dim1 == arrayDim)
+            if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, exprType))
+                expr.setThen(new CastExpr(exprType, 0, expr.thenExpr()));
+            else if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(exprType, type1)) {
+                expr.setElse(new CastExpr(type1, 0, expr.elseExpr()));
+                exprType = type1;
+            }
+    }
+
+    public void atBinExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        int k = CodeGen.lookupBinOp(token);
+        if (k >= 0) {
+            /* arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %, |, ^, &, <<, >>, >>>
+             */
+            if (token == '+') {
+                Expr e = atPlusExpr(expr);
+                if (e != null) {
+                    /* String concatenation has been translated into
+                     * an expression using StringBuffer.
+                     */
+                    e = CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', e,
+                                            new Member("toString")), null);
+                    expr.setLeft(e);
+                    expr.setOprand2(null);    // <---- look at this!
+                    className = jvmJavaLangString;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+                int type1 = exprType;
+                expr.oprand2().accept(this);
+                computeBinExprType(expr, token, type1);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* equation: &&, ||, ==, !=, <=, >=, <, >
+            */
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // expr must be a + expression.
+    private Expr atPlusExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (right == null) {
+            /* this expression has been already type-checked since it is
+               string concatenation.
+               see atBinExpr() above.
+             */
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = jvmJavaLangString;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (isPlusExpr(left)) {
+            Expr newExpr = atPlusExpr((BinExpr)left);
+            if (newExpr != null) {
+                right.accept(this);
+                exprType = CLASS;
+                arrayDim = 0;
+                className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+                return makeAppendCall(newExpr, right);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            left.accept(this);
+
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        if ((type1 == CLASS && dim1 == 0 && jvmJavaLangString.equals(cname))
+            || (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0
+                && jvmJavaLangString.equals(className))) {
+            ASTList sbufClass = ASTList.make(new Symbol("java"),
+                            new Symbol("lang"), new Symbol("StringBuffer"));
+            ASTree e = new NewExpr(sbufClass, null);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+            return makeAppendCall(makeAppendCall(e, left), right);
+        }
+        else {
+            computeBinExprType(expr, '+', type1);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isPlusExpr(ASTree expr) {
+        if (expr instanceof BinExpr) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            int token = bexpr.getOperator();
+            return token == '+';
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static Expr makeAppendCall(ASTree target, ASTree arg) {
+        return CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', target, new Member("append")),
+                                 new ASTList(arg));
+    }
+
+    private void computeBinExprType(BinExpr expr, int token, int type1)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        // arrayDim should be 0.
+        int type2 = exprType;
+        if (token == LSHIFT || token == RSHIFT || token == ARSHIFT)
+            exprType = type1;
+        else
+            insertCast(expr, type1, type2);
+
+        if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+            exprType = INT;         // type1 may be BYTE, ...
+    }
+
+    private void booleanExpr(ASTree expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int op = CodeGen.getCompOperator(expr);
+        if (op == EQ) {         // ==, !=, ...
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            int type1 = exprType;
+            int dim1 = arrayDim;
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+            if (dim1 == 0 && arrayDim == 0)
+                insertCast(bexpr, type1, exprType);
+        }
+        else if (op == '!')
+            ((Expr)expr).oprand1().accept(this);
+        else if (op == ANDAND || op == OROR) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+        }
+        else                // others
+            expr.accept(this);
+
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    private void insertCast(BinExpr expr, int type1, int type2)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, type2))
+            expr.setLeft(new CastExpr(type2, 0, expr.oprand1()));
+        else
+            exprType = type1;
+    }
+
+    public void atCastExpr(CastExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String cname = resolveClassName(expr.getClassName());
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = expr.getType();
+        arrayDim = expr.getArrayDim();
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atInstanceOfExpr(InstanceOfExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atExpr(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // array access, member access,
+        // (unary) +, (unary) -, ++, --, !, ~
+
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree oprand = expr.oprand1();
+        if (token == '.') {
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("length"))
+                atArrayLength(expr);
+            else if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == MEMBER) {     // field read
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == ARRAY)
+            atArrayRead(oprand, expr.oprand2());
+        else if (token == PLUSPLUS || token == MINUSMINUS)
+            atPlusPlus(token, oprand, expr);
+        else if (token == '!')
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        else if (token == CALL)              // method call
+            fatal();
+        else {
+            expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            if (token == '-' || token == '~')
+                if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+                    exprType = INT;         // type may be BYTE, ...
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atCallExpr(CallExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String mname = null;
+        CtClass targetClass = null;
+        ASTree method = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTList args = (ASTList)expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (method instanceof Member) {
+            mname = ((Member)method).get();
+            targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Keyword) {   // constructor
+            mname = MethodInfo.nameInit;        // <init>
+            if (((Keyword)method).get() == SUPER)
+                targetClass = MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass);
+            else
+                targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)method;
+            mname = ((Symbol)e.oprand2()).get();
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)                // static method
+                targetClass
+                        = resolver.lookupClass(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                               false);
+            else if (op == '.') {
+                ASTree target = e.oprand1();
+                try {
+                    target.accept(this);
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != target)
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    // it should be a static method.
+                    exprType = CLASS;
+                    arrayDim = 0;
+                    className = nfe.getField(); // JVM-internal
+                }
+
+                if (arrayDim > 0)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClass(javaLangObject, true);
+                else if (exprType == CLASS /* && arrayDim == 0 */)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClassByJvmName(className);
+                else
+                    badMethod();
+            }
+            else
+                badMethod();
+        }
+        else
+            fatal();
+
+        MemberResolver.Method minfo
+            = atMethodCallCore(targetClass, mname, args);
+        expr.setMethod(minfo);
+    }
+
+    private static void badMethod() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad method");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return  a pair of the class declaring the invoked method
+     *          and the MethodInfo of that method.  Never null.
+     */
+    public MemberResolver.Method atMethodCallCore(CtClass targetClass,
+                                                  String mname, ASTList args)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int nargs = getMethodArgsLength(args);
+        int[] types = new int[nargs];
+        int[] dims = new int[nargs];
+        String[] cnames = new String[nargs];
+        atMethodArgs(args, types, dims, cnames);
+
+        MemberResolver.Method found
+            = resolver.lookupMethod(targetClass, thisMethod, mname,
+                                    types, dims, cnames, false);
+        if (found == null) {
+            String msg;
+            if (mname.equals(MethodInfo.nameInit))
+                msg = "constructor not found";
+            else
+                msg = "Method " + mname + " not found in "
+                    + targetClass.getName();
+
+            throw new CompileError(msg);
+        }
+
+        String desc = found.info.getDescriptor();
+        setReturnType(desc);
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    public int getMethodArgsLength(ASTList args) {
+        return ASTList.length(args);
+    }
+
+    public void atMethodArgs(ASTList args, int[] types, int[] dims,
+                             String[] cnames) throws CompileError {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (args != null) {
+            ASTree a = args.head();
+            a.accept(this);
+            types[i] = exprType;
+            dims[i] = arrayDim;
+            cnames[i] = className;
+            ++i;
+            args = args.tail();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setReturnType(String desc) throws CompileError {
+        int i = desc.indexOf(')');
+        if (i < 0)
+            badMethod();
+
+        char c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        int dim = 0;
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (c == 'L') {
+            int j = desc.indexOf(';', i + 1);
+            if (j < 0)
+                badMethod();
+
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            className = desc.substring(i + 1, j);
+        }
+        else {
+            exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+            className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(fieldAccess(expr));
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(CtField f) throws CompileError {
+        FieldInfo finfo = f.getFieldInfo2();
+        String type = finfo.getDescriptor();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int dim = 0;
+        char c = type.charAt(i);
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = type.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+
+        if (c == 'L')
+            className = type.substring(i + 1, type.indexOf(';', i + 1));
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    protected CtField fieldAccess(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr instanceof Member) {
+            String name = ((Member)expr).get();
+            try {
+                return thisClass.getField(name);
+            }
+            catch (NotFoundException e) {
+                // EXPR might be part of a static member access?
+                throw new NoFieldException(name, expr);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (expr instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)expr;
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)
+                return resolver.lookupField(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                            (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+            else if (op == '.')
+                try {
+                    e.oprand1().accept(this);
+                    if (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0)
+                        return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName(className,
+                                                    (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != e.oprand1())
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    /* EXPR should be a static field.
+                     * If EXPR might be part of a qualified class name,
+                     * lookupFieldByJvmName2() throws NoFieldException.
+                     */
+                    Symbol fname = (Symbol)e.oprand2();
+                    return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName2(nfe.getField(),
+                                                          fname, expr);
+                }
+        }
+
+        throw new CompileError("bad filed access");
+    }
+
+    public void atClassObject(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className =jvmJavaLangClass;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayLength(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+        exprType = INT;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayRead(ASTree array, ASTree index)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        array.accept(this);
+        int type = exprType;
+        int dim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        index.accept(this);
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim - 1;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    private void atPlusPlus(int token, ASTree oprand, Expr expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        boolean isPost = oprand == null;        // ++i or i++?
+        if (isPost)
+            oprand = expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (oprand instanceof Variable) {
+            Declarator d = ((Variable)oprand).getDeclarator();
+            exprType = d.getType();
+            arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        }
+        else {
+            if (oprand instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)oprand;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayRead(e.oprand1(), e.oprand2());
+                    // arrayDim should be 0.
+                    int t = exprType;
+                    if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+                        exprType = INT;
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldPlusPlus(oprand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldPlusPlus(ASTree oprand) throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(oprand);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int t = exprType;
+        if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+            exprType = INT;
+    }
+
+    public void atMember(Member mem) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(mem);
+    }
+
+    public void atVariable(Variable v) throws CompileError {
+        Declarator d = v.getDeclarator();
+        exprType = d.getType();
+        arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        className = d.getClassName();
+    }
+
+    public void atKeyword(Keyword k) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int token = k.get();
+        switch (token) {
+        case TRUE :
+        case FALSE :
+            exprType = BOOLEAN;
+            break;
+        case NULL :
+            exprType = NULL;
+            break;
+        case THIS :
+        case SUPER :
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            if (token == THIS)
+                className = getThisName();
+            else
+                className = getSuperName();             
+            break;
+        default :
+            fatal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atStringL(StringL s) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className = jvmJavaLangString;
+    }
+
+    public void atIntConst(IntConst i) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int type = i.getType();
+        if (type == IntConstant || type == CharConstant)
+            exprType = (type == IntConstant ? INT : CHAR);
+        else
+            exprType = LONG;
+    }
+
+    public void atDoubleConst(DoubleConst d) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        if (d.getType() == DoubleConstant)
+            exprType = DOUBLE;
+        else
+            exprType = FLOAT;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `expr.oprand2()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 407.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TypeChecker.atExpr(Expr)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.compiler.TypeChecker.atExpr(javassist.compiler.ast.Expr):void.66b987b941827c31e9653c679ee8d4b2
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/compiler/TypeChecker.java
+
+### Key:
+TypeChecker.java|atExpr|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+7e9a2cda38e9d24c4fe64da5e7aa07ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3375/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3375/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74cf5fa98bba0f0c86f8bac8b365d88d20abcddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3375/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist;
+
+import javassist.bytecode.*;
+import javassist.compiler.Javac;
+import javassist.compiler.CompileError;
+import javassist.expr.ExprEditor;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Class types.
+ */
+class CtClassType extends CtClass {
+    ClassPool classPool;
+    boolean wasChanged;
+    boolean wasFrozen;
+    ClassFile classfile;
+
+    private CtField fieldsCache;
+    private CtConstructor constructorsCache;
+    private CtConstructor classInitializerCache;
+    private CtMethod methodsCache;
+
+    private FieldInitLink fieldInitializers;
+    private Hashtable hiddenMethods;    // must be synchronous
+    private int uniqueNumberSeed;
+
+    CtClassType(String name, ClassPool cp) {
+        super(name);
+        classPool = cp;
+        wasChanged = wasFrozen = false;
+        classfile = null;
+        fieldInitializers = null;
+        hiddenMethods = null;
+        uniqueNumberSeed = 0;
+        eraseCache();
+    }
+
+    CtClassType(InputStream ins, ClassPool cp) throws IOException {
+        this((String)null, cp);
+        classfile = new ClassFile(new DataInputStream(ins));
+        qualifiedName = classfile.getName();
+    }
+
+    protected void extendToString(StringBuffer buffer) {
+        if (wasChanged)
+            buffer.append(" changed");
+
+        if (wasFrozen)
+            buffer.append(" frozen");		
+
+        CtField field = getFieldsCache();
+        buffer.append(" fields=");
+        while (field != null) {
+            buffer.append(field);
+            buffer.append(", ");
+            field = field.next;
+        }
+
+        CtConstructor c = getConstructorsCache();
+        buffer.append(" constructors=");
+        while (c != null) {
+            buffer.append(c);
+            buffer.append(", ");
+            c = c.next;
+        }
+
+        CtMethod m = getMethodsCache();
+        buffer.append(" methods=");
+        while (m != null) {
+            buffer.append(m);
+            buffer.append(", ");
+            m = m.next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void eraseCache() {
+        fieldsCache = null;
+        constructorsCache = null;
+        classInitializerCache = null;
+        methodsCache = null;
+    }
+
+    public ClassFile getClassFile2() {
+        if (classfile != null)
+            return classfile;
+
+        try {
+            byte[] b = classPool.readSource(getName());
+            DataInputStream dis
+                = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(b));
+            return (classfile = new ClassFile(dis));
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e.toString());
+        }
+        catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e.toString());
+        }
+        catch (CannotCompileException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ClassPool getClassPool() { return classPool; }
+
+    void setClassPool(ClassPool cp) { classPool = cp; }
+
+    public URL getURL() throws NotFoundException {
+        URL url = classPool.find(getName());
+        if (url == null)
+            throw new NotFoundException(getName());
+        else
+            return url;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isModified() { return wasChanged; }
+
+    public boolean isFrozen() { return wasFrozen; }
+
+    void freeze() { wasFrozen = true; }
+
+    void checkModify() throws RuntimeException {
+        super.checkModify();
+        wasChanged = true;
+    }
+
+    public void defrost() { wasFrozen = false; }
+
+    public boolean subtypeOf(CtClass clazz) throws NotFoundException {
+        int i;
+        String cname = clazz.getName();
+        if (this == clazz || getName().equals(cname))
+            return true;
+
+        ClassFile file = getClassFile2();
+        String supername = file.getSuperclass();
+        if (supername != null && supername.equals(cname))
+            return true;
+
+        String[] ifs = file.getInterfaces();
+        int num = ifs.length;
+        for (i = 0; i < num; ++i)
+            if (ifs[i].equals(cname))
+                return true;
+
+        if (supername != null && classPool.get(supername).subtypeOf(clazz))
+            return true;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < num; ++i)
+            if (classPool.get(ifs[i]).subtypeOf(clazz))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void setName(String name) throws RuntimeException {
+        String oldname = getName();
+        if (name.equals(oldname))
+            return;
+
+        // check this in advance although classNameChanged() below does.
+        classPool.checkNotFrozen(name);
+        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
+        super.setName(name);
+        cf.setName(name);
+        eraseCache();
+        classPool.classNameChanged(oldname, this);
+    }
+
+    public void replaceClassName(ClassMap classnames)
+        throws RuntimeException 
+    {
+        String oldClassName = getName();
+        String newClassName
+            = (String)classnames.get(Descriptor.toJvmName(oldClassName));
+        if (newClassName != null) {
+            newClassName = Descriptor.toJavaName(newClassName);
+            // check this in advance although classNameChanged() below does.
+            classPool.checkNotFrozen(newClassName);
+        }
+
+        super.replaceClassName(classnames);
+        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
+        cf.renameClass(classnames);
+        eraseCache();
+
+        if (newClassName != null) {
+            super.setName(newClassName);
+            classPool.classNameChanged(oldClassName, this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void replaceClassName(String oldname, String newname)
+        throws RuntimeException 
+    {
+        String thisname = getName();
+        if (thisname.equals(oldname))
+            setName(newname);
+        else {
+            super.replaceClassName(oldname, newname);
+            getClassFile2().renameClass(oldname, newname);
+            eraseCache();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isInterface() {
+        return Modifier.isInterface(getModifiers());
+    }
+
+    public int getModifiers() {
+        int acc = getClassFile2().getAccessFlags();
+        acc = AccessFlag.clear(acc, AccessFlag.SUPER);
+        return AccessFlag.toModifier(acc);
+    }
+
+    public void setModifiers(int mod) {
+        checkModify();
+        int acc = AccessFlag.of(mod) | AccessFlag.SUPER;
+        getClassFile2().setAccessFlags(acc);
+    }
+
+    public boolean subclassOf(CtClass superclass) {
+        if (superclass == null)
+            return false;
+
+        String superName = superclass.getName();
+        CtClass curr = this;
+        try {
+            while (curr != null) {
+                if (curr.getName().equals(superName))
+                    return true;
+
+                curr = curr.getSuperclass();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception ignored) {}
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public CtClass getSuperclass() throws NotFoundException {
+        String supername = getClassFile2().getSuperclass();
+        if (supername == null)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return classPool.get(supername);
+    }
+
+    public void setSuperclass(CtClass clazz) throws CannotCompileException {
+        checkModify();
+        if (isInterface())
+            addInterface(clazz);
+        else
+            getClassFile2().setSuperclass(clazz.getName());
+    }
+
+    public CtClass[] getInterfaces() throws NotFoundException {
+        String[] ifs = getClassFile2().getInterfaces();
+        int num = ifs.length;
+        CtClass[] ifc = new CtClass[num];
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i)
+            ifc[i] = classPool.get(ifs[i]);
+
+        return ifc;
+    }
+
+    public void setInterfaces(CtClass[] list) {
+        checkModify();
+        String[] ifs;
+        if (list == null)
+            ifs = new String[0];
+        else {
+            int num = list.length;
+            ifs = new String[num];
+            for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i)
+                ifs[i] = list[i].getName();
+        }
+
+        getClassFile2().setInterfaces(ifs);
+    }
+
+    public void addInterface(CtClass anInterface) {
+        checkModify();
+        if (anInterface != null)
+            getClassFile2().addInterface(anInterface.getName());
+    }
+
+    public CtField[] getFields() {
+        ArrayList alist = new ArrayList();
+        getFields(alist, this);
+        return (CtField[])alist.toArray(new CtField[alist.size()]);
+    }
+
+    private static void getFields(ArrayList alist, CtClass cc) {
+        int i, num;
+        if (cc == null)
+            return;
+
+        try {
+            getFields(alist, cc.getSuperclass());
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        try {
+            CtClass[] ifs = cc.getInterfaces();
+            num = ifs.length;
+            for (i = 0; i < num; ++i)
+                getFields(alist, ifs[i]);
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        CtField cf = ((CtClassType)cc).getFieldsCache();
+        while (cf != null) {
+            if (Modifier.isPublic(cf.getModifiers()))
+                alist.add(cf);
+
+            cf = cf.next;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public CtField getField(String name) throws NotFoundException {
+        CtField f = getField2(name);
+        if (f == null)
+            throw new NotFoundException("field: " + name + " in " + getName());
+        else
+            return f;
+    }
+
+    CtField getField2(String name) {
+        CtField df = getDeclaredField2(name);
+        if (df != null)
+            return df;
+
+        try {
+            CtClass[] ifs = getInterfaces();
+            int num = ifs.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
+                CtField f = ifs[i].getField2(name);
+                if (f != null)
+                    return f;
+            }
+
+            CtClass s = getSuperclass();
+            if (s != null)
+                return s.getField2(name);
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public CtField[] getDeclaredFields() {
+        CtField cf = getFieldsCache();
+        int num = CtField.count(cf);
+        CtField[] cfs = new CtField[num];
+        int i = 0;
+        while (cf != null) {
+            cfs[i++] = cf;
+            cf = cf.next;
+        }
+
+        return cfs;
+    }
+
+    protected CtField getFieldsCache() {
+        if (fieldsCache == null) {
+            List list = getClassFile2().getFields();
+            int n = list.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                FieldInfo finfo = (FieldInfo)list.get(i);
+                fieldsCache = CtField.append(fieldsCache,
+                                             new CtField(finfo, this));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return fieldsCache;
+    }
+
+    public CtField getDeclaredField(String name) throws NotFoundException {
+        CtField f = getDeclaredField2(name);
+        if (f == null)
+            throw new NotFoundException("field: " + name + " in " + getName());
+        else
+            return f;
+    }
+
+    private CtField getDeclaredField2(String name) {
+        CtField cf = getFieldsCache();
+        while (cf != null) {
+            if (cf.getName().equals(name))
+                return cf;
+
+            cf = cf.next;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public CtBehavior[] getDeclaredBehaviors() {
+        CtConstructor cc = getConstructorsCache();
+        CtMethod cm = getMethodsCache();
+        int num = CtMethod.count(cm) + CtConstructor.count(cc);
+        CtBehavior[] cb = new CtBehavior[num];
+        int i = 0;
+        while (cc != null) {
+            cb[i++] = cc;
+            cc = cc.next;
+        }
+
+        while (cm != null) {
+            cb[i++] = cm;
+            cm = cm.next;
+        }
+        
+        return cb;
+    }
+
+    public CtConstructor[] getConstructors() {
+        CtConstructor[] cons = getDeclaredConstructors();
+        if (cons.length == 0)
+            return cons;
+
+        int n = 0;
+        int i = cons.length;
+        while (--i >= 0)
+            if (Modifier.isPublic(cons[i].getModifiers()))
+                ++n;
+
+        CtConstructor[] result = new CtConstructor[n];
+        n = 0;
+        i = cons.length;
+        while (--i >= 0) {
+            CtConstructor c = cons[i];
+            if (Modifier.isPublic(c.getModifiers()))
+                result[n++] = c;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public CtConstructor getConstructor(String desc)
+        throws NotFoundException
+    {
+        CtConstructor cc = getConstructorsCache();
+        while (cc != null) {
+            if (cc.getMethodInfo2().getDescriptor().equals(desc))
+                return cc;
+
+            cc = cc.next;
+        }
+
+        return super.getConstructor(desc);
+    }
+
+    public CtConstructor[] getDeclaredConstructors() {
+        CtConstructor cc = getConstructorsCache();
+        int num = CtConstructor.count(cc);
+        CtConstructor[] ccs = new CtConstructor[num];
+        int i = 0;
+        while (cc != null) {
+            ccs[i++] = cc;
+            cc = cc.next;
+        }
+        
+        return ccs;
+    }
+
+    protected CtConstructor getConstructorsCache() {
+        if (constructorsCache == null) {
+            List list = getClassFile2().getMethods();
+            int n = list.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                MethodInfo minfo = (MethodInfo)list.get(i);
+                if (minfo.isConstructor())
+                    constructorsCache
+                        = CtConstructor.append(constructorsCache,
+                                            new CtConstructor(minfo, this));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return constructorsCache;
+    }
+
+    public CtConstructor getClassInitializer() {
+        if (classInitializerCache == null) {
+            MethodInfo minfo = getClassFile2().getStaticInitializer();
+            if (minfo != null)
+                classInitializerCache = new CtConstructor(minfo, this);
+        }
+
+        return classInitializerCache;
+    }
+
+    public CtMethod[] getMethods() {
+        HashMap h = new HashMap();
+        getMethods0(h, this);
+        return (CtMethod[])h.values().toArray(new CtMethod[0]);
+    }
+
+    private static void getMethods0(HashMap h, CtClass cc) {
+        try {
+            CtClass[] ifs = cc.getInterfaces();
+            int size = ifs.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
+                getMethods0(h, ifs[i]);
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        try {
+            CtClass s = cc.getSuperclass();
+            if (s != null)
+                getMethods0(h, s);
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        if (cc instanceof CtClassType) {
+            CtMethod cm = ((CtClassType)cc).getMethodsCache();
+            while (cm != null) {
+                if (Modifier.isPublic(cm.getModifiers()))
+                    h.put(cm, cm);
+
+                cm = cm.next;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public CtMethod getMethod(String name, String desc)
+        throws NotFoundException
+    {
+        CtMethod m = getMethod0(this, name, desc);
+        if (m != null)
+            return m;
+        else
+            throw new NotFoundException(name + "(..) is not found in "
+                                        + getName());
+    }
+
+    private static CtMethod getMethod0(CtClass cc,
+                                       String name, String desc) {
+        if (cc instanceof CtClassType) {
+            CtMethod cm = ((CtClassType)cc).getMethodsCache();
+            while (cm != null) {
+                if (cm.getName().equals(name)
+                    && cm.getMethodInfo2().getDescriptor().equals(desc))
+                    return cm;
+
+                cm = cm.next;
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            CtClass s = cc.getSuperclass();
+            if (s != null) {
+                CtMethod m = getMethod0(s, name, desc);
+                if (m != null)
+                    return m;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        try {
+            CtClass[] ifs = cc.getInterfaces();
+            int size = ifs.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                CtMethod m = getMethod0(ifs[i], name, desc);
+                if (m != null)
+                    return m;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public CtMethod[] getDeclaredMethods() {
+        CtMethod cm = getMethodsCache();
+        int num = CtMethod.count(cm);
+        CtMethod[] cms = new CtMethod[num];
+        int i = 0;
+        while (cm != null) {
+            cms[i++] = cm;
+            cm = cm.next;
+        }
+        
+        return cms;
+    }
+
+    public CtMethod getDeclaredMethod(String name) throws NotFoundException {
+        CtMethod m = getMethodsCache();
+        while (m != null) {
+            if (m.getName().equals(name))
+                return m;
+
+            m = m.next;
+        }
+
+        throw new NotFoundException(name + "(..) is not found in "
+                                    + getName());
+    }
+
+    public CtMethod getDeclaredMethod(String name, CtClass[] params)
+        throws NotFoundException
+    {
+        String desc = Descriptor.ofParameters(params);
+        CtMethod m = getMethodsCache();
+        while (m != null) {
+            if (m.getName().equals(name)
+                && m.getMethodInfo2().getDescriptor().startsWith(desc))
+                return m;
+
+            m = m.next;
+        }
+
+        throw new NotFoundException(name + "(..) is not found in "
+                                    + getName());
+    }
+
+    protected CtMethod getMethodsCache() {
+        if (methodsCache == null) {
+            List list = getClassFile2().getMethods();
+            int n = list.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                MethodInfo minfo = (MethodInfo)list.get(i);
+                if (minfo.isMethod())
+                    methodsCache = CtMethod.append(methodsCache,
+                                                new CtMethod(minfo, this));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return methodsCache;
+    }
+
+    public void addField(CtField f, String init)
+        throws CannotCompileException
+    {
+        addField(f, CtField.Initializer.byExpr(init));
+    }
+
+    public void addField(CtField f, CtField.Initializer init)
+        throws CannotCompileException
+    {
+        checkModify();
+        if (f.getDeclaringClass() != this)
+            throw new CannotCompileException("cannot add");
+
+        if (init == null)
+            init = f.getInit();
+
+        getFieldsCache();
+        fieldsCache = CtField.append(fieldsCache, f);
+        getClassFile2().addField(f.getFieldInfo2());
+
+        if (init != null) {
+            FieldInitLink fil = new FieldInitLink(f, init);
+            FieldInitLink link = fieldInitializers;
+            if (link == null)
+                fieldInitializers = fil;
+            else {
+                while (link.next != null)
+                    link = link.next;
+
+                link.next = fil;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public CtConstructor makeClassInitializer()
+        throws CannotCompileException
+    {
+        CtConstructor clinit = getClassInitializer();
+        if (clinit != null)
+            return clinit;
+
+        checkModify();
+        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
+        Bytecode code = new Bytecode(cf.getConstPool(), 0, 0);
+        modifyClassConstructor(cf, code, 0, 0);
+        return getClassInitializer();
+    }
+
+    public void addConstructor(CtConstructor c)
+        throws CannotCompileException
+    {
+        checkModify();
+        if (c.getDeclaringClass() != this)
+            throw new CannotCompileException("cannot add");
+
+        getConstructorsCache();
+        constructorsCache = CtConstructor.append(constructorsCache, c);
+        getClassFile2().addMethod(c.getMethodInfo2());
+    }
+
+    public void addMethod(CtMethod m) throws CannotCompileException {
+        checkModify();
+        if (m.getDeclaringClass() != this)
+            throw new CannotCompileException("cannot add");
+
+        getMethodsCache();
+        methodsCache = CtMethod.append(methodsCache, m);
+        getClassFile2().addMethod(m.getMethodInfo2());
+        if ((m.getModifiers() & Modifier.ABSTRACT) != 0)
+            setModifiers(getModifiers() | Modifier.ABSTRACT);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] getAttribute(String name) {
+        AttributeInfo ai = getClassFile2().getAttribute(name);
+        if (ai == null)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return ai.get();
+    }
+
+    public void setAttribute(String name, byte[] data) {
+        checkModify();
+        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
+        cf.addAttribute(new AttributeInfo(cf.getConstPool(), name, data));
+    }
+
+    public void instrument(CodeConverter converter)
+        throws CannotCompileException
+    {
+        checkModify();
+        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
+        ConstPool cp = cf.getConstPool();
+        List list = cf.getMethods();
+        int n = list.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            MethodInfo minfo = (MethodInfo)list.get(i);
+            converter.doit(this, minfo, cp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void instrument(ExprEditor editor)
+        throws CannotCompileException
+    {
+        checkModify();
+        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
+        List list = cf.getMethods();
+        int n = list.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            MethodInfo minfo = (MethodInfo)list.get(i);
+            editor.doit(this, minfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void toBytecode(DataOutputStream out)
+        throws CannotCompileException, IOException
+    {
+        try {
+            if (isModified()) {
+                ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
+                modifyClassConstructor(cf);
+                modifyConstructors(cf);
+                cf.write(out);
+                out.flush();
+            }
+            else
+                classPool.writeClassfile(getName(), out);
+
+            wasFrozen = true;
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {
+            throw new CannotCompileException(e);
+        }
+        catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new CannotCompileException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void modifyClassConstructor(ClassFile cf)
+        throws CannotCompileException, NotFoundException
+    {
+        Bytecode code = new Bytecode(cf.getConstPool(), 0, 0);
+        Javac jv = new Javac(code, this);
+        int stacksize = 0;
+        boolean doInit = false;
+        for (FieldInitLink fi = fieldInitializers; fi != null; fi = fi.next) {
+            CtField f = fi.field;
+            if (Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers())) {
+                doInit = true;
+                int s = fi.init.compileIfStatic(f.getType(), f.getName(),
+                                                code, jv);
+                if (stacksize < s)
+                    stacksize = s;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (doInit)    // need an initializer for static fileds.
+            modifyClassConstructor(cf, code, stacksize, 0);
+    }
+
+    private void modifyClassConstructor(ClassFile cf, Bytecode code,
+                                        int stacksize, int localsize)
+        throws CannotCompileException
+    {
+        MethodInfo m = cf.getStaticInitializer();
+        if (m == null) {
+            code.add(Bytecode.RETURN);
+            code.setMaxStack(stacksize);
+            code.setMaxLocals(localsize);
+            m = new MethodInfo(cf.getConstPool(), "<clinit>", "()V");
+            m.setAccessFlags(AccessFlag.STATIC);
+            m.setCodeAttribute(code.toCodeAttribute());
+            cf.addMethod(m);
+        }
+        else {
+            CodeAttribute codeAttr = m.getCodeAttribute();
+            if (codeAttr == null)
+                throw new CannotCompileException("empty <clinit>");
+
+            try {
+                CodeIterator it = codeAttr.iterator();
+                int pos = it.insertEx(code.get());
+                it.insert(code.getExceptionTable(), pos);
+                int maxstack = codeAttr.getMaxStack();
+                if (maxstack < stacksize)
+                    codeAttr.setMaxStack(stacksize);
+
+                int maxlocals = codeAttr.getMaxLocals();
+                if (maxlocals < localsize)
+                    codeAttr.setMaxLocals(localsize);
+            }
+            catch (BadBytecode e) {
+                throw new CannotCompileException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void modifyConstructors(ClassFile cf)
+        throws CannotCompileException, NotFoundException
+    {
+        if (fieldInitializers == null)
+            return;
+
+        ConstPool cp = cf.getConstPool();
+        List list = cf.getMethods();
+        int n = list.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            MethodInfo minfo = (MethodInfo)list.get(i);
+            if (minfo.isConstructor()) {
+                CodeAttribute codeAttr = minfo.getCodeAttribute();
+                if (codeAttr != null)
+                    try {
+                        Bytecode init = new Bytecode(cp, 0,
+                                             codeAttr.getMaxLocals());
+                        CtClass[] params
+                            = Descriptor.getParameterTypes(
+                                                minfo.getDescriptor(),
+                                                classPool);
+                        int stacksize = makeFieldInitializer(init, params);
+                        insertAuxInitializer(codeAttr, init, stacksize);
+                    }
+                    catch (BadBytecode e) {
+                        throw new CannotCompileException(e);
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void insertAuxInitializer(CodeAttribute codeAttr,
+                                             Bytecode initializer,
+                                             int stacksize)
+        throws BadBytecode
+    {
+        CodeIterator it = codeAttr.iterator();
+        int index = it.skipSuperConstructor();
+        if (index < 0) {
+            index = it.skipThisConstructor();
+            if (index >= 0)
+                return;         // this() is called.
+
+            // Neither this() or super() is called.
+        }
+
+        int pos = it.insertEx(initializer.get());
+        it.insert(initializer.getExceptionTable(), pos);
+        int maxstack = codeAttr.getMaxStack();
+        if (maxstack < stacksize)
+            codeAttr.setMaxStack(stacksize);
+    }
+
+    private int makeFieldInitializer(Bytecode code, CtClass[] parameters)
+        throws CannotCompileException, NotFoundException
+    {
+        int stacksize = 0;
+        Javac jv = new Javac(code, this);
+        try {
+            jv.recordParams(parameters, false);
+        }
+        catch (CompileError e) {
+            throw new CannotCompileException(e);
+        }
+
+        for (FieldInitLink fi = fieldInitializers; fi !=  null; fi = fi.next) {
+            CtField f = fi.field;
+            if (!Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers())) {
+                int s = fi.init.compile(f.getType(), f.getName(), code,
+                                        parameters, jv);
+                if (stacksize < s)
+                    stacksize = s;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return stacksize;
+    }
+
+    // Methods used by CtNewWrappedMethod
+
+    Hashtable getHiddenMethods() {
+        if (hiddenMethods == null)
+            hiddenMethods = new Hashtable();
+
+        return hiddenMethods;
+    }
+
+    int getUniqueNumber() { return uniqueNumberSeed++; }
+}
+
+class FieldInitLink {
+    FieldInitLink next;
+    CtField field;
+    CtField.Initializer init;
+
+    FieldInitLink(CtField f, CtField.Initializer i) {
+        next = null;
+        field = f;
+        init = i;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.DataInputStream` acquired to `dis` by call to `new()` at line 113 is not released after line 115.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ClassFile CtClassType.getClassFile2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.CtClassType.getClassFile2():javassist.bytecode.ClassFile.525406031c907fb2ca52cbc5afbd439f
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/CtClassType.java
+
+### Key:
+CtClassType.java|getClassFile2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+825de8107c62456da8fa98c4641393c9
+
+### Hash:
+66e901faf6cb4318453247fb9e0706d2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3381/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3381/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..505ae2c3d0cecaed4806ae935cebc563442ab0f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3381/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1123 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2003 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist.compiler;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import javassist.*;
+import javassist.bytecode.*;
+import javassist.compiler.ast.*;
+
+/* Code generator methods depending on javassist.* classes.
+ */
+public class MemberCodeGen extends CodeGen {
+    protected ClassPool classPool;
+    protected CtClass   thisClass;
+    protected MethodInfo thisMethod;
+
+    protected boolean resultStatic;
+
+    public MemberCodeGen(Bytecode b, CtClass cc, ClassPool cp) {
+        super(b);
+        classPool = cp;
+        thisClass = cc;
+        thisMethod = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the currently compiled method.
+     */
+    public void setThisMethod(CtMethod m) {
+        thisMethod = m.getMethodInfo2();
+    }
+
+    public CtClass getThisClass() { return thisClass; }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this class name.
+     */
+    protected String getThisName() {
+        return javaToJvmName(thisClass.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this super class name.
+     */
+    protected String getSuperName() throws CompileError {
+        return javaToJvmName(getSuperclass(thisClass).getName());
+    }
+
+    protected void insertDefaultSuperCall() throws CompileError {
+        bytecode.addAload(0);
+        bytecode.addInvokespecial(getSuperclass(thisClass), "<init>", "()V");
+    }
+
+    protected void atTryStmnt(Stmnt st) throws CompileError {
+        Stmnt body = (Stmnt)st.getLeft();
+        if (body == null)
+            return;
+
+        int start = bytecode.currentPc();
+        body.accept(this);
+        int end = bytecode.currentPc();
+        if (start == end)
+            throw new CompileError("empty try block");
+
+        bytecode.addOpcode(Opcode.GOTO);
+        int pc = bytecode.currentPc();
+        bytecode.addIndex(0);   // correct later
+
+        int var = getMaxLocals();
+        incMaxLocals(1);
+        ASTList catchList = (ASTList)st.getRight().getLeft();
+        while (catchList != null) {
+            Pair p = (Pair)catchList.head();
+            catchList = catchList.tail();
+            Declarator decl = (Declarator)p.getLeft();
+            Stmnt block = (Stmnt)p.getRight();
+
+            decl.setLocalVar(var);
+
+            CtClass type = lookupClass(decl.getClassName());
+            decl.setClassName(javaToJvmName(type.getName()));
+            bytecode.addExceptionHandler(start, end, bytecode.currentPc(),
+                                         type);
+            bytecode.growStack(1);
+            bytecode.addAstore(var);
+            if (block != null)
+                block.accept(this);
+
+            bytecode.addOpcode(Opcode.GOTO);
+            bytecode.addIndex(pc - bytecode.currentPc());
+        }
+
+        Stmnt finallyBlock = (Stmnt)st.getRight().getRight().getLeft();
+        if (finallyBlock != null)
+            throw new CompileError(
+                        "sorry, finally has not been supported yet");
+
+        bytecode.write16bit(pc, bytecode.currentPc() - pc + 1);
+        hasReturned = false;
+    }
+
+    public void atNewExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr.isArray())
+            atNewArrayExpr(expr);
+        else {
+            CtClass clazz = lookupClass(expr.getClassName());
+            String cname = clazz.getName();
+            ASTList args = expr.getArguments();
+            bytecode.addNew(cname);
+            bytecode.addOpcode(DUP);
+
+            atMethodCall2(clazz, MethodInfo.nameInit, args, false, true);
+
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = javaToJvmName(cname);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atNewArrayExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr.getInitializer() != null)
+            throw new CompileError("array initializer is not supported");
+
+        int type = expr.getArrayType();
+        ASTList size = expr.getArraySize();
+        ASTList classname = expr.getClassName();
+        if (size.length() > 1) {
+            atMultiNewArray(type, classname, size);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        size.head().accept(this);
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = 1;
+        if (type == CLASS) {
+            className = resolveClassName(classname);
+            bytecode.addAnewarray(jvmToJavaName(className));
+        }
+        else {
+            className = null;
+            int atype = 0;
+            switch (type) {
+            case BOOLEAN :
+                atype = T_BOOLEAN;
+                break;
+            case CHAR :
+                atype = T_CHAR;
+                break;
+            case FLOAT :
+                atype = T_FLOAT;
+                break;
+            case DOUBLE :
+                atype = T_DOUBLE;
+                break;
+            case BYTE :
+                atype = T_BYTE;
+                break;
+            case SHORT :
+                atype = T_SHORT;
+                break;
+            case INT :
+                atype = T_INT;
+                break;
+            case LONG :
+                atype = T_LONG;
+                break;
+            default :
+                badNewExpr();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            bytecode.addOpcode(NEWARRAY);
+            bytecode.add(atype);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void badNewExpr() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad new expression");
+    }
+
+    protected void atMultiNewArray(int type, ASTList classname, ASTList size)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int count, dim;
+        dim = size.length();
+        for (count = 0; size != null; size = size.tail()) {
+            ASTree s = size.head();
+            if (s == null)
+                break;          // int[][][] a = new int[3][4][];
+
+            ++count;
+            s.accept(this);
+            if (exprType != INT)
+                throw new CompileError("bad type for array size");
+        }
+
+        String desc;
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (type == CLASS) {
+            className = resolveClassName(classname);
+            desc = toJvmArrayName(className, dim);
+        }
+        else
+            desc = toJvmTypeName(type, dim);
+
+        bytecode.addMultiNewarray(desc, count);
+    }
+
+    protected void atMethodCall(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String mname = null;
+        CtClass targetClass = null;
+        ASTree method = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTList args = (ASTList)expr.oprand2();
+        boolean isStatic = false;
+        boolean isSpecial = false;
+
+        if (method instanceof Member) {
+            mname = ((Member)method).get();
+            targetClass = thisClass;
+            if (inStaticMethod)
+                isStatic = true;            // should be static
+            else
+                bytecode.addAload(0);       // this
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Keyword) {   // constructor
+            isSpecial = true;
+            mname = MethodInfo.nameInit;        // <init>
+            targetClass = thisClass;
+            if (inStaticMethod)
+                throw new CompileError("a constructor cannot be static");
+            else
+                bytecode.addAload(0);   // this
+
+            if (((Keyword)method).get() == SUPER)
+                targetClass = getSuperclass(targetClass);
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)method;
+            mname = ((Symbol)e.oprand2()).get();
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER) {                 // static method
+                targetClass = lookupClass((ASTList)e.oprand1());
+                isStatic = true;
+            }
+            else if (op == '.') {
+                ASTree target = e.oprand1();
+                if (target instanceof Keyword)
+                    if (((Keyword)target).get() == SUPER)
+                        isSpecial = true;
+
+                try {
+                    target.accept(this);
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != target)
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    // it should be a static method.
+                    exprType = CLASS;
+                    arrayDim = 0;
+                    className = nfe.getField(); // JVM-internal
+                    isStatic = true;
+                }
+
+                if (arrayDim > 0)
+                    targetClass = lookupClass2(javaLangObject);
+                else if (exprType == CLASS /* && arrayDim == 0 */)
+                    targetClass = lookupClass(className);
+                else
+                    badMethod();
+            }
+            else
+                badMethod();
+        }
+        else
+            fatal();
+
+        atMethodCall2(targetClass, mname, args, isStatic, isSpecial);
+    }
+
+    private static void badMethod() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad method");
+    }
+
+    private static CtClass getSuperclass(CtClass c) throws CompileError {
+        try {
+            return c.getSuperclass();
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {
+            throw new CompileError("cannot find the super class of "
+                                   + c.getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atMethodCall2(CtClass targetClass, String mname,
+                        ASTList args, boolean isStatic, boolean isSpecial)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int nargs = atMethodArgsLength(args);
+        int[] types = new int[nargs];
+        int[] dims = new int[nargs];
+        String[] cnames = new String[nargs];
+
+        int stack = bytecode.getStackDepth();
+
+        atMethodArgs(args, types, dims, cnames);
+
+        // used by invokeinterface
+        int count = bytecode.getStackDepth() - stack + 1;
+
+        Object[] found = lookupMethod(targetClass, thisMethod, mname,
+                                      types, dims, cnames, false);
+        if (found == null) {
+            String msg;
+            if (mname.equals(MethodInfo.nameInit))
+                msg = "constructor not found";
+            else
+                msg = "Method " + mname + " not found in "
+                    + targetClass.getName();
+
+            throw new CompileError(msg);
+        }
+
+        CtClass declClass = (CtClass)found[0];
+        MethodInfo minfo = (MethodInfo)found[1];
+        String desc = minfo.getDescriptor();
+        int acc = minfo.getAccessFlags();
+
+        if (mname.equals(MethodInfo.nameInit)) {
+            isSpecial = true;
+            if (declClass != targetClass)
+                throw new CompileError("no such a constructor");
+        }
+        else if ((acc & AccessFlag.PRIVATE) != 0) {
+            isSpecial = true;
+            if (declClass != targetClass)
+                throw new CompileError("Method " + mname + "is private");
+        }
+
+        boolean popTarget = false;
+        if ((acc & AccessFlag.STATIC) != 0) {
+            if (!isStatic) {
+                /* this method is static but the target object is
+                   on stack.  It must be popped out.
+                */
+                isStatic = true;
+                popTarget = true;
+            }
+
+            bytecode.addInvokestatic(declClass, mname, desc);
+        }
+        else if (isSpecial)
+            bytecode.addInvokespecial(declClass, mname, desc);
+        else if (declClass.isInterface())
+            bytecode.addInvokeinterface(declClass, mname, desc, count);
+        else
+            if (isStatic)
+                throw new CompileError(mname + " is not static");
+            else
+                bytecode.addInvokevirtual(declClass, mname, desc);
+
+        setReturnType(desc, isStatic, popTarget);
+    }
+
+    public int atMethodArgsLength(ASTList args) {
+        return ASTList.length(args);
+    }
+
+    public void atMethodArgs(ASTList args, int[] types, int[] dims,
+                             String[] cnames) throws CompileError {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (args != null) {
+            ASTree a = args.head();
+            a.accept(this);
+            types[i] = exprType;
+            dims[i] = arrayDim;
+            cnames[i] = className;
+            ++i;
+            args = args.tail();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setReturnType(String desc, boolean isStatic,
+                               boolean popTarget)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int i = desc.indexOf(')');
+        if (i < 0)
+            badMethod();
+
+        char c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        int dim = 0;
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (c == 'L') {
+            int j = desc.indexOf(';', i + 1);
+            if (j < 0)
+                badMethod();
+
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            className = desc.substring(i + 1, j);
+        }
+        else {
+            exprType = descToType(c);
+            className = null;
+        }
+
+        int etype = exprType;
+        if (isStatic) {
+            if (popTarget) {
+                if (is2word(etype, dim)) {
+                    bytecode.addOpcode(DUP2_X1);
+                    bytecode.addOpcode(POP2);
+                    bytecode.addOpcode(POP);
+                }
+                else if (etype == VOID)
+                    bytecode.addOpcode(POP);
+                else {
+                    bytecode.addOpcode(SWAP);
+                    bytecode.addOpcode(POP);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object[] lookupMethod(CtClass clazz, MethodInfo current,
+                                  String methodName,
+                                  int[] argTypes, int[] argDims,
+                                  String[] argClassNames, boolean onlyExact)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        Object[] maybe = null;
+
+        if (current != null)
+            if (current.getName().equals(methodName)) {
+                int res = compareSignature(current.getDescriptor(),
+                                           argTypes, argDims, argClassNames);
+                Object[] r = new Object[] { clazz, current };
+                if (res == YES)
+                    return r;
+                else if (res == MAYBE && maybe == null)
+                    maybe = r;
+            }
+
+        List list = clazz.getClassFile2().getMethods();
+        int n = list.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            MethodInfo minfo = (MethodInfo)list.get(i);
+            if (minfo.getName().equals(methodName)) {
+                int res = compareSignature(minfo.getDescriptor(),
+                                           argTypes, argDims, argClassNames);
+                Object[] r = new Object[] { clazz, minfo };
+                if (res == YES)
+                    return r;
+                else if (res == MAYBE && maybe == null)
+                    maybe = r;
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            CtClass pclazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
+            if (pclazz != null) {
+                Object[] r = lookupMethod(pclazz, null, methodName, argTypes,
+                                          argDims, argClassNames,
+                                          (onlyExact || maybe != null));
+                if (r != null)
+                    return r;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        /* -- not necessary to search implemented interfaces.
+        try {
+            CtClass[] ifs = clazz.getInterfaces();
+            int size = ifs.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+                Object[] r = lookupMethod(ifs[i], methodName, argTypes,
+                                          argDims, argClassNames);
+                if (r != null)
+                    return r;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+        */
+
+        if (onlyExact)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return maybe;
+    }
+
+    private static final int YES = 2;
+    private static final int MAYBE = 1;
+    private static final int NO = 0;
+
+    /*
+     * Returns YES if actual parameter types matches the given signature.
+     *
+     * argTypes, argDims, and argClassNames represent actual parameters.
+     *
+     * This method does not correctly implement the Java method dispatch
+     * algorithm.
+     */
+    private int compareSignature(String desc, int[] argTypes,
+                                 int[] argDims, String[] argClassNames)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int result = YES;
+        int i = 1;
+        int nArgs = argTypes.length;
+        if (nArgs != Descriptor.numOfParameters(desc))
+            return NO;
+
+        int len = desc.length();
+        for (int n = 0; i < len; ++n) {
+            char c = desc.charAt(i++);
+            if (c == ')')
+                return (n == nArgs ? result : NO);
+            else if (n >= nArgs)
+                return NO;
+
+            int dim = 0;
+            while (c == '[') {
+                ++dim;
+                c = desc.charAt(i++);
+            }
+
+            if (argTypes[n] == NULL) {
+                if (dim == 0 && c != 'L')
+                    return NO;
+            }
+            else if (argDims[n] != dim) {
+                if (!(dim == 0 && c == 'L'
+                      && desc.startsWith("java/lang/Object;", i)))
+                    return NO;
+
+                // if the thread reaches here, c must be 'L'.
+                i = desc.indexOf(';', i) + 1;
+                result = MAYBE;
+                if (i <= 0)
+                    return NO;  // invalid descriptor?
+            }
+            else if (c == 'L') {        // not compare
+                int j = desc.indexOf(';', i);
+                if (j < 0 || argTypes[n] != CLASS)
+                    return NO;
+
+                String cname = desc.substring(i, j);
+                if (!cname.equals(argClassNames[n])) {
+                    CtClass clazz = lookupClass(argClassNames[n]);
+                    try {
+                        if (clazz.subtypeOf(lookupClass(cname)))
+                            result = MAYBE;
+                        else
+                            return NO;
+                    }
+                    catch (NotFoundException e) {
+                        result = MAYBE; // should be NO?
+                    }
+                }
+
+                i = j + 1;
+            }
+            else {
+                int t = descToType(c);
+                int at = argTypes[n];
+                if (t != at)
+                    if (t == INT
+                        && (at == SHORT || at == BYTE || at == CHAR))
+                        result = MAYBE;
+                    else
+                        return NO;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return NO;
+    }
+
+    protected static int descToType(char c) throws CompileError {
+        switch (c) {
+        case 'Z' :
+            return BOOLEAN;
+        case 'C' :
+            return CHAR;
+        case 'B' :
+            return  BYTE;
+        case 'S' :
+            return SHORT;
+        case 'I' :
+            return INT;
+        case 'J' :
+            return LONG;
+        case 'F' :
+            return FLOAT;
+        case 'D' :
+            return DOUBLE;
+        case 'V' :
+            return VOID;
+        case 'L' :
+        case '[' :
+            return CLASS;
+        default :
+            fatal();
+            return VOID;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldAssign(Expr expr, int op, ASTree left,
+                        ASTree right, boolean doDup) throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(left);
+        boolean is_static = resultStatic;
+        if (op != '=' && !is_static)
+            bytecode.addOpcode(DUP);
+
+        int fi = atFieldRead(f, is_static, op == '=');
+        int fType = exprType;
+        int fDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+
+        atAssignCore(expr, op, right, fType, fDim, cname);
+
+        boolean is2w = is2word(fType, fDim);
+        if (doDup) {
+            int dup_code;
+            if (is_static)
+                dup_code = (is2w ? DUP2 : DUP);
+            else
+                dup_code = (is2w ? DUP2_X1 : DUP_X1);
+
+            bytecode.addOpcode(dup_code);
+        }
+
+        if (is_static) {
+            bytecode.add(PUTSTATIC);
+            bytecode.growStack(is2w ? -2 : -1);
+        }
+        else {
+            bytecode.add(PUTFIELD);
+            bytecode.growStack(is2w ? -3 : -2);
+        }
+
+        bytecode.addIndex(fi);
+        exprType = fType;
+        arrayDim = fDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    /* overwritten in JvstCodeGen.
+     */
+    public void atMember(Member mem) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(mem);
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldRead(ASTree expr) throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(expr);
+        boolean is_static = resultStatic;
+        atFieldRead(f, is_static, false);
+    }
+
+    private int atFieldRead(CtField f, boolean isStatic, boolean noRead)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        FieldInfo finfo = f.getFieldInfo2();
+        String type = finfo.getDescriptor();
+
+        int fi = addFieldrefInfo(f, finfo, type);
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int dim = 0;
+        char c = type.charAt(i);
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = type.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        boolean is2byte = (c == 'J' || c == 'D');
+        exprType = descToType(c);
+
+        if (c == 'L')
+            className = type.substring(i + 1, type.indexOf(';', i + 1));
+        else
+            className = null;
+
+        if (noRead)
+            return fi;
+
+        if (isStatic) {
+            bytecode.add(GETSTATIC);
+            bytecode.growStack(is2byte ? 2 : 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            bytecode.add(GETFIELD);
+            bytecode.growStack(is2byte ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+
+        bytecode.addIndex(fi);
+        return fi;
+    }
+
+    protected int addFieldrefInfo(CtField f, FieldInfo finfo, String type) {
+        ConstPool cp = bytecode.getConstPool();
+        String cname = f.getDeclaringClass().getName();
+        int ci = cp.addClassInfo(cname);
+        String name = finfo.getName();
+        return cp.addFieldrefInfo(ci, name, type);
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldPlusPlus(int token, boolean isPost,
+                                   ASTree oprand, Expr expr, boolean doDup)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(oprand);
+        boolean is_static = resultStatic;
+        if (!is_static)
+            bytecode.addOpcode(DUP);
+
+        int fi = atFieldRead(f, is_static, false);
+        int t = exprType;
+        boolean is2w = is2word(t, arrayDim);
+
+        int dup_code;
+        if (is_static)
+            dup_code = (is2w ? DUP2 : DUP);
+        else
+            dup_code = (is2w ? DUP2_X1 : DUP_X1);
+
+        atPlusPlusCore(dup_code, doDup, token, isPost, expr);
+
+        if (is_static) {
+            bytecode.add(PUTSTATIC);
+            bytecode.growStack(is2w ? -2 : -1);
+        }
+        else {
+            bytecode.add(PUTFIELD);
+            bytecode.growStack(is2w ? -3 : -2);
+        }
+
+        bytecode.addIndex(fi);
+    }
+
+    /* This method also returns a value in resultStatic.
+     */
+    protected CtField fieldAccess(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        CtField f = null;
+        boolean is_static = false;
+        if (expr instanceof Member) {
+            String name = ((Member)expr).get();
+            try {
+                f = thisClass.getField(name);
+            }
+            catch (NotFoundException e) {
+                // EXPR might be part of a static member access?
+                throw new NoFieldException(name, expr);
+            }
+
+            is_static = Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers());
+            if (!is_static)
+                if (inStaticMethod)
+                    throw new CompileError(
+                                "not available in a static method: " + name);
+                else
+                    bytecode.addAload(0);       // this
+        }
+        else if (expr instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)expr;
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER) {
+                f = lookupField((ASTList)e.oprand1(), (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+                is_static = true;
+            }
+            else if (op == '.') {
+                try {
+                    e.oprand1().accept(this);
+                    if (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0)
+                        f = lookupField(className, (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+                    else
+                        badLvalue();
+
+                    is_static = Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers());
+                    if (is_static)
+                        bytecode.addOpcode(POP);
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != e.oprand1())
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    Symbol fname = (Symbol)e.oprand2();
+                    // it should be a static field.
+                    try {
+                        f = lookupField(nfe.getField(), fname);
+                        is_static = true;
+                    }
+                    catch (CompileError ce) {
+                        // EXPR might be part of a qualified class name.
+                        throw new NoFieldException(nfe.getField() + "/"
+                                                   + fname.get(), expr);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+                badLvalue();
+        }
+        else
+            badLvalue();
+
+        resultStatic = is_static;
+        return f;
+    }
+
+    private static void badLvalue() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad l-value");
+    }
+
+    public CtClass[] makeParamList(MethodDecl md) throws CompileError {
+        CtClass[] params;
+        ASTList plist = md.getParams();
+        if (plist == null)
+            params = new CtClass[0];
+        else {
+            int i = 0;
+            params = new CtClass[plist.length()];
+            while (plist != null) {
+                params[i++] = lookupClass((Declarator)plist.head());
+                plist = plist.tail();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return params;
+    }
+
+    public CtClass[] makeThrowsList(MethodDecl md) throws CompileError {
+        CtClass[] clist;
+        ASTList list = md.getThrows();
+        if (list == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            int i = 0;
+            clist = new CtClass[list.length()];
+            while (list != null) {
+                clist[i++] = lookupClass((ASTList)list.head());
+                list = list.tail();
+            }
+
+            return clist;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static int getModifiers(ASTList mods) {
+        int m = 0;
+        while (mods != null) {
+            Keyword k = (Keyword)mods.head();
+            mods = mods.tail();
+            switch (k.get()) {
+            case STATIC :
+                m |= Modifier.STATIC;
+                break;
+            case FINAL :
+                m |= Modifier.FINAL;
+                break;
+            case SYNCHRONIZED :
+                m |= Modifier.SYNCHRONIZED;
+                break;
+            case ABSTRACT :
+                m |= Modifier.ABSTRACT;
+                break;
+            case PUBLIC :
+                m |= Modifier.PUBLIC;
+                break;
+            case PROTECTED :
+                m |= Modifier.PROTECTED;
+                break;
+            case PRIVATE :
+                m |= Modifier.PRIVATE;
+                break;
+            case VOLATILE :
+                m |= Modifier.VOLATILE;
+                break;
+            case TRANSIENT :
+                m |= Modifier.TRANSIENT;
+                break;
+            case STRICT :
+                m |= Modifier.STRICT;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return m;
+    }
+
+    /* Converts a class name into a JVM-internal representation.
+     *
+     * It may also expand a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(ASTList name) throws CompileError {
+        if (name == null)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return javaToJvmName(lookupClass(name).getName());
+    }
+
+    /* Expands a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(String jvmName) throws CompileError {
+        if (jvmName == null)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return javaToJvmName(lookupClass(jvmName).getName());
+    }
+
+    protected CtClass lookupClass(Declarator decl) throws CompileError {
+        return lookupClass(decl.getType(), decl.getArrayDim(),
+                           decl.getClassName());
+    }
+
+    protected CtClass lookupClass(int type, int dim, String classname)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        String cname = "";
+        CtClass clazz;
+        switch (type) {
+        case CLASS :
+            clazz = lookupClass(classname);
+            if (dim > 0)
+                cname = clazz.getName();
+            else
+                return clazz;
+
+            break;
+        case BOOLEAN :
+            cname = "boolean";
+            break;
+        case CHAR :
+            cname = "char";
+            break;
+        case BYTE :
+            cname = "byte";
+            break;
+        case SHORT :
+            cname = "short";
+            break;
+        case INT :
+            cname = "int";
+            break;
+        case LONG :
+            cname = "long";
+            break;
+        case FLOAT :
+            cname = "float";
+            break;
+        case DOUBLE :
+            cname = "double";
+            break;
+        case VOID :
+            cname = "void";
+            break;
+        default :
+            fatal();
+        }
+
+        while (dim-- > 0)
+            cname += "[]";
+
+        return lookupClass2(cname);
+    }
+
+    protected CtClass lookupClass(ASTList name) throws CompileError {
+        return lookupClass2(Declarator.astToClassName(name, '.'));
+    }
+
+    protected CtClass lookupClass(String jvmName) throws CompileError {
+        return lookupClass2(jvmToJavaName(jvmName));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param name      a qualified class name. e.g. java.lang.String
+     */
+    private CtClass lookupClass2(String name) throws CompileError {
+        try {
+            return classPool.get(name);
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        try {
+            if (name.indexOf('.') < 0)
+                return classPool.get("java.lang." + name);
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+
+        throw new CompileError("no such class: " + name);
+    }
+
+    public CtField lookupField(ASTList className, Symbol fieldName)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        return lookupField2(Declarator.astToClassName(className, '.'),
+                            fieldName);
+    }
+
+    public CtField lookupField(String className, Symbol fieldName)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        return lookupField2(jvmToJavaName(className), fieldName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param name      a qualified class name. e.g. java.lang.String
+     */
+    private CtField lookupField2(String className, Symbol fieldName)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtClass cc = lookupClass(className);
+        try {
+            return cc.getField(fieldName.get());
+        }
+        catch (NotFoundException e) {}
+        throw new CompileError("no such field: " + fieldName.get());
+    }
+
+    protected static String javaToJvmName(String classname) {
+        return classname.replace('.', '/');
+    }
+
+    protected static String jvmToJavaName(String classname) {
+        return classname.replace('/', '.');
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `astToClassName(className,46)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `lookupField2(...)` at line 1018.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+CtField MemberCodeGen.lookupField(ASTList,Symbol)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.compiler.MemberCodeGen.lookupField(javassist.compiler.ast.ASTList,javassist.compiler.ast.S.8e9e2eb92e3ae1e685273094c7ee6b44
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/compiler/MemberCodeGen.java
+
+### Key:
+MemberCodeGen.java|lookupField|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+df64850a52332193bad448f8258efd03
+
+### Hash:
+2d2b67ce37493e1d9919cbd7dccd4e87
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3386/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3386/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1819a3bd87912d518a9918ec7a9d8e823305748e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3386/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2004 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist.compiler;
+
+import javassist.CtClass;
+import javassist.CtField;
+import javassist.ClassPool;
+import javassist.NotFoundException;
+import javassist.compiler.ast.*;
+import javassist.bytecode.*;
+
+public class TypeChecker extends Visitor implements Opcode, TokenId {
+    static final String javaLangObject = "java.lang.Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangObject = "java/lang/Object";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangString = "java/lang/String";
+    static final String jvmJavaLangClass = "java/lang/Class";
+
+    /* The following fields are used by atXXX() methods
+     * for returning the type of the compiled expression.
+     */
+    protected int exprType;     // VOID, NULL, CLASS, BOOLEAN, INT, ...
+    protected int arrayDim;
+    protected String className; // JVM-internal representation
+
+    protected MemberResolver resolver;
+    protected CtClass   thisClass;
+    protected MethodInfo thisMethod;
+
+    public TypeChecker(CtClass cc, ClassPool cp) {
+        resolver = new MemberResolver(cp);
+        thisClass = cc;
+        thisMethod = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Records the currently compiled method.
+     */
+    public void setThisMethod(MethodInfo m) {
+        thisMethod = m;
+    }
+
+    protected static void fatal() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("fatal");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this class name.
+     */
+    protected String getThisName() {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(thisClass.getName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JVM-internal representation of this super class name.
+     */
+    protected String getSuperName() throws CompileError {
+        return MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(
+                        MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass).getName());
+    }
+
+    /* Converts a class name into a JVM-internal representation.
+     *
+     * It may also expand a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(ASTList name) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveClassName(name);
+    }
+
+    /* Expands a simple class name to java.lang.*.
+     * For example, this converts Object into java/lang/Object.
+     */
+    protected String resolveClassName(String jvmName) throws CompileError {
+        return resolver.resolveJvmClassName(jvmName);
+    }
+
+    public void atNewExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr.isArray())
+            atNewArrayExpr(expr);
+        else {
+            CtClass clazz = resolver.lookupClassByName(expr.getClassName());
+            String cname = clazz.getName();
+            ASTList args = expr.getArguments();
+            atMethodCallCore(clazz, MethodInfo.nameInit, args);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = MemberResolver.javaToJvmName(cname);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atNewArrayExpr(NewExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int type = expr.getArrayType();
+        ASTList size = expr.getArraySize();
+        ASTList classname = expr.getClassName();
+        if (size.length() > 1)
+            atMultiNewArray(type, classname, size);
+        else {
+            size.head().accept(this);
+            exprType = type;
+            arrayDim = 1;
+            if (type == CLASS)
+                className = resolveClassName(classname);
+            else
+                className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atMultiNewArray(int type, ASTList classname, ASTList size)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int count, dim;
+        dim = size.length();
+        for (count = 0; size != null; size = size.tail()) {
+            ASTree s = size.head();
+            if (s == null)
+                break;          // int[][][] a = new int[3][4][];
+
+            ++count;
+            s.accept(this);
+        }
+
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (type == CLASS)
+            className = resolveClassName(classname);
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    public void atAssignExpr(AssignExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, >>>=
+        int op = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (left instanceof Variable)
+            atVariableAssign(expr, op, (Variable)left,
+                             ((Variable)left).getDeclarator(),
+                             right);
+        else {
+            if (left instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)left;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayAssign(expr, op, (Expr)left, right);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldAssign(expr, op, left, right);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* op is either =, %=, &=, *=, /=, +=, -=, ^=, |=, <<=, >>=, or >>>=.
+     *
+     * expr and var can be null.
+     */
+    private void atVariableAssign(Expr expr, int op, Variable var,
+                                  Declarator d, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int varType = d.getType();
+        int varArray = d.getArrayDim();
+        String varClass = d.getClassName();
+
+        if (op != '=')
+            atVariable(var);
+
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = varType;
+        arrayDim = varArray;
+        className = varClass;
+    }
+
+    private void atArrayAssign(Expr expr, int op, Expr array,
+                        ASTree right) throws CompileError
+    {
+        atArrayRead(array.oprand1(), array.oprand2());
+        int aType = exprType;
+        int aDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = aType;
+        arrayDim = aDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldAssign(Expr expr, int op, ASTree left, ASTree right)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(left);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int fType = exprType;
+        int fDim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        exprType = fType;
+        arrayDim = fDim;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atCondExpr(CondExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        booleanExpr(expr.condExpr());
+        expr.thenExpr().accept(this);
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname1 = className;
+        expr.elseExpr().accept(this);
+
+        if (dim1 == 0 && dim1 == arrayDim)
+            if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, exprType))
+                expr.setThen(new CastExpr(exprType, 0, expr.thenExpr()));
+            else if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(exprType, type1)) {
+                expr.setElse(new CastExpr(type1, 0, expr.elseExpr()));
+                exprType = type1;
+            }
+    }
+
+    public void atBinExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        int k = CodeGen.lookupBinOp(token);
+        if (k >= 0) {
+            /* arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %, |, ^, &, <<, >>, >>>
+             */
+            if (token == '+') {
+                Expr e = atPlusExpr(expr);
+                if (e != null) {
+                    /* String concatenation has been translated into
+                     * an expression using StringBuffer.
+                     */
+                    e = CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', e,
+                                            new Member("toString")), null);
+                    expr.setLeft(e);
+                    expr.setOprand2(null);    // <---- look at this!
+                    className = jvmJavaLangString;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+                int type1 = exprType;
+                expr.oprand2().accept(this);
+                computeBinExprType(expr, token, type1);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            /* equation: &&, ||, ==, !=, <=, >=, <, >
+            */
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // expr must be a + expression.
+    private Expr atPlusExpr(BinExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        ASTree left = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTree right = expr.oprand2();
+        if (right == null) {
+            /* this expression has been already type-checked since it is
+               string concatenation.
+               see atBinExpr() above.
+             */
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = jvmJavaLangString;
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (isPlusExpr(left)) {
+            Expr newExpr = atPlusExpr((BinExpr)left);
+            if (newExpr != null) {
+                right.accept(this);
+                exprType = CLASS;
+                arrayDim = 0;
+                className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+                return makeAppendCall(newExpr, right);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+            left.accept(this);
+
+        int type1 = exprType;
+        int dim1 = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        right.accept(this);
+        if ((type1 == CLASS && dim1 == 0 && jvmJavaLangString.equals(cname))
+            || (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0
+                && jvmJavaLangString.equals(className))) {
+            ASTList sbufClass = ASTList.make(new Symbol("java"),
+                            new Symbol("lang"), new Symbol("StringBuffer"));
+            ASTree e = new NewExpr(sbufClass, null);
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            arrayDim = 0;
+            className = "java/lang/StringBuffer";
+            return makeAppendCall(makeAppendCall(e, left), right);
+        }
+        else {
+            computeBinExprType(expr, '+', type1);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isPlusExpr(ASTree expr) {
+        if (expr instanceof BinExpr) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            int token = bexpr.getOperator();
+            return token == '+';
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static Expr makeAppendCall(ASTree target, ASTree arg) {
+        return CallExpr.makeCall(Expr.make('.', target, new Member("append")),
+                                 new ASTList(arg));
+    }
+
+    private void computeBinExprType(BinExpr expr, int token, int type1)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        // arrayDim should be 0.
+        int type2 = exprType;
+        if (token == LSHIFT || token == RSHIFT || token == ARSHIFT)
+            exprType = type1;
+        else
+            insertCast(expr, type1, type2);
+
+        if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+            exprType = INT;         // type1 may be BYTE, ...
+    }
+
+    private void booleanExpr(ASTree expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int op = CodeGen.getCompOperator(expr);
+        if (op == EQ) {         // ==, !=, ...
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            int type1 = exprType;
+            int dim1 = arrayDim;
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+            if (dim1 == 0 && arrayDim == 0)
+                insertCast(bexpr, type1, exprType);
+        }
+        else if (op == '!')
+            ((Expr)expr).oprand1().accept(this);
+        else if (op == ANDAND || op == OROR) {
+            BinExpr bexpr = (BinExpr)expr;
+            bexpr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            bexpr.oprand2().accept(this);
+        }
+        else                // others
+            expr.accept(this);
+
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    private void insertCast(BinExpr expr, int type1, int type2)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        if (CodeGen.rightIsStrong(type1, type2))
+            expr.setLeft(new CastExpr(type2, 0, expr.oprand1()));
+        else
+            exprType = type1;
+    }
+
+    public void atCastExpr(CastExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String cname = resolveClassName(expr.getClassName());
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = expr.getType();
+        arrayDim = expr.getArrayDim();
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    public void atInstanceOfExpr(InstanceOfExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.getOprand().accept(this);
+        exprType = BOOLEAN;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atExpr(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        // array access, member access,
+        // (unary) +, (unary) -, ++, --, !, ~
+
+        int token = expr.getOperator();
+        ASTree oprand = expr.oprand1();
+        if (token == '.') {
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("length"))
+                atArrayLength(expr);
+            else if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == MEMBER) {     // field read
+            String member = ((Symbol)expr.oprand2()).get();
+            if (member.equals("class"))                
+                atClassObject(expr);  // .class
+            else
+                atFieldRead(expr);
+        }
+        else if (token == ARRAY)
+            atArrayRead(oprand, expr.oprand2());
+        else if (token == PLUSPLUS || token == MINUSMINUS)
+            atPlusPlus(token, oprand, expr);
+        else if (token == '!')
+            booleanExpr(expr);
+        else if (token == CALL)              // method call
+            fatal();
+        else {
+            expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+            if (token == '-' || token == '~')
+                if (CodeGen.isP_INT(exprType))
+                    exprType = INT;         // type may be BYTE, ...
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atCallExpr(CallExpr expr) throws CompileError {
+        String mname = null;
+        CtClass targetClass = null;
+        ASTree method = expr.oprand1();
+        ASTList args = (ASTList)expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (method instanceof Member) {
+            mname = ((Member)method).get();
+            targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Keyword) {   // constructor
+            mname = MethodInfo.nameInit;        // <init>
+            if (((Keyword)method).get() == SUPER)
+                targetClass = MemberResolver.getSuperclass(thisClass);
+            else
+                targetClass = thisClass;
+        }
+        else if (method instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)method;
+            mname = ((Symbol)e.oprand2()).get();
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)                // static method
+                targetClass
+                        = resolver.lookupClass(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                               false);
+            else if (op == '.') {
+                ASTree target = e.oprand1();
+                try {
+                    target.accept(this);
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != target)
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    // it should be a static method.
+                    exprType = CLASS;
+                    arrayDim = 0;
+                    className = nfe.getField(); // JVM-internal
+                }
+
+                if (arrayDim > 0)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClass(javaLangObject, true);
+                else if (exprType == CLASS /* && arrayDim == 0 */)
+                    targetClass = resolver.lookupClassByJvmName(className);
+                else
+                    badMethod();
+            }
+            else
+                badMethod();
+        }
+        else
+            fatal();
+
+        MemberResolver.Method minfo
+            = atMethodCallCore(targetClass, mname, args);
+        expr.setMethod(minfo);
+    }
+
+    private static void badMethod() throws CompileError {
+        throw new CompileError("bad method");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return  a pair of the class declaring the invoked method
+     *          and the MethodInfo of that method.  Never null.
+     */
+    public MemberResolver.Method atMethodCallCore(CtClass targetClass,
+                                                  String mname, ASTList args)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        int nargs = getMethodArgsLength(args);
+        int[] types = new int[nargs];
+        int[] dims = new int[nargs];
+        String[] cnames = new String[nargs];
+        atMethodArgs(args, types, dims, cnames);
+
+        MemberResolver.Method found
+            = resolver.lookupMethod(targetClass, thisMethod, mname,
+                                    types, dims, cnames, false);
+        if (found == null) {
+            String msg;
+            if (mname.equals(MethodInfo.nameInit))
+                msg = "constructor not found";
+            else
+                msg = "Method " + mname + " not found in "
+                    + targetClass.getName();
+
+            throw new CompileError(msg);
+        }
+
+        String desc = found.info.getDescriptor();
+        setReturnType(desc);
+        return found;
+    }
+
+    public int getMethodArgsLength(ASTList args) {
+        return ASTList.length(args);
+    }
+
+    public void atMethodArgs(ASTList args, int[] types, int[] dims,
+                             String[] cnames) throws CompileError {
+        int i = 0;
+        while (args != null) {
+            ASTree a = args.head();
+            a.accept(this);
+            types[i] = exprType;
+            dims[i] = arrayDim;
+            cnames[i] = className;
+            ++i;
+            args = args.tail();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setReturnType(String desc) throws CompileError {
+        int i = desc.indexOf(')');
+        if (i < 0)
+            badMethod();
+
+        char c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        int dim = 0;
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = desc.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        if (c == 'L') {
+            int j = desc.indexOf(';', i + 1);
+            if (j < 0)
+                badMethod();
+
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            className = desc.substring(i + 1, j);
+        }
+        else {
+            exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+            className = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(fieldAccess(expr));
+    }
+
+    private void atFieldRead(CtField f) throws CompileError {
+        FieldInfo finfo = f.getFieldInfo2();
+        String type = finfo.getDescriptor();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int dim = 0;
+        char c = type.charAt(i);
+        while (c == '[') {
+            ++dim;
+            c = type.charAt(++i);
+        }
+
+        arrayDim = dim;
+        exprType = MemberResolver.descToType(c);
+
+        if (c == 'L')
+            className = type.substring(i + 1, type.indexOf(';', i + 1));
+        else
+            className = null;
+    }
+
+    protected CtField fieldAccess(ASTree expr) throws CompileError {
+        if (expr instanceof Member) {
+            String name = ((Member)expr).get();
+            try {
+                return thisClass.getField(name);
+            }
+            catch (NotFoundException e) {
+                // EXPR might be part of a static member access?
+                throw new NoFieldException(name, expr);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (expr instanceof Expr) {
+            Expr e = (Expr)expr;
+            int op = e.getOperator();
+            if (op == MEMBER)
+                return resolver.lookupField(((Symbol)e.oprand1()).get(),
+                                            (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+            else if (op == '.')
+                try {
+                    e.oprand1().accept(this);
+                    if (exprType == CLASS && arrayDim == 0)
+                        return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName(className,
+                                                    (Symbol)e.oprand2());
+                }
+                catch (NoFieldException nfe) {
+                    if (nfe.getExpr() != e.oprand1())
+                        throw nfe;
+
+                    /* EXPR should be a static field.
+                     * If EXPR might be part of a qualified class name,
+                     * lookupFieldByJvmName2() throws NoFieldException.
+                     */
+                    Symbol fname = (Symbol)e.oprand2();
+                    return resolver.lookupFieldByJvmName2(nfe.getField(),
+                                                          fname, expr);
+                }
+        }
+
+        throw new CompileError("bad filed access");
+    }
+
+    public void atClassObject(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className =jvmJavaLangClass;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayLength(Expr expr) throws CompileError {
+        expr.oprand1().accept(this);
+        exprType = INT;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+    }
+
+    public void atArrayRead(ASTree array, ASTree index)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        array.accept(this);
+        int type = exprType;
+        int dim = arrayDim;
+        String cname = className;
+        index.accept(this);
+        exprType = type;
+        arrayDim = dim - 1;
+        className = cname;
+    }
+
+    private void atPlusPlus(int token, ASTree oprand, Expr expr)
+        throws CompileError
+    {
+        boolean isPost = oprand == null;        // ++i or i++?
+        if (isPost)
+            oprand = expr.oprand2();
+
+        if (oprand instanceof Variable) {
+            Declarator d = ((Variable)oprand).getDeclarator();
+            exprType = d.getType();
+            arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        }
+        else {
+            if (oprand instanceof Expr) {
+                Expr e = (Expr)oprand;
+                if (e.getOperator() == ARRAY) {
+                    atArrayRead(e.oprand1(), e.oprand2());
+                    // arrayDim should be 0.
+                    int t = exprType;
+                    if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+                        exprType = INT;
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            atFieldPlusPlus(oprand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void atFieldPlusPlus(ASTree oprand) throws CompileError
+    {
+        CtField f = fieldAccess(oprand);
+        atFieldRead(f);
+        int t = exprType;
+        if (t == INT || t == BYTE || t == CHAR || t == SHORT)
+            exprType = INT;
+    }
+
+    public void atMember(Member mem) throws CompileError {
+        atFieldRead(mem);
+    }
+
+    public void atVariable(Variable v) throws CompileError {
+        Declarator d = v.getDeclarator();
+        exprType = d.getType();
+        arrayDim = d.getArrayDim();
+        className = d.getClassName();
+    }
+
+    public void atKeyword(Keyword k) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int token = k.get();
+        switch (token) {
+        case TRUE :
+        case FALSE :
+            exprType = BOOLEAN;
+            break;
+        case NULL :
+            exprType = NULL;
+            break;
+        case THIS :
+        case SUPER :
+            exprType = CLASS;
+            if (token == THIS)
+                className = getThisName();
+            else
+                className = getSuperName();             
+            break;
+        default :
+            fatal();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void atStringL(StringL s) throws CompileError {
+        exprType = CLASS;
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        className = jvmJavaLangString;
+    }
+
+    public void atIntConst(IntConst i) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        int type = i.getType();
+        if (type == IntConstant || type == CharConstant)
+            exprType = (type == IntConstant ? INT : CHAR);
+        else
+            exprType = LONG;
+    }
+
+    public void atDoubleConst(DoubleConst d) throws CompileError {
+        arrayDim = 0;
+        if (d.getType() == DoubleConstant)
+            exprType = DOUBLE;
+        else
+            exprType = FLOAT;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `e.oprand2()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `lookupField(...)` at line 609.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+CtField TypeChecker.fieldAccess(ASTree)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.compiler.TypeChecker.fieldAccess(javassist.compiler.ast.ASTree):javassist.CtField.8fcbc61edbc1e81c6769989bde2e618b
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/compiler/TypeChecker.java
+
+### Key:
+TypeChecker.java|fieldAccess|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3145a50fff89abe83491a437b1d1dd9a
+
+### Hash:
+1d2e28d51076d9396b5d3696ee66b146
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3387/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3387/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2b3ec6dba5f92896e69f834159b983a3db03d88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3387/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2003 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.*;
+
+/**
+ * A class search-path specified with URL (http).
+ *
+ * @see javassist.ClassPath
+ * @see ClassPool#insertClassPath(ClassPath)
+ * @see ClassPool#appendClassPath(ClassPath)
+ */
+public class URLClassPath implements ClassPath {
+    protected String hostname;
+    protected int port;
+    protected String directory;
+    protected String packageName;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a search path specified with URL (http).
+     *
+     * <p>This search path is used only if a requested
+     * class name starts with the name specified by <code>packageName</code>.
+     * If <code>packageName</code> is "mypack" and a requested class is
+     * "mypack.sub.Test", then the given URL is used for loading that class.
+     * If <code>packageName</code> is <code>null</code>, the URL is used
+     * for loading any class.
+     *
+     * @param host              host name
+     * @param port              port number
+     * @param directory         directory name ending with "/".
+     *                          It can be "/" (root directory).
+     * @param packageName       package name.
+     */
+    public URLClassPath(String host, int port,
+                        String directory, String packageName) {
+        hostname = host;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.directory = directory;
+        this.packageName = packageName;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        return hostname + ":" + port + directory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Opens a class file with http.
+     *
+     * @return null if the class file is not found. 
+     */
+    public InputStream openClassfile(String classname) {
+        try {
+            if (packageName == null || classname.startsWith(packageName)) {
+                String jarname
+                    = directory + classname.replace('.', '/') + ".class";
+                URLConnection con = fetchClass0(hostname, port, jarname);
+                return con.getInputStream();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (IOException e) {}
+        return null;    // not found
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes this class path.
+     */
+    public void close() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a class file on an http server.
+     *
+     * @param host              host name
+     * @param port              port number
+     * @param directory         directory name ending with "/".
+     *                          It can be "/" (root directory).
+     * @param classname         fully-qualified class name
+     */
+    public static byte[] fetchClass(String host, int port,
+                                    String directory, String classname)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        byte[] b;
+        URLConnection con = fetchClass0(host, port,
+                directory + classname.replace('.', '/') + ".class");
+        int size = con.getContentLength();
+        InputStream s = con.getInputStream();
+        try {
+            if (size <= 0)
+                b = ClassPoolTail.readStream(s);
+            else {
+                b = new byte[size];
+                int len = 0;
+                do {
+                    int n = s.read(b, len, size - len);
+                    if (n < 0)
+                        throw new IOException("the stream was closed: "
+                                              + classname);
+
+                    len += n;
+                } while (len < size);
+            }
+        }
+        finally {
+            s.close();
+        }
+
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    private static URLConnection fetchClass0(String host, int port,
+                                             String filename)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        URL url;
+        try {
+            url = new URL("http", host, port, filename);
+        }
+        catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+            // should never reache here.
+            throw new IOException("invalid URL?");
+        }
+
+        URLConnection con = url.openConnection();
+        con.connect();
+        return con;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.HttpURLConnection` acquired by call to `fetchClass0(...)` at line 72 is not released after line 73.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+InputStream URLClassPath.openClassfile(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.URLClassPath.openClassfile(java.lang.String):java.io.InputStream.cb8c6566c172cb70b1c636de56a5a368
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/URLClassPath.java
+
+### Key:
+URLClassPath.java|openClassfile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+cd917e0854ab05a03701b589d85cd12c
+
+### Hash:
+6962be88a012285a01306f850552d992
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3388/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3388/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8139f51ef086a7deb278bc4b785a7648b1f8d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3388/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1509 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javassist
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2005 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
+ * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
+ * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later.
+ *
+ * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
+ * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+
+package javassist.bytecode;
+
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import javassist.CtClass;
+
+/**
+ * Constant pool table.
+ */
+public final class ConstPool {
+    LongVector items;
+    int       numOfItems;
+    HashMap classes;
+    HashMap strings;
+    int       thisClassInfo;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Class</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Class = ClassInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Fieldref = FieldrefInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Methodref</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Methodref = MethodrefInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_InterfaceMethodref
+                                        = InterfaceMethodrefInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_String</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_String = StringInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Integer</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Integer = IntegerInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Float</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Float = FloatInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Long</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Long = LongInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Double</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Double = DoubleInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_NameAndType = NameAndTypeInfo.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Utf8</code>
+     */
+    public static final int CONST_Utf8 = Utf8Info.tag;
+
+    /**
+     * Represents the class using this constant pool table.
+     */
+    public static final CtClass THIS = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a constant pool table.
+     *
+     * @param thisclass         the name of the class using this constant
+     *                          pool table
+     */
+    public ConstPool(String thisclass) {
+        items = new LongVector();
+        numOfItems = 0;
+        addItem(null);          // index 0 is reserved by the JVM.
+        classes = new HashMap();
+        strings = new HashMap();
+        thisClassInfo = addClassInfo(thisclass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a constant pool table from the given byte stream.
+     *
+     * @param in        byte stream.
+     */
+    public ConstPool(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        classes = new HashMap();
+        strings = new HashMap();
+        thisClassInfo = 0;
+        /* read() initializes items and numOfItems, and do addItem(null).
+         */
+        read(in);
+    }
+
+    void prune() {
+        classes = new HashMap();
+        strings = new HashMap();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of entries in this table.
+     */
+    public int getSize() {
+        return numOfItems;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of the class using this constant pool table.
+     */
+    public String getClassName() {
+        return getClassInfo(thisClassInfo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the index of <code>CONSTANT_Class_info</code> structure
+     * specifying the class using this constant pool table.
+     */
+    public int getThisClassInfo() {
+        return thisClassInfo;
+    }
+
+    void setThisClassInfo(int i) {
+        thisClassInfo = i;
+    }
+
+    ConstInfo getItem(int n) {
+        return (ConstInfo)items.elementAt(n);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the <code>tag</code> field of the constant pool table
+     * entry at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getTag(int index) {
+        return getItem(index).getTag();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_Class_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return  a fully-qualified class or interface name specified
+     *          by <code>name_index</code>.
+     */
+    public String getClassInfo(int index) {
+        ClassInfo c = (ClassInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (c == null)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return Descriptor.toJavaName(getUtf8Info(c.name));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>name_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getNameAndTypeName(int index) {
+        NameAndTypeInfo ntinfo = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(index);
+        return ntinfo.memberName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>descriptor_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getNameAndTypeDescriptor(int index) {
+        NameAndTypeInfo ntinfo = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(index);
+        return ntinfo.typeDescriptor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>class_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getFieldrefClass(int index) {
+        FieldrefInfo finfo = (FieldrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        return finfo.classIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>class_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the name of the class at that <code>class_index</code>.
+     */
+    public String getFieldrefClassName(int index) {
+        FieldrefInfo f = (FieldrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (f == null)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return getClassInfo(f.classIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>name_and_type_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getFieldrefNameAndType(int index) {
+        FieldrefInfo finfo = (FieldrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        return finfo.nameAndTypeIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>name_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * indirectly specified by the given index.
+     *
+     * @param index     an index to a <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code>.
+     * @return  the name of the field.
+     */
+    public String getFieldrefName(int index) {
+        FieldrefInfo f = (FieldrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (f == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            NameAndTypeInfo n = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(f.nameAndTypeIndex);
+            if(n == null)
+                return null;
+            else
+                return getUtf8Info(n.memberName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>descriptor_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * indirectly specified by the given index.
+     *
+     * @param index     an index to a <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code>.
+     * @return  the type descriptor of the field.
+     */
+    public String getFieldrefType(int index) {
+        FieldrefInfo f = (FieldrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (f == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            NameAndTypeInfo n = (NameAndTypeInfo) getItem(f.nameAndTypeIndex);
+            if(n == null)
+                return null;
+            else
+                return getUtf8Info(n.typeDescriptor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>class_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getMethodrefClass(int index) {
+        MethodrefInfo minfo = (MethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        return minfo.classIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>class_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the name of the class at that <code>class_index</code>.
+     */
+    public String getMethodrefClassName(int index) {
+        MethodrefInfo minfo = (MethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (minfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else
+            return getClassInfo(minfo.classIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>name_and_type_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getMethodrefNameAndType(int index) {
+        MethodrefInfo minfo = (MethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        return minfo.nameAndTypeIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>name_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * indirectly specified by the given index.
+     *
+     * @param index     an index to a <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code>.
+     * @return  the name of the method.
+     */
+    public String getMethodrefName(int index) {
+        MethodrefInfo minfo = (MethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (minfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            NameAndTypeInfo n
+                = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(minfo.nameAndTypeIndex);
+            if(n == null)
+                return null;
+            else
+                return getUtf8Info(n.memberName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>descriptor_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * indirectly specified by the given index.
+     *
+     * @param index     an index to a <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code>.
+     * @return  the descriptor of the method.
+     */
+    public String getMethodrefType(int index) {
+        MethodrefInfo minfo = (MethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (minfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            NameAndTypeInfo n
+                = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(minfo.nameAndTypeIndex);
+            if(n == null)
+                return null;
+            else
+                return getUtf8Info(n.typeDescriptor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>class_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getInterfaceMethodrefClass(int index) {
+        InterfaceMethodrefInfo minfo
+            = (InterfaceMethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        return minfo.classIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>class_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the name of the class at that <code>class_index</code>.
+     */
+    public String getInterfaceMethodrefClassName(int index) {
+        InterfaceMethodrefInfo minfo
+            = (InterfaceMethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        return getClassInfo(minfo.classIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>name_and_type_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     */
+    public int getInterfaceMethodrefNameAndType(int index) {
+        InterfaceMethodrefInfo minfo
+            = (InterfaceMethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        return minfo.nameAndTypeIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>name_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * indirectly specified by the given index.
+     *
+     * @param index     an index to
+     *                  a <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code>.
+     * @return  the name of the method.
+     */
+    public String getInterfaceMethodrefName(int index) {
+        InterfaceMethodrefInfo minfo
+            = (InterfaceMethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (minfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            NameAndTypeInfo n
+                = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(minfo.nameAndTypeIndex);
+            if(n == null)
+                return null;
+            else
+                return getUtf8Info(n.memberName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads the <code>descriptor_index</code> field of the
+     * <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure
+     * indirectly specified by the given index.
+     *
+     * @param index     an index to
+     *                  a <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code>.
+     * @return  the descriptor of the method.
+     */
+    public String getInterfaceMethodrefType(int index) {
+        InterfaceMethodrefInfo minfo
+            = (InterfaceMethodrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (minfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            NameAndTypeInfo n
+                = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(minfo.nameAndTypeIndex);
+            if(n == null)
+                return null;
+            else
+                return getUtf8Info(n.typeDescriptor);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_Integer_info</code>, <code>_Float_info</code>,
+     * <code>_Long_info</code>, <code>_Double_info</code>, or
+     * <code>_String_info</code> structure.
+     * These are used with the LDC instruction.
+     *
+     * @return a <code>String</code> value or a wrapped primitive-type
+     * value.
+     */
+    public Object getLdcValue(int index) {
+        ConstInfo constInfo = this.getItem(index);
+        Object value = null;
+        if (constInfo instanceof StringInfo)
+            value = this.getStringInfo(index);
+        else if (constInfo instanceof FloatInfo)
+            value = new Float(getFloatInfo(index));
+        else if (constInfo instanceof IntegerInfo)
+            value = new Integer(getIntegerInfo(index));
+        else if (constInfo instanceof LongInfo)
+            value = new Long(getLongInfo(index));
+        else if (constInfo instanceof DoubleInfo)
+            value = new Double(getDoubleInfo(index));
+        else
+            value = null;
+
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_Integer_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the value specified by this entry.
+     */
+    public int getIntegerInfo(int index) {
+        IntegerInfo i = (IntegerInfo)getItem(index);
+        return i.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_Float_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the value specified by this entry.
+     */
+    public float getFloatInfo(int index) {
+        FloatInfo i = (FloatInfo)getItem(index);
+        return i.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_Long_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the value specified by this entry.
+     */
+    public long getLongInfo(int index) {
+        LongInfo i = (LongInfo)getItem(index);
+        return i.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_Double_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the value specified by this entry.
+     */
+    public double getDoubleInfo(int index) {
+        DoubleInfo i = (DoubleInfo)getItem(index);
+        return i.value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_String_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the string specified by <code>string_index</code>.
+     */
+    public String getStringInfo(int index) {
+        StringInfo si = (StringInfo)getItem(index);
+        return getUtf8Info(si.string);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads <code>CONSTANT_utf8_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index.
+     *
+     * @return the string specified by this entry.
+     */
+    public String getUtf8Info(int index) {
+        Utf8Info utf = (Utf8Info)getItem(index);
+        return utf.string;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code>
+     * structure at the given index represents the constructor
+     * of the given class.
+     *
+     * @return          the <code>descriptor_index</code> specifying
+     *                  the type descriptor of the that constructor.
+     *                  If it is not that constructor,
+     *                  <code>isConstructor()</code> returns 0.
+     */
+    public int isConstructor(String classname, int index) {
+        return isMember(classname, MethodInfo.nameInit, index);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines whether <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code>,
+     * <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code>, or
+     * <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code> structure
+     * at the given index represents the member with the specified
+     * name and declaring class.
+     *
+     * @param classname         the class declaring the member
+     * @param membername        the member name
+     * @param index             the index into the constant pool table
+     *
+     * @return          the <code>descriptor_index</code> specifying
+     *                  the type descriptor of that member.
+     *                  If it is not that member,
+     *                  <code>isMember()</code> returns 0.
+     */
+    public int isMember(String classname, String membername, int index) {
+        MemberrefInfo minfo = (MemberrefInfo)getItem(index);
+        if (getClassInfo(minfo.classIndex).equals(classname)) {
+            NameAndTypeInfo ntinfo
+                = (NameAndTypeInfo)getItem(minfo.nameAndTypeIndex);
+            if (getUtf8Info(ntinfo.memberName).equals(membername))
+                return ntinfo.typeDescriptor;
+        }
+
+        return 0;       // false
+    }
+
+    private int addItem(ConstInfo info) {
+        items.addElement(info);
+        return numOfItems++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the n-th item in this ConstPool object into the destination
+     * ConstPool object.
+     * The class names that the item refers to are renamed according
+     * to the given map.
+     *
+     * @param n                 the <i>n</i>-th item
+     * @param dest              destination constant pool table
+     * @param classnames        the map or null.
+     * @return the index of the copied item into the destination ClassPool.
+     */
+    public int copy(int n, ConstPool dest, Map classnames) {
+        if (n == 0)
+            return 0;
+
+        ConstInfo info = getItem(n);
+        return info.copy(this, dest, classnames);
+    }
+
+    int addConstInfoPadding() {
+        return addItem(new ConstInfoPadding());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Class_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * <p>This also adds a <code>CONSTANT_Utf8_info</code> structure
+     * for storing the class name.
+     *
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addClassInfo(CtClass c) {
+        if (c == THIS)
+            return thisClassInfo;
+        else if (!c.isArray())
+            return addClassInfo(c.getName());
+        else {
+            // an array type is recorded in the hashtable with
+            // the key "[L<classname>;" instead of "<classname>".
+            //
+            // note: toJvmName(toJvmName(c)) is equal to toJvmName(c).
+
+            return addClassInfo(Descriptor.toJvmName(c));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Class_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * <p>This also adds a <code>CONSTANT_Utf8_info</code> structure
+     * for storing the class name.
+     *
+     * @param qname     a fully-qualified class name
+     *                  (or the JVM-internal representation of that name).
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addClassInfo(String qname) {
+        ClassInfo info = (ClassInfo)classes.get(qname);
+        if (info != null)
+            return info.index;
+        else {
+            int utf8 = addUtf8Info(Descriptor.toJvmName(qname));
+            info = new ClassInfo(utf8, numOfItems);
+            classes.put(qname, info);
+            return addItem(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * <p>This also adds <code>CONSTANT_Utf8_info</code> structures.
+     *
+     * @param name      <code>name_index</code>
+     * @param type      <code>descriptor_index</code>
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addNameAndTypeInfo(String name, String type) {
+        return addNameAndTypeInfo(addUtf8Info(name), addUtf8Info(type));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * @param name      <code>name_index</code>
+     * @param type      <code>descriptor_index</code>
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addNameAndTypeInfo(int name, int type) {
+        return addItem(new NameAndTypeInfo(name, type));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * <p>This also adds a new <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @param classInfo         <code>class_index</code>
+     * @param name              <code>name_index</code>
+     *                          of <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>.
+     * @param type              <code>descriptor_index</code>
+     *                          of <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>.
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addFieldrefInfo(int classInfo, String name, String type) {
+        int nt = addNameAndTypeInfo(name, type);
+        return addFieldrefInfo(classInfo, nt);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Fieldref_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * @param classInfo         <code>class_index</code>
+     * @param nameAndTypeInfo   <code>name_and_type_index</code>.
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addFieldrefInfo(int classInfo, int nameAndTypeInfo) {
+        return addItem(new FieldrefInfo(classInfo, nameAndTypeInfo));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * <p>This also adds a new <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @param classInfo         <code>class_index</code>
+     * @param name              <code>name_index</code>
+     *                          of <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>.
+     * @param type              <code>descriptor_index</code>
+     *                          of <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>.
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addMethodrefInfo(int classInfo, String name, String type) {
+        int nt = addNameAndTypeInfo(name, type);
+        return addMethodrefInfo(classInfo, nt);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Methodref_info</code> structure.
+     *
+     * @param classInfo         <code>class_index</code>
+     * @param nameAndTypeInfo   <code>name_and_type_index</code>.
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addMethodrefInfo(int classInfo, int nameAndTypeInfo) {
+        return addItem(new MethodrefInfo(classInfo, nameAndTypeInfo));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * <p>This also adds a new <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @param classInfo         <code>class_index</code>
+     * @param name              <code>name_index</code>
+     *                          of <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>.
+     * @param type              <code>descriptor_index</code>
+     *                          of <code>CONSTANT_NameAndType_info</code>.
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addInterfaceMethodrefInfo(int classInfo, String name,
+                                         String type) {
+        int nt = addNameAndTypeInfo(name, type);
+        return addInterfaceMethodrefInfo(classInfo, nt);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @param classInfo         <code>class_index</code>
+     * @param nameAndTypeInfo   <code>name_and_type_index</code>.
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addInterfaceMethodrefInfo(int classInfo,
+                                         int nameAndTypeInfo) {
+        return addItem(new InterfaceMethodrefInfo(classInfo,
+                                                  nameAndTypeInfo));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_String_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * <p>This also adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Utf8_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addStringInfo(String str) {
+        return addItem(new StringInfo(addUtf8Info(str)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Integer_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addIntegerInfo(int i) {
+        return addItem(new IntegerInfo(i));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Float_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addFloatInfo(float f) {
+        return addItem(new FloatInfo(f));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Long_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addLongInfo(long l) {
+        int i = addItem(new LongInfo(l));
+        addItem(new ConstInfoPadding());
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Double_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addDoubleInfo(double d) {
+        int i = addItem(new DoubleInfo(d));
+        addItem(new ConstInfoPadding());
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new <code>CONSTANT_Utf8_info</code>
+     * structure.
+     *
+     * <p>If the given utf8 string has been already recorded in the
+     * table, then this method does not add a new entry to avoid adding
+     * a duplicated entry.
+     * Instead, it returns the index of the entry already recorded.
+     *
+     * @return          the index of the added entry.
+     */
+    public int addUtf8Info(String utf8) {
+        Utf8Info info = (Utf8Info)strings.get(utf8);
+        if (info != null)
+            return info.index;
+        else {
+            info = new Utf8Info(utf8, numOfItems);
+            strings.put(utf8, info);
+            return addItem(info);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the class names.
+     *
+     * @return a set of class names
+     */
+    public Set getClassNames()
+    {
+        HashSet result = new HashSet();
+        LongVector v = items;
+        int size = numOfItems;
+        for (int i = 1; i < size; ++i) {
+            String className = ((ConstInfo) v.elementAt(i)).getClassName(this);
+            if (className != null)
+               result.add(className);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces all occurrences of a class name.
+     *
+     * @param oldName           the replaced name
+     * @param newName           the substituted name.
+     */
+    public void renameClass(String oldName, String newName) {
+        LongVector v = items;
+        int size = numOfItems;
+        for (int i = 1; i < size; ++i)
+            ((ConstInfo)v.elementAt(i)).renameClass(this, oldName, newName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replaces all occurrences of class names.
+     *
+     * @param classnames        specifies pairs of replaced and substituted
+     *                          name.
+     */
+    public void renameClass(Map classnames) {
+        LongVector v = items;
+        int size = numOfItems;
+        for (int i = 1; i < size; ++i)
+            ((ConstInfo)v.elementAt(i)).renameClass(this, classnames);
+    }
+
+    private void read(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        int n = in.readUnsignedShort();
+
+        items = new LongVector(n);
+        numOfItems = 0;
+        addItem(null);          // index 0 is reserved by the JVM.
+
+        while (--n > 0) {       // index 0 is reserved by JVM
+            int tag = readOne(in);
+            if ((tag == LongInfo.tag) || (tag == DoubleInfo.tag)) {
+                addItem(new ConstInfoPadding());
+                --n;
+            }
+        }
+
+        int i = 1;
+        while (true) {
+            ConstInfo info = (ConstInfo)items.elementAt(i++);
+            if (info == null)
+                break;
+            else
+                info.makeHashtable(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int readOne(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        ConstInfo info;
+        int tag = in.readUnsignedByte();
+        switch (tag) {
+        case Utf8Info.tag :                     // 1
+            info = new Utf8Info(in, numOfItems);
+            strings.put(((Utf8Info)info).string, info);
+            break;
+        case IntegerInfo.tag :                  // 3
+            info = new IntegerInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case FloatInfo.tag :                    // 4
+            info = new FloatInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case LongInfo.tag :                     // 5
+            info = new LongInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case DoubleInfo.tag :                   // 6
+            info = new DoubleInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case ClassInfo.tag :                    // 7
+            info = new ClassInfo(in, numOfItems);
+            // classes.put(<classname>, info);
+            break;
+        case StringInfo.tag :                   // 8
+            info = new StringInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case FieldrefInfo.tag :                 // 9
+            info = new FieldrefInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case MethodrefInfo.tag :                // 10
+            info = new MethodrefInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case InterfaceMethodrefInfo.tag :       // 11
+            info = new InterfaceMethodrefInfo(in);
+            break;
+        case NameAndTypeInfo.tag :              // 12
+            info = new NameAndTypeInfo(in);
+            break;
+        default :
+            throw new IOException("invalid constant type: " + tag);
+        }
+
+        addItem(info);
+        return tag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes the contents of the constant pool table.
+     */
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeShort(numOfItems);
+        LongVector v = items;
+        int size = numOfItems;
+        for (int i = 1; i < size; ++i)
+            ((ConstInfo)v.elementAt(i)).write(out);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints the contents of the constant pool table.
+     */
+    public void print() {
+        print(new PrintWriter(System.out, true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints the contents of the constant pool table.
+     */
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        int size = numOfItems;
+        for (int i = 1; i < size; ++i) {
+            out.print(i);
+            out.print(" ");
+            ((ConstInfo)items.elementAt(i)).print(out);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+abstract class ConstInfo {
+    public abstract int getTag();
+
+    public String getClassName(ConstPool cp) { return null; }
+    public void renameClass(ConstPool cp, String oldName, String newName) {}
+    public void renameClass(ConstPool cp, Map classnames) {}
+    public abstract int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map classnames);
+                        // ** classnames is a mapping between JVM names.
+
+    public abstract void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException;
+    public abstract void print(PrintWriter out);
+
+    void makeHashtable(ConstPool cp) {}     // called after read() finishes in ConstPool.
+
+    public String toString() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(bout);
+        print(out);
+        return bout.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+/* padding following DoubleInfo or LongInfo.
+ */
+class ConstInfoPadding extends ConstInfo {
+    public int getTag() { return 0; }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        return dest.addConstInfoPadding();
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {}
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.println("padding");
+    }
+}
+
+class ClassInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 7;
+    int name;
+    int index;
+
+    public ClassInfo(int className, int i) {
+        name = className;
+        index = i;
+    }
+
+    public ClassInfo(DataInputStream in, int i) throws IOException {
+        name = in.readUnsignedShort();
+        index = i;
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public String getClassName(ConstPool cp) {
+        return cp.getUtf8Info(name);
+    };
+
+    public void renameClass(ConstPool cp, String oldName, String newName) {
+        String nameStr = cp.getUtf8Info(name);
+        if (nameStr.equals(oldName))
+            name = cp.addUtf8Info(newName);
+        else if (nameStr.charAt(0) == '[') {
+            String nameStr2 = Descriptor.rename(nameStr, oldName, newName);
+            if (nameStr != nameStr2)
+                name = cp.addUtf8Info(nameStr2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void renameClass(ConstPool cp, Map map) {
+        String oldName = cp.getUtf8Info(name);
+        if (oldName.charAt(0) == '[') {
+            String newName = Descriptor.rename(oldName, map);
+            if (oldName != newName)
+                name = cp.addUtf8Info(newName);
+        }
+        else {
+            String newName = (String)map.get(oldName);
+            if (newName != null && !newName.equals(oldName))
+                name = cp.addUtf8Info(newName);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        String classname = src.getUtf8Info(name);
+        if (map != null) {
+            String newname = (String)map.get(classname);
+            if (newname != null)
+                classname = newname;
+        }
+
+        return dest.addClassInfo(classname);
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeShort(name);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("Class #");
+        out.println(name);
+    }
+
+    void makeHashtable(ConstPool cp) {
+        String name = Descriptor.toJavaName(getClassName(cp));
+        cp.classes.put(name, this);
+    }
+}
+
+class NameAndTypeInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 12;
+    int memberName;
+    int typeDescriptor;
+
+    public NameAndTypeInfo(int name, int type) {
+        memberName = name;
+        typeDescriptor = type;
+    }
+
+    public NameAndTypeInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        memberName = in.readUnsignedShort();
+        typeDescriptor = in.readUnsignedShort();
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public void renameClass(ConstPool cp, String oldName, String newName) {
+        String type = cp.getUtf8Info(typeDescriptor);
+        String type2 = Descriptor.rename(type, oldName, newName);
+        if (type != type2)
+            typeDescriptor = cp.addUtf8Info(type2);
+    }
+
+    public void renameClass(ConstPool cp, Map map) {
+        String type = cp.getUtf8Info(typeDescriptor);
+        String type2 = Descriptor.rename(type, map);
+        if (type != type2)
+            typeDescriptor = cp.addUtf8Info(type2);
+    }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        String mname = src.getUtf8Info(memberName);
+        String tdesc = src.getUtf8Info(typeDescriptor);
+        tdesc = Descriptor.rename(tdesc, map);
+        return dest.addNameAndTypeInfo(dest.addUtf8Info(mname),
+                                       dest.addUtf8Info(tdesc));
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeShort(memberName);
+        out.writeShort(typeDescriptor);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("NameAndType #");
+        out.print(memberName);
+        out.print(", type #");
+        out.println(typeDescriptor);
+    }
+}
+
+abstract class MemberrefInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    int classIndex;
+    int nameAndTypeIndex;
+
+    public MemberrefInfo(int cindex, int ntindex) {
+        classIndex = cindex;
+        nameAndTypeIndex = ntindex;
+    }
+
+    public MemberrefInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        classIndex = in.readUnsignedShort();
+        nameAndTypeIndex = in.readUnsignedShort();
+    }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        int classIndex2 = src.getItem(classIndex).copy(src, dest, map);
+        int ntIndex2 = src.getItem(nameAndTypeIndex).copy(src, dest, map);
+        return copy2(dest, classIndex2, ntIndex2);
+    }
+
+    abstract protected int copy2(ConstPool dest, int cindex, int ntindex);
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(getTag());
+        out.writeShort(classIndex);
+        out.writeShort(nameAndTypeIndex);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print(getTagName() + " #");
+        out.print(classIndex);
+        out.print(", name&type #");
+        out.println(nameAndTypeIndex);
+    }
+
+    public abstract String getTagName();
+}
+
+class FieldrefInfo extends MemberrefInfo {
+    static final int tag = 9;
+
+    public FieldrefInfo(int cindex, int ntindex) {
+        super(cindex, ntindex);
+    }
+
+    public FieldrefInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        super(in);
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public String getTagName() { return "Field"; }
+
+    protected int copy2(ConstPool dest, int cindex, int ntindex) {
+        return dest.addFieldrefInfo(cindex, ntindex);
+    }
+}
+
+class MethodrefInfo extends MemberrefInfo {
+    static final int tag = 10;
+
+    public MethodrefInfo(int cindex, int ntindex) {
+        super(cindex, ntindex);
+    }
+
+    public MethodrefInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        super(in);
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public String getTagName() { return "Method"; }
+
+    protected int copy2(ConstPool dest, int cindex, int ntindex) {
+        return dest.addMethodrefInfo(cindex, ntindex);
+    }
+}
+
+class InterfaceMethodrefInfo extends MemberrefInfo {
+    static final int tag = 11;
+
+    public InterfaceMethodrefInfo(int cindex, int ntindex) {
+        super(cindex, ntindex);
+    }
+
+    public InterfaceMethodrefInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        super(in);
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public String getTagName() { return "Interface"; }
+
+    protected int copy2(ConstPool dest, int cindex, int ntindex) {
+        return dest.addInterfaceMethodrefInfo(cindex, ntindex);
+    }
+}
+
+class StringInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 8;
+    int string;
+
+    public StringInfo(int str) {
+        string = str;
+    }
+
+    public StringInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        string = in.readUnsignedShort();
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        return dest.addStringInfo(src.getUtf8Info(string));
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeShort(string);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("String #");
+        out.println(string);
+    }
+}
+
+class IntegerInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 3;
+    int value;
+
+    public IntegerInfo(int i) {
+        value = i;
+    }
+
+    public IntegerInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        value = in.readInt();
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        return dest.addIntegerInfo(value);
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeInt(value);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("Integer ");
+        out.println(value);
+    }
+}
+
+class FloatInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 4;
+    float value;
+
+    public FloatInfo(float f) {
+        value = f;
+    }
+
+    public FloatInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        value = in.readFloat();
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        return dest.addFloatInfo(value);
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeFloat(value);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("Float ");
+        out.println(value);
+    }
+}
+
+class LongInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 5;
+    long value;
+
+    public LongInfo(long l) {
+        value = l;
+    }
+
+    public LongInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        value = in.readLong();
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        return dest.addLongInfo(value);
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeLong(value);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("Long ");
+        out.println(value);
+    }
+}
+
+class DoubleInfo extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 6;
+    double value;
+
+    public DoubleInfo(double d) {
+        value = d;
+    }
+
+    public DoubleInfo(DataInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        value = in.readDouble();
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        return dest.addDoubleInfo(value);
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeDouble(value);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("Double ");
+        out.println(value);
+    }
+}
+
+class Utf8Info extends ConstInfo {
+    static final int tag = 1;
+    String string;
+    int index;
+
+    public Utf8Info(String utf8, int i) {
+        string = utf8;
+        index = i;
+    }
+
+    public Utf8Info(DataInputStream in, int i) throws IOException {
+        string = in.readUTF();
+        index = i;
+    }
+
+    public int getTag() { return tag; }
+
+    public int copy(ConstPool src, ConstPool dest, Map map) {
+        return dest.addUtf8Info(string);
+    }
+
+    public void write(DataOutputStream out) throws IOException {
+        out.writeByte(tag);
+        out.writeUTF(string);
+    }
+
+    public void print(PrintWriter out) {
+        out.print("UTF8 \"");
+        out.print(string);
+        out.println("\"");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `v.elementAt(i)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 878.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConstPool.renameClass(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+javassist.bytecode.ConstPool.renameClass(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):void.842c388cf2f3a11ce7c8225cd2c6c4ef
+
+### File:
+src/main/javassist/bytecode/ConstPool.java
+
+### Key:
+ConstPool.java|renameClass|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4e2e9c3956b81da06fcd899ce03b4e5b
+
+### Hash:
+32bc8d9bcf7c04c1c39f642344201ade
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3389/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3389/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5b3c89316d1158a15ede74187087526871ecc47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3389/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** github-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+
+import com.cloudbees.jenkins.GitHubRepositoryName;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests of {@link GitHubRepositoryName}
+ */
+public class GitHubRepositoryNameTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHub() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUser() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHost() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins.git");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@github.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitAtUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git@gh.company.com:jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void gitColonUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("git://company.net/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("company.net", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://user@github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlGitHubWithoutUserNoSuffix() {
+        //this is valid for anonymous usage
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("github.com", repo.host);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void httpsUrlOtherHostNoSuffix() {
+        GitHubRepositoryName repo = GitHubRepositoryName
+                .create("https://employee@gh.company.com/jenkinsci/jenkins");
+        assertNotNull(repo);
+        assertEquals("jenkinsci", repo.userName);
+        assertEquals("jenkins", repo.repositoryName);
+        assertEquals("gh.company.com", repo.host);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `repo` last assigned on line 99 could be null and is dereferenced at line 101.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitAtUrlOtherHostNoSuffix()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.coravy.hudson.plugins.github.GitHubRepositoryNameTest.gitAtUrlOtherHostNoSuffix():void.1b698a5aabeee711fd8daf9c289bbf24
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/coravy/hudson/plugins/github/GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GitHubRepositoryNameTest.java|gitAtUrlOtherHostNoSuffix|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+85cff343258cecb5e4a32969738f5b12
+
+### Hash:
+0cea16ada9b3858898fb39561c22615f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3458/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3458/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e886d92d3b9ad20ee0491a0dfe188c0615194023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3458/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2731 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-pool
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.pool.impl;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+
+import org.apache.commons.pool.BaseKeyedObjectPool;
+import org.apache.commons.pool.KeyedObjectPool;
+import org.apache.commons.pool.KeyedPoolableObjectFactory;
+import org.apache.commons.pool.PoolUtils;
+
+/**
+ * A configurable <code>KeyedObjectPool</code> implementation.
+ * <p>
+ * When coupled with the appropriate {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory},
+ * <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> provides robust pooling functionality for
+ * keyed objects. A <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> can be viewed as a map
+ * of pools, keyed on the (unique) key values provided to the
+ * {@link #preparePool preparePool}, {@link #addObject addObject} or
+ * {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} methods. Each time a new key value is
+ * provided to one of these methods, a new pool is created under the given key
+ * to be managed by the containing <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool.</code>
+ * </p>
+ * <p>A <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> provides a number of configurable
+ * parameters:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMaxActive maxActive} controls the maximum number of objects
+ *    (per key) that can allocated by the pool (checked out to client threads,
+ *    or idle in the pool) at one time.  When non-positive, there is no limit
+ *    to the number of objects per key. When {@link #setMaxActive maxActive} is
+ *    reached, the keyed pool is said to be exhausted.  The default setting for
+ *    this parameter is 8.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMaxTotal maxTotal} sets a global limit on the number of objects
+ *    that can be in circulation (active or idle) within the combined set of
+ *    pools.  When non-positive, there is no limit to the total number of
+ *    objects in circulation. When {@link #setMaxTotal maxTotal} is exceeded,
+ *    all keyed pools are exhausted. When <code>maxTotal</code> is set to a
+ *    positive value and {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} is invoked
+ *    when at the limit with no idle instances available, an attempt is made to
+ *    create room by clearing the oldest 15% of the elements from the keyed
+ *    pools. The default setting for this parameter is -1 (no limit).
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMaxIdle maxIdle} controls the maximum number of objects that can
+ *    sit idle in the pool (per key) at any time.  When negative, there
+ *    is no limit to the number of objects that may be idle per key. The
+ *    default setting for this parameter is 8.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction} specifies the
+ *    behavior of the {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} method when a keyed
+ *    pool is exhausted:
+ *    <ul>
+ *    <li>
+ *      When {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction} is
+ *      {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL}, {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will throw
+ *      a {@link NoSuchElementException}
+ *    </li>
+ *    <li>
+ *      When {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction} is
+ *      {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW}, {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will create a new
+ *      object and return it (essentially making {@link #setMaxActive maxActive}
+ *      meaningless.)
+ *    </li>
+ *    <li>
+ *      When {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction}
+ *      is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}, {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will block
+ *      (invoke {@link Object#wait() wait} until a new or idle object is available.
+ *      If a positive {@link #setMaxWait maxWait}
+ *      value is supplied, the {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will block for at
+ *      most that many milliseconds, after which a {@link NoSuchElementException}
+ *      will be thrown.  If {@link #setMaxWait maxWait} is non-positive,
+ *      the {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} method will block indefinitely.
+ *    </li>
+ *    </ul>
+ *    The default <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> setting is
+ *    {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    When {@link #setTestOnBorrow testOnBorrow} is set, the pool will
+ *    attempt to validate each object before it is returned from the
+ *    {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} method. (Using the provided factory's
+ *    {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validateObject} method.)
+ *    Objects that fail to validate will be dropped from the pool, and a
+ *    different object will be borrowed. The default setting for this parameter
+ *    is <code>false.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    When {@link #setTestOnReturn testOnReturn} is set, the pool will
+ *    attempt to validate each object before it is returned to the pool in the
+ *    {@link #returnObject returnObject} method. (Using the provided factory's
+ *    {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validateObject}
+ *    method.)  Objects that fail to validate will be dropped from the pool.
+ *    The default setting for this parameter is <code>false.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * Optionally, one may configure the pool to examine and possibly evict objects
+ * as they sit idle in the pool and to ensure that a minimum number of idle
+ * objects is maintained for each key. This is performed by an
+ * "idle object eviction" thread, which runs asynchronously. Caution should be
+ * used when configuring this optional feature. Eviction runs require an
+ * exclusive synchronization lock on the pool, so if they run too frequently
+ * and / or incur excessive latency when creating, destroying or validating
+ * object instances, performance issues may result.  The idle object eviction
+ * thread may be configured using the following attributes:
+ * <ul>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis}
+ *   indicates how long the eviction thread should sleep before "runs" of examining
+ *   idle objects.  When non-positive, no eviction thread will be launched. The
+ *   default setting for this parameter is -1 (i.e., by default, idle object
+ *   eviction is disabled).
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis minEvictableIdleTimeMillis}
+ *   specifies the minimum amount of time that an object may sit idle in the
+ *   pool before it is eligible for eviction due to idle time.  When
+ *   non-positive, no object will be dropped from the pool due to idle time
+ *   alone.  This setting has no effect unless
+ *   <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0.</code>  The default setting
+ *   for this parameter is 30 minutes.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setTestWhileIdle testWhileIdle} indicates whether or not idle
+ *   objects should be validated using the factory's
+ *   {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validateObject} method
+ *   during idle object eviction runs.  Objects that fail to validate will be
+ *   dropped from the pool. This setting has no effect unless
+ *   <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0.</code>  The default setting
+ *   for this parameter is <code>false.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMinIdle minIdle} sets a target value for the minimum number of
+ *    idle objects (per key) that should always be available. If this parameter
+ *    is set to a positive number and
+ *    <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0,</code> each time the idle object
+ *    eviction thread runs, it will try to create enough idle instances so that
+ *    there will be <code>minIdle</code> idle instances available under each
+ *    key. This parameter is also used by {@link #preparePool preparePool}
+ *    if <code>true</code> is provided as that method's
+ *    <code>populateImmediately</code> parameter. The default setting for this
+ *    parameter is 0.
+ *  </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * The pools can be configured to behave as LIFO queues with respect to idle
+ * objects - always returning the most recently used object from the pool,
+ * or as FIFO queues, where borrowObject always returns the oldest object
+ * in the idle object pool.
+ * <ul>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setLifo <i>Lifo</i>}
+ *   determines whether or not the pools return idle objects in
+ *   last-in-first-out order. The default setting for this parameter is
+ *   <code>true.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * GenericKeyedObjectPool is not usable without a {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory}.  A
+ * non-<code>null</code> factory must be provided either as a constructor argument
+ * or via a call to {@link #setFactory setFactory} before the pool is used.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Implementation note: To prevent possible deadlocks, care has been taken to
+ * ensure that no call to a factory method will occur within a synchronization
+ * block. See POOL-125 and DBCP-44 for more information.
+ * </p>
+ * @see GenericObjectPool
+ * @author Rodney Waldhoff
+ * @author Dirk Verbeeck
+ * @author Sandy McArthur
+ * @version $Revision$ $Date$
+ * @since Pool 1.0
+ */
+public class GenericKeyedObjectPool extends BaseKeyedObjectPool implements KeyedObjectPool {
+
+    //--- public constants -------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * A "when exhausted action" type indicating that when the pool is
+     * exhausted (i.e., the maximum number of active objects has
+     * been reached), the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method should fail, throwing a {@link NoSuchElementException}.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL   = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * A "when exhausted action" type indicating that when the pool
+     * is exhausted (i.e., the maximum number
+     * of active objects has been reached), the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method should block until a new object is available, or the
+     * {@link #getMaxWait maximum wait time} has been reached.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK  = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * A "when exhausted action" type indicating that when the pool is
+     * exhausted (i.e., the maximum number
+     * of active objects has been reached), the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method should simply create a new object anyway.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW   = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * The default cap on the number of idle instances (per key) in the pool.
+     * @see #getMaxIdle
+     * @see #setMaxIdle
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE  = 8;
+
+    /**
+     * The default cap on the total number of active instances (per key)
+     * from the pool.
+     * @see #getMaxActive
+     * @see #setMaxActive
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE  = 8;
+
+    /**
+     * The default cap on the the overall maximum number of objects that can
+     * exist at one time.
+     * @see #getMaxTotal
+     * @see #setMaxTotal
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL  = -1;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "when exhausted action" for the pool.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION = WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK;
+
+    /**
+     * The default maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #getWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     */
+    public static final long DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT = -1L;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "test on borrow" value.
+     * @see #getTestOnBorrow
+     * @see #setTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "test on return" value.
+     * @see #getTestOnReturn
+     * @see #setTestOnReturn
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "test while idle" value.
+     * @see #getTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #setTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "time between eviction runs" value.
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public static final long DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS = -1L;
+
+    /**
+     * The default number of objects to examine per run in the
+     * idle object evictor.
+     * @see #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN = 3;
+
+    /**
+     * The default value for {@link #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis}.
+     * @see #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     */
+    public static final long DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS = 1000L * 60L * 30L;
+
+    /**
+     * The default minimum level of idle objects in the pool.
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     * @see #setMinIdle
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The default LIFO status. True means that borrowObject returns the
+     * most recently used ("last in") idle object in a pool (if there are
+     * idle instances available).  False means that pools behave as FIFO
+     * queues - objects are taken from idle object pools in the order that
+     * they are returned.
+     * @see #setLifo
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_LIFO = true;
+
+    //--- constructors -----------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> with no factory.
+     *
+     * @see #GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory)
+     * @see #setFactory(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory)
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool() {
+        this(null, DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE, DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION, DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE, 
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS,
+                DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN, DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy
+     * objects if not <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory) {
+        this(factory, DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE, DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION, DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE,
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS,
+                DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN, DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param config a non-<code>null</code> {@link GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config} describing the configuration
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config config) {
+        this(factory, config.maxActive, config.whenExhaustedAction, config.maxWait, config.maxIdle, config.maxTotal,
+                config.minIdle, config.testOnBorrow, config.testOnReturn, config.timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis,
+                config.numTestsPerEvictionRun, config.minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, config.testWhileIdle, config.lifo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive) {
+        this(factory,maxActive, DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION, DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE,
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, 
+                DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN, DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     *  <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW,
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE,testOnBorrow,testOnReturn,
+                DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN,
+                DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #getMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, testOnBorrow, testOnReturn,
+                DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted 
+     * (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn, long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis,
+            int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL,
+                testOnBorrow, testOnReturn, timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, numTestsPerEvictionRun,
+                minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, testWhileIdle);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param maxTotal the maximum number of objects that can exists at one time (see {@link #setMaxTotal})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, int maxTotal, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn,
+            long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis,
+            boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, maxTotal,
+                GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE, testOnBorrow, testOnReturn, timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis,
+                numTestsPerEvictionRun, minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, testWhileIdle);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param maxTotal the maximum number of objects that can exists at one time (see {@link #setMaxTotal})
+     * @param minIdle the minimum number of idle objects to have in the pool at any one time (see {@link #setMinIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects
+     * for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, int maxTotal, int minIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn,
+            long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis,
+            boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, maxTotal, minIdle, testOnBorrow, testOnReturn,
+                timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, numTestsPerEvictionRun, minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, testWhileIdle,
+                DEFAULT_LIFO);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed at one time
+     *  (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param maxTotal the maximum number of objects that can exists at one time (see {@link #setMaxTotal})
+     * @param minIdle the minimum number of idle objects to have in the pool at any one time (see {@link #setMinIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     * @param lifo whether or not the pools behave as LIFO (last in first out) queues (see {@link #setLifo})
+     * @since Pool 1.4
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, int maxTotal, int minIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn,
+            long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis,
+            boolean testWhileIdle, boolean lifo) {
+        _factory = factory;
+        _maxActive = maxActive;
+        _lifo = lifo;
+        switch (whenExhaustedAction) {
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW:
+                _whenExhaustedAction = whenExhaustedAction;
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("whenExhaustedAction " + whenExhaustedAction + " not recognized.");
+        }
+        _maxWait = maxWait;
+        _maxIdle = maxIdle;
+        _maxTotal = maxTotal;
+        _minIdle = minIdle;
+        _testOnBorrow = testOnBorrow;
+        _testOnReturn = testOnReturn;
+        _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis;
+        _numTestsPerEvictionRun = numTestsPerEvictionRun;
+        _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+        _testWhileIdle = testWhileIdle;
+
+        _poolMap = new HashMap();
+        _poolList = new CursorableLinkedList();
+
+        startEvictor(_timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis);
+    }
+
+    //--- public methods ---------------------------------------------
+
+    //--- configuration methods --------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cap on the number of object instances allocated by the pool
+     * (checked out or idle),  per key.
+     * A negative value indicates no limit.
+     *
+     * @return the cap on the number of active instances per key.
+     * @see #setMaxActive
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMaxActive() {
+        return _maxActive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the cap on the number of object instances managed by the pool per key.
+     * @param maxActive The cap on the number of object instances per key.
+     * Use a negative value for no limit.
+     *
+     * @see #getMaxActive
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxActive(int maxActive) {
+        _maxActive = maxActive;
+        allocate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the overall maximum number of objects (across pools) that can
+     * exist at one time. A negative value indicates no limit.
+     * @return the maximum number of instances in circulation at one time.
+     * @see #setMaxTotal
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMaxTotal() {
+        return _maxTotal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the cap on the total number of instances from all pools combined.
+     * When <code>maxTotal</code> is set to a
+     * positive value and {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} is invoked
+     * when at the limit with no idle instances available, an attempt is made to
+     * create room by clearing the oldest 15% of the elements from the keyed
+     * pools.
+     *
+     * @param maxTotal The cap on the total number of instances across pools.
+     * Use a negative value for no limit.
+     * @see #getMaxTotal
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxTotal(int maxTotal) {
+        _maxTotal = maxTotal;
+        allocate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the action to take when the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * is invoked when the pool is exhausted (the maximum number
+     * of "active" objects has been reached).
+     *
+     * @return one of {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK},
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL} or {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW}
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public synchronized byte getWhenExhaustedAction() {
+        return _whenExhaustedAction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the action to take when the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * is invoked when the pool is exhausted (the maximum number
+     * of "active" objects has been reached).
+     *
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action code, which must be one of
+     *        {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}, {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL},
+     *        or {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW}
+     * @see #getWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public synchronized void setWhenExhaustedAction(byte whenExhaustedAction) {
+        switch(whenExhaustedAction) {
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW:
+                _whenExhaustedAction = whenExhaustedAction;
+                allocate();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("whenExhaustedAction " + whenExhaustedAction + " not recognized.");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     *
+     * When less than or equal to 0, the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * may block indefinitely.
+     *
+     * @return the maximum number of milliseconds borrowObject will block.
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     */
+    public synchronized long getMaxWait() {
+        return _maxWait;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     *
+     * When less than or equal to 0, the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * may block indefinitely.
+     *
+     * @param maxWait the maximum number of milliseconds borrowObject will block or negative for indefinitely.
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxWait(long maxWait) {
+        _maxWait = maxWait;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cap on the number of "idle" instances per key.
+     * @return the maximum number of "idle" instances that can be held
+     * in a given keyed pool.
+     * @see #setMaxIdle
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMaxIdle() {
+        return _maxIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the cap on the number of "idle" instances in the pool.
+     * If maxIdle is set too low on heavily loaded systems it is possible you
+     * will see objects being destroyed and almost immediately new objects
+     * being created. This is a result of the active threads momentarily
+     * returning objects faster than they are requesting them them, causing the
+     * number of idle objects to rise above maxIdle. The best value for maxIdle
+     * for heavily loaded system will vary but the default is a good starting
+     * point.
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of "idle" instances that can be held
+     * in a given keyed pool. Use a negative value for no limit.
+     * @see #getMaxIdle
+     * @see #DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxIdle(int maxIdle) {
+        _maxIdle = maxIdle;
+        allocate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the minimum number of idle objects to maintain in each of the keyed
+     * pools. This setting has no effect unless
+     * <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0</code> and attempts to ensure
+     * that each pool has the required minimum number of instances are only
+     * made during idle object eviction runs.
+     * @param poolSize - The minimum size of the each keyed pool
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMinIdle(int poolSize) {
+        _minIdle = poolSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum number of idle objects to maintain in each of the keyed
+     * pools. This setting has no effect unless
+     * <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0</code> and attempts to ensure
+     * that each pool has the required minimum number of instances are only
+     * made during idle object eviction runs.
+     * @return minimum size of the each keyed pool
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMinIdle() {
+        return _minIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method.  If the object fails to validate,
+     * it will be dropped from the pool, and we will attempt
+     * to borrow another.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if objects are validated before being borrowed.
+     * @see #setTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    public boolean getTestOnBorrow() {
+        return _testOnBorrow;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method.  If the object fails to validate,
+     * it will be dropped from the pool, and we will attempt
+     * to borrow another.
+     *
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether object should be validated before being returned by borrowObject.
+     * @see #getTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    public void setTestOnBorrow(boolean testOnBorrow) {
+        _testOnBorrow = testOnBorrow;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned to the pool within the
+     * {@link #returnObject}.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> when objects will be validated before being returned.
+     * @see #setTestOnReturn
+     */
+    public boolean getTestOnReturn() {
+        return _testOnReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned to the pool within the
+     * {@link #returnObject}.
+     *
+     * @param testOnReturn <code>true</code> so objects will be validated before being returned.
+     * @see #getTestOnReturn
+     */
+    public void setTestOnReturn(boolean testOnReturn) {
+        _testOnReturn = testOnReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of milliseconds to sleep between runs of the
+     * idle object evictor thread.
+     * When non-positive, no idle object evictor thread will be
+     * run.
+     *
+     * @return milliseconds to sleep between evictor runs.
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized long getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis() {
+        return _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the number of milliseconds to sleep between runs of the
+     * idle object evictor thread.
+     * When non-positive, no idle object evictor thread will be
+     * run.
+     *
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis milliseconds to sleep between evictor runs.
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis(long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis) {
+        _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis;
+        startEvictor(_timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the max number of objects to examine during each run of the
+     * idle object evictor thread (if any).
+     *
+     * @return number of objects to examine each eviction run.
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumTestsPerEvictionRun() {
+        return _numTestsPerEvictionRun;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the max number of objects to examine during each run of the
+     * idle object evictor thread (if any).
+     * <p>
+     * When a negative value is supplied, 
+     * <code>ceil({@link #getNumIdle()})/abs({@link #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun})</code>
+     * tests will be run.  I.e., when the value is <code>-n</code>, roughly one <code>n</code>th of the
+     * idle objects will be tested per run.  When the value is positive, the number of tests
+     * actually performed in each run will be the minimum of this value and the number of instances
+     * idle in the pools.
+     *
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun number of objects to examine each eviction run.
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setNumTestsPerEvictionRun(int numTestsPerEvictionRun) {
+        _numTestsPerEvictionRun = numTestsPerEvictionRun;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction by the idle object evictor
+     * (if any).
+     *
+     * @return minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool before it is eligible for eviction.
+     * @see #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized long getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis() {
+        return _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction by the idle object evictor
+     * (if any).
+     * When non-positive, no objects will be evicted from the pool
+     * due to idle time alone.
+     *
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction.
+     * @see #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis(long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis) {
+        _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * by the idle object evictor (if any).  If an object
+     * fails to validate, it will be dropped from the pool.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> when objects are validated when borrowed.
+     * @see #setTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean getTestWhileIdle() {
+        return _testWhileIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * by the idle object evictor (if any).  If an object
+     * fails to validate, it will be dropped from the pool.
+     *
+     * @param testWhileIdle <code>true</code> so objects are validated when borrowed.
+     * @see #getTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setTestWhileIdle(boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        _testWhileIdle = testWhileIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the configuration.
+     * @param conf the new configuration to use.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config
+     */
+    public synchronized void setConfig(GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config conf) {
+        setMaxIdle(conf.maxIdle);
+        setMaxActive(conf.maxActive);
+        setMaxTotal(conf.maxTotal);
+        setMinIdle(conf.minIdle);
+        setMaxWait(conf.maxWait);
+        setWhenExhaustedAction(conf.whenExhaustedAction);
+        setTestOnBorrow(conf.testOnBorrow);
+        setTestOnReturn(conf.testOnReturn);
+        setTestWhileIdle(conf.testWhileIdle);
+        setNumTestsPerEvictionRun(conf.numTestsPerEvictionRun);
+        setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis(conf.minEvictableIdleTimeMillis);
+        setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis(conf.timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether or not the idle object pools act as LIFO queues. True means
+     * that borrowObject returns the most recently used ("last in") idle object
+     * in a pool (if there are idle instances available).  False means that
+     * the pools behave as FIFO queues - objects are taken from idle object
+     * pools in the order that they are returned.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the pools are configured to act as LIFO queues
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+     public synchronized boolean getLifo() {
+         return _lifo;
+     }
+
+     /**
+      * Sets the LIFO property of the pools. True means that borrowObject returns
+      * the most recently used ("last in") idle object in a pool (if there are
+      * idle instances available).  False means that the pools behave as FIFO
+      * queues - objects are taken from idle object pools in the order that
+      * they are returned.
+      *
+      * @param lifo the new value for the lifo property
+      * @since 1.4
+      */
+     public synchronized void setLifo(boolean lifo) {
+         this._lifo = lifo;
+     }
+
+    //-- ObjectPool methods ------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Borrows an object from the keyed pool associated with the given key.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If there is an idle instance available in the pool associated with the given key, then
+     * either the most-recently returned (if {@link #getLifo() lifo} == true) or "oldest" (lifo == false)
+     * instance sitting idle in the pool will be activated and returned.  If activation fails, or
+     * {@link #getTestOnBorrow() testOnBorrow} is set to true and validation fails, the instance is destroyed and the
+     * next available instance is examined.  This continues until either a valid instance is returned or there
+     * are no more idle instances available.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If there are no idle instances available in the pool associated with the given key, behavior
+     * depends on the {@link #getMaxActive() maxActive}, {@link #getMaxTotal() maxTotal}, and (if applicable)
+     * {@link #getWhenExhaustedAction() whenExhaustedAction} and {@link #getMaxWait() maxWait} properties. If the
+     * number of instances checked out from the pool under the given key is less than <code>maxActive</code> and
+     * the total number of instances in circulation (under all keys) is less than <code>maxTotal</code>, a new instance
+     * is created, activated and (if applicable) validated and returned to the caller.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If the associated keyed pool is exhausted (no available idle instances and no capacity to create new ones),
+     * this method will either block ({@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}), throw a <code>NoSuchElementException</code>
+     * ({@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL}), or grow ({@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW} - ignoring maxActive, maxTotal properties).
+     * The length of time that this method will block when <code>whenExhaustedAction == WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK</code>
+     * is determined by the {@link #getMaxWait() maxWait} property.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>When the pool is exhausted, multiple calling threads may be simultaneously blocked waiting for instances
+     * to become available.  As of pool 1.5, a "fairness" algorithm has been implemented to ensure that threads receive
+     * available instances in request arrival order.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @return object instance from the keyed pool
+     * @throws NoSuchElementException if a keyed object instance cannot be returned.
+     */
+     public Object borrowObject(Object key) throws Exception {
+        long starttime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        Latch latch = new Latch(key);
+        byte whenExhaustedAction;
+        long maxWait;
+        synchronized (this) {
+            // Get local copy of current config. Can't sync when used later as
+            // it can result in a deadlock. Has the added advantage that config
+            // is consistent for entire method execution
+            whenExhaustedAction = _whenExhaustedAction;
+            maxWait = _maxWait;
+
+            // Add this request to the queue
+            _allocationQueue.add(latch);
+
+            // Work the allocation queue, allocating idle instances and
+            // instance creation permits in request arrival order
+            allocate();
+        }
+
+        for(;;) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                assertOpen();
+            }
+            // If no object was allocated
+            if (null == latch.getPair()) {
+                // Check to see if we were allowed to create one
+                if (latch.mayCreate()) {
+                    // allow new object to be created
+                } else {
+                    // the pool is exhausted
+                    switch(whenExhaustedAction) {
+                        case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW:
+                            // allow new object to be created
+                            synchronized (this) {
+                                // Make sure another thread didn't allocate us an object
+                                // or permit a new object to be created
+                                if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                    _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                                    latch.getPool().incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        break;
+                        case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL:
+                            synchronized (this) {
+                                // Make sure allocate hasn't already assigned an object
+                                // in a different thread or permitted a new object to be created
+                                if (latch.getPair() != null || latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                            }
+                            throw new NoSuchElementException("Pool exhausted");
+                        case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK:
+                            try {
+                                synchronized (latch) {
+                                    // Before we wait, make sure another thread didn't allocate us an object
+                                    // or permit a new object to be created
+                                    if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                        if (maxWait <= 0) {
+                                            latch.wait();
+                                        } else {
+                                            // this code may be executed again after a notify then continue cycle
+                                            // so, need to calculate the amount of time to wait
+                                            final long elapsed = (System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime);
+                                            final long waitTime = maxWait - elapsed;
+                                            if (waitTime > 0)
+                                            {
+                                                latch.wait(waitTime);
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    } else {
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } catch(InterruptedException e) {
+                                synchronized (this) {
+                                    // Make sure allocate hasn't already assigned an object
+                                    // in a different thread or permitted a new object to be created
+                                    if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                        _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                                    } else {
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                                throw e;
+                            }
+                            if (maxWait > 0 && ((System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime) >= maxWait)) {
+                                synchronized (this) {
+                                    // Make sure allocate hasn't already assigned an object
+                                    // in a different thread or permitted a new object to be created
+                                    if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                        _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                                    } else {
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                throw new NoSuchElementException("Timeout waiting for idle object");
+                            } else {
+                                continue; // keep looping
+                            }
+                        default:
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("whenExhaustedAction " + whenExhaustedAction +
+                                    " not recognized.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            boolean newlyCreated = false;
+            if (null == latch.getPair()) {
+                try {
+                    Object obj = _factory.makeObject(key);
+                    latch.setPair(new ObjectTimestampPair(obj));
+                    newlyCreated = true;
+                } finally {
+                    if (!newlyCreated) {
+                        // object cannot be created
+                        synchronized (this) {
+                            latch.getPool().decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                            // No need to reset latch - about to throw exception
+                            allocate();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // activate & validate the object
+            try {
+                _factory.activateObject(key, latch.getPair().value);
+                if (_testOnBorrow && !_factory.validateObject(key, latch.getPair().value)) {
+                    throw new Exception("ValidateObject failed");
+                }
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    latch.getPool().decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    latch.getPool().incrementActiveCount();
+                }
+                return latch.getPair().value;
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                PoolUtils.checkRethrow(e);
+                // object cannot be activated or is invalid
+                try {
+                    _factory.destroyObject(key, latch.getPair().value);
+                } catch (Throwable e2) {
+                    PoolUtils.checkRethrow(e2);
+                    // cannot destroy broken object
+                }
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    latch.getPool().decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    if (!newlyCreated) {
+                        latch.reset();
+                        _allocationQueue.add(0, latch);
+                    }
+                    allocate();
+                }
+                if (newlyCreated) {
+                    throw new NoSuchElementException(
+                       "Could not create a validated object, cause: " +
+                            e.getMessage());
+                }
+                else {
+                    continue; // keep looping
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocate available instances to latches in the allocation queue.  Then
+     * set _mayCreate to true for as many additional latches remaining in queue
+     * as _maxActive allows for each key.
+     */
+    private void allocate() {
+        boolean clearOldest = false;
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (isClosed()) return;
+            
+            Iterator allocationQueueIter = _allocationQueue.iterator();
+            
+            while (allocationQueueIter.hasNext()) {
+                // First use any objects in the pool to clear the queue
+                Latch latch = (Latch) allocationQueueIter.next();
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(latch.getkey()));
+                if (null == pool) {
+                    pool = new ObjectQueue();
+                    _poolMap.put(latch.getkey(), pool);
+                    _poolList.add(latch.getkey());
+                }
+                latch.setPool(pool);
+                if (!pool.queue.isEmpty()) {
+                    allocationQueueIter.remove();
+                    latch.setPair(
+                            (ObjectTimestampPair) pool.queue.removeFirst());
+                    pool.incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    _totalIdle--;
+                    synchronized (latch) {
+                        latch.notify();
+                    }
+                    // Next item in queue
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // If there is a totalMaxActive and we are at the limit then
+                // we have to make room
+                if ((_maxTotal > 0) &&
+                        (_totalActive + _totalIdle + _totalInternalProcessing >= _maxTotal)) {
+                    clearOldest = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // Second utilise any spare capacity to create new objects
+                if ((_maxActive < 0 || pool.activeCount + pool.internalProcessingCount < _maxActive) &&
+                        (_maxTotal < 0 || _totalActive + _totalIdle + _totalInternalProcessing < _maxTotal)) {
+                    // allow new object to be created
+                    allocationQueueIter.remove();
+                    latch.setMayCreate(true);
+                    pool.incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    synchronized (latch) {
+                        latch.notify();
+                    }
+                    // Next item in queue
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // If there is no per-key limit and we reach this point we
+                // must have allocated all the objects we possibly can and there
+                // is no point looking at the rest of the allocation queue
+                if (_maxActive < 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (clearOldest) {
+            /* Clear oldest calls factory methods so it must be called from
+             * outside the sync block.
+             * It also needs to be outside the sync block as it calls
+             * allocate(). If called inside the sync block, the call to
+             * allocate() would be able to enter the sync block (since the
+             * thread already has the lock) which may have unexpected,
+             * unpleasant results.
+             */
+            clearOldest();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Clears any objects sitting idle in the pool by removing them from the
+     * idle instance pool and then invoking the configured 
+     * {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#destroyObject(Object, Object)} method on
+     * each idle instance.
+     *  
+     * <p> Implementation notes:
+     * <ul><li>This method does not destroy or effect in any way instances that are
+     * checked out when it is invoked.</li>
+     * <li>Invoking this method does not prevent objects being
+     * returned to the idle instance pool, even during its execution. It locks
+     * the pool only during instance removal. Additional instances may be returned
+     * while removed items are being destroyed.</li></ul></p>
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (Iterator it = _poolMap.keySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                Object key = it.next();
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key);
+                // Copy objects to new list so pool.queue can be cleared inside
+                // the sync
+                List objects = new ArrayList();
+                objects.addAll(pool.queue);
+                toDestroy.put(key, objects);
+                it.remove();
+                _poolList.remove(key);
+                _totalIdle = _totalIdle - pool.queue.size();
+                _totalInternalProcessing =
+                    _totalInternalProcessing + pool.queue.size();
+                pool.queue.clear();
+            }
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy, _factory);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears oldest 15% of objects in pool.  The method sorts the
+     * objects into a TreeMap and then iterates the first 15% for removal.
+     * 
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     */
+    public void clearOldest() {
+        // Map of objects to destroy my key
+        final Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+
+        // build sorted map of idle objects
+        final Map map = new TreeMap();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (Iterator keyiter = _poolMap.keySet().iterator(); keyiter.hasNext();) {
+                final Object key = keyiter.next();
+                final CursorableLinkedList list = ((ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key)).queue;
+                for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                    // each item into the map uses the objectimestamppair object
+                    // as the key.  It then gets sorted based on the timstamp field
+                    // each value in the map is the parent list it belongs in.
+                    map.put(it.next(), key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Now iterate created map and kill the first 15% plus one to account for zero
+            Set setPairKeys = map.entrySet();
+            int itemsToRemove = ((int) (map.size() * 0.15)) + 1;
+
+            Iterator iter = setPairKeys.iterator();
+            while (iter.hasNext() && itemsToRemove > 0) {
+                Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iter.next();
+                // kind of backwards on naming.  In the map, each key is the objecttimestamppair
+                // because it has the ordering with the timestamp value.  Each value that the
+                // key references is the key of the list it belongs to.
+                Object key = entry.getValue();
+                ObjectTimestampPair pairTimeStamp = (ObjectTimestampPair) entry.getKey();
+                final CursorableLinkedList list =
+                    ((ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key))).queue;
+                list.remove(pairTimeStamp);
+
+                if (toDestroy.containsKey(key)) {
+                    ((List)toDestroy.get(key)).add(pairTimeStamp);
+                } else {
+                    List listForKey = new ArrayList();
+                    listForKey.add(pairTimeStamp);
+                    toDestroy.put(key, listForKey);
+                }
+                // if that was the last object for that key, drop that pool
+                if (list.isEmpty()) {
+                    _poolMap.remove(key);
+                    _poolList.remove(key);
+                }
+                _totalIdle--;
+                _totalInternalProcessing++;
+                itemsToRemove--;
+            }
+
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy, _factory);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the specified pool, removing all pooled instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code>.
+     *
+     * @param key the key to clear
+     */
+    public void clear(Object key) {
+        Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+
+        final ObjectQueue pool;
+        synchronized (this) {
+            pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.remove(key));
+            if (pool == null) {
+                return;
+            } else {
+                _poolList.remove(key);
+            }
+            // Copy objects to new list so pool.queue can be cleared inside
+            // the sync
+            List objects = new ArrayList();
+            objects.addAll(pool.queue);
+            toDestroy.put(key, objects);
+            _totalIdle = _totalIdle - pool.queue.size();
+            _totalInternalProcessing =
+                _totalInternalProcessing + pool.queue.size();
+            pool.queue.clear();
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy, _factory);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assuming Map<Object,Collection<ObjectTimestampPair>>, destroy all
+     * ObjectTimestampPair.value using the supplied factory.
+     * 
+     * @param m Map containing keyed pools to clear
+     * @param factory KeyedPoolableObjectFactory used to destroy the objects
+     */
+    private void destroy(Map m, KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory) {
+        for (Iterator keys = m.keySet().iterator(); keys.hasNext();) {
+            Object key = keys.next();
+            Collection c = (Collection) m.get(key);
+            for (Iterator it = c.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                try {
+                    factory.destroyObject(
+                            key,((ObjectTimestampPair)(it.next())).value);
+                } catch(Exception e) {
+                    // ignore error, keep destroying the rest
+                } finally {
+                    synchronized(this) {
+                        _totalInternalProcessing--;
+                        allocate();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of instances current borrowed from this pool but not yet returned.
+     *
+     * @return the total number of instances currently borrowed from this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumActive() {
+        return _totalActive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of instances currently idle in this pool.
+     *
+     * @return the total number of instances currently idle in this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumIdle() {
+        return _totalIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of instances currently borrowed from but not yet returned
+     * to the pool corresponding to the given <code>key</code>.
+     *
+     * @param key the key to query
+     * @return the number of instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code> currently borrowed in this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumActive(Object key) {
+        final ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        return pool != null ? pool.activeCount : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code> currently idle in this pool.
+     *
+     * @param key the key to query
+     * @return the number of instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code> currently idle in this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumIdle(Object key) {
+        final ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        return pool != null ? pool.queue.size() : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Returns an object to a keyed pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>For the pool to function correctly, the object instance <strong>must</strong> have been borrowed
+     * from the pool (under the same key) and not yet returned. Repeated <code>returnObject</code> calls on
+     * the same object/key pair (with no <code>borrowObject</code> calls in between) will result in multiple
+     * references to the object in the idle instance pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If {@link #getMaxIdle() maxIdle} is set to a positive value and the number of idle instances under the given
+     * key has reached this value, the returning instance is destroyed.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If {@link #getTestOnReturn() testOnReturn} == true, the returning instance is validated before being returned
+     * to the idle instance pool under the given key.  In this case, if validation fails, the instance is destroyed.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @param obj instance to return to the keyed pool
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public void returnObject(Object key, Object obj) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            addObjectToPool(key, obj, true);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (_factory != null) {
+                try {
+                    _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+                } catch (Exception e2) {
+                    // swallowed
+                }
+                // TODO: Correctness here depends on control in addObjectToPool.
+                // These two methods should be refactored, removing the
+                // "behavior flag", decrementNumActive, from addObjectToPool.
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+                if (pool != null) {
+                    synchronized(this) {
+                        pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                        allocate();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Adds an object to the keyed pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>Validates the object if testOnReturn == true and passivates it before returning it to the pool.
+     * if validation or passivation fails, or maxIdle is set and there is no room in the pool, the instance
+     * is destroyed.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>Calls {@link #allocate()} on successful completion</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @param obj instance to add to the keyed pool
+     * @param decrementNumActive whether or not to decrement the active count associated with the keyed pool
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    private void addObjectToPool(Object key, Object obj,
+            boolean decrementNumActive) throws Exception {
+
+        // if we need to validate this object, do so
+        boolean success = true; // whether or not this object passed validation
+        if (_testOnReturn && !_factory.validateObject(key, obj)) {
+            success = false;
+        } else {
+            _factory.passivateObject(key, obj);
+        }
+
+        boolean shouldDestroy = !success;
+        ObjectQueue pool;
+
+        // Add instance to pool if there is room and it has passed validation
+        // (if testOnreturn is set)
+        synchronized (this) {
+            // grab the pool (list) of objects associated with the given key
+            pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+            // if it doesn't exist, create it
+            if (null == pool) {
+                pool = new ObjectQueue();
+                _poolMap.put(key, pool);
+                _poolList.add(key);
+            }
+            if (isClosed()) {
+                shouldDestroy = true;
+            } else {
+                // if there's no space in the pool, flag the object for destruction
+                // else if we passivated successfully, return it to the pool
+                if (_maxIdle >= 0 && (pool.queue.size() >= _maxIdle)) {
+                    shouldDestroy = true;
+                } else if (success) {
+                    // borrowObject always takes the first element from the queue,
+                    // so for LIFO, push on top, FIFO add to end
+                    if (_lifo) {
+                        pool.queue.addFirst(new ObjectTimestampPair(obj));
+                    } else {
+                        pool.queue.addLast(new ObjectTimestampPair(obj));
+                    }
+                    _totalIdle++;
+                    if (decrementNumActive) {
+                        pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                    }
+                    allocate();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Destroy the instance if necessary
+        if (shouldDestroy) {
+            try {
+                _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+            } catch(Exception e) {
+                // ignored?
+            }
+            // Decrement active count *after* destroy if applicable
+            if (decrementNumActive) {
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                    allocate();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Invalidates the object instance associated with the given key.  Decrements the active count
+     * associated with the given keyed pool and destroys the instance.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @param obj instance to invalidate
+     * @throws Exception if an exception occurs destroying the object
+     */
+    public void invalidateObject(Object key, Object obj) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+                if (null == pool) {
+                    pool = new ObjectQueue();
+                    _poolMap.put(key, pool);
+                    _poolList.add(key);
+                }
+                pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                allocate(); // _totalActive has changed
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create an object using the {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#makeObject factory},
+     * passivate it, and then place it in the idle object pool.
+     * <code>addObject</code> is useful for "pre-loading" a pool with idle objects.
+     *
+     * @param key the key a new instance should be added to
+     * @throws Exception when {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#makeObject} fails.
+     * @throws IllegalStateException when no {@link #setFactory factory} has been set or after {@link #close} has been
+     * called on this pool.
+     */
+    public void addObject(Object key) throws Exception {
+        assertOpen();
+        if (_factory == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot add objects without a factory.");
+        }
+        Object obj = _factory.makeObject(key);
+        try {
+            assertOpen();
+            addObjectToPool(key, obj, false);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException ex) { // Pool closed
+            try {
+                _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+            } catch (Exception ex2) {
+                // swallow
+            }
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a key for pool control.
+     *
+     * If <code>populateImmediately</code> is <code>true</code> and
+     * <code>minIdle > 0,</code> the pool under the given key will be
+     * populated immediately with <code>minIdle</code> idle instances.
+     *
+     * @param key - The key to register for pool control.
+     * @param populateImmediately - If this is <code>true</code>, the pool
+     * will be populated immediately.
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     */
+    public synchronized void preparePool(Object key, boolean populateImmediately) {
+        ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        if (null == pool) {
+            pool = new ObjectQueue();
+            _poolMap.put(key,pool);
+            _poolList.add(key);
+        }
+
+        if (populateImmediately) {
+            try {
+                // Create the pooled objects
+                ensureMinIdle(key);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                //Do nothing
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Closes the keyed object pool.  Once the pool is closed, {@link #borrowObject(Object)}
+     * will fail with IllegalStateException, but {@link #returnObject(Object, Object)} and
+     * {@link #invalidateObject(Object, Object)} will continue to work, with returned objects
+     * destroyed on return.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>Destroys idle instances in the pool by invoking {@link #clear()}.</p> 
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public void close() throws Exception {
+        super.close();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            clear();
+            if (null != _evictionCursor) {
+                _evictionCursor.close();
+                _evictionCursor = null;
+            }
+            if (null != _evictionKeyCursor) {
+                _evictionKeyCursor.close();
+                _evictionKeyCursor = null;
+            }
+            startEvictor(-1L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Sets the keyed poolable object factory associated with this pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If this method is called when objects are checked out of any of the keyed pools,
+     * an IllegalStateException is thrown.  Calling this method also has the side effect of
+     * destroying any idle instances in existing keyed pools, using the original factory.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param factory KeyedPoolableObjectFactory to use when creating keyed object pool instances
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if there are active (checked out) instances associated with this keyed object pool
+     * @deprecated to be removed in version 2.0
+     */
+    public void setFactory(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory) throws IllegalStateException {
+        Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+        final KeyedPoolableObjectFactory oldFactory = _factory;
+        synchronized (this) {
+            assertOpen();
+            if (0 < getNumActive()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Objects are already active");
+            } else {
+                for (Iterator it = _poolMap.keySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                    Object key = it.next();
+                    ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key);
+                    if (pool != null) {
+                        // Copy objects to new list so pool.queue can be cleared
+                        // inside the sync
+                        List objects = new ArrayList();
+                        objects.addAll(pool.queue);
+                        toDestroy.put(key, objects);
+                        it.remove();
+                        _poolList.remove(key);
+                        _totalIdle = _totalIdle - pool.queue.size();
+                        _totalInternalProcessing =
+                            _totalInternalProcessing + pool.queue.size();
+                        pool.queue.clear();
+                    }
+                }
+                _factory = factory;
+            }
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy, oldFactory);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Perform <code>numTests</code> idle object eviction tests, evicting
+     * examined objects that meet the criteria for eviction. If
+     * <code>testWhileIdle</code> is true, examined objects are validated
+     * when visited (and removed if invalid); otherwise only objects that
+     * have been idle for more than <code>minEvicableIdletimeMillis</code>
+     * are removed.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>Successive activations of this method examine objects in keyed pools
+     * in sequence, cycling through the keys and examining objects in
+     * oldest-to-youngest order within the keyed pools.</p>
+     *
+     * @throws Exception when there is a problem evicting idle objects.
+     */
+    public void evict() throws Exception {
+        Object key = null;
+        boolean testWhileIdle;
+        long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            // Get local copy of current config. Can't sync when used later as
+            // it can result in a deadlock. Has the added advantage that config
+            // is consistent for entire method execution
+            testWhileIdle = _testWhileIdle;
+            minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+
+            // Initialize key to last key value
+            if (_evictionKeyCursor != null &&
+                    _evictionKeyCursor._lastReturned != null) {
+                key = _evictionKeyCursor._lastReturned.value();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i=0, m=getNumTests(); i<m; i++) {
+            final ObjectTimestampPair pair;
+            synchronized (this) {
+                // make sure pool map is not empty; otherwise do nothing
+                if (_poolMap == null || _poolMap.size() == 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // if we don't have a key cursor, then create one
+                if (null == _evictionKeyCursor) {
+                    resetEvictionKeyCursor();
+                    key = null;
+                }
+
+                // if we don't have an object cursor, create one
+                if (null == _evictionCursor) {
+                    // if the _evictionKeyCursor has a next value, use this key
+                    if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                        key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                        resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                    } else {
+                        // Reset the key cursor and try again
+                        resetEvictionKeyCursor();
+                        if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+                            if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                                key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                                resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (_evictionCursor == null) {
+                    continue; // should never happen; do nothing
+                }
+
+                // If eviction cursor is exhausted, try to move
+                // to the next key and reset
+                if ((_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasPrevious()) ||
+                        (!_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasNext())) {
+                    if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+                        if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                            key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                            resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                        } else { // Need to reset Key cursor
+                            resetEvictionKeyCursor();
+                            if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+                                if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                                    key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                                    resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ((_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasPrevious()) ||
+                        (!_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasNext())) {
+                    continue; // reset failed, do nothing
+                }
+
+                // if LIFO and the _evictionCursor has a previous object,
+                // or FIFO and _evictionCursor has a next object, test it
+                pair = _lifo ?
+                        (ObjectTimestampPair) _evictionCursor.previous() :
+                        (ObjectTimestampPair) _evictionCursor.next();
+                _evictionCursor.remove();
+                _totalIdle--;
+                _totalInternalProcessing++;
+            }
+
+            boolean removeObject=false;
+            if ((minEvictableIdleTimeMillis > 0) &&
+               (System.currentTimeMillis() - pair.tstamp >
+               minEvictableIdleTimeMillis)) {
+                removeObject=true;
+            }
+            if (testWhileIdle && removeObject == false) {
+                boolean active = false;
+                try {
+                    _factory.activateObject(key,pair.value);
+                    active = true;
+                } catch(Exception e) {
+                    removeObject=true;
+                }
+                if (active) {
+                    if (!_factory.validateObject(key,pair.value)) {
+                        removeObject=true;
+                    } else {
+                        try {
+                            _factory.passivateObject(key,pair.value);
+                        } catch(Exception e) {
+                            removeObject=true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (removeObject) {
+                try {
+                    _factory.destroyObject(key, pair.value);
+                } catch(Exception e) {
+                    // ignored
+                } finally {
+                    // Do not remove the key from the _poolList or _poolmap,
+                    // even if the list stored in the _poolMap for this key is
+                    // empty when minIdle > 0.
+                    //
+                    // Otherwise if it was the last object for that key,
+                    // drop that pool
+                    if (_minIdle == 0) {
+                        synchronized (this) {
+                            ObjectQueue objectQueue =
+                                (ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key);
+                            if (objectQueue != null &&
+                                    objectQueue.queue.isEmpty()) {
+                                _poolMap.remove(key);
+                                _poolList.remove(key);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (!removeObject) {
+                    _evictionCursor.add(pair);
+                    _totalIdle++;
+                    if (_lifo) {
+                        // Skip over the element we just added back
+                        _evictionCursor.previous();
+                    }
+                }
+                _totalInternalProcessing--;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the eviction key cursor and closes any
+     * associated eviction object cursor
+     */
+    private void resetEvictionKeyCursor() {
+        if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+            _evictionKeyCursor.close();
+        }
+        _evictionKeyCursor = _poolList.cursor();
+        if (null != _evictionCursor) {
+            _evictionCursor.close();
+            _evictionCursor = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the eviction object cursor for the given key
+     *
+     * @param key eviction key
+     */
+    private void resetEvictionObjectCursor(Object key) {
+        if (_evictionCursor != null) {
+            _evictionCursor.close();
+        }
+        if (_poolMap == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+        if (pool != null) {
+            CursorableLinkedList queue = pool.queue;
+            _evictionCursor = queue.cursor(_lifo ? queue.size() : 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates through all the known keys and creates any necessary objects to maintain
+     * the minimum level of pooled objects.
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     * @see #setMinIdle
+     * @throws Exception If there was an error whilst creating the pooled objects.
+     */
+    private void ensureMinIdle() throws Exception {
+        //Check if should sustain the pool
+        if (_minIdle > 0) {
+            Object[] keysCopy;
+            synchronized(this) {
+                // Get the current set of keys
+                keysCopy = _poolMap.keySet().toArray();
+            }
+
+            // Loop through all elements in _poolList
+            // Find out the total number of max active and max idle for that class
+            // If the number is less than the minIdle, do creation loop to boost numbers
+            for (int i=0; i < keysCopy.length; i++) {
+                //Get the next key to process
+                ensureMinIdle(keysCopy[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-creates any needed objects to maintain the minimum levels of
+     * pooled objects for the specified key.
+     *
+     * This method uses {@link #calculateDeficit} to calculate the number
+     * of objects to be created. {@link #calculateDeficit} can be overridden to
+     * provide a different method of calculating the number of objects to be
+     * created.
+     * @param key The key to process
+     * @throws Exception If there was an error whilst creating the pooled objects
+     */
+    private void ensureMinIdle(Object key) throws Exception {
+        // Calculate current pool objects
+        ObjectQueue pool;
+        synchronized(this) {
+            pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        }
+        if (pool == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // this method isn't synchronized so the
+        // calculateDeficit is done at the beginning
+        // as a loop limit and a second time inside the loop
+        // to stop when another thread already returned the
+        // needed objects
+        int objectDeficit = calculateDeficit(pool, false);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < objectDeficit && calculateDeficit(pool, true) > 0; i++) {
+            try {
+                addObject(key);
+            } finally {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    pool.decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    allocate();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //--- non-public methods ----------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Start the eviction thread or service, or when
+     * <code>delay</code> is non-positive, stop it
+     * if it is already running.
+     *
+     * @param delay milliseconds between evictor runs.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void startEvictor(long delay) {
+        if (null != _evictor) {
+            EvictionTimer.cancel(_evictor);
+            _evictor = null;
+        }
+        if (delay > 0) {
+            _evictor = new Evictor();
+            EvictionTimer.schedule(_evictor, delay, delay);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns pool info including {@link #getNumActive()}, {@link #getNumIdle()}
+     * and currently defined keys.
+     * 
+     * @return string containing debug information
+     */
+    synchronized String debugInfo() {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        buf.append("Active: ").append(getNumActive()).append("\n");
+        buf.append("Idle: ").append(getNumIdle()).append("\n");
+        Iterator it = _poolMap.keySet().iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            Object key = it.next();
+            buf.append("\t").append(key).append(" ").append(_poolMap.get(key)).append("\n");
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * Returns the number of tests to be performed in an Evictor run,
+     * based on the current values of <code>_numTestsPerEvictionRun</code>
+     * and <code>_totalIdle</code>.
+     * 
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @return the number of tests for the Evictor to run
+     */
+    private synchronized int getNumTests() {
+        if (_numTestsPerEvictionRun >= 0) {
+            return Math.min(_numTestsPerEvictionRun, _totalIdle);
+        } else {
+            return(int)(Math.ceil(_totalIdle/Math.abs((double)_numTestsPerEvictionRun)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This returns the number of objects to create during the pool
+     * sustain cycle. This will ensure that the minimum number of idle
+     * instances is maintained without going past the maxActive value.
+     * 
+     * @param pool the ObjectPool to calculate the deficit for
+     * @param incrementInternal - Should the count of objects currently under
+     *                            some form of internal processing be
+     *                            incremented?
+     * @return The number of objects to be created
+     */
+    private synchronized int calculateDeficit(ObjectQueue pool,
+            boolean incrementInternal) {
+        int objectDefecit = 0;
+
+        //Calculate no of objects needed to be created, in order to have
+        //the number of pooled objects < maxActive();
+        objectDefecit = getMinIdle() - pool.queue.size();
+        if (getMaxActive() > 0) {
+            int growLimit = Math.max(0, getMaxActive() - pool.activeCount - pool.queue.size() - pool.internalProcessingCount);
+            objectDefecit = Math.min(objectDefecit, growLimit);
+        }
+
+        // Take the maxTotal limit into account
+        if (getMaxTotal() > 0) {
+            int growLimit = Math.max(0, getMaxTotal() - getNumActive() - getNumIdle() - _totalInternalProcessing);
+            objectDefecit = Math.min(objectDefecit, growLimit);
+        }
+
+        if (incrementInternal && objectDefecit > 0) {
+            pool.incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+        }
+        return objectDefecit;
+    }
+
+    //--- inner classes ----------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * A "struct" that keeps additional information about the actual queue of pooled objects.
+     */
+    private class ObjectQueue {
+        /** Number of instances checked out to clients from this queue */
+        private int activeCount = 0;
+        
+        /** Idle instance queue */
+        private final CursorableLinkedList queue = new CursorableLinkedList();
+        
+        /** Number of instances in process of being created */
+        private int internalProcessingCount = 0;
+
+        /** Increment the active count for this queue */
+        void incrementActiveCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalActive++;
+            }
+            activeCount++;
+        }
+
+        /** Decrement the active count for this queue */
+        void decrementActiveCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalActive--;
+            }
+            if (activeCount > 0) {
+                activeCount--;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** Record the fact that one more instance is queued for creation */
+        void incrementInternalProcessingCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalInternalProcessing++;
+            }
+            internalProcessingCount++;
+        }
+
+        /** Decrement the number of instances in process of being created */
+        void decrementInternalProcessingCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalInternalProcessing--;
+            }
+            internalProcessingCount--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple "struct" encapsulating an object instance and a timestamp.
+     *
+     * Implements Comparable, objects are sorted from old to new.
+     *
+     * This is also used by {@link GenericObjectPool}.
+     */
+    static class ObjectTimestampPair implements Comparable {
+        //CHECKSTYLE: stop VisibilityModifier
+        /** 
+         * Object instance 
+         * @deprecated this field will be made private and final in version 2.0
+         */
+        Object value;
+        
+        /**
+         * timestamp
+         * @deprecated this field will be made private and final in version 2.0
+         */
+        long tstamp;
+        //CHECKSTYLE: resume VisibilityModifier
+
+        /**
+         * Create a new ObjectTimestampPair using the given object and the current system time.
+         * @param val object instance
+         */
+        ObjectTimestampPair(Object val) {
+            this(val, System.currentTimeMillis());
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Create a new ObjectTimeStampPair using the given object and timestamp value.
+         * @param val object instance
+         * @param time long representation of timestamp
+         */
+        ObjectTimestampPair(Object val, long time) {
+            value = val;
+            tstamp = time;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a string representation.
+         * 
+         * @return String representing this ObjectTimestampPair
+         */
+        public String toString() {
+            return value + ";" + tstamp;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compares this to another object by casting the argument to an
+         * ObjectTimestampPair.
+         * 
+         * @param obj object to cmpare
+         * @return result of comparison
+         */
+        public int compareTo(Object obj) {
+            return compareTo((ObjectTimestampPair) obj);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compares this to another ObjectTimestampPair, using the timestamp as basis for comparison.
+         * Implementation is consistent with equals.
+         * 
+         * @param other object to compare
+         * @return result of comparison
+         */
+        public int compareTo(ObjectTimestampPair other) {
+            final long tstampdiff = this.tstamp - other.tstamp;
+            if (tstampdiff == 0) {
+                // make sure the natural ordering is consistent with equals
+                // see java.lang.Comparable Javadocs
+                return System.identityHashCode(this) - System.identityHashCode(other);
+            } else {
+                // handle int overflow
+                return (int)Math.min(Math.max(tstampdiff, Integer.MIN_VALUE), Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The idle object evictor {@link TimerTask}.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private class Evictor extends TimerTask {
+        /**
+         * Run pool maintenance.  Evict objects qualifying for eviction and then
+         * invoke {@link GenericKeyedObjectPool#ensureMinIdle()}.
+         */
+        public void run() {
+            //Evict from the pool
+            try {
+                evict();
+            } catch(Exception e) {
+                // ignored
+            } catch(OutOfMemoryError oome) {
+                // Log problem but give evictor thread a chance to continue in
+                // case error is recoverable
+                oome.printStackTrace(System.err);
+            }
+            //Re-create idle instances.
+            try {
+                ensureMinIdle();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // ignored
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple "struct" encapsulating the
+     * configuration information for a <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code>.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory,GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config)
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setConfig
+     */
+    public static class Config {
+        //CHECKSTYLE: stop VisibilityModifier
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxIdle
+         */
+        public int maxIdle = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxActive
+         */
+        public int maxActive = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxTotal
+         */
+        public int maxTotal = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMinIdle
+         */
+        public int minIdle = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxWait
+         */
+        public long maxWait = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setWhenExhaustedAction
+         */
+        public byte whenExhaustedAction = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTestOnBorrow
+         */
+        public boolean testOnBorrow = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTestOnReturn
+         */
+        public boolean testOnReturn = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTestWhileIdle
+         */
+        public boolean testWhileIdle = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+         */
+        public long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+         */
+        public int numTestsPerEvictionRun =  GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+         */
+        public long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setLifo
+         */
+        public boolean lifo = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_LIFO;
+        //CHECKSTYLE: resume VisibilityModifier
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Latch used to control allocation order of objects to threads to ensure
+     * fairness. That is, for each key, objects are allocated to threads in the order
+     * that threads request objects.
+     * 
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    private static final class Latch {
+        
+        /** key of associated pool */
+        private final Object _key;
+        
+        /** keyed pool associated with this latch */
+        private ObjectQueue _pool;
+        
+        /** holds an ObjectTimestampPair when this latch has been allocated an instance */
+        private ObjectTimestampPair _pair;
+        
+        /** indicates that this latch can create an instance */
+        private boolean _mayCreate = false;
+
+        /**
+         * Create a latch with the given key
+         * @param key key of the pool associated with this latch
+         */
+        private Latch(Object key) {
+            _key = key;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Retuns the key of the associated pool
+         * @return associated pool key
+         */
+        private synchronized Object getkey() {
+            return _key;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the pool associated with this latch
+         * @return pool
+         */
+        private synchronized ObjectQueue getPool() {
+            return _pool;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Sets the pool associated with this latch
+         * @param pool the pool
+         */
+        private synchronized void setPool(ObjectQueue pool) {
+            _pool = pool;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Gets the ObjectTimestampPair allocated to this latch.
+         * Returns null if this latch does not have an instance allocated to it. 
+         * @return the associated ObjectTimestampPair
+         */
+        private synchronized ObjectTimestampPair getPair() {
+            return _pair;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Allocate an ObjectTimestampPair to this latch.
+         * @param pair ObjectTimestampPair on this latch
+         */
+        private synchronized void setPair(ObjectTimestampPair pair) {
+            _pair = pair;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Whether or not this latch can create an instance
+         * @return true if this latch has an instance creation permit
+         */
+        private synchronized boolean mayCreate() {
+            return _mayCreate;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Sets the mayCreate property
+         * 
+         * @param mayCreate true means this latch can create an instance
+         */
+        private synchronized void setMayCreate(boolean mayCreate) {
+            _mayCreate = mayCreate;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Reset the latch data. Used when an allocation fails and the latch
+         * needs to be re-added to the queue.
+         */
+        private synchronized void reset() {
+            _pair = null;
+            _mayCreate = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    //--- protected attributes ---------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * The cap on the number of idle instances in the pool.
+     * @see #setMaxIdle
+     * @see #getMaxIdle
+     */
+    private int _maxIdle = DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum no of idle objects to keep in the pool.
+     * @see #setMinIdle
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     */
+    private int _minIdle = DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE;
+
+    /**
+     * The cap on the number of active instances from the pool.
+     * @see #setMaxActive
+     * @see #getMaxActive
+     */
+    private int _maxActive = DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE;
+
+    /**
+     * The cap on the total number of instances from the pool if non-positive.
+     * @see #setMaxTotal
+     * @see #getMaxTotal
+     */
+    private int _maxTotal = DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL;
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum amount of time (in millis) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #getWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     *
+     * When less than or equal to 0, the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * may block indefinitely.
+     *
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #getWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    private long _maxWait = DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT;
+
+    /**
+     * The action to take when the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * is invoked when the pool is exhausted (the maximum number
+     * of "active" objects has been reached).
+     *
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #getWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    private byte _whenExhaustedAction = DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION;
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method.  If the object fails to validate,
+     * it will be dropped from the pool, and we will attempt
+     * to borrow another.
+     *
+     * @see #setTestOnBorrow
+     * @see #getTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    private volatile boolean _testOnBorrow = DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW;
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned to the pool within the
+     * {@link #returnObject}.
+     *
+     * @see #getTestOnReturn
+     * @see #setTestOnReturn
+     */
+    private volatile boolean _testOnReturn = DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN;
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * by the idle object evictor (if any).  If an object
+     * fails to validate, it will be dropped from the pool.
+     *
+     * @see #setTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #getTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private boolean _testWhileIdle = DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of milliseconds to sleep between runs of the
+     * idle object evictor thread.
+     * When non-positive, no idle object evictor thread will be
+     * run.
+     *
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private long _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of objects to examine during each run of the
+     * idle object evictor thread (if any).
+     * <p>
+     * When a negative value is supplied, <code>ceil({@link #getNumIdle})/abs({@link #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun})</code>
+     * tests will be run.  I.e., when the value is <code>-n</code>, roughly one <code>n</code>th of the
+     * idle objects will be tested per run.
+     *
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private int _numTestsPerEvictionRun =  DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction by the idle object evictor
+     * (if any).
+     * When non-positive, no objects will be evicted from the pool
+     * due to idle time alone.
+     *
+     * @see #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private long _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS;
+
+    /** My hash of pools (ObjectQueue). */
+    private Map _poolMap = null;
+
+    /** The total number of active instances. */
+    private int _totalActive = 0;
+
+    /** The total number of idle instances. */
+    private int _totalIdle = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of objects subject to some form of internal processing
+     * (usually creation or destruction) that should be included in the total
+     * number of objects but are neither active nor idle.
+     */
+    private int _totalInternalProcessing = 0;
+
+    /** My {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory}. */
+    private KeyedPoolableObjectFactory _factory = null;
+
+    /**
+     * My idle object eviction {@link TimerTask}, if any.
+     */
+    private Evictor _evictor = null;
+
+    /**
+     * A cursorable list of my pools.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool.Evictor#run
+     */
+    private CursorableLinkedList _poolList = null;
+
+    /** Eviction cursor (over instances within-key) */
+    private CursorableLinkedList.Cursor _evictionCursor = null;
+    
+    /** Eviction cursor (over keys) */
+    private CursorableLinkedList.Cursor _evictionKeyCursor = null;
+
+    /** Whether or not the pools behave as LIFO queues (last in first out) */
+    private boolean _lifo = DEFAULT_LIFO;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to track the order in which threads call {@link #borrowObject()} so
+     * that objects can be allocated in the order in which the threads requested
+     * them.
+     */
+    private LinkedList _allocationQueue = new LinkedList();
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `c` last assigned on line 1460 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1461.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GenericKeyedObjectPool.destroy(HashMap,KeyedPoolableObjectFactory)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.pool.impl.GenericKeyedObjectPool.destroy(java.util.HashMap,org.apache.commons.poo.3be3356d16be1344737f2da421518b32
+
+### File:
+src/java/org/apache/commons/pool/impl/GenericKeyedObjectPool.java
+
+### Key:
+GenericKeyedObjectPool.java|destroy|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+34317ede13d252569ec24529129b74aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3460/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3460/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..408386b6cd163a65a13a20e6dfeefd3c7d176828
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3460/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2720 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-pool
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.pool.impl;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+
+import org.apache.commons.pool.BaseKeyedObjectPool;
+import org.apache.commons.pool.KeyedObjectPool;
+import org.apache.commons.pool.KeyedPoolableObjectFactory;
+import org.apache.commons.pool.PoolUtils;
+
+/**
+ * A configurable <code>KeyedObjectPool</code> implementation.
+ * <p>
+ * When coupled with the appropriate {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory},
+ * <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> provides robust pooling functionality for
+ * keyed objects. A <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> can be viewed as a map
+ * of pools, keyed on the (unique) key values provided to the
+ * {@link #preparePool preparePool}, {@link #addObject addObject} or
+ * {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} methods. Each time a new key value is
+ * provided to one of these methods, a new pool is created under the given key
+ * to be managed by the containing <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool.</code>
+ * </p>
+ * <p>A <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> provides a number of configurable
+ * parameters:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMaxActive maxActive} controls the maximum number of objects
+ *    (per key) that can allocated by the pool (checked out to client threads,
+ *    or idle in the pool) at one time.  When non-positive, there is no limit
+ *    to the number of objects per key. When {@link #setMaxActive maxActive} is
+ *    reached, the keyed pool is said to be exhausted.  The default setting for
+ *    this parameter is 8.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMaxTotal maxTotal} sets a global limit on the number of objects
+ *    that can be in circulation (active or idle) within the combined set of
+ *    pools.  When non-positive, there is no limit to the total number of
+ *    objects in circulation. When {@link #setMaxTotal maxTotal} is exceeded,
+ *    all keyed pools are exhausted. When <code>maxTotal</code> is set to a
+ *    positive value and {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} is invoked
+ *    when at the limit with no idle instances available, an attempt is made to
+ *    create room by clearing the oldest 15% of the elements from the keyed
+ *    pools. The default setting for this parameter is -1 (no limit).
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMaxIdle maxIdle} controls the maximum number of objects that can
+ *    sit idle in the pool (per key) at any time.  When negative, there
+ *    is no limit to the number of objects that may be idle per key. The
+ *    default setting for this parameter is 8.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction} specifies the
+ *    behavior of the {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} method when a keyed
+ *    pool is exhausted:
+ *    <ul>
+ *    <li>
+ *      When {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction} is
+ *      {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL}, {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will throw
+ *      a {@link NoSuchElementException}
+ *    </li>
+ *    <li>
+ *      When {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction} is
+ *      {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW}, {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will create a new
+ *      object and return it (essentially making {@link #setMaxActive maxActive}
+ *      meaningless.)
+ *    </li>
+ *    <li>
+ *      When {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction whenExhaustedAction}
+ *      is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}, {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will block
+ *      (invoke {@link Object#wait() wait} until a new or idle object is available.
+ *      If a positive {@link #setMaxWait maxWait}
+ *      value is supplied, the {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} will block for at
+ *      most that many milliseconds, after which a {@link NoSuchElementException}
+ *      will be thrown.  If {@link #setMaxWait maxWait} is non-positive,
+ *      the {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} method will block indefinitely.
+ *    </li>
+ *    </ul>
+ *    The default <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> setting is
+ *    {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    When {@link #setTestOnBorrow testOnBorrow} is set, the pool will
+ *    attempt to validate each object before it is returned from the
+ *    {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} method. (Using the provided factory's
+ *    {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validateObject} method.)
+ *    Objects that fail to validate will be dropped from the pool, and a
+ *    different object will be borrowed. The default setting for this parameter
+ *    is <code>false.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    When {@link #setTestOnReturn testOnReturn} is set, the pool will
+ *    attempt to validate each object before it is returned to the pool in the
+ *    {@link #returnObject returnObject} method. (Using the provided factory's
+ *    {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validateObject}
+ *    method.)  Objects that fail to validate will be dropped from the pool.
+ *    The default setting for this parameter is <code>false.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * Optionally, one may configure the pool to examine and possibly evict objects
+ * as they sit idle in the pool and to ensure that a minimum number of idle
+ * objects is maintained for each key. This is performed by an
+ * "idle object eviction" thread, which runs asynchronously. Caution should be
+ * used when configuring this optional feature. Eviction runs require an
+ * exclusive synchronization lock on the pool, so if they run too frequently
+ * and / or incur excessive latency when creating, destroying or validating
+ * object instances, performance issues may result.  The idle object eviction
+ * thread may be configured using the following attributes:
+ * <ul>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis}
+ *   indicates how long the eviction thread should sleep before "runs" of examining
+ *   idle objects.  When non-positive, no eviction thread will be launched. The
+ *   default setting for this parameter is -1 (i.e., by default, idle object
+ *   eviction is disabled).
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis minEvictableIdleTimeMillis}
+ *   specifies the minimum amount of time that an object may sit idle in the
+ *   pool before it is eligible for eviction due to idle time.  When
+ *   non-positive, no object will be dropped from the pool due to idle time
+ *   alone.  This setting has no effect unless
+ *   <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0.</code>  The default setting
+ *   for this parameter is 30 minutes.
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setTestWhileIdle testWhileIdle} indicates whether or not idle
+ *   objects should be validated using the factory's
+ *   {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validateObject} method
+ *   during idle object eviction runs.  Objects that fail to validate will be
+ *   dropped from the pool. This setting has no effect unless
+ *   <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0.</code>  The default setting
+ *   for this parameter is <code>false.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ *  <li>
+ *    {@link #setMinIdle minIdle} sets a target value for the minimum number of
+ *    idle objects (per key) that should always be available. If this parameter
+ *    is set to a positive number and
+ *    <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0,</code> each time the idle object
+ *    eviction thread runs, it will try to create enough idle instances so that
+ *    there will be <code>minIdle</code> idle instances available under each
+ *    key. This parameter is also used by {@link #preparePool preparePool}
+ *    if <code>true</code> is provided as that method's
+ *    <code>populateImmediately</code> parameter. The default setting for this
+ *    parameter is 0.
+ *  </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * The pools can be configured to behave as LIFO queues with respect to idle
+ * objects - always returning the most recently used object from the pool,
+ * or as FIFO queues, where borrowObject always returns the oldest object
+ * in the idle object pool.
+ * <ul>
+ *  <li>
+ *   {@link #setLifo <i>Lifo</i>}
+ *   determines whether or not the pools return idle objects in
+ *   last-in-first-out order. The default setting for this parameter is
+ *   <code>true.</code>
+ *  </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * GenericKeyedObjectPool is not usable without a {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory}.  A
+ * non-<code>null</code> factory must be provided either as a constructor argument
+ * or via a call to {@link #setFactory setFactory} before the pool is used.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * Implementation note: To prevent possible deadlocks, care has been taken to
+ * ensure that no call to a factory method will occur within a synchronization
+ * block. See POOL-125 and DBCP-44 for more information.
+ * </p>
+ * @see GenericObjectPool
+ * @author Rodney Waldhoff
+ * @author Dirk Verbeeck
+ * @author Sandy McArthur
+ * @version $Revision$ $Date$
+ * @since Pool 1.0
+ */
+public class GenericKeyedObjectPool extends BaseKeyedObjectPool implements KeyedObjectPool {
+
+    //--- public constants -------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * A "when exhausted action" type indicating that when the pool is
+     * exhausted (i.e., the maximum number of active objects has
+     * been reached), the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method should fail, throwing a {@link NoSuchElementException}.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL   = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * A "when exhausted action" type indicating that when the pool
+     * is exhausted (i.e., the maximum number
+     * of active objects has been reached), the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method should block until a new object is available, or the
+     * {@link #getMaxWait maximum wait time} has been reached.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK  = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * A "when exhausted action" type indicating that when the pool is
+     * exhausted (i.e., the maximum number
+     * of active objects has been reached), the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method should simply create a new object anyway.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW   = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * The default cap on the number of idle instances (per key) in the pool.
+     * @see #getMaxIdle
+     * @see #setMaxIdle
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE  = 8;
+
+    /**
+     * The default cap on the total number of active instances (per key)
+     * from the pool.
+     * @see #getMaxActive
+     * @see #setMaxActive
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE  = 8;
+
+    /**
+     * The default cap on the the overall maximum number of objects that can
+     * exist at one time.
+     * @see #getMaxTotal
+     * @see #setMaxTotal
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL  = -1;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "when exhausted action" for the pool.
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public static final byte DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION = WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK;
+
+    /**
+     * The default maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #getWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     */
+    public static final long DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT = -1L;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "test on borrow" value.
+     * @see #getTestOnBorrow
+     * @see #setTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "test on return" value.
+     * @see #getTestOnReturn
+     * @see #setTestOnReturn
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "test while idle" value.
+     * @see #getTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #setTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The default "time between eviction runs" value.
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public static final long DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS = -1L;
+
+    /**
+     * The default number of objects to examine per run in the
+     * idle object evictor.
+     * @see #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN = 3;
+
+    /**
+     * The default value for {@link #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis}.
+     * @see #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     */
+    public static final long DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS = 1000L * 60L * 30L;
+
+    /**
+     * The default minimum level of idle objects in the pool.
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     * @see #setMinIdle
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The default LIFO status. True means that borrowObject returns the
+     * most recently used ("last in") idle object in a pool (if there are
+     * idle instances available).  False means that pools behave as FIFO
+     * queues - objects are taken from idle object pools in the order that
+     * they are returned.
+     * @see #setLifo
+     */
+    public static final boolean DEFAULT_LIFO = true;
+
+    //--- constructors -----------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> with no factory.
+     *
+     * @see #GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory)
+     * @see #setFactory(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory)
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool() {
+        this(null, DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE, DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION, DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE, 
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS,
+                DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN, DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy
+     * objects if not <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory) {
+        this(factory, DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE, DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION, DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE,
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS,
+                DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN, DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param config a non-<code>null</code> {@link GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config} describing the configuration
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config config) {
+        this(factory, config.maxActive, config.whenExhaustedAction, config.maxWait, config.maxIdle, config.maxTotal,
+                config.minIdle, config.testOnBorrow, config.testOnReturn, config.timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis,
+                config.numTestsPerEvictionRun, config.minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, config.testWhileIdle, config.lifo);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive) {
+        this(factory,maxActive, DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION, DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE,
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, 
+                DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN, DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     *  <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW,
+                DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN, DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE,testOnBorrow,testOnReturn,
+                DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW, DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN,
+                DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #getMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, testOnBorrow, testOnReturn,
+                DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS, DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN,
+                DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS, DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted 
+     * (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn, long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis,
+            int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL,
+                testOnBorrow, testOnReturn, timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, numTestsPerEvictionRun,
+                minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, testWhileIdle);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed from me at one time
+     * (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param maxTotal the maximum number of objects that can exists at one time (see {@link #setMaxTotal})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, int maxTotal, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn,
+            long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis,
+            boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, maxTotal,
+                GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE, testOnBorrow, testOnReturn, timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis,
+                numTestsPerEvictionRun, minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, testWhileIdle);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed at one time (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param maxTotal the maximum number of objects that can exists at one time (see {@link #setMaxTotal})
+     * @param minIdle the minimum number of idle objects to have in the pool at any one time (see {@link #setMinIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects
+     * for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, int maxTotal, int minIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn,
+            long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis,
+            boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        this(factory, maxActive, whenExhaustedAction, maxWait, maxIdle, maxTotal, minIdle, testOnBorrow, testOnReturn,
+                timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, numTestsPerEvictionRun, minEvictableIdleTimeMillis, testWhileIdle,
+                DEFAULT_LIFO);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code> using the specified values.
+     * @param factory the <code>KeyedPoolableObjectFactory</code> to use to create, validate, and destroy objects
+     * if not <code>null</code>
+     * @param maxActive the maximum number of objects that can be borrowed at one time
+     *  (see {@link #setMaxActive})
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action to take when the pool is exhausted (see {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction})
+     * @param maxWait the maximum amount of time to wait for an idle object when the pool is exhausted and
+     * <code>whenExhaustedAction</code> is {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK} (otherwise ignored) (see {@link #setMaxWait})
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of idle objects in my pool (see {@link #setMaxIdle})
+     * @param maxTotal the maximum number of objects that can exists at one time (see {@link #setMaxTotal})
+     * @param minIdle the minimum number of idle objects to have in the pool at any one time (see {@link #setMinIdle})
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether or not to validate objects before they are returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnBorrow})
+     * @param testOnReturn whether or not to validate objects after they are returned to the {@link #returnObject}
+     * method (see {@link #setTestOnReturn})
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis the amount of time (in milliseconds) to sleep between examining idle
+     * objects for eviction (see {@link #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis})
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun the number of idle objects to examine per run within the idle object eviction
+     * thread (if any) (see {@link #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun})
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis the minimum number of milliseconds an object can sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction (see {@link #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis})
+     * @param testWhileIdle whether or not to validate objects in the idle object eviction thread, if any
+     * (see {@link #setTestWhileIdle})
+     * @param lifo whether or not the pools behave as LIFO (last in first out) queues (see {@link #setLifo})
+     * @since Pool 1.4
+     */
+    public GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory, int maxActive, byte whenExhaustedAction,
+            long maxWait, int maxIdle, int maxTotal, int minIdle, boolean testOnBorrow, boolean testOnReturn,
+            long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis, int numTestsPerEvictionRun, long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis,
+            boolean testWhileIdle, boolean lifo) {
+        _factory = factory;
+        _maxActive = maxActive;
+        _lifo = lifo;
+        switch (whenExhaustedAction) {
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW:
+                _whenExhaustedAction = whenExhaustedAction;
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("whenExhaustedAction " + whenExhaustedAction + " not recognized.");
+        }
+        _maxWait = maxWait;
+        _maxIdle = maxIdle;
+        _maxTotal = maxTotal;
+        _minIdle = minIdle;
+        _testOnBorrow = testOnBorrow;
+        _testOnReturn = testOnReturn;
+        _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis;
+        _numTestsPerEvictionRun = numTestsPerEvictionRun;
+        _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+        _testWhileIdle = testWhileIdle;
+
+        _poolMap = new HashMap();
+        _poolList = new CursorableLinkedList();
+
+        startEvictor(_timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis);
+    }
+
+    //--- public methods ---------------------------------------------
+
+    //--- configuration methods --------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cap on the number of object instances allocated by the pool
+     * (checked out or idle),  per key.
+     * A negative value indicates no limit.
+     *
+     * @return the cap on the number of active instances per key.
+     * @see #setMaxActive
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMaxActive() {
+        return _maxActive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the cap on the number of object instances managed by the pool per key.
+     * @param maxActive The cap on the number of object instances per key.
+     * Use a negative value for no limit.
+     *
+     * @see #getMaxActive
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxActive(int maxActive) {
+        _maxActive = maxActive;
+        allocate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the overall maximum number of objects (across pools) that can
+     * exist at one time. A negative value indicates no limit.
+     * @return the maximum number of instances in circulation at one time.
+     * @see #setMaxTotal
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMaxTotal() {
+        return _maxTotal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the cap on the total number of instances from all pools combined.
+     * When <code>maxTotal</code> is set to a
+     * positive value and {@link #borrowObject borrowObject} is invoked
+     * when at the limit with no idle instances available, an attempt is made to
+     * create room by clearing the oldest 15% of the elements from the keyed
+     * pools.
+     *
+     * @param maxTotal The cap on the total number of instances across pools.
+     * Use a negative value for no limit.
+     * @see #getMaxTotal
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxTotal(int maxTotal) {
+        _maxTotal = maxTotal;
+        allocate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the action to take when the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * is invoked when the pool is exhausted (the maximum number
+     * of "active" objects has been reached).
+     *
+     * @return one of {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK},
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL} or {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW}
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public synchronized byte getWhenExhaustedAction() {
+        return _whenExhaustedAction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the action to take when the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * is invoked when the pool is exhausted (the maximum number
+     * of "active" objects has been reached).
+     *
+     * @param whenExhaustedAction the action code, which must be one of
+     *        {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}, {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL},
+     *        or {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW}
+     * @see #getWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    public synchronized void setWhenExhaustedAction(byte whenExhaustedAction) {
+        switch(whenExhaustedAction) {
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL:
+            case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW:
+                _whenExhaustedAction = whenExhaustedAction;
+                allocate();
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("whenExhaustedAction " + whenExhaustedAction + " not recognized.");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     *
+     * When less than or equal to 0, the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * may block indefinitely.
+     *
+     * @return the maximum number of milliseconds borrowObject will block.
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     */
+    public synchronized long getMaxWait() {
+        return _maxWait;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the maximum amount of time (in milliseconds) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #setWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     *
+     * When less than or equal to 0, the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * may block indefinitely.
+     *
+     * @param maxWait the maximum number of milliseconds borrowObject will block or negative for indefinitely.
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxWait(long maxWait) {
+        _maxWait = maxWait;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the cap on the number of "idle" instances per key.
+     * @return the maximum number of "idle" instances that can be held
+     * in a given keyed pool.
+     * @see #setMaxIdle
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMaxIdle() {
+        return _maxIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the cap on the number of "idle" instances in the pool.
+     * If maxIdle is set too low on heavily loaded systems it is possible you
+     * will see objects being destroyed and almost immediately new objects
+     * being created. This is a result of the active threads momentarily
+     * returning objects faster than they are requesting them them, causing the
+     * number of idle objects to rise above maxIdle. The best value for maxIdle
+     * for heavily loaded system will vary but the default is a good starting
+     * point.
+     * @param maxIdle the maximum number of "idle" instances that can be held
+     * in a given keyed pool. Use a negative value for no limit.
+     * @see #getMaxIdle
+     * @see #DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMaxIdle(int maxIdle) {
+        _maxIdle = maxIdle;
+        allocate();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the minimum number of idle objects to maintain in each of the keyed
+     * pools. This setting has no effect unless
+     * <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0</code> and attempts to ensure
+     * that each pool has the required minimum number of instances are only
+     * made during idle object eviction runs.
+     * @param poolSize - The minimum size of the each keyed pool
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMinIdle(int poolSize) {
+        _minIdle = poolSize;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum number of idle objects to maintain in each of the keyed
+     * pools. This setting has no effect unless
+     * <code>timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis > 0</code> and attempts to ensure
+     * that each pool has the required minimum number of instances are only
+     * made during idle object eviction runs.
+     * @return minimum size of the each keyed pool
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized int getMinIdle() {
+        return _minIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method.  If the object fails to validate,
+     * it will be dropped from the pool, and we will attempt
+     * to borrow another.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if objects are validated before being borrowed.
+     * @see #setTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    public boolean getTestOnBorrow() {
+        return _testOnBorrow;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method.  If the object fails to validate,
+     * it will be dropped from the pool, and we will attempt
+     * to borrow another.
+     *
+     * @param testOnBorrow whether object should be validated before being returned by borrowObject.
+     * @see #getTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    public void setTestOnBorrow(boolean testOnBorrow) {
+        _testOnBorrow = testOnBorrow;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned to the pool within the
+     * {@link #returnObject}.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> when objects will be validated before being returned.
+     * @see #setTestOnReturn
+     */
+    public boolean getTestOnReturn() {
+        return _testOnReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned to the pool within the
+     * {@link #returnObject}.
+     *
+     * @param testOnReturn <code>true</code> so objects will be validated before being returned.
+     * @see #getTestOnReturn
+     */
+    public void setTestOnReturn(boolean testOnReturn) {
+        _testOnReturn = testOnReturn;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of milliseconds to sleep between runs of the
+     * idle object evictor thread.
+     * When non-positive, no idle object evictor thread will be
+     * run.
+     *
+     * @return milliseconds to sleep between evictor runs.
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized long getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis() {
+        return _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the number of milliseconds to sleep between runs of the
+     * idle object evictor thread.
+     * When non-positive, no idle object evictor thread will be
+     * run.
+     *
+     * @param timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis milliseconds to sleep between evictor runs.
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis(long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis) {
+        _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis;
+        startEvictor(_timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the max number of objects to examine during each run of the
+     * idle object evictor thread (if any).
+     *
+     * @return number of objects to examine each eviction run.
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumTestsPerEvictionRun() {
+        return _numTestsPerEvictionRun;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the max number of objects to examine during each run of the
+     * idle object evictor thread (if any).
+     * <p>
+     * When a negative value is supplied, 
+     * <code>ceil({@link #getNumIdle()})/abs({@link #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun})</code>
+     * tests will be run.  I.e., when the value is <code>-n</code>, roughly one <code>n</code>th of the
+     * idle objects will be tested per run.  When the value is positive, the number of tests
+     * actually performed in each run will be the minimum of this value and the number of instances
+     * idle in the pools.
+     *
+     * @param numTestsPerEvictionRun number of objects to examine each eviction run.
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setNumTestsPerEvictionRun(int numTestsPerEvictionRun) {
+        _numTestsPerEvictionRun = numTestsPerEvictionRun;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction by the idle object evictor
+     * (if any).
+     *
+     * @return minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool before it is eligible for eviction.
+     * @see #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized long getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis() {
+        return _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction by the idle object evictor
+     * (if any).
+     * When non-positive, no objects will be evicted from the pool
+     * due to idle time alone.
+     *
+     * @param minEvictableIdleTimeMillis minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool before
+     * it is eligible for eviction.
+     * @see #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis(long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis) {
+        _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * by the idle object evictor (if any).  If an object
+     * fails to validate, it will be dropped from the pool.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> when objects are validated when borrowed.
+     * @see #setTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean getTestWhileIdle() {
+        return _testWhileIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * by the idle object evictor (if any).  If an object
+     * fails to validate, it will be dropped from the pool.
+     *
+     * @param testWhileIdle <code>true</code> so objects are validated when borrowed.
+     * @see #getTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    public synchronized void setTestWhileIdle(boolean testWhileIdle) {
+        _testWhileIdle = testWhileIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the configuration.
+     * @param conf the new configuration to use.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config
+     */
+    public synchronized void setConfig(GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config conf) {
+        setMaxIdle(conf.maxIdle);
+        setMaxActive(conf.maxActive);
+        setMaxTotal(conf.maxTotal);
+        setMinIdle(conf.minIdle);
+        setMaxWait(conf.maxWait);
+        setWhenExhaustedAction(conf.whenExhaustedAction);
+        setTestOnBorrow(conf.testOnBorrow);
+        setTestOnReturn(conf.testOnReturn);
+        setTestWhileIdle(conf.testWhileIdle);
+        setNumTestsPerEvictionRun(conf.numTestsPerEvictionRun);
+        setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis(conf.minEvictableIdleTimeMillis);
+        setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis(conf.timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether or not the idle object pools act as LIFO queues. True means
+     * that borrowObject returns the most recently used ("last in") idle object
+     * in a pool (if there are idle instances available).  False means that
+     * the pools behave as FIFO queues - objects are taken from idle object
+     * pools in the order that they are returned.
+     *
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the pools are configured to act as LIFO queues
+     * @since 1.4
+     */
+     public synchronized boolean getLifo() {
+         return _lifo;
+     }
+
+     /**
+      * Sets the LIFO property of the pools. True means that borrowObject returns
+      * the most recently used ("last in") idle object in a pool (if there are
+      * idle instances available).  False means that the pools behave as FIFO
+      * queues - objects are taken from idle object pools in the order that
+      * they are returned.
+      *
+      * @param lifo the new value for the lifo property
+      * @since 1.4
+      */
+     public synchronized void setLifo(boolean lifo) {
+         this._lifo = lifo;
+     }
+
+    //-- ObjectPool methods ------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Borrows an object from the keyed pool associated with the given key.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If there is an idle instance available in the pool associated with the given key, then
+     * either the most-recently returned (if {@link #getLifo() lifo} == true) or "oldest" (lifo == false)
+     * instance sitting idle in the pool will be activated and returned.  If activation fails, or
+     * {@link #getTestOnBorrow() testOnBorrow} is set to true and validation fails, the instance is destroyed and the
+     * next available instance is examined.  This continues until either a valid instance is returned or there
+     * are no more idle instances available.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If there are no idle instances available in the pool associated with the given key, behavior
+     * depends on the {@link #getMaxActive() maxActive}, {@link #getMaxTotal() maxTotal}, and (if applicable)
+     * {@link #getWhenExhaustedAction() whenExhaustedAction} and {@link #getMaxWait() maxWait} properties. If the
+     * number of instances checked out from the pool under the given key is less than <code>maxActive</code> and
+     * the total number of instances in circulation (under all keys) is less than <code>maxTotal</code>, a new instance
+     * is created, activated and (if applicable) validated and returned to the caller.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If the associated keyed pool is exhausted (no available idle instances and no capacity to create new ones),
+     * this method will either block ({@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}), throw a <code>NoSuchElementException</code>
+     * ({@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL}), or grow ({@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW} - ignoring maxActive, maxTotal properties).
+     * The length of time that this method will block when <code>whenExhaustedAction == WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK</code>
+     * is determined by the {@link #getMaxWait() maxWait} property.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>When the pool is exhausted, multiple calling threads may be simultaneously blocked waiting for instances
+     * to become available.  As of pool 1.5, a "fairness" algorithm has been implemented to ensure that threads receive
+     * available instances in request arrival order.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @return object instance from the keyed pool
+     * @throws NoSuchElementException if a keyed object instance cannot be returned.
+     */
+     public Object borrowObject(Object key) throws Exception {
+        long starttime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        Latch latch = new Latch(key);
+        byte whenExhaustedAction;
+        long maxWait;
+        synchronized (this) {
+            // Get local copy of current config. Can't sync when used later as
+            // it can result in a deadlock. Has the added advantage that config
+            // is consistent for entire method execution
+            whenExhaustedAction = _whenExhaustedAction;
+            maxWait = _maxWait;
+
+            // Add this request to the queue
+            _allocationQueue.add(latch);
+
+            // Work the allocation queue, allocating idle instances and
+            // instance creation permits in request arrival order
+            allocate();
+        }
+
+        for(;;) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                assertOpen();
+            }
+            // If no object was allocated
+            if (null == latch.getPair()) {
+                // Check to see if we were allowed to create one
+                if (latch.mayCreate()) {
+                    // allow new object to be created
+                } else {
+                    // the pool is exhausted
+                    switch(whenExhaustedAction) {
+                        case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW:
+                            // allow new object to be created
+                            synchronized (this) {
+                                // Make sure another thread didn't allocate us an object
+                                // or permit a new object to be created
+                                if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                    _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                                    latch.getPool().incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        break;
+                        case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL:
+                            synchronized (this) {
+                                // Make sure allocate hasn't already assigned an object
+                                // in a different thread or permitted a new object to be created
+                                if (latch.getPair() != null || latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                            }
+                            throw new NoSuchElementException("Pool exhausted");
+                        case WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK:
+                            try {
+                                synchronized (latch) {
+                                    // Before we wait, make sure another thread didn't allocate us an object
+                                    // or permit a new object to be created
+                                    if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                        if (maxWait <= 0) {
+                                            latch.wait();
+                                        } else {
+                                            // this code may be executed again after a notify then continue cycle
+                                            // so, need to calculate the amount of time to wait
+                                            final long elapsed = (System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime);
+                                            final long waitTime = maxWait - elapsed;
+                                            if (waitTime > 0)
+                                            {
+                                                latch.wait(waitTime);
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    } else {
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } catch(InterruptedException e) {
+                                synchronized (this) {
+                                    // Make sure allocate hasn't already assigned an object
+                                    // in a different thread or permitted a new object to be created
+                                    if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                        _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                                    } else {
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                                throw e;
+                            }
+                            if (maxWait > 0 && ((System.currentTimeMillis() - starttime) >= maxWait)) {
+                                synchronized (this) {
+                                    // Make sure allocate hasn't already assigned an object
+                                    // in a different thread or permitted a new object to be created
+                                    if (latch.getPair() == null && !latch.mayCreate()) {
+                                        _allocationQueue.remove(latch);
+                                    } else {
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                throw new NoSuchElementException("Timeout waiting for idle object");
+                            } else {
+                                continue; // keep looping
+                            }
+                        default:
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("whenExhaustedAction " + whenExhaustedAction +
+                                    " not recognized.");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            boolean newlyCreated = false;
+            if (null == latch.getPair()) {
+                try {
+                    Object obj = _factory.makeObject(key);
+                    latch.setPair(new ObjectTimestampPair(obj));
+                    newlyCreated = true;
+                } finally {
+                    if (!newlyCreated) {
+                        // object cannot be created
+                        synchronized (this) {
+                            latch.getPool().decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                            // No need to reset latch - about to throw exception
+                            allocate();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // activate & validate the object
+            try {
+                _factory.activateObject(key, latch.getPair().value);
+                if (_testOnBorrow && !_factory.validateObject(key, latch.getPair().value)) {
+                    throw new Exception("ValidateObject failed");
+                }
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    latch.getPool().decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    latch.getPool().incrementActiveCount();
+                }
+                return latch.getPair().value;
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                PoolUtils.checkRethrow(e);
+                // object cannot be activated or is invalid
+                try {
+                    _factory.destroyObject(key, latch.getPair().value);
+                } catch (Throwable e2) {
+                    PoolUtils.checkRethrow(e2);
+                    // cannot destroy broken object
+                }
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    latch.getPool().decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    if (!newlyCreated) {
+                        latch.reset();
+                        _allocationQueue.add(0, latch);
+                    }
+                    allocate();
+                }
+                if (newlyCreated) {
+                    throw new NoSuchElementException(
+                       "Could not create a validated object, cause: " +
+                            e.getMessage());
+                }
+                else {
+                    continue; // keep looping
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Allocate available instances to latches in the allocation queue.  Then
+     * set _mayCreate to true for as many additional latches remaining in queue
+     * as _maxActive allows for each key.
+     */
+    private void allocate() {
+        boolean clearOldest = false;
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (isClosed()) return;
+            
+            Iterator allocationQueueIter = _allocationQueue.iterator();
+            
+            while (allocationQueueIter.hasNext()) {
+                // First use any objects in the pool to clear the queue
+                Latch latch = (Latch) allocationQueueIter.next();
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(latch.getkey()));
+                if (null == pool) {
+                    pool = new ObjectQueue();
+                    _poolMap.put(latch.getkey(), pool);
+                    _poolList.add(latch.getkey());
+                }
+                latch.setPool(pool);
+                if (!pool.queue.isEmpty()) {
+                    allocationQueueIter.remove();
+                    latch.setPair(
+                            (ObjectTimestampPair) pool.queue.removeFirst());
+                    pool.incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    _totalIdle--;
+                    synchronized (latch) {
+                        latch.notify();
+                    }
+                    // Next item in queue
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // If there is a totalMaxActive and we are at the limit then
+                // we have to make room
+                if ((_maxTotal > 0) &&
+                        (_totalActive + _totalIdle + _totalInternalProcessing >= _maxTotal)) {
+                    clearOldest = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                // Second utilise any spare capacity to create new objects
+                if ((_maxActive < 0 || pool.activeCount + pool.internalProcessingCount < _maxActive) &&
+                        (_maxTotal < 0 || _totalActive + _totalIdle + _totalInternalProcessing < _maxTotal)) {
+                    // allow new object to be created
+                    allocationQueueIter.remove();
+                    latch.setMayCreate(true);
+                    pool.incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    synchronized (latch) {
+                        latch.notify();
+                    }
+                    // Next item in queue
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // If there is no per-key limit and we reach this point we
+                // must have allocated all the objects we possibly can and there
+                // is no point looking at the rest of the allocation queue
+                if (_maxActive < 0) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if (clearOldest) {
+            /* Clear oldest calls factory methods so it must be called from
+             * outside the sync block.
+             * It also needs to be outside the sync block as it calls
+             * allocate(). If called inside the sync block, the call to
+             * allocate() would be able to enter the sync block (since the
+             * thread already has the lock) which may have unexpected,
+             * unpleasant results.
+             */
+            clearOldest();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Clears any objects sitting idle in the pool by removing them from the
+     * idle instance pool and then invoking the configured 
+     * {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#destroyObject(Object, Object)} method on
+     * each idle instance.
+     *  
+     * <p> Implementation notes:
+     * <ul><li>This method does not destroy or effect in any way instances that are
+     * checked out when it is invoked.</li>
+     * <li>Invoking this method does not prevent objects being
+     * returned to the idle instance pool, even during its execution. It locks
+     * the pool only during instance removal. Additional instances may be returned
+     * while removed items are being destroyed.</li></ul></p>
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (Iterator it = _poolMap.keySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                Object key = it.next();
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key);
+                // Copy objects to new list so pool.queue can be cleared inside
+                // the sync
+                List objects = new ArrayList();
+                objects.addAll(pool.queue);
+                toDestroy.put(key, objects);
+                it.remove();
+                _poolList.remove(key);
+                _totalIdle = _totalIdle - pool.queue.size();
+                _totalInternalProcessing =
+                    _totalInternalProcessing + pool.queue.size();
+                pool.queue.clear();
+            }
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears oldest 15% of objects in pool.  The method sorts the
+     * objects into a TreeMap and then iterates the first 15% for removal.
+     * 
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     */
+    public void clearOldest() {
+        // Map of objects to destroy my key
+        final Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+
+        // build sorted map of idle objects
+        final Map map = new TreeMap();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (Iterator keyiter = _poolMap.keySet().iterator(); keyiter.hasNext();) {
+                final Object key = keyiter.next();
+                final CursorableLinkedList list = ((ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key)).queue;
+                for (Iterator it = list.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                    // each item into the map uses the objectimestamppair object
+                    // as the key.  It then gets sorted based on the timstamp field
+                    // each value in the map is the parent list it belongs in.
+                    map.put(it.next(), key);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Now iterate created map and kill the first 15% plus one to account for zero
+            Set setPairKeys = map.entrySet();
+            int itemsToRemove = ((int) (map.size() * 0.15)) + 1;
+
+            Iterator iter = setPairKeys.iterator();
+            while (iter.hasNext() && itemsToRemove > 0) {
+                Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iter.next();
+                // kind of backwards on naming.  In the map, each key is the objecttimestamppair
+                // because it has the ordering with the timestamp value.  Each value that the
+                // key references is the key of the list it belongs to.
+                Object key = entry.getValue();
+                ObjectTimestampPair pairTimeStamp = (ObjectTimestampPair) entry.getKey();
+                final CursorableLinkedList list =
+                    ((ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key))).queue;
+                list.remove(pairTimeStamp);
+
+                if (toDestroy.containsKey(key)) {
+                    ((List)toDestroy.get(key)).add(pairTimeStamp);
+                } else {
+                    List listForKey = new ArrayList();
+                    listForKey.add(pairTimeStamp);
+                    toDestroy.put(key, listForKey);
+                }
+                // if that was the last object for that key, drop that pool
+                if (list.isEmpty()) {
+                    _poolMap.remove(key);
+                    _poolList.remove(key);
+                }
+                _totalIdle--;
+                _totalInternalProcessing++;
+                itemsToRemove--;
+            }
+
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears the specified pool, removing all pooled instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code>.
+     *
+     * @param key the key to clear
+     */
+    public void clear(Object key) {
+        Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+
+        final ObjectQueue pool;
+        synchronized (this) {
+            pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.remove(key));
+            if (pool == null) {
+                return;
+            } else {
+                _poolList.remove(key);
+            }
+            // Copy objects to new list so pool.queue can be cleared inside
+            // the sync
+            List objects = new ArrayList();
+            objects.addAll(pool.queue);
+            toDestroy.put(key, objects);
+            _totalIdle = _totalIdle - pool.queue.size();
+            _totalInternalProcessing =
+                _totalInternalProcessing + pool.queue.size();
+            pool.queue.clear();
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assuming Map<Object,Collection<ObjectTimestampPair>>, destroy all
+     * ObjectTimestampPair.value
+     * 
+     * @param m Map containing keyed pools to clear
+     */
+    private void destroy(Map m) {
+        for (Iterator keys = m.keySet().iterator(); keys.hasNext();) {
+            Object key = keys.next();
+            Collection c = (Collection) m.get(key);
+            for (Iterator it = c.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                try {
+                    _factory.destroyObject(
+                            key,((ObjectTimestampPair)(it.next())).value);
+                } catch(Exception e) {
+                    // ignore error, keep destroying the rest
+                } finally {
+                    synchronized(this) {
+                        _totalInternalProcessing--;
+                        allocate();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of instances current borrowed from this pool but not yet returned.
+     *
+     * @return the total number of instances currently borrowed from this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumActive() {
+        return _totalActive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the total number of instances currently idle in this pool.
+     *
+     * @return the total number of instances currently idle in this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumIdle() {
+        return _totalIdle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of instances currently borrowed from but not yet returned
+     * to the pool corresponding to the given <code>key</code>.
+     *
+     * @param key the key to query
+     * @return the number of instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code> currently borrowed in this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumActive(Object key) {
+        final ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        return pool != null ? pool.activeCount : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code> currently idle in this pool.
+     *
+     * @param key the key to query
+     * @return the number of instances corresponding to the given <code>key</code> currently idle in this pool
+     */
+    public synchronized int getNumIdle(Object key) {
+        final ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        return pool != null ? pool.queue.size() : 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Returns an object to a keyed pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>For the pool to function correctly, the object instance <strong>must</strong> have been borrowed
+     * from the pool (under the same key) and not yet returned. Repeated <code>returnObject</code> calls on
+     * the same object/key pair (with no <code>borrowObject</code> calls in between) will result in multiple
+     * references to the object in the idle instance pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If {@link #getMaxIdle() maxIdle} is set to a positive value and the number of idle instances under the given
+     * key has reached this value, the returning instance is destroyed.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If {@link #getTestOnReturn() testOnReturn} == true, the returning instance is validated before being returned
+     * to the idle instance pool under the given key.  In this case, if validation fails, the instance is destroyed.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @param obj instance to return to the keyed pool
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public void returnObject(Object key, Object obj) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            addObjectToPool(key, obj, true);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (_factory != null) {
+                try {
+                    _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+                } catch (Exception e2) {
+                    // swallowed
+                }
+                // TODO: Correctness here depends on control in addObjectToPool.
+                // These two methods should be refactored, removing the
+                // "behavior flag", decrementNumActive, from addObjectToPool.
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+                if (pool != null) {
+                    synchronized(this) {
+                        pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                        allocate();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Adds an object to the keyed pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>Validates the object if testOnReturn == true and passivates it before returning it to the pool.
+     * if validation or passivation fails, or maxIdle is set and there is no room in the pool, the instance
+     * is destroyed.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>Calls {@link #allocate()} on successful completion</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @param obj instance to add to the keyed pool
+     * @param decrementNumActive whether or not to decrement the active count associated with the keyed pool
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    private void addObjectToPool(Object key, Object obj,
+            boolean decrementNumActive) throws Exception {
+
+        // if we need to validate this object, do so
+        boolean success = true; // whether or not this object passed validation
+        if (_testOnReturn && !_factory.validateObject(key, obj)) {
+            success = false;
+        } else {
+            _factory.passivateObject(key, obj);
+        }
+
+        boolean shouldDestroy = !success;
+        ObjectQueue pool;
+
+        // Add instance to pool if there is room and it has passed validation
+        // (if testOnreturn is set)
+        synchronized (this) {
+            // grab the pool (list) of objects associated with the given key
+            pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+            // if it doesn't exist, create it
+            if (null == pool) {
+                pool = new ObjectQueue();
+                _poolMap.put(key, pool);
+                _poolList.add(key);
+            }
+            if (isClosed()) {
+                shouldDestroy = true;
+            } else {
+                // if there's no space in the pool, flag the object for destruction
+                // else if we passivated successfully, return it to the pool
+                if (_maxIdle >= 0 && (pool.queue.size() >= _maxIdle)) {
+                    shouldDestroy = true;
+                } else if (success) {
+                    // borrowObject always takes the first element from the queue,
+                    // so for LIFO, push on top, FIFO add to end
+                    if (_lifo) {
+                        pool.queue.addFirst(new ObjectTimestampPair(obj));
+                    } else {
+                        pool.queue.addLast(new ObjectTimestampPair(obj));
+                    }
+                    _totalIdle++;
+                    if (decrementNumActive) {
+                        pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                    }
+                    allocate();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Destroy the instance if necessary
+        if (shouldDestroy) {
+            try {
+                _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+            } catch(Exception e) {
+                // ignored?
+            }
+            // Decrement active count *after* destroy if applicable
+            if (decrementNumActive) {
+                synchronized(this) {
+                    pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                    allocate();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Invalidates the object instance associated with the given key.  Decrements the active count
+     * associated with the given keyed pool and destroys the instance.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param key pool key
+     * @param obj instance to invalidate
+     * @throws Exception if an exception occurs destroying the object
+     */
+    public void invalidateObject(Object key, Object obj) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+                if (null == pool) {
+                    pool = new ObjectQueue();
+                    _poolMap.put(key, pool);
+                    _poolList.add(key);
+                }
+                pool.decrementActiveCount();
+                allocate(); // _totalActive has changed
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create an object using the {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#makeObject factory},
+     * passivate it, and then place it in the idle object pool.
+     * <code>addObject</code> is useful for "pre-loading" a pool with idle objects.
+     *
+     * @param key the key a new instance should be added to
+     * @throws Exception when {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory#makeObject} fails.
+     * @throws IllegalStateException when no {@link #setFactory factory} has been set or after {@link #close} has been
+     * called on this pool.
+     */
+    public void addObject(Object key) throws Exception {
+        assertOpen();
+        if (_factory == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot add objects without a factory.");
+        }
+        Object obj = _factory.makeObject(key);
+        try {
+            assertOpen();
+            addObjectToPool(key, obj, false);
+        } catch (IllegalStateException ex) { // Pool closed
+            try {
+                _factory.destroyObject(key, obj);
+            } catch (Exception ex2) {
+                // swallow
+            }
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a key for pool control.
+     *
+     * If <code>populateImmediately</code> is <code>true</code> and
+     * <code>minIdle > 0,</code> the pool under the given key will be
+     * populated immediately with <code>minIdle</code> idle instances.
+     *
+     * @param key - The key to register for pool control.
+     * @param populateImmediately - If this is <code>true</code>, the pool
+     * will be populated immediately.
+     * @since Pool 1.3
+     */
+    public synchronized void preparePool(Object key, boolean populateImmediately) {
+        ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        if (null == pool) {
+            pool = new ObjectQueue();
+            _poolMap.put(key,pool);
+            _poolList.add(key);
+        }
+
+        if (populateImmediately) {
+            try {
+                // Create the pooled objects
+                ensureMinIdle(key);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                //Do nothing
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Closes the keyed object pool.  Once the pool is closed, {@link #borrowObject(Object)}
+     * will fail with IllegalStateException, but {@link #returnObject(Object, Object)} and
+     * {@link #invalidateObject(Object, Object)} will continue to work, with returned objects
+     * destroyed on return.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>Destroys idle instances in the pool by invoking {@link #clear()}.</p> 
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public void close() throws Exception {
+        super.close();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            clear();
+            if (null != _evictionCursor) {
+                _evictionCursor.close();
+                _evictionCursor = null;
+            }
+            if (null != _evictionKeyCursor) {
+                _evictionKeyCursor.close();
+                _evictionKeyCursor = null;
+            }
+            startEvictor(-1L);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Sets the keyed poolable object factory associated with this pool.</p>
+     * 
+     * <p>If this method is called when objects are checked out of any of the keyed pools,
+     * an IllegalStateException is thrown.  Calling this method also has the side effect of
+     * destroying any idle instances in existing keyed pools.</p>
+     * 
+     * @param factory KeyedPoolableObjectFactory to use when creating keyed object pool instances
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if there are active (checked out) instances associated with this keyed object pool
+     */
+    public void setFactory(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory factory) throws IllegalStateException {
+        Map toDestroy = new HashMap();
+        synchronized (this) {
+            assertOpen();
+            if (0 < getNumActive()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Objects are already active");
+            } else {
+                for (Iterator it = _poolMap.keySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                    Object key = it.next();
+                    ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key);
+                    if (pool != null) {
+                        // Copy objects to new list so pool.queue can be cleared
+                        // inside the sync
+                        List objects = new ArrayList();
+                        objects.addAll(pool.queue);
+                        toDestroy.put(key, objects);
+                        it.remove();
+                        _poolList.remove(key);
+                        _totalIdle = _totalIdle - pool.queue.size();
+                        _totalInternalProcessing =
+                            _totalInternalProcessing + pool.queue.size();
+                        pool.queue.clear();
+                    }
+                }
+                _factory = factory;
+            }
+        }
+        destroy(toDestroy);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Perform <code>numTests</code> idle object eviction tests, evicting
+     * examined objects that meet the criteria for eviction. If
+     * <code>testWhileIdle</code> is true, examined objects are validated
+     * when visited (and removed if invalid); otherwise only objects that
+     * have been idle for more than <code>minEvicableIdletimeMillis</code>
+     * are removed.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>Successive activations of this method examine objects in keyed pools
+     * in sequence, cycling through the keys and examining objects in
+     * oldest-to-youngest order within the keyed pools.</p>
+     *
+     * @throws Exception when there is a problem evicting idle objects.
+     */
+    public void evict() throws Exception {
+        Object key = null;
+        boolean testWhileIdle;
+        long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            // Get local copy of current config. Can't sync when used later as
+            // it can result in a deadlock. Has the added advantage that config
+            // is consistent for entire method execution
+            testWhileIdle = _testWhileIdle;
+            minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis;
+
+            // Initialize key to last key value
+            if (_evictionKeyCursor != null &&
+                    _evictionKeyCursor._lastReturned != null) {
+                key = _evictionKeyCursor._lastReturned.value();
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i=0, m=getNumTests(); i<m; i++) {
+            final ObjectTimestampPair pair;
+            synchronized (this) {
+                // make sure pool map is not empty; otherwise do nothing
+                if (_poolMap == null || _poolMap.size() == 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // if we don't have a key cursor, then create one
+                if (null == _evictionKeyCursor) {
+                    resetEvictionKeyCursor();
+                    key = null;
+                }
+
+                // if we don't have an object cursor, create one
+                if (null == _evictionCursor) {
+                    // if the _evictionKeyCursor has a next value, use this key
+                    if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                        key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                        resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                    } else {
+                        // Reset the key cursor and try again
+                        resetEvictionKeyCursor();
+                        if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+                            if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                                key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                                resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (_evictionCursor == null) {
+                    continue; // should never happen; do nothing
+                }
+
+                // If eviction cursor is exhausted, try to move
+                // to the next key and reset
+                if ((_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasPrevious()) ||
+                        (!_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasNext())) {
+                    if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+                        if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                            key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                            resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                        } else { // Need to reset Key cursor
+                            resetEvictionKeyCursor();
+                            if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+                                if (_evictionKeyCursor.hasNext()) {
+                                    key = _evictionKeyCursor.next();
+                                    resetEvictionObjectCursor(key);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ((_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasPrevious()) ||
+                        (!_lifo && !_evictionCursor.hasNext())) {
+                    continue; // reset failed, do nothing
+                }
+
+                // if LIFO and the _evictionCursor has a previous object,
+                // or FIFO and _evictionCursor has a next object, test it
+                pair = _lifo ?
+                        (ObjectTimestampPair) _evictionCursor.previous() :
+                        (ObjectTimestampPair) _evictionCursor.next();
+                _evictionCursor.remove();
+                _totalIdle--;
+                _totalInternalProcessing++;
+            }
+
+            boolean removeObject=false;
+            if ((minEvictableIdleTimeMillis > 0) &&
+               (System.currentTimeMillis() - pair.tstamp >
+               minEvictableIdleTimeMillis)) {
+                removeObject=true;
+            }
+            if (testWhileIdle && removeObject == false) {
+                boolean active = false;
+                try {
+                    _factory.activateObject(key,pair.value);
+                    active = true;
+                } catch(Exception e) {
+                    removeObject=true;
+                }
+                if (active) {
+                    if (!_factory.validateObject(key,pair.value)) {
+                        removeObject=true;
+                    } else {
+                        try {
+                            _factory.passivateObject(key,pair.value);
+                        } catch(Exception e) {
+                            removeObject=true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (removeObject) {
+                try {
+                    _factory.destroyObject(key, pair.value);
+                } catch(Exception e) {
+                    // ignored
+                } finally {
+                    // Do not remove the key from the _poolList or _poolmap,
+                    // even if the list stored in the _poolMap for this key is
+                    // empty when minIdle > 0.
+                    //
+                    // Otherwise if it was the last object for that key,
+                    // drop that pool
+                    if (_minIdle == 0) {
+                        synchronized (this) {
+                            ObjectQueue objectQueue =
+                                (ObjectQueue)_poolMap.get(key);
+                            if (objectQueue != null &&
+                                    objectQueue.queue.isEmpty()) {
+                                _poolMap.remove(key);
+                                _poolList.remove(key);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (!removeObject) {
+                    _evictionCursor.add(pair);
+                    _totalIdle++;
+                    if (_lifo) {
+                        // Skip over the element we just added back
+                        _evictionCursor.previous();
+                    }
+                }
+                _totalInternalProcessing--;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the eviction key cursor and closes any
+     * associated eviction object cursor
+     */
+    private void resetEvictionKeyCursor() {
+        if (_evictionKeyCursor != null) {
+            _evictionKeyCursor.close();
+        }
+        _evictionKeyCursor = _poolList.cursor();
+        if (null != _evictionCursor) {
+            _evictionCursor.close();
+            _evictionCursor = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the eviction object cursor for the given key
+     *
+     * @param key eviction key
+     */
+    private void resetEvictionObjectCursor(Object key) {
+        if (_evictionCursor != null) {
+            _evictionCursor.close();
+        }
+        if (_poolMap == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        ObjectQueue pool = (ObjectQueue) (_poolMap.get(key));
+        if (pool != null) {
+            CursorableLinkedList queue = pool.queue;
+            _evictionCursor = queue.cursor(_lifo ? queue.size() : 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Iterates through all the known keys and creates any necessary objects to maintain
+     * the minimum level of pooled objects.
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     * @see #setMinIdle
+     * @throws Exception If there was an error whilst creating the pooled objects.
+     */
+    private void ensureMinIdle() throws Exception {
+        //Check if should sustain the pool
+        if (_minIdle > 0) {
+            Object[] keysCopy;
+            synchronized(this) {
+                // Get the current set of keys
+                keysCopy = _poolMap.keySet().toArray();
+            }
+
+            // Loop through all elements in _poolList
+            // Find out the total number of max active and max idle for that class
+            // If the number is less than the minIdle, do creation loop to boost numbers
+            for (int i=0; i < keysCopy.length; i++) {
+                //Get the next key to process
+                ensureMinIdle(keysCopy[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-creates any needed objects to maintain the minimum levels of
+     * pooled objects for the specified key.
+     *
+     * This method uses {@link #calculateDeficit} to calculate the number
+     * of objects to be created. {@link #calculateDeficit} can be overridden to
+     * provide a different method of calculating the number of objects to be
+     * created.
+     * @param key The key to process
+     * @throws Exception If there was an error whilst creating the pooled objects
+     */
+    private void ensureMinIdle(Object key) throws Exception {
+        // Calculate current pool objects
+        ObjectQueue pool;
+        synchronized(this) {
+            pool = (ObjectQueue)(_poolMap.get(key));
+        }
+        if (pool == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // this method isn't synchronized so the
+        // calculateDeficit is done at the beginning
+        // as a loop limit and a second time inside the loop
+        // to stop when another thread already returned the
+        // needed objects
+        int objectDeficit = calculateDeficit(pool, false);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < objectDeficit && calculateDeficit(pool, true) > 0; i++) {
+            try {
+                addObject(key);
+            } finally {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    pool.decrementInternalProcessingCount();
+                    allocate();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //--- non-public methods ----------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Start the eviction thread or service, or when
+     * <code>delay</code> is non-positive, stop it
+     * if it is already running.
+     *
+     * @param delay milliseconds between evictor runs.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void startEvictor(long delay) {
+        if (null != _evictor) {
+            EvictionTimer.cancel(_evictor);
+            _evictor = null;
+        }
+        if (delay > 0) {
+            _evictor = new Evictor();
+            EvictionTimer.schedule(_evictor, delay, delay);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns pool info including {@link #getNumActive()}, {@link #getNumIdle()}
+     * and currently defined keys.
+     * 
+     * @return string containing debug information
+     */
+    synchronized String debugInfo() {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        buf.append("Active: ").append(getNumActive()).append("\n");
+        buf.append("Idle: ").append(getNumIdle()).append("\n");
+        Iterator it = _poolMap.keySet().iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+            Object key = it.next();
+            buf.append("\t").append(key).append(" ").append(_poolMap.get(key)).append("\n");
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /** 
+     * Returns the number of tests to be performed in an Evictor run,
+     * based on the current values of <code>_numTestsPerEvictionRun</code>
+     * and <code>_totalIdle</code>.
+     * 
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @return the number of tests for the Evictor to run
+     */
+    private synchronized int getNumTests() {
+        if (_numTestsPerEvictionRun >= 0) {
+            return Math.min(_numTestsPerEvictionRun, _totalIdle);
+        } else {
+            return(int)(Math.ceil(_totalIdle/Math.abs((double)_numTestsPerEvictionRun)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This returns the number of objects to create during the pool
+     * sustain cycle. This will ensure that the minimum number of idle
+     * instances is maintained without going past the maxActive value.
+     * 
+     * @param pool the ObjectPool to calculate the deficit for
+     * @param incrementInternal - Should the count of objects currently under
+     *                            some form of internal processing be
+     *                            incremented?
+     * @return The number of objects to be created
+     */
+    private synchronized int calculateDeficit(ObjectQueue pool,
+            boolean incrementInternal) {
+        int objectDefecit = 0;
+
+        //Calculate no of objects needed to be created, in order to have
+        //the number of pooled objects < maxActive();
+        objectDefecit = getMinIdle() - pool.queue.size();
+        if (getMaxActive() > 0) {
+            int growLimit = Math.max(0, getMaxActive() - pool.activeCount - pool.queue.size() - pool.internalProcessingCount);
+            objectDefecit = Math.min(objectDefecit, growLimit);
+        }
+
+        // Take the maxTotal limit into account
+        if (getMaxTotal() > 0) {
+            int growLimit = Math.max(0, getMaxTotal() - getNumActive() - getNumIdle() - _totalInternalProcessing);
+            objectDefecit = Math.min(objectDefecit, growLimit);
+        }
+
+        if (incrementInternal && objectDefecit > 0) {
+            pool.incrementInternalProcessingCount();
+        }
+        return objectDefecit;
+    }
+
+    //--- inner classes ----------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * A "struct" that keeps additional information about the actual queue of pooled objects.
+     */
+    private class ObjectQueue {
+        /** Number of instances checked out to clients from this queue */
+        private int activeCount = 0;
+        
+        /** Idle instance queue */
+        private final CursorableLinkedList queue = new CursorableLinkedList();
+        
+        /** Number of instances in process of being created */
+        private int internalProcessingCount = 0;
+
+        /** Increment the active count for this queue */
+        void incrementActiveCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalActive++;
+            }
+            activeCount++;
+        }
+
+        /** Decrement the active count for this queue */
+        void decrementActiveCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalActive--;
+            }
+            if (activeCount > 0) {
+                activeCount--;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /** Record the fact that one more instance is queued for creation */
+        void incrementInternalProcessingCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalInternalProcessing++;
+            }
+            internalProcessingCount++;
+        }
+
+        /** Decrement the number of instances in process of being created */
+        void decrementInternalProcessingCount() {
+            synchronized (GenericKeyedObjectPool.this) {
+                _totalInternalProcessing--;
+            }
+            internalProcessingCount--;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple "struct" encapsulating an object instance and a timestamp.
+     *
+     * Implements Comparable, objects are sorted from old to new.
+     *
+     * This is also used by {@link GenericObjectPool}.
+     */
+    static class ObjectTimestampPair implements Comparable {
+        
+        /** Object instance */
+        Object value;
+        
+        /** timestamp */
+        long tstamp;
+
+        /**
+         * Create a new ObjectTimestampPair using the given object and the current system time.
+         * @param val object instance
+         */
+        ObjectTimestampPair(Object val) {
+            this(val, System.currentTimeMillis());
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Create a new ObjectTimeStampPair using the given object and timestamp value.
+         * @param val object instance
+         * @param time long representation of timestamp
+         */
+        ObjectTimestampPair(Object val, long time) {
+            value = val;
+            tstamp = time;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a string representation.
+         * 
+         * @return String representing this ObjectTimestampPair
+         */
+        public String toString() {
+            return value + ";" + tstamp;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compares this to another object by casting the argument to an
+         * ObjectTimestampPair.
+         * 
+         * @param obj object to cmpare
+         * @return result of comparison
+         */
+        public int compareTo(Object obj) {
+            return compareTo((ObjectTimestampPair) obj);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Compares this to another ObjectTimestampPair, using the timestamp as basis for comparison.
+         * Implementation is consistent with equals.
+         * 
+         * @param other object to compare
+         * @return result of comparison
+         */
+        public int compareTo(ObjectTimestampPair other) {
+            final long tstampdiff = this.tstamp - other.tstamp;
+            if (tstampdiff == 0) {
+                // make sure the natural ordering is consistent with equals
+                // see java.lang.Comparable Javadocs
+                return System.identityHashCode(this) - System.identityHashCode(other);
+            } else {
+                // handle int overflow
+                return (int)Math.min(Math.max(tstampdiff, Integer.MIN_VALUE), Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The idle object evictor {@link TimerTask}.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private class Evictor extends TimerTask {
+        /**
+         * Run pool maintenance.  Evict objects qualifying for eviction and then
+         * invoke {@link GenericKeyedObjectPool#ensureMinIdle()}.
+         */
+        public void run() {
+            //Evict from the pool
+            try {
+                evict();
+            } catch(Exception e) {
+                // ignored
+            } catch(OutOfMemoryError oome) {
+                // Log problem but give evictor thread a chance to continue in
+                // case error is recoverable
+                oome.printStackTrace(System.err);
+            }
+            //Re-create idle instances.
+            try {
+                ensureMinIdle();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // ignored
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple "struct" encapsulating the
+     * configuration information for a <code>GenericKeyedObjectPool</code>.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#GenericKeyedObjectPool(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory,GenericKeyedObjectPool.Config)
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setConfig
+     */
+    public static class Config {
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxIdle
+         */
+        public int maxIdle = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxActive
+         */
+        public int maxActive = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxTotal
+         */
+        public int maxTotal = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMinIdle
+         */
+        public int minIdle = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMaxWait
+         */
+        public long maxWait = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setWhenExhaustedAction
+         */
+        public byte whenExhaustedAction = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTestOnBorrow
+         */
+        public boolean testOnBorrow = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTestOnReturn
+         */
+        public boolean testOnReturn = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTestWhileIdle
+         */
+        public boolean testWhileIdle = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+         */
+        public long timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+         */
+        public int numTestsPerEvictionRun =  GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+         */
+        public long minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS;
+        /**
+         * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool#setLifo
+         */
+        public boolean lifo = GenericKeyedObjectPool.DEFAULT_LIFO;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Latch used to control allocation order of objects to threads to ensure
+     * fairness. That is, for each key, objects are allocated to threads in the order
+     * that threads request objects.
+     * 
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    private static final class Latch {
+        
+        /** key of associated pool */
+        private final Object _key;
+        
+        /** keyed pool associated with this latch */
+        private ObjectQueue _pool;
+        
+        /** holds an ObjectTimestampPair when this latch has been allocated an instance */
+        private ObjectTimestampPair _pair;
+        
+        /** indicates that this latch can create an instance */
+        private boolean _mayCreate = false;
+
+        /**
+         * Create a latch with the given key
+         * @param key key of the pool associated with this latch
+         */
+        private Latch(Object key) {
+            _key = key;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Retuns the key of the associated pool
+         * @return associated pool key
+         */
+        private synchronized Object getkey() {
+            return _key;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the pool associated with this latch
+         * @return pool
+         */
+        private synchronized ObjectQueue getPool() {
+            return _pool;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Sets the pool associated with this latch
+         * @param pool the pool
+         */
+        private synchronized void setPool(ObjectQueue pool) {
+            _pool = pool;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Gets the ObjectTimestampPair allocated to this latch.
+         * Returns null if this latch does not have an instance allocated to it. 
+         * @return the associated ObjectTimestampPair
+         */
+        private synchronized ObjectTimestampPair getPair() {
+            return _pair;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Allocate an ObjectTimestampPair to this latch.
+         * @param pair ObjectTimestampPair on this latch
+         */
+        private synchronized void setPair(ObjectTimestampPair pair) {
+            _pair = pair;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Whether or not this latch can create an instance
+         * @return true if this latch has an instance creation permit
+         */
+        private synchronized boolean mayCreate() {
+            return _mayCreate;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Sets the mayCreate property
+         * 
+         * @param mayCreate true means this latch can create an instance
+         */
+        private synchronized void setMayCreate(boolean mayCreate) {
+            _mayCreate = mayCreate;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Reset the latch data. Used when an allocation fails and the latch
+         * needs to be re-added to the queue.
+         */
+        private synchronized void reset() {
+            _pair = null;
+            _mayCreate = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    //--- protected attributes ---------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * The cap on the number of idle instances in the pool.
+     * @see #setMaxIdle
+     * @see #getMaxIdle
+     */
+    private int _maxIdle = DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum no of idle objects to keep in the pool.
+     * @see #setMinIdle
+     * @see #getMinIdle
+     */
+    private int _minIdle = DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE;
+
+    /**
+     * The cap on the number of active instances from the pool.
+     * @see #setMaxActive
+     * @see #getMaxActive
+     */
+    private int _maxActive = DEFAULT_MAX_ACTIVE;
+
+    /**
+     * The cap on the total number of instances from the pool if non-positive.
+     * @see #setMaxTotal
+     * @see #getMaxTotal
+     */
+    private int _maxTotal = DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL;
+
+    /**
+     * The maximum amount of time (in millis) the
+     * {@link #borrowObject} method should block before throwing
+     * an exception when the pool is exhausted and the
+     * {@link #getWhenExhaustedAction "when exhausted" action} is
+     * {@link #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK}.
+     *
+     * When less than or equal to 0, the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * may block indefinitely.
+     *
+     * @see #setMaxWait
+     * @see #getMaxWait
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #getWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    private long _maxWait = DEFAULT_MAX_WAIT;
+
+    /**
+     * The action to take when the {@link #borrowObject} method
+     * is invoked when the pool is exhausted (the maximum number
+     * of "active" objects has been reached).
+     *
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_BLOCK
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_FAIL
+     * @see #WHEN_EXHAUSTED_GROW
+     * @see #DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION
+     * @see #setWhenExhaustedAction
+     * @see #getWhenExhaustedAction
+     */
+    private byte _whenExhaustedAction = DEFAULT_WHEN_EXHAUSTED_ACTION;
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned by the {@link #borrowObject}
+     * method.  If the object fails to validate,
+     * it will be dropped from the pool, and we will attempt
+     * to borrow another.
+     *
+     * @see #setTestOnBorrow
+     * @see #getTestOnBorrow
+     */
+    private volatile boolean _testOnBorrow = DEFAULT_TEST_ON_BORROW;
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * before being returned to the pool within the
+     * {@link #returnObject}.
+     *
+     * @see #getTestOnReturn
+     * @see #setTestOnReturn
+     */
+    private volatile boolean _testOnReturn = DEFAULT_TEST_ON_RETURN;
+
+    /**
+     * When <code>true</code>, objects will be
+     * {@link org.apache.commons.pool.PoolableObjectFactory#validateObject validated}
+     * by the idle object evictor (if any).  If an object
+     * fails to validate, it will be dropped from the pool.
+     *
+     * @see #setTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #getTestWhileIdle
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private boolean _testWhileIdle = DEFAULT_TEST_WHILE_IDLE;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of milliseconds to sleep between runs of the
+     * idle object evictor thread.
+     * When non-positive, no idle object evictor thread will be
+     * run.
+     *
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private long _timeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis = DEFAULT_TIME_BETWEEN_EVICTION_RUNS_MILLIS;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of objects to examine during each run of the
+     * idle object evictor thread (if any).
+     * <p>
+     * When a negative value is supplied, <code>ceil({@link #getNumIdle})/abs({@link #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun})</code>
+     * tests will be run.  I.e., when the value is <code>-n</code>, roughly one <code>n</code>th of the
+     * idle objects will be tested per run.
+     *
+     * @see #setNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #getNumTestsPerEvictionRun
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private int _numTestsPerEvictionRun =  DEFAULT_NUM_TESTS_PER_EVICTION_RUN;
+
+    /**
+     * The minimum amount of time an object may sit idle in the pool
+     * before it is eligible for eviction by the idle object evictor
+     * (if any).
+     * When non-positive, no objects will be evicted from the pool
+     * due to idle time alone.
+     *
+     * @see #setMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #getMinEvictableIdleTimeMillis
+     * @see #getTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     * @see #setTimeBetweenEvictionRunsMillis
+     */
+    private long _minEvictableIdleTimeMillis = DEFAULT_MIN_EVICTABLE_IDLE_TIME_MILLIS;
+
+    /** My hash of pools (ObjectQueue). */
+    private Map _poolMap = null;
+
+    /** The total number of active instances. */
+    private int _totalActive = 0;
+
+    /** The total number of idle instances. */
+    private int _totalIdle = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The number of objects subject to some form of internal processing
+     * (usually creation or destruction) that should be included in the total
+     * number of objects but are neither active nor idle.
+     */
+    private int _totalInternalProcessing = 0;
+
+    /** My {@link KeyedPoolableObjectFactory}. */
+    private KeyedPoolableObjectFactory _factory = null;
+
+    /**
+     * My idle object eviction {@link TimerTask}, if any.
+     */
+    private Evictor _evictor = null;
+
+    /**
+     * A cursorable list of my pools.
+     * @see GenericKeyedObjectPool.Evictor#run
+     */
+    private CursorableLinkedList _poolList = null;
+
+    /** Eviction cursor (over instances within-key) */
+    private CursorableLinkedList.Cursor _evictionCursor = null;
+    
+    /** Eviction cursor (over keys) */
+    private CursorableLinkedList.Cursor _evictionKeyCursor = null;
+
+    /** Whether or not the pools behave as LIFO queues (last in first out) */
+    private boolean _lifo = DEFAULT_LIFO;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to track the order in which threads call {@link #borrowObject()} so
+     * that objects can be allocated in the order in which the threads requested
+     * them.
+     */
+    private LinkedList _allocationQueue = new LinkedList();
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.commons.pool.impl.GenericKeyedObjectPool.setFactory` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.commons.pool.impl.GenericKeyedObjectPool._factory`. Potentially races with write in method `GenericKeyedObjectPool.setFactory(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GenericKeyedObjectPool.setFactory(KeyedPoolableObjectFactory)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.pool.impl.GenericKeyedObjectPool.setFactory(org.apache.commons.pool.KeyedPoolable.b452c2da76947368af8bd6f1d52e640b
+
+### File:
+src/java/org/apache/commons/pool/impl/GenericKeyedObjectPool.java
+
+### Key:
+GenericKeyedObjectPool.java|setFactory|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b35c37720b61d01147d7e16a15d22450
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3467/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3467/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..497a605120bb66aa7365a9d86a78e6eeb5e3c88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3467/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1293 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Sundial
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2001-2009 Terracotta, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2014 Xeiam, LLC
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy
+ * of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.quartz;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.quartz.builders.SimpleScheduleBuilder;
+import org.quartz.builders.TriggerBuilder;
+import org.quartz.classloading.CascadingClassLoadHelper;
+import org.quartz.core.Calendar;
+import org.quartz.core.JobExecutionContext;
+import org.quartz.core.QuartzSchedulerResources;
+import org.quartz.core.QuartzSchedulerThread;
+import org.quartz.core.Scheduler;
+import org.quartz.core.SchedulerSignaler;
+import org.quartz.core.SchedulerSignalerImpl;
+import org.quartz.exceptions.JobExecutionException;
+import org.quartz.exceptions.JobPersistenceException;
+import org.quartz.exceptions.ObjectAlreadyExistsException;
+import org.quartz.exceptions.SchedulerException;
+import org.quartz.jobs.InterruptableJob;
+import org.quartz.jobs.Job;
+import org.quartz.jobs.JobDataMap;
+import org.quartz.jobs.JobDetail;
+import org.quartz.jobs.JobFactory;
+import org.quartz.jobs.SimpleJobFactory;
+import org.quartz.listeners.JobListener;
+import org.quartz.listeners.ListenerManager;
+import org.quartz.listeners.ListenerManagerImpl;
+import org.quartz.listeners.SchedulerListener;
+import org.quartz.listeners.SchedulerListenerSupport;
+import org.quartz.listeners.TriggerListener;
+import org.quartz.plugins.SchedulerPlugin;
+import org.quartz.triggers.OperableTrigger;
+import org.quartz.triggers.Trigger;
+import org.quartz.triggers.Trigger.CompletedExecutionInstruction;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * <p>
+ * This is the heart of Quartz, an indirect implementation of the <code>{@link org.quartz.core.Scheduler}</code> interface, containing methods to
+ * schedule <code>{@link org.quartz.jobs.Job}</code>s, register <code>{@link org.quartz.listeners.JobListener}</code> instances, etc.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @see org.quartz.core.Scheduler
+ * @see org.quartz.core.QuartzSchedulerThread
+ * @see org.quartz.core.JobStore
+ * @see org.quartz.core.ThreadPool
+ * @author James House
+ */
+public class QuartzScheduler implements Scheduler {
+
+  /*
+   * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Data members.
+   * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+   */
+
+  private final QuartzSchedulerResources quartzSchedulerResources;
+
+  private final QuartzSchedulerThread quartzSchedulerThread;
+
+  private ThreadGroup threadGroup;
+
+  private final ListenerManager listenerManager = new ListenerManagerImpl();
+
+  private final HashMap<String, JobListener> internalJobListeners = new HashMap<String, JobListener>(10);
+
+  private final HashMap<String, TriggerListener> internalTriggerListeners = new HashMap<String, TriggerListener>(10);
+
+  private final ArrayList<SchedulerListener> internalSchedulerListeners = new ArrayList<SchedulerListener>(10);
+
+  private JobFactory jobFactory = new SimpleJobFactory();
+
+  private ExecutingJobsManager jobMgr = null;
+
+  private ErrorLogger errLogger = null;
+
+  private final SchedulerSignaler signaler;
+
+  private final Random random = new Random();
+
+  private final ArrayList<Object> holdToPreventGC = new ArrayList<Object>(5);
+
+  private boolean signalOnSchedulingChange = true;
+
+  private volatile boolean closed = false;
+
+  private volatile boolean shuttingDown = false;
+
+  private Date initialStart = null;
+
+  CascadingClassLoadHelper cascadingClassLoadHelper = new CascadingClassLoadHelper();
+
+  private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(QuartzScheduler.class);
+
+  /*
+   * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Constructors.
+   * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Create a <code>QuartzScheduler</code> with the given configuration properties.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @see QuartzSchedulerResources
+   */
+  public QuartzScheduler(QuartzSchedulerResources quartzSchedulerResources) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    this.quartzSchedulerResources = quartzSchedulerResources;
+    if (quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore() instanceof JobListener) {
+      addInternalJobListener((JobListener) quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore());
+    }
+
+    this.quartzSchedulerThread = new QuartzSchedulerThread(this, quartzSchedulerResources);
+
+    jobMgr = new ExecutingJobsManager();
+    addInternalJobListener(jobMgr);
+    errLogger = new ErrorLogger();
+    addInternalSchedulerListener(errLogger);
+
+    signaler = new SchedulerSignalerImpl(this, this.quartzSchedulerThread);
+
+    cascadingClassLoadHelper.initialize();
+  }
+
+  public void initialize() throws SchedulerException {
+
+    this.quartzSchedulerThread.start();
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Interface.
+   * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+   */
+
+  public SchedulerSignaler getSchedulerSignaler() {
+
+    return signaler;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Returns the name of the thread group for Quartz's main threads.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public ThreadGroup getSchedulerThreadGroup() {
+
+    if (threadGroup == null) {
+      threadGroup = new ThreadGroup("QuartzScheduler");
+      if (quartzSchedulerResources.getMakeSchedulerThreadDaemon()) {
+        threadGroup.setDaemon(true);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return threadGroup;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isSignalOnSchedulingChange() {
+
+    return signalOnSchedulingChange;
+  }
+
+  public void setSignalOnSchedulingChange(boolean signalOnSchedulingChange) {
+
+    this.signalOnSchedulingChange = signalOnSchedulingChange;
+  }
+
+  // /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // /
+  // / Scheduler State Management Methods
+  // /
+  // /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Starts the <code>QuartzScheduler</code>'s threads that fire <code>{@link org.quartz.triggers.Trigger}s</code>.
+   * </p>
+   * <p>
+   * All <code>{@link org.quartz.triggers.Trigger}s</code> that have misfired will be passed to the appropriate TriggerListener(s).
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void start() throws SchedulerException {
+
+    if (shuttingDown || closed) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("The Scheduler cannot be restarted after shutdown() has been called.");
+    }
+
+    if (initialStart == null) {
+      initialStart = new Date();
+      quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().schedulerStarted();
+      startPlugins();
+    }
+
+    this.quartzSchedulerThread.togglePause(false);
+
+    logger.info("Scheduler started.");
+
+    notifySchedulerListenersStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void startDelayed(final int seconds) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+
+        try {
+          Thread.sleep(seconds * 1000L);
+        } catch (InterruptedException ignore) {
+        }
+        try {
+          start();
+        } catch (SchedulerException se) {
+          logger.error("Unable to start secheduler after startup delay.", se);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    t.start();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Temporarily halts the <code>QuartzScheduler</code>'s firing of <code>{@link org.quartz.triggers.Trigger}s</code>.
+   * </p>
+   * <p>
+   * The scheduler is not destroyed, and can be re-started at any time.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void standby() {
+
+    this.quartzSchedulerThread.togglePause(true);
+    logger.info("Scheduler paused.");
+    notifySchedulerListenersInStandbyMode();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Reports whether the <code>Scheduler</code> is paused.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public boolean isInStandbyMode() {
+
+    return this.quartzSchedulerThread.isPaused();
+  }
+
+  public Class getJobStoreClass() {
+
+    return quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().getClass();
+  }
+
+  public Class getThreadPoolClass() {
+
+    return quartzSchedulerResources.getThreadPool().getClass();
+  }
+
+  public int getThreadPoolSize() {
+
+    return quartzSchedulerResources.getThreadPool().getPoolSize();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Halts the <code>QuartzScheduler</code>'s firing of <code>{@link org.quartz.triggers.Trigger}s</code>, and cleans up all resources associated with
+   * the QuartzScheduler.
+   * </p>
+   * <p>
+   * The scheduler cannot be re-started.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @param waitForJobsToComplete if <code>true</code> the scheduler will not allow this method to return until all currently executing jobs have
+   *        completed.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void shutdown(boolean waitForJobsToComplete) {
+
+    if (shuttingDown || closed) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    shuttingDown = true;
+
+    logger.info("Scheduler shutting down...");
+
+    standby();
+
+    this.quartzSchedulerThread.halt();
+
+    notifySchedulerListenersShuttingdown();
+
+    if ((quartzSchedulerResources.isInterruptJobsOnShutdown() && !waitForJobsToComplete)
+        || (quartzSchedulerResources.isInterruptJobsOnShutdownWithWait() && waitForJobsToComplete)) {
+      List<JobExecutionContext> jobs = getCurrentlyExecutingJobs();
+      for (JobExecutionContext job : jobs) {
+        if (job.getJobInstance() instanceof InterruptableJob) {
+          try {
+            ((InterruptableJob) job.getJobInstance()).interrupt();
+          } catch (Throwable e) {
+            // do nothing, this was just a courtesy effort
+            logger.warn("Encountered error when interrupting job {} during shutdown: {}", job.getJobDetail().getName(), e);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    quartzSchedulerResources.getThreadPool().shutdown(waitForJobsToComplete);
+
+    if (waitForJobsToComplete) {
+      while (jobMgr.getNumJobsCurrentlyExecuting() > 0) {
+        try {
+          Thread.sleep(100);
+        } catch (Exception ignore) {
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Scheduler thread may have be waiting for the fire time of an acquired
+    // trigger and need time to release the trigger once halted, so make sure
+    // the thread is dead before continuing to shutdown the job store.
+    try {
+      this.quartzSchedulerThread.join();
+    } catch (InterruptedException ignore) {
+    }
+
+    closed = true;
+
+    shutdownPlugins();
+
+    notifySchedulerListenersShutdown();
+
+    holdToPreventGC.clear();
+
+    logger.info("Scheduler shutdown complete.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Reports whether the <code>Scheduler</code> has been shutdown.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public boolean isShutdown() {
+
+    return closed;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isShuttingDown() {
+
+    return shuttingDown;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isStarted() {
+
+    return !shuttingDown && !closed && !isInStandbyMode() && initialStart != null;
+  }
+
+  private void validateState() throws SchedulerException {
+
+    if (isShutdown()) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("The Scheduler has been shutdown.");
+    }
+
+    // other conditions to check (?)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Return a list of <code>JobExecutionContext</code> objects that represent all currently executing Jobs in this Scheduler instance.
+   * </p>
+   * <p>
+   * This method is not cluster aware. That is, it will only return Jobs currently executing in this Scheduler instance, not across the entire
+   * cluster.
+   * </p>
+   * <p>
+   * Note that the list returned is an 'instantaneous' snap-shot, and that as soon as it's returned, the true list of executing jobs may be different.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public List<JobExecutionContext> getCurrentlyExecutingJobs() {
+
+    return jobMgr.getExecutingJobs();
+  }
+
+  // /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // /
+  // / Scheduling-related Methods
+  // /
+  // /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Add the <code>{@link org.quartz.jobs.Job}</code> identified by the given <code>{@link org.quartz.jobs.JobDetail}</code> to the Scheduler, and
+   * associate the given <code>{@link org.quartz.triggers.Trigger}</code> with it.
+   * </p>
+   * <p>
+   * If the given Trigger does not reference any <code>Job</code>, then it will be set to reference the Job passed with it into this method.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @throws SchedulerException if the Job or Trigger cannot be added to the Scheduler, or there is an internal Scheduler error.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Date scheduleJob(JobDetail jobDetail, OperableTrigger trigger) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    if (jobDetail == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("JobDetail cannot be null");
+    }
+
+    if (trigger == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Trigger cannot be null");
+    }
+
+    if (jobDetail.getName() == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Job's key cannot be null");
+    }
+
+    if (jobDetail.getJobClass() == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Job's class cannot be null");
+    }
+
+    OperableTrigger trig = trigger;
+
+    if (trigger.getJobName() == null) {
+      trig.setJobName(jobDetail.getName());
+    } else if (!trigger.getJobName().equals(jobDetail.getName())) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Trigger does not reference given job!");
+    }
+
+    trig.validate();
+
+    Calendar cal = null;
+    if (trigger.getCalendarName() != null) {
+      cal = quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().retrieveCalendar(trigger.getCalendarName());
+    }
+    Date ft = trig.computeFirstFireTime(cal);
+
+    if (ft == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Based on configured schedule, the given trigger will never fire.");
+    }
+
+    quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().storeJobAndTrigger(jobDetail, trig);
+    notifySchedulerListenersJobAdded(jobDetail);
+    notifySchedulerThread(trigger.getNextFireTime().getTime());
+    notifySchedulerListenersScheduled(trigger);
+
+    return ft;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Schedule the given <code>{@link org.quartz.triggers.Trigger}</code> with the <code>Job</code> identified by the <code>Trigger</code>'s settings.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @throws SchedulerException if the indicated Job does not exist, or the Trigger cannot be added to the Scheduler, or there is an internal
+   *         Scheduler error.
+   */
+
+  @Override
+  public Date scheduleJob(OperableTrigger trigger) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    if (trigger == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Trigger cannot be null");
+    }
+
+    OperableTrigger trig = trigger;
+
+    trig.validate();
+
+    Calendar cal = null;
+    if (trigger.getCalendarName() != null) {
+      cal = quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().retrieveCalendar(trigger.getCalendarName());
+      if (cal == null) {
+        throw new SchedulerException("Calendar not found: " + trigger.getCalendarName());
+      }
+    }
+    Date ft = trig.computeFirstFireTime(cal);
+
+    if (ft == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Based on configured schedule, the given trigger will never fire.");
+    }
+
+    quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().storeTrigger(trig, false);
+    notifySchedulerThread(trigger.getNextFireTime().getTime());
+    notifySchedulerListenersScheduled(trigger);
+
+    return ft;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Add the given <code>Job</code> to the Scheduler - with no associated <code>Trigger</code>. The <code>Job</code> will be 'dormant' until it is
+   * scheduled with a <code>Trigger</code>, or <code>Scheduler.triggerJob()</code> is called for it.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void addJob(JobDetail jobDetail) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().storeJob(jobDetail, true);
+    notifySchedulerThread(0L);
+    notifySchedulerListenersJobAdded(jobDetail);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void deleteJob(String jobKey) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    List<? extends Trigger> triggers = getTriggersOfJob(jobKey);
+    for (Trigger trigger : triggers) {
+      unscheduleJob(trigger.getName());
+    }
+    boolean result = quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().removeJob(jobKey);
+    if (result) {
+      notifySchedulerThread(0L);
+      notifySchedulerListenersJobDeleted(jobKey);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void unscheduleJob(String triggerKey) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    if (quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().removeTrigger(triggerKey)) {
+      notifySchedulerThread(0L);
+      notifySchedulerListenersUnscheduled(triggerKey);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Date rescheduleJob(String triggerKey, OperableTrigger newTrigger) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    if (triggerKey == null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("triggerKey cannot be null");
+    }
+    if (newTrigger == null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("newTrigger cannot be null");
+    }
+
+    OperableTrigger trig = newTrigger;
+    Trigger oldTrigger = getTrigger(triggerKey);
+    if (oldTrigger == null) {
+      return null;
+    } else {
+      trig.setJobName(oldTrigger.getJobName());
+    }
+    trig.validate();
+
+    Calendar cal = null;
+    if (newTrigger.getCalendarName() != null) {
+      cal = quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().retrieveCalendar(newTrigger.getCalendarName());
+    }
+    Date ft = trig.computeFirstFireTime(cal);
+
+    if (ft == null) {
+      throw new SchedulerException("Based on configured schedule, the given trigger will never fire.");
+    }
+
+    if (quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().replaceTrigger(triggerKey, trig)) {
+      notifySchedulerThread(newTrigger.getNextFireTime().getTime());
+      notifySchedulerListenersUnscheduled(triggerKey);
+      notifySchedulerListenersScheduled(newTrigger);
+    } else {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return ft;
+
+  }
+
+  private String newTriggerId() {
+
+    long r = random.nextLong();
+    if (r < 0) {
+      r = -r;
+    }
+    return "MT_" + Long.toString(r, 30 + (int) (System.currentTimeMillis() % 7));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Trigger the identified <code>{@link org.quartz.jobs.Job}</code> (execute it now) - with a non-volatile trigger.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void triggerJob(String jobKey, JobDataMap data) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    OperableTrigger operableTrigger = TriggerBuilder.newTriggerBuilder().withIdentity(jobKey + "-trigger").forJob(jobKey)
+        .withTriggerImplementation(SimpleScheduleBuilder.simpleScheduleBuilderBuilder().build()).startAt(new Date()).build();
+
+    // TODO what does this accomplish??? Seems to sets it's next fire time internally
+    operableTrigger.computeFirstFireTime(null);
+
+    if (data != null) {
+      operableTrigger.setJobDataMap(data);
+    }
+
+    boolean collision = true;
+    while (collision) {
+      try {
+        quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().storeTrigger(operableTrigger, false);
+        collision = false;
+      } catch (ObjectAlreadyExistsException oaee) {
+        operableTrigger.setName(newTriggerId());
+      }
+    }
+
+    notifySchedulerThread(operableTrigger.getNextFireTime().getTime());
+    notifySchedulerListenersScheduled(operableTrigger);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Get all <code>{@link Trigger}</code> s that are associated with the identified <code>{@link org.quartz.jobs.JobDetail}</code>.
+   * </p>
+   */
+
+  @Override
+  public List<Trigger> getTriggersOfJob(String jobKey) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    return quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().getTriggersForJob(jobKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Get the <code>{@link JobDetail}</code> for the <code>Job</code> instance with the given name and group.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  @Override
+  public JobDetail getJobDetail(String jobKey) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    return quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().retrieveJob(jobKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Get the <code>{@link Trigger}</code> instance with the given name and group.
+   * </p>
+   */
+
+  @Override
+  public Trigger getTrigger(String triggerKey) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    return quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().retrieveTrigger(triggerKey);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clears (deletes!) all scheduling data - all {@link Job}s, {@link Trigger}s {@link Calendar}s.
+   *
+   * @throws SchedulerException
+   */
+
+  @Override
+  public ListenerManager getListenerManager() {
+
+    return listenerManager;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Add the given <code>{@link org.quartz.listeners.JobListener}</code> to the <code>Scheduler</code>'s <i>internal</i> list.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  private void addInternalJobListener(JobListener jobListener) {
+
+    if (jobListener.getName() == null || jobListener.getName().length() == 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("JobListener name cannot be empty.");
+    }
+
+    synchronized (internalJobListeners) {
+      internalJobListeners.put(jobListener.getName(), jobListener);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Get a List containing all of the <code>{@link org.quartz.listeners.JobListener}</code>s in the <code>Scheduler</code>'s <i>internal</i> list.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public List<JobListener> getInternalJobListeners() {
+
+    synchronized (internalJobListeners) {
+      return java.util.Collections.unmodifiableList(new LinkedList<JobListener>(internalJobListeners.values()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Get a list containing all of the <code>{@link org.quartz.listeners.TriggerListener}</code>s in the <code>Scheduler</code>'s <i>internal</i> list.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public List<TriggerListener> getInternalTriggerListeners() {
+
+    synchronized (internalTriggerListeners) {
+      return java.util.Collections.unmodifiableList(new LinkedList<TriggerListener>(internalTriggerListeners.values()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Register the given <code>{@link SchedulerListener}</code> with the <code>Scheduler</code>'s list of internal listeners.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public void addInternalSchedulerListener(SchedulerListener schedulerListener) {
+
+    synchronized (internalSchedulerListeners) {
+      internalSchedulerListeners.add(schedulerListener);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Remove the given <code>{@link SchedulerListener}</code> from the <code>Scheduler</code>'s list of internal listeners.
+   * </p>
+   *
+   * @return true if the identified listener was found in the list, and removed.
+   */
+  public boolean removeInternalSchedulerListener(SchedulerListener schedulerListener) {
+
+    synchronized (internalSchedulerListeners) {
+      return internalSchedulerListeners.remove(schedulerListener);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Get a List containing all of the <i>internal</i> <code>{@link SchedulerListener}</code>s registered with the <code>Scheduler</code>.
+   * </p>
+   */
+  public List<SchedulerListener> getInternalSchedulerListeners() {
+
+    synchronized (internalSchedulerListeners) {
+      return java.util.Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList<SchedulerListener>(internalSchedulerListeners));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifyJobStoreJobComplete(OperableTrigger trigger, JobDetail detail, CompletedExecutionInstruction instCode)
+      throws JobPersistenceException {
+
+    quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().triggeredJobComplete(trigger, detail, instCode);
+  }
+
+  public void notifyJobStoreJobVetoed(OperableTrigger trigger, JobDetail detail, CompletedExecutionInstruction instCode)
+      throws JobPersistenceException {
+
+    quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().triggeredJobComplete(trigger, detail, instCode);
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerThread(long candidateNewNextFireTime) {
+
+    if (isSignalOnSchedulingChange()) {
+      signaler.signalSchedulingChange(candidateNewNextFireTime);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private List<TriggerListener> buildTriggerListenerList() throws SchedulerException {
+
+    List<TriggerListener> allListeners = new LinkedList<TriggerListener>();
+    allListeners.addAll(getListenerManager().getTriggerListeners());
+    allListeners.addAll(getInternalTriggerListeners());
+
+    return allListeners;
+  }
+
+  private List<JobListener> buildJobListenerList() throws SchedulerException {
+
+    List<JobListener> allListeners = new LinkedList<JobListener>();
+    allListeners.addAll(getListenerManager().getJobListeners());
+    allListeners.addAll(getInternalJobListeners());
+
+    return allListeners;
+  }
+
+  private List<SchedulerListener> buildSchedulerListenerList() {
+
+    List<SchedulerListener> allListeners = new LinkedList<SchedulerListener>();
+    allListeners.addAll(getListenerManager().getSchedulerListeners());
+    allListeners.addAll(getInternalSchedulerListeners());
+
+    return allListeners;
+  }
+
+  public boolean notifyTriggerListenersFired(JobExecutionContext jec) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    boolean vetoedExecution = false;
+
+    // build a list of all trigger listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<TriggerListener> triggerListeners = buildTriggerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all trigger listeners in the list
+    for (TriggerListener tl : triggerListeners) {
+      try {
+        tl.triggerFired(jec.getTrigger(), jec);
+
+        if (tl.vetoJobExecution(jec.getTrigger(), jec)) {
+          vetoedExecution = true;
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        SchedulerException se = new SchedulerException("TriggerListener '" + tl.getName() + "' threw exception: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        throw se;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return vetoedExecution;
+  }
+
+  public void notifyTriggerListenersMisfired(Trigger trigger) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    // build a list of all trigger listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<TriggerListener> triggerListeners = buildTriggerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all trigger listeners in the list
+    for (TriggerListener tl : triggerListeners) {
+      try {
+        tl.triggerMisfired(trigger);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        SchedulerException se = new SchedulerException("TriggerListener '" + tl.getName() + "' threw exception: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        throw se;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifyTriggerListenersComplete(JobExecutionContext jec, CompletedExecutionInstruction instCode) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    // build a list of all trigger listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<TriggerListener> triggerListeners = buildTriggerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all trigger listeners in the list
+    for (TriggerListener tl : triggerListeners) {
+      try {
+        tl.triggerComplete(jec.getTrigger(), jec, instCode);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        SchedulerException se = new SchedulerException("TriggerListener '" + tl.getName() + "' threw exception: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        throw se;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifyJobListenersToBeExecuted(JobExecutionContext jec) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    // build a list of all job listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<JobListener> jobListeners = buildJobListenerList();
+
+    // notify all job listeners
+    for (JobListener jl : jobListeners) {
+      try {
+        jl.jobToBeExecuted(jec);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        SchedulerException se = new SchedulerException("JobListener '" + jl.getName() + "' threw exception: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        throw se;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifyJobListenersWasVetoed(JobExecutionContext jec) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    // build a list of all job listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<JobListener> jobListeners = buildJobListenerList();
+
+    // notify all job listeners
+    for (JobListener jl : jobListeners) {
+      try {
+        jl.jobExecutionVetoed(jec);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        SchedulerException se = new SchedulerException("JobListener '" + jl.getName() + "' threw exception: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        throw se;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifyJobListenersWasExecuted(JobExecutionContext jec, JobExecutionException je) throws SchedulerException {
+
+    // build a list of all job listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<JobListener> jobListeners = buildJobListenerList();
+
+    // notify all job listeners
+    for (JobListener jl : jobListeners) {
+      try {
+        jl.jobWasExecuted(jec, je);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        SchedulerException se = new SchedulerException("JobListener '" + jl.getName() + "' threw exception: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        throw se;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifySchedulerListenersError(String msg, SchedulerException se) {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.schedulerError(msg, se);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of error: ", e);
+        logger.error("  Original error (for notification) was: " + msg, se);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerListenersScheduled(Trigger trigger) {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.jobScheduled(trigger);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of scheduled job." + "  Triger=" + trigger.getName(), e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerListenersUnscheduled(String triggerKey) {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        if (triggerKey == null) {
+          sl.schedulingDataCleared();
+        } else {
+          sl.jobUnscheduled(triggerKey);
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of unscheduled job." + "  Triger=" + (triggerKey == null ? "ALL DATA" : triggerKey), e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifySchedulerListenersFinalized(Trigger trigger) {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.triggerFinalized(trigger);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of finalized trigger." + "  Triger=" + trigger.getName(), e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerListenersInStandbyMode() {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.schedulerInStandbyMode();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of inStandByMode.", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerListenersStarted() {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.schedulerStarted();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of startup.", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerListenersShutdown() {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.schedulerShutdown();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of shutdown.", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerListenersShuttingdown() {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.schedulerShuttingdown();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of shutdown.", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifySchedulerListenersJobAdded(JobDetail jobDetail) {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.jobAdded(jobDetail);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of JobAdded.", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void notifySchedulerListenersJobDeleted(String jobKey) {
+
+    // build a list of all scheduler listeners that are to be notified...
+    List<SchedulerListener> schedListeners = buildSchedulerListenerList();
+
+    // notify all scheduler listeners
+    for (SchedulerListener sl : schedListeners) {
+      try {
+        sl.jobDeleted(jobKey);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        logger.error("Error while notifying SchedulerListener of JobAdded.", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public JobFactory getJobFactory() {
+
+    return jobFactory;
+  }
+
+  private void shutdownPlugins() {
+
+    java.util.Iterator itr = quartzSchedulerResources.getSchedulerPlugins().iterator();
+    while (itr.hasNext()) {
+      SchedulerPlugin plugin = (SchedulerPlugin) itr.next();
+      plugin.shutdown();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void startPlugins() {
+
+    java.util.Iterator itr = quartzSchedulerResources.getSchedulerPlugins().iterator();
+    while (itr.hasNext()) {
+      SchedulerPlugin plugin = (SchedulerPlugin) itr.next();
+      plugin.start();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public CascadingClassLoadHelper getCascadingClassLoadHelper() {
+    return this.cascadingClassLoadHelper;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * Get the names of all the <code>{@link org.quartz.jobs.Job}s</code> in the matching groups.
+   * </p>
+   */
+
+  @Override
+  public Set<String> getJobKeys() throws SchedulerException {
+
+    validateState();
+
+    return quartzSchedulerResources.getJobStore().getJobKeys();
+  }
+
+}
+
+// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// ErrorLogger - Scheduler Listener Class
+//
+// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+class ErrorLogger extends SchedulerListenerSupport {
+
+  private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ErrorLogger.class);
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor
+   */
+  ErrorLogger() {
+
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void schedulerError(String msg, SchedulerException cause) {
+
+    logger.error(msg, cause);
+  }
+
+}
+
+// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// ExecutingJobsManager - Job Listener Class
+//
+// ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+class ExecutingJobsManager implements JobListener {
+
+  private HashMap<String, JobExecutionContext> executingJobs = new HashMap<String, JobExecutionContext>();
+
+  private AtomicInteger numJobsFired = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+  ExecutingJobsManager() {
+
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getName() {
+
+    return getClass().getName();
+  }
+
+  public int getNumJobsCurrentlyExecuting() {
+
+    synchronized (executingJobs) {
+      return executingJobs.size();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void jobToBeExecuted(JobExecutionContext context) {
+
+    numJobsFired.incrementAndGet();
+
+    synchronized (executingJobs) {
+      executingJobs.put(((OperableTrigger) context.getTrigger()).getFireInstanceId(), context);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void jobWasExecuted(JobExecutionContext context, JobExecutionException jobException) {
+
+    synchronized (executingJobs) {
+      executingJobs.remove(((OperableTrigger) context.getTrigger()).getFireInstanceId());
+    }
+  }
+
+  public int getNumJobsFired() {
+
+    return numJobsFired.get();
+  }
+
+  public List<JobExecutionContext> getExecutingJobs() {
+
+    synchronized (executingJobs) {
+      return java.util.Collections.unmodifiableList(new ArrayList(executingJobs.values()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void jobExecutionVetoed(JobExecutionContext context) {
+
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `operableTrigger.getNextFireTime()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 646.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void QuartzScheduler.triggerJob(String,JobDataMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.quartz.QuartzScheduler.triggerJob(java.lang.String,org.quartz.jobs.JobDataMap):void.17559b29973a15de37967a49549624d2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/quartz/QuartzScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+QuartzScheduler.java|triggerJob|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+20a35cb35a7b0d8f02a62e464233ebb8
+
+### Hash:
+cd40a83fe3ddf32fa1a27988cc6354dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3469/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3469/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eab6196d5ccb88d05d502a8579a61c2a1ba1fb99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3469/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** seyren
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.seyren.core.service.notification;
+
+import static java.lang.String.*;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.inject.Named;
+
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.common.io.Closeables;
+import com.seyren.core.domain.Alert;
+import com.seyren.core.domain.AlertType;
+import com.seyren.core.domain.Check;
+import com.seyren.core.domain.Subscription;
+import com.seyren.core.domain.SubscriptionType;
+import com.seyren.core.exception.NotificationFailedException;
+import com.seyren.core.util.config.SeyrenConfig;
+
+@Named
+public class IrcCatNotificationService implements NotificationService {
+
+    private static final org.slf4j.Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(IrcCatNotificationService.class);
+
+    private final SeyrenConfig seyrenConfig;
+
+    @Inject
+    public IrcCatNotificationService(SeyrenConfig seyrenConfig) {
+        this.seyrenConfig = seyrenConfig;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void sendNotification(Check check, Subscription subscription, List<Alert> alerts) throws NotificationFailedException {
+        List<String> channels = Arrays.asList(subscription.getTarget().split(","));
+        try {
+            for (String channel : channels) {
+                String message = createMessage(check);
+                sendMessage(seyrenConfig.getIrcCatHost(), seyrenConfig.getIrcCatPort(), message, channel);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            throw new NotificationFailedException("Could not send message", ioe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String createMessage(Check check) {
+        String checkUrl = seyrenConfig.getBaseUrl() + "/#/checks/" + check.getId();
+
+        if (check.getState() == AlertType.ERROR) {
+            return format("%%RED[CRIT]%%NORMAL %s | Please check %s.", check.getName(), checkUrl);
+        }
+        if (check.getState() == AlertType.WARN) {
+            return format("%%YELLOW[WARN]%%NORMAL %s | Please check %s.", check.getName(), checkUrl);
+        }
+        if (check.getState() == AlertType.OK) {
+            return format("%%GREEN[OK]%%NORMAL %s | %s", check.getName(), checkUrl);
+        }
+
+        LOGGER.info("Unmanaged check state [%s] for check [%s]", check.getState(), check.getName());
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    private void sendMessage(String ircCatHost, int ircCatPort, String message, String channel) throws IOException {
+        Socket socket = new Socket(ircCatHost, ircCatPort);
+        Writer out = new OutputStreamWriter(socket.getOutputStream());
+        try {
+            out.write(format("%s %s\n", channel, message));
+            out.flush();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Closeables.closeQuietly(out);
+            socket.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(SubscriptionType subscriptionType) {
+        return subscriptionType == SubscriptionType.IRCCAT;
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.Socket` acquired to `socket` by call to `new()` at line 82 is not released after line 91.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IrcCatNotificationService.sendMessage(String,int,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.seyren.core.service.notification.IrcCatNotificationService.sendMessage(java.lang.String,int,java.cc6abd50aa7643e3566eed2b3e7a252d
+
+### File:
+seyren-core/src/main/java/com/seyren/core/service/notification/IrcCatNotificationService.java
+
+### Key:
+IrcCatNotificationService.java|sendMessage|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4b85ce29b197b846c1d2f9bceaeca227
+
+### Hash:
+c88b9635e46e6c36a1e8d3165a0a4b4b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3493/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3493/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6938284dc31861200579db88e70e5442091c6712
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3493/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** unipop
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.tinkerpop.gremlin.elastic.elastic;
+
+
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.elastic.elasticservice.DefaultSchemaProvider;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.elastic.elasticservice.ElasticService;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.elastic.structure.ElasticGraph;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.elastic.elasticservice.TimingAccessor;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.T;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.graph.GraphTraversal;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.graph.step.filter.GroovyHasNotTest;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.process.graph.step.filter.GroovyHasTest;
+import com.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.*;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.BaseConfiguration;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+public class PerformanceTests {
+
+    TimingAccessor sw = new TimingAccessor();
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void hasNot() throws IOException {
+        BaseConfiguration config = new BaseConfiguration();
+        config.addProperty(Graph.GRAPH, ElasticGraph.class.getName());
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.cluster.name", "test2");
+        String indexName = "graph2";
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.index.name", indexName.toLowerCase());
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.local", true);
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.refresh", true);
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.client", "NODE");
+        ElasticGraph graph = new ElasticGraph(config);
+        ((DefaultSchemaProvider)graph.elasticService.schemaProvider).clearAllData();
+        Vertex vertex = graph.addVertex(T.label, "test_doc", T.id, "1", "name", "eliran", "age", 24);
+        Vertex vertex1 = graph.addVertex(T.label, "test_doc", T.id, "2", "name", "ran");
+        Vertex vertex2 = graph.addVertex(T.label, "test_doc", T.id, "3", "name", "chiko");
+        Vertex vertex3 = graph.addVertex(T.label, "test_doc", T.id, "4", "name", "medico");
+        vertex2.addEdge("heardof",vertex,T.id,"111");
+        vertex.addEdge("knows",vertex1);
+        vertex.addEdge("heardof",vertex3);
+        //graph.V("1").outE("heardof").next();
+        //vertex1.addEdge("knows",vertex);
+        Element knows = graph.E("111").has(T.label, "heardof").next();
+
+        Object out = graph.V("1").out().next();
+        Object in = graph.V("1").in().next();
+        int i=1;
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void profile() throws IOException {
+        BaseConfiguration config = new BaseConfiguration();
+        config.addProperty(Graph.GRAPH, ElasticGraph.class.getName());
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.cluster.name", "test");
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.index.name", "graph");
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.refresh", true);
+        config.addProperty("elasticsearch.client", ElasticService.ClientType.NODE.toString());
+
+        startWatch("graph initalization");
+        ElasticGraph graph = new ElasticGraph(config);
+        stopWatch("graph initalization");
+
+        startWatch("add vertices");
+        int count = 10000;
+        for(int i = 0; i < count; i++)
+            graph.addVertex();
+        stopWatch("add vertices");
+
+        startWatch("vertex iterator");
+        Iterator<Vertex> vertexIterator = graph.iterators().vertexIterator();
+        stopWatch("vertex iterator");
+
+        startWatch("add edges");
+        vertexIterator.forEachRemaining(v -> v.addEdge("bla", v));
+        stopWatch("add edges");
+
+        startWatch("edge iterator");
+        Iterator<Edge> edgeIterator = graph.iterators().edgeIterator();
+        stopWatch("edge iterator");
+
+        sw.print();
+        System.out.println("-----");
+        graph.elasticService.collectData();
+        graph.close();
+    }
+
+    private void stopWatch(String s) {
+        sw.timer(s).stop();
+    }
+
+    private void startWatch(String s) {
+        sw.timer(s).start();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.tinkerpop.gremlin.elastic.structure.ElasticGraph` acquired to `graph` by call to `new()` at line 34 is not released after line 48.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PerformanceTests.hasNot()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.tinkerpop.gremlin.elastic.elastic.PerformanceTests.hasNot():void.3bd0884315f13a3ac01c7f22267b9d2d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/tinkerpop/gremlin/elastic/elastic/PerformanceTests.java
+
+### Key:
+PerformanceTests.java|hasNot|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+80def7de1b9b2eab43000521da4f4111
+
+### Hash:
+154ac571bec6a8f97774cc1f9019d0a5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3494/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3494/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f92feb1c71df325b7ac4f4fe22f3a1053b60fcc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3494/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SpringCloud
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.springboot.cloud.gateway.filter;
+
+import com.springboot.cloud.auth.client.service.IAuthService;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GatewayFilterChain;
+import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.core.io.buffer.DataBuffer;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest;
+import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+
+/**
+ * 请求url权限校验
+ */
+@Configuration
+@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.springboot.cloud.auth.client")
+@Slf4j
+public class AccessGatewayFilter implements GlobalFilter {
+
+    private final static String X_CLIENT_TOKEN_USER = "x-client-token-user";
+    private final static String X_CLIENT_TOKEN = "x-client-token";
+    private static final String BEARER = "Bearer";
+    /**
+     * 由authentication-client模块提供签权的feign客户端
+     */
+    @Autowired
+    private IAuthService authService;
+
+    /**
+     * 1.首先网关检查token是否有效，无效直接返回401，不调用签权服务
+     * 2.调用签权服务器看是否对该请求有权限，有权限进入下一个filter，没有权限返回401
+     *
+     * @param exchange
+     * @param chain
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) {
+        ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest();
+        String authentication = request.getHeaders().getFirst(HttpHeaders.AUTHORIZATION);
+        String method = request.getMethodValue();
+        String url = request.getPath().value();
+        log.debug("url:{},method:{},headers:{}", url, method, request.getHeaders());
+        //不需要网关签权的url
+        if (authService.ignoreAuthentication(url)) {
+            return chain.filter(exchange);
+        }
+        // 如果请求未携带token信息, 直接跳出
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(authentication) || !authentication.startsWith(BEARER)) {
+            log.debug("url:{},method:{},headers:{}, 请求未携带token信息", url, method, request.getHeaders());
+            return unauthorized(exchange);
+        }
+        //调用签权服务看用户是否有权限，若有权限进入下一个filter
+        if (authService.hasPermission(authentication, url, method)) {
+            ServerHttpRequest.Builder builder = request.mutate();
+            //TODO 转发的请求都加上服务间认证token
+            builder.header(X_CLIENT_TOKEN, "TODO zhoutaoo添加服务间简单认证");
+            //将jwt token中的用户信息传给服务
+            builder.header(X_CLIENT_TOKEN_USER, authService.getJwt(authentication).getClaims());
+            return chain.filter(exchange.mutate().request(builder.build()).build());
+        }
+        return unauthorized(exchange);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 网关拒绝，返回401
+     *
+     * @param
+     */
+    private Mono<Void> unauthorized(ServerWebExchange serverWebExchange) {
+        serverWebExchange.getResponse().setStatusCode(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);
+        DataBuffer buffer = serverWebExchange.getResponse()
+                .bufferFactory().wrap(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.getReasonPhrase().getBytes());
+        return serverWebExchange.getResponse().writeWith(Flux.just(buffer));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `authentication` last assigned on line 47  at line 56.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Mono AccessGatewayFilter.filter(ServerWebExchange,GatewayFilterChain)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.springboot.cloud.gateway.filter.AccessGatewayFilter.filter(org.springframework.web.server.Server.07151e1d64d2e609f6627da1651c9918
+
+### File:
+gateway/gateway-web/src/main/java/com/springboot/cloud/gateway/filter/AccessGatewayFilter.java
+
+### Key:
+AccessGatewayFilter.java|filter|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0d5a2f2639f34d56cc8af6d106187976
+
+### Hash:
+6b1a122d1beadb92889d722cc136c5f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3512/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3512/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3638d9fa8abf87a366452cfaa322d9c673a42299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3512/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.system;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Range;
+import com.google.common.io.Files;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.FutureFallback;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Service;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.ContainerNotFoundException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerCertificates;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerHost;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerRequestException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.ImageNotFoundException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.LogMessage;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.LogReader;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.Container;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerConfig;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerCreation;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerInfo;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.HostConfig;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.PortBinding;
+import com.spotify.helios.Polling;
+import com.spotify.helios.TemporaryPorts;
+import com.spotify.helios.TemporaryPorts.AllocatedPort;
+import com.spotify.helios.ZooKeeperTestManager;
+import com.spotify.helios.ZooKeeperTestingServerManager;
+import com.spotify.helios.agent.AgentMain;
+import com.spotify.helios.cli.CliMain;
+import com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobCreateCommand;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.Json;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Deployment;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.DeploymentGroupStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.HostStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.Builder;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.PortMapping;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ServiceEndpoint;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ServicePorts;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.TaskStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ThrottleState;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.DeploymentGroupStatusResponse;
+import com.spotify.helios.master.MasterMain;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.ZooKeeperAclProviders;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.CuratorClientFactory;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.Paths;
+import com.sun.jersey.api.client.ClientResponse;
+
+import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
+import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.slf4j.bridge.SLF4JBridgeHandler;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.CharMatcher.WHITESPACE;
+import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
+import static com.google.common.base.Strings.isNullOrEmpty;
+import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.concat;
+import static com.google.common.collect.Lists.newArrayList;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_ENV;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_EXPIRES;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_GRACE_PERIOD;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_HOSTNAME;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_PORTS;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_REGISTRATION;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_VOLUMES;
+import static java.lang.Integer.toHexString;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MINUTES;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public abstract class SystemTestBase {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SystemTestBase.class);
+
+  public static final int WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 40;
+  public static final int LONG_WAIT_SECONDS = 400;
+
+  public static final String BUSYBOX = "busybox:latest";
+  public static final String BUSYBOX_WITH_DIGEST =
+      "busybox@sha256:16a2a52884c2a9481ed267c2d46483eac7693b813a63132368ab098a71303f8a";
+  public static final String NGINX = "rohan/nginx-alpine:latest";
+  public static final String UHTTPD = "fnichol/docker-uhttpd:latest";
+  public static final String ALPINE = "onescience/alpine:latest";
+  public static final String MEMCACHED = "rohan/memcached-mini:latest";
+  public static final List<String> IDLE_COMMAND = asList(
+      "sh", "-c", "trap 'exit 0' SIGINT SIGTERM; while :; do sleep 1; done");
+
+  public final String testTag = "test_" + randomHexString();
+  public final String testJobName = "job_" + testTag;
+  public final String testJobVersion = "v" + randomHexString();
+  public final String testJobNameAndVersion = testJobName + ":" + testJobVersion;
+
+  public static final DockerHost DOCKER_HOST = DockerHost.fromEnv();
+
+  public static final String TEST_USER = "test-user";
+  public static final String TEST_HOST = "test-host";
+  public static final String TEST_MASTER = "test-master";
+
+  private static final String MASTER_USER = "helios-master";
+  private static final String MASTER_PASSWORD = "master-password";
+  private static final String AGENT_USER = "helios-agent";
+  private static final String AGENT_PASSWORD = "agent-password";
+  private static final String MASTER_DIGEST =
+      ZooKeeperAclProviders.digest(MASTER_USER, MASTER_PASSWORD);
+  private static final String AGENT_DIGEST = ZooKeeperAclProviders.digest(
+      AGENT_USER, AGENT_PASSWORD);
+
+  @Rule public final TemporaryPorts temporaryPorts = TemporaryPorts.create();
+
+  @Rule public final TemporaryFolder temporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
+  @Rule public final ExpectedException exception = ExpectedException.none();
+  @Rule public final TestRule watcher = new LoggingTestWatcher();
+
+  private int masterPort;
+  private int masterAdminPort;
+  private String masterEndpoint;
+  private String masterAdminEndpoint;
+  private Range<Integer> dockerPortRange;
+
+  private final List<Service> services = newArrayList();
+  private final List<HeliosClient> clients = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+  private Path agentStateDirs;
+  private Path masterStateDirs;
+
+  private ZooKeeperTestManager zk;
+  protected static String zooKeeperNamespace = null;
+  protected final String zkClusterId = String.valueOf(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(10000));
+
+  /** An HttpClient that can be used for sending arbitrary HTTP requests */
+  protected CloseableHttpClient httpClient;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void staticSetup() {
+    SLF4JBridgeHandler.removeHandlersForRootLogger();
+    SLF4JBridgeHandler.install();
+  }
+
+  @Before
+  public void baseSetup() throws Exception {
+    System.setProperty("user.name", TEST_USER);
+    masterPort = temporaryPorts.localPort("helios master");
+    masterAdminPort = temporaryPorts.localPort("helios master admin");
+
+    masterEndpoint = "http://localhost:" + masterPort();
+    masterAdminEndpoint = "http://localhost:" + masterAdminPort();
+
+    zk = zooKeeperTestManager();
+    listThreads();
+    zk.ensure("/config");
+    zk.ensure("/status");
+    agentStateDirs = temporaryFolder.newFolder("helios-agents").toPath();
+    masterStateDirs = temporaryFolder.newFolder("helios-masters").toPath();
+
+    // TODO (mbrown): not 100% sure what a minimal client is but it sounds good
+    httpClient = HttpClients.createMinimal();
+  }
+
+  @Before
+  public void dockerSetup() throws Exception {
+    final String portRange = System.getenv("DOCKER_PORT_RANGE");
+
+    final AllocatedPort allocatedPort;
+    final int probePort;
+    if (portRange != null) {
+      final String[] parts = portRange.split(":", 2);
+      dockerPortRange = Range.closedOpen(Integer.valueOf(parts[0]),
+                                         Integer.valueOf(parts[1]));
+      allocatedPort = Polling.await(LONG_WAIT_SECONDS, SECONDS, new Callable<AllocatedPort>() {
+        @Override
+        public AllocatedPort call() throws Exception {
+          final int port = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(dockerPortRange.lowerEndpoint(),
+                                                               dockerPortRange.upperEndpoint());
+          return temporaryPorts.tryAcquire("docker-probe", port);
+        }
+      });
+      probePort = allocatedPort.port();
+    } else {
+      dockerPortRange = temporaryPorts.localPortRange("docker", 10);
+      probePort = dockerPortRange().lowerEndpoint();
+      allocatedPort = null;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      assertDockerReachable(probePort);
+    } finally {
+      if (allocatedPort != null) {
+        allocatedPort.release();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected DockerClient getNewDockerClient() throws Exception {
+    if (isNullOrEmpty(DOCKER_HOST.dockerCertPath())) {
+      return new DefaultDockerClient(DOCKER_HOST.uri());
+    } else {
+      final Path dockerCertPath = java.nio.file.Paths.get(DOCKER_HOST.dockerCertPath());
+      return new DefaultDockerClient(DOCKER_HOST.uri(), new DockerCertificates(dockerCertPath));
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void assertDockerReachable(final int probePort) throws Exception {
+    try (final DockerClient docker = getNewDockerClient()) {
+      // Pull our base images
+      try {
+        docker.inspectImage(BUSYBOX);
+      } catch (ImageNotFoundException e) {
+        docker.pull(BUSYBOX);
+      }
+
+      try {
+        docker.inspectImage(ALPINE);
+      } catch (ImageNotFoundException e) {
+        docker.pull(ALPINE);
+      }
+
+      // Start a container with an exposed port
+      final HostConfig hostConfig = HostConfig.builder()
+          .portBindings(ImmutableMap.of("4711/tcp",
+                                        singletonList(PortBinding.of("0.0.0.0", probePort))))
+          .build();
+      final ContainerConfig config = ContainerConfig.builder()
+          .image(BUSYBOX)
+          .cmd("nc", "-p", "4711", "-lle", "cat")
+          .exposedPorts(ImmutableSet.of("4711/tcp"))
+          .hostConfig(hostConfig)
+          .build();
+      final ContainerCreation creation = docker.createContainer(config, testTag + "-probe");
+      final String containerId = creation.id();
+      docker.startContainer(containerId);
+
+      // Wait for container to come up
+      Polling.await(5, SECONDS, new Callable<Object>() {
+        @Override
+        public Object call() throws Exception {
+          final ContainerInfo info = docker.inspectContainer(containerId);
+          return info.state().running() ? true : null;
+        }
+      });
+
+      log.info("Verifying that docker containers are reachable");
+      try {
+        Polling.awaitUnchecked(5, SECONDS, new Callable<Object>() {
+          @Override
+          public Object call() throws Exception {
+            log.info("Probing: {}:{}", DOCKER_HOST.address(), probePort);
+            try (final Socket ignored = new Socket(DOCKER_HOST.address(), probePort)) {
+              return true;
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+              return false;
+            }
+          }
+        });
+      } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+        fail("Please ensure that DOCKER_HOST is set to an address that where containers can " +
+             "be reached. If docker is running in a local VM, DOCKER_HOST must be set to the " +
+             "address of that VM. If docker can only be reached on a limited port range, " +
+             "set the environment variable DOCKER_PORT_RANGE=start:end");
+      }
+
+      docker.killContainer(containerId);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected ZooKeeperTestManager zooKeeperTestManager() {
+    return new ZooKeeperTestingServerManager(zooKeeperNamespace);
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void baseTeardown() throws Exception {
+    for (final HeliosClient client : clients) {
+      client.close();
+    }
+    clients.clear();
+
+    for (Service service : services) {
+      try {
+        service.stopAsync();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        log.error("Uncaught exception", e);
+      }
+    }
+    for (Service service : services) {
+      try {
+        service.awaitTerminated();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        log.error("Service failed", e);
+      }
+    }
+    services.clear();
+
+    // Clean up docker
+    try (final DockerClient dockerClient = getNewDockerClient()) {
+      final List<Container> containers = dockerClient.listContainers();
+      for (final Container container : containers) {
+        for (final String name : container.names()) {
+          if (name.contains(testTag)) {
+            try {
+              dockerClient.killContainer(container.id());
+            } catch (DockerException e) {
+              e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log.error("Docker client exception", e);
+    }
+
+    if (zk != null) {
+      zk.close();
+    }
+
+    listThreads();
+  }
+
+  private void listThreads() {
+    final Set<Thread> threads = Thread.getAllStackTraces().keySet();
+    final Map<String, Thread> sorted = Maps.newTreeMap();
+    for (final Thread t : threads) {
+      final ThreadGroup tg = t.getThreadGroup();
+      if (t.isAlive() && (tg == null || !tg.getName().equals("system"))) {
+        sorted.put(t.getName(), t);
+      }
+    }
+    log.info("= THREADS " + Strings.repeat("=", 70));
+    for (final Thread t : sorted.values()) {
+      final ThreadGroup tg = t.getThreadGroup();
+      log.info("{}: \"{}\" ({}{})", t.getId(), t.getName(),
+               (tg == null ? "" : tg.getName() + " "),
+               (t.isDaemon() ? "daemon" : ""));
+    }
+    log.info(Strings.repeat("=", 80));
+  }
+
+  protected TemporaryPorts temporaryPorts() {
+    return temporaryPorts;
+  }
+
+  protected ZooKeeperTestManager zk() {
+    return zk;
+  }
+
+  protected String masterEndpoint() {
+    return masterEndpoint;
+  }
+
+  protected String masterAdminEndpoint() {
+    return masterAdminEndpoint;
+  }
+
+  protected String masterName() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+    return TEST_MASTER;
+  }
+
+  protected HeliosClient defaultClient() {
+    return client(TEST_USER, masterEndpoint());
+  }
+
+  protected HeliosClient client(final String user, final String endpoint) {
+    final HeliosClient client = HeliosClient.newBuilder()
+        .setUser(user)
+        .setEndpoints(singletonList(URI.create(endpoint)))
+        .build();
+    clients.add(client);
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  protected int masterPort() {
+    return masterPort;
+  }
+
+  protected int masterAdminPort() {
+    return masterAdminPort;
+  }
+
+  public Range<Integer> dockerPortRange() {
+    return dockerPortRange;
+  }
+
+  protected String testHost() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+    return TEST_HOST;
+  }
+
+  protected List<String> setupDefaultMaster(String... args) throws Exception {
+    return setupDefaultMaster(0, args);
+  }
+
+  protected List<String> setupDefaultMaster(final int offset, String... args) throws Exception {
+    // TODO (dano): Move this bootstrapping to something reusable
+    final CuratorFramework curator = zk.curator();
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.configHosts()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.configJobs()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.configJobRefs()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.statusHosts()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.statusMasters()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.historyJobs()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.configId(zkClusterId))
+        .ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+
+    final List<String> argsList = Lists.newArrayList(
+        "-vvvv",
+        "--no-log-setup",
+        "--http", "http://0.0.0.0:" + (masterPort() + offset),
+        "--admin=" + (masterAdminPort() + offset),
+        "--domain", "",
+        "--zk", zk.connectString(),
+        "--zk-enable-acls",
+        "--zk-acl-agent-user", AGENT_USER,
+        "--zk-acl-agent-digest", AGENT_DIGEST,
+        "--zk-acl-master-user", MASTER_USER,
+        "--zk-acl-master-password", MASTER_PASSWORD
+    );
+
+    final String name;
+    if (asList(args).contains("--name")) {
+      name = args[asList(args).indexOf("--name") + 1];
+    } else {
+      name = TEST_MASTER + offset;
+      argsList.addAll(asList("--name", TEST_MASTER));
+    }
+
+    final String stateDir = masterStateDirs.resolve(name).toString();
+    argsList.addAll(asList("--state-dir", stateDir));
+
+    argsList.addAll(asList(args));
+
+    return argsList;
+  }
+
+  protected MasterMain startDefaultMaster(String... args) throws Exception {
+    return startDefaultMaster(0, args);
+  }
+
+  protected MasterMain startDefaultMaster(Map<String, String> environmentVariables, String... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    return startDefaultMaster(0, environmentVariables, args);
+  }
+
+  protected MasterMain startDefaultMaster(final int offset, String... args) throws Exception {
+    return startDefaultMaster(offset, ImmutableMap.<String, String>of(), args);
+  }
+
+  protected MasterMain startDefaultMaster(final int offset,
+                                          final Map<String, String> environmentVariables,
+                                          final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final List<String> argsList = setupDefaultMaster(offset, args);
+
+    if (argsList == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    final MasterMain master =
+        startMaster(environmentVariables, argsList.toArray(new String[argsList.size()]));
+
+    waitForMasterToBeFullyUp();
+
+    return master;
+  }
+
+  protected Map<String, MasterMain> startDefaultMasters(final int numMasters, String... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    final Map<String, MasterMain> masters = Maps.newHashMap();
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < numMasters; i++) {
+      final String name = TEST_MASTER + i;
+      final List<String> argsList = Lists.newArrayList(args);
+      argsList.addAll(asList("--name", name));
+      masters.put(name, startDefaultMaster(i, argsList.toArray(new String[argsList.size()])));
+    }
+
+    return masters;
+  }
+
+  protected void waitForMasterToBeFullyUp() throws Exception {
+    log.debug("waitForMasterToBeFullyUp: beginning wait loop");
+    Polling.await(WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, SECONDS, new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() {
+        try {
+          // While MasterService will start listening for http requests on the main and admin ports
+          // as soon as it is started (without waiting for ZK to be available), the Healthcheck
+          // registered for Zookeeper connectivity will cause the HealthcheckServlet to not return
+          // 200 OK until ZK is connected to (and even better, until *everything* is healthy).
+          final HttpGet request = new HttpGet(masterAdminEndpoint + "/healthcheck");
+
+          try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request)) {
+            final int status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+            log.debug("waitForMasterToBeFullyUp: healthcheck endpoint returned {}", status);
+            return status == HttpStatus.SC_OK;
+          }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+          return null;
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected void startDefaultMasterDontWaitForZK(final CuratorClientFactory curatorClientFactory,
+                                                 String... args) throws Exception {
+    List<String> argsList = setupDefaultMaster(args);
+
+    if (argsList == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    startMaster(curatorClientFactory, argsList.toArray(new String[argsList.size()]));
+  }
+
+  protected AgentMain startDefaultAgent(final String host, final String... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    final String stateDir = agentStateDirs.resolve(host).toString();
+    final List<String> argsList = Lists.newArrayList(
+        "-vvvv",
+        "--no-log-setup",
+        "--no-http",
+        "--name", host,
+        "--docker=" + DOCKER_HOST,
+        "--zk", zk.connectString(),
+        "--zk-session-timeout", "100",
+        "--zk-connection-timeout", "100",
+        "--zk-enable-acls",
+        "--zk-acl-master-user", MASTER_USER,
+        "--zk-acl-master-digest", MASTER_DIGEST,
+        "--zk-acl-agent-user", AGENT_USER,
+        "--zk-acl-agent-password", AGENT_PASSWORD,
+        "--state-dir", stateDir,
+        "--domain", "",
+        "--port-range=" +
+        dockerPortRange.lowerEndpoint() + ":" +
+        dockerPortRange.upperEndpoint()
+    );
+    argsList.addAll(asList(args));
+    return startAgent(argsList.toArray(new String[argsList.size()]));
+  }
+
+  protected MasterMain startMaster(final Map<String, String> environmentVariables,
+                                   final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final MasterMain main = new MasterMain(environmentVariables, args);
+    main.startAsync().awaitRunning();
+    services.add(main);
+    return main;
+  }
+
+  MasterMain startMaster(final CuratorClientFactory curatorClientFactory,
+                         final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final MasterMain main = new MasterMain(curatorClientFactory, args);
+    main.startAsync().awaitRunning();
+    services.add(main);
+    return main;
+  }
+
+  protected AgentMain startAgent(final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final AgentMain main = new AgentMain(args);
+    main.startAsync().awaitRunning();
+    services.add(main);
+    return main;
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, EMPTY_ENV, EMPTY_PORTS, EMPTY_REGISTRATION);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Date expires) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, EMPTY_HOSTNAME, command, EMPTY_ENV, EMPTY_PORTS,
+                     EMPTY_REGISTRATION, EMPTY_GRACE_PERIOD, EMPTY_VOLUMES, expires);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final ImmutableMap<String, String> env)
+      throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, env, EMPTY_PORTS, EMPTY_REGISTRATION);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, env, ports, EMPTY_REGISTRATION);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports,
+                            final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> registration)
+      throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, env, ports, registration, EMPTY_GRACE_PERIOD,
+                     EMPTY_VOLUMES);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports,
+                            final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> registration,
+                            final Integer gracePeriod,
+                            final Map<String, String> volumes) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, EMPTY_HOSTNAME, command, env, ports, registration,
+                     gracePeriod, volumes, EMPTY_EXPIRES);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final String hostname,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports,
+                            final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> registration,
+                            final Integer gracePeriod,
+                            final Map<String, String> volumes,
+                            final Date expires) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(Job.newBuilder()
+                         .setName(name)
+                         .setVersion(version)
+                         .setImage(image)
+                         .setHostname(hostname)
+                         .setCommand(command)
+                         .setEnv(env)
+                         .setPorts(ports)
+                         .setRegistration(registration)
+                         .setGracePeriod(gracePeriod)
+                         .setVolumes(volumes)
+                         .setExpires(expires)
+                         .build());
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final Job job) throws Exception {
+    final String createOutput = createJobRawOutput(job);
+    final String jobId = WHITESPACE.trimFrom(createOutput);
+
+    return JobId.fromString(jobId);
+  }
+
+  protected String createJobRawOutput(final Job job) throws Exception {
+    final String name = job.getId().getName();
+    checkArgument(name.contains(testTag), "Job name must contain testTag to enable cleanup");
+
+    final String serializedConfig = Json.asNormalizedString(job);
+    final File configFile = temporaryFolder.newFile();
+    Files.write(serializedConfig, configFile, Charsets.UTF_8);
+
+    final List<String> args = ImmutableList.of("-q", "-f", configFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    return cli("create", args);
+  }
+
+  protected void deployJob(final JobId jobId, final String host) throws Exception {
+    deployJob(jobId, host, null);
+  }
+
+  protected void deployJob(final JobId jobId, final String host, final String token)
+      throws Exception {
+    final List<String> deployArgs = Lists.newArrayList(jobId.toString(), host);
+
+    if (token != null) {
+      deployArgs.addAll(ImmutableList.of("--token", token));
+    }
+
+    final String deployOutput = cli("deploy", deployArgs);
+    assertThat(deployOutput, containsString(host + ": done"));
+
+    final String output = cli("status", "--host", host, "--json");
+    final Map<JobId, JobStatus> statuses =
+        Json.readUnchecked(output, new TypeReference<Map<JobId, JobStatus>>() {
+        });
+    assertTrue(statuses.keySet().contains(jobId));
+  }
+
+  protected void undeployJob(final JobId jobId, final String host) throws Exception {
+    final String undeployOutput = cli("undeploy", jobId.toString(), host);
+    assertThat(undeployOutput, containsString(host + ": done"));
+
+    final String output = cli("status", "--host", host, "--json");
+    final Map<JobId, JobStatus> statuses =
+        Json.readUnchecked(output, new TypeReference<Map<JobId, JobStatus>>() {
+        });
+    final JobStatus status = statuses.get(jobId);
+    assertTrue(status == null || status.getDeployments().get(host) == null);
+  }
+
+  protected String startJob(final JobId jobId, final String host) throws Exception {
+    return cli("start", jobId.toString(), host);
+  }
+
+  protected String stopJob(final JobId jobId, final String host) throws Exception {
+    return cli("stop", jobId.toString(), host);
+  }
+
+  protected String deregisterHost(final String host) throws Exception {
+    return cli("deregister", host, "--yes");
+  }
+
+  protected String cli(final String command, final Object... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    return cli(command, flatten(args));
+  }
+
+  protected String cli(final String command, final String... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    return cli(command, asList(args));
+  }
+
+  protected String cli(final String command, final List<String> args)
+      throws Exception {
+    final List<String> commands = asList(command, "-z", masterEndpoint(), "--no-log-setup");
+    final List<String> allArgs = newArrayList(concat(commands, args));
+    return main(allArgs).toString();
+  }
+
+  protected <T> T cliJson(final Class<T> klass, final String command, final String... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    return cliJson(klass, command, asList(args));
+  }
+
+  protected <T> T cliJson(final Class<T> klass, final String command, final List<String> args)
+      throws Exception {
+    final List<String> args0 = newArrayList("--json");
+    args0.addAll(args);
+    return Json.read(cli(command, args0), klass);
+  }
+
+  protected ByteArrayOutputStream main(final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream err = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final CliMain main = new CliMain(new PrintStream(out), new PrintStream(err), args);
+    main.run();
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  protected ByteArrayOutputStream main(final Collection<String> args) throws Exception {
+    return main(args.toArray(new String[args.size()]));
+  }
+
+  protected void awaitHostRegistered(final String name, final long timeout, final TimeUnit timeUnit)
+      throws Exception {
+    Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() throws Exception {
+        final String output = cli("hosts", "-q");
+        return output.contains(name) ? true : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected HostStatus awaitHostStatus(final String name, final HostStatus.Status status,
+                                       final int timeout, final TimeUnit timeUnit)
+      throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final String output = cli("hosts", name, "--json");
+        final Map<String, HostStatus> statuses;
+        try {
+          statuses = Json.read(output, new TypeReference<Map<String, HostStatus>>() {});
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = statuses.get(name);
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return (hostStatus.getStatus() == status) ? hostStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected TaskStatus awaitJobState(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                     final JobId jobId,
+                                     final TaskStatus.State state, final int timeout,
+                                     final TimeUnit timeunit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeunit, new Callable<TaskStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public TaskStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = hostStatus.getStatuses().get(jobId);
+        return (taskStatus != null && taskStatus.getState() == state) ? taskStatus
+                                                                      : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected TaskStatus awaitJobThrottle(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                        final JobId jobId,
+                                        final ThrottleState throttled, final int timeout,
+                                        final TimeUnit timeunit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeunit, new Callable<TaskStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public TaskStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = hostStatus.getStatuses().get(jobId);
+        return (taskStatus != null && taskStatus.getThrottled() == throttled) ? taskStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected void awaitHostRegistered(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                     final int timeout,
+                                     final TimeUnit timeUnit) throws Exception {
+    Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        return getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected HostStatus awaitHostStatus(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                       final HostStatus.Status status,
+                                       final int timeout,
+                                       final TimeUnit timeUnit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return (hostStatus.getStatus() == status) ? hostStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected HostStatus awaitHostStatusWithLabels(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                                 final HostStatus.Status status,
+                                                 final int timeout,
+                                                 final TimeUnit timeUnit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null || hostStatus.getLabels().size() == 0) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return (hostStatus.getStatus() == status) ? hostStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected HostStatus awaitHostStatusWithHostInfo(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                                   final HostStatus.Status status,
+                                                   final int timeout,
+                                                   final TimeUnit timeUnit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null || hostStatus.getHostInfo() == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return (hostStatus.getStatus() == status) ? hostStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected TaskStatus awaitTaskState(final JobId jobId, final String host,
+                                      final TaskStatus.State state) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(LONG_WAIT_SECONDS, SECONDS, new Callable<TaskStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public TaskStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final String output = cli("status", "--json", "--job", jobId.toString());
+        final Map<JobId, JobStatus> statusMap;
+        try {
+          statusMap = Json.read(output, new TypeReference<Map<JobId, JobStatus>>() {});
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final JobStatus status = statusMap.get(jobId);
+        if (status == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = status.getTaskStatuses().get(host);
+        if (taskStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        if (taskStatus.getState() != state) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return taskStatus;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected void awaitTaskGone(final HeliosClient client, final String host, final JobId jobId,
+                               final long timeout, final TimeUnit timeunit) throws Exception {
+    Polling.await(timeout, timeunit, new Callable<Boolean>() {
+      @Override
+      public Boolean call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = hostStatus.getStatuses().get(jobId);
+        final Deployment deployment = hostStatus.getJobs().get(jobId);
+        return taskStatus == null && deployment == null ? true : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected DeploymentGroupStatus awaitDeploymentGroupStatus(
+      final HeliosClient client,
+      final String name,
+      final DeploymentGroupStatus.State state)
+      throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(LONG_WAIT_SECONDS, SECONDS, new Callable<DeploymentGroupStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public DeploymentGroupStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final DeploymentGroupStatusResponse response = getOrNull(
+            client.deploymentGroupStatus(name));
+
+        if (response != null) {
+          final DeploymentGroupStatus status = response.getDeploymentGroupStatus();
+          if (status.getState().equals(state)) {
+            return status;
+          } else if (status.getState().equals(DeploymentGroupStatus.State.FAILED)) {
+            assertEquals(state, status.getState());
+          }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected <T> T getOrNull(final ListenableFuture<T> future)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+    return Futures.withFallback(future, new FutureFallback<T>() {
+      @Override
+      public ListenableFuture<T> create(@NotNull final Throwable t) throws Exception {
+        return Futures.immediateFuture(null);
+      }
+    }).get();
+  }
+
+  protected String readLogFully(final ClientResponse logs) throws IOException {
+    final LogReader logReader = new LogReader(logs.getEntityInputStream());
+    StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+    LogMessage logMessage;
+    while ((logMessage = logReader.nextMessage()) != null) {
+      stringBuilder.append(UTF_8.decode(logMessage.content()));
+    }
+    logReader.close();
+    return stringBuilder.toString();
+  }
+
+  protected static void removeContainer(final DockerClient dockerClient, final String containerId)
+      throws Exception {
+    // Work around docker sometimes failing to remove a container directly after killing it
+    Polling.await(1, MINUTES, new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() throws Exception {
+        try {
+          dockerClient.killContainer(containerId);
+        } catch (DockerRequestException e) {
+          if (e.message().contains("is not running")) {
+            // Container already isn't running. So we continue.
+          } else {
+            throw e;
+          }
+        }
+
+        try {
+          dockerClient.removeContainer(containerId);
+          return true;
+        } catch (ContainerNotFoundException e) {
+          // We're done here
+          return true;
+        } catch (DockerException e) {
+          if ((e instanceof DockerRequestException) &&
+              ((DockerRequestException) e).message().contains(
+                  "Driver btrfs failed to remove root filesystem")) {
+            // Workaround btrfs issue where removing containers throws an exception,
+            // but succeeds anyway.
+            return true;
+          } else {
+            return null;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected List<Container> listContainers(final DockerClient dockerClient, final String needle)
+      throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+    final List<Container> containers = dockerClient.listContainers();
+    final List<Container> matches = Lists.newArrayList();
+    for (final Container container : containers) {
+      if (container.names() != null) {
+        for (final String name : container.names()) {
+          if (name.contains(needle)) {
+            matches.add(container);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return matches;
+  }
+
+  protected List<String> flatten(final Object... values) {
+    final Iterable<Object> valuesList = asList(values);
+    return flatten(valuesList);
+  }
+
+  protected List<String> flatten(final Iterable<?> values) {
+    final List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+    for (Object value : values) {
+      if (value instanceof Iterable) {
+        list.addAll(flatten((Iterable<?>) value));
+      } else if (value.getClass() == String[].class) {
+        list.addAll(asList((String[]) value));
+      } else if (value instanceof String) {
+        list.add((String) value);
+      } else {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+      }
+    }
+    return list;
+  }
+
+  protected void assertJobsEqual(final Map<JobId, Job> expected, final Map<JobId, Job> actual) {
+    assertEquals(expected.size(), actual.size());
+    for (final Map.Entry<JobId, Job> entry : actual.entrySet()) {
+      assertJobEquals(expected.get(entry.getKey()), entry.getValue());
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void assertJobEquals(final Job expected, final Job actual) {
+    final Builder expectedBuilder = expected.toBuilder();
+
+    // hack to make sure that any environment variables that were folded into the created job
+    // because of environment variables set at runtime on the test-running-agent are removed
+    // from the actual when we assert the equality below
+    final Builder actualBuilder = actual.toBuilder();
+    final Map<String, String> metadata = Maps.newHashMap(actual.getMetadata());
+    for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : JobCreateCommand.DEFAULT_METADATA_ENVVARS.entrySet()) {
+      final String envVar = entry.getKey();
+      final String metadataKey = entry.getValue();
+      final String envValue = System.getenv(envVar);
+      if (envValue != null
+          && actual.getMetadata().containsKey(metadataKey)
+          && actual.getMetadata().get(metadataKey).equals(envValue)) {
+        metadata.remove(metadataKey);
+      }
+    }
+    actualBuilder.setMetadata(metadata);
+
+    // Remove created timestamp set by master
+    actualBuilder.setCreated(null);
+
+    // copy the hash
+    expectedBuilder.setHash(actualBuilder.build().getId().getHash());
+
+    assertEquals(expectedBuilder.build(), actualBuilder.build());
+  }
+
+  protected static String randomHexString() {
+    return toHexString(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt());
+  }
+
+  protected void resetAgentStateDir() throws IOException {
+    agentStateDirs = temporaryFolder.newFolder(UUID.randomUUID().toString()).toPath();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.curator.test.TestingServer` acquired by call to `ZooKeeperTestingServerManager(...)` at line 337 is not released after line 337.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 337
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ZooKeeperTestManager SystemTestBase.zooKeeperTestManager()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.system.SystemTestBase.zooKeeperTestManager():com.spotify.helios.ZooKeeperTestMana.7ccd02df5621155dd63c4142399debe5
+
+### File:
+helios-system-tests/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/system/SystemTestBase.java
+
+### Key:
+SystemTestBase.java|zooKeeperTestManager|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+059f2744cc2584f5360423ee802f205e
+
+### Hash:
+2bedc75c6a609aa641eb4926aa9a6ba9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3513/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3513/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c604f406a303962cf2ca175fc129ed9b809581b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3513/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Ordering;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.client.Endpoints;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Deployment;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.HostSelector;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.SetGoalResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+
+public class Utils {
+
+  public static <K, V> Map<K, V> allAsMap(final Map<K, ListenableFuture<V>> map)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+    final Map<K, V> result = Maps.newHashMap();
+    for (Map.Entry<K, ListenableFuture<V>> e : map.entrySet()) {
+      result.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue().get());
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public static HeliosClient getClient(final Target target, final PrintStream err,
+                                       final String username, final Namespace options) {
+
+    List<URI> endpoints = Collections.emptyList();
+    try {
+      endpoints = target.getEndpointSupplier().get();
+    } catch (Exception ignore) {
+      // TODO (dano): Nasty. Refactor target to propagate resolution failure in a checked manner.
+    }
+    if (endpoints.size() == 0) {
+      err.println("Failed to resolve helios master in " + target);
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return HeliosClient.newBuilder()
+        .setEndpointSupplier(Endpoints.of(target.getEndpointSupplier()))
+        .setSslHostnameVerification(!options.getBoolean("insecure"))
+        .setUser(username)
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  public static boolean userConfirmed(final PrintStream out, final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws IOException {
+    out.printf("Do you want to continue? [y/N]%n");
+
+    final String line = stdin.readLine().trim();
+
+    if (line.length() < 1) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    final char c = line.charAt(0);
+
+    if (c != 'Y' && c != 'y') {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public static Map<String, String> argToStringMap(final Namespace namespace, final Argument arg) {
+    final List<List<String>> args = namespace.getList(arg.getDest());
+    final Map<String, String> map = Maps.newHashMap();
+    if (args != null) {
+      for (final List<String> group : args) {
+        for (final String s : group) {
+          final String[] parts = s.split("=", 2);
+          if (parts.length != 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad " + arg.textualName() + " value: " + s);
+          }
+          map.put(parts[0], parts[1]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return map;
+  }
+
+  public static <K extends Comparable<K>, V> void printMap(final PrintStream out, final String name,
+                                                    final Function<V, String> transform,
+                                                    final Map<K, V> values) {
+    out.print(name);
+    boolean first = true;
+    for (final K key : Ordering.natural().sortedCopy(values.keySet())) {
+      if (!first) {
+        out.print(Strings.repeat(" ", name.length()));
+      }
+      final V value = values.get(key);
+      out.printf("%s=%s%n", key, transform.apply(value));
+      first = false;
+    }
+    if (first) {
+      out.println();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static List<HostSelector> parseHostSelectors(final Namespace namespace,
+                                                      final Argument arg) {
+    final List<List<String>> args = namespace.getList(arg.getDest());
+    final List<HostSelector> ret = Lists.newArrayList();
+    if (args != null) {
+      for (final List<String> group : args) {
+        for (final String s : group) {
+          final HostSelector hostSelector = HostSelector.parse(s);
+          if (hostSelector == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(format("Bad host selector expression: '%s'", s));
+          }
+          ret.add(hostSelector);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  // shared between JobStartCommand and JobStopCommand
+  public static int setGoalOnHosts(final HeliosClient client, final PrintStream out,
+                                   final boolean json, final List<String> hosts,
+                                   final Deployment deployment, final String token)
+      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+    int code = 0;
+
+    for (final String host : hosts) {
+      if (!json) {
+        out.printf("%s: ", host);
+      }
+      final SetGoalResponse result = client.setGoal(deployment, host, token).get();
+      if (result.getStatus() == SetGoalResponse.Status.OK) {
+        if (json) {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        } else {
+          out.printf("done%n");
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (json) {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        } else {
+          out.printf("failed: %s%n", result);
+        }
+        code = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int Utils.setGoalOnHosts(HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,List,Deployment,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.Utils.setGoalOnHosts(com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient,java.io.PrintStre.dd3906532cee2669e40343dd76bf63dc
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/Utils.java
+
+### Key:
+Utils.java|setGoalOnHosts|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+db0973079ad3eb416da3129fb367ab59
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3514/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3514/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ef6f1e064baa228769c1ffc0d2c66819609dc318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3514/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1084 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.system;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.util.ISO8601Utils;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.collect.Range;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.FutureFallback;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Service;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.type.TypeReference;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.ContainerNotFoundException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerRequestException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.ImageNotFoundException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.LogMessage;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.LogReader;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.Container;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerConfig;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerCreation;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.ContainerInfo;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.HostConfig;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.PortBinding;
+import com.spotify.helios.Polling;
+import com.spotify.helios.TemporaryPorts;
+import com.spotify.helios.ZooKeeperStandaloneServerManager;
+import com.spotify.helios.ZooKeeperTestManager;
+import com.spotify.helios.agent.AgentMain;
+import com.spotify.helios.cli.CliMain;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.Json;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Deployment;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.HostStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.PortMapping;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ServiceEndpoint;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ServicePorts;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.TaskStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.ThrottleState;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.JobDeleteResponse;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.JobUndeployResponse;
+import com.spotify.helios.master.MasterMain;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.DockerHost;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.CuratorClientFactory;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.Paths;
+import com.sun.jersey.api.client.ClientResponse;
+
+import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+import org.junit.rules.TestRule;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.slf4j.bridge.SLF4JBridgeHandler;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.CharMatcher.WHITESPACE;
+import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
+import static com.google.common.collect.Iterables.concat;
+import static com.google.common.collect.Lists.newArrayList;
+import static com.spotify.helios.TemporaryPorts.AllocatedPort;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Goal.UNDEPLOY;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_ENV;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_EXPIRES;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_PORTS;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_REGISTRATION;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Job.EMPTY_VOLUMES;
+import static java.lang.Integer.toHexString;
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MINUTES;
+import static java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.SECONDS;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public abstract class SystemTestBase {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SystemTestBase.class);
+
+  public static final int WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 40;
+  public static final int LONG_WAIT_MINUTES = 10;
+  public static final int INTERNAL_PORT = 4444;
+
+  public static final String BUSYBOX = "busybox";
+  public static final List<String> IDLE_COMMAND = asList("sh", "-c", "while :; do sleep 1; done");
+
+  public final String testTag = "test_" + toHexString(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt());
+  public final String testJobName = "job_" + testTag;
+  public final String testJobVersion = "v" + toHexString(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt());
+
+  public static final DockerHost DOCKER_HOST = DockerHost.fromEnv();
+
+  public static final String TEST_USER = "test-user";
+  public static final String TEST_HOST = "test-host";
+  public static final String TEST_MASTER = "test-master";
+
+  @Rule public final TemporaryPorts temporaryPorts = TemporaryPorts.create();
+
+  @Rule public final TemporaryFolder temporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
+  @Rule public final ExpectedException exception = ExpectedException.none();
+  @Rule public final TestRule watcher = new LoggingTestWatcher();
+
+  private int masterPort;
+  private int masterAdminPort;
+  private String masterEndpoint;
+  private boolean integrationMode;
+  private Range<Integer> dockerPortRange;
+
+  private final List<Service> services = newArrayList();
+  private final List<HeliosClient> clients = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+  private String testHost;
+  private Path agentStateDirs;
+  private String masterName;
+
+  private ZooKeeperTestManager zk;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void staticSetup() {
+    SLF4JBridgeHandler.removeHandlersForRootLogger();
+    SLF4JBridgeHandler.install();
+  }
+
+  @Before
+  public void baseSetup() throws Exception {
+    masterPort = temporaryPorts.localPort("helios master");
+    masterAdminPort = temporaryPorts.localPort("helios master admin");
+
+    String className = getClass().getName();
+    if (className.endsWith("ITCase")) {
+      masterEndpoint = checkNotNull(System.getenv("HELIOS_ENDPOINT"),
+                                    "For integration tests, HELIOS_ENDPOINT *must* be set");
+      integrationMode = true;
+    } else if (className.endsWith("Test")) {
+      integrationMode = false;
+      masterEndpoint = "http://localhost:" + masterPort();
+      // unit test
+    } else {
+      throw new RuntimeException("testClass neither ends in Test or ITCase");
+    }
+
+    zk = zooKeeperTestManager();
+    listThreads();
+    zk.ensure("/config");
+    zk.ensure("/status");
+    agentStateDirs = temporaryFolder.newFolder("helios-agents").toPath();
+  }
+
+  @Before
+  public void dockerSetup() throws Exception {
+    final String portRange = System.getenv("DOCKER_PORT_RANGE");
+
+    final AllocatedPort allocatedPort;
+    final int probePort;
+    if (portRange != null) {
+      final String[] parts = portRange.split(":", 2);
+      dockerPortRange = Range.closedOpen(Integer.valueOf(parts[0]),
+                                         Integer.valueOf(parts[1]));
+      allocatedPort = Polling.await(LONG_WAIT_MINUTES, MINUTES, new Callable<AllocatedPort>() {
+        @Override
+        public AllocatedPort call() throws Exception {
+          final int port = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(dockerPortRange.lowerEndpoint(),
+                                                               dockerPortRange.upperEndpoint());
+          return temporaryPorts.tryAcquire("docker-probe", port);
+        }
+      });
+      probePort = allocatedPort.port();
+    } else {
+      dockerPortRange = temporaryPorts.localPortRange("docker", 10);
+      probePort = dockerPortRange().lowerEndpoint();
+      allocatedPort = null;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      assertDockerReachable(probePort);
+    } finally {
+      if (allocatedPort != null) {
+        allocatedPort.release();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void assertDockerReachable(final int probePort) throws Exception {
+    final DockerClient docker = new DefaultDockerClient(DOCKER_HOST.uri());
+
+    try {
+      docker.inspectImage(BUSYBOX);
+    } catch (ImageNotFoundException e) {
+      docker.pull(BUSYBOX);
+    }
+
+    final ContainerConfig config = ContainerConfig.builder()
+        .image(BUSYBOX)
+        .cmd("nc", "-p", "4711", "-lle", "cat")
+        .exposedPorts(ImmutableSet.of("4711/tcp"))
+        .build();
+    final HostConfig hostConfig = HostConfig.builder()
+        .portBindings(ImmutableMap.of("4711/tcp",
+                                      asList(PortBinding.of("0.0.0.0", probePort))))
+        .build();
+    final ContainerCreation creation = docker.createContainer(config, testTag + "-probe");
+    final String containerId = creation.id();
+    docker.startContainer(containerId, hostConfig);
+
+    // Wait for container to come up
+    Polling.await(5, SECONDS, new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() throws Exception {
+        final ContainerInfo info = docker.inspectContainer(containerId);
+        return info.state().running() ? true : null;
+      }
+    });
+
+    log.info("Verifying that docker containers are reachable");
+    try {
+      Polling.awaitUnchecked(5, SECONDS, new Callable<Object>() {
+        @Override
+        public Object call() throws Exception {
+          log.info("Probing: {}:{}", DOCKER_HOST.address(), probePort);
+          try (final Socket ignored = new Socket(DOCKER_HOST.address(), probePort)) {
+            return true;
+          } catch (IOException e) {
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+      });
+    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+      fail("Please ensure that DOCKER_HOST is set to an address that where containers can " +
+           "be reached. If docker is running in a local VM, DOCKER_HOST must be set to the " +
+           "address of that VM. If docker can only be reached on a limited port range, " +
+           "set the environment variable DOCKER_PORT_RANGE=start:end");
+    }
+
+    docker.killContainer(containerId);
+  }
+
+  protected ZooKeeperTestManager zooKeeperTestManager() {
+    return new ZooKeeperStandaloneServerManager();
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void baseTeardown() throws Exception {
+    tearDownJobs();
+    for (final HeliosClient client : clients) {
+      client.close();
+    }
+    clients.clear();
+
+    for (Service service : services) {
+      try {
+        service.stopAsync();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        log.error("Uncaught exception", e);
+      }
+    }
+    for (Service service : services) {
+      try {
+        service.awaitTerminated();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        log.error("Service failed", e);
+      }
+    }
+    services.clear();
+
+    // Clean up docker
+    try {
+      final DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient(DOCKER_HOST.uri());
+      final List<Container> containers = dockerClient.listContainers();
+      for (final Container container : containers) {
+        for (final String name : container.names()) {
+          if (name.contains(testTag)) {
+            try {
+              dockerClient.killContainer(container.id());
+            } catch (DockerException e) {
+              e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log.error("Docker client exception", e);
+    }
+
+    if (zk != null) {
+      zk.close();
+    }
+
+    listThreads();
+  }
+
+  private void listThreads() {
+    final Set<Thread> threads = Thread.getAllStackTraces().keySet();
+    final Map<String, Thread> sorted = Maps.newTreeMap();
+    for (final Thread t : threads) {
+      final ThreadGroup tg = t.getThreadGroup();
+      if (t.isAlive() && (tg == null || !tg.getName().equals("system"))) {
+        sorted.put(t.getName(), t);
+      }
+    }
+    log.info("= THREADS " + Strings.repeat("=", 70));
+    for (final Thread t : sorted.values()) {
+      final ThreadGroup tg = t.getThreadGroup();
+      log.info("{}: \"{}\" ({}{})", t.getId(), t.getName(),
+               (tg == null ? "" : tg.getName() + " "),
+               (t.isDaemon() ? "daemon" : ""));
+    }
+    log.info(Strings.repeat("=", 80));
+  }
+
+  protected void tearDownJobs() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+    if (!isIntegration()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (System.getenv("ITCASE_PRESERVE_JOBS") != null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    final List<ListenableFuture<JobUndeployResponse>> undeploys = Lists.newArrayList();
+    final HeliosClient c = defaultClient();
+    final Map<JobId, Job> jobs = c.jobs().get();
+    for (JobId jobId : jobs.keySet()) {
+      if (!jobId.toString().startsWith(testTag)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      final JobStatus st = c.jobStatus(jobId).get();
+      final Set<String> hosts = st.getDeployments().keySet();
+      for (String host : hosts) {
+        log.info("Undeploying job " + jobId);
+        undeploys.add(c.undeploy(jobId, host));
+      }
+    }
+    Futures.allAsList(undeploys);
+
+    final List<ListenableFuture<JobDeleteResponse>> deletes = Lists.newArrayList();
+    for (JobId jobId : jobs.keySet()) {
+      if (!jobId.toString().startsWith(testTag)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      log.info("Deleting job " + jobId);
+      deletes.add(c.deleteJob(jobId));
+    }
+    Futures.allAsList(deletes);
+  }
+
+  protected boolean isIntegration() {
+    return integrationMode;
+  }
+
+  protected TemporaryPorts temporaryPorts() {
+    return temporaryPorts;
+  }
+
+  protected ZooKeeperTestManager zk() {
+    return zk;
+  }
+
+  protected String masterEndpoint() {
+    return masterEndpoint;
+  }
+
+  protected String masterName() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+    if (integrationMode) {
+      if (masterName == null) {
+        masterName = defaultClient().listMasters().get().get(0);
+      }
+      return masterName;
+    } else {
+      return "test-master";
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected HeliosClient defaultClient() {
+    return client(TEST_USER, masterEndpoint());
+  }
+
+  protected HeliosClient client(final String user, final String endpoint) {
+    final HeliosClient client = HeliosClient.newBuilder()
+        .setUser(user)
+        .setEndpoints(asList(URI.create(endpoint)))
+        .build();
+    clients.add(client);
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  protected int masterPort() {
+    return masterPort;
+  }
+
+  protected int masterAdminPort() {
+    return masterAdminPort;
+  }
+
+  public Range<Integer> dockerPortRange() {
+    return dockerPortRange;
+  }
+
+  protected String testHost() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+    if (integrationMode) {
+      if (testHost == null) {
+        final List<String> hosts = defaultClient().listHosts().get();
+        testHost = hosts.get(new SecureRandom().nextInt(hosts.size()));
+      }
+      return testHost;
+    } else {
+      return TEST_HOST;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected List<String> setupDefaultMaster(String... args) throws Exception {
+    if (isIntegration()) {
+      checkArgument(args.length == 0,
+                    "cannot start default master in integration test with arguments passed");
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    // TODO (dano): Move this bootstrapping to something reusable
+    final CuratorFramework curator = zk.curator();
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.configHosts()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.configJobs()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.configJobRefs()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.statusHosts()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.statusMasters()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+    curator.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(Paths.historyJobs()).ensure(curator.getZookeeperClient());
+
+    final List<String> argsList = Lists.newArrayList("-vvvv",
+                                                     "--no-log-setup",
+                                                     "--http", masterEndpoint(),
+                                                     "--admin=" + masterAdminPort(),
+                                                     "--name", TEST_MASTER,
+                                                     "--domain", "",
+                                                     "--zk", zk.connectString());
+    argsList.addAll(asList(args));
+
+    return argsList;
+  }
+
+  protected void startDefaultMaster(String... args) throws Exception {
+    final List<String> argsList = setupDefaultMaster(args);
+
+    if (argsList == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    startMaster(argsList.toArray(new String[argsList.size()]));
+    waitForMasterToConnectToZK();
+  }
+
+  protected void waitForMasterToConnectToZK() throws Exception {
+    Polling.await(WAIT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS, SECONDS, new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() {
+        try {
+          final List<String> masters = defaultClient().listMasters().get();
+          return masters != null;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+          return null;
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected void startDefaultMasterDontWaitForZK(final CuratorClientFactory curatorClientFactory,
+                                                 String... args) throws Exception {
+    List<String> argsList = setupDefaultMaster(args);
+
+    if (argsList == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    startMaster(curatorClientFactory, argsList.toArray(new String[argsList.size()]));
+  }
+
+  protected AgentMain startDefaultAgent(final String host, final String... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    if (isIntegration()) {
+      checkArgument(args.length == 0,
+                    "cannot start default agent in integration test with arguments passed");
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    final String stateDir = agentStateDirs.resolve(host).toString();
+    final List<String> argsList = Lists.newArrayList("-vvvv",
+                                                     "--no-log-setup",
+                                                     "--no-http",
+                                                     "--name", host,
+                                                     "--docker=" + DOCKER_HOST,
+                                                     "--zk", zk.connectString(),
+                                                     "--zk-session-timeout", "100",
+                                                     "--zk-connection-timeout", "100",
+                                                     "--state-dir", stateDir,
+                                                     "--domain", "",
+                                                     "--port-range=" +
+                                                     dockerPortRange.lowerEndpoint() + ":" +
+                                                     dockerPortRange.upperEndpoint()
+    );
+    argsList.addAll(asList(args));
+    return startAgent(argsList.toArray(new String[argsList.size()]));
+  }
+
+  protected MasterMain startMaster(final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final MasterMain main = new MasterMain(args);
+    main.startAsync().awaitRunning();
+    services.add(main);
+    return main;
+  }
+
+  MasterMain startMaster(final CuratorClientFactory curatorClientFactory,
+                         final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final MasterMain main = new MasterMain(curatorClientFactory, args);
+    main.startAsync().awaitRunning();
+    services.add(main);
+    return main;
+  }
+
+  protected AgentMain startAgent(final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final AgentMain main = new AgentMain(args);
+    main.startAsync().awaitRunning();
+    services.add(main);
+    return main;
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, EMPTY_ENV, EMPTY_PORTS, EMPTY_REGISTRATION);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Date expires) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, EMPTY_ENV, EMPTY_PORTS, EMPTY_REGISTRATION,
+      EMPTY_VOLUMES, expires);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final ImmutableMap<String, String> env)
+      throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, env, EMPTY_PORTS, EMPTY_REGISTRATION);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, env, ports, EMPTY_REGISTRATION);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports,
+                            final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> registration)
+      throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, env, ports, registration, EMPTY_VOLUMES);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports,
+                            final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> registration,
+                            final Map<String, String> volumes) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(name, version, image, command, env, ports, registration, volumes,
+        EMPTY_EXPIRES);
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final String name,
+                            final String version,
+                            final String image,
+                            final List<String> command,
+                            final Map<String, String> env,
+                            final Map<String, PortMapping> ports,
+                            final Map<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> registration,
+                            final Map<String, String> volumes,
+                            final Date expires) throws Exception {
+    return createJob(Job.newBuilder()
+        .setName(name)
+        .setVersion(version)
+        .setImage(image)
+        .setCommand(command)
+        .setEnv(env)
+        .setPorts(ports)
+        .setRegistration(registration)
+        .setVolumes(volumes)
+        .setExpires(expires)
+        .build());
+  }
+
+  protected JobId createJob(final Job job) throws Exception {
+    final String name = job.getId().getName();
+    final String version = job.getId().getVersion();
+    checkArgument(name.contains(testTag), "Job name must contain testTag to enable cleanup");
+
+    final List<String> args = Lists.newArrayList("-q", name + ':' + version, job.getImage());
+
+    for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : job.getEnv().entrySet()) {
+      args.add("--env=" + entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue());
+    }
+
+    for (final Map.Entry<String, PortMapping> entry : job.getPorts().entrySet()) {
+      args.add("--port");
+      String value = "" + entry.getValue().getInternalPort();
+      if (entry.getValue().getExternalPort() != null) {
+        value += ":" + entry.getValue().getExternalPort();
+      }
+      if (entry.getValue().getProtocol() != null) {
+        value += "/" + entry.getValue().getProtocol();
+      }
+      args.add(entry.getKey() + "=" + value);
+    }
+
+    for (final Map.Entry<ServiceEndpoint, ServicePorts> entry : job.getRegistration().entrySet()) {
+      final ServiceEndpoint r = entry.getKey();
+      for (String portName : entry.getValue().getPorts().keySet()) {
+          args.add("--register=" + ((r.getProtocol() == null)
+                                    ? format("%s=%s", r.getName(), portName)
+                                    : format("%s/%s=%s", r.getName(), r.getProtocol(), portName)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : job.getVolumes().entrySet()) {
+      if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(entry.getKey())) {
+        // Data volume
+        args.add("--volume=" + entry.getKey());
+      } else {
+        // Bind mount
+        args.add("--volume=" + entry.getValue() + ":" + entry.getKey());
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (job.getExpires() != null) {
+      args.add("--expires=" + ISO8601Utils.format(job.getExpires()));
+    }
+
+    args.add("--");
+    args.addAll(job.getCommand());
+
+    final String createOutput = cli("create", args);
+    final String jobId = WHITESPACE.trimFrom(createOutput);
+
+    final String listOutput = cli("jobs", "-q");
+    assertThat(listOutput, containsString(jobId));
+    return JobId.fromString(jobId);
+  }
+
+  protected void deployJob(final JobId jobId, final String host)
+      throws Exception {
+    final String deployOutput = cli("deploy", jobId.toString(), host);
+    assertThat(deployOutput, containsString(host + ": done"));
+
+    final String output = cli("status", "--host", host, "--json");
+    final Map<JobId, JobStatus> statuses =
+        Json.readUnchecked(output, new TypeReference<Map<JobId, JobStatus>>() {});
+    assertTrue(statuses.keySet().contains(jobId));
+  }
+
+  protected void undeployJob(final JobId jobId, final String host) throws Exception {
+    final String undeployOutput = cli("undeploy", jobId.toString(), host);
+    assertThat(undeployOutput, containsString(host + ": done"));
+
+    final String output = cli("status", "--host", host, "--json");
+    final Map<JobId, JobStatus> statuses =
+        Json.readUnchecked(output, new TypeReference<Map<JobId, JobStatus>>() {});
+    final JobStatus status = statuses.get(jobId);
+    assertTrue(status == null ||
+               status.getDeployments().get(host) == null ||
+               status.getDeployments().get(host).getGoal() == UNDEPLOY);
+  }
+
+  protected String startJob(final JobId jobId, final String host) throws Exception {
+    return cli("start", jobId.toString(), host);
+  }
+
+  protected String stopJob(final JobId jobId, final String host) throws Exception {
+    return cli("stop", jobId.toString(), host);
+  }
+
+  protected String deregisterHost(final String host) throws Exception {
+    return cli("deregister", host, "--force");
+  }
+
+  protected String cli(final String command, final Object... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    return cli(command, flatten(args));
+  }
+
+  protected String cli(final String command, final String... args)
+      throws Exception {
+    return cli(command, asList(args));
+  }
+
+  protected String cli(final String command, final List<String> args)
+      throws Exception {
+    final List<String> commands = asList(command, "-z", masterEndpoint(), "--no-log-setup");
+    final List<String> allArgs = newArrayList(concat(commands, args));
+    return main(allArgs).toString();
+  }
+
+  protected ByteArrayOutputStream main(final String... args) throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream err = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final CliMain main = new CliMain(new PrintStream(out), new PrintStream(err), args);
+    main.run();
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  protected ByteArrayOutputStream main(final Collection<String> args) throws Exception {
+    return main(args.toArray(new String[args.size()]));
+  }
+
+  protected void awaitHostRegistered(final String name, final long timeout, final TimeUnit timeUnit)
+      throws Exception {
+    Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() throws Exception {
+        final String output = cli("hosts", "-q");
+        return output.contains(name) ? true : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected HostStatus awaitHostStatus(final String name, final HostStatus.Status status,
+                                       final int timeout, final TimeUnit timeUnit)
+      throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final String output = cli("hosts", name, "--json");
+        final Map<String, HostStatus> statuses;
+        try {
+          statuses = Json.read(output, new TypeReference<Map<String, HostStatus>>() {});
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = statuses.get(name);
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return (hostStatus.getStatus() == status) ? hostStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected TaskStatus awaitJobState(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                     final JobId jobId,
+                                     final TaskStatus.State state, final int timeout,
+                                     final TimeUnit timeunit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeunit, new Callable<TaskStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public TaskStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = hostStatus.getStatuses().get(jobId);
+        return (taskStatus != null && taskStatus.getState() == state) ? taskStatus
+                                                                      : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected TaskStatus awaitJobThrottle(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                        final JobId jobId,
+                                        final ThrottleState throttled, final int timeout,
+                                        final TimeUnit timeunit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeunit, new Callable<TaskStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public TaskStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = hostStatus.getStatuses().get(jobId);
+        return (taskStatus != null && taskStatus.getThrottled() == throttled) ? taskStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected void awaitHostRegistered(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                     final int timeout,
+                                     final TimeUnit timeUnit) throws Exception {
+    Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        return getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected HostStatus awaitHostStatus(final HeliosClient client, final String host,
+                                       final HostStatus.Status status,
+                                       final int timeout,
+                                       final TimeUnit timeUnit) throws Exception {
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<HostStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public HostStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        if (hostStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return (hostStatus.getStatus() == status) ? hostStatus : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected TaskStatus awaitTaskState(final JobId jobId, final String host,
+                                      final TaskStatus.State state) throws Exception {
+    long timeout = LONG_WAIT_MINUTES;
+    TimeUnit timeUnit = MINUTES;
+    return Polling.await(timeout, timeUnit, new Callable<TaskStatus>() {
+      @Override
+      public TaskStatus call() throws Exception {
+        final String output = cli("status", "--json", "--job", jobId.toString());
+        final Map<JobId, JobStatus> statusMap;
+        try {
+          statusMap = Json.read(output, new TypeReference<Map<JobId, JobStatus>>() {});
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final JobStatus status = statusMap.get(jobId);
+        if (status == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = status.getTaskStatuses().get(host);
+        if (taskStatus == null) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        if (taskStatus.getState() != state) {
+          return null;
+        }
+        return taskStatus;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected void awaitTaskGone(final HeliosClient client, final String host, final JobId jobId,
+                               final long timeout, final TimeUnit timeunit) throws Exception {
+    Polling.await(timeout, timeunit, new Callable<Boolean>() {
+      @Override
+      public Boolean call() throws Exception {
+        final HostStatus hostStatus = getOrNull(client.hostStatus(host));
+        final TaskStatus taskStatus = hostStatus.getStatuses().get(jobId);
+        final Deployment deployment = hostStatus.getJobs().get(jobId);
+        return taskStatus == null && deployment == null ? true : null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  protected <T> T getOrNull(final ListenableFuture<T> future)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+    return Futures.withFallback(future, new FutureFallback<T>() {
+      @Override
+      public ListenableFuture<T> create(final Throwable t) throws Exception {
+        return Futures.immediateFuture(null);
+      }
+    }).get();
+  }
+
+  protected String readLogFully(final ClientResponse logs) throws IOException {
+    final LogReader logReader = new LogReader(logs.getEntityInputStream());
+    StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+    LogMessage logMessage;
+    while ((logMessage = logReader.nextMessage()) != null) {
+      stringBuilder.append(UTF_8.decode(logMessage.content()));
+    }
+    logReader.close();
+    return stringBuilder.toString();
+  }
+
+  protected static void removeContainer(final DockerClient dockerClient, final String containerId)
+      throws Exception {
+    // Work around docker sometimes failing to remove a container directly after killing it
+    Polling.await(1, MINUTES, new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() throws Exception {
+        try {
+          dockerClient.killContainer(containerId);
+          dockerClient.removeContainer(containerId);
+          return true;
+        } catch (ContainerNotFoundException e) {
+          // We're done here
+          return true;
+        } catch (DockerException e) {
+          if ((e instanceof DockerRequestException) &&
+              ((DockerRequestException) e).message().contains(
+                  "Driver btrfs failed to remove root filesystem")) {
+            // Workaround btrfs issue where removing containers throws an exception,
+            // but succeeds anyway.
+            return true;
+          } else {
+            return null;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    try {
+      // This should fail with an exception if the container still exists
+      dockerClient.inspectContainer(containerId);
+      fail();
+    } catch (DockerException ignore) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected List<Container> listContainers(final DockerClient dockerClient, final String needle)
+      throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+    final List<Container> containers = dockerClient.listContainers();
+    final List<Container> matches = Lists.newArrayList();
+    for (final Container container : containers) {
+      if (container.names() != null) {
+        for (final String name : container.names()) {
+          if (name.contains(needle)) {
+            matches.add(container);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return matches;
+  }
+
+  protected List<String> flatten(final Object... values) {
+    final Iterable<Object> valuesList = asList(values);
+    return flatten(valuesList);
+  }
+
+  protected List<String> flatten(final Iterable<?> values) {
+    final List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+    for (Object value : values) {
+      if (value instanceof Iterable) {
+        list.addAll(flatten((Iterable<?>) value));
+      } else if (value.getClass() == String[].class) {
+        list.addAll(asList((String[]) value));
+      } else if (value instanceof String) {
+        list.add((String) value);
+      } else {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+      }
+    }
+    return list;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient` acquired by call to `new()` at line 322 is not released after line 341.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SystemTestBase.baseTeardown()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.system.SystemTestBase.baseTeardown():void.133e9fcd4ccddb4c8c340aac28606fe0
+
+### File:
+helios-system-tests/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/system/SystemTestBase.java
+
+### Key:
+SystemTestBase.java|baseTeardown|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f7047c406cabcf9dfda157fe072d71ae
+
+### Hash:
+2766ba3258e03210425e881aa436820d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3522/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3522/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2a9fae17ec3e702277b6b5a4f3b88d9160b587df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3522/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Deployment;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.JobDeployResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Goal.START;
+import static com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.Goal.STOP;
+import static net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments.storeTrue;
+
+public class JobDeployCommand extends WildcardJobCommand {
+
+  private final Argument hostsArg;
+  private final Argument tokenArg;
+  private final Argument noStartArg;
+  private final Argument watchArg;
+  private final Argument intervalArg;
+
+  public JobDeployCommand(final Subparser parser) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("deploy a job to hosts");
+
+    hostsArg = parser.addArgument("hosts")
+        .nargs("+")
+        .help("The hosts to deploy the job on.");
+
+    tokenArg = parser.addArgument("--token")
+        .nargs("?")
+        .setDefault("")
+        .help("Insecure access token");
+
+    noStartArg = parser.addArgument("--no-start")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("Deploy job without starting it.");
+
+    watchArg = parser.addArgument("--watch")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("Watch the newly deployed job (like running job watch right after)");
+
+    intervalArg = parser.addArgument("--interval")
+        .setDefault(1)
+        .help("if --watch is specified, the polling interval, default 1 second");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected int runWithJobId(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client,
+                             final PrintStream out, final boolean json, final JobId jobId,
+                             final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
+    final List<String> hosts = options.getList(hostsArg.getDest());
+    final Deployment job = Deployment.of(jobId,
+                                         options.getBoolean(noStartArg.getDest()) ? STOP : START);
+
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("Deploying %s on %s%n", job, hosts);
+    }
+
+    int code = 0;
+
+    final HostResolver resolver = HostResolver.create(client);
+
+    final List<String> resolvedHosts = Lists.newArrayList();
+    for (final String candidateHost : hosts) {
+      final String host = resolver.resolveName(candidateHost);
+      resolvedHosts.add(host);
+      if (!json) {
+        out.printf("%s: ", host);
+      }
+      final String token = options.getString(tokenArg.getDest());
+      final JobDeployResponse result = client.deploy(job, host, token).get();
+      if (result.getStatus() == JobDeployResponse.Status.OK) {
+        if (!json) {
+          out.printf("done%n");
+        } else {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (!json) {
+          out.printf("failed: %s%n", result);
+        } else {
+          out.printf(result.toJsonString());
+        }
+        code = 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (code == 0 && options.getBoolean(watchArg.getDest())) {
+      JobWatchCommand.watchJobsOnHosts(out, true, resolvedHosts, ImmutableList.of(jobId),
+                                       options.getInt(intervalArg.getDest()), client);
+    }
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobDeployCommand.runWithJobId(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,JobId,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobDeployCommand.runWithJobId(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespac.6e5535246c1ff403694d6b6865b49e00
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobDeployCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobDeployCommand.java|runWithJobId|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+af2f3e9525e46d1843b40940065204ea
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3523/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3523/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65198911e165f9bff3d125b452d336daa534d4ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3523/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.servicescommon;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.ZooKeeperTestingServerManager;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.DefaultZooKeeperClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.Paths;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.ZooKeeperClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.ZooKeeperOperation;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.contains;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyListOf;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+public class ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest {
+
+  private static final String HOSTNAME = "host";
+  private static final String ID = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+  private static final JobId JOB_ID1 =
+      JobId.newBuilder().setName("job1").setVersion("0.1.0").build();
+  private static final JobId JOB_ID2 =
+      JobId.newBuilder().setName("job2").setVersion("0.2.0").build();
+  private static final List<JobId> JOB_IDS = ImmutableList.of(JOB_ID1, JOB_ID2);
+  private static final String JOB_STRING1 = JOB_ID1.toString();
+  private static final String JOB_STRING2 = JOB_ID2.toString();
+  private static final List<String> JOB_STRINGS = ImmutableList.of(JOB_STRING1, JOB_STRING2);
+
+  @Mock ZooKeeperClient zkClient;
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRegisterHost() throws Exception {
+    final String idPath = Paths.configHostId(HOSTNAME);
+    ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.registerHost(zkClient, idPath, HOSTNAME, ID);
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.configHost(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.configHostJobs(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.configHostPorts(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.statusHost(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).ensurePath(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME));
+    verify(zkClient).createAndSetData(idPath, ID.getBytes(UTF_8));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDeregisterHost() throws Exception {
+    ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.deregisterHost(zkClient, HOSTNAME);
+    verify(zkClient).transaction(anyListOf(ZooKeeperOperation.class));
+  }
+
+  // Verify that the re-registering:
+  // * does not change the /config/hosts/<host> subtree, except the host-id.
+  // * deletes everything under /status/hosts/<host> subtree.
+  @Test
+  public void testReRegisterHost() throws Exception {
+    ZooKeeperTestingServerManager testingServerManager = null;
+    try {
+      testingServerManager = new ZooKeeperTestingServerManager();
+      testingServerManager.awaitUp(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+
+      final ZooKeeperClient zkClient = new DefaultZooKeeperClient(
+          testingServerManager.curatorWithSuperAuth());
+
+      // Register the host & add some fake data to its status & config dirs
+      final String idPath = Paths.configHostId(HOSTNAME);
+      ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.registerHost(zkClient, idPath, HOSTNAME, ID);
+      zkClient.ensurePath(Paths.statusHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1));
+      zkClient.ensurePath(Paths.configHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1));
+      final Stat jobConfigStat = zkClient.stat(Paths.configHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1));
+
+      // ... and then re-register it
+      final String newId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+      ZooKeeperRegistrarUtil.reRegisterHost(zkClient, HOSTNAME, newId);
+
+      // Verify that the host-id was updated
+      assertEquals(newId, new String(zkClient.getData(idPath)));
+
+      // Verify that /status/hosts/<host>/jobs exists and is EMPTY
+      assertNotNull(zkClient.exists(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME)));
+      assertThat(zkClient.listRecursive(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME)),
+                 contains(Paths.statusHostJobs(HOSTNAME)));
+      // Verify that re-registering didn't change the nodes in /config/hosts/<host>/jobs
+      assertEquals(
+          jobConfigStat,
+          zkClient.stat(Paths.configHostJob(HOSTNAME, JOB_ID1))
+      );
+    } finally {
+      if (testingServerManager != null) {
+        testingServerManager.close();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.curator.test.TestingServer` acquired by call to `ZooKeeperTestingServerManager()` at line 88 is not released after line 88.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 88
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.testReRegisterHost()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.testReRegisterHost():void.3bf8e8c7756c290996e8ea79f81eda49
+
+### File:
+helios-services/src/test/java/com/spotify/helios/servicescommon/ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ZooKeeperRegistrarServiceUtilTest.java|testReRegisterHost|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+557488ea6c00b9cd0110e65bfe07a3d7
+
+### Hash:
+548b839110b3d7be51dfb68c995f79b5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3524/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3524/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..932fb5418b63826d389de103432bb58f1d16b11f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3524/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JavaType;
+
+import org.apache.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.api.transaction.CuratorTransactionFinal;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.api.transaction.CuratorTransactionResult;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.listen.Listenable;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.nodes.PersistentEphemeralNode;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.state.ConnectionState;
+import org.apache.curator.framework.state.ConnectionStateListener;
+import org.apache.curator.utils.EnsurePath;
+import org.apache.curator.utils.ZKPaths;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZKUtil;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.ACL;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Strings.emptyToNull;
+import static com.google.common.base.Strings.isNullOrEmpty;
+import static com.google.common.base.Throwables.propagate;
+import static com.google.common.base.Throwables.propagateIfInstanceOf;
+import static com.google.common.collect.Lists.reverse;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static java.util.Collections.emptyList;
+
+public class DefaultZooKeeperClient implements ZooKeeperClient {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultZooKeeperClient.class);
+
+  private final CuratorFramework client;
+  private final String clusterId;
+  private final AtomicBoolean clusterIdExists;
+  private final Watcher watcher;
+  private final ConnectionStateListener connectionStateListener;
+
+  public DefaultZooKeeperClient(final CuratorFramework client) {
+    this(client, null);
+  }
+
+  public DefaultZooKeeperClient(final CuratorFramework client, final String clusterId) {
+    this.client = client;
+    this.clusterId = clusterId;
+
+    if (clusterId == null) {
+      this.clusterIdExists = null;
+      this.watcher = null;
+      this.connectionStateListener = null;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.clusterIdExists = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    this.watcher = new Watcher() {
+      @Override
+      public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        log.info("DefaultZooKeeperClient processing WatchedEvent - {}", event);
+        checkClusterIdExists(clusterId, "watcher");
+      }
+    };
+
+    connectionStateListener = new ConnectionStateListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void stateChanged(CuratorFramework client, ConnectionState newState) {
+        log.info("DefaultZooKeeperClient connection state change - {}", newState);
+        if (newState == ConnectionState.RECONNECTED) {
+          checkClusterIdExists(clusterId, "connectionStateListener");
+        }
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public CuratorFramework getCuratorFramework() {
+    return client;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  public void ensurePath(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    ensurePath(path, false);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  public void ensurePath(final String path, final boolean excludingLast) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    EnsurePath ensurePath = client.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath(path);
+    if (excludingLast) {
+      ensurePath = ensurePath.excludingLast();
+    }
+    try {
+      ensurePath.ensure(client.getZookeeperClient());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public byte[] getData(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      return client.getData().forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Node getNode(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    final Stat stat = new Stat();
+    try {
+      byte[] bytes = client.getData().storingStatIn(stat).forPath(path);
+      return new Node(path, bytes, stat);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Stat exists(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    return stat(path);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void start() {
+    client.start();
+    if (clusterId != null) {
+      client.getConnectionStateListenable().addListener(connectionStateListener);
+      checkClusterIdExists(clusterId, "start");
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() {
+    if (clusterId != null) {
+      client.getConnectionStateListenable().removeListener(connectionStateListener);
+    }
+    client.close();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public PersistentEphemeralNode persistentEphemeralNode(final String path,
+                                                         final PersistentEphemeralNode.Mode mode,
+                                                         final byte[] data) {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    return new PersistentEphemeralNode(client, mode, path, data);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Listenable<ConnectionStateListener> getConnectionStateListenable() {
+    return client.getConnectionStateListenable();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ZooKeeper.States getState() throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      return client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper().getState();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<String> getChildren(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      return client.getChildren().forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void deleteRecursive(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      final List<String> nodes = listRecursive(path);
+      if (nodes.isEmpty()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      final CuratorTransactionFinal t = client.inTransaction().check().forPath(path).and();
+      for (final String node : reverse(nodes))  {
+        t.delete().forPath(node).and();
+      }
+      t.commit();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<String> listRecursive(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+
+    // namespace the path since we're using zookeeper directly
+    final String namespace = emptyToNull(client.getNamespace());
+    final String namespacedPath = ZKPaths.fixForNamespace(namespace, path);
+
+    try {
+      final List<String> paths = ZKUtil.listSubTreeBFS(
+          client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper(), namespacedPath);
+
+      if (isNullOrEmpty(namespace)) {
+        return paths;
+      } else {
+        // hide the namespace in the paths returned from zookeeper
+        final ImmutableList.Builder<String> builder = ImmutableList.builder();
+        for (final String p : paths) {
+          final String fixed;
+          if (p.startsWith("/" + namespace)) {
+            fixed = (p.length() > namespace.length() + 1)
+                    ? p.substring(namespace.length() + 1)
+                    : "/";
+          } else {
+            fixed = p;
+          }
+
+          builder.add(fixed);
+        }
+
+        return builder.build();
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void delete(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      client.delete().forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void delete(final String path, final int version) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+
+    final String namespace = emptyToNull(client.getNamespace());
+    final String namespacedPath = ZKPaths.fixForNamespace(namespace, path);
+    try {
+      client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper().delete(namespacedPath, version);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void createAndSetData(final String path, final byte[] data) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      client.create().forPath(path, data);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void create(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      client.create().forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void createWithMode(final String path, final CreateMode mode) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      client.create().withMode(mode).forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setData(final String path, final byte[] data) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      client.setData().forPath(path, data);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Stat stat(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      return client.checkExists().forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public <T> PersistentPathChildrenCache<T> pathChildrenCache(final String path,
+                                                              final Path snapshotFile,
+                                                              final JavaType valueType)
+      throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+    return new PersistentPathChildrenCache<T>(client, path, clusterId, snapshotFile, valueType);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Collection<CuratorTransactionResult> transaction(final List<ZooKeeperOperation> operations)
+      throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    log.debug("transaction: {}", operations);
+
+    if (operations.isEmpty()) {
+      return emptyList();
+    }
+
+    // Assemble transaction
+    final CuratorTransactionFinal transaction = (CuratorTransactionFinal) client.inTransaction();
+    for (final ZooKeeperOperation operation : operations) {
+      try {
+        operation.register(transaction);
+      } catch (final Exception e) {
+        throw propagate(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Commit
+    try {
+      return transaction.commit();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Collection<CuratorTransactionResult> transaction(final ZooKeeperOperation... operations)
+      throws KeeperException {
+    return transaction(asList(operations));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setAcl(final String path, final List<ACL> aclList) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      client.setACL().withACL(aclList).forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<ACL> getAcl(final String path) throws KeeperException {
+    assertClusterIdFlagTrue();
+    try {
+      return client.getACL().forPath(path);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      propagateIfInstanceOf(e, KeeperException.class);
+      throw propagate(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void assertClusterIdFlagTrue() {
+    if (clusterId != null && !clusterIdExists.get()) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("ZooKeeper cluster ID does not exist");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void checkClusterIdExists(final String id, final String checker) {
+    try {
+      final Stat stat = client.checkExists().usingWatcher(watcher).forPath(Paths.configId(id));
+      final boolean exists = stat != null;
+      clusterIdExists.set(exists);
+      log.info("Cluster ID {} {} when checked by {}", id, exists ? "exists" : "does not exist",
+               checker);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      clusterIdExists.set(false);
+      log.error("Exception while checking ZooKeeper cluster ID {}", clusterId, e);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `namespace` last assigned on line 237  at line 252.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List DefaultZooKeeperClient.listRecursive(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.servicescommon.coordination.DefaultZooKeeperClient.listRecursive(java.lang.String.33796d928bd10e3cc5989cbcf31c81e4
+
+### File:
+helios-services/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/servicescommon/coordination/DefaultZooKeeperClient.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultZooKeeperClient.java|listRecursive|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+00c1f65e387d55c612515ace03b6e05b
+
+### Hash:
+0500384d7120f799907a2d5bc033ab9f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3525/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3525/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..426068360ee9d5a00bc77975ab534e3c24f0e2ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3525/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helios
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Spotify AB.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.helios.cli.command;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+
+import com.spotify.helios.cli.Utils;
+import com.spotify.helios.client.HeliosClient;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobId;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.descriptors.JobStatus;
+import com.spotify.helios.common.protocol.JobUndeployResponse;
+
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Argument;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namespace;
+import net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Subparser;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+
+import static net.sourceforge.argparse4j.impl.Arguments.storeTrue;
+
+public class JobUndeployCommand extends WildcardJobCommand {
+
+  private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JobUndeployCommand.class);
+
+  private final Argument hostsArg;
+  private final Argument tokenArg;
+  private final Argument allArg;
+  private final Argument yesArg;
+  private final Argument forceArg;
+
+  public JobUndeployCommand(final Subparser parser) {
+    super(parser);
+
+    parser.help("undeploy a job from hosts");
+
+    hostsArg = parser.addArgument("hosts")
+            .nargs("*")
+            .help("The hosts to undeploy the job from.");
+
+    tokenArg = parser.addArgument("--token")
+            .nargs("?")
+            .setDefault("")
+            .help("Insecure access token");
+
+    allArg = parser.addArgument("-a", "--all")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("Undeploy from all currently deployed hosts.");
+
+    yesArg = parser.addArgument("--yes")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("Automatically answer 'yes' to the interactive prompt.");
+
+    // TODO (dxia) Deprecated, remove at a later date
+    forceArg = parser.addArgument("--force")
+        .action(storeTrue())
+        .help("Automatically answer 'yes' to the interactive prompt.");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected int runWithJobId(final Namespace options, final HeliosClient client,
+                             final PrintStream out, final boolean json, final JobId jobId,
+                             final BufferedReader stdin)
+      throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException, IOException {
+
+    final boolean all = options.getBoolean(allArg.getDest());
+    final boolean yes = options.getBoolean(yesArg.getDest());
+    final boolean force = options.getBoolean(forceArg.getDest());
+    final List<String> hosts;
+
+    if (force) {
+      log.warn("If you are using '--force' to skip the interactive prompt, " +
+               "note that we have deprecated it. Please use '--yes'.");
+    }
+
+    if (all) {
+      final JobStatus status = client.jobStatus(jobId).get();
+      hosts = ImmutableList.copyOf(status.getDeployments().keySet());
+      if (hosts.isEmpty()) {
+        out.printf("%s is not currently deployed on any hosts.", jobId);
+        return 0;
+      }
+
+      if (!yes && !force) {
+        out.printf("This will undeploy %s from %s%n", jobId, hosts);
+        final boolean confirmed = Utils.userConfirmed(out, stdin);
+        if (!confirmed) {
+          return 1;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      hosts = options.getList(hostsArg.getDest());
+      if (hosts.isEmpty()) {
+        out.println("Please either specify a list of hosts or use the -a/--all flag.");
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!json) {
+      out.printf("Undeploying %s from %s%n", jobId, hosts);
+    }
+
+    int code = 0;
+    final HostResolver resolver = HostResolver.create(client);
+
+    for (final String candidateHost : hosts) {
+      final String host = resolver.resolveName(candidateHost);
+
+      if (!json) {
+        out.printf("%s: ", host);
+      }
+
+      final String token = options.getString(tokenArg.getDest());
+      final JobUndeployResponse response = client.undeploy(jobId, host, token).get();
+      if (response.getStatus() == JobUndeployResponse.Status.OK) {
+        if (!json) {
+          out.println("done");
+        } else {
+          out.printf(response.toJsonString());
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (!json) {
+          out.println("failed: " + response);
+        } else {
+          out.printf(response.toJsonString());
+        }
+        code = -1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return code;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+Format string must be string literal.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JobUndeployCommand.runWithJobId(Namespace,HeliosClient,PrintStream,boolean,JobId,BufferedReader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.helios.cli.command.JobUndeployCommand.runWithJobId(net.sourceforge.argparse4j.inf.Namesp.2acf00262d33b09575d55f02df9bf88e
+
+### File:
+helios-tools/src/main/java/com/spotify/helios/cli/command/JobUndeployCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+JobUndeployCommand.java|runWithJobId|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+aa1bef4b408e61e9368e535a07df40f8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3541/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3541/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58267551a23c2caaa1f907b9fed5bc5eee5948c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3541/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.*;
+
+import org.springframework.stereotype.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.mapper.*;
+import javax.annotation.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.CheckUploadFilesRespons;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.UploadKeyCertificate;
+
+import org.springframework.web.multipart.*;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import com.google.gson.*;
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * <h2>文件服务功能实现类</h2>
+ * <p>
+ * 该类负责对文件相关的服务进行实现操作，例如下载和上传等，各方法功能详见接口定义。
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+ * @version 1.0
+ * @see kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.FileService
+ */
+@Service
+public class FileServiceImpl extends RangeFileStreamWriter implements FileService {
+	private static final String ERROR_PARAMETER = "errorParameter";// 参数错误标识
+	private static final String NO_AUTHORIZED = "noAuthorized";// 权限错误标识
+	private static final String UPLOADSUCCESS = "uploadsuccess";// 上传成功标识
+	private static final String UPLOADERROR = "uploaderror";// 上传失败标识
+
+	private static Map<String, UploadKeyCertificate> keyEffecMap = new HashMap<>();// 上传次数凭证表，用于记录用次数有限但时间不限的上传凭证
+
+	@Resource
+	private NodeMapper fm;
+	@Resource
+	private FolderMapper flm;
+	@Resource
+	private LogUtil lu;
+	@Resource
+	private Gson gson;
+	@Resource
+	private FileBlockUtil fbu;
+	@Resource
+	private FolderUtil fu;
+
+	private static final String CONTENT_TYPE = "application/octet-stream";
+
+	// 检查上传文件列表的实现
+	public String checkUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String nameList = request.getParameter("namelist");
+		// 先行权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		// 获得上传文件名列表
+		final List<String> namelistObj = gson.fromJson(nameList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+		}.getType());
+		final List<String> pereFileNameList = new ArrayList<>();
+		// 查找目标目录下是否存在与待上传文件同名的文件（或文件夹），如果有，记录在上方的列表中
+		for (final String fileName : namelistObj) {
+			if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || fileName == null || fileName.length() <= 0) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+			final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+			if (files.stream().parallel().anyMatch((n) -> n.getFileName()
+					.equals(new String(fileName.getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))) {
+				pereFileNameList.add(fileName);
+			}
+		}
+		// 为客户端分发一个凭证，该凭证可使用本次声明要上传的次数，但不限时长。
+		String key = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+		synchronized (keyEffecMap) {
+			keyEffecMap.put(key, new UploadKeyCertificate(namelistObj.size(), account));
+		}
+		// 装订检查结果
+		CheckUploadFilesRespons cufr = new CheckUploadFilesRespons();
+		cufr.setUploadKey(key);// 分配一个凭证
+		// 如果存在同名文件，则写入同名文件的列表；否则，直接允许上传
+		if (pereFileNameList.size() > 0) {
+			cufr.setCheckResult("hasExistsNames");
+			cufr.setPereFileNameList(pereFileNameList);
+		} else {
+			cufr.setCheckResult("permitUpload");
+			cufr.setPereFileNameList(new ArrayList<String>());
+		}
+		return gson.toJson(cufr);// 以JSON格式写回该结果
+	}
+
+	// 执行上传操作，接收文件并存入文件节点
+	public String doUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response,
+			final MultipartFile file) {
+		String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String originalFileName = new String(file.getOriginalFilename().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")),
+				Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+		String fileName = originalFileName;
+		final String repeType = request.getParameter("repeType");
+		// 再次检查上传文件名与目标目录ID
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || originalFileName == null || originalFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传凭证，如果有则允许上传，否则丢弃该资源。该凭证用完后立即销毁。
+		String uploadKey = request.getParameter("uploadKey");
+		if (uploadKey != null) {
+			synchronized (keyEffecMap) {
+				UploadKeyCertificate c = keyEffecMap.get(uploadKey);
+				if (c != null && c.isEffective()) {// 比对凭证有效性
+					c.checked();// 使用一次
+					account = c.getAccount();
+					if (!c.isEffective()) {
+						keyEffecMap.remove(uploadKey);// 用完后销毁这个凭证
+					}
+				} else {
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查是否存在同名文件。不存在：直接存入新节点；存在：检查repeType代表的上传类型：覆盖、跳过、保留两者。
+		final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+		if (files.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(originalFileName))) {
+			// 针对存在同名文件的操作
+			if (repeType != null) {
+				switch (repeType) {
+				// 跳过则忽略上传请求并直接返回上传成功（跳过不应上传）
+				case "skip":
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				// 覆盖则找到已存在文件节点的File并将新内容写入其中，同时更新原节点信息（除了文件名、父目录和ID之外的全部信息）
+				case "cover":
+					// 其中覆盖操作同时要求用户必须具备删除权限
+					if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+						return UPLOADERROR;
+					}
+					for (Node f : files) {
+						if (f.getFileName().equals(originalFileName)) {
+							File file2 = fbu.getFileFromBlocks(f);
+							try {
+								file.transferTo(file2);
+								f.setFileSize(fbu.getFileSize(file));
+								f.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+								if (account != null) {
+									f.setFileCreator(account);
+								} else {
+									f.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+								}
+								if (fm.update(f) > 0) {
+									this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f, account);
+									return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+								} else {
+									return UPLOADERROR;
+								}
+							} catch (Exception e) {
+								// TODO 自动生成的 catch 块
+								return UPLOADERROR;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				// 保留两者，使用型如“xxxxx (n).xx”的形式命名新文件。其中n为计数，例如已经存在2个文件，则新文件的n记为2
+				case "both":
+					// 设置新文件名为标号形式
+					fileName = FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(originalFileName, files);
+					break;
+				default:
+					// 其他声明，容错，暂无效果
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			} else {
+				// 如果既有重复文件、同时又没声明如何操作，则直接上传失败。
+				return UPLOADERROR;
+			}
+		}
+		// 将文件存入节点并获取其存入生成路径，型如“UUID.block”形式。
+		final String path = this.fbu.saveToFileBlocks(file);
+		if (path.equals("ERROR")) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		final String fsize = this.fbu.getFileSize(file);
+		final Node f2 = new Node();
+		f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+		if (account != null) {
+			f2.setFileCreator(account);
+		} else {
+			f2.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+		}
+		f2.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+		f2.setFileName(fileName);
+		f2.setFileParentFolder(folderId);
+		f2.setFilePath(path);
+		f2.setFileSize(fsize);
+		int i = 0;
+		// 尽可能避免UUID重复的情况发生，重试10次
+		while (true) {
+			try {
+				if (this.fm.insert(f2) > 0) {
+					this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f2, account);
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				}
+				break;
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+				i++;
+			}
+			if (i >= 10) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		return UPLOADERROR;
+	}
+
+	// 删除单个文件，该功能与删除多个文件重复，计划合并二者
+	public String deleteFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		// 接收参数并接续要删除的文件
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 确认要删除的文件存在
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 从文件块删除
+		if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(file)) {
+			return "cannotDeleteFile";
+		}
+		// 从节点删除
+		if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) > 0) {
+			this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+			return "deleteFileSuccess";
+		}
+		return "cannotDeleteFile";
+	}
+
+	// 普通下载：下载单个文件
+	public void doDownloadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			// 找到要下载的文件节点
+			final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+			if (fileId != null) {
+				final Node f = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+				if (f != null) {
+					// 执行写出
+					final File fo = this.fbu.getFileFromBlocks(f);
+					writeRangeFileStream(request, response, fo, f.getFileName(), CONTENT_TYPE);
+					// 日志记录（仅针对一次下载）
+					if (request.getHeader("Range") == null) {
+						this.lu.writeDownloadFileEvent(request, f);
+					}
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		try {
+			//  处理无法下载的资源
+			response.sendError(404);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO 自动生成的 catch 块
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 重命名文件
+	public String doRenameFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String newFileName = request.getParameter("newFileName");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.RENAME_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		// 参数检查
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0 || newFileName == null || newFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		if (!TextFormateUtil.instance().matcherFileName(newFileName) || newFileName.indexOf(".") == 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		if (!file.getFileName().equals(newFileName)) {
+			// 不允许重名
+			if (fm.queryBySomeFolder(fileId).parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(newFileName))) {
+				return "nameOccupied";
+			}
+			// 更新文件名
+			final Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
+			map.put("fileId", fileId);
+			map.put("newFileName", newFileName);
+			if (this.fm.updateFileNameById(map) == 0) {
+				// 并写入日志
+				return "cannotRenameFile";
+			}
+		}
+		this.lu.writeRenameFileEvent(request, file, newFileName);
+		return "renameFileSuccess";
+	}
+
+	// 删除所有选中文件和文件夹
+	public String deleteCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			try {
+				// 得到要删除的文件ID列表
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				// 对每个要删除的文件节点进行确认并删除
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (file == null) {
+						return "deleteFileSuccess";
+					}
+					// 删除文件块
+					if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(file)) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					// 删除文件节点
+					if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					// 日志记录
+					this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+				}
+				// 删完选中的文件，再去删文件夹
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (String fid : fidList) {
+					Folder folder = flm.queryById(fid);
+					final List<Folder> l = this.fu.getParentList(fid);
+					if (fu.deleteAllChildFolder(fid) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					} else {
+						this.lu.writeDeleteFolderEvent(request, folder, l);
+					}
+				}
+				return "deleteFileSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	// 打包下载功能：前置——压缩要打包下载的文件
+	public String downloadCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+			try {
+				// 获得要打包下载的文件ID
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				// 创建ZIP压缩包并将全部文件压缩
+				if (idList.size() > 0 || fidList.size() > 0) {
+					final String zipname = this.fbu.createZip(idList, fidList, account);
+					this.lu.writeDownloadCheckedFileEvent(request, idList);
+					// 返回生成的压缩包路径
+					return zipname;
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "ERROR";
+	}
+
+	// 打包下载功能：执行——下载压缩好的文件
+	public void downloadCheckedFilesZip(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response)
+			throws Exception {
+		final String zipname = request.getParameter("zipId");
+		if (zipname != null && !zipname.equals("ERROR")) {
+			final String tfPath = ConfigureReader.instance().getTemporaryfilePath();
+			final File zip = new File(tfPath, zipname);
+			String fname = "kiftd_" + ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay() + "_\u6253\u5305\u4e0b\u8f7d.zip";
+			if (zip.exists()) {
+				writeRangeFileStream(request, response, zip, fname, CONTENT_TYPE);
+				zip.delete();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getPackTime(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (String fid : fidList) {
+					countFolderFilesId(account, fid, fidList);
+				}
+				long packTime = 0L;
+				for (final String fid : idList) {
+					final Node n = this.fm.queryById(fid);
+					final File f = new File(ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath(), n.getFilePath());
+					if (f.exists()) {
+						packTime += f.length() / 25000000L;
+					}
+				}
+				if (packTime < 4L) {
+					return "\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 4L && packTime < 10L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea610\u79d2";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 10L && packTime < 35L) {
+					return "\u4e0d\u5230\u534a\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 35L && packTime < 65L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea61\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 65L) {
+					return "\u8d85\u8fc7" + packTime / 60L
+							+ "\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u8017\u65f6\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u8f7d";
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "0";
+	}
+
+	// 用于迭代获得全部文件夹内的文件ID（方便预测耗时）
+	private void countFolderFilesId(String account, String fid, List<String> idList) {
+		Folder f = flm.queryById(fid);
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(f, account)) {
+			idList.addAll(Arrays.asList(
+					fm.queryByParentFolderId(fid).parallelStream().map((e) -> e.getFileId()).toArray(String[]::new)));
+			List<Folder> cFolders = flm.queryByParentId(fid);
+			for (Folder cFolder : cFolders) {
+				countFolderFilesId(account, cFolder.getFolderId(), idList);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String doMoveFiles(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		// TODO 自动生成的方法存根
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String strOptMap = request.getParameter("strOptMap");
+		final String locationpath = request.getParameter("locationpath");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.MOVE_FILES)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final Map<String, String> optMap = gson.fromJson(strOptMap, new TypeToken<Map<String, String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String id : idList) {
+					if (id == null || id.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node node = this.fm.queryById(id);
+					if (node == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (node.getFileParentFolder().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName()))) {
+						if (optMap.get(id) == null) {
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+						switch (optMap.get(id)) {
+						case "cover":
+							if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+								return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+							}
+							Node n = fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+									.filter((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName())).findFirst().get();
+							if (fm.deleteById(n.getFileId()) > 0) {
+								Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+								map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+								map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+								if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+									return "cannotMoveFiles";
+								}
+							} else {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+							break;
+						case "both":
+							node.setFileName(FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(node.getFileName(),
+									fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath)));
+							if (fm.update(node) <= 0) {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+							map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+							map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+							break;
+						case "skip":
+							break;
+						default:
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+					} else {
+						Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+						map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+						map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+						if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						}
+						this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+					}
+				}
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String fid : fidList) {
+					if (fid == null || fid.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Folder folder = this.flm.queryById(fid);
+					if (folder == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (folder.getFolderParent().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fid.equals(locationpath) || fu.getParentList(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderId().equals(folder.getFolderId()))) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName()))) {
+						if (optMap.get(fid) == null) {
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+						switch (optMap.get(fid)) {
+						case "cover":
+							if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+								return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+							}
+							Folder f = flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+									.filter((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName())).findFirst().get();
+							Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+							map.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+							map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.flm.moveById(map) > 0) {
+								if (fu.deleteAllChildFolder(f.getFolderId()) > 0) {
+									this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+									break;
+								}
+							}
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						case "both":
+							Map<String, String> map3 = new HashMap<>();
+							map3.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+							map3.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.flm.moveById(map3) > 0) {
+								Map<String, String> map2 = new HashMap<String, String>();
+								map2.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+								map2.put("newName", FileNodeUtil.getNewFolderName(folder.getFolderName(),
+										flm.queryByParentId(locationpath)));
+								if (flm.updateFolderNameById(map2) <= 0) {
+									return "cannotMoveFiles";
+								}
+								this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+								break;
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+							break;
+						case "skip":
+							break;
+						default:
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+					} else {
+						Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+						map.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+						map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+						if (this.flm.moveById(map) > 0) {
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+						} else {
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				return "moveFilesSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String confirmMoveFiles(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		// TODO 自动生成的方法存根
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String locationpath = request.getParameter("locationpath");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.MOVE_FILES)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				List<Node> repeNodes = new ArrayList<>();
+				List<Folder> repeFolders = new ArrayList<>();
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node node = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (node == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (node.getFileParentFolder().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName()))) {
+						repeNodes.add(node);
+					}
+				}
+				for (final String folderId : fidList) {
+					if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Folder folder = this.flm.queryById(folderId);
+					if (folder == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (folder.getFolderParent().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (folderId.equals(locationpath) || fu.getParentList(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderId().equals(folder.getFolderId()))) {
+						return "CANT_MOVE_TO_INSIDE:" + folder.getFolderName();
+					}
+					if (flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName()))) {
+						repeFolders.add(folder);
+					}
+				}
+				if (repeNodes.size() > 0 || repeFolders.size() > 0) {
+					Map<String, List<? extends Object>> repeMap = new HashMap<>();
+					repeMap.put("repeFolders", repeFolders);
+					repeMap.put("repeNodes", repeNodes);
+					return "duplicationFileName:" + gson.toJson(repeMap);
+				}
+				return "confirmMoveFiles";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.FileServiceImpl.doUploadFile` indirectly reads without synchronization from `util.ConfigureReader.kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.ConfigureReader.accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread`. Potentially races with write in method `FileServiceImpl.getPackTime(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String FileServiceImpl.doUploadFile(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,MultipartFile)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.FileServiceImpl.doUploadFile(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest.84e15f0447d8c2b714da5b9089993650
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/server/service/impl/FileServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+FileServiceImpl.java|doUploadFile|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fbe4e1aaa03f35ce1236057536de0fd5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3546/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3546/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0c5db91372938117d97c30804587f7654d32ab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3546/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,798 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.util.file_system_manager;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.printer.Printer;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.Node;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.ConfigureReader;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.FileNodeUtil;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.ServerTimeUtil;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.util.file_system_manager.pojo.Folder;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.util.file_system_manager.pojo.FolderView;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * <h2>kiftd文件系统管理器</h2>
+ * <p>
+ * 该管理器用于提供本地文件系统相关操作（例如文件的导入导出）。为确保操作安全，其中的所有方法在同一时刻应只有一个被调用。
+ * 该类被设计为单例模式，请使用静态方法getInstance()获取其唯一实例。当您第一次获取它时，该工具将加载资源并开启数据库链接
+ * （可能会有一定的耗时）。
+ * 每次使用前都请手动调用kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.FileNodeUtil.initNodeTableToDataBase()方法以确保节点链接最新。
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+public class FileSystemManager {
+
+	public static final String BOTH = "BOTH";
+	public static final String COVER = "COVER";
+	private static FileSystemManager fsm;// 唯一实例
+	private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 4096;// 缓存大小，单位为Byte(B)
+
+	/**
+	 * 正在进行的操作进度，请只读勿改
+	 */
+	public static int per;
+	/**
+	 * 正在进行的操作提示，请只读勿改
+	 */
+	public static String message;
+
+	// 用于中途取消操作的标识
+	private boolean gono;
+
+	// 缓存各式各样的、基本的查询语句，功能见名称
+	private PreparedStatement selectFolderById;
+	private PreparedStatement selectNodeById;
+	private PreparedStatement selectNodeByFolderId;
+	private PreparedStatement selectFoldersByParentFolderId;
+	private PreparedStatement insertNode;
+	private PreparedStatement insertFolder;
+	private PreparedStatement deleteNodeById;
+	private PreparedStatement deleteFolderById;
+	private PreparedStatement updateNodeById;
+	private PreparedStatement updateFolderById;
+
+	// 加载资源
+	private FileSystemManager() {
+		Connection c = FileNodeUtil.getNodeDBConnection();
+		try {
+			selectFolderById = c.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM FOLDER WHERE folder_id = ?");
+			selectNodeById = c.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM FILE WHERE file_id = ?");
+			selectNodeByFolderId = c.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM FILE WHERE file_parent_folder = ?");
+			selectFoldersByParentFolderId = c.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM FOLDER WHERE folder_parent = ?");
+			insertNode = c.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO FILE VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?,?)");
+			insertFolder = c.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO FOLDER VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?)");
+			deleteNodeById = c.prepareStatement("DELETE FROM FILE WHERE file_id = ?");
+			deleteFolderById = c.prepareStatement("DELETE FROM FOLDER WHERE folder_id = ?");
+			updateNodeById = c.prepareStatement(
+					"UPDATE FILE SET file_name = ? , file_size = ? , file_parent_folder = ? , file_creation_date = ? , file_creator = ? , file_path = ? WHERE file_id = ?");
+			updateFolderById = c.prepareStatement(
+					"UPDATE FOLDER SET folder_name= ? , folder_creation_date = ? , folder_creator = ? , folder_parent = ? , folder_constraint = ? WHERE folder_id = ?");
+		} catch (SQLException e) {
+			Printer.instance.print("错误：出现未知错误，文件系统解析失败，无法浏览文件。");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取文件管理器唯一实例</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 请通过该方法获取其唯一实例并使用，首次获取时可能会耗时并加载资源。注意，请务必确保在每次使用前均已重新执行初始化节点操作。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @return kohgylw.kiftd.util.file_system_manager.FileSystemManager 唯一实例
+	 */
+	public static FileSystemManager getInstance() {
+		if (fsm == null) {
+			fsm = new FileSystemManager();
+		}
+		return fsm;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>根据ID获得指定文件夹视图</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 由文件系统得到ID代表的文件视图。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @see kohgylw.kiftd.util.file_system_manager.pojo.FolderView
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param folderId
+	 *            java.lang.String 文件夹ID
+	 * @return kohgylw.kiftd.util.file_system_manager.pojo.FolderView 指定的文件夹视图
+	 * @throws SQLException
+	 *             获取失败
+	 */
+	public FolderView getFolderView(String folderId) throws SQLException {
+		FolderView fv = new FolderView();
+		fv.setCurrent(selectFolderById(folderId));
+		fv.setFiles(selectNodesByFolderId(folderId));
+		fv.setFolders(getFoldersByParentId(folderId));
+		return fv;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>删除指定文件和文件夹</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法将直接删除指定文件夹和文件，该操作无法恢复。鉴于操作较为耗时，该操作将在一个新线程中进行。操作时，您可以根据“per”属性来实时获取该操作的进度。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param foldersId
+	 *            java.lang.String[] 要删除的文件夹ID
+	 * @param filesId
+	 *            java.lang.String[] 要删除的文件ID
+	 * @return boolean 删除结果
+	 * @throws SQLException
+	 */
+	public boolean delete(String[] foldersId, String[] filesId) throws SQLException {
+		gono = true;
+		for (int i = 0; i < filesId.length && gono; i++) {
+			deleteFile(filesId[i]);
+		}
+		for (int i = 0; i < foldersId.length && gono; i++) {
+			deleteFolder(foldersId[i]);
+		}
+		return gono;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>将文件系统内的文件或文件夹导出至指定位置</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 将文件夹ID和文件ID指向的内容导出至指定路径，并规定如果存在该文件时应进行何种处理。鉴于操作较为耗时，该操作将在一个新线程中进行。操作时，您可以根据“per”属性来实时获取该操作的进度。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param foldersId
+	 *            java.lang.String[] 要导出的文件夹ID
+	 * @param filesId
+	 *            java.lang.String[] 要导出的文件ID
+	 * @param path
+	 *            java.io.File 要导出的目标路径，必须是个文件夹
+	 * @param type
+	 *            java.lang.String 导出操作类型：“COVER”覆盖或“BOTH”保留两者，其他情况默认为“COVER”
+	 * @return boolean 是否全部导出成功
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public boolean exportTo(String[] foldersId, String[] nodesId, File path, String type) throws Exception {
+		gono = true;
+		for (int i = 0; i < nodesId.length && gono; i++) {
+			exportNode(nodesId[i], path, type);
+		}
+		for (int i = 0; i < foldersId.length && gono; i++) {
+			exportFolder(foldersId[i], path, type);
+		}
+		return gono;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>检查文件系统中指定路径下是否存在某些名称的文件或文件夹</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法被设计为导入功能的前置，您应该在用户导入前先进行本检查以确定是否应该让用户选择导入方式。
+	 * 如果返回值为0则可以直接导入，否则应选择覆盖或是保留两者或是取消。注意：该方法会阻塞线程。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param files
+	 *            java.io.File[] 要检查的文件对象
+	 * @param folderId
+	 *            java.lang.String 要检查的目标文件夹ID
+	 * @return int 存在同名文件（或文件夹）的数量，当被检查的路径下不存在同名文件（或文件夹）时返回0
+	 * @throws SQLException
+	 */
+	public int hasExistsFilesOrFolders(File[] files, String folderId) throws SQLException {
+		int result = 0;
+		List<Folder> folders = getFoldersByParentId(folderId);
+		List<Node> nodes = selectNodesByFolderId(folderId);
+		for (File f : files) {
+			if (f.isDirectory() && folders.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName()
+					.equals(new String(f.getName().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))) {
+				result++;
+			} else if (nodes.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName()
+					.equals(new String(f.getName().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))) {
+				result++;
+			}
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>检查指定路径下是否存在与文件系统中同名的文件或文件夹</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该方法被设计为导出功能的前置，您应该在用户导出前先进行本检查以确定是否应该让用户选择导出方式。
+	 * 如果返回值为0则可以直接导出，否则应选择覆盖或是保留两者或是取消。注意：该方法会阻塞线程。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param foldersId
+	 *            java.lang.String[] 要导出的文件夹ID
+	 * @param filesId
+	 *            java.lang.String[] 要导出的文件ID
+	 * @param java.io.File
+	 *            path 要检查的目标路径
+	 * @return int 存在同名文件（或文件夹）的数量，当被检查的路径下不存在同名文件（或文件夹）时返回0
+	 * @throws SQLException
+	 */
+	public int hasExistsFilesOrFolders(String[] foldersId, String[] filesId, File path) throws Exception {
+		if (path.isDirectory()) {
+			int c = 0;
+			List<Folder> folders = new ArrayList<>();
+			List<Node> nodes = new ArrayList<>();
+			for (String fid : foldersId) {
+				folders.add(selectFolderById(fid));
+			}
+			for (String nid : filesId) {
+				nodes.add(selectNodeById(nid));
+			}
+			for (File f : path.listFiles()) {
+				if (f.isDirectory() && folders.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(
+						new String(f.getName().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))) {
+					c++;
+				} else if (nodes.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(
+						new String(f.getName().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))) {
+					c++;
+				}
+			}
+			return c;
+		} else {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>将本地文件导入至文件系统中</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 将指定文件导入至文件系统，其中文件夹会自动创建，可以规定如何处理已存在的文件。鉴于操作较为耗时，该操作将在一个新线程中进行。操作时，您可以根据“per”属性来实时获取该操作的进度。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param files
+	 *            java.io.File[] 要导入的文件对象
+	 * @param folderId
+	 *            java.lang.String 目标文件夹ID
+	 * @param type
+	 *            java.lang.String 导入操作类型：“COVER”覆盖或“BOTH”保留两者，其他情况默认为“COVER”
+	 * @return boolean 是否全部导入成功
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public boolean importFrom(File[] files, String folderId, String type) throws Exception {
+		gono = true;
+		for (int i = 0; i < files.length && gono; i++) {
+			if (files[i].isDirectory()) {
+				importFolderInto(files[i], folderId, type);
+			} else {
+				importFileInto(files[i], folderId, type);
+			}
+		}
+		return gono;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>获取指定文件夹内的所有子文件夹</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 该功能用于提供浏览文件夹功能，您可以通过迭代调用本方法来获取文件系统内的全部文件夹，注意：该操作会阻塞线程。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param folderId
+	 *            java.lang.String 需要查询的父文件夹ID
+	 * @return java.util.List<kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.Folder> 文件夹对象列表，如果没有结果则长度为0
+	 * @throws SQLException
+	 *             查询失败
+	 */
+	public List<Folder> getFoldersByParentId(String folderId) throws SQLException {
+		selectFoldersByParentFolderId.setString(1, folderId);
+		ResultSet r = selectFoldersByParentFolderId.executeQuery();
+		List<Folder> folders = new ArrayList<>();
+		while (r.next()) {
+			folders.add(resultSetAccessFolder(r));
+		}
+		return folders;
+	}
+
+	// 根据ID查询文件夹对象，无符合对象则返回null
+	private Folder selectFolderById(String folderId) throws SQLException {
+		selectFolderById.setString(1, folderId);
+		ResultSet r = selectFolderById.executeQuery();
+		if (r.next()) {
+			return resultSetAccessFolder(r);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	// 根据ID查询文件节点对象，无符合对象则返回null
+	private Node selectNodeById(String nodeId) throws SQLException {
+		selectNodeById.setString(1, nodeId);
+		ResultSet r = selectNodeById.executeQuery();
+		if (r.next()) {
+			return resultSetAccessNode(r);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	// 查询指定文件夹内的所有文件节点，如无符合则返回空List
+	private List<Node> selectNodesByFolderId(String folderId) throws SQLException {
+		List<Node> nodes = new ArrayList<>();
+		selectNodeByFolderId.setString(1, folderId);
+		ResultSet r = selectNodeByFolderId.executeQuery();
+		while (r.next()) {
+			nodes.add(resultSetAccessNode(r));
+		}
+		return nodes;
+	}
+
+	// 插入一个新的文件节点并返回插入结果，0失败，1成功
+	private int insertNode(Node n) throws SQLException {
+		insertNode.setString(1, n.getFileId());
+		insertNode.setString(2, n.getFileName());
+		insertNode.setString(3, n.getFileSize());
+		insertNode.setString(4, n.getFileParentFolder());
+		insertNode.setString(5, n.getFileCreationDate());
+		insertNode.setString(6, n.getFileCreator());
+		insertNode.setString(7, n.getFilePath());
+		insertNode.execute();
+		return insertNode.getUpdateCount();
+	}
+
+	// 插入一个新的文件夹节点，返回值同上
+	private int insertFolder(Folder f) throws SQLException {
+		insertFolder.setString(1, f.getFolderId());
+		insertFolder.setString(2, f.getFolderName());
+		insertFolder.setString(3, f.getFolderCreationDate());
+		insertFolder.setString(4, f.getFolderCreator());
+		insertFolder.setString(5, f.getFolderParent());
+		insertFolder.setInt(6, f.getFolderConstraint());
+		insertFolder.execute();
+		return insertFolder.getUpdateCount();
+	}
+
+	// 将SQL结果集封装为Node对象
+	private Node resultSetAccessNode(ResultSet r) throws SQLException {
+		Node node = new Node();
+		node.setFileId(r.getString("file_id"));
+		node.setFileName(r.getString("file_name"));
+		node.setFileSize(r.getString("file_size"));
+		node.setFileParentFolder(r.getString("file_parent_folder"));
+		node.setFileCreationDate(r.getString("file_creation_date"));
+		node.setFileCreator(r.getString("file_creator"));
+		node.setFilePath(r.getString("file_path"));
+		return node;
+	}
+
+	// 将SQL结果集封装为Folder对象
+	private Folder resultSetAccessFolder(ResultSet r) throws SQLException {
+		Folder folder = new Folder();
+		folder.setFolderId(r.getString("folder_id"));
+		folder.setFolderName(r.getString("folder_name"));
+		folder.setFolderParent(r.getString("folder_parent"));
+		folder.setFolderCreationDate(r.getString("folder_creation_date"));
+		folder.setFolderCreator(r.getString("folder_creator"));
+		folder.setFolderConstraint(r.getInt("folder_constraint"));
+		return folder;
+	}
+
+	// 将一个本地文件导入到文件系统中，注意，导入的必须是文件而不是文件夹
+	private void importFileInto(File f, String folderId, String type) throws Exception {
+		if (f.isFile()) {
+			String name = new String(f.getName().getBytes("UTF-8"), "UTF-8");
+			String newName = name;
+			per = 0;
+			message = "正在导入文件：" + name;
+			List<Node> nodes = selectNodesByFolderId(folderId);
+			Node node = null;
+			File target;
+			long size = f.length();
+			String fileBlocks = ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath();
+			if (nodes.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(name))) {
+				switch (type) {
+				case COVER:
+					// 覆盖
+					node = nodes.parallelStream().filter((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(f.getName())).findFirst().get();
+					node.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+					node.setFileCreator("SYS_IN");
+					int mb = (int) (size / 1024L / 1024L);
+					node.setFileSize(mb + "");
+					if (updateNode(node) == 0) {
+						throw new SQLException();
+					}
+					break;
+				case BOTH:
+					// 保留两者（计数命名）
+					newName = FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(name, nodes);
+					break;
+				default:
+					per = 100;
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			// 处理文件节点，有则用，没有则创建一个
+			if (node == null) {
+				node = new Node();
+				node.setFileName(newName);
+				node.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+				node.setFileParentFolder(folderId);
+				String id = UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-", "");
+				String path = "file_" + id + ".block";
+				node.setFilePath(path);
+				target = new File(fileBlocks, path);
+				target.createNewFile();
+				node.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+				node.setFileCreator("SYS_IN");
+				int mb = (int) (size / 1024L / 1024L);
+				node.setFileSize(mb + "");
+				if (insertNode(node) == 0) {
+					throw new SQLException();
+				}
+			} else {
+				target = new File(fileBlocks, node.getFilePath());
+			}
+			FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(target);
+			FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(f);
+			FileChannel out = fileOutputStream.getChannel();
+			FileChannel in = fileInputStream.getChannel();
+			ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(BUFFER_SIZE);
+			int length = 0;
+			long finishLength = 0;
+			while ((length = in.read(buffer)) != -1 && gono) {
+				buffer.flip();
+				out.write(buffer);
+				buffer.clear();
+				finishLength += length;
+				per = (int) (((double) finishLength / (double) size) * 100);
+			}
+			in.close();
+			out.close();
+			fileInputStream.close();
+			fileOutputStream.close();
+			return;
+		}
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+	}
+
+	// 将一个本地文件夹导入至文件系统，必须是文件夹而不是文件。它会自动将其中的文件和文件夹也一并导入。
+	private void importFolderInto(File f, String folderId, String type) throws Exception {
+		if (f.isDirectory()) {
+			String name = new String(f.getName().getBytes("UTF-8"), "UTF-8");
+			String newName = name;
+			per = 0;
+			message = "正在导入文件夹：" + name;
+			Folder parent = selectFolderById(folderId);
+			List<Folder> folders = getFoldersByParentId(folderId);
+			Folder folder = null;
+			if (folders.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(name))) {
+				switch (type) {
+				case COVER:
+					folder = folders.parallelStream().filter((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(name)).findFirst().get();
+					break;
+				case BOTH:
+					newName = FileNodeUtil.getNewFolderName(name, folders);
+					break;
+				default:
+
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			per = 50;
+			if (folder == null) {
+				folder = new Folder();
+				String nFolderId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+				folder.setFolderId(nFolderId);
+				folder.setFolderName(newName);
+				folder.setFolderConstraint(parent.getFolderConstraint());
+				folder.setFolderParent(folderId);
+				folder.setFolderCreator("SYS_IN");
+				folder.setFolderCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+				if (insertFolder(folder) == 0) {
+					throw new SQLException();
+				}
+			} else {
+				folder.setFolderCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+				if (updateFolder(folder) == 0) {
+					throw new SQLException();
+				}
+			}
+			per = 100;
+			File[] childs = f.listFiles();
+			for (int i = 0; i < childs.length && gono; i++) {
+				if (childs[i].isDirectory()) {
+					importFolderInto(childs[i], folder.getFolderId(), type);
+				} else {
+					importFileInto(childs[i], folder.getFolderId(), type);
+				}
+			}
+			// 迭代执行直至将全部文件夹及文件导入完毕为止
+		} else {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 删除一个文件节点
+	private int deleteNodeById(String nodeId) throws SQLException {
+		deleteNodeById.setString(1, nodeId);
+		deleteNodeById.execute();
+		return deleteNodeById.getUpdateCount();
+	}
+
+	// 删除一个文件夹
+	private int deleteFolderById(String folderId) throws SQLException {
+		deleteFolderById.setString(1, folderId);
+		deleteFolderById.execute();
+		return deleteFolderById.getUpdateCount();
+	}
+
+	// 修改节点
+	private int updateNode(Node n) throws SQLException {
+		updateNodeById.setString(1, n.getFileName());
+		updateNodeById.setString(2, n.getFileSize());
+		updateNodeById.setString(3, n.getFileParentFolder());
+		updateNodeById.setString(4, n.getFileCreationDate());
+		updateNodeById.setString(5, n.getFileCreator());
+		updateNodeById.setString(6, n.getFilePath());
+		updateNodeById.setString(7, n.getFileId());
+		updateNodeById.execute();
+		return updateNodeById.getUpdateCount();
+	}
+
+	// 修改文件夹
+	private int updateFolder(Folder f) throws SQLException {
+		updateFolderById.setString(1, f.getFolderName());
+		updateFolderById.setString(2, f.getFolderCreationDate());
+		updateFolderById.setString(3, f.getFolderCreator());
+		updateFolderById.setString(4, f.getFolderParent());
+		updateFolderById.setInt(5, f.getFolderConstraint());
+		updateFolderById.setString(6, f.getFolderId());
+		updateFolderById.execute();
+		return updateFolderById.getUpdateCount();
+	}
+
+	// 删除一个文件夹
+	private void deleteFolder(String folderId) throws SQLException {
+		Folder f = selectFolderById(folderId);
+		List<Node> nodes = selectNodesByFolderId(folderId);
+		int size = nodes.size();
+		// 删除该文件夹内的所有文件
+		for (int i = 0; i < size && gono; i++) {
+			deleteFile(nodes.get(i).getFileId());
+		}
+		List<Folder> folders = getFoldersByParentId(folderId);
+		size = folders.size();
+		// 迭代删除该文件夹内的所有文件夹
+		for (int i = 0; i < size && gono; i++) {
+			deleteFolder(folders.get(i).getFolderId());
+		}
+		per = 50;
+		message = "正在删除文件夹：" + f.getFolderName();
+		// 删除自己的数据
+		if (deleteFolderById(folderId) > 0) {
+			per = 100;
+			return;
+		}
+		throw new SQLException();
+	}
+
+	// 删除一个文件
+	private void deleteFile(String nodeId) throws SQLException {
+		Node n = selectNodeById(nodeId);
+		per = 50;
+		message = "正在删除文件：" + n.getFileName();
+		if (n != null) {
+			// 删除文件节点对应的数据块
+			if (new File(ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath(), n.getFilePath()).delete()) {
+				per = 80;
+				// 删除节点信息
+				if (deleteNodeById(nodeId) > 0) {
+					per = 100;
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		throw new SQLException();
+	}
+
+	// 导出一个文件节点
+	private void exportNode(String nodeId, File path, String type) throws Exception {
+		Node node = selectNodeById(nodeId);
+		File target = null;
+		if (node != null && path != null && path.isDirectory()) {
+			per = 0;
+			message = "正在导出文件：" + node.getFileName();
+			if (Arrays.stream(path.listFiles()).parallel().filter((e) -> e.isFile())
+					.anyMatch((f) -> new String(f.getName().getBytes()).equals(node.getFileName()))) {
+				switch (type) {
+				case BOTH:
+					target = Arrays.stream(path.listFiles()).parallel().filter((e) -> e.isFile())
+							.filter((e) -> new String(e.getName().getBytes()).equals(node.getFileName())).findFirst()
+							.get();
+					break;
+				case COVER:
+					target = new File(path, new String(FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(node, path).getBytes()));
+					target.createNewFile();
+					break;
+				default:
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			if (target == null) {
+				target = new File(path, new String(node.getFileName().getBytes()));
+				target.createNewFile();
+			}
+			File block = new File(ConfigureReader.instance().getFileBlockPath(), node.getFilePath());
+			long size = block.length();
+			FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(block);
+			FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(target);
+			FileChannel fci = in.getChannel();
+			FileChannel fco = out.getChannel();
+			ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(BUFFER_SIZE);
+			int length = 0;
+			long finishLength = 0;
+			while ((length = fci.read(buffer)) != -1 && gono) {
+				buffer.flip();
+				fco.write(buffer);
+				buffer.clear();
+				finishLength += length;
+				per = (int) (((double) finishLength / (double) size) * 100);
+			}
+			fci.close();
+			fco.close();
+			in.close();
+			out.close();
+			return;
+		}
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+	}
+
+	// 导出一个文件夹
+	private void exportFolder(String folderId, File path, String type) throws Exception {
+		Folder folder = selectFolderById(folderId);
+		File target = null;
+		per = 0;
+		message = "正在导出文件夹：" + folder.getFolderName();
+		if (folder != null && path != null && path.isDirectory()) {
+			if (Arrays.stream(path.listFiles()).parallel().filter((e) -> e.isDirectory())
+					.anyMatch((f) -> new String(f.getName().getBytes()).equals(folder.getFolderName()))) {
+				switch (type) {
+				case COVER:
+					target = Arrays.stream(path.listFiles()).parallel().filter((e) -> e.isDirectory())
+							.filter((e) -> new String(e.getName().getBytes()).equals(folder.getFolderName()))
+							.findFirst().get();
+					break;
+				case BOTH:
+					target = new File(path, new String(FileNodeUtil.getNewFolderName(folder, path).getBytes()));
+					target.mkdir();
+					break;
+
+				default:
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			if (target == null) {
+				target = new File(path, new String(folder.getFolderName().getBytes()));
+				target.mkdir();
+			}
+			per = 100;
+			List<Node> nodes = selectNodesByFolderId(folderId);
+			List<Folder> folders = getFoldersByParentId(folderId);
+			int size = 0;
+			int i = 0;
+			for (i = 0, size = nodes.size(); i < size && gono; i++) {
+				exportNode(nodes.get(i).getFileId(), target, type);
+			}
+			for (i = 0, size = folders.size(); i < size && gono; i++) {
+				exportFolder(folders.get(i).getFolderId(), target, type);
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>立即终止当前操作</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 这是一个不安全的终止操作，可能会导致文件损坏，但不会污染文件节点系统。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 */
+	public void cannel() {
+		message = "正在终止，请稍候...";
+		gono = false;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `f` last assigned on line 573 could be null and is dereferenced at line 587.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileSystemManager.deleteFolder(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.util.file_system_manager.FileSystemManager.deleteFolder(java.lang.String):void.2119afff25314addddc4acb54f5185b4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/util/file_system_manager/FileSystemManager.java
+
+### Key:
+FileSystemManager.java|deleteFolder|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+2960702a860d5d278bd56d5a489b9b6f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3548/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3548/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..384b38c121f7338c946fa59e03dd3ac34fb2342b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3548/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1025 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kiftd-source
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.*;
+
+import org.springframework.stereotype.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.mapper.*;
+import javax.annotation.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.enumeration.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.model.*;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.CheckImportFolderRespons;
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.pojo.CheckUploadFilesRespons;
+
+import org.springframework.web.multipart.*;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+import kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import com.google.gson.*;
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * <h2>文件服务功能实现类</h2>
+ * <p>
+ * 该类负责对文件相关的服务进行实现操作，例如下载和上传等，各方法功能详见接口定义。
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+ * @version 1.0
+ * @see kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.FileService
+ */
+@Service
+public class FileServiceImpl extends RangeFileStreamWriter implements FileService {
+	private static final String ERROR_PARAMETER = "errorParameter";// 参数错误标识
+	private static final String NO_AUTHORIZED = "noAuthorized";// 权限错误标识
+	private static final String UPLOADSUCCESS = "uploadsuccess";// 上传成功标识
+	private static final String UPLOADERROR = "uploaderror";// 上传失败标识
+	
+	private static Set<String> pathsKeys;//文件夹上传安全锁，避免同时对同文件夹重复导入
+
+	@Resource
+	private NodeMapper fm;
+	@Resource
+	private FolderMapper flm;
+	@Resource
+	private LogUtil lu;
+	@Resource
+	private Gson gson;
+	@Resource
+	private FileBlockUtil fbu;
+	@Resource
+	private FolderUtil fu;
+
+	private static final String CONTENT_TYPE = "application/octet-stream";
+	
+	{
+		pathsKeys = new HashSet<>();
+	}
+
+	// 检查上传文件列表的实现
+	public String checkUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String nameList = request.getParameter("namelist");
+		final String maxUploadFileSize = request.getParameter("maxSize");
+		final String maxUploadFileIndex = request.getParameter("maxFileIndex");
+		// 目标文件夹合法性检查
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() == 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		Folder folder = flm.queryById(folderId);
+		if (folder == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)
+				|| !ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(folder, account)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		// 获得上传文件名列表
+		final List<String> namelistObj = gson.fromJson(nameList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+		}.getType());
+		// 准备一个检查结果对象
+		CheckUploadFilesRespons cufr = new CheckUploadFilesRespons();
+		// 开始文件上传体积限制检查
+		try {
+			// 获取最大文件体积（以Byte为单位）
+			long mufs = Long.parseLong(maxUploadFileSize);
+			// 获取最大文件的名称
+			String mfname = namelistObj.get(Integer.parseInt(maxUploadFileIndex));
+			long pMaxUploadSize = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+			if (pMaxUploadSize >= 0) {
+				if (mufs > pMaxUploadSize) {
+					cufr.setCheckResult("fileTooLarge");
+					cufr.setMaxUploadFileSize(formatMaxUploadFileSize(pMaxUploadSize));
+					cufr.setOverSizeFile(mfname);
+					return gson.toJson(cufr);
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 开始文件命名冲突检查
+		final List<String> pereFileNameList = new ArrayList<>();
+		// 查找目标目录下是否存在与待上传文件同名的文件（或文件夹），如果有，记录在上方的列表中
+		for (final String fileName : namelistObj) {
+			if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || fileName == null || fileName.length() <= 0) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+			final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+			if (files.stream().parallel().anyMatch((n) -> n.getFileName()
+					.equals(new String(fileName.getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))) {
+				pereFileNameList.add(fileName);
+			}
+		}
+		// 如果存在同名文件，则写入同名文件的列表；否则，直接允许上传
+		if (pereFileNameList.size() > 0) {
+			cufr.setCheckResult("hasExistsNames");
+			cufr.setPereFileNameList(pereFileNameList);
+		} else {
+			cufr.setCheckResult("permitUpload");
+			cufr.setPereFileNameList(new ArrayList<String>());
+		}
+		return gson.toJson(cufr);// 以JSON格式写回该结果
+	}
+
+	// 格式化存储体积，便于返回上传文件体积的检查提示信息
+	private String formatMaxUploadFileSize(long size) {
+		double result = (double) size;
+		String unit = "B";
+		if (size <= 0) {
+			return "设置无效，请联系管理员";
+		}
+		if (size >= 1024 && size < 1048576) {
+			result = (double) size / 1024;
+			unit = "KB";
+		} else if (size >= 1048576 && size < 1073741824) {
+			result = (double) size / 1048576;
+			unit = "MB";
+		} else if (size >= 1073741824) {
+			result = (double) size / 1073741824;
+			unit = "GB";
+		}
+		return String.format("%.1f", result) + " " + unit;
+	}
+
+	// 执行上传操作，接收文件并存入文件节点
+	public String doUploadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response,
+			final MultipartFile file) {
+		String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String originalFileName = new String(file.getOriginalFilename().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")),
+				Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+		String fileName = originalFileName;
+		final String repeType = request.getParameter("repeType");
+		// 再次检查上传文件名与目标目录ID
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || originalFileName == null || originalFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		Folder folder = flm.queryById(folderId);
+		if (folder == null) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传权限
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)
+				|| !ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(folder, account)) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传文件体积是否超限
+		long mufs = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+		if (mufs >= 0 && file.getSize() > mufs) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查是否存在同名文件。不存在：直接存入新节点；存在：检查repeType代表的上传类型：覆盖、跳过、保留两者。
+		final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+		if (files.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(originalFileName))) {
+			// 针对存在同名文件的操作
+			if (repeType != null) {
+				switch (repeType) {
+				// 跳过则忽略上传请求并直接返回上传成功（跳过不应上传）
+				case "skip":
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				// 覆盖则找到已存在文件节点的File并将新内容写入其中，同时更新原节点信息（除了文件名、父目录和ID之外的全部信息）
+				case "cover":
+					// 其中覆盖操作同时要求用户必须具备删除权限
+					if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+						return UPLOADERROR;
+					}
+					for (Node f : files) {
+						if (f.getFileName().equals(originalFileName)) {
+							File file2 = fbu.getFileFromBlocks(f);
+							try {
+								file.transferTo(file2);
+								f.setFileSize(fbu.getFileSize(file));
+								f.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+								if (account != null) {
+									f.setFileCreator(account);
+								} else {
+									f.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+								}
+								if (fm.update(f) > 0) {
+									this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f, account);
+									return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+								} else {
+									return UPLOADERROR;
+								}
+							} catch (Exception e) {
+								return UPLOADERROR;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				// 保留两者，使用型如“xxxxx (n).xx”的形式命名新文件。其中n为计数，例如已经存在2个文件，则新文件的n记为2
+				case "both":
+					// 设置新文件名为标号形式
+					fileName = FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(originalFileName, files);
+					break;
+				default:
+					// 其他声明，容错，暂无效果
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			} else {
+				// 如果既有重复文件、同时又没声明如何操作，则直接上传失败。
+				return UPLOADERROR;
+			}
+		}
+		// 将文件存入节点并获取其存入生成路径，型如“UUID.block”形式。
+		final String path = this.fbu.saveToFileBlocks(file);
+		if (path.equals("ERROR")) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		final String fsize = this.fbu.getFileSize(file);
+		final Node f2 = new Node();
+		f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+		if (account != null) {
+			f2.setFileCreator(account);
+		} else {
+			f2.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+		}
+		f2.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+		f2.setFileName(fileName);
+		f2.setFileParentFolder(folderId);
+		f2.setFilePath(path);
+		f2.setFileSize(fsize);
+		int i = 0;
+		// 尽可能避免UUID重复的情况发生，重试10次
+		while (true) {
+			try {
+				if (this.fm.insert(f2) > 0) {
+					this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f2, account);
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				}
+				break;
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+				i++;
+			}
+			if (i >= 10) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		return UPLOADERROR;
+	}
+
+	// 删除单个文件，该功能与删除多个文件重复，计划合并二者
+	public String deleteFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		// 接收参数并接续要删除的文件
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 确认要删除的文件存在
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		// 从文件块删除
+		if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(file)) {
+			return "cannotDeleteFile";
+		}
+		// 从节点删除
+		if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) > 0) {
+			this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+			return "deleteFileSuccess";
+		}
+		return "cannotDeleteFile";
+	}
+
+	// 普通下载：下载单个文件
+	public void doDownloadFile(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			// 找到要下载的文件节点
+			final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+			if (fileId != null) {
+				final Node f = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+				if (f != null) {
+					// 执行写出
+					final File fo = this.fbu.getFileFromBlocks(f);
+					if (fo != null) {
+						writeRangeFileStream(request, response, fo, f.getFileName(), CONTENT_TYPE);
+						// 日志记录（仅针对一次下载）
+						if (request.getHeader("Range") == null) {
+							this.lu.writeDownloadFileEvent(request, f);
+						}
+						return;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		try {
+			//  处理无法下载的资源
+			response.sendError(404);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 重命名文件
+	public String doRenameFile(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String fileId = request.getParameter("fileId");
+		final String newFileName = request.getParameter("newFileName");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.RENAME_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+		}
+		// 参数检查
+		if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0 || newFileName == null || newFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		if (!TextFormateUtil.instance().matcherFileName(newFileName) || newFileName.indexOf(".") == 0) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+		if (file == null) {
+			return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+		}
+		if (!file.getFileName().equals(newFileName)) {
+			// 不允许重名
+			if (fm.queryBySomeFolder(fileId).parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(newFileName))) {
+				return "nameOccupied";
+			}
+			// 更新文件名
+			final Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
+			map.put("fileId", fileId);
+			map.put("newFileName", newFileName);
+			if (this.fm.updateFileNameById(map) == 0) {
+				// 并写入日志
+				return "cannotRenameFile";
+			}
+		}
+		this.lu.writeRenameFileEvent(request, file, newFileName);
+		return "renameFileSuccess";
+	}
+
+	// 删除所有选中文件和文件夹
+	public String deleteCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+			try {
+				// 得到要删除的文件ID列表
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				// 对每个要删除的文件节点进行确认并删除
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node file = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (file == null) {
+						return "deleteFileSuccess";
+					}
+					// 删除文件块
+					if (!this.fbu.deleteFromFileBlocks(file)) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					// 删除文件节点
+					if (this.fm.deleteById(fileId) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					}
+					// 日志记录
+					this.lu.writeDeleteFileEvent(request, file);
+				}
+				// 删完选中的文件，再去删文件夹
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (String fid : fidList) {
+					Folder folder = flm.queryById(fid);
+					final List<Folder> l = this.fu.getParentList(fid);
+					if (fu.deleteAllChildFolder(fid) <= 0) {
+						return "cannotDeleteFile";
+					} else {
+						this.lu.writeDeleteFolderEvent(request, folder, l);
+					}
+				}
+				return "deleteFileSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	// 打包下载功能：前置——压缩要打包下载的文件
+	public String downloadCheckedFiles(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		// 权限检查
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+			try {
+				// 获得要打包下载的文件ID
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				// 创建ZIP压缩包并将全部文件压缩
+				if (idList.size() > 0 || fidList.size() > 0) {
+					final String zipname = this.fbu.createZip(idList, fidList, account);
+					this.lu.writeDownloadCheckedFileEvent(request, idList);
+					// 返回生成的压缩包路径
+					return zipname;
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "ERROR";
+	}
+
+	// 打包下载功能：执行——下载压缩好的文件
+	public void downloadCheckedFilesZip(final HttpServletRequest request, final HttpServletResponse response)
+			throws Exception {
+		final String zipname = request.getParameter("zipId");
+		if (zipname != null && !zipname.equals("ERROR")) {
+			final String tfPath = ConfigureReader.instance().getTemporaryfilePath();
+			final File zip = new File(tfPath, zipname);
+			String fname = "kiftd_" + ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay() + "_\u6253\u5305\u4e0b\u8f7d.zip";
+			if (zip.exists()) {
+				writeRangeFileStream(request, response, zip, fname, CONTENT_TYPE);
+				zip.delete();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public String getPackTime(final HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DOWNLOAD_FILES)) {
+			final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+			final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (String fid : fidList) {
+					countFolderFilesId(account, fid, fidList);
+				}
+				long packTime = 0L;
+				for (final String fid : idList) {
+					final Node n = this.fm.queryById(fid);
+					final File f = fbu.getFileFromBlocks(n);
+					if (f != null && f.exists()) {
+						packTime += f.length() / 25000000L;
+					}
+				}
+				if (packTime < 4L) {
+					return "\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5b8c\u6210";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 4L && packTime < 10L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea610\u79d2";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 10L && packTime < 35L) {
+					return "\u4e0d\u5230\u534a\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 35L && packTime < 65L) {
+					return "\u5927\u7ea61\u5206\u949f";
+				}
+				if (packTime >= 65L) {
+					return "\u8d85\u8fc7" + packTime / 60L
+							+ "\u5206\u949f\uff0c\u8017\u65f6\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0b\u8f7d";
+				}
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+			}
+		}
+		return "0";
+	}
+
+	// 用于迭代获得全部文件夹内的文件ID（方便预测耗时）
+	private void countFolderFilesId(String account, String fid, List<String> idList) {
+		Folder f = flm.queryById(fid);
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(f, account)) {
+			idList.addAll(Arrays.asList(
+					fm.queryByParentFolderId(fid).parallelStream().map((e) -> e.getFileId()).toArray(String[]::new)));
+			List<Folder> cFolders = flm.queryByParentId(fid);
+			for (Folder cFolder : cFolders) {
+				countFolderFilesId(account, cFolder.getFolderId(), idList);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String doMoveFiles(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String strOptMap = request.getParameter("strOptMap");
+		final String locationpath = request.getParameter("locationpath");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.MOVE_FILES)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final Map<String, String> optMap = gson.fromJson(strOptMap, new TypeToken<Map<String, String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String id : idList) {
+					if (id == null || id.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node node = this.fm.queryById(id);
+					if (node == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (node.getFileParentFolder().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName()))) {
+						if (optMap.get(id) == null) {
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+						switch (optMap.get(id)) {
+						case "cover":
+							if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+								return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+							}
+							Node n = fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+									.filter((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName())).findFirst().get();
+							if (fm.deleteById(n.getFileId()) > 0) {
+								Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+								map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+								map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+								if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+									return "cannotMoveFiles";
+								}
+							} else {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+							break;
+						case "both":
+							node.setFileName(FileNodeUtil.getNewNodeName(node.getFileName(),
+									fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath)));
+							if (fm.update(node) <= 0) {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+							map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+							map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+								return "cannotMoveFiles";
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+							break;
+						case "skip":
+							break;
+						default:
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+					} else {
+						Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+						map.put("fileId", node.getFileId());
+						map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+						if (this.fm.moveById(map) <= 0) {
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						}
+						this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, node);
+					}
+				}
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				for (final String fid : fidList) {
+					if (fid == null || fid.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Folder folder = this.flm.queryById(fid);
+					if (folder == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (folder.getFolderParent().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fid.equals(locationpath) || fu.getParentList(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderId().equals(folder.getFolderId()))) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName()))) {
+						if (optMap.get(fid) == null) {
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+						switch (optMap.get(fid)) {
+						case "cover":
+							if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+								return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+							}
+							Folder f = flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+									.filter((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName())).findFirst().get();
+							Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+							map.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+							map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.flm.moveById(map) > 0) {
+								if (fu.deleteAllChildFolder(f.getFolderId()) > 0) {
+									this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+									break;
+								}
+							}
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						case "both":
+							Map<String, String> map3 = new HashMap<>();
+							map3.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+							map3.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+							if (this.flm.moveById(map3) > 0) {
+								Map<String, String> map2 = new HashMap<String, String>();
+								map2.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+								map2.put("newName", FileNodeUtil.getNewFolderName(folder.getFolderName(),
+										flm.queryByParentId(locationpath)));
+								if (flm.updateFolderNameById(map2) <= 0) {
+									return "cannotMoveFiles";
+								}
+								this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+								break;
+							}
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+							break;
+						case "skip":
+							break;
+						default:
+							return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+						}
+					} else {
+						Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
+						map.put("folderId", folder.getFolderId());
+						map.put("locationpath", locationpath);
+						if (this.flm.moveById(map) > 0) {
+							this.lu.writeMoveFileEvent(request, folder);
+						} else {
+							return "cannotMoveFiles";
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				return "moveFilesSuccess";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String confirmMoveFiles(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String strIdList = request.getParameter("strIdList");
+		final String strFidList = request.getParameter("strFidList");
+		final String locationpath = request.getParameter("locationpath");
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.MOVE_FILES)) {
+			try {
+				final List<String> idList = gson.fromJson(strIdList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				final List<String> fidList = gson.fromJson(strFidList, new TypeToken<List<String>>() {
+				}.getType());
+				List<Node> repeNodes = new ArrayList<>();
+				List<Folder> repeFolders = new ArrayList<>();
+				for (final String fileId : idList) {
+					if (fileId == null || fileId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Node node = this.fm.queryById(fileId);
+					if (node == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (node.getFileParentFolder().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (fm.queryByParentFolderId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(node.getFileName()))) {
+						repeNodes.add(node);
+					}
+				}
+				for (final String folderId : fidList) {
+					if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					final Folder folder = this.flm.queryById(folderId);
+					if (folder == null) {
+						return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+					}
+					if (folder.getFolderParent().equals(locationpath)) {
+						break;
+					}
+					if (folderId.equals(locationpath) || fu.getParentList(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderId().equals(folder.getFolderId()))) {
+						return "CANT_MOVE_TO_INSIDE:" + folder.getFolderName();
+					}
+					if (flm.queryByParentId(locationpath).parallelStream()
+							.anyMatch((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(folder.getFolderName()))) {
+						repeFolders.add(folder);
+					}
+				}
+				if (repeNodes.size() > 0 || repeFolders.size() > 0) {
+					Map<String, List<? extends Object>> repeMap = new HashMap<>();
+					repeMap.put("repeFolders", repeFolders);
+					repeMap.put("repeNodes", repeNodes);
+					return "duplicationFileName:" + gson.toJson(repeMap);
+				}
+				return "confirmMoveFiles";
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				return ERROR_PARAMETER;
+			}
+		}
+		return NO_AUTHORIZED;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String checkImportFolder(HttpServletRequest request) {
+		final String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		final String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String folderName = request.getParameter("folderName");
+		final String maxUploadFileSize = request.getParameter("maxSize");
+		CheckImportFolderRespons cifr = new CheckImportFolderRespons();
+		// 先行权限检查
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)) {
+			cifr.setResult(NO_AUTHORIZED);
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		}
+		// 开始文件上传体积限制检查
+		try {
+			// 获取最大文件体积（以Byte为单位）
+			long mufs = Long.parseLong(maxUploadFileSize);
+			long pMaxUploadSize = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+			if (pMaxUploadSize >= 0) {
+				if (mufs > pMaxUploadSize) {
+					cifr.setResult("fileOverSize");
+					cifr.setMaxSize(formatMaxUploadFileSize(ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account)));
+					return gson.toJson(cifr);
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			cifr.setResult(ERROR_PARAMETER);
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		}
+		// 开始文件夹命名冲突检查，若无重名则允许上传。
+		final List<Folder> folders = flm.queryByParentId(folderId);
+		try {
+			Folder testfolder = folders.stream().parallel()
+					.filter((n) -> n.getFolderName().equals(
+							new String(folderName.getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")), Charset.forName("UTF-8"))))
+					.findAny().get();
+			// 若有重名，则判定该用户是否具备删除权限，这是能够覆盖的第一步
+			if (ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.DELETE_FILE_OR_FOLDER)) {
+				// 接下来判断其是否具备冲突文件夹的访问权限，这是能够覆盖的第二步
+				if (ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(testfolder, account)) {
+					cifr.setResult("coverOrBoth");
+					return gson.toJson(cifr);
+				}
+			}
+			// 如果上述条件不满足，则只能允许保留两者
+			cifr.setResult("onlyBoth");
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+			// 通过所有检查，允许上传
+			cifr.setResult("permitUpload");
+			return gson.toJson(cifr);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String doImportFolder(HttpServletRequest request, MultipartFile file) {
+		String account = (String) request.getSession().getAttribute("ACCOUNT");
+		String folderId = request.getParameter("folderId");
+		final String originalFileName = new String(file.getOriginalFilename().getBytes(Charset.forName("UTF-8")),
+				Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+		final String folderConstraint = request.getParameter("folderConstraint");
+		// 再次检查上传文件名与目标目录ID
+		if (folderId == null || folderId.length() <= 0 || originalFileName == null || originalFileName.length() <= 0) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		Folder folder = flm.queryById(folderId);
+		if (folder == null) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传权限
+		if (!ConfigureReader.instance().authorized(account, AccountAuth.UPLOAD_FILES)
+				|| !ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(folder, account)) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 检查上传文件体积是否超限
+		long mufs = ConfigureReader.instance().getUploadFileSize(account);
+		if (mufs >= 0 && file.getSize() > mufs) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 计算相对路径的文件夹ID（即真正要保存的文件夹目标）
+		String[] paths = getParentPath(originalFileName);
+		//将当前操作的文件夹路径加入到安全锁中，确保同一时间内无法对该文件夹进行重复导入，避免发生文件冲突的问题。
+		String pathskey = Arrays.toString(paths);
+		synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+			if(pathsKeys.contains(pathskey)) {
+				return UPLOADERROR;
+			}else {
+				pathsKeys.add(pathskey);
+			}
+		}
+		String result = protectImportFolder(paths, folderId, account, folderConstraint, originalFileName, file);
+		synchronized (pathsKeys) {
+			pathsKeys.remove(pathskey);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>解析相对路径字符串</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 根据相对路径获得文件夹的层级名称，并以数组的形式返回。若无层级则返回空数组，若层级名称为空字符串则忽略。
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 示例1：输入"aaa/bbb/ccc.c"，返回["aaa","bbb"]。
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 示例2：输入"bbb.c"，返回[]。
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 示例3：输入"aaa//bbb/ccc.c"，返回["aaa","bbb"]。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param path
+	 *            java.lang.String 原路径字符串
+	 * @return java.lang.String[] 解析出的目录层级
+	 */
+	private String[] getParentPath(String path) {
+		if (path != null) {
+			String[] paths = path.split("/");
+			List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
+			for (int i = 0; i < paths.length - 1; i++) {
+				if (paths[i].length() > 0) {
+					result.add(paths[i]);
+				}
+			}
+			return result.toArray(new String[0]);
+		}
+		return new String[0];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 
+	 * <h2>解析相对路径中的文件名</h2>
+	 * <p>
+	 * 从相对路径中获得文件名，若解析失败则返回null。
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @author 青阳龙野(kohgylw)
+	 * @param java.lang.String
+	 *            需要解析的相对路径
+	 * @return java.lang.String 文件名
+	 */
+	private String getFileNameFormPath(String path) {
+		if (path != null) {
+			String[] paths = path.split("/");
+			if (paths.length > 0) {
+				return paths[paths.length - 1];
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	private String protectImportFolder(String[] paths,String folderId,String account,String folderConstraint,String originalFileName,MultipartFile file) {
+		for (String pName : paths) {
+			try {
+				Folder target = flm.queryByParentId(folderId).parallelStream()
+						.filter((e) -> e.getFolderName().equals(pName)).findAny().get();
+				if (ConfigureReader.instance().accessFolder(target, account)) {
+					folderId = target.getFolderId();// 向下迭代直至将父路径全部迭代完毕并找到最终路径
+				} else {
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			} catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+				Folder newFolder = fu.createNewFolder(flm.queryById(folderId), account, pName, folderConstraint);
+				if (newFolder != null) {
+					folderId = newFolder.getFolderId();
+				} else {
+					return UPLOADERROR;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		String fileName = getFileNameFormPath(originalFileName);
+		// 检查是否存在同名文件。存在则直接失败（确保上传的文件夹内容的原始性）
+		final List<Node> files = this.fm.queryByParentFolderId(folderId);
+		if (files.parallelStream().anyMatch((e) -> e.getFileName().equals(fileName))) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		// 将文件存入节点并获取其存入生成路径，型如“UUID.block”形式。
+		final String path = this.fbu.saveToFileBlocks(file);
+		if (path.equals("ERROR")) {
+			return UPLOADERROR;
+		}
+		final String fsize = this.fbu.getFileSize(file);
+		final Node f2 = new Node();
+		f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+		if (account != null) {
+			f2.setFileCreator(account);
+		} else {
+			f2.setFileCreator("\u533f\u540d\u7528\u6237");
+		}
+		f2.setFileCreationDate(ServerTimeUtil.accurateToDay());
+		f2.setFileName(fileName);
+		f2.setFileParentFolder(folderId);
+		f2.setFilePath(path);
+		f2.setFileSize(fsize);
+		int i = 0;
+		// 尽可能避免UUID重复的情况发生，重试10次
+		while (true) {
+			try {
+				if (this.fm.insert(f2) > 0) {
+					this.lu.writeUploadFileEvent(f2, account);
+					return UPLOADSUCCESS;
+				}
+				break;
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				f2.setFileId(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+				i++;
+			}
+			if (i >= 10) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		return UPLOADERROR;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.FileServiceImpl.checkImportFolder` indirectly reads without synchronization from `util.ConfigureReader.kohgylw.kiftd.server.util.ConfigureReader.accountPropertiesUpdateDaemonThread`. Potentially races with write in method `FileServiceImpl.doImportFolder(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String FileServiceImpl.checkImportFolder(HttpServletRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+kohgylw.kiftd.server.service.impl.FileServiceImpl.checkImportFolder(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRe.2b17d060b1347c4be79e2d5f399644ad
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/kohgylw/kiftd/server/service/impl/FileServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+FileServiceImpl.java|checkImportFolder|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b95e37b6a0f377f75d6dec34f3c05d37
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3570/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3570/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b55fba8d92df1e9fe2959e067f3ee882fe2dee6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3570/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-compress
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.compress.archivers;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.AbstractTestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.utils.IOUtils;
+
+public final class ArTestCase extends AbstractTestCase {
+
+	public void testArArchiveCreation() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.ar");
+		
+		final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+		final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+		
+		final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", out);
+		os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+		IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+		os.closeArchiveEntry();
+		
+		os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+		IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+		os.closeArchiveEntry();
+		
+		os.close();
+	}
+
+	public void testArUnarchive() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.ar");
+		{
+			final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+			final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+			
+			final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+	        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", out);
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			os.close();
+			out.close();
+		}
+		
+		// UnArArchive Operation
+		final File input = output;
+		final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(input);
+		final ArchiveInputStream in = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(is));
+		final ArArchiveEntry entry = (ArArchiveEntry)in.getNextEntry();
+		
+		File target = new File(dir, entry.getName());
+        final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(target);
+        
+        IOUtils.copy(in, out);
+    
+        out.close();
+        in.close();
+        is.close();
+	}
+
+	public void testArDelete() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.ar");
+		
+		{
+			// create
+			final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+			final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+			
+			final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+	        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", out);
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new ArArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			os.close();
+			out.close();
+		}
+		
+		final File output2 = new File(dir, "bla2.ar");		
+
+		{
+			// remove all but one file
+			final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(output);
+			final OutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(output2);
+			final ArchiveOutputStream aos = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("ar", os);
+			final ArchiveInputStream ais = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(is));
+			while(true) {
+				final ArArchiveEntry entry = (ArArchiveEntry)ais.getNextEntry();
+				if (entry == null) {
+					break;
+				}
+				
+				if ("test1.xml".equals(entry.getName())) {
+					aos.putArchiveEntry(entry);
+					IOUtils.copy(ais, aos);
+				} else {
+			        IOUtils.copy(ais, new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+				}
+			
+			}
+			ais.close();
+			aos.close();
+			is.close();
+			os.close();			
+		}
+
+		
+		long sum = 0;
+
+		{
+			final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(output2);
+			final ArchiveInputStream ais = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream(new BufferedInputStream(is));
+			while(true) {
+				final ArArchiveEntry entry = (ArArchiveEntry)ais.getNextEntry();
+				if (entry == null) {
+					break;
+				}
+				
+		        IOUtils.copy(ais, new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+		        
+		        sum +=  entry.getLength();
+			}
+			ais.close();
+			is.close();			
+		}
+
+		assertEquals(76, sum);
+		
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 114 is not released after line 160.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 116
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ArTestCase.testArDelete()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ArTestCase.testArDelete():void.ab8e6380df3726e01d37ca4a329c1238
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/compress/archivers/ArTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+ArTestCase.java|testArDelete|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+0b88ba76550d1cbd289abd36ae20f9f3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3577/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3577/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47b1e006c586712b39a26273d44b48d358c9ea3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3577/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-compress
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.compress;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ArchiveStreamFactory;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.cpio.CpioArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.jar.JarArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.tar.TarArchiveInputStream;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.zip.ZipArchiveInputStream;
+
+public final class DetectArchiverTestCase extends AbstractTestCase {
+    public void testDetection() throws Exception {
+        final ArchiveStreamFactory factory = new ArchiveStreamFactory();
+
+        final ArchiveInputStream ar = factory.createArchiveInputStream(
+                                                                       new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(
+                                                                                                                   new File(getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("bla.ar").getFile())))); 
+        assertNotNull(ar);
+        assertTrue(ar instanceof ArArchiveInputStream);
+
+        final ArchiveInputStream tar = factory.createArchiveInputStream(
+                                                                        new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(
+                                                                                                                    new File(getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("bla.tar").getFile()))));
+        assertNotNull(tar);
+        assertTrue(tar instanceof TarArchiveInputStream);
+
+        final ArchiveInputStream zip = factory.createArchiveInputStream(
+                                                                        new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(
+                                                                                                                    new File(getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("bla.zip").getFile()))));
+        assertNotNull(zip);
+        assertTrue(zip instanceof ZipArchiveInputStream);
+
+        final ArchiveInputStream jar = factory.createArchiveInputStream(
+                                                                        new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(
+                                                                                                                    new File(getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("bla.jar").getFile()))));
+        assertNotNull(jar);
+        assertTrue(jar instanceof JarArchiveInputStream);
+
+        final ArchiveInputStream cpio = factory.createArchiveInputStream(
+                                                                         new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(
+                                                                                                                     new File(getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("bla.cpio").getFile()))));
+        assertNotNull(cpio);
+        assertTrue(cpio instanceof CpioArchiveInputStream);
+
+        //              final ArchiveInputStream tgz = factory.createArchiveInputStream(
+        //                              new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(
+        //                                              new File(getClass().getClassLoader().getResource("bla.tgz").getFile()))));
+        //              assertTrue(tgz instanceof TarArchiveInputStream);
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 59 is not released after line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DetectArchiverTestCase.testDetection()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.compress.DetectArchiverTestCase.testDetection():void.d3e5087426409bb03ad13e1ef41ce1e8
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/compress/DetectArchiverTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+DetectArchiverTestCase.java|testDetection|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+bc72aa43eb53391fb347c8113b6d8d95
+
+### Hash:
+4fc3662b0d2bc05ce58008e47de4be51
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3579/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3579/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50c385d3bdacf96666871ef8f0dd182c6a5be7e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3579/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-compress
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.compress.archivers;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.AbstractTestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.cpio.CpioArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.utils.IOUtils;
+
+public final class CpioTestCase extends AbstractTestCase {
+
+    public void testCpioArchiveCreation() throws Exception {
+        final File output = new File(dir, "bla.cpio");
+
+        final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+        final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+
+        final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("cpio", out);
+        os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+        IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+        os.closeArchiveEntry();
+
+        os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+        IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+        os.closeArchiveEntry();
+
+        os.close();
+        out.close();
+    }
+
+    public void testCpioUnarchive() throws Exception {
+        final File output = new File(dir, "bla.cpio");
+        {
+            final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+            final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+
+            final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+            final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("cpio", out);
+            os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+            IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+            os.closeArchiveEntry();
+
+            os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+            IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+            os.closeArchiveEntry();
+
+            os.close();
+            out.close();
+        }
+
+        // Unarchive Operation
+        final File input = output;
+        final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(input);
+        final ArchiveInputStream in = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream("cpio", is);
+
+
+        Map result = new HashMap();
+        ArchiveEntry entry = null;
+        while ((entry = in.getNextEntry()) != null) {
+            File target = new File(dir, entry.getName());
+            final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(target);
+            IOUtils.copy(in, out);
+            out.close();
+            result.put(entry.getName(), target);
+        }
+        in.close();
+        is.close();
+
+        int lineSepLength = System.getProperty("line.separator").length();
+
+        File t = (File)result.get("test1.xml");
+        assertTrue("Expected " + t.getAbsolutePath() + " to exist", t.exists());
+        assertEquals("length of " + t.getAbsolutePath(),
+                     72 + 4 * lineSepLength, t.length());
+
+        t = (File)result.get("test2.xml");
+        assertTrue("Expected " + t.getAbsolutePath() + " to exist", t.exists());
+        assertEquals("length of " + t.getAbsolutePath(),
+                     73 + 5 * lineSepLength, t.length());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 64 is not released after line 64.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 64
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CpioTestCase.testCpioUnarchive()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.CpioTestCase.testCpioUnarchive():void.b2b24f778833775bf1442c00648bd251
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/compress/archivers/CpioTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+CpioTestCase.java|testCpioUnarchive|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7ab2347659f4532683b9d067eea566ee
+
+### Hash:
+7b0243bb890081d8e83c3dbf08b72ed8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3583/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3583/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18e93453ab719b105dcc20325459f73f493ed0bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3583/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-compress
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.compress.compressors;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.AbstractTestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.utils.IOUtils;
+
+public final class GZipTestCase extends AbstractTestCase {
+
+	public void testGzipCreation()  throws Exception {
+		final File input = getFile("test1.xml");
+		final File output = new File(dir, "test1.xml.gz");
+		final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+		final CompressorOutputStream cos = new CompressorStreamFactory().createCompressorOutputStream("gz", out);
+		IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(input), cos);
+		cos.close();
+	}
+	
+	public void testGzipUnarchive() throws Exception {
+		final File input = getFile("bla.tgz");
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.tar");
+        final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(input);
+        final CompressorInputStream in = new CompressorStreamFactory().createCompressorInputStream("gz", is);
+        IOUtils.copy(in, new FileOutputStream(output));
+		in.close();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 46 is not released after line 46.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 46
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GZipTestCase.testGzipUnarchive()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.compress.compressors.GZipTestCase.testGzipUnarchive():void.f7a582a72d12129bba293169378d7681
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/compress/compressors/GZipTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+GZipTestCase.java|testGzipUnarchive|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7ab2347659f4532683b9d067eea566ee
+
+### Hash:
+cfee2b6e272ccc68452e8f1fbfb83097
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3584/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3584/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe8282085a75b322d7bed8c7d5fdea43782c9bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3584/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-compress
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.compress.archivers;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.compress.AbstractTestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.cpio.CpioArchiveEntry;
+import org.apache.commons.compress.utils.IOUtils;
+
+public final class CpioTestCase extends AbstractTestCase {
+
+	public void testCpioArchiveCreation() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.cpio");
+		
+		final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+		final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+		
+		final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("cpio", out);
+		os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+		IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+		os.closeArchiveEntry();
+		
+		os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+		IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+		os.closeArchiveEntry();
+		
+		os.close();
+	}
+
+	public void testCpioUnarchive() throws Exception {
+		final File output = new File(dir, "bla.cpio");
+		{
+			final File file1 = getFile("test1.xml");
+			final File file2 = getFile("test2.xml");
+			
+			final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(output);
+	        final ArchiveOutputStream os = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveOutputStream("cpio", out);
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test1.xml", file1.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file1), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			
+			os.putArchiveEntry(new CpioArchiveEntry("test2.xml", file2.length()));
+			IOUtils.copy(new FileInputStream(file2), os);
+			os.closeArchiveEntry();
+			os.close();
+		}
+		
+		// Unarchive Operation
+		final File input = output;
+		final InputStream is = new FileInputStream(input);
+		final ArchiveInputStream in = new ArchiveStreamFactory().createArchiveInputStream("cpio", is);
+		final CpioArchiveEntry entry = (CpioArchiveEntry)in.getNextEntry();
+		
+		File target = new File(dir, entry.getName());
+        final OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(target);
+        
+        IOUtils.copy(in, out);
+    
+        out.close();
+        in.close();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.ar.ArArchiveOutputStream` acquired by call to `createArchiveOutputStream(...)` at line 59 is not released after line 83.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 60
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CpioTestCase.testCpioUnarchive()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.compress.archivers.CpioTestCase.testCpioUnarchive():void.b2b24f778833775bf1442c00648bd251
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/compress/archivers/CpioTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+CpioTestCase.java|testCpioUnarchive|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+363c9e9ef73989a825d625fa9153305e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3652/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3652/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f41b5af9640a752e5b19cf98b75f0a7fa19ff28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3652/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fabric8-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Red Hat licenses this file to you under the Apache License, version
+ * 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied.  See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.fabric8.maven.plugin;
+
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.Controller;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.KubernetesHelper;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.HasMetadata;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.KubernetesResource;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.ObjectReference;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.Pod;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.ReplicationController;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.Service;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.ServicePort;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.ServiceSpec;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.HTTPIngressPath;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.HTTPIngressPathBuilder;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.HTTPIngressRuleValue;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.Ingress;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.IngressBackend;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.IngressBuilder;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.IngressList;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.IngressRule;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.extensions.IngressSpec;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.*;
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.internal.HasMetadataComparator;
+import io.fabric8.openshift.api.model.Route;
+import io.fabric8.openshift.api.model.RouteList;
+import io.fabric8.openshift.api.model.RouteSpec;
+import io.fabric8.openshift.api.model.Template;
+import io.fabric8.openshift.client.OpenShiftClient;
+import io.fabric8.utils.Files;
+import io.fabric8.utils.Strings;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.LifecyclePhase;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Mojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.Parameter;
+import org.apache.maven.plugins.annotations.ResolutionScope;
+import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+import static io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.KubernetesHelper.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE;
+import static io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.KubernetesHelper.createIntOrString;
+
+/**
+ * Applies the Kubernetes UYAML to a namespace in a kubernetes environment
+ */
+@Mojo(name = "deploy", requiresDependencyResolution = ResolutionScope.RUNTIME, defaultPhase = LifecyclePhase.INSTALL)
+public class DeployMojo extends AbstractFabric8Mojo {
+
+    /**
+     * The domain added to the service ID when creating OpenShift routes
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.domain")
+    protected String routeDomain;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we fail the build if an apply fails?
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.failOnError", defaultValue = "true")
+    protected boolean failOnError;
+    /**
+     * Should we update resources by deleting them first and then creating them again?
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.recreate", defaultValue = "false")
+    protected boolean recreate;
+    /**
+     * The generated kubernetes YAML file
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.manifest", defaultValue = "${basedir}/target/classes/kubernetes.yml")
+    private File kubernetesManifest;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we create new kubernetes resources?
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.create", defaultValue = "true")
+    private boolean createNewResources;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we use rolling upgrades to apply changes?
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.rolling", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean rollingUpgrades;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we fail if there is no kubernetes json
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.failOnNoKubernetesJson", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean failOnNoKubernetesJson;
+
+    /**
+     * In services only mode we only process services so that those can be recursively created/updated first
+     * before creating/updating any pods and replication controllers
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.servicesOnly", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean servicesOnly;
+
+    /**
+     * Do we want to ignore services. This is particularly useful when in recreate mode
+     * to let you easily recreate all the ReplicationControllers and Pods but leave any service
+     * definitions alone to avoid changing the portalIP addresses and breaking existing pods using
+     * the service.
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.ignoreServices", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean ignoreServices;
+
+    /**
+     * Process templates locally in Java so that we can apply OpenShift templates on any Kubernetes environment
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.processTemplatesLocally", defaultValue = "false")
+    private boolean processTemplatesLocally;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we delete all the pods if we update a Replication Controller
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.deletePods", defaultValue = "true")
+    private boolean deletePodsOnReplicationControllerUpdate;
+
+    /**
+     * Do we want to ignore OAuthClients which are already running?. OAuthClients are shared across namespaces
+     * so we should not try to update or create/delete global oauth clients
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.ignoreRunningOAuthClients", defaultValue = "true")
+    private boolean ignoreRunningOAuthClients;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we create external Ingress/Routes for any LoadBalancer services which don't already have them.
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.createExternalUrls", defaultValue = "true")
+    private boolean createExternalUrls;
+
+    /**
+     * The folder we should store any temporary json files or results
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.deploy.jsonLogDir", defaultValue = "${basedir}/target/fabric8/applyJson")
+    private File jsonLogDir;
+
+    /**
+     * Namespace under which to operate
+     */
+    @Parameter(property = "fabric8.namespace")
+    private String namespace;
+
+    // Kubernetes cliend
+    private KubernetesClient kubernetes;
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException {
+        File manifest = kubernetesManifest;
+        if (!Files.isFile(manifest)) {
+            if (failOnNoKubernetesJson) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException("No such generated kubernetes YAML file: " + manifest);
+            } else {
+                getLog().warn("No such generated kubernetes YAML file: " + manifest + " for this project so ignoring");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        KubernetesClient kubernetes = createKubernetesClient();
+
+        if (kubernetes.getMasterUrl() == null || Strings.isNullOrBlank(kubernetes.getMasterUrl().toString())) {
+            throw new MojoFailureException("Cannot find Kubernetes master URL");
+        }
+        getLog().info("Using kubernetes at: " + kubernetes.getMasterUrl() + " in namespace " + getNamespace() + " Kubernetes manifest: " + manifest);
+
+        try {
+            Controller controller = createController();
+            controller.setAllowCreate(createNewResources);
+            controller.setServicesOnlyMode(servicesOnly);
+            controller.setIgnoreServiceMode(ignoreServices);
+            controller.setLogJsonDir(jsonLogDir);
+            controller.setBasedir(getRootProjectFolder());
+            controller.setIgnoreRunningOAuthClients(ignoreRunningOAuthClients);
+            controller.setProcessTemplatesLocally(processTemplatesLocally);
+            controller.setDeletePodsOnReplicationControllerUpdate(deletePodsOnReplicationControllerUpdate);
+            controller.setRollingUpgrade(rollingUpgrades);
+            controller.setRollingUpgradePreserveScale(isRollingUpgradePreserveScale());
+
+            boolean openShift = KubernetesHelper.isOpenShift(kubernetes);
+            if (openShift) {
+                getLog().info("OpenShift platform detected");
+            } else {
+                disableOpenShiftFeatures(controller);
+            }
+
+
+            String fileName = manifest.getName();
+            Object dto = KubernetesHelper.loadYaml(manifest, KubernetesResource.class);
+            if (dto == null) {
+                throw new MojoFailureException("Cannot load kubernetes YAML: " + manifest);
+            }
+
+            // lets check we have created the namespace
+            String namespace = getNamespace();
+            controller.applyNamespace(namespace);
+            controller.setNamespace(namespace);
+
+            if (dto instanceof Template) {
+                Template template = (Template) dto;
+                dto = applyTemplates(template, kubernetes, controller, fileName);
+            }
+
+            Set<KubernetesResource> resources = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+
+            Set<HasMetadata> entities = new TreeSet<>(new HasMetadataComparator());
+            for (KubernetesResource resource : resources) {
+                entities.addAll(KubernetesHelper.toItemList(resource));
+            }
+
+            entities.addAll(KubernetesHelper.toItemList(dto));
+
+            if (createExternalUrls) {
+                if (controller.getOpenShiftClientOrNull() != null) {
+                    createRoutes(controller, entities);
+                } else {
+                    createIngress(controller, kubernetes, entities);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Apply all items
+            for (HasMetadata entity : entities) {
+                if (entity instanceof Pod) {
+                    Pod pod = (Pod) entity;
+                    controller.applyPod(pod, fileName);
+                } else if (entity instanceof Service) {
+                    Service service = (Service) entity;
+                    controller.applyService(service, fileName);
+                } else if (entity instanceof ReplicationController) {
+                    ReplicationController replicationController = (ReplicationController) entity;
+                    controller.applyReplicationController(replicationController, fileName);
+                } else if (entity != null) {
+                    controller.apply(entity, fileName);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException(e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Route createRouteForService(String routeDomainPostfix, String namespace, Service service, Log log) {
+        Route route = null;
+        String id = KubernetesHelper.getName(service);
+        if (Strings.isNotBlank(id) && shouldCreateExternalURLForService(log, service, id)) {
+            route = new Route();
+            String routeId = id;
+            KubernetesHelper.setName(route, namespace, routeId);
+            RouteSpec routeSpec = new RouteSpec();
+            ObjectReference objectRef = new ObjectReference();
+            objectRef.setName(id);
+            objectRef.setNamespace(namespace);
+            routeSpec.setTo(objectRef);
+            if (!Strings.isNullOrBlank(routeDomainPostfix)) {
+                String host = Strings.stripSuffix(Strings.stripSuffix(id, "-service"), ".");
+                routeSpec.setHost(host + "." + Strings.stripPrefix(routeDomainPostfix, "."));
+            } else {
+                routeSpec.setHost("");
+            }
+            route.setSpec(routeSpec);
+            String json;
+            try {
+                json = KubernetesHelper.toJson(route);
+            } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+                json = e.getMessage() + ". object: " + route;
+            }
+            log.debug("Created route: " + json);
+        }
+        return route;
+    }
+
+    public static Ingress createIngressForService(String routeDomainPostfix, String namespace, Service service, Log log) {
+        Ingress ingress = null;
+        String serviceName = KubernetesHelper.getName(service);
+        ServiceSpec serviceSpec = service.getSpec();
+        if (serviceSpec != null && Strings.isNotBlank(serviceName) &&
+                shouldCreateExternalURLForService(log, service, serviceName)) {
+            String ingressId = serviceName;
+            String host = "";
+            if (Strings.isNotBlank(routeDomainPostfix)) {
+                host = serviceName  + "-" + namespace + "." + Strings.stripPrefix(routeDomainPostfix, ".");
+            }
+            List<HTTPIngressPath> paths  = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<ServicePort> ports = serviceSpec.getPorts();
+            if (ports != null) {
+                for (ServicePort port : ports) {
+                    Integer portNumber = port.getPort();
+                    if (portNumber != null) {
+                        HTTPIngressPath path = new HTTPIngressPathBuilder().withNewBackend().
+                                withServiceName(serviceName).withServicePort(createIntOrString(portNumber.intValue())).
+                                endBackend().build();
+                        paths.add(path);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (paths.isEmpty()) {
+                return ingress;
+            }
+            ingress = new IngressBuilder().
+                    withNewMetadata().withName(ingressId).withNamespace(namespace).endMetadata().
+                    withNewSpec().
+                    addNewRule().
+                    withHost(host).
+                    withNewHttp().
+                    withPaths(paths).
+                    endHttp().
+                    endRule().
+                    endSpec().build();
+
+            String json;
+            try {
+                json = KubernetesHelper.toJson(ingress);
+            } catch (JsonProcessingException e) {
+                json = e.getMessage() + ". object: " + ingress;
+            }
+            log.debug("Created ingress: " + json);
+        }
+        return ingress;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should we try to create an external URL for the given service?
+     * <p/>
+     * By default lets ignore the kubernetes services and any service which does not expose ports 80 and 443
+     *
+     * @return true if we should create an OpenShift Route for this service.
+     */
+    protected static boolean shouldCreateExternalURLForService(Log log, Service service, String id) {
+        if ("kubernetes".equals(id) || "kubernetes-ro".equals(id)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        Set<Integer> ports = KubernetesHelper.getPorts(service);
+        log.debug("Service " + id + " has ports: " + ports);
+        if (ports.size() == 1) {
+            String type = null;
+            ServiceSpec spec = service.getSpec();
+            if (spec != null) {
+                type = spec.getType();
+                if (Objects.equals(type, "LoadBalancer")) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            log.info("Not generating route for service " + id + " type is not LoadBalancer: " + type);
+            return false;
+        } else {
+            log.info("Not generating route for service " + id + " as only single port services are supported. Has ports: " + ports);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isRollingUpgrades() {
+        return rollingUpgrades;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isRollingUpgradePreserveScale() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public MavenProject getProject() {
+        return project;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Lets disable OpenShift-only features if we are not running on OpenShift
+     */
+    protected void disableOpenShiftFeatures(Controller controller) {
+        // TODO we could check if the Templates service is running and if so we could still support templates?
+        this.processTemplatesLocally = true;
+        controller.setSupportOAuthClients(false);
+        controller.setProcessTemplatesLocally(true);
+    }
+
+    protected Object applyTemplates(Template template, KubernetesClient kubernetes, Controller controller, String fileName) throws Exception {
+        KubernetesHelper.setNamespace(template, getNamespace());
+        overrideTemplateParameters(template);
+        return controller.applyTemplate(template, fileName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Before applying the given template lets allow template parameters to be overridden via the maven
+     * properties - or optionally - via the command line if in interactive mode.
+     */
+    protected void overrideTemplateParameters(Template template) {
+        List<io.fabric8.openshift.api.model.Parameter> parameters = template.getParameters();
+        MavenProject project = getProject();
+        if (parameters != null && project != null) {
+            Properties properties = getProjectAndFabric8Properties(project);
+            boolean missingProperty = false;
+            for (io.fabric8.openshift.api.model.Parameter parameter : parameters) {
+                String parameterName = parameter.getName();
+                String name = "fabric8.apply." + parameterName;
+                String propertyValue = properties.getProperty(name);
+                if (propertyValue != null) {
+                    getLog().info("Overriding template parameter " + name + " with value: " + propertyValue);
+                    parameter.setValue(propertyValue);
+                } else {
+                    missingProperty = true;
+                    getLog().info("No property defined for template parameter: " + name);
+                }
+            }
+            if (missingProperty) {
+                getLog().debug("Current properties " + new TreeSet<>(properties.keySet()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected Properties getProjectAndFabric8Properties(MavenProject project) {
+        Properties properties = project.getProperties();
+        properties.putAll(project.getProperties());
+        // let system properties override so we can read from the command line
+        properties.putAll(System.getProperties());
+        return properties;
+    }
+
+    protected void createRoutes(Controller controller, Collection<HasMetadata> collection) {
+        String routeDomainPostfix = this.routeDomain;
+        Log log = getLog();
+        String namespace = getNamespace();
+        // lets get the routes first to see if we should bother
+        try {
+            OpenShiftClient openshiftClient = controller.getOpenShiftClientOrNull();
+            if (openshiftClient == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+            RouteList routes = openshiftClient.routes().inNamespace(namespace).list();
+            if (routes != null) {
+                routes.getItems();
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("Cannot load OpenShift Routes; maybe not connected to an OpenShift platform? " + e, e);
+            return;
+        }
+        List<Route> routes = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Object object : collection) {
+            if (object instanceof Service) {
+                Service service = (Service) object;
+                Route route = createRouteForService(routeDomainPostfix, namespace, service, log);
+                if (route != null) {
+                    routes.add(route);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        collection.addAll(routes);
+    }
+
+    protected void createIngress(Controller controller, KubernetesClient kubernetesClient, Collection<HasMetadata> collection) {
+        String routeDomainPostfix = this.routeDomain;
+        Log log = getLog();
+        String namespace = getNamespace();
+        List<Ingress> ingressList = null;
+        // lets get the routes first to see if we should bother
+        try {
+            IngressList ingresses = kubernetesClient.extensions().ingresses().inNamespace(namespace).list();
+            if (ingresses != null) {
+                ingressList = ingresses.getItems();
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.warn("Cannot load Ingress instances. Must be an older version of Kubernetes? Error: " + e, e);
+            return;
+        }
+        List<Ingress> ingresses = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Object object : collection) {
+            if (object instanceof Service) {
+                Service service = (Service) object;
+                if (!serviceHasIngressRule(ingressList, service)) {
+                    Ingress ingress = createIngressForService(routeDomainPostfix, namespace, service, log);
+                    if (ingress != null) {
+                        ingresses.add(ingress);
+                        log.info("Created ingress for " + namespace + ":" + KubernetesHelper.getName(service));
+                    } else {
+                        log.debug("No ingress required for " + namespace + ":" + KubernetesHelper.getName(service));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    log.info("Already has ingress for service " + namespace + ":" + KubernetesHelper.getName(service));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        collection.addAll(ingresses);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if there is an existing ingress rule for the given service
+     */
+    private boolean serviceHasIngressRule(List<Ingress> ingresses, Service service) {
+        String serviceName = KubernetesHelper.getName(service);
+        for (Ingress ingress : ingresses) {
+            IngressSpec spec = ingress.getSpec();
+            if (spec != null) {
+                List<IngressRule> rules = spec.getRules();
+                if (rules != null) {
+                    for (IngressRule rule : rules) {
+                        HTTPIngressRuleValue http = rule.getHttp();
+                        if (http != null) {
+                            List<HTTPIngressPath> paths = http.getPaths();
+                            if (paths != null) {
+                                for (HTTPIngressPath path : paths) {
+                                    IngressBackend backend = path.getBackend();
+                                    if (backend != null) {
+                                        if (Objects.equals(serviceName, backend.getServiceName())) {
+                                            return true;
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private KubernetesClient createKubernetesClient() {
+        Config config = new ConfigBuilder().withNamespace(getNamespace()).build();
+        return new DefaultKubernetesClient(config);
+    }
+
+    protected Controller createController() {
+        Controller controller = new Controller(createKubernetesClient());
+        controller.setThrowExceptionOnError(failOnError);
+        controller.setRecreateMode(recreate);
+        getLog().debug("Using recreate mode: " + recreate);
+        return controller;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized String getNamespace() {
+        if (Strings.isNullOrBlank(namespace)) {
+            namespace = KubernetesHelper.defaultNamespace();
+        }
+        if (Strings.isNullOrBlank(namespace)) {
+            namespace = DEFAULT_NAMESPACE;
+        }
+        return namespace;
+    }
+
+    public String getRouteDomain() {
+        return routeDomain;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFailOnError() {
+        return failOnError;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isRecreate() {
+        return recreate;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the root project folder
+     */
+    protected File getRootProjectFolder() {
+        File answer = null;
+        MavenProject project = getProject();
+        while (project != null) {
+            File basedir = project.getBasedir();
+            if (basedir != null) {
+                answer = basedir;
+            }
+            project = project.getParent();
+        }
+        return answer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the root project folder
+     */
+    protected MavenProject getRootProject() {
+        MavenProject project = getProject();
+        while (project != null) {
+            MavenProject parent = project.getParent();
+            if (parent == null) {
+                break;
+            }
+            project = parent;
+        }
+        return project;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.DefaultKubernetesClient` acquired by call to `createKubernetesClient()` at line 183 is not released after line 185.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DeployMojo.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.fabric8.maven.plugin.DeployMojo.execute():void.93710971e888b6594f8476c7be13dc0c
+
+### File:
+plugin/src/main/java/io/fabric8/maven/plugin/DeployMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+DeployMojo.java|execute|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0e6c776ba1024631142d3bb7d683a3b3
+
+### Hash:
+679f4259274e6ca782f92e9bc14b7cd9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3655/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3655/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6411b176c4900153ac608bc8141c9d797586dc59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3655/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fabric8-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2016 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Red Hat licenses this file to you under the Apache License, version
+ * 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied.  See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.fabric8.maven.generator.javaexec;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.jar.Attributes;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+import java.util.jar.Manifest;
+
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+
+/**
+ * Class for finding out the fat jar of a directory and provide
+ * some insights into the fat jar
+ * @author roland
+ * @since 10/11/16
+ */
+public class FatJarDetector {
+
+    private File directory;
+    private Result result;
+
+    FatJarDetector(String dir) {
+        this.directory = new File(dir);
+    }
+
+    Result scan() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        // Scanning is lazy ...
+        if (result == null) {
+            if (!directory.exists()) {
+                // No directory to check found so we return null here ...
+                return null;
+            }
+            String[] jarOrWars = directory.list((dir, name) -> name.endsWith(".war") || name.endsWith(".jar"));
+            if (jarOrWars == null || jarOrWars.length == 0) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            long maxSize = 0;
+            for (String jarOrWar : jarOrWars) {
+                File archiveFile = new File(directory, jarOrWar);
+                try {
+                    JarFile archive = new JarFile(archiveFile);
+                    Manifest mf = archive.getManifest();
+                    Attributes mainAttributes = mf.getMainAttributes();
+                    if (mainAttributes != null) {
+                        String mainClass = mainAttributes.getValue("Main-Class");
+                        if (mainClass != null) {
+                            long size = archiveFile.length();
+                            // Take the largest jar / war file found
+                            if (size > maxSize) {
+                                maxSize = size;
+                                result = new Result(archiveFile, mainClass, mainAttributes);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new MojoExecutionException("Cannot examine file " + archiveFile + " for the manifest");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public class Result {
+
+        private final File archiveFile;
+        private final String mainClass;
+        private final Attributes attributes;
+
+        public Result(File archiveFile, String mainClass, Attributes attributes) {
+            this.archiveFile = archiveFile;
+            this.mainClass = mainClass;
+            this.attributes = attributes;
+        }
+
+        public File getArchiveFile() {
+            return archiveFile;
+        }
+
+        public String getMainClass() {
+            return mainClass;
+        }
+
+        public String getManifestEntry(String key) {
+            return attributes.getValue(key);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.jar.JarFile` acquired to `archive` by call to `JarFile(...)` at line 57 is not released after line 58.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+FatJarDetector$Result FatJarDetector.scan()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.fabric8.maven.generator.javaexec.FatJarDetector.scan():io.fabric8.maven.generator.javaexec.FatJar.efec5dfd784370cf98e58d3d1c81195c
+
+### File:
+generator/java-exec/src/main/java/io/fabric8/maven/generator/javaexec/FatJarDetector.java
+
+### Key:
+FatJarDetector.java|scan|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c9deda297ca620e1c62c0c1ea8763701
+
+### Hash:
+89f6a4b35d732f374bbc64038caa7bfa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3699/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3699/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10017d5f1e8b9693736f8c2e6488f979541fcaff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3699/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** migrations
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *    Copyright 2010-2017 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ *    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *    You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *    limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.ibatis.migration.operations;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.Change;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.ConnectionProvider;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.MigrationException;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.MigrationLoader;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.hook.MigrationHook;
+import org.apache.ibatis.migration.options.DatabaseOperationOption;
+
+public final class VersionOperation extends DatabaseOperation {
+  private BigDecimal version;
+
+  public VersionOperation(BigDecimal version) {
+    super();
+    this.version = version;
+    if (version == null) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("The version must be null.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  public VersionOperation operate(ConnectionProvider connectionProvider, MigrationLoader migrationsLoader,
+      DatabaseOperationOption option, PrintStream printStream) {
+    return operate(connectionProvider, migrationsLoader, option, printStream, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public VersionOperation operate(ConnectionProvider connectionProvider, MigrationLoader migrationsLoader,
+      DatabaseOperationOption option, PrintStream printStream, MigrationHook upHook, MigrationHook downHook) {
+    if (option == null) {
+      option = new DatabaseOperationOption();
+    }
+    ensureVersionExists(migrationsLoader);
+    Change change = getLastAppliedChange(connectionProvider, option);
+    if (change == null || version.compareTo(change.getId()) > 0) {
+      println(printStream, "Upgrading to: " + version);
+      UpOperation up = new UpOperation(1);
+      while (!version.equals(change.getId())) {
+        up.operate(connectionProvider, migrationsLoader, option, printStream, upHook);
+        change = getLastAppliedChange(connectionProvider, option);
+      }
+    } else if (version.compareTo(change.getId()) < 0) {
+      println(printStream, "Downgrading to: " + version);
+      DownOperation down = new DownOperation(1);
+      while (!version.equals(change.getId())) {
+        down.operate(connectionProvider, migrationsLoader, option, printStream, downHook);
+        change = getLastAppliedChange(connectionProvider, option);
+      }
+    } else {
+      println(printStream, "Already at version: " + version);
+    }
+    println(printStream);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  private void ensureVersionExists(MigrationLoader migrationsLoader) {
+    List<Change> migrations = migrationsLoader.getMigrations();
+    if (!migrations.contains(new Change(version))) {
+      throw new MigrationException("A migration for the specified version number does not exist.");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `change` last assigned on line 64 could be null and is dereferenced at line 62.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+VersionOperation VersionOperation.operate(ConnectionProvider,MigrationLoader,DatabaseOperationOption,PrintStream,MigrationHook,MigrationHook)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.ibatis.migration.operations.VersionOperation.operate(org.apache.ibatis.migration.Connecti.523f7eff28834757afe8515df9b73164
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/ibatis/migration/operations/VersionOperation.java
+
+### Key:
+VersionOperation.java|operate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+a8e5ea4c3fb7e7356fb4a16694fe8325
+
+### Hash:
+be69b28fae634e697b820a4a6ab8efc6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3710/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3710/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13ddf87ba73d2cbee9333b2f275647a3ae7ad156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3710/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2005, 2014 springside.github.io
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *******************************************************************************/
+package org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Counter;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.CounterMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Gauge;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Histogram;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.HistogramMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Timer;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.TimerMetric;
+
+public class ConsoleReporter implements Reporter {
+
+	private static final int CONSOLE_WIDTH = 80;
+	private PrintStream output = System.out;
+
+	@Override
+	public void report(Map<String, Gauge> gauges, Map<String, Counter> counters, Map<String, Histogram> histograms,
+			Map<String, Timer> timers) {
+
+		printWithBanner(new Date().toString(), '=');
+		output.println();
+
+		if (!gauges.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Gaugues", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Gauge> entry : gauges.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printGauge(entry.getValue());
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!counters.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Counters", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Counter> entry : counters.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printCounter(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!histograms.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Histograms", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Histogram> entry : histograms.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printHistogram(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!timers.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Timers", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Timer> entry : timers.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printTimer(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printWithBanner(String s, char c) {
+		output.print(s);
+		output.print(' ');
+		for (int i = 0; i < (CONSOLE_WIDTH - s.length() - 1); i++) {
+			output.print(c);
+		}
+		output.println();
+	}
+
+	private void printGauge(Gauge gauge) {
+		output.printf("             value = %s%n", gauge.snapshot);
+	}
+
+	private void printCounter(CounterMetric counter) {
+		output.printf("        last count = %d%n", counter.lastCount);
+		output.printf("       total count = %d%n", counter.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", counter.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", counter.meanRate);
+	}
+
+	private void printHistogram(HistogramMetric histogram) {
+		output.printf("               min = %d%n", histogram.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d%n", histogram.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f%n", histogram.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : histogram.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d %n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printTimer(TimerMetric timer) {
+		output.printf("             count = %d%n", timer.counterMetric.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.meanRate);
+		output.printf("               min = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : timer.histogramMetric.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d ms%n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+printf(...) at line 87: parameter 2 is expected to be of type java.lang.Double but java.lang.Long was given.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConsoleReporter.printCounter(CounterMetric)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter.ConsoleReporter.printCounter(org.springside.modules.metrics..c6505633e0e61017b294d5368dab4100
+
+### File:
+modules/metrics/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/metrics/reporter/ConsoleReporter.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleReporter.java|printCounter|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b546f62f0851749fecf25d8120f896ff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3711/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3711/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57c2507a8847272b8db21b2ab5fef9e1651151cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3711/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2005, 2014 springside.github.io
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *******************************************************************************/
+package org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Counter;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.CounterMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Gauge;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Histogram;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.HistogramMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.Timer;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.TimerMetric;
+
+public class ConsoleReporter implements Reporter {
+
+	private static final int CONSOLE_WIDTH = 80;
+	private PrintStream output = System.out;
+
+	@Override
+	public void report(Map<String, Gauge> gauges, Map<String, Counter> counters, Map<String, Histogram> histograms,
+			Map<String, Timer> timers) {
+
+		printWithBanner(new Date().toString(), '=');
+		output.println();
+
+		if (!gauges.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Gaugues", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Gauge> entry : gauges.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printGauge(entry.getValue());
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!counters.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Counters", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Counter> entry : counters.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printCounter(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!histograms.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Histograms", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Histogram> entry : histograms.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printHistogram(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!timers.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Timers", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, Timer> entry : timers.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printTimer(entry.getValue().snapshot);
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printWithBanner(String s, char c) {
+		output.print(s);
+		output.print(' ');
+		for (int i = 0; i < (CONSOLE_WIDTH - s.length() - 1); i++) {
+			output.print(c);
+		}
+		output.println();
+	}
+
+	private void printGauge(Gauge gauge) {
+		output.printf("             value = %s%n", gauge.snapshot);
+	}
+
+	private void printCounter(CounterMetric counter) {
+		output.printf("        last count = %d%n", counter.lastCount);
+		output.printf("       total count = %d%n", counter.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", counter.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", counter.meanRate);
+	}
+
+	private void printHistogram(HistogramMetric histogram) {
+		output.printf("               min = %d%n", histogram.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d%n", histogram.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f%n", histogram.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : histogram.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d %n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printTimer(TimerMetric timer) {
+		output.printf("             count = %d%n", timer.counterMetric.totalCount);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", timer.counterMetric.meanRate);
+		output.printf("               min = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f ms%n", timer.histogramMetric.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : timer.histogramMetric.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d ms%n", pct.getKey(), pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+printf(...) at line 86: parameter 2 is expected to be of type java.lang.Double but java.lang.Long was given.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConsoleReporter.printCounter(CounterMetric)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.metrics.reporter.ConsoleReporter.printCounter(org.springside.modules.metrics..c6505633e0e61017b294d5368dab4100
+
+### File:
+modules/metrics/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/metrics/reporter/ConsoleReporter.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleReporter.java|printCounter|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b546f62f0851749fecf25d8120f896ff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3716/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3716/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37e68e966552c61abaca8a1c4d4aa64e4fce41cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3716/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.springside.modules.metrics.report;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.CounterMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.ExecutionMetric;
+import org.springside.modules.metrics.HistogramMetric;
+
+public class ConsoleReporter implements Reporter {
+
+	private static final int CONSOLE_WIDTH = 80;
+	private PrintStream output = System.out;
+
+	@Override
+	public void report(Map<String, CounterMetric> counters, Map<String, HistogramMetric> histograms,
+			Map<String, ExecutionMetric> executions) {
+
+		printWithBanner(new Date().toString(), '=');
+		output.println();
+
+		if (!counters.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Counters", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, CounterMetric> entry : counters.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printCounter(entry.getValue());
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!histograms.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Histograms", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, HistogramMetric> entry : histograms.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printHistogram(entry.getValue());
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+
+		if (!executions.isEmpty()) {
+			printWithBanner("-- Executions", '-');
+			for (Map.Entry<String, ExecutionMetric> entry : executions.entrySet()) {
+				output.println(entry.getKey());
+				printExecution(entry.getValue());
+			}
+			output.println();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printWithBanner(String s, char c) {
+		output.print(s);
+		output.print(' ');
+		for (int i = 0; i < (CONSOLE_WIDTH - s.length() - 1); i++) {
+			output.print(c);
+		}
+		output.println();
+	}
+
+	private void printCounter(CounterMetric counter) {
+		output.printf("             count = %d%n", counter.count);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", counter.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", counter.meanRate);
+	}
+
+	private void printHistogram(HistogramMetric histogram) {
+		output.printf("               min = %d%n", histogram.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d%n", histogram.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f%n", histogram.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : histogram.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d %n", pct.getKey() * 100, pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void printExecution(ExecutionMetric execution) {
+		output.printf("             count = %d%n", execution.counter.count);
+		output.printf("         last rate = %2.2f/s%n", execution.counter.lastRate);
+		output.printf("         mean rate = %2.2f/s%n", execution.counter.meanRate);
+		output.printf("               min = %d ms%n", execution.histogram.min);
+		output.printf("               max = %d ms%n", execution.histogram.max);
+		output.printf("              mean = %2.2f ms%n", execution.histogram.mean);
+		for (Entry<Double, Long> pct : execution.histogram.pcts.entrySet()) {
+			output.printf("           %2.2f%% <= %d ms%n", pct.getKey() * 100, pct.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+printf(...) at line 84: parameter 3 is expected to be of type java.lang.Integer but java.lang.Object was given.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConsoleReporter.printExecution(ExecutionMetric)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.metrics.report.ConsoleReporter.printExecution(org.springside.modules.metrics..d63ba897b364ece77c83559b0ff51738
+
+### File:
+modules/metrics/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/metrics/report/ConsoleReporter.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleReporter.java|printExecution|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+61bba1e83d92f3a7d83a17ae19cea2e3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3717/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3717/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6627a6bdad17d39d88183549814379007eede0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3717/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent;
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.lang.management.ThreadInfo;
+import java.lang.management.ThreadMXBean;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * 由程序触发的ThreadDump，打印到日志中.
+ * 
+ * 因为ThreadDump本身会造成JVM停顿，所以加上了开关和最少间隔时间的选项(默认不限制)
+ * 
+ * 因为ThreadInfo的toString()最多只会打印8层的StackTrace，所以加上了最大打印层数的选项.(默认为8)
+ * 
+ * @author calvin
+ */
+public class ThreadDumpper {
+
+	private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_STACK_LEVEL = 8;
+
+	private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ThreadDumpper.class);
+
+	private boolean enable = true; // 快速关闭该功能
+	private long leastIntervalMills = 0; // 每次打印ThreadDump的最小时间间隔，单位为毫秒
+	private int maxStackLevel = DEFAULT_MAX_STACK_LEVEL; // 打印StackTrace的最大深度
+
+	private ThreadMXBean threadMBean = ManagementFactory.getThreadMXBean();
+	private volatile Long lastThreadDumpTime = 0L;
+
+	public ThreadDumpper() {
+	}
+
+	public ThreadDumpper(long leastIntervalMills, int maxStackLevel) {
+		this.leastIntervalMills = leastIntervalMills;
+		this.maxStackLevel = maxStackLevel;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 符合条件则打印线程栈.
+	 */
+	public void threadDumpIfNeed() {
+		threadDumpIfNeed(null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 符合条件则打印线程栈.
+	 * 
+	 * @param reasonMsg 发生ThreadDump的原因
+	 */
+	public void threadDumpIfNeed(String reasonMsg) {
+		if (!enable) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		synchronized (this) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - lastThreadDumpTime < leastIntervalMills) {
+				return;
+			} else {
+				lastThreadDumpTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			}
+		}
+
+		logger.info("Thread dump by ThreadDumpper" + reasonMsg != null ? (" for " + reasonMsg) : "");
+
+		// 参数均为false, 避免输出lockedMonitors和lockedSynchronizers导致的JVM缓慢
+		ThreadInfo[] threadInfos = threadMBean.dumpAllThreads(false, false);
+
+		StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder(8192);
+		b.append('[');
+		for (int i = 0; i < threadInfos.length; i++) {
+			b.append(dumpThreadInfo(threadInfos[i])).append(", ");
+		}
+
+		// 两条日志间的时间间隔，是VM被thread dump堵塞的时间.
+		logger.info(b.toString());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 打印全部的stack，重新实现threadInfo的toString()函数，因为默认最多只打印8层的stack. 同时，不再打印lockedMonitors和lockedSynchronizers.
+	 */
+	private String dumpThreadInfo(ThreadInfo threadInfo) {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(512);
+		sb.append("\"").append(threadInfo.getThreadName()).append("\" Id=").append(threadInfo.getThreadId()).append(' ')
+				.append(threadInfo.getThreadState());
+		if (threadInfo.getLockName() != null) {
+			sb.append(" on ").append(threadInfo.getLockName());
+		}
+		if (threadInfo.getLockOwnerName() != null) {
+			sb.append(" owned by \"").append(threadInfo.getLockOwnerName()).append("\" Id=")
+					.append(threadInfo.getLockOwnerId());
+		}
+		if (threadInfo.isSuspended()) {
+			sb.append(" (suspended)");
+		}
+		if (threadInfo.isInNative()) {
+			sb.append(" (in native)");
+		}
+		sb.append('\n');
+		int i = 0;
+		StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = threadInfo.getStackTrace();
+		for (; i < Math.min(maxStackLevel, stackTrace.length); i++) {
+			StackTraceElement ste = stackTrace[i];
+			sb.append("\tat ").append(ste.toString()).append('\n');
+			if (i == 0 && threadInfo.getLockInfo() != null) {
+				Thread.State ts = threadInfo.getThreadState();
+				switch (ts) {
+				case BLOCKED:
+					sb.append("\t-  blocked on ").append(threadInfo.getLockInfo()).append('\n');
+					break;
+				case WAITING:
+					sb.append("\t-  waiting on ").append(threadInfo.getLockInfo()).append('\n');
+					break;
+				case TIMED_WAITING:
+					sb.append("\t-  time waiting on ").append(threadInfo.getLockInfo()).append('\n');
+					break;
+				default:
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+		if (i < stackTrace.length) {
+			sb.append("\t...").append('\n');
+		}
+
+		sb.append('\n');
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 快速关闭打印
+	 */
+	public void setEnable(boolean enable) {
+		this.enable = enable;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 打印ThreadDump的最小时间间隔，单位为秒，默认为0不限制.
+	 */
+	public void setLeastInterval(int leastIntervalSeconds) {
+		synchronized (this) {
+			this.leastIntervalMills = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(leastIntervalSeconds);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 打印StackTrace的最大深度, 默认为8
+	 */
+	public void setMaxStackLevel(int maxStackLevel) {
+		this.maxStackLevel = maxStackLevel;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent.ThreadDumpper.threadDumpIfNeed` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent.ThreadDumpper.maxStackLevel`. Potentially races with write in method `ThreadDumpper.setMaxStackLevel(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ThreadDumpper.threadDumpIfNeed(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.utils.concurrent.ThreadDumpper.threadDumpIfNeed(java.lang.String):void.cb6cbb835fe28783ae5e5de2f0a8467d
+
+### File:
+modules/utils/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/utils/concurrent/ThreadDumpper.java
+
+### Key:
+ThreadDumpper.java|threadDumpIfNeed|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6989afcf963e4d5623e32d15346d5729
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3719/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3719/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c52d90dca7e433bcc3f18f623652626f8e3ea308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3719/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** springside4
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.springside.modules.utils.net;
+
+import java.net.Inet6Address;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import javax.net.ServerSocketFactory;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springside.modules.utils.base.SystemPropertiesUtil;
+import org.springside.modules.utils.collection.MapUtil;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.Beta;
+
+/**
+ * 关于网络的工具类.
+ * 
+ * 1. 获取Local Address
+ * 
+ * 2. 查找空闲端口
+ * 
+ * @author calvin
+ *
+ */
+@Beta
+public abstract class NetUtil {
+
+	private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(NetUtil.class);
+
+	public static final int PORT_RANGE_MIN = 1024;
+
+	public static final int PORT_RANGE_MAX = 65535;
+
+	private static final Random random = new Random();
+
+	private static InetAddress localAddress;
+	private static String localHost;
+
+	static {
+		initLocalAddress();
+	}
+
+	public static InetAddress getLocalAddress() {
+		return localAddress;
+	}
+
+	public static String getLocalHost() {
+		return localHost;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 测试端口是否空闲可用, from Spring SocketUtils
+	 */
+	public static boolean isPortAvailable(int port) {
+		try {
+			ServerSocket serverSocket = ServerSocketFactory.getDefault().createServerSocket(port, 1,
+					InetAddress.getByName("localhost"));
+			serverSocket.close();
+			return true;
+		} catch (Exception ex) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 从1024到65535， 随机找一个空闲端口 from Spring SocketUtils
+	 */
+	public static int findRandomAvailablePort() {
+		return findRandomAvailablePort(PORT_RANGE_MIN, PORT_RANGE_MAX);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 在范围里随机找一个空闲端口,from Spring SocketUtils.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IllegalStateException  最多尝试(maxPort-minPort)次，如无空闲端口，抛出此异常.
+	 */
+	public static int findRandomAvailablePort(int minPort, int maxPort) {
+		int portRange = maxPort - minPort;
+		int candidatePort;
+		int searchCounter = 0;
+
+		do {
+			if (++searchCounter > portRange) {
+				throw new IllegalStateException(
+						String.format("Could not find an available tcp port in the range [%d, %d] after %d attempts",
+								minPort, maxPort, searchCounter));
+			}
+			candidatePort = minPort + random.nextInt(portRange + 1);
+		} while (!isPortAvailable(candidatePort));
+
+		return candidatePort;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 从某个端口开始，递增直到65535，找一个空闲端口.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IllegalStateException 范围内如无空闲端口，抛出此异常
+	 */
+	public static int findAvailablePortFrom(int minPort) {
+		for (int port = minPort; port < PORT_RANGE_MAX; port++) {
+			if (isPortAvailable(port)) {
+				return port;
+			}
+		}
+
+		throw new IllegalStateException(
+				String.format("Could not find an available tcp port in the range [%d, %d]", minPort, PORT_RANGE_MAX));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 初始化本地地址
+	 */
+	private static void initLocalAddress() {
+		NetworkInterface nic = null;
+		// 根据命令行执行hostname获得本机hostname， 与/etc/hosts 中该hostname的第一条ip配置，获得ip地址
+		try {
+			localAddress = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
+			nic = NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(localAddress);
+		} catch (Exception ignored) {
+			// NOSONAR
+		}
+
+		// 如果结果为空，或是一个loopback地址(127.0.0.1), 或是ipv6地址，再遍历网卡尝试获取
+		if (localAddress == null || nic == null || localAddress.isLoopbackAddress()
+				|| localAddress instanceof Inet6Address) {
+			InetAddress lookedUpAddr = findLocalAddressViaNetworkInterface();
+			// 仍然不符合要求，只好使用127.0.0.1
+			try {
+				localAddress = lookedUpAddr != null ? lookedUpAddr : InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
+			} catch (UnknownHostException ignored) {
+				// NOSONAR
+			}
+		}
+
+		localHost = IPUtil.toString(localAddress);
+
+		logger.info("localhost is {}", localHost);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 根据preferNamePrefix 与 defaultNicList的配置网卡，找出合适的网卡
+	 */
+	private static InetAddress findLocalAddressViaNetworkInterface() {
+		// 如果hostname +/etc/hosts 得到的是127.0.0.1, 则首选这块网卡
+		String preferNamePrefix = SystemPropertiesUtil.getString("localhost.prefer.nic.prefix",
+				"LOCALHOST_PREFER_NIC_PREFIX", "bond0.");
+		// 如果hostname +/etc/hosts 得到的是127.0.0.1, 和首选网卡都不符合要求，则按顺序遍历下面的网卡
+		String defaultNicList = SystemPropertiesUtil.getString("localhost.default.nic.list", "LOCALHOST_DEFAULT_NIC_LIST",
+				"bond0,eth0,em0,br0");
+
+		InetAddress resultAddress = null;
+		Map<String, NetworkInterface> candidateInterfaces = MapUtil.newHashMap();
+
+		// 遍历所有网卡，找出所有可用网卡，尝试找出符合prefer前缀的网卡
+		try {
+			for (Enumeration<NetworkInterface> allInterfaces = NetworkInterface.getNetworkInterfaces(); allInterfaces
+					.hasMoreElements();) {
+				NetworkInterface nic = allInterfaces.nextElement();
+				// 检查网卡可用并支持广播
+				try {
+					if (!nic.isUp() || !nic.supportsMulticast()) {
+						continue;
+					}
+				} catch (SocketException e) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				// 检查是否符合prefer前缀
+				String name = nic.getName();
+				if (name.startsWith(preferNamePrefix)) {
+					// 检查有否非ipv6 非127.0.0.1的inetaddress
+					resultAddress = findAvailableInetAddress(nic);
+					if (resultAddress != null) {
+						return resultAddress;
+					}
+				} else {
+					// 不是Prefer前缀，先放入可选列表
+					candidateInterfaces.put(name, nic);
+				}
+			}
+
+			for (String nifName : defaultNicList.split(",")) {
+				NetworkInterface nic = candidateInterfaces.get(nifName);
+				resultAddress = findAvailableInetAddress(nic);
+				if (resultAddress != null) {
+					return resultAddress;
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (SocketException e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 检查有否非ipv6，非127.0.0.1的inetaddress
+	 */
+	private static InetAddress findAvailableInetAddress(NetworkInterface nic) {
+		for (Enumeration<InetAddress> indetAddresses = nic.getInetAddresses(); indetAddresses.hasMoreElements();) {
+			InetAddress inetAddress = indetAddresses.nextElement();
+			if (!(inetAddress instanceof Inet6Address) && !inetAddress.isLoopbackAddress()) {
+				return inetAddress;
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `nic` last assigned on line 190 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `findAvailableInetAddress(...)` at line 191.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+InetAddress NetUtil.findLocalAddressViaNetworkInterface()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springside.modules.utils.net.NetUtil.findLocalAddressViaNetworkInterface():java.net.InetAddress.a7384c207779b49d42777c7c0ed01ef5
+
+### File:
+modules/utils/src/main/java/org/springside/modules/utils/net/NetUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+NetUtil.java|findLocalAddressViaNetworkInterface|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3145047bf331c62774be7c2cdae1b437
+
+### Hash:
+5ff6f613486df9ad8a4ad2513897ad0f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3721/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3721/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46c979bf43c5b11773576e1b8471b5d51eb2a026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3721/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vaadin4spring
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 The original authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.ObjectFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanFactoryPostProcessor;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.ConfigurableListableBeanFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.Scope;
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
+
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of Spring's {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.Scope} that binds the views
+ * and dependent beans to the visibility of the view, i.e. the scope is activated when a user navigates
+ * into a view and destroyed when the user navigates out of the view.
+ * Registered by default as the scope "{@value #VAADIN_VIEW_SCOPE_NAME}".
+ *
+ * @author Petter Holmström (petter@vaadin.com)
+ * @see org.vaadin.spring.navigator.annotation.VaadinViewScope
+ */
+public class VaadinViewScope implements Scope, BeanFactoryPostProcessor {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(VaadinViewScope.class);
+
+    public static final String VAADIN_VIEW_SCOPE_NAME = "vaadin-view";
+
+    private static ViewCacheRetrievalStrategy viewCacheRetrievalStrategy = new BeanFactoryContextViewCacheRetrievalStrategy();
+
+    private ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the {@link org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.ViewCacheRetrievalStrategy} to use.
+     */
+    public static synchronized void setViewCacheRetrievalStrategy(ViewCacheRetrievalStrategy viewCacheRetrievalStrategy) {
+        if (viewCacheRetrievalStrategy == null) {
+            viewCacheRetrievalStrategy = new BeanFactoryContextViewCacheRetrievalStrategy();
+        }
+        VaadinViewScope.viewCacheRetrievalStrategy = viewCacheRetrievalStrategy;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@link org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.ViewCacheRetrievalStrategy} to use.
+     * By default, {@link org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.VaadinViewScope.BeanFactoryContextViewCacheRetrievalStrategy} is used.
+     */
+    public static synchronized ViewCacheRetrievalStrategy getViewCacheRetrievalStrategy() {
+        return viewCacheRetrievalStrategy;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object get(String name, ObjectFactory<?> objectFactory) {
+        return getViewCache().getCurrentViewBeanStore().get(name, objectFactory);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object remove(String name) {
+        return getViewCache().getCurrentViewBeanStore().remove(name);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerDestructionCallback(String name, Runnable callback) {
+        getViewCache().getCurrentViewBeanStore().registerDestructionCallback(name, callback);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object resolveContextualObject(String key) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConversationId() {
+        return getViewCache().getCurrentConversationId();
+    }
+
+    private ViewCache getViewCache() {
+        Assert.notNull(beanFactory, "beanFactory has not been set yet");
+        return viewCacheRetrievalStrategy.getViewCache(beanFactory);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void postProcessBeanFactory(ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory) throws BeansException {
+        this.beanFactory = beanFactory;
+        LOGGER.debug("Registering Vaadin View scope with bean factory [{}]", beanFactory);
+        beanFactory.registerScope(VAADIN_VIEW_SCOPE_NAME, this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Implementation of {@link org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.ViewCacheRetrievalStrategy} that
+     * fetches the {@link org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.ViewCache} instance from the provided
+     * bean factory.
+     */
+    public static class BeanFactoryContextViewCacheRetrievalStrategy implements ViewCacheRetrievalStrategy {
+
+        @Override
+        public ViewCache getViewCache(BeanFactory beanFactory) {
+            return beanFactory.getBean(ViewCache.class);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.VaadinViewScope.getConversationId` indirectly reads without synchronization from `internal.VaadinViewScope.org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.VaadinViewScope.viewCacheRetrievalStrategy`. Potentially races with write in method `VaadinViewScope.setViewCacheRetrievalStrategy(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String VaadinViewScope.getConversationId()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.vaadin.spring.navigator.internal.VaadinViewScope.getConversationId():java.lang.String.859e1c234cf6f6fa2aa8828d71963206
+
+### File:
+spring-vaadin/src/main/java/org/vaadin/spring/navigator/internal/VaadinViewScope.java
+
+### Key:
+VaadinViewScope.java|getConversationId|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+03b3803e1caaf79557a9165780673e3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3726/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3726/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5172cf7a3df44f3c13837d13aa943a64f1f53769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3726/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** J2V8
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 EclipseSource and others.
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    EclipseSource - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.eclipsesource.v8.utils;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Object;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8TypedArray;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Value;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Float32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Float64Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int16Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.Int8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt16Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt32Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.typedarrays.UInt8ClampedArray;
+
+/**
+ * A set of static helper methods to convert V8Objects / V8Arrays to
+ * java.util Maps and Lists and back again. These conversions
+ * perform a deep copy.
+ */
+public class V8ObjectUtils {
+
+    private static final Object IGNORE = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Map from a V8Object using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Object are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * object itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param object The root of the V8Object graph.
+     *
+     * @return A map representing a deep copy of the V8Object rooted at 'object'.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toMap(object, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a List from a V8Array using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Array are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * array itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param array The root of the V8Array graph.
+     *
+     * @return A list representing a deep copy of the V8Array rooted at 'array'.
+     */
+    public static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toList(array, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'. The result
+     * can be optionally passed in as a parameter.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     * @param result The array to use as the result. If null, a new array will be created.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType, final Object result) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            int[] intArray = (int[]) result;
+            if ((intArray == null) || (intArray.length < length)) {
+                intArray = new int[length];
+            }
+            array.getIntegers(0, length, intArray);
+            return intArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            double[] doubleArray = (double[]) result;
+            if ((doubleArray == null) || (doubleArray.length < length)) {
+                doubleArray = new double[length];
+            }
+            array.getDoubles(0, length, doubleArray);
+            return doubleArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            boolean[] booleanArray = (boolean[]) result;
+            if ((booleanArray == null) || (booleanArray.length < length)) {
+                booleanArray = new boolean[length];
+            }
+            array.getBooleans(0, length, booleanArray);
+            return booleanArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            String[] stringArray = (String[]) result;
+            if ((stringArray == null) || (stringArray.length < length)) {
+                stringArray = new String[length];
+            }
+            array.getStrings(0, length, stringArray);
+            return stringArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BYTE) {
+            byte[] byteArray = (byte[]) result;
+            if ((byteArray == null) || (byteArray.length < length)) {
+                byteArray = new byte[length];
+            }
+            array.getBytes(0, length, byteArray);
+            return byteArray;
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the Array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            return array.getIntegers(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            return array.getDoubles(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            return array.getBooleans(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            return array.getStrings(0, length);
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Object from a java.util.Map. This is a deep copy, so if the map
+     * contains other maps (or lists) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param map The map to convert to a V8Object.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Object representing the map.
+     */
+    public static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Object(v8, map, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Array from a java.util.List. This is a deep copy, so if the list
+     * contains other lists (or maps) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param list The list to convert to a V8Array.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Array representing the list.
+     */
+    public static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Array(v8, list, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an object usable with a V8 Runtime which represents
+     * the parameter 'value'. If 'value' is an Integer, Boolean, Double
+     * or String, then 'value' is simply returned as these are directly
+     * usable on V8. If 'value' is a map / list, then it's converted to
+     * a V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * If the result is a V8Value, it must be released.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create V8Values.
+     * @param value The value to convert to an object usable with V8
+     *
+     * @return An object which can be used directly with a V8 runtime.
+     */
+    public static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            Object result = getV8Result(v8, value, cache);
+            if (result instanceof V8Object) {
+                return ((V8Object) result).twin();
+            }
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pushes a Java Object to a V8Array by first converting it to a V8Value if needed.
+     * If the value is a boxed primitive, then the primitive will be pushed. If the object
+     * is a Map / List then a deep copy will be performed, converting the object to a
+     * V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create any needed V8Values.
+     * @param array The array to push the elements to.
+     * @param value The value to push to the array.
+     */
+    public static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array array, final Object value) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            pushValue(v8, array, value, cache);
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value at the given index in the V8Array.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param array The array on which to lookup the value. The array is not
+     *              released.
+     * @param index The index whose element to lookup.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given index.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(array, index, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value with the given key in the V8Object.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param object The object on which to lookup the value. The object is not
+     *               released.
+     * @param key The key to use to lookup the value.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given key.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(object, key, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyMap();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(object)) {
+            return (Map<String, ? super Object>) cache.get(object);
+        }
+        Map<String, ? super Object> result = new V8PropertyMap<Object>();
+        cache.put(object, result);
+        String[] keys = object.getKeys();
+        for (String key : keys) {
+            Object value = getValue(object, key, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.put(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (array == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(array)) {
+            return (List<? super Object>) cache.get(array);
+        }
+        List<? super Object> result = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        cache.put(array, result);
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
+            Object value = getValue(array, i, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.add(getValue(array, i, cache));
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(map)) {
+            return cache.get(map);
+        }
+        V8Object result = new V8Object(v8);
+        cache.put(map, result);
+        try {
+            for (Entry<String, ? extends Object> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+                setValue(v8, result, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue(), cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(new ListWrapper(list))) {
+            return (V8Array) cache.get(new ListWrapper(list));
+        }
+        V8Array result = new V8Array(v8);
+        cache.put(new ListWrapper(list), result);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Object value = list.get(i);
+                pushValue(v8, result, value, cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(value)) {
+            return cache.get(value);
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Map<?, ?>) {
+            return toV8Object(v8, (Map<String, ? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        } else if (value instanceof List<?>) {
+            return toV8Array(v8, (List<? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array result, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.pushUndefined();
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.push((Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.push(new Double((Long) value));
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.push((Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.push((Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.push((String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.push((Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof V8Object) {
+            result.push((V8Object) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.push(object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.push(array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void setValue(final V8 v8, final V8Object result, final String key, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.addUndefined(key);
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.add(key, (Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.add(key, (int) (long) (Long) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.add(key, (Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.add(key, (Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.add(key, (String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.add(key, (Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof V8Object) {
+            result.add(key, (V8Object) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = array.getType(index);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return array.getInteger(index);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return array.getDouble(index);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return array.getBoolean(index);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return array.getString(index);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return toByteBuffer(typedArray);
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array arrayValue = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return toList(arrayValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (arrayValue instanceof V8Array) {
+                        arrayValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object objectValue = array.getObject(index);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(objectValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (objectValue instanceof V8Object) {
+                        objectValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for index: " + index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object toByteBuffer(final V8Array typedArray) {
+        int arrayType = typedArray.getType();
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ((V8TypedArray) typedArray).getByteBuffer();
+        switch (arrayType) {
+            case V8Value.INT_8_ARRAY:
+                return new Int8Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_8_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt8Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_8_CLAMPED_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt8ClampedArray(buffer);
+            case V8Value.INT_16_ARRAY:
+                return new Int16Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_16_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt16Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.INT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new Int32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.UNSIGNED_INT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new UInt32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.FLOAT_32_ARRAY:
+                return new Float32Array(buffer);
+            case V8Value.FLOAT_64_ARRAY:
+                return new Float64Array(buffer);
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Known Typed Array type: " + V8Value.getStringRepresentaion(arrayType));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = object.getType(key);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return object.getInteger(key);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return object.getDouble(key);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return object.getBoolean(key);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return object.getString(key);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return toByteBuffer(typedArray);
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array array = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return toList(array, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (array instanceof V8Array) {
+                        array.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object child = object.getObject(key);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(child, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (child instanceof V8Object) {
+                        child.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for key: " + key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private V8ObjectUtils() {
+
+    }
+
+    static class ListWrapper {
+        private List<? extends Object> list;
+
+        public ListWrapper(final List<? extends Object> list) {
+            this.list = list;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
+            if (obj instanceof ListWrapper) {
+                return ((ListWrapper) obj).list == list;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return System.identityHashCode(list);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `array` last assigned on line 544 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `toList(...)` at line 546.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object V8ObjectUtils.getValue(V8Object,String,V8Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8ObjectUtils.getValue(com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Object,java.lang.String,com.c49b774ac7722ebf6fe869b45639e1d2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/eclipsesource/v8/utils/V8ObjectUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+V8ObjectUtils.java|getValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc3f80da49eedd3dac507ee1d2b00097
+
+### Hash:
+8815c4c34be3173a446c78fb4b5227d6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3728/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3728/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5903df213839ddae7d37b00f67cdb47f02a905a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3728/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** J2V8
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 EclipseSource and others.
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    EclipseSource - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.eclipsesource.v8.utils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Array;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Object;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8TypedArray;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Value;
+
+/**
+ * A set of static helper methods to convert V8Objects / V8Arrays to
+ * java.util Maps and Lists and back again. These conversions
+ * perform a deep copy.
+ */
+public class V8ObjectUtils {
+
+    private static final Object IGNORE = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Map<String, Object> from a V8Object using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Object are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * object itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param object The root of the V8Object graph.
+     *
+     * @return A map representing a deep copy of the V8Object rooted at 'object'.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toMap(object, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a List<Object> from a V8Array using a deep copy. All elements
+     * in the V8Array are released after they are accessed. However, the root
+     * array itself is not released.
+     *
+     * @param array The root of the V8Array graph.
+     *
+     * @return A list representing a deep copy of the V8Array rooted at 'array'.
+     */
+    public static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return toList(array, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Populates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'. The result
+     * can be optionally passed in as a parameter.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     * @param result The array to use as the result. If null, a new array will be created.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType, final Object result) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            int[] intArray = (int[]) result;
+            if ((intArray == null) || (intArray.length < length)) {
+                intArray = new int[length];
+            }
+            array.getIntegers(0, length, intArray);
+            return intArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            double[] doubleArray = (double[]) result;
+            if ((doubleArray == null) || (doubleArray.length < length)) {
+                doubleArray = new double[length];
+            }
+            array.getDoubles(0, length, doubleArray);
+            return doubleArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            boolean[] booleanArray = (boolean[]) result;
+            if ((booleanArray == null) || (booleanArray.length < length)) {
+                booleanArray = new boolean[length];
+            }
+            array.getBooleans(0, length, booleanArray);
+            return booleanArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            String[] stringArray = (String[]) result;
+            if ((stringArray == null) || (stringArray.length < length)) {
+                stringArray = new String[length];
+            }
+            array.getStrings(0, length, stringArray);
+            return stringArray;
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BYTE) {
+            byte[] byteArray = (byte[]) result;
+            if ((byteArray == null) || (byteArray.length < length)) {
+                byteArray = new byte[length];
+            }
+            array.getBytes(0, length, byteArray);
+            return byteArray;
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a Java array from a V8Array. The type of the Array must be specified.
+     * Currently, only INTEGER, DOUBLE, BOOLEAN and STRING are supported.
+     * The V8Array must only contain elements of type 'arrayType'.
+     *
+     * This method will use J2V8's bulk array copy making it faster than iterating over
+     * all the elements in the array.
+     *
+     * @param array The V8Array to convert to a Java Array.
+     * @param arrayType The type of the V8Array to convert.
+     *
+     * @return A Java array representing a V8Array.
+     */
+    public static Object getTypedArray(final V8Array array, final int arrayType) {
+        int length = array.length();
+        if (arrayType == V8Value.INTEGER) {
+            return array.getIntegers(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.DOUBLE) {
+            return array.getDoubles(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.BOOLEAN) {
+            return array.getBooleans(0, length);
+        } else if (arrayType == V8Value.STRING) {
+            return array.getStrings(0, length);
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported bulk load type: " + arrayType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Object from a java.util.Map. This is a deep copy, so if the map
+     * contains other maps (or lists) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param map The map to convert to a V8Object.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Object representing the map.
+     */
+    public static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Object(v8, map, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a V8Array from a java.util.List. This is a deep copy, so if the list
+     * contains other lists (or maps) they will also be converted.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create the result.
+     * @param list The list to convert to a V8Array.
+     *
+     * @return A V8Array representing the list.
+     */
+    public static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            return toV8Array(v8, list, cache).twin();
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an object usable with a V8 Runtime which represents
+     * the parameter 'value'. If 'value' is an Integer, Boolean, Double
+     * or String, then 'value' is simply returned as these are directly
+     * usable on V8. If 'value' is a map / list, then it's converted to
+     * a V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * If the result is a V8Value, it must be released.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create V8Values.
+     * @param value The value to convert to an object usable with V8
+     *
+     * @return An object which can be used directly with a V8 runtime.
+     */
+    public static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            Object result = getV8Result(v8, value, cache);
+            if (result instanceof V8Object) {
+                return ((V8Object) result).twin();
+            }
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Pushes a Java Object to a V8Array by first converting it to a V8Value if needed.
+     * If the value is a boxed primitive, then the primitive will be pushed. If the object
+     * is a Map / List then a deep copy will be performed, converting the object to a
+     * V8Object / V8Array first.
+     *
+     * @param v8 The runtime on which to create any needed V8Values.
+     * @param array The array to push the elements to.
+     * @param value The value to push to the array.
+     */
+    public static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array array, final Object value) {
+        Map<Object, V8Object> cache = new Hashtable<Object, V8Object>();
+        try {
+            pushValue(v8, array, value, cache);
+        } finally {
+            for (V8Object v8Object : cache.values()) {
+                v8Object.release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value at the given index in the V8Array.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param array The array on which to lookup the value. The array is not
+     *              released.
+     * @param index The index whose element to lookup.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given index.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(array, index, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a Java Object representing the value with the given key in the V8Object.
+     * If the value is a primitive (int, boolean or double) then a boxed instance
+     * is returned. If the value is a String, then a String is returned. If
+     * the value is a V8Object or V8Array, then a Map or List is returned.
+     *
+     * @param object The object on which to lookup the value. The object is not
+     *               released.
+     * @param key The key to use to lookup the value.
+     *
+     * @return A Java Object representing the value at a given key.
+     */
+    public static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key) {
+        V8Map<Object> cache = new V8Map<Object>();
+        try {
+            return getValue(object, key, cache);
+        } finally {
+            cache.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Map<String, ? super Object> toMap(final V8Object object, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyMap();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(object)) {
+            return (Map<String, ? super Object>) cache.get(object);
+        }
+        Map<String, ? super Object> result = new V8PropertyMap<Object>();
+        cache.put(object, result);
+        String[] keys = object.getKeys();
+        for (String key : keys) {
+            Object value = getValue(object, key, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.put(key, value);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static List<? super Object> toList(final V8Array array, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        if (array == null) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+        if (cache.containsKey(array)) {
+            return (List<? super Object>) cache.get(array);
+        }
+        List<? super Object> result = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        cache.put(array, result);
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
+            Object value = getValue(array, i, cache);
+            if (value != IGNORE) {
+                result.add(getValue(array, i, cache));
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Object toV8Object(final V8 v8, final Map<String, ? extends Object> map, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(map)) {
+            return cache.get(map);
+        }
+        V8Object result = new V8Object(v8);
+        cache.put(map, result);
+        try {
+            for (Entry<String, ? extends Object> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+                setValue(v8, result, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue(), cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static V8Array toV8Array(final V8 v8, final List<? extends Object> list, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(new ListWrapper(list))) {
+            return (V8Array) cache.get(new ListWrapper(list));
+        }
+        V8Array result = new V8Array(v8);
+        cache.put(new ListWrapper(list), result);
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Object value = list.get(i);
+                pushValue(v8, result, value, cache);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            result.release();
+            throw e;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static Object getV8Result(final V8 v8, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (cache.containsKey(value)) {
+            return cache.get(value);
+        }
+        if (value instanceof Map<?, ?>) {
+            return toV8Object(v8, (Map<String, ? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        } else if (value instanceof List<?>) {
+            return toV8Array(v8, (List<? extends Object>) value, cache);
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void pushValue(final V8 v8, final V8Array result, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.pushUndefined();
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.push((Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.push(new Double((Long) value));
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.push((Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.push((Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.push((String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.push((Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.push(object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.push(array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+    private static void setValue(final V8 v8, final V8Object result, final String key, final Object value, final Map<Object, V8Object> cache) {
+        if (value == null) {
+            result.addUndefined(key);
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            result.add(key, (Integer) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            result.add(key, (int) (long) (Long) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            result.add(key, (Double) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            result.add(key, (Float) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            result.add(key, (String) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            result.add(key, (Boolean) value);
+        } else if (value instanceof Map) {
+            V8Object object = toV8Object(v8, (Map) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, object);
+        } else if (value instanceof List) {
+            V8Array array = toV8Array(v8, (List) value, cache);
+            result.add(key, array);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported Object of type: " + value.getClass());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Array array, final int index, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = array.getType(index);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return array.getInteger(index);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return array.getDouble(index);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return array.getBoolean(index);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return array.getString(index);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return ((V8TypedArray) typedArray).getByteBuffer();
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array arrayValue = array.getArray(index);
+                try {
+                    return toList(arrayValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (arrayValue instanceof V8Array) {
+                        arrayValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object objectValue = array.getObject(index);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(objectValue, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (objectValue instanceof V8Object) {
+                        objectValue.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for index: " + index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object getValue(final V8Object object, final String key, final V8Map<Object> cache) {
+        int valueType = object.getType(key);
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case V8Value.INTEGER:
+                return object.getInteger(key);
+            case V8Value.DOUBLE:
+                return object.getDouble(key);
+            case V8Value.BOOLEAN:
+                return object.getBoolean(key);
+            case V8Value.STRING:
+                return object.getString(key);
+            case V8Value.V8_FUNCTION:
+                return IGNORE;
+            case V8Value.V8_TYPED_ARRAY:
+                V8Array typedArray = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return ((V8TypedArray) typedArray).getByteBuffer();
+                } finally {
+                    if (typedArray instanceof V8Array) {
+                        typedArray.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_ARRAY:
+                V8Array array = object.getArray(key);
+                try {
+                    return toList(array, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (array instanceof V8Array) {
+                        array.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.V8_OBJECT:
+                V8Object child = object.getObject(key);
+                try {
+                    return toMap(child, cache);
+                } finally {
+                    if (child instanceof V8Object) {
+                        child.release();
+                    }
+                }
+            case V8Value.NULL:
+                return null;
+            case V8Value.UNDEFINED:
+                return V8.getUndefined();
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot find type for key: " + key);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private V8ObjectUtils() {
+
+    }
+
+    static class ListWrapper {
+        private List<? extends Object> list;
+
+        public ListWrapper(final List<? extends Object> list) {
+            this.list = list;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
+            if (obj instanceof ListWrapper) {
+                return ((ListWrapper) obj).list == list;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return System.identityHashCode(list);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `typedArray` last assigned on line 445 could be null and is dereferenced at line 447.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object V8ObjectUtils.getValue(V8Array,int,V8Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8ObjectUtils.getValue(com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Array,int,com.eclipsesource.fd046dbbae538a3eee439603b812e919
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/eclipsesource/v8/utils/V8ObjectUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+V8ObjectUtils.java|getValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8144698381ce182e42fba72006da536b
+
+### Hash:
+abe3bc8679608e8b453482368bf4aa3b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3729/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3729/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..635251a415ac7a9864d73ca36bdab080b5b3149f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3729/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1423 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** J2V8
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 EclipseSource and others.
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    EclipseSource - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.eclipsesource.v8;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8Executor;
+import com.eclipsesource.v8.utils.V8Map;
+
+/**
+ * An isolated V8Runtime. All JavaScript execution must exist
+ * on a single runtime, and data is not shared between runtimes.
+ * A runtime must be created and released when finished.
+ *
+ * All access to a runtime must come from the same thread, unless
+ * the thread explicitly gives up control using the V8Locker.
+ *
+ * A public static factory method can be used to create the runtime.
+ *
+ * V8 runtime = V8.createV8Runtime();
+ *
+ */
+public class V8 extends V8Object {
+
+    private static Object       lock           = new Object();
+    private volatile static int runtimeCounter = 0;
+    private static Runnable     debugHandler   = null;
+    private static Thread       debugThread    = null;
+    private static String       v8Flags        = null;
+    private static boolean      initialized    = false;
+
+    private final V8Locker                 locker;
+    private int                            methodReferenceCounter  = 0;
+    private boolean                        debugEnabled            = false;
+    private long                           objectReferences        = 0;
+    private long                           v8RuntimePtr            = 0;
+    private List<Releasable>               resources               = null;
+    private V8Map<V8Executor>              executors               = null;
+    private boolean                        forceTerminateExecutors = false;
+    private Map<Integer, MethodDescriptor> functions               = new HashMap<Integer, MethodDescriptor>();
+
+    private static boolean   nativeLibraryLoaded = false;
+    private static Error     nativeLoadError     = null;
+    private static Exception nativeLoadException = null;
+    private static V8Value   undefined           = new V8Object.Undefined();
+    private static Object    invalid             = new Object();
+
+    private class MethodDescriptor {
+        Object           object;
+        Method           method;
+        JavaCallback     callback;
+        JavaVoidCallback voidCallback;
+        boolean          includeReceiver;
+    }
+
+    private synchronized static void load(final String tmpDirectory) {
+        try {
+            LibraryLoader.loadLibrary(tmpDirectory);
+            nativeLibraryLoaded = true;
+        } catch (Error e) {
+            nativeLoadError = e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            nativeLoadException = e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the native libraries are loaded.
+     *
+     * @return Returns true if the native libraries are loaded,
+     * false otherwise.
+     */
+    public static boolean isLoaded() {
+        return nativeLibraryLoaded;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the V8 flags on the platform. All runtimes will be created
+     * with the same flags. Flags must be set before the runtime is
+     * created.
+     *
+     * @param flags The flags to set on V8
+     */
+    public static void setFlags(final String flags) {
+        v8Flags = flags;
+        initialized = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new V8Runtime and loads the required
+     * native libraries if they are not already loaded.
+     * The current thread is given the lock to this runtime.
+     *
+     * @return A new isolated V8 Runtime.
+     */
+    public static V8 createV8Runtime() {
+        return createV8Runtime(null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new V8Runtime and loads the required native libraries if they
+     * are not already loaded. An alias is also set for the global scope. For example,
+     * 'window' can be set as the global scope name.
+     *
+     * The current thread is given the lock to this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param globalAlias The name to associate with the global scope.
+     *
+     * @return A new isolated V8 Runtime.
+     */
+    public static V8 createV8Runtime(final String globalAlias) {
+        return createV8Runtime(globalAlias, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new V8Runtime and loads the required native libraries if they
+     * are not already loaded. An alias is also set for the global scope. For example,
+     * 'window' can be set as the global scope name.
+     *
+     * The current thread is given the lock to this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param globalAlias The name to associate with the global scope.
+     * @param tempDirectory The name of the directory to extract the native
+     * libraries too.
+     *
+     * @return A new isolated V8 Runtime.
+     */
+    public static V8 createV8Runtime(final String globalAlias, final String tempDirectory) {
+        if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+                    load(tempDirectory);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        checkNativeLibraryLoaded();
+        if (!initialized) {
+            _setFlags(v8Flags);
+            initialized = true;
+        }
+        if (debugThread == null) {
+            debugThread = Thread.currentThread();
+        }
+        V8 runtime = new V8(globalAlias);
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            runtimeCounter++;
+        }
+        return runtime;
+    }
+
+    private static void checkNativeLibraryLoaded() {
+        if (!nativeLibraryLoaded) {
+            if (nativeLoadError != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("J2V8 native library not loaded.", nativeLoadError);
+            } else if (nativeLoadException != null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("J2V8 native library not loaded.", nativeLoadException);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("J2V8 native library not loaded.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected V8() {
+        this(null);
+    }
+
+    protected V8(final String globalAlias) {
+        super(null);
+        released = false;
+        locker = new V8Locker();
+        checkThread();
+        v8RuntimePtr = _createIsolate(globalAlias);
+        objectHandle = _getGlobalObject(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an UNDEFINED constant.
+     *
+     * @return The UNDEFINED constant value.
+     */
+    public static V8Value getUndefined() {
+        return undefined;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables debug support for this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param port The port to listen for debug connections.
+     * @param waitForConnection True if the runtime should wait on the first
+     * instruction for the debugger to connect.
+     *
+     * @return true if debug support was successfully enabled, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @deprecated NOTE: This is not API and likely to change
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public boolean enableDebugSupport(final int port, final boolean waitForConnection) {
+        V8.checkDebugThread();
+        debugEnabled = enableDebugSupport(getV8RuntimePtr(), port, waitForConnection);
+        return debugEnabled;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enables debug support for this runtime and does not pause for a connection.
+     *
+     * @param port The port to listen for debug connections.
+     *
+     * @return true if debug support was successfully enabled, false otherwise
+     *
+     * @deprecated NOTE: This is not API and likely to change
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public boolean enableDebugSupport(final int port) {
+        V8.checkDebugThread();
+        debugEnabled = enableDebugSupport(getV8RuntimePtr(), port, false);
+        return debugEnabled;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Processes all outstanding debug messages for this runtime.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public static void processDebugMessages(final V8 runtime) {
+        runtime.checkThread();
+        runtime._processDebugMessages(runtime.getV8RuntimePtr());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disables debug support for this runtime.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public void disableDebugSupport() {
+        V8.checkDebugThread();
+        disableDebugSupport(getV8RuntimePtr());
+        debugEnabled = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a callback that will be invoked whenever a debug message
+     * is received. This can be used so the main thread can call
+     * processDebugMessages to handle the messages.
+     *
+     * @param handler The debug handler to invoke when a debug message
+     * is received.
+     *
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public static void registerDebugHandler(final Runnable handler) {
+        debugHandler = handler;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of active runtimes.
+     *
+     * @return The number of active runtimes.
+     */
+    public static int getActiveRuntimes() {
+        return runtimeCounter;
+    }
+
+    protected long getV8RuntimePtr() {
+        return v8RuntimePtr;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * (non-Javadoc)
+     * @see com.eclipsesource.v8.V8Value#release()
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void release() {
+        release(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Terminates any JavaScript executing on this runtime. Once
+     * the runtime is released, any executors that were spawned
+     * will also be force terminated.
+     */
+    public void terminateExecution() {
+        forceTerminateExecutors = true;
+        terminateExecution(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Release native resources associated with this runtime. Once
+     * released, a runtime cannot be reused.
+     *
+     * @param reportMemoryLeaks True if memory leaks should be
+     * reported by throwing an IllegalStateException if any
+     * objects were not released.
+     */
+    public void release(final boolean reportMemoryLeaks) {
+        if (isReleased()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        checkThread();
+        if (debugEnabled) {
+            disableDebugSupport();
+        }
+        releaseResources();
+        shutdownExecutors(forceTerminateExecutors);
+        if (executors != null) {
+            executors.clear();
+        }
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            runtimeCounter--;
+        }
+        _releaseRuntime(v8RuntimePtr);
+        v8RuntimePtr = 0L;
+        released = true;
+        if (reportMemoryLeaks && (objectReferences > 0)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(objectReferences + " Object(s) still exist in runtime");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void releaseResources() {
+        if (resources != null) {
+            for (Releasable releasable : resources) {
+                releasable.release();
+            }
+            resources.clear();
+            resources = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers an executor with this runtime. An executor is another
+     * runtime with its own thread. By registering an executor, it can be
+     * terminated when this runtime is released.
+     *
+     * @param key The key to associate the executor with.
+     * @param executor The executor itself.
+     */
+    public void registerV8Executor(final V8Object key, final V8Executor executor) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            executors = new V8Map<V8Executor>();
+        }
+        executors.put(key, executor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the executor from this runtime. The executor is
+     * *NOT* shutdown, simply removed from the list of known
+     * executors.
+     *
+     * @param key The key the executor was associated with.
+     * @return The executor or null if it does not exist.
+     */
+    public V8Executor removeExecutor(final V8Object key) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return executors.remove(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the executor associated with the given key.
+     *
+     * @param key The key the executor was associated with.
+     * @return The executor or null if it does not exist.
+     */
+    public V8Executor getExecutor(final V8Object key) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return executors.get(key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shutdown all executors associated with this runtime.
+     * If force terminate is specified, it will forcefully terminate
+     * the executors, otherwise it will simply signal that they
+     * should terminate.
+     *
+     * @param forceTerminate Specify if the executors should be
+     * forcefully terminated, or simply notified to shutdown when ready.
+     */
+    public void shutdownExecutors(final boolean forceTerminate) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (executors == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (V8Executor executor : executors.values()) {
+            if (forceTerminate) {
+                executor.forceTermination();
+            } else {
+                executor.shutdown();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a resource with this runtime. All registered
+     * resources will be released before the runtime is released.
+     *
+     * @param resource The resource to register.
+     */
+    public void registerResource(final Releasable resource) {
+        checkThread();
+        if (resources == null) {
+            resources = new ArrayList<Releasable>();
+        }
+        resources.add(resource);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as an integer.
+     * If the result is not an integer, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as an integer, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not an integer.
+     */
+    public int executeIntegerScript(final String script) {
+        return executeIntegerScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as an integer.
+     * If the result is not an integer, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for excepton purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as an integer, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not an integer.
+     */
+    public int executeIntegerScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeIntegerScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected void createTwin(final V8Value value, final V8Value twin) {
+        checkThread();
+        createTwin(v8RuntimePtr, value.getHandle(), twin.getHandle());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a double.
+     * If the result is not a double, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a double, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a double.
+     */
+    public double executeDoubleScript(final String script) {
+        return executeDoubleScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a double.
+     * If the result is not a double, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a double, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a double.
+     */
+    public double executeDoubleScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeDoubleScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a String.
+     * If the result is not a String, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a String, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a String.
+     */
+    public String executeStringScript(final String script) {
+        return executeStringScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a String.
+     * If the result is not a String, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a String, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a String.
+     */
+    public String executeStringScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeStringScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a boolean.
+     * If the result is not a boolean, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a boolean, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a boolean.
+     */
+    public boolean executeBooleanScript(final String script) {
+        return executeBooleanScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a boolean.
+     * If the result is not a boolean, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a boolean, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a boolean.
+     */
+    public boolean executeBooleanScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeBooleanScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Array.
+     * If the result is not a V8Array, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Array, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Array.
+     */
+    public V8Array executeArrayScript(final String script) {
+        return this.executeArrayScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Array.
+     * If the result is not a V8Array, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Array, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Array.
+     */
+    public V8Array executeArrayScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        Object result = this.executeScript(script, null, 0);
+        if (result instanceof V8Array) {
+            return (V8Array) result;
+        }
+        throw new V8ResultUndefined();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a Java Object.
+     * Primitives will be boxed.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a Java Object.
+     */
+    public Object executeScript(final String script) {
+        return executeScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a Java Object.
+     * Primitives will be boxed.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a Java Object.
+     */
+    public Object executeScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        return executeScript(getV8RuntimePtr(), UNKNOWN, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Object.
+     * If the result is not a V8Object, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Object, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Object.
+     */
+    public V8Object executeObjectScript(final String script) {
+        return this.executeObjectScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime and returns the result as a V8Object.
+     * If the result is not a V8Object, then a V8ResultUndefinedException is thrown.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     *
+     * @return The result of the script as a V8Object, or V8ResultUndefinedException if
+     * the result is not a V8Object.
+     */
+    public V8Object executeObjectScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        Object result = this.executeScript(script, null, 0);
+        if (result instanceof V8Object) {
+            return (V8Object) result;
+        }
+        throw new V8ResultUndefined();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     */
+    public void executeVoidScript(final String script) {
+        this.executeVoidScript(script, null, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes a JS Script on this runtime.
+     *
+     * @param script The script to execute.
+     * @param scriptName The name of the script
+     * @param lineNumber The line number that is considered to be the first line of
+     * the script. Typically 0, but could be set to another value for exception stack trace purposes.
+     */
+    public void executeVoidScript(final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        checkThread();
+        checkScript(script);
+        executeVoidScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the locker associated with this runtime. The locker allows
+     * threads to give up control of the runtime and other threads to acquire
+     * control.
+     *
+     * @return The locker associated with this runtime.
+     */
+    public V8Locker getLocker() {
+        return locker;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the unique build ID of the native library.
+     */
+    public long getBuildID() {
+        return _getBuildID();
+    }
+
+    void checkThread() {
+        locker.checkThread();
+        if (isReleased()) {
+            throw new Error("Runtime disposed error.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void checkDebugThread() {
+        if ((debugThread != null) && (debugThread != Thread.currentThread())) {
+            throw new Error("Invalid V8 thread access.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void checkScript(final String script) {
+        if (script == null) {
+            throw new NullPointerException("Script is null");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void registerCallback(final Object object, final Method method, final long objectHandle, final String jsFunctionName, final boolean includeReceiver) {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = new MethodDescriptor();
+        methodDescriptor.object = object;
+        methodDescriptor.method = method;
+        methodDescriptor.includeReceiver = includeReceiver;
+        int methodID = methodReferenceCounter++;
+        getFunctionRegistry().put(methodID, methodDescriptor);
+        registerJavaMethod(getV8RuntimePtr(), objectHandle, jsFunctionName, methodID, isVoidMethod(method));
+    }
+
+    void registerVoidCallback(final JavaVoidCallback callback, final long objectHandle, final String jsFunctionName) {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = new MethodDescriptor();
+        methodDescriptor.voidCallback = callback;
+        int methodID = methodReferenceCounter++;
+        getFunctionRegistry().put(methodID, methodDescriptor);
+        registerJavaMethod(getV8RuntimePtr(), objectHandle, jsFunctionName, methodID, true);
+    }
+
+    void registerCallback(final JavaCallback callback, final long objectHandle, final String jsFunctionName) {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = new MethodDescriptor();
+        methodDescriptor.callback = callback;
+        int methodID = methodReferenceCounter++;
+        getFunctionRegistry().put(methodID, methodDescriptor);
+        registerJavaMethod(getV8RuntimePtr(), objectHandle, jsFunctionName, methodID, false);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isVoidMethod(final Method method) {
+        Class<?> returnType = method.getReturnType();
+        if (returnType.equals(Void.TYPE)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object getDefaultValue(final Class<?> type) {
+        if (type.equals(V8Object.class)) {
+            return new V8Object.Undefined();
+        } else if (type.equals(V8Array.class)) {
+            return new V8Array.Undefined();
+        }
+        return invalid;
+    }
+
+    protected Object callObjectJavaMethod(final int methodID, final V8Object receiver, final V8Array parameters) throws Throwable {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = getFunctionRegistry().get(methodID);
+        if (methodDescriptor.callback != null) {
+            return checkResult(methodDescriptor.callback.invoke(receiver, parameters));
+        }
+        boolean hasVarArgs = methodDescriptor.method.isVarArgs();
+        Object[] args = getArgs(receiver, methodDescriptor, parameters, hasVarArgs);
+        checkArgs(args);
+        try {
+            Object result = methodDescriptor.method.invoke(methodDescriptor.object, args);
+            return checkResult(result);
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw e.getTargetException();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            releaseArguments(args, hasVarArgs);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Object checkResult(final Object result) {
+        if (result == null) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (result instanceof Float) {
+            return ((Float) result).doubleValue();
+        }
+        if ((result instanceof Integer) || (result instanceof Double) || (result instanceof Boolean)
+                || (result instanceof String)) {
+            return result;
+        }
+        if (result instanceof V8Value) {
+            if (((V8Value) result).isReleased()) {
+                throw new V8RuntimeException("V8Value already released.");
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+        throw new V8RuntimeException("Unknown return type: " + result.getClass());
+    }
+
+    protected void callVoidJavaMethod(final int methodID, final V8Object receiver, final V8Array parameters) throws Throwable {
+        MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor = getFunctionRegistry().get(methodID);
+        if (methodDescriptor.voidCallback != null) {
+            methodDescriptor.voidCallback.invoke(receiver, parameters);
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean hasVarArgs = methodDescriptor.method.isVarArgs();
+        Object[] args = getArgs(receiver, methodDescriptor, parameters, hasVarArgs);
+        checkArgs(args);
+        try {
+            methodDescriptor.method.invoke(methodDescriptor.object, args);
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw e.getTargetException();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            releaseArguments(args, hasVarArgs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkArgs(final Object[] args) {
+        for (Object argument : args) {
+            if (argument == invalid) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument type mismatch");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void releaseArguments(final Object[] args, final boolean hasVarArgs) {
+        if (hasVarArgs && ((args.length > 0) && (args[args.length - 1] instanceof Object[]))) {
+            Object[] varArgs = (Object[]) args[args.length - 1];
+            for (Object object : varArgs) {
+                if (object instanceof V8Object) {
+                    ((V8Value) object).release();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (Object arg : args) {
+            if (arg instanceof V8Object) {
+                ((V8Value) arg).release();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object[] getArgs(final V8Object receiver, final MethodDescriptor methodDescriptor, final V8Array parameters, final boolean hasVarArgs) {
+        int numberOfParameters = methodDescriptor.method.getParameterTypes().length;
+        int varArgIndex = hasVarArgs ? numberOfParameters - 1 : numberOfParameters;
+        Object[] args = setDefaultValues(new Object[numberOfParameters], methodDescriptor.method.getParameterTypes(), receiver, methodDescriptor.includeReceiver);
+        List<Object> varArgs = new ArrayList<Object>();
+        populateParamters(parameters, varArgIndex, args, varArgs, methodDescriptor.includeReceiver);
+        if (hasVarArgs) {
+            Object varArgContainer = getVarArgContainer(methodDescriptor.method.getParameterTypes(), varArgs.size());
+            System.arraycopy(varArgs.toArray(), 0, varArgContainer, 0, varArgs.size());
+            args[varArgIndex] = varArgContainer;
+        }
+        return args;
+    }
+
+    private Object getVarArgContainer(final Class<?>[] parameterTypes, final int size) {
+        Class<?> clazz = parameterTypes[parameterTypes.length - 1];
+        if (clazz.isArray()) {
+            clazz = clazz.getComponentType();
+        }
+        Object result = java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(clazz, size);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void populateParamters(final V8Array parameters, final int varArgIndex, final Object[] args, final List<Object> varArgs, final boolean includeReceiver) {
+        int start = 0;
+        if (includeReceiver) {
+            start = 1;
+        }
+        for (int i = start; i < (parameters.length() + start); i++) {
+            if (i >= varArgIndex) {
+                varArgs.add(getArrayItem(parameters, i - start));
+            } else {
+                args[i] = getArrayItem(parameters, i - start);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Object[] setDefaultValues(final Object[] parameters, final Class<?>[] parameterTypes, final V8Object receiver, final boolean includeReceiver) {
+        int start = 0;
+        if (includeReceiver) {
+            start = 1;
+            parameters[0] = receiver;
+        }
+        for (int i = start; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+            parameters[i] = getDefaultValue(parameterTypes[i]);
+        }
+        return parameters;
+    }
+
+    private Object getArrayItem(final V8Array array, final int index) {
+        try {
+            int type = array.getType(index);
+            switch (type) {
+                case INTEGER:
+                    return array.getInteger(index);
+                case DOUBLE:
+                    return array.getDouble(index);
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                    return array.getBoolean(index);
+                case STRING:
+                    return array.getString(index);
+                case V8_ARRAY:
+                    return array.getArray(index);
+                case V8_OBJECT:
+                    return array.getObject(index);
+                case V8_FUNCTION:
+                    return array.getObject(index);
+                case UNDEFINED:
+                    return V8.getUndefined();
+            }
+        } catch (V8ResultUndefined e) {
+            // do nothing
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected static void debugMessageReceived() {
+        if (debugHandler != null) {
+            debugHandler.run();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Map<Integer, MethodDescriptor> getFunctionRegistry() {
+        if (functions == null) {
+            functions = new HashMap<Integer, V8.MethodDescriptor>();
+        }
+        return functions;
+    }
+
+    protected long initNewV8Object(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        return _initNewV8Object(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected void createTwin(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long twinHandle) {
+        _createTwin(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, twinHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int executeIntegerScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeIntegerScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected double executeDoubleScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeDoubleScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected String executeStringScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeStringScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean executeBooleanScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeBooleanScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected Object executeScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        return _executeScript(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected void executeVoidScript(final long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber) {
+        _executeVoidScript(v8RuntimePtr, script, scriptName, lineNumber);
+    }
+
+    protected void release(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        _release(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean contains(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _contains(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected String[] getKeys(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _getKeys(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int getInteger(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getInteger(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean getBoolean(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getBoolean(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected double getDouble(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getDouble(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected String getString(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getString(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected Object get(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _get(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected int executeIntegerFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeIntegerFunction(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected double executeDoubleFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeDoubleFunction(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected String executeStringFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long handle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeStringFunction(v8RuntimePtr, handle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean executeBooleanFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long handle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeBooleanFunction(v8RuntimePtr, handle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected Object executeFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeFunction(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected Object executeFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long receiverHandle, final long functionHandle, final long parametersHandle) {
+        return _executeFunction(v8RuntimePtr, receiverHandle, functionHandle, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void executeVoidFunction(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle) {
+        _executeVoidFunction(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, name, parametersHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean equals(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long that) {
+        return _equals(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, that);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean strictEquals(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long that) {
+        return _strictEquals(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, that);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean sameValue(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long that) {
+        return _sameValue(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, that);
+    }
+
+    protected int identityHash(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _identityHash(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final int value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addObject(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final long value) {
+        _addObject(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final boolean value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final double value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void add(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key, final String value) {
+        _add(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addUndefined(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        _addUndefined(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected void addNull(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        _addNull(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected void registerJavaMethod(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String functionName, final int methodID, final boolean voidMethod) {
+        _registerJavaMethod(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, functionName, methodID, voidMethod);
+    }
+
+    protected long initNewV8Array(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        return _initNewV8Array(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetSize(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle) {
+        return _arrayGetSize(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetInteger(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetInteger(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean arrayGetBoolean(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetBoolean(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected double arrayGetDouble(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetDouble(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected String arrayGetString(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGetString(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected Object arrayGet(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int expectedType, final long arrayHandle, final int index) {
+        return _arrayGet(v8RuntimePtr, expectedType, arrayHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayIntItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final int value) {
+        _addArrayIntItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayBooleanItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final boolean value) {
+        _addArrayBooleanItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayDoubleItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final double value) {
+        _addArrayDoubleItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayStringItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final String value) {
+        _addArrayStringItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayObjectItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle, final long value) {
+        _addArrayObjectItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle, value);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayUndefinedItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle) {
+        _addArrayUndefinedItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected void addArrayNullItem(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long arrayHandle) {
+        _addArrayNullItem(v8RuntimePtr, arrayHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int getType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final String key) {
+        return _getType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, key);
+    }
+
+    protected int getType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index) {
+        return _getType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index);
+    }
+
+    protected int getArrayType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle) {
+        return _getArrayType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected int getType(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _getType(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected void setPrototype(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final long prototypeHandle) {
+        _setPrototype(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, prototypeHandle);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean enableDebugSupport(final long v8RuntimePtr, final int port, final boolean waitForConnection) {
+        return _enableDebugSupport(v8RuntimePtr, port, waitForConnection);
+    }
+
+    protected void disableDebugSupport(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        _disableDebugSupport(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected void processDebugMessages(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        _processDebugMessages(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    protected int[] arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetIntegers(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected double[] arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetDoubles(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean[] arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetBooleans(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected String[] arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length) {
+        return _arrayGetStrings(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final int[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetIntegers(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final double[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetDoubles(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final boolean[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetBooleans(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected int arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, final String[] resultArray) {
+        return _arrayGetStrings(v8RuntimePtr, objectHandle, index, length, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    protected void terminateExecution(final long v8RuntimePtr) {
+        _terminateExecution(v8RuntimePtr);
+    }
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Object(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native void _createTwin(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long twinHandle);
+
+    private native void _releaseRuntime(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long _createIsolate(String globalAlias);
+
+    private native int _executeIntegerScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native double _executeDoubleScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native String _executeStringScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native boolean _executeBooleanScript(long v8RuntimePtr, final String script, final String scriptName, final int lineNumber);
+
+    private native Object _executeScript(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, String script, String scriptName, int lineNumber);
+
+    private native void _executeVoidScript(long v8RuntimePtr, String script, String scriptName, int lineNumber);
+
+    private native void _release(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native boolean _contains(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native String[] _getKeys(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native int _getInteger(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native boolean _getBoolean(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native double _getDouble(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native String _getString(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native Object _get(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native int _executeIntegerFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native double _executeDoubleFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native String _executeStringFunction(long v8RuntimePtr2, long handle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native boolean _executeBooleanFunction(long v8RuntimePtr2, long handle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native Object _executeFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, long objectHandle, String name, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native Object _executeFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long receiverHandle, long functionHandle, long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native void _executeVoidFunction(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String name, final long parametersHandle);
+
+    private native boolean _equals(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long that);
+
+    private native boolean _strictEquals(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long that);
+
+    private native boolean _sameValue(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long that);
+
+    private native int _identityHash(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final int value);
+
+    private native void _addObject(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final long value);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final boolean value);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final double value);
+
+    private native void _add(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key, final String value);
+
+    private native void _addUndefined(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native void _addNull(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native void _registerJavaMethod(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String functionName, final int methodID, final boolean voidMethod);
+
+    private native long _initNewV8Array(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetSize(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetInteger(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native boolean _arrayGetBoolean(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native double _arrayGetDouble(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native String _arrayGetString(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native Object _arrayGet(long v8RuntimePtr, int expectedType, long arrayHandle, int index);
+
+    private native void _addArrayIntItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, int value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayBooleanItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, boolean value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayDoubleItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, double value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayStringItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, String value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayObjectItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle, long value);
+
+    private native void _addArrayUndefinedItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle);
+
+    private native void _addArrayNullItem(long v8RuntimePtr, long arrayHandle);
+
+    private native int _getType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final String key);
+
+    private native int _getType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final int index);
+
+    private native int _getArrayType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle);
+
+    private native void _setPrototype(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, long prototypeHandle);
+
+    private native int _getType(long v8RuntimePtr, long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native boolean _enableDebugSupport(long v8RuntimePtr, int port, boolean waitForConnection);
+
+    private native void _disableDebugSupport(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native void _processDebugMessages(long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native double[] _arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native int[] _arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native boolean[] _arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native String[] _arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetIntegers(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, int[] resultArray);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetDoubles(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, double[] resultArray);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetBooleans(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, boolean[] resultArray);
+
+    private native int _arrayGetStrings(final long v8RuntimePtr, final long objectHandle, final int index, final int length, String[] resultArray);
+
+    private static native void _setFlags(String v8flags);
+
+    private native void _terminateExecution(final long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long _getGlobalObject(final long v8RuntimePtr);
+
+    private native long _getBuildID();
+
+    void addObjRef() {
+        objectReferences++;
+    }
+
+    void releaseObjRef() {
+        objectReferences--;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.eclipsesource.v8.V8.release` indirectly reads without synchronization from `v8.V8.com.eclipsesource.v8.V8.debugThread`. Potentially races with write in method `V8.createV8Runtime(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void V8.release(boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.eclipsesource.v8.V8.release(boolean):void.650229571c63d62abea645d7076fb33c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/eclipsesource/v8/V8.java
+
+### Key:
+V8.java|release|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+805455233c66744fe8534fa0b96b135f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3742/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3742/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..621222f028007a9f8b766cf2d719345cd607768f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3742/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Oak
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.oath.oak;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public class UnsafeUtilsTest {
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnsafeCopy() {
+
+        IntHolder minKey = new IntHolder(0, new int[0]);
+
+        OakMapBuilder<IntHolder, IntHolder> builder =
+            new OakMapBuilder<IntHolder, IntHolder>(
+                new UnsafeTestComparator(),new UnsafeTestSerializer(),new UnsafeTestSerializer())
+                .setMinKey(minKey)
+                ;
+
+        OakMap<IntHolder, IntHolder> oak = builder.build();
+
+        IntHolder key1 = new IntHolder(5, new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});
+        IntHolder value1 = new IntHolder(5, new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5});
+
+        IntHolder key2 = new IntHolder(6, new int[]{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60});
+        IntHolder value2 = new IntHolder(6, new int[]{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60});
+
+        oak.put(key1, value1);
+        oak.put(key2, value2);
+
+
+        IntHolder resValue1 = oak.get(key1);
+        assertEquals(value1.size, resValue1.size);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < value1.size; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(value1.array[i], resValue1.array[i]);
+        }
+        IntHolder resValue2 = oak.get(key2);
+        assertEquals(value2.size, resValue2.size);
+        for (int i = 0; i < value2.size; ++i) {
+            assertEquals(value2.array[i], resValue2.array[i]);
+        }
+
+        Iterator<Map.Entry<OakRBuffer, OakRBuffer>> iter = oak.zc().entrySet().iterator();
+        while (iter.hasNext()) {
+            Map.Entry<OakRBuffer, OakRBuffer> entry = iter.next();
+            int size = entry.getKey().getInt(0);
+            int[] dstArrayValue = new int[size];
+            int[] dstArrayKey = new int[size];
+            entry.getKey().unsafeCopyBufferToIntArray(Integer.BYTES, dstArrayKey, size);
+            entry.getValue().unsafeCopyBufferToIntArray(Integer.BYTES, dstArrayValue, size);
+            if (size == 5) {
+                //value1
+                assertArrayEquals(value1.array, dstArrayKey);
+                assertArrayEquals(value1.array, dstArrayValue);
+            } else if (size == 6) {
+                //value2
+                assertArrayEquals(value2.array, dstArrayKey);
+                assertArrayEquals(value2.array, dstArrayValue);
+            } else {
+                fail();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    private static class IntHolder {
+
+        private final int size;
+        private final int[] array;
+
+        private IntHolder(int size, int[] array) {
+            this.size = size;
+            this.array = array;
+        }
+
+        public int getSize() {
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        public int[] getArray() {
+            return array;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class UnsafeTestSerializer implements OakSerializer<IntHolder> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void serialize(IntHolder object, ByteBuffer targetBuffer) {
+            targetBuffer.putInt(targetBuffer.position(), object.size);
+            UnsafeUtils.unsafeCopyIntArrayToBuffer(object.array, targetBuffer,
+                    targetBuffer.position() + Integer.BYTES, object.size);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public IntHolder deserialize(ByteBuffer byteBuffer) {
+            int size = byteBuffer.getInt(byteBuffer.position());
+            int[] array = new int[size];
+            UnsafeUtils.unsafeCopyBufferToIntArray(byteBuffer, byteBuffer.position() + Integer.BYTES, array, size);
+            return new IntHolder(size, array);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int calculateSize(IntHolder object) {
+            return object.size * Integer.BYTES + Integer.BYTES;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class UnsafeTestComparator implements OakComparator<IntHolder> {
+
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareKeys(IntHolder key1, IntHolder key2) {
+            int pos = 0;
+            while (pos < key1.size && pos < key2.size) {
+                if (key1.array[pos] != key2.array[pos]) {
+                    return key1.array[pos] - key2.array[pos];
+                }
+                pos++;
+            }
+            return key1.size - key2.size;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareSerializedKeys(ByteBuffer serializedKey1, ByteBuffer serializedKey2) {
+            return compareKeys(new UnsafeTestSerializer().deserialize(serializedKey1),
+                    new UnsafeTestSerializer().deserialize(serializedKey2));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareKeyAndSerializedKey(IntHolder key, ByteBuffer serializedKey) {
+            return compareKeys(key, new UnsafeTestSerializer().deserialize(serializedKey));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIntsToLong(){
+        int i1 = 1, i2 = 2;
+        long combine = UnsafeUtils.intsToLong(i1, i2);
+        int[] res = UnsafeUtils.longToInts(combine);
+        assertEquals(i1, res[0]);
+        assertEquals(i2, res[1]);
+        i2 = -2;
+        combine = UnsafeUtils.intsToLong(i1, i2);
+        res = UnsafeUtils.longToInts(combine);
+        assertEquals(i1, res[0]);
+        assertEquals(i2, res[1]);
+        i1 = -1;
+        combine = UnsafeUtils.intsToLong(i1, i2);
+        res = UnsafeUtils.longToInts(combine);
+        assertEquals(i1, res[0]);
+        assertEquals(i2, res[1]);
+        i2 = 2;
+        combine = UnsafeUtils.intsToLong(i1, i2);
+        res = UnsafeUtils.longToInts(combine);
+        assertEquals(i1, res[0]);
+        assertEquals(i2, res[1]);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resValue1` last assigned on line 39 could be null and is dereferenced at line 40.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnsafeUtilsTest.testUnsafeCopy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.oath.oak.UnsafeUtilsTest.testUnsafeCopy():void.8d711d2a2e7c3fdf157cab938c03fef3
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/com/oath/oak/UnsafeUtilsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UnsafeUtilsTest.java|testUnsafeCopy|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2797f3577e9ca5ddb3a75a7ee4ea135f
+
+### Hash:
+03cb40fbcc95783b67a405c95c7b3520
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3745/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3745/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b43b540a00d794e49d2a67943a597c7f8f38bb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3745/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Oak
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018 Oath Inc.
+ * Licensed under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.
+ * Please see LICENSE file in the project root for terms.
+ */
+
+package com.oath.oak.NativeAllocator;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+
+/*
+ * The singleton Pool to pre-allocate and reuse blocks of off-heap memory. The singleton has lazy
+ * initialization so the big memory is allocated only on demand when first Oak is used.
+ * However it makes creation of the first Oak slower. This initialization is thread safe, thus
+ * multiple concurrent Oak creations will result only in the one Pool.
+ * */
+class BlocksPool implements BlocksProvider {
+
+    private static BlocksPool instance = null;
+    private final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Block> blocks = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
+
+    // TODO change BLOCK_SIZE and NUMBER_OF_BLOCKS to be pre-configurable
+    private static int BLOCK_SIZE = 256 * 1024 * 1024; // currently 200MB, the one block size
+    // Number of memory blocks to be pre-allocated (currently gives us 2GB). When it is not enough,
+    // another half such amount of memory (1GB) will be allocated at once.
+    private final static int NUMBER_OF_BLOCKS = 10;
+    private final static int EXCESS_POOL_RATIO = 3;
+
+    // not thread safe, private constructor; should be called only once
+    private BlocksPool() {
+        prealloc(NUMBER_OF_BLOCKS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the instance of BlocksPool if not yet initialized, otherwise returns
+     * the single instance of the singleton. Thread safe.
+     */
+    static BlocksPool getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            synchronized (BlocksPool.class) { // can be easily changed to lock-free
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    instance = new BlocksPool();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    static void setBlockSize(int blockSize) {
+        BLOCK_SIZE = blockSize;
+        synchronized (BlocksPool.class) { // can be easily changed to lock-free
+            instance = new BlocksPool();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int blockSize() {
+        return BLOCK_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single Block from within the Pool, enlarges the Pool if needed
+     * Thread-safe
+     */
+    public Block getBlock() {
+        Block b = null;
+        while (b == null) {
+            boolean noMoreBlocks = blocks.isEmpty();
+            if (!noMoreBlocks) {
+                b = blocks.poll();
+            }
+
+            if (noMoreBlocks || b == null) {
+                synchronized (BlocksPool.class) { // can be easily changed to lock-free
+                    if (blocks.isEmpty()) {
+                        prealloc(NUMBER_OF_BLOCKS / 2);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single Block to the Pool, decreases the Pool if needed
+     * Assumes block is not used by any concurrent thread, otherwise thread-safe
+     */
+    public void returnBlock(Block b) {
+        b.reset();
+        blocks.add(b);
+        if (blocks.size() > EXCESS_POOL_RATIO * NUMBER_OF_BLOCKS) { // too many unused blocks
+            synchronized (BlocksPool.class) { // can be easily changed to lock-free
+                for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_BLOCKS; i++) {
+                    this.blocks.poll().clean();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should be called when the entire Pool is not used anymore. Releases the memory only of the
+     * blocks returned back to the pool.
+     * However this object is GCed when the entire process dies, but thus all the memory is released
+     * anyway...
+     */
+    void close() {
+        while (!blocks.isEmpty()) {
+            blocks.poll().clean();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void prealloc(int numOfBlocks) {
+        // pre-allocation loop
+        for (int i = 0; i < numOfBlocks; i++) {
+            this.blocks.add(new Block(BlocksPool.BLOCK_SIZE));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // used only for testing
+    int numOfRemainingBlocks() {
+        return blocks.size();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.oath.oak.NativeAllocator.BlocksPool.blockSize` reads without synchronization from `NativeAllocator.BlocksPool.com.oath.oak.NativeAllocator.BlocksPool.BLOCK_SIZE`. Potentially races with write in method `BlocksPool.setBlockSize(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int BlocksPool.blockSize()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.oath.oak.NativeAllocator.BlocksPool.blockSize():int.81a9bcb2d3549bb4513bc02fa095d397
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/oath/oak/NativeAllocator/BlocksPool.java
+
+### Key:
+BlocksPool.java|blockSize|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fbb13260ba54bd55619df7a4ba67e5c7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3773/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3773/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c172994e38e89f67edc570684f5c36848755180e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3773/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,793 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ojAlgo
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1997-2017 Optimatika (www.optimatika.se)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition;
+
+import static org.ojalgo.constant.PrimitiveMath.*;
+import static org.ojalgo.function.PrimitiveFunction.*;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+
+import org.ojalgo.RecoverableCondition;
+import org.ojalgo.access.Access2D;
+import org.ojalgo.access.Access2D.Collectable;
+import org.ojalgo.access.Structure2D;
+import org.ojalgo.array.Array1D;
+import org.ojalgo.array.Primitive64Array;
+import org.ojalgo.constant.PrimitiveMath;
+import org.ojalgo.function.BinaryFunction;
+import org.ojalgo.function.PrimitiveFunction;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.function.ExchangeColumns;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.function.NegateColumn;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.function.RotateRight;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.BigDenseStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.ComplexDenseStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.MatrixStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.PhysicalStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.PrimitiveDenseStore;
+import org.ojalgo.netio.BasicLogger;
+import org.ojalgo.scalar.ComplexNumber;
+import org.ojalgo.scalar.Scalar;
+
+abstract class SingularValueDecomposition<N extends Number & Comparable<N>> extends GenericDecomposition<N> implements SingularValue<N> {
+
+    static final class Big extends SingularValueDecomposition<BigDecimal> {
+
+        Big() {
+            super(BigDenseStore.FACTORY, new BidiagonalDecomposition.Big());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    static final class Complex extends SingularValueDecomposition<ComplexNumber> {
+
+        Complex() {
+            super(ComplexDenseStore.FACTORY, new BidiagonalDecomposition.Complex());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    static final class Primitive extends SingularValueDecomposition<Double> {
+
+        Primitive() {
+            super(PrimitiveDenseStore.FACTORY, new BidiagonalDecomposition.Primitive());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private static void doCase1(final double[] s, final double[] e, final int p, final int k, final RotateRight q2RotR) {
+
+        double f = e[p - 2];
+        e[p - 2] = ZERO;
+
+        double tmp, cos, sin;
+
+        for (int j = p - 2; j > k; j--) {
+
+            tmp = HYPOT.invoke(s[j], f);
+            cos = s[j] / tmp;
+            sin = f / tmp;
+            s[j] = tmp;
+
+            q2RotR.rotateRight(p - 1, j, cos, sin);
+
+            tmp = e[j - 1];
+            f = -sin * tmp;
+            e[j - 1] = cos * tmp;
+        }
+
+        tmp = HYPOT.invoke(s[k], f);
+        cos = s[k] / tmp;
+        sin = f / tmp;
+        s[k] = tmp;
+
+        q2RotR.rotateRight(p - 1, k, cos, sin);
+    }
+
+    private static void doCase2(final double[] s, final double[] e, final int p, final int k, final RotateRight mtrxQ1) {
+
+        double f = e[k - 1];
+        e[k - 1] = ZERO;
+
+        double tmp, cos, sin;
+
+        for (int j = k; j < p; j++) {
+
+            tmp = HYPOT.invoke(s[j], f);
+            cos = s[j] / tmp;
+            sin = f / tmp;
+            s[j] = tmp;
+
+            mtrxQ1.rotateRight(k - 1, j, cos, sin);
+
+            tmp = e[j];
+            f = -sin * tmp;
+            e[j] = cos * tmp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void doCase3(final double[] s, final double[] e, final int p, final int k, final RotateRight q1RotR, final RotateRight q2RotR) {
+
+        // Calculate the shift.
+        final double scale = MAX.invoke(MAX.invoke(MAX.invoke(MAX.invoke(ABS.invoke(s[p - 1]), ABS.invoke(s[p - 2])), ABS.invoke(e[p - 2])), ABS.invoke(s[k])),
+                ABS.invoke(e[k]));
+
+        final double s_p1 = s[p - 1] / scale;
+        final double s_p2 = s[p - 2] / scale;
+        final double e_p2 = e[p - 2] / scale;
+
+        final double s_k = s[k] / scale;
+        final double e_k = e[k] / scale;
+
+        final double b = (((s_p2 + s_p1) * (s_p2 - s_p1)) + (e_p2 * e_p2)) / TWO;
+        final double c = (s_p1 * e_p2) * (s_p1 * e_p2);
+
+        double shift = ZERO;
+        if ((Double.compare(b, ZERO) != 0) || (Double.compare(c, ZERO) != 0)) {
+            shift = SQRT.invoke((b * b) + c);
+            if (b < ZERO) {
+                shift = -shift;
+            }
+            shift = c / (b + shift);
+        }
+
+        double f = ((s_k + s_p1) * (s_k - s_p1)) + shift;
+        double g = s_k * e_k;
+
+        double tmp, cos, sin;
+
+        // Chase zeros.
+        for (int j = k; j < (p - 1); j++) {
+
+            tmp = HYPOT.invoke(f, g);
+            cos = f / tmp;
+            sin = g / tmp;
+
+            if (j != k) {
+                e[j - 1] = tmp;
+            }
+
+            f = (cos * s[j]) + (sin * e[j]);
+            e[j] = (cos * e[j]) - (sin * s[j]);
+            g = sin * s[j + 1];
+            s[j + 1] = cos * s[j + 1];
+
+            q2RotR.rotateRight(j + 1, j, cos, sin);
+
+            tmp = HYPOT.invoke(f, g);
+            cos = f / tmp;
+            sin = g / tmp;
+            s[j] = tmp;
+
+            f = (cos * e[j]) + (sin * s[j + 1]);
+            s[j + 1] = (-sin * e[j]) + (cos * s[j + 1]);
+            g = sin * e[j + 1];
+            e[j + 1] = cos * e[j + 1];
+
+            q1RotR.rotateRight(j + 1, j, cos, sin);
+        }
+
+        e[p - 2] = f;
+    }
+
+    private static void doCase4(final double[] s, final int k, final NegateColumn q2NegCol, final ExchangeColumns q1XchgCols,
+            final ExchangeColumns q2XchgCols) {
+
+        // Make the singular values positive.
+        if (s[k] <= ZERO) {
+            s[k] = s[k] < ZERO ? -s[k] : ZERO;
+            q2NegCol.negateColumn(k);
+        }
+
+        final int size = s.length;
+        double tmp;
+
+        // Order the singular values.
+        for (int iter = k, next = iter + 1; (next < size) && (s[iter] < s[next]); iter++, next++) {
+
+            tmp = s[iter];
+            s[iter] = s[next];
+            s[next] = tmp;
+
+            q1XchgCols.exchangeColumns(iter, next);
+            q2XchgCols.exchangeColumns(iter, next);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void toDiagonal(final double[] s, final double[] e, final RotateRight q1RotR, final RotateRight q2RotR, final ExchangeColumns q1XchgCols,
+            final ExchangeColumns q2XchgCols, final NegateColumn q2NegCol) {
+
+        int p = s.length;
+        while (p > 0) {
+            int k, kase;
+
+            // This section of the program inspects for negligible elements in the s and e arrays.
+            // On completion the variables kase and k are set as follows:
+            //
+            // kase = 1     if s[p] and e[k-1] are negligible and k<p                           => deflate negligible s[p]
+            // kase = 2     if s[k] is negligible and k<p                                       => split at negligible s[k]
+            // kase = 3     if e[k-1] is negligible, k<p, and s(k)...s(p) are not negligible    => perform QR-step
+            // kase = 4     if e[p-1] is negligible                                             => convergence
+
+            for (k = p - 2; k >= -1; k--) {
+                if (k == -1) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (ABS.invoke(e[k]) <= (TINY + (MACHINE_EPSILON * (ABS.invoke(s[k]) + ABS.invoke(s[k + 1]))))) {
+                    e[k] = ZERO;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (k == (p - 2)) {
+                kase = 4;
+            } else {
+                int ks;
+                for (ks = p - 1; ks >= k; ks--) {
+                    if (ks == k) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    final double t = (ks != p ? ABS.invoke(e[ks]) : ZERO) + (ks != (k + 1) ? ABS.invoke(e[ks - 1]) : ZERO);
+                    if (ABS.invoke(s[ks]) <= (TINY + (MACHINE_EPSILON * t))) {
+                        s[ks] = ZERO;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ks == k) {
+                    kase = 3;
+                } else if (ks == (p - 1)) {
+                    kase = 1;
+                } else {
+                    kase = 2;
+                    k = ks;
+                }
+            }
+            k++;
+
+            switch (kase) { // Perform the task indicated by kase.
+
+            // s[p] and e[k-1] are negligible and k<p
+            case 1: // Deflate negligible s[p]
+
+                SingularValueDecomposition.doCase1(s, e, p, k, q2RotR);
+                break;
+
+            // s[k] is negligible and k<p
+            case 2: // Split at negligible s[k]
+
+                SingularValueDecomposition.doCase2(s, e, p, k, q1RotR);
+                break;
+
+            // e[k-1] is negligible, k<p, and s(k)...s(p) are not negligible
+            case 3: // Perform QR-step.
+
+                SingularValueDecomposition.doCase3(s, e, p, k, q1RotR, q2RotR);
+                break;
+
+            // e[p-1] is negligible
+            case 4: // Convergence
+
+                SingularValueDecomposition.doCase4(s, k, q2NegCol, q1XchgCols, q2XchgCols);
+                p--;
+                break;
+
+            // Should never happen
+            default:
+
+                throw new IllegalStateException();
+
+            } // switch
+        } // while
+    }
+
+    private double[] e = null;
+
+    private final BidiagonalDecomposition<N> myBidiagonal;
+
+    private transient MatrixStore<N> myD = null;
+    private boolean myFullSize = false;
+    private final Structure2D myInputStructure = new Structure2D() {
+
+        public long countColumns() {
+            return myTransposed ? myBidiagonal.getRowDim() : myBidiagonal.getColDim();
+        }
+
+        public long countRows() {
+            return myTransposed ? myBidiagonal.getColDim() : myBidiagonal.getRowDim();
+        }
+    };
+    private transient MatrixStore<N> myInverse = null;
+    private transient MatrixStore<N> myQ1 = null;
+    private transient MatrixStore<N> myQ2 = null;
+    private transient Array1D<Double> mySingularValues = null;
+    private boolean myTransposed = false;
+    private boolean myValuesOnly = false;
+    private double[] s = null;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private SingularValueDecomposition(final DecompositionStore.Factory<N, ? extends DecompositionStore<N>> factory) {
+        this(factory, null);
+    }
+
+    protected SingularValueDecomposition(final DecompositionStore.Factory<N, ? extends DecompositionStore<N>> factory,
+            final BidiagonalDecomposition<N> bidiagonal) {
+
+        super(factory);
+
+        myBidiagonal = bidiagonal;
+    }
+
+    public boolean computeValuesOnly(final Access2D.Collectable<N, ? super PhysicalStore<N>> matrix) {
+        return this.compute(matrix, true, false);
+    }
+
+    public boolean decompose(final Access2D.Collectable<N, ? super PhysicalStore<N>> matrix) {
+        return this.compute(matrix, false, this.isFullSize());
+    }
+
+    public double getCondition() {
+
+        final Array1D<Double> tmpSingularValues = this.getSingularValues();
+
+        return tmpSingularValues.doubleValue(0) / tmpSingularValues.doubleValue(tmpSingularValues.length - 1);
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> getD() {
+
+        if (this.isComputed() && (myD == null)) {
+            myD = this.makeD();
+        }
+
+        return myD;
+    }
+
+    public double getFrobeniusNorm() {
+
+        double retVal = PrimitiveMath.ZERO;
+
+        final Array1D<Double> tmpSingularValues = this.getSingularValues();
+        double tmpVal;
+
+        for (int i = tmpSingularValues.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            tmpVal = tmpSingularValues.doubleValue(i);
+            retVal += tmpVal * tmpVal;
+        }
+
+        return PrimitiveFunction.SQRT.invoke(retVal);
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> getInverse() {
+        return this.getInverse(this.preallocate(myInputStructure));
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> getInverse(final PhysicalStore<N> preallocated) {
+
+        if (myInverse == null) {
+
+            final MatrixStore<N> tmpQ1 = this.getQ1();
+            final Array1D<Double> tmpSingulars = this.getSingularValues();
+            final MatrixStore<N> tmpQ2 = this.getQ2();
+
+            final int rank = this.getRank();
+
+            final PhysicalStore<N> tmpMtrx = tmpQ2.logical().limits(-1, rank).copy();
+
+            final Scalar.Factory<N> tmpScalar = this.scalar();
+            final BinaryFunction<N> tmpDivide = this.function().divide();
+
+            for (int j = 0; j < rank; j++) {
+                tmpMtrx.modifyColumn(0L, j, tmpDivide.second(tmpScalar.cast(tmpSingulars.doubleValue(j))));
+            }
+
+            preallocated.fillByMultiplying(tmpMtrx, tmpQ1.logical().limits(-1, rank).conjugate().get());
+            myInverse = preallocated;
+        }
+
+        return myInverse;
+    }
+
+    public double getKyFanNorm(final int k) {
+
+        final Array1D<Double> tmpSingularValues = this.getSingularValues();
+
+        double retVal = PrimitiveMath.ZERO;
+
+        for (int i = Math.min(tmpSingularValues.size(), k) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            retVal += tmpSingularValues.doubleValue(i);
+        }
+
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    public double getOperatorNorm() {
+        return this.getSingularValues().doubleValue(0);
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> getQ1() {
+
+        if (!myValuesOnly && this.isComputed() && (myQ1 == null)) {
+
+            if (myTransposed) {
+                myQ1 = this.makeQ2();
+            } else {
+                myQ1 = this.makeQ1();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return myQ1;
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> getQ2() {
+
+        if (!myValuesOnly && this.isComputed() && (myQ2 == null)) {
+            if (myTransposed) {
+                myQ2 = this.makeQ1();
+            } else {
+                myQ2 = this.makeQ2();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return myQ2;
+    }
+
+    public int getRank() {
+
+        final Array1D<Double> tmpSingularValues = this.getSingularValues();
+        int retVal = tmpSingularValues.size();
+
+        // Tolerance based on min-dim but should be max-dim
+        final double tmpTolerance = retVal * (tmpSingularValues.doubleValue(0) * PrimitiveMath.MACHINE_EPSILON);
+
+        for (int i = retVal - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            if (tmpSingularValues.doubleValue(i) <= tmpTolerance) {
+                retVal--;
+            } else {
+                return retVal;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    public Array1D<Double> getSingularValues() {
+
+        if ((mySingularValues == null) && this.isComputed()) {
+            mySingularValues = this.makeSingularValues();
+        }
+
+        return mySingularValues;
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> getSolution(final Collectable<N, ? super PhysicalStore<N>> rhs) {
+        return this.getInverse().multiply(this.collect(rhs));
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> getSolution(final Collectable<N, ? super PhysicalStore<N>> rhs, final PhysicalStore<N> preallocated) {
+        preallocated.fillByMultiplying(this.getInverse(), this.collect(rhs));
+        return preallocated;
+    }
+
+    public double getTraceNorm() {
+        return this.getKyFanNorm(this.getSingularValues().size());
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> invert(final Access2D<?> original) throws RecoverableCondition {
+
+        this.decompose(this.wrap(original));
+
+        if (this.isSolvable()) {
+            return this.getInverse();
+        } else {
+            throw RecoverableCondition.newMatrixNotInvertible();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> invert(final Access2D<?> original, final PhysicalStore<N> preallocated) throws RecoverableCondition {
+
+        this.decompose(this.wrap(original));
+
+        if (this.isSolvable()) {
+            return this.getInverse(preallocated);
+        } else {
+            throw RecoverableCondition.newMatrixNotInvertible();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFullRank() {
+        return this.getRank() == myBidiagonal.getMinDim();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFullSize() {
+        return myFullSize;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOrdered() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public PhysicalStore<N> preallocate(final Structure2D template) {
+        return this.allocate(template.countColumns(), template.countRows());
+    }
+
+    public PhysicalStore<N> preallocate(final Structure2D templateBody, final Structure2D templateRHS) {
+        return this.allocate(templateRHS.countRows(), templateRHS.countColumns());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reset() {
+
+        super.reset();
+
+        myBidiagonal.reset();
+
+        myD = null;
+        myQ1 = null;
+        myQ2 = null;
+        mySingularValues = null;
+
+        myInverse = null;
+
+        myValuesOnly = false;
+        myTransposed = false;
+    }
+
+    public void setFullSize(final boolean fullSize) {
+        myFullSize = fullSize;
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> solve(final Access2D<?> body, final Access2D<?> rhs) throws RecoverableCondition {
+
+        this.decompose(this.wrap(body));
+
+        if (this.isSolvable()) {
+            return this.getSolution(this.wrap(rhs));
+        } else {
+            throw RecoverableCondition.newEquationSystemNotSolvable();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public MatrixStore<N> solve(final Access2D<?> body, final Access2D<?> rhs, final PhysicalStore<N> preallocated) throws RecoverableCondition {
+
+        this.decompose(this.wrap(body));
+
+        if (this.isSolvable()) {
+            return this.getSolution(this.wrap(rhs), preallocated);
+        } else {
+            throw RecoverableCondition.newEquationSystemNotSolvable();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MatrixStore<N> getInverseOldVersion(final DecompositionStore<N> preallocated) {
+
+        if (myInverse == null) {
+
+            final MatrixStore<N> tmpQ1 = this.getQ1();
+            final Array1D<Double> tmpSingulars = this.getSingularValues();
+            final MatrixStore<N> tmpQ2 = this.getQ2();
+
+            final int tmpRowDim = (int) tmpSingulars.count();
+            final int tmpColDim = (int) tmpQ1.countRows();
+            final PhysicalStore<N> tmpMtrx = this.makeZero(tmpRowDim, tmpColDim);
+
+            double tmpValue;
+            final int rank = this.getRank();
+            for (int i = 0; i < rank; i++) {
+                tmpValue = tmpSingulars.doubleValue(i);
+                for (int j = 0; j < tmpColDim; j++) {
+                    tmpMtrx.set(i, j, tmpQ1.toScalar(j, i).conjugate().divide(tmpValue).getNumber());
+                }
+            }
+
+            preallocated.fillByMultiplying(tmpQ2, tmpMtrx);
+            myInverse = preallocated;
+        }
+
+        return myInverse;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean checkSolvability() {
+        return this.isComputed();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean compute(final Access2D.Collectable<N, ? super PhysicalStore<N>> matrix, final boolean valuesOnly, final boolean fullSize) {
+
+        this.reset();
+
+        if (matrix.countRows() >= matrix.countColumns()) {
+            myTransposed = false;
+        } else {
+            myTransposed = true;
+        }
+
+        myValuesOnly = valuesOnly;
+
+        boolean computeOK = false;
+
+        try {
+
+            computeOK = this.doCompute(myTransposed ? this.collect(matrix).conjugate() : matrix, valuesOnly, fullSize);
+
+        } catch (final Exception xcptn) {
+
+            BasicLogger.error(xcptn.toString());
+
+            this.reset();
+
+            computeOK = false;
+        }
+
+        return this.computed(computeOK);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean computeBidiagonal(final Access2D.Collectable<N, ? super PhysicalStore<N>> matrix, final boolean fullSize) {
+        myBidiagonal.setFullSize(fullSize);
+        return myBidiagonal.decompose(matrix);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean doCompute(final Access2D.Collectable<N, ? super PhysicalStore<N>> matrix, final boolean valuesOnly, final boolean fullSize) {
+
+        this.computeBidiagonal(matrix, fullSize);
+
+        final DiagonalArray1D<N> tmpBidiagonal = this.getBidiagonal();
+
+        final DecompositionStore<N> tmpQ1 = valuesOnly ? null : this.getBidiagonalQ1();
+        final DecompositionStore<N> tmpQ2 = valuesOnly ? null : this.getBidiagonalQ2();
+
+        final int size = tmpBidiagonal.getDimension();
+
+        if ((s == null) || (s.length != size)) {
+            s = new double[size];
+            e = new double[size];
+        }
+
+        tmpBidiagonal.mainDiagonal.supplyTo(s);
+        tmpBidiagonal.superdiagonal.supplyTo(e);
+
+        final RotateRight q1RotR = tmpQ1 != null ? tmpQ1 : RotateRight.NULL;
+        final RotateRight q2RotR = tmpQ2 != null ? tmpQ2 : RotateRight.NULL;
+        final ExchangeColumns q1XchgCols = tmpQ1 != null ? tmpQ1 : ExchangeColumns.NULL;
+        final ExchangeColumns q2XchgCols = tmpQ2 != null ? tmpQ2 : ExchangeColumns.NULL;
+        final NegateColumn q2NegCol = tmpQ1 != null ? tmpQ2 : NegateColumn.NULL;
+
+        SingularValueDecomposition.toDiagonal(s, e, q1RotR, q2RotR, q1XchgCols, q2XchgCols, q2NegCol);
+
+        return this.computed(true);
+    }
+
+    protected DiagonalArray1D<N> getBidiagonal() {
+        return myBidiagonal.getDiagonal();
+    }
+
+    protected DecompositionStore<N> getBidiagonalQ1() {
+        return (DecompositionStore<N>) myBidiagonal.getQ1();
+    }
+
+    protected DecompositionStore<N> getBidiagonalQ2() {
+        return (DecompositionStore<N>) myBidiagonal.getQ2();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected double getDimensionalEpsilon() {
+        return myBidiagonal.getMaxDim() * PrimitiveMath.MACHINE_EPSILON;
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isTransposed() {
+        return myTransposed;
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<N> makeD() {
+        return this.wrap(new DiagonalArray1D<>(this.getSingularValues(), null, null, ZERO)).get();
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<N> makeQ1() {
+        return this.getBidiagonalQ1();
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<N> makeQ2() {
+        return this.getBidiagonalQ2();
+    }
+
+    protected Array1D<Double> makeSingularValues() {
+        return Array1D.PRIMITIVE64.wrap(Primitive64Array.wrap(s));
+    }
+
+    void setD(final MatrixStore<N> someD) {
+        myD = someD;
+    }
+
+    void setSingularValues(final Array1D<Double> singularValues) {
+        mySingularValues = singularValues;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `tmpSingularValues` last assigned on line 451 could be null and is dereferenced at line 452.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int SingularValueDecomposition.getRank()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.SingularValueDecomposition.getRank():int.e02683fe8443a98e046d5e25f2a908c8
+
+### File:
+src/org/ojalgo/matrix/decomposition/SingularValueDecomposition.java
+
+### Key:
+SingularValueDecomposition.java|getRank|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+61d69d64f82f8d29dc41a63e0eed1e7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3780/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3780/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7953f0e8ac00925df27f940062e7ed52370a6810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3780/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1011 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ojAlgo
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1997-2017 Optimatika (www.optimatika.se)
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package org.ojalgo.optimisation.convex;
+
+import static org.ojalgo.constant.PrimitiveMath.*;
+import static org.ojalgo.function.PrimitiveFunction.*;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.ojalgo.ProgrammingError;
+import org.ojalgo.access.Access1D;
+import org.ojalgo.access.Access2D.Collectable;
+import org.ojalgo.access.IntIndex;
+import org.ojalgo.access.IntRowColumn;
+import org.ojalgo.array.Array1D;
+import org.ojalgo.function.BinaryFunction;
+import org.ojalgo.function.PrimitiveFunction;
+import org.ojalgo.function.UnaryFunction;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.MatrixUtils;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.PrimitiveMatrix;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.Cholesky;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.Eigenvalue;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.LU;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.MatrixStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.PhysicalStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.PrimitiveDenseStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.SparseStore;
+import org.ojalgo.optimisation.Expression;
+import org.ojalgo.optimisation.ExpressionsBasedModel;
+import org.ojalgo.optimisation.GenericSolver;
+import org.ojalgo.optimisation.Optimisation;
+import org.ojalgo.optimisation.Variable;
+import org.ojalgo.scalar.ComplexNumber;
+import org.ojalgo.type.context.NumberContext;
+
+/**
+ * ConvexSolver solves optimisation problems of the form:
+ * <p>
+ * min 1/2 [X]<sup>T</sup>[Q][X] - [C]<sup>T</sup>[X]<br>
+ * when [AE][X] == [BE]<br>
+ * and [AI][X] &lt;= [BI]
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * The matrix [Q] is assumed to be symmetric (it must be made that way) and positive (semi)definite:
+ * </p>
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>If [Q] is positive semidefinite, then the objective function is convex: In this case the quadratic
+ * program has a global minimizer if there exists some feasible vector [X] (satisfying the constraints) and if
+ * the objective function is bounded below on the feasible region.</li>
+ * <li>If [Q] is positive definite and the problem has a feasible solution, then the global minimizer is
+ * unique.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <p>
+ * The general recommendation is to construct optimisation problems using {@linkplain ExpressionsBasedModel}
+ * and not worry about solver details. If you do want to instantiate a convex solver directly use the
+ * {@linkplain ConvexSolver.Builder} class. It will return an appropriate subclass for you.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * When the KKT matrix is nonsingular, there is a unique optimal primal-dual pair (x,l). If the KKT matrix is
+ * singular, but the KKT system is still solvable, any solution yields an optimal pair (x,l). If the KKT
+ * system is not solvable, the quadratic optimization problem is unbounded below or infeasible.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author apete
+ */
+public abstract class ConvexSolver extends GenericSolver {
+
+    public static final class Builder extends GenericSolver.Builder<ConvexSolver.Builder, ConvexSolver> {
+
+        private static final NumberContext NC = NumberContext.getGeneral(12);
+
+        private MatrixStore<Double> myAE = null;
+        private SparseStore<Double> myAI = null;
+        private MatrixStore<Double> myBE = null;
+        private MatrixStore<Double> myBI = null;
+        private MatrixStore<Double> myC = null;
+        private MatrixStore<Double> myQ = null;
+
+        public Builder() {
+            super();
+        }
+
+        public Builder(final MatrixStore<Double> C) {
+
+            super();
+
+            this.objective(C);
+        }
+
+        public Builder(final MatrixStore<Double> Q, final MatrixStore<Double> C) {
+
+            super();
+
+            this.objective(Q, C);
+        }
+
+        protected Builder(final ConvexSolver.Builder matrices) {
+
+            super();
+
+            if (matrices.hasEqualityConstraints()) {
+                this.equalities(matrices.getAE(), matrices.getBE());
+            }
+
+            if (matrices.hasObjective()) {
+                if (matrices.getQ() != null) {
+                    this.objective(matrices.getQ(), matrices.getC());
+                } else {
+                    this.objective(matrices.getC());
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (matrices.hasInequalityConstraints()) {
+                this.inequalities(matrices.getAI(), matrices.getBI());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Builder(final MatrixStore<Double>[] matrices) {
+
+            super();
+
+            if ((matrices.length >= 2) && (matrices[0] != null) && (matrices[1] != null)) {
+                this.equalities(matrices[0], matrices[1]);
+            }
+
+            if (matrices.length >= 4) {
+                if (matrices[2] != null) {
+                    this.objective(matrices[2], matrices[3]);
+                } else if (matrices[3] != null) {
+                    this.objective(matrices[3]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ((matrices.length >= 6) && (matrices[4] != null) && (matrices[5] != null)) {
+                this.inequalities(matrices[4], matrices[5]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int countConstraints() {
+            return this.countEqualityConstraints() + this.countInequalityConstraints();
+        }
+
+        public int countEqualityConstraints() {
+            return (int) ((this.getAE() != null) ? this.getAE().countRows() : 0);
+        }
+
+        public int countInequalityConstraints() {
+            return (int) ((this.getAI() != null) ? this.getAI().countRows() : 0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int countVariables() {
+
+            int retVal = -1;
+
+            if (this.getAE() != null) {
+                retVal = (int) this.getAE().countColumns();
+            } else if (this.getAI() != null) {
+                retVal = (int) this.getAI().countColumns();
+            } else if (this.getQ() != null) {
+                retVal = (int) this.getQ().countRows();
+            } else if (this.getC() != null) {
+                retVal = (int) this.getC().countRows();
+            } else {
+                throw new ProgrammingError("Cannot deduce the number of variables!");
+            }
+
+            return retVal;
+        }
+
+        public ConvexSolver.Builder equalities(final MatrixStore<Double> AE, final MatrixStore<Double> BE) {
+
+            if ((AE == null) || (BE == null) || (AE.countRows() != BE.countRows())) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+            }
+
+            myAE = AE;
+            myBE = BE;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * [AE][X] == [BE]
+         */
+        public MatrixStore<Double> getAE() {
+            return myAE;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * [AI][X] &lt;= [BI]
+         */
+        public MatrixStore<Double> getAI() {
+            return myAI;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * [AE][X] == [BE]
+         */
+        public MatrixStore<Double> getBE() {
+            return myBE;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * [AI][X] &lt;= [BI]
+         */
+        public MatrixStore<Double> getBI() {
+            return myBI;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Linear objective: [C]
+         */
+        public MatrixStore<Double> getC() {
+            return myC;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Quadratic objective: [Q]
+         */
+        public MatrixStore<Double> getQ() {
+            return myQ;
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasEqualityConstraints() {
+            return (myAE != null) && (myAE.countRows() > 0);
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasInequalityConstraints() {
+            return (myAI != null) && (myAI.countRows() > 0);
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasObjective() {
+            return (myQ != null) || (myC != null);
+        }
+
+        public ConvexSolver.Builder inequalities(final MatrixStore<Double> AI, final MatrixStore<Double> BI) {
+
+            if ((AI == null) || (BI == null) || (AI.countRows() != BI.countRows())) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+            }
+
+            if (AI instanceof SparseStore) {
+
+                myAI = (SparseStore<Double>) AI;
+
+            } else {
+
+                myAI = SparseStore.PRIMITIVE.make(AI.countRows(), AI.countColumns());
+
+                double value;
+                for (int j = 0; j < AI.countColumns(); j++) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < AI.countRows(); i++) {
+                        value = AI.doubleValue(i, j);
+                        if (!NC.isZero(value)) {
+                            myAI.set(i, j, value);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            myBI = BI;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder objective(final MatrixStore<Double> C) {
+
+            if (C == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+            }
+
+            myC = C;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public Builder objective(final MatrixStore<Double> Q, final MatrixStore<Double> C) {
+
+            if (Q == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+            }
+
+            myQ = Q;
+
+            final MatrixStore<Double> tmpC = C != null ? C : MatrixStore.PRIMITIVE.makeZero((int) Q.countRows(), 1).get();
+
+            myC = tmpC;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public void reset() {
+            myAE = null;
+            myAI = null;
+            myBE = null;
+            myBI = null;
+            myC = null;
+            myQ = null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+
+            final String simpleName = this.getClass().getSimpleName();
+
+            final StringBuilder retVal = new StringBuilder("<" + simpleName + ">");
+
+            retVal.append("\n[AE] = " + (myAE != null ? PrimitiveMatrix.FACTORY.copy(this.getAE()) : "?"));
+
+            retVal.append("\n[BE] = " + (myBE != null ? PrimitiveMatrix.FACTORY.copy(this.getBE()) : "?"));
+
+            retVal.append("\n[Q] = " + (myQ != null ? PrimitiveMatrix.FACTORY.copy(this.getQ()) : "?"));
+
+            retVal.append("\n[C] = " + (myC != null ? PrimitiveMatrix.FACTORY.copy(this.getC()) : "?"));
+
+            retVal.append("\n[AI] = " + (myAI != null ? PrimitiveMatrix.FACTORY.copy(this.getAI()) : "?"));
+
+            retVal.append("\n[BI] = " + (myBI != null ? PrimitiveMatrix.FACTORY.copy(this.getBI()) : "?"));
+
+            retVal.append("\n</" + simpleName + ">");
+
+            return retVal.toString();
+        }
+
+        public void validate() {
+
+            if (this.hasEqualityConstraints()) {
+
+                if (this.getAE() == null) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("AE cannot be null!");
+                } else if (this.getAE().countColumns() != this.countVariables()) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("AE has the wrong number of columns!");
+                } else if (this.getAE().countRows() != this.getBE().countRows()) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("AE and BE do not have the same number of rows!");
+                } else if (this.getBE().countColumns() != 1) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("BE must have precisely one column!");
+                }
+
+            } else {
+
+                myAE = null;
+                myBE = null;
+            }
+
+            if (this.hasObjective()) {
+
+                if ((this.getQ() != null) && ((this.getQ().countRows() != this.countVariables()) || (this.getQ().countColumns() != this.countVariables()))) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("Q has the wrong number of rows and/or columns!");
+                }
+
+                if (((this.getC() != null) && (this.getC().countRows() != this.countVariables())) || (this.getC().countColumns() != 1)) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("C has the wrong number of rows and/or columns!");
+                }
+
+            } else {
+
+                myQ = null;
+                myC = null;
+            }
+
+            if (this.hasInequalityConstraints()) {
+
+                if (this.getAI() == null) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("AI cannot be null!");
+                } else if (this.getAI().countColumns() != this.countVariables()) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("AI has the wrong number of columns!");
+                } else if (this.getAI().countRows() != this.getBI().countRows()) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("AI and BI do not have the same number of rows!");
+                } else if (this.getBI().countColumns() != 1) {
+                    throw new ProgrammingError("BI must have precisely one column!");
+                }
+
+            } else {
+
+                myAI = null;
+                myBI = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected ConvexSolver doBuild(final Optimisation.Options options) {
+
+            this.validate();
+
+            if (this.hasInequalityConstraints()) {
+                if (this.hasEqualityConstraints()) {
+                    return new IterativeMixedASS(this, options);
+                } else {
+                    return new IterativePureASS(this, options);
+                }
+            } else if (this.hasEqualityConstraints()) {
+                return new QPESolver(this, options);
+            } else {
+                return new UnconstrainedSolver(this, options);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static final class ModelIntegration extends ExpressionsBasedModel.Integration<ConvexSolver> {
+
+        public ConvexSolver build(final ExpressionsBasedModel model) {
+
+            final ConvexSolver.Builder tmpBuilder = ConvexSolver.getBuilder();
+
+            ConvexSolver.copy(model, tmpBuilder);
+
+            return tmpBuilder.build(model.options);
+        }
+
+        public boolean isCapable(final ExpressionsBasedModel model) {
+            return !model.isAnyVariableInteger() && model.isAnyExpressionQuadratic();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static void copy(final ExpressionsBasedModel sourceModel, final ConvexSolver.Builder destinationBuilder) {
+
+        destinationBuilder.reset();
+
+        final List<Variable> tmpFreeVariables = sourceModel.getFreeVariables();
+        final Set<IntIndex> tmpFixedVariables = sourceModel.getFixedVariables();
+        final int tmpFreeVarDim = tmpFreeVariables.size();
+
+        //        final Array1D<Double> tmpCurrentSolution = Array1D.PRIMITIVE.makeZero(tmpFreeVarDim);
+        //        for (int i = 0; i < tmpFreeVariables.size(); i++) {
+        //            final BigDecimal tmpValue = tmpFreeVariables.get(i).getValue();
+        //            if (tmpValue != null) {
+        //                tmpCurrentSolution.set(i, tmpValue.doubleValue());
+        //            }
+        //        }
+        //        final Optimisation.Result tmpKickStarter = new Optimisation.Result(Optimisation.State.UNEXPLORED, Double.NaN, tmpCurrentSolution);
+
+        // AE & BE
+
+        final List<Expression> tmpEqExpr = sourceModel.constraints()
+                .filter((final Expression c) -> c.isEqualityConstraint() && !c.isAnyQuadraticFactorNonZero()).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        final int tmpEqExprDim = tmpEqExpr.size();
+
+        if (tmpEqExprDim > 0) {
+
+            final SparseStore<Double> tmpAE = SparseStore.PRIMITIVE.make(tmpEqExprDim, tmpFreeVarDim);
+            final PhysicalStore<Double> tmpBE = PrimitiveDenseStore.FACTORY.makeZero(tmpEqExprDim, 1);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < tmpEqExprDim; i++) {
+
+                final Expression tmpExpression = tmpEqExpr.get(i).compensate(tmpFixedVariables);
+
+                for (final IntIndex tmpKey : tmpExpression.getLinearKeySet()) {
+                    final int tmpIndex = sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpKey.index);
+                    if (tmpIndex >= 0) {
+                        tmpAE.set(i, tmpIndex, tmpExpression.getAdjustedLinearFactor(tmpKey));
+                    }
+                }
+                tmpBE.set(i, 0, tmpExpression.getAdjustedUpperLimit());
+            }
+
+            destinationBuilder.equalities(tmpAE, tmpBE);
+        }
+
+        // Q & C
+
+        final Expression tmpObjExpr = sourceModel.objective().compensate(tmpFixedVariables);
+
+        PhysicalStore<Double> tmpQ = null;
+        if (tmpObjExpr.isAnyQuadraticFactorNonZero()) {
+            tmpQ = PrimitiveDenseStore.FACTORY.makeZero(tmpFreeVarDim, tmpFreeVarDim);
+
+            final BinaryFunction<Double> tmpBaseFunc = sourceModel.isMaximisation() ? SUBTRACT : ADD;
+            UnaryFunction<Double> tmpModifier;
+            for (final IntRowColumn tmpKey : tmpObjExpr.getQuadraticKeySet()) {
+                final int tmpRow = sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpKey.row);
+                final int tmpColumn = sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpKey.column);
+                if ((tmpRow >= 0) && (tmpColumn >= 0)) {
+                    tmpModifier = tmpBaseFunc.second(tmpObjExpr.getAdjustedQuadraticFactor(tmpKey));
+                    tmpQ.modifyOne(tmpRow, tmpColumn, tmpModifier);
+                    tmpQ.modifyOne(tmpColumn, tmpRow, tmpModifier);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        PhysicalStore<Double> tmpC = null;
+        if (tmpObjExpr.isAnyLinearFactorNonZero()) {
+            tmpC = PrimitiveDenseStore.FACTORY.makeZero(tmpFreeVarDim, 1);
+            if (sourceModel.isMinimisation()) {
+                for (final IntIndex tmpKey : tmpObjExpr.getLinearKeySet()) {
+                    final int tmpIndex = sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpKey.index);
+                    if (tmpIndex >= 0) {
+                        tmpC.set(tmpIndex, 0, -tmpObjExpr.getAdjustedLinearFactor(tmpKey));
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (final IntIndex tmpKey : tmpObjExpr.getLinearKeySet()) {
+                    final int tmpIndex = sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpKey.index);
+                    if (tmpIndex >= 0) {
+                        tmpC.set(tmpIndex, 0, tmpObjExpr.getAdjustedLinearFactor(tmpKey));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        destinationBuilder.objective(tmpQ, tmpC);
+
+        // AI & BI
+
+        final List<Expression> tmpUpExpr = sourceModel.constraints()
+                .filter((final Expression c2) -> c2.isUpperConstraint() && !c2.isAnyQuadraticFactorNonZero()).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        final int tmpUpExprDim = tmpUpExpr.size();
+        final List<Variable> tmpUpVar = sourceModel.bounds().filter((final Variable c4) -> c4.isUpperConstraint()).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        final int tmpUpVarDim = tmpUpVar.size();
+
+        final List<Expression> tmpLoExpr = sourceModel.constraints()
+                .filter((final Expression c1) -> c1.isLowerConstraint() && !c1.isAnyQuadraticFactorNonZero()).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        final int tmpLoExprDim = tmpLoExpr.size();
+        final List<Variable> tmpLoVar = sourceModel.bounds().filter((final Variable c3) -> c3.isLowerConstraint()).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        final int tmpLoVarDim = tmpLoVar.size();
+
+        if ((tmpUpExprDim + tmpUpVarDim + tmpLoExprDim + tmpLoVarDim) > 0) {
+
+            final SparseStore<Double> tmpAI = SparseStore.PRIMITIVE.make(tmpUpExprDim + tmpUpVarDim + tmpLoExprDim + tmpLoVarDim, tmpFreeVarDim);
+            final PhysicalStore<Double> tmpBI = PrimitiveDenseStore.FACTORY.makeZero(tmpUpExprDim + tmpUpVarDim + tmpLoExprDim + tmpLoVarDim, 1);
+
+            if (tmpUpExprDim > 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < tmpUpExprDim; i++) {
+                    final Expression tmpExpression = tmpUpExpr.get(i).compensate(tmpFixedVariables);
+                    for (final IntIndex tmpKey : tmpExpression.getLinearKeySet()) {
+                        final int tmpIndex = sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpKey.index);
+                        if (tmpIndex >= 0) {
+                            tmpAI.set(i, tmpIndex, tmpExpression.getAdjustedLinearFactor(tmpKey));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    tmpBI.set(i, 0, tmpExpression.getAdjustedUpperLimit());
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (tmpUpVarDim > 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < tmpUpVarDim; i++) {
+                    final Variable tmpVariable = tmpUpVar.get(i);
+                    tmpAI.set(tmpUpExprDim + i, sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpVariable), tmpVariable.getAdjustmentFactor());
+                    tmpBI.set(tmpUpExprDim + i, 0, tmpVariable.getAdjustedUpperLimit());
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (tmpLoExprDim > 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < tmpLoExprDim; i++) {
+                    final Expression tmpExpression = tmpLoExpr.get(i).compensate(tmpFixedVariables);
+                    for (final IntIndex tmpKey : tmpExpression.getLinearKeySet()) {
+                        final int tmpIndex = sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpKey.index);
+                        if (tmpIndex >= 0) {
+                            tmpAI.set(tmpUpExprDim + tmpUpVarDim + i, tmpIndex, -tmpExpression.getAdjustedLinearFactor(tmpKey));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    tmpBI.set(tmpUpExprDim + tmpUpVarDim + i, 0, -tmpExpression.getAdjustedLowerLimit());
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (tmpLoVarDim > 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < tmpLoVarDim; i++) {
+                    final Variable tmpVariable = tmpLoVar.get(i);
+                    tmpAI.set(tmpUpExprDim + tmpUpVarDim + tmpLoExprDim + i, sourceModel.indexOfFreeVariable(tmpVariable), -tmpVariable.getAdjustmentFactor());
+                    tmpBI.set(tmpUpExprDim + tmpUpVarDim + tmpLoExprDim + i, 0, -tmpVariable.getAdjustedLowerLimit());
+                }
+            }
+
+            destinationBuilder.inequalities(tmpAI, tmpBI);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Builder getBuilder() {
+        return new Builder();
+    }
+
+    public static Builder getBuilder(final MatrixStore<Double> Q, final MatrixStore<Double> C) {
+        return ConvexSolver.getBuilder().objective(Q, C);
+    }
+
+    private final ConvexSolver.Builder myMatrices;
+
+    private final LU<Double> mySolverGeneral;
+
+    private final Cholesky<Double> mySolverQ;
+
+    private PrimitiveDenseStore myX = null;
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private ConvexSolver(final Options solverOptions) {
+        this(null, solverOptions);
+    }
+
+    protected ConvexSolver(final ConvexSolver.Builder matrices, final Optimisation.Options solverOptions) {
+
+        super(solverOptions);
+
+        myMatrices = matrices;
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> tmpQ = this.getQ();
+
+        mySolverQ = Cholesky.make(tmpQ);
+        mySolverGeneral = LU.make(tmpQ);
+    }
+
+    public void dispose() {
+
+        super.dispose();
+
+        myMatrices.reset();
+    }
+
+    public final Optimisation.Result solve(final Optimisation.Result kickStarter) {
+
+        boolean tmpContinue = true;
+
+        if (options.validate) {
+            tmpContinue = this.validate();
+        }
+
+        if (tmpContinue) {
+            tmpContinue = this.initialise(kickStarter);
+        }
+
+        if (tmpContinue) {
+
+            this.resetIterationsCount();
+
+            do {
+
+                this.performIteration();
+
+                this.incrementIterationsCount();
+
+            } while (!this.getState().isFailure() && this.needsAnotherIteration() && this.isIterationAllowed());
+        }
+
+        return this.buildResult();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return myMatrices.toString();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean computeGeneral(final Collectable<Double, ? super PhysicalStore<Double>> matrix) {
+        return mySolverGeneral.compute(matrix);
+    }
+
+    protected boolean computeQ(final Collectable<Double, ? super PhysicalStore<Double>> matrix) {
+        return mySolverQ.compute(matrix);
+    }
+
+    protected int countEqualityConstraints() {
+        return myMatrices.countEqualityConstraints();
+    }
+
+    protected int countInequalityConstraints() {
+        return myMatrices.countInequalityConstraints();
+    }
+
+    protected int countVariables() {
+        return myMatrices.countVariables();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected double evaluateFunction(final Access1D<?> solution) {
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> tmpX = this.getX();
+
+        return tmpX.transpose().multiply(this.getQ().multiply(tmpX)).multiply(0.5).subtract(tmpX.transpose().multiply(this.getC())).doubleValue(0L);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> extractSolution() {
+
+        return this.getX().copy();
+
+    }
+
+    protected void fillX(final Access1D<?> solution) {
+        final int tmpLimit = this.countVariables();
+        for (int i = 0; i < tmpLimit; i++) {
+            this.setX(i, solution.doubleValue(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void fillX(final double value) {
+        final int tmpLimit = this.countVariables();
+        for (int i = 0; i < tmpLimit; i++) {
+            this.setX(i, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getAE() {
+        return myMatrices.getAE();
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getAEX() {
+
+        MatrixStore<Double> retVal = null;
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> tmpAE = this.getAE();
+        final PhysicalStore<Double> tmpX = this.getX();
+
+        if ((tmpAE != null) && (tmpX != null)) {
+            retVal = tmpAE.multiply(tmpX);
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getAI() {
+        return myMatrices.getAI();
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getAIX(final int[] selector) {
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> tmpAI = this.getAI();
+        final PhysicalStore<Double> tmpX = this.getX();
+
+        if ((tmpAI != null) && (tmpX != null)) {
+            return tmpAI.logical().row(selector).get().multiply(tmpX);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getBE() {
+        return myMatrices.getBE();
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getBI() {
+        return myMatrices.getBI();
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getBI(final int[] selector) {
+        return myMatrices.getBI().logical().row(selector).get();
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getC() {
+        return myMatrices.getC();
+    }
+
+    protected abstract MatrixStore<Double> getIterationKKT();
+
+    protected abstract MatrixStore<Double> getIterationRHS();
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getQ() {
+        return myMatrices.getQ();
+    }
+
+    protected int getRankGeneral() {
+        return mySolverGeneral.getRank();
+    }
+
+    protected PhysicalStore<Double> getSE() {
+
+        PhysicalStore<Double> retVal = null;
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> mtrxAE = this.getAE();
+        final MatrixStore<Double> mtrxBE = this.getBE();
+        final PhysicalStore<Double> mtrxX = this.getX();
+
+        if ((mtrxAE != null) && (mtrxBE != null)) {
+
+            retVal = mtrxBE.copy();
+
+            retVal.modifyMatching(PrimitiveFunction.SUBTRACT, mtrxAE.multiply(mtrxX));
+        }
+
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    protected PhysicalStore<Double> getSI() {
+
+        PhysicalStore<Double> retVal = null;
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> mtrxAI = this.getAI();
+        final MatrixStore<Double> mtrxBI = this.getBI();
+        final PhysicalStore<Double> mtrxX = this.getX();
+
+        if ((mtrxAI != null) && (mtrxBI != null)) {
+
+            retVal = mtrxBI.copy();
+
+            retVal.modifyMatching(PrimitiveFunction.SUBTRACT, mtrxAI.multiply(mtrxX));
+        }
+
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getSI(final int... selector) {
+
+        PhysicalStore<Double> retVal = null;
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> mtrxAI = this.getAI();
+        final MatrixStore<Double> mtrxBI = this.getBI();
+        final PhysicalStore<Double> mtrxX = this.getX();
+
+        if ((mtrxAI != null) && (mtrxBI != null)) {
+
+            final MatrixStore<Double> selectedAI = mtrxAI.logical().row(selector).get();
+            final MatrixStore<Double> selectedBI = mtrxBI.logical().row(selector).get();
+
+            retVal = selectedBI.copy();
+
+            retVal.modifyMatching(PrimitiveFunction.SUBTRACT, selectedAI.multiply(mtrxX));
+        }
+
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getSolutionGeneral(final Collectable<Double, ? super PhysicalStore<Double>> rhs) {
+        return mySolverGeneral.getSolution(rhs);
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getSolutionGeneral(final Collectable<Double, ? super PhysicalStore<Double>> rhs, final PhysicalStore<Double> preallocated) {
+        return mySolverGeneral.getSolution(rhs, preallocated);
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getSolutionQ(final Collectable<Double, ? super PhysicalStore<Double>> rhs) {
+        return mySolverQ.getSolution(rhs);
+    }
+
+    protected MatrixStore<Double> getSolutionQ(final Collectable<Double, ? super PhysicalStore<Double>> rhs, final PhysicalStore<Double> preallocated) {
+        return mySolverQ.getSolution(rhs, preallocated);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Solution / Variables: [X]
+     */
+    protected PhysicalStore<Double> getX() {
+        if (myX == null) {
+            myX = PrimitiveDenseStore.FACTORY.makeZero(this.countVariables(), 1);
+        }
+        return myX;
+    }
+
+    protected boolean hasEqualityConstraints() {
+        return myMatrices.hasEqualityConstraints();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean hasInequalityConstraints() {
+        return myMatrices.hasInequalityConstraints();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean hasObjective() {
+        return myMatrices.hasObjective();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isSolvableGeneral() {
+        return mySolverGeneral.isSolvable();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isSolvableQ() {
+        return mySolverQ.isSolvable();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isX() {
+        return myX != null;
+    }
+
+    abstract protected void performIteration();
+
+    protected void resetX() {
+        if (myX != null) {
+            myX.fillAll(ZERO);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setX(final int index, final double value) {
+        this.getX().set(index, 0, value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean validate() {
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> tmpQ = this.getQ();
+        final MatrixStore<Double> tmpC = this.getC();
+
+        if ((tmpQ == null) || (tmpC == null)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Neither Q nor C may be null!");
+        }
+
+        if (!MatrixUtils.isHermitian(tmpQ)) {
+            if (this.isDebug()) {
+                this.debug("Q not symmetric!", tmpQ);
+            }
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Q must be symmetric!");
+        }
+
+        if (!mySolverQ.isSPD()) {
+            // Not symmetric positive definite. Check if at least positive semidefinite.
+
+            final Eigenvalue<Double> tmpEvD = Eigenvalue.PRIMITIVE.make(true);
+
+            tmpEvD.computeValuesOnly(tmpQ);
+
+            final Array1D<ComplexNumber> tmpEigenvalues = tmpEvD.getEigenvalues();
+
+            tmpEvD.reset();
+
+            for (final ComplexNumber tmpValue : tmpEigenvalues) {
+                if ((tmpValue.doubleValue() < ZERO) || !tmpValue.isReal()) {
+                    if (this.isDebug()) {
+                        this.debug("Q not positive semidefinite!");
+                        this.debug("The eigenvalues are: {}", tmpEigenvalues);
+                    }
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Q must be positive semidefinite!");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.setState(State.VALID);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getQ()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 690.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+double ConvexSolver.evaluateFunction(Access1D)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.ojalgo.optimisation.convex.ConvexSolver.evaluateFunction(org.ojalgo.access.Access1D):double.808e67877eae2f57d2065de69f6fc1eb
+
+### File:
+src/org/ojalgo/optimisation/convex/ConvexSolver.java
+
+### Key:
+ConvexSolver.java|evaluateFunction|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e3c557d7766c6aa2f820227d95f6c155
+
+### Hash:
+b3219713a9c96e455914c39ddfc4155b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3787/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3787/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eafc70e8bb453fe9709412c3d4b8d94911d41a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3787/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ojAlgo
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.ojalgo.array;
+
+import java.util.AbstractSet;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+
+import org.ojalgo.ProgrammingError;
+import org.ojalgo.access.Access1D;
+import org.ojalgo.access.Mutate1D;
+import org.ojalgo.array.DenseArray.Factory;
+import org.ojalgo.array.SparseArray.NonzeroView;
+import org.ojalgo.constant.PrimitiveMath;
+import org.ojalgo.function.BinaryFunction;
+import org.ojalgo.type.context.NumberContext;
+
+public final class LongToNumberMap<N extends Number> implements SortedMap<Long, N>, Access1D<N>, Mutate1D.Mixable<N> {
+
+    public static final class MapFactory<N extends Number> extends StrategyBuilder<N, LongToNumberMap<N>, MapFactory<N>> {
+
+        MapFactory(final Factory<N> denseFactory) {
+            super(denseFactory);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public LongToNumberMap<N> make() {
+            return new LongToNumberMap<>(this.getStrategy());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static <N extends Number> MapFactory<N> factory(final DenseArray.Factory<N> denseFactory) {
+        return new MapFactory<>(denseFactory);
+    }
+
+    private final SparseArray<N> myStorage;
+    private final DenseCapacityStrategy<N> myStrategy;
+
+    LongToNumberMap(final DenseCapacityStrategy<N> strategy) {
+
+        super();
+
+        myStrategy = strategy;
+
+        myStorage = new SparseArray<>(Long.MAX_VALUE, strategy);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The current capacity of the underlying data structure. The capacity is always greater than or equal to
+     * the current number of entries in the map. When you add entries to the map the capacity may have to
+     * grow.
+     */
+    public long capacity() {
+        return myStorage.capacity();
+    }
+
+    public void clear() {
+        myStorage.reset();
+    }
+
+    public Comparator<? super Long> comparator() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public boolean containsKey(final long key) {
+        return myStorage.index(key) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    public boolean containsKey(final Object key) {
+        if (key instanceof Number) {
+            return this.containsKey(((Number) key).longValue());
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean containsValue(final double value) {
+        for (final NonzeroView<N> tmpView : myStorage.nonzeros()) {
+            // if (tmpView.doubleValue() == value) {
+            if (NumberContext.compare(tmpView.doubleValue(), value) == 0) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean containsValue(final Object value) {
+        for (final NonzeroView<N> tmpView : myStorage.nonzeros()) {
+            if (value.equals(tmpView.getNumber())) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public long count() {
+        return myStorage.getActualLength();
+    }
+
+    public double doubleValue(final long key) {
+        final int tmpIndex = myStorage.index(key);
+        if (tmpIndex >= 0) {
+            return myStorage.doubleValueInternally(tmpIndex);
+        } else {
+            return PrimitiveMath.NaN;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Set<Map.Entry<Long, N>> entrySet() {
+        return new AbstractSet<Map.Entry<Long, N>>() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Iterator<Map.Entry<Long, N>> iterator() {
+                return new Iterator<Map.Entry<Long, N>>() {
+
+                    NonzeroView<N> tmpNonzeros = myStorage.nonzeros();
+
+                    public boolean hasNext() {
+                        return tmpNonzeros.hasNext();
+                    }
+
+                    public Map.Entry<Long, N> next() {
+
+                        tmpNonzeros.next();
+
+                        return new Map.Entry<Long, N>() {
+
+                            public Long getKey() {
+                                return tmpNonzeros.index();
+                            }
+
+                            public N getValue() {
+                                return tmpNonzeros.getNumber();
+                            }
+
+                            public N setValue(final N value) {
+                                ProgrammingError.throwForUnsupportedOptionalOperation();
+                                return null;
+                            }
+
+                        };
+                    }
+
+                };
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int size() {
+                return myStorage.getActualLength();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    public Long firstKey() {
+        return myStorage.firstIndex();
+    }
+
+    public N get(final long key) {
+        final int tmpIndex = myStorage.index(key);
+        if (tmpIndex >= 0) {
+            return myStorage.getInternally(tmpIndex);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public N get(final Object key) {
+        return key instanceof Number ? this.get(((Number) key).longValue()) : null;
+    }
+
+    public LongToNumberMap<N> headMap(final long toKey) {
+        return this.subMap(myStorage.firstIndex(), toKey);
+    }
+
+    public LongToNumberMap<N> headMap(final Long toKey) {
+        return this.headMap(toKey.longValue());
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return myStorage.getActualLength() == 0;
+    }
+
+    public Set<Long> keySet() {
+        return new AbstractSet<Long>() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Iterator<Long> iterator() {
+                return myStorage.indices().iterator();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int size() {
+                return myStorage.getActualLength();
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+
+    public Long lastKey() {
+        return myStorage.lastIndex();
+    }
+
+    public double mix(final long key, final BinaryFunction<N> mixer, final double addend) {
+        ProgrammingError.throwIfNull(mixer);
+        synchronized (myStorage) {
+            final int tmpIndex = myStorage.index(key);
+            final double oldValue = tmpIndex >= 0 ? myStorage.doubleValueInternally(tmpIndex) : PrimitiveMath.NaN;
+            final double newValue = tmpIndex >= 0 ? mixer.invoke(oldValue, addend) : addend;
+            myStorage.doSet(key, tmpIndex, newValue, true);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public N mix(final long key, final BinaryFunction<N> mixer, final N addend) {
+        ProgrammingError.throwIfNull(mixer);
+        synchronized (myStorage) {
+            final int tmpIndex = myStorage.index(key);
+            final N oldValue = tmpIndex >= 0 ? myStorage.getInternally(tmpIndex) : null;
+            final N newValue = tmpIndex >= 0 ? mixer.invoke(oldValue, addend) : addend;
+            myStorage.doSet(key, tmpIndex, newValue, true);
+            return newValue;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public double put(final long key, final double value) {
+        final int tmpIndex = myStorage.index(key);
+        final double tmpOldValue = tmpIndex >= 0 ? myStorage.doubleValueInternally(tmpIndex) : PrimitiveMath.NaN;
+        myStorage.doSet(key, tmpIndex, value, true);
+        return tmpOldValue;
+    }
+
+    public N put(final long key, final N value) {
+        final int tmpIndex = myStorage.index(key);
+        final N tmpOldValue = tmpIndex >= 0 ? myStorage.getInternally(tmpIndex) : null;
+        myStorage.doSet(key, tmpIndex, value, true);
+        return tmpOldValue;
+    }
+
+    public N put(final Long key, final N value) {
+        return this.put(key.longValue(), value);
+    }
+
+    public void putAll(final LongToNumberMap<N> m) {
+        if (myStorage.isPrimitive()) {
+            for (final NonzeroView<N> tmpView : m.getStorage().nonzeros()) {
+                myStorage.set(tmpView.index(), tmpView.doubleValue());
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (final NonzeroView<N> tmpView : m.getStorage().nonzeros()) {
+                myStorage.set(tmpView.index(), tmpView.getNumber());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void putAll(final Map<? extends Long, ? extends N> m) {
+        for (final java.util.Map.Entry<? extends Long, ? extends N> tmpEntry : m.entrySet()) {
+            myStorage.set(tmpEntry.getKey(), tmpEntry.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public N remove(final long key) {
+        final N tmpOldVal = myStorage.get(key);
+        myStorage.set(key, 0.0);
+        return tmpOldVal;
+    }
+
+    public N remove(final Object key) {
+        if (key instanceof Number) {
+            return this.remove(((Number) key).longValue());
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int size() {
+        return myStorage.getActualLength();
+    }
+
+    public LongToNumberMap<N> subMap(final long fromKey, final long toKey) {
+
+        final LongToNumberMap<N> retVal = new LongToNumberMap<>(myStrategy);
+
+        long tmpKey;
+        for (final NonzeroView<N> tmpView : myStorage.nonzeros()) {
+            tmpKey = tmpView.index();
+            if ((fromKey <= tmpKey) && (tmpKey < toKey)) {
+                final N tmpValue = tmpView.getNumber();
+                retVal.put(tmpKey, tmpValue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    public LongToNumberMap<N> subMap(final Long fromKey, final Long toKey) {
+        return this.subMap(fromKey.longValue(), toKey.longValue());
+    }
+
+    public LongToNumberMap<N> tailMap(final long fromKey) {
+        return this.subMap(fromKey, myStorage.lastIndex() + 1L);
+    }
+
+    public LongToNumberMap<N> tailMap(final Long fromKey) {
+        return this.tailMap(fromKey.longValue());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+
+        NonzeroView<N> nz = myStorage.nonzeros();
+
+        if (!nz.hasNext()) {
+            return "{}";
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+        builder.append('{');
+        for (;;) {
+            NonzeroView<N> entry = nz.next();
+            long key = entry.index();
+            N value = entry.getNumber();
+            builder.append(key);
+            builder.append('=');
+            builder.append(value);
+            if (!nz.hasNext()) {
+                return builder.append('}').toString();
+            }
+            builder.append(',').append(' ');
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NumberList<N> values() {
+        return new NumberList<>(myStorage.getValues(), myStrategy, myStorage.getActualLength());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should return the same elements/values as first calling {@link #subMap(Long, Long)} and then
+     * {@link #values()} but this method does not create any copies. Any change in the underlying data
+     * structure (this map) will corrupt this method's output.
+     */
+    public Access1D<N> values(final long fromKey, final long toKey) {
+        return myStorage.getValues(fromKey, toKey);
+    }
+
+    SparseArray<N> getStorage() {
+        return myStorage;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.ojalgo.array.LongToNumberMap.remove` indirectly writes to field `this.org.ojalgo.array.LongToNumberMap.myStorage.org.ojalgo.array.SparseArray.myValues` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Number LongToNumberMap.remove(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.ojalgo.array.LongToNumberMap.remove(long):java.lang.Number.27b34bbd8e48a08c7d589d3fb8418f0b
+
+### File:
+src/org/ojalgo/array/LongToNumberMap.java
+
+### Key:
+LongToNumberMap.java|remove|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+393d710a959e2f6eec42f0fd2380fb8f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3789/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3789/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e513302f391dec4da6001d7db7d104bb8eda060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3789/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ojAlgo
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+import org.ojalgo.TestUtils;
+import org.ojalgo.array.Array1D;
+import org.ojalgo.array.Primitive32Array;
+import org.ojalgo.function.PrimitiveFunction;
+import org.ojalgo.function.aggregator.Aggregator;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.MatrixUtils;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.decomposition.Eigenvalue;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.MatrixStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.PhysicalStore;
+import org.ojalgo.matrix.store.PrimitiveDenseStore;
+import org.ojalgo.random.SampleSet;
+import org.ojalgo.random.Uniform;
+import org.ojalgo.scalar.ComplexNumber;
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 1997-2018 Optimatika
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+public class CodeSnippets {
+
+    public static void main(final String[] args) {
+
+        final Array1D<Double> doubles = Array1D.factory(Primitive32Array.FACTORY).makeFilled(10, new Uniform());
+        System.out.println(doubles.toString());
+
+        final Array1D<Double> rollingMedian = Array1D.PRIMITIVE32.makeZero(doubles.size());
+
+        rollingMedian.set(0, doubles.get(0));
+        System.out.printf("%1$s -> %1$s\n", doubles.get(0));
+
+        final Array1D<Double> someSamples2 = doubles.subList(0, 2);
+        final double mean2 = SampleSet.wrap(someSamples2).getMean();
+        rollingMedian.set(1, mean2);
+        System.out.printf("%s -> %s\n", someSamples2.toString(), mean2);
+
+        for (int i = 2; i < doubles.length; i++) {
+            final Array1D<Double> someSamples = doubles.subList(i - 2, i + 1);
+            final double mean = SampleSet.wrap(someSamples).getMean();
+            rollingMedian.set(i, mean);
+            System.out.printf("%s -> %s\n", someSamples.toString(), mean2);
+        }
+
+        System.out.println(rollingMedian.toString());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < doubles.length; i++) {
+            final int first = Math.max(0, i - 2);
+            final int limit = i + 1;
+            final double mean = doubles.aggregateRange(first, limit, Aggregator.AVERAGE);
+            rollingMedian.set(i, mean);
+        }
+
+        System.out.println(rollingMedian.toString());
+
+        final SampleSet samples = SampleSet.make();
+        for (int i = 0; i < doubles.length; i++) {
+            final int first = Math.max(0, i - 2);
+            final int limit = i + 1;
+            samples.swap(doubles.sliceRange(first, limit));
+            final double mean = samples.getMean();
+            rollingMedian.set(i, mean);
+        }
+
+        System.out.println(rollingMedian.toString());
+
+        final PrimitiveDenseStore org = MatrixUtils.makeSPD(10);
+
+        final Eigenvalue<Double> evd = Eigenvalue.PRIMITIVE.make(true);
+        evd.decompose(org);
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> expSquared = org.multiply(org);
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> v = evd.getV();
+        final MatrixStore<Double> d = evd.getD().logical().diagonal(false).get();
+        final Array1D<ComplexNumber> values = evd.getEigenvalues();
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> ident = v.multiply(v.conjugate());
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> actSquared = v.multiply(d).multiply(d).multiply(v.conjugate());
+
+        TestUtils.assertEquals(expSquared, actSquared);
+
+        final PhysicalStore<Double> copied = v.copy();
+        copied.loopRow(0, (r, c) -> copied.modifyColumn(c, PrimitiveFunction.MULTIPLY.second(values.doubleValue(c) * values.doubleValue(c))));
+        final MatrixStore<Double> actSquared2 = copied.multiply(v.conjugate());
+
+        TestUtils.assertEquals(expSquared, actSquared2);
+
+        final MatrixStore<Double> matrix = null;
+
+        matrix.logical().limits(3, 3).offsets(1, 1).get();
+
+        matrix.logical().offsets(1, 1).get();
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `matrix` last assigned on line 106 could be null and is dereferenced at line 108.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CodeSnippets.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+CodeSnippets.main(java.lang.String[]):void.dc6015cddebe782bd2b531d66245b2e8
+
+### File:
+test/CodeSnippets.java
+
+### Key:
+CodeSnippets.java|main|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+eae2ee1cdadb82e549c2a1b7c9bd0e3a
+
+### Hash:
+2e95d7ab1771dd590dee9722ff4db6ee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3800/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3800/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31f110ea3144b84fe91585046108b0b35938984a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3800/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acs-aem-commons
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * ACS AEM Commons Bundle
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Adobe
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+package com.adobe.acs.commons.forms.helpers.impl;
+
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.forms.Form;
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.forms.helpers.FormHelper;
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.forms.helpers.PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelper;
+import com.adobe.acs.commons.util.CookieUtil;
+import com.day.cq.wcm.api.Page;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Component;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Property;
+import org.apache.felix.scr.annotations.Service;
+import org.apache.sling.api.SlingHttpServletRequest;
+import org.apache.sling.api.SlingHttpServletResponse;
+import org.apache.sling.api.resource.Resource;
+import org.apache.sling.commons.json.JSONException;
+import org.osgi.framework.Constants;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * ACS AEM Commons - Forms - POST-Redirect-GET-With-Cookies Form Helper
+ *
+ */
+@Component(inherit = true)
+@Property(label = "Service Ranking",
+        name = Constants.SERVICE_RANKING,
+        intValue = FormHelper.SERVICE_RANKING_POST_REDIRECT_WITH_COOKIES_GET)
+@Service(value = { FormHelper.class, PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelper.class })
+public class PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelperImpl extends PostRedirectGetFormHelperImpl implements PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelper {
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelperImpl.class);
+
+    public static final int COOKIE_MAX_AGE = 10 * 60;
+    public static final String ROOT_COOKIE_PATH = "/";
+
+    @Override
+    public final void sendRedirect(Form form, String path, String formSelector, SlingHttpServletResponse response)
+            throws IOException, JSONException {
+        final String url = this.getRedirectPath(form, path, formSelector);
+        addFlashCookie(response, form);
+        response.sendRedirect(url);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void sendRedirect(Form form, Page page, String formSelector, SlingHttpServletResponse response)
+            throws IOException, JSONException {
+        final String url = this.getRedirectPath(form, page, formSelector);
+        addFlashCookie(response, form);
+        response.sendRedirect(url);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void sendRedirect(Form form, Resource resource, String formSelector,
+            SlingHttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, JSONException {
+        final String url = this.getRedirectPath(form, resource, formSelector);
+        addFlashCookie(response, form);
+        response.sendRedirect(url);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected final boolean doHandleGet(final String formName, final SlingHttpServletRequest request) {
+        //noinspection SimplifiableIfStatement
+        if (StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("GET", request.getMethod())) {
+            return (CookieUtil.getCookie(request, this.getGetLookupKey(formName)) != null);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String getRawFormData(final String formName, final SlingHttpServletRequest request,
+            final SlingHttpServletResponse response) {
+        final String cookieName = getGetLookupKey(formName);
+        final Cookie cookie = CookieUtil.getCookie(request, cookieName);
+
+        if (response != null && cookie != null) {
+            CookieUtil.dropCookies(request, response, ROOT_COOKIE_PATH, cookieName);
+        } else {
+            log.warn("SlingHttpServletResponse required for removing cookie. Please use formHelper.getForm({}, slingRequest, slingResponse);", formName);
+        }
+        // Get the QP lookup for this form
+        return this.decode(cookie.getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected final String getRedirectPath(final Form form, final String path, final String formSelector) throws
+            JSONException {
+        String redirectPath = path;
+        redirectPath += this.getSuffix();
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(formSelector)) {
+            redirectPath += "/" + formSelector;
+        }
+        return redirectPath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encodes URL data, escaping characters such as "+" and "="
+     *
+     * @param unencoded
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected final String encode(String unencoded) {
+        return StringUtils.isBlank(unencoded) ? "" : org.apache.sling.commons.json.http.Cookie.escape(unencoded);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes URL data.
+     *
+     * @param encoded
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    protected final String decode(String encoded) {
+        return StringUtils.isBlank(encoded) ? "" : org.apache.sling.commons.json.http.Cookie.unescape(encoded);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a cookie containing the serialised contents of the form to a cookie named after the GET lookup key
+     * @param response
+     * @param form
+     * @throws JSONException
+     */
+    protected void addFlashCookie(SlingHttpServletResponse response, Form form) throws JSONException {
+        final String name = this.getGetLookupKey(form.getName());
+        final String value = getQueryParameterValue(form);
+        final Cookie cookie = new Cookie(name, value);
+        cookie.setMaxAge(COOKIE_MAX_AGE);
+        CookieUtil.addCookie(cookie, response);
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `cookie` last assigned on line 95 could be null and is dereferenced at line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelperImpl.getRawFormData(String,SlingHttpServletRequest,SlingHttpServletResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.adobe.acs.commons.forms.helpers.impl.PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelperImpl.getRawFormData(jav.ec2a4a6b4fd9a8a9301eb307821e724a
+
+### File:
+bundle/src/main/java/com/adobe/acs/commons/forms/helpers/impl/PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelperImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+PostRedirectGetWithCookiesFormHelperImpl.java|getRawFormData|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d53599b03e0a784f08ab07e6981b8b5b
+
+### Hash:
+d0a737dffb984cfe8daa104a28f65d64
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3807/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3807/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5068f17edb511abd7a3dbb7141a490529a374a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3807/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bistoury
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 Qunar, Inc.
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package qunar.tc.bistoury.agent.task.agentInfo;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Splitter;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListeningScheduledExecutorService;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.clientside.common.meta.MetaStore;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.clientside.common.meta.MetaStores;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.commands.arthas.telnet.Telnet;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.commands.arthas.telnet.TelnetStore;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.commands.arthas.telnet.UrlEncodedTelnetStore;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.common.JacksonSerializer;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.common.URLCoder;
+import qunar.tc.bistoury.common.VersionUtil;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static qunar.tc.bistoury.common.BistouryConstants.REQ_AGENT_INFO;
+
+/**
+ * @author: leix.xie
+ * @date: 2019/2/25 17:51
+ * @describe：
+ */
+public class TaskRunner implements Runnable {
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TaskRunner.class);
+
+    private static final MetaStore META_STORE = MetaStores.getMetaStore();
+
+    private static final TelnetStore TELNET_STORE = UrlEncodedTelnetStore.getInstance();
+
+    private static final String MIN_VERSION = "1.2.8";
+
+    private static final String command = REQ_AGENT_INFO;
+
+    private static final String AGENT_PUSH_INTERVAL_MIN = "agent.push.interval.min";
+    private static final int DEFAULT_AGENT_INFO_PUSH_INTERVAL_MINUTES = 1;
+
+    private static final String PUSH_PROPERTIES_LIMIT = "push.properties.limit";
+
+    private static final Splitter PUSH_LIMIT_SPLITTER = Splitter.on("|").trimResults().omitEmptyStrings();
+
+    private ListeningScheduledExecutorService executor;
+
+    TaskRunner(ListeningScheduledExecutorService executor) {
+        this.executor = executor;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        Telnet telnet = tryGetTelnet();
+        if (telnet != null) {
+            try {
+                Map<String, String> info = META_STORE.getAgentInfo();
+                push(filterInfo(info), telnet);
+            } finally {
+                telnet.close();
+            }
+        }
+        executor.schedule(this, getAgentInfoPushIntervalMinutes() * 20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, String> filterInfo(Map<String, String> info) {
+
+        HashMap<String, String> newInfo = Maps.newHashMap(info);
+
+        String limit = newInfo.get(PUSH_PROPERTIES_LIMIT);
+        if (Strings.isNullOrEmpty(limit)) {
+            newInfo.remove(PUSH_PROPERTIES_LIMIT);
+            return ImmutableMap.copyOf(newInfo);
+        }
+        List<String> limitList = PUSH_LIMIT_SPLITTER.splitToList(limit);
+        if (limitList.size() == 0) {
+            newInfo.remove(PUSH_PROPERTIES_LIMIT);
+            return ImmutableMap.copyOf(newInfo);
+        }
+
+        ImmutableMap.Builder<String, String> builder = ImmutableMap.builder();
+        for (String key : limitList) {
+            builder.put(key, newInfo.get(key));
+        }
+        return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    private int getAgentInfoPushIntervalMinutes() {
+        return META_STORE.getIntProperty(AGENT_PUSH_INTERVAL_MIN, DEFAULT_AGENT_INFO_PUSH_INTERVAL_MINUTES);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Map<String, String> agentInfo, Telnet telnet) {
+        try {
+            if (!legalVersion(telnet.getVersion())) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (agentInfo != null) {
+                logger.debug("push agent info: {}", agentInfo);
+                String newCommand = TaskRunner.command + " " + URLCoder.encode(JacksonSerializer.serialize(agentInfo));
+                telnet.write(newCommand);
+                //如果不read，一定概率会出现push失败
+                while (telnet.read() != null) {
+                    // continue
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("push agent info error", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Telnet tryGetTelnet() {
+        try {
+            return TELNET_STORE.tryGetTelnet();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("try get telnet fail", e);
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean legalVersion(final String version) {
+        try {
+            return VersionUtil.greaterEqualThanVersion(version, MIN_VERSION);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_IMMUTABLE_CAST
+
+### Qualifier:
+Method filterInfo(...) returns class com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap but the return type is class java.util.Map. Make sure that users of this method do not try to modify the collection.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map TaskRunner.filterInfo(Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+qunar.tc.bistoury.agent.task.agentInfo.TaskRunner.filterInfo(java.util.Map):java.util.Map.7a4883c3cf1a99454561332f0b301134
+
+### File:
+bistoury-agent-task/src/main/java/qunar/tc/bistoury/agent/task/agentInfo/TaskRunner.java
+
+### Key:
+TaskRunner.java|filterInfo|CHECKERS_IMMUTABLE_CAST
+
+### Node Key:
+969e665cd3cad5968c8bdb29c3bc324b
+
+### Hash:
+70c1a324a04f621b7d0ce17d4243fa4a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Immutable Cast
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3831/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3831/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff1a065f796ed826ad64ba53542ac58195811b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3831/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ohc
+**Bug ID:** 67
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2014 Robert Stupp, Koeln, Germany, robert-stupp.de
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.caffinitas.ohc.tables;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import org.caffinitas.ohc.OHCacheBuilder;
+import org.caffinitas.ohc.histo.EstimatedHistogram;
+
+final class OffHeapMap
+{
+    // maximum hash table size
+    private static final int MAX_TABLE_SIZE = 1 << 30;
+
+    // TODO think of exchanging this "poor man's" open-address table to a real open-address table.
+    // Need to add "tombstone" for removed entries.
+    // Need to add "max probe length.
+
+    private final int entriesPerBucket;
+    private long size;
+    private Table table;
+
+    private long threshold;
+    private final float loadFactor;
+
+    private long lruCompactions;
+    private long hitCount;
+    private long missCount;
+    private long putAddCount;
+    private long putReplaceCount;
+    private long removeCount;
+
+    private long rehashes;
+    private long evictedEntries;
+
+    private long freeCapacity;
+
+    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private final boolean throwOOME;
+
+    OffHeapMap(OHCacheBuilder builder, long freeCapacity)
+    {
+        this.freeCapacity = freeCapacity;
+
+        this.throwOOME = builder.isThrowOOME();
+
+        int hts = builder.getHashTableSize();
+        if (hts <= 0)
+            hts = 8192;
+        if (hts < 256)
+            hts = 256;
+        int bl = builder.getBucketLength();
+        if (bl <= 0)
+            bl = 8;
+        int buckets = (int) Util.roundUpToPowerOf2(hts, MAX_TABLE_SIZE);
+        entriesPerBucket = (int) Util.roundUpToPowerOf2(bl, MAX_TABLE_SIZE);
+        table = Table.create(buckets, entriesPerBucket, throwOOME);
+        if (table == null)
+            throw new RuntimeException("unable to allocate off-heap memory for segment");
+
+        float lf = builder.getLoadFactor();
+        if (lf <= .0d)
+            lf = .75f;
+        if (lf >= 1d)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("load factor must not be greater that 1");
+        this.loadFactor = lf;
+        threshold = (long) ((double) table.size() * loadFactor);
+    }
+
+    void release()
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            table.release();
+            table = null;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    long size()
+    {
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    long hitCount()
+    {
+        return hitCount;
+    }
+
+    long missCount()
+    {
+        return missCount;
+    }
+
+    long putAddCount()
+    {
+        return putAddCount;
+    }
+
+    long putReplaceCount()
+    {
+        return putReplaceCount;
+    }
+
+    long removeCount()
+    {
+        return removeCount;
+    }
+
+    void resetStatistics()
+    {
+        rehashes = 0L;
+        evictedEntries = 0L;
+        hitCount = 0L;
+        missCount = 0L;
+        putAddCount = 0L;
+        putReplaceCount = 0L;
+        removeCount = 0L;
+        lruCompactions = 0L;
+    }
+
+    long rehashes()
+    {
+        return rehashes;
+    }
+
+    long freeCapacity()
+    {
+        return freeCapacity;
+    }
+
+    void updateFreeCapacity(long diff)
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            freeCapacity += diff;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    long evictedEntries()
+    {
+        return evictedEntries;
+    }
+
+    long lruCompactions()
+    {
+        return lruCompactions;
+    }
+
+    long getEntry(KeyBuffer key, boolean reference, boolean updateLRU)
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            long ptr = table.bucketOffset(key.hash());
+            long hashEntryAdr;
+            for (int idx = 0; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, ptr += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+            {
+                hashEntryAdr = table.getEntryAdr(ptr);
+                if (hashEntryAdr == 0L)
+                    break;
+                if (table.getHash(ptr) != key.hash() || notSameKey(key, hashEntryAdr))
+                    continue;
+
+                // return existing entry
+
+                if (updateLRU)
+                    touch(hashEntryAdr);
+
+                if (reference)
+                    HashEntries.reference(hashEntryAdr);
+
+                hitCount++;
+                return hashEntryAdr;
+            }
+
+            // not found
+            missCount++;
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean putEntry(long newHashEntryAdr, long hash, long keyLen, long bytes, boolean ifAbsent, long oldValueAdr, long oldValueLen)
+    {
+        long removeHashEntryAdr = 0L;
+        LongArrayList derefList = null;
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            long hashEntryAdr;
+            long ptr = table.bucketOffset(hash);
+            for (int idx = 0; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, ptr += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+            {
+                if ((hashEntryAdr = table.getEntryAdr(ptr)) == 0L)
+                    break;
+
+                if (table.getHash(ptr) != hash)
+                    continue;
+
+                // fetch allocLen here - same CPU cache line needed by key compare
+                long allocLen = HashEntries.getAllocLen(hashEntryAdr);
+                if (notSameKey(newHashEntryAdr, keyLen, hashEntryAdr))
+                    continue;
+
+                // replace existing entry
+
+                if (ifAbsent)
+                    return false;
+
+                if (oldValueAdr != 0L)
+                {
+                    // code for replace() operation
+                    if (HashEntries.getValueLen(hashEntryAdr) != oldValueLen
+                        || !HashEntries.compare(hashEntryAdr, Util.ENTRY_OFF_DATA + Util.roundUpTo8(keyLen), oldValueAdr, 0L, oldValueLen))
+                        return false;
+                }
+
+                freeCapacity += allocLen;
+                table.removeFromTableWithOff(hashEntryAdr, ptr, idx);
+
+                removeHashEntryAdr = hashEntryAdr;
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            if (freeCapacity < bytes)
+            {
+                derefList = new LongArrayList();
+                do
+                {
+                    long eldestEntryAdr = table.removeEldest();
+                    if (eldestEntryAdr == 0L)
+                    {
+                        if (removeHashEntryAdr != 0L)
+                            size--;
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    freeCapacity += HashEntries.getAllocLen(eldestEntryAdr);
+
+                    size--;
+                    evictedEntries++;
+                    derefList.add(eldestEntryAdr);
+                } while (freeCapacity < bytes);
+            }
+
+            if (removeHashEntryAdr == 0L)
+            {
+                if (size >= threshold)
+                    rehash();
+
+                size++;
+            }
+
+            if (!add(newHashEntryAdr, hash))
+                return false;
+
+            freeCapacity -= bytes;
+
+            if (removeHashEntryAdr == 0L)
+                putAddCount++;
+            else
+                putReplaceCount++;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+            if (removeHashEntryAdr != 0L)
+                HashEntries.dereference(removeHashEntryAdr);
+            if (derefList != null)
+                for (int i = 0; i < derefList.size(); i++)
+                    HashEntries.dereference(derefList.getLong(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void clear()
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            size = 0L;
+
+            long freed = 0L;
+            long hashEntryAdr;
+            for (int p = 0; p < table.size(); p++)
+            {
+                long ptr = table.bucketOffset(p);
+                for (int idx = 0; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, ptr += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+                {
+                    if ((hashEntryAdr = table.getEntryAdr(ptr)) == 0L)
+                        break;
+
+                    freed += HashEntries.getAllocLen(hashEntryAdr);
+                    HashEntries.dereference(hashEntryAdr);
+                }
+            }
+
+            table.clear();
+
+            freeCapacity += freed;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void removeEntry(long removeHashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            long hash = HashEntries.getHash(removeHashEntryAdr);
+            long hashEntryAdr;
+            long ptr = table.bucketOffset(hash);
+            for (int idx = 0; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, ptr += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+            {
+                if ((hashEntryAdr = table.getEntryAdr(ptr)) == 0L)
+                    break;
+
+                if (hashEntryAdr != removeHashEntryAdr)
+                    continue;
+
+                // remove existing entry
+
+                removeInternal(hashEntryAdr, ptr, idx);
+
+                return;
+            }
+            removeHashEntryAdr = 0L;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+            if (removeHashEntryAdr != 0L)
+                HashEntries.dereference(removeHashEntryAdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void removeEntry(KeyBuffer key)
+    {
+        long removeHashEntryAdr = 0L;
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            long hashEntryAdr;
+            long ptr = table.bucketOffset(key.hash());
+            for (int idx = 0; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, ptr += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+            {
+                if ((hashEntryAdr = table.getEntryAdr(ptr)) == 0L)
+                    break;
+
+                if (table.getHash(ptr) != key.hash() || notSameKey(key, hashEntryAdr))
+                    continue;
+
+                // remove existing entry
+
+                removeHashEntryAdr = hashEntryAdr;
+                removeInternal(hashEntryAdr, ptr, idx);
+
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+            if (removeHashEntryAdr != 0L)
+                HashEntries.dereference(removeHashEntryAdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void removeInternal(long hashEntryAdr, long off, int idx)
+    {
+        table.removeFromTableWithOff(hashEntryAdr, off, idx);
+
+        freeCapacity += HashEntries.getAllocLen(hashEntryAdr);
+
+        size--;
+        removeCount++;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean notSameKey(KeyBuffer key, long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        long serKeyLen = HashEntries.getKeyLen(hashEntryAdr);
+        return serKeyLen != key.size()
+               || !HashEntries.compareKey(hashEntryAdr, key, serKeyLen);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean notSameKey(long newHashEntryAdr, long newKeyLen, long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        long serKeyLen = HashEntries.getKeyLen(hashEntryAdr);
+        return serKeyLen != newKeyLen
+               || !HashEntries.compare(hashEntryAdr, Util.ENTRY_OFF_DATA, newHashEntryAdr, Util.ENTRY_OFF_DATA, serKeyLen);
+    }
+
+    private void rehash()
+    {
+        Table tab = table;
+        int tableSize = tab.size();
+        if (tableSize > MAX_TABLE_SIZE)
+        {
+            // already at max hash table size
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Table newTable = Table.create(tableSize * 2, entriesPerBucket, throwOOME);
+        if (newTable == null)
+            return;
+
+        for (int part = 0; part < tableSize; part++)
+        {
+            long hashEntryAdr;
+            long ptr = table.bucketOffset(part);
+            for (int idx = 0; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, ptr += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+            {
+                if ((hashEntryAdr = table.getEntryAdr(ptr)) == 0L)
+                    break;
+
+                if (!newTable.addToTable(table.getHash(ptr), hashEntryAdr))
+                    // this should never occur - so don't care about expensive free()
+                    HashEntries.dereference(hashEntryAdr);
+            }
+        }
+        newTable.copyLRU(table);
+
+        threshold = (long) ((float) newTable.size() * loadFactor);
+        table.release();
+        table = newTable;
+        rehashes++;
+    }
+
+    long[] hotN(int n)
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            long[] r = new long[n];
+            table.fillHotN(r, n);
+            for (long hashEntryAdr : r)
+                if (hashEntryAdr != 0L)
+                    HashEntries.reference(hashEntryAdr);
+            return r;
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    float loadFactor()
+    {
+        return loadFactor;
+    }
+
+    int hashTableSize()
+    {
+        return table.size();
+    }
+
+    void updateBucketHistogram(EstimatedHistogram hist)
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            table.updateBucketHistogram(hist);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    void getEntryAddresses(int mapSegmentIndex, int nSegments, List<Long> hashEntryAdrs)
+    {
+        lock.lock();
+        try
+        {
+            for (; nSegments-- > 0 && mapSegmentIndex < table.size(); mapSegmentIndex++)
+            {
+                long hashEntryAdr;
+                long ptr = table.bucketOffset(mapSegmentIndex);
+                for (int idx = 0; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, ptr += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+                {
+                    if ((hashEntryAdr = table.getEntryAdr(ptr)) == 0L)
+                        break;
+                    hashEntryAdrs.add(hashEntryAdr);
+                    HashEntries.reference(hashEntryAdr);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class Table
+    {
+        /*
+         * Holds an off-heap structure with two tables: the bucket-entry-table and the LRU-table.
+         * The bucket-entry-table starts at 'address'.
+         * The LRU-table starts at 'address + lruOffset'.
+         *
+         * Layout of the bucket-entry-table:
+         * +----------------+------------+----------------+------------+-----
+         * | hash-entry-adr | hash-value | hash-entry-adr | hash-value | ...
+         * +----------------+------------+----------------+------------+-----
+         * For each bucket the table holds as many entries as specified by 'entriesPerBucket'.
+         *
+         * Layout of the LRU-table:
+         * +----------------+----------------+-----
+         * | hash-entry-adr | hash-entry-adr | ...
+         * +----------------+----------------+-----
+         * The field 'lruWriteTarget' defines at which index in the LRU-table the next recently hash-entry-address goes.
+         * The field 'lruEldestIndex' defines the index of the eldest entry in the LRU-table.
+         * If there's no more room in the LRU-table ('lruWriteTarget == size()'), the whole LRU table is compacted.
+         * For fast access into the LRU-table, the hash-entry itself tracks the index of the hash-entry in the LRU-table.
+         */
+
+        final int mask;
+        final long address;
+        private final int entriesPerBucket;
+        private boolean released;
+
+        private final long lruOffset;
+
+        private int lruWriteTarget;
+        private int lruEldestIndex;
+
+        static Table create(int hashTableSize, int entriesPerBucket, boolean throwOOME)
+        {
+            int msz = (int) Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN * hashTableSize * entriesPerBucket;
+
+            msz += hashTableSize * Util.POINTER_LEN;
+
+            long address = Uns.allocate(msz, throwOOME);
+            return address != 0L ? new Table(address, hashTableSize, entriesPerBucket) : null;
+        }
+
+        private Table(long address, int hashTableSize, int entriesPerBucket)
+        {
+            this.address = address;
+            this.mask = hashTableSize - 1;
+            this.entriesPerBucket = entriesPerBucket;
+
+            this.lruOffset = Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN * hashTableSize * entriesPerBucket;
+            this.lruWriteTarget = 0;
+
+            clear();
+        }
+
+        //
+
+        void removeFromTableWithOff(long hashEntryAdr, long off, int idx)
+        {
+            for (; idx < entriesPerBucket; idx++, off += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+            {
+                if (idx < entriesPerBucket - 1)
+                {
+                    long adr = getEntryAdr(off + Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN);
+                    long h = getHash(off + Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN);
+                    setEntryAdr(off, adr);
+                    setHash(off, h);
+                    if (adr == 0L)
+                        break;
+                }
+                else
+                    setEntryAdr(off, 0L);
+            }
+            removeFromLRU(hashEntryAdr);
+        }
+
+        long removeEldest()
+        {
+            int i = lruEldestIndex;
+            long off = lruOffset(i);
+            for (; i < lruWriteTarget; i++, off += Util.POINTER_LEN)
+            {
+                long hashEntryAdr = Uns.getAndPutLong(address, off, 0L);
+                if (hashEntryAdr != 0L)
+                {
+                    lruEldestIndex = i + 1;
+
+                    off = bucketOffset(HashEntries.getHash(hashEntryAdr));
+                    boolean st = false;
+                    for (i = 0; i < entriesPerBucket; i++, off += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+                    {
+                        long adr;
+                        if (!st)
+                        {
+                            adr = getEntryAdr(off);
+                            if (adr == hashEntryAdr)
+                                st = true;
+                            else if (adr == 0L)
+                                break;
+                            else
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        adr = getEntryAdr(off + Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN);
+                        long h = getHash(off + Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN);
+                        if (i < entriesPerBucket - 1)
+                        {
+                            setEntryAdr(off, adr);
+                            setHash(off, h);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            setEntryAdr(off, 0L);
+                        if (adr == 0L)
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    return hashEntryAdr;
+                }
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        void fillHotN(long[] r, int n)
+        {
+            int c = 0;
+            long hashEntryAdr;
+            int i = lruWriteTarget - 1;
+            long off = lruOffset(i);
+            for (; i >= lruEldestIndex; i--, off -= Util.POINTER_LEN)
+            {
+                if ((hashEntryAdr = Uns.getLong(address, off)) != 0L)
+                {
+                    r[c++] = hashEntryAdr;
+                    if (c == n)
+                        return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void copyLRU(Table srcTable)
+        {
+            lruEldestIndex = srcTable.lruEldestIndex;
+            lruWriteTarget = srcTable.lruWriteTarget;
+            Uns.copyMemory(srcTable.address, srcTable.lruOffset(0), address, lruOffset(0), lruWriteTarget * Util.POINTER_LEN);
+        }
+
+        boolean addToLRU(long hashEntryAdr)
+        {
+            if (lruWriteTarget < size())
+            {
+                // try to add to current-write-target
+                entryToLRU(hashEntryAdr, lruWriteTarget++);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // LRU table compaction needed
+
+            int id = 0;
+            long adr;
+            int is = lruEldestIndex;
+            long off = lruOffset(is);
+            for (; is < size(); is++, off += Util.POINTER_LEN)
+                if ((adr = Uns.getLong(address, off)) != 0L)
+                {
+                    if (is != id)
+                        entryToLRU(adr, id);
+                    id++;
+                }
+
+            // add hash-entry to LRU
+            entryToLRU(hashEntryAdr, id++);
+
+            lruWriteTarget = id;
+            lruEldestIndex = 0;
+
+            // clear remaining LRU table
+            Uns.setMemory(address, lruOffset(id),
+                          (size() - id) * Util.POINTER_LEN,
+                          (byte) 0);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private void entryToLRU(long hashEntryAdr, int id)
+        {
+            Uns.putLong(address, lruOffset(id), hashEntryAdr);
+            HashEntries.setLRUIndex(hashEntryAdr, id);
+        }
+
+        void removeFromLRU(long hashEntryAdr)
+        {
+            int lruIndex = HashEntries.getLRUIndex(hashEntryAdr);
+            if (lruEldestIndex == lruIndex)
+                lruEldestIndex++;
+            if (lruIndex == lruWriteTarget - 1)
+                lruWriteTarget = lruIndex;
+            Uns.putLong(address, lruOffset(lruIndex), 0L);
+        }
+
+        private long lruOffset(int i)
+        {
+            return lruOffset + i * Util.POINTER_LEN;
+        }
+
+        //
+
+        void clear()
+        {
+            // It's important to initialize the hash table memory.
+            // (uninitialized memory will cause problems - endless loops, JVM crashes, damaged data, etc)
+            Uns.setMemory(address, 0L,
+                          Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN * entriesPerBucket * size() +
+                          Util.POINTER_LEN * size(),
+                          (byte) 0);
+        }
+
+        void release()
+        {
+            Uns.free(address);
+            released = true;
+        }
+
+        protected void finalize() throws Throwable
+        {
+            if (!released)
+                Uns.free(address);
+            super.finalize();
+        }
+
+        boolean addToTable(long hash, long hashEntryAdr)
+        {
+            long off = bucketOffset(hash);
+            for (int i = 0; i < entriesPerBucket; i++, off += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+                if (Uns.compareAndSwapLong(address, off, 0L, hashEntryAdr))
+                {
+                    setHash(off, hash);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        long bucketOffset(long hash)
+        {
+            return bucketIndexForHash(hash) * entriesPerBucket * Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN;
+        }
+
+        private int bucketIndexForHash(long hash)
+        {
+            return (int) (hash & mask);
+        }
+
+        int size()
+        {
+            return mask + 1;
+        }
+
+        void updateBucketHistogram(EstimatedHistogram h)
+        {
+            for (int p = 0; p < size(); p++)
+                h.add(bucketLength(p) + 1);
+        }
+
+        private int bucketLength(long hash)
+        {
+            int len = 0;
+            long off = bucketOffset(hash);
+            for (int i = 0; i < entriesPerBucket; i++, off += Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN)
+                if (getEntryAdr(off) != 0L)
+                    len++;
+                else
+                    break;
+            return len;
+        }
+
+        long getEntryAdr(long entryOff)
+        {
+            return Uns.getLong(address, entryOff);
+        }
+
+        private void setEntryAdr(long entryOff, long adr)
+        {
+            Uns.putLong(address, entryOff, adr);
+        }
+
+        long getHash(long entryOff)
+        {
+            return Uns.getLong(address, entryOff + Util.BUCKET_OFF_HASH);
+        }
+
+        private void setHash(long entryOff, long adr)
+        {
+            Uns.putLong(address, entryOff + Util.BUCKET_OFF_HASH, adr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean add(long hashEntryAdr, long hash)
+    {
+        if (!table.addToTable(hash, hashEntryAdr))
+            return false;
+
+        addToLRU(hashEntryAdr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void touch(long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        table.removeFromLRU(hashEntryAdr);
+        addToLRU(hashEntryAdr);
+    }
+
+    private void addToLRU(long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        if (table.addToLRU(hashEntryAdr))
+            lruCompactions++;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.caffinitas.ohc.tables.OffHeapMap.resetStatistics` writes to field `this.org.caffinitas.ohc.tables.OffHeapMap.putAddCount` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void OffHeapMap.resetStatistics()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.caffinitas.ohc.tables.OffHeapMap.resetStatistics():void.7826fedb81df57e83b302e74c0f3aae0
+
+### File:
+ohc-core/src/main/java/org/caffinitas/ohc/tables/OffHeapMap.java
+
+### Key:
+OffHeapMap.java|resetStatistics|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b445dcefde44065d67ed2b22d1c572dd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3838/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3838/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f3fd13faa384b869a41d82b1e2fa3b0eefd0e84b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3838/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ohc
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2014 Robert Stupp, Koeln, Germany, robert-stupp.de
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.caffinitas.ohc;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.caffinitas.ohc.histo.EstimatedHistogram;
+
+import static org.caffinitas.ohc.Util.BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN;
+import static org.caffinitas.ohc.Util.ENTRY_OFF_DATA;
+import static org.caffinitas.ohc.Util.roundUpTo8;
+
+final class OffHeapMap
+{
+    // maximum hash table size
+    private static final int MAX_TABLE_SIZE = 1 << 30;
+
+    private long lruHead;
+    private long lruTail;
+
+    private long size;
+    private Table table;
+
+    private long hitCount;
+    private long missCount;
+    private long putAddCount;
+    private long putReplaceCount;
+    private long removeCount;
+
+    private long threshold;
+    private final float loadFactor;
+
+    private long rehashes;
+    private long evictedEntries;
+
+    private final AtomicLong freeCapacity;
+
+    OffHeapMap(OHCacheBuilder builder, AtomicLong freeCapacity)
+    {
+        this.freeCapacity = freeCapacity;
+
+        int hts = builder.getHashTableSize();
+        if (hts <= 0)
+            hts = 8192;
+        if (hts < 256)
+            hts = 256;
+        table = Table.create((int) Util.roundUpToPowerOf2(hts, MAX_TABLE_SIZE));
+        if (table == null)
+            throw new RuntimeException("unable to allocate off-heap memory for segment");
+
+        float lf = builder.getLoadFactor();
+        if (lf <= .0d)
+            lf = .75f;
+        this.loadFactor = lf;
+        threshold = (long) ((double) table.size() * loadFactor);
+    }
+
+    synchronized void release()
+    {
+        table.release();
+        table = null;
+    }
+
+    long size()
+    {
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    long hitCount()
+    {
+        return hitCount;
+    }
+
+    long missCount()
+    {
+        return missCount;
+    }
+
+    long putAddCount()
+    {
+        return putAddCount;
+    }
+
+    long putReplaceCount()
+    {
+        return putReplaceCount;
+    }
+
+    long removeCount()
+    {
+        return removeCount;
+    }
+
+    void resetStatistics()
+    {
+        rehashes = 0L;
+        evictedEntries = 0L;
+        hitCount = 0L;
+        missCount = 0L;
+        putAddCount = 0L;
+        putReplaceCount = 0L;
+        removeCount = 0L;
+    }
+
+    long rehashes()
+    {
+        return rehashes;
+    }
+
+    long evictedEntries()
+    {
+        return evictedEntries;
+    }
+
+    synchronized long getEntry(KeyBuffer key, boolean reference)
+    {
+        for (long hashEntryAdr = table.getFirst(key.hash());
+             hashEntryAdr != 0L;
+             hashEntryAdr = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr))
+        {
+            if (notSameKey(key, hashEntryAdr))
+                continue;
+
+            // return existing entry
+
+            touch(hashEntryAdr);
+
+            if (reference)
+                HashEntries.reference(hashEntryAdr);
+
+            hitCount++;
+            return hashEntryAdr;
+        }
+
+        // not found
+        missCount++;
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    synchronized boolean putEntry(long newHashEntryAdr, long hash, long keyLen, long bytes, boolean ifAbsent, long oldValueAdr, long oldValueLen)
+    {
+        long hashEntryAdr;
+        long prevEntryAdr = 0L;
+        for (hashEntryAdr = table.getFirst(hash);
+             hashEntryAdr != 0L;
+             prevEntryAdr = hashEntryAdr, hashEntryAdr = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr))
+        {
+            if (notSameKey(newHashEntryAdr, hash, keyLen, hashEntryAdr))
+                continue;
+
+            // replace existing entry
+
+            if (ifAbsent)
+                return false;
+
+            if (oldValueAdr != 0L)
+            {
+                // code for replace() operation
+                long valueLen = HashEntries.getValueLen(hashEntryAdr);
+                if (valueLen != oldValueLen || !HashEntries.compare(hashEntryAdr, ENTRY_OFF_DATA + roundUpTo8(keyLen), oldValueAdr, 0L, oldValueLen))
+                    return false;
+            }
+
+            removeAndDereference(hashEntryAdr, prevEntryAdr);
+
+            break;
+        }
+
+        while (freeCapacity.get() < bytes)
+            if (!removeOldest())
+            {
+                if (hashEntryAdr != 0L)
+                    size--;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+        if (hashEntryAdr == 0L)
+        {
+            if (size >= threshold)
+                rehash();
+
+            size++;
+        }
+
+        freeCapacity.addAndGet(-bytes);
+
+        add(newHashEntryAdr, hash);
+
+        if (hashEntryAdr == 0L)
+            putAddCount++;
+        else
+            putReplaceCount++;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    synchronized void clear()
+    {
+        lruHead = lruTail = 0L;
+        size = 0L;
+
+        long next;
+        for (int p = 0; p < table.size(); p++)
+            for (long hashEntryAdr = table.getFirst(p);
+                 hashEntryAdr != 0L;
+                 hashEntryAdr = next)
+            {
+                next = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr);
+
+                dereference(hashEntryAdr);
+            }
+
+        table.clear();
+    }
+
+    synchronized void removeEntry(long removeHashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        long hash = HashEntries.getHash(removeHashEntryAdr);
+        long prevEntryAdr = 0L;
+        for (long hashEntryAdr = table.getFirst(hash);
+             hashEntryAdr != 0L;
+             prevEntryAdr = hashEntryAdr, hashEntryAdr = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr))
+        {
+            if (hashEntryAdr != removeHashEntryAdr)
+                continue;
+
+            // remove existing entry
+
+            removeAndDereference(hashEntryAdr, prevEntryAdr);
+
+            size--;
+            removeCount++;
+
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    synchronized void removeEntry(KeyBuffer key)
+    {
+        long prevEntryAdr = 0L;
+        for (long hashEntryAdr = table.getFirst(key.hash());
+             hashEntryAdr != 0L;
+             prevEntryAdr = hashEntryAdr, hashEntryAdr = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr))
+        {
+            if (notSameKey(key, hashEntryAdr))
+                continue;
+
+            // remove existing entry
+
+            removeAndDereference(hashEntryAdr, prevEntryAdr);
+
+            size--;
+            removeCount++;
+
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean notSameKey(KeyBuffer key, long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        if (HashEntries.getHash(hashEntryAdr) != key.hash()) return true;
+
+        long serKeyLen = HashEntries.getKeyLen(hashEntryAdr);
+        return serKeyLen != key.size()
+               || !HashEntries.compareKey(hashEntryAdr, key, serKeyLen);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean notSameKey(long newHashEntryAdr, long newHash, long newKeyLen, long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        if (HashEntries.getHash(hashEntryAdr) != newHash) return true;
+
+        long serKeyLen = HashEntries.getKeyLen(hashEntryAdr);
+        return serKeyLen != newKeyLen
+               || !HashEntries.compare(hashEntryAdr, ENTRY_OFF_DATA, newHashEntryAdr, ENTRY_OFF_DATA, serKeyLen);
+    }
+
+    private void rehash()
+    {
+        Table tab = table;
+        int tableSize = tab.size();
+        if (tableSize > MAX_TABLE_SIZE)
+        {
+            // already at max hash table size - keep rehashTrigger field true
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Table newTable = Table.create(tableSize * 2);
+        if (newTable == null)
+            return;
+        long next;
+
+        for (int part = 0; part < tableSize; part++)
+            for (long hashEntryAdr = tab.getFirst(part);
+                 hashEntryAdr != 0L;
+                 hashEntryAdr = next)
+            {
+                next = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr);
+
+                HashEntries.setNext(hashEntryAdr, 0L);
+
+                newTable.addAsHead(HashEntries.getHash(hashEntryAdr), hashEntryAdr);
+            }
+
+        threshold = (long) ((float) newTable.size() * loadFactor);
+        table = newTable;
+        rehashes++;
+    }
+
+    synchronized long[] hotN(int n)
+    {
+        long[] r = new long[n];
+        int i = 0;
+        for (long hashEntryAdr = lruHead;
+             hashEntryAdr != 0L && i < n;
+             hashEntryAdr = HashEntries.getLRUNext(hashEntryAdr))
+        {
+            r[i++] = hashEntryAdr;
+            HashEntries.reference(hashEntryAdr);
+        }
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    float loadFactor()
+    {
+        return loadFactor;
+    }
+
+    int hashTableSize()
+    {
+        return table.size();
+    }
+
+    synchronized void updateBucketHistogram(EstimatedHistogram hist)
+    {
+        table.updateBucketHistogram(hist);
+    }
+
+    synchronized void getEntryAddresses(int mapSegmentIndex, int nSegments, List<Long> hashEntryAdrs)
+    {
+        for (; nSegments-- > 0 && mapSegmentIndex < table.size(); mapSegmentIndex++)
+            for (long hashEntryAdr = table.getFirst(mapSegmentIndex);
+                 hashEntryAdr != 0L;
+                 hashEntryAdr = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr))
+            {
+                hashEntryAdrs.add(hashEntryAdr);
+                HashEntries.reference(hashEntryAdr);
+            }
+    }
+
+    static final class Table
+    {
+        final int mask;
+        final long address;
+        private boolean released;
+
+        static Table create(int hashTableSize)
+        {
+            int msz = (int) BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN * hashTableSize;
+            long address = Uns.allocate(msz);
+            return address != 0L ? new Table(address, hashTableSize) : null;
+        }
+
+        private Table(long address, int hashTableSize)
+        {
+            this.address = address;
+            this.mask = hashTableSize - 1;
+            clear();
+        }
+
+        void clear()
+        {
+            // It's important to initialize the hash table memory.
+            // (uninitialized memory will cause problems - endless loops, JVM crashes, damaged data, etc)
+            Uns.setMemory(address, 0L, BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN * size(), (byte) 0);
+        }
+
+        void release()
+        {
+            Uns.free(address);
+            released = true;
+        }
+
+        protected void finalize() throws Throwable
+        {
+            if (!released)
+                Uns.free(address);
+            super.finalize();
+        }
+
+        long getFirst(long hash)
+        {
+            return Uns.getLong(address, bucketOffset(hash));
+        }
+
+        void setFirst(long hash, long hashEntryAdr)
+        {
+            Uns.putLong(address, bucketOffset(hash), hashEntryAdr);
+        }
+
+        private long bucketOffset(long hash)
+        {
+            return bucketIndexForHash(hash) * BUCKET_ENTRY_LEN;
+        }
+
+        private int bucketIndexForHash(long hash)
+        {
+            return (int) (hash & mask);
+        }
+
+        void removeLink(long hash, long hashEntryAdr, long prevEntryAdr)
+        {
+            long next = HashEntries.getNext(hashEntryAdr);
+
+            long head = getFirst(hash);
+            if (head == hashEntryAdr)
+            {
+                setFirst(hash, next);
+            }
+            else if (prevEntryAdr != 0L)
+            {
+                if (prevEntryAdr == -1L)
+                {
+                    for (long adr = head;
+                         adr != 0L;
+                         prevEntryAdr = adr, adr = HashEntries.getNext(adr))
+                    {
+                        if (adr == hashEntryAdr)
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+                HashEntries.setNext(prevEntryAdr, next);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void addAsHead(long hash, long hashEntryAdr)
+        {
+            long head = getFirst(hash);
+            HashEntries.setNext(hashEntryAdr, head);
+            setFirst(hash, hashEntryAdr);
+        }
+
+        int size()
+        {
+            return mask + 1;
+        }
+
+        void updateBucketHistogram(EstimatedHistogram h)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < size(); i++)
+            {
+                int len = 0;
+                for (long adr = getFirst(i); adr != 0L; adr = HashEntries.getNext(adr))
+                    len++;
+                h.add(len + 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //
+    // eviction/replacement/cleanup
+    //
+
+    private void removeAndDereference(long hashEntryAdr, long prevEntryAdr)
+    {
+        long hash = HashEntries.getHash(hashEntryAdr);
+
+        table.removeLink(hash, hashEntryAdr, prevEntryAdr);
+
+        // LRU stuff
+
+        long next = HashEntries.getLRUNext(hashEntryAdr);
+        long prev = HashEntries.getLRUPrev(hashEntryAdr);
+
+        if (lruHead == hashEntryAdr)
+            lruHead = next;
+        if (lruTail == hashEntryAdr)
+            lruTail = prev;
+
+        if (next != 0L)
+            HashEntries.setLRUPrev(next, prev);
+        if (prev != 0L)
+            HashEntries.setLRUNext(prev, next);
+
+        dereference(hashEntryAdr);
+    }
+
+    private void add(long hashEntryAdr, long hash)
+    {
+        table.addAsHead(hash, hashEntryAdr);
+
+        // LRU stuff
+
+        long h = lruHead;
+        HashEntries.setLRUNext(hashEntryAdr, h);
+        if (h != 0L)
+            HashEntries.setLRUPrev(h, hashEntryAdr);
+        HashEntries.setLRUPrev(hashEntryAdr, 0L);
+        lruHead = hashEntryAdr;
+
+        if (lruTail == 0L)
+            lruTail = hashEntryAdr;
+    }
+
+    private void touch(long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        long head = lruHead;
+
+        if (head == hashEntryAdr)
+            // short-cut - entry already at LRU head
+            return;
+
+        // LRU stuff
+
+        long next = HashEntries.getAndSetLRUNext(hashEntryAdr, head);
+        long prev = HashEntries.getAndSetLRUPrev(hashEntryAdr, 0L);
+
+        long tail = lruTail;
+        if (tail == hashEntryAdr)
+            lruTail = prev == 0L ? hashEntryAdr : prev;
+        else if (tail == 0L)
+            lruTail = hashEntryAdr;
+
+        if (next != 0L)
+            HashEntries.setLRUPrev(next, prev);
+        if (prev != 0L)
+            HashEntries.setLRUNext(prev, next);
+
+        // LRU stuff (basically an add to LRU linked list)
+
+        if (head != 0L)
+            HashEntries.setLRUPrev(head, hashEntryAdr);
+        lruHead = hashEntryAdr;
+    }
+
+    private boolean removeOldest()
+    {
+        long hashEntryAdr = lruTail;
+        if (hashEntryAdr == 0L)
+            return false;
+
+        removeAndDereference(hashEntryAdr, -1L);
+
+        size--;
+
+        evictedEntries ++;
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void dereference(long hashEntryAdr)
+    {
+        if (HashEntries.dereference(hashEntryAdr))
+        {
+            long bytes = HashEntries.getAllocLen(hashEntryAdr);
+
+            HashEntries.free(hashEntryAdr, bytes);
+
+            freeCapacity.addAndGet(bytes);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.caffinitas.ohc.OffHeapMap.size` reads without synchronization from `this.org.caffinitas.ohc.OffHeapMap.size`. Potentially races with write in method `OffHeapMap.removeEntry(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long OffHeapMap.size()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.caffinitas.ohc.OffHeapMap.size():long.a6c6c340ed673a3b63045728e267d74f
+
+### File:
+ohc-core/src/main/java/org/caffinitas/ohc/OffHeapMap.java
+
+### Key:
+OffHeapMap.java|size|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fc467db4b29ce18a98369a469ce8a41a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3917/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3917/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89c1ba6c653d542cee36ed47c8a787d0eb9be90b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3917/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pitest
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.pitest.mutationtest;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.pitest.Description;
+import org.pitest.PitError;
+import org.pitest.coverage.CoverageStatistics;
+import org.pitest.coverage.execute.CoveragePipe;
+import org.pitest.coverage.execute.CoverageResult;
+import org.pitest.extension.TestUnit;
+import org.pitest.functional.SideEffect1;
+import org.pitest.util.Unchecked;
+
+public class CoverageReceiverThread extends Thread {
+
+  private final SideEffect1<CoverageResult> handler;
+  private final List<TestUnit>              tus;
+  private final int                         port;
+
+  public CoverageReceiverThread(final int port, final List<TestUnit> tus,
+      final SideEffect1<CoverageResult> handler) {
+    this.setDaemon(true);
+    this.handler = handler;
+    this.tus = tus;
+    this.port = port;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+
+    ServerSocket socket = null;
+    try {
+      socket = new ServerSocket(this.port);
+      final Socket clientSocket = socket.accept();
+      final BufferedInputStream bif = new BufferedInputStream(
+          clientSocket.getInputStream());
+      final DataInputStream is = new DataInputStream(bif);
+
+      Description d = null;
+      final CoverageStatistics cs = new CoverageStatistics();
+
+      byte control = is.readByte();
+      while (control != CoveragePipe.DONE) {
+        switch (control) {
+        case CoveragePipe.CLAZZ:
+
+          final int id = is.readInt();
+          final String name = is.readUTF();
+
+          final int newId = cs.registerClass(name);
+          if (id != newId) {
+            throw new PitError("Coverage id out of sync");
+          }
+
+          break;
+        case CoveragePipe.LINE:
+
+          final int classId = is.readInt();
+          final int lineId = is.readInt();
+
+          cs.visitLine(classId, lineId);
+
+          break;
+        case CoveragePipe.OUTCOME:
+
+          final boolean isGreen = is.readBoolean();
+          final long executionTime = is.readLong();
+          final CoverageResult cr = new CoverageResult(d, executionTime,
+              isGreen, cs.getClassStatistics());
+
+          this.handler.apply(cr);
+
+          cs.clearCoverageStats();
+
+          break;
+        case CoveragePipe.TEST_CHANGE:
+
+          final int index = is.readInt();
+          d = this.tus.get(index).getDescription();
+          break;
+        case CoveragePipe.DONE:
+
+        }
+        control = is.readByte();
+      }
+
+    } catch (final IOException e) {
+      throw Unchecked.translateCheckedException(e);
+    } finally {
+      if (socket != null) {
+        try {
+          socket.close();
+        } catch (final IOException e) {
+          throw Unchecked.translateCheckedException(e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public void waitToFinish() throws InterruptedException {
+    this.join();
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.DataInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 42 is not released after line 97.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoverageReceiverThread.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.pitest.mutationtest.CoverageReceiverThread.run():void.5b45e48704e56ec4010387f2bd295a50
+
+### File:
+pitest/src/main/java/org/pitest/mutationtest/CoverageReceiverThread.java
+
+### Key:
+CoverageReceiverThread.java|run|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e51514e1868709acbc6a21f9dc970738
+
+### Hash:
+98b384782c030bcd877773f09dfcf749
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3919/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3919/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3fae46f248953906fcd5ac9cb359f520b755441a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3919/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pitest
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 Henry Coles
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); 
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at 
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, 
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, 
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. 
+ */
+package org.pitest.mutationtest.instrument;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.pitest.functional.Option;
+import org.pitest.util.JavaAgent;
+
+public class JavaAgentJarFinder implements JavaAgent {
+
+  private static final Pattern JAR_REGEX = Pattern
+                                             .compile(".*pitest-[\\w-\\.]*.jar");
+  private final String         location;
+
+  public JavaAgentJarFinder() {
+    String pitJar = findPathToJarFileFromClasspath();
+    if (pitJar == null) {
+      pitJar = "pitest-agent.jar";
+    }
+    this.location = pitJar;
+  }
+
+  private String findPathToJarFileFromClasspath() {
+    final String[] classPath = System.getProperty("java.class.path").split(
+        File.pathSeparator);
+
+    for (final String root : classPath) {
+      if (JAR_REGEX.matcher(root).matches()) {
+        return root;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  public Option<String> getJarLocation() {
+    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+    return Option.some(this.location);
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("java.class.path")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 38.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String JavaAgentJarFinder.findPathToJarFileFromClasspath()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.pitest.mutationtest.instrument.JavaAgentJarFinder.findPathToJarFileFromClasspath():java.lang.Str.4e9a4445f932c94d53b4b2c787711bb7
+
+### File:
+pitest/src/main/java/org/pitest/mutationtest/instrument/JavaAgentJarFinder.java
+
+### Key:
+JavaAgentJarFinder.java|findPathToJarFileFromClasspath|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+89940d97b858c9767a0f65c7a2f08fd5
+
+### Hash:
+6bbc5b53e200ed2bd3f69b79454309f4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3926/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3926/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65a97258fcdb9e6a19289616e59929ce862340fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3926/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pitest
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 Henry Coles
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pitest.mutationtest.report;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.antlr.stringtemplate.StringTemplate;
+import org.antlr.stringtemplate.StringTemplateGroup;
+import org.pitest.Description;
+import org.pitest.TestResult;
+import org.pitest.classinfo.ClassInfo;
+import org.pitest.extension.TestListener;
+import org.pitest.functional.F;
+import org.pitest.functional.F2;
+import org.pitest.functional.FCollection;
+import org.pitest.functional.Option;
+import org.pitest.internal.IsolationUtils;
+import org.pitest.mutationtest.CoverageDatabase;
+import org.pitest.mutationtest.MutationResultList;
+import org.pitest.mutationtest.instrument.MutationMetaData;
+import org.pitest.mutationtest.instrument.UnRunnableMutationTestMetaData;
+import org.pitest.util.FileUtil;
+
+public class MutationHtmlReportListener implements TestListener {
+
+  private final MutatorScores                 mutatorScores = new MutatorScores();
+  private final long                          startTime;
+
+  private final Collection<SourceLocator>     sourceRoots   = new HashSet<SourceLocator>();
+  private final File                          reportDir;
+  private final List<MutationTestSummaryData> summaryData   = new ArrayList<MutationTestSummaryData>();
+  private final List<String>                  errors        = new ArrayList<String>();
+  private final CoverageDatabase              coverage;
+
+  public MutationHtmlReportListener(final CoverageDatabase coverage,
+      final long startTime, final File reportDir,
+      final SourceLocator... locators) {
+    this.coverage = coverage;
+    this.reportDir = reportDir;
+    this.startTime = startTime;
+    this.sourceRoots.addAll(Arrays.asList(locators));
+  }
+
+  private void extractMetaData(final TestResult tr) {
+    final Option<MutationMetaData> d = tr.getValue(MutationMetaData.class);
+    if (d.hasSome()) {
+      processMetaData(d.value());
+    } else {
+      final Option<UnRunnableMutationTestMetaData> unrunnable = tr
+      .getValue(UnRunnableMutationTestMetaData.class);
+      if (unrunnable.hasSome()) {
+        processUnruntest(unrunnable.value());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void processUnruntest(final UnRunnableMutationTestMetaData unrunnable) {
+    this.errors.add(unrunnable.getReason());
+  }
+
+  private void processMetaData(final MutationMetaData value) {
+
+    try {
+      this.mutatorScores.registerResults(value.getMutations());
+
+      final String css = FileUtil.readToString(IsolationUtils
+          .getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(
+              "templates/mutation/style.css"));
+
+      final int lineCoverage = calculateLineCoverage(value);
+
+      final MutationTestSummaryData summaryData = new MutationTestSummaryData(
+          value.getMutatedClass(), value.getTestClasses(),
+          value.getPercentageMutationCoverage(), lineCoverage);
+      collectSummaryData(summaryData);
+
+      final String fileName = summaryData.getFileName();
+
+      final BufferedWriter bf = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(
+          this.reportDir.getAbsolutePath() + File.separatorChar + fileName));
+
+      final StringTemplateGroup group = new StringTemplateGroup("mutation_test");
+      final StringTemplate st = group
+      .getInstanceOf("templates/mutation/mutation_report");
+      st.setAttribute("css", css);
+      st.setAttribute("summary", summaryData);
+
+      st.setAttribute("tests", value.getTargettedTests());
+
+      st.setAttribute("mutators", value.getConfig().getMutatorNames());
+
+      final Collection<SourceFile> sourceFiles = createAnnotatedSoureFiles(value);
+
+      st.setAttribute("sourceFiles", sourceFiles);
+      st.setAttribute("mutatedClasses", value.getMutatedClass());
+
+      // st.setAttribute("groups", groups);
+      bf.write(st.toString());
+      bf.close();
+
+    } catch (final IOException ex) {
+      ex.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private int calculateLineCoverage(final MutationMetaData value) {
+    final long numberOfCoveredLines = this.coverage
+    .getNumberOfCoveredLines(value.getMutatedClass());
+
+    int lineCoverage = 0;
+    if (numberOfCoveredLines != 0) {
+      final long numberOfCodeLines = FCollection.fold(accumulateCodeLines(), 0,
+          this.coverage.getClassInfo(value.getMutatedClass()));
+
+      lineCoverage = Math
+      .round(100f / numberOfCodeLines * numberOfCoveredLines);
+
+    }
+    return lineCoverage;
+  }
+
+  private F2<Integer, ClassInfo, Integer> accumulateCodeLines() {
+    return new F2<Integer, ClassInfo, Integer>() {
+
+      public Integer apply(final Integer a, final ClassInfo b) {
+        return a + b.getCodeLines().size();
+      }
+
+    };
+  }
+
+  private Collection<SourceFile> createAnnotatedSoureFiles(
+      final MutationMetaData value) throws IOException {
+    final Collection<SourceFile> sourceFiles = new ArrayList<SourceFile>();
+    for (final String each : value.getSourceFiles()) {
+      final MutationResultList mutationsForThisFile = value
+      .getResultsForSourceFile(each);
+      final List<Line> lines = createAnnotatedSourceCodeLines(each,
+          mutationsForThisFile,
+          this.coverage.getClassInfo(value.getClassesForSourceFile(each)));
+
+      sourceFiles.add(new SourceFile(each, lines, mutationsForThisFile
+          .groupMutationsByLine()));
+    }
+    return sourceFiles;
+  }
+
+  private void collectSummaryData(final MutationTestSummaryData summaryData) {
+    synchronized (this.summaryData) {
+      this.summaryData.add(summaryData);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  private List<Line> createAnnotatedSourceCodeLines(final String sourceFile,
+      final MutationResultList mutationsForThisFile,
+      final Collection<ClassInfo> classes) throws IOException {
+    final Option<Reader> reader = findSourceFile(classInfoToNames(classes),
+        sourceFile);
+    if (reader.hasSome()) {
+      final AnnotatedLineFactory alf = new AnnotatedLineFactory(
+          mutationsForThisFile, this.coverage, classes);
+      return alf.convert(reader.value());
+    }
+    return Collections.emptyList();
+  }
+
+  private Collection<String> classInfoToNames(
+      final Collection<ClassInfo> classes) {
+    return FCollection.map(classes, classInfoToName());
+  }
+
+  private F<ClassInfo, String> classInfoToName() {
+    return new F<ClassInfo, String>() {
+
+      public String apply(final ClassInfo a) {
+        return a.getName();
+      }
+
+    };
+  }
+
+  private Option<Reader> findSourceFile(final Collection<String> classes,
+      final String fileName) {
+    for (final SourceLocator each : this.sourceRoots) {
+      final Option<Reader> maybe = each.locate(classes, fileName);
+      if (maybe.hasSome()) {
+        return maybe;
+      }
+    }
+    return Option.none();
+  }
+
+  public void onTestError(final TestResult tr) {
+    extractMetaData(tr);
+  }
+
+  public void onTestFailure(final TestResult tr) {
+    extractMetaData(tr);
+  }
+
+  public void onTestSkipped(final TestResult tr) {
+    extractMetaData(tr);
+  }
+
+  public void onTestStart(final Description d) {
+
+  }
+
+  public void onTestSuccess(final TestResult tr) {
+    extractMetaData(tr);
+
+  }
+
+  public void onRunEnd() {
+    try {
+      final long duration = (System.currentTimeMillis() - this.startTime) / 1000;
+
+      final StringTemplateGroup group = new StringTemplateGroup("mutation_test");
+      final StringTemplate st = group
+      .getInstanceOf("templates/mutation/mutation_index");
+      final BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(
+          this.reportDir.getAbsolutePath() + File.separatorChar + "index.html"));
+      st.setAttribute("summaryList", this.summaryData);
+      st.setAttribute("errors", this.errors);
+      st.setAttribute("numberOfMutations",
+          this.mutatorScores.getTotalMutations());
+      st.setAttribute("numberOfDetectedMutations",
+          this.mutatorScores.getTotalDetectedMutations());
+      st.setAttribute("duration", duration);
+      st.setAttribute("mutatorScores", this.mutatorScores);
+      bw.write(st.toString());
+      bw.close();
+
+    } catch (final IOException e) {
+      // TODO Auto-generated catch block
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public void onRunStart() {
+
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired to `bw` by call to `new()` at line 245 is not released after line 257.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 254
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MutationHtmlReportListener.onRunEnd()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.pitest.mutationtest.report.MutationHtmlReportListener.onRunEnd():void.05b8d073e3594d530b1b40ddf142dcf2
+
+### File:
+pitest/src/main/java/org/pitest/mutationtest/report/MutationHtmlReportListener.java
+
+### Key:
+MutationHtmlReportListener.java|onRunEnd|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+0ac1b553a28cd42d931e834830e902ca
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3928/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3928/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f34a9a99c244c8849f51ac2a4c26d03b081b869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3928/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pitest
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 Henry Coles
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.pitest.coverage.execute;
+
+import static org.pitest.util.Unchecked.translateCheckedException;
+
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.pitest.boot.CodeCoverageStore;
+import org.pitest.boot.HotSwapAgent;
+import org.pitest.coverage.CoverageTransformer;
+import org.pitest.extension.TestUnit;
+import org.pitest.util.ExitCode;
+import org.pitest.util.Log;
+import org.pitest.util.SafeDataInputStream;
+
+public class CoverageSlave {
+
+  private final static Logger LOG = Log.getLogger();
+
+  public static void main(final String[] args) {
+
+    ExitCode exitCode = ExitCode.OK;
+    Socket s = null;
+    CoveragePipe invokeQueue = null;
+    try {
+
+      final int port = Integer.valueOf(args[0]);
+      s = new Socket("localhost", port);
+
+      final SafeDataInputStream dis = new SafeDataInputStream(
+          s.getInputStream());
+
+      final SlaveArguments paramsFromParent = dis.read(SlaveArguments.class);
+
+      Log.setVerbose(paramsFromParent.isVerbose());
+
+      final DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(
+          new BufferedOutputStream(s.getOutputStream()));
+
+      invokeQueue = new CoveragePipe(dos);
+
+      CodeCoverageStore.init(invokeQueue);
+
+      HotSwapAgent.addTransformer(new CoverageTransformer(paramsFromParent
+          .getFilter()));
+
+      final List<TestUnit> tus = getTestsFromParent(dis);
+
+      LOG.info(tus.size() + " tests received");
+
+      final CoverageWorker worker = new CoverageWorker(invokeQueue, tus);
+
+      worker.run();
+
+    } catch (final Throwable ex) {
+      LOG.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error calculating coverage. Process will exit.",
+          ex);
+      ex.printStackTrace();
+      exitCode = ExitCode.UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+    } finally {
+      if (invokeQueue != null) {
+        invokeQueue.end();
+      }
+
+      try {
+        if (s != null) {
+          s.close();
+        }
+      } catch (final IOException e) {
+        throw translateCheckedException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    System.exit(exitCode.getCode());
+
+  }
+
+  private static List<TestUnit> getTestsFromParent(final SafeDataInputStream dis)
+      throws IOException {
+    final int count = dis.readInt();
+    final List<TestUnit> tus = new ArrayList<TestUnit>(count);
+    for (int i = 0; i != count; i++) {
+      tus.add(dis.read(TestUnit.class));
+    }
+    LOG.fine("Receiving " + count + " tests from parent");
+    return tus;
+
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.Socket` acquired to `s` by call to `new()` at line 48 is not released after line 96.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 82
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoverageSlave.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.pitest.coverage.execute.CoverageSlave.main(java.lang.String[]):void.cdc89fdcbeb08542065832739b6242c6
+
+### File:
+pitest/src/main/java/org/pitest/coverage/execute/CoverageSlave.java
+
+### Key:
+CoverageSlave.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+32e63f338c4828c4a71fa2361896ad9a
+
+### Hash:
+ee3a99457cb8fe9b3ce671d798f5d244
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3942/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3942/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f786e7b0a1cbb33539dd0e879732066e2e42f54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3942/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+import io.jaq.mpsc.MpscConcurrentQueue;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Ruediger Moeller. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02110-1301  USA
+ *
+ * Date: 03.01.14
+ * Time: 22:19
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Implements the default dispatcher/scheduling of actors.
+ * For each actor created from "outside" (not from within another actor). A new DispatcherThread is created
+ * automatically. An actor created from within another actor inherits the dispatcher of the enclosing actor
+ * by default.
+ * Calls from actors sharing the same dispatcher are done directly (no queueing). Calls across actors in
+ * different dispatchers are put to the Channel of the receiving dispatcher. Note that cross-dispatcher calls
+ * are like 1000 times slower than inbound calls.
+ *
+ * Each dispatcher owns exactly one single thread.
+ * Note that dispatchers must be terminated if not needed any longer, as a thread is associated with them.
+ *
+ * For more sophisticated applications it might be appropriate to manually set up dispatchers (Actors.assignDispatcher()).
+ * The Actors.Channel method allows to specifiy a dedicated dispatcher on which to run the actor. This way it is possible
+ * to exactly balance and control the number of threads created and which thread operates a set of actors.
+ *
+ */
+public class DispatcherThread extends Thread {
+
+
+    public static final int PROFILE_INTERVAL = 255;
+    public static final int SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE = 32;
+    Scheduler scheduler;
+
+    /**
+     * defines the strategy applied when idling
+     */
+    ArrayList<Actor> queueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Queue queues[] = new Queue[0];
+    Queue cbQueues[]= new Queue[0];
+
+    protected int instanceNum;
+
+    protected boolean shutDown = false;
+
+    public DispatcherThread(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "DispatcherThread{" +
+                " name:"+getName()+
+                '}';
+    }
+
+    public void addActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.add(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.remove(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        int emptyCount = 0;
+        boolean isShutDown = false;
+        while( ! isShutDown ) {
+
+            if ( pollQs() ) {
+                emptyCount = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                emptyCount++;
+                scheduler.yield(emptyCount);
+                if (shutDown) // access volatile only when idle
+                    isShutDown = true;
+                if ( scheduler.getBackoffStrategy().isSleeping(emptyCount) && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 3000 ) {
+                    if ( queueList.size() == 0 ) {
+                        shutDown = true;
+                    } else {
+                        scheduler.tryStopThread(this);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        scheduler.threadStopped(this);
+        for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ ) {
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(1000*1000*5);
+            if ( queueList.size() > 0 ) {
+                System.out.println("Severe: zombie dispatcher thread detected");
+                run(); // for now keep things going ..
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("thread died");
+    }
+
+    // if list of queues to schedule has changed,
+    // apply the change. needs to be done in thread
+    void applyQueueList() {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            Queue queues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            Queue cbQueues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+                queues[i] = queueList.get(i).__mailbox;
+                cbQueues[i] = queueList.get(i).__cbQueue;
+            }
+            this.queues = queues;
+            this.cbQueues = cbQueues;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // poll all queues in queue arr round robin
+    int count = 0;
+    protected CallEntry pollQueues(Queue[] cbQueues, Queue[] queueArr) {
+        if ( count >= queueArr.length ) {
+            // check for changed queueList each run FIXME: too often !
+            count = 0;
+            if ( queueArr.length != queueList.size() ) {
+                applyQueueList();
+            }
+            if ( queueArr.length == 0 ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        CallEntry res = (CallEntry) cbQueues[count].poll();
+        if ( res == null )
+            res = (CallEntry) queueArr[count].poll();
+
+        count++;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    // return true if msg was avaiable
+    int profileCounter = 0;
+    int schedCounter = 0;
+    int loadCounter=0; // counts load peaks in direct seq
+    int nextProfile = 511;
+    long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    public boolean pollQs() {
+        CallEntry poll = pollQueues(cbQueues, queues); // first callback queues
+        if (poll != null) {
+            try {
+                Actor.sender.set(poll.getTargetActor());
+                Object invoke = null;
+                profileCounter++;
+                if (  profileCounter > nextProfile && queueList.size() > 1 && poll.getTarget() instanceof Actor ) {
+                    profileCounter = 0;
+                    invoke = profiledCall(poll);
+                } else {
+                    invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null) {
+                    final Future futureCB = poll.getFutureCB();   // the future of caller side
+                    final Promise invokeResult = (Promise) invoke;  // the future returned sync from call
+                    invokeResult.then(
+                        new Callback() {
+                               @Override
+                               public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                                   futureCB.receiveResult(result, error );
+                               }
+                           }
+                        );
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch ( Exception e) {
+                if ( e instanceof InvocationTargetException && ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException() == ActorStoppedException.Instance ) {
+                    Actor actor = (Actor) poll.getTarget();
+                    actor.__stopped = true;
+                    removeActor(actor);
+                    applyQueueList();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null)
+                    poll.getFutureCB().receiveResult(null, e);
+                if (e.getCause() != null)
+                    e.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                else
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object profiledCall(CallEntry poll) throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        nextProfile = (int) (PROFILE_INTERVAL + Math.random() * 13);
+        schedCounter++;
+
+        long nanos = System.nanoTime();
+        Object invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+        nanos = System.nanoTime() - nanos;
+        ((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos = (((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos * 31 + nanos) / 32;
+
+        if (schedCounter > SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE) {
+            schedCounter = 0;
+            checkForSplit();
+        }
+        return invoke;
+    }
+
+    private void checkForSplit() {
+        int load = getLoad();
+        if (load > 80 && queueList.size() > 1 && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 1000 ) {
+            loadCounter++;
+            if (loadCounter > 2) {
+                loadCounter = 0;
+                scheduler.rebalance(this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // must be called in thread
+    public void splitTo( DispatcherThread newOne ) {
+        System.out.println("SPLIT " + scheduler.getMaxThreads());
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            long myTime = 0;
+            long otherTime = 0;
+            Collections.sort(queueList, new Comparator<Actor>() {
+                @Override
+                public int compare(Actor o1, Actor o2) {
+                    return (o1.__nanos - o2.__nanos) > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            });
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            //if ( 8*myTime > otherTime && 8*otherTime > myTime )
+            //                                    {
+            myTime = otherTime = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    newOne.queueList.add(act);
+                    queueList.remove(act);
+                    i--;
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                    act.__currentDispatcher = newOne;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("distributeion " + myTime + ":" + otherTime + " actors " + queues.length);
+            created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            applyQueueList();
+            newOne.applyQueueList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return percentage of queue fill of max actor
+     */
+    public int getLoad() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            MpscConcurrentQueue queue = (MpscConcurrentQueue) queues[i];
+            int load = queue.size() * 100 / queue.getCapacity();
+            if ( load > res )
+                res = load;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return profiling based load
+     */
+    public long getLoadNanos() {
+        long res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+            Actor a = queueList.get(i);
+            res += a.__nanos;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: bad for concurrentlinkedq
+    public int getQSize() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if DispatcherThread is not shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isShutDown() {
+        return ! shutDown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation after emptying Q
+     */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        shutDown=true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation immediately. Pending messages in Q are lost
+     */
+    public void shutDownImmediate() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unimplemented");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cbQueues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * blocking method, use for debugging only.
+     */
+    public void waitEmpty(long nanos) {
+        while( ! isEmpty() )
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(nanos);
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.getQSize` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.cbQueues`. Potentially races with write in method `DispatcherThread.splitTo(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int DispatcherThread.getQSize()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.getQSize():int.adf45d0d22c24679e2cf058208efb981
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/DispatcherThread.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherThread.java|getQSize|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+791501b153e3ba0906f4f83c78e8cbcf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3943/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3943/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71126347dcd2dbdb9305070acbd970548d4f9208
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3943/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+import io.jaq.mpsc.MpscConcurrentQueue;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Ruediger Moeller. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02110-1301  USA
+ *
+ * Date: 03.01.14
+ * Time: 22:19
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Implements the default dispatcher/scheduling of actors.
+ * For each actor created from "outside" (not from within another actor). A new DispatcherThread is created
+ * automatically. An actor created from within another actor inherits the dispatcher of the enclosing actor
+ * by default.
+ * Calls from actors sharing the same dispatcher are done directly (no queueing). Calls across actors in
+ * different dispatchers are put to the Channel of the receiving dispatcher. Note that cross-dispatcher calls
+ * are like 1000 times slower than inbound calls.
+ *
+ * Each dispatcher owns exactly one single thread.
+ * Note that dispatchers must be terminated if not needed any longer, as a thread is associated with them.
+ *
+ * For more sophisticated applications it might be appropriate to manually set up dispatchers (Actors.assignDispatcher()).
+ * The Actors.Channel method allows to specifiy a dedicated dispatcher on which to run the actor. This way it is possible
+ * to exactly balance and control the number of threads created and which thread operates a set of actors.
+ *
+ */
+public class DispatcherThread extends Thread {
+
+
+    public static final int PROFILE_INTERVAL = 255;
+    public static final int SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE = 10;
+    Scheduler scheduler;
+
+    /**
+     * defines the strategy applied when idling
+     */
+    ArrayList<Actor> queueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Queue queues[] = new Queue[0];
+    Queue cbQueues[]= new Queue[0];
+
+    protected int instanceNum;
+
+    protected boolean shutDown = false;
+
+    public DispatcherThread(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "DispatcherThread{" +
+                " name:"+getName()+
+                '}';
+    }
+
+    public void addActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.add(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.remove(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        int emptyCount = 0;
+        boolean isShutDown = false;
+        while( ! isShutDown ) {
+
+            if ( pollQs() ) {
+                emptyCount = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                emptyCount++;
+                scheduler.yield(emptyCount);
+                if (shutDown) // access volatile only when idle
+                    isShutDown = true;
+            }
+        }
+        scheduler.threadStopped(this);
+    }
+
+    // if list of queues to schedule has changed,
+    // apply the change. needs to be done in thread
+    public void applyQueueList() {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            if ( queueList.size() == 0 )
+                shutDown = true;
+            queues = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            cbQueues = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+                queues[i] = queueList.get(i).__mailbox;
+                cbQueues[i] = queueList.get(i).__cbQueue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // poll all queues in queue arr round robin
+    int count = 0;
+    protected CallEntry pollQueues(Queue[] cbQueues, Queue[] queueArr) {
+        if ( count >= queueArr.length ) {
+            // check for changed queueList each run FIXME: too often !
+            count = 0;
+            if ( queueArr.length != queueList.size() ) {
+                applyQueueList();
+            }
+            if ( queueArr.length == 0 ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        CallEntry res = (CallEntry) cbQueues[count].poll();
+        if ( res == null )
+            res = (CallEntry) queueArr[count].poll();
+
+        count++;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    // return true if msg was avaiable
+    int profileCounter = 0;
+    int schedCounter = 0;
+    int loadCounter=0; // counts load peaks in direct seq
+    int nextProfile = 511;
+    long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    public boolean pollQs() {
+        CallEntry poll = pollQueues(cbQueues, queues); // first callback queues
+        if (poll != null) {
+            try {
+                Actor.sender.set(poll.getTargetActor());
+                Object invoke = null;
+                profileCounter++;
+                if (  profileCounter > nextProfile && queueList.size() > 1 && poll.getTarget() instanceof Actor ) {
+                    profileCounter = 0;
+                    invoke = profiledCall(poll);
+                } else {
+                    invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null) {
+                    final Future futureCB = poll.getFutureCB();   // the future of caller side
+                    final Promise invokeResult = (Promise) invoke;  // the future returned sync from call
+                    invokeResult.then(
+                        new Callback() {
+                               @Override
+                               public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                                   futureCB.receiveResult(result, error );
+                               }
+                           }
+                        );
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch ( Exception e) {
+                if ( e instanceof InvocationTargetException && ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException() == ActorStoppedException.Instance ) {
+                    removeActor((Actor) poll.getTarget());
+                    applyQueueList();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null)
+                    poll.getFutureCB().receiveResult(null, e);
+                if (e.getCause() != null)
+                    e.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                else
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object profiledCall(CallEntry poll) throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        nextProfile = (int) (PROFILE_INTERVAL + Math.random() * 13);
+        schedCounter++;
+
+        long nanos = System.nanoTime();
+        Object invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+        nanos = System.nanoTime() - nanos;
+        ((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos = (((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos * 7 + nanos) / 8;
+
+        if (schedCounter > SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE) {
+            schedCounter = 0;
+            checkForSplit();
+        }
+        return invoke;
+    }
+
+    private void checkForSplit() {
+        int load = getLoad();
+        if (load > 80 && queueList.size() > 1 && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 100 ) {
+            loadCounter++;
+            if (loadCounter > 2) {
+                loadCounter = 0;
+                doSplit();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doSplit() {
+        scheduler.rebalance(this);
+    }
+
+    // must be called in thread
+    public void splitTo( DispatcherThread newOne ) {
+        System.out.println("SPLIT " + scheduler.getMaxThreads());
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            long myTime = 0;
+            long otherTime = 0;
+            Collections.sort(queueList, new Comparator<Actor>() {
+                @Override
+                public int compare(Actor o1, Actor o2) {
+                    return (o1.__nanos - o2.__nanos) > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            });
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            //if ( 8*myTime > otherTime && 8*otherTime > myTime )
+            //                                    {
+            myTime = otherTime = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    newOne.queueList.add(act);
+                    queueList.remove(act);
+                    i--;
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                    act.__currentDispatcher = newOne;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("distributeion " + myTime + ":" + otherTime + " actors " + queues.length);
+            created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            applyQueueList();
+            newOne.applyQueueList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int getLoad() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            MpscConcurrentQueue queue = (MpscConcurrentQueue) queues[i];
+            int load = queue.size() * 100 / queue.getCapacity();
+            if ( load > res )
+                res = load;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: bad for concurrentlinkedq
+    public int getQSize() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if DispatcherThread is not shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isShutDown() {
+        return ! shutDown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation after emptying Q
+     */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        shutDown=true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation immediately. Pending messages in Q are lost
+     */
+    public void shutDownImmediate() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unimplemented");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cbQueues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * blocking method, use for debugging only.
+     */
+    public void waitEmpty(long nanos) {
+        while( ! isEmpty() )
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(nanos);
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.run` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.shutDown`. Potentially races with write in method `DispatcherThread.splitTo(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DispatcherThread.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.run():void.7dc16a4ec9d10d19bf1aeb2b8b2f0b53
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/DispatcherThread.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherThread.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8a2793d2c7c6636abf0efe3f6ee9111a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3944/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3944/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2cc3d5e72a00b2a7a5b748a4135287d15dfb0fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3944/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+import io.jaq.mpsc.MpscConcurrentQueue;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012, Ruediger Moeller. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02110-1301  USA
+ *
+ * Date: 03.01.14
+ * Time: 22:19
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Implements the default dispatcher/scheduling of actors.
+ * For each actor created from "outside" (not from within another actor). A new DispatcherThread is created
+ * automatically. An actor created from within another actor inherits the dispatcher of the enclosing actor
+ * by default.
+ * Calls from actors sharing the same dispatcher are done directly (no queueing). Calls across actors in
+ * different dispatchers are put to the Channel of the receiving dispatcher. Note that cross-dispatcher calls
+ * are like 1000 times slower than inbound calls.
+ *
+ * Each dispatcher owns exactly one single thread.
+ * Note that dispatchers must be terminated if not needed any longer, as a thread is associated with them.
+ *
+ * For more sophisticated applications it might be appropriate to manually set up dispatchers (Actors.assignDispatcher()).
+ * The Actors.Channel method allows to specifiy a dedicated dispatcher on which to run the actor. This way it is possible
+ * to exactly balance and control the number of threads created and which thread operates a set of actors.
+ *
+ */
+public class DispatcherThread extends Thread {
+
+
+    public static final int PROFILE_INTERVAL = 255;
+    public static final int SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE = 32;
+    Scheduler scheduler;
+
+    /**
+     * defines the strategy applied when idling
+     */
+    ArrayList<Actor> queueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Queue queues[] = new Queue[0];
+    Queue cbQueues[]= new Queue[0];
+
+    protected int instanceNum;
+
+    protected boolean shutDown = false;
+
+    public DispatcherThread(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "DispatcherThread{" +
+                " name:"+getName()+
+                '}';
+    }
+
+    public void addActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.add(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeActor(Actor a) {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            queueList.remove(a);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        int emptyCount = 0;
+        boolean isShutDown = false;
+        while( ! isShutDown ) {
+
+            if ( pollQs() ) {
+                emptyCount = 0;
+            }
+            else {
+                emptyCount++;
+                scheduler.yield(emptyCount);
+                if (shutDown) // access volatile only when idle
+                    isShutDown = true;
+                if ( scheduler.getBackoffStrategy().isSleeping(emptyCount) && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 3000 ) {
+                    if ( queueList.size() == 0 ) {
+                        shutDown = true;
+                    } else {
+                        scheduler.tryStopThread(this);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        scheduler.threadStopped(this);
+        for ( int i = 0; i < 100; i++ ) {
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(1000*1000*5);
+            if ( queueList.size() > 0 ) {
+                System.out.println("Severe: zombie dispatcher thread detected");
+                run(); // for now keep things going ..
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        System.out.println("thread died");
+    }
+
+    // if list of queues to schedule has changed,
+    // apply the change. needs to be done in thread
+    void applyQueueList() {
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            Queue queues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            Queue cbQueues[] = new Queue[queueList.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+                queues[i] = queueList.get(i).__mailbox;
+                cbQueues[i] = queueList.get(i).__cbQueue;
+            }
+            this.queues = queues;
+            this.cbQueues = cbQueues;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // poll all queues in queue arr round robin
+    int count = 0;
+    protected CallEntry pollQueues(Queue[] cbQueues, Queue[] queueArr) {
+        if ( count >= queueArr.length ) {
+            // check for changed queueList each run FIXME: too often !
+            count = 0;
+            if ( queueArr.length != queueList.size() ) {
+                applyQueueList();
+            }
+            if ( queueArr.length == 0 ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+        CallEntry res = (CallEntry) cbQueues[count].poll();
+        if ( res == null )
+            res = (CallEntry) queueArr[count].poll();
+
+        count++;
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    // return true if msg was avaiable
+    int profileCounter = 0;
+    int schedCounter = 0;
+    int loadCounter=0; // counts load peaks in direct seq
+    int nextProfile = 511;
+    long created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+    public boolean pollQs() {
+        CallEntry poll = pollQueues(cbQueues, queues); // first callback queues
+        if (poll != null) {
+            try {
+                Actor.sender.set(poll.getTargetActor());
+                Object invoke = null;
+                profileCounter++;
+                if (  profileCounter > nextProfile && queueList.size() > 1 && poll.getTarget() instanceof Actor ) {
+                    profileCounter = 0;
+                    invoke = profiledCall(poll);
+                } else {
+                    invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null) {
+                    final Future futureCB = poll.getFutureCB();   // the future of caller side
+                    final Promise invokeResult = (Promise) invoke;  // the future returned sync from call
+                    invokeResult.then(
+                        new Callback() {
+                               @Override
+                               public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                                   futureCB.receiveResult(result, error );
+                               }
+                           }
+                        );
+                }
+                return true;
+            } catch ( Exception e) {
+                if ( e instanceof InvocationTargetException && ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException() == ActorStoppedException.Instance ) {
+                    Actor actor = (Actor) poll.getTarget();
+                    actor.__stopped = true;
+                    removeActor(actor);
+                    applyQueueList();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (poll.getFutureCB() != null)
+                    poll.getFutureCB().receiveResult(null, e);
+                if (e.getCause() != null)
+                    e.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                else
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Object profiledCall(CallEntry poll) throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+        nextProfile = (int) (PROFILE_INTERVAL + Math.random() * 13);
+        schedCounter++;
+
+        long nanos = System.nanoTime();
+        Object invoke = poll.getMethod().invoke(poll.getTarget(), poll.getArgs());
+        nanos = System.nanoTime() - nanos;
+        ((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos = (((Actor) poll.getTarget()).__nanos * 31 + nanos) / 32;
+
+        if (schedCounter > SCHEDULE_PER_PROFILE) {
+            schedCounter = 0;
+            checkForSplit();
+        }
+        return invoke;
+    }
+
+    private void checkForSplit() {
+        int load = getLoad();
+        if (load > 80 && queueList.size() > 1 && System.currentTimeMillis()-created > 1000 ) {
+            loadCounter++;
+            if (loadCounter > 2) {
+                loadCounter = 0;
+                scheduler.rebalance(this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // must be called in thread
+    public void splitTo( DispatcherThread newOne ) {
+        System.out.println("SPLIT " + scheduler.getMaxThreads());
+        synchronized (queueList) {
+            long myTime = 0;
+            long otherTime = 0;
+            Collections.sort(queueList, new Comparator<Actor>() {
+                @Override
+                public int compare(Actor o1, Actor o2) {
+                    return (o1.__nanos - o2.__nanos) > 0 ? -1 : 1;
+                }
+            });
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            //if ( 8*myTime > otherTime && 8*otherTime > myTime )
+            //                                    {
+            myTime = otherTime = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor act = queueList.get(i);
+                long nan = act.__nanos;
+                if (otherTime < myTime) {
+                    newOne.queueList.add(act);
+                    queueList.remove(act);
+                    i--;
+                    otherTime += nan;
+                    act.__currentDispatcher = newOne;
+                } else {
+                    myTime += nan;
+                }
+            }
+            System.out.println("distributeion " + myTime + ":" + otherTime + " actors " + queues.length);
+            created = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            applyQueueList();
+            newOne.applyQueueList();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return percentage of queue fill of max actor
+     */
+    public int getLoad() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            MpscConcurrentQueue queue = (MpscConcurrentQueue) queues[i];
+            int load = queue.size() * 100 / queue.getCapacity();
+            if ( load > res )
+                res = load;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return profiling based load
+     */
+    public long getLoadNanos() {
+        long res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queueList.size(); i++) {
+            Actor a = queueList.get(i);
+            res += a.__nanos;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: bad for concurrentlinkedq
+    public int getQSize() {
+        int res = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            res+=queue.size();
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if DispatcherThread is not shut down
+     */
+    public boolean isShutDown() {
+        return ! shutDown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation after emptying Q
+     */
+    public void shutDown() {
+        shutDown=true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * terminate operation immediately. Pending messages in Q are lost
+     */
+    public void shutDownImmediate() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("unimplemented");
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < queues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = queues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < cbQueues.length; i++) {
+            Queue queue = cbQueues[i];
+            if ( ! queue.isEmpty() )
+                return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * blocking method, use for debugging only.
+     */
+    public void waitEmpty(long nanos) {
+        while( ! isEmpty() )
+            LockSupport.parkNanos(nanos);
+    }
+
+    public Scheduler getScheduler() {
+        return scheduler;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.isEmpty` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.queues`. Potentially races with write in method `DispatcherThread.splitTo(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean DispatcherThread.isEmpty()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.isEmpty():boolean.c21c8af742805be917f6b309d802fda7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/DispatcherThread.java
+
+### Key:
+DispatcherThread.java|isEmpty|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7e687773f3ac57781b4aec5510c18086
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3945/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3945/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b769c19ccd225ea9468d82a9a953f2680308e49d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3945/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** kontraktor
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl;
+
+import org.nustaq.kontraktor.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+
+/**
+ * Created by ruedi on 13.06.14.
+ */
+public class ElasticScheduler implements Scheduler {
+
+    int maxThread = 8; // Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
+    protected BackOffStrategy backOffStrategy = new BackOffStrategy(); // FIXME: should not be static
+    DispatcherThread threads[];
+
+    int defQSize = 30000;
+    protected ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+    protected Timer delayedCalls = new Timer();
+
+    public ElasticScheduler(int maxThreads, int defQSize) {
+        this.maxThread = maxThreads;
+        this.defQSize = defQSize;
+        threads = new DispatcherThread[maxThreads];
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxThreads() {
+        return maxThread;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getDefaultQSize() {
+        return defQSize;
+    }
+
+//    @Override
+    public Future put2QueuePolling(CallEntry e) {
+        final Future fut;
+        if (e.hasFutureResult()) {
+            fut = new Promise();
+            e.setFutureCB(new CallbackWrapper( e.getSendingActor() ,new Callback() {
+                @Override
+                public void receiveResult(Object result, Object error) {
+                    fut.receiveResult(result,error);
+                }
+            }));
+        } else
+            fut = null;
+        put2QueuePolling(e.getTargetActor().__mailbox, e);
+        return fut;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void yield(int count) {
+        backOffStrategy.yield(count);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void put2QueuePolling(Queue q, Object o) {
+        int count = 0;
+        while ( ! q.offer(o) ) {
+            yield(count++);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object dispatchCall(Actor sendingActor, Actor receiver, String methodName, Object args[]) {
+        // System.out.println("dispatch "+methodName+" "+Thread.currentThread());
+        // here sender + receiver are known in a ST context
+        Actor actor = receiver.getActor();
+        Method method = actor.__getCachedMethod(methodName, actor);
+
+        int count = 0;
+        // scan for callbacks in arguments ..
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            Object arg = args[i];
+            if ( arg instanceof Callback) {
+                args[i] = new CallbackWrapper<>(sendingActor,(Callback<Object>) arg);
+            }
+        }
+
+        CallEntry e = new CallEntry(
+                actor, // target
+                method,
+                args,
+                Actor.sender.get(), // enqueuer
+                actor
+        );
+        return put2QueuePolling(e);
+    }
+
+    public void threadStopped(DispatcherThread th) {
+        synchronized(threads) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
+                if (threads[i] == th) {
+                    threads[i] = null;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("Oops. Unknown Thread");
+    }
+
+    class CallbackInvokeHandler implements InvocationHandler {
+
+        final Object target;
+        final Actor targetActor;
+
+        public CallbackInvokeHandler(Object target, Actor act) {
+            this.target = target;
+            this.targetActor = act;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
+            if ( method.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class )
+                return method.invoke(proxy,args); // toString, hashCode etc. invoke sync (danger if hashcode access local state)
+            if ( target != null ) {
+                CallEntry ce = new CallEntry(target,method,args, Actor.sender.get(), targetActor);
+                put2QueuePolling(targetActor.__cbQueue, ce);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public InvocationHandler getInvoker(Actor dispatcher, Object toWrap) {
+        return new CallbackInvokeHandler(toWrap, dispatcher);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a wrapper on the given object enqueuing all calls to INTERFACE methods of the given object to the given actors's queue.
+     * This is used to enable processing of resulting callback's in the callers thread.
+     * see also @InThread annotation.
+     * @param callback
+     * @param <T>
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public <T> T inThread(Actor actor, T callback) {
+        Class<?>[] interfaces = callback.getClass().getInterfaces();
+        InvocationHandler invoker = actor.__scheduler.getInvoker(actor, callback);
+        if ( invoker == null ) // called from outside actor world
+        {
+            return callback; // callback in callee thread
+        }
+        return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(callback.getClass().getClassLoader(), interfaces, invoker);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void delayedCall(int millis, final Runnable toRun) {
+        delayedCalls.schedule(new TimerTask() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                toRun.run();
+            }
+        }, millis);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> void runBlockingCall(Actor emitter, final Callable<T> toCall, Callback<T> resultHandler) {
+        final CallbackWrapper<T> resultWrapper = new CallbackWrapper<>(emitter,resultHandler);
+        exec.execute(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    resultWrapper.receiveResult(toCall.call(), null);
+                } catch (Throwable th) {
+                    resultWrapper.receiveResult(null, th);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * wait for all futures to complete and return an array of fulfilled futures
+     *
+     * e.g. Yield( f1, f2 ).then( (f,e) -> System.out.println( f[0].getResult() + f[1].getResult() ) );
+     * @param futures
+     * @return
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Future<Future[]> yield(Future... futures) {
+        Promise res = new Promise();
+        yield(futures, 0, res);
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DispatcherThread assignDispatcher() {
+        synchronized (threads) { // FIXME race condition if thread terminates inbetween returning and new assignment
+            int minLoad = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            DispatcherThread minThread = findMinLoadThread(minLoad);
+            if ( minThread != null ) {
+                return minThread;
+            }
+            DispatcherThread newThreadIfPossible = createNewThreadIfPossible();
+            if ( newThreadIfPossible != null ) {
+                newThreadIfPossible.start();
+                return newThreadIfPossible;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("could not assign thread. This is a severe error");
+    }
+
+    private DispatcherThread findMinLoadThread(int minLoad) {
+        synchronized (threads) {
+            DispatcherThread minThread = null;
+            for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
+                DispatcherThread thread = threads[i];
+                if (thread != null) {
+                    int load = thread.getLoad();
+                    if (load < minLoad) {
+                        minLoad = load;
+                        minThread = thread;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return minThread;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private DispatcherThread createNewThreadIfPossible() {
+        synchronized (threads) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
+                DispatcherThread thread = threads[i];
+                if (thread == null) {
+                    DispatcherThread th = new DispatcherThread(this);
+                    threads[i] = th;
+                    return th;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /** called from inside overloaded thread with load
+     * all actors assigned to the calling thread therefore can be safely moved
+     * @param dispatcherThread
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void rebalance(DispatcherThread dispatcherThread) {
+        int load = dispatcherThread.getLoad();
+        DispatcherThread minLoadThread = createNewThreadIfPossible();
+        if ( minLoadThread != null ) {
+            // split
+            dispatcherThread.splitTo(minLoadThread);
+            minLoadThread.start();
+            return;
+        }
+        minLoadThread = findMinLoadThread(load / 4);
+        if ( minLoadThread == null ) {
+            // does not pay off. stay on current
+//            System.out.println("no rebalance possible");
+            return;
+        }
+        // move cheapest actor up to half load
+        synchronized (dispatcherThread.queueList) {
+            long minNanos = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+            Actor minActor = null;
+            for (int i = 0; i < dispatcherThread.queueList.size(); i++) {
+                Actor actor = dispatcherThread.queueList.get(i);
+                if (actor.__nanos < minNanos) {
+                    minNanos = actor.__nanos;
+                    minActor = actor;
+                }
+            }
+            if (minActor != null) {
+                //                System.out.println("move "+minActor+" from "+dispatcherThread+" to "+minLoadThread);
+                dispatcherThread.removeActor(minActor);
+                minLoadThread.addActor(minActor);
+                dispatcherThread.applyQueueList();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void yield(final Future futures[], final int index, final Future result) {
+        if ( index < futures.length ) {
+            futures[index].then(new Callback() {
+                @Override
+                public void receiveResult(Object res, Object error) {
+                    yield(futures, index + 1, result);
+                }
+            });
+        } else {
+            result.receiveResult(futures, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.ElasticScheduler.rebalance` indirectly reads without synchronization from `dispatcherThread.org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread.queues`. Potentially races with write in method `ElasticScheduler.rebalance(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ElasticScheduler.rebalance(DispatcherThread)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.ElasticScheduler.rebalance(org.nustaq.kontraktor.impl.DispatcherThread):v.5b0635d7ebc1ce716aec2c27e92e5d04
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/nustaq/kontraktor/impl/ElasticScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+ElasticScheduler.java|rebalance|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7463c27d65b9671d993156cd97cf96bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3974/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3974/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..800a0439562e6e9d7b3d976cf8c24a5881a61ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3974/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 95
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ * <p>
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * <p>
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * <p>
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.consensus.event.handler;
+
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.ConfirmingTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.OrphanTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.ReceivedTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.download.DownloadCacheHandler;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.BlockEvent;
+import io.nuls.consensus.manager.BlockManager;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Block;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.handler.AbstractEventHandler;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.AbstractCoinTransaction;
+import io.nuls.network.service.NetworkService;
+
+/**
+ * @author facjas
+ * @date 2017/11/16
+ */
+public class BlockEventHandler extends AbstractEventHandler<BlockEvent> {
+
+    private BlockManager blockCacheManager = BlockManager.getInstance();
+    private NetworkService networkService = NulsContext.getServiceBean(NetworkService.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public void onEvent(BlockEvent event, String fromId) {
+        Block block = event.getEventBody();
+        if (null == block) {
+            Log.warn("recieved a null blockEvent form " + fromId);
+            return;
+        }
+        //BlockLog.debug("download("+fromId+") block height:" + block.getHeader().getHeight() + ", preHash:" + block.getHeader().getPreHash() + " , hash:" + block.getHeader().getHash() + ", address:" + block.getHeader().getPackingAddress());
+//        if (BlockBatchDownloadUtils.getInstance().downloadedBlock(fromId, block)) {
+//            return;
+//        }
+
+        //blockCacheManager.addBlock(block, true, fromId);
+        for (Transaction tx : block.getTxs()) {
+            Transaction cachedTx = ConfirmingTxCacheManager.getInstance().getTx(tx.getHash());
+            if (null == cachedTx) {
+                cachedTx = ReceivedTxCacheManager.getInstance().getTx(tx.getHash());
+            }
+            if (null == cachedTx) {
+                cachedTx = OrphanTxCacheManager.getInstance().getTx(tx.getHash());
+            }
+            if (cachedTx != null && cachedTx.getStatus() != tx.getStatus()) {
+                tx.setStatus(cachedTx.getStatus());
+                if(!(tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction)){
+                    continue;
+                }
+                AbstractCoinTransaction coinTx = (AbstractCoinTransaction) tx;
+                AbstractCoinTransaction cachedCoinTx = (AbstractCoinTransaction) cachedTx;
+                coinTx.setCoinData(cachedCoinTx.getCoinData());
+//                Log.error("the transaction status is wrong!");
+            }
+        }
+        DownloadCacheHandler.receiveBlock(block);
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `tx.getHash()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getTx(...)` at line 65.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BlockEventHandler.onEvent(BlockEvent,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.consensus.event.handler.BlockEventHandler.onEvent(io.nuls.consensus.event.BlockEvent,java.la.ad94e7f6b37701979f7d07540cf83a9e
+
+### File:
+consensus-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/consensus/event/handler/BlockEventHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+BlockEventHandler.java|onEvent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+cf12897195a154a9ea0ecd58b21cd526
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3980/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3980/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a984b6b9c6b1633c108392b125c722c2655d1b6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3980/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 68
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ * <p>
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * <p>
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * <p>
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.consensus.event.handler;
+
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.block.TemporaryCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.OrphanTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.ReceivedTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.GetTxGroupParam;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.RedPunishData;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.BlockHeaderEvent;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.GetTxGroupRequest;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.SmallBlockEvent;
+import io.nuls.consensus.manager.BlockManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.thread.ConsensusMeetingRunner;
+import io.nuls.consensus.utils.DownloadDataUtils;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Block;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.BlockHeader;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.SeverityLevelEnum;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.validate.ValidateResult;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.NodePo;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.handler.AbstractEventHandler;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+import io.nuls.network.service.NetworkService;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * @author facjas
+ * @date 2017/11/16
+ */
+public class SmallBlockHandler extends AbstractEventHandler<SmallBlockEvent> {
+    private TemporaryCacheManager temporaryCacheManager = TemporaryCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private ReceivedTxCacheManager receivedTxCacheManager = ReceivedTxCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private OrphanTxCacheManager orphanTxCacheManager = OrphanTxCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private DownloadDataUtils downloadDataUtils = DownloadDataUtils.getInstance();
+    private NetworkService networkService = NulsContext.getServiceBean(NetworkService.class);
+    private BlockManager blockManager = BlockManager.getInstance();
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster = NulsContext.getServiceBean(EventBroadcaster.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public void onEvent(SmallBlockEvent event, String fromId) {
+        ValidateResult result = event.getEventBody().verify();
+        if (result.isFailed()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        temporaryCacheManager.cacheSmallBlock(event.getEventBody());
+        downloadDataUtils.removeSmallBlock(event.getEventBody().getBlockHash().getDigestHex());
+        GetTxGroupRequest request = new GetTxGroupRequest();
+        GetTxGroupParam param = new GetTxGroupParam();
+        param.setBlockHash(event.getEventBody().getBlockHash());
+        for (NulsDigestData hash : event.getEventBody().getTxHashList()) {
+            if (!receivedTxCacheManager.txExist(hash) && !orphanTxCacheManager.txExist(hash)) {
+                param.addHash(hash);
+            }
+        }
+        if (param.getTxHashList().isEmpty()) {
+            BlockHeader header = temporaryCacheManager.getBlockHeader(event.getEventBody().getBlockHash().getDigestHex());
+            if (null == header) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Block block = new Block();
+            block.setHeader(header);
+            List<Transaction> txs = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (NulsDigestData txHash : event.getEventBody().getTxHashList()) {
+                Transaction tx = receivedTxCacheManager.getTx(txHash);
+
+                if (null == tx) {
+                    tx = orphanTxCacheManager.getTx(txHash);
+                }
+                if (null == tx) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR);
+                }
+                txs.add(tx);
+            }
+            block.setTxs(txs);
+            ValidateResult<RedPunishData> vResult = block.verify();
+            if (null == vResult || (vResult.isFailed() && vResult.getErrorCode() != ErrorCode.ORPHAN_TX)) {
+                if (vResult.getLevel() == SeverityLevelEnum.FLAGRANT_FOUL) {
+                    RedPunishData data = vResult.getObject();
+                    ConsensusMeetingRunner.putPunishData(data);
+                    networkService.blackNode(fromId, NodePo.BLACK);
+                } else {
+                    networkService.removeNode(fromId, NodePo.YELLOW);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            blockManager.addBlock(block, false, fromId);
+            downloadDataUtils.removeTxGroup(block.getHeader().getHash().getDigestHex());
+
+            BlockHeaderEvent headerEvent = new BlockHeaderEvent();
+            headerEvent.setEventBody(header);
+            eventBroadcaster.broadcastHashAndCacheAysn(headerEvent, false, fromId);
+            return;
+        }
+        request.setEventBody(param);
+        this.eventBroadcaster.sendToNode(request, fromId);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `vResult` last assigned on line 103 could be null and is dereferenced at line 105.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SmallBlockHandler.onEvent(SmallBlockEvent,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.consensus.event.handler.SmallBlockHandler.onEvent(io.nuls.consensus.event.SmallBlockEvent,ja.70a73ee2551cfcd51fffe014440691d5
+
+### File:
+consensus-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/consensus/event/handler/SmallBlockHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+SmallBlockHandler.java|onEvent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+13f969d83a3eb47b8e32fbd4781040c5
+
+### Hash:
+12185baca6adb71e92ab100b304982e3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3986/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3986/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98d62f0f21bd4df1d2ba58525266d76057c11926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3986/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 69
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.consensus.event.handler;
+
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.TxGroup;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.GetTxGroupParam;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.GetTxGroupRequest;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.TxGroupEvent;
+import io.nuls.consensus.service.intf.BlockService;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Block;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.handler.AbstractEventHandler;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+import io.nuls.ledger.service.intf.LedgerService;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * @author facjas
+ * @date 2017/11/16
+ */
+public class GetTxGroupHandler extends AbstractEventHandler<GetTxGroupRequest> {
+
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster = NulsContext.getServiceBean(EventBroadcaster.class);
+    private BlockService blockService =NulsContext.getServiceBean(BlockService.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public void onEvent(GetTxGroupRequest event, String fromId) {
+        GetTxGroupParam eventBody = event.getEventBody();
+        Block block = blockService.getBlock(eventBody.getBlockHash().getDigestHex());
+        if (null == block) {
+            return;
+        }
+        TxGroupEvent txGroupEvent = new TxGroupEvent();
+        TxGroup txGroup = new TxGroup();
+        txGroup.setBlockHash(block.getHeader().getHash());
+        List<Transaction> txList = getTxList(block,eventBody.getTxHashList());
+        txGroup.setTxList(txList);
+        txGroupEvent.setEventBody(txGroup);
+        eventBroadcaster.sendToNode(txGroupEvent, fromId);
+    }
+
+    private List<Transaction> getTxList(Block block, List<NulsDigestData> txHashList) {
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+        Map<String, Integer> allTxMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < block.getHeader().getTxCount(); i++) {
+            Transaction tx = block.getTxs().get(i);
+            allTxMap.put(tx.getHash().getDigestHex(), i);
+        }
+        for (NulsDigestData hash : txHashList) {
+            txList.add(block.getTxs().get(allTxMap.get(hash.getDigestHex())));
+        }
+        if (txList.size() != txHashList.size()) {
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR);
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `allTxMap.get(hash.getDigestHex())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List GetTxGroupHandler.getTxList(Block,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.consensus.event.handler.GetTxGroupHandler.getTxList(io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Block,java.uti.cac6cf16282a5d3369a8c03d4553276a
+
+### File:
+consensus-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/consensus/event/handler/GetTxGroupHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+GetTxGroupHandler.java|getTxList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+641e16f7c5696be98b8f9d94c200704c
+
+### Hash:
+f512f3ed04361194aec3322cc991d2c0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3987/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3987/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88d2ff27e562a4d70af486e37d27b496e43e8b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3987/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 56
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.ledger.service.impl;
+
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Account;
+import io.nuls.account.entity.Address;
+import io.nuls.account.service.intf.AccountService;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Na;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.TransactionConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.TxStatusEnum;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsException;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.script.P2PKHScript;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.io.NulsByteBuffer;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.spring.lite.annotation.Autowired;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.TxAccountRelationDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.UtxoInputDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.UtxoOutputDataService;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.TxAccountRelationPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.UtxoInputPo;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.UtxoOutputPo;
+import io.nuls.db.transactional.annotation.DbSession;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.*;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.Coin;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.CoinTransferData;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.LockNulsTransaction;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.UnlockNulsTransaction;
+import io.nuls.ledger.service.intf.CoinDataProvider;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransactionTool;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransferTool;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2017/12/21
+ */
+public class UtxoCoinDataProvider implements CoinDataProvider {
+
+    private LedgerCacheService ledgerCacheService = LedgerCacheService.getInstance();
+    @Autowired
+    private UtxoOutputDataService outputDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private UtxoInputDataService inputDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private TxAccountRelationDataService relationDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private AccountService accountService;
+
+    private UtxoCoinManager coinManager = UtxoCoinManager.getInstance();
+
+    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @Override
+    public CoinData parse(NulsByteBuffer byteBuffer) throws NulsException {
+        CoinData coinData = byteBuffer.readNulsData(new UtxoData());
+        return coinData;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void approve(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) throws NulsException {
+        //spent the transaction specified output in the cache when the newly received transaction is approved.
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+        for (UtxoInput input : utxoData.getInputs()) {
+            input.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+        }
+        for (UtxoOutput output : utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+            output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+        }
+
+        List<UtxoOutput> unSpends = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<String> addressSet = new HashSet<>();
+        try {
+            //update inputs referenced utxo status
+            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getInputs().size(); i++) {
+                UtxoInput input = utxoData.getInputs().get(i);
+                UtxoOutput unSpend = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(input.getKey());
+                if (null == unSpend) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR, "the output is not exist!");
+                }
+                if (!unSpend.isUsable()) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.UTXO_UNUSABLE);
+                }
+                if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND == unSpend.getStatus()) {
+                    unSpend.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND == unSpend.getStatus()) {
+                    unSpend.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND);
+                }
+                unSpends.add(unSpend);
+                addressSet.add(unSpend.getAddress());
+            }
+
+            //cache new utxo ,it is unConfirm
+            approveProcessOutput(utxoData.getOutputs(), tx, addressSet);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            //rollback
+            for (UtxoOutput output : unSpends) {
+                if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND.equals(output.getStatus())) {
+                    ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(output.getKey(), OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND, OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND.equals(output.getStatus())) {
+                    ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(output.getKey(), OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND, OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND);
+                }
+            }
+            // remove cache new utxo
+            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getOutputs().size(); i++) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+            }
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            //calc balance
+            for (String address : addressSet) {
+                UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(address, false);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void approveProcessOutput(List<UtxoOutput> outputs, Transaction tx, Set<String> addressSet) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < outputs.size(); i++) {
+            UtxoOutput output = outputs.get(i);
+            if (tx instanceof LockNulsTransaction && i == 0) {
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+            } else if (output.getLockTime() > 0) {
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_TIME_LOCK);
+            } else {
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+            }
+            ledgerCacheService.putUtxo(output.getKey(), output);
+            addressSet.add(output.getAddress());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 1. change spending output status  (cache and database)
+     * 2. save new input
+     * 3. save new unSpend output (cache and database)
+     * 4. finally, calc balance
+     */
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void save(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) throws NulsException {
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+
+        List<UtxoInputPo> inputPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<UtxoOutput> spends = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<UtxoOutputPo> spendPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<TxAccountRelationPo> txRelations = new ArrayList<>();
+        Set<String> addressSet = new HashSet<>();
+
+        try {
+            processDataInput(utxoData, inputPoList, spends, spendPoList, addressSet);
+
+            List<UtxoOutputPo> outputPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getOutputs().size(); i++) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                output = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(output.getKey());
+                if (output == null) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_NOT_FOUND);
+                }
+                if (output.isConfirm() || OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_SPENT == output.getStatus()) {
+                    Log.error("-----------------------------------save() output status is" + output.getStatus().name());
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR, "use a not legal utxo");
+                }
+
+                if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_TIME_LOCK == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_TIME_LOCK);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                } else if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND == output.getStatus()) {
+                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+                }
+
+                UtxoOutputPo outputPo = UtxoTransferTool.toOutputPojo(output);
+                outputPoList.add(outputPo);
+                addressSet.add(Address.fromHashs(output.getAddress()).getBase58());
+            }
+
+            for (String address : addressSet) {
+                TxAccountRelationPo relationPo = new TxAccountRelationPo(tx.getHash().getDigestHex(), address);
+                txRelations.add(relationPo);
+            }
+
+            outputDataService.updateStatus(spendPoList);
+
+            inputDataService.save(inputPoList);
+
+            outputDataService.save(outputPoList);
+
+            relationDataService.save(txRelations);
+
+            afterSaveDatabase(spends, utxoData, tx);
+
+            for (String address : addressSet) {
+                UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(address, true);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            //rollback
+//            Log.warn(e.getMessage(), e);
+//            for (UtxoOutput output : utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+//                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+//            }
+//            for (UtxoOutput spend : spends) {
+//                ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(spend.getKey(), UtxoOutput.UTXO_CONFIRM_LOCK, UtxoOutput.UTXO_SPENT);
+//            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    //Check if the input referenced output has been spent
+    private void processDataInput(UtxoData utxoData, List<UtxoInputPo> inputPoList,
+                                  List<UtxoOutput> spends, List<UtxoOutputPo> spendPoList,
+                                  Set<String> addressSet) {
+        boolean update;
+        for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getInputs().size(); i++) {
+            UtxoInput input = utxoData.getInputs().get(i);
+            UtxoOutput spend = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(input.getKey());
+            if (spend == null) {
+                throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_NOT_FOUND, "the output is not exist!");
+            }
+            //change utxo status,
+            update = ledgerCacheService.updateUtxoStatus(spend.getKey(), OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_SPENT, OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND);
+            if (!update) {
+                Log.error("-----------------------------------save() input referenced status is" + spend.getStatus().name());
+                throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.UTXO_STATUS_CHANGE);
+            }
+            spends.add(spend);
+            spendPoList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toOutputPojo(spend));
+            inputPoList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toInputPojo(input));
+            addressSet.add(spend.getAddress());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void afterSaveDatabase(List<UtxoOutput> spends, UtxoData utxoData, Transaction tx) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < spends.size(); i++) {
+            ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(spends.get(i).getKey());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void rollback(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) {
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+        if (utxoData == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Set<String> addressSet = new HashSet<>();
+        if (TxStatusEnum.AGREED.equals(tx.getStatus())) {
+            for (UtxoInput input : utxoData.getInputs()) {
+                UtxoOutput from = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(input.getKey());
+                if (from != null) {
+                    if (from.getStatus() == OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_SPENT) {
+                        from.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    } else if (from.getStatus() == OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_SPEND) {
+                        from.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    } else if (from.getStatus() == OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_SPEND) {
+                        from.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    }
+                    addressSet.add(from.getAddress());
+                }
+            }
+            for (int i = utxoData.getOutputs().size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+                addressSet.add(output.getAddress());
+            }
+        } else if (tx.getStatus().equals(TxStatusEnum.CONFIRMED)) {
+            //process output
+            outputDataService.deleteByHash(tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+            for (int i = utxoData.getOutputs().size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+                ledgerCacheService.removeUtxo(output.getKey());
+                addressSet.add(output.getAddress());
+            }
+
+            //process input
+            //1. delete input (database)
+            //2. change input referenced output status (database)
+            //3. cache and calc balance
+            inputDataService.deleteByHash(tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+            Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<>();
+            for (int i = utxoData.getInputs().size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                UtxoInput input = utxoData.getInputs().get(i);
+                keyMap.clear();
+                keyMap.put("txHash", input.getFromHash().getDigestHex());
+                keyMap.put("outIndex", input.getFromIndex());
+                UtxoOutputPo outputPo = outputDataService.get(keyMap);
+                outputPo.setStatus(UtxoOutputPo.USABLE);
+                outputDataService.updateStatus(outputPo);
+                addressSet.add(outputPo.getAddress());
+
+                UtxoOutput output = UtxoTransferTool.toOutput(outputPo);
+                ledgerCacheService.putUtxo(output.getKey(), output);
+            }
+            relationDataService.deleteRelation(tx.getHash().getDigestHex(), addressSet);
+        }
+
+        for (String address : addressSet) {
+            UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(address, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CoinData createByTransferData(Transaction tx, CoinTransferData coinParam, String password) throws NulsException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            UtxoData utxoData = new UtxoData();
+            List<UtxoInput> inputs = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<UtxoOutput> outputs = new ArrayList<>();
+            // Na totalNa = Na.ZERO;
+
+            if (coinParam.getTotalNa().equals(Na.ZERO)) {
+                utxoData.setInputs(inputs);
+                utxoData.setOutputs(outputs);
+                return utxoData;
+            }
+
+            long inputValue = 0;
+            if (!coinParam.getFrom().isEmpty()) {
+                //find unSpends to create inputs for this tx
+                Na totalFee = Na.ZERO;
+                if (tx instanceof UnlockNulsTransaction) {
+                    totalFee = coinParam.getFee();
+                } else {
+                    totalFee = coinParam.getTotalNa().add(coinParam.getFee());
+                }
+
+                List<UtxoOutput> unSpends = coinManager.getAccountsUnSpend(coinParam.getFrom(), totalFee);
+                if (unSpends.isEmpty()) {
+                    throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.BALANCE_NOT_ENOUGH);
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < unSpends.size(); i++) {
+                    UtxoOutput output = unSpends.get(i);
+                    UtxoInput input = new UtxoInput();
+                    input.setFrom(output);
+                    input.setFromHash(output.getTxHash());
+                    input.setFromIndex(output.getIndex());
+                    input.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+                    input.setIndex(i);
+                    inputValue += output.getValue();
+
+                    inputs.add(input);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //get EcKey for output's script
+            Account account = null;
+            byte[] priKey = null;
+            if (coinParam.getPriKey() != null) {
+                priKey = coinParam.getPriKey();
+            } else if (!coinParam.getFrom().isEmpty()) {
+                account = accountService.getAccount(coinParam.getFrom().get(0));
+                if (account == null) {
+                    throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.ACCOUNT_NOT_EXIST);
+                }
+                if (account.isEncrypted() && account.isLocked()) {
+                    if (!account.unlock(password)) {
+                        throw new NulsException(ErrorCode.PASSWORD_IS_WRONG);
+                    }
+                    priKey = account.getPriKey();
+                    account.lock();
+                } else {
+                    priKey = account.getPriKey();
+                }
+            }
+
+            //create outputs
+            int i = 0;
+            long outputValue = 0;
+            for (Map.Entry<String, List<Coin>> entry : coinParam.getToMap().entrySet()) {
+                String address = entry.getKey();
+                List<Coin> coinList = entry.getValue();
+                for (Coin coin : coinList) {
+                    UtxoOutput output = new UtxoOutput();
+                    output.setAddress(address);
+                    output.setValue(coin.getNa().getValue());
+                    if (output.getLockTime() > 0) {
+                        output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_TIME_LOCK);
+                    } else if (tx instanceof LockNulsTransaction) {
+                        output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+                    } else {
+                        output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                    }
+
+                    output.setIndex(i);
+                    P2PKHScript p2PKHScript = new P2PKHScript(new NulsDigestData(NulsDigestData.DIGEST_ALG_SHA160, new Address(address).getHash160()));
+                    output.setP2PKHScript(p2PKHScript);
+                    if (coin.getUnlockHeight() > 0) {
+                        output.setLockTime(coin.getUnlockHeight());
+                    } else if (coin.getUnlockTime() > 0) {
+                        output.setLockTime(coin.getUnlockTime());
+                    } else {
+                        output.setLockTime(0L);
+                    }
+                    output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+                    outputValue += output.getValue();
+                    outputs.add(output);
+
+                    i++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            //the balance leave to myself
+            long balance = 0;
+            if (outputValue > 0) {
+                balance = inputValue - outputValue - coinParam.getFee().getValue();
+            } else {
+                balance = inputValue - coinParam.getTotalNa().getValue() - coinParam.getFee().getValue();
+            }
+            if (balance > 0) {
+                UtxoOutput output = new UtxoOutput();
+                output.setAddress(inputs.get(0).getFrom().getAddress());
+                output.setValue(balance);
+                output.setIndex(i);
+                output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+                output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_UNSPEND);
+                P2PKHScript p2PKHScript = new P2PKHScript(new NulsDigestData(NulsDigestData.DIGEST_ALG_SHA160, account.getHash160()));
+                output.setP2PKHScript(p2PKHScript);
+                outputs.add(output);
+            }
+            utxoData.setInputs(inputs);
+            utxoData.setOutputs(outputs);
+            return utxoData;
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void afterParse(CoinData coinData, Transaction tx) {
+        UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) coinData;
+        if (null != utxoData.getInputs()) {
+            for (UtxoInput input : utxoData.getInputs()) {
+                input.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+            }
+        }
+        if (tx instanceof LockNulsTransaction) {
+            utxoData.getOutputs().get(0).setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNCONFIRM_CONSENSUS_LOCK);
+        }
+//        Na totalNa = Na.ZERO;
+//        if (null != utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+//            for (int i = 0; i < utxoData.getOutputs().size(); i++) {
+//                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(i);
+//                output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+//            }
+//        }
+//        coinData.setTotalNa(totalNa);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `io.nuls.ledger.service.impl.UtxoCoinDataProvider.approve` indirectly reads without synchronization from `i18n.I18nUtils.io.nuls.core.i18n.I18nUtils.nowMapping`. Potentially races with write in method `UtxoCoinDataProvider.createByTransferData(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UtxoCoinDataProvider.approve(CoinData,Transaction)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.ledger.service.impl.UtxoCoinDataProvider.approve(io.nuls.ledger.entity.CoinData,io.nuls.core.2629360427d82ff16d3c9e8f11e38f18
+
+### File:
+ledger-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/ledger/service/impl/UtxoCoinDataProvider.java
+
+### Key:
+UtxoCoinDataProvider.java|approve|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e84760d9fb0d9f5e97a79ce0da490584
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3988/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3988/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..220600bafefdcd33f9d0465f8c038974f9a1de7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3988/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,901 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 105
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ * *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.ledger.service.impl;
+
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.dto.Page;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsException;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.model.Result;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.date.TimeService;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.BlockLog;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.param.AssertUtil;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.spring.lite.annotation.Autowired;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.str.StringUtils;
+import io.nuls.core.validate.ValidateResult;
+import io.nuls.db.dao.*;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.*;
+import io.nuls.db.transactional.annotation.DbSession;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+import io.nuls.ledger.constant.LedgerConstant;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.*;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.Coin;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.CoinTransferData;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.params.OperationType;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.AbstractCoinTransaction;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.LockNulsTransaction;
+import io.nuls.ledger.entity.tx.TransferTransaction;
+import io.nuls.ledger.service.intf.LedgerService;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransactionTool;
+import io.nuls.ledger.util.UtxoTransferTool;
+import io.nuls.protocol.constant.TransactionConstant;
+import io.nuls.protocol.constant.TxStatusEnum;
+import io.nuls.protocol.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.protocol.event.TransactionEvent;
+import io.nuls.protocol.model.Block;
+import io.nuls.protocol.model.Na;
+import io.nuls.protocol.model.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.protocol.model.Transaction;
+import io.nuls.protocol.service.intf.TransactionService;
+import io.nuls.protocol.utils.TransactionManager;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2017/11/13
+ */
+public class UtxoLedgerServiceImpl implements LedgerService {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private TransactionDataService txDao;
+    @Autowired
+    TransactionLocalDataService localTxDao;
+    @Autowired
+    private UtxoInputDataService inputDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private UtxoOutputDataService outputDataService;
+    @Autowired
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster;
+    @Autowired
+    private BlockHeaderService blockHeaderDao;
+    @Autowired
+    private TxAccountRelationDataService relationDataService;
+
+    private LedgerCacheService ledgerCacheService = LedgerCacheService.getInstance();
+
+    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @Override
+    public Transaction getTx(NulsDigestData hash) {
+        TransactionLocalPo localPo = localTxDao.get(hash.getDigestHex());
+        if (localPo != null) {
+            try {
+                Transaction tx = UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(localPo);
+                return tx;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Log.error(e);
+            }
+        }
+        TransactionPo po = txDao.get(hash.getDigestHex());
+        if (null == po) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        try {
+            Transaction tx = UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po);
+            return tx;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Transaction getTx(String fromHash, int fromIndex) {
+        UtxoInputPo inputPo = inputDataService.getByFromHash(fromHash, fromIndex);
+        if (inputPo == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        TransactionPo po = txDao.get(inputPo.getTxHash());
+        try {
+            return UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Transaction> getTxList(String address, int txType) throws Exception {
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(address) && txType == 0) {
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.PARAMETER_ERROR);
+        }
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(address) && NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.contains(address)) {
+            List<TransactionLocalPo> poList = localTxDao.getTxs(null, address, txType, 0, 0);
+            for (TransactionLocalPo po : poList) {
+                txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+            }
+        } else {
+            List<TransactionPo> poList = txDao.getTxs(null, address, txType, 0, 0);
+            for (TransactionPo po : poList) {
+                txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+            }
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getTxCount(Long blockHeight, String address, int txType) throws Exception {
+        long count = 0;
+        boolean isLocal = NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.contains(address);
+        if (isLocal) {
+            count = localTxDao.getTxsCount(blockHeight, address, txType);
+        } else {
+            count = txDao.getTxsCount(blockHeight, address, txType);
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Transaction> getTxList(Long blockHeight, String address, int txType, int pageNumber, int pageSize) throws Exception {
+        List<Transaction> txList = null;
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(address) && NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.contains(address)) {
+            txList = getLocalTxList(blockHeight, address, txType, pageNumber, pageSize);
+        } else {
+            txList = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<TransactionPo> poList;
+            poList = txDao.getTxs(blockHeight, address, txType, pageNumber, pageSize);
+            for (TransactionPo po : poList) {
+                txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+            }
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+
+    public List<Transaction> getLocalTxList(Long blockHeight, String address, int txType, int pageNumber, int pageSize) throws Exception {
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<TransactionLocalPo> poList = localTxDao.getTxs(blockHeight, address, txType, pageNumber, pageSize);
+        for (TransactionLocalPo po : poList) {
+            txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+        }
+
+        List<Transaction> localTx = getWaitingTxList();
+        Map<String, UtxoOutput> outputMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Transaction tx : localTx) {
+            AbstractCoinTransaction transaction = (AbstractCoinTransaction) tx;
+            UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) transaction.getCoinData();
+
+            for (UtxoOutput output : utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+                outputMap.put(output.getKey(), output);
+            }
+        }
+        for (Transaction tx : txList) {
+            if (!(tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            AbstractCoinTransaction transaction = (AbstractCoinTransaction) tx;
+            UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) transaction.getCoinData();
+            for (UtxoInput input : utxoData.getInputs()) {
+                if (input.getFrom() == null) {
+                    if (outputMap.containsKey(input.getKey())) {
+                        input.setFrom(outputMap.get(input.getKey()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Transaction> getTxList(String blockHash) throws Exception {
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+        BlockHeaderPo header = blockHeaderDao.getHeader(blockHash);
+        if (header == null) {
+            return txList;
+        }
+        List<TransactionPo> poList = txDao.getTxs(header.getHeight());
+        if (null == poList || poList.isEmpty()) {
+            return txList;
+        }
+        for (TransactionPo po : poList) {
+            txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Transaction> getTxList(long startHeight, long endHeight) throws Exception {
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<TransactionPo> poList = txDao.getTxs(startHeight, endHeight);
+        for (TransactionPo po : poList) {
+            txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Transaction> getTxList(long height) throws Exception {
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<TransactionPo> poList = txDao.getTxs(height);
+        for (TransactionPo po : poList) {
+            txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Page<Transaction> getTxList(Long height, int type, int pageNum, int pageSize) throws Exception {
+        Page<TransactionPo> poPage = txDao.getTxs(height, type, pageNum, pageSize);
+        Page<Transaction> txPage = new Page<>(poPage);
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (TransactionPo po : poPage.getList()) {
+            txList.add(UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po));
+        }
+        txPage.setList(txList);
+        return txPage;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Balance getBalance(String address) {
+        Balance balance = ledgerCacheService.getBalance(address);
+        if (balance == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        long usable = 0;
+        long locked = 0;
+
+        List<UtxoOutput> unSpends = ledgerCacheService.getUnSpends(address);
+        UtxoCoinManager.getInstance().filterUtxoByLocalTxs(address, unSpends);
+
+        for (UtxoOutput output : unSpends) {
+            if (output.isLocked(NulsContext.getInstance().getBestHeight())) {
+                locked += output.getValue();
+            } else {
+                usable += output.getValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        balance.setUsable(Na.valueOf(usable));
+        balance.setLocked(Na.valueOf(locked));
+        balance.setBalance(Na.valueOf(usable + locked));
+        return balance;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Balance getBalances() {
+        Balance balances = new Balance();
+        for (String address : NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST) {
+            Balance balance = getBalance(address);
+            if (balance == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            balances.setLocked(balances.getLocked().add(balance.getLocked()));
+            balances.setUsable(balances.getUsable().add(balance.getUsable()));
+        }
+        balances.setBalance(balances.getLocked().add(balances.getUsable()));
+        return balances;
+    }
+
+//    public Balance getBalance(String address) {
+//        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(address)) {
+//            Balance balance = ledgerCacheService.getBalance(address);
+//            return balance;
+//        } else {
+//            Balance allBalance = new Balance();
+//            long usable = 0;
+//            long locked = 0;
+//            for (String addr : NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST) {
+//                Balance balance = ledgerCacheService.getBalance(addr);
+//                if (null != balance) {
+//                    usable += balance.getUsable().getValue();
+//                    locked += balance.getLocked().getValue();
+//                }
+//            }
+//            allBalance.setUsable(Na.valueOf(usable));
+//            allBalance.setLocked(Na.valueOf(locked));
+//            allBalance.setBalance(Na.valueOf(usable + locked));
+//            return allBalance;
+//        }
+//    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Na getTxFee(int txType) {
+        Block bestBlock = NulsContext.getInstance().getBestBlock();
+        if (null == bestBlock) {
+            return LedgerConstant.TRANSACTION_FEE;
+        }
+        long blockHeight = bestBlock.getHeader().getHeight();
+        if (txType == TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_COIN_BASE ||
+                txType == TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_SMALL_CHANGE
+                || txType == TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_CANCEL_DEPOSIT
+                ) {
+            return Na.ZERO;
+        }
+        long x = blockHeight / LedgerConstant.BLOCK_COUNT_OF_YEAR + 1;
+        return LedgerConstant.TRANSACTION_FEE.div(x);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result transfer(String address, String password, String toAddress, Na amount, String remark) {
+        CoinTransferData coinData = new CoinTransferData(OperationType.TRANSFER, amount, address, toAddress, getTxFee(TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_TRANSFER));
+        return transfer(coinData, password, remark);
+    }
+
+    private Result transfer(CoinTransferData coinData, String password, String remark) {
+        TransferTransaction tx = null;
+        try {
+            tx = UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().createTransferTx(coinData, password, remark);
+            ValidateResult result = this.verifyTx(tx, this.getWaitingTxList());
+            if (result.isFailed()) {
+                throw new NulsException(result.getErrorCode());
+            }
+            this.saveLocalTx(tx);
+            TransactionEvent event = new TransactionEvent();
+            event.setEventBody(tx);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(event);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            return new Result(false, e.getMessage());
+        }
+        return new Result(true, "OK", tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result transfer(List<String> addressList, String password, String toAddress, Na amount, String remark) {
+        CoinTransferData coinData = new CoinTransferData(OperationType.TRANSFER, amount, addressList, toAddress, getTxFee(TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_TRANSFER));
+        return transfer(coinData, password, remark);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Result lock(String address, String password, Na amount, long unlockTime, String remark) {
+        LockNulsTransaction tx = null;
+        try {
+            CoinTransferData coinData = new CoinTransferData(OperationType.LOCK, amount, address, getTxFee(TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_LOCK));
+            coinData.addTo(new Coin(address, amount, unlockTime, 0));
+            tx = UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().createLockNulsTx(coinData, password, remark);
+
+            tx.verify();
+            TransactionEvent event = new TransactionEvent();
+            event.setEventBody(tx);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(event);
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            try {
+                rollbackTx(tx, null);
+            } catch (NulsException e1) {
+                Log.error(e1);
+            }
+            return new Result(false, e.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        return new Result(true, "OK", tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void saveTxList(List<Transaction> txList, long blockHeight) throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            boolean isMine;
+            List<TransactionPo> poList = new ArrayList<>();
+            List<TransactionLocalPo> localPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < txList.size(); i++) {
+                isMine = false;
+                Transaction tx = txList.get(i);
+                TransactionPo po = UtxoTransferTool.toTransactionPojo(tx, blockHeight);
+                poList.add(po);
+                if (tx.getType() == TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_CANCEL_DEPOSIT) {
+                    TransactionLocalPo localPo = localTxDao.get(tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+                    if (localPo != null) {
+                        localPo.setTxStatus(TransactionLocalPo.CONFIRM);
+                        localPo.setBlockHeight(tx.getBlockHeight());
+                        localTxDao.update(localPo);
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    isMine = this.checkTxIsMine(tx);
+                }
+                if (isMine) {
+                    TransactionLocalPo localPo = UtxoTransferTool.toLocalTransactionPojo(tx);
+                    localPoList.add(localPo);
+                }
+            }
+            int successCount = txDao.save(poList);
+            if (successCount != poList.size()) {
+                throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.FAILED, "save block txs fail , totalCount : " + poList.size() + " , successCount : " + successCount);
+            }
+
+            for (TransactionLocalPo localPo : localPoList) {
+                TransactionLocalPo po = localTxDao.get(localPo.getHash());
+                localPo.setTxStatus(TransactionLocalPo.CONFIRM);
+                if (po != null) {
+                    localTxDao.update(localPo);
+                } else {
+                    localTxDao.save(localPo);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean saveLocalTx(Transaction tx) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            ValidateResult validateResult = this.conflictDetectTx(tx, this.getWaitingTxList());
+            if (validateResult.isFailed()) {
+                throw new NulsRuntimeException(validateResult.getErrorCode(), validateResult.getMessage());
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        TransactionLocalPo localPo = UtxoTransferTool.toLocalTransactionPojo(tx);
+        localPo.setTxStatus(TransactionLocalPo.UNCONFIRM);
+        localTxDao.save(localPo);
+        // save relation
+        if (tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction) {
+            AbstractCoinTransaction abstractTx = (AbstractCoinTransaction) tx;
+            UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) abstractTx.getCoinData();
+            if (utxoData.getInputs() != null && !utxoData.getInputs().isEmpty()) {
+                UtxoInput input = utxoData.getInputs().get(0);
+                UtxoOutput output = input.getFrom();
+                TxAccountRelationPo relationPo = new TxAccountRelationPo();
+                relationPo.setTxHash(tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+                relationPo.setAddress(output.getAddress());
+                relationDataService.save(relationPo);
+            }
+        }
+//        if (tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction) {
+//            AbstractCoinTransaction abstractTx = (AbstractCoinTransaction) tx;
+//            UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) abstractTx.getCoinData();
+//
+//            for (UtxoOutput output : utxoData.getOutputs()) {
+//                if (output.isUsable() && NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.contains(output.getAddress())) {
+//                    output.setTxHash(tx.getHash());
+//                    ledgerCacheService.putUtxo(output.getKey(), output, false);
+//                }
+//            }
+//        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void removeLocalTxs(String address) {
+        List<TxAccountRelationPo> relationList = relationDataService.selectByAddress(address);
+        for (TxAccountRelationPo po : relationList) {
+            localTxDao.delete(po.getTxHash());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void saveTxInLocal(String address) {
+        List<TransactionPo> poList = txDao.getTxs(null, address, 0, 0, 0);
+        if (poList.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        List<TransactionLocalPo> localPoList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (TransactionPo po : poList) {
+            TransactionLocalPo localPo = localTxDao.get(po.getHash());
+            if (localPo != null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            localPo = new TransactionLocalPo(po, Transaction.TRANSFER_RECEIVE);
+            for (UtxoInputPo inputPo : po.getInputs()) {
+                if (inputPo.getFromOutPut().getAddress().equals(address)) {
+                    localPo.setTransferType(Transaction.TRANSFER_SEND);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            localPo.setTxStatus(TransactionLocalPo.CONFIRM);
+            localTxDao.save(localPo);
+            //localPoList.add(localPo);
+        }
+        //localTxDao.save(localPoList);
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean checkTxIsMine(Transaction tx) {
+        if (tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction) {
+            return UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().isMine((AbstractCoinTransaction) tx);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean checkTxIsMine(Transaction tx, String address) {
+        if (tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction) {
+            return UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().isMine((AbstractCoinTransaction) tx, address);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean checkTxIsMySend(Transaction tx) {
+        if (tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction) {
+            return UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().isMySend((AbstractCoinTransaction) tx);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean checkTxIsMySend(Transaction tx, String address) {
+        if (tx instanceof AbstractCoinTransaction) {
+            return UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().isMySend((AbstractCoinTransaction) tx, address);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+
+    public void rollbackTx(Transaction tx, Block block) throws NulsException {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(tx, ErrorCode.NULL_PARAMETER);
+        BlockLog.debug("rollback tx:{}", tx.getHash());
+        List<TransactionService> serviceList = getServiceList(tx.getClass());
+        for (TransactionService service : serviceList) {
+            service.onRollback(tx, block);
+        }
+        tx.setStatus(TxStatusEnum.UNCONFIRM);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void commitTx(Transaction tx, Block block) throws NulsException {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(tx, ErrorCode.NULL_PARAMETER);
+//        if (tx.getStatus() != TxStatusEnum.AGREED) {
+//            return;
+//        }
+        List<TransactionService> serviceList = getServiceList(tx.getClass());
+        List<TransactionService> commitedServiceList = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            for (TransactionService service : serviceList) {
+                service.onCommit(tx, block);
+                commitedServiceList.add(service);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            for (int i = commitedServiceList.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                TransactionService service = commitedServiceList.get(i);
+                service.onRollback(tx, block);
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        tx.setStatus(TxStatusEnum.CONFIRMED);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ValidateResult conflictDetectTx(Transaction tx, List<Transaction> txList) throws NulsException {
+        AssertUtil.canNotEmpty(tx, ErrorCode.NULL_PARAMETER);
+        if (null == txList || txList.isEmpty()) {
+            return ValidateResult.getSuccessResult();
+        }
+        List<TransactionService> serviceList = getServiceList(tx.getClass());
+        ValidateResult result = null;
+
+        for (TransactionService service : serviceList) {
+            result = service.conflictDetect(tx, txList);
+            if (result.isFailed()) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deleteTx(Transaction tx) {
+        txDao.delete(tx.getHash().getDigestHex());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void deleteTx(long blockHeight) {
+        List<TransactionPo> txList = txDao.getTxs(blockHeight);
+        for (TransactionPo tx : txList) {
+            txDao.delete(tx.getHash());
+            TransactionLocalPo localPo = localTxDao.get(tx.getHash());
+            if (localPo != null) {
+                if (localPo.getType() == TransactionConstant.TX_TYPE_COIN_BASE) {
+                    localTxDao.delete(localPo.getHash());
+                }
+                localPo.setTxStatus(TransactionLocalPo.UNCONFIRM);
+                localTxDao.update(localPo);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getBlockReward(long blockHeight) {
+        return outputDataService.getRewardByBlockHeight(blockHeight);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Long getBlockFee(Long blockHeight) {
+        return txDao.getFeeByHeight(blockHeight);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLastDayTimeReward() {
+        return outputDataService.getLastDayTimeReward();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getAccountReward(String address, long lastTime) {
+        return outputDataService.getAccountReward(address, lastTime);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getAgentReward(String address, int type) {
+        return outputDataService.getAgentReward(address, type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unlockTxApprove(String txHash) {
+//        boolean b = true;
+//        int index = 0;
+//        while (b) {
+//            UtxoOutput output = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(txHash + "-" + index);
+//            if (output != null) {
+//                if (OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRMED_CONSENSUS_LOCK == output.getStatus()) {
+//                    output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_CONFIRMED_UNSPENT);
+//                }
+//                UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(output.getAddress(), false);
+//                index++;
+//            } else {
+//                b = false;
+//            }
+//        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void unlockTxSave(String txHash) {
+        Log.debug("-------------- exit agent unlockTxSave  ------------------txHash:" + txHash);
+        outputDataService.unlockTxOutput(txHash);
+        String key = txHash + "-" + 0;
+        UtxoOutput output = ledgerCacheService.getUtxo(key);
+        output.setStatus(OutPutStatusEnum.UTXO_UNSPENT);
+        ledgerCacheService.putUtxo(key, output, true);
+//        UtxoTransactionTool.getInstance().calcBalance(output.getAddress(), false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void unlockTxRollback(String txHash) {
+        Log.debug("-------------- exit agent unlockTxRollback  ------------------txHash:" + txHash);
+        outputDataService.lockTxOutput(txHash);
+        Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+        keyMap.put("txHash", txHash);
+        keyMap.put("outIndex", 0);
+        UtxoOutputPo po = outputDataService.get(keyMap);
+        if (po != null) {
+            po.setStatus(UtxoOutputPo.LOCKED);
+            outputDataService.update(po);
+            UtxoOutput output = UtxoTransferTool.toOutput(po);
+            ledgerCacheService.putUtxo(output.getKey(), output, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Page<UtxoOutput> getLockUtxo(String address, Integer pageNumber, Integer pageSize) {
+        List<UtxoOutput> lockOutputs = new ArrayList<>();
+        long count = outputDataService.getLockUtxoCount(address, TimeService.currentTimeMillis(), NulsContext.getInstance().getBestHeight());
+        List<AbstractCoinTransaction> localTxs = UtxoCoinManager.getInstance().getLocalUnConfirmTxs();
+        for (int i = localTxs.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            AbstractCoinTransaction tx = localTxs.get(i);
+            UtxoData utxoData = (UtxoData) tx.getCoinData();
+            for (int j = utxoData.getOutputs().size() - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                UtxoOutput output = utxoData.getOutputs().get(j);
+                if (output.isLocked(NulsContext.getInstance().getBestHeight()) && NulsContext.LOCAL_ADDRESS_LIST.contains(output.getAddress())) {
+                    output.setCreateTime(tx.getTime());
+                    output.setTxType(tx.getType());
+                    lockOutputs.add(output);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        int start = (pageNumber - 1) * pageSize;
+        if (lockOutputs.size() >= start + pageSize) {
+            lockOutputs = lockOutputs.subList(start, start + pageSize);
+            Page page = new Page(pageNumber, pageSize);
+            page.setList(lockOutputs);
+            page.setTotal(count);
+            return page;
+        } else if (start < lockOutputs.size()) {
+            lockOutputs = lockOutputs.subList(start, lockOutputs.size());
+            start = 0;
+            pageSize = pageSize - lockOutputs.size();
+        } else {
+            start = start - lockOutputs.size();
+        }
+
+        Collections.reverse(lockOutputs);
+        List<UtxoOutputPo> poList = outputDataService.getLockUtxo(address, TimeService.currentTimeMillis(), NulsContext.getInstance().getBestHeight(), start, pageSize);
+        for (UtxoOutputPo po : poList) {
+            lockOutputs.add(UtxoTransferTool.toOutput(po));
+        }
+        Page page = new Page(pageNumber, pageSize);
+        page.setTotal(count);
+        page.setList(lockOutputs);
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Balance getAccountUtxo(String address, Na amount) {
+        UtxoBalance balance = new UtxoBalance();
+        List<UtxoOutput> unSpends = UtxoCoinManager.getInstance().getAccountUnSpend(address, amount);
+        balance.setUnSpends(unSpends);
+        return balance;
+    }
+
+    public List<TransactionService> getServiceList(Class<? extends Transaction> txClass) {
+        List<TransactionService> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        Class clazz = txClass;
+        while (!clazz.equals(Transaction.class)) {
+            TransactionService txService = TransactionManager.getService(clazz);
+            if (null != txService) {
+                list.add(0, txService);
+            }
+            clazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetLedgerCache() {
+//        ledgerCacheService.clear();
+//        UtxoCoinManager.getInstance().cacheAllUnSpendUtxo();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Transaction> getWaitingTxList() throws NulsException {
+        List<TransactionLocalPo> poList = localTxDao.getUnConfirmTxs();
+        List<Transaction> txList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (TransactionLocalPo po : poList) {
+            Transaction tx = UtxoTransferTool.toTransaction(po);
+            txList.add(tx);
+        }
+        return txList;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @DbSession
+    public void deleteLocalTx(String txHash) {
+        this.localTxDao.delete(txHash);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ValidateResult verifyTx(Transaction tx, List<Transaction> txList) {
+        ValidateResult result = tx.verify();
+        if (result.isFailed() && result.getErrorCode() == ErrorCode.ORPHAN_TX) {
+            AbstractCoinTransaction coinTx = (AbstractCoinTransaction) tx;
+            result = coinTx.getCoinDataProvider().verifyCoinData(coinTx, txList);
+            if (result.isSuccess()) {
+                coinTx.setSkipInputValidator(true);
+                result = coinTx.verify();
+                coinTx.setSkipInputValidator(false);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void verifyTxWithException(Transaction tx, List<Transaction> txList) {
+        ValidateResult result = this.verifyTx(tx, txList);
+        if (result.isFailed()) {
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(result.getErrorCode(), result.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `io.nuls.ledger.service.impl.UtxoLedgerServiceImpl.getTx` indirectly reads without synchronization from `n$15.io.nuls.protocol.context.NulsContext.bestBlock`. Potentially races with write in method `UtxoLedgerServiceImpl.saveTxList(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Transaction UtxoLedgerServiceImpl.getTx(NulsDigestData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.ledger.service.impl.UtxoLedgerServiceImpl.getTx(io.nuls.protocol.model.NulsDigestData):io.nu.727188f4049803f29f5415940d055783
+
+### File:
+ledger-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/ledger/service/impl/UtxoLedgerServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+UtxoLedgerServiceImpl.java|getTx|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b9e7d9af29ae9868f35da501c3f179d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-3989/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-3989/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68b2ab39317b66c34a38def841e186131d572abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-3989/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.consensus.utils;
+
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.block.TemporaryCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.cache.manager.tx.ReceivedTxCacheManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.GetSmallBlockParam;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.GetTxGroupParam;
+import io.nuls.consensus.entity.RedPunishData;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.GetSmallBlockRequest;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.GetTxGroupRequest;
+import io.nuls.consensus.event.notice.AssembledBlockNotice;
+import io.nuls.consensus.manager.BlockManager;
+import io.nuls.consensus.thread.ConsensusMeetingRunner;
+import io.nuls.consensus.thread.DataDownloadThread;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.*;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.NulsConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.constant.SeverityLevelEnum;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.thread.manager.TaskManager;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.str.StringUtils;
+import io.nuls.core.validate.ValidateResult;
+import io.nuls.db.entity.NodePo;
+import io.nuls.event.bus.service.intf.EventBroadcaster;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2018/1/12
+ */
+public class DownloadDataUtils {
+
+    private static final DownloadDataUtils INSTANCE = new DownloadDataUtils();
+
+    private DownloadDataUtils() {
+        TaskManager.createAndRunThread(NulsConstant.MODULE_ID_CONSENSUS, "data-download-consensu", new DataDownloadThread());
+    }
+
+    public static DownloadDataUtils getInstance() {
+        return INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    private EventBroadcaster eventBroadcaster = NulsContext.getServiceBean(EventBroadcaster.class);
+    private ReceivedTxCacheManager txCacheManager = ReceivedTxCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private TemporaryCacheManager temporaryCacheManager = TemporaryCacheManager.getInstance();
+    private BlockManager blockManager = BlockManager.getInstance();
+
+
+    private final Map<String, Long> smbRequest = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, Long> tgRequest = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, Integer> smbRequestCount = new HashMap<>();
+    private final Map<String, Integer> tgRequestCount = new HashMap<>();
+
+    public void requestSmallBlock(NulsDigestData blockHash, String nodeId) {
+        GetSmallBlockRequest request = new GetSmallBlockRequest();
+        GetSmallBlockParam param = new GetSmallBlockParam();
+        param.setBlockHash(blockHash);
+        request.setEventBody(param);
+        smbRequest.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), System.currentTimeMillis());
+        Integer value = smbRequestCount.get(blockHash.getDigestHex());
+        if (value == null) {
+            value = 0;
+        }
+        smbRequestCount.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), 1 + value);
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(nodeId)) {
+            eventBroadcaster.broadcastAndCache(request, false);
+        } else {
+            eventBroadcaster.sendToNode(request, nodeId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void requestTxGroup(NulsDigestData blockHash, String nodeId) {
+        GetTxGroupRequest request = new GetTxGroupRequest();
+        GetTxGroupParam data = new GetTxGroupParam();
+        data.setBlockHash(blockHash);
+        List<NulsDigestData> txHashList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        SmallBlock smb = temporaryCacheManager.getSmallBlock(blockHash.getDigestHex());
+        for (NulsDigestData txHash : smb.getTxHashList()) {
+            boolean exist = txCacheManager.txExist(txHash);
+            if (!exist) {
+                txHashList.add(txHash);
+            }
+        }
+        if (txHashList.isEmpty()) {
+            BlockHeader header = temporaryCacheManager.getBlockHeader(smb.getBlockHash().getDigestHex());
+            if (null == header) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Block block = new Block();
+            block.setHeader(header);
+            List<Transaction> txs = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (NulsDigestData txHash : smb.getTxHashList()) {
+                Transaction tx = txCacheManager.getTx(txHash);
+                if (null == tx) {
+                    throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.DATA_ERROR);
+                }
+                txs.add(tx);
+            }
+            block.setTxs(txs);
+            ValidateResult<RedPunishData> vResult = block.verify();
+            if (null == vResult || vResult.isFailed()) {
+                if (vResult.getLevel() == SeverityLevelEnum.FLAGRANT_FOUL) {
+                    RedPunishData redPunishData = vResult.getObject();
+                    ConsensusMeetingRunner.putPunishData(redPunishData);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            blockManager.addBlock(block, false,nodeId);
+            AssembledBlockNotice notice = new AssembledBlockNotice();
+            notice.setEventBody(header);
+            eventBroadcaster.publishToLocal(notice);
+            return;
+        }
+        data.setTxHashList(txHashList);
+        request.setEventBody(data);
+        tgRequest.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), System.currentTimeMillis());
+        Integer value = tgRequestCount.get(blockHash.getDigestHex());
+        if (null == value) {
+            value = 0;
+        }
+        tgRequestCount.put(blockHash.getDigestHex(), 1 + value);
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(nodeId)) {
+            eventBroadcaster.broadcastAndCache(request, false);
+        } else {
+            eventBroadcaster.sendToNode(request, nodeId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeSmallBlock(String blockHash) {
+        smbRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        smbRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+    }
+
+    public void removeTxGroup(String blockHash) {
+        tgRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        tgRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+    }
+
+    public void remove(String blockHash) {
+        smbRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        tgRequest.remove(blockHash);
+        smbRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+        tgRequestCount.remove(blockHash);
+    }
+
+    public void reRequest() {
+        this.reRequestSmallBlock();
+        this.reReqesetTxGroup();
+    }
+
+    private void reReqesetTxGroup() {
+        for (String hash : this.tgRequest.keySet()) {
+            Long time = tgRequest.get(hash);
+            if (null != time && (System.currentTimeMillis() - time) >= 1000L) {
+                this.requestTxGroup(NulsDigestData.fromDigestHex(hash), null);
+            }
+            if (tgRequestCount.get(hash) >= 10) {
+                this.removeTxGroup(hash);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void reRequestSmallBlock() {
+        for (String hash : this.tgRequest.keySet()) {
+            Long time = tgRequest.get(hash);
+            if (null != time && (System.currentTimeMillis() - time) >= 1000L) {
+                this.requestSmallBlock(NulsDigestData.fromDigestHex(hash), null);
+            }
+            if (smbRequestCount.get(hash) >= 10) {
+                this.removeTxGroup(hash);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `redPunishData` last assigned on line 131 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `putPunishData(...)` at line 132.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DownloadDataUtils.requestTxGroup(NulsDigestData,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.consensus.utils.DownloadDataUtils.requestTxGroup(io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData,ja.643614b7508a701ef6b3efa267b81d8c
+
+### File:
+consensus-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/consensus/utils/DownloadDataUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+DownloadDataUtils.java|requestTxGroup|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc4c40cbb2bc94519d4917c9db2506da
+
+### Hash:
+9c63a8c963d324c2b4fd7aefa6fff7ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4013/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4013/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..150f428e5571cd1327198e3ceaaf0636292ea907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4013/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 87
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ * <p>
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * <p>
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * <p>
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.consensus.entity.block;
+
+import io.nuls.consensus.constant.PocConsensusConstant;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.BlockHeader;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.entity.NulsDigestData;
+import io.nuls.core.chain.intf.NulsCloneable;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.str.StringUtils;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author Niels
+ * @date 2018/1/11
+ */
+public class BlockHeaderChain implements NulsCloneable {
+    private final String id;
+    private List<HeaderDigest> headerDigestList = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+    private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+    private HeaderDigest lastHd;
+
+    public BlockHeaderChain() {
+        this.id = StringUtils.getNewUUID();
+    }
+
+    public BlockHeaderChain getBifurcateChain(BlockHeader header) {
+        int index = indexOf(header.getPreHash().getDigestHex(), header.getHeight() - 1, header.getTime());
+        if (index == -1) {
+            return new BlockHeaderChain();
+        }
+        List<HeaderDigest> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>(headerDigestList.subList(0, index));
+        list.add(new HeaderDigest(header.getHash().getDigestHex(), header.getHeight(), header.getTime()));
+        BlockHeaderChain chain = new BlockHeaderChain();
+        chain.setHeaderDigestList(list);
+        return chain;
+    }
+
+    private int indexOf(String hash, long height, long time) {
+        HeaderDigest hd = new HeaderDigest(hash, height, time);
+        return headerDigestList.indexOf(hd);
+    }
+
+    public boolean addHeader(BlockHeader header) {
+        lock.lock();
+        if (null != lastHd && !this.lastHd.getHash().equals(header.getPreHash().getDigestHex())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        HeaderDigest newHd = new HeaderDigest(header.getHash().getDigestHex(), header.getHeight(), header.getTime());
+        headerDigestList.add(newHd);
+        this.lastHd = newHd;
+        lock.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void destroy() {
+        headerDigestList.clear();
+    }
+
+
+    public void removeHeaderDigest(String hashHex) {
+        for (HeaderDigest hd : headerDigestList) {
+            if (hd.getHash().equals(hashHex)) {
+                removeHeaderDigest(hd.getHeight());
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void removeHeaderDigest(long height) {
+        for (int i = headerDigestList.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            HeaderDigest headerDigest = headerDigestList.get(i);
+            if (headerDigest.getHeight() <= height) {
+                headerDigestList.remove(headerDigest);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void rollbackHeaderDigest(String hash) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < headerDigestList.size(); i++) {
+            HeaderDigest headerDigest = headerDigestList.get(i);
+            if (headerDigest.getHash().equals(hash)) {
+                headerDigestList.remove(headerDigest);
+                for (int x = i + 1; x < headerDigestList.size(); x++) {
+                    headerDigestList.remove(x);
+                }
+                this.lastHd = null;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public HeaderDigest rollback() {
+        lock.lock();
+        if (headerDigestList.isEmpty()) {
+            lock.unlock();
+            return null;
+        }
+        HeaderDigest headerDigest = headerDigestList.get(headerDigestList.size() - 1);
+        headerDigestList.remove(headerDigestList.size() - 1);
+        this.lastHd = null;
+        lock.unlock();
+        return headerDigest;
+    }
+
+    public int size() {
+        return headerDigestList.size();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object copy() {
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public List<HeaderDigest> getHeaderDigestList() {
+        return headerDigestList;
+    }
+
+    public void setHeaderDigestList(List<HeaderDigest> headerDigestList) {
+        this.headerDigestList = headerDigestList;
+    }
+
+    public HeaderDigest getHeaderDigest(long height) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.headerDigestList.size(); i++) {
+            HeaderDigest hd = this.headerDigestList.get(i);
+            if (null == hd) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (hd.getHeight() == height) {
+                return hd;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public HeaderDigest getHeaderDigest(String hashHex) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.headerDigestList.size(); i++) {
+            HeaderDigest hd = this.headerDigestList.get(i);
+            if (null == hd) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (hd.getHash().equals(hashHex)) {
+                return hd;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public boolean contains(HeaderDigest hd) {
+        return headerDigestList.contains(hd);
+    }
+
+    public boolean contains(BlockHeader header) {
+        return headerDigestList.contains(new HeaderDigest(header.getHash().getDigestHex(), header.getHeight(), header.getTime()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object object) {
+        if (null == object) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!(object instanceof BlockHeaderChain)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return this.id.equals(((BlockHeaderChain) object).getId());
+    }
+
+    public String getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public Set<String> getHashSet() {
+        Set<String> hashSet = new HashSet<>();
+        for (HeaderDigest hd : this.headerDigestList) {
+            hashSet.add(hd.getHash());
+        }
+        return hashSet;
+    }
+
+    public HeaderDigest getFirstHd() {
+        HeaderDigest headerDigest = headerDigestList.get(0);
+        return headerDigest;
+    }
+
+    public HeaderDigest getLastHd() {
+        if (null == lastHd) {
+            List<HeaderDigest> list = new ArrayList<>(headerDigestList);
+            if(list.size() > 0) {
+                this.lastHd = list.get(list.size() - 1);
+            }
+        }
+        return lastHd;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `io.nuls.consensus.entity.block.BlockHeaderChain.rollbackHeaderDigest` writes to field `this.io.nuls.consensus.entity.block.BlockHeaderChain.lastHd` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BlockHeaderChain.rollbackHeaderDigest(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.consensus.entity.block.BlockHeaderChain.rollbackHeaderDigest(java.lang.String):void.114b34c4bacd85a6d8ea56e43e71fc3c
+
+### File:
+consensus-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/consensus/entity/block/BlockHeaderChain.java
+
+### Key:
+BlockHeaderChain.java|rollbackHeaderDigest|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a4b2e8edc615c8cf83a3e6df49b7b44e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4103/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4103/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..127ae4b95fc54dd6c851682aeb9fcd8b41251de8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4103/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nuls
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 nuls.io
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+ * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.nuls.network.module.impl;
+
+
+import io.nuls.core.constant.ErrorCode;
+import io.nuls.core.context.NulsContext;
+import io.nuls.core.event.EventManager;
+import io.nuls.core.exception.NulsRuntimeException;
+import io.nuls.core.thread.manager.TaskManager;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.cfg.ConfigLoader;
+import io.nuls.core.utils.log.Log;
+import io.nuls.network.NetworkContext;
+import io.nuls.network.constant.NetworkConstant;
+import io.nuls.network.message.entity.GetNodeEvent;
+import io.nuls.network.message.entity.GetVersionEvent;
+import io.nuls.network.message.entity.NodeEvent;
+import io.nuls.network.message.entity.VersionEvent;
+import io.nuls.network.module.AbstractNetworkModule;
+import io.nuls.network.service.NetworkService;
+import io.nuls.network.service.impl.NetworkServiceImpl;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * @author vivi
+ * @date 2017/11/21
+ */
+public class NetworkModuleBootstrap extends AbstractNetworkModule {
+
+    private NetworkService networkService;
+
+    @Override
+    public void init() {
+        try {
+            NetworkContext.setNetworkConfig(ConfigLoader.loadProperties(NetworkConstant.NETWORK_PROPERTIES));
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.error(e);
+            throw new NulsRuntimeException(ErrorCode.IO_ERROR);
+        }
+        this.registerService(NetworkServiceImpl.class);
+        networkService = NulsContext.getServiceBean(NetworkService.class);
+        networkService.init();
+        this.registerEvent();
+
+    }
+
+    private void registerEvent() {
+        EventManager.putEvent(GetVersionEvent.class);
+        EventManager.putEvent(VersionEvent.class);
+        EventManager.putEvent(GetNodeEvent.class);
+        EventManager.putEvent(NodeEvent.class);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void start() {
+        networkService.start();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() {
+        networkService.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroy() {
+        shutdown();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getInfo() {
+        StringBuilder str = new StringBuilder();
+        str.append("\nmoduleName:");
+        str.append(getModuleName());
+        str.append(",p2p module info:");
+        str.append("here is info");
+        return str.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getVersion() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `NetworkModuleBootstrap.networkService` last assigned on line 63 could be null and is dereferenced at line 64.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NetworkModuleBootstrap.init()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.nuls.network.module.impl.NetworkModuleBootstrap.init():void.003cbb4fc1386c5369f5dbe4379e382d
+
+### File:
+network-impl/src/main/java/io/nuls/network/module/impl/NetworkModuleBootstrap.java
+
+### Key:
+NetworkModuleBootstrap.java|init|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0e06fee57af576d84f5c655c69ed7f37
+
+### Hash:
+643d545aaa9851b39f69ea65de8c7a6d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4104/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4104/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e54e94c6c01c7bf8f663f210ffcb22b34fe5c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4104/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wetech-admin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * 文  件  名：WebUtil.java
+ * 版         权：Copyright 2012 JESHING Tech.Co.Ltd.All Rights Reserved.
+ * 描         述：
+ * 修  改  人：王波
+ * 修改时间：2014-4-3
+ * 修改内容：新增
+ */
+package tech.wetech.admin.common.utils;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
+import org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextHolder;
+import org.springframework.web.context.request.ServletRequestAttributes;
+
+/**
+ * Web 工具类
+ *
+ * @author 王波
+ * @author 赵卉华 修改为非静态方法, 增加由调用方传入HttpServletRequest的构造方法<br>
+ *         解决在404和500页面, 通过RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes()获取Request报空指针的问题
+ * @version C01 2014-4-3
+ * @since v1.0
+ */
+public class WebUtil {
+
+    private final HttpServletRequest request;
+
+    /**
+     * 实例
+     */
+    private static final WebUtil instance = new WebUtil();
+
+    /**
+     * 构造函数
+     */
+    private WebUtil() {
+        this.request = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 构造函数
+     */
+    public WebUtil(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        this.request = request;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取实例
+     *
+     * @author 赵卉华
+     * @return WebUtil实例
+     */
+    public static WebUtil getInstance() {
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 返回当前请求对象
+     *
+     * @return 当前请求对象
+     */
+    public HttpServletRequest getRequest() {
+        if (request != null) {
+            return request;
+        }
+        return ((ServletRequestAttributes) RequestContextHolder.getRequestAttributes()).getRequest();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取 session
+     *
+     * @return session；session不存在时创建一个；
+     */
+    public HttpSession getSession() {
+        return getRequest().getSession();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取 session
+     *
+     * @param create SESSION不存在时是否创建
+     * @return session
+     */
+    public HttpSession getSession(boolean create) {
+        return getRequest().getSession(create);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取 session id
+     *
+     * @return session
+     */
+    public String getSessionId() {
+        HttpSession session = getSession(false);
+        return session == null ? null : session.getId();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置SESSION属性
+     *
+     * @author 赵卉华
+     * @param name 属性名称
+     * @param value 属性值
+     */
+    public void setSessionAttribute(String name, Object value) {
+        HttpSession session = getSession();
+        session.setAttribute(name, value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取session 属性
+     *
+     * @param name 属性名称
+     * @return 属性值；session 不存在时返回null；session中没有该熟属性时返回null
+     */
+    public Object getSessionAttribute(String name) {
+        HttpSession session = getRequest().getSession(false);
+        return session != null ? session.getAttribute(name) : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取session 属性
+     *
+     * @param <T> 返回对象的类型
+     * @param name 属性名称
+     * @param type 对象类型
+     * @return 属性值；session 不存在时返回null；session中没有该熟属性时返回null
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <T> T getSessionAttribute(String name, Class<T> type) {
+        return (T) getSessionAttribute(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取session属性列表
+     *
+     * @param <T> 返回对象的类型
+     * @param name 属性名称
+     * @param type 对象类型
+     * @return 属性值列表；session 不存在时返回null；session中没有该熟属性时返回null
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <T> List<T> getSessionAttributes(String name, Class<T> type) {
+        return (List<T>) getSessionAttribute(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取Web工程容器路径<br>
+     * 如果部署为ROOT将返回空字符串, 否则返回斜杠加工程名; 如工程名为cheetah-site-web, 返回/cheetah-site-web
+     *
+     * @return context path
+     */
+    public String getContextPath() {
+        return getRequest().getContextPath();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取应用根目录
+     *
+     * @return root path
+     */
+    public String getWebRoot() {
+        return getRequest().getSession().getServletContext().getRealPath("/");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取相对于根目录的路径
+     *
+     * @param path 相对路径
+     * @return root path
+     */
+    public String getWebRoot(String path) {
+        return getRequest().getSession().getServletContext().getRealPath("/") + path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据服务器请求信息替换URL中的占位符<br>
+     * 如: getServerURL("http://{ServerName}:{ServerPort}/xxx/")<br>
+     * 返回 http://127.0.0.1:8080/xxx/
+     *
+     * @author 赵卉华
+     * @param url 替换前的URL
+     * @return 替换后的URL
+     */
+    public String getServerURL(String url) {
+        if (url == null) {
+            return url;
+        }
+        url = url.trim();
+        if (url.indexOf("{") < 0 || url.indexOf("}") < 0) {
+            return url;
+        }
+        // 获取服务器请求信息
+        HttpServletRequest request = getRequest();
+        String scheme = request.getScheme();
+        String host = request.getServerName();
+        String port = String.valueOf(request.getServerPort());
+        // ContextPath是以/斜杠开头的, substring(1)去掉斜杠
+        String ctx = request.getContextPath();
+        if (ctx != null && ctx.length() > 0) {
+            ctx = request.getContextPath().substring(1);
+        }
+        // 占位符正则表达式
+        Pattern pScheme = Pattern.compile("\\{[Ss]cheme\\}");
+        Pattern pHost = Pattern.compile("\\{[Ss]erverName\\}");
+        Pattern pPort = Pattern.compile("\\{[Ss]erverPort\\}");
+        Pattern pCtx = Pattern.compile("\\{[Cc]ontextPath\\}");
+        // 替换占位符
+        url = pScheme.matcher(url).replaceFirst(scheme);
+        url = pHost.matcher(url).replaceFirst(host);
+        url = pPort.matcher(url).replaceFirst(port);
+        url = pCtx.matcher(url).replaceFirst(ctx);
+        return Pattern.compile("(?<!:)//").matcher(url).replaceAll("/");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取IP地址
+     *
+     * @author 龚健
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getIpAddress() {
+        HttpServletRequest request = getRequest();
+        String ip = request.getHeader("x-forwarded-for");
+        if (ip == null || ip.length() == 0 || "unknown".equalsIgnoreCase(ip)) {
+            ip = request.getHeader("Proxy-Client-IP");
+        }
+        if (ip == null || ip.length() == 0 || "unknown".equalsIgnoreCase(ip)) {
+            ip = request.getHeader("WL-Proxy-Client-IP");
+        }
+        if (ip == null || ip.length() == 0 || "unknown".equalsIgnoreCase(ip)) {
+            ip = request.getRemoteAddr();
+        }
+        if (ip == null || ip.length() == 0 || "unknown".equalsIgnoreCase(ip)) {
+            ip = request.getHeader("http_client_ip");
+        }
+        if (ip == null || ip.length() == 0 || "unknown".equalsIgnoreCase(ip)) {
+            ip = request.getHeader("HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR");
+        }
+        if (ip != null && ip.indexOf(",") != -1) {
+            ip = ip.substring(ip.lastIndexOf(",") + 1, ip.length()).trim();
+        }
+        return ip.equals("0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1") ? "127.0.0.1" : ip;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `ip` last assigned on line 241 could be null and is dereferenced at line 246.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String WebUtil.getIpAddress()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+tech.wetech.admin.common.utils.WebUtil.getIpAddress():java.lang.String.c54995e55f49ff4bd19e9c374e72705f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/tech/wetech/admin/common/utils/WebUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+WebUtil.java|getIpAddress|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8e4a1127d56f9e9a630042b2a8976057
+
+### Hash:
+b8a49c28a6959925e2f85d8b41be28a2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4132/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4132/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92e75df7301acc0f02ddf73b9e3750f336b2775f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4132/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1094 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** yacy_search_server
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// httpdProxyHandler.java 
+// -----------------------
+// part of YACY
+// (C) by Michael Peter Christen; mc@anomic.de
+// first published on http://www.anomic.de
+// Frankfurt, Germany, 2004
+// last major change: 10.05.2004
+//
+// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+// Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+//
+// Using this software in any meaning (reading, learning, copying, compiling,
+// running) means that you agree that the Author(s) is (are) not responsible
+// for cost, loss of data or any harm that may be caused directly or indirectly
+// by usage of this softare or this documentation. The usage of this software
+// is on your own risk. The installation and usage (starting/running) of this
+// software may allow other people or application to access your computer and
+// any attached devices and is highly dependent on the configuration of the
+// software which must be done by the user of the software; the author(s) is
+// (are) also not responsible for proper configuration and usage of the
+// software, even if provoked by documentation provided together with
+// the software.
+//
+// Any changes to this file according to the GPL as documented in the file
+// gpl.txt aside this file in the shipment you received can be done to the
+// lines that follows this copyright notice here, but changes must not be
+// done inside the copyright notive above. A re-distribution must contain
+// the intact and unchanged copyright notice.
+// Contributions and changes to the program code must be marked as such.
+
+// Contributions:
+// [AS] Alexander Schier: Blacklist (404 response for AGIS hosts)
+// [TL] Timo Leise: url-wildcards for blacklists
+
+/*
+   Class documentation:
+   This class is a servlet to the httpd daemon. It is accessed each time
+   an URL in a GET, HEAD or POST command contains the whole host information
+   or a host is given in the header host field of an HTTP/1.0 / HTTP/1.1
+   command.
+   Transparency is maintained, whenever appropriate. We change header
+   atributes if necessary for the indexing mechanism; i.e. we do not
+   support gzip-ed encoding. We also do not support unrealistic
+   'expires' values that would force a cache to be flushed immediately
+   pragma non-cache attributes are supported
+*/
+
+
+package de.anomic.http;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.PushbackInputStream;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import de.anomic.htmlFilter.htmlFilterContentScraper;
+import de.anomic.htmlFilter.htmlFilterContentTransformer;
+import de.anomic.htmlFilter.htmlFilterOutputStream;
+import de.anomic.htmlFilter.htmlFilterTransformer;
+import de.anomic.plasma.plasmaCrawlLURL;
+import de.anomic.plasma.plasmaHTCache;
+import de.anomic.plasma.plasmaSwitchboard;
+import de.anomic.server.serverCore;
+import de.anomic.server.serverFileUtils;
+import de.anomic.server.serverLog;
+import de.anomic.server.serverObjects;
+import de.anomic.server.serverSwitch;
+import de.anomic.yacy.yacyCore;
+
+
+public final class httpdProxyHandler extends httpdAbstractHandler implements httpdHandler {
+    
+    // static variables
+    // can only be instantiated upon first instantiation of this class object
+    private static plasmaSwitchboard switchboard = null;
+    private static plasmaHTCache  cacheManager = null;
+    public  static serverLog log;
+    public  static HashSet yellowList = null;
+    public  static TreeMap blackListURLs = null;
+    private static int timeout = 30000;
+    private static boolean yacyTrigger = true;
+    public static boolean remoteProxyUse = false;
+    public static String remoteProxyHost = "";
+    public static int remoteProxyPort = -1;
+    public static String remoteProxyNoProxy = "";
+    public static String[] remoteProxyNoProxyPatterns = null;
+    private static final HashSet remoteProxyAllowProxySet = new HashSet();
+    private static final HashSet remoteProxyDisallowProxySet = new HashSet();
+    private static htmlFilterTransformer transformer = null;
+    public  static final String userAgent = "yacy (" + httpc.systemOST +") yacy.net";
+    private File   htRootPath = null;
+        
+    // class methods
+    public httpdProxyHandler(serverSwitch sb) {
+	if (switchboard == null) {
+	    switchboard = (plasmaSwitchboard) sb;
+	    cacheManager = switchboard.getCacheManager();
+
+	    // load remote proxy data
+	    remoteProxyHost    = switchboard.getConfig("remoteProxyHost","");
+            try {
+                remoteProxyPort    = Integer.parseInt(switchboard.getConfig("remoteProxyPort","3128"));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                remoteProxyPort = 3128;
+            }
+	    remoteProxyUse     = switchboard.getConfig("remoteProxyUse","false").equals("true");
+            remoteProxyNoProxy = switchboard.getConfig("remoteProxyNoProxy","");
+            remoteProxyNoProxyPatterns = remoteProxyNoProxy.split(",");
+            
+	    // set loglevel
+	    int loglevel = Integer.parseInt(switchboard.getConfig("proxyLoglevel", "2"));
+	    log = new serverLog("HTTPDProxy", loglevel);
+            
+	    // set timeout
+	    timeout = Integer.parseInt(switchboard.getConfig("clientTimeout", "10000"));
+
+            // create a htRootPath: system pages
+            if (htRootPath == null) {
+                htRootPath = new File(switchboard.getRootPath(), switchboard.getConfig("htRootPath","htroot"));
+                if (!(htRootPath.exists())) htRootPath.mkdir();
+            }
+            
+            // load a transformer
+            transformer = new htmlFilterContentTransformer();
+            transformer.init(new File(switchboard.getRootPath(), switchboard.getConfig("plasmaBlueList", "")).toString());
+
+	    String f;
+	    // load the yellow-list
+	    f = switchboard.getConfig("proxyYellowList", null);
+	    if (f != null) yellowList = loadSet("yellow", f); else yellowList = new HashSet();
+
+	    // load the black-list / inspired by [AS]
+	    f = switchboard.getConfig("proxyBlackListsActive", null);
+	    if (f != null) blackListURLs = loadBlacklist("black", f, "/"); else blackListURLs = new TreeMap();
+            log.logSystem("Proxy Handler Initialized");
+	}
+    }
+
+
+    private static HashSet loadSet(String setname, String filename) {
+	HashSet set = new HashSet();
+	try {
+	    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(filename)));
+	    String line;
+	    while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+		line = line.trim();
+		if ((line.length() > 0) && (!(line.startsWith("#")))) set.add(line.trim().toLowerCase());
+	    }
+	    br.close();
+	    serverLog.logInfo("PROXY", "read " + setname + " set from file " + filename);
+	} catch (IOException e) {}
+	return set;
+    }
+
+    private static TreeMap loadMap(String mapname, String filename, String sep) {
+	TreeMap map = new TreeMap();
+	try {
+	    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(filename)));
+	    String line;
+	    int pos;
+	    while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+		line = line.trim();
+		if ((line.length() > 0) && (!(line.startsWith("#"))) && ((pos = line.indexOf(sep)) > 0))
+		    map.put(line.substring(0, pos).trim().toLowerCase(), line.substring(pos + sep.length()).trim());
+	    }
+	    br.close();
+	    serverLog.logInfo("PROXY", "read " + mapname + " map from file " + filename);
+	} catch (IOException e) {}
+	return map;
+    }
+
+    public static TreeMap loadBlacklist(String mapname, String filenames, String sep) {
+	TreeMap map = new TreeMap();
+        if (switchboard == null) return map; // not initialized yet
+	File listsPath = new File(switchboard.getRootPath(), switchboard.getConfig("listsPath", "DATA/LISTS"));
+        String filenamesarray[] = filenames.split(",");
+	String filename = "";
+	if(filenamesarray.length >0)
+	    for(int i = 0; i < filenamesarray.length; i++)
+		map.putAll(loadMap(mapname, (new File(listsPath, filenamesarray[i])).toString(), sep));
+	return map;
+    }
+
+    private static String domain(String host) {
+	String domain = host;
+	int pos = domain.lastIndexOf(".");
+	if (pos >= 0) {
+	    // truncate from last part
+	    domain = domain.substring(0, pos);
+	    pos = domain.lastIndexOf(".");
+	    if (pos >= 0) {
+		// truncate from first part
+		domain = domain.substring(pos + 1);
+	    }
+	}
+	return domain;
+    }
+    
+    private boolean blacklistedURL(String hostlow, String path) {
+        if (blackListURLs == null) return false;
+        
+        int index = 0;
+        
+        // [TL] While "." are found within the string
+        while ((index = hostlow.indexOf(".", index + 1)) != -1) {
+            if (blackListURLs.get(hostlow.substring(0, index + 1) + "*") != null) {
+                //System.out.println("Host blocked: " + hostlow.substring(0, index+1) + "*");
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        index = hostlow.length();
+        while ((index = hostlow.lastIndexOf(".", index - 1)) != -1) {
+            if (blackListURLs.get("*" + hostlow.substring(index, hostlow.length())) != null) {
+                //System.out.println("Host blocked: " + "*" + hostlow.substring(index, host.length()));
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        String pp = ""; // path-pattern
+        return (((pp = (String) blackListURLs.get(hostlow)) != null) &&
+                ((pp.equals("*")) || (path.substring(1).matches(pp))));
+    }
+    
+    public void handleOutgoingCookies(httpHeader requestHeader, String targethost, String clienthost) {
+        /*
+        The syntax for the header is:
+ 
+        cookie          =       "Cookie:" cookie-version
+                                1*((";" | ",") cookie-value)
+        cookie-value    =       NAME "=" VALUE [";" path] [";" domain]
+        cookie-version  =       "$Version" "=" value
+        NAME            =       attr
+        VALUE           =       value
+        path            =       "$Path" "=" value
+        domain          =       "$Domain" "=" value
+        */
+        if (requestHeader.containsKey("Cookie")) {
+            Object[] entry = new Object[]{new Date(), clienthost, requestHeader.getMultiple("Cookie")};
+            switchboard.outgoingCookies.put(targethost, entry);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void handleIncomingCookies(httpHeader respondHeader, String serverhost, String targetclient) {
+        /*
+        The syntax for the Set-Cookie response header is 
+
+        set-cookie      =       "Set-Cookie:" cookies
+        cookies         =       1#cookie
+        cookie          =       NAME "=" VALUE *(";" cookie-av)
+        NAME            =       attr
+        VALUE           =       value
+        cookie-av       =       "Comment" "=" value
+                        |       "Domain" "=" value
+                        |       "Max-Age" "=" value
+                        |       "Path" "=" value
+                        |       "Secure"
+                        |       "Version" "=" 1*DIGIT
+        */
+        if (respondHeader.containsKey("Set-Cookie")) {
+            Object[] entry = new Object[]{new Date(), targetclient, respondHeader.getMultiple("Set-Cookie")};
+            switchboard.incomingCookies.put(serverhost, entry);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void doGet(Properties conProp, httpHeader requestHeader, OutputStream respond) throws IOException {
+	// prepare response
+	// conProp      : a collection of properties about the connection, like URL
+	// requestHeader : The header lines of the connection from the request
+	// args         : the argument values of a connection, like &-values in GET and values within boundaries in POST
+	// files        : files within POST boundaries, same key as in args
+
+	if (yacyTrigger) de.anomic.yacy.yacyCore.triggerOnlineAction();
+
+	Date requestDate = new Date(); // remember the time...
+	String method = conProp.getProperty("METHOD");
+	String host = conProp.getProperty("HOST");
+	String path = conProp.getProperty("PATH"); // always starts with leading '/'
+	String args = conProp.getProperty("ARGS"); // may be null if no args were given
+	String ip = conProp.getProperty("CLIENTIP"); // the ip from the connecting peer
+
+	int port;
+	int pos;
+
+	if ((pos = host.indexOf(":")) < 0) {
+	    port = 80;
+	} else {
+	    port = Integer.parseInt(host.substring(pos + 1));
+	    host = host.substring(0, pos);
+	}
+        
+        String ext;
+        if ((pos = path.lastIndexOf('.')) < 0) {
+            ext = "";
+        } else {
+            ext = path.substring(pos + 1).toLowerCase();
+        }
+
+	URL url = null;
+	try {
+	    if (args == null)
+		url = new URL("http", host, port, path);
+	    else
+		url = new URL("http", host, port, path + "?" + args);
+	} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+	    serverLog.logError("PROXY", "ERROR: internal error with url generation: host=" +
+			       host + ", port=" + port + ", path=" + path + ", args=" + args);
+	    url = null;
+	}
+	//System.out.println("GENERATED URL:" + url.toString()); // debug
+
+	// check the blacklist
+	// blacklist idea inspired by [AS]:
+	// respond a 404 for all AGIS ("all you get is shit") servers
+	String hostlow = host.toLowerCase();
+        if (blacklistedURL(hostlow, path)) {
+            try {
+                respondHeader(respond,"404 Not Found (AGIS)", new httpHeader(null));
+                respond.write(("404 (generated): URL '" + hostlow + "' blocked by yacy proxy (blacklisted)\r\n").getBytes());
+                respond.flush();
+                serverLog.logInfo("PROXY", "AGIS blocking of host '" + hostlow + "'"); // debug
+                return;
+            } catch (Exception ee) {}
+        }
+        
+        // handle outgoing cookies
+        handleOutgoingCookies(requestHeader, host, ip);
+        
+        // set another userAgent, if not yellowlisted
+        if ((yellowList != null) && (!(yellowList.contains(domain(hostlow))))) {
+            // change the User-Agent
+            requestHeader.put("User-Agent", userAgent);
+        }
+        
+        // set a scraper and a htmlFilter
+        OutputStream hfos = null;
+        htmlFilterContentScraper scraper = null;
+        
+        // resolve yacy and yacyh domains
+        String yAddress = yacyCore.seedDB.resolveYacyAddress(host);
+        
+        // re-calc the url path
+        String remotePath = (args == null) ? path : (path + "?" + args); // with leading '/'
+        
+        // attach possible yacy-sublevel-domain
+        if ((yAddress != null) &&
+	    ((pos = yAddress.indexOf("/")) >= 0) &&
+	    (!(remotePath.startsWith("/env"))) // this is the special path, staying always at root-level
+	    ) remotePath = yAddress.substring(pos) + remotePath;
+        
+        // decide wether to use a cache entry or connect to the network
+        File cacheFile = cacheManager.getCachePath(url);
+        String urlHash = plasmaCrawlLURL.urlHash(url);
+        httpHeader cachedResponseHeader = null;
+        boolean cacheExists = ((cacheFile.exists()) && (cacheFile.isFile()) &&
+			       ((cachedResponseHeader = cacheManager.getCachedResponse(urlHash)) != null));
+        
+        // why are files unzipped upon arrival? why not zip all files in cache?
+        // This follows from the following premises
+        // (a) no file shall be unzip-ed more than once to prevent unnessesary computing time
+        // (b) old cache entries shall be comparable with refill-entries to detect/distiguish case 3+4
+        // (c) the indexing mechanism needs files unzip-ed, a schedule could do that later
+        // case b and c contradicts, if we use a scheduler, because files in a stale cache would be unzipped
+        // and the newly arrival would be zipped and would have to be unzipped upon load. But then the
+        // scheduler is superfluous. Therefore the only reminding case is
+        // (d) cached files shall be either all zipped or unzipped
+        // case d contradicts with a, because files need to be unzipped for indexing. Therefore
+        // the only remaining case is to unzip files right upon load. Thats what we do here.
+        
+        // finally use existing cache if appropriate
+        // here we must decide weather or not to save the data
+        // to a cache
+        // we distinguish four CACHE STATE cases:
+        // 1. cache fill
+        // 2. cache fresh - no refill
+        // 3. cache stale - refill - necessary
+        // 4. cache stale - refill - superfluous
+        // in two of these cases we trigger a scheduler to handle newly arrived files:
+        // case 1 and case 3
+        plasmaHTCache.Entry cacheEntry;
+        if ((cacheExists) &&
+            ((cacheEntry = cacheManager.newEntry(requestDate, 0, url, requestHeader, "200 OK",
+                                          cachedResponseHeader, null,
+                                          switchboard.defaultProxyProfile)).shallUseCache())) {
+            // we respond on the request by using the cache, the cache is fresh
+            
+            try {
+                // replace date field in old header by actual date, this is according to RFC
+                cachedResponseHeader.put("Date", httpc.dateString(httpc.nowDate()));
+                
+                // maybe the content length is missing
+                if (!(cachedResponseHeader.containsKey("CONTENT-LENGTH")))
+                    cachedResponseHeader.put("CONTENT-LENGTH", Long.toString(cacheFile.length()));
+                
+                // check if we can send a 304 instead the complete content
+                if (requestHeader.containsKey("IF-MODIFIED-SINCE")) {
+                    // conditional request: freshness of cache for that condition was already
+                    // checked within shallUseCache(). Now send only a 304 response
+                    log.logInfo("CACHE HIT/304 " + cacheFile.toString());
+                    
+                    // send cached header with replaced date and added length
+                    respondHeader(respond, "304 OK", cachedResponseHeader); // respond with 'not modified'
+                    
+                } else {
+                    // unconditional request: send content of cache
+                    log.logInfo("CACHE HIT/203 " + cacheFile.toString());
+                    
+                    // send cached header with replaced date and added length
+                    respondHeader(respond, "203 OK", cachedResponseHeader); // respond with 'non-authoritative'
+                    
+                    // make a transformer
+                    if ((!(transformer.isIdentityTransformer())) &&
+                        ((ext == null) || (!(switchboard.extensionBlack.contains(ext)))) &&
+                        ((cachedResponseHeader == null) || (httpd.isTextMime(cachedResponseHeader.mime(), switchboard.mimeWhite)))) {
+                        hfos = new htmlFilterOutputStream(respond, null, transformer, (ext.length() == 0));
+                    } else {
+                        hfos = respond;
+                    }
+                    
+                    // send also the complete body now from the cache
+                    // simply read the file and transfer to out socket
+                    InputStream is = new FileInputStream(cacheFile);
+                    byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
+                    int l;
+                    while ((l = is.read(buffer)) > 0) {hfos.write(buffer, 0, l);}
+                    is.close();
+                    if (hfos instanceof htmlFilterOutputStream) ((htmlFilterOutputStream) hfos).finalize();
+                }
+                // that's it!
+            } catch (SocketException e) {
+                // this happens if the client stops loading the file
+                // we do nothing here
+                respondError(respond, "111 socket error: " + e.getMessage(), 1, url.toString());
+            }
+            respond.flush();
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        // the cache does either not exist or is (supposed to be) stale
+        long sizeBeforeDelete = -1;
+        if (cacheExists) {
+            // delete the cache
+            sizeBeforeDelete = cacheFile.length();
+            cacheFile.delete();
+        }
+        
+        // take a new file from the server
+        httpc remote = null;
+        httpc.response res = null;
+        
+        try {
+            // open the connection
+            if (yAddress == null) {
+                remote = newhttpc(host, port, timeout);
+            } else {
+                remote = newhttpc(yAddress, timeout);
+            }
+            //System.out.println("HEADER: CLIENT TO PROXY = " + requestHeader.toString()); // DEBUG
+            
+            // send request
+            res = remote.GET(remotePath, requestHeader);
+            long contentLength = res.responseHeader.contentLength();
+            
+            // reserver cache entry
+            cacheEntry = cacheManager.newEntry(requestDate, 0, url, requestHeader, res.status, res.responseHeader, null, switchboard.defaultProxyProfile);
+            
+            // handle file types
+            if (((ext == null) || (!(switchboard.extensionBlack.contains(ext)))) &&
+                (httpd.isTextMime(res.responseHeader.mime(), switchboard.mimeWhite))) {
+		// this is a file that is a possible candidate for parsing by the indexer
+                if (transformer.isIdentityTransformer()) {
+		    log.logDebug("create passthrough (parse candidate) for url " + url);
+                    // no transformation, only passthrough
+		    // this is especially the case if the bluelist is empty
+		    // in that case, the content is not scraped here but later
+                    hfos = respond;
+                } else {
+                    // make a scraper and transformer
+		    log.logDebug("create scraper for url " + url);
+                    scraper = new htmlFilterContentScraper(url);
+                    hfos = new htmlFilterOutputStream(respond, scraper, transformer, (ext.length() == 0));
+                    if (((htmlFilterOutputStream) hfos).binarySuspect()) {
+                        scraper = null; // forget it, may be rubbish
+                        log.logDebug("Content of " + url + " is probably binary. deleted scraper.");
+                    }
+                    cacheEntry.scraper = scraper;
+                }
+            } else {
+                log.logDebug("Resource " + url + " has wrong extension (" + ext + ") or wrong mime-type (" + res.responseHeader.mime() + "). not scraped");
+                scraper = null;
+                hfos = respond;
+                cacheEntry.scraper = scraper;
+            }
+            
+            // handle incoming cookies
+            handleIncomingCookies(res.responseHeader, host, ip);
+            
+            // request has been placed and result has been returned. work off response
+            try {
+                respondHeader(respond, res.status, res.responseHeader);
+                String storeError;
+                if ((storeError = cacheEntry.shallStoreCache()) == null) {
+                    // we write a new cache entry
+                    if ((contentLength > 0) && // known
+                        (contentLength < 1048576)) {// 1 MB
+                        // ok, we don't write actually into a file, only to RAM, and schedule writing the file.
+                        byte[] cacheArray = res.writeContent(hfos);
+			log.logDebug("writeContent of " + url + " produced cacheArray = " + ((cacheArray == null) ? "null" : ("size=" + cacheArray.length)));
+
+                        if (hfos instanceof htmlFilterOutputStream) ((htmlFilterOutputStream) hfos).finalize();
+                        
+                        if (sizeBeforeDelete == -1) {
+                            // totally fresh file
+                            cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_FILL; // it's an insert
+                            cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry, cacheArray);
+                        } else if (sizeBeforeDelete == cacheArray.length) {
+                            // before we came here we deleted a cache entry
+                            cacheArray = null;
+                            cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_STALE_RELOAD_BAD;
+                            cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry); // unnecessary update
+                        } else {
+                            // before we came here we deleted a cache entry
+                            cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_STALE_RELOAD_GOOD;
+                            cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry, cacheArray); // necessary update, write response header to cache
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // the file is too big to cache it in the ram, or the size is unknown
+			// write to file right here.
+                        cacheFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+                        res.writeContent(hfos, cacheFile);
+                        if (hfos instanceof htmlFilterOutputStream) ((htmlFilterOutputStream) hfos).finalize();
+			log.logDebug("for write-file of " + url + ": contentLength = " + contentLength + ", sizeBeforeDelete = " + sizeBeforeDelete);
+                        if (sizeBeforeDelete == -1) {
+                            // totally fresh file
+                            cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_FILL; // it's an insert
+                            cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry);
+                        } else if (sizeBeforeDelete == cacheFile.length()) {
+                            // before we came here we deleted a cache entry
+                            cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_STALE_RELOAD_BAD;
+                            cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry); // unnecessary update
+                        } else {
+                            // before we came here we deleted a cache entry
+                            cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_STALE_RELOAD_GOOD;
+                            cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry); // necessary update, write response header to cache
+                        }
+			// beware! all these writings will not fill the cacheEntry.cacheArray
+			// that means they are not available for the indexer (except they are scraped before)
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // no caching
+                    log.logDebug(cacheFile.toString() + " not cached: " + storeError);
+                    res.writeContent(hfos, null);
+                    if (hfos instanceof htmlFilterOutputStream) ((htmlFilterOutputStream) hfos).finalize();
+                    if (sizeBeforeDelete == -1) {
+                        // no old file and no load. just data passing
+                        cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_PASSING;
+                        cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry);
+                    } else {
+                        // before we came here we deleted a cache entry
+                        cacheEntry.status = plasmaHTCache.CACHE_STALE_NO_RELOAD;
+                        cacheManager.stackProcess(cacheEntry);
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (SocketException e) {
+                // this may happen if the client suddenly closes its connection
+                // maybe the user has stopped loading
+                // in that case, we are not responsible and just forget it
+                // but we clean the cache also, since it may be only partial
+                // and most possible corrupted
+                if (cacheFile.exists()) cacheFile.delete();
+                respondHeader(respond,"404 client unexpectedly closed connection", new httpHeader(null));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+		// can have various reasons
+                if (cacheFile.exists()) cacheFile.delete();
+		if (e.getMessage().indexOf("Corrupt GZIP trailer") >= 0) {
+		    // just do nothing, we leave it this way
+                    log.logDebug("ignoring bad gzip trail for URL " + url + " (" + e.getMessage() + ")");
+		} else {
+		    respondHeader(respond,"404 client unexpectedly closed connection", new httpHeader(null));
+                    log.logDebug("IOError for URL " + url + " (" + e.getMessage() + ") - responded 404");
+		    e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+            }
+            remote.close();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // this may happen if the targeted host does not exist or anything with the
+            // remote server was wrong.
+            // in any case, sending a 404 is appropriate
+            try {
+                if ((e.toString().indexOf("unknown host")) > 0) {
+                    respondHeader(respond,"404 unknown host", new httpHeader(null));
+                } else {
+                    respondHeader(respond,"404 Not Found", new httpHeader(null));
+                    respond.write(("Exception occurred:\r\n").getBytes());
+                    respond.write((e.toString() + "\r\n").getBytes());
+                    respond.write(("[TRACE: ").getBytes());
+                    e.printStackTrace(new PrintStream(respond));
+                    respond.write(("]\r\n").getBytes());
+                }
+            } catch (Exception ee) {}
+        } finally {
+            if (remote != null) httpc.returnInstance(remote);
+        }
+        respond.flush();
+    }
+
+    
+    private void respondError(OutputStream respond, String origerror, int errorcase, String url) {
+        try {
+            // set rewrite values
+            serverObjects tp = new serverObjects();
+            tp.put("errormessage", errorcase);
+            tp.put("httperror", origerror);
+            tp.put("url", url);
+            
+            // rewrite the file
+            File file = new File(htRootPath, "/proxymsg/error.html");
+            byte[] result;
+            ByteArrayOutputStream o = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
+            httpTemplate.writeTemplate(fis, o, tp, "-UNRESOLVED_PATTERN-".getBytes());
+            o.close();
+            result = o.toByteArray();
+            
+            // return header
+            httpHeader header = new httpHeader();
+            header.put("Date", httpc.dateString(httpc.nowDate()));
+            header.put("Content-type", "text/html");
+            header.put("Content-length", "" + o.size());
+            header.put("Pragma", "no-cache");
+            
+            // write the array to the client
+            respondHeader(respond, origerror, header);
+            serverFileUtils.write(result, respond);
+            respond.flush();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void doHead(Properties conProp, httpHeader requestHeader, OutputStream respond) throws IOException {
+	String method = conProp.getProperty("METHOD");
+	String host = conProp.getProperty("HOST");
+	String path = conProp.getProperty("PATH");
+	String args = conProp.getProperty("ARGS"); // may be null if no args were given
+	int port;
+	int pos;
+	if ((pos = host.indexOf(":")) < 0) {
+	    port = 80;
+	} else {
+	    port = Integer.parseInt(host.substring(pos + 1));
+	    host = host.substring(0, pos);
+	}
+
+	// check the blacklist, inspired by [AS]: respond a 404 for all AGIS (all you get is shit) servers
+	String hostlow = host.toLowerCase();
+        if (blacklistedURL(hostlow, path)) {
+            try {
+                respondHeader(respond,"404 Not Found (AGIS)", new httpHeader(null));
+                respond.write(("404 (generated): URL '" + hostlow + "' blocked by yacy proxy (blacklisted)\r\n").getBytes());
+                respond.flush();
+                serverLog.logInfo("PROXY", "AGIS blocking of host '" + hostlow + "'"); // debug
+                return;
+            } catch (Exception ee) {}
+        }
+
+	// set another userAgent, if not yellowlisted
+	if (!(yellowList.contains(domain(hostlow)))) {
+	    // change the User-Agent
+	    requestHeader.put("User-Agent", userAgent);
+	}
+	
+        // resolve yacy and yacyh domains
+        String yAddress = yacyCore.seedDB.resolveYacyAddress(host);
+        
+        // re-calc the url path
+	String remotePath = (args == null) ? path : (path + "?" + args);
+        
+        // attach possible yacy-sublevel-domain
+        if ((yAddress != null) && ((pos = yAddress.indexOf("/")) >= 0)) remotePath = yAddress.substring(pos) + remotePath;
+
+	httpc remote = null;
+	httpc.response res = null;
+
+	try {
+	    // open the connection
+            if (yAddress == null) {
+                remote = newhttpc(host, port, timeout);
+            } else {
+                remote = newhttpc(yAddress, timeout); // with [AS] patch
+            }
+	    res = remote.HEAD(remotePath, requestHeader);
+	    respondHeader(respond, res.status, res.responseHeader);
+	} catch (Exception e) {
+	    try {
+		respondHeader(respond,"404 Not Found", new httpHeader(null));
+		respond.write(("Exception occurred:\r\n").getBytes());
+		respond.write((e.toString() + "\r\n").getBytes());
+		respond.write(("[TRACE: ").getBytes());
+		e.printStackTrace(new PrintStream(respond));
+		respond.write(("]\r\n").getBytes());
+	    } catch (Exception ee) {}
+	} finally {
+        if (remote != null) httpc.returnInstance(remote);
+    }
+    
+	respond.flush();
+    }
+
+    public void doPost(Properties conProp, httpHeader requestHeader, OutputStream respond, PushbackInputStream body) throws IOException {
+	String host = conProp.getProperty("HOST");
+	String path = conProp.getProperty("PATH");
+	String args = conProp.getProperty("ARGS"); // may be null if no args were given
+	int port;
+	int pos;
+	if ((pos = host.indexOf(":")) < 0) {
+	    port = 80;
+	} else {
+	    port = Integer.parseInt(host.substring(pos + 1));
+	    host = host.substring(0, pos);
+	}
+
+	// set another userAgent, if not yellowlisted
+	if (!(yellowList.contains(domain(host).toLowerCase()))) {
+	    // change the User-Agent
+	    requestHeader.put("User-Agent", userAgent);
+	}
+	
+        // resolve yacy and yacyh domains
+        String yAddress = yacyCore.seedDB.resolveYacyAddress(host);
+        
+        // re-calc the url path
+        String remotePath = (args == null) ? path : (path + "?" + args);
+        
+        // attach possible yacy-sublevel-domain
+        if ((yAddress != null) && ((pos = yAddress.indexOf("/")) >= 0)) remotePath = yAddress.substring(pos) + remotePath;
+
+	httpc remote = null;
+	httpc.response res = null;
+
+	try {
+            if (yAddress == null) {
+                remote = newhttpc(host, port, timeout);
+            } else {
+                remote = newhttpc(yAddress, timeout);
+            }
+	    res = remote.POST(remotePath, requestHeader, body);
+	    respondHeader(respond, res.status, res.responseHeader);
+	    res.writeContent(respond, null);
+	    remote.close();
+	} catch (Exception e) {
+	    try {
+		respondHeader(respond,"404 Not Found", new httpHeader(null));
+		respond.write(("Exception occurred:\r\n").getBytes());
+		respond.write((e.toString() + "\r\n").getBytes());
+		respond.write(("[TRACE: ").getBytes());
+		e.printStackTrace(new PrintStream(respond));
+		respond.write(("]\r\n").getBytes());
+		} catch (Exception ee) {}
+	} finally {
+        if (remote != null) httpc.returnInstance(remote);
+    }
+	respond.flush();
+    }
+
+    public void doConnect(Properties conProp, de.anomic.http.httpHeader requestHeader, InputStream clientIn, OutputStream clientOut) throws IOException {
+        String host = conProp.getProperty("HOST");
+    	int    port = Integer.parseInt(conProp.getProperty("PORT"));
+    	String httpVersion = conProp.getProperty("HTTP");
+    	int timeout = Integer.parseInt(switchboard.getConfig("clientTimeout", "10000"));
+    
+    	// possibly branch into PROXY-PROXY connection
+    	if (remoteProxyUse) {
+            httpc remoteProxy = null;
+            try {
+        	    remoteProxy = httpc.getInstance(host, port, timeout, false, remoteProxyHost, remoteProxyPort);
+        	    httpc.response response = remoteProxy.CONNECT(host, port, requestHeader);
+        	    response.print();
+        	    if (response.success()) {
+            		// replace connection details
+            		host = remoteProxyHost;
+            		port = remoteProxyPort;
+            		// go on (see below)
+                } else {
+            		// pass error response back to client
+            		respondHeader(clientOut, response.status, response.responseHeader);
+            		return;
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new IOException(e.getMessage());
+            } finally {
+                if (remoteProxy != null) httpc.returnInstance(remoteProxy);
+            }
+    	} 
+    
+    	// try to establish connection to remote host
+    	Socket sslSocket = new Socket(host, port);
+    	sslSocket.setSoTimeout(timeout); // waiting time for write
+    	sslSocket.setSoLinger(true, timeout); // waiting time for read
+    	InputStream promiscuousIn  = sslSocket.getInputStream();
+    	OutputStream promiscuousOut = sslSocket.getOutputStream();
+    	
+    	// now then we can return a success message
+    	clientOut.write((httpVersion + " 200 Connection established" + serverCore.crlfString +
+    			 "Proxy-agent: YACY" + serverCore.crlfString +
+    			 serverCore.crlfString).getBytes());
+    	
+    	log.logInfo("SSL CONNECTION TO " + host + ":" + port + " ESTABLISHED");
+    	
+    	// start stream passing with mediate processes
+    	try {
+    	    Mediate cs = new Mediate(sslSocket, clientIn, promiscuousOut);
+    	    Mediate sc = new Mediate(sslSocket, promiscuousIn, clientOut);
+    	    cs.start();
+    	    sc.start();
+    	    while ((sslSocket != null) &&
+    		   (sslSocket.isBound()) &&
+    		   (!(sslSocket.isClosed())) &&
+    		   (sslSocket.isConnected()) &&
+    		   ((cs.isAlive()) || (sc.isAlive()))) {
+    		// idle
+    		try {Thread.currentThread().sleep(1000);} catch (InterruptedException e) {} // wait a while
+    	    }
+    	    // set stop mode
+    	    cs.pleaseTerminate();
+    	    sc.pleaseTerminate();
+    	    // wake up thread
+    	    cs.interrupt();
+    	    sc.interrupt();
+    	    // ...hope they have terminated...
+    	} catch (IOException e) {
+    	    //System.out.println("promiscuous termination: " + e.getMessage());
+    	}
+	
+    }
+
+    public class Mediate extends Thread {
+
+	boolean terminate;
+	Socket socket;
+	InputStream in;
+	OutputStream out;
+
+	public Mediate(Socket socket, InputStream in, OutputStream out) throws IOException {
+	    this.terminate = false;
+	    this.in = in;
+	    this.out = out;
+	    this.socket = socket;
+	}
+	
+	public void run() {
+	    byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
+	    int len;
+	    try {
+		while ((socket != null) &&
+		       (socket.isBound()) &&
+		       (!(socket.isClosed())) &&
+		       (socket.isConnected()) &&
+		       (!(terminate)) &&
+		       (in != null) &&
+		       (out != null) &&
+		       ((len = in.read(buffer)) >= 0)
+		       ) {
+		    out.write(buffer, 0, len); 
+		}
+	    } catch (IOException e) {}
+	}
+	
+	public void pleaseTerminate() {
+	    terminate = true;
+	}
+    }
+
+    private httpc newhttpc(String server, int port, int timeout) throws IOException {
+	// a new httpc connection, combined with possible remote proxy
+        boolean useProxy = remoteProxyUse;
+        // check no-proxy rule
+        if ((useProxy) && (!(remoteProxyAllowProxySet.contains(server)))) {
+            if (remoteProxyDisallowProxySet.contains(server)) {
+                useProxy = false;
+            } else {
+                // analyse remoteProxyNoProxy;
+                // set either remoteProxyAllowProxySet or remoteProxyDisallowProxySet accordingly
+                int i = 0;
+                while (i < remoteProxyNoProxyPatterns.length) {
+                    if (server.matches(remoteProxyNoProxyPatterns[i])) {
+                        // disallow proxy for this server
+                        remoteProxyDisallowProxySet.add(server);
+                        useProxy = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    i++;
+                }
+                if (i == remoteProxyNoProxyPatterns.length) {
+                    // no pattern matches: allow server
+                    remoteProxyAllowProxySet.add(server);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // branch to server/proxy
+        if (useProxy) {
+            return httpc.getInstance(server, port, timeout, false, remoteProxyHost, remoteProxyPort);
+        } else {
+	    return httpc.getInstance(server, port, timeout, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private httpc newhttpc(String address, int timeout) throws IOException {
+	// a new httpc connection for <host>:<port>/<path> syntax
+        // this is called when a '.yacy'-domain is used
+        int p = address.indexOf(":");
+        if (p < 0) return null;
+        String server = address.substring(0, p);
+        address = address.substring(p + 1);
+        // remove possible path elements (may occur for 'virtual' subdomains
+        p = address.indexOf("/");
+        if (p >= 0) address = address.substring(0, p); // cut it off
+        int port = Integer.parseInt(address);
+        // normal creation of httpc object
+        return newhttpc(server, port, timeout);
+    }
+    
+    private void respondHeader(OutputStream respond, String status, httpHeader header) throws IOException, SocketException {
+
+	// prepare header
+	//header.put("Server", "AnomicHTTPD (www.anomic.de)");
+	if (!(header.containsKey("date"))) header.put("Date", httpc.dateString(httpc.nowDate()));
+	if (!(header.containsKey("content-type"))) header.put("Content-type", "text/html"); // fix this
+
+	StringBuffer headerStringBuffer = new StringBuffer(200);
+    
+	// write status line
+	headerStringBuffer.append("HTTP/1.1 ").append(status).append("\r\n");
+
+	//System.out.println("HEADER: PROXY TO CLIENT = " + header.toString()); // DEBUG
+
+	// write header
+	Iterator i = header.keySet().iterator();
+	String key;
+	String value;
+        char tag;
+        int count;
+	//System.out.println("vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv");
+	while (i.hasNext()) {
+	    key = (String) i.next();
+            tag = key.charAt(0);
+	    if ((tag != '*') && (tag != '#')) { // '#' in key is reserved for proxy attributes as artificial header values
+                count = header.keyCount(key);
+                for (int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
+                    headerStringBuffer.append(key).append(": ").append((String) header.getSingle(key, j)).append("\r\n");  
+                }
+                //System.out.println("#" + key + ": " + value);
+	    }
+	}
+        headerStringBuffer.append("\r\n");
+
+	// end header
+	respond.write(headerStringBuffer.toString().getBytes());
+	respond.flush();
+    }
+
+
+    private void textMessage(OutputStream out, String body) throws IOException {
+	out.write(("HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n").getBytes());
+	out.write(("Server: AnomicHTTPD (www.anomic.de)\r\n").getBytes());
+	out.write(("Date: " + httpc.dateString(httpc.nowDate()) + "\r\n").getBytes());
+	out.write(("Content-type: text/plain\r\n").getBytes());
+	out.write(("Content-length: " + body.length() +"\r\n").getBytes());
+	out.write(("\r\n").getBytes());
+	out.flush();
+	out.write(body.getBytes());
+	out.flush();
+    }
+    
+    private void transferFile(OutputStream out, File f) throws IOException {
+	InputStream source = new FileInputStream(f);
+	byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
+	int bytes_read;
+	while ((bytes_read = source.read(buffer)) > 0) out.write(buffer, 0, bytes_read);
+	out.flush();
+	source.close();
+    }
+
+}
+
+/*
+proxy test:
+
+http://www.chipchapin.com/WebTools/cookietest.php?
+http://xlists.aza.org/moderator/cookietest/cookietest1.php
+http://vancouver-webpages.com/proxy/cache-test.html
+
+*/
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 169 is not released after line 177.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 171
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+HashSet httpdProxyHandler.loadSet(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.anomic.http.httpdProxyHandler.loadSet(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):java.util.HashSet.4546d49311f98035170bb01aebe21f24
+
+### File:
+source/de/anomic/http/httpdProxyHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+httpdProxyHandler.java|loadSet|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+4a821c56283b45052e9ffb95c2c53509
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4135/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4135/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2709fbeda0f2fb447694000f0d07c1d28de74710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4135/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** yacy_search_server
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// serverFileUtils.java 
+// -------------------------------------------
+// (C) by Michael Peter Christen; mc@anomic.de
+// first published on http://www.anomic.de
+// Frankfurt, Germany, 2004
+// last major change: 05.08.2004
+//
+// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+// GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+// along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+// Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+//
+// Using this software in any meaning (reading, learning, copying, compiling,
+// running) means that you agree that the Author(s) is (are) not responsible
+// for cost, loss of data or any harm that may be caused directly or indirectly
+// by usage of this softare or this documentation. The usage of this software
+// is on your own risk. The installation and usage (starting/running) of this
+// software may allow other people or application to access your computer and
+// any attached devices and is highly dependent on the configuration of the
+// software which must be done by the user of the software; the author(s) is
+// (are) also not responsible for proper configuration and usage of the
+// software, even if provoked by documentation provided together with
+// the software.
+//
+// Any changes to this file according to the GPL as documented in the file
+// gpl.txt aside this file in the shipment you received can be done to the
+// lines that follows this copyright notice here, but changes must not be
+// done inside the copyright notive above. A re-distribution must contain
+// the intact and unchanged copyright notice.
+// Contributions and changes to the program code must be marked as such.
+
+package de.anomic.server;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+public final class serverFileUtils {
+    
+    public static void copy(InputStream source, OutputStream dest) throws IOException {
+	byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
+	int c;
+	while ((c = source.read(buffer)) > 0) dest.write(buffer, 0, c);
+	dest.flush();
+    }
+          
+    public static void copy(InputStream source, File dest) throws IOException {
+        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(dest);
+        copy(source, fos);
+        fos.close();
+    }
+    
+    public static void copy(File source, OutputStream dest) throws IOException {
+	InputStream fis = new FileInputStream(source);
+        copy(fis, dest);
+	fis.close();
+    }
+    
+    public static void copy(File source, File dest) throws IOException {
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(source);
+        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(dest);
+        copy(fis, fos);
+        fis.close();
+        fos.close();
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] read(InputStream source) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        copy(source, baos);
+        baos.close();
+        return baos.toByteArray();
+    }
+    
+    public static byte[] read(File source) throws IOException {
+        byte[] buffer = new byte[(int) source.length()];
+        InputStream fis = new FileInputStream(source);
+        int p = 0;
+        int c;
+	while ((c = fis.read(buffer, p, buffer.length - p)) > 0) p += c;
+	fis.close();
+        return buffer;
+    }
+    
+    public static void write(byte[] source, OutputStream dest) throws IOException {
+        copy(new ByteArrayInputStream(source), dest);
+    }
+    
+    public static void write(byte[] source, File dest) throws IOException {
+        copy(new ByteArrayInputStream(source), dest);
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 90 is not released after line 95.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 93
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] serverFileUtils.read(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.anomic.server.serverFileUtils.read(java.io.File):byte[].5b34e48d8d29fd6b68e4a268cc46af90
+
+### File:
+source/de/anomic/server/serverFileUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+serverFileUtils.java|read|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+9d5d10fa8a42fffff78ff07a12d66cb0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4150/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4150/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37d410ac7312003a025cf6e85fa9bc747b2405f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4150/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-tracer
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.common.tracer.core.base;
+
+import com.alipay.common.tracer.core.TestUtil;
+import com.alipay.common.tracer.core.appender.TracerLogRootDaemon;
+import com.alipay.common.tracer.core.appender.builder.XStringBuilder;
+import com.alipay.common.tracer.core.reporter.type.TracerSystemLogEnum;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+/**
+ * AbstractTestBase
+ *
+ * @author yangguanchao
+ * @since 2017/07/01
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractTestBase {
+
+    public static final String MAP_PREFIX       = "M|";
+
+    /**
+     * Tracer Log Root Director Path
+     */
+    public static String       logDirectoryPath = TracerLogRootDaemon.LOG_FILE_DIR;
+
+    /**
+     * Clean Tracer Log Root Directory
+     */
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void beforeClass() {
+        for (File file : customFileLog("").listFiles()) {
+            if (file.getPath().contains("tracer-self.log") || file.getPath().contains("sync.log")
+                || file.getPath().contains("rpc-profile.log")
+                || file.getPath().contains("middleware_error.log")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            FileUtils.deleteQuietly(file);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void commonBeforeMethod() throws IOException {
+        File file = customFileLog(TracerSystemLogEnum.MIDDLEWARE_ERROR.getDefaultLogName());
+        if (file.exists()) {
+            FileUtils.writeStringToFile(file, "");
+        }
+        file = customFileLog(TracerSystemLogEnum.RPC_PROFILE.getDefaultLogName());
+        if (file.exists()) {
+            FileUtils.writeStringToFile(file, "");
+        }
+        file = tracerSelfLog();
+        if (file.exists()) {
+            FileUtils.writeStringToFile(file, "");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check whether is error message printed.
+     *
+     * @return
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    protected boolean checkSelfLogContainsError() throws IOException {
+        File tracerSelfLog = tracerSelfLog();
+        if (!tracerSelfLog.exists()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        String selfLogContent = FileUtils.readFileToString(tracerSelfLog);
+        return selfLogContent.contains("ERROR");
+    }
+
+    protected static File customFileLog(String fileName) {
+        return new File(logDirectoryPath + File.separator + fileName);
+    }
+
+    protected static File tracerSelfLog() {
+        return new File(logDirectoryPath + File.separator + "tracer-self.log");
+    }
+
+    protected static File middlewareErrorLog() {
+        return new File(logDirectoryPath + File.separator
+                        + TracerSystemLogEnum.MIDDLEWARE_ERROR.getDefaultLogName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查传入的参数和日志中的内容是否匹配
+     *
+     * @param params String Array which is compared with logContent.
+     * @param logContent String Content which is split up with comma
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean checkResult(List<String> params, String logContent) {
+        Assert.assertNotNull(params);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(logContent);
+
+        List<String> slots = Arrays.asList(logContent.split(String
+            .valueOf(XStringBuilder.DEFAULT_SEPARATOR)));
+
+        assertEquals("日志内容中的栏位数量为 " + slots.size() + ";参数的栏位数量为" + params.size() + ";两者不一致",
+            params.size(), slots.size());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < params.size(); i++) {
+            String param = params.get(i);
+            String slot = slots.get(i);
+            if (param == null) {
+                if (slot == null || "null".equals(slot)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (param.length() > 2 && param.startsWith("M|")) {
+                Assert.assertTrue("日志和参数中的第 " + i + " 栏内容不一致，日志中为 " + slot + ";参数中为 " + param,
+                    TestUtil.compareSlotMap(param.substring(2), slot));
+            } else {
+                Assert.assertTrue("日志和参数中的第 " + i + " 栏内容不一致，日志中为 " + slot + ";参数中为 " + param,
+                    param.equals(slot));
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `customFileLog("").listFiles()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 55.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractTestBase.beforeClass()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.common.tracer.core.base.AbstractTestBase.beforeClass():void.de5c1c845de58166e043ba945051241c
+
+### File:
+tracer-core/src/test/java/com/alipay/common/tracer/core/base/AbstractTestBase.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractTestBase.java|beforeClass|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+24ee14a57e8a90ab88fc833015223ecd
+
+### Hash:
+5ca8a12dda4a486cf77bb411d84e8a2f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4151/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4151/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..526ccfb9923c4fee84f10b7615a6da4bca451fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4151/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mybatis-PageHelper
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2017 abel533@gmail.com
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.github.pagehelper;
+
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.Cache;
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.CacheFactory;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.MSUtils;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.ibatis.cache.CacheKey;
+import org.apache.ibatis.executor.Executor;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.BoundSql;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.MappedStatement;
+import org.apache.ibatis.plugin.*;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.Configuration;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.ResultHandler;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.RowBounds;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/**
+ * Mybatis - 通用分页拦截器<br/>
+ * 项目地址 : http://git.oschina.net/free/Mybatis_PageHelper
+ *
+ * @author liuzh/abel533/isea533
+ * @version 5.0.0
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
+@Intercepts(
+    {
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class}),
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class, CacheKey.class, BoundSql.class}),
+    }
+)
+public class PageInterceptor implements Interceptor {
+    //缓存count查询的ms
+    protected Cache<String, MappedStatement> msCountMap = null;
+    private volatile Dialect dialect;
+    private String default_dialect_class = "com.github.pagehelper.PageHelper";
+    private Field additionalParametersField;
+    private String countSuffix = "_COUNT";
+
+    @Override
+    public Object intercept(Invocation invocation) throws Throwable {
+        try {
+            Object[] args = invocation.getArgs();
+            MappedStatement ms = (MappedStatement) args[0];
+            Object parameter = args[1];
+            RowBounds rowBounds = (RowBounds) args[2];
+            ResultHandler resultHandler = (ResultHandler) args[3];
+            Executor executor = (Executor) invocation.getTarget();
+            CacheKey cacheKey;
+            BoundSql boundSql;
+            //由于逻辑关系，只会进入一次
+            if(args.length == 4){
+                //4 个参数时
+                boundSql = ms.getBoundSql(parameter);
+                cacheKey = executor.createCacheKey(ms, parameter, rowBounds, boundSql);
+            } else {
+                //6 个参数时
+                cacheKey = (CacheKey) args[4];
+                boundSql = (BoundSql) args[5];
+            }
+
+            // Spring bean 方式配置时，如果没有配置属性就不会执行下面的 setProperties 方法，就不会初始化
+            // 因此这里会出现 null 的情况 fixed #26
+            if(dialect == null){
+                synchronized (default_dialect_class){
+                    if(dialect == null){
+                        setProperties(new Properties());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            List resultList;
+            //调用方法判断是否需要进行分页，如果不需要，直接返回结果
+            if (!dialect.skip(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                //反射获取动态参数
+                String msId = ms.getId();
+                Configuration configuration = ms.getConfiguration();
+                Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+                //判断是否需要进行 count 查询
+                if (dialect.beforeCount(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    String countMsId = msId + countSuffix;
+                    Long count;
+                    //先判断是否存在手写的 count 查询
+                    MappedStatement countMs = getExistedMappedStatement(configuration, countMsId);
+                    if(countMs != null){
+                        count = executeManualCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, resultHandler);
+                    } else {
+                        countMs = msCountMap.get(countMsId);
+                        //自动创建
+                        if (countMs == null) {
+                            //根据当前的 ms 创建一个返回值为 Long 类型的 ms
+                            countMs = MSUtils.newCountMappedStatement(ms, countMsId);
+                            msCountMap.put(countMsId, countMs);
+                        }
+                        count = executeAutoCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, rowBounds, resultHandler);
+                    }
+                    //处理查询总数
+                    //返回 true 时继续分页查询，false 时直接返回
+                    if (!dialect.afterCount(count, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                        //当查询总数为 0 时，直接返回空的结果
+                        return dialect.afterPage(new ArrayList(), parameter, rowBounds);
+                    }
+                }
+                //判断是否需要进行分页查询
+                if (dialect.beforePage(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    //生成分页的缓存 key
+                    CacheKey pageKey = cacheKey;
+                    //处理参数对象
+                    parameter = dialect.processParameterObject(ms, parameter, boundSql, pageKey);
+                    //调用方言获取分页 sql
+                    String pageSql = dialect.getPageSql(ms, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, pageKey);
+                    BoundSql pageBoundSql = new BoundSql(configuration, pageSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+                    //设置动态参数
+                    for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+                        pageBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+                    }
+                    //执行分页查询
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, pageKey, pageBoundSql);
+                } else {
+                    //不执行分页的情况下，也不执行内存分页
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+                }
+            } else {
+                //rowBounds用参数值，不使用分页插件处理时，仍然支持默认的内存分页
+                resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, rowBounds, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+            }
+            return dialect.afterPage(resultList, parameter, rowBounds);
+        } finally {
+            dialect.afterAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行手动设置的 count 查询，该查询支持的参数必须和被分页的方法相同
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeManualCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = countMs.getBoundSql(parameter);
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = ((Number) ((List) countResultList).get(0)).longValue();
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行自动生成的 count 查询
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param rowBounds
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeAutoCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   RowBounds rowBounds, ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+        //创建 count 查询的缓存 key
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        //调用方言获取 count sql
+        String countSql = dialect.getCountSql(countMs, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, countKey);
+        //countKey.update(countSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = new BoundSql(countMs.getConfiguration(), countSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+        //当使用动态 SQL 时，可能会产生临时的参数，这些参数需要手动设置到新的 BoundSql 中
+        for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+            countBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+        }
+        //执行 count 查询
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = (Long) ((List) countResultList).get(0);
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 尝试获取已经存在的在 MS，提供对手写count和page的支持
+     *
+     * @param configuration
+     * @param msId
+     * @return
+     */
+    private MappedStatement getExistedMappedStatement(Configuration configuration, String msId){
+        MappedStatement mappedStatement = null;
+        try {
+            mappedStatement = configuration.getMappedStatement(msId, false);
+        } catch (Throwable t){
+            //ignore
+        }
+        return mappedStatement;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object plugin(Object target) {
+        return Plugin.wrap(target, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
+        //缓存 count ms
+        msCountMap = CacheFactory.createCache(properties.getProperty("msCountCache"), "ms", properties);
+        String dialectClass = properties.getProperty("dialect");
+        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(dialectClass)) {
+            dialectClass = default_dialect_class;
+        }
+        try {
+            Class<?> aClass = Class.forName(dialectClass);
+            dialect = (Dialect) aClass.newInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+        dialect.setProperties(properties);
+
+        String countSuffix = properties.getProperty("countSuffix");
+        if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(countSuffix)) {
+            this.countSuffix = countSuffix;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            //反射获取 BoundSql 中的 additionalParameters 属性
+            additionalParametersField = BoundSql.class.getDeclaredField("additionalParameters");
+            additionalParametersField.setAccessible(true);
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.setProperties` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.additionalParametersField`. Potentially races with write in method `PageInterceptor.intercept(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PageInterceptor.setProperties(Properties)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.setProperties(java.util.Properties):void.7f6f30bd159da648d37afbfa1aa82ef6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/pagehelper/PageInterceptor.java
+
+### Key:
+PageInterceptor.java|setProperties|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a54822aaa99e33def2f917fb2b0b1a2c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4156/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4156/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8931e8ddaa751541ce545b8faeade3cddbcadad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4156/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mybatis-PageHelper
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2017 abel533@gmail.com
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.github.pagehelper;
+
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.Cache;
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.CacheFactory;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.MSUtils;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.ibatis.cache.CacheKey;
+import org.apache.ibatis.executor.Executor;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.BoundSql;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.MappedStatement;
+import org.apache.ibatis.plugin.*;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.Configuration;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.ResultHandler;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.RowBounds;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/**
+ * Mybatis - 通用分页拦截器<br/>
+ * 项目地址 : http://git.oschina.net/free/Mybatis_PageHelper
+ *
+ * @author liuzh/abel533/isea533
+ * @version 5.0.0
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
+@Intercepts(
+    {
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class}),
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class, CacheKey.class, BoundSql.class}),
+    }
+)
+public class PageInterceptor implements Interceptor {
+    //缓存count查询的ms
+    protected Cache<String, MappedStatement> msCountMap = null;
+    private volatile Dialect dialect;
+    private String default_dialect_class = "com.github.pagehelper.PageHelper";
+    private Field additionalParametersField;
+    private String countSuffix = "_COUNT";
+
+    @Override
+    public Object intercept(Invocation invocation) throws Throwable {
+        try {
+            Object[] args = invocation.getArgs();
+            MappedStatement ms = (MappedStatement) args[0];
+            Object parameter = args[1];
+            RowBounds rowBounds = (RowBounds) args[2];
+            ResultHandler resultHandler = (ResultHandler) args[3];
+            Executor executor = (Executor) invocation.getTarget();
+            CacheKey cacheKey;
+            BoundSql boundSql;
+            //由于逻辑关系，只会进入一次
+            if(args.length == 4){
+                //4 个参数时
+                boundSql = ms.getBoundSql(parameter);
+                cacheKey = executor.createCacheKey(ms, parameter, rowBounds, boundSql);
+            } else {
+                //6 个参数时
+                cacheKey = (CacheKey) args[4];
+                boundSql = (BoundSql) args[5];
+            }
+
+            // Spring bean 方式配置时，如果没有配置属性就不会执行下面的 setProperties 方法，就不会初始化
+            // 因此这里会出现 null 的情况 fixed #26
+            if(dialect == null){
+                synchronized (default_dialect_class){
+                    if(dialect == null){
+                        setProperties(new Properties());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            List resultList;
+            //调用方法判断是否需要进行分页，如果不需要，直接返回结果
+            if (!dialect.skip(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                //反射获取动态参数
+                String msId = ms.getId();
+                Configuration configuration = ms.getConfiguration();
+                Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+                //判断是否需要进行 count 查询
+                if (dialect.beforeCount(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    String countMsId = msId + countSuffix;
+                    Long count;
+                    //先判断是否存在手写的 count 查询
+                    MappedStatement countMs = getExistedMappedStatement(configuration, countMsId);
+                    if(countMs != null){
+                        count = executeManualCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, resultHandler);
+                    } else {
+                        countMs = msCountMap.get(countMsId);
+                        //自动创建
+                        if (countMs == null) {
+                            //根据当前的 ms 创建一个返回值为 Long 类型的 ms
+                            countMs = MSUtils.newCountMappedStatement(ms, countMsId);
+                            msCountMap.put(countMsId, countMs);
+                        }
+                        count = executeAutoCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, rowBounds, resultHandler);
+                    }
+                    //处理查询总数
+                    //返回 true 时继续分页查询，false 时直接返回
+                    if (!dialect.afterCount(count, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                        //当查询总数为 0 时，直接返回空的结果
+                        return dialect.afterPage(new ArrayList(), parameter, rowBounds);
+                    }
+                }
+                //判断是否需要进行分页查询
+                if (dialect.beforePage(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    //生成分页的缓存 key
+                    CacheKey pageKey = cacheKey;
+                    //处理参数对象
+                    parameter = dialect.processParameterObject(ms, parameter, boundSql, pageKey);
+                    //调用方言获取分页 sql
+                    String pageSql = dialect.getPageSql(ms, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, pageKey);
+                    BoundSql pageBoundSql = new BoundSql(configuration, pageSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+                    //设置动态参数
+                    for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+                        pageBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+                    }
+                    //执行分页查询
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, pageKey, pageBoundSql);
+                } else {
+                    //不执行分页的情况下，也不执行内存分页
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+                }
+            } else {
+                //rowBounds用参数值，不使用分页插件处理时，仍然支持默认的内存分页
+                resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, rowBounds, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+            }
+            return dialect.afterPage(resultList, parameter, rowBounds);
+        } finally {
+            dialect.afterAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行手动设置的 count 查询，该查询支持的参数必须和被分页的方法相同
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeManualCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = countMs.getBoundSql(parameter);
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = ((Number) ((List) countResultList).get(0)).longValue();
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行自动生成的 count 查询
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param rowBounds
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeAutoCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   RowBounds rowBounds, ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+        //创建 count 查询的缓存 key
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        //调用方言获取 count sql
+        String countSql = dialect.getCountSql(countMs, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, countKey);
+        //countKey.update(countSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = new BoundSql(countMs.getConfiguration(), countSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+        //当使用动态 SQL 时，可能会产生临时的参数，这些参数需要手动设置到新的 BoundSql 中
+        for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+            countBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+        }
+        //执行 count 查询
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = (Long) ((List) countResultList).get(0);
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 尝试获取已经存在的在 MS，提供对手写count和page的支持
+     *
+     * @param configuration
+     * @param msId
+     * @return
+     */
+    private MappedStatement getExistedMappedStatement(Configuration configuration, String msId){
+        MappedStatement mappedStatement = null;
+        try {
+            mappedStatement = configuration.getMappedStatement(msId, false);
+        } catch (Throwable t){
+            //ignore
+        }
+        return mappedStatement;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object plugin(Object target) {
+        return Plugin.wrap(target, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
+        //缓存 count ms
+        msCountMap = CacheFactory.createCache(properties.getProperty("msCountCache"), "ms", properties);
+        String dialectClass = properties.getProperty("dialect");
+        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(dialectClass)) {
+            dialectClass = default_dialect_class;
+        }
+        try {
+            Class<?> aClass = Class.forName(dialectClass);
+            dialect = (Dialect) aClass.newInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+        dialect.setProperties(properties);
+
+        String countSuffix = properties.getProperty("countSuffix");
+        if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(countSuffix)) {
+            this.countSuffix = countSuffix;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            //反射获取 BoundSql 中的 additionalParameters 属性
+            additionalParametersField = BoundSql.class.getDeclaredField("additionalParameters");
+            additionalParametersField.setAccessible(true);
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.intercept` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.countSuffix`. Potentially races with write in method `PageInterceptor.setProperties(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object PageInterceptor.intercept(Invocation)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.intercept(org.apache.ibatis.plugin.Invocation):java.lang.Objec.ec26e9d4e10a980f77b8ca004ccf40b7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/pagehelper/PageInterceptor.java
+
+### Key:
+PageInterceptor.java|intercept|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1cc0c58708ec328d78b78463f2cd0d35
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4157/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4157/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2288fe92fb3d863a7b2a41f5330ef75f02b5d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4157/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Mybatis-PageHelper
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2017 abel533@gmail.com
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.github.pagehelper;
+
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.Cache;
+import com.github.pagehelper.cache.CacheFactory;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.MSUtils;
+import com.github.pagehelper.util.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.ibatis.cache.CacheKey;
+import org.apache.ibatis.executor.Executor;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.BoundSql;
+import org.apache.ibatis.mapping.MappedStatement;
+import org.apache.ibatis.plugin.*;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.Configuration;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.ResultHandler;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.RowBounds;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/**
+ * Mybatis - 通用分页拦截器<br/>
+ * 项目地址 : http://git.oschina.net/free/Mybatis_PageHelper
+ *
+ * @author liuzh/abel533/isea533
+ * @version 5.0.0
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes", "unchecked"})
+@Intercepts(
+    {
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class}),
+        @Signature(type = Executor.class, method = "query", args = {MappedStatement.class, Object.class, RowBounds.class, ResultHandler.class, CacheKey.class, BoundSql.class}),
+    }
+)
+public class PageInterceptor implements Interceptor {
+    //缓存count查询的ms
+    protected Cache<String, MappedStatement> msCountMap = null;
+    private volatile Dialect dialect;
+    private String default_dialect_class = "com.github.pagehelper.PageHelper";
+    private Field additionalParametersField;
+    private String countSuffix = "_COUNT";
+
+    @Override
+    public Object intercept(Invocation invocation) throws Throwable {
+        try {
+            Object[] args = invocation.getArgs();
+            MappedStatement ms = (MappedStatement) args[0];
+            Object parameter = args[1];
+            RowBounds rowBounds = (RowBounds) args[2];
+            ResultHandler resultHandler = (ResultHandler) args[3];
+            Executor executor = (Executor) invocation.getTarget();
+            CacheKey cacheKey;
+            BoundSql boundSql;
+            //由于逻辑关系，只会进入一次
+            if(args.length == 4){
+                //4 个参数时
+                boundSql = ms.getBoundSql(parameter);
+                cacheKey = executor.createCacheKey(ms, parameter, rowBounds, boundSql);
+            } else {
+                //6 个参数时
+                cacheKey = (CacheKey) args[4];
+                boundSql = (BoundSql) args[5];
+            }
+
+            // Spring bean 方式配置时，如果没有配置属性就不会执行下面的 setProperties 方法，就不会初始化
+            // 因此这里会出现 null 的情况 fixed #26
+            if(dialect == null){
+                synchronized (default_dialect_class){
+                    if(dialect == null){
+                        setProperties(new Properties());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            List resultList;
+            //调用方法判断是否需要进行分页，如果不需要，直接返回结果
+            if (!dialect.skip(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                //反射获取动态参数
+                String msId = ms.getId();
+                Configuration configuration = ms.getConfiguration();
+                Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+                //判断是否需要进行 count 查询
+                if (dialect.beforeCount(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    String countMsId = msId + countSuffix;
+                    Long count;
+                    //先判断是否存在手写的 count 查询
+                    MappedStatement countMs = getExistedMappedStatement(configuration, countMsId);
+                    if(countMs != null){
+                        count = executeManualCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, resultHandler);
+                    } else {
+                        countMs = msCountMap.get(countMsId);
+                        //自动创建
+                        if (countMs == null) {
+                            //根据当前的 ms 创建一个返回值为 Long 类型的 ms
+                            countMs = MSUtils.newCountMappedStatement(ms, countMsId);
+                            msCountMap.put(countMsId, countMs);
+                        }
+                        count = executeAutoCount(executor, countMs, parameter, boundSql, rowBounds, resultHandler);
+                    }
+                    //处理查询总数
+                    //返回 true 时继续分页查询，false 时直接返回
+                    if (!dialect.afterCount(count, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                        //当查询总数为 0 时，直接返回空的结果
+                        return dialect.afterPage(new ArrayList(), parameter, rowBounds);
+                    }
+                }
+                //判断是否需要进行分页查询
+                if (dialect.beforePage(ms, parameter, rowBounds)) {
+                    //生成分页的缓存 key
+                    CacheKey pageKey = cacheKey;
+                    //处理参数对象
+                    parameter = dialect.processParameterObject(ms, parameter, boundSql, pageKey);
+                    //调用方言获取分页 sql
+                    String pageSql = dialect.getPageSql(ms, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, pageKey);
+                    BoundSql pageBoundSql = new BoundSql(configuration, pageSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+                    //设置动态参数
+                    for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+                        pageBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+                    }
+                    //执行分页查询
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, pageKey, pageBoundSql);
+                } else {
+                    //不执行分页的情况下，也不执行内存分页
+                    resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+                }
+            } else {
+                //rowBounds用参数值，不使用分页插件处理时，仍然支持默认的内存分页
+                resultList = executor.query(ms, parameter, rowBounds, resultHandler, cacheKey, boundSql);
+            }
+            return dialect.afterPage(resultList, parameter, rowBounds);
+        } finally {
+            dialect.afterAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行手动设置的 count 查询，该查询支持的参数必须和被分页的方法相同
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeManualCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = countMs.getBoundSql(parameter);
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = ((Number) ((List) countResultList).get(0)).longValue();
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行自动生成的 count 查询
+     *
+     * @param executor
+     * @param countMs
+     * @param parameter
+     * @param boundSql
+     * @param rowBounds
+     * @param resultHandler
+     * @return
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws SQLException
+     */
+    private Long executeAutoCount(Executor executor, MappedStatement countMs,
+                                   Object parameter, BoundSql boundSql,
+                                   RowBounds rowBounds, ResultHandler resultHandler) throws IllegalAccessException, SQLException {
+        Map<String, Object> additionalParameters = (Map<String, Object>) additionalParametersField.get(boundSql);
+        //创建 count 查询的缓存 key
+        CacheKey countKey = executor.createCacheKey(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, boundSql);
+        //调用方言获取 count sql
+        String countSql = dialect.getCountSql(countMs, boundSql, parameter, rowBounds, countKey);
+        //countKey.update(countSql);
+        BoundSql countBoundSql = new BoundSql(countMs.getConfiguration(), countSql, boundSql.getParameterMappings(), parameter);
+        //当使用动态 SQL 时，可能会产生临时的参数，这些参数需要手动设置到新的 BoundSql 中
+        for (String key : additionalParameters.keySet()) {
+            countBoundSql.setAdditionalParameter(key, additionalParameters.get(key));
+        }
+        //执行 count 查询
+        Object countResultList = executor.query(countMs, parameter, RowBounds.DEFAULT, resultHandler, countKey, countBoundSql);
+        Long count = (Long) ((List) countResultList).get(0);
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 尝试获取已经存在的在 MS，提供对手写count和page的支持
+     *
+     * @param configuration
+     * @param msId
+     * @return
+     */
+    private MappedStatement getExistedMappedStatement(Configuration configuration, String msId){
+        MappedStatement mappedStatement = null;
+        try {
+            mappedStatement = configuration.getMappedStatement(msId, false);
+        } catch (Throwable t){
+            //ignore
+        }
+        return mappedStatement;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object plugin(Object target) {
+        return Plugin.wrap(target, this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setProperties(Properties properties) {
+        //缓存 count ms
+        msCountMap = CacheFactory.createCache(properties.getProperty("msCountCache"), "ms", properties);
+        String dialectClass = properties.getProperty("dialect");
+        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(dialectClass)) {
+            dialectClass = default_dialect_class;
+        }
+        try {
+            Class<?> aClass = Class.forName(dialectClass);
+            dialect = (Dialect) aClass.newInstance();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+        dialect.setProperties(properties);
+
+        String countSuffix = properties.getProperty("countSuffix");
+        if (StringUtil.isNotEmpty(countSuffix)) {
+            this.countSuffix = countSuffix;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            //反射获取 BoundSql 中的 additionalParameters 属性
+            additionalParametersField = BoundSql.class.getDeclaredField("additionalParameters");
+            additionalParametersField.setAccessible(true);
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            throw new PageException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.intercept` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.additionalParametersField`. Potentially races with write in method `PageInterceptor.setProperties(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object PageInterceptor.intercept(Invocation)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.pagehelper.PageInterceptor.intercept(org.apache.ibatis.plugin.Invocation):java.lang.Objec.ec26e9d4e10a980f77b8ca004ccf40b7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/pagehelper/PageInterceptor.java
+
+### Key:
+PageInterceptor.java|intercept|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+3f5abe62b427edd3330972f64fc8a382
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4160/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4160/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..869886fbfc8f2787f6d7d8fb6c2a6256b4cfb1bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4160/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,836 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** giraph
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.giraph.zk;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.giraph.graph.GiraphJob;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileStatus;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerMain;
+
+/**
+ * Manages the election of ZooKeeper servers, starting/stopping the services,
+ * etc.
+ */
+public class ZooKeeperManager {
+    /** Job context (mainly for progress) */
+    private Mapper<?, ?, ?, ?>.Context context;
+    /** Hadoop configuration */
+    private final Configuration conf;
+    /** Class logger */
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ZooKeeperManager.class);
+    /** Task partition, to ensure uniqueness */
+    private final int taskPartition;
+    /** HDFS base directory for all file-based coordination */
+    private final Path baseDirectory;
+    /**
+     * HDFS task ZooKeeper candidate/completed
+     * directory for all file-based coordination
+     */
+    private final Path taskDirectory;
+    /**
+     * HDFS ZooKeeper server ready/done directory
+     * for all file-based coordination
+     */
+    private final Path serverDirectory;
+    /** HDFS path to whether the task is done */
+    private final Path myClosedPath;
+    /** Polling msecs timeout */
+    private final int pollMsecs;
+    /** Server count */
+    private final int serverCount;
+    /** File system */
+    private final FileSystem fs;
+    /** ZooKeeper process */
+    private Process zkProcess = null;
+    /** Thread that gets the zkProcess output */
+    private StreamCollector zkProcessCollector = null;
+    /** ZooKeeper local file system directory */
+    private String zkDir = null;
+    /** ZooKeeper config file path */
+    private String configFilePath = null;
+    /** ZooKeeper server list */
+    private final Map<String, Integer> zkServerPortMap =
+        new TreeMap<String, Integer>();
+    /** ZooKeeper base port */
+    private int zkBasePort = -1;
+    /** Final ZooKeeper server port list (for clients) */
+    private String zkServerPortString;
+    /** My hostname */
+    private String myHostname = null;
+    /** Job id, to ensure uniqueness */
+    private final String jobId;
+    /**
+     * Default local ZooKeeper prefix directory to use (where ZooKeeper server
+     * files will go)
+     */
+    private final String zkDirDefault;
+
+
+    /** Separates the hostname and task in the candidate stamp */
+    private static final String HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR = " ";
+    /** The ZooKeeperString filename prefix */
+    private static final String ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX =
+        "zkServerList_";
+    /** Denotes that the computation is done for a partition */
+    private static final String COMPUTATION_DONE_SUFFIX = ".COMPUTATION_DONE";
+    /** State of the application */
+    public enum State {
+        FAILED,
+        FINISHED
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate the final ZooKeeper coordination directory on HDFS
+     *
+     * @return directory path with job id
+     */
+    final private String getFinalZooKeeperPath() {
+        return GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_MANAGER_DIR_DEFAULT + "/" + jobId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collects the output of a stream and dumps it to the log.
+     */
+    private static class StreamCollector extends Thread {
+        /** Input stream to dump */
+        private final InputStream is;
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor.
+         * @param is InputStream to dump to LOG.info
+         */
+        public StreamCollector(final InputStream is) {
+            super(StreamCollector.class.getName());
+            this.is = is;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            InputStreamReader streamReader = new InputStreamReader(is);
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(streamReader);
+            String line = null;
+            try {
+                while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
+                    LOG.debug(line);
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.error("run: Ignoring IOException", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ZooKeeperManager(Mapper<?, ?, ?, ?>.Context context)
+            throws IOException {
+        this.context = context;
+        conf = context.getConfiguration();
+        taskPartition = conf.getInt("mapred.task.partition", -1);
+        jobId = conf.get("mapred.job.id", "Unknown Job");
+        baseDirectory =
+            new Path(conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_MANAGER_DIRECTORY,
+                                getFinalZooKeeperPath()));
+        taskDirectory = new Path(baseDirectory,
+                                   "_task");
+        serverDirectory = new Path(baseDirectory,
+                                    "_zkServer");
+        myClosedPath = new Path(taskDirectory,
+                                  Integer.toString(taskPartition) +
+                                  COMPUTATION_DONE_SUFFIX);
+        pollMsecs = conf.getInt(
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVERLIST_POLL_MSECS,
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVERLIST_POLL_MSECS_DEFAULT);
+        serverCount = conf.getInt(
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_COUNT,
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_COUNT_DEFAULT);
+        String jobLocalDir = conf.get("job.local.dir");
+        if (jobLocalDir != null) { // for non-local jobs
+            zkDirDefault = jobLocalDir +
+                "/_bspZooKeeper";
+        } else {
+            zkDirDefault = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/_bspZooKeeper";
+        }
+        zkDir = conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_DIR, zkDirDefault);
+        configFilePath = zkDir + "/zoo.cfg";
+        zkBasePort = conf.getInt(
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_PORT,
+            GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_PORT_DEFAULT);
+
+
+        myHostname = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getCanonicalHostName();
+        fs = FileSystem.get(conf);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create the candidate stamps and decide on the servers to start if
+     * you are partition 0.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    public void setup() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        createCandidateStamp();
+        getZooKeeperServerList();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a HDFS stamp for this task.  If another task already
+     * created it, then this one will fail, which is fine.
+     * @return true if create, false otherwise
+     */
+    public void createCandidateStamp() {
+        try {
+            fs.mkdirs(baseDirectory);
+            LOG.info("createCandidateStamp: Made the directory " +
+                      baseDirectory);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("createCandidateStamp: Failed to mkdirs " +
+                      baseDirectory);
+        }
+
+        Path myCandidacyPath = new Path(
+            taskDirectory, myHostname +
+            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR + taskPartition);
+        try {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("createCandidateStamp: Creating my filestamp " +
+                         myCandidacyPath);
+            }
+            fs.createNewFile(myCandidacyPath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("createCandidateStamp: Failed (maybe previous task " +
+                      "failed) to create filestamp " + myCandidacyPath, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Every task must create a stamp to let the ZooKeeper servers know that
+     * they can shutdown.  This also lets the task know that it was already
+     * completed.
+     */
+    private void createZooKeeperClosedStamp() {
+        try {
+            LOG.info("createZooKeeperClosedStamp: Creating my filestamp " +
+                     myClosedPath);
+            fs.createNewFile(myClosedPath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("createZooKeeperClosedStamp: Failed (maybe previous task " +
+                      "failed) to create filestamp " + myClosedPath);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if all the computation is done.
+     * @return true if all computation is done.
+     */
+    public boolean computationDone() {
+        try {
+            return fs.exists(myClosedPath);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Task 0 will call this to create the ZooKeeper server list.  The result is
+     * a file that describes the ZooKeeper servers through the filename.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private void createZooKeeperServerList()
+            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        int candidateRetrievalAttempt = 0;
+        Map<String, Integer> hostnameTaskMap =
+            new TreeMap<String, Integer>();
+        while (true) {
+            FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+                fs.listStatus(taskDirectory);
+            hostnameTaskMap.clear();
+            if (fileStatusArray.length > 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < fileStatusArray.length; ++i) {
+                    String[] hostnameTaskArray =
+                        fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName().split(
+                            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR);
+                    if (hostnameTaskArray.length != 2) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException(
+                            "getZooKeeperServerList: Task 0 failed " +
+                            "to parse " +
+                            fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName());
+                    }
+                    if (!hostnameTaskMap.containsKey(hostnameTaskArray[0])) {
+                        hostnameTaskMap.put(hostnameTaskArray[0],
+                                            new Integer(hostnameTaskArray[1]));
+                    }
+                }
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("getZooKeeperServerList: Got " +
+                             hostnameTaskMap.keySet() + " " +
+                             hostnameTaskMap.size() + " hosts from " +
+                             fileStatusArray.length + " candidates when " +
+                             serverCount + " required (polling period is " +
+                             pollMsecs + ") on attempt " +
+                             candidateRetrievalAttempt);
+                }
+                if (hostnameTaskMap.size() >= serverCount) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                ++candidateRetrievalAttempt;
+                Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+            }
+        }
+        StringBuffer serverListFile =
+            new StringBuffer(ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX);
+        int numServers = 0;
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> hostnameTask :
+            hostnameTaskMap.entrySet()) {
+            serverListFile.append(hostnameTask.getKey() +
+            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR + hostnameTask.getValue() +
+            HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR);
+            if (++numServers == serverCount) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        Path serverListPath =
+            new Path(baseDirectory, serverListFile.toString());
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("createZooKeeperServerList: Creating the final " +
+                     "ZooKeeper file '" + serverListPath + "'");
+        }
+        fs.createNewFile(serverListPath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make an attempt to get the server list file by looking for a file in
+     * the appropriate directory with the prefix
+     * ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX.
+     * @return null if not found or the filename if found
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private String getServerListFile() throws IOException {
+        String serverListFile = null;
+        FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+            fs.listStatus(baseDirectory);
+        for (FileStatus fileStatus : fileStatusArray) {
+            if (fileStatus.getPath().getName().startsWith(
+                    ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX)) {
+                serverListFile = fileStatus.getPath().getName();
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return serverListFile;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Task 0 is the designated master and will generate the server list
+     * (unless it has already done so).  Other
+     * tasks will consume the file after it is created (just the filename).
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private void getZooKeeperServerList()
+            throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        int serverListFileAttempt = 0;
+        String serverListFile = null;
+
+        if (taskPartition == 0) {
+            serverListFile = getServerListFile();
+            if (serverListFile == null) {
+                createZooKeeperServerList();
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            serverListFile = getServerListFile();
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("getZooKeeperServerList: For task " + taskPartition +
+                         ", got file '" + serverListFile +
+                         "' (polling period is " +
+                         pollMsecs + ")");
+            }
+            if (serverListFile != null) {
+                break;
+            }
+            ++serverListFileAttempt;
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                LOG.warn("getZooKeeperServerList: Strange interrupted " +
+                         "exception " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        List<String> serverHostList = Arrays.asList(serverListFile.substring(
+            ZOOKEEPER_SERVER_LIST_FILE_PREFIX.length()).split(
+                HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR));
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("getZooKeeperServerList: Found " + serverHostList + " " +
+                     serverHostList.size() +
+                     " hosts in filename '" + serverListFile + "'");
+        }
+        if (serverHostList.size() != serverCount * 2) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "getZooKeeperServerList: Impossible " +
+                " that " + serverHostList.size() +
+                " != 2 * " +
+                serverCount + " asked for.");
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < serverHostList.size(); i += 2) {
+            zkServerPortMap.put(serverHostList.get(i),
+                                  Integer.parseInt(serverHostList.get(i+1)));
+        }
+        zkServerPortString = "";
+        for (String server : zkServerPortMap.keySet()) {
+            if (zkServerPortString.length() > 0) {
+                zkServerPortString += ",";
+            }
+            zkServerPortString += server + ":" + zkBasePort;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Users can get the server port string to connect to ZooKeeper
+     * @return server port string - comma separated
+     */
+    public String getZooKeeperServerPortString() {
+        return zkServerPortString;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whoever is elected to be a ZooKeeper server must generate a config file
+     * locally.
+     */
+    private void generateZooKeeperConfigFile(List<String> serverList) {
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("generateZooKeeperConfigFile: Creating file " +
+                     configFilePath + " in " + zkDir + " with base port " +
+                     zkBasePort);
+        }
+        try {
+            File zkDirFile = new File(this.zkDir);
+            zkDirFile.mkdirs();
+            File configFile = new File(configFilePath);
+            configFile.delete();
+            configFile.createNewFile();
+            configFile.setWritable(true, false); // writable by everybody
+            OutputStreamWriter writer = new FileWriter(configFilePath);
+            writer.write("tickTime=" + GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_TICK_TIME + "\n");
+            writer.write("dataDir=" + this.zkDir + "\n");
+            writer.write("clientPort=" + zkBasePort + "\n");
+            writer.write("maxClientCnxns=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_MAX_CLIENT_CNXNS +"\n");
+            writer.write("minSessionTimeout=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_MIN_SESSION_TIMEOUT +"\n");
+            writer.write("maxSessionTimeout=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_MAX_SESSION_TIMEOUT +"\n");
+            writer.write("initLimit=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_INIT_LIMIT + "\n");
+            writer.write("syncLimit=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_SYNC_LIMIT + "\n");
+            writer.write("snapCount=" +
+                         GiraphJob.DEFAULT_ZOOKEEPER_SNAP_COUNT + "\n");
+            if (serverList.size() != 1) {
+                writer.write("electionAlg=0\n");
+                for (int i = 0; i < serverList.size(); ++i) {
+                    writer.write("server." + i + "=" + serverList.get(i) +
+                                 ":" + (zkBasePort + 1) +
+                                 ":" + (zkBasePort + 2) + "\n");
+                    if (myHostname.equals(serverList.get(i))) {
+                        OutputStreamWriter myidWriter = new FileWriter(
+                                                            zkDir + "/myid");
+                        myidWriter.write(i + "\n");
+                        myidWriter.close();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            writer.flush();
+            writer.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "generateZooKeeperConfigFile: Failed to write file", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If this task has been selected, online a ZooKeeper server.  Otherwise,
+     * wait until this task knows that the ZooKeeper servers have been onlined.
+     */
+    public void onlineZooKeeperServers() {
+        Integer taskId = zkServerPortMap.get(myHostname);
+        if ((taskId != null) && (taskId.intValue() == taskPartition)) {
+            File zkDirFile = new File(this.zkDir);
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Trying to delete old " +
+                             "directory " + this.zkDir);
+                }
+                FileUtils.deleteDirectory(zkDirFile);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed to delete " +
+                         "directory " + this.zkDir);
+            }
+            generateZooKeeperConfigFile(
+                new ArrayList<String>(zkServerPortMap.keySet()));
+            ProcessBuilder processBuilder = new ProcessBuilder();
+            List<String> commandList = new ArrayList<String>();
+            String javaHome = System.getProperty("java.home");
+            if (javaHome == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "onlineZooKeeperServers: java.home is not set!");
+            }
+            commandList.add(javaHome + "/bin/java");
+            commandList.add(conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_JAVA_OPTS,
+                        GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_JAVA_OPTS_DEFAULT));
+            commandList.add("-cp");
+            Path fullJarPath = new Path(conf.get(GiraphJob.ZOOKEEPER_JAR));
+            commandList.add(fullJarPath.toString());
+            commandList.add(QuorumPeerMain.class.getName());
+            commandList.add(configFilePath);
+            processBuilder.command(commandList);
+            File execDirectory = new File(zkDir);
+            processBuilder.directory(execDirectory);
+            processBuilder.redirectErrorStream(true);
+            LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Attempting to start ZooKeeper " +
+                "server with command " + commandList);
+            try {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    zkProcess = processBuilder.start();
+                }
+                zkProcessCollector =
+                    new StreamCollector(zkProcess.getInputStream());
+                zkProcessCollector.start();
+                Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+                    public void run() {
+                        synchronized (this) {
+                            if (zkProcess != null) {
+                                LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: "+
+                                    "Forced a shutdown hook kill of the " +
+                                    "ZooKeeper process.");
+                                zkProcess.destroy();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+                Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(runnable));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.error("onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed to start " +
+                          "ZooKeeper process");
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Once the server is up and running, notify that this server is up
+             * and running by dropping a ready stamp.
+             */
+            int connectAttempts = 0;
+            while (connectAttempts < 5) {
+                try {
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Connect attempt " +
+                                 connectAttempts + " trying to connect to " +
+                                 myHostname + ":" + zkBasePort +
+                                 " with poll msecs = " + pollMsecs);
+                    }
+                    InetSocketAddress zkServerAddress =
+                        new InetSocketAddress(myHostname, zkBasePort);
+                    Socket testServerSock = new Socket();
+                    testServerSock.connect(zkServerAddress, 5000);
+                    LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Connected!");
+                    break;
+                } catch (SocketTimeoutException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                             "SocketTimeoutException", e);
+                } catch (ConnectException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                             "ConnectException", e);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                             "IOException", e);
+                }
+
+                ++connectAttempts;
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Sleep of " + pollMsecs +
+                             " interrupted - " + e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+            if (connectAttempts == 5) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed to connect in 5 tries!");
+            }
+            Path myReadyPath = new Path(
+                    serverDirectory, myHostname +
+                    HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR + taskPartition);
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Creating my filestamp " +
+                             myReadyPath);
+                }
+                fs.createNewFile(myReadyPath);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.error("onlineZooKeeperServers: Failed (maybe previous " +
+                          "task failed) to create filestamp " + myReadyPath);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            List<String> foundList = new ArrayList<String>();
+            int readyRetrievalAttempt = 0;
+            while (true) {
+                try {
+                    FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+                        fs.listStatus(serverDirectory);
+                    foundList.clear();
+                    if ((fileStatusArray != null) &&
+                        (fileStatusArray.length > 0)) {
+                        for (int i = 0; i < fileStatusArray.length; ++i) {
+                            String[] hostnameTaskArray =
+                                fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName().split(
+                                    HOSTNAME_TASK_SEPARATOR);
+                            if (hostnameTaskArray.length != 2) {
+                                throw new RuntimeException(
+                                    "getZooKeeperServerList: Task 0 failed " +
+                                    "to parse " +
+                                    fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName());
+                            }
+                            foundList.add(hostnameTaskArray[0]);
+                        }
+                        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperServers: Got " +
+                                     foundList + " " +
+                                     foundList.size() + " hosts from " +
+                                     fileStatusArray.length +
+                                     " ready servers when " +
+                                     serverCount +
+                                     " required (polling period is " +
+                                     pollMsecs + ") on attempt " +
+                                     readyRetrievalAttempt);
+                        }
+                        if (foundList.containsAll(zkServerPortMap.keySet())) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                            LOG.info("onlineZooKeeperSErvers: Empty " +
+                                     "directory " + serverDirectory +
+                                     ", waiting " + pollMsecs + " msecs.");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+                    ++readyRetrievalAttempt;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("onlineZooKeeperServers: Strange interrupt from " +
+                             e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wait for all map tasks to signal completion.
+     *
+     * @param totalMapTasks Number of map tasks to wait for
+     */
+    private void waitUntilAllTasksDone(int totalMapTasks) {
+        int attempt = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                FileStatus [] fileStatusArray =
+                    fs.listStatus(taskDirectory);
+                int totalDone = 0;
+                if (fileStatusArray.length > 0) {
+                    for (int i = 0; i < fileStatusArray.length; ++i) {
+                        if (fileStatusArray[i].getPath().getName().endsWith(
+                            COMPUTATION_DONE_SUFFIX)) {
+                            ++totalDone;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                LOG.info("waitUntilAllTasksDone: Got " + totalDone +
+                         " and " + totalMapTasks +
+                         " desired (polling period is " +
+                         pollMsecs + ") on attempt " +
+                         attempt);
+                if (totalDone >= totalMapTasks) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                ++attempt;
+                Thread.sleep(pollMsecs);
+               context.progress();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOG.warn("waitUntilAllTasksDone: Got IOException.", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                LOG.warn("waitUntilAllTasksDone: Got InterruptedException" + e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify the ZooKeeper servers that this partition is done with all
+     * ZooKeeper communication.  If this task is running a ZooKeeper server,
+     * kill it when all partitions are done and wait for
+     * completion.  Clean up the ZooKeeper local directory as well.
+     *
+     * @param success when true, call @createZooKeeperClosedStamp
+     */
+    public void offlineZooKeeperServers(State state) {
+        if (state == State.FINISHED) {
+            createZooKeeperClosedStamp();
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (zkProcess != null) {
+                int totalMapTasks = conf.getInt("mapred.map.tasks", -1);
+                waitUntilAllTasksDone(totalMapTasks);
+                zkProcess.destroy();
+                int exitValue = -1;
+                File zkDirFile = null;
+                try {
+                    zkProcessCollector.join();
+                    exitValue = zkProcess.waitFor();
+                    zkDirFile = new File(zkDir);
+                    FileUtils.deleteDirectory(zkDirFile);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("offlineZooKeeperServers: " +
+                             "InterruptedException, but continuing ",
+                             e);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.warn("offlineZooKeeperSevers: " +
+                             "IOException, but continuing",
+                             e);
+                }
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("offlineZooKeeperServers: waitFor returned " +
+                             exitValue + " and deleted directory " + zkDir);
+                }
+                zkProcess = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Is this task running a ZooKeeper server?  Only could be true if called
+     *  after onlineZooKeeperServers().
+     *
+     *  @return true if running a ZooKeeper server, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean runsZooKeeper() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            return zkProcess != null;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.giraph.zk.ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.giraph.zk.ZooKeeperManager.zkProcess`. Potentially races with write in method `ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.giraph.zk.ZooKeeperManager.onlineZooKeeperServers():void.a727034a4ecf5b9abafcf564c09ce0d5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/giraph/zk/ZooKeeperManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ZooKeeperManager.java|onlineZooKeeperServers|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+0ff8e99f74524f86e2f90cb5fd01a542
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4161/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4161/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0cf9d78677a6029079f60521f55f66b8565a902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4161/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2064 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** giraph
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to Yahoo! under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  Yahoo! licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.giraph.graph;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FSDataOutputStream;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileStatus;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.PathFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Writable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableComparable;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.RunningJob;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Counter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.InputSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.EventType;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs.Ids;
+
+import org.apache.giraph.bsp.BspInputFormat;
+import org.apache.giraph.bsp.CentralizedService;
+import org.apache.giraph.bsp.CentralizedServiceMaster;
+import org.apache.giraph.graph.GraphMapper.MapFunctions;
+import org.apache.giraph.zk.BspEvent;
+import org.apache.giraph.zk.PredicateLock;
+
+/**
+ * Zookeeper-based implementation of {@link CentralizedService}.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+public class BspServiceMaster<
+        I extends WritableComparable,
+        V extends Writable,
+        E extends Writable, M extends Writable>
+        extends BspService<I, V, E, M>
+        implements CentralizedServiceMaster<I, V, E, M> {
+    /** Class logger */
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(BspServiceMaster.class);
+    /** Synchronizes vertex ranges */
+    private Object vertexRangeSynchronization = new Object();
+    /** Superstep counter */
+    private Counter superstepCounter = null;
+    /** Vertex counter */
+    private Counter vertexCounter = null;
+    /** Finished vertex counter */
+    private Counter finishedVertexCounter = null;
+    /** Edge counter */
+    private Counter edgeCounter = null;
+    /** Sent messages counter */
+    private Counter sentMessagesCounter = null;
+    /** Workers on this superstep */
+    private Counter currentWorkersCounter = null;
+    /** Am I the master? */
+    private boolean isMaster = false;
+    /** Max number of workers */
+    private final int maxWorkers;
+    /** Min number of workers */
+    private final int minWorkers;
+    /** Min % responded workers */
+    private final float minPercentResponded;
+    /** Poll period in msecs */
+    private final int msecsPollPeriod;
+    /** Max number of poll attempts */
+    private final int maxPollAttempts;
+    /** Min number of long tails before printing */
+    private final int partitionLongTailMinPrint;
+    /** Last finalized checkpoint */
+    private long lastCheckpointedSuperstep = -1;
+    /** State of the superstep changed */
+    private final BspEvent superstepStateChanged =
+        new PredicateLock();
+
+    public BspServiceMaster(
+            String serverPortList,
+            int sessionMsecTimeout,
+            Mapper<?, ?, ?, ?>.Context context,
+            GraphMapper<I, V, E, M> graphMapper) {
+        super(serverPortList, sessionMsecTimeout, context, graphMapper);
+        registerBspEvent(superstepStateChanged);
+
+        maxWorkers =
+            getConfiguration().getInt(GiraphJob.MAX_WORKERS, -1);
+        minWorkers =
+            getConfiguration().getInt(GiraphJob.MIN_WORKERS, -1);
+        minPercentResponded =
+            getConfiguration().getFloat(GiraphJob.MIN_PERCENT_RESPONDED,
+                                        100.0f);
+        msecsPollPeriod =
+            getConfiguration().getInt(GiraphJob.POLL_MSECS,
+                                      GiraphJob.POLL_MSECS_DEFAULT);
+        maxPollAttempts =
+            getConfiguration().getInt(GiraphJob.POLL_ATTEMPTS,
+                                      GiraphJob.POLL_ATTEMPTS_DEFAULT);
+        partitionLongTailMinPrint = getConfiguration().getInt(
+            GiraphJob.PARTITION_LONG_TAIL_MIN_PRINT,
+            GiraphJob.PARTITION_LONG_TAIL_MIN_PRINT_DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setJobState(State state,
+                            long applicationAttempt,
+                            long desiredSuperstep) {
+        JSONObject jobState = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            jobState.put(JSONOBJ_STATE_KEY, state.toString());
+            jobState.put(JSONOBJ_APPLICATION_ATTEMPT_KEY, applicationAttempt);
+            jobState.put(JSONOBJ_SUPERSTEP_KEY, desiredSuperstep);
+        } catch (JSONException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("setJobState: Coudn't put " +
+                                       state.toString());
+        }
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("setJobState: " + jobState.toString() + " on superstep " +
+                     getSuperstep());
+        }
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(MASTER_JOB_STATE_PATH + "/jobState",
+                                 jobState.toString().getBytes(),
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT_SEQUENTIAL,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "setJobState: Imposible that " +
+                MASTER_JOB_STATE_PATH + " already exists!", e);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "setJobState: Unknown KeeperException for " +
+                MASTER_JOB_STATE_PATH, e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "setJobState: Unknown InterruptedException for " +
+                MASTER_JOB_STATE_PATH, e);
+        }
+
+        if (state == BspService.State.FAILED) {
+            failJob();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Master uses this to calculate the {@link VertexInputFormat}
+     * input splits and write it to ZooKeeper.
+     *
+     * @param numWorkers Number of available workers
+     * @throws InstantiationException
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private List<InputSplit> generateInputSplits(int numWorkers) {
+        VertexInputFormat<I, V, E> vertexInputFormat =
+            BspUtils.<I, V, E>createVertexInputFormat(getConfiguration());
+        List<InputSplit> splits;
+        try {
+            splits = vertexInputFormat.getSplits(getContext(), numWorkers);
+            return splits;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "generateInputSplits: Got IOException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "generateInputSplits: Got InterruptedException", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * When there is no salvaging this job, fail it.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private void failJob() {
+        LOG.fatal("failJob: Killing job " + getJobId());
+        try {
+            @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+            org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobClient jobClient =
+                new org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobClient(
+                    (org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf)
+                    getConfiguration());
+            @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+            org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobID jobId =
+                org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobID.forName(getJobId());
+            RunningJob job = jobClient.getJob(jobId);
+            job.killJob();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the healthy and unhealthy workers for a superstep
+     *
+     * @param superstep superstep to check
+     * @param healthyWorkerList filled in with current data
+     * @param unhealthyWorkerList filled in with current data
+     */
+    private void getWorkers(long superstep,
+                            List<String> healthyWorkerList,
+                            List<String> unhealthyWorkerList) {
+        String healthyWorkerPath =
+            getWorkerHealthyPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep);
+        String unhealthyWorkerPath =
+            getWorkerUnhealthyPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep);
+
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(healthyWorkerPath,
+                                 null,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("getWorkers: " + healthyWorkerPath +
+                          " already exists, no need to create.");
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: IllegalStateException"
+                                            , e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(unhealthyWorkerPath,
+                                 null,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("getWorkers: " + healthyWorkerPath +
+                          " already exists, no need to create.");
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: IllegalStateException"
+                                            , e);
+        }
+
+        List<String> currentHealthyWorkerList = null;
+        List<String> currentUnhealthyWorkerList = null;
+        try {
+            currentHealthyWorkerList =
+                getZkExt().getChildrenExt(healthyWorkerPath, true, false, false);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NoNodeException e) {
+            LOG.info("getWorkers: No node for " + healthyWorkerPath);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: IllegalStateException"
+                                            , e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            currentUnhealthyWorkerList =
+                getZkExt().getChildrenExt(unhealthyWorkerPath, true, false, false);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NoNodeException e) {
+            LOG.info("getWorkers: No node for " + unhealthyWorkerPath);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("getWorkers: IllegalStateException"
+                                            , e);
+        }
+
+        healthyWorkerList.clear();
+        if (currentHealthyWorkerList != null) {
+            for (String healthyWorker : currentHealthyWorkerList) {
+                healthyWorkerList.add(healthyWorker);
+            }
+        }
+
+        unhealthyWorkerList.clear();
+        if (currentUnhealthyWorkerList != null) {
+            for (String unhealthyWorker : currentUnhealthyWorkerList) {
+                unhealthyWorkerList.add(unhealthyWorker);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check the workers to ensure that a minimum number of good workers exists
+     * out of the total that have reported.
+     *
+     * @return map of healthy worker list to JSONArray(hostname, port)
+     */
+    private Map<String, JSONArray> checkWorkers() {
+        boolean failJob = true;
+        int pollAttempt = 0;
+        List<String> healthyWorkerList = new ArrayList<String>();
+        List<String> unhealthyWorkerList = new ArrayList<String>();
+        int totalResponses = -1;
+        while (pollAttempt < maxPollAttempts) {
+            getWorkers(
+                getSuperstep(), healthyWorkerList, unhealthyWorkerList);
+            totalResponses = healthyWorkerList.size() +
+                unhealthyWorkerList.size();
+            if ((totalResponses * 100.0f / maxWorkers) >=
+                    minPercentResponded) {
+                failJob = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            getContext().setStatus(getGraphMapper().getMapFunctions() + " " +
+                                   "checkWorkers: Only found " +
+                                   totalResponses +
+                                   " responses of " + maxWorkers +
+                                   " needed to start superstep " +
+                                   getSuperstep());
+            if (getWorkerHealthRegistrationChangedEvent().waitMsecs(
+                    msecsPollPeriod)) {
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("checkWorkers: Got event that health " +
+                              "registration changed, not using poll attempt");
+                }
+                getWorkerHealthRegistrationChangedEvent().reset();
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("checkWorkers: Only found " + totalResponses +
+                         " responses of " + maxWorkers +
+                         " needed to start superstep " +
+                         getSuperstep() + ".  Sleeping for " +
+                         msecsPollPeriod + " msecs and used " + pollAttempt +
+                         " of " + maxPollAttempts + " attempts.");
+                // Find the missing workers if there are only a few
+                if ((maxWorkers - totalResponses) <= partitionLongTailMinPrint) {
+                    Set<Integer> partitionSet = new TreeSet<Integer>();
+                    for (String hostnamePartitionId : healthyWorkerList) {
+                        int lastIndex = hostnamePartitionId.lastIndexOf("_");
+                        Integer partition = Integer.parseInt(
+                            hostnamePartitionId.substring(lastIndex + 1));
+                        partitionSet.add(partition);
+                    }
+                    for (String hostnamePartitionId : unhealthyWorkerList) {
+                        int lastIndex = hostnamePartitionId.lastIndexOf("_");
+                        Integer partition = Integer.parseInt(
+                            hostnamePartitionId.substring(lastIndex + 1));
+                        partitionSet.add(partition);
+                    }
+                    for (int i = 1; i <= maxWorkers; ++i) {
+                        if (partitionSet.contains(new Integer(i))) {
+                            continue;
+                        } else if (i == getTaskPartition()) {
+                            continue;
+                        } else {
+                            LOG.info("checkWorkers: No response from "+
+                                     "partition " + i + " (could be master)");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ++pollAttempt;
+        }
+        if (failJob) {
+            LOG.warn("checkWorkers: Did not receive enough processes in " +
+                     "time (only " + totalResponses + " of " +
+                     minWorkers + " required)");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (healthyWorkerList.size() < minWorkers) {
+            LOG.warn("checkWorkers: Only " + healthyWorkerList.size() +
+                     " available when " + minWorkers + " are required.");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Map<String, JSONArray> workerHostnamePortMap =
+            new HashMap<String, JSONArray>();
+        for (String healthyWorker: healthyWorkerList) {
+            String healthyWorkerPath = null;
+            try {
+                healthyWorkerPath =
+                    getWorkerHealthyPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                         getSuperstep()) + "/" +  healthyWorker;
+                JSONArray hostnamePortArray =
+                    new JSONArray(
+                        new String(getZkExt().getData(healthyWorkerPath,
+                                                      false,
+                                                      null)));
+                workerHostnamePortMap.put(healthyWorker, hostnamePortArray);
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(
+                    "checkWorkers: Problem fetching hostname and port for " +
+                    healthyWorker + " in " + healthyWorkerPath);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "checkWorkers: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "checkWorkers: IllegalStateException", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return workerHostnamePortMap;
+    }
+
+    public int createInputSplits() {
+        // Only the 'master' should be doing this.  Wait until the number of
+        // processes that have reported health exceeds the minimum percentage.
+        // If the minimum percentage is not met, fail the job.  Otherwise
+        // generate the input splits
+        try {
+            if (getZkExt().exists(INPUT_SPLIT_PATH, false) != null) {
+                LOG.info(INPUT_SPLIT_PATH +
+                         " already exists, no need to create");
+                return Integer.parseInt(
+                    new String(
+                        getZkExt().getData(INPUT_SPLIT_PATH, false, null)));
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException.NoNodeException e) {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("createInputSplits: Need to create the " +
+                         "input splits at " + INPUT_SPLIT_PATH);
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "createInputSplits: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "createInputSplits: IllegalStateException", e);
+        }
+
+        // When creating znodes, in case the master has already run, resume
+        // where it left off.
+        Map<String, JSONArray> healthyWorkerHostnamePortMap = checkWorkers();
+        if (healthyWorkerHostnamePortMap == null) {
+            setJobState(State.FAILED, -1, -1);
+        }
+
+        List<InputSplit> splitList =
+            generateInputSplits(healthyWorkerHostnamePortMap.size());
+        if (healthyWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() > splitList.size()) {
+            LOG.warn("createInputSplits: Number of inputSplits="
+                     + splitList.size() + " < " +
+                     healthyWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() +
+                     "=number of healthy processes");
+        }
+        else if (healthyWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() < splitList.size()) {
+            LOG.fatal("masterGenerateInputSplits: Number of inputSplits="
+                      + splitList.size() + " > " +
+                      healthyWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() +
+                      "=number of healthy processes");
+            setJobState(State.FAILED, -1, -1);
+        }
+        String inputSplitPath = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i< splitList.size(); ++i) {
+            try {
+                ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream =
+                    new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                DataOutput outputStream =
+                    new DataOutputStream(byteArrayOutputStream);
+                InputSplit inputSplit = splitList.get(i);
+                Text.writeString(outputStream,
+                                 inputSplit.getClass().getName());
+                ((Writable) inputSplit).write(outputStream);
+                inputSplitPath = INPUT_SPLIT_PATH + "/" + i;
+                getZkExt().createExt(inputSplitPath,
+                                     byteArrayOutputStream.toByteArray(),
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                     true);
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("createInputSplits: Created input split " +
+                              "with index " + i + " serialized as " +
+                              byteArrayOutputStream.toString());
+                }
+            } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("createInputSplits: Node " +
+                             inputSplitPath + " already exists.");
+                }
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "createInputSplits: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "createInputSplits: IllegalStateException", e);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "createInputSplits: IOException", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Let workers know they can start trying to load the input splits
+        try {
+            getZkExt().create(INPUT_SPLITS_ALL_READY_PATH,
+                        null,
+                        Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                        CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            LOG.info("createInputSplits: Node " +
+                     INPUT_SPLITS_ALL_READY_PATH + " already exists.");
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "createInputSplits: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "createInputSplits: IllegalStateException", e);
+        }
+
+        return splitList.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read the finalized checkpoint file and associated metadata files for the
+     * checkpoint.  Assign one worker per checkpoint point (and associated
+     * vertex ranges).  Remove any unused chosen workers
+     * (this is safe since it wasn't finalized).  The workers can then
+     * find the vertex ranges within the files.  It is an
+     * optimization to prevent all workers from searching all the files.
+     * Also read in the aggregator data from the finalized checkpoint
+     * file.
+     *
+     * @param superstep checkpoint set to examine.
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     * @throws KeeperException
+     */
+    private void mapFilesToWorkers(long superstep,
+                                   List<String> chosenWorkerList)
+            throws IOException, KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+        FileSystem fs = getFs();
+        List<Path> validMetadataPathList = new ArrayList<Path>();
+        String finalizedCheckpointPath =
+            getCheckpointBasePath(superstep) + CHECKPOINT_FINALIZED_POSTFIX;
+        DataInputStream finalizedStream =
+            fs.open(new Path(finalizedCheckpointPath));
+        int prefixFileCount = finalizedStream.readInt();
+        for (int i = 0; i < prefixFileCount; ++i) {
+            String metadataFilePath =
+                finalizedStream.readUTF() + CHECKPOINT_METADATA_POSTFIX;
+            validMetadataPathList.add(new Path(metadataFilePath));
+        }
+
+        // Set the merged aggregator data if it exists.
+        int aggregatorDataSize = finalizedStream.readInt();
+        if (aggregatorDataSize > 0) {
+            byte [] aggregatorZkData = new byte[aggregatorDataSize];
+            int actualDataRead =
+                finalizedStream.read(aggregatorZkData, 0, aggregatorDataSize);
+            if (actualDataRead != aggregatorDataSize) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(
+                    "mapFilesToWorkers: Only read " + actualDataRead + " of " +
+                    aggregatorDataSize + " aggregator bytes from " +
+                    finalizedCheckpointPath);
+            }
+            String mergedAggregatorPath =
+                getMergedAggregatorPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep - 1);
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("mapFilesToWorkers: Reloading merged aggregator " +
+                         "data '" + Arrays.toString(aggregatorZkData) +
+                         "' to previous checkpoint in path " +
+                         mergedAggregatorPath);
+            }
+            if (getZkExt().exists(mergedAggregatorPath, false) == null) {
+                getZkExt().createExt(mergedAggregatorPath,
+                                     aggregatorZkData,
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                     true);
+            }
+            else {
+                getZkExt().setData(mergedAggregatorPath, aggregatorZkData, -1);
+            }
+        }
+        finalizedStream.close();
+
+        Map<String, Set<String>> workerFileSetMap =
+            new HashMap<String, Set<String>>();
+        // Reading the metadata files.  For now, implement simple algorithm:
+        // 1. Every file is set an input split and the partitions are mapped
+        //    accordingly
+        // 2. Every worker gets a hint about which files to look in to find
+        //    the input splits
+        int chosenWorkerListIndex = 0;
+        int inputSplitIndex = 0;
+        I maxVertexIndex = BspUtils.<I>createVertexIndex(getConfiguration());
+        for (Path metadataPath : validMetadataPathList) {
+            String checkpointFilePrefix = metadataPath.toString();
+            checkpointFilePrefix =
+                checkpointFilePrefix.substring(
+                0,
+                checkpointFilePrefix.length() -
+                CHECKPOINT_METADATA_POSTFIX.length());
+            DataInputStream metadataStream = fs.open(metadataPath);
+            long entries = metadataStream.readLong();
+            JSONArray vertexRangeMetaArray = new JSONArray();
+            JSONArray vertexRangeArray = new JSONArray();
+            String chosenWorker =
+                chosenWorkerList.get(chosenWorkerListIndex);
+            for (long i = 0; i < entries; ++i) {
+                long dataPos = metadataStream.readLong();
+                Long vertexCount = metadataStream.readLong();
+                Long edgeCount = metadataStream.readLong();
+                maxVertexIndex.readFields(metadataStream);
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("mapFileToWorkers: File " + metadataPath +
+                              " with position " + dataPos + ", vertex count " +
+                              vertexCount + " assigned to " + chosenWorker);
+                }
+                ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream =
+                    new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);
+                maxVertexIndex.write(output);
+
+                JSONObject vertexRangeObj = new JSONObject();
+
+                try {
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY,
+                                       vertexCount);
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY,
+                                       edgeCount);
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_HOSTNAME_ID_KEY,
+                                       chosenWorker);
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_CHECKPOINT_FILE_PREFIX_KEY,
+                                       checkpointFilePrefix);
+                    vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_MAX_VERTEX_INDEX_KEY,
+                                       Base64.encodeBase64String(
+                                           outputStream.toByteArray()));
+                    vertexRangeMetaArray.put(vertexRangeObj);
+                    vertexRangeArray.put(outputStream.toString("UTF-8"));
+                } catch (JSONException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "mapFilesToWorkers: JSONException ", e);
+                }
+
+                if (!workerFileSetMap.containsKey(chosenWorker)) {
+                    workerFileSetMap.put(chosenWorker, new HashSet<String>());
+                }
+                Set<String> fileSet = workerFileSetMap.get(chosenWorker);
+                fileSet.add(metadataPath.toString());
+            }
+            metadataStream.close();
+
+            String inputSplitPathFinishedPath =
+                INPUT_SPLIT_PATH + "/" + inputSplitIndex +
+                INPUT_SPLIT_FINISHED_NODE;
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("mapFilesToWorkers: Assigning (if not empty) " +
+                          chosenWorker + " the following vertexRanges: " +
+                          vertexRangeArray.toString());
+            }
+
+            // Assign the input splits if there is at least one vertex range
+            if (vertexRangeArray.length() == 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("mapFilesToWorkers: vertexRangeMetaArray size=" +
+                             vertexRangeMetaArray.toString().length());
+                }
+                getZkExt().createExt(inputSplitPathFinishedPath,
+                                     vertexRangeMetaArray.toString().getBytes(),
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                     true);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "mapFilesToWorkers: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "mapFilesToWorkers: IllegalStateException", e);
+            }
+            ++inputSplitIndex;
+            ++chosenWorkerListIndex;
+            if (chosenWorkerListIndex == chosenWorkerList.size()) {
+                chosenWorkerListIndex = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setup() {
+        // Might have to manually load a checkpoint.
+        // In that case, the input splits are not set, they will be faked by
+        // the checkpoint files.  Each checkpoint file will be an input split
+        // and the input split
+        superstepCounter = getContext().getCounter(
+            "Giraph Stats", "Superstep");
+        vertexCounter = getContext().getCounter(
+            "Giraph Stats", "Aggregate vertices");
+        finishedVertexCounter = getContext().getCounter(
+            "Giraph Stats", "Aggregate finished vertices");
+        edgeCounter = getContext().getCounter(
+            "Giraph Stats", "Aggregate edges");
+        sentMessagesCounter = getContext().getCounter(
+            "Giraph Stats", "Sent messages");
+        currentWorkersCounter = getContext().getCounter(
+            "Giraph Stats", "Current workers");
+        if (getRestartedSuperstep() == -1) {
+            return;
+        }
+        else if (getRestartedSuperstep() < -1) {
+            LOG.fatal("setup: Impossible to restart superstep " +
+                      getRestartedSuperstep());
+            setJobState(BspService.State.FAILED, -1, -1);
+        } else {
+            superstepCounter.increment(getRestartedSuperstep());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public boolean becomeMaster() {
+        // Create my bid to become the master, then try to become the worker
+        // or return false.
+        String myBid = null;
+        try {
+            myBid =
+                getZkExt().createExt(MASTER_ELECTION_PATH +
+                    "/" + getHostnamePartitionId(),
+                    null,
+                    Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                    CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL,
+                    true);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "becomeMaster: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "becomeMaster: IllegalStateException", e);
+        }
+        while (true) {
+            JSONObject jobState = getJobState();
+            try {
+                if ((jobState != null) &&
+                    State.valueOf(jobState.getString(JSONOBJ_STATE_KEY)) ==
+                        State.FINISHED) {
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("becomeMaster: Job is finished, " +
+                                 "give up trying to be the master!");
+                    }
+                    isMaster = false;
+                    return isMaster;
+                }
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "becomeMaster: Couldn't get state from " + jobState, e);
+            }
+            try {
+                List<String> masterChildArr =
+                    getZkExt().getChildrenExt(
+                        MASTER_ELECTION_PATH, true, true, true);
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("becomeMaster: First child is '" +
+                             masterChildArr.get(0) + "' and my bid is '" +
+                             myBid + "'");
+                }
+                if (masterChildArr.get(0).equals(myBid)) {
+                    LOG.info("becomeMaster: I am now the master!");
+                    isMaster = true;
+                    return isMaster;
+                }
+                LOG.info("becomeMaster: Waiting to become the master...");
+                getMasterElectionChildrenChangedEvent().waitForever();
+                getMasterElectionChildrenChangedEvent().reset();
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "becomeMaster: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "becomeMaster: IllegalStateException", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collect and aggregate the worker statistics for a particular superstep.
+     *
+     * @param superstep Superstep to aggregate on
+     * @return JSONObject with all the aggregated fields
+     */
+    private JSONObject aggregateWorkerStats(long superstep) {
+        long aggregateFinishedVertices = 0;
+        long aggregateVertices = 0;
+        long aggregateEdges = 0;
+        long aggregateSentMessages = 0;
+        // Superstep 0 is special since there is no computation, just get
+        // the stats from the input splits finished nodes.  Otherwise, get the
+        // stats from the all the worker selected nodes
+        if (superstep == 0) {
+            List<String> inputSplitList = null;
+            try {
+                inputSplitList = getZkExt().getChildrenExt(
+                    INPUT_SPLIT_PATH, false, false, true);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "aggregateWorkerStats: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "aggregateWorkerStats: IllegalStateException", e);
+            }
+            for (String inputSplitPath : inputSplitList) {
+                JSONArray statArray = null;
+                try {
+                    String inputSplitFinishedPath = inputSplitPath +
+                        INPUT_SPLIT_FINISHED_NODE;
+                    byte [] zkData =
+                        getZkExt().getData(inputSplitFinishedPath, false, null);
+                    if (zkData == null || zkData.length == 0) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    statArray = new JSONArray(new String(zkData));
+                    if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.debug("aggregateWorkerStats: input split path " +
+                                  inputSplitPath + " got " + statArray);
+                    }
+                } catch (JSONException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "aggregateWorkerStats: JSONException", e);
+                } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "aggregateWorkerStats: KeeperException", e);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "aggregateWorkerStats: InterruptedException", e);
+                }
+                for (int i = 0; i < statArray.length(); ++i) {
+                    try {
+                        aggregateVertices +=
+                            statArray.getJSONObject(i).getLong(
+                                JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY);
+                        aggregateEdges +=
+                            statArray.getJSONObject(i).getLong(
+                                JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY);
+                    } catch (JSONException e) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException(
+                            "aggregateWorkerStats: JSONException", e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            String workerFinishedPath =
+                getWorkerFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep);
+            List<String> workerFinishedPathList = null;
+            try {
+                workerFinishedPathList =
+                    getZkExt().getChildrenExt(
+                        workerFinishedPath, false, false, true);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "aggregateWorkerStats: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "aggregateWorkerStats: InterruptedException", e);
+            }
+
+            for (String finishedPath : workerFinishedPathList) {
+                JSONObject aggregatorStatObj= null;
+                try {
+                    byte [] zkData =
+                        getZkExt().getData(finishedPath, false, null);
+                    aggregatorStatObj = new JSONObject(new String(zkData));
+                    aggregateFinishedVertices +=
+                        aggregatorStatObj.getLong(JSONOBJ_FINISHED_VERTICES_KEY);
+                    aggregateVertices +=
+                        aggregatorStatObj.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY);
+                    aggregateEdges +=
+                        aggregatorStatObj.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY);
+                    aggregateSentMessages +=
+                        aggregatorStatObj.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_MESSAGES_KEY);
+                } catch (JSONException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "aggregateWorkerStats: JSONException", e);
+                } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "aggregateWorkerStats: KeeperException", e);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "aggregateWorkerStats: InterruptedException", e);
+                }
+            }
+         }
+
+        JSONObject aggregateStats = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            aggregateStats.put(JSONOBJ_FINISHED_VERTICES_KEY,
+                               aggregateFinishedVertices);
+            aggregateStats.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY,
+                               aggregateVertices);
+            aggregateStats.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY,
+                               aggregateEdges);
+            aggregateStats.put(JSONOBJ_NUM_MESSAGES_KEY,
+                               aggregateSentMessages);
+        } catch (JSONException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "aggregateWorkerStats: Failed to put the aggregator " +
+                "stats together", e);
+        }
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("aggregateWorkerStats: Aggregation found " +
+                     aggregateFinishedVertices + " of " +
+                     aggregateVertices +
+                     " vertices finished, " + aggregateEdges +
+                     " edges, " + aggregateSentMessages +
+                     " messages sent on superstep = " + getSuperstep());
+        }
+        return aggregateStats;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the aggregator values for a particular superstep,
+     * aggregate and save them.
+     *
+     * @param superstep superstep to check
+     */
+    private void collectAndProcessAggregatorValues(long superstep) {
+        if (superstep <= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Map<String, Aggregator<? extends Writable>> aggregatorMap =
+            new TreeMap<String, Aggregator<? extends Writable>>();
+        String workerFinishedPath =
+            getWorkerFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep);
+        List<String> hostnameIdPathList = null;
+        try {
+            hostnameIdPathList =
+                getZkExt().getChildrenExt(
+                    workerFinishedPath, false, false, true);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: InterruptedException", e);
+        }
+
+        for (String hostnameIdPath : hostnameIdPathList) {
+            JSONObject aggregatorsStatObj = null;
+            JSONArray aggregatorArray = null;
+            try {
+                byte [] zkData =
+                    getZkExt().getData(hostnameIdPath, false, null);
+                aggregatorsStatObj = new JSONObject(new String(zkData));
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: InterruptedException",
+                    e);
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: JSONException", e);
+            }
+            try {
+                aggregatorArray = aggregatorsStatObj.getJSONArray(
+                    JSONOBJ_AGGREGATOR_VALUE_ARRAY_KEY);
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.debug("collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                              "No aggregators" + " for " + hostnameIdPath);
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (int i = 0; i < aggregatorArray.length(); ++i) {
+                try {
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                                 "Getting aggregators from " +
+                                 aggregatorArray.getJSONObject(i));
+                    }
+                    String aggregatorName =
+                        aggregatorArray.getJSONObject(i).getString(
+                            AGGREGATOR_NAME_KEY);
+                    String aggregatorClassName =
+                        aggregatorArray.getJSONObject(i).getString(
+                            AGGREGATOR_CLASS_NAME_KEY);
+                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                    Aggregator<Writable> aggregator =
+                        (Aggregator<Writable>) aggregatorMap.get(aggregatorName);
+                    boolean firstTime = false;
+                    if (aggregator == null) {
+                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                        Aggregator<Writable> aggregatorWritable =
+                            (Aggregator<Writable>) getAggregator(aggregatorName);
+                        aggregator = aggregatorWritable;
+                        if (aggregator == null) {
+                            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                            Class<? extends Aggregator<Writable>> aggregatorClass =
+                                (Class<? extends Aggregator<Writable>>)
+                                    Class.forName(aggregatorClassName);
+                            aggregator = registerAggregator(
+                                aggregatorName,
+                                aggregatorClass);
+                        }
+                        aggregatorMap.put(aggregatorName, aggregator);
+                        firstTime = true;
+                    }
+                    Writable aggregatorValue =
+                        aggregator.createAggregatedValue();
+                    InputStream input =
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(
+                            Base64.decodeBase64(
+                                aggregatorArray.getJSONObject(i).
+                                getString(AGGREGATOR_VALUE_KEY)));
+                    aggregatorValue.readFields(new DataInputStream(input));
+                    if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.debug("collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                                  "aggregator value size=" + input.available() +
+                                  " for aggregator=" + aggregatorName +
+                                  " value=" + aggregatorValue);
+                    }
+                    if (firstTime) {
+                        aggregator.setAggregatedValue(aggregatorValue);
+                    } else {
+                        aggregator.aggregate(aggregatorValue);
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                        "IOException when reading aggregator data " +
+                        aggregatorArray, e);
+                } catch (JSONException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                        "JSONException when reading aggregator data " +
+                        aggregatorArray, e);
+                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                        "ClassNotFoundException when reading aggregator data " +
+                        aggregatorArray, e);
+                } catch (InstantiationException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                        "InstantiationException when reading aggregator data " +
+                        aggregatorArray, e);
+                } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                        "IOException when reading aggregator data " +
+                        aggregatorArray, e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (aggregatorMap.size() > 0) {
+            String mergedAggregatorPath =
+                getMergedAggregatorPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep);
+            byte [] zkData = null;
+            JSONArray aggregatorArray = new JSONArray();
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Aggregator<? extends Writable>> entry :
+                    aggregatorMap.entrySet()) {
+                try {
+                    ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream =
+                        new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                    DataOutput output = new DataOutputStream(outputStream);
+                    entry.getValue().getAggregatedValue().write(output);
+
+                    JSONObject aggregatorObj = new JSONObject();
+                    aggregatorObj.put(AGGREGATOR_NAME_KEY,
+                                      entry.getKey());
+                    aggregatorObj.put(
+                        AGGREGATOR_VALUE_KEY,
+                        Base64.encodeBase64String(outputStream.toByteArray()));
+                    aggregatorArray.put(aggregatorObj);
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                                 "Trying to add aggregatorObj " +
+                                 aggregatorObj + "(" +
+                                 entry.getValue().getAggregatedValue() +
+                                 ") to merged aggregator path " +
+                                 mergedAggregatorPath);
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                        "IllegalStateException", e);
+                } catch (JSONException e) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: JSONException", e);
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                zkData = aggregatorArray.toString().getBytes();
+                getZkExt().createExt(mergedAggregatorPath,
+                                     zkData,
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                     true);
+            } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+                LOG.warn("collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: " +
+                         mergedAggregatorPath+
+                         " already exists!");
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: IllegalStateException",
+                    e);
+            }
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("collectAndProcessAggregatorValues: Finished " +
+                         "loading " +
+                         mergedAggregatorPath+ " with aggregator values " +
+                         aggregatorArray);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finalize the checkpoint file prefixes by taking the chosen workers and
+     * writing them to a finalized file.  Also write out the master
+     * aggregated aggregator array from the previous superstep.
+     *
+     * @param superstep superstep to finalize
+     * @param chosenWorkerList list of chosen workers that will be finalized
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     * @throws KeeperException
+     */
+    private void finalizeCheckpoint(
+            long superstep,
+            List<String> chosenWorkerList)
+            throws IOException, KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+        Path finalizedCheckpointPath =
+            new Path(getCheckpointBasePath(superstep) +
+                     CHECKPOINT_FINALIZED_POSTFIX);
+        try {
+            getFs().delete(finalizedCheckpointPath, false);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.warn("finalizedValidCheckpointPrefixes: Removed old file " +
+                     finalizedCheckpointPath);
+        }
+
+        // Format:
+        // <number of files>
+        // <used file prefix 0><used file prefix 1>...
+        // <aggregator data length><aggregators as a serialized JSON byte array>
+        FSDataOutputStream finalizedOutputStream =
+            getFs().create(finalizedCheckpointPath);
+        finalizedOutputStream.writeInt(chosenWorkerList.size());
+        for (String chosenWorker : chosenWorkerList) {
+            String chosenWorkerPrefix =
+                getCheckpointBasePath(superstep) + "." + chosenWorker;
+            finalizedOutputStream.writeUTF(chosenWorkerPrefix);
+        }
+        String mergedAggregatorPath =
+            getMergedAggregatorPath(getApplicationAttempt(), superstep - 1);
+        if (getZkExt().exists(mergedAggregatorPath, false) != null) {
+            byte [] aggregatorZkData =
+                getZkExt().getData(mergedAggregatorPath, false, null);
+            finalizedOutputStream.writeInt(aggregatorZkData.length);
+            finalizedOutputStream.write(aggregatorZkData);
+        }
+        else {
+            finalizedOutputStream.writeInt(0);
+        }
+        finalizedOutputStream.close();
+        lastCheckpointedSuperstep = superstep;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Convert the processed input split data into vertex range assignments
+     * that can be used on the next superstep.
+     *
+     * @param chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap map of chosen workers to
+     *        a hostname and port array
+     */
+    private void inputSplitsToVertexRanges(
+            Map<String, JSONArray> chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap) {
+        List<String> inputSplitPathList = null;
+        List<VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> vertexRangeList =
+            new ArrayList<VertexRange<I, V, E, M>>();
+        try {
+            inputSplitPathList = getZkExt().getChildrenExt(INPUT_SPLIT_PATH,
+                                                           false,
+                                                           false,
+                                                           true);
+            int numRanges = 0;
+            for (String inputSplitPath : inputSplitPathList) {
+                String inputSplitFinishedPath = inputSplitPath +
+                    INPUT_SPLIT_FINISHED_NODE;
+                byte [] zkData =
+                    getZkExt().getData(inputSplitFinishedPath, false, null);
+                if (zkData == null || zkData.length == 0) {
+                    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                        LOG.info("inputSplitsToVertexRanges: No vertex ranges " +
+                                 "in " + inputSplitFinishedPath);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                JSONArray statArray = new JSONArray(new String(zkData));
+                JSONObject vertexRangeObj = null;
+                for (int i = 0; i < statArray.length(); ++i) {
+                    vertexRangeObj = statArray.getJSONObject(i);
+                    String hostnamePartitionId =
+                        vertexRangeObj.getString(JSONOBJ_HOSTNAME_ID_KEY);
+                    if (!chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.containsKey(
+                        hostnamePartitionId)) {
+                        LOG.fatal("inputSplitsToVertexRanges: Worker " +
+                              hostnamePartitionId + " died, failing.");
+                        setJobState(State.FAILED, -1, -1);
+                    }
+                   JSONArray hostnamePortArray =
+                       chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.get(hostnamePartitionId);
+                   vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_HOSTNAME_KEY,
+                                      hostnamePortArray.getString(0));
+                   vertexRangeObj.put(JSONOBJ_PORT_KEY,
+                                      hostnamePortArray.getString(1));
+                   Class<I> indexClass =
+                       BspUtils.getVertexIndexClass(getConfiguration());
+                    VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange =
+                        new VertexRange<I, V, E, M>(indexClass, vertexRangeObj);
+                    vertexRangeList.add(vertexRange);
+                    ++numRanges;
+                }
+            }
+
+            JSONArray vertexRangeAssignmentArray =
+                new JSONArray();
+            for (VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange : vertexRangeList) {
+                vertexRangeAssignmentArray.put(vertexRange.toJSONObject());
+            }
+            String vertexRangeAssignmentsPath =
+                getVertexRangeAssignmentsPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                              getSuperstep());
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("inputSplitsToVertexRanges: Assigning " + numRanges +
+                         " vertex ranges of total length " +
+                         vertexRangeAssignmentArray.toString().length() +
+                         " to path " + vertexRangeAssignmentsPath);
+            }
+            getZkExt().createExt(vertexRangeAssignmentsPath,
+                                 vertexRangeAssignmentArray.toString().getBytes(),
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "inputSplitsToVertexRanges: KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "inputSplitsToVertexRanges: IllegalStateException", e);
+        } catch (JSONException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "inputSplitsToVertexRanges: JSONException", e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "inputSplitsToVertexRanges: IOException", e);
+        } catch (InstantiationException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "inputSplitsToVertexRanges: InstantiationException", e);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "inputSplitsToVertexRanges: IllegalAccessException", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Balance the vertex ranges before the next superstep computation begins.
+     * Wait until the vertex ranges data has been moved to the correct
+     * worker prior to continuing.
+     *
+     * @param vertexRangeBalancer balancer to use
+     * @param chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap workers available
+     * @throws JSONException
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws UnsupportedEncodingException
+     */
+    private void balanceVertexRanges(
+            VertexRangeBalancer<I, V, E, M> vertexRangeBalancer,
+            Map<String, JSONArray> chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap) {
+        vertexRangeBalancer.setSuperstep(getSuperstep());
+        vertexRangeBalancer.setWorkerHostnamePortMap(
+            chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap);
+        NavigableMap<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> vertexRangeMap =
+            getVertexRangeMap(getSuperstep() - 1);
+        vertexRangeBalancer.setPrevVertexRangeMap(vertexRangeMap);
+        NavigableMap<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> nextVertexRangeMap =
+            vertexRangeBalancer.rebalance();
+        vertexRangeBalancer.setNextVertexRangeMap(nextVertexRangeMap);
+        vertexRangeBalancer.setPreviousHostnamePort();
+        nextVertexRangeMap = vertexRangeBalancer.getNextVertexRangeMap();
+        if (nextVertexRangeMap.size() != vertexRangeMap.size()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Next vertex range count " +
+                nextVertexRangeMap.size() + " != " + vertexRangeMap.size());
+        }
+        JSONArray vertexRangeAssignmentArray = new JSONArray();
+        VertexRange<I, V, E, M> maxVertexRange = null; // TODO: delete after Bug 4340282 fixed.
+        for (VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange :
+                nextVertexRangeMap.values()) {
+            try {
+                vertexRangeAssignmentArray.put(
+                    vertexRange.toJSONObject());
+                if (maxVertexRange == null || // TODO: delete after Bug 4340282 fixed.
+                        vertexRange.toJSONObject().toString().length() <
+                        maxVertexRange.toJSONObject().toString().length()) {
+                    maxVertexRange = vertexRange;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "balanceVertexRanges: IOException", e);
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "balanceVertexRanges: JSONException", e);
+            }
+        }
+        if (vertexRangeAssignmentArray.length() == 0) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Impossible there are no vertex ranges ");
+        }
+
+        byte[] vertexAssignmentBytes = null;
+        try {
+            vertexAssignmentBytes =
+                vertexRangeAssignmentArray.toString().getBytes("UTF-8");
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "balanceVertexranges: Cannot get bytes from " +
+                vertexRangeAssignmentArray.toString(), e);
+        }
+
+        // TODO: delete after Bug 4340282 fixed.
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            try {
+                LOG.info("balanceVertexRanges: numVertexRanges=" +
+                         nextVertexRangeMap.values().size() +
+                         " lengthVertexRanges=" + vertexAssignmentBytes.length +
+                         " maxVertexRangeLength=" +
+                         maxVertexRange.toJSONObject().toString().length());
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(
+                    "balanceVertexRanges: IOException fetching " +
+                    maxVertexRange.toString(), e);
+            } catch (JSONException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(
+                    "balanceVertexRanges: JSONException fetching " +
+                    maxVertexRange.toString(), e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String vertexRangeAssignmentsPath =
+            getVertexRangeAssignmentsPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                          getSuperstep());
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(vertexRangeAssignmentsPath,
+                                 vertexAssignmentBytes,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("balanceVertexRanges: Node " +
+                     vertexRangeAssignmentsPath + " already exists", e);
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            LOG.fatal("balanceVertexRanges: Got KeeperException", e);
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Got KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.fatal("balanceVertexRanges: Got InterruptedException", e);
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Got InterruptedException", e);
+        }
+
+        long changes = vertexRangeBalancer.getVertexRangeChanges();
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("balanceVertexRanges: Waiting on " + changes +
+                     " vertex range changes");
+        }
+        if (changes == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String vertexRangeExchangePath =
+            getVertexRangeExchangePath(getApplicationAttempt(), getSuperstep());
+        List<String> workerExchangeList = null;
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(vertexRangeExchangePath,
+                                 null,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("balanceVertexRanges: " + vertexRangeExchangePath +
+                         "exists");
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Got KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Got InterruptedException", e);
+        }
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                workerExchangeList =
+                    getZkExt().getChildrenExt(
+                        vertexRangeExchangePath, true, false, false);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "balanceVertexRanges: Got KeeperException", e);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "balanceVertexRanges: Got InterruptedException", e);
+            }
+            if (workerExchangeList.size() == changes) {
+                break;
+            }
+            getVertexRangeExchangeChildrenChangedEvent().waitForever();
+            getVertexRangeExchangeChildrenChangedEvent().reset();
+        }
+        String vertexRangeExchangeFinishedPath =
+            getVertexRangeExchangeFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                               getSuperstep());
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(vertexRangeExchangeFinishedPath,
+                                 null,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Got KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "balanceVertexRanges: Got InterruptedException", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check whether the workers chosen for this superstep are still alive
+     *
+     * @param chosenWorkerHealthPath Path to the healthy workers in ZooKeeper
+     * @param chosenWorkerSet Set of the healthy workers
+     * @return true if they are all alive, false otherwise.
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     * @throws KeeperException
+     */
+    private boolean superstepChosenWorkerAlive(
+            String chosenWorkerHealthPath,
+            Set<String> chosenWorkerSet)
+            throws KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+        List<String> chosenWorkerHealthyList =
+            getZkExt().getChildrenExt(chosenWorkerHealthPath,
+                                      true,
+                                      false,
+                                      false);
+        Set<String> chosenWorkerHealthySet =
+            new HashSet<String>(chosenWorkerHealthyList);
+        boolean allChosenWorkersHealthy = true;
+        for (String chosenWorker : chosenWorkerSet) {
+            if (!chosenWorkerHealthySet.contains(chosenWorker)) {
+                allChosenWorkersHealthy = false;
+                LOG.warn("superstepChosenWorkerAlive: Missing chosen worker " +
+                         chosenWorker + " on superstep " + getSuperstep());
+            }
+        }
+        return allChosenWorkersHealthy;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void restartFromCheckpoint(long checkpoint) {
+        // Process:
+        // 1. Remove all old input split data
+        // 2. Increase the application attempt and set to the correct checkpoint
+        // 3. Send command to all workers to restart their tasks
+        try {
+            getZkExt().deleteExt(INPUT_SPLIT_PATH, -1, true);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "retartFromCheckpoint: InterruptedException", e);
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(
+                "retartFromCheckpoint: KeeperException", e);
+        }
+        setApplicationAttempt(getApplicationAttempt() + 1);
+        setCachedSuperstep(checkpoint);
+        setRestartedSuperstep(checkpoint);
+        setJobState(BspService.State.START_SUPERSTEP,
+                    getApplicationAttempt(),
+                    checkpoint);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Only get the finalized checkpoint files
+     */
+    public static class FinalizedCheckpointPathFilter implements PathFilter {
+        @Override
+        public boolean accept(Path path) {
+            if (path.getName().endsWith(
+                    BspService.CHECKPOINT_FINALIZED_POSTFIX)) {
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLastGoodCheckpoint() throws IOException {
+        // Find the last good checkpoint if none have been written to the
+        // knowledge of this master
+        if (lastCheckpointedSuperstep == -1) {
+            FileStatus[] fileStatusArray =
+                getFs().listStatus(new Path(CHECKPOINT_BASE_PATH),
+                                   new FinalizedCheckpointPathFilter());
+            if (fileStatusArray == null) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            Arrays.sort(fileStatusArray);
+            lastCheckpointedSuperstep = getCheckpoint(
+                fileStatusArray[fileStatusArray.length - 1].getPath());
+            LOG.info("getLastGoodCheckpoint: Found last good checkpoint " +
+                     lastCheckpointedSuperstep + " from " +
+                     fileStatusArray[fileStatusArray.length - 1].
+                     getPath().toString());
+        }
+        return lastCheckpointedSuperstep;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SuperstepState coordinateSuperstep() throws
+            KeeperException, InterruptedException {
+        // 1. Get chosen workers and set up watches on them.
+        // 2. Assign partitions to the workers
+        //    or possibly reload from a superstep
+        // 3. Wait for all workers to complete
+        // 4. Collect and process aggregators
+        // 5. Create superstep finished node
+        // 6. If the checkpoint frequency is met, finalize the checkpoint
+        Map<String, JSONArray> chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap = checkWorkers();
+        if (chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap == null) {
+            LOG.fatal("coordinateSuperstep: Not enough healthy workers for " +
+                      "superstep " + getSuperstep());
+            setJobState(State.FAILED, -1, -1);
+        } else {
+            for (Entry<String, JSONArray> entry :
+                    chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.entrySet()) {
+                String workerHealthyPath =
+                    getWorkerHealthyPath(getApplicationAttempt(),
+                                         getSuperstep()) + "/" + entry.getKey();
+                if (getZkExt().exists(workerHealthyPath, true) == null) {
+                    LOG.warn("coordinateSuperstep: Chosen worker " +
+                             workerHealthyPath +
+                             " is no longer valid, failing superstep");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        currentWorkersCounter.increment(chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() -
+                                        currentWorkersCounter.getValue());
+        if (getRestartedSuperstep() == getSuperstep()) {
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("coordinateSuperstep: Reloading from superstep " +
+                             getSuperstep());
+                }
+                mapFilesToWorkers(
+                    getRestartedSuperstep(),
+                    new ArrayList<String>(
+                        chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.keySet()));
+                inputSplitsToVertexRanges(chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "coordinateSuperstep: Failed to reload", e);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (getSuperstep() > 0) {
+                VertexRangeBalancer<I, V, E, M> vertexRangeBalancer =
+                    BspUtils.<I, V, E, M>createVertexRangeBalancer(
+                        getConfiguration());
+                synchronized (vertexRangeSynchronization) {
+                    balanceVertexRanges(vertexRangeBalancer,
+                                        chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        String finishedWorkerPath =
+            getWorkerFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(), getSuperstep());
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(finishedWorkerPath,
+                                 null,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("coordinateSuperstep: finishedWorkers " +
+                          finishedWorkerPath +
+                          " already exists, no need to create");
+            }
+        }
+        String workerHealthyPath =
+            getWorkerHealthyPath(getApplicationAttempt(), getSuperstep());
+        List<String> finishedWorkerList = null;
+        long nextInfoMillis = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                finishedWorkerList =
+                    getZkExt().getChildrenExt(finishedWorkerPath,
+                                              true,
+                                              false,
+                                              false);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "coordinateSuperstep: Couldn't get children of " +
+                    finishedWorkerPath, e);
+            }
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("coordinateSuperstep: Got finished worker list = " +
+                          finishedWorkerList + ", size = " +
+                          finishedWorkerList.size() +
+                          ", chosen worker list = " +
+                          chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.keySet() + ", size = " +
+                          chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() +
+                          " from " + finishedWorkerPath);
+            }
+
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled() &&
+                    (System.currentTimeMillis() > nextInfoMillis)) {
+                nextInfoMillis = System.currentTimeMillis() + 30000;
+                LOG.info("coordinateSuperstep: " + finishedWorkerList.size() +
+                         " out of " +
+                         chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() +
+                         " chosen workers finished on superstep " +
+                         getSuperstep());
+            }
+            getContext().setStatus(getGraphMapper().getMapFunctions() + " " +
+                                   finishedWorkerList.size() +
+                                   " finished out of " +
+                                   chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.size() +
+                                   " on superstep " + getSuperstep());
+            if (finishedWorkerList.containsAll(
+                chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.keySet())) {
+                break;
+            }
+            getSuperstepStateChangedEvent().waitForever();
+            getSuperstepStateChangedEvent().reset();
+
+            // Did a worker die?
+            if ((getSuperstep() > 0) &&
+                    !superstepChosenWorkerAlive(
+                        workerHealthyPath,
+                        chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.keySet())) {
+                return SuperstepState.WORKER_FAILURE;
+            }
+        }
+        collectAndProcessAggregatorValues(getSuperstep());
+        JSONObject globalInfoObject = aggregateWorkerStats(getSuperstep());
+
+        // Convert the input split stats to vertex ranges in superstep 0
+        if (getSuperstep() == 0) {
+            inputSplitsToVertexRanges(chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap);
+        }
+
+        // Let everyone know the aggregated application state through the
+        // superstep
+        String superstepFinishedNode =
+            getSuperstepFinishedPath(getApplicationAttempt(), getSuperstep());
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(superstepFinishedNode,
+                                 globalInfoObject.toString().getBytes(),
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+            vertexCounter.increment(
+                globalInfoObject.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY) -
+                vertexCounter.getValue());
+            finishedVertexCounter.increment(
+                globalInfoObject.getLong(JSONOBJ_FINISHED_VERTICES_KEY) -
+                finishedVertexCounter.getValue());
+            edgeCounter.increment(
+                globalInfoObject.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_EDGES_KEY) -
+                edgeCounter.getValue());
+            sentMessagesCounter.increment(
+                globalInfoObject.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_MESSAGES_KEY) -
+                sentMessagesCounter.getValue());
+        } catch (JSONException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("coordinateSuperstep: " +
+                                            "JSONException", e);
+        }
+
+
+        // Finalize the valid checkpoint file prefixes and possibly
+        // the aggregators.
+        if (checkpointFrequencyMet(getSuperstep())) {
+            try {
+                finalizeCheckpoint(
+                    getSuperstep(),
+                    new ArrayList<String>(chosenWorkerHostnamePortMap.keySet()));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "coordinateSuperstep: IOException on finalizing checkpoint",
+                    e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Clean up the old supersteps (always keep this one)
+        long removeableSuperstep = getSuperstep() - 1;
+        if ((getConfiguration().getBoolean(
+                GiraphJob.KEEP_ZOOKEEPER_DATA,
+                GiraphJob.KEEP_ZOOKEEPER_DATA_DEFAULT) == false) &&
+            (removeableSuperstep >= 0)) {
+            String oldSuperstepPath =
+                getSuperstepPath(getApplicationAttempt()) + "/" +
+                (removeableSuperstep);
+            try {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("coordinateSuperstep: Cleaning up old Superstep " +
+                             oldSuperstepPath);
+                }
+                getZkExt().deleteExt(oldSuperstepPath,
+                                     -1,
+                                     true);
+            } catch (KeeperException.NoNodeException e) {
+                LOG.warn("coordinateBarrier: Already cleaned up " +
+                         oldSuperstepPath);
+            } catch (KeeperException e) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "coordinateSuperstep: KeeperException on " +
+                    "finalizing checkpoint", e);
+            }
+        }
+        incrCachedSuperstep();
+        superstepCounter.increment(1);
+        try {
+            if ((globalInfoObject.getLong(JSONOBJ_FINISHED_VERTICES_KEY) ==
+                    globalInfoObject.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_VERTICES_KEY)) &&
+                    (globalInfoObject.getLong(JSONOBJ_NUM_MESSAGES_KEY)) == 0) {
+                return SuperstepState.ALL_SUPERSTEPS_DONE;
+            } else {
+                return SuperstepState.THIS_SUPERSTEP_DONE;
+            }
+        } catch (JSONException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "coordinateSuperstep: JSONException on checking if " +
+                "the application is done", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Need to clean up ZooKeeper nicely.  Make sure all the masters and workers
+     * have reported ending their ZooKeeper connections.
+     */
+    private void cleanUpZooKeeper() {
+        try {
+            getZkExt().createExt(CLEANED_UP_PATH,
+                                 null,
+                                 Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                 CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                 true);
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("cleanUpZooKeeper: Node " + CLEANED_UP_PATH +
+                " already exists, no need to create.");
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "cleanupZooKeeper: Got KeeperException", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                "cleanupZooKeeper: Got IllegalStateException", e);
+        }
+        // Need to wait for the number of workers and masters to complete
+        int maxTasks = BspInputFormat.getMaxTasks(getConfiguration());
+        if ((getGraphMapper().getMapFunctions() == MapFunctions.ALL) ||
+                (getGraphMapper().getMapFunctions() ==
+                    MapFunctions.ALL_EXCEPT_ZOOKEEPER)) {
+            maxTasks *= 2;
+        }
+        List<String> cleanedUpChildrenList = null;
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                cleanedUpChildrenList =
+                    getZkExt().getChildrenExt(
+                        CLEANED_UP_PATH, true, false, true);
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("cleanUpZooKeeper: Got " +
+                             cleanedUpChildrenList.size() + " of " +
+                             maxTasks  +  " desired children from " +
+                             CLEANED_UP_PATH);
+                }
+                if (cleanedUpChildrenList.size() == maxTasks) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("cleanedUpZooKeeper: Waiting for the " +
+                             "children of " + CLEANED_UP_PATH +
+                             " to change since only got " +
+                             cleanedUpChildrenList.size() + " nodes.");
+                }
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                // We are in the cleanup phase -- just log the error
+                LOG.error("cleanUpZooKeeper: Got exception, but will continue",
+                          e);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            getCleanedUpChildrenChangedEvent().waitForever();
+            getCleanedUpChildrenChangedEvent().reset();
+        }
+
+         // At this point, all processes have acknowledged the cleanup,
+         // and the master can do any final cleanup
+        try {
+            if (getConfiguration().getBoolean(
+                GiraphJob.KEEP_ZOOKEEPER_DATA,
+                GiraphJob.KEEP_ZOOKEEPER_DATA_DEFAULT) == false) {
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("cleanupZooKeeper: Removing the following path " +
+                             "and all children - " + BASE_PATH);
+                }
+                getZkExt().deleteExt(BASE_PATH, -1, true);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("cleanupZooKeeper: Failed to do cleanup of " +
+                      BASE_PATH, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cleanup() throws IOException {
+        // All master processes should denote they are done by adding special
+        // znode.  Once the number of znodes equals the number of partitions
+        // for workers and masters, the master will clean up the ZooKeeper
+        // znodes associated with this job.
+        String cleanedUpPath = CLEANED_UP_PATH  + "/" +
+            getTaskPartition() + MASTER_SUFFIX;
+        try {
+            String finalFinishedPath =
+                getZkExt().createExt(cleanedUpPath,
+                                     null,
+                                     Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,
+                                     CreateMode.PERSISTENT,
+                                     true);
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("cleanup: Notifying master its okay to cleanup with " +
+                         finalFinishedPath);
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException.NodeExistsException e) {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info("cleanup: Couldn't create finished node '" +
+                         cleanedUpPath);
+            }
+        } catch (KeeperException e) {
+            LOG.error("cleanup: Got KeeperException, continuing", e);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("cleanup: Got InterruptedException, continuing", e);
+        }
+
+        if (isMaster) {
+            cleanUpZooKeeper();
+            // If desired, cleanup the checkpoint directory
+            if (getConfiguration().getBoolean(
+                    GiraphJob.CLEANUP_CHECKPOINTS_AFTER_SUCCESS,
+                    GiraphJob.CLEANUP_CHECKPOINTS_AFTER_SUCCESS_DEFAULT)) {
+                boolean success =
+                    getFs().delete(new Path(CHECKPOINT_BASE_PATH), true);
+                if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                    LOG.info("cleanup: Removed HDFS checkpoint directory (" +
+                             CHECKPOINT_BASE_PATH + ") with return = " +
+                             success + " since this job succeeded ");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            getZkExt().close();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            // cleanup phase -- just log the error
+            LOG.error("cleanup: Zookeeper failed to close", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event that the master watches that denotes if a worker has done something
+     * that changes the state of a superstep (either a worker completed or died)
+     *
+     * @return Event that denotes a superstep state change
+     */
+    final public BspEvent getSuperstepStateChangedEvent() {
+        return superstepStateChanged;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Should this worker failure cause the current superstep to fail?
+     *
+     * @param failedWorkerPath Full path to the failed worker
+     */
+    final private void checkHealthyWorkerFailure(String failedWorkerPath) {
+        synchronized(vertexRangeSynchronization) {
+            if (getSuperstepFromPath(failedWorkerPath) < getSuperstep()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Check all the workers used in this superstep
+            NavigableMap<I, VertexRange<I, V, E, M>> vertexRangeMap =
+                getVertexRangeMap(getSuperstep());
+            String hostnameId =
+                getHealthyHostnameIdFromPath(failedWorkerPath);
+            for (VertexRange<I, V, E, M> vertexRange :
+                    vertexRangeMap.values()) {
+                if (vertexRange.getHostnameId().equals(hostnameId) ||
+                        ((vertexRange.getPreviousHostnameId() != null) &&
+                                vertexRange.getPreviousHostnameId().equals(
+                                    hostnameId))) {
+                    LOG.warn("checkHealthyWorkerFailure: " +
+                             "at least one healthy worker went down " +
+                             "for superstep " + getSuperstep() + " - " +
+                             hostnameId + ", will try to restart from " +
+                             "checkpointed superstep " +
+                             lastCheckpointedSuperstep);
+                    superstepStateChanged.signal();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean processEvent(WatchedEvent event) {
+        boolean foundEvent = false;
+        if (event.getPath().contains(WORKER_HEALTHY_DIR) &&
+                (event.getType() == EventType.NodeDeleted)) {
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("processEvent: Healthy worker died (node deleted) " +
+                          "in " + event.getPath());
+            }
+            checkHealthyWorkerFailure(event.getPath());
+            superstepStateChanged.signal();
+            foundEvent = true;
+        } else if (event.getPath().contains(WORKER_FINISHED_DIR) &&
+                event.getType() == EventType.NodeChildrenChanged) {
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("processEvent: Worker finished (node change) " +
+                          "event - superstepStateChanged signaled");
+            }
+            superstepStateChanged.signal();
+            foundEvent = true;
+        }
+
+        return foundEvent;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.giraph.graph.BspServiceMaster.coordinateSuperstep` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.giraph.graph.BspService.cachedSuperstep`. Potentially races with write in method `BspServiceMaster.setup()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+CentralizedServiceMaster$SuperstepState BspServiceMaster.coordinateSuperstep()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.giraph.graph.BspServiceMaster.coordinateSuperstep():org.apache.giraph.bsp.CentralizedServ.fc0b416b6fdf9a13ac14b9acfcc65086
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/giraph/graph/BspServiceMaster.java
+
+### Key:
+BspServiceMaster.java|coordinateSuperstep|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c33877331bebe8a0e7704d46e6ed5d92
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4167/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4167/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f3ddda61d1cb89040cf0afde03574d4852c39d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4167/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,813 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** underscore-java
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright 2015 Valentyn Kolesnikov
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.github.underscore;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+/**
+ * Underscore library unit test.
+ *
+ * @author Valentyn Kolesnikov
+ */
+public class ArraysTest {
+
+/*
+_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 5
+_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void first() {
+        final Integer result = $.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("5", result.toString());
+        final Object resultChain = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first().item();
+        assertEquals("5", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object resultChainTwo = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultChainTwo.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = $.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultList.toString());
+        final int resultInt = $.first(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals(5, resultInt);
+        final int resultPred = $.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(4, resultPred);
+        final int resultPredObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first(new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(4, resultPredObj);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void firstOrNull() {
+        final Integer result = $.firstOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("5", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).firstOrNull();
+        assertEquals("5", resultObj.toString());
+        assertNull($.firstOrNull(Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertNull(new $<Integer>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).firstOrNull());
+        final int resultPred = $.firstOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(4, resultPred);
+        assertNull($.firstOrNull(Collections.<Integer>emptyList(), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        }));
+        final int resultPredObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).firstOrNull(new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(4, resultPredObj);
+        assertNull(new $<Integer>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).firstOrNull(new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        }));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void firstEmpty() {
+        $.first(asList());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.head([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 5
+_.head([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void head() {
+        final Integer result = $.head(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("5", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).head();
+        assertEquals("5", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = $.head(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultList.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultListObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).head(2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultListObj.toString());
+        final int resultInt = $.head(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals(5, resultInt);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void rest() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.rest(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).rest().value();
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = $.rest(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2Chain = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).rest(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2Chain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.rest(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = $.rest(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 2);
+// → [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]
+
+_.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 3);
+// → [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d']]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void chunk() {
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", $.chunk(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", new $(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunk(2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", $.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunk(2).value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b, c], [d]]", $.chunk(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 3).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.tail([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.tail([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void tail() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.tail(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = $.tail(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.tail(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultArrayObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).tail();
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", resultArrayObj.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = $.tail(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultArray2Obj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).tail(2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", resultArray2Obj.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.drop([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.drop([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void drop() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.drop(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = $.drop(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.drop(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = $.drop(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+
+/*
+_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [5, 4, 3, 2]
+_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4, 3]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void initial() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.initial(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).initial().value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = $.initial(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", resultList.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultListChain = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).initial(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", resultListChain.toString());
+        final Integer[] resultArray = $.initial(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Integer[] resultListArray = $.initial(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", asList(resultListArray).toString());
+        List<Integer> res = new $(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).initial();
+        assertEquals("initial one item did not work", asList(1, 2, 3, 4), res);
+        res = new $(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).initial(3);
+        assertEquals("initial multi item did not wok", asList(1, 2), res);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void last() {
+        final Integer result = $.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("1", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultTwo = $.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[2, 1]", resultTwo.toString());
+        final Object resultChain = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last().item();
+        assertEquals("1", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object resultChainTwo = $.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[2, 1]", resultChainTwo.toString());
+        final Integer resultArray = $.last(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("1", resultArray.toString());
+        Integer res = new $<Integer>(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).last();
+        assertEquals("last one item did not work", 5, res.intValue());
+        List<Integer> resList = new $(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).last(3);
+        assertEquals("last multi item did not wok", asList(3, 4, 5), resList);
+        final int resultPred = $.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(2, resultPred);
+        final int resultPredObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last(new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(2, resultPredObj);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void lastOrNull() {
+        final Integer result = $.lastOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("1", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).lastOrNull();
+        assertEquals("1", resultObj.toString());
+        assertNull($.lastOrNull(Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertNull(new $<Integer>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).lastOrNull());
+        final int resultPred = $.lastOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(2, resultPred);
+        assertNull($.lastOrNull(Collections.<Integer>emptyList(), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        }));
+        final int resultPredObj = new $<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).lastOrNull(new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(2, resultPredObj);
+        assertNull(new $<Integer>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).lastOrNull(new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        }));
+    }
+/*
+_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+=> [1, 2, 3]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void compact() {
+        final List<?> result = $.compact(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result.toString());
+        final List<?> result2 = $.compact(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3), 1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result2.toString());
+        final List<?> result3 = $.compact(asList(0, 1, null, 2, "", 3));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result3.toString());
+        final List<?> resultChain = $.chain(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact().value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<?> result2Chain = $.chain(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact(1).value();
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result2Chain.toString());
+        final List<?> result4 = new $(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result4.toString());
+        final List<?> result5 = new $(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact(1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result5.toString());
+        final List<?> result6 = new $(asList(0, 1, null, 2, "", 3)).compact(1);
+        assertEquals("[0, null, 2, , 3]", result6.toString());
+        final List<?> result7 = new $(asList(0, 1, null, 2, "", 3)).compact((Integer) null);
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, , 3]", result7.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.compact(new Object[] {0, 1, false, 2, "", 3});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = $.compact(new Object[] {0, 1, false, 2, "", 3}, 1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4];
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void flatten() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = $.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))), true);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, [3, [[4]]]]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result3 = $.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))), false);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result3.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new $(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj2 = new $(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten(true);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, [3, [[4]]]]", resultObj2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj3 = new $(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten(false);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", resultObj3.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
+=> [2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void without() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.without(asList(1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4), 0, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = $.without(asList(1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4), 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result3 = $.without(asList(null, 2, null, 0, 3, null, 4), (Integer) null);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", result3.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.without(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4}, 0, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = $.without(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4}, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
+=> 3
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void sortedIndex() {
+        final Integer result = $.sortedIndex(asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50), 35);
+        assertEquals(3, result.intValue());
+        final Integer result2 = $.sortedIndex(new Integer[] {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}, 35);
+        assertEquals(3, result2.intValue());
+        final Integer result3 = $.sortedIndex(asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50), 60);
+        assertEquals(-1, result3.intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sortedIndex2() {
+        class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public int compareTo(Person person) {
+                return person.age - this.age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        }
+        final int result =
+        $.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50),
+            new Person("curly", 60)), new Person("moe", 50), "age");
+        assertEquals(1, result);
+        final int result2 =
+        $.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50),
+            new Person("curly", 60)), new Person("moe", 70), "age");
+        assertEquals(-1, result2);
+        final int resultArray =
+        $.<Person>sortedIndex(new Person[] {new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50),
+            new Person("curly", 60)}, new Person("moe", 50), "age");
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void sortedIndex2Error() {
+        class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
+            public int compareTo(Person person) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        $.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person()), new Person(), "age");
+    }
+
+/*
+_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void uniq() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.uniq(asList(1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.uniq(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        }
+        final Collection<Person> resultObject =
+        $.uniq(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObject.toString());
+        final List<String> resultObjectChain =
+        $.chain(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60))).uniq(
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        }).value();
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObjectChain.toString());
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]", $.chain(asList(1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5)).uniq().value().toString());
+        final Object[] resultObjectArray =
+        $.uniq(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)).toArray(new Person[]{}),
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", asList(resultObjectArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.distinct([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void distinct() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.distinct(asList(1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.distinct(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        }
+        final Collection<Person> resultObject =
+        $.distinctBy(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObject.toString());
+        final List<String> resultObjectChain =
+        $.chain(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60))).distinctBy(
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        }).value();
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObjectChain.toString());
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]", $.chain(asList(1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5)).distinct().value().toString());
+        final Object[] resultObjectArray =
+        $.distinctBy(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)).toArray(new Person[]{}),
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", asList(resultObjectArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+=> [1, 2]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void intersection() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.intersection(asList(1, 2, 3), asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new $(asList(1, 2, 3)).intersectionWith(asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = $.chain(asList(1, 2, 3)).intersection(asList(101, 2, 1, 10),
+            asList(2, 1)).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.intersection(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Integer[] {101, 2, 1, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void union() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.union(asList(1, 2, 3), asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new $(asList(1, 2, 3)).unionWith(asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = $.chain(asList(1, 2, 3)).union(asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1)).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.union(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Integer[] {101, 2, 1, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
+=> [1, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void difference() {
+        final List<Integer> result = $.difference(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), asList(5, 2, 10));
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new $(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).differenceWith(asList(5, 2, 10));
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = $.chain(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).difference(asList(5, 2, 10)).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = $.difference(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), asList(5, 2, 10), asList(8, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 3]", resultList.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = $.difference(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, new Integer[] {5, 2, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = $.difference(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
+            new Integer[] {5, 2, 10}, new Integer[] {8, 4});
+        assertEquals("[1, 3]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
+=> [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void zip() {
+        final List<List<String>> result = $.zip(
+            asList("moe", "larry", "curly"), asList("30", "40", "50"), asList("true", "false", "false"));
+        assertEquals("[[moe, 30, true], [larry, 40, false], [curly, 50, false]]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.unzip(["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]);
+=> [['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void unzip() {
+        final List<List<String>> result = $.unzip(
+            asList("moe", "30", "true"), asList("larry", "40", "false"), asList("curly", "50", "false"));
+        assertEquals("[[moe, larry, curly], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.object(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50]);
+=> {moe: 30, larry: 40, curly: 50}
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void object() {
+        final List<Tuple<String, String>> result = $.object(
+            asList("moe", "larry", "curly"), asList("30", "40", "50"));
+        assertEquals("[(moe, 30), (larry, 40), (curly, 50)]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void indexOf() {
+        final Integer result = $.indexOf(asList(1, 2, 3), 2);
+        assertEquals(1, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = $.indexOf(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, 2);
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+=> 4
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void lastIndexOf() {
+        final Integer result = $.lastIndexOf(asList(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3), 2);
+        assertEquals(4, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = $.lastIndexOf(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3}, 2);
+        assertEquals(4, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findIndex([1, 2, 3], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findIndex() {
+        final Integer result = $.findIndex(asList(1, 2, 3), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(1, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultNotFound = $.findIndex(asList(1, 2, 3), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item > 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(-1, resultNotFound.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = $.findIndex(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findLastIndex([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 3
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findLastIndex() {
+        final Integer result = $.findLastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(3, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultNotFound = $.findLastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item > 5;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(-1, resultNotFound.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = $.findLastIndex(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(3, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.range(10);
+=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+_.range(1, 11);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+_.range(0, 30, 5);
+=> [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
+_.range(0, -10, -1);
+=> [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
+_.range(0);
+=> []
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void range() {
+        final int[] result = $.range(10);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, result);
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = $.chain("").range(10).value();
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]", resultChain.toString());
+        final int[] result2 = $.range(1, 11);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, result2);
+        final List<Integer> result2Chain = $.chain("").range(1, 11).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]", result2Chain.toString());
+        final int[] result3 = $.range(0, 30, 5);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25}, result3);
+        final List<Integer> result3Chain = $.chain("").range(0, 30, 5).value();
+        assertEquals("[0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]", result3Chain.toString());
+        final int[] result4 = $.range(0, -10, -1);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9}, result4);
+        final int[] result5 = $.range(0);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {}, result5);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.lastIndex([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+=> 4
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void lastIndex() {
+        assertEquals(4, $.lastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)));
+        assertEquals(4, $.lastIndex(new Integer[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}));
+        assertEquals(4, $.lastIndex(new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `__new(com.github.underscore.$).firstOrNull(__new(com.github.underscore.ArraysTest$5))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 96.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ArraysTest.firstOrNull()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.underscore.ArraysTest.firstOrNull():void.e7a2227a1a87f837224fd8bc00338484
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/github/underscore/ArraysTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ArraysTest.java|firstOrNull|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3392ddd9e7af3710d0647e5067e4a3e1
+
+### Hash:
+3b11431f4f8a5375e073929cabcd8cdf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4168/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4168/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..388c0b6fd79e1fc76191f60b0e12cb71c36eb45c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4168/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1834 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** underscore-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ * 
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Valentyn Kolesnikov
+ * 
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ * 
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ * 
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.github.underscore;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+/**
+ * Underscore library unit test.
+ *
+ * @author Valentyn Kolesnikov
+ */
+public class _Test {
+
+/*
+_.each([1, 2, 3], alert);
+=> alerts each number in turn...
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void each() {
+        final List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        _.<Integer>each(asList(1, 2, 3), new Block<Integer>() {
+            public void apply(Integer item) {
+                result.add(item);
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.forEach([1, 2, 3], alert);
+=> alerts each number in turn...
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void forEach() {
+        final List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        _.forEach(asList(1, 2, 3), new Block<Integer>() {
+            public void apply(Integer item) {
+                result.add(item);
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_([1, 2, 3]).forEach(alert);
+=> alerts each number in turn...
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void forEachObj() {
+        final List<Integer> result = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        new _(asList(1, 2, 3)).forEach(new Block<Integer>() {
+            public void apply(Integer item) {
+                result.add(item);
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result.toString());
+    }
+    
+/*
+_.each({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}, alert);
+=> alerts each number value in turn...
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void eachMap() {
+        final List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
+        _.<Map.Entry<String, Integer>>each(new LinkedHashMap<String, Integer>() {{ put("one", 1); put("two", 2); put("three", 3); }}.entrySet(),
+            new Block<Map.Entry<String, Integer>>() {
+            public void apply(Map.Entry<String, Integer> item) {
+                result.add(item.getKey());
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[one, two, three]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.map([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
+=> [3, 6, 9]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void map() {
+        List<Integer> result = _.map(asList(1, 2, 3), new Function1<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item) {
+                return item * 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[3, 6, 9]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.collect([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
+=> [3, 6, 9]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void collect() {
+        List<Integer> result = _.collect(asList(1, 2, 3), new Function1<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item) {
+                return item * 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[3, 6, 9]", result.toString());
+        Set<Integer> resultSet = _.collect(new LinkedHashSet(asList(1, 2, 3)), new Function1<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item) {
+                return item * 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[3, 6, 9]", resultSet.toString());
+    }
+/*
+_.map({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}, function(num, key){ return num * 3; });
+=> [3, 6, 9]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void mapMap() {
+        final Set<Integer> result =
+        _.map(new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>() {{ put(1, "one"); put(2, "two"); put(3, "three"); }}.entrySet(),
+            new Function1<Map.Entry<Integer, String>, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Map.Entry<Integer, String> item) {
+                return item.getKey() * 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[3, 6, 9]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num){ return memo + num; }, 0);
+=> 6
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void reduce() {
+        final Integer result =
+        _.reduce(asList(1, 2, 3),
+            new FunctionAccum<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item1, Integer item2) {
+                return item1 + item2;
+            }
+        },
+        0);
+        assertEquals("6", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
+=> [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void reduceRight() {
+        final List<Integer> result =
+        _.reduceRight(asList(asList(0, 1), asList(2, 3), asList(4, 5)),
+            new FunctionAccum<List<Integer>, List<Integer>>() {
+            public List<Integer> apply(List<Integer> item1, List<Integer> item2) {
+                List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(item1);
+                list.addAll(item2);
+                return list;
+            }
+        },
+        Collections.<Integer>emptyList()
+        );
+        assertEquals("[4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+var flat = _.inject(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
+=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void inject() {
+        final List<Integer> result =
+        _.inject(asList(asList(0, 1), asList(2, 3), asList(4, 5)),
+            new FunctionAccum<List<Integer>, List<Integer>>() {
+            public List<Integer> apply(List<Integer> item1, List<Integer> item2) {
+                List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(item1);
+                list.addAll(item2);
+                return list;
+            }
+        },
+        Collections.<Integer>emptyList()
+        );
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+var flat = _.foldl(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
+=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void foldl() {
+        final List<Integer> result =
+        _.foldl(asList(asList(0, 1), asList(2, 3), asList(4, 5)),
+            new FunctionAccum<List<Integer>, List<Integer>>() {
+            public List<Integer> apply(List<Integer> item1, List<Integer> item2) {
+                List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(item1);
+                list.addAll(item2);
+                return list;
+            }
+        },
+        Collections.<Integer>emptyList()
+        );
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+var flat = _.foldr(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
+=> [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void foldr() {
+        final List<Integer> result =
+        _.foldr(asList(asList(0, 1), asList(2, 3), asList(4, 5)),
+            new FunctionAccum<List<Integer>, List<Integer>>() {
+            public List<Integer> apply(List<Integer> item1, List<Integer> item2) {
+                List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(item1);
+                list.addAll(item2);
+                return list;
+            }
+        },
+        Collections.<Integer>emptyList()
+        );
+        assertEquals("[4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.contains([1, 2, 3], 3);
+=> true
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void contains() {
+        final boolean result = _.contains(asList(1, 2, 3), 3);
+        assertTrue(result);
+    }
+
+/*
+var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
+=> 2
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void find() {
+        final Integer result = _.find(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("2", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
+=> 2
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void detect() {
+        final Integer result = _.detect(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("2", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
+=> [2, 4, 6]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void filter() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.filter(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[2, 4, 6]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var evens = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
+=> [2, 4, 6]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void reject() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.reject(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 5]", result.toString());
+        final Set<Integer> resultSet = _.reject(new LinkedHashSet(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 5]", resultSet.toString());
+    }
+    
+/*
+var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
+=> [2, 4, 6]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void select() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.select(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[2, 4, 6]", result.toString());
+        final Set<Integer> resultSet = _.select(new LinkedHashSet(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[2, 4, 6]", resultSet.toString());
+    }    
+
+/*
+_.all([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num % 2 === 0; }); // false
+_.all([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num < 5; }); // true
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void all() {
+        final Boolean result1 = _.all(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        final Boolean result2 = _.all(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item < 5;
+            }
+        });
+        assertFalse(result1);
+        assertTrue(result2);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.any([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num % 2 === 0; }); // true
+_.any([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num === 5; }); // false
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void any() {
+        final Boolean result1 = _.any(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        final Boolean result2 = _.any(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), 
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item == 5;
+            }
+        });
+        assertTrue(result1);
+        assertFalse(result2);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.include([1, 2, 3], 3); // true
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void include() {
+        final Boolean result = _.include(asList(1, 2, 3), 3); 
+        assertTrue(result);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.invoke([" foo ", "  bar"], "trim"); // ["foo", "bar"]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void invoke() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(_.invoke(asList(" foo ", "  bar"), "trim"), asList("foo", "bar"));
+        assertEquals(_.invoke(asList("foo", "bar"), "concat", Arrays.<Object>asList("1")), asList("foo1", "bar1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void invoke2() throws Exception {
+        _.invoke(asList("foo", 123), "concat", Arrays.<Object>asList("1"));
+    }
+
+/*
+_.where(listOfPlays, {author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611});
+=> [{title: "Cymbeline", author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611},
+    {title: "The Tempest", author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611}]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void where() {
+        class Book {
+            public final String title;
+            public final String author;
+            public final Integer year;
+            public Book(final String title, final String author, final Integer year) {
+                this.title = title;
+                this.author = author;
+                this.year = year;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return "title: " + title + ", author: " + author + ", year: " + year;
+            }
+        };
+        List<Book> listOfPlays =
+            new ArrayList<Book>() {{
+              add(new Book("Cymbeline2", "Shakespeare", 1614));
+              add(new Book("Cymbeline", "Shakespeare", 1611));
+              add(new Book("The Tempest", "Shakespeare", 1611));
+            }};
+        assertEquals("[title: Cymbeline, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611,"
+            + " title: The Tempest, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611]",
+            _.where(listOfPlays, asList(
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("year", Integer.valueOf(1611)))).toString());
+        assertEquals("[title: Cymbeline, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611,"
+            + " title: The Tempest, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611]",
+            _.where(listOfPlays, asList(
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author2", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("year", Integer.valueOf(1611)))).toString());
+        assertEquals("[title: Cymbeline, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611,"
+            + " title: The Tempest, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611]",
+            _.where(new LinkedHashSet<Book>(listOfPlays), asList(
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("year", Integer.valueOf(1611)))).toString());
+        assertEquals("[title: Cymbeline, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611,"
+            + " title: The Tempest, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611]",
+            _.where(new LinkedHashSet<Book>(listOfPlays), asList(
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author2", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("year", Integer.valueOf(1611)))).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findWhere(listOfPlays, {author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611})
+=> {title: "Cymbeline", author: "Shakespeare", year: 1611}
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findWhere() {
+        class Book {
+            public final String title;
+            public final String author;
+            public final Integer year;
+            public Book(final String title, final String author, final Integer year) {
+                this.title = title;
+                this.author = author;
+                this.year = year;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return "title: " + title + ", author: " + author + ", year: " + year;
+            }
+        };
+        List<Book> listOfPlays =
+            new ArrayList<Book>() {{
+              add(new Book("Cymbeline2", "Shakespeare", 1614));
+              add(new Book("Cymbeline", "Shakespeare", 1611));
+              add(new Book("The Tempest", "Shakespeare", 1611));
+            }};
+        assertEquals("title: Cymbeline, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611",
+            _.findWhere(listOfPlays, asList(
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("year", Integer.valueOf(1611)))).toString());
+        assertEquals("title: Cymbeline, author: Shakespeare, year: 1611",
+            _.findWhere(listOfPlays, asList(
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("author2", "Shakespeare"),
+            Tuple.<String, Object>create("year", Integer.valueOf(1611)))).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 5
+_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void first() {
+        final Integer result = _.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("5", result.toString());
+        final Object resultChain = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first().item();
+        assertEquals("5", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object resultChainTwo = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultChainTwo.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = _.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultList.toString());
+        final int resultInt = _.first(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals(5, resultInt);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.head([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 5
+_.head([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void head() {
+        final Integer result = _.head(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("5", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultObj = new _<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).head();
+        assertEquals("5", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = _.head(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultList.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultListObj = new _<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).head(2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultListObj.toString());
+        final int resultInt = _.head(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals(5, resultInt);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [5, 4, 3, 2]
+_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4, 3]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void initial() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.initial(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).initial().value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = _.initial(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", resultList.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultListChain = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).initial(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", resultListChain.toString());
+        final Integer[] resultArray = _.initial(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Integer[] resultListArray = _.initial(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", asList(resultListArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void last() {
+        final Integer result = _.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("1", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultTwo = _.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[2, 1]", resultTwo.toString());
+        final Object resultChain = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last().item();
+        assertEquals("1", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object resultChainTwo = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[2, 1]", resultChainTwo.toString());
+        final Integer resultArray = _.last(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("1", resultArray.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.tail([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.tail([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void tail() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.tail(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = _.tail(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.tail(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultArrayObj = new _<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).tail();
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", resultArrayObj.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = _.tail(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultArray2Obj = new _<Integer>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).tail(2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", resultArray2Obj.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.drop([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.drop([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void drop() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.drop(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = _.drop(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.drop(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = _.drop(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void rest() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.rest(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).rest().value();
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = _.rest(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2Chain = _.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).rest(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2Chain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.rest(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = _.rest(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+
+/*
+_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4];
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void flatten() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = _.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))), true);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, [3, [[4]]]]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result3 = _.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))), false);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result3.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new _(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj2 = new _(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten(true);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, [3, [[4]]]]", resultObj2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj3 = new _(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten(false);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", resultObj3.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+=> [1, 2, 3]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void compact() {
+        final List<?> result = _.compact(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result.toString());
+        final List<?> result2 = _.compact(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3), 1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result2.toString());
+        final List<?> result3 = new _(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result3.toString());
+        final List<?> result4 = new _(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact(1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result4.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.compact(new Object[] {0, 1, false, 2, "", 3});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = _.compact(new Object[] {0, 1, false, 2, "", 3}, 1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
+=> [2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void without() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.without(asList(1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4), 0, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = _.without(asList(1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4), 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", result2.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.without(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4}, 0, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = _.without(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4}, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
+_.max(numbers);
+=> 1000
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void max() {
+        final Integer result = _.max(asList(10, 5, 100, 2, 1000));
+        assertEquals("1000", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultComp = _.max(asList(10, 5, 100, 2, 1000),
+                new Function1<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item) {
+                return -item;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("2", resultComp.toString());
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+        };
+        final Person resultPerson = _.max(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+                new Function1<Person, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Person item) {
+                return item.age;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("curly", resultPerson.name);
+        assertEquals(60, resultPerson.age);
+    }
+
+/*
+var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
+_.min(numbers);
+=> 2
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void min() {
+        final Integer result = _.min(asList(10, 5, 100, 2, 1000));
+        assertEquals("2", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultComp = _.min(asList(10, 5, 100, 2, 1000),
+                new Function1<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item) {
+                return -item;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("1000", resultComp.toString());
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+        };
+        final Person resultPerson = _.min(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+                new Function1<Person, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Person item) {
+                return item.age;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("moe", resultPerson.name);
+        assertEquals(40, resultPerson.age);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+=> [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void shuffle() {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.shuffle(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6));
+        assertEquals(6, result.size());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+=> 4
+
+_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3);
+=> [1, 6, 2]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void sample() {
+        final Integer result = _.sample(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6));
+        assertTrue(result >= 1 && result <= 6);
+        final Set<Integer> resultList = _.sample(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 3);
+        assertEquals(3, resultList.size());
+    }
+
+/*
+var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
+_.pluck(stooges, 'name');
+=> ["moe", "larry", "curly"]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void pluck() throws Exception {
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+        };
+        final List<?> resultEmpty =
+        _.pluck(asList(), "name");
+        assertEquals("[]", resultEmpty.toString());
+        final List<?> result =
+        _.pluck(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 40)), "name");
+        assertEquals("[moe, larry, curly]", result.toString());
+        final Set<?> resultEmpty2 =
+        _.pluck(new LinkedHashSet(asList()), "name");
+        assertEquals("[]", resultEmpty2.toString());
+        final Set<?> resultSet =
+        _.pluck(new LinkedHashSet(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 40))), "name");
+        assertEquals("[moe, larry, curly]", resultSet.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void pluck2() throws Exception {
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+        };
+        _.pluck(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 40)), "name2");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void pluck3() throws Exception {
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+        };
+        _.pluck(new LinkedHashSet(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 40))), "name2");
+    }
+/*
+_.sortBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return Math.sin(num); });
+=> [5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void sortBy() throws Exception {
+        final List<Integer> result =
+        _.sortBy(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
+            new Function1<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item) {
+                return Double.valueOf(Math.sin(item) * 1000).intValue();
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.groupBy([1.3, 2.1, 2.4], function(num){ return Math.floor(num); });
+=> {1: [1.3], 2: [2.1, 2.4]}
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void groupBy() throws Exception {
+        final Map<Double, List<Double>> result =
+        _.groupBy(asList(1.3, 2.1, 2.4),
+            new Function1<Double, Double>() {
+            public Double apply(Double num) {
+                return Math.floor(num);
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("{1.0=[1.3], 2.0=[2.1, 2.4]}", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'larry', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
+_.indexBy(stooges, 'age');
+=> {
+  "40": {name: 'moe', age: 40},
+  "50": {name: 'larry', age: 50},
+  "60": {name: 'curly', age: 60}
+}
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void indexBy() throws Exception {
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        };
+        final Map<String, List<Person>> result =
+        _.indexBy(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 60)), "age");
+        assertEquals("{40=[moe, 40], 50=[larry, 50], 60=[curly, 60]}", result.toString());
+        final Map<String, List<Person>> result2 =
+        _.indexBy(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("larry", 50), new Person("curly", 60)), "age2");
+        assertEquals("{null=[moe, 40, larry, 50, curly, 60]}", result2.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var stooges = [{name: 'moe', age: 40}, {name: 'moe', age: 50}, {name: 'curly', age: 60}];
+_.countBy(stooges, 'age');
+=> {moe: 2, curly: 1}
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void countBy() throws Exception {
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        };
+        final Map<String, Integer> result =
+        _.countBy(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        });        
+        assertEquals("{moe=2, curly=1}", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+(function(){ return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
+=> [2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void toArray() throws Exception {
+        final Object[] result = _.<Integer>toArray(asList(1, 2, 3, 4));
+        assertEquals("1", result[0].toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.size({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3});
+=> 3
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void size() throws Exception {
+        final int result = _.size(asList(1, 2, 3, 4));
+        assertEquals(4, result);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void union() throws Exception {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.union(asList(1, 2, 3), asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.union(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Integer[] {101, 2, 1, 10});
+        assertEquals("[[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]]", asList(result).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+=> [1, 2]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void intersection() throws Exception {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.intersection(asList(1, 2, 3), asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.intersection(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Integer[] {101, 2, 1, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
+=> [1, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void difference() throws Exception {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.difference(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), asList(5, 2, 10));
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.difference(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, new Integer[] {5, 2, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void uniq() throws Exception {
+        final List<Integer> result = _.uniq(asList(1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = _.uniq(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        };
+        final Collection<Person> resultObject =
+        _.uniq(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObject.toString());
+        final List<Person> resultObjectChain =
+        _.chain(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60))).uniq(
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        }).value();
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObjectChain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultObjectArray =
+        _.uniq(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)).toArray(new Person[]{}),
+            new Function1<Person, String>() {
+            public String apply(Person person) {
+                return person.name;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", asList(resultObjectArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
+=> [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void zip() throws Exception {
+        final List<List<String>> result = _.zip(
+            asList("moe", "larry", "curly"), asList("30", "40", "50"), asList("true", "false", "false"));
+        assertEquals("[[moe, 30, true], [larry, 40, false], [curly, 50, false]]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.object(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50]);
+=> {moe: 30, larry: 40, curly: 50}
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void object() throws Exception {
+        final List<Tuple<String, String>> result = _.object(
+            asList("moe", "larry", "curly"), asList("30", "40", "50"));
+        assertEquals("[(moe, 30), (larry, 40), (curly, 50)]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void indexOf() throws Exception {
+        final Integer result = _.indexOf(asList(1, 2, 3), 2);
+        assertEquals(1, result);
+        final Integer resultArray = _.indexOf(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, 2);
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+=> 4
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void lastIndexOf() throws Exception {
+        final Integer result = _.lastIndexOf(asList(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3), 2);
+        assertEquals(4, result);
+        final Integer resultArray = _.lastIndexOf(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3}, 2);
+        assertEquals(4, resultArray);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findIndex([1, 2, 3], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findIndex() throws Exception {
+        final Integer result = _.findIndex(asList(1, 2, 3), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(1, result);
+        final Integer resultNotFound = _.findIndex(asList(1, 2, 3), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item > 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(-1, resultNotFound);
+        final Integer resultArray = _.findIndex(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findKey([1, 2, 3], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 2
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findKey() throws Exception {
+        final Integer result = _.findKey(asList(1, 2, 3), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(2, result);
+        final Integer resultNotFound = _.findKey(asList(1, 2, 3), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item > 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertNull(resultNotFound);
+        final Integer resultArray = _.findKey(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(2, resultArray);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findLastIndex([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 3
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findLastIndex() throws Exception {
+        final Integer result = _.findLastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(3, result);
+        final Integer resultNotFound = _.findLastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item > 5;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(-1, resultNotFound);
+        final Integer resultArray = _.findLastIndex(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(3, resultArray);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findLastKey([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 4
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findLastKey() throws Exception {
+        final Integer result = _.findLastKey(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(4, result);
+        final Integer resultNotFound = _.findLastKey(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item > 5;
+            }
+        });
+        assertNull(resultNotFound);
+        final Integer resultArray = _.findLastKey(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals(4, resultArray);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
+=> 3
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void sortedIndex() throws Exception {
+        final Integer result = _.sortedIndex(asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50), 35);
+        assertEquals(3, result);
+        final Integer result2 = _.sortedIndex(new Integer[] {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}, 35);
+        assertEquals(3, result2);
+        final Integer result3 = _.sortedIndex(asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50), 60);
+        assertEquals(-1, result3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sortedIndex2() throws Exception {
+        class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public int compareTo(Person person) {
+                return person.age - this.age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        };
+        final int result =
+        _.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)), new Person("moe", 50), "age");
+        assertEquals(1, result);
+        final int result2 =
+        _.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)), new Person("moe", 70), "age");
+        assertEquals(-1, result2);
+        final int resultArray =
+        _.<Person>sortedIndex(new Person[] {new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)}, new Person("moe", 50), "age");
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.range(10);
+=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+_.range(1, 11);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+_.range(0, 30, 5);
+=> [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
+_.range(0, -10, -1);
+=> [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
+_.range(0);
+=> []
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void range() throws Exception {
+        final int[] result = _.range(10);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, result);
+        final int[] result2 = _.range(1, 11);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, result2);
+        final int[] result3 = _.range(0, 30, 5);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25}, result3);
+        final int[] result4 = _.range(0, -10, -1);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9}, result4);
+        final int[] result5 = _.range(0);
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[] {}, result5);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.partition([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], isOdd);
+=> [[1, 3, 5], [0, 2, 4]]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void partition() throws Exception {
+        final List<List<Integer>> result = _.partition(asList(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(final Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 1;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 5]", result.get(0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 2, 4]", result.get(1).toString());
+        final List<Integer>[] resultArray = _.partition(new Integer[] {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(final Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 1;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 5]", resultArray[0].toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 2, 4]", resultArray[1].toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+var stooges = [{name: 'curly', age: 25}, {name: 'moe', age: 21}, {name: 'larry', age: 23}];
+var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
+  .sortBy(function(stooge){ return stooge.age; })
+  .map(function(stooge){ return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
+  .first()
+  .value();
+=> "moe is 21"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void chain() throws Exception {
+        final List<Map<String, Object>> stooges = new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>() {{
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "curly"); put("age", 25); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "moe"); put("age", 21); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "larry"); put("age", 23); }});
+        }};
+        final String youngest = _.chain(stooges)
+            .sortBy(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public String apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return item.get("age").toString();
+                }
+            })
+            .map(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public String apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return item.get("name") + " is " + item.get("age");
+                }
+            })
+            .first().item().toString();
+        assertEquals("moe is 21", youngest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void chainSet() throws Exception {
+        final Set<Map<String, Object>> stooges = new HashSet<Map<String, Object>>() {{
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "curly"); put("age", 25); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "moe"); put("age", 21); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "larry"); put("age", 23); }});
+        }};
+        final String youngest = _.chain(stooges)
+            .sortBy(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public String apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return item.get("age").toString();
+                }
+            })
+            .map(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public String apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return item.get("name") + " is " + item.get("age");
+                }
+            })
+            .first().item().toString();
+        assertEquals("moe is 21", youngest);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void chainArray() throws Exception {
+        final List<Map<String, Object>> stooges = new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>() {{
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "curly"); put("age", 25); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "moe"); put("age", 21); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "larry"); put("age", 23); }});
+        }};
+        final String youngest = _.chain(stooges.toArray())
+            .sortBy(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public String apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return item.get("age").toString();
+                }
+            })
+            .map(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public String apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return item.get("name") + " is " + item.get("age");
+                }
+            })
+            .first().item().toString();
+        assertEquals("moe is 21", youngest);
+    }
+
+/*
+var lyrics = [
+  {line: 1, words: "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"},
+  {line: 2, words: "I sleep all night and I work all day"},
+  {line: 3, words: "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"},
+  {line: 4, words: "He sleeps all night and he works all day"}
+];
+
+_.chain(lyrics)
+  .map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); })
+  .flatten()
+  .reduce(function(counts, word) {
+    counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1;
+    return counts;
+  }, {})
+  .value();
+
+=> {lumberjack: 2, all: 4, night: 2 ... }
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void chain2() throws Exception {
+        final List<Map<String, Object>> lyrics = new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>() {{
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 1); put("words", "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 2); put("words", "I sleep all night and I work all day"); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 3); put("words", "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 4); put("words", "He sleeps all night and he works all day"); }});
+        }};
+        final String result = _.chain(lyrics)
+            .map(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, List<String>>() {
+                public List<String> apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return asList(String.valueOf(item.get("words")).split(" "));
+                }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+            .reduce(
+                new FunctionAccum<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public Map<String, Object> apply(Map<String, Object> accum, String item) {
+                    if (accum.get(item) == null) {
+                        accum.put(item, 1);
+                    } else {
+                        accum.put(item, ((Integer) accum.get(item)) + 1);
+                    }
+                    return accum;
+                }
+            },
+            new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>()
+            )
+            .item().toString();
+        assertEquals("{I'm=2, a=2, lumberjack=2, and=4, okay=2, I=2, sleep=1, all=4, night=2, work=1, day=2, He's=1,"
+            + " he's=1, He=1, sleeps=1, he=1, works=1}", result);
+    }
+
+/*
+var lyrics = [
+  {line: 1, words: "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"},
+  {line: 2, words: "I sleep all night and I work all day"},
+  {line: 3, words: "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"},
+  {line: 4, words: "He sleeps all night and he works all day"}
+];
+
+_.chain(lyrics)
+  .map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); })
+  .flatten()
+  .reduceRight(function(counts, word) {
+    counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1;
+    return counts;
+  }, {})
+  .value();
+
+=> {day=2, all=4, works=1 ... }
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void chain3() throws Exception {
+        final List<Map<String, Object>> lyrics = new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>() {{
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 1); put("words", "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 2); put("words", "I sleep all night and I work all day"); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 3); put("words", "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("line", 4); put("words", "He sleeps all night and he works all day"); }});
+        }};
+        final String result = _.chain(lyrics)
+            .map(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, List<String>>() {
+                public List<String> apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return asList(String.valueOf(item.get("words")).split(" "));
+                }
+            })
+            .flatten()
+            .reduceRight(
+                new FunctionAccum<Map<String, Object>, String>() {
+                public Map<String, Object> apply(Map<String, Object> accum, String item) {
+                    if (accum.get(item) == null) {
+                        accum.put(item, 1);
+                    } else {
+                        accum.put(item, ((Integer) accum.get(item)) + 1);
+                    }
+                    return accum;
+                }
+            },
+            new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>()
+            )
+            .item().toString();
+        assertEquals("{day=2, all=4, works=1, he=1, and=4, night=2, sleeps=1,"
+                + " He=1, okay=2, he's=1, lumberjack=2, a=2, He's=1, work=1, I=2, sleep=1, I'm=2}", result);
+    }
+
+/*
+var doctors = [
+    { number: 1,  actor: "William Hartnell",      begin: 1963, end: 1966 },
+    { number: 9,  actor: "Christopher Eccleston", begin: 2005, end: 2005 },
+    { number: 10, actor: "David Tennant",         begin: 2005, end: 2010 }
+];
+_.chain(doctors)
+    .filter(function(doctor) {
+        return doctor.begin > 2000;
+    })
+    .reject(function(doctor) {
+        return doctor.begin > 2009;
+    })
+    .map(function(doctor) {
+        return {
+            doctorNumber: "#" + doctor.number,
+            playedBy: doctor.actor,
+            yearsPlayed: doctor.end - doctor.begin + 1
+        };
+    })
+    .value();
+
+=>  [{ doctorNumber: "#9",  playedBy: "Christopher Eccleston", yearsPlayed: 1 }]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void chain4() throws Exception {
+        final List<Map<String, Object>> doctors = new ArrayList<Map<String, Object>>() {{
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("number", 1); put("actor", "William Hartnell"); put("begin", 1963); put("end", 1966); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("number", 9); put("actor", "Christopher Eccleston"); put("begin", 2005); put("end", 2005); }});
+            add(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("number", 10); put("actor", "David Tennant"); put("begin", 2005); put("end", 2010); }});
+        }};
+        final String result = _.chain(doctors)
+            .filter(
+                new Predicate<Map<String, Object>>() {
+                public Boolean apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return (Integer) item.get("begin") > 2000;
+                }
+            })
+            .reject(
+                new Predicate<Map<String, Object>>() {
+                public Boolean apply(Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return (Integer) item.get("end") > 2009;
+                }
+            })
+            .map(
+                new Function1<Map<String, Object>, Map<String, Object>>() {
+                public Map<String, Object> apply(final Map<String, Object> item) {
+                    return new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ 
+                        put("doctorNumber", "#" + item.get("number"));
+                        put("playedBy", item.get("actor"));
+                        put("yearsPlayed", (Integer) item.get("end") - (Integer) item.get("begin") + 1);
+                    }};
+                }
+            })
+            .value().toString();
+        assertEquals("[{doctorNumber=#9, playedBy=Christopher Eccleston, yearsPlayed=1}]", result);
+    }
+
+/*
+var compiled = _.template("hello: <%= name %>");
+compiled({name: 'moe'});
+=> "hello: moe"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void template() throws Exception {
+        Template<Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>>> compiled = _.template("hello: <%= name %>");
+        assertEquals("hello: moe", compiled.apply(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "moe"); }}.entrySet()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void template2() throws Exception {
+        Template<Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>>> compiled = _.template("hello: <%= name %>, hello2: <%= name %>");
+        assertEquals("hello: moe, hello2: moe", compiled.apply(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "moe"); }}.entrySet()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void template3() throws Exception {
+        Template<Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>>> compiled = _.template("hello: <%= name %>, hello2: <%= name2 %>");
+        assertEquals("hello: moe, hello2: moe2", compiled.apply(
+            new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "moe"); put("name2", "moe2"); }}.entrySet()));
+    }
+/*
+var list = "<% _.each(people, function(name) { %> <li><%= name %></li> <% }); %>";
+_.template(list, {people: ['moe', 'curly', 'larry']});
+=> "<li>moe</li><li>curly</li><li>larry</li>"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void templateEach() throws Exception {
+        String list = "<% _.each(people, function(name) { %> <li><%= name %></li> <% }); %>";
+        Template<Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>>> compiled = _.template(list);
+        assertEquals(" <li>moe</li>  <li>curly</li>  <li>larry</li> ",
+            compiled.apply(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("people", asList("moe", "curly", "larry")); }}.entrySet()));
+    }
+
+/*
+var template = _.template("<b><%- value %></b>");
+template({value: '<script>'});
+=> "<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void templateValue() throws Exception {
+        Template<Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>>> template = _.template("<b><%- value %></b>");
+        assertEquals("<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>",
+            template.apply(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("value", "<script>"); }}.entrySet()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void templateValue2() throws Exception {
+        Template<Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>>> template = _.template("hello: <%= name %>, <b><%- value %></b>");
+        assertEquals("hello: moe, <b>&lt;script&gt;</b>",
+            template.apply(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("name", "moe"); put("value", "<script>"); }}.entrySet()));
+    }
+/*
+var compiled = _.template("<% print('Hello ' + epithet); %>");
+compiled({epithet: "stooge"});
+=> "Hello stooge"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void templatePrint() throws Exception {
+        Template<Set<Map.Entry<String,Object>>> compiled = _.template("<% print('Hello ' + epithet); %>");
+        assertEquals("Hello stooge",
+            compiled.apply(new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{ put("epithet", "stooge"); }}.entrySet()));
+    }
+
+/*
+_.escape('Curly, Larry & Moe');
+=> "Curly, Larry &amp; Moe"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void escape() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("Curly, Larry &amp; Moe", _.escape("Curly, Larry & Moe"));
+    }
+
+/*
+_.unescape('Curly, Larry &amp; Moe');
+=> "Curly, Larry & Moe"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void unescape() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("Curly, Larry & Moe", _.unescape("Curly, Larry &amp; Moe"));
+    }
+
+/*
+var object = {cheese: 'crumpets', stuff: function(){ return 'nonsense'; }};
+_.result(object, 'cheese');
+=> "crumpets"
+_.result(object, 'stuff');
+=> "nonsense"
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void result() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, Object> object = new LinkedHashMap<String, Object>() {{
+            put("cheese", "crumpets");
+            put("stuff", new Function<String>() { public String apply() { return "nonsense"; }});
+        }};
+
+        assertEquals("crumpets", _.result(object.entrySet(), new Predicate<Map.Entry<String, Object>>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Map.Entry<String, Object> item) {
+                return item.getKey().equals("cheese");
+            }
+        }));
+        assertEquals("nonsense", _.result(object.entrySet(), new Predicate<Map.Entry<String, Object>>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Map.Entry<String, Object> item) {
+                return item.getKey().equals("stuff");
+            }
+        }));
+        assertEquals("result1", _.result(asList("result1", "result2"), new Predicate<String>() {
+            public Boolean apply(String item) {
+                return item.equals("result1");
+            }
+        }));
+        assertEquals(null, _.result(asList("result1", "result2"), new Predicate<String>() {
+            public Boolean apply(String item) {
+                return item.equals("result3");
+            }
+        }));
+    }
+
+/*
+var counter = 0;
+var incr = function(){ counter++; };
+var debouncedIncr = _.debounce(incr, 32);
+debouncedIncr(); debouncedIncr();
+_.delay(debouncedIncr, 16);
+_.delay(function(){ equal(counter, 1, 'incr was debounced'); }, 96);
+*/
+
+    @Test
+    public void debounce() throws Exception {
+    final Integer[] counter = new Integer[] {0};
+        Function<Void> incr = new Function<Void>() { public Void apply() { counter[0]++; return null; }};
+        Function<Void> debouncedIncr = _.debounce(incr, 50);
+        debouncedIncr.apply();
+        debouncedIncr.apply();
+        _.delay(debouncedIncr, 16);
+        _.delay(new Function<Void>() {
+            public Void apply() {
+                assertEquals("incr was debounced", 1, counter[0]);
+                return null;
+            }
+        }, 32);
+        Thread.sleep(120);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void main() throws Exception {
+        _.main(new String[] {});
+    }
+
+/*
+['some', 'words', 'example'].sort();
+=> ['example', 'some', 'words']
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void sort() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("[example, some, words]", _.sort(asList("some", "words", "example")).toString());
+        assertEquals("[example, some, words]", asList(_.sort(new String[] {"some", "words", "example"})).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+['some', 'words', 'example'].join('-');
+=> 'some-words-example'
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void join() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals("some-words-example", _.join(asList("some", "words", "example"), "-"));
+        assertEquals("some-words-example", _.join(new String[] {"some", "words", "example"}, "-"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void compareStrings() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(_.sort("CAT".split("")), _.sort("CTA".split("")));
+    }
+
+/*
+_.concat([1, 2], [3, 4]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void concat() throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), asList(_.concat(new Integer[] {1, 2}, new Integer[] {3, 4})));
+        assertEquals(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), _.concat(asList(1, 2), asList(3, 4)));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", _.chain(asList(1, 2)).concat(asList(3, 4)).value().toString());
+        assertEquals(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), asList(_.concat(new Integer[] {1, 2}, new Integer[] {3}, new Integer[] {4})));
+        assertEquals(asList(1, 2, 3, 4), _.concat(asList(1, 2), asList(3), asList(4)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void classForName_without_guava() {
+        _.classForName = new _.ClassForName() {
+            public Class<?> call(final String name) throws Exception {
+                throw new Exception();
+            }
+        };
+        final List<Integer> result1 = _.filter(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
+            new Predicate<Integer>() {
+            public Boolean apply(Integer item) {
+                return item % 2 == 0;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[2, 4, 6]", result1.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = _.shuffle(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6));
+        assertEquals(6, result2.size());
+        List<Integer> result3 = _.map(asList(1, 2, 3), new Function1<Integer, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Integer item) {
+                return item * 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[3, 6, 9]", result3.toString());
+        final Set<Integer> result4 =
+        _.map(new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>() {{ put(1, "one"); put(2, "two"); put(3, "three"); }}.entrySet(),
+            new Function1<Map.Entry<Integer, String>, Integer>() {
+            public Integer apply(Map.Entry<Integer, String> item) {
+                return item.getKey() * 3;
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("[3, 6, 9]", result4.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result5 = _.union(asList(1, 2, 3), asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", result5.toString());
+        final Map<Double, List<Double>> result6 =
+        _.groupBy(asList(1.3, 2.1, 2.4),
+            new Function1<Double, Double>() {
+            public Double apply(Double num) {
+                return Math.floor(num);
+            }
+        });
+        assertEquals("{1.0=[1.3], 2.0=[2.1, 2.4]}", result6.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result7 = _.uniq(asList(1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result7.toString());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 269 could be null and is dereferenced at line 275.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void _Test.find()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.underscore._Test.find():void.d2d028a29d01a4573efbf476678a34ed
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/github/underscore/_Test.java
+
+### Key:
+_Test.java|find|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+c88d25806817d5a37c28d577ea56f2f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4169/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4169/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ff758965b9b983c41bc8fad1d3f9cd86e4cfba2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4169/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** underscore-java
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright 2015-2020 Valentyn Kolesnikov
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.github.underscore;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+/**
+ * Underscore library unit test.
+ *
+ * @author Valentyn Kolesnikov
+ */
+public class ArraysTest {
+
+/*
+_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 5
+_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void first() {
+        //static, chain, object
+        assertEquals("5", U.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).toString());
+        assertEquals("5", U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first().item().toString());
+        assertEquals("0", new U<>(U.range(3)).first().toString());
+        //static, chain, object with int
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first(2).value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", U.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 1]", new U<>(U.range(3)).first(2).toString());
+        //static, chain, object with larger int
+        assertEquals("[a, b]", U.first(asList("a", "b"), 4).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, b]", U.chain(asList("a", "b")).first(4).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2]", new U<>(U.range(3)).first(4).toString());
+        //static, chain, object with wrong int
+        assertEquals("[]", U.first(asList("a", "b"), 0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.first(U.range(3), -2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", new U<>(U.range(3)).first(0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", new U<>(U.range(3)).first(-1).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(asList("a")).first(-100).value().toString());
+        //array
+        assertEquals(5, U.first(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}).intValue());
+        //static, chain, object with predicate
+        final int resultPred = U.first(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(4, resultPred);
+        final int resultPredObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first(item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(4, resultPredObj);
+        final int resultChainPred = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).first(item -> item % 2 == 0).item();
+        assertEquals(4, resultChainPred);
+        //static, chain, object with predicate and int
+        final List<Integer> result1 = new U<>(U.range(7)).first(item -> item % 2 == 0, 2);
+        assertEquals("[0, 2]", result1.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = U.first(U.range(7), item -> item < 1, 4);
+        assertEquals("[0]", result2.toString());
+        final U.Chain<Integer> result3 = U.chain(U.range(7)).first(item -> item < 2, 4);
+        assertEquals("[0, 1]", result3.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result4 = new U<>(U.range(3)).first(item -> item > 2, -5);
+        assertEquals("[]", result4.toString());
+        final List<String> result5 = U.first(asList("aa", "bbbb"), item -> item.length() < 3, -2);
+        assertEquals("[]", result5.toString());
+        final U.Chain<Integer> result6 = U.chain(U.range(7)).first(item -> item < 2, -1);
+        assertEquals("[]", result6.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void firstOrNull() {
+        final Integer result = U.firstOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("5", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).firstOrNull();
+        assertEquals("5", resultObj.toString());
+        final Integer resultChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).firstOrNull().item();
+        assertEquals("5", resultChain.toString());
+        assertNull(U.firstOrNull(Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertNull(new U<>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).firstOrNull());
+        final int resultPred = U.firstOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(4, resultPred);
+        final int resultPredChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).firstOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 0).item();
+        assertEquals(4, resultPredChain);
+        assertNull(U.firstOrNull(Collections.<Integer>emptyList(), item -> item % 2 == 0));
+        final int resultPredObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).firstOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(4, resultPredObj);
+        assertNull(new U<>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).firstOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void firstEmpty() {
+        U.first(asList());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.head([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 5
+_.head([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void head() {
+        final Integer result = U.head(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("5", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).head();
+        assertEquals("5", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = U.head(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultList.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultListObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).head(2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4]", resultListObj.toString());
+        final int resultInt = U.head(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals(5, resultInt);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.singleOrNull([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> null
+_.singleOrNull([5]);
+=> 5
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void singleOrNull() {
+       U<Integer> uWithMoreElement = new U<>(asList(1, 2, 3));
+       U<Integer> uWithOneElement = new U<>(asList(1));
+
+       final Integer result1 = U.singleOrNull(asList(1, 2, 3));
+       assertNull(result1);
+       final int result2 = U.singleOrNull(asList(1));
+       assertEquals(1, result2);
+       final Integer result3 = U.singleOrNull(new ArrayList<>());
+       assertNull(result3);
+       final Integer result4 = U.singleOrNull(asList(1, 2, 3), item -> item % 2 == 1);
+       assertNull(result4);
+       final int result5 = U.singleOrNull(asList(1, 2, 3), item -> item % 2 == 0);
+       assertEquals(2, result5);
+       final Integer result6 = U.singleOrNull(asList(1, 2, 3), item -> item  == 5);
+       assertNull(result6);
+       final Integer result7 = uWithMoreElement.singleOrNull();
+       assertNull(result7);
+       final Integer result8 = uWithOneElement.singleOrNull();
+       assertEquals(result8, Integer.valueOf(1));
+       final Integer result9 = uWithMoreElement.singleOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 0);
+       assertEquals(result9, Integer.valueOf(2));
+       final Integer result10 = uWithMoreElement.singleOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 1);
+       assertNull(result10);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void rest() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.rest(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).rest().value();
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = U.rest(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2Chain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).rest(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2Chain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.rest(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = U.rest(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 2);
+// → [['a', 'b'], ['c', 'd']]
+
+_.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 3);
+// → [['a', 'b', 'c'], ['d']]
+
+_.chunk(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'], 2, 3);
+// → [['a', 'b'], ['d', 'e'], ['g']]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void chunk() {
+        assertEquals("[[a, b, c], [d]]", U.chunk(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", U.chunk(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunk(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunk(asList(1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4), -2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[0, 1], [3, 4], [6]]", U.chunk(U.range(7), 2, 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[], [], []]", U.chunk(U.range(7), 0, 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunk(U.range(7), -2, 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunk(U.range(7), 2, 0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunk(U.range(7), 2, -2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunk(2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunk(0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[0, 1, 2], [2, 3, 4], [4, 5]]", new U<>(U.range(6)).chunk(3, 2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", new U<>(U.range(7)).chunk(3, 0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunk(2).value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunk(0).value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [b, c], [c, d], [d]]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"))
+            .chunk(2, 1).value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunk(4, 0).value().toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void chunkFill() {
+        assertEquals("[[a, b, c], [d, fill, fill]]", U.chunkFill(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 3, "fill").toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", U.chunkFill(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 2, "fill").toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunkFill(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"), 0, "fill").toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunkFill(asList(1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4), -2, 0.0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[0, 1], [3, 4], [6, 500]]", U.chunkFill(U.range(7), 2, 3, 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[], [], []]", U.chunkFill(U.range(7), 0, 3, 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunkFill(U.range(7), -2, 3, 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunkFill(U.range(7), 2, 0, 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chunkFill(U.range(7), 2, -2, 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b, c], [d, fill, fill]]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"))
+            .chunkFill(3, "fill").toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunkFill(0, "fill").toString());
+        assertEquals("[[0, 1, 2], [2, 3, 4], [4, 5, 500]]", new U<>(U.range(6))
+            .chunkFill(3, 2, 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", new U<>(U.range(7)).chunkFill(3, 0, 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [c, d]]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunkFill(2, "fill").value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunkFill(0, "fill").value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[[a, b], [b, c], [c, d], [d, fill]]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d"))
+            .chunkFill(2, 1, "fill").value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c", "d")).chunkFill(4, 0, "fill").value().toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.cycle([1, 2, 3], 3);
+// → [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
+_.cycle([1, 2, 3], -3);
+// → [3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 2, 1]
+_.cycle([1, 2, 3], 0);
+// → []
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void cycle() {
+        assertEquals("[]", U.cycle(U.range(5), 0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.cycle(U.newArrayList(), 5).toString());
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1, 0]", U.cycle(U.range(5), -1).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]", U.cycle(U.range(3), 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c")).cycle(0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[c, b, a, c, b, a]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c")).cycle(-2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, b, c, a, b, c, a, b, c]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c")).cycle(3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(U.range(10)).cycle(0).value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 0, 0, 0, 0]", U.chain(U.range(1)).cycle(5).value().toString());
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1, 0]", U.chain(U.range(4)).cycle(-1).value().toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.repeat('a', 5);
+=> [a, a, a, a, a]
+_.repeat('a', 0);
+=> []
+_.repeat('a', -1);
+=> []
+_.repeat(null, 3);
+=> [null, null, null]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void repeat() {
+        assertEquals("[a, a, a, a, a]", U.repeat('a', 5).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.repeat('a', 0).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.repeat('a', -1).toString());
+        assertEquals("[apple, apple, apple]", U.repeat("apple", 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[100, 100, 100]", U.repeat(100, 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[2.5, 2.5, 2.5]", U.repeat(2.5, 3).toString());
+        assertEquals("[null, null, null]", U.repeat(null, 3).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.interpose([1, 2, 3], 500);
+// → [1, 500, 2, 500, 3]
+_.interpose([], 500);
+// → []
+_.interpose([1], 500);
+// → [1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void interpose() {
+        assertEquals("[0, 500, 1, 500, 2, 500, 3]", U.interpose(U.range(4), 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.interpose(U.newArrayList(), 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.interpose(U.newArrayList(), null).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3]", U.interpose(U.newArrayList(U.range(4)), null).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0]", U.interpose(U.range(1), 500).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, interpose, b, interpose, c]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c"))
+            .interpose("interpose").toString());
+        assertEquals("[a]", new U<>(asList("a")).interpose("interpose").toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, b]", new U<>(asList("a, b")).interpose(null).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a]", U.chain(asList("a")).interpose("interpose").toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(U.newArrayList()).interpose("interpose").toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, b, c]", U.chain(asList("a", "b", "c")).interpose(null).toString());
+        assertEquals("[?, interpose, !, interpose, -]", U.chain(asList("?", "!", "-"))
+            .interpose("interpose").toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.interpose([1, 2, 3], [100, 200, 300]);
+// → [1, 100, 2, 200, 3]
+_.interpose([1, 2, 3], [100]);
+// → [1, 100, 2, 3]
+_.interpose([1], [500]);
+// → [1]
+_.interpose([], [500, 600, 700]);
+// → []
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void interposeByList() {
+        List<String> list1 = U.newArrayList();
+        List<Integer> list2 = U.newArrayList();
+        assertEquals("[0, 100, 1, 200, 2, 300, 3]", U.interposeByList(U.range(4), U.range(100, 600, 100)).toString());
+        assertEquals("[]", U.interposeByList(list2, U.range(100, 300, 50)).toString());
+        assertEquals("[100, 200, 300]", U.interposeByList(U.range(100, 400, 100), list2).toString());
+        assertEquals("[100, 200, 300]", U.interposeByList(U.range(100, 400, 100), null).toString());
+        list2.add(1);
+        assertEquals("[1]", U.interposeByList(list2, U.range(100, 300, 50)).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 100, 1, 2, 3]", U.interposeByList(U.range(4), U.newIntegerList(100)).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, zzz, b, c]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c")).interposeByList(asList("zzz")).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, b, c]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c")).interposeByList(null).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a]", new U<>(asList("a")).interposeByList(asList("zzz")).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, b, c]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c")).interposeByList(list1).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, aaa, b, bbb, c]", new U<>(asList("a", "b", "c"))
+            .interposeByList(asList("aaa", "bbb", "ccc")).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a]", U.chain(asList("a")).interposeByList(asList("aaa", "bbb", "ccc")).toString());
+        assertEquals("[aaa, bbb, ccc]", U.chain(asList("aaa", "bbb", "ccc")).interposeByList(null).toString());
+        list2.clear();
+        assertEquals("[]", U.chain(list2).interposeByList(U.range(6)).toString());
+        assertEquals("[?, aaa, !, bbb, -]", U.chain(asList("?", "!", "-"))
+            .interposeByList(asList("aaa", "bbb", "ccc")).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.tail([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.tail([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void tail() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.tail(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = U.tail(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.tail(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultArrayObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).tail();
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", resultArrayObj.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = U.tail(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultArray2Obj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).tail(2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", resultArray2Obj.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.drop([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [4, 3, 2, 1]
+_.drop([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [3, 2, 1]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void drop() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.drop(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = U.drop(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", result2.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.drop(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[4, 3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = U.drop(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[3, 2, 1]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.replace([1, 2, 3, 4], predicate(a) { return a > 2; }, 100);
+=> [1, 2, 100, 100]
+_.replace([1, 2, 3, 4], null, 100);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+    @Test
+    public void replace() {
+        assertEquals("[100, 1, 100, 3, 100, 5]", U.replace(U.range(6),
+                arg -> arg % 2 == 0, 100).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]", U.replace(U.range(5), null, 100).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, aa, b, b]", new U<>(asList("a", "aa", "aaa", "aaaa")).replace(
+                arg -> arg.length() > 2, "b").toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, aa, cc, ccc]", new U<>(asList("a", "aa", "cc", "ccc")).replace(
+               null, "b").toString());
+        Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();
+        set.addAll(U.range(7));
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 100, 100, 100, 100]", U.chain(set).replace(
+                arg -> arg > 2, 100).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.replaceIndexed([a, b, c, d], predicateIndexed(a, b) { return a > 2; }, z);
+=> [a, b, z, z]
+_.replaceIndexed([a, b, c, d], null, z);
+=> [a, b, c, d]
+*/
+    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+    @Test
+    public void replaceIndexed() {
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 100, 100]", U.replaceIndexed(U.range(6),
+                (i, arg) -> i > 2 && arg > 3, 100).toString());
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]", U.replaceIndexed(U.range(5), null, 100).toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, bc, ddd, f]", new U<>(asList("a", "bc", "ddd", "eeee")).replaceIndexed(
+                (i, arg) -> arg.length() > 2 && i > 2, "f").toString());
+        assertEquals("[a, aa, cc, ccc]", new U<>(asList("a", "aa", "cc", "ccc")).replaceIndexed(
+               null, "b").toString());
+        List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        list.add(100);
+        list.add(22);
+        list.add(88);
+        list.add(6530);
+        list.add(-25);
+        list.add(-1000);
+        assertEquals("[100, 0, 88, 6530, 0, -1000]", U.chain(list).replaceIndexed(
+                (i, arg) -> arg < 23 && i < 5, 0).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> [5, 4, 3, 2]
+_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], 2);
+=> [5, 4, 3]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void initial() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.initial(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).initial().value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = U.initial(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", resultList.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultListChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).initial(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", resultListChain.toString());
+        final Integer[] resultArray = U.initial(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3, 2]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Integer[] resultListArray = U.initial(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, 2);
+        assertEquals("[5, 4, 3]", asList(resultListArray).toString());
+        List<Integer> res = new U(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).initial();
+        assertEquals("initial one item did not work", asList(1, 2, 3, 4), res);
+        res = new U(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).initial(3);
+        assertEquals("initial multi item did not wok", asList(1, 2), res);
+    }
+
+/*
+_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void last() {
+        final Integer result = U.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("1", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultTwo = U.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), 2);
+        assertEquals("[2, 1]", resultTwo.toString());
+        final Object resultChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last().item();
+        assertEquals("1", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object resultChainTwo = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last(2).value();
+        assertEquals("[2, 1]", resultChainTwo.toString());
+        final Integer resultArray = U.last(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1});
+        assertEquals("1", resultArray.toString());
+        Integer res = new U<>(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).last();
+        assertEquals("last one item did not work", 5, res.intValue());
+        List<Integer> resList = new U(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).last(3);
+        assertEquals("last multi item did not wok", asList(3, 4, 5), resList);
+        final int resultPred = U.last(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(2, resultPred);
+        final int resultPredObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).last(item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(2, resultPredObj);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void lastOrNull() {
+        final Integer result = U.lastOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1));
+        assertEquals("1", result.toString());
+        final Integer resultObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).lastOrNull();
+        assertEquals("1", resultObj.toString());
+        final Integer resultChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).lastOrNull().item();
+        assertEquals("1", resultChain.toString());
+        assertNull(U.lastOrNull(Collections.emptyList()));
+        assertNull(new U<>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).lastOrNull());
+        final int resultPred = U.lastOrNull(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1), item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(2, resultPred);
+        final int resultPredChain = U.chain(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).lastOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 0).item();
+        assertEquals(2, resultPredChain);
+        assertNull(U.lastOrNull(Collections.<Integer>emptyList(), item -> item % 2 == 0));
+        final int resultPredObj = new U<>(asList(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)).lastOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(2, resultPredObj);
+        assertNull(new U<>(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()).lastOrNull(item -> item % 2 == 0));
+    }
+/*
+_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+=> [1, 2, 3]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void compact() {
+        final List<?> result = U.compact(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result.toString());
+        final List<?> result2 = U.compact(Arrays.<Object>asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3), 1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result2.toString());
+        final List<?> result3 = U.compact(asList(0, 1, null, 2, "", 3));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result3.toString());
+        final List<?> resultChain = U.chain(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact().value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<?> result2Chain = U.chain(Arrays.<Object>asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact(1).value();
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result2Chain.toString());
+        final List<?> result4 = new U(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", result4.toString());
+        final List<?> result5 = new U(asList(0, 1, false, 2, "", 3)).compact(1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", result5.toString());
+        final List<?> result6 = new U(asList(0, 1, null, 2, "", 3)).compact(1);
+        assertEquals("[0, null, 2, , 3]", result6.toString());
+        final List<?> result7 = new U(asList(0, 1, null, 2, "", 3)).compact((Integer) null);
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, , 3]", result7.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.compact(new Object[] {0, 1, false, 2, "", 3});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = U.compact(new Object[] {0, 1, false, 2, "", 3}, 1);
+        assertEquals("[0, false, 2, , 3]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4];
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void flatten() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = U.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))), true);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, [3, [[4]]]]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result3 = U.flatten(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4))))), false);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result3.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new U(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj2 = new U(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten(true);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, [3, [[4]]]]", resultObj2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj3 = new U(asList(1, asList(2, asList(3, asList(asList(4)))))).flatten(false);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", resultObj3.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
+=> [2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void without() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.without(asList(1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4), 0, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = U.without(asList(1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4), 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result3 = U.without(asList(null, 2, null, 0, 3, null, 4), (Integer) null);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", result3.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.without(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4}, 0, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = U.without(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4}, 1);
+        assertEquals("[2, 0, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
+=> 3
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void sortedIndex() {
+        final Integer result = U.sortedIndex(asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50), 35);
+        assertEquals(3, result.intValue());
+        final Integer result2 = U.sortedIndex(new Integer[] {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}, 35);
+        assertEquals(3, result2.intValue());
+        final Integer result3 = U.sortedIndex(asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50), 60);
+        assertEquals(-1, result3.intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sortedIndex2() {
+        class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public int compareTo(Person person) {
+                return person.age - this.age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        }
+        final int result =
+        U.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50),
+            new Person("curly", 60)), new Person("moe", 50), "age");
+        assertEquals(1, result);
+        final int result2 =
+        U.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50),
+            new Person("curly", 60)), new Person("moe", 70), "age");
+        assertEquals(-1, result2);
+        final int resultArray =
+        U.<Person>sortedIndex(new Person[] {new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50),
+            new Person("curly", 60)}, new Person("moe", 50), "age");
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void sortedIndex2Error() {
+        class Person implements Comparable<Person> {
+            public int compareTo(Person person) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        U.<Person>sortedIndex(asList(new Person()), new Person(), "age");
+    }
+
+/*
+_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void uniq() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.uniq(asList(1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.uniq(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        }
+        final Collection<Person> resultObject =
+        U.uniq(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+                person -> person.name);
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObject.toString());
+        final List<Person> resultObjectChain =
+        U.chain(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60))).uniq(
+                person -> person.name).value();
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObjectChain.toString());
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]", U.chain(asList(1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5)).uniq().value().toString());
+        final Object[] resultObjectArray =
+        U.uniq(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)).toArray(new Person[]{}),
+                person -> person.name);
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", asList(resultObjectArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.distinct([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void distinct() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.distinct(asList(1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.distinct(new Integer[] {1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        class Person {
+            public final String name;
+            public final Integer age;
+            public Person(final String name, final Integer age) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.age = age;
+            }
+            public String toString() {
+                return name + ", " + age;
+            }
+        }
+        final Collection<Person> resultObject =
+        U.distinctBy(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60)),
+                person -> person.name);
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObject.toString());
+        final List<String> resultObjectChain =
+        U.chain(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60))).distinctBy(
+                person -> person.name).value();
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", resultObjectChain.toString());
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]", U.chain(asList(1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5)).distinct().value().toString());
+        final Object[] resultObjectArray =
+        U.distinctBy(asList(new Person("moe", 40), new Person("moe", 50), new Person("curly", 60))
+            .toArray(new Person[]{}),
+                person -> person.name);
+        assertEquals("[moe, 50, curly, 60]", asList(resultObjectArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+=> [1, 2]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void intersection() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.intersection(asList(1, 2, 3), asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new U(asList(1, 2, 3)).intersectionWith(asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = U.chain(asList(1, 2, 3)).intersection(asList(101, 2, 1, 10),
+            asList(2, 1)).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.intersection(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Integer[] {101, 2, 1, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void union() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.union(asList(1, 2, 3), asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new U(asList(1, 2, 3)).unionWith(asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1));
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = U.chain(asList(1, 2, 3)).union(asList(101, 2, 1, 10), asList(2, 1)).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", resultChain.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.union(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, new Integer[] {101, 2, 1, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 101, 10]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
+=> [1, 3, 4]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void difference() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.difference(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), asList(5, 2, 10));
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultObj = new U(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).differenceWith(asList(5, 2, 10));
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", resultObj.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = U.chain(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)).difference(asList(5, 2, 10)).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultList = U.difference(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), asList(5, 2, 10), asList(8, 4));
+        assertEquals("[1, 3]", resultList.toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray = U.difference(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, new Integer[] {5, 2, 10});
+        assertEquals("[1, 3, 4]", asList(resultArray).toString());
+        final Object[] resultArray2 = U.difference(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
+            new Integer[] {5, 2, 10}, new Integer[] {8, 4});
+        assertEquals("[1, 3]", asList(resultArray2).toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
+=> [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void zip() {
+        final List<List<String>> result = U.zip(
+            asList("moe", "larry", "curly"), asList("30", "40", "50"), asList("true", "false", "false"));
+        assertEquals("[[moe, 30, true], [larry, 40, false], [curly, 50, false]]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.unzip(["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]);
+=> [['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]]
+*/
+    @Test
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void unzip() {
+        final List<List<String>> result = U.unzip(
+            asList("moe", "30", "true"), asList("larry", "40", "false"), asList("curly", "50", "false"));
+        assertEquals("[[moe, larry, curly], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.object(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50]);
+=> {moe: 30, larry: 40, curly: 50}
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void object() {
+        final List<Tuple<String, String>> result = U.object(
+            asList("moe", "larry", "curly"), asList("30", "40", "50"));
+        assertEquals("[(moe, 30), (larry, 40), (curly, 50)]", result.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void indexOf() {
+        final Integer result = U.indexOf(asList(1, 2, 3), 2);
+        assertEquals(1, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = U.indexOf(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, 2);
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+=> 4
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void lastIndexOf() {
+        final Integer result = U.lastIndexOf(asList(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3), 2);
+        assertEquals(4, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = U.lastIndexOf(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3}, 2);
+        assertEquals(4, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findIndex([1, 2, 3], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 1
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findIndex() {
+        final Integer result = U.findIndex(asList(1, 2, 3), item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(1, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultNotFound = U.findIndex(asList(1, 2, 3), item -> item > 3);
+        assertEquals(-1, resultNotFound.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = U.findIndex(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3}, item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(1, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.findLastIndex([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], function(item) {return item % 2  === 0; });
+=> 3
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void findLastIndex() {
+        final Integer result = U.findLastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(3, result.intValue());
+        final Integer resultNotFound = U.findLastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5), item -> item > 5);
+        assertEquals(-1, resultNotFound.intValue());
+        final Integer resultArray = U.findLastIndex(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, item -> item % 2 == 0);
+        assertEquals(3, resultArray.intValue());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.binarySearch([1, 3, 5], 3);
+=> 1
+_.binarySearch([1, 3, 5], 2);
+=> -2
+_.binarySearch([1, 3, 5], null);
+=> -1
+_.binarySearch([null, 2, 4, 6], null);
+=> 0
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void binarySearch() {
+        final Integer[] array = {1, 3, 5};
+        assertEquals(1, U.binarySearch(array, 3));
+        assertEquals(-2, U.binarySearch(array, 2));
+        assertEquals(-1, U.binarySearch(array, null));
+        final Integer[] array2 = {null, 2, 4, 6};
+        assertEquals(0, U.binarySearch(array2, null));
+        assertEquals(1, U.binarySearch(array2, 2));
+        assertEquals(-2, U.binarySearch(array2, 1));
+        final Character[] array3 = {'b', 'c', 'e'};
+        assertEquals(0, U.binarySearch(array3, 'b'));
+        assertEquals(-3, U.binarySearch(array3, 'd'));
+        final String[] array4 = {"bird", "camel", "elephant"};
+        assertEquals(0, U.binarySearch(array4, "bird"));
+        assertEquals(-1, U.binarySearch(array4, "ant"));
+        final List<Integer> list1 = asList(1, 3, 5);
+        assertEquals(1, U.binarySearch(list1, 3));
+        assertEquals(-2, U.binarySearch(list1, 2));
+        assertEquals(-1, U.binarySearch(list1, null));
+        final List<Integer> list2 = asList(null, 2, 4, 6);
+        assertEquals(0, U.binarySearch(list2, null));
+        assertEquals(1, U.binarySearch(list2, 2));
+        assertEquals(-2, U.binarySearch(list2, 1));
+        final List<Character> list3 = asList('b', 'c', 'e');
+        assertEquals(0, U.binarySearch(list3, 'b'));
+        assertEquals(-3, U.binarySearch(list3, 'd'));
+        final List<String> list4 = asList("bird", "camel", "elephant");
+        assertEquals(0, U.binarySearch(list4, "bird"));
+        assertEquals(-1, U.binarySearch(list4, "ant"));
+    }
+
+/*
+_.range(10);
+=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+_.range(1, 11);
+=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+_.range(0, 30, 5);
+=> [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
+_.range(0, -10, -1);
+=> [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
+_.range(0);
+=> []
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void range() {
+        final List<Integer> result = U.range(10);
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]", result.toString());
+        final List<Integer> resultChain = U.chain("").range(10).value();
+        assertEquals("[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]", resultChain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2 = U.range(1, 11);
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]", result2.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result2Chain = U.chain("").range(1, 11).value();
+        assertEquals("[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]", result2Chain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result3 = U.range(0, 30, 5);
+        assertEquals("[0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]", result3.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result3Chain = U.chain("").range(0, 30, 5).value();
+        assertEquals("[0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]", result3Chain.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result4 = U.range(0, -10, -1);
+        assertEquals("[0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]", result4.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result5 = U.range(0);
+        assertEquals("[]", result5.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result6 = U.range(8, 5);
+        assertEquals("[8, 7, 6]", result6.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result7 = U.range(0);
+        assertEquals("[]", result7.toString());
+        final List<Integer> result8 = U.range(1, 10, 0);
+        assertEquals("[]", result8.toString());
+        final List<Character> result9 = U.range('a', 'd', 1);
+        assertEquals("[a, b, c]", result9.toString());
+        final List<Character> result10 = U.range('a', 'd');
+        assertEquals("[a, b, c]", result10.toString());
+        final List<Character> result11 = U.range('d');
+        assertEquals("[a, b, c]", result11.toString());
+        final List<Character> result12 = U.range('d', 'a', -1);
+        assertEquals("[d, c, b]", result12.toString());
+        final List<Character> result13 = U.range('d', 'a');
+        assertEquals("[d, c, b]", result13.toString());
+        final List<Character> result14 = U.range('d', 'a', 0);
+        assertEquals("[]", result14.toString());
+    }
+
+/*
+_.lastIndex([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+=> 4
+*/
+    @Test
+    public void lastIndex() {
+        assertEquals(4, U.lastIndex(asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)));
+        assertEquals(4, U.lastIndex(new Integer[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}));
+        assertEquals(4, U.lastIndex(new int[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `singleOrNull(asList(__new_array(java.lang.Integer*[_*_])))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 157.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ArraysTest.singleOrNull()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.underscore.ArraysTest.singleOrNull():void.68a9f23ab5f4adca276530e0a2be1a41
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/github/underscore/ArraysTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ArraysTest.java|singleOrNull|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f599220932acb9860d99528b851aeaa9
+
+### Hash:
+acb47b21ff064c9dfaa87d1b1ee69c7e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4194/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4194/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62d1f8dd8cb96f07ac264b272c4ec810cd642d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4194/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 59
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.nio.codecs;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+
+import org.apache.http.ReadableByteChannelMockup;
+import org.apache.http.impl.io.HttpTransportMetricsImpl;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.SessionInputBufferImpl;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.SessionInputBuffer;
+import org.apache.http.params.BasicHttpParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Simple tests for {@link LengthDelimitedDecoder}.
+ */
+public class TestLengthDelimitedDecoder {
+
+    private static String convert(final ByteBuffer src) {
+        src.flip();
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(src.remaining());
+        while (src.hasRemaining()) {
+            buffer.append((char)(src.get() & 0xff));
+        }
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static String readFromFile(final File file) throws Exception {
+        FileInputStream filestream = new FileInputStream(file);
+        InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(filestream);
+        try {
+            StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+            char[] tmp = new char[2048];
+            int l;
+            while ((l = reader.read(tmp)) != -1) {
+                buffer.append(tmp, 0, l);
+            }
+            return buffer.toString();
+        } finally {
+            reader.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicDecoding() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16);
+
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodingBeyondContentLimit() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;",
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16);
+
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicDecodingSmallBuffer() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16);
+
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuf", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(4, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("f;", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("more", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals(" stu", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(14, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("ff", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodingFromSessionBuffer1() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, inbuf.length());
+
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16);
+
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodingFromSessionBuffer2() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;",
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(38, inbuf.length());
+
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16);
+
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuff;more stuff", convert(dst));
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicDecodingFile() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff; ", "more stuff; ", "a lot more stuff!!!"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 36);
+
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+
+        long pos = 0;
+        while (!decoder.isCompleted()) {
+            long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, pos, 10);
+            if (bytesRead > 0) {
+                pos += bytesRead;
+            }
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(testfile.length(), metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        fchannel.close();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuff; more stuff; a lot more stuff!", readFromFile(fileHandle));
+
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+
+    private void deleteWithCheck(File handle){
+        if (!handle.delete() && handle.exists()){
+            System.err.println("Failed to delete: "+handle.getPath());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodingFileWithBufferedSessionData() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff; ", "more stuff; ", "a lot more stuff!!!"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 36);
+
+        int i = inbuf.fill(channel);
+        Assert.assertEquals(7, i);
+
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+
+        long pos = 0;
+        while (!decoder.isCompleted()) {
+            long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, pos, 10);
+            if (bytesRead > 0) {
+                pos += bytesRead;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(testfile.length() - 7, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        fchannel.close();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuff; more stuff; a lot more stuff!", readFromFile(fileHandle));
+
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodingFileWithOffsetAndBufferedSessionData() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff; ", "more stuff; ", "a lot more stuff!"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 36);
+
+        int i = inbuf.fill(channel);
+        Assert.assertEquals(7, i);
+
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        byte[] beginning = "beginning; ".getBytes("US-ASCII");
+        testfile.write(beginning);
+        testfile.close();
+
+        testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+
+        long pos = beginning.length;
+        while (!decoder.isCompleted()) {
+            if(testfile.length() < pos)
+                testfile.setLength(pos);
+            long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, pos, 10);
+            if (bytesRead > 0) {
+                pos += bytesRead;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // count everything except the initial 7 bytes that went to the session buffer
+        Assert.assertEquals(testfile.length() - 7 - beginning.length, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+        fchannel.close();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals("beginning; stuff; more stuff; a lot more stuff!", readFromFile(fileHandle));
+
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testWriteBeyondFileSize() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"a"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 1);
+
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+
+        RandomAccessFile testfile = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, testfile.length());
+
+        try {
+            decoder.transfer(fchannel, 5, 10);
+            Assert.fail("expected IOException");
+        } catch(IOException iox) {}
+
+        testfile.close();
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCodingBeyondContentLimitFile() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;",
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16);
+
+        File fileHandle = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+        RandomAccessFile testfile  = new RandomAccessFile(fileHandle, "rw");
+        FileChannel fchannel = testfile.getChannel();
+
+        long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 6);
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(6, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel,0 , 10);
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 1);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+
+        testfile.close();
+        deleteWithCheck(fileHandle);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidConstructor() {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(null, null, null, 10);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, null, null, 10);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, inbuf, null, 10);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, inbuf, metrics, -10);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        String s = "stuff";
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {s}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 3);
+
+        try {
+            decoder.read(null);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testZeroLengthDecoding() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff"}, "US-ASCII");
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 0);
+
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
+
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, metrics.getBytesTransferred());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.ReadableByteChannelMockup` acquired by call to `new()` at line 274 is not released after line 295.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.testBasicDecodingFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.nio.codecs.TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.testBasicDecodingFile():void.6badc8ef49386b5848565c86538ea8d8
+
+### File:
+httpcore-nio/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/nio/codecs/TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.java|testBasicDecodingFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+28fa175b8bbfed150fdcc2c7ec48c11e
+
+### Hash:
+277d475b2f113dfadf085d7568e560d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4195/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4195/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..604b854097c6d410fcd7521dabdbd2127b73e538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4195/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 92
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.entity;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import org.apache.http.Consts;
+import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
+import org.apache.http.HttpMessage;
+import org.apache.http.ProtocolException;
+import org.apache.http.impl.SessionInputBufferMock;
+import org.apache.http.impl.io.ChunkedInputStream;
+import org.apache.http.impl.io.ContentLengthInputStream;
+import org.apache.http.impl.io.IdentityInputStream;
+import org.apache.http.io.SessionInputBuffer;
+import org.apache.http.params.CoreProtocolPNames;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+@Deprecated
+public class TestEntityDeserializer {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIllegalGenerateArg() throws Exception {
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(null, null);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {}) , null);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithTransferEncoding() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock("0\r\n", Consts.ASCII);
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Transfer-Encoding", "identity, chunked");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "plain wrong");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertTrue(entity.isChunked());
+        Assert.assertTrue(entity.getContent() instanceof ChunkedInputStream);
+
+        // strict mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, true);
+        entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertTrue(entity.isChunked());
+        Assert.assertTrue(entity.getContent() instanceof ChunkedInputStream);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithIdentityTransferEncoding() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer =
+            new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Transfer-Encoding", "identity");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "plain wrong");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithUnsupportedTransferEncoding() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock("0\r\n", Consts.ASCII);
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Transfer-Encoding", "whatever; param=value, chunked");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "plain wrong");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertTrue(entity.isChunked());
+        Assert.assertTrue(entity.getContent() instanceof ChunkedInputStream);
+
+        // strict mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, true);
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+            Assert.fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedTransferEncodingMustBeLast() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock("0\r\n", Consts.ASCII);
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked, identity");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "plain wrong");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.getContent() instanceof ChunkedInputStream);
+
+        // strict mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, true);
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+            Assert.fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithContentLength() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "0");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+        Assert.assertTrue(entity.getContent() instanceof ContentLengthInputStream);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithMultipleContentLength() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {'0'});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "0");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "0");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "1");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+        InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(instream);
+        Assert.assertTrue(instream instanceof ContentLengthInputStream);
+
+        // strict mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, true);
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+            Assert.fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithMultipleContentLengthSomeWrong() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {'0'});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "1");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "yyy");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "xxx");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+        InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(instream);
+        Assert.assertTrue(instream instanceof ContentLengthInputStream);
+
+        // strict mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, true);
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+            Assert.fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithMultipleContentLengthAllWrong() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {'0'});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "yyy");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "xxx");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+        InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(instream);
+        Assert.assertFalse(instream instanceof ContentLengthInputStream);
+        Assert.assertTrue(instream instanceof IdentityInputStream);
+
+        // strict mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, true);
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+            Assert.fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityWithInvalidContentLength() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {'0'});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "unknown");
+        message.addHeader("Content-Length", "xxx");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+        InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(instream);
+        Assert.assertFalse(instream instanceof ContentLengthInputStream);
+        Assert.assertTrue(instream instanceof IdentityInputStream);
+
+        // strict mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, true);
+        try {
+            entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+            Assert.fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityNeitherContentLengthNorTransferEncoding() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {'0'});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        // lenient mode
+        message.getParams().setBooleanParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.STRICT_TRANSFER_ENCODING, false);
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, entity.getContentLength());
+        Assert.assertFalse(entity.isChunked());
+        InputStream instream = entity.getContent();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(instream);
+        Assert.assertFalse(instream instanceof ContentLengthInputStream);
+        Assert.assertFalse(instream instanceof ChunkedInputStream);
+        Assert.assertTrue(instream instanceof IdentityInputStream);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityContentType() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {'0'});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        message.addHeader("Content-Type", "stuff");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity.getContentType());
+        Assert.assertEquals("stuff", entity.getContentType().getValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEntityContentEncoding() throws Exception {
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {'0'});
+        HttpMessage message = new DummyHttpMessage();
+
+        message.addHeader("Content-Encoding", "what not");
+        EntityDeserializer entitygen = new EntityDeserializer(
+                new LaxContentLengthStrategy());
+        HttpEntity entity = entitygen.deserialize(inbuffer, message);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity);
+        Assert.assertNotNull(entity.getContentEncoding());
+        Assert.assertEquals("what not", entity.getContentEncoding().getValue());
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.impl.io.ContentLengthInputStream` acquired by call to `deserialize(...)` at line 302 is not released after line 302.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestEntityDeserializer.testEntityWithInvalidContentLength()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.entity.TestEntityDeserializer.testEntityWithInvalidContentLength():void.448e7147f559bf635eed00108ff1a102
+
+### File:
+httpcore/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/entity/TestEntityDeserializer.java
+
+### Key:
+TestEntityDeserializer.java|testEntityWithInvalidContentLength|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+12eca260e56d3ca87a3a76abdfe23017
+
+### Hash:
+964ff23214e750979d727933254ab3b9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4219/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4219/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e8e9c04c36bf42c84fee5928ce1fc44051bc6c4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4219/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * $HeadURL$
+ * $Revision$
+ * $Date$
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.nio.codecs;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+import org.apache.http.impl.io.HttpTransportMetricsImpl;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.SessionInputBufferImpl;
+import org.apache.http.mockup.ReadableByteChannelMockup;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.SessionInputBuffer;
+import org.apache.http.params.BasicHttpParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+
+/**
+ * Simple tests for {@link LengthDelimitedDecoder}.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:oleg at ural.ru">Oleg Kalnichevski</a>
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class TestLengthDelimitedDecoder extends TestCase {
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------ Constructor
+    public TestLengthDelimitedDecoder(String testName) {
+        super(testName);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------- Main
+    public static void main(String args[]) {
+        String[] testCaseName = { TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.class.getName() };
+        junit.textui.TestRunner.main(testCaseName);
+    }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------- TestCase Methods
+
+    public static Test suite() {
+        return new TestSuite(TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.class);
+    }
+
+    private static String convert(final ByteBuffer src) {
+        src.flip();
+        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(src.remaining()); 
+        while (src.hasRemaining()) {
+            buffer.append((char)(src.get() & 0xff));
+        }
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+    
+    private static String readFromFile(final File file, int numChars) throws Exception {
+        FileInputStream filestream = new FileInputStream(file);
+        InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(filestream);
+        try {
+            StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer(numChars);
+            char[] tmp = new char[Math.min(2048, numChars)];
+            int remaining = numChars;
+            while (remaining > 0) {
+                int l = reader.read(tmp);
+                if (l == -1) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                buffer.append(tmp, 0, l);
+                remaining =- l;
+            }
+            return buffer.toString();
+        } finally {
+            reader.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testBasicDecoding() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+    }
+    
+    public void testCodingBeyondContentLimit() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;", 
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+    }
+
+    public void testBasicDecodingSmallBuffer() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(4); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuf", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(2, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("f;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(4, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals(" stu", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(2, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("ff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+    }
+    
+    public void testDecodingFromSessionBuffer1() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+        
+        assertEquals(6, inbuf.length());
+        
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", convert(dst));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+    }
+
+    public void testDecodingFromSessionBuffer2() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;", 
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params);
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+        inbuf.fill(channel);
+        
+        assertEquals(38, inbuf.length());
+        
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        ByteBuffer dst = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); 
+        
+        int bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(16, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;more stuff", convert(dst));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        dst.clear();
+        bytesRead = decoder.read(dst);
+        assertEquals(-1, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+    }
+
+    // ----------------------------------------------------- Test read
+    public void testBasicDecodingFile() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+        FileChannel fchannel = new FileOutputStream(tmpFile).getChannel();
+        
+        long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 6);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", readFromFile(tmpFile, 6));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel,0 , 10);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", readFromFile(tmpFile, 10));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        tmpFile.delete();
+    }
+    
+    public void testCodingBeyondContentLimitFile() throws Exception {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {
+                        "stuff;", 
+                        "more stuff; and a lot more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 16); 
+        
+        File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("testFile", ".txt");
+        FileChannel fchannel = new FileOutputStream(tmpFile).getChannel();
+        
+        long bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 6);
+        assertEquals(6, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("stuff;", readFromFile(tmpFile, 6));
+        assertFalse(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel,0 , 10);
+        assertEquals(10, bytesRead);
+        assertEquals("more stuff", readFromFile(tmpFile, 10));
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        bytesRead = decoder.transfer(fchannel, 0, 1);
+        assertEquals(0, bytesRead);
+        assertTrue(decoder.isCompleted());
+        
+        tmpFile.delete();
+    }
+    
+    public void testInvalidConstructor() {
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {"stuff;", "more stuff"}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+        
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(null, null, null, 10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, null, null, 10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, inbuf, null, 10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+        try {
+            new LengthDelimitedDecoder(channel, inbuf, metrics, -10);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        String s = "stuff";
+        ReadableByteChannel channel = new ReadableByteChannelMockup(
+                new String[] {s}, "US-ASCII"); 
+        HttpParams params = new BasicHttpParams();
+    
+        SessionInputBuffer inbuf = new SessionInputBufferImpl(1024, 256, params); 
+        HttpTransportMetricsImpl metrics = new HttpTransportMetricsImpl();
+        LengthDelimitedDecoder decoder = new LengthDelimitedDecoder(
+                channel, inbuf, metrics, 3);
+        
+        try {
+            decoder.read(null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.mockup.ReadableByteChannelMockup` acquired by call to `new()` at line 282 is not released after line 309.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 292
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.testBasicDecodingFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.nio.codecs.TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.testBasicDecodingFile():void.6badc8ef49386b5848565c86538ea8d8
+
+### File:
+module-nio/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/nio/codecs/TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLengthDelimitedDecoder.java|testBasicDecodingFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+6006de26889d620b1fd92113771206ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4221/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4221/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a28e2b4b425f41b091e0f2133a44e03bba1466f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4221/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,926 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * $HeadURL$
+ * $Revision$
+ * $Date$
+ * 
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.protocol;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.apache.http.HttpVersion;
+import org.apache.http.ProtocolException;
+import org.apache.http.entity.BasicHttpEntity;
+import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicHttpRequest;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpProtocolParams;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="mailto:oleg at ural.ru">Oleg Kalnichevski</a>
+ */
+public class TestStandardInterceptors extends TestCase {
+
+    public TestStandardInterceptors(String testName) {
+        super(testName);
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String args[]) {
+        String[] testCaseName = { TestStandardInterceptors.class.getName() };
+        junit.textui.TestRunner.main(testCaseName);
+    }
+
+    public static Test suite() {
+        return new TestSuite(TestStandardInterceptors.class);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestConnControlGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        RequestConnControl interceptor = new RequestConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals(HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE, header.getValue());
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestConnControlCustom() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        Header myheader = new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE, HTTP.CONN_CLOSE);
+        request.addHeader(myheader);
+        RequestConnControl interceptor = new RequestConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals(HTTP.CONN_CLOSE, header.getValue());
+        assertTrue(header == myheader);
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestConnControlInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        RequestConnControl interceptor = new RequestConnControl();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentProtocolException() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request1 = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        request1.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING, "chunked"));
+        BasicHttpRequest request2 = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        request2.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN, "12"));
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(request1, context);
+            fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(request2, context);
+            fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+   }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentNullEntity() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("0", header.getValue());
+        assertNull(request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING));
+   }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentEntityContentLengthDelimitedHTTP11() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        String s = "whatever";
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(s, "US-ASCII");
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals(s.length(), Integer.parseInt(header.getValue()));
+        assertNull(request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING));
+   }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentEntityChunkedHTTP11() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        String s = "whatever";
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(s, "US-ASCII");
+        entity.setChunked(true);
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("chunked", header.getValue());
+        assertNull(request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN));
+   }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentEntityUnknownLengthHTTP11() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setContentLength(-1);
+        entity.setChunked(false);
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("chunked", header.getValue());
+        assertNull(request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN));
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestContentEntityChunkedHTTP10() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest(
+                "POST", "/", HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0);
+        String s = "whatever";
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(s, "US-ASCII");
+        entity.setChunked(true);
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(request, context);
+            fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentTypeAndEncoding() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setContentType("whatever");
+        entity.setContentEncoding("whatever");
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header h1 = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_TYPE);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        assertEquals("whatever", h1.getValue());
+        Header h2 = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_ENCODING);
+        assertNotNull(h2);
+        assertEquals("whatever", h2.getValue());
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentNullTypeAndEncoding() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        assertNull(request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_TYPE));
+        assertNull(request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_ENCODING));
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentEntityUnknownLengthHTTP10() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest(
+                "POST", "/", HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0);
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setContentLength(-1);
+        entity.setChunked(false);
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(request, context);
+            fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+   }
+
+    public void testRequestContentInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestContentIgnoreNonenclosingRequests() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("POST", "/");
+        RequestContent interceptor = new RequestContent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        assertEquals(0, request.getAllHeaders().length);
+    }
+
+   public void testRequestExpectContinueGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        String s = "whatever";
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(s, "US-ASCII");
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+        request.getParams().setBooleanParameter(HttpProtocolParams.USE_EXPECT_CONTINUE, true);
+        RequestExpectContinue interceptor = new RequestExpectContinue();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.EXPECT_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals(HTTP.EXPECT_CONTINUE, header.getValue());
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestExpectContinueNotGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        String s = "whatever";
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(s, "US-ASCII");
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+        request.getParams().setBooleanParameter(HttpProtocolParams.USE_EXPECT_CONTINUE, false);
+        RequestExpectContinue interceptor = new RequestExpectContinue();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.EXPECT_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestExpectContinueHTTP10() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest(
+                "POST", "/", HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0);
+        String s = "whatever";
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(s, "US-ASCII");
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+        request.getParams().setBooleanParameter(HttpProtocolParams.USE_EXPECT_CONTINUE, true);
+        RequestExpectContinue interceptor = new RequestExpectContinue();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.EXPECT_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestExpectContinueZeroContent() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest request = new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        String s = "";
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(s, "US-ASCII");
+        request.setEntity(entity);
+        request.getParams().setBooleanParameter(HttpProtocolParams.USE_EXPECT_CONTINUE, true);
+        RequestExpectContinue interceptor = new RequestExpectContinue();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.EXPECT_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestExpectContinueInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        RequestExpectContinue interceptor = new RequestExpectContinue();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestExpectContinueIgnoreNonenclosingRequests() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("POST", "/");
+        RequestExpectContinue interceptor = new RequestExpectContinue();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        assertEquals(0, request.getAllHeaders().length);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestTargetHostGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpHost host = new HttpHost("somehost", 8080, "http");
+        context.setAttribute(HttpExecutionContext.HTTP_TARGET_HOST, host);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        RequestTargetHost interceptor = new RequestTargetHost();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TARGET_HOST);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("somehost:8080", header.getValue());
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestTargetHostNotGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpHost host = new HttpHost("somehost", 8080, "http");
+        context.setAttribute(HttpExecutionContext.HTTP_TARGET_HOST, host);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        request.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.TARGET_HOST, "whatever"));
+        RequestTargetHost interceptor = new RequestTargetHost();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TARGET_HOST);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("whatever", header.getValue());
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestTargetHostMissingHostHTTP10() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest(
+                "GET", "/", HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0);
+        RequestTargetHost interceptor = new RequestTargetHost();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TARGET_HOST);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestTargetHostMissingHostHTTP11() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        RequestTargetHost interceptor = new RequestTargetHost();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(request, context);
+            fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestTargetHostInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        RequestTargetHost interceptor = new RequestTargetHost();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/"), null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestUserAgentGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        request.getParams().setParameter(HttpProtocolParams.USER_AGENT, "some agent");
+        RequestUserAgent interceptor = new RequestUserAgent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.USER_AGENT);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("some agent", header.getValue());
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestUserAgentNotGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        request.getParams().setParameter(HttpProtocolParams.USER_AGENT, "some agent");
+        request.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.USER_AGENT, "whatever"));
+        RequestUserAgent interceptor = new RequestUserAgent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.USER_AGENT);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("whatever", header.getValue());
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestUserAgentMissingUserAgent() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        RequestUserAgent interceptor = new RequestUserAgent();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header header = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.USER_AGENT);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+    
+    public void testRequestUserAgentInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        RequestUserAgent interceptor = new RequestUserAgent();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseConnControlNoEntity() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseConnControlEntityContentLength() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity("whatever");
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseConnControlEntityUnknownContentLength() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        request.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE, HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE));
+        context.setAttribute(HttpExecutionContext.HTTP_REQUEST, request);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals(HTTP.CONN_CLOSE, header.getValue());
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseConnControlEntityChunked() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setChunked(true);
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseConnControlEntityUnknownContentLengthHTTP10() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        request.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE, HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE));
+        context.setAttribute(HttpExecutionContext.HTTP_REQUEST, request);
+
+        BasicHttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(
+                HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals(HTTP.CONN_CLOSE, header.getValue());
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseConnControlClientRequest() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        request.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE, HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE));
+        context.setAttribute(HttpExecutionContext.HTTP_REQUEST, request);
+
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity("whatever");
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals(HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE, header.getValue());
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseConnControlClientRequest2() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        context.setAttribute(HttpExecutionContext.HTTP_REQUEST, request);
+
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        StringEntity entity = new StringEntity("whatever");
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseConnControlStatusCode() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+        request.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE, HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE));
+        context.setAttribute(HttpExecutionContext.HTTP_REQUEST, request);
+
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+
+        int [] statusCodes = new int[] { 
+                HttpStatus.SC_BAD_REQUEST, 
+                HttpStatus.SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT, 
+                HttpStatus.SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED,
+                HttpStatus.SC_REQUEST_TOO_LONG,
+                HttpStatus.SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG,
+                HttpStatus.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                HttpStatus.SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE,
+                HttpStatus.SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED };
+        
+        for (int i = 0; i < statusCodes.length; i++) {
+            BasicHttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(
+                    HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, statusCodes[i], "Unreasonable");
+            interceptor.process(response, context);
+            Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONN_DIRECTIVE);
+            assertNotNull(header);
+            assertEquals(HTTP.CONN_CLOSE, header.getValue());
+        }
+        
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseConnControlHostInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        ResponseConnControl interceptor = new ResponseConnControl();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+            interceptor.process(response, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseContentNoEntity() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNotNull(header);
+        assertEquals("0", header.getValue());
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseContentStatusNoContent() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.SC_NO_CONTENT);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseContentStatusResetContent() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.SC_RESET_CONTENT);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseContentStatusNotModified() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header header = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNull(header);
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseContentEntityChunked() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setChunked(true);
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        assertEquals(HTTP.CHUNK_CODING, h1.getValue());
+        Header h2 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNull(h2);
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseContentEntityContentLenghtDelimited() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setContentLength (10);
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        assertEquals("10", h1.getValue());
+        Header h2 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING);
+        assertNull(h2);
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseContentEntityUnknownContentLength() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING);
+        assertNull(h1);
+        Header h2 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNull(h2);
+    }
+    
+    public void testResponseContentEntityChunkedHTTP10() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_0, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setChunked(true);
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING);
+        assertNull(h1);
+        Header h2 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN);
+        assertNull(h2);
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseContentEntityNoContentTypeAndEncoding() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_TYPE);
+        assertNull(h1);
+        Header h2 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_ENCODING);
+        assertNull(h2);
+    }
+        
+    public void testResponseContentEntityContentTypeAndEncoding() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        BasicHttpEntity entity = new BasicHttpEntity();
+        entity.setContentEncoding("whatever");
+        entity.setContentType("whatever");
+        response.setEntity(entity);
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_TYPE);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        assertEquals("whatever", h1.getValue());
+        Header h2 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_ENCODING);
+        assertNotNull(h2);
+        assertEquals("whatever", h2.getValue());
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseContentInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+        
+    public void testResponseContentInvalidResponseState() throws Exception {
+        ResponseContent interceptor = new ResponseContent();
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        try {
+            HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+            response.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_LEN, "10"));
+            interceptor.process(response, context);
+            fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+            response.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.TRANSFER_ENCODING, "stuff"));
+            interceptor.process(response, context);
+            fail("ProtocolException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (ProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testResponseDateGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        ResponseDate interceptor = new ResponseDate();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h2 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        assertNotNull(h2);
+    }
+        
+    public void testResponseDateNotGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        response.setStatusCode(199);
+        ResponseDate interceptor = new ResponseDate();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        assertNull(h1);
+    }
+        
+    public void testResponseDateInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        ResponseDate interceptor = new ResponseDate();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testRequestDateGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request =
+            new BasicHttpEntityEnclosingRequest("POST", "/");
+        //BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+
+        RequestDate interceptor = new RequestDate();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header h1 = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header h2 = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        assertNotNull(h2);
+    }
+        
+    public void testRequestDateNotGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        BasicHttpRequest request = new BasicHttpRequest("GET", "/");
+
+        RequestDate interceptor = new RequestDate();
+        interceptor.process(request, context);
+        Header h1 = request.getFirstHeader(HTTP.DATE_HEADER);
+        assertNull(h1);
+    }
+        
+    public void testRequestDateInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        RequestDate interceptor = new RequestDate();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+            
+    public void testResponseServerGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        response.getParams().setParameter(HttpProtocolParams.ORIGIN_SERVER, "some server");
+        ResponseServer interceptor = new ResponseServer();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.SERVER_HEADER);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        assertEquals("some server", h1.getValue());
+    }
+        
+    public void testResponseServerNotGenerated() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        response.getParams().setParameter(HttpProtocolParams.ORIGIN_SERVER, "some server");
+        response.addHeader(new BasicHeader(HTTP.SERVER_HEADER, "whatever"));
+        ResponseServer interceptor = new ResponseServer();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.SERVER_HEADER);
+        assertNotNull(h1);
+        assertEquals("whatever", h1.getValue());
+    }
+        
+    public void testResponseServerMissing() throws Exception {
+        HttpContext context = new HttpExecutionContext(null);
+        HttpResponse response = new BasicHttpResponse(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, HttpStatus.SC_OK, "OK");
+        ResponseServer interceptor = new ResponseServer();
+        interceptor.process(response, context);
+        Header h1 = response.getFirstHeader(HTTP.SERVER_HEADER);
+        assertNull(h1);
+    }
+        
+    public void testResponseServerInvalidInput() throws Exception {
+        ResponseServer interceptor = new ResponseServer();
+        try {
+            interceptor.process(null, null);
+            fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `header` last assigned on line 590 could be null and is dereferenced at line 592.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestStandardInterceptors.testResponseContentNoEntity()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.protocol.TestStandardInterceptors.testResponseContentNoEntity():void.cedf539b907a0dd0276476b1eb1f1510
+
+### File:
+module-main/src/test/java/org/apache/http/protocol/TestStandardInterceptors.java
+
+### Key:
+TestStandardInterceptors.java|testResponseContentNoEntity|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+91838ea3c0dcacd5d9757c4d48930b2e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4226/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4226/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56f178586a95b51bc345d40ecc93a608fe968dc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4226/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 116
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.http.impl.nio;
+
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+import java.nio.charset.CodingErrorAction;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+
+import org.apache.http.HttpRequest;
+import org.apache.http.HttpRequestFactory;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.Immutable;
+import org.apache.http.config.ConnectionConfig;
+import org.apache.http.impl.DefaultHttpRequestFactory;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.codecs.DefaultHttpRequestParserFactory;
+import org.apache.http.nio.NHttpConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.http.nio.NHttpMessageParserFactory;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOSession;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.ssl.SSLIOSession;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.ssl.SSLMode;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.ssl.SSLSetupHandler;
+import org.apache.http.nio.util.ByteBufferAllocator;
+import org.apache.http.nio.util.HeapByteBufferAllocator;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParamConfig;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+import org.apache.http.util.Args;
+
+/**
+ * Default factory for SSL encrypted, non-blocking
+ * {@link org.apache.http.nio.NHttpServerConnection}s.
+ *
+ * @since 4.2
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+@Immutable
+public class SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory
+    implements NHttpConnectionFactory<DefaultNHttpServerConnection> {
+
+    private final NHttpMessageParserFactory<HttpRequest> requestParserFactory;
+    private final ByteBufferAllocator allocator;
+    private final SSLContext sslcontext;
+    private final SSLSetupHandler sslHandler;
+    private final ConnectionConfig config;
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated (4.3) use {@link
+     *   SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory#SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(SSLContext,
+     *      SSLSetupHandler, NHttpMessageParserFactory, ByteBufferAllocator, ConnectionConfig)}
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(
+            final SSLContext sslcontext,
+            final SSLSetupHandler sslHandler,
+            final HttpRequestFactory requestFactory,
+            final ByteBufferAllocator allocator,
+            final HttpParams params) {
+        super();
+        Args.notNull(requestFactory, "HTTP request factory");
+        Args.notNull(allocator, "Byte buffer allocator");
+        Args.notNull(params, "HTTP parameters");
+        this.sslcontext = sslcontext;
+        this.sslHandler = sslHandler;
+        this.allocator = allocator;
+        this.requestParserFactory = new DefaultHttpRequestParserFactory(null, requestFactory);
+        this.config = HttpParamConfig.getConnectionConfig(params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated (4.3) use {@link
+     *   SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory#SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(SSLContext,
+     *     SSLSetupHandler, ConnectionConfig)}
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(
+            final SSLContext sslcontext,
+            final SSLSetupHandler sslHandler,
+            final HttpParams params) {
+        this(sslcontext, sslHandler, DefaultHttpRequestFactory.INSTANCE,
+                HeapByteBufferAllocator.INSTANCE, params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated (4.3) use {@link
+     *   SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory#SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(ConnectionConfig)}
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(final HttpParams params) {
+        this(null, null, params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 4.3
+     */
+    public SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(
+            final SSLContext sslcontext,
+            final SSLSetupHandler sslHandler,
+            final NHttpMessageParserFactory<HttpRequest> requestParserFactory,
+            final ByteBufferAllocator allocator,
+            final ConnectionConfig config) {
+        super();
+        this.sslcontext = sslcontext;
+        this.sslHandler = sslHandler;
+        this.allocator = allocator != null ? allocator : HeapByteBufferAllocator.INSTANCE;
+        this.requestParserFactory = requestParserFactory != null ? requestParserFactory :
+            DefaultHttpRequestParserFactory.INSTANCE;
+        this.config = config != null ? config : ConnectionConfig.DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 4.3
+     */
+    public SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(
+            final SSLContext sslcontext,
+            final SSLSetupHandler sslHandler,
+            final ConnectionConfig config) {
+        this(sslcontext, sslHandler, null, null, config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 4.3
+     */
+    public SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory(final ConnectionConfig config) {
+        this(null, null, null, null, config);
+    }
+
+    private SSLContext getDefaultSSLContext() {
+        final SSLContext sslcontext;
+        try {
+            sslcontext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
+            sslcontext.init(null, null, null);
+        } catch (final Exception ex) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Failure initializing default SSL context", ex);
+        }
+        return sslcontext;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated (4.3) no longer used.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    protected DefaultNHttpServerConnection createConnection(
+            final IOSession session,
+            final HttpRequestFactory requestFactory,
+            final ByteBufferAllocator allocator,
+            final HttpParams params) {
+        return new DefaultNHttpServerConnection(session, requestFactory, allocator, params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 4.3
+     */
+    protected SSLIOSession createSSLIOSession(
+            final IOSession iosession,
+            final SSLContext sslcontext,
+            final SSLSetupHandler sslHandler) {
+        final SSLIOSession ssliosession = new SSLIOSession(iosession, SSLMode.SERVER,
+                (sslcontext != null ? sslcontext : getDefaultSSLContext()),
+                sslHandler);
+        iosession.setAttribute(SSLIOSession.SESSION_KEY, ssliosession);
+        return ssliosession;
+    }
+
+    public DefaultNHttpServerConnection createConnection(final IOSession iosession) {
+        final SSLIOSession ssliosession = createSSLIOSession(iosession, this.sslcontext, this.sslHandler);
+        CharsetDecoder chardecoder = null;
+        CharsetEncoder charencoder = null;
+        final Charset charset = this.config.getCharset();
+        final CodingErrorAction malformedInputAction = this.config.getMalformedInputAction() != null ?
+                this.config.getMalformedInputAction() : CodingErrorAction.REPORT;
+        final CodingErrorAction unmappableInputAction = this.config.getUnmappableInputAction() != null ?
+                this.config.getUnmappableInputAction() : CodingErrorAction.REPORT;
+        if (charset != null) {
+            chardecoder = charset.newDecoder();
+            chardecoder.onMalformedInput(malformedInputAction);
+            chardecoder.onUnmappableCharacter(unmappableInputAction);
+            charencoder = charset.newEncoder();
+            charencoder.onMalformedInput(malformedInputAction);
+            charencoder.onUnmappableCharacter(unmappableInputAction);
+        }
+        return new DefaultNHttpServerConnection(ssliosession,
+                this.config.getBufferSize(),
+                this.config.getFragmentSizeHint(),
+                this.allocator,
+                chardecoder, charencoder, this.config.getMessageConstraints(),
+                null, null,
+                this.requestParserFactory,
+                null);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.nio.reactor.ssl.SSLIOSession$InternalByteChannel` acquired by call to `createSSLIOSession(...)` at line 190 is not released after line 210.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DefaultNHttpServerConnection SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory.createConnection(IOSession)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.nio.SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory.createConnection(org.apache.http.nio.reacto.bfd9690f4db190bbf36051077b99d8d0
+
+### File:
+httpcore-nio/src/main/java/org/apache/http/impl/nio/SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+SSLNHttpServerConnectionFactory.java|createConnection|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+baa4d89ebc3e95ef729d0c8a871c13f5
+
+### Hash:
+dbd3c2799c5b961d81c557c7542517e1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4228/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4228/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebaa18ccaff9e2f6a612677a08bdd9114e116fa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4228/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 111
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.io;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import org.apache.http.ConnectionClosedException;
+import org.apache.http.impl.SessionInputBufferMock;
+import org.apache.http.io.SessionInputBuffer;
+import org.apache.http.util.EncodingUtils;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestContentLengthInputStream {
+
+    private static final String CONTENT_CHARSET = "ISO-8859-1";
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() throws Exception {
+        new ContentLengthInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {}), 10);
+        try {
+            new ContentLengthInputStream(null, 10);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            new ContentLengthInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {}), -10);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasics() throws IOException {
+        final String correct = "1234567890123456";
+        final InputStream in = new ContentLengthInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(
+            EncodingUtils.getBytes(correct, CONTENT_CHARSET)), 10L);
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[50];
+        int len = in.read(buffer, 0, 2);
+        out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        len = in.read(buffer);
+        out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+
+        final String result = EncodingUtils.getString(out.toByteArray(), CONTENT_CHARSET);
+        Assert.assertEquals(result, "1234567890");
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkip() throws IOException {
+        InputStream in = new ContentLengthInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[20]), 10L);
+        Assert.assertEquals(10, in.skip(10));
+        Assert.assertTrue(in.read() == -1);
+
+        in = new ContentLengthInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[20]), 10L);
+        in.read();
+        Assert.assertEquals(9, in.skip(10));
+        Assert.assertTrue(in.read() == -1);
+        in.close();
+
+        in = new ContentLengthInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[20]), 2L);
+        in.read();
+        in.read();
+        Assert.assertTrue(in.skip(10) <= 0);
+        Assert.assertTrue(in.skip(-1) == 0);
+        Assert.assertTrue(in.read() == -1);
+        in.close();
+
+        in = new ContentLengthInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[20]), 10L);
+        Assert.assertEquals(5,in.skip(5));
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, in.read(new byte[20]));
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws IOException {
+        final InputStream in = new ContentLengthInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(new byte[] {1, 2, 3}), 10L);
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, in.available());
+        in.read();
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, in.available());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClose() throws IOException {
+        final String correct = "1234567890123456-";
+        final SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(EncodingUtils.getBytes(
+                correct, CONTENT_CHARSET));
+        final InputStream in = new ContentLengthInputStream(inbuffer, 16L);
+        in.close();
+        in.close();
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[10];
+        try {
+            in.read(tmp);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            in.read(tmp, 0, tmp.length);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals('-', inbuffer.read());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTruncatedContent() throws IOException {
+        final String correct = "1234567890123456";
+        final SessionInputBuffer inbuffer = new SessionInputBufferMock(EncodingUtils.getBytes(
+                correct, CONTENT_CHARSET));
+        final InputStream in = new ContentLengthInputStream(inbuffer, 32L);
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[32];
+        final int byteRead = in.read(tmp);
+        Assert.assertEquals(16, byteRead);
+        try {
+            in.read(tmp);
+            Assert.fail("ConnectionClosedException should have been closed");
+        } catch (final ConnectionClosedException ex) {
+        }
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("ConnectionClosedException should have been closed");
+        } catch (final ConnectionClosedException ex) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.impl.io.ContentLengthInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 47 is not released after line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestContentLengthInputStream.testConstructors()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.io.TestContentLengthInputStream.testConstructors():void.7a16a2036d1d6333861887664cd0470d
+
+### File:
+httpcore/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/io/TestContentLengthInputStream.java
+
+### Key:
+TestContentLengthInputStream.java|testConstructors|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e7c58dfd22808933cbcb91679d8d6e73
+
+### Hash:
+a98828d19336764c6b790c5dc12e65ff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4300/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4300/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e6609605572255b954693cf5ac7c46675b489d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4300/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * $HeadURL$
+ * $Revision$
+ * $Date$
+ *
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.nio.channels.CancelledKeyException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.ConnectingIOReactor;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOReactorException;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.IOReactorStatus;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.SessionRequest;
+import org.apache.http.nio.reactor.SessionRequestCallback;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpConnectionParams;
+import org.apache.http.params.HttpParams;
+
+public class DefaultConnectingIOReactor extends AbstractMultiworkerIOReactor 
+        implements ConnectingIOReactor {
+
+    private final Queue<SessionRequestImpl> requestQueue;
+    
+    private long lastTimeoutCheck;
+    
+    public DefaultConnectingIOReactor(
+            int workerCount, 
+            final ThreadFactory threadFactory,
+            final HttpParams params) throws IOReactorException {
+        super(workerCount, threadFactory, params);
+        this.requestQueue = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<SessionRequestImpl>();
+        this.lastTimeoutCheck = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    }
+
+    public DefaultConnectingIOReactor(
+            int workerCount, 
+            final HttpParams params) throws IOReactorException {
+        this(workerCount, null, params);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    protected void cancelRequests() throws IOReactorException {
+        SessionRequestImpl request;
+        while ((request = this.requestQueue.poll()) != null) {
+            request.cancel();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void processEvents(int readyCount) throws IOReactorException {
+        processSessionRequests();
+        
+        if (readyCount > 0) {
+            Set<SelectionKey> selectedKeys = this.selector.selectedKeys();
+            for (Iterator<SelectionKey> it = selectedKeys.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+                
+                SelectionKey key = it.next();
+                processEvent(key);
+                
+            }
+            selectedKeys.clear();
+        }
+        
+        long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if ((currentTime - this.lastTimeoutCheck) >= this.selectTimeout) {
+            this.lastTimeoutCheck = currentTime;
+            Set<SelectionKey> keys = this.selector.keys();
+            synchronized (keys) {
+                processTimeouts(keys);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processEvent(final SelectionKey key) {
+        try {
+            
+            if (key.isConnectable()) {
+
+                SocketChannel channel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+                // Get request handle
+                SessionRequestHandle requestHandle = (SessionRequestHandle) key.attachment();
+                SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = requestHandle.getSessionRequest();
+                
+                // Finish connection process
+                try {
+                    channel.finishConnect();
+                } catch (IOException ex) {
+                    sessionRequest.failed(ex);
+                }
+                key.cancel();
+                if (channel.isConnected()) {
+                    try {
+                        try {
+                            prepareSocket(channel.socket());
+                        } catch (IOException ex) {
+                            if (this.exceptionHandler == null || !this.exceptionHandler.handle(ex)) {
+                                throw new IOReactorException("Failure initalizing socket", ex);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ChannelEntry entry = new ChannelEntry(channel, sessionRequest); 
+                        addChannel(entry);
+                    } catch (IOException ex) {
+                        sessionRequest.failed(ex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+                        
+        } catch (CancelledKeyException ex) {
+            key.attach(null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processTimeouts(final Set<SelectionKey> keys) {
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        for (Iterator<SelectionKey> it = keys.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+            SelectionKey key = it.next();
+            Object attachment = key.attachment();
+            
+            if (attachment instanceof SessionRequestHandle) {
+                SessionRequestHandle handle = (SessionRequestHandle) key.attachment();
+                SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = handle.getSessionRequest();
+                int timeout = sessionRequest.getConnectTimeout();
+                if (timeout > 0) {
+                    if (handle.getRequestTime() + timeout < now) {
+                        sessionRequest.timeout();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+        }
+    }
+
+    public SessionRequest connect(
+            final SocketAddress remoteAddress, 
+            final SocketAddress localAddress,
+            final Object attachment,
+            final SessionRequestCallback callback) {
+
+        if (this.status.compareTo(IOReactorStatus.ACTIVE) > 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("I/O reactor has been shut down");
+        }
+        SessionRequestImpl sessionRequest = new SessionRequestImpl(
+                remoteAddress, localAddress, attachment, callback);
+        sessionRequest.setConnectTimeout(HttpConnectionParams.getConnectionTimeout(this.params));
+        
+        this.requestQueue.add(sessionRequest);
+        this.selector.wakeup();
+        
+        return sessionRequest;
+    }
+    
+    private void validateAddress(final SocketAddress address) throws UnknownHostException {
+        if (address == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (address instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
+            InetSocketAddress endpoint = (InetSocketAddress) address;
+            if (endpoint.isUnresolved()) {
+                throw new UnknownHostException(endpoint.getHostName());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void processSessionRequests() throws IOReactorException {
+        SessionRequestImpl request;
+        while ((request = this.requestQueue.poll()) != null) {
+            if (request.isCompleted()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            SocketChannel socketChannel;
+            try {
+                socketChannel = SocketChannel.open();
+                socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                throw new IOReactorException("Failure opening socket", ex);
+            }
+            try {
+                validateAddress(request.getLocalAddress());
+                validateAddress(request.getRemoteAddress());
+                
+                if (request.getLocalAddress() != null) {
+                    socketChannel.socket().bind(request.getLocalAddress());
+                }
+                boolean connected = socketChannel.connect(request.getRemoteAddress());
+                if (connected) {
+                    prepareSocket(socketChannel.socket());
+                    ChannelEntry entry = new ChannelEntry(socketChannel, request); 
+                    addChannel(entry);
+                    return;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                request.failed(ex);
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            SelectionKey key;
+            try {
+                key = socketChannel.register(this.selector, 0);
+                request.setKey(key);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                throw new IOReactorException("Failure registering channel " +
+                        "with the selector", ex);
+            }
+
+            SessionRequestHandle requestHandle = new SessionRequestHandle(request); 
+            try {
+                key.attach(requestHandle);
+                key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
+            } catch (CancelledKeyException ex) {
+                // Ignore cancelled keys
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.DefaultConnectingIOReactor.processEvents` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.AbstractMultiworkerIOReactor.currentWorker`. Potentially races with write in method `DefaultConnectingIOReactor.processEvents(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultConnectingIOReactor.processEvents(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.nio.reactor.DefaultConnectingIOReactor.processEvents(int):void.f9b44701049bc2602cbc06cc567fb74a
+
+### File:
+module-nio/src/main/java/org/apache/http/impl/nio/reactor/DefaultConnectingIOReactor.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultConnectingIOReactor.java|processEvents|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+37361ff54b7ca51d195f24beccaca224
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4307/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4307/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82c1dfc9f67ef2c5d1cc32f67738521498f04807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4307/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httpcomponents-core
+**Bug ID:** 122
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * ====================================================================
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ * ====================================================================
+ *
+ * This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
+ * individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation.  For more
+ * information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
+ * <http://www.apache.org/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apache.http.impl.io;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+import org.apache.http.ConnectionClosedException;
+import org.apache.http.Consts;
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.MalformedChunkCodingException;
+import org.apache.http.MessageConstraintException;
+import org.apache.http.TruncatedChunkException;
+import org.apache.http.config.MessageConstraints;
+import org.apache.http.impl.SessionInputBufferMock;
+import org.apache.http.impl.SessionOutputBufferMock;
+import org.apache.http.io.SessionInputBuffer;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestChunkCoding {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructors() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            new ChunkedInputStream((SessionInputBuffer)null);
+            Assert.fail("IllegalArgumentException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        new MalformedChunkCodingException();
+        new MalformedChunkCodingException("");
+    }
+
+    private final static String CHUNKED_INPUT
+        = "10;key=\"value\"\r\n1234567890123456\r\n5\r\n12345\r\n0\r\nFooter1: abcde\r\nFooter2: fghij\r\n";
+
+    private final static String CHUNKED_RESULT
+        = "123456789012345612345";
+
+    // Test for when buffer is larger than chunk size
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamLargeBuffer() throws IOException {
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(CHUNKED_INPUT, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+
+        in.close();
+
+        final String result = new String(out.toByteArray(), Consts.ISO_8859_1);
+        Assert.assertEquals(result, CHUNKED_RESULT);
+
+        final Header[] footers = in.getFooters();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(footers);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, footers.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer1", footers[0].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("abcde", footers[0].getValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer2", footers[1].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("fghij", footers[1].getValue());
+    }
+
+    //Test for when buffer is smaller than chunk size.
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamSmallBuffer() throws IOException {
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(CHUNKED_INPUT, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[7];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read(buffer));
+
+        in.close();
+
+        final Header[] footers = in.getFooters();
+        Assert.assertNotNull(footers);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, footers.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer1", footers[0].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("abcde", footers[0].getValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals("Footer2", footers[1].getName());
+        Assert.assertEquals("fghij", footers[1].getValue());
+    }
+
+    // One byte read
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamOneByteRead() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        int ch;
+        int i = '0';
+        while ((ch = in.read()) != -1) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(i, ch);
+            i++;
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read());
+        Assert.assertEquals(-1, in.read());
+
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAvailable() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n12345\r\n0\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, in.available());
+        in.read();
+        Assert.assertEquals(4, in.available());
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamClose() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        in.close();
+        in.close();
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[10];
+        try {
+            in.read(tmp);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            in.read(tmp, 0, tmp.length);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStreamClose() throws IOException {
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(
+                2048, new SessionOutputBufferMock());
+        out.close();
+        out.close();
+        try {
+            out.write(new byte[] {1,2,3});
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try {
+            out.write(1);
+            Assert.fail("IOException should have been thrown");
+        } catch (final IOException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Missing closing chunk
+    @Test(expected=ConnectionClosedException.class)
+    public void testChunkedInputStreamNoClosingChunk() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[5];
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, in.read(tmp));
+        in.read();
+    }
+
+    // Truncated stream (missing closing CRLF)
+    @Test(expected=MalformedChunkCodingException.class)
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamTruncatedCRLF() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234";
+        final ChunkedInputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[5];
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, in.read(tmp));
+        in.read();
+    }
+
+    // Missing \r\n at the end of the first chunk
+    @Test(expected=MalformedChunkCodingException.class)
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamMissingCRLF() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n012345\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Missing LF
+    @Test(expected=MalformedChunkCodingException.class)
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamMissingLF() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        in.read();
+    }
+
+    // Invalid chunk size
+    @Test(expected = MalformedChunkCodingException.class)
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamInvalidSize() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "whatever\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        in.read();
+    }
+
+    // Negative chunk size
+    @Test(expected = MalformedChunkCodingException.class)
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamNegativeSize() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "-5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        in.read();
+    }
+
+    // Truncated chunk
+    @Test(expected = TruncatedChunkException.class)
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamTruncatedChunk() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "3\r\n12";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, in.read(buffer));
+        in.read(buffer);
+    }
+
+    // Invalid footer
+    @Test(expected = MalformedChunkCodingException.class)
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamInvalidFooter() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "1\r\n0\r\n0\r\nstuff\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        in.read();
+        in.read();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCorruptChunkedInputStreamClose() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "whatever\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n56789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(s, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        try {
+            in.read();
+            Assert.fail("MalformedChunkCodingException expected");
+        } catch (MalformedChunkCodingException ex) {
+        }
+        in.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyChunkedInputStream() throws IOException {
+        final String input = "0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(input, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len;
+        while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
+            out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(0, out.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTooLongChunkHeader() throws IOException {
+        final String input = "5; and some very looooong commend\r\n12345\r\n0\r\n";
+        final InputStream in1 = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(input, MessageConstraints.DEFAULT, Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        final byte[] buffer = new byte[300];
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, in1.read(buffer));
+
+        final InputStream in2 = new ChunkedInputStream(
+                new SessionInputBufferMock(input, MessageConstraints.lineLen(10), Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        try {
+            in2.read(buffer);
+            Assert.fail("MessageConstraintException expected");
+        } catch (MessageConstraintException ex) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedConsistence() throws IOException {
+        final String input = "76126;27823abcd;:q38a-\nkjc\rk%1ad\tkh/asdui\r\njkh+?\\suweb";
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final OutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2048, new SessionOutputBufferMock(buffer));
+        out.write(input.getBytes(Consts.ISO_8859_1));
+        out.flush();
+        out.close();
+        out.close();
+        buffer.close();
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(new SessionInputBufferMock(buffer.toByteArray()));
+
+        final byte[] d = new byte[10];
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream result = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        int len = 0;
+        while ((len = in.read(d)) > 0) {
+            result.write(d, 0, len);
+        }
+
+        final String output = new String(result.toByteArray(), Consts.ISO_8859_1);
+        Assert.assertEquals(input, output);
+        in.close();
+}
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStream() throws IOException {
+        final SessionOutputBufferMock buffer = new SessionOutputBufferMock();
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2, buffer);
+        out.write('1');
+        out.write('2');
+        out.write('3');
+        out.write('4');
+        out.finish();
+        out.close();
+
+        final byte [] rawdata =  buffer.getData();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(19, rawdata.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[0]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[1]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[2]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[3]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[4]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[5]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[6]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[7]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[8]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[9]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('3', rawdata[10]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('4', rawdata[11]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[12]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[13]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('0', rawdata[14]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[15]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[16]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[17]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[18]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStreamLargeChunk() throws IOException {
+        final SessionOutputBufferMock buffer = new SessionOutputBufferMock();
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2, buffer);
+        out.write(new byte[] {'1', '2', '3', '4'});
+        out.finish();
+        out.close();
+
+        final byte [] rawdata =  buffer.getData();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(14, rawdata.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals('4', rawdata[0]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[1]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[2]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[3]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('2', rawdata[4]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('3', rawdata[5]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('4', rawdata[6]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[7]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[8]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('0', rawdata[9]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[10]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[11]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[12]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[13]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChunkedOutputStreamSmallChunk() throws IOException {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final ChunkedOutputStream out = new ChunkedOutputStream(2, new SessionOutputBufferMock(buffer));
+        out.write('1');
+        out.finish();
+        out.close();
+
+        final byte [] rawdata =  buffer.toByteArray();
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(11, rawdata.length);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[0]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[1]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[2]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('1', rawdata[3]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[4]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[5]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('0', rawdata[6]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[7]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[8]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\r', rawdata[9]);
+        Assert.assertEquals('\n', rawdata[10]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResumeOnSocketTimeoutInData() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\r\n01234\r\n5\r\n5\0006789\r\na\r\n0123\000456789\r\n0\r\n";
+        final SessionInputBuffer sessbuf = new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                new TimeoutByteArrayInputStream(s.getBytes(Consts.ISO_8859_1)), 16);
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(sessbuf);
+
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[3];
+
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        int timeouts = 0;
+
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i != -1) {
+            try {
+                i = in.read(tmp);
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    bytesRead += i;
+                }
+            } catch (final InterruptedIOException ex) {
+                timeouts++;
+            }
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(20, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, timeouts);
+        in.close();
+}
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResumeOnSocketTimeoutInChunk() throws IOException {
+        final String s = "5\000\r\000\n\00001234\r\n\0005\r\n56789\r\na\r\n0123456789\r\n\0000\r\n";
+        final SessionInputBuffer sessbuf = new SessionInputBufferMock(
+                new TimeoutByteArrayInputStream(s.getBytes(Consts.ISO_8859_1)), 16);
+        final InputStream in = new ChunkedInputStream(sessbuf);
+
+        final byte[] tmp = new byte[3];
+
+        int bytesRead = 0;
+        int timeouts = 0;
+
+        int i = 0;
+        while (i != -1) {
+            try {
+                i = in.read(tmp);
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    bytesRead += i;
+                }
+            } catch (final InterruptedIOException ex) {
+                timeouts++;
+            }
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(20, bytesRead);
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, timeouts);
+        in.close();
+}
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.http.impl.io.ChunkedInputStream` acquired by call to `ChunkedInputStream(...)` at line 258 is not released after line 260.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestChunkCoding.testCorruptChunkedInputStreamNegativeSize()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.http.impl.io.TestChunkCoding.testCorruptChunkedInputStreamNegativeSize():void.6a62e9e0d92ac6e24d2abb2bf79b1878
+
+### File:
+httpcore/src/test/java/org/apache/http/impl/io/TestChunkCoding.java
+
+### Key:
+TestChunkCoding.java|testCorruptChunkedInputStreamNegativeSize|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a355fc2e19af08ed67e1aac646580523
+
+### Hash:
+5c1674262d6765017de339338d0c5b35
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4331/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4331/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..494e82435faad932ebfe74bac34c6f512f746b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4331/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mucommander
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.mucommander.ui.action.impl;
+
+import com.mucommander.commons.file.AbstractFile;
+import com.mucommander.commons.file.FileOperation;
+import com.mucommander.ui.action.*;
+import com.mucommander.ui.dialog.symlink.CreateSymLinkDialog;
+import com.mucommander.ui.main.MainFrame;
+
+import javax.swing.KeyStroke;
+import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+
+/**
+ * This action brings up the 'create symlink' dialog.
+ *
+ * @author Oleg Trifonov
+ */
+public class CreateSymlinkAction extends ParentFolderAction {
+
+    public CreateSymlinkAction(MainFrame mainFrame, Map<String,Object> properties) {
+        super(mainFrame, properties);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void toggleEnabledState() {
+        AbstractFile targetFile = mainFrame.getActiveTable().getSelectedFile();
+        if (targetFile == null) {
+            AbstractFile f = mainFrame.getActiveTable().getFileTableModel().getFileAt(0);
+            if (f != null) {
+                targetFile = f.getParent();
+            }
+        }
+        AbstractFile linkPath = mainFrame.getInactivePanel().getCurrentFolder();
+        setEnabled(targetFile != null && linkPath != null && linkPath.isFileOperationSupported(FileOperation.CREATE_DIRECTORY));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void performAction() {
+        AbstractFile targetFile = mainFrame.getActiveTable().getSelectedFile();
+        if (targetFile == null) {
+            targetFile = mainFrame.getInactiveTable().getFileTableModel().getFileAt(0).getParent();
+        }
+        AbstractFile linkPath = mainFrame.getActivePanel().getCurrentFolder();
+        new CreateSymLinkDialog(mainFrame, linkPath, targetFile).showDialog();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ActionDescriptor getDescriptor() {
+        return new Descriptor();
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////
+    // Inner classes //
+    ///////////////////
+
+    public static class Factory implements ActionFactory {
+
+        public MuAction createAction(MainFrame mainFrame, Map<String,Object> properties) {
+            return new CreateSymlinkAction(mainFrame, properties);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class Descriptor extends AbstractActionDescriptor {
+        public static final String ACTION_ID = "CreateSymlink";
+
+        public String getId() { return ACTION_ID; }
+
+        public ActionCategory getCategory() { return ActionCategory.FILES; }
+
+        public KeyStroke getDefaultAltKeyStroke() { return null; }
+
+        public KeyStroke getDefaultKeyStroke() { return KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_F7, KeyEvent.ALT_DOWN_MASK); }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `MuAction.mainFrame.getInactiveTable().getFileTableModel().getFileAt(0)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 42.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CreateSymlinkAction.performAction()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.mucommander.ui.action.impl.CreateSymlinkAction.performAction():void.e748e85eadaeeaf436e802c803966219
+
+### File:
+src/main/com/mucommander/ui/action/impl/CreateSymlinkAction.java
+
+### Key:
+CreateSymlinkAction.java|performAction|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+5937c366fa43547a513236c47abfd6fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4336/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4336/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e06fe02a154b50470d0442e7bd8ecb7a3885ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4336/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mp4parser
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*  
+ * Copyright 2008 CoreMedia AG, Hamburg
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the License); 
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. 
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at 
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software 
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an AS IS BASIS, 
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and 
+ * limitations under the License. 
+ */
+
+package com.coremedia.iso.boxes;
+
+
+import com.coremedia.iso.BoxParser;
+import com.coremedia.iso.IsoBufferWrapper;
+import com.coremedia.iso.IsoFile;
+import com.coremedia.iso.mdta.Chunk;
+import com.coremedia.iso.mdta.SampleImpl;
+import com.coremedia.iso.mdta.Track;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * The metadata for a presentation is stored in the single Movie Box which occurs at the top-level of a file.
+ * Normally this box is close to the beginning or end of the file, though this is not required.
+ */
+public class MovieBox extends AbstractContainerBox implements TrackBoxContainer<TrackBox> {
+    public static final String TYPE = "moov";
+    private IsoBufferWrapper isoBufferWrapper;
+
+    public MovieBox() {
+        super(IsoFile.fourCCtoBytes(TYPE));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getDisplayName() {
+        return "Movie Box";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void parse(IsoBufferWrapper in, long size, BoxParser boxParser, Box lastMovieFragmentBox) throws IOException {
+        super.parse(in, size, boxParser, lastMovieFragmentBox);
+        // super does everything fine but we need the IsoBufferWrapper for later
+        this.isoBufferWrapper = in;
+    }
+
+    public long[] getChunkOffsets() {
+        List<Long> offsets = new ArrayList<Long>();
+        for (Box trackBoxe : this.getBoxes()) {
+            if (trackBoxe instanceof TrackBox) {
+                TrackBox trackBox = (TrackBox) trackBoxe;
+                SampleTableBox sampleTableBox = null;
+                // Do not find the way to the sampleTableBox by many getBoxes(Class) calls since they need to much
+                // object instantiation. Going this way here speeds up the process.
+                for (Box mediaBoxe : trackBox.getBoxes()) {
+                    if (mediaBoxe instanceof MediaBox) {
+                        for (Box mediaInformationBoxe : ((MediaBox) mediaBoxe).getBoxes()) {
+                            if (mediaInformationBoxe instanceof MediaInformationBox) {
+                                for (Box sampleTableBoxe : ((MediaInformationBox) mediaInformationBoxe).getBoxes()) {
+                                    if (sampleTableBoxe instanceof SampleTableBox) {
+                                        sampleTableBox = (SampleTableBox) sampleTableBoxe;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (sampleTableBox != null) {
+                    ChunkOffsetBox chunkOffsetBox = sampleTableBox.getChunkOffsetBox();
+                    if (chunkOffsetBox == null) {
+                        System.out.println("SampleTableBox " + sampleTableBox + " of TrackBox " + trackBox + " doesn't contain a ChunkOffsetBox!");
+                    } else {
+                        long[] chunkOffsets = chunkOffsetBox.getChunkOffsets();
+                        for (long chunkOffset : chunkOffsets) {
+                            offsets.add(chunkOffset);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Collections.sort(offsets);
+        long[] returnArray = new long[offsets.size()];
+        for (int i = 0; i < returnArray.length; i++) {
+            returnArray[i] = offsets.get(i);
+        }
+        return returnArray;
+    }
+
+    public long getTrackIdForChunk(long chunkOffset) {
+        for (Box trackBoxe : this.getBoxes()) {
+            if (trackBoxe instanceof TrackBox) {
+                TrackBox trackBox = (TrackBox) trackBoxe;
+                SampleTableBox sampleTableBox = null;
+                // Do not find the way to the sampleTableBox by many getBoxes(Class) calls since they need to much
+                // object instantiation. Going this way here speeds up the process.
+                for (Box mediaBoxe : trackBox.getBoxes()) {
+                    if (mediaBoxe instanceof MediaBox) {
+                        for (Box mediaInformationBoxe : ((MediaBox) mediaBoxe).getBoxes()) {
+                            if (mediaInformationBoxe instanceof MediaInformationBox) {
+                                for (Box sampleTableBoxe : ((MediaInformationBox) mediaInformationBoxe).getBoxes()) {
+                                    if (sampleTableBoxe instanceof SampleTableBox) {
+                                        sampleTableBox = (SampleTableBox) sampleTableBoxe;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if ((Arrays.binarySearch(sampleTableBox.getChunkOffsetBox().getChunkOffsets(), chunkOffset)) >= 0) {
+                    return trackBox.getTrackHeaderBox().getTrackId();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("wrong chunkOffset, the chunk's offset is in no chunk offset box of no track box");
+    }
+
+    public void parseMdat(MediaDataBox<TrackBox> mdat) {
+        mdat.getTrackMap().clear();
+
+        TreeMap<Long, Track<TrackBox>> trackIdsToTracksWithChunks = new TreeMap<Long, Track<TrackBox>>();
+
+        long[] trackNumbers = getTrackNumbers();
+        Map<Long, Long> trackToSampleCount = new HashMap<Long, Long>(trackNumbers.length);
+        Map<Long, List<Long>> trackToSyncSamples = new HashMap<Long, List<Long>>();
+
+        for (long trackNumber : trackNumbers) {
+            TrackMetaData<TrackBox> trackMetaData = getTrackMetaData(trackNumber);
+            trackIdsToTracksWithChunks.put(trackNumber, new Track<TrackBox>(trackNumber, trackMetaData, mdat));
+            SyncSampleBox syncSampleBox = trackMetaData.getSyncSampleBox();
+            if (syncSampleBox != null) {
+                long[] sampleNumbers = syncSampleBox.getSampleNumber();
+                ArrayList<Long> sampleNumberList = new ArrayList<Long>(sampleNumbers.length);
+                for (long sampleNumber : sampleNumbers) {
+                    sampleNumberList.add(sampleNumber);
+                }
+                trackToSyncSamples.put(trackNumber, sampleNumberList);
+            }
+            trackToSampleCount.put(trackNumber, 1L);
+        }
+
+
+        long[] chunkOffsets = getChunkOffsets();
+
+        for (long chunkOffset : chunkOffsets) {
+            //chunk inside this mdat?
+            if (mdat.getStartOffset() > chunkOffset || chunkOffset > mdat.getStartOffset() + mdat.getSizeIfNotParsed()) {
+                System.out.println("Chunk offset " + chunkOffset + " not contained in " + this);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            long track = getTrackIdForChunk(chunkOffset);
+
+            long[] sampleOffsets = getSampleOffsetsForChunk(chunkOffset);
+            long[] sampleSizes = getSampleSizesForChunk(chunkOffset);
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < sampleSizes.length; i++) {
+                assert sampleOffsets[i] == sampleSizes[i - 1] + sampleOffsets[i - 1];
+            }
+
+            Track<TrackBox> parentTrack = trackIdsToTracksWithChunks.get(track);
+            Chunk<TrackBox> chunk = new Chunk<TrackBox>(parentTrack, mdat, sampleSizes.length);
+            parentTrack.addChunk(chunk);
+
+            long trackId = parentTrack.getTrackId();
+            mdat.getTrackMap().put(trackId, parentTrack);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < sampleOffsets.length; i++) {
+                Long currentSample = trackToSampleCount.get(trackId);
+                List<Long> syncSamples = trackToSyncSamples.get(trackId);
+                boolean syncSample = syncSamples != null && syncSamples.contains(currentSample);
+
+                MediaDataBox.SampleHolder<TrackBox> sh =
+                        new MediaDataBox.SampleHolder<TrackBox>(
+                                new SampleImpl<TrackBox>(isoBufferWrapper, chunkOffset + sampleOffsets[i], sampleSizes[i], chunk, syncSample));
+                mdat.getSampleList().add(sh);
+                chunk.addSample(sh);
+                trackToSampleCount.put(trackId, currentSample + 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public long[] getSampleSizesForChunk(long chunkOffset) {
+
+        for (Box trackBoxe : this.getBoxes()) {
+            if (trackBoxe instanceof TrackBox) {
+                TrackBox trackBox = (TrackBox) trackBoxe;
+                SampleTableBox sampleTableBox = null;
+                // Do not find the way to the sampleTableBox by many getBoxes(Class) calls since they need to much
+                // object instantiation. Going this way here speeds up the process.
+                for (Box mediaBoxe : trackBox.getBoxes()) {
+                    if (mediaBoxe instanceof MediaBox) {
+                        for (Box mediaInformationBoxe : ((MediaBox) mediaBoxe).getBoxes()) {
+                            if (mediaInformationBoxe instanceof MediaInformationBox) {
+                                for (Box sampleTableBoxe : ((MediaInformationBox) mediaInformationBoxe).getBoxes()) {
+                                    if (sampleTableBoxe instanceof SampleTableBox) {
+                                        sampleTableBox = (SampleTableBox) sampleTableBoxe;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                int chunkNumber;
+                final ChunkOffsetBox chunkOffsetBox = sampleTableBox.getChunkOffsetBox();
+                long[] chunkOffsets = chunkOffsetBox.getChunkOffsets();
+                if ((chunkNumber = Arrays.binarySearch(chunkOffsets, chunkOffset)) >= 0) {
+                    long[] samplesPerChunk = new long[chunkOffsets.length];
+                    SampleSizeBox sampleSizeBox = sampleTableBox.getSampleSizeBox();
+                    SampleToChunkBox sampleToChunkBox = sampleTableBox.getSampleToChunkBox();
+
+                    List<SampleToChunkBox.Entry> sampleToChunkEntries = new LinkedList<SampleToChunkBox.Entry>(sampleToChunkBox.getEntries());
+                    Collections.reverse(sampleToChunkEntries);
+                    Iterator<SampleToChunkBox.Entry> iterator = sampleToChunkEntries.iterator();
+                    SampleToChunkBox.Entry currentEntry = iterator.next();
+
+                    for (int i = samplesPerChunk.length; i > 1; i--) {
+                        samplesPerChunk[i - 1] = currentEntry.getSamplesPerChunk();
+                        if (i == currentEntry.getFirstChunk()) {
+                            currentEntry = iterator.next();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    samplesPerChunk[0] = currentEntry.getSamplesPerChunk();
+
+
+                    int sampleNumberOffset = 0;
+                    for (int i = 0; i < chunkNumber; i++) {
+                        sampleNumberOffset += samplesPerChunk[i];
+                    }
+                    long noOfSamplesInThisChunk = samplesPerChunk[chunkNumber];
+                    assert noOfSamplesInThisChunk <= Integer.MAX_VALUE : "The parser cannot deal with more than Integer.MAX_VALUE samples in a one chunk";
+                    long[] returnValue = new long[(int) noOfSamplesInThisChunk];
+                    for (int i = 0; i < samplesPerChunk[chunkNumber]; i++) {
+                        returnValue[i] = sampleSizeBox.getSampleSizeAtIndex(i + sampleNumberOffset);
+                    }
+                    return returnValue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("wrong chunkOffset");
+    }
+
+    public long[] getSampleOffsetsForChunk(long chunkOffset) {
+        long[] sizes = getSampleSizesForChunk(chunkOffset);
+        long[] offsets = new long[sizes.length];
+        for (int i = 1; i < sizes.length; i++) {
+            offsets[i] = offsets[i - 1] + sizes[i - 1];
+        }
+        return offsets;
+    }
+
+    public int getTrackCount() {
+        return getBoxes(TrackBox.class).length;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the track numbers associated with this <code>MovieBox</code>.
+     *
+     * @return the tracknumbers (IDs) of the tracks in their order of appearance in the file
+     */
+    public long[] getTrackNumbers() {
+
+        AbstractBox[] trackBoxes = this.getBoxes(TrackBox.class);
+        long[] trackNumbers = new long[trackBoxes.length];
+        for (int trackCounter = 0; trackCounter < trackBoxes.length; trackCounter++) {
+            AbstractBox trackBoxe = trackBoxes[trackCounter];
+            TrackBox trackBox = (TrackBox) trackBoxe;
+            trackNumbers[trackCounter] = trackBox.getTrackHeaderBox().getTrackId();
+        }
+        return trackNumbers;
+    }
+
+    public TrackMetaData<TrackBox> getTrackMetaData(long trackId) {
+        TrackBox[] trackBoxes = this.getBoxes(TrackBox.class);
+        for (TrackBox trackBox : trackBoxes) {
+            if (trackBox.getTrackHeaderBox().getTrackId() == trackId) {
+                return new TrackMetaData<TrackBox>(trackId, trackBox);
+            }
+        }
+        throw new RuntimeException("TrackId " + trackId + " not contained in " + this);
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+        buffer.append("MovieBox[");
+        Box[] boxes = getBoxes();
+        for (int i = 0; i < boxes.length; i++) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                buffer.append(";");
+            }
+            buffer.append(boxes[i].toString());
+        }
+        buffer.append("]");
+        return buffer.toString();
+    }
+
+    public MovieHeaderBox getMovieHeaderBox() {
+        for (Box box : boxes) {
+            if (box instanceof MovieHeaderBox) {
+                return (MovieHeaderBox) box;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `currentSample` last assigned on line 175 could be null and is dereferenced at line 184.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MovieBox.parseMdat(MediaDataBox)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.coremedia.iso.boxes.MovieBox.parseMdat(com.coremedia.iso.boxes.MediaDataBox):void.292946fe0f4b977f2e653f29bb241fd3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/coremedia/iso/boxes/MovieBox.java
+
+### Key:
+MovieBox.java|parseMdat|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+be9a118c4da266fc63a27ab7cd4dd335
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4338/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4338/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44faf79f41c79ea68c8ef476c228cceaf269ca89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4338/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.extra.template;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.lang.Dict;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.TemplateConfig.ResourceMode;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.beetl.BeetlEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.enjoy.EnjoyEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.freemarker.FreemarkerEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.rythm.RythmEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.thymeleaf.ThymeleafEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.velocity.VelocityEngine;
+
+/**
+ * 模板引擎单元测试
+ * 
+ * @author looly
+ *
+ */
+public class TemplateUtilTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void createEngineTest() {
+		// 默认模板引擎，此处为Beetl
+		TemplateEngine engine = TemplateUtil.createEngine(new TemplateConfig());
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void beetlEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+
+		// classpath中获取模板
+		engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		Template template2 = engine.getTemplate("beetl_test.btl");
+		String result2 = template2.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result2);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void rythmEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new RythmEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,@name");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+
+		// classpath中获取模板
+		Template template2 = engine.getTemplate("rythm_test.tmpl");
+		String result2 = template2.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result2);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void freemarkerEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new FreemarkerEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.STRING));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new FreemarkerEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("freemarker_test.ftl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void velocityEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new VelocityEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.STRING));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("你好,$name");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("你好,hutool", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new VelocityEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("templates/velocity_test.vtl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("你好,hutool", result);
+		
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void enjoyEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new EnjoyEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("#(x + 123)");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("x", 1));
+		Assert.assertEquals("124", result);
+
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new EnjoyEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("enjoy_test.etl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("x", 1));
+		Assert.assertEquals("124", result);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thymeleafEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new ThymeleafEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("<h3 th:text=\"${message}\"></h3>");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("message", "Hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("<h3>Hutool</h3>", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new ThymeleafEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("thymeleaf_test.ttl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("message", "Hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("<h3>Hutool</h3>", result);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	@Ignore
+	public void renderToFileTest() {
+		TemplateEngine engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("freemarker_test.ftl");
+
+		final Map<String, Object> bindingMap = new HashMap<>();
+		bindingMap.put("name", "aa");
+		File outputFile = new File("e:/test.txt");
+		template.render(bindingMap, outputFile);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `template` last assigned on line 116 could be null and is dereferenced at line 117.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TemplateUtilTest.thymeleafEngineTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.extra.template.TemplateUtilTest.thymeleafEngineTest():void.f44258cdabfaa64a5dcaaca81f5c627e
+
+### File:
+hutool-extra/src/test/java/cn/hutool/extra/template/TemplateUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateUtilTest.java|thymeleafEngineTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ce53c923f4dea93d3ab7dc2c8344c2b9
+
+### Hash:
+26446b6e207e3c33f913a74b4a032ddd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4352/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4352/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..176e920e8834d71a38645e863f2930f96f8b81d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4352/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.codec.BCD;
+import cn.hutool.core.codec.Base64;
+import cn.hutool.core.io.IORuntimeException;
+import cn.hutool.core.io.IoUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.CharsetUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.HexUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.StrUtil;
+import cn.hutool.crypto.SecureUtil;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.security.PrivateKey;
+import java.security.PublicKey;
+
+/**
+ * 抽象的非对称加密对象，包装了加密和解密为Hex和Base64的封装
+ *
+ * @param <T> 返回自身类型
+ * @author Looly
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractAsymmetricCrypto<T extends AbstractAsymmetricCrypto<T>> extends BaseAsymmetric<T> {
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------ Constructor start
+
+	/**
+	 * 构造
+	 * <p>
+	 * 私钥和公钥同时为空时生成一对新的私钥和公钥<br>
+	 * 私钥和公钥可以单独传入一个，如此则只能使用此钥匙来做加密或者解密
+	 *
+	 * @param algorithm  算法
+	 * @param privateKey 私钥
+	 * @param publicKey  公钥
+	 * @since 3.1.1
+	 */
+	public AbstractAsymmetricCrypto(String algorithm, PrivateKey privateKey, PublicKey publicKey) {
+		super(algorithm, privateKey, publicKey);
+	}
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------ Constructor end
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Encrypt
+
+	/**
+	 * 加密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的bytes
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 加密后的bytes
+	 */
+	public abstract byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, KeyType keyType);
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Hex字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的bytes
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Hex字符串
+	 */
+	public String encryptHex(byte[] data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return HexUtil.encodeHexStr(encrypt(data, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Base64字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的bytes
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Base64字符串
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 */
+	public String encryptBase64(byte[] data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return Base64.encode(encrypt(data, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 加密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的字符串
+	 * @param charset 编码
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 加密后的bytes
+	 */
+	public byte[] encrypt(String data, String charset, KeyType keyType) {
+		return encrypt(StrUtil.bytes(data, charset), keyType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 加密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的字符串
+	 * @param charset 编码
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 加密后的bytes
+	 */
+	public byte[] encrypt(String data, Charset charset, KeyType keyType) {
+		return encrypt(StrUtil.bytes(data, charset), keyType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 加密，使用UTF-8编码
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的字符串
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 加密后的bytes
+	 */
+	public byte[] encrypt(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return encrypt(StrUtil.bytes(data, CharsetUtil.CHARSET_UTF_8), keyType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Hex字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的字符串
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Hex字符串
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 */
+	public String encryptHex(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return HexUtil.encodeHexStr(encrypt(data, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Hex字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的bytes
+	 * @param charset 编码
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Hex字符串
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 */
+	public String encryptHex(String data, Charset charset, KeyType keyType) {
+		return HexUtil.encodeHexStr(encrypt(data, charset, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Base64字符串，使用UTF-8编码
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的字符串
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Base64字符串
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 */
+	public String encryptBase64(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return Base64.encode(encrypt(data, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Base64字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的字符串
+	 * @param charset 编码
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Base64字符串
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 */
+	public String encryptBase64(String data, Charset charset, KeyType keyType) {
+		return Base64.encode(encrypt(data, charset, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 加密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的数据流
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 加密后的bytes
+	 * @throws IORuntimeException IO异常
+	 */
+	public byte[] encrypt(InputStream data, KeyType keyType) throws IORuntimeException {
+		return encrypt(IoUtil.readBytes(data), keyType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Hex字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的数据流
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Hex字符串
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 */
+	public String encryptHex(InputStream data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return HexUtil.encodeHexStr(encrypt(data, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 编码为Base64字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被加密的数据流
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return Base64字符串
+	 * @since 4.0.1
+	 */
+	public String encryptBase64(InputStream data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return Base64.encode(encrypt(data, keyType));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 分组加密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @return 加密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.1.0
+	 */
+	public String encryptBcd(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return encryptBcd(data, keyType, CharsetUtil.CHARSET_UTF_8);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 分组加密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @param charset 加密前编码
+	 * @return 加密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.1.0
+	 */
+	public String encryptBcd(String data, KeyType keyType, Charset charset) {
+		return BCD.bcdToStr(encrypt(data, charset, keyType));
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Decrypt
+
+	/**
+	 * 解密
+	 *
+	 * @param bytes   被解密的bytes
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 解密后的bytes
+	 */
+	public abstract byte[] decrypt(byte[] bytes, KeyType keyType);
+
+	/**
+	 * 解密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    被解密的bytes
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 解密后的bytes
+	 * @throws IORuntimeException IO异常
+	 */
+	public byte[] decrypt(InputStream data, KeyType keyType) throws IORuntimeException {
+		return decrypt(IoUtil.readBytes(data), keyType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 从Hex或Base64字符串解密，编码为UTF-8格式
+	 *
+	 * @param data    Hex（16进制）或Base64字符串
+	 * @param keyType 私钥或公钥 {@link KeyType}
+	 * @return 解密后的bytes
+	 * @since 4.5.2
+	 */
+	public byte[] decrypt(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return decrypt(SecureUtil.decode(data), keyType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 解密为字符串，密文需为Hex（16进制）或Base64字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据，Hex（16进制）或Base64字符串
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @param charset 加密前编码
+	 * @return 解密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.5.2
+	 */
+	public String decryptStr(String data, KeyType keyType, Charset charset) {
+		return StrUtil.str(decrypt(data, keyType), charset);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 解密为字符串，密文需为Hex（16进制）或Base64字符串
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据，Hex（16进制）或Base64字符串
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @return 解密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.5.2
+	 */
+	public String decryptStr(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return decryptStr(data, keyType, CharsetUtil.CHARSET_UTF_8);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 解密BCD
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @return 解密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.1.0
+	 */
+	public byte[] decryptFromBcd(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return decryptFromBcd(data, keyType, CharsetUtil.CHARSET_UTF_8);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 分组解密
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @param charset 加密前编码
+	 * @return 解密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.1.0
+	 */
+	public byte[] decryptFromBcd(String data, KeyType keyType, Charset charset) {
+		final byte[] dataBytes = BCD.ascToBcd(StrUtil.bytes(data, charset));
+		return decrypt(dataBytes, keyType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 解密为字符串，密文需为BCD格式
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据，BCD格式
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @param charset 加密前编码
+	 * @return 解密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.5.2
+	 */
+	public String decryptStrFromBcd(String data, KeyType keyType, Charset charset) {
+		return StrUtil.str(decryptFromBcd(data, keyType, charset), charset);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 解密为字符串，密文需为BCD格式，编码为UTF-8格式
+	 *
+	 * @param data    数据，BCD格式
+	 * @param keyType 密钥类型
+	 * @return 解密后的密文
+	 * @since 4.5.2
+	 */
+	public String decryptStrFromBcd(String data, KeyType keyType) {
+		return decryptStrFromBcd(data, keyType, CharsetUtil.CHARSET_UTF_8);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `bytes(data,charset)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `ascToBcd(...)` at line 304.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] AbstractAsymmetricCrypto.decryptFromBcd(String,KeyType,Charset)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.crypto.asymmetric.AbstractAsymmetricCrypto.decryptFromBcd(java.lang.String,cn.hutool.crypt.aa65098cbd8048e19a4c22dc650829b4
+
+### File:
+hutool-crypto/src/main/java/cn/hutool/crypto/asymmetric/AbstractAsymmetricCrypto.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractAsymmetricCrypto.java|decryptFromBcd|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+de3c99977b8233aa77bc87e75d758742
+
+### Hash:
+92fdb3ee7987c887c1cef8350794feec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4355/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4355/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e25e181426ee9cf62dd44195f4f2195fae633ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4355/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.extra.template;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.lang.Dict;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.TemplateConfig.ResourceMode;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.beetl.BeetlEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.enjoy.EnjoyEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.freemarker.FreemarkerEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.rythm.RythmEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.thymeleaf.ThymeleafEngine;
+import cn.hutool.extra.template.engine.velocity.VelocityEngine;
+
+/**
+ * 模板引擎单元测试
+ * 
+ * @author looly
+ *
+ */
+public class TemplateUtilTest {
+
+	@Test
+	public void createEngineTest() {
+		// 默认模板引擎，此处为Beetl
+		TemplateEngine engine = TemplateUtil.createEngine(new TemplateConfig());
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void beetlEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+
+		// classpath中获取模板
+		engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		Template template2 = engine.getTemplate("beetl_test.btl");
+		String result2 = template2.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result2);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void rythmEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new RythmEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,@name");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+
+		// classpath中获取模板
+		Template template2 = engine.getTemplate("rythm_test.tmpl");
+		String result2 = template2.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result2);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void freemarkerEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new FreemarkerEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.STRING));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("hello,${name}");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new FreemarkerEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("freemarker_test.ftl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("hello,hutool", result);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void velocityEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new VelocityEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.STRING));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("你好,$name");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("你好,hutool", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new VelocityEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("templates/velocity_test.vtl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("name", "hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("你好,hutool", result);
+		
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void enjoyEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new EnjoyEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("#(x + 123)");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("x", 1));
+		Assert.assertEquals("124", result);
+
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new EnjoyEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("enjoy_test.etl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("x", 1));
+		Assert.assertEquals("124", result);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thymeleafEngineTest() {
+		// 字符串模板
+		TemplateEngine engine = new ThymeleafEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates"));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("<h3 th:text=\"${message}\"></h3>");
+		String result = template.render(Dict.create().set("message", "Hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("<h3>Hutool</h3>", result);
+		
+		//ClassPath模板
+		engine = new ThymeleafEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		template = engine.getTemplate("thymeleaf_test.ttl");
+		result = template.render(Dict.create().set("message", "Hutool"));
+		Assert.assertEquals("<h3>Hutool</h3>", result);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	@Ignore
+	public void renderToFileTest() {
+		TemplateEngine engine = new BeetlEngine(new TemplateConfig("templates", ResourceMode.CLASSPATH));
+		Template template = engine.getTemplate("freemarker_test.ftl");
+
+		final Map<String, Object> bindingMap = new HashMap<>();
+		bindingMap.put("name", "aa");
+		File outputFile = new File("e:/test.txt");
+		template.render(bindingMap, outputFile);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `template` last assigned on line 76 could be null and is dereferenced at line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TemplateUtilTest.freemarkerEngineTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.extra.template.TemplateUtilTest.freemarkerEngineTest():void.d04b9828350d1dcbea6dbcca11cf1758
+
+### File:
+hutool-extra/src/test/java/cn/hutool/extra/template/TemplateUtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateUtilTest.java|freemarkerEngineTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ce53c923f4dea93d3ab7dc2c8344c2b9
+
+### Hash:
+d87d14fa1438cbcb86f932dc2ce6f2e5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4362/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4362/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3de4175d3b362bc25045c130901c16d90f0985db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4362/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hutool
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.hutool.poi.excel;
+
+import cn.hutool.core.exceptions.DependencyException;
+import cn.hutool.core.io.FileUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.io.IoUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.ObjectUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.ReUtil;
+import cn.hutool.core.util.StrUtil;
+import cn.hutool.poi.PoiChecker;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.cell.CellLocation;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.Excel03SaxReader;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.Excel07SaxReader;
+import cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.handler.RowHandler;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+/**
+ * Excel工具类,不建议直接使用index直接操作sheet，在wps/excel中sheet显示顺序与index无关，还有隐藏sheet
+ * 
+ * @author Looly
+ *
+ */
+public class ExcelUtil {
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Read by Sax start
+	/**
+	 * 通过Sax方式读取Excel，同时支持03和07格式
+	 * 
+	 * @param path Excel文件路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static void readBySax(String path, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		BufferedInputStream in = null;
+		try {
+			in = FileUtil.getInputStream(path);
+			readBySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		} finally {
+			IoUtil.close(in);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过Sax方式读取Excel，同时支持03和07格式
+	 * 
+	 * @param file Excel文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static void readBySax(File file, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		BufferedInputStream in = null;
+		try {
+			in = FileUtil.getInputStream(file);
+			readBySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		} finally {
+			IoUtil.close(in);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 通过Sax方式读取Excel，同时支持03和07格式
+	 * 
+	 * @param in Excel流
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static void readBySax(InputStream in, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		in = IoUtil.toMarkSupportStream(in);
+		if (ExcelFileUtil.isXlsx(in)) {
+			read07BySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		} else {
+			read03BySax(in, sheetIndex, rowHandler);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel07
+	 * 
+	 * @param in 输入流
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel07SaxReader read07BySax(InputStream in, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel07SaxReader(rowHandler).read(in, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel07
+	 * 
+	 * @param file 文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel07SaxReader read07BySax(File file, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel07SaxReader(rowHandler).read(file, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel07
+	 * 
+	 * @param path 路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel07SaxReader read07BySax(String path, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel07SaxReader(rowHandler).read(path, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel03
+	 * 
+	 * @param in 输入流
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel07SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel03SaxReader read03BySax(InputStream in, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel03SaxReader(rowHandler).read(in, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel03
+	 * 
+	 * @param file 文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel03SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel03SaxReader read03BySax(File file, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel03SaxReader(rowHandler).read(file, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sax方式读取Excel03
+	 * 
+	 * @param path 路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex Sheet索引，-1表示全部Sheet, 0表示第一个Sheet
+	 * @param rowHandler 行处理器
+	 * @return {@link Excel03SaxReader}
+	 * @since 3.2.0
+	 */
+	public static Excel03SaxReader read03BySax(String path, int sheetIndex, RowHandler rowHandler) {
+		try {
+			return new Excel03SaxReader(rowHandler).read(path, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Read by Sax end
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ getReader
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFilePath Excel文件路径，绝对路径或相对于ClassPath路径
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 3.1.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(String bookFilePath) {
+		return getReader(bookFilePath, 0);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFile Excel文件
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(File bookFile) {
+		return getReader(bookFile, 0);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFilePath Excel文件路径，绝对路径或相对于ClassPath路径
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 3.1.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(String bookFilePath, int sheetIndex) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookFilePath, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFile Excel文件
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(File bookFile, int sheetIndex) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookFile, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookFile Excel文件
+	 * @param sheetName sheet名，第一个默认是sheet1
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(File bookFile, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookFile, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet，读取结束自动关闭流
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream) {
+		return getReader(bookStream, 0, true);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 默认调用第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param closeAfterRead 读取结束是否关闭流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 4.0.3
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, boolean closeAfterRead) {
+		try {
+			return getReader(bookStream, 0, closeAfterRead);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 读取结束自动关闭流
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, int sheetIndex) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetIndex sheet序号，0表示第一个sheet
+	 * @param closeAfterRead 读取结束是否关闭流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @since 4.0.3
+	 * @deprecated 使用完毕无论是否closeAfterRead，poi会关闭流，此参数无意义。
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, int sheetIndex, boolean closeAfterRead) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetIndex);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容<br>
+	 * 读取结束自动关闭流
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetName sheet名，第一个默认是sheet1
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取Excel读取器，通过调用{@link ExcelReader}的read或readXXX方法读取Excel内容
+	 * 
+	 * @param bookStream Excel文件的流
+	 * @param sheetName sheet名，第一个默认是sheet1
+	 * @param closeAfterRead 读取结束是否关闭流
+	 * @return {@link ExcelReader}
+	 * @deprecated 使用完毕无论是否closeAfterRead，poi会关闭流，此参数无意义。
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public static ExcelReader getReader(InputStream bookStream, String sheetName, boolean closeAfterRead) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelReader(bookStream, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ getWriter
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link ExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link ExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 3.2.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter() {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter();
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link ExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link ExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @param isXlsx 是否为xlsx格式
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 3.2.1
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(boolean isXlsx) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(isXlsx);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(String destFilePath) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFilePath);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param sheetName Sheet名
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 4.5.18
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriterWithSheet(String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter((File)null, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet，名字为sheet1
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(File destFile) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFile);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(String destFilePath, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFilePath, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link ExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link ExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getWriter(File destFile, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new ExcelWriter(destFile, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ getBigWriter
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link BigExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link BigExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 4.1.13
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getBigWriter() {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter();
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet<br>
+	 * 不传入写出的Excel文件路径，只能调用ExcelWriter#flush(OutputStream)方法写出到流<br>
+	 * 若写出到文件，还需调用{@link BigExcelWriter#setDestFile(File)}方法自定义写出的文件，然后调用{@link BigExcelWriter#flush()}方法写出到文件
+	 * 
+	 * @param rowAccessWindowSize 在内存中的行数
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * @since 4.1.13
+	 */
+	public static ExcelWriter getBigWriter(int rowAccessWindowSize) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(rowAccessWindowSize);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(String destFilePath) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFilePath);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}，默认写出到第一个sheet，名字为sheet1
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(File destFile) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFile);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFilePath 目标文件路径
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(String destFilePath, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFilePath, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得{@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 * 
+	 * @param destFile 目标文件
+	 * @param sheetName sheet表名
+	 * @return {@link BigExcelWriter}
+	 */
+	public static BigExcelWriter getBigWriter(File destFile, String sheetName) {
+		try {
+			return new BigExcelWriter(destFile, sheetName);
+		} catch (NoClassDefFoundError e) {
+			throw new DependencyException(ObjectUtil.defaultIfNull(e.getCause(), e), PoiChecker.NO_POI_ERROR_MSG);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 将Sheet列号变为列名
+	 * 
+	 * @param index 列号, 从0开始
+	 * @return 0-》A; 1-》B...26-》AA
+	 * @since 4.1.20
+	 */
+	public static String indexToColName(int index) {
+		if (index < 0) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		final StringBuilder colName = StrUtil.builder();
+		do {
+			if (colName.length() > 0) {
+				index--;
+			}
+			int remainder = index % 26;
+			colName.append((char) (remainder + 'A'));
+			index = (index - remainder) / 26;
+		} while (index > 0);
+		return colName.reverse().toString();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 根据表元的列名转换为列号
+	 * 
+	 * @param colName 列名, 从A开始
+	 * @return A1-》0; B1-》1...AA1-》26
+	 * @since 4.1.20
+	 */
+	public static int colNameToIndex(String colName) {
+		int length = colName.length();
+		char c;
+		int index = -1;
+		for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+			c = Character.toUpperCase(colName.charAt(i));
+			if (Character.isDigit(c)) {
+				break;// 确定指定的char值是否为数字
+			}
+			index = (index + 1) * 26 + (int) c - 'A';
+		}
+		return index;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 将Excel中地址标识符（例如A11，B5）等转换为行列表示<br>
+	 * 例如：A11 -》 x:0,y:10，B5-》x:1,y:4
+	 *
+	 * @param locationRef 单元格地址标识符，例如A11，B5
+	 * @return 坐标点，x表示行，从0开始，y表示列，从0开始
+	 * @since 5.1.4
+	 */
+	public static CellLocation toLocation(String locationRef){
+		final int x = colNameToIndex(locationRef);
+		final int y = ReUtil.getFirstNumber(locationRef) -1;
+		return new CellLocation(x, y);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedInputStream` acquired by call to `readBySax(...)` at line 58 is not released after line 58.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExcelUtil.readBySax(File,int,RowHandler)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.hutool.poi.excel.ExcelUtil.readBySax(java.io.File,int,cn.hutool.poi.excel.sax.handler.RowHandler).0b972b819a5108ffdbcb668497587092
+
+### File:
+hutool-poi/src/main/java/cn/hutool/poi/excel/ExcelUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+ExcelUtil.java|readBySax|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+fc67138ce986369883fddc4e7451427c
+
+### Hash:
+b6ee04f383d7a84b3650b7ab5ba455bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4364/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4364/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18de4ad5385a2b2cd4b786665e4e0cb20c5df351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4364/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 61
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.config;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.SecurityUtils;
+import com.google.auth.Credentials;
+import com.google.auth.http.HttpTransportFactory;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.GoogleCredentials;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.ServiceAccountCredentials;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.ServiceAccountJwtAccessCredentials;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialOptions.JsonCredentialsOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialOptions.P12CredentialOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialOptions.UserSuppliedCredentialOptions;
+import com.google.cloud.http.HttpTransportOptions.DefaultHttpTransportFactory;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.PrivateKey;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Simple factory for creating OAuth Credential objects for use with Bigtable.
+ *
+ * @author sduskis
+ * @version $Id: $Id
+ */
+public class CredentialFactory {
+
+  /** The OAuth scope required to perform administrator actions such as creating tables. */
+  public static final String CLOUD_BIGTABLE_ADMIN_SCOPE =
+      "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-bigtable.admin";
+  /** The OAuth scope required to read data from tables. */
+  public static final String CLOUD_BIGTABLE_READER_SCOPE =
+      "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-bigtable.data.readonly";
+  /** The OAuth scope required to write data to tables. */
+  public static final String CLOUD_BIGTABLE_WRITER_SCOPE =
+      "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-bigtable.data";
+
+  /** Scopes required to read and write data from tables. */
+  public static final List<String> CLOUD_BIGTABLE_READ_WRITE_SCOPES =
+      ImmutableList.of(CLOUD_BIGTABLE_READER_SCOPE, CLOUD_BIGTABLE_WRITER_SCOPE);
+
+  /** Scopes required for full access to cloud bigtable. */
+  public static final List<String> CLOUD_BIGTABLE_ALL_SCOPES =
+      ImmutableList.of(
+          CLOUD_BIGTABLE_READER_SCOPE, CLOUD_BIGTABLE_WRITER_SCOPE, CLOUD_BIGTABLE_ADMIN_SCOPE);
+
+  // HTTP transport used for created credentials to perform token-refresh handshakes with remote
+  // credential servers. Initialized lazily to move the possibility of throwing
+  // GeneralSecurityException to the time a caller actually tries to get a credential.
+  private static HttpTransportFactory httpTransportFactory;
+
+  /** Constant <code>LOG</code> */
+  private static final Logger LOG = new Logger(CredentialFactory.class);
+
+  /**
+   * Allow for an override of the credentials HttpTransportFactory.
+   *
+   * @param httpTransportFactory
+   */
+  public static void setHttpTransportFactory(HttpTransportFactory httpTransportFactory) {
+    CredentialFactory.httpTransportFactory = httpTransportFactory;
+  }
+
+  public static HttpTransportFactory getHttpTransportFactory() {
+    if (httpTransportFactory == null) {
+      httpTransportFactory = new DefaultHttpTransportFactory();
+    }
+    return httpTransportFactory;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up a Credentials object based on a configuration of credentials described in a {@link
+   * com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialOptions}.
+   *
+   * @param options a {@link com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialOptions} object.
+   * @return a {@link com.google.auth.Credentials} object.
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+   * @throws java.security.GeneralSecurityException if any.
+   */
+  public static Credentials getCredentials(CredentialOptions options)
+      throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
+    switch (options.getCredentialType()) {
+      case DefaultCredentials:
+        return getApplicationDefaultCredential();
+      case P12:
+        P12CredentialOptions p12Options = (P12CredentialOptions) options;
+        return getCredentialFromPrivateKeyServiceAccount(
+            p12Options.getServiceAccount(), p12Options.getKeyFile());
+      case SuppliedCredentials:
+        return ((UserSuppliedCredentialOptions) options).getCredential();
+      case SuppliedJson:
+        JsonCredentialsOptions jsonCredentialsOptions = (JsonCredentialsOptions) options;
+        synchronized (jsonCredentialsOptions) {
+          if (jsonCredentialsOptions.getCachedCredentials() == null) {
+            jsonCredentialsOptions.setCachedCredentails(
+                getInputStreamCredential(jsonCredentialsOptions.getInputStream()));
+          }
+          return jsonCredentialsOptions.getCachedCredentials();
+        }
+      case None:
+        return null;
+      default:
+        throw new IllegalStateException(
+            "Cannot process Credential type: " + options.getCredentialType());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initializes OAuth2 credential from a private keyfile, as described in <a
+   * href="https://developers.google.com/api-client-library/java/google-api-java-client/oauth2#service_accounts"
+   * >Service accounts</a>.
+   *
+   * @param serviceAccountEmail Email address of the service account associated with the keyfile.
+   * @param privateKeyFile Full local path to private keyfile.
+   * @return a {@link com.google.auth.Credentials} object.
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+   * @throws java.security.GeneralSecurityException if any.
+   */
+  public static Credentials getCredentialFromPrivateKeyServiceAccount(
+      String serviceAccountEmail, String privateKeyFile)
+      throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
+
+    PrivateKey privateKey =
+        SecurityUtils.loadPrivateKeyFromKeyStore(
+            SecurityUtils.getPkcs12KeyStore(),
+            new FileInputStream(privateKeyFile),
+            "notasecret",
+            "privatekey",
+            "notasecret");
+
+    return ServiceAccountJwtAccessCredentials.newBuilder()
+        .setClientEmail(serviceAccountEmail)
+        .setPrivateKey(privateKey)
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initializes OAuth2 credential from a private keyfile, as described in <a
+   * href="https://developers.google.com/api-client-library/java/google-api-java-client/oauth2#service_accounts"
+   * >Service accounts</a>.
+   *
+   * @param serviceAccountEmail Email address of the service account associated with the keyfile.
+   * @param privateKeyFile Full local path to private keyfile.
+   * @param scopes List of well-formed desired scopes to use with the credential.
+   * @return a {@link com.google.auth.Credentials} object.
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+   * @throws java.security.GeneralSecurityException if any.
+   */
+  public static Credentials getCredentialFromPrivateKeyServiceAccount(
+      String serviceAccountEmail, String privateKeyFile, List<String> scopes)
+      throws IOException, GeneralSecurityException {
+
+    PrivateKey privateKey =
+        SecurityUtils.loadPrivateKeyFromKeyStore(
+            SecurityUtils.getPkcs12KeyStore(),
+            new FileInputStream(privateKeyFile),
+            "notasecret",
+            "privatekey",
+            "notasecret");
+
+    // Since the user specified scopes, we can't use JWT tokens
+    return ServiceAccountCredentials.newBuilder()
+        .setClientEmail(serviceAccountEmail)
+        .setPrivateKey(privateKey)
+        .setScopes(scopes)
+        .setHttpTransportFactory(getHttpTransportFactory())
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initializes OAuth2 application default credentials based on the environment the code is running
+   * in. If a service account is to be used with JSON file, set the environment variable with name
+   * "GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS" to the JSON file path. For more details on application default
+   * credentials: <a
+   * href="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/application-default-credentials" >
+   * Application Default Credentials</a>.
+   *
+   * @return a {@link com.google.auth.Credentials} object.
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+   */
+  public static Credentials getApplicationDefaultCredential() throws IOException {
+    GoogleCredentials credentials =
+        GoogleCredentials.getApplicationDefault(getHttpTransportFactory());
+
+    if (credentials instanceof ServiceAccountCredentials) {
+      return getJwtToken((ServiceAccountCredentials) credentials);
+    }
+
+    return credentials.createScoped(CLOUD_BIGTABLE_ALL_SCOPES);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initializes OAuth2 application default credentials based on an inputStream.
+   *
+   * @param inputStream a {@link java.io.InputStream} object.
+   * @return a {@link com.google.auth.Credentials} object.
+   * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+   */
+  public static Credentials getInputStreamCredential(InputStream inputStream) throws IOException {
+    GoogleCredentials credentials =
+        GoogleCredentials.fromStream(inputStream, getHttpTransportFactory());
+
+    if (credentials instanceof ServiceAccountCredentials) {
+      return getJwtToken((ServiceAccountCredentials) credentials);
+    }
+    return credentials.createScoped(CLOUD_BIGTABLE_ALL_SCOPES);
+  }
+
+  private static Credentials getJwtToken(ServiceAccountCredentials serviceAccount) {
+    return ServiceAccountJwtAccessCredentials.newBuilder()
+        .setClientEmail(serviceAccount.getClientEmail())
+        .setClientId(serviceAccount.getClientId())
+        .setPrivateKey(serviceAccount.getPrivateKey())
+        .setPrivateKeyId(serviceAccount.getPrivateKeyId())
+        .build();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialFactory.getCredentials` indirectly writes to field `config.CredentialFactory.com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialFactory.httpTransportFactory` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Credentials CredentialFactory.getCredentials(CredentialOptions)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.CredentialFactory.getCredentials(com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.C.9b543c10b0052687043d83a927722fbc
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/config/CredentialFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+CredentialFactory.java|getCredentials|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+057a0c473ae71f1f8baa9fee6a52e3c7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4390/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4390/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce895dcf2241507b9a5da4ffd4ac1b3aa5f51180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4390/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io;
+
+import io.grpc.CallOptions;
+import io.grpc.Channel;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall;
+import io.grpc.Metadata;
+import io.grpc.MethodDescriptor;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
+
+/**
+ * A ClosableChannel that refreshes itself based on a user supplied timeout.
+ */
+public class ReconnectingChannel extends Channel implements Closeable {
+
+  protected static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ReconnectingChannel.class.getName());
+  public static final long CHANNEL_TERMINATE_WAIT_MS = 5000;
+
+  // This executor is used to shutdown & await termination of
+  // grpc connections. The work done on these threads should be minimal
+  // as long as we don't perform a shutdownNow() call (or similar). As
+  // a result, allow there to be an unbounded number of these.
+  // It is not expected to happen often, but there are cases where
+  // shutdown will never complete and we don't want to take up a thread
+  // that could be used to indicate that a Call is completed (and would
+  // then finish client shutdown).
+  protected final ExecutorService closeExecutor =
+      Executors.newCachedThreadPool(
+          new ThreadFactoryBuilder()
+              .setNameFormat("reconnection-async-close-%s")
+              .setDaemon(true)
+              .build());
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a fresh CloseableChannel.
+   */
+  public interface Factory {
+    Channel createChannel() throws IOException;
+    Closeable createClosable(Channel channel);
+  }
+
+  private class DelayingCall<RequestT, ResponseT> extends ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> {
+
+    final MethodDescriptor<RequestT, ResponseT> methodDescriptor;
+    final CallOptions callOptions;
+    ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> callDelegate = null;
+
+    public DelayingCall(MethodDescriptor<RequestT, ResponseT> methodDescriptor, CallOptions callOptions) {
+      this.methodDescriptor = methodDescriptor;
+      this.callOptions = callOptions;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void start(ClientCall.Listener<ResponseT> responseListener, Metadata headers) {
+      Preconditions.checkState(callDelegate == null, "Call cannot be restarted.");
+      synchronized (ReconnectingChannel.this) {
+        Preconditions.checkState(delegate != null, "Channel is closed");
+        if (requiresRefresh()) {
+          try {
+              // Startup should be non-blocking and async.
+              Channel oldDelegate = delegate;
+              delegate = factory.createChannel();
+              nextRefresh = calculateNewRefreshTime();
+              asyncClose(oldDelegate);
+          } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Channel cannot create a new call", e);
+          }
+        }
+        callDelegate = delegate.newCall(methodDescriptor, callOptions);
+        callDelegate.start(responseListener, headers);
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void request(int numMessages) {
+      Preconditions.checkState(callDelegate != null, "Not started");
+      callDelegate.request(numMessages);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+      if (callDelegate != null) {
+        callDelegate.cancel();
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void halfClose() {
+      Preconditions.checkState(callDelegate != null, "Not started");
+      callDelegate.halfClose();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void sendMessage(RequestT message) {
+      Preconditions.checkState(callDelegate != null, "Not started");
+      callDelegate.sendMessage(message);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  // We can't do a newCall on a closed delegate.  This will ensure that refreshes don't 
+  // allow a closed delegate to perform a newCall.  Once closed is called, all existing
+  // calls will complete before the delegate shuts down.
+  private final AtomicInteger closingAsynchronously = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+  private final long maxRefreshTime;
+  private final Factory factory;
+
+  // nextRefresh and delegate need to be protected by delegateLock.
+  private long nextRefresh;
+  private Channel delegate;
+
+  public ReconnectingChannel(
+      long maxRefreshTime,
+      Factory connectionFactory) throws IOException {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(maxRefreshTime >= 0L, "maxRefreshTime cannot be less than 0.");
+    this.maxRefreshTime = maxRefreshTime;
+    this.delegate = connectionFactory.createChannel();
+    this.nextRefresh = calculateNewRefreshTime();
+    this.factory = connectionFactory;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public <RequestT, ResponseT> ClientCall<RequestT, ResponseT> newCall(
+      MethodDescriptor<RequestT, ResponseT> methodDescriptor, CallOptions callOptions) {
+    return new DelayingCall<>(methodDescriptor, callOptions);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    Channel toClose = null;
+
+    synchronized(this) {
+      toClose = delegate;
+      delegate = null;
+    }
+    final Channel channel = toClose;
+    if (channel != null) {
+      factory.createClosable(channel).close();
+    }
+    synchronized (closingAsynchronously) {
+      while (closingAsynchronously.get() > 0) {
+        try {
+          closingAsynchronously.wait(CHANNEL_TERMINATE_WAIT_MS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e){
+          throw new IOException("Could not close all channels.", e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    closeExecutor.shutdownNow();
+  }
+
+  private void asyncClose(final Channel channel) {
+    closingAsynchronously.incrementAndGet();
+    closeExecutor.execute(new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+          factory.createClosable(channel).close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          log.log(Level.INFO, "Could not close a recycled delegate", e);
+        } finally {
+          closingAsynchronously.decrementAndGet();
+          synchronized (closingAsynchronously) {
+            closingAsynchronously.notify();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  boolean requiresRefresh() {
+    return delegate != null && maxRefreshTime > 0 && System.currentTimeMillis() > nextRefresh;
+  }
+
+  private long calculateNewRefreshTime() {
+    // Set the timeout. Use a random variability to reduce jetteriness when this Channel is part of
+    // a pool.
+    double randomizedPercentage = 1D - (.05D * Math.random());
+    long randomizedEnd = (long) (this.maxRefreshTime * randomizedPercentage);
+    return (randomizedEnd + System.currentTimeMillis());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String authority() {
+    return delegate.authority();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ReconnectingChannel.authority` reads without synchronization from `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ReconnectingChannel.delegate`. Potentially races with write in method `ReconnectingChannel.close()`.
+ Reporting because a superclass `class io.grpc.Channel` is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String ReconnectingChannel.authority()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.ReconnectingChannel.authority():java.lang.String.7cb6beb68e9d3bdde1f44a5e0c31ec63
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/io/ReconnectingChannel.java
+
+### Key:
+ReconnectingChannel.java|authority|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f9b9269e0756b9869ba115cf56930d17
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4391/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4391/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb57ff032b44375f9eaf82c8273a53029fec8b9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4391/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.containsString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.Clock;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.AccessToken;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.CacheState;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.HeaderCacheElement;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
+
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest {
+
+  private static ExecutorService executorService;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setup() {
+    executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+  }
+
+  @AfterClass
+  public static void shtudown() {
+    executorService.shutdownNow();
+  }
+
+  private RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor underTest;
+
+  @Mock
+  private OAuth2Credentials credentials;
+
+  @Before
+  public void setupMocks() {
+    MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    setTimeInMillieconds(0L);
+  }
+
+  private void setTimeInMillieconds(final long timeMs) {
+    RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.clock = new Clock() {
+      @Override
+      public long currentTimeMillis() {
+        return timeMs;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSyncRefresh() throws IOException {
+    initialize(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStaleAndExpired() throws IOException {
+    long expiration = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1;
+    initialize(expiration);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    long startTime = 2L;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(startTime);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    long expiredStaleDiff =
+        HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS - HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(startTime + expiredStaleDiff);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullExpiration() {
+    setTimeInMillieconds(100);
+    HeaderCacheElement element = new HeaderCacheElement(new AccessToken("", null));
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, element.getCacheState());
+
+    // Make sure that the header doesn't expire in the distant future.
+    setTimeInMillieconds(100000000000L);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, element.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRefreshAfterFailure() throws Exception {
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.rateLimiter.setRate(100000);
+
+    final AccessToken accessToken = new AccessToken("hi", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1));
+
+    //noinspection unchecked
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken())
+        // First call will throw Exception & bypass retries
+        .thenThrow(new IOException())
+        // Second call will succeed
+        .thenReturn(accessToken);
+
+    // First call
+    HeaderCacheElement firstResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Exception, firstResult.getCacheState());
+
+    // Now the second token should be available
+    HeaderCacheElement secondResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, secondResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(secondResult.header, containsString("hi"));
+    // Make sure that the token was only requested twice: once for the first failure & second time for background recovery
+    Mockito.verify(credentials, times(2)).refreshAccessToken();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRefreshAfterStale() throws Exception {
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.rateLimiter.setRate(100000);
+
+    final AccessToken staleToken = new AccessToken("stale", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1));
+    AccessToken goodToken = new AccessToken("good", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 11));
+
+    //noinspection unchecked
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken())
+        // First call will setup a stale token
+        .thenReturn(staleToken)
+        // Second call will give a good token
+        .thenReturn(goodToken);
+
+    // First call - setup
+    HeaderCacheElement firstResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, firstResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(firstResult.header, containsString("stale"));
+
+    // Fast forward until token is stale
+    setTimeInMillieconds(10);
+
+    // Second call - return stale token, but schedule refresh
+    HeaderCacheElement secondResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, secondResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(secondResult.header, containsString("stale"));
+
+    // Wait for the refresh to finish
+    final Future<?> waiter;
+    synchronized (underTest.lock) {
+      waiter = underTest.isRefreshing ? underTest.futureToken : Futures.immediateFuture(null);
+    }
+    waiter.get();
+
+    // Third call - now returns good token
+    HeaderCacheElement thirdResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, thirdResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(thirdResult.header, containsString("good"));
+
+    // Make sure that the token was only requested twice: once for the stale token & second time for the good token
+    Mockito.verify(credentials, times(2)).refreshAccessToken();
+  }
+
+
+  @Test
+  /*
+   * Test that checks that concurrent requests to RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor refresh
+   * logic doesn't cause hanging behavior.  Specifically, when an Expired condition occurs it
+   * triggers a call to syncRefresh() which potentially waits for refresh that was initiated
+   * from another thread either through syncRefresh() or asyncRefresh().  This test case simulates
+   * that condition.
+   */
+  public void testRefreshDoesntHang() throws Exception {
+    // Assume that the user starts at this time... it's an arbitrarily big number which will
+    // assure that subtracting HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS and TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS will not
+    // be negative.
+    long start = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS * 10;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(start);
+
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor will show that the access token is stale.
+    final long expiration = start + HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS + 1;
+
+    // Create a mechanism that will allow us to control when the accessToken is returned.
+    // credentials.refreshAccessToken() will get called asynchronously and will wait until the
+    // lock is notified before returning.  That will allow us to set up multiple concurrent calls
+    final Object lock = new Object();
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenAnswer(new Answer<AccessToken>() {
+      @Override
+      public AccessToken answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+          lock.wait();
+        }
+        return new AccessToken("", new Date(expiration));
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Force a synchronous refresh.  This ought to wait until a refresh happening in another thread
+    // completes.
+    Callable<Void> syncRefreshCallable = new Callable<Void>() {
+      @Override
+      public Void call() throws Exception {
+        underTest.syncRefresh();
+        return null;
+      }
+    };
+
+    underTest =
+        new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.rateLimiter.setRate(100000);
+
+    // At this point, the access token wasn't retrieved yet. The
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor considers null to be Expired.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+
+    syncCall(lock, syncRefreshCallable);
+
+    // Check to make sure that the AccessToken was retrieved.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+
+    // Check to make sure we're no longer refreshing.
+    synchronized (underTest.lock) {
+      Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing);
+    }
+
+    // Kick off a couple of asynchronous refreshes. Kicking off more than one shouldn't be
+    // necessary, but also should not be harmful, since there are likely to be multiple concurrent
+    // requests that call asyncRefresh() when the token turns stale.
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+
+    syncCall(lock, syncRefreshCallable);
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing);
+  }
+
+  private void syncCall(final Object lock, Callable<Void> syncRefreshCallable)
+      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+    Future<Void> future = executorService.submit(syncRefreshCallable);
+    // let the Thread running syncRefreshCallable() have a turn so that it can initiate the call
+    // to refreshAccessToken().
+    try {
+      future.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    } catch (TimeoutException ignored) {
+    }
+
+    // There should be a single thread kicked off by the underTest.asyncRefresh() calls about
+    // actually doing a refresh at this point; the other ones will have see that a refresh is in
+    // progress and finish the invocation of the Thread without performing a refres().. Make sure
+    // that at least 1 refresh process is in progress.
+    synchronized (underTest.lock) {
+      Assert.assertTrue(underTest.isRefreshing);
+    }
+
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      lock.notifyAll();
+    }
+
+    // Wait for no more than a second to make sure that the call to underTest.syncRefresh()
+    // completes properly.  If a second passes without syncRefresh() completing, future.get(..)
+    // will throw a TimeoutException.
+    future.get(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+  }
+
+  private void initialize(long expiration) throws IOException {
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenReturn(
+        new AccessToken("", new Date(expiration)));
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.syncRefresh();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshAfterFailure` reads without synchronization from `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.underTest`. Potentially races with write in method `RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshDoesntHang()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshAfterFailure()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshAfterFailure.8dce2846107f06d5c5088fad9469a3b3
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/io/RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java|testRefreshAfterFailure|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dbd91e6409a7c50892962412c6cdec6a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4396/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4396/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dab2831cb72b3ad1a443fb3259a8ef24a1177096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4396/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.containsString;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.Clock;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.AccessToken;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.CacheState;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.HeaderCacheElement;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Mockito;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
+
+
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest {
+
+  private static ExecutorService executorService;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setup() {
+    executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
+  }
+
+  @AfterClass
+  public static void shtudown() {
+    executorService.shutdownNow();
+  }
+
+  private RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor underTest;
+
+  @Mock
+  private OAuth2Credentials credentials;
+
+  @Before
+  public void setupMocks() {
+    MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    setTimeInMillieconds(0L);
+  }
+
+  private void setTimeInMillieconds(final long timeMs) {
+    RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.clock = new Clock() {
+      @Override
+      public long currentTimeMillis() {
+        return timeMs;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSyncRefresh() throws IOException {
+    initialize(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStaleAndExpired() throws IOException {
+    long expiration = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1;
+    initialize(expiration);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    long startTime = 2L;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(startTime);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+    long expiredStaleDiff =
+        HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS - HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(startTime + expiredStaleDiff);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullExpiration() {
+    setTimeInMillieconds(100);
+    HeaderCacheElement element = new HeaderCacheElement(new AccessToken("", null));
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, element.getCacheState());
+
+    // Make sure that the header doesn't expire in the distant future.
+    setTimeInMillieconds(100000000000L);
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, element.getCacheState());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRefreshAfterFailure() throws Exception {
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.rateLimiter.setRate(100000);
+
+    final AccessToken accessToken = new AccessToken("hi", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1));
+
+    //noinspection unchecked
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken())
+        // First call will throw Exception & bypass retries
+        .thenThrow(new IOException())
+        // Second call will succeed
+        .thenReturn(accessToken);
+
+    // First call
+    HeaderCacheElement firstResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Exception, firstResult.getCacheState());
+
+    // Now the second token should be available
+    HeaderCacheElement secondResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, secondResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(secondResult.header, containsString("hi"));
+    // Make sure that the token was only requested twice: once for the first failure & second time for background recovery
+    Mockito.verify(credentials, times(2)).refreshAccessToken();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRefreshAfterStale() throws Exception {
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.rateLimiter.setRate(100000);
+
+    final AccessToken staleToken = new AccessToken("stale", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 1));
+    AccessToken goodToken = new AccessToken("good", new Date(HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS + 11));
+
+    //noinspection unchecked
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken())
+        // First call will setup a stale token
+        .thenReturn(staleToken)
+        // Second call will give a good token
+        .thenReturn(goodToken);
+
+    // First call - setup
+    HeaderCacheElement firstResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, firstResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(firstResult.header, containsString("stale"));
+
+    // Fast forward until token is stale
+    setTimeInMillieconds(10);
+
+    // Second call - return stale token, but schedule refresh
+    HeaderCacheElement secondResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, secondResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(secondResult.header, containsString("stale"));
+
+    // Wait for the refresh to finish
+    final Future<?> waiter;
+    synchronized (underTest.lock) {
+      waiter = underTest.isRefreshing ? underTest.futureToken : Futures.immediateFuture(null);
+    }
+    waiter.get();
+
+    // Third call - now returns good token
+    HeaderCacheElement thirdResult = underTest.getHeaderSafe();
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Good, thirdResult.getCacheState());
+    Assert.assertThat(thirdResult.header, containsString("good"));
+
+    // Make sure that the token was only requested twice: once for the stale token & second time for the good token
+    Mockito.verify(credentials, times(2)).refreshAccessToken();
+  }
+
+
+  @Test
+  /*
+   * Test that checks that concurrent requests to RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor refresh
+   * logic doesn't cause hanging behavior.  Specifically, when an Expired condition occurs it
+   * triggers a call to syncRefresh() which potentially waits for refresh that was initiated
+   * from another thread either through syncRefresh() or asyncRefresh().  This test case simulates
+   * that condition.
+   */
+  public void testRefreshDoesntHang() throws Exception {
+    // Assume that the user starts at this time... it's an arbitrarily big number which will
+    // assure that subtracting HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS and TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS will not
+    // be negative.
+    long start = HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_STALENESS_MS * 10;
+    setTimeInMillieconds(start);
+
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor will show that the access token is stale.
+    final long expiration = start + HeaderCacheElement.TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS + 1;
+
+    // Create a mechanism that will allow us to control when the accessToken is returned.
+    // credentials.refreshAccessToken() will get called asynchronously and will wait until the
+    // lock is notified before returning.  That will allow us to set up multiple concurrent calls
+    final Object lock = new Object();
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenAnswer(new Answer<AccessToken>() {
+      @Override
+      public AccessToken answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+          lock.wait();
+        }
+        return new AccessToken("", new Date(expiration));
+      }
+    });
+
+    // Force a synchronous refresh.  This ought to wait until a refresh happening in another thread
+    // completes.
+    Callable<Void> syncRefreshCallable = new Callable<Void>() {
+      @Override
+      public Void call() throws Exception {
+        underTest.syncRefresh();
+        return null;
+      }
+    };
+
+    underTest =
+        new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.rateLimiter.setRate(100000);
+
+    // At this point, the access token wasn't retrieved yet. The
+    // RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor considers null to be Expired.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Expired, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+
+    syncCall(lock, syncRefreshCallable);
+
+    // Check to make sure that the AccessToken was retrieved.
+    Assert.assertEquals(CacheState.Stale, underTest.headerCache.getCacheState());
+
+    // Check to make sure we're no longer refreshing.
+    synchronized (underTest.lock) {
+      Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing);
+    }
+
+    // Kick off a couple of asynchronous refreshes. Kicking off more than one shouldn't be
+    // necessary, but also should not be harmful, since there are likely to be multiple concurrent
+    // requests that call asyncRefresh() when the token turns stale.
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+    underTest.asyncRefresh();
+
+    syncCall(lock, syncRefreshCallable);
+    Assert.assertFalse(underTest.isRefreshing);
+  }
+
+  private void syncCall(final Object lock, Callable<Void> syncRefreshCallable)
+      throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+    Future<Void> future = executorService.submit(syncRefreshCallable);
+    // let the Thread running syncRefreshCallable() have a turn so that it can initiate the call
+    // to refreshAccessToken().
+    try {
+      future.get(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    } catch (TimeoutException ignored) {
+    }
+
+    // There should be a single thread kicked off by the underTest.asyncRefresh() calls about
+    // actually doing a refresh at this point; the other ones will have see that a refresh is in
+    // progress and finish the invocation of the Thread without performing a refres().. Make sure
+    // that at least 1 refresh process is in progress.
+    synchronized (underTest.lock) {
+      Assert.assertTrue(underTest.isRefreshing);
+    }
+
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      lock.notifyAll();
+    }
+
+    // Wait for no more than a second to make sure that the call to underTest.syncRefresh()
+    // completes properly.  If a second passes without syncRefresh() completing, future.get(..)
+    // will throw a TimeoutException.
+    future.get(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+  }
+
+  private void initialize(long expiration) throws IOException {
+    Mockito.when(credentials.refreshAccessToken()).thenReturn(
+        new AccessToken("", new Date(expiration)));
+    underTest = new RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(executorService, credentials);
+    underTest.syncRefresh();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshAfterFailure` writes to field `this.com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.underTest` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshAfterFailure()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.testRefreshAfterFailure.8dce2846107f06d5c5088fad9469a3b3
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/test/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/io/RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptorTest.java|testRefreshAfterFailure|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+698774d788f069643ff4a3aaf0308111
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4399/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4399/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c354ab527cc8057ebdecb34da5ae0112a11773bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4399/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-bigtable-hbase
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.Clock;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.AccessToken;
+import com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials;
+import com.google.cloud.bigtable.config.Logger;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.RateLimiter;
+import io.grpc.CallOptions;
+import io.grpc.Channel;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall;
+import io.grpc.ClientCall.Listener;
+import io.grpc.ClientInterceptor;
+import io.grpc.ForwardingClientCall.SimpleForwardingClientCall;
+import io.grpc.ForwardingClientCallListener.SimpleForwardingClientCallListener;
+import io.opencensus.trace.Tracing;
+import io.grpc.Metadata;
+import io.grpc.MethodDescriptor;
+import io.grpc.Status;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;
+
+/**
+ * Client interceptor that authenticates all calls by binding header data provided by a credential.
+ * Typically this will populate the Authorization header but other headers may also be filled out.
+ * <p>
+ * Uses the new and simplified Google auth library:
+ * https://github.com/google/google-auth-library-java
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * TODO: COPIED FROM io.grpc.auth.ClientAuthInterceptor. The logic added here for initialization and
+ * locking could be moved back to gRPC. This implementation takes advantage of the fact that all of
+ * the Bigtable endpoints are OAuth2 based. It uses the OAuth AccessToken to get the token value and
+ * next refresh time. The refresh is scheduled asynchronously.
+ * </p>
+ *
+ * @author sduskis
+ * @version $Id: $Id
+ */
+public class RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor implements ClientInterceptor {
+
+  public static int TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 15;
+
+  private static final Logger LOG = new Logger(RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.class);
+
+  /**
+   * <p>
+   * This enum describes the states of the OAuth header.
+   * </p>
+   * <ol>
+   * <li>Good - fine to use, and does not need to be refreshed.
+   * <li>Stale - fine to use, but requires an async refresh
+   * <li>Expired - Cannot be used. Wait for a new token to be loaded
+   * </ol>
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  enum CacheState {
+    Good(true), Stale(true),
+    Expired(false), Exception(false);
+
+    private boolean isValid;
+
+    CacheState(boolean isValid) {
+      this.isValid = isValid;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isValid() {
+      return isValid;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static final Metadata.Key<String> AUTHORIZATION_HEADER_KEY = Metadata.Key.of(
+      "Authorization", Metadata.ASCII_STRING_MARSHALLER);
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  static Clock clock = Clock.SYSTEM;
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  static class HeaderCacheElement {
+
+    /**
+     * This specifies how far in advance of a header expiration do we consider the token stale. The
+     * Stale state indicates that the interceptor needs to do an asynchronous refresh.
+     */
+    static final long TOKEN_STALENESS_MS = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(6);
+
+    /**
+     * After the token is "expired," the interceptor blocks gRPC calls. The Expired state indicates
+     * that the interceptor needs to do a synchronous refresh.
+     */
+    // 5 minutes as per https://github.com/google/google-auth-library-java/pull/95
+    static final long TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(5);
+
+    final Status status;
+    final String header;
+    final long actualExpirationTimeMs;
+
+    HeaderCacheElement(AccessToken token) {
+      this.status = Status.OK;
+      if (token.getExpirationTime() == null) {
+        actualExpirationTimeMs = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+      } else {
+        actualExpirationTimeMs = token.getExpirationTime().getTime();
+      }
+      header = "Bearer " + token.getTokenValue();
+    }
+
+    HeaderCacheElement(String header, long actualExpirationTimeMs) {
+      this.status = Status.OK;
+      this.header = header;
+      this.actualExpirationTimeMs = actualExpirationTimeMs;
+    }
+
+    HeaderCacheElement(Status errorStatus) {
+      Preconditions.checkArgument(!errorStatus.isOk(), "Error status can't be OK");
+      this.status = errorStatus;
+      this.header = null;
+      this.actualExpirationTimeMs = 0;
+    }
+
+    CacheState getCacheState() {
+      long now = clock.currentTimeMillis();
+
+      if (!status.isOk()) {
+        return CacheState.Exception;
+      } else if (actualExpirationTimeMs - TOKEN_EXPIRES_MS <= now) {
+        return CacheState.Expired;
+      } else if (actualExpirationTimeMs - TOKEN_STALENESS_MS <= now) {
+        return CacheState.Stale;
+      } else {
+        return CacheState.Good;
+      }
+    }
+
+    boolean isValid() {
+      return getCacheState().isValid();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static final HeaderCacheElement EMPTY_HEADER = new HeaderCacheElement(null, 0);
+
+  private final ExecutorService executor;
+  private final RateLimiter rateLimiter;
+  private final OAuth2Credentials credentials;
+  private final Object lock = new Object();
+
+  @GuardedBy("lock")
+  private Future<HeaderCacheElement> futureToken = null;
+
+  // Note that the cache is volatile to allow us to peek for a Good value
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  @GuardedBy("lock")
+  volatile HeaderCacheElement headerCache = EMPTY_HEADER;
+
+
+  /**
+   * <p>Constructor for RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.</p>
+   *
+   * @param scheduler a {@link ExecutorService} object.
+   * @param credentials a {@link OAuth2Credentials} object.
+   */
+  public RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor(ExecutorService scheduler, OAuth2Credentials credentials) {
+    this.executor = Preconditions.checkNotNull(scheduler);
+    this.credentials = Preconditions.checkNotNull(credentials);
+
+    // Retry every 10 seconds.
+    rateLimiter = RateLimiter.create(0.1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  @Override
+  public <ReqT, RespT> ClientCall<ReqT, RespT> interceptCall(MethodDescriptor<ReqT, RespT> method,
+      CallOptions callOptions, Channel next) {
+    return new SimpleForwardingClientCall<ReqT, RespT>(next.newCall(method, callOptions)) {
+
+      /**
+       * If the header is invalid, this will be set to true. This flag will indicate that
+       * delegate().start() was not called. If start() is not called, then don't call
+       * delegate().request(), delegate().sendMessage() or delegate().halfClose();
+       */
+      private volatile boolean unauthorized = false;
+
+      @Override
+      public void start(Listener<RespT> responseListener, Metadata headers) {
+        HeaderCacheElement headerCache = getHeaderSafe();
+
+        if (!headerCache.status.isOk()) {
+          unauthorized = true;
+          responseListener.onClose(headerCache.status, new Metadata());
+          return;
+        }
+
+        headers.put(AUTHORIZATION_HEADER_KEY, headerCache.header);
+
+        delegate().start(new UnAuthResponseListener<>(responseListener, headerCache), headers);
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void request(int numMessages) {
+        if (!unauthorized) {
+          delegate().request(numMessages);
+        }
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void sendMessage(ReqT message) {
+        if (!unauthorized) {
+          delegate().sendMessage(message);
+        }
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void halfClose() {
+        if (!unauthorized) {
+          delegate().halfClose();
+        }
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void cancel(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        if (!unauthorized) {
+          delegate().cancel(message, cause);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  HeaderCacheElement getHeaderSafe() {
+    try {
+      return getHeader();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.warn("Got an unexpected exception while trying to refresh google credentials.", e);
+      return new HeaderCacheElement(
+          Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+              .withDescription("Unexpected failure get auth token")
+              .withCause(e)
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the http credential header we need from a new oauth2 AccessToken.
+   */
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  HeaderCacheElement getHeader() {
+
+    // Optimize for the common case: do a volatile read to peek for a Good cache value
+    HeaderCacheElement headerCacheUnsync = this.headerCache;
+
+    // TODO(igorbernstein2): figure out how to make this work with appengine request scoped threads
+    switch (headerCacheUnsync.getCacheState()) {
+      case Good:
+        return headerCacheUnsync;
+      case Stale:
+        asyncRefresh();
+        return headerCacheUnsync;
+      case Expired:
+      case Exception:
+        // defer the future resolution (asyncRefresh will spin up a thread that will try to acquire the lock)
+        return syncRefresh();
+      default:
+        String message = "Could not process state: " + headerCacheUnsync.getCacheState();
+        LOG.warn(message);
+        return new HeaderCacheElement(
+            Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+                .withCause(new IllegalStateException(message)));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Refresh the credentials and block. Will return an error if the credentials haven't
+   * been refreshed.
+   * This method should not be called while holding the refresh lock
+   */
+  HeaderCacheElement syncRefresh() {
+    try (Closeable ss = Tracing.getTracer().spanBuilder("CredentialsRefresh").startScopedSpan()) {
+      return asyncRefresh().get(TIMEOUT_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      LOG.warn("Interrupted while trying to refresh google credentials.", e);
+      Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+      return new HeaderCacheElement(
+          Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+              .withDescription("Authentication was interrupted.")
+              .withCause(e)
+      );
+    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+      LOG.warn("ExecutionException while trying to refresh google credentials.", e);
+      return new HeaderCacheElement(
+          Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+              .withDescription("ExecutionException during Authentication.")
+              .withCause(e)
+      );
+    } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+      LOG.warn("TimeoutException while trying to refresh google credentials.", e);
+      return new HeaderCacheElement(
+          Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+              .withDescription("TimeoutException during Authentication.")
+              .withCause(e)
+      );
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.warn("Unexpected execption while trying to refresh google credentials.", e);
+      return new HeaderCacheElement(
+          Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+              .withDescription("Unexpected execption during Authentication.")
+              .withCause(e)
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Refreshes the OAuth2 token asynchronously. This method will only start an async refresh if
+   * there isn't a currently running asynchronous refresh.
+   */
+  Future<HeaderCacheElement> asyncRefresh() {
+    LOG.trace("asyncRefresh");
+
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      try {
+        if (futureToken != null) {
+          return futureToken;
+        }
+        if (headerCache.getCacheState() == CacheState.Good) {
+          return Futures.immediateFuture(headerCache);
+        }
+
+        Future<HeaderCacheElement> future = executor.submit(new Callable<HeaderCacheElement>() {
+          @Override
+          public HeaderCacheElement call() throws Exception {
+            return updateToken();
+          }
+        });
+
+        if (!future.isDone()) {
+          this.futureToken = future;
+        }
+        return future;
+      } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+        futureToken = null;
+        LOG.warn("Got an unexpected exception while trying to refresh google credentials.", e);
+        return Futures.immediateFuture(new HeaderCacheElement(
+          Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+              .withDescription("Unexpected error trying to authenticate")
+              .withCause(e)));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private HeaderCacheElement updateToken() {
+    HeaderCacheElement newToken;
+    try {
+      LOG.info("Refreshing the OAuth token");
+      newToken = new HeaderCacheElement(credentials.refreshAccessToken());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.warn("Got an unexpected exception while trying to refresh google credentials.", e);
+      newToken = new HeaderCacheElement(
+          Status.UNAUTHENTICATED
+              .withDescription("Unexpected error trying to authenticate")
+              .withCause(e)
+      );
+    }
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      // Update the token only if the new token is good or the old token is bad
+      if (newToken.isValid() || !headerCache.isValid()) {
+        headerCache = newToken;
+      } else {
+        LOG.warn("Failed to refresh the access token. Falling back to existing token. "
+            + "New token state: {}, status: {}", newToken.getCacheState(), newToken.status);
+      }
+      futureToken = null;
+
+      return headerCache;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  private void revokeUnauthToken(HeaderCacheElement oldToken) {
+    if (!rateLimiter.tryAcquire()) {
+      LOG.trace("Rate limited");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    synchronized (lock) {
+      if (headerCache == oldToken) {
+        LOG.warn("Got unauthenticated response from server, revoking the current token");
+        headerCache = EMPTY_HEADER;
+      } else {
+        LOG.info("Skipping revoke, since the revoked token has already changed");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  class UnAuthResponseListener<RespT> extends SimpleForwardingClientCallListener<RespT> {
+
+    private final HeaderCacheElement origToken;
+
+    UnAuthResponseListener(Listener<RespT> delegate, HeaderCacheElement origToken) {
+      super(delegate);
+      this.origToken = origToken;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onClose(Status status, Metadata trailers) {
+      if (status == Status.UNAUTHENTICATED) {
+        revokeUnauthToken(origToken);
+      }
+      super.onClose(status, trailers);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  boolean isRefreshing() {
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      return futureToken != null;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface io.opencensus.common.Scope. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because a superclass `class io.grpc.ClientInterceptor` is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor$HeaderCacheElement RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.syncRefresh()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.cloud.bigtable.grpc.io.RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.syncRefresh():com.google.cl.1e6e256187cd24b566ec96a23aeeb098
+
+### File:
+bigtable-client-core-parent/bigtable-client-core/src/main/java/com/google/cloud/bigtable/grpc/io/RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.java
+
+### Key:
+RefreshingOAuth2CredentialsInterceptor.java|syncRefresh|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+db092cdc9ba6185fd8edfeea9525aa4b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4448/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4448/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98759c33b6a5e58f75ee2e5d63417ac4f6b97e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4448/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nanohttpd
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package fi.iki.elonen;
+
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * NanoHttpd-Core
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 - 2015 nanohttpd
+ * %%
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+ * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ * 
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ *    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 
+ * 3. Neither the name of the nanohttpd nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+ *    specific prior written permission.
+ * 
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+ * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+ * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
+ * OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
+ * OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class HttpPostRequestTest extends HttpServerTest {
+
+    public static final String CONTENT_LENGTH = "Content-Length: ";
+
+    public static final String FIELD = "caption";
+
+    public static final String VALUE = "Summer vacation";
+
+    public static final String FIELD2 = "location";
+
+    public static final String VALUE2 = "Grand Canyon";
+
+    public static final String POST_RAW_CONTENT_FILE_ENTRY = "postData";
+
+    public static final String VALUE_TEST_SIMPLE_RAW_DATA_WITH_AMPHASIS = "Test raw data & Result value";
+
+    /**
+     * contains common preparation steps for testing POST with Multipart Form
+     * 
+     * @param fileName
+     *            Name of file to be uploaded
+     * @param fileContent
+     *            Content of file to be uploaded
+     * @return input String with POST request complete information including
+     *         header, length and content
+     */
+    private String preparePostWithMultipartForm(String fileName, String fileContent) {
+        String divider = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        String header = "POST " + HttpServerTest.URI + " HTTP/1.1\nContent-Type: " + "multipart/form-data, boundary=" + divider + "\r\n";
+        String content =
+                "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD + "\"; filename=\"" + fileName + "\"\r\n"
+                        + "Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n" + "\r\n" + fileContent + "\r\n" + "--" + divider + "--\r\n";
+        int size = content.length() + header.length();
+        int contentLengthHeaderValueSize = String.valueOf(size).length();
+        int contentLength = size + contentLengthHeaderValueSize + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH.length();
+        String input = header + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH + (contentLength + 5) + "\r\n\r\n" + content;
+
+        return input;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostWithMultipartFormUpload() throws Exception {
+        String filename = "GrandCanyon.txt";
+        String fileContent = HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE;
+        String input = preparePostWithMultipartForm(filename, fileContent);
+
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        assertEquals(1, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(this.testServer.files.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD)));
+        List<String> lines = readLinesFromFile(reader);
+        assertLinesOfText(new String[]{
+            fileContent
+        }, lines);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostWithMultipartFormUploadFilenameHasSpaces() throws Exception {
+        String fileNameWithSpace = "Grand Canyon.txt";
+        String fileContent = HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE;
+        String input = preparePostWithMultipartForm(fileNameWithSpace, fileContent);
+
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        String fileNameAfter = new ArrayList<String>(this.testServer.parms.values()).get(0);
+
+        assertEquals(fileNameWithSpace, fileNameAfter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostWithMultipleMultipartFormFields() throws Exception {
+        String divider = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        String header = "POST " + HttpServerTest.URI + " HTTP/1.1\nContent-Type: " + "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + divider + "\n";
+        String content =
+                "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD + "\"\r\n" + "\r\n" + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE + "\r\n"
+                        + "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2 + "\"\r\n" + "\r\n" + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE2
+                        + "\r\n" + "--" + divider + "--\r\n";
+        int size = content.length() + header.length();
+        int contentLengthHeaderValueSize = String.valueOf(size).length();
+        int contentLength = size + contentLengthHeaderValueSize + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH.length();
+        String input = header + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH + (contentLength + 4) + "\r\n\r\n" + content;
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        assertEquals(2, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        assertEquals(HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE, this.testServer.parms.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD));
+        assertEquals(HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE2, this.testServer.parms.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostWithMultipleMultipartFormFieldsWhereContentTypeWasSeparatedByComma() throws Exception {
+        String divider = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        String header = "POST " + HttpServerTest.URI + " HTTP/1.1\nContent-Type: " + "multipart/form-data, boundary=" + divider + "\r\n";
+        String content =
+                "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD + "\"\r\n" + "\r\n" + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE + "\r\n"
+                        + "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2 + "\"\r\n" + "\r\n" + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE2
+                        + "\r\n" + "--" + divider + "--\r\n";
+        int size = content.length() + header.length();
+        int contentLengthHeaderValueSize = String.valueOf(size).length();
+        int contentLength = size + contentLengthHeaderValueSize + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH.length();
+        String input = header + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH + (contentLength + 4) + "\r\n\r\n" + content;
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        assertEquals(2, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        assertEquals(HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE, this.testServer.parms.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD));
+        assertEquals(HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE2, this.testServer.parms.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSimplePostWithSingleMultipartFormField() throws Exception {
+        String divider = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        String header = "POST " + HttpServerTest.URI + " HTTP/1.1\nContent-Type: " + "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + divider + "\r\n";
+        String content =
+                "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD + "\"\r\n" + "\r\n" + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE + "\r\n"
+                        + "--" + divider + "--\r\n";
+        int size = content.length() + header.length();
+        int contentLengthHeaderValueSize = String.valueOf(size).length();
+        int contentLength = size + contentLengthHeaderValueSize + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH.length();
+        String input = header + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH + (contentLength + 4) + "\r\n\r\n" + content;
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        assertEquals(1, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        assertEquals(HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE, this.testServer.parms.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSimpleRawPostData() throws Exception {
+        String header = "POST " + HttpServerTest.URI + " HTTP/1.1\n";
+        String content = HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE_TEST_SIMPLE_RAW_DATA_WITH_AMPHASIS + "\r\n";
+        int size = content.length() + header.length();
+        int contentLengthHeaderValueSize = String.valueOf(size).length();
+        int contentLength = size + contentLengthHeaderValueSize + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH.length();
+        String input = header + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH + (contentLength + 4) + "\r\n\r\n" + content;
+        invokeServer(input);
+        assertEquals(0, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        assertEquals(1, this.testServer.files.size());
+        assertEquals(HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE_TEST_SIMPLE_RAW_DATA_WITH_AMPHASIS, this.testServer.files.get(HttpPostRequestTest.POST_RAW_CONTENT_FILE_ENTRY));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostWithMultipartFormFieldsAndFile() throws IOException {
+        String fileName = "GrandCanyon.txt";
+        String fileContent = HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE;
+
+        String divider = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        String header = "POST " + HttpServerTest.URI + " HTTP/1.1\nContent-Type: " + "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + divider + "\n";
+        String content =
+                "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD + "\"; filename=\"" + fileName + "\"\r\n"
+                        + "Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n" + "\r\n" + fileContent + "\r\n" + "--" + divider + "\r\n" + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\""
+                        + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2 + "\"\r\n" + "\r\n" + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE2 + "\r\n" + "--" + divider + "--\r\n";
+        int size = content.length() + header.length();
+        int contentLengthHeaderValueSize = String.valueOf(size).length();
+        int contentLength = size + contentLengthHeaderValueSize + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH.length();
+        String input = header + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH + (contentLength + 4) + "\r\n\r\n" + content;
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        assertEquals("Parameter count did not match.", 2, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        assertEquals("Parameter value did not match", HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE2, this.testServer.parms.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2));
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(this.testServer.files.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD)));
+        List<String> lines = readLinesFromFile(reader);
+        assertLinesOfText(new String[]{
+            fileContent
+        }, lines);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostWithMultipartFormUploadMultipleFiles() throws IOException {
+
+        String fileName = "GrandCanyon.txt";
+        String fileContent = HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE;
+        String file2Name = "AnotherPhoto.txt";
+        String file2Content = HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE2;
+        String divider = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        String header = "POST " + HttpServerTest.URI + " HTTP/1.1\nContent-Type: " + "multipart/form-data; boundary=" + divider + "\n";
+        String content = "--" + divider + "\r\n"//
+                + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD + "\"; filename=\"" + fileName + "\"\r\n" //
+                + "Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n" + "\r\n" //
+                + fileContent + "\r\n" //
+                + "--" + divider + "\r\n" //
+                + "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2 + "\"; filename=\"" + file2Name + "\"\r\n" //
+                + "Content-Type: image/jpeg\r\n" + "\r\n" //
+                + file2Content + "\r\n" //
+                + "\r\n" //
+                + "--" + divider + "--\r\n";
+        int size = content.length() + header.length();
+        int contentLengthHeaderValueSize = String.valueOf(size).length();
+        int contentLength = size + contentLengthHeaderValueSize + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH.length();
+        String input = header + HttpPostRequestTest.CONTENT_LENGTH + (contentLength + 4) + "\r\n\r\n" + content;
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        assertEquals("Parameter count did not match.", 2, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(this.testServer.files.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD)));
+        List<String> lines = readLinesFromFile(reader);
+        assertLinesOfText(new String[]{
+            fileContent
+        }, lines);
+        String fileName2 = this.testServer.files.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2);
+        int testNumber = 0;
+        while (fileName2 == null && testNumber < 5) {
+            testNumber++;
+            fileName2 = this.testServer.files.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD2 + testNumber);
+        }
+        reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(fileName2));
+        lines = readLinesFromFile(reader);
+        assertLinesOfText(new String[]{
+            file2Content
+        }, lines);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostWithMultipartFormUploadFileWithMultilineContent() throws Exception {
+        String filename = "GrandCanyon.txt";
+        String lineSeparator = "\n";
+        String fileContent = HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE + lineSeparator + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE + lineSeparator + HttpPostRequestTest.VALUE;
+        String input = preparePostWithMultipartForm(filename, fileContent);
+
+        invokeServer(input);
+
+        assertEquals("Parameter count did not match.", 1, this.testServer.parms.size());
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(this.testServer.files.get(HttpPostRequestTest.FIELD)));
+        List<String> lines = readLinesFromFile(reader);
+        assertLinesOfText(fileContent.split(lineSeparator), lines);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 205 is not released after line 206.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 206
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HttpPostRequestTest.testPostWithMultipartFormFieldsAndFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fi.iki.elonen.HttpPostRequestTest.testPostWithMultipartFormFieldsAndFile():void.3788725b5afa8350a3b0ec126dfbad19
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/fi/iki/elonen/HttpPostRequestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpPostRequestTest.java|testPostWithMultipartFormFieldsAndFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9191f708279856d81d4c305f5a56a62f
+
+### Hash:
+aa5ab7fc5d8a17191c58199648d59a9e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4470/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4470/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65a0566f324ba1311e1530f6a75434201ce8b184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4470/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-hateoas
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.springframework.hateoas.support;
+
+import static org.springframework.hateoas.server.reactive.WebFluxLinkBuilder.*;
+import static reactor.function.TupleUtils.*;
+
+import reactor.core.publisher.Flux;
+import reactor.core.publisher.Mono;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import org.springframework.hateoas.Affordance;
+import org.springframework.hateoas.CollectionModel;
+import org.springframework.hateoas.EntityModel;
+import org.springframework.hateoas.IanaLinkRelations;
+import org.springframework.hateoas.Link;
+import org.springframework.hateoas.Links;
+import org.springframework.hateoas.server.reactive.WebFluxLinkBuilder;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PatchMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PutMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+
+/**
+ * Sample controller using {@link WebFluxLinkBuilder} to create {@link Affordance}s.
+ *
+ * @author Greg Turnquist
+ * @author Oliver Drotbohm
+ */
+@RestController
+public class WebFluxEmployeeController {
+
+	private static Map<Integer, Employee> EMPLOYEES;
+
+	public static void reset() {
+
+		EMPLOYEES = new TreeMap<>();
+
+		EMPLOYEES.put(0, new Employee("Frodo Baggins", "ring bearer"));
+		EMPLOYEES.put(1, new Employee("Bilbo Baggins", "burglar"));
+	}
+
+	@GetMapping("/employees")
+	public Mono<CollectionModel<EntityModel<Employee>>> all() {
+
+		WebFluxEmployeeController controller = methodOn(WebFluxEmployeeController.class);
+
+		return Flux.fromIterable(EMPLOYEES.keySet()) //
+				.flatMap(id -> findOne(id)) //
+				.collectList() //
+				.flatMap(resources -> linkTo(controller.all()).withSelfRel() //
+						.andAffordance(controller.newEmployee(null)) //
+						.andAffordance(controller.search(null, null)) //
+						.toMono() //
+						.map(selfLink -> new CollectionModel<>(resources, selfLink)));
+	}
+
+	@GetMapping("/employees/search")
+	public Mono<CollectionModel<EntityModel<Employee>>> search( //
+			@RequestParam Optional<String> name, //
+			@RequestParam Optional<String> role) {
+
+		Class<WebFluxEmployeeController> controller = WebFluxEmployeeController.class;
+
+		return Flux.fromIterable(EMPLOYEES.keySet()) //
+				.flatMap(id -> findOne(id)) //
+				.filter(resource -> {
+
+					boolean nameMatches = name //
+							.map(s -> resource.getContent().getName().contains(s)) //
+							.orElse(true);
+
+					boolean roleMatches = name.map(s -> resource.getContent().getRole().contains(s)) //
+							.orElse(true);
+
+					return nameMatches && roleMatches;
+				}).collectList().flatMap(resources -> linkTo(methodOn(controller).all()).withSelfRel() //
+						.andAffordance(methodOn(controller).newEmployee(null)) //
+						.andAffordance(methodOn(controller).search(null, null)) //
+						.toMono() //
+						.map(selfLink -> new CollectionModel<>(resources, selfLink)));
+	}
+
+	@GetMapping("/employees/{id}")
+	public Mono<EntityModel<Employee>> findOne(@PathVariable Integer id) {
+
+		WebFluxEmployeeController controller = methodOn(WebFluxEmployeeController.class);
+
+		Mono<Link> selfLink = linkTo(controller.findOne(id)).withSelfRel() //
+				.andAffordance(controller.updateEmployee(null, id)) //
+				.andAffordance(controller.partiallyUpdateEmployee(null, id)) //
+				.toMono();
+
+		Mono<Link> employeesLink = linkTo(controller.all()).withRel("employees") //
+				.toMono();
+
+		return selfLink.zipWith(employeesLink) //
+				.map(function((left, right) -> Links.of(left, right))) //
+				.map(links -> new EntityModel<>(EMPLOYEES.get(id), links));
+	}
+
+	@PostMapping("/employees")
+	public Mono<ResponseEntity<?>> newEmployee(@RequestBody Mono<EntityModel<Employee>> employee) {
+
+		return employee.flatMap(resource -> {
+
+			int newEmployeeId = EMPLOYEES.size();
+			EMPLOYEES.put(newEmployeeId, resource.getContent());
+			return findOne(newEmployeeId);
+
+		}).map(findOne -> {
+
+			return ResponseEntity.created(URI.create(findOne //
+					.getLink(IanaLinkRelations.SELF) //
+					.map(link -> link.expand().getHref()) //
+					.orElse(""))) //
+					.build();
+		});
+	}
+
+	@PutMapping("/employees/{id}")
+	public Mono<ResponseEntity<?>> updateEmployee(@RequestBody Mono<EntityModel<Employee>> employee,
+			@PathVariable Integer id) {
+
+		return employee.flatMap(resource -> {
+			EMPLOYEES.put(id, resource.getContent());
+			return findOne(id);
+		}).map(findOne -> {
+
+			return ResponseEntity.noContent() //
+					.location(URI.create(findOne //
+							.getLink(IanaLinkRelations.SELF) //
+							.map(link -> link.expand().getHref()) //
+							.orElse(""))) //
+					.build();
+		});
+	}
+
+	@PatchMapping("/employees/{id}")
+	public Mono<ResponseEntity<?>> partiallyUpdateEmployee( //
+			@RequestBody Mono<EntityModel<Employee>> employee, @PathVariable Integer id) {
+
+		return employee.flatMap(resource -> {
+
+			Employee oldEmployee = EMPLOYEES.get(id);
+			Employee newEmployee = oldEmployee;
+
+			if (resource.getContent().getName() != null) {
+				newEmployee = newEmployee.withName(resource.getContent().getName());
+			}
+
+			if (resource.getContent().getRole() != null) {
+				newEmployee = newEmployee.withRole(resource.getContent().getRole());
+			}
+
+			EMPLOYEES.put(id, newEmployee);
+
+			return findOne(id);
+
+		}).map(findOne -> {
+
+			return ResponseEntity.noContent() //
+					.location(URI.create(findOne //
+							.getLink(IanaLinkRelations.SELF) //
+							.map(link -> link.expand().getHref()) //
+							.orElse(""))) //
+					.build();
+		});
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `updateEmployee(...)` at line 112.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Mono WebFluxEmployeeController.findOne(Integer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springframework.hateoas.support.WebFluxEmployeeController.findOne(java.lang.Integer):reactor.cor.e57910a4076e0c3dd77fe8a0eef4aea7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/springframework/hateoas/support/WebFluxEmployeeController.java
+
+### Key:
+WebFluxEmployeeController.java|findOne|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e3c557d7766c6aa2f820227d95f6c155
+
+### Hash:
+a2ff919ce46dac0a9237fc5f3a7e79d4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4483/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4483/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..362f0e2158e8d4a163de39f7ac0ebaec9a4d9cbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4483/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2683 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan 2014
+ */
+package org.sikuli.ide;
+
+//TODO
+// dirty pane handling: on individual tab
+import com.explodingpixels.macwidgets.MacUtils;
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.Clipboard;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection;
+import java.awt.event.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.net.URL;
+//import java.util.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import javax.swing.*;
+import javax.swing.event.*;
+import javax.swing.text.*;
+import javax.swing.undo.*;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXCollapsiblePane;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXSearchField;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXTaskPane;
+import org.jdesktop.swingx.JXTaskPaneContainer;
+import org.sikuli.script.EventObserver;
+import org.sikuli.script.EventSubject;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyEvent;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyListener;
+import org.sikuli.basics.HotkeyManager;
+import org.sikuli.script.Location;
+import org.sikuli.script.OverlayCapturePrompt;
+import org.sikuli.script.Screen;
+import org.sikuli.script.ScreenImage;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.basics.FileManager;
+import org.sikuli.scriptrunner.IScriptRunner;
+import org.sikuli.basics.PreferencesUser;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+import org.sikuli.idesupport.IIDESupport;
+import org.sikuli.script.ImagePath;
+import org.sikuli.basics.SplashFrame;
+import org.sikuli.basics.ResourceLoader;
+import org.sikuli.scriptrunner.ScriptRunner;
+import org.sikuli.idesupport.IDESupport;
+import org.sikuli.script.Key;
+import org.sikuli.script.Sikulix;
+
+public class SikuliIDE extends JFrame {
+
+  private static String me = "IDE: ";
+  private static int lvl = 3;
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, me + message, args);
+  }
+  // RaiMan not used final static boolean ENABLE_RECORDING = false;
+  final static boolean ENABLE_UNIFIED_TOOLBAR = true;
+  final static Color COLOR_SEARCH_FAILED = Color.red;
+  final static Color COLOR_SEARCH_NORMAL = Color.black;
+  final static int WARNING_CANCEL = 2;
+  final static int WARNING_ACCEPTED = 1;
+  final static int WARNING_DO_NOTHING = 0;
+  final static int IS_SAVE_ALL = 3;
+  private static NativeSupport nativeSupport;
+  private Dimension _windowSize = null;
+  private Point _windowLocation = null;
+  private int commandBarHeight = 800;
+  private CloseableTabbedPane tabPane;
+  private EditorLineNumberView lineNumberColumn;
+  private JSplitPane _mainSplitPane;
+  private JTabbedPane msgPane;
+  private boolean msgPaneCollapsed = false;
+  private EditorConsolePane _console;
+  private JXCollapsiblePane _cmdList;
+  private SikuliIDEStatusBar _status = null;
+  private ButtonCapture _btnCapture;
+  private ButtonRun _btnRun, _btnRunViz;
+  private boolean ideIsRunningScript = false;
+  private JXSearchField _searchField;
+  private JMenuBar _menuBar = new JMenuBar();
+  private JMenu _fileMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuFile"));
+  private JMenu _editMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuEdit"));
+  private UndoAction _undoAction = new UndoAction();
+  private RedoAction _redoAction = new RedoAction();
+  private FindAction _findHelper;
+  private JMenu _runMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuRun"));
+  private JMenu _viewMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuView"));
+  private JMenu _toolMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuTool"));
+  private JMenu _helpMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuHelp"));
+  private JXCollapsiblePane _sidePane;
+  private JCheckBoxMenuItem _chkShowUnitTest;
+  private JMenuItem chkShowCmdList = null;
+  private JCheckBoxMenuItem chkShowThumbs;
+  //private UnitTestRunner _testRunner;
+  private static CommandLine cmdLine;
+  private static String cmdValue;
+  private static String[] loadScripts = null;
+  private static String[] runScripts = null;
+  private static String[] testScripts = null;
+  private static SikuliIDE sikulixIDE = null;
+  private boolean _inited = false;
+  private static boolean runMe = false;
+  private int restoredScripts = 0;
+  private int alreadyOpenedTab = -1;
+  private PreferencesUser prefs;
+  private boolean ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = false;
+  private static JFrame splash;
+  private boolean firstRun = true;
+  private static long start;
+  private static File isRunning = null;
+  private static FileOutputStream isRunningFile = null;
+
+  static {
+  }
+  
+  private SikuliIDE() {
+    super("SikuliX-IDE");
+  }
+
+  public static synchronized SikuliIDE getInstance(String args[]) {
+    if (sikulixIDE == null) {
+      sikulixIDE = new SikuliIDE();
+      sikulixIDE.initSikuliIDE(args);
+    }
+    return sikulixIDE;
+  }
+
+  public static synchronized SikuliIDE getInstance() {
+    return getInstance(null);
+  }
+
+  public static IIDESupport getIDESupport(String ending) {
+    return IDESupport.ideSupporter.get(ending);
+  }
+
+  public static String _I(String key, Object... args) {
+    try {
+      return SikuliIDEI18N._I(key, args);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      Debug.log(3, "[I18N] " + key);
+      return key;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static ImageIcon getIconResource(String name) {
+    URL url = SikuliIDE.class.getResource(name);
+    if (url == null) {
+      Debug.error("Warning: could not load \"" + name + "\" icon");
+      return null;
+    }
+    return new ImageIcon(url);
+  }
+
+//TODO run only one windowed instance of IDE
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    String[] splashArgs = new String[]{
+      "splash", "#", "#" + Settings.SikuliVersionIDE, "", "#", "#... starting - please wait ..."};
+
+    Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread() {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+          log(lvl, "final cleanup");
+          if (isRunning != null) {
+            try {
+              isRunningFile.close();
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+            }
+            isRunning.delete();
+          }
+          FileManager.cleanTemp();
+        }
+    });
+
+    if (System.getProperty("sikuli.FromCommandLine") == null) {
+      String[] userOptions = collectOptions("IDE", args);
+      if (userOptions == null) {
+        System.exit(0);
+      }
+      if (userOptions.length > 0) {
+        for (String e : userOptions) {
+          log(lvl, "arg: " + e);
+        }
+        args = userOptions;
+      }
+    }
+
+    start = (new Date()).getTime();
+
+    ScriptRunner.initScriptingSupport();
+		IDESupport.initIDESupport();
+
+    CommandArgs cmdArgs = new CommandArgs("IDE");
+    cmdLine = cmdArgs.getCommandLine(CommandArgs.scanArgs(args));
+
+    if (cmdLine == null) {
+      Debug.error("Did not find any valid option on command line!");
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption("h")) {
+      cmdArgs.printHelp();
+      System.exit(0);
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption("c")) {
+      System.setProperty("sikuli.console", "false");
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.LOGFILE.shortname())) {
+      cmdValue = cmdLine.getOptionValue(CommandArgsEnum.LOGFILE.longname());
+      if (!Debug.setLogFile(cmdValue == null ? "" : cmdValue)) {
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.USERLOGFILE.shortname())) {
+      cmdValue = cmdLine.getOptionValue(CommandArgsEnum.USERLOGFILE.longname());
+      if (!Debug.setUserLogFile(cmdValue == null ? "" : cmdValue)) {
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.DEBUG.shortname())) {
+      cmdValue = cmdLine.getOptionValue(CommandArgsEnum.DEBUG.longname());
+      if (cmdValue == null) {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(3);
+        Debug.setLogFile("");
+        Settings.LogTime = true;
+      } else {
+        Debug.setDebugLevel(cmdValue);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.LOAD.shortname())) {
+      loadScripts = cmdLine.getOptionValues(CommandArgsEnum.LOAD.longname());
+      log(lvl, "requested to load: " + loadScripts);
+      if (loadScripts[0].endsWith(".skl")) {
+        log(lvl, "Switching to ScriptRunner to run " + loadScripts[0]);
+        ScriptRunner.runscript(args);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.RUN.shortname())
+            || cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.TEST.shortname())
+            || cmdLine.hasOption(CommandArgsEnum.INTERACTIVE.shortname())) {
+      log(lvl, "Switching to ScriptRunner with option -r, -t or -i");
+      ScriptRunner.runscript(args);
+    }
+
+    new File(Settings.BaseTempPath).mkdirs();
+    isRunning = new File(Settings.BaseTempPath, "sikuli-ide-isrunning");
+    try {
+      isRunning.createNewFile();
+      isRunningFile = new FileOutputStream(isRunning);
+      if (null == isRunningFile.getChannel().tryLock()) {
+        splashArgs[5] = "Terminating on FatalError: IDE already running";
+        splash = new SplashFrame(splashArgs);
+        log(-1, splashArgs[5]);
+        Sikulix.pause(3);
+        System.exit(1);
+      }
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      splashArgs[5] = "Terminating on FatalError: cannot access IDE lock ";
+      splash = new SplashFrame(splashArgs);
+      log(-1, splashArgs[5] + "\n" + isRunning.getAbsolutePath());
+      Sikulix.pause(3);
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    Settings.setArgs(cmdArgs.getUserArgs(), cmdArgs.getSikuliArgs());
+    Settings.showJavaInfo();
+    Settings.printArgs();
+
+    initNativeSupport();
+    try {
+      UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
+      //UIManager.setLookAndFeel(UIManager.getCrossPlatformLookAndFeelClassName());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log(-1, "Problem loading UIManager!\nError: %s", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    if (nativeSupport != null) {
+      nativeSupport.initApp(Debug.getDebugLevel() > 2 ? true : false);
+      try {
+        Thread.sleep(1000);
+      } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
+      }
+    }
+    SikuliIDE.getInstance(args);
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="IDE setup and general">
+  private void initSikuliIDE(String[] args) {
+    prefs = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    if (prefs.getUserType() < 0) {
+      prefs.setUserType(PreferencesUser.NEWBEE);
+      prefs.setIdeSession("");
+      prefs.setDefaults(prefs.getUserType());
+    }
+
+    if (nativeSupport != null) {
+      nativeSupport.initIDE(this);
+    }
+
+    ResourceLoader.get().check(Settings.SIKULI_LIB);
+
+    _windowSize = prefs.getIdeSize();
+    _windowLocation = prefs.getIdeLocation();
+    Screen m = (Screen) (new Location(_windowLocation)).getScreen();
+    if (m == null) {
+      Debug.error("IDE: remembered window not valid - going to primary screen");
+      m = Screen.getPrimaryScreen();
+      _windowSize.width = 0;
+    }
+    Rectangle s = m.getBounds();
+    if (_windowSize.width == 0 || _windowSize.width > s.width
+            || _windowSize.height > s.height) {
+      if (s.width < 1025) {
+        _windowSize = new Dimension(1024, 700);
+        _windowLocation = new Point(0, 0);
+      } else {
+        _windowSize = new Dimension(s.width - 150, s.height - 100);
+        _windowLocation = new Point(75, 0);
+      }
+    }
+    setSize(_windowSize);
+    setLocation(_windowLocation);
+
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: Adding components to window");
+    initMenuBars(this);
+    final Container c = getContentPane();
+    c.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: creating tabbed editor");
+    initTabPane();
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: creating message area");
+    initMsgPane(prefs.getPrefMoreMessage() == PreferencesUser.HORIZONTAL);
+// RaiMan not used		initSidePane(); // IDE UnitTest
+
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: creating combined work window");
+    JPanel codeAndUnitPane = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(10, 10));
+    codeAndUnitPane.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(0, 8, 0, 0));
+    codeAndUnitPane.add(tabPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+// RaiMan not used		codeAndUnitPane.add(_sidePane, BorderLayout.EAST);
+    if (prefs.getPrefMoreMessage() == PreferencesUser.VERTICAL) {
+      _mainSplitPane = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT, codeAndUnitPane, msgPane);
+    } else {
+      _mainSplitPane = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.VERTICAL_SPLIT, codeAndUnitPane, msgPane);
+    }
+    _mainSplitPane.setResizeWeight(0.6);
+    _mainSplitPane.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(0, 0, 0, 0));
+
+		Debug.log(3, "IDE: Putting all together");
+    JPanel editPane = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(0, 0));
+
+    JComponent cp = createCommandPane();
+
+    if (PreferencesUser.getInstance().getPrefMoreCommandBar()) {
+      editPane.add(cp, BorderLayout.WEST);
+    }
+
+    editPane.add(_mainSplitPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+    c.add(editPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+
+    JToolBar tb = initToolbar();
+    c.add(tb, BorderLayout.NORTH); // the buttons
+
+    c.add(initStatusbar(), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
+    c.doLayout();
+
+    initShortcutKeys();
+    initHotkeys();
+    setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
+    initWindowListener();
+    initTooltip();
+
+    autoCheckUpdate();
+
+    _inited = true;
+    try {
+      getCurrentCodePane().requestFocus();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+    }
+//    splash.dispose();
+//TODO restore selected tab
+    restoreSession();
+    makeTabNull();
+    Debug.log(3, "Sikuli-IDE startup: " + ((new Date()).getTime() - start));
+    setVisible(true);
+    _mainSplitPane.setDividerLocation(0.6);
+    return; // as breakpoint
+  }
+
+  public void makeTabNull() {
+    if (tabPane.getTabCount() == 0) {
+      (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+    }
+    tabPane.setSelectedIndex(0);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setTitle(String title) {
+    super.setTitle(SikuliIDESettings.SikuliVersion + " - " + title);
+  }
+
+  static private void initNativeSupport() {
+//TODO IDE native Support
+//    String jb = FileManager.getJarName();
+//    ClassPool pool  = ClassPool.getDefault();
+//    try {
+//      pool.appendClassPath(jb);
+//      pool.find("resources.NativeSupportMac");
+//      CtClass nsm = pool.get("resources.NativeSupportMac");
+//      nativeSupport = (NativeSupport) nsm.toClass().newInstance();
+//    } catch (Exception ex) {
+//      log(-1, "JavAssist: problem:%s", ex.getMessage());
+//    }
+    String os = "unknown";
+    if (Settings.isWindows()) {
+      os = "Windows";
+    } else if (Settings.isMac()) {
+      os = "Mac";
+    } else if (Settings.isLinux()) {
+      os = "Linux";
+    }
+    String className = "org.sikuli.ide.NativeSupport" + os;
+    try {
+      Class c = Class.forName(className);
+      Constructor constr = c.getConstructor();
+      nativeSupport = (NativeSupport) constr.newInstance();
+      log(lvl, "Native support found for " + os);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      log(lvl, "No native support for %s (%s)", os, e.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+	//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="save / restore session">
+  private boolean saveSession(int action, boolean quitting) {
+    int nTab = tabPane.getTabCount();
+    StringBuilder sbuf = new StringBuilder();
+    for (int tabIndex = 0; tabIndex < nTab; tabIndex++) {
+      try {
+        JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(tabIndex);
+        EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+        if (action == WARNING_DO_NOTHING) {
+          if (quitting) {
+            codePane.setDirty(false);
+//            if (codePane.isSourceBundleTemp()) {
+//              FileManager.deleteTempDir(codePane.getSrcBundle());
+//            }
+          }
+          if (codePane.getCurrentFilename() == null) {
+            continue;
+          }
+        } else if (codePane.isDirty()) {
+          if (!(new FileAction()).doSaveIntern(tabIndex)) {
+            if (quitting) {
+              codePane.setDirty(false);
+            }
+            continue;
+          }
+        }
+        if (action == IS_SAVE_ALL) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        File f = codePane.getCurrentFile();
+        if (f != null) {
+          String bundlePath = codePane.getSrcBundle();
+          Debug.log(5, "save session: " + bundlePath);
+          if (tabIndex != 0) {
+            sbuf.append(";");
+          }
+          sbuf.append(bundlePath);
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        log(-1, "Problem while trying to save all changed-not-saved scripts!\nError: %s", e.getMessage());
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    PreferencesUser.getInstance().setIdeSession(sbuf.toString());
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private void restoreSession() {
+    String session_str = prefs.getIdeSession();
+    String[] filenames = null;
+    if (session_str == null && loadScripts == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    filenames = session_str.split(";");
+    for (int i = 0; i < filenames.length; i++) {
+      if (filenames[i].isEmpty()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      Debug.log(3, "restore session at %d: " + filenames[i], restoredScripts + 1);
+      File f = new File(filenames[i]);
+      if (f.exists()) {
+        if (restoreScriptFromSession(filenames[i])) {
+          restoredScripts += 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (loadScripts == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    int ao;
+    for (int i = 0; i < loadScripts.length; i++) {
+      if (loadScripts[i].isEmpty()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      File f = new File(loadScripts[i]);
+      if (f.exists()) {
+        if (restoreScriptFromSession(loadScripts[i])) {
+          ao = isAlreadyOpen(getCurrentCodePane().getCurrentSrcDir());
+          if (ao < 0) {
+            restoredScripts += 1;
+            Debug.log(3, "preload script at %d: " + loadScripts[i], restoredScripts + 1);
+          } else {
+            tabPane.remove(ao);
+            Debug.log(3, "preload session script at %d: " + loadScripts[i], restoredScripts + 1);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean restoreScriptFromSession(String file) {
+    (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+    getCurrentCodePane().loadFile(file);
+    if (getCurrentCodePane().hasEditingFile()) {
+      setCurrentFileTabTitle(file);
+      return true;
+    }
+    Debug.error("Can't load file " + file + " --- check available runners!");
+//    (new FileAction()).doCloseTab(null);
+    return false;
+  }
+//</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Support SikuliIDE">
+  public JMenu getFileMenu() {
+    return _fileMenu;
+  }
+
+  public JMenu getRunMenu() {
+    return _runMenu;
+  }
+
+  public CloseableTabbedPane getTabPane() {
+    return tabPane;
+  }
+
+  public EditorPane getCurrentCodePane() {
+    if (tabPane.getSelectedIndex() == -1) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getSelectedComponent();
+    EditorPane pane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+    return pane;
+  }
+
+  public void setCurrentFileTabTitle(String fname) {
+    int tabIndex = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    setFileTabTitle(fname, tabIndex);
+  }
+
+  public String getCurrentFileTabTitle() {
+    String fname = tabPane.getTitleAt(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+    if (fname.startsWith("*")) {
+      return fname.substring(1);
+    } else {
+      return fname;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setCurrentFileTabTitleDirty(boolean isDirty) {
+    int i = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    String title = tabPane.getTitleAt(i);
+    if (!isDirty && title.startsWith("*")) {
+      title = title.substring(1);
+      tabPane.setTitleAt(i, title);
+    } else if (isDirty && !title.startsWith("*")) {
+      title = "*" + title;
+      tabPane.setTitleAt(i, title);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setFileTabTitle(String fname, int tabIndex) {
+    String fullName = fname;
+    if (fname.endsWith("/")) {
+      fname = fname.substring(0, fname.length() - 1);
+    }
+    fname = fname.substring(fname.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
+    fname = fname.substring(0, fname.lastIndexOf("."));
+    tabPane.setTitleAt(tabIndex, fname);
+    this.setTitle(fullName);
+  }
+
+  public ArrayList<String> getOpenedFilenames() {
+    int nTab = tabPane.getTabCount();
+    File file = null;
+    String filePath;
+    ArrayList<String> filenames = new ArrayList<String>(0);
+    if (nTab > 0) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < nTab; i++) {
+        JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+        EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+        file = codePane.getCurrentFile(false);
+        if (file != null) {
+          filePath = FileManager.slashify(file.getAbsolutePath(), false);
+          filePath = filePath.substring(0, filePath.lastIndexOf("/"));
+          filenames.add(filePath);
+        } else {
+          filenames.add("");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return filenames;
+  }
+
+  public int isAlreadyOpen(String filename) {
+    int aot = getOpenedFilenames().indexOf(filename);
+    if (aot > -1 && aot < (tabPane.getTabCount() - 1)) {
+      alreadyOpenedTab = aot;
+      return aot;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  private void autoCheckUpdate() {
+    PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    if (!pref.getCheckUpdate()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    long last_check = pref.getCheckUpdateTime();
+    long now = (new Date()).getTime();
+    if (now - last_check > 1000 * 604800) {
+      Debug.log(3, "autocheck update");
+      (new HelpAction()).checkUpdate(true);
+    }
+    pref.setCheckUpdateTime();
+  }
+
+  public synchronized boolean isRunningScript() {
+    return ideIsRunningScript;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void setIsRunningScript(boolean state) {
+    ideIsRunningScript = state;
+  }
+
+  protected boolean doBeforeRun() {
+    int action;
+    if (checkDirtyPanes()) {
+      if (prefs.getPrefMoreRunSave()) {
+        action = WARNING_ACCEPTED;
+      } else {
+        action = askForSaveAll("Run");
+        if (action < 0) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+      saveSession(action, false);
+    }
+    Settings.ActionLogs = prefs.getPrefMoreLogActions();
+    Settings.DebugLogs = prefs.getPrefMoreLogDebug();
+    Settings.InfoLogs = prefs.getPrefMoreLogInfo();
+    Settings.Highlight = prefs.getPrefMoreHighlight();
+    Settings.OcrTextSearch = prefs.getPrefMoreTextSearch();
+    Settings.OcrTextRead = prefs.getPrefMoreTextOCR();
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  protected boolean doBeforeQuit() {
+    if (checkDirtyPanes()) {
+      int action = askForSaveAll("Quit");
+      if (action < 0) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return saveSession(action, true);
+    }
+    return saveSession(WARNING_DO_NOTHING, true);
+  }
+
+  private int askForSaveAll(String typ) {
+//TODO I18N
+    String warn = "Some scripts are not saved yet!";
+    String title = SikuliIDEI18N._I("dlgAskCloseTab");
+    String[] options = new String[3];
+    options[WARNING_DO_NOTHING] = typ + " immediately";
+    options[WARNING_ACCEPTED] = "Save all and " + typ;
+    options[WARNING_CANCEL] = SikuliIDEI18N._I("cancel");
+    int ret = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(this, warn, title, 0, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE, null, options, options[2]);
+    if (ret == WARNING_CANCEL || ret == JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    return ret;
+  }
+
+  public void doAbout() {
+    //TODO full featured About
+    String info = "You are running " + Settings.SikuliVersionIDE
+            + "\n\nNeed help? -> start with Help Menu\n\n"
+            + "*** Have fun ;-)\n\n"
+            + "Tsung-Hsiang Chang aka vgod\n"
+            + "Tom Yeh\n"
+            + "Raimund Hocke aka RaiMan\n\n"
+            + "\n\nBuild: " + Settings.SikuliVersionBuild;
+    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(this, info,
+            "Sikuli About", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE);
+  }
+
+  private static String[] collectOptions(String type, String[] args) {
+    List<String> resArgs = new ArrayList<String>();
+    if (args != null) {
+      resArgs.addAll(Arrays.asList(args));
+    }
+    String msg = "-----------------------   You might set some options    -----------------------";
+    msg += "\n\n";
+    msg += "-r name       ---   Run script name: foo[.sikuli] or foo.skl (no IDE window)";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-u [file]        ---   Write user log messages to file (default: <WorkingFolder>/UserLog.txt )";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-f [file]         ---   Write Sikuli log messages to file (default: <WorkingFolder>/SikuliLog.txt)";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-d n             ---   Set a higher level n for Sikuli's debug messages (default: 0)";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-- …more…         All space delimited entries after -- go to sys.argv";
+    msg += "\n                           \"<some text>\" makes one parameter (may contain intermediate blanks)";
+    msg += "\n\n";
+    msg += "-------------------------------------------------------------------------";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-d                Special debugging option in case of mysterious errors:";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "                    Debug level is set to 3 and debug output goes to <WorkingFolder>/SikuliLog.txt";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "                    Content might be used to ask questions or report bugs";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "-------------------------------------------------------------------------";
+    msg += "\n";
+    msg += "                    Just click OK to start IDE with no options - defaults will be used";
+
+    String ret = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, msg, "SikuliX: collect runtime options",
+            JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
+
+    if (ret == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    log(3, "collectOptions: returned [" + ret + "]");
+    if (!ret.isEmpty()) {
+      System.setProperty("sikuli.SIKULI_COMMAND", ret);
+      resArgs.addAll(Arrays.asList(ret.split(" +")));
+    }
+    return resArgs.toArray(new String[0]);
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="isInited --- RaiMan not used">
+  public boolean isInited() {
+    return _inited;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  private JMenuItem createMenuItem(JMenuItem item, KeyStroke shortcut, ActionListener listener) {
+    if (shortcut != null) {
+      item.setAccelerator(shortcut);
+    }
+    item.addActionListener(listener);
+    return item;
+  }
+
+  private JMenuItem createMenuItem(String name, KeyStroke shortcut, ActionListener listener) {
+    JMenuItem item = new JMenuItem(name);
+    return createMenuItem(item, shortcut, listener);
+  }
+
+  class MenuAction implements ActionListener {
+
+    protected Method actMethod = null;
+    protected String action;
+
+    public MenuAction() {
+    }
+
+    public MenuAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      Class[] paramsWithEvent = new Class[1];
+      try {
+        paramsWithEvent[0] = Class.forName("java.awt.event.ActionEvent");
+        actMethod = this.getClass().getMethod(item, paramsWithEvent);
+        action = item;
+      } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
+        log(-1, "Can't find menu action: " + cnfe);
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+      if (actMethod != null) {
+        try {
+          Debug.log(3, "MenuAction." + action);
+          Object[] params = new Object[1];
+          params[0] = e;
+          actMethod.invoke(this, params);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+          log(-1, "Problem when trying to invoke menu action %s\nError: %s",
+                  action, ex.getMessage());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static JMenu recentMenu = null;
+  private static Map<String, String> recentProjects = new HashMap<String, String>();
+  private static java.util.List<String> recentProjectsMenu = new ArrayList<String>();
+  private static int recentMax = 10;
+  private static int recentMaxMax = recentMax + 10;
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init FileMenu">
+  private void initFileMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    JMenuItem jmi;
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _fileMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_F);
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac()) {
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem("About SikuliX",
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_A, scMask),
+              new FileAction(FileAction.ABOUT)));
+      _fileMenu.addSeparator();
+    }
+
+    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileNew"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_N, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.NEW)));
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileOpen"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_O, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.OPEN)));
+    jmi.setName("OPEN");
+
+    recentMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuRecent"));
+
+    if (Settings.experimental) {
+      _fileMenu.add(recentMenu);
+    }
+
+    if (Settings.isMac() && !Settings.handlesMacBundles) {
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem("Open folder.sikuli ...",
+              null,
+              //            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_O, scMask),
+              new FileAction(FileAction.OPEN_FOLDER)));
+    }
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileSave"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE)));
+    jmi.setName("SAVE");
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileSaveAs"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S,
+                    InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK | scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE_AS)));
+    jmi.setName("SAVE_AS");
+
+    if (Settings.isMac() && !Settings.handlesMacBundles) {
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("Save as folder.sikuli ..."),
+              //            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S,
+              //            InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK | scMask),
+              null,
+              new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE_AS_FOLDER)));
+    }
+
+//TODO    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileSaveAll"),
+    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem("Save all",
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_S,
+                    InputEvent.CTRL_MASK | scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.SAVE_ALL)));
+
+    _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileExport"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_E,
+                    InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK | scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.EXPORT)));
+
+    jmi = _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileCloseTab"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_W, scMask),
+            new FileAction(FileAction.CLOSE_TAB)));
+    jmi.setName("CLOSE_TAB");
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac()) {
+      _fileMenu.addSeparator();
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFilePreferences"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_P, scMask),
+              new FileAction(FileAction.PREFERENCES)));
+    }
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac()) {
+      _fileMenu.addSeparator();
+      _fileMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFileQuit"),
+              null, new FileAction(FileAction.QUIT)));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public FileAction getFileAction(int tabIndex) {
+    return new FileAction(tabIndex);
+  }
+
+  class FileAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String ABOUT = "doAbout";
+    static final String NEW = "doNew";
+    static final String INSERT = "doInsert";
+    static final String OPEN = "doLoad";
+    static final String RECENT = "doRecent";
+    static final String OPEN_FOLDER = "doLoadFolder";
+    static final String SAVE = "doSave";
+    static final String SAVE_AS = "doSaveAs";
+    static final String SAVE_AS_FOLDER = "doSaveAsFolder";
+    static final String SAVE_ALL = "doSaveAll";
+    static final String EXPORT = "doExport";
+    static final String CLOSE_TAB = "doCloseTab";
+    static final String PREFERENCES = "doPreferences";
+    static final String QUIT = "doQuit";
+    static final String ENTRY = "doRecent";
+    private int targetTab = -1;
+
+    public FileAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public FileAction(int tabIndex) {
+      super();
+      targetTab = tabIndex;
+    }
+
+    public FileAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void doAbout(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE.getInstance().doAbout();
+    }
+
+    public void doQuit(ActionEvent ae) {
+			log(lvl, "doQuit requested");
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      if (!doBeforeQuit()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      while (true) {
+        EditorPane codePane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+        if (codePane == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        if (!ide.closeCurrentTab()) {
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      Sikulix.cleanUp(0);
+      System.exit(0);
+    }
+
+    public void doPreferences(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE.getInstance().showPreferencesWindow();
+    }
+
+    public void doNew(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doNew(ae, -1).initBeforeLoad(null);
+    }
+
+    public EditorPane doNew(ActionEvent ae, int tabIndex) {
+      EditorPane codePane = new EditorPane(SikuliIDE.getInstance());
+      JScrollPane scrPane = new JScrollPane(codePane);
+      lineNumberColumn = new EditorLineNumberView(codePane);
+      scrPane.setRowHeaderView(lineNumberColumn);
+      if (ae == null) {
+        if (tabIndex < 0 || tabIndex >= tabPane.getTabCount()) {
+          tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUntitled"), scrPane);
+        } else {
+          tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUntitled"), scrPane, tabIndex);
+        }
+        tabPane.setSelectedIndex(tabIndex < 0 ? tabPane.getTabCount() - 1 : tabIndex);
+      } else {
+        tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUntitled"), scrPane, 0);
+        tabPane.setSelectedIndex(0);
+      }
+      codePane.getSrcBundle();
+      codePane.requestFocus();
+      return codePane;
+    }
+
+    public void doInsert(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doLoad(null);
+    }
+
+    public void doLoad(ActionEvent ae) {
+      boolean accessingAsFile = false;
+      if (Settings.isMac()) {
+        accessingAsFile = !ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER;
+        ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = false;
+      }
+      alreadyOpenedTab = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+      String fname = tabPane.getLastClosed();
+      try {
+        doNew(null, targetTab);
+        EditorPane codePane = getCurrentCodePane();
+        if (ae != null || fname == null) {
+          codePane.isSourceBundleTemp();
+          fname = codePane.loadFile(accessingAsFile);
+        } else {
+          codePane.loadFile(fname);
+          if (codePane.hasEditingFile()) {
+            setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+          } else {
+            fname = null;
+          }
+        }
+        if (fname != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+        } else {
+          if (ae != null) {
+            doCloseTab(null);
+          }
+          tabPane.setSelectedIndex(alreadyOpenedTab);
+        }
+        doRecentAdd(getCurrentCodePane());
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to load %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, eio.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    private void doRecentAdd(EditorPane codePane ) {
+      String fPath = new File(codePane.getSrcBundle()).getAbsolutePath();
+      if (Settings.experimental) {
+        log(3, "doRecentAdd: %s", fPath);
+        String fName = new File(fPath).getName();
+        if (recentProjectsMenu.contains(fName)) {
+          recentProjectsMenu.remove(fName);
+        } else {
+          recentProjects.put(fName, fPath);
+          if (recentProjectsMenu.size() == recentMaxMax) {
+            String fObsolete = recentProjectsMenu.remove(recentMax - 1);
+            recentProjects.remove(fObsolete);
+          }
+        }
+        recentProjectsMenu.add(0, fName);
+        recentMenu.removeAll();
+        for (String entry : recentProjectsMenu.subList(1, recentProjectsMenu.size())) {
+          if (isAlreadyOpen(recentProjects.get(entry)) > -1) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          try {
+            recentMenu.add(createMenuItem(entry,
+                    null,
+                    new FileAction(FileAction.ENTRY)));
+          } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void doRecent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      log(3, "doRecent: menuOpenRecent: %s", ae.getActionCommand());
+    }
+
+    public void doLoadFolder(ActionEvent ae) {
+      Debug.log(3, "IDE: doLoadFolder requested");
+      ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = true;
+      doLoad(ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doSave(ActionEvent ae) {
+      String fname = null;
+      try {
+        EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+        fname = codePane.saveFile();
+        if (fname != null) {
+          fname = codePane.getSrcBundle();
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+          tabPane.setLastClosed(fname);
+        }
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to save %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, eio.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    public boolean doSaveIntern(int tabIndex) {
+      int currentTab = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+      tabPane.setSelectedIndex(tabIndex);
+      boolean retval = true;
+      JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(tabIndex);
+      EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+      String fname = null;
+      try {
+        fname = codePane.saveFile();
+        if (fname != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setFileTabTitle(fname, tabIndex);
+        } else {
+          retval = false;
+        }
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to save %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, eio.getMessage());
+        retval = false;
+      }
+      tabPane.setSelectedIndex(currentTab);
+      return retval;
+    }
+
+    public void doSaveAs(ActionEvent ae) {
+      boolean accessingAsFile = false;
+      if (Settings.isMac()) {
+        accessingAsFile = !ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER;
+        ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = false;
+      }
+      String fname = null;
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+			String orgName = codePane.getCurrentShortFilename();
+			log(lvl, "doSaveAs requested: %s", orgName);
+      try {
+        fname = codePane.saveAsFile(accessingAsFile);
+        if (fname != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getInstance().setCurrentFileTabTitle(fname);
+        } else {
+	        log(-1, "doSaveAs: %s not completed", orgName);
+				}
+      } catch (IOException eio) {
+        log(-1, "doSaveAs: %s Error: %s", orgName, eio.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void doSaveAsFolder(ActionEvent ae) {
+      log(lvl, "doSaveAsFolder requested");
+      ACCESSING_AS_FOLDER = true;
+      doSaveAs(ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doSaveAll(ActionEvent ae) {
+			log(lvl, "doSaveAll requested");
+      if (!checkDirtyPanes()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      saveSession(IS_SAVE_ALL, false);
+    }
+
+    public void doExport(ActionEvent ae) {
+			EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+			String orgName = codePane.getCurrentShortFilename();
+			log(lvl, "doExport requested: %s", orgName);
+      String fname = null;
+      try {
+        fname = codePane.exportAsZip();
+      } catch (Exception ex) {
+        log(-1, "Problem when trying to save %s\nError: %s",
+                fname, ex.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void doCloseTab(ActionEvent ae) {
+      if (ae == null) {
+        tabPane.remove(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+        return;
+      }
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+			String orgName = codePane.getCurrentShortFilename();
+			log(lvl, "doCloseTab requested: %s", orgName);
+      try {
+        if (codePane.close()) {
+          tabPane.remove(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+        }
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        Debug.info("Can't close this tab: " + e.getStackTrace());
+      }
+      codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+      if (codePane != null) {
+        codePane.requestFocus();
+      } else if (ae != null) {
+        (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void showPreferencesWindow() {
+    PreferencesWin pwin = new PreferencesWin();
+    pwin.setAlwaysOnTop(true);
+    pwin.setDefaultCloseOperation(DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);
+    if (!Settings.isJava7()) {
+      pwin.setLocation(SikuliIDE.getInstance().getLocation());
+    }
+    pwin.setVisible(true);
+  }
+
+  public boolean closeCurrentTab() {
+    EditorPane pane = getCurrentCodePane();
+    (new FileAction()).doCloseTab(null);
+    if (pane == getCurrentCodePane()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  protected boolean quit() {
+    SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+    (new FileAction()).doQuit(null);
+    if (ide.getCurrentCodePane() == null) {
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected boolean checkDirtyPanes() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < tabPane.getTabCount(); i++) {
+      try {
+        JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+        EditorPane codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+        if (codePane.isDirty()) {
+          //RaiMan not used: getRootPane().putClientProperty("Window.documentModified", true);
+          return true;
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        Debug.error("checkDirtyPanes: " + e.getMessage());
+      }
+    }
+    //RaiMan not used: getRootPane().putClientProperty("Window.documentModified", false);
+    return false;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init EditMenu">
+  private void initEditMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _editMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_E);
+    JMenuItem undoItem = _editMenu.add(_undoAction);
+    undoItem.setAccelerator(
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_Z, scMask));
+    JMenuItem redoItem = _editMenu.add(_redoAction);
+    redoItem.setAccelerator(
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_Z, scMask | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK));
+    _editMenu.addSeparator();
+
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditCut"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_X, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.CUT)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditCopy"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_C, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.COPY)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditPaste"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_V, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.PASTE)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditSelectAll"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_A, scMask),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.SELECT_ALL)));
+
+    if (!Settings.isMac10()) {
+      _editMenu.addSeparator();
+      JMenu findMenu = new JMenu(_I("menuFind"));
+      _findHelper = new FindAction();
+      findMenu.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F);
+      findMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFindFind"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_F, scMask),
+              new FindAction(FindAction.FIND)));
+      findMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFindFindNext"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_G, scMask),
+              new FindAction(FindAction.FIND_NEXT)));
+      findMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuFindFindPrev"),
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_G, scMask | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK),
+              new FindAction(FindAction.FIND_PREV)));
+      _editMenu.add(findMenu);
+    }
+    
+    _editMenu.addSeparator();
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditIndent"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB, 0),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.INDENT)));
+    _editMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuEditUnIndent"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB, InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK),
+            new EditAction(EditAction.UNINDENT)));
+  }
+
+  class EditAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String CUT = "doCut";
+    static final String COPY = "doCopy";
+    static final String PASTE = "doPaste";
+    static final String SELECT_ALL = "doSelectAll";
+    static final String INDENT = "doIndent";
+    static final String UNINDENT = "doUnindent";
+
+    public EditAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public EditAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    private void performEditorAction(String action, ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane pane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      pane.getActionMap().get(action).actionPerformed(ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doCut(ActionEvent ae) {
+//TODO delete current line if no selection
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.cutAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doCopy(ActionEvent ae) {
+//TODO copy current line if no selection
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.copyAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doPaste(ActionEvent ae) {
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.pasteAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doSelectAll(ActionEvent ae) {
+      performEditorAction(DefaultEditorKit.selectAllAction, ae);
+    }
+
+    public void doIndent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane pane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      (new SikuliEditorKit.InsertTabAction()).actionPerformed(pane);
+    }
+
+    public void doUnindent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane pane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      (new SikuliEditorKit.DeindentAction()).actionPerformed(pane);
+    }
+  }
+
+  class OpenRecent extends MenuAction {
+
+    public OpenRecent() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public void openRecent(ActionEvent ae) {
+      log(lvl, "openRecent: %s", ae.getActionCommand());
+    }
+  }
+
+  class FindAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String FIND = "doFind";
+    static final String FIND_NEXT = "doFindNext";
+    static final String FIND_PREV = "doFindPrev";
+
+    public FindAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public FindAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void doFind(ActionEvent ae) {
+      _searchField.selectAll();
+      _searchField.requestFocus();
+    }
+
+    public void doFindNext(ActionEvent ae) {
+      findNext(_searchField.getText());
+    }
+
+    public void doFindPrev(ActionEvent ae) {
+      findPrev(_searchField.getText());
+    }
+
+    private boolean _find(String str, int begin, boolean forward) {
+      if (str == "!") {
+        return false;
+      }
+      EditorPane codePane = getCurrentCodePane();
+      int pos = codePane.search(str, begin, forward);
+      Debug.log(7, "find \"" + str + "\" at " + begin + ", found: " + pos);
+      if (pos < 0) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    public boolean findStr(String str) {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null) {
+        return _find(str, getCurrentCodePane().getCaretPosition(), true);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean findPrev(String str) {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null) {
+        return _find(str, getCurrentCodePane().getCaretPosition(), false);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean findNext(String str) {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null) {
+        return _find(str,
+                getCurrentCodePane().getCaretPosition() + str.length(),
+                true);
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    public void setFailed(boolean failed) {
+      Debug.log(7, "search failed: " + failed);
+      _searchField.setBackground(Color.white);
+      if (failed) {
+        _searchField.setForeground(COLOR_SEARCH_FAILED);
+      } else {
+        _searchField.setForeground(COLOR_SEARCH_NORMAL);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  class UndoAction extends AbstractAction {
+
+    public UndoAction() {
+      super(_I("menuEditUndo"));
+      setEnabled(false);
+    }
+
+    public void updateUndoState() {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null
+              && getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager().canUndo()) {
+        setEnabled(true);
+      } else {
+        setEnabled(false);
+      }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+      EditorUndoManager undo = getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager();
+      try {
+        undo.undo();
+      } catch (CannotUndoException ex) {
+      }
+      updateUndoState();
+      _redoAction.updateRedoState();
+    }
+  }
+
+  class RedoAction extends AbstractAction {
+
+    public RedoAction() {
+      super(_I("menuEditRedo"));
+      setEnabled(false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+      EditorUndoManager undo = getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager();
+      try {
+        undo.redo();
+      } catch (CannotRedoException ex) {
+      }
+      updateRedoState();
+      _undoAction.updateUndoState();
+    }
+
+    protected void updateRedoState() {
+      if (getCurrentCodePane() != null
+              && getCurrentCodePane().getUndoManager().canRedo()) {
+        setEnabled(true);
+      } else {
+        setEnabled(false);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void updateUndoRedoStates() {
+    _undoAction.updateUndoState();
+    _redoAction.updateRedoState();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init Run Menu">
+  private void initRunMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    JMenuItem item;
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _runMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_R);
+    item = _runMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuRunRun"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_R, scMask),
+            new RunAction(RunAction.RUN)));
+    item.setName("RUN");
+    item = _runMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuRunRunAndShowActions"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_R,
+                    InputEvent.ALT_MASK | scMask),
+            new RunAction(RunAction.RUN_SHOW_ACTIONS)));
+    item.setName("RUN_SLOWLY");
+
+    PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    item = createMenuItem(_I("menuRunStop"),
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(
+                    pref.getStopHotkey(), pref.getStopHotkeyModifiers()),
+            new RunAction(RunAction.RUN_SHOW_ACTIONS));
+    item.setEnabled(false);
+    _runMenu.add(item);
+  }
+
+  class RunAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String RUN = "run";
+    static final String RUN_SHOW_ACTIONS = "runShowActions";
+
+    public RunAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public RunAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void run(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doRun(_btnRun);
+    }
+
+    public void runShowActions(ActionEvent ae) {
+      doRun(_btnRunViz);
+    }
+
+    private void doRun(ButtonRun btn) {
+      btn.runCurrentScript();
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init View Menu">
+  private void initViewMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _viewMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_V);
+
+    if (prefs.getPrefMoreCommandBar()) {
+      chkShowCmdList = new JCheckBoxMenuItem(_I("menuViewCommandList"), true);
+      _viewMenu.add(createMenuItem(chkShowCmdList,
+              KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_L, scMask),
+              new ViewAction(ViewAction.CMD_LIST)));
+    }
+
+    chkShowThumbs = new JCheckBoxMenuItem(_I("menuViewShowThumbs"), false);
+    _viewMenu.add(createMenuItem(chkShowThumbs,
+            KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_T, scMask),
+            new ViewAction(ViewAction.SHOW_THUMBS)));
+
+//TODO Message Area clear
+//TODO Message Area LineBreak
+  }
+
+  class ViewAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String UNIT_TEST = "toggleUnitTest";
+    static final String CMD_LIST = "toggleCmdList";
+    static final String SHOW_THUMBS = "toggleShowThumbs";
+
+    public ViewAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public ViewAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void toggleCmdList(ActionEvent ae) {
+      _cmdList.setCollapsed(!_cmdList.isCollapsed());
+    }
+
+    public void toggleShowThumbs(ActionEvent ae) {
+      getCurrentCodePane().showThumbs = chkShowThumbs.getState();
+      if (!getCurrentCodePane().reparse()) {
+        chkShowThumbs.setState(!chkShowThumbs.getState());
+        getCurrentCodePane().showThumbs = chkShowThumbs.getState();
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void toggleUnitTest(ActionEvent ae) {
+      if (_chkShowUnitTest.getState()) {
+        _sidePane.setCollapsed(false);
+      } else {
+        _sidePane.setCollapsed(true);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init ToolMenu">
+  private void initToolMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _toolMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_T);
+
+      _toolMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuToolExtensions"),
+              null,
+              new ToolAction(ToolAction.EXTENSIONS)));
+  }
+
+  class ToolAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String EXTENSIONS = "extensions";
+
+    public ToolAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public ToolAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void extensions(ActionEvent ae) {
+      showExtensionsFrame();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void showExtensionsFrame() {
+//    String warn = "You might proceed, if you\n"
+//            + "- have some programming skills\n"
+//            + "- read the docs about extensions\n"
+//            + "- know what you are doing\n\n"
+//            + "Otherwise you should press Cancel!";
+    String warn = "Not available yet - click what you like ;-)";
+    String title = "Need your attention!";
+    String[] options = new String[3];
+    options[WARNING_DO_NOTHING] = "OK";
+    options[WARNING_ACCEPTED] = "Be quiet!";
+    options[WARNING_CANCEL] = "Cancel";
+    int ret = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(this, warn, title, 0, JOptionPane.WARNING_MESSAGE, null, options, options[2]);
+    if (ret == WARNING_CANCEL || ret == JOptionPane.CLOSED_OPTION) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (ret == WARNING_ACCEPTED) {
+      //TODO set prefs to be quiet on extensions warning
+    };
+    ExtensionManagerFrame extmg = ExtensionManagerFrame.getInstance();
+    if (extmg != null) {
+      extmg.setVisible(true);
+    }
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init Help Menu">
+  private void initHelpMenu() throws NoSuchMethodException {
+    int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    _helpMenu.setMnemonic(java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_H);
+
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpQuickStart"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.QUICK_START)));
+    _helpMenu.addSeparator();
+
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpGuide"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_DOC)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpDocumentations"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_GUIDE)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpFAQ"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_FAQ)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpAsk"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_ASK)));
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpBugReport"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_BUG_REPORT)));
+
+//    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpTranslation"),
+//            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_TRANSLATION)));
+    _helpMenu.addSeparator();
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpHomepage"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.OPEN_HOMEPAGE)));
+
+    _helpMenu.addSeparator();
+    _helpMenu.add(createMenuItem(_I("menuHelpCheckUpdate"),
+            null, new HelpAction(HelpAction.CHECK_UPDATE)));
+  }
+
+  class HelpAction extends MenuAction {
+
+    static final String CHECK_UPDATE = "doCheckUpdate";
+    static final String QUICK_START = "openQuickStart";
+    static final String OPEN_DOC = "openDoc";
+    static final String OPEN_GUIDE = "openTutor";
+    static final String OPEN_FAQ = "openFAQ";
+    static final String OPEN_ASK = "openAsk";
+    static final String OPEN_BUG_REPORT = "openBugReport";
+    static final String OPEN_TRANSLATION = "openTranslation";
+    static final String OPEN_HOMEPAGE = "openHomepage";
+
+    public HelpAction() {
+      super();
+    }
+
+    public HelpAction(String item) throws NoSuchMethodException {
+      super(item);
+    }
+
+    public void openQuickStart(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://www.sikulix.com/quickstart.html");
+    }
+
+    public void openDoc(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://sikulix-2014.readthedocs.org/en/latest/index.html");
+    }
+
+    public void openTutor(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://www.sikuli.org/videos.html");
+    }
+
+    public void openFAQ(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("https://answers.launchpad.net/sikuli/+faqs");
+    }
+
+    public void openAsk(ActionEvent ae) {
+      String title = "SikuliX - Ask a question";
+      String msg = "If you want to ask a question about SikuliX\n%s\n" +
+              "\nplease do the following:" +
+              "\n- after having clicked yes" +
+              "\n   the page on Launchpad should open in your browser." +
+              "\n- You should first check using Launchpad's search funktion," +
+              "\n   wether similar questions have already been asked." +
+              "\n- If you decide to ask a new question," +
+              "\n   try to enter a short but speaking title" +
+              "\n- In a new questions's text field first paste using ctrl/cmd-v" +
+              "\n   which should enter the SikuliX version/system/java info" +
+              "\n   that was internally stored in the clipboard before" +
+              "\n\nIf you do not want to ask a question now: click No";
+      askBugOrAnswer(msg, title, "https://answers.launchpad.net/sikuli");
+    }
+
+    public void openBugReport(ActionEvent ae) {
+      String title = "SikuliX - Report a bug";
+      String msg = "If you want to report a bug for SikuliX\n%s\n" +
+              "\nplease do the following:" +
+              "\n- after having clicked yes" +
+              "\n   the page on Launchpad should open in your browser" +
+              "\n- fill in a short but speaking bug title and create the bug" +
+              "\n- in the bug's text field first paste using ctrl/cmd-v" +
+              "\n   which should enter the SikuliX version/system/java info" +
+              "\n   that was internally stored in the clipboard before" +
+              "\n\nIf you do not want to report a bug now: click No";
+      askBugOrAnswer(msg, title, "https://bugs.launchpad.net/sikuli/+filebug");
+    }
+
+    private void askBugOrAnswer(String msg, String title, String url) {
+      String si = Settings.getSystemInfo();
+      System.out.println(si);
+      msg = String.format(msg, si);
+      if (Sikulix.popAsk(msg, title)) {
+        Clipboard clb = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getSystemClipboard();
+        StringSelection sic = new StringSelection(si.toString());
+        clb.setContents(sic, sic);
+        FileManager.openURL(url);
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void openTranslation(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("https://translations.launchpad.net/sikuli/sikuli-x/+translations");
+    }
+
+    public void openHomepage(ActionEvent ae) {
+      FileManager.openURL("http://sikulix.com");
+    }
+
+    public void doCheckUpdate(ActionEvent ae) {
+      if (!checkUpdate(false)) {
+        JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,
+                _I("msgNoUpdate"), SikuliIDESettings.SikuliVersion,
+                JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+      }
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkUpdate(boolean isAutoCheck) {
+      JFrame f = null;
+      String ver = "";
+      String details;
+      AutoUpdater au = new AutoUpdater();
+      if (!isAutoCheck) {
+//TODO replace this hack: wait update check
+        f = au.showUpdateFrame("Checking for new version ... please wait!",
+                "Checking for new version ... please wait! Checking for new version ... please wait!", -1);
+      }
+      PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+      Debug.log(3, "being asked to check update");
+      int whatUpdate = au.checkUpdate();
+      if (f != null) {
+        f.dispose();
+      }
+      if (whatUpdate >= AutoUpdater.SOMEBETA) {
+//TODO add Prefs wantBeta check
+        whatUpdate -= AutoUpdater.SOMEBETA;
+      }
+      if (whatUpdate > 0) {
+        if (whatUpdate == AutoUpdater.BETA) {
+          ver = au.getBeta();
+          details = au.getBetaDetails();
+        } else {
+          ver = au.getVersion();
+          details = au.getDetails();
+        }
+        if (isAutoCheck && pref.getLastSeenUpdate().equals(ver)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        au.showUpdateFrame(_I("dlgUpdateAvailable", ver), details, whatUpdate);
+        PreferencesUser.getInstance().setLastSeenUpdate(ver);
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void initMenuBars(JFrame frame) {
+    try {
+      initFileMenu();
+      initEditMenu();
+      initRunMenu();
+      initViewMenu();
+      initToolMenu();
+      initHelpMenu();
+    } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+      log(-1, "Problem when initializing menues\nError: %s", e.getMessage());
+    }
+
+    _menuBar.add(_fileMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_editMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_runMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_viewMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_toolMenu);
+    _menuBar.add(_helpMenu);
+    frame.setJMenuBar(_menuBar);
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init LeftBar Commands">
+  private String[] getCommandCategories() {
+    String[] CommandCategories = {
+      _I("cmdListFind"),
+      _I("cmdListMouse"),
+      _I("cmdListKeyboard"),
+      _I("cmdListObserver")
+    };
+    return CommandCategories;
+  }
+
+  private String[][] getCommandsOnToolbar() {
+    String[][] CommandsOnToolbar = {
+      {"find"}, {"PATTERN"},
+      {_I("cmdFind")},
+      {"findAll"}, {"PATTERN"},
+      {_I("cmdFindAll")},
+      {"wait"}, {"PATTERN", "[timeout]"},
+      {_I("cmdWait")},
+      {"waitVanish"}, {"PATTERN", "[timeout]"},
+      {_I("cmdWaitVanish")},
+      {"exists"}, {"PATTERN", "[timeout]"},
+      {_I("cmdExists")},
+      {"----"}, {}, {},
+      {"click"}, {"PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdClick")},
+      {"doubleClick"}, {"PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdDoubleClick")},
+      {"rightClick"}, {"PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdRightClick")},
+      {"hover"}, {"PATTERN"},
+      {_I("cmdHover")},
+      {"dragDrop"}, {"PATTERN", "PATTERN", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdDragDrop")},
+      /* RaiMan not used
+       * {"drag"}, {"PATTERN"},
+       * {"dropAt"}, {"PATTERN", "[delay]"},
+       * RaiMan not used */
+      {"----"}, {}, {},
+      {"type"}, {"_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdType")},
+      {"type"}, {"PATTERN", "_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdType2")},
+      {"paste"}, {"_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdPaste")},
+      {"paste"}, {"PATTERN", "_text", "[modifiers]"},
+      {_I("cmdPaste2")},
+      {"----"}, {}, {},
+      {"onAppear"}, {"PATTERN", "_hnd"},
+      {_I("cmdOnAppear")},
+      {"onVanish"}, {"PATTERN", "_hnd"},
+      {_I("cmdOnVanish")},
+      {"onChange"}, {"_hnd"},
+      {_I("cmdOnChange")},
+      {"observe"}, {"[time]", "[background]"},
+      {_I("cmdObserve")},};
+    return CommandsOnToolbar;
+  }
+
+  private JComponent createCommandPane() {
+    JXTaskPaneContainer con = new JXTaskPaneContainer();
+
+    PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+    JCheckBox chkAutoCapture
+            = new JCheckBox(_I("cmdListAutoCapture"),
+                    pref.getAutoCaptureForCmdButtons());
+    chkAutoCapture.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void stateChanged(javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent e) {
+        boolean flag = ((JCheckBox) e.getSource()).isSelected();
+        PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+        pref.setAutoCaptureForCmdButtons(flag);
+      }
+    });
+    JXTaskPane setPane = new JXTaskPane();
+    setPane.setTitle(_I("cmdListSettings"));
+    setPane.add(chkAutoCapture);
+    setPane.setCollapsed(true);
+    con.add(setPane);
+    int cat = 0;
+    JXTaskPane taskPane = new JXTaskPane();
+    taskPane.setTitle(getCommandCategories()[cat++]);
+    con.add(taskPane);
+    String[][] CommandsOnToolbar = getCommandsOnToolbar();
+    boolean collapsed;
+    for (int i = 0; i < CommandsOnToolbar.length; i++) {
+      String cmd = CommandsOnToolbar[i++][0];
+      String[] params = CommandsOnToolbar[i++];
+      String[] desc = CommandsOnToolbar[i];
+//TODO: more elegeant way, to handle special cases
+      if (cmd.equals("----")) {
+        if (cat == 2) {
+          collapsed = true;
+        } else {
+          collapsed = false;
+        }
+        if (cat == 3) {
+          if (prefs.getUserType() == PreferencesUser.NEWBEE) {
+            break;
+          } else {
+            collapsed = true;
+          }
+        }
+        taskPane = new JXTaskPane();
+        taskPane.setTitle(getCommandCategories()[cat++]);
+        con.add(taskPane);
+        taskPane.setCollapsed(collapsed);
+      } else {
+        taskPane.add(new ButtonGenCommand(cmd, desc[0], params));
+      }
+    }
+    Dimension conDim = con.getSize();
+    con.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(250, 1000));
+    _cmdList = new JXCollapsiblePane(JXCollapsiblePane.Direction.LEFT);
+    _cmdList.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(0, 0));
+    _cmdList.add(new JScrollPane(con));
+    _cmdList.setCollapsed(false);
+    return _cmdList;
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="RaiMan obsolete">
+  private JToolBar initCmdToolbar() {
+    JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar(JToolBar.VERTICAL);
+    toolbar.add(createCommandPane());
+    return toolbar;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init ToolBar Buttons">
+  private JToolBar initToolbar() {
+    if (ENABLE_UNIFIED_TOOLBAR) {
+      MacUtils.makeWindowLeopardStyle(this.getRootPane());
+    }
+
+    JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
+    JButton btnInsertImage = new ButtonInsertImage();
+    _btnCapture = new ButtonCapture();
+    JButton btnSubregion = new ButtonSubregion();
+    toolbar.add(_btnCapture);
+    toolbar.add(btnInsertImage);
+    toolbar.add(btnSubregion);
+    toolbar.add(Box.createHorizontalGlue());
+    /* RaiMan not used
+     * if( ENABLE_RECORDING ){
+     * JToggleButton btnRecord = new ButtonRecord();
+     * toolbar.add(btnRecord);
+     * }
+     * RaiMan not used */
+    _btnRun = new ButtonRun();
+    toolbar.add(_btnRun);
+    _btnRunViz = new ButtonRunViz();
+    toolbar.add(_btnRunViz);
+    toolbar.add(Box.createHorizontalGlue());
+    
+//TODO get it working for OSX 10.10     
+    if (!Settings.isMac10()) {
+      toolbar.add(createSearchField());
+    }
+    
+    toolbar.add(Box.createRigidArea(new Dimension(7, 0)));
+    toolbar.setFloatable(false);
+    //toolbar.setMargin(new Insets(0, 0, 0, 5));
+    return toolbar;
+  }
+
+  class ButtonInsertImage extends ButtonOnToolbar implements ActionListener {
+
+    public ButtonInsertImage() {
+      super();
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/insert-image-icon.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      setText(SikuliIDE._I("btnInsertImageLabel"));
+      //setMaximumSize(new Dimension(26,26));
+      setToolTipText(SikuliIDE._I("btnInsertImageHint"));
+      addActionListener(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+      File file = new SikuliIDEFileChooser(SikuliIDE.getInstance()).loadImage();
+      if (file == null) {
+        return;
+      }
+      String path = FileManager.slashify(file.getAbsolutePath(), false);
+      Debug.info("load image: " + path);
+      EditorPatternButton icon;
+      String img = codePane.copyFileToBundle(path).getAbsolutePath();
+      if (prefs.getDefaultThumbHeight() > 0) {
+        icon = new EditorPatternButton(codePane, img);
+        codePane.insertComponent(icon);
+      } else {
+        codePane.insertString("\"" + (new File(img)).getName() + "\"");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ButtonSubregion extends ButtonOnToolbar implements ActionListener, EventObserver {
+
+    public ButtonSubregion() {
+      super();
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/region-icon.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      setText(SikuliIDE._I("btnRegionLabel"));
+      //setMaximumSize(new Dimension(26,26));
+      setToolTipText(SikuliIDE._I("btnRegionHint"));
+      addActionListener(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane codePane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      ide.setVisible(false);
+      OverlayCapturePrompt prompt = new OverlayCapturePrompt(null, this);
+      prompt.prompt(SikuliIDE._I("msgCapturePrompt"), 500);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void update(EventSubject s) {
+      if (s instanceof OverlayCapturePrompt) {
+        complete((OverlayCapturePrompt) s);
+      }
+    }
+
+    public void complete(OverlayCapturePrompt cp) {
+      int x, y, w, h;
+      SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+      EditorPane codePane = ide.getCurrentCodePane();
+      ScreenImage r = cp.getSelection();
+      cp.close();
+      if (r != null) {
+        Rectangle roi = r.getROI();
+        x = (int) roi.getX();
+        y = (int) roi.getY();
+        w = (int) roi.getWidth();
+        h = (int) roi.getHeight();
+        ide.setVisible(false);
+        if (codePane.showThumbs) {
+          if (prefs.getPrefMoreImageThumbs()) {
+            codePane.insertComponent(new EditorRegionButton(codePane, x, y, w, h));
+          } else {
+            codePane.insertComponent(new EditorRegionLabel(codePane,
+                    new EditorRegionButton(codePane, x, y, w, h).toString()));
+          }
+        } else {
+          codePane.insertString(codePane.getRegionString(x, y, w, h));
+        }
+      }
+      ide.setVisible(true);
+      codePane.requestFocus();
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ButtonRun extends ButtonOnToolbar implements ActionListener {
+
+    private Thread _runningThread = null;
+
+    public ButtonRun() {
+      super();
+
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/run_big_green.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      initTooltip();
+      addActionListener(this);
+      setText(_I("btnRunLabel"));
+      //setMaximumSize(new Dimension(45,45));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
+      runCurrentScript();
+    }
+
+		public void runCurrentScript() {
+			SikuliIDE.getStatusbar().setMessage("... PLEASE WAIT ... checking IDE state before running script");
+			SikuliIDE ide = SikuliIDE.getInstance();
+			if (ideIsRunningScript || !ide.doBeforeRun()) {
+				return;
+			}
+			SikuliIDE.getStatusbar().resetMessage();
+			ide.setVisible(false);
+			if (ide.firstRun) {
+//        SikulixUtil.displaySplashFirstTime(new String[0]);
+				ide.firstRun = false;
+			}
+			ide.setIsRunningScript(true);
+			final IScriptRunner[] srunners = new IScriptRunner[] {null};
+			_runningThread = new Thread() {
+				@Override
+				public void run() {
+					EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+					File tmpFile;
+					tmpFile = FileManager.createTempFile(ScriptRunner.TypeEndings.get(codePane.getSikuliContentType()));
+					if (tmpFile == null) {
+						return;
+					}
+					try {
+						BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(
+										new OutputStreamWriter(
+														new FileOutputStream(tmpFile),
+														"UTF8"));
+						codePane.write(bw);
+						//SikuliIDE.getInstance().setVisible(false);
+						_console.clear();
+						resetErrorMark();
+//            runScript(tmpFile, codePane);
+						File path = new File(SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentBundlePath());
+						File parent = path.getParentFile();
+						//TODO implement alternative script types
+						String runnerType = null;
+						String cType = codePane.getContentType();
+						runnerType = cType.equals(ScriptRunner.CPYTHON) ? ScriptRunner.RPYTHON : ScriptRunner.RRUBY;
+						IScriptRunner srunner = ScriptRunner.getScriptRunner(runnerType, null, Settings.getArgs());
+						if (srunner == null) {
+							Debug.error("Could not load a script runner for: %s (%s)", cType, runnerType);
+							return;
+						}
+						addScriptCode(srunner);
+						srunners[0] = srunner;
+						try {
+							ImagePath.reset(path.getAbsolutePath());
+							String tabtitle = tabPane.getTitleAt(tabPane.getSelectedIndex());
+							if (tabtitle.startsWith("*")) {
+								tabtitle = tabtitle.substring(1);
+							}
+							int ret = srunner.runScript(tmpFile, path, Settings.getArgs(),
+											new String[]{parent.getAbsolutePath(), tabtitle});
+							addErrorMark(ret);
+							srunner.close();
+							srunners[0] = null;
+						} catch (Exception e) {
+							srunner.close();
+							srunners[0] = null;
+							throw e;
+						}
+					} catch (Exception e) {
+					} finally {
+						SikuliIDE.getInstance().setIsRunningScript(false);
+						SikuliIDE.getInstance().setVisible(true);
+						_runningThread = null;
+						Sikulix.cleanUp(0);
+					}
+				}
+			};
+			_runningThread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(new Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler() {
+				@Override
+				public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
+					Debug.error("Jython UncaughtExceptionHandler: trying to cleanup.\n%s", e.getMessage());
+					if (srunners[0] != null) {
+						srunners[0].close();
+					}
+					SikuliIDE.getInstance().setIsRunningScript(false);
+					SikuliIDE.getInstance().setVisible(true);
+					_runningThread = null;
+					Sikulix.cleanUp(0);
+				}
+			});
+			_runningThread.start();
+		}
+
+    protected void addScriptCode(IScriptRunner srunner) {
+      srunner.execBefore(null);
+      srunner.execBefore(new String[]{"Settings.setShowActions(Settings.FALSE)"});
+    }
+
+    public void stopRunning() {
+      if (_runningThread != null) {
+        _runningThread.interrupt();
+        _runningThread.stop();
+      }
+    }
+
+    private void initTooltip() {
+      PreferencesUser pref = PreferencesUser.getInstance();
+      String strHotkey = Key.convertKeyToText(
+              pref.getStopHotkey(), pref.getStopHotkeyModifiers());
+      String stopHint = _I("btnRunStopHint", strHotkey);
+      setToolTipText(_I("btnRun", stopHint));
+    }
+
+    public void addErrorMark(int line) {
+      if (line < 0) {
+        line *= -1;
+      } else {
+        return;
+      }
+      JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getSelectedComponent();
+      EditorLineNumberView lnview = (EditorLineNumberView) (scrPane.getRowHeader().getView());
+      lnview.addErrorMark(line);
+      EditorPane codePane = SikuliIDE.this.getCurrentCodePane();
+      codePane.jumpTo(line);
+      codePane.requestFocus();
+    }
+
+    public void resetErrorMark() {
+      JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getSelectedComponent();
+      EditorLineNumberView lnview = (EditorLineNumberView) (scrPane.getRowHeader().getView());
+      lnview.resetErrorMark();
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ButtonRunViz extends ButtonRun {
+
+    public ButtonRunViz() {
+      super();
+      URL imageURL = SikuliIDE.class.getResource("/icons/run_big_yl.png");
+      setIcon(new ImageIcon(imageURL));
+      setToolTipText(_I("menuRunRunAndShowActions"));
+      setText(_I("btnRunSlowMotionLabel"));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void addScriptCode(IScriptRunner srunner) {
+      srunner.execBefore(null);
+      srunner.execBefore(new String[]{"Settings.setShowActions(Settings.TRUE)"});
+    }
+  }
+
+  public String getCurrentBundlePath() {
+    EditorPane pane = getCurrentCodePane();
+    return pane.getSrcBundle();
+  }
+
+  private JComponent createSearchField() {
+    _searchField = new JXSearchField("Find");
+    _searchField.setUseNativeSearchFieldIfPossible(true);
+    //_searchField.setLayoutStyle(JXSearchField.LayoutStyle.MAC);
+    _searchField.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(220, 30));
+    _searchField.setPreferredSize(new Dimension(220, 30));
+    _searchField.setMaximumSize(new Dimension(380, 30));
+    _searchField.setMargin(new Insets(0, 3, 0, 3));
+    _searchField.setToolTipText("Search is case sensitive - "
+            + "start with ! to make search not case sensitive");
+
+    _searchField.setCancelAction(new ActionListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
+        getCurrentCodePane().requestFocus();
+        _findHelper.setFailed(false);
+      }
+    });
+    _searchField.setFindAction(new ActionListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent evt) {
+        //FIXME: On Linux the found selection disappears somehow
+        if (!Settings.isLinux()) //HACK
+        {
+          _searchField.selectAll();
+        }
+        boolean ret = _findHelper.findNext(_searchField.getText());
+        _findHelper.setFailed(!ret);
+      }
+    });
+    _searchField.addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() {
+      @Override
+      public void keyReleased(java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke) {
+        boolean ret;
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_ENTER) {
+          //FIXME: On Linux the found selection disappears somehow
+          if (!Settings.isLinux()) //HACK
+          {
+            _searchField.selectAll();
+          }
+          ret = _findHelper.findNext(_searchField.getText());
+        } else {
+          ret = _findHelper.findStr(_searchField.getText());
+        }
+        _findHelper.setFailed(!ret);
+      }
+    });
+    return _searchField;
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+  private void initTabPane() {
+    tabPane = new CloseableTabbedPane();
+    tabPane.setUI(new AquaCloseableTabbedPaneUI());
+    tabPane.addCloseableTabbedPaneListener(
+            new CloseableTabbedPaneListener() {
+              @Override
+              public boolean closeTab(int i) {
+                EditorPane codePane;
+                try {
+                  JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+                  codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+                  tabPane.setLastClosed(codePane.getSrcBundle());
+                  Debug.log(4, "close tab " + i + " n:" + tabPane.getComponentCount());
+                  boolean ret = codePane.close();
+                  Debug.log(4, "after close tab n:" + tabPane.getComponentCount());
+                  if (ret && tabPane.getTabCount() < 2) {
+                    (new FileAction()).doNew(null);
+                  }
+                  return ret;
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                  log(-1, "Problem closing tab %d\nError: %s", i, e.getMessage());
+                  return false;
+                }
+              }
+            });
+
+    tabPane.addChangeListener(new ChangeListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void stateChanged(javax.swing.event.ChangeEvent e) {
+        EditorPane codePane = null;
+        JTabbedPane tab = (JTabbedPane) e.getSource();
+        int i = tab.getSelectedIndex();
+        if (i >= 0) {
+          JScrollPane scrPane = (JScrollPane) tabPane.getComponentAt(i);
+          codePane = (EditorPane) scrPane.getViewport().getView();
+          String fname = codePane.getCurrentSrcDir();
+          if (fname == null) {
+            SikuliIDE.this.setTitle(tab.getTitleAt(i));
+          } else {
+            ImagePath.setBundlePath(fname);
+            SikuliIDE.this.setTitle(fname);
+          }
+          SikuliIDE.this.chkShowThumbs.setState(SikuliIDE.this.getCurrentCodePane().showThumbs);
+        }
+        updateUndoRedoStates();
+        if (codePane != null) {
+          SikuliIDE.getStatusbar().setCurrentContentType(
+                  SikuliIDE.this.getCurrentCodePane().getSikuliContentType());
+        }
+      }
+    });
+
+  }
+
+  private void initMsgPane(boolean atBottom) {
+    msgPane = new JTabbedPane();
+    _console = new EditorConsolePane();
+    msgPane.addTab(_I("paneMessage"), null, _console, "DoubleClick to hide/unhide");
+    if (Settings.isWindows() || Settings.isLinux()) {
+      msgPane.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(5, 8, 5, 8));
+    }
+    msgPane.addMouseListener(new MouseListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me) {
+        if (me.getClickCount() < 2) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (msgPaneCollapsed) {
+          _mainSplitPane.setDividerLocation(_mainSplitPane.getLastDividerLocation());
+          msgPaneCollapsed = false;
+        } else {
+          int pos = _mainSplitPane.getWidth() - 35;
+          if (prefs.getPrefMoreMessage() == PreferencesUser.HORIZONTAL) {
+            pos = _mainSplitPane.getHeight() - 35;
+          }
+          _mainSplitPane.setDividerLocation(pos);
+          msgPaneCollapsed = true;
+        }
+      }
+      //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="mouse events not used">
+
+      @Override
+      public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
+      }
+      //</editor-fold>
+    });
+  }
+
+  public Container getMsgPane() {
+    return msgPane;
+  }
+
+  private SikuliIDEStatusBar initStatusbar() {
+    _status = new SikuliIDEStatusBar();
+    return _status;
+  }
+
+  public static SikuliIDEStatusBar getStatusbar() {
+    if (sikulixIDE == null) {
+      return null;
+    } else {
+      return sikulixIDE._status;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void initWindowListener() {
+    setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);
+    addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
+      @Override
+      public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
+        SikuliIDE.this.quit();
+      }
+    });
+    addComponentListener(new ComponentAdapter() {
+      @Override
+      public void componentResized(ComponentEvent e) {
+        PreferencesUser.getInstance().setIdeSize(SikuliIDE.this.getSize());
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void componentMoved(ComponentEvent e) {
+        PreferencesUser.getInstance().setIdeLocation(SikuliIDE.this.getLocation());
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  private void initTooltip() {
+    ToolTipManager tm = ToolTipManager.sharedInstance();
+    tm.setDismissDelay(30000);
+  }
+
+  //<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Init ShortCuts HotKeys">
+  private void nextTab() {
+    int i = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    int next = (i + 1) % tabPane.getTabCount();
+    tabPane.setSelectedIndex(next);
+  }
+
+  private void prevTab() {
+    int i = tabPane.getSelectedIndex();
+    int prev = (i - 1 + tabPane.getTabCount()) % tabPane.getTabCount();
+    tabPane.setSelectedIndex(prev);
+  }
+
+  private void initShortcutKeys() {
+    final int scMask = Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().getMenuShortcutKeyMask();
+    Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().addAWTEventListener(new AWTEventListener() {
+      private boolean isKeyNextTab(java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke) {
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB
+                && ke.getModifiers() == InputEvent.CTRL_MASK) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_CLOSE_BRACKET
+                && ke.getModifiers() == (InputEvent.META_MASK | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      private boolean isKeyPrevTab(java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke) {
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_TAB
+                && ke.getModifiers() == (InputEvent.CTRL_MASK | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        if (ke.getKeyCode() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.VK_OPEN_BRACKET
+                && ke.getModifiers() == (InputEvent.META_MASK | InputEvent.SHIFT_MASK)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      public void eventDispatched(AWTEvent e) {
+        java.awt.event.KeyEvent ke = (java.awt.event.KeyEvent) e;
+        //Debug.log(ke.toString());
+        if (ke.getID() == java.awt.event.KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED) {
+          if (isKeyNextTab(ke)) {
+            nextTab();
+          } else if (isKeyPrevTab(ke)) {
+            prevTab();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }, AWTEvent.KEY_EVENT_MASK);
+
+  }
+
+  public void removeCaptureHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().removeHotkey("Capture");
+  }
+
+  public void installCaptureHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().addHotkey("Capture", new HotkeyListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void hotkeyPressed(HotkeyEvent e) {
+        if (!SikuliIDE.getInstance().isRunningScript()) {
+          onQuickCapture();
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  public void onQuickCapture() {
+    onQuickCapture(null);
+  }
+
+  public void onQuickCapture(String arg) {
+    Debug.log(3, "QuickCapture");
+    _btnCapture.capture(0);
+  }
+
+  public void removeStopHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().removeHotkey("Abort");
+  }
+
+  public void installStopHotkey() {
+    HotkeyManager.getInstance().addHotkey("Abort", new HotkeyListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void hotkeyPressed(HotkeyEvent e) {
+        onStopRunning();
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  public void onStopRunning() {
+    Debug.log(3, "StopRunning after AbortKey");
+    _btnRun.stopRunning();
+    _btnRunViz.stopRunning();
+    org.sikuli.script.Sikulix.cleanUp(-1);
+    this.setVisible(true);
+  }
+
+  private void initHotkeys() {
+    installCaptureHotkey();
+    installStopHotkey();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+
+	//<editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="IDE Unit Testing --- RaiMan not used">
+  /*
+   private void initSidePane() {
+   initUnitPane();
+   _sidePane = new JXCollapsiblePane(JXCollapsiblePane.Direction.RIGHT);
+   _sidePane.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(0, 0));
+   CloseableTabbedPane tabPane = new CloseableTabbedPane();
+   _sidePane.getContentPane().add(tabPane);
+   tabPane.setMinimumSize(new Dimension(0, 0));
+   tabPane.addTab(_I("tabUnitTest"), _unitPane);
+   tabPane.addCloseableTabbedPaneListener(new CloseableTabbedPaneListener() {
+   @Override
+   public boolean closeTab(int tabIndexToClose) {
+   _sidePane.setCollapsed(true);
+   _chkShowUnitTest.setState(false);
+   return false;
+   }
+   });
+   _sidePane.setCollapsed(true);
+   }
+
+   private void initUnitPane() {
+   _testRunner = new UnitTestRunner();
+   _unitPane = _testRunner.getPanel();
+   _chkShowUnitTest.setState(false);
+   addAuxTab(_I("paneTestTrace"), _testRunner.getTracePane());
+   }
+   */
+  public void addAuxTab(String tabName, JComponent com) {
+    msgPane.addTab(tabName, com);
+  }
+
+  public void jumpTo(String funcName) throws BadLocationException {
+    EditorPane pane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+    pane.jumpTo(funcName);
+    pane.grabFocus();
+  }
+
+  public void jumpTo(int lineNo) throws BadLocationException {
+    EditorPane pane = SikuliIDE.getInstance().getCurrentCodePane();
+    pane.jumpTo(lineNo);
+    pane.grabFocus();
+  }
+  //</editor-fold>
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.sikuli.ide.SikuliIDE.main` indirectly reads without synchronization from `basics.Settings.org.sikuli.basics.Settings.isMacApp`. Potentially races with write in method `SikuliIDE.getInstance()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SikuliIDE.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.ide.SikuliIDE.main(java.lang.String[]):void.f9a630d62a070c87f87b708406eb84f0
+
+### File:
+IDE/src/main/java/org/sikuli/ide/SikuliIDE.java
+
+### Key:
+SikuliIDE.java|main|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+44d763ad794eee46cde2549637ed4945
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4503/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4503/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2e359974f7cf85c1a93b8756aab92820159f8ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4503/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 54
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan
+ */
+package org.sikuli.script;
+
+import java.awt.event.InputEvent;
+import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+
+/**
+ * Main pupose is to coordinate the mouse usage among threads <br>
+ * At any one time, the mouse has one owner (usually a Region object) <br>
+ * who exclusively uses the mouse, all others wait for the mouse to be free again <br>
+ * if more than one possible owner is waiting, the next owner is uncertain <br>
+ * It is detected, when the mouse is moved external from the workflow, which can be used for
+ * appropriate actions (e.g. pause a script) <br>
+ * the mouse can be blocked for a longer time, so only this owner can use the mouse (like some
+ * transactional processing) <br>
+ * Currently deadlocks and infinite waits are not detected, but should not happen ;-) <br>
+ * Contained are methods to use the mouse (click, move, button down/up) as is
+ */
+public class Mouse {
+
+  private static String me = "Mouse: ";
+  private static final int lvl = 3;
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, me + message, args);
+  }
+
+  private static Mouse mouse = null;
+  private Device device = null;
+
+  protected Location mousePos;
+  protected boolean clickDouble;
+  protected int buttons;
+  protected int beforeWait;
+  protected int innerWait;
+  protected int afterWait;
+
+  public static final int LEFT = InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK;
+  public static final int MIDDLE = InputEvent.BUTTON2_MASK;
+  public static final int RIGHT = InputEvent.BUTTON3_MASK;
+  public static final int WHEEL_UP = -1;
+  public static int WHEEL_DOWN = 1;
+  public static final int WHEEL_STEP_DELAY = 50;
+
+  private Mouse() {
+  }
+
+  public static void init() {
+    if (mouse == null) {
+      mouse = new Mouse();
+      mouse.device = new Device(mouse);
+      mouse.device.isMouse = true;
+      move(at());
+      mouse.device.lastPos = null;
+      log(3, "init");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static Mouse get() {
+    if (mouse == null) {
+      init();
+    }
+    return mouse;
+  }
+
+  protected static boolean use() {
+    return get().device.use(null);
+  }
+
+  protected static boolean use(Object owner) {
+    return get().device.use(owner);
+  }
+
+  protected static boolean keep(Object owner) {
+    return get().device.keep(owner);
+  }
+
+  protected static boolean let() {
+    return get().device.let(null);
+  }
+
+  protected static boolean let(Object owner) {
+    return get().get().device.let(owner);
+  }
+
+  public static Location at() {
+    return get().device.getLocation();
+  }
+
+  public static void reset() {
+    if (mouse == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    get().device.unblock(get().device.owner);
+    mouse.get().device.let(get().device.owner);
+    get().device.let(get().device.owner);
+    get().device.mouseMovedResponse = get().device.MouseMovedIgnore;
+    get().device.mouseMovedCallback = null;
+		get().device.callback = null;
+    get().device.lastPos = null;
+    Screen.getMouseRobot().mouseReset();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * current setting what to do if mouse is moved outside Sikuli's mouse protection
+   *
+   * @return current setting see {@link #setMouseMovedAction(int)}
+   */
+  public static int getMouseMovedResponse() {
+    return get().device.mouseMovedResponse;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * what to do if mouse is moved outside Sikuli's mouse protection <br>
+   * - Mouse.MouseMovedIgnore (0) ignore it (default) <br>
+   * - Mouse.MouseMovedShow (1) show and ignore it <br>
+   * - Mouse.MouseMovedPause (2) show it and pause until user says continue <br>
+   * (2 not implemented yet - 1 is used)
+   *
+   * @param movedAction value
+   */
+  public static void setMouseMovedAction(int movedAction) {
+    if (movedAction > -1 && movedAction < 3) {
+      get().device.mouseMovedResponse = movedAction;
+      get().device.mouseMovedCallback = null;
+      log(lvl, "setMouseMovedAction: %d", get().device.mouseMovedResponse);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * what to do if mouse is moved outside Sikuli's mouse protection <br>
+   * only 3 is honored:<br>
+   * in case of event the user provided callBack.happened is called
+   *
+   * @param callBack ObserverCallBack
+   */
+  public static void setMouseMovedCallback(Object callBack) {
+    if (callBack != null) {
+      get().device.mouseMovedResponse = 3;
+      get().device.mouseMovedCallback = new ObserverCallBack(callBack, ObserveEvent.Type.GENERIC);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *
+   * @param state
+   */
+  public static void setMouseMovedHighlight(boolean state) {
+    get().device.MouseMovedHighlight = state;
+}
+  
+  /**
+   * check if mouse was moved since last mouse action
+   *
+   * @return true/false
+   */
+  public static boolean hasMoved() {
+    Location pos = get().device.getLocation();
+    if (get().device.lastPos.x != pos.x || get().device.lastPos.y != pos.y) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * to click (left, right, middle - single or double) at the given location using the given button
+   * only useable for local screens
+   *
+   * timing parameters: <br>
+   * - one value <br>
+   * &lt; 0 wait before mouse down <br>
+   * &gt; 0 wait after mouse up <br>
+   * - 2 or 3 values 1st wait before mouse down <br>
+   * 2nd wait after mouse up <br>
+   * 3rd inner wait (milli secs, cut to 1000): pause between mouse down and up (Settings.ClickDelay)
+   *
+   * wait before and after: &gt; 9 taken as milli secs - 1 ... 9 are seconds
+   *
+   * @param loc where to click
+   * @param action L,R,M left, right, middle - D means double click
+   * @param args timing parameters
+   * @return the location
+   */
+  public static Location click(Location loc, String action, Integer... args) {
+    if (get().device.isSuspended() || loc.isOtherScreen()) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    getArgsClick(loc, action, args);
+    get().device.use();
+    Device.delay(mouse.beforeWait);
+    Settings.ClickDelay = mouse.innerWait / 1000;
+    click(loc, mouse.buttons, 0, ((Mouse) get()).clickDouble, null);
+    Device.delay(mouse.afterWait);
+    get().device.let();
+    return loc;
+  }
+
+  private static void getArgsClick(Location loc, String action, Integer... args) {
+    mouse.mousePos = loc;
+    mouse.clickDouble = false;
+    action = action.toUpperCase();
+    if (action.contains("D")) {
+      mouse.clickDouble = true;
+    }
+    mouse.buttons = 0;
+    if (action.contains("L")) {
+      mouse.buttons += LEFT;
+    }
+    if (action.contains("M")) {
+      mouse.buttons += MIDDLE;
+    }
+    if (action.contains("R")) {
+      mouse.buttons += RIGHT;
+    }
+    if (mouse.buttons == 0) {
+      mouse.buttons = LEFT;
+    }
+    mouse.beforeWait = 0;
+    mouse.innerWait = (int) (Settings.ClickDelay * 1000);
+    mouse.afterWait = 0;
+    if (args.length > 0) {
+      if (args.length == 1) {
+        if (args[0] < 0) {
+          mouse.beforeWait = -args[0];
+        } else {
+          mouse.afterWait = args[0];
+        }
+      }
+      mouse.beforeWait = args[0];
+      if (args.length > 1) {
+        mouse.afterWait = args[1];
+        if (args.length > 2) {
+          mouse.innerWait = args[2];
+        } 
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected static int click(Location loc, int buttons, Integer modifiers, boolean dblClick, Region region) {
+    if (modifiers == null) {
+      modifiers = 0;
+    }
+    Debug profiler = Debug.startTimer("Mouse.click");
+    boolean shouldMove = true;
+    if (loc == null) {
+      shouldMove = false;
+      loc = at();
+    }
+    IRobot r = null;
+    r = Screen.getMouseRobot();
+    if (r == null) {
+      profiler.end();
+      return 0;
+    }
+    get().device.use(region);
+    profiler.lap("after use");
+    if (shouldMove) {
+      r.smoothMove(loc);
+      profiler.lap("after move");
+    }
+    r.clickStarts();
+    r.pressModifiers(modifiers);
+    int pause = Settings.ClickDelay > 1 ? 1 : (int) (Settings.ClickDelay * 1000);
+    Settings.ClickDelay = 0.0;
+    profiler.lap("before Down");
+    if (dblClick) {
+      r.mouseDown(buttons);
+      profiler.lap("before Up");
+      r.mouseUp(buttons);
+      profiler.lap("before Down");
+      r.delay(pause);
+      r.mouseDown(buttons);
+      profiler.lap("before Up");
+      r.mouseUp(buttons);
+    } else {
+      r.mouseDown(buttons);
+      r.delay(pause);
+      profiler.lap("before Up");
+      r.mouseUp(buttons);
+    }
+    profiler.lap("after click");
+    r.releaseModifiers(modifiers);
+    r.clickEnds();
+    r.waitForIdle();
+    profiler.lap("before let");
+    get().device.let(region);
+    long duration = profiler.end();
+    Debug.action(getClickMsg(loc, buttons, modifiers, dblClick, duration));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  private static String getClickMsg(Location loc, int buttons, int modifiers, boolean dblClick, long duration) {
+    String msg = "";
+    if (modifiers != 0) {
+      msg += KeyEvent.getKeyModifiersText(modifiers) + "+";
+    }
+    if (buttons == InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK && !dblClick) {
+      msg += "CLICK";
+    }
+    if (buttons == InputEvent.BUTTON1_MASK && dblClick) {
+      msg += "DOUBLE CLICK";
+    }
+    if (buttons == InputEvent.BUTTON3_MASK) {
+      msg += "RIGHT CLICK";
+    } else if (buttons == InputEvent.BUTTON2_MASK) {
+      msg += "MID CLICK";
+    }
+    msg += String.format(" on %s (%d msec)", loc, duration);
+    return msg;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move the mouse to the given location (local and remote)
+   *
+   * @param loc Location
+   * @return 1 for success, 0 otherwise
+   */
+  public static int move(Location loc) {
+    return move(loc, null);
+  }
+
+	/**
+	 * move the mouse from the current position to the offset position given by the parameters
+	 * @param xoff horizontal offset (&lt; 0 left, &gt; 0 right)
+	 * @param yoff vertical offset (&lt; 0 up, &gt; 0 down)
+   * @return 1 for success, 0 otherwise
+	 */
+  public static int move(int xoff, int yoff) {
+    return move(at().offset(xoff, yoff));
+  }
+
+  protected static int move(Location loc, Region region) {
+    if (get().device.isSuspended()) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if (loc != null) {
+      IRobot r = null;
+      r = Screen.getMouseRobot();
+      if (r == null) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      if (!r.isRemote()) {
+        get().device.use(region);
+      }
+      r.smoothMove(loc);
+      r.waitForIdle();
+      if (!r.isRemote()) {
+        get().device.let(region);
+      }
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * press and hold the given buttons {@link Button}
+   *
+   * @param buttons value
+   */
+  public static void down(int buttons) {
+    down(buttons, null);
+  }
+
+  protected static void down(int buttons, Region region) {
+    if (get().device.isSuspended()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    get().device.use(region);
+    Screen.getMouseRobot().mouseDown(buttons);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * release all buttons
+   *
+   */
+  public static void up() {
+    up(0, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * release the given buttons {@link Button}
+   *
+   * @param buttons (0 releases all buttons)
+   */
+  public static void up(int buttons) {
+    up(buttons, null);
+  }
+
+  protected static void up(int buttons, Region region) {
+    if (get().device.isSuspended()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    Screen.getMouseRobot().mouseUp(buttons);
+    if (region != null) {
+      get().device.let(region);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * move mouse using mouse wheel in the given direction the given steps <br>
+   * the result is system dependent
+   *
+   * @param direction {@link Button}
+   * @param steps value
+   */
+  public static void wheel(int direction, int steps) {
+    wheel(direction, steps, null);
+  }
+
+  protected static void wheel(int direction, int steps, Region region) {
+    wheel(direction,steps,region, WHEEL_STEP_DELAY);
+  }
+    
+  protected static void wheel(int direction, int steps, Region region, int stepDelay) {
+    if (get().device.isSuspended()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    IRobot r = Screen.getMouseRobot();
+    get().device.use(region);
+    Debug.log(3, "Region: wheel: %s steps: %d",
+            (direction == WHEEL_UP ? "WHEEL_UP" : "WHEEL_DOWN"), steps);
+    for (int i = 0; i < steps; i++) {
+      r.mouseWheel(direction);
+      r.delay(stepDelay);
+    }
+    get().device.let(region);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `get()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 339.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int Mouse.move(Location,Region)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.script.Mouse.move(org.sikuli.script.Location,org.sikuli.script.Region):int.cc634bbb84d92529488f799bcc542833
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/script/Mouse.java
+
+### Key:
+Mouse.java|move|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4b40b6082bd107d1be4b63c3cbf01ec1
+
+### Hash:
+96c1d738fb1dd83372b2b9294bea93c1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4504/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4504/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2fca870461fcac72746feda2c6350906075c3e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4504/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SikuliX-2014
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010-2014, Sikuli.org, sikulix.com
+ * Released under the MIT License.
+ *
+ * modified RaiMan
+ */
+package org.sikuli.script;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Settings;
+import org.sikuli.basics.Debug;
+import org.sikuli.natives.FindInput;
+import org.sikuli.natives.FindResult;
+import org.sikuli.natives.FindResults;
+import org.sikuli.natives.Mat;
+import org.sikuli.natives.Vision;
+
+/**
+ * INTERNAL USE implements the observe action for a region and calls the ObserverCallBacks
+ */
+public class Observer {
+
+  private static String me = "Observer: ";
+  private static int lvl = 3;
+
+  private static void log(int level, String message, Object... args) {
+    Debug.logx(level, me + message, args);
+  }
+
+  protected enum State {
+
+    FIRST, UNKNOWN, MISSING, REPEAT, HAPPENED, INACTIVE
+  }
+  private Region observedRegion = null;
+  private Mat lastImgMat = null;
+  private org.opencv.core.Mat lastImageMat = null;
+  private Map<String, State> eventStates = null;
+  private Map<String, Long> eventRepeatWaitTimes = null;
+  private Map<String, Match> eventMatches = null;
+  private Map<String, Object> eventNames = null;
+  private Map<String, ObserveEvent.Type> eventTypes = null;
+  private Map<String, Object> eventCallBacks = null;
+  private Map<String, Integer> eventCounts = null;
+  private int minChanges = 0;
+  private int numChangeCallBacks = 0;
+  private int numChangeObservers = 0;
+  private static boolean shouldStopOnFirstEvent = false;
+
+  private Observer() {
+  }
+
+  protected Observer(Region region) {
+    observedRegion = region;
+    eventStates = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, State>());
+    eventRepeatWaitTimes = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, Long>());
+    eventCounts = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, Integer>());
+    eventMatches = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, Match>());
+    eventNames = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, Object>());
+    eventTypes = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, ObserveEvent.Type>());
+    eventCallBacks = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, Object>());
+  }
+
+  protected void initialize() {
+    log(3, "resetting observe states for " + observedRegion.toStringShort());
+    synchronized (eventNames) {
+      for (String name : eventNames.keySet()) {
+        eventStates.put(name, State.FIRST);
+        eventCounts.put(name, 0);
+        eventMatches.put(name, null);
+      }
+    }
+    shouldStopOnFirstEvent = false;
+    if (Observing.getStopOnFirstEvent()) {
+      log(lvl, "requested to stop on first event");
+      shouldStopOnFirstEvent = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void setStopOnFirstEvent() {
+    shouldStopOnFirstEvent = true;
+  }
+
+  protected String[] getNames() {
+    return eventNames.keySet().toArray(new String[0]);
+  }
+
+  protected void setActive(String name, boolean state) {
+    if (eventNames.containsKey(me)) {
+      if (state) {
+        eventStates.put(name, State.FIRST);
+      } else {
+        eventStates.put(name, State.INACTIVE);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected int getCount(String name) {
+    return eventCounts.get(name);
+  }
+
+  private <PSC> float getSimiliarity(PSC ptn) {
+    float similarity = -1f;
+    if (ptn instanceof Pattern) {
+      similarity = ((Pattern) ptn).getSimilar();
+    }
+    if (similarity < 0) {
+      similarity = (float) Settings.MinSimilarity;
+    }
+    return similarity;
+  }
+
+  protected <PSC> void addObserver(PSC ptn, ObserverCallBack ob, String name, ObserveEvent.Type type) {
+    eventCallBacks.put(name, ob);
+    eventStates.put(name, State.FIRST);
+    eventNames.put(name, ptn);
+    eventTypes.put(name, type);
+    if (type == ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE) {
+      minChanges = getMinChanges();
+      numChangeObservers++;
+      if (eventCallBacks.get(name) != null) {
+        numChangeCallBacks++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void removeObserver(String name) {
+    Observing.remove(name);
+    if (eventTypes.get(name) == ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE) {
+      if (eventCallBacks.get(name) != null) {
+        numChangeCallBacks--;
+      }
+      numChangeObservers--;
+    }
+    eventNames.remove(name);
+    eventCallBacks.remove(name);
+    eventStates.remove(name);
+    eventTypes.remove(name);
+    eventCounts.remove(name);
+    eventMatches.remove(name);
+    eventRepeatWaitTimes.remove(name);
+  }
+
+  protected boolean hasObservers() {
+    return eventNames.size() > 0;
+  }
+
+  private void callEventObserver(String name, Match match, long time) {
+    Object ptn = eventNames.get(name);
+    ObserveEvent.Type obsType = eventTypes.get(name);
+    log(lvl, "%s: %s with: %s at: %s", obsType, name, ptn, match);
+    ObserveEvent observeEvent = new ObserveEvent(name, obsType, ptn, match, observedRegion, time);
+    Object callBack = eventCallBacks.get(name);
+    Observing.addEvent(observeEvent);
+    if (callBack != null && callBack instanceof ObserverCallBack) {
+      log(lvl, "running call back: %s", obsType);
+      if (obsType == ObserveEvent.Type.APPEAR) {
+        ((ObserverCallBack) callBack).appeared(observeEvent);
+      } else if (obsType == ObserveEvent.Type.VANISH) {
+        ((ObserverCallBack) callBack).vanished(observeEvent);
+      } else if (obsType == ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE) {
+        ((ObserverCallBack) callBack).changed(observeEvent);
+      } else if (obsType == ObserveEvent.Type.GENERIC) {
+        ((ObserverCallBack) callBack).happened(observeEvent);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean checkPatterns(ScreenImage simg) {
+    log(lvl + 1, "update: checking patterns");
+    if (!observedRegion.isObserving()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    Finder finder = null;
+    for (String name : eventStates.keySet()) {
+      if (!patternsToCheck()) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (eventStates.get(name) == State.REPEAT) {
+        if ((new Date()).getTime() < eventRepeatWaitTimes.get(name)) {
+          continue;
+        } else {
+          eventStates.put(name, State.UNKNOWN);
+        }
+      }
+      Object ptn = eventNames.get(name);
+      Image img = Image.createFromObject(ptn);
+      if (!img.isUseable()) {
+        Debug.error("EventMgr: checkPatterns: Image not valid", ptn);
+        eventStates.put(name, State.MISSING);
+        continue;
+      }
+      Match match = null;
+      boolean hasMatch = false;
+      long lastSearchTime;
+      long now = 0;
+      if (!Settings.UseImageFinder && Settings.CheckLastSeen && null != img.getLastSeen()) {
+        Region r = Region.create(img.getLastSeen());
+        if (observedRegion.contains(r)) {
+          lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+          Finder f = new Finder(new Screen().capture(r), r);
+          f.find(new Pattern(img).similar(Settings.CheckLastSeenSimilar));
+          if (f.hasNext()) {
+            log(lvl + 1, "checkLastSeen: still there");
+            match = new Match(new Region(img.getLastSeen()), img.getLastSeenScore());
+            match.setTimes(0, (new Date()).getTime() - lastSearchTime);
+            hasMatch = true;
+          } else {
+            log(lvl + 1, "checkLastSeen: not there");
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (match == null) {
+        if (finder == null) {
+          if (Settings.UseImageFinder) {
+            finder = new ImageFinder(observedRegion);
+            ((ImageFinder) finder).setIsMultiFinder();
+          } else {
+            finder = new Finder(simg, observedRegion);
+          }
+        }
+        lastSearchTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+        now = (new Date()).getTime();
+        finder.find(img);
+        if (finder.hasNext()) {
+          match = finder.next();
+          match.setTimes(0, now - lastSearchTime);
+          if (match.getScore() >= getSimiliarity(ptn)) {
+            hasMatch = true;
+            img.setLastSeen(match.getRect(), match.getScore());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (hasMatch) {
+        eventMatches.put(name, match);
+        log(lvl + 1, "(%s): %s match: %s in:%s", eventTypes.get(name), ptn.toString(),
+                match.toStringShort(), observedRegion.toStringShort());
+      } else if (eventStates.get(ptn) == State.FIRST) {
+        log(lvl + 1, "(%s): %s match: %s in:%s", eventTypes.get(name), ptn.toString(),
+                match.toStringShort(), observedRegion.toStringShort());
+        eventStates.put(name, State.UNKNOWN);
+      }
+      if (eventStates.get(name) != State.HAPPENED) {
+        if (hasMatch && eventTypes.get(name) == ObserveEvent.Type.VANISH) {
+          eventMatches.put(name, match);
+        }
+        if ((hasMatch && eventTypes.get(name) == ObserveEvent.Type.APPEAR)
+                || (!hasMatch && eventTypes.get(name) == ObserveEvent.Type.VANISH)) {
+          eventStates.put(name, State.HAPPENED);
+          eventCounts.put(name, eventCounts.get(name) + 1);
+          callEventObserver(name, eventMatches.get(name), now);
+          if (shouldStopOnFirstEvent) {
+            observedRegion.stopObserver();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if (!observedRegion.isObserving()) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return patternsToCheck();
+  }
+
+  private boolean patternsToCheck () {
+    for (String name : eventNames.keySet()) {
+      if (eventTypes.get(name) == ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      State s = eventStates.get(name);
+      if (s == State.FIRST || s == State.UNKNOWN || s == State.REPEAT) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  protected void repeat(String name, long secs) {
+    eventStates.put(name, State.REPEAT);
+    if (secs <= 0) {
+      secs = (long) observedRegion.getRepeatWaitTime();
+    }
+    eventRepeatWaitTimes.put(name, (new Date()).getTime() + 1000 * secs);
+    log(lvl, "repeat (%s): %s after %d seconds", eventTypes.get(name), name, secs);
+  }
+
+  private int getMinChanges() {
+    int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    int n;
+    for (String name : eventNames.keySet()) {
+      if (eventTypes.get(name) != ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE) continue;
+      n = (Integer) eventNames.get(name);
+      if (n < min) {
+        min = n;
+      }
+    }
+    return min;
+  }
+
+  private boolean checkChanges(ScreenImage img) {
+    if (numChangeObservers == 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    boolean leftToDo = false;
+    if (lastImgMat == null) {
+      if (Settings.UseImageFinder) {
+        lastImageMat = new org.opencv.core.Mat();
+      } else {
+        lastImgMat = Image.convertBufferedImageToMat(img.getImage());
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (Settings.UseImageFinder && lastImageMat.empty()) {
+      lastImageMat = Image.createMat(img.getImage());
+      return true;
+    }
+    for (String name : eventNames.keySet()) {
+      if (eventTypes.get(name) != ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (eventStates.get(name) == State.REPEAT) {
+        if ((new Date()).getTime() < eventRepeatWaitTimes.get(name)) {
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      leftToDo = true;
+    }
+    if (leftToDo) {
+      leftToDo = false;
+      log(lvl + 1, "update: checking changes");
+      if (Settings.UseImageFinder) {
+        ImageFinder f = new ImageFinder(lastImageMat);
+        f.setMinChanges(minChanges);
+        org.opencv.core.Mat current = Image.createMat(img.getImage());
+        if (f.hasChanges(current)) {
+          //TODO implement ChangeObserver: processing changes
+          log(lvl, "TODO: processing changes");
+        }
+        lastImageMat = current;
+      } else {
+        FindInput fin = new FindInput();
+        fin.setSource(lastImgMat);
+        Mat target = Image.convertBufferedImageToMat(img.getImage());
+        fin.setTarget(target);
+        fin.setSimilarity(minChanges);
+        FindResults results = Vision.findChanges(fin);
+        if (results.size() > 0) {
+          callChangeObserver(results);
+          if (shouldStopOnFirstEvent) {
+            observedRegion.stopObserver();
+          }
+        } else {
+          leftToDo = true;
+        }
+        lastImgMat = target;
+      }
+    }
+    return leftToDo |= numChangeCallBacks > 0;
+  }
+
+  private void callChangeObserver(FindResults results) {
+    int n;
+    log(lvl, "changes: %d in: %s", results.size(), observedRegion);
+    for (String name : eventNames.keySet()) {
+      if (eventTypes.get(name) != ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE) {
+        continue;
+      }
+      n = (Integer) eventNames.get(name);
+      List<Match> changes = new ArrayList<Match>();
+      for (int i = 0; i < results.size(); i++) {
+        FindResult r = results.get(i);
+        if (r.getW() * r.getH() >= n) {
+          changes.add(observedRegion.toGlobalCoord(new Match(r, observedRegion.getScreen())));
+        }
+      }
+      if (changes.size() > 0) {
+        long now = (new Date()).getTime();
+        eventCounts.put(name, eventCounts.get(name) + 1);
+        ObserveEvent observeEvent = new ObserveEvent(name, ObserveEvent.Type.CHANGE, null, null, observedRegion, now);
+        observeEvent.setChanges(changes);
+        observeEvent.setIndex(n);
+        Observing.addEvent(observeEvent);
+        Object callBack = eventCallBacks.get(name);
+        if (callBack != null) {
+          log(lvl, "running call back");
+          ((ObserverCallBack) callBack).changed(observeEvent);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected boolean update(ScreenImage simg) {
+    boolean fromPatterns = checkPatterns(simg);
+    log(lvl, "update result: Patterns: %s", fromPatterns);
+    if (!observedRegion.isObserving()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    boolean fromChanges = checkChanges(simg);
+    log(lvl, "update result: Changes: %s", fromChanges);
+    if (!observedRegion.isObserving()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+   return false || fromPatterns || fromChanges;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `img.imageName` last assigned on line 191 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `isUseable()` at line 192.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Observer.checkPatterns(ScreenImage)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sikuli.script.Observer.checkPatterns(org.sikuli.script.ScreenImage):boolean.b1d06e7b2f4680e270834ae4d32c1f90
+
+### File:
+API/src/main/java/org/sikuli/script/Observer.java
+
+### Key:
+Observer.java|checkPatterns|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9afcdcc9d4253c36267a0d34b98c337d
+
+### Hash:
+222737eafcd432a2895432906c194fb0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4532/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4532/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7444d743e9c27cadef8debc2dff3cc62674a4b63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4532/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** anserini
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.anserini.search;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import static io.anserini.index.IndexClueWeb09b.FIELD_BODY;
+import static io.anserini.index.IndexClueWeb09b.FIELD_ID;
+import static io.anserini.index.IndexClueWeb09b.analyzer;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.DirectoryReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.ParseException;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParser;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.IndexSearcher;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.ScoreDoc;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.BM25Similarity;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory;
+
+/**
+ * Searcher for ClueWeb09 Category B Corpus.
+ * 200 Topics from TREC 2009-1012 Web Track.
+ */
+public final class SearchClueWeb09b implements Closeable {
+
+  private final IndexReader reader;
+
+  public SearchClueWeb09b(String indexDir) throws IOException {
+
+    Path indexPath = Paths.get(indexDir);
+
+    if (!Files.exists(indexPath) || !Files.isDirectory(indexPath) || !Files.isReadable(indexPath)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException(indexDir + " does not exist or is not a directory.");
+    }
+
+    this.reader = DirectoryReader.open(FSDirectory.open(indexPath));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws IOException {
+    reader.close();
+  }
+
+  private static String extract(String line, String tag) {
+
+    int i = line.indexOf(tag);
+
+    if (i == -1) throw new IllegalArgumentException("line does not contain the tag : " + tag);
+
+    int j = line.indexOf("\"", i + tag.length() + 2);
+
+    if (j == -1) throw new IllegalArgumentException("line does not contain quotation");
+
+    return line.substring(i + tag.length() + 2, j);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param topicsFile One of: topics.web.1-50.txt topics.web.51-100.txt topics.web.101-150.txt topics.web.151-200.txt
+   * @return SortedMap where keys are query/topic IDs and values are title portions of the topics
+   * @throws IOException
+   */
+  static SortedMap<Integer, String> readQueries(Path topicsFile) throws IOException {
+
+    SortedMap<Integer, String> map = new TreeMap<>();
+    List<String> lines = Files.readAllLines(topicsFile, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+    String number = "";
+    String query = "";
+
+    for (String line : lines) {
+
+      line = line.trim();
+
+      if (line.startsWith("<topic"))
+        number = extract(line, "number");
+
+      if (line.startsWith("<query>") && line.endsWith("</query>"))
+        query = line.substring(7, line.length() - 8).trim();
+
+      if (line.startsWith("</topic>"))
+        map.put(Integer.parseInt(number), query);
+
+    }
+
+    lines.clear();
+    return map;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Prints TREC submission file to the standard output stream.
+   *
+   * @param topicsFile One of: topics.web.1-50.txt topics.web.51-100.txt topics.web.101-150.txt topics.web.151-200.txt
+   * @param operator   Default search operator: AND or OR
+   * @throws IOException
+   * @throws ParseException
+   */
+
+  public void search(String topicsFile, String submissionFile, QueryParser.Operator operator) throws IOException, ParseException {
+
+    Path topicsPath = Paths.get(topicsFile);
+
+    if (!Files.exists(topicsPath) || !Files.isRegularFile(topicsPath) || !Files.isReadable(topicsPath)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Topics file : " + topicsFile + " does not exist or is not a (readable) file.");
+    }
+
+    IndexSearcher searcher = new IndexSearcher(reader);
+    searcher.setSimilarity(new BM25Similarity());
+
+
+    final String runTag = "BM25_Krovetz_" + FIELD_BODY + "_" + operator.toString();
+
+    PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(Files.newBufferedWriter(Paths.get(submissionFile), StandardCharsets.US_ASCII));
+
+
+    QueryParser queryParser = new QueryParser(FIELD_BODY, analyzer());
+    queryParser.setDefaultOperator(operator);
+
+
+    SortedMap<Integer, String> topics = readQueries(topicsPath);
+
+    for (Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : topics.entrySet()) {
+
+      int qID = entry.getKey();
+      String queryString = entry.getValue();
+      Query query = queryParser.parse(queryString);
+
+      /**
+       * For Web Tracks 2010,2011,and 2012; an experimental run consists of the top 10,000 documents for each topic query.
+       */
+      ScoreDoc[] hits = searcher.search(query, 1000).scoreDocs;
+
+      /**
+       * the first column is the topic number.
+       * the second column is currently unused and should always be "Q0".
+       * the third column is the official document identifier of the retrieved document.
+       * the fourth column is the rank the document is retrieved.
+       * the fifth column shows the score (integer or floating point) that generated the ranking.
+       * the sixth column is called the "run tag" and should be a unique identifier for your
+       */
+      for (int i = 0; i < hits.length; i++) {
+        int docId = hits[i].doc;
+        Document doc = searcher.doc(docId);
+        out.print(qID);
+        out.print("\tQ0\t");
+        out.print(doc.get(FIELD_ID));
+        out.print("\t");
+        out.print(i);
+        out.print("\t");
+        out.print(hits[i].score);
+        out.print("\t");
+        out.print(runTag);
+        out.println();
+      }
+    }
+    out.flush();
+    out.close();
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ParseException {
+
+    if (args.length != 3) {
+      System.err.println("Usage: SearcherCW09B <topicsFile> <submissionFile> <indexDir>");
+      System.err.println("topicsFile: input file containing queries. One of: topics.web.1-50.txt topics.web.51-100.txt topics.web.101-150.txt topics.web.151-200.txt");
+      System.err.println("submissionFile: redirect stdout to capture the submission file for trec_eval or gdeval.pl");
+      System.err.println("indexDir: index directory");
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    String topicsFile = args[0];
+    String submissionFile = args[1];
+    String indexDir = args[2];
+
+    SearchClueWeb09b searcher = new SearchClueWeb09b(indexDir);
+    searcher.search(topicsFile, submissionFile, QueryParser.Operator.OR);
+    searcher.close();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `io.anserini.search.SearchClueWeb09b` acquired to `searcher` by call to `new()` at line 200 is not released after line 203.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 201
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SearchClueWeb09b.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.anserini.search.SearchClueWeb09b.main(java.lang.String[]):void.d361bb62ee0329c27569fcd09102979b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/anserini/search/SearchClueWeb09b.java
+
+### Key:
+SearchClueWeb09b.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+47bdcfc71a106e72e5f68089575596c2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4533/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4533/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a79d0fa8587e5123c435d9f19da0ffb5da33688e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4533/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** anserini
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.anserini.search;
+
+import io.anserini.rerank.RerankerCascade;
+import io.anserini.rerank.RerankerContext;
+import io.anserini.rerank.ScoredDocuments;
+import io.anserini.rerank.rm3.Rm3Reranker;
+import io.anserini.util.AnalyzerUtils;
+
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQuery;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQueryParser;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.trec.QueryDriver;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.trec.TrecTopicsReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.utils.SubmissionReport;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.DirectoryReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.ParseException;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParser;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParserBase;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.BooleanClause;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.BooleanQuery;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.IndexSearcher;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.TopDocs;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.BM25Similarity;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.MMapDirectory;
+
+public class SearchGov2 extends QueryDriver {
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+
+    if (args.length < 4 || args.length > 5) {
+      System.err.println("Usage: QueryDriver <topicsFile> <qrelsFile> <submissionFile> <indexDir> [querySpec]");
+      System.err.println("topicsFile: input file containing queries");
+      System.err.println("qrelsFile: input file containing relevance judgements");
+      System.err.println("submissionFile: output submission file for trec_eval");
+      System.err.println("indexDir: index directory");
+      System.err.println("querySpec: string composed of fields to use in query consisting of T=title,D=description,N=narrative:");
+      System.err.println("\texample: TD (query on Title + Description). The default is T (title only)");
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    Path topicsFile = Paths.get(args[0]);
+    Path qrelsFile = Paths.get(args[1]);
+    Path submissionFile = Paths.get(args[2]);
+    SubmissionReport submitLog = new SubmissionReport(new PrintWriter(Files.newBufferedWriter(submissionFile, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)), "lucene");
+    MMapDirectory dir = new MMapDirectory(Paths.get(args[3]));
+    dir.setPreload(true);
+    String fieldSpec = args.length == 5 ? args[4] : "T"; // default to Title-only if not specified.
+    IndexReader reader = DirectoryReader.open(dir);
+    IndexSearcher searcher = new IndexSearcher(reader);
+
+    searcher.setSimilarity(new BM25Similarity(0.9f, 0.4f));
+    //searcher.setSimilarity(new LMDirichletSimilarity(2500.0f));
+
+    int maxResults = 1000;
+    String docNameField = "docid";
+
+    PrintWriter logger = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out, Charset.defaultCharset()), true);
+
+    // use trec utilities to read trec topics into quality queries
+    TrecTopicsReader qReader = new TrecTopicsReader();
+    QualityQuery qqs[] = qReader.readQueries(Files.newBufferedReader(topicsFile, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+
+    // prepare judge, with trec utilities that read from a QRels file
+    //Judge judge = new TrecJudge(Files.newBufferedReader(qrelsFile, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+
+    // validate topics & judgments match each other
+    //judge.validateData(qqs, logger);
+
+    Set<String> fieldSet = new HashSet<>();
+    if (fieldSpec.indexOf('T') >= 0) fieldSet.add("title");
+    if (fieldSpec.indexOf('D') >= 0) fieldSet.add("description");
+    if (fieldSpec.indexOf('N') >= 0) fieldSet.add("narrative");
+
+    // set the parsing of quality queries into Lucene queries.
+    QualityQueryParser qqParser = new EnglishQQParser(fieldSet.toArray(new String[0]), "body");
+
+    PrintStream out = new PrintStream(System.out, true, "UTF-8");
+
+    for (QualityQuery qq : qqs) {
+      //System.out.println(qq.getValue("title"));
+      
+      Query query = AnalyzerUtils.buildBagOfWordsQuery("body", new EnglishAnalyzer(), qq.getValue("title"));
+      //System.out.println(query);
+      TopDocs rs = searcher.search(query, maxResults);
+
+      RerankerContext context = new RerankerContext(searcher, query, qq.getValue("title"), null);
+      RerankerCascade cascade = new RerankerCascade(context);
+
+      cascade.add(new Rm3Reranker(new EnglishAnalyzer(), "body"));
+
+      ScoredDocuments docs = cascade.run(ScoredDocuments.fromTopDocs(rs, searcher));
+
+      for (int i=0; i<docs.documents.length; i++) {
+        String qid = qq.getQueryID();
+        out.println(String.format("%s Q0 %s %d %f %s", qid,
+            docs.documents[i].getField("docid").stringValue(), (i+1), docs.scores[i], "Lucene"));
+      }
+    }
+
+//    // run the benchmark
+//    QualityBenchmark qrun = new QualityBenchmark(qqs, qqParser, searcher, docNameField);
+//    qrun.setMaxResults(maxResults);
+//    QualityStats stats[] = qrun.execute(judge, submitLog, logger);
+//
+//    // print an avarage sum of the results
+//    QualityStats avg = QualityStats.average(stats);
+//    avg.log("SUMMARY", 2, logger, "  ");
+    
+    reader.close();
+    dir.close();
+    out.close();
+  }
+}
+
+class EnglishQQParser implements QualityQueryParser {
+
+  private String qqNames[];
+  private String indexField;
+  ThreadLocal<QueryParser> queryParser = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor of a simple qq parser.
+   * @param qqNames name-value pairs of quality query to use for creating the query
+   * @param indexField corresponding index field
+   */
+  public EnglishQQParser(String qqNames[], String indexField) {
+    this.qqNames = qqNames;
+    this.indexField = indexField;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor of a simple qq parser.
+   * @param qqName name-value pair of quality query to use for creating the query
+   * @param indexField corresponding index field
+   */
+  public EnglishQQParser(String qqName, String indexField) {
+    this(new String[] { qqName }, indexField);
+  }
+
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQueryParser#parse(org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQuery)
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Query parse(QualityQuery qq) throws ParseException {
+    QueryParser qp = queryParser.get();
+    if (qp==null) {
+      qp = new QueryParser(indexField, new EnglishAnalyzer());
+      queryParser.set(qp);
+    }
+    BooleanQuery bq = new BooleanQuery();
+    for (int i = 0; i < qqNames.length; i++)
+      bq.add(qp.parse(QueryParserBase.escape(qq.getValue(qqNames[i]))), BooleanClause.Occur.SHOULD);
+
+    return bq;
+  }
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer` acquired by call to `new()` at line 102 is not released after line 102.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 102
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SearchGov2.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.anserini.search.SearchGov2.main(java.lang.String[]):void.c61867f2f657813dec4c748c482e3918
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/anserini/search/SearchGov2.java
+
+### Key:
+SearchGov2.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b3399814be3cc7d667467babcf83eb19
+
+### Hash:
+f19219166309fa33fc9804d213d32207
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4534/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4534/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68ae07d65d99109b9c17c5e8590630c4a48f2da8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4534/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** anserini
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.anserini.search;
+
+import io.anserini.rerank.RerankerCascade;
+import io.anserini.rerank.RerankerContext;
+import io.anserini.rerank.ScoredDocuments;
+import io.anserini.rerank.rm3.Rm3Reranker;
+import io.anserini.util.AnalyzerUtils;
+
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQuery;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQueryParser;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.trec.QueryDriver;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.trec.TrecTopicsReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.utils.SubmissionReport;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.DirectoryReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.ParseException;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParser;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.QueryParserBase;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.BooleanClause;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.BooleanQuery;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.IndexSearcher;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.TopDocs;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.BM25Similarity;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.FSDirectory;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.MMapDirectory;
+
+public class SearchGov2 extends QueryDriver {
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+
+    if (args.length < 4 || args.length > 5) {
+      System.err.println("Usage: QueryDriver <topicsFile> <qrelsFile> <submissionFile> <indexDir> [querySpec]");
+      System.err.println("topicsFile: input file containing queries");
+      System.err.println("qrelsFile: input file containing relevance judgements");
+      System.err.println("submissionFile: output submission file for trec_eval");
+      System.err.println("indexDir: index directory");
+      System.err.println("querySpec: string composed of fields to use in query consisting of T=title,D=description,N=narrative:");
+      System.err.println("\texample: TD (query on Title + Description). The default is T (title only)");
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    Path topicsFile = Paths.get(args[0]);
+    Path qrelsFile = Paths.get(args[1]);
+    Path submissionFile = Paths.get(args[2]);
+    SubmissionReport submitLog = new SubmissionReport(new PrintWriter(Files.newBufferedWriter(submissionFile, StandardCharsets.UTF_8)), "lucene");
+    MMapDirectory dir = new MMapDirectory(Paths.get(args[3]));
+    dir.setPreload(true);
+    String fieldSpec = args.length == 5 ? args[4] : "T"; // default to Title-only if not specified.
+    IndexReader reader = DirectoryReader.open(dir);
+    IndexSearcher searcher = new IndexSearcher(reader);
+
+    searcher.setSimilarity(new BM25Similarity(0.9f, 0.4f));
+    //searcher.setSimilarity(new LMDirichletSimilarity(2500.0f));
+
+    int maxResults = 1000;
+    String docNameField = "docid";
+
+    PrintWriter logger = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out, Charset.defaultCharset()), true);
+
+    // use trec utilities to read trec topics into quality queries
+    TrecTopicsReader qReader = new TrecTopicsReader();
+    QualityQuery qqs[] = qReader.readQueries(Files.newBufferedReader(topicsFile, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+
+    // prepare judge, with trec utilities that read from a QRels file
+    //Judge judge = new TrecJudge(Files.newBufferedReader(qrelsFile, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
+
+    // validate topics & judgments match each other
+    //judge.validateData(qqs, logger);
+
+    Set<String> fieldSet = new HashSet<>();
+    if (fieldSpec.indexOf('T') >= 0) fieldSet.add("title");
+    if (fieldSpec.indexOf('D') >= 0) fieldSet.add("description");
+    if (fieldSpec.indexOf('N') >= 0) fieldSet.add("narrative");
+
+    // set the parsing of quality queries into Lucene queries.
+    QualityQueryParser qqParser = new EnglishQQParser(fieldSet.toArray(new String[0]), "body");
+
+    PrintStream out = new PrintStream(System.out, true, "UTF-8");
+
+    for (QualityQuery qq : qqs) {
+      //System.out.println(qq.getValue("title"));
+      
+      Query query = AnalyzerUtils.buildBagOfWordsQuery("body", new EnglishAnalyzer(), qq.getValue("title"));
+      //System.out.println(query);
+      TopDocs rs = searcher.search(query, maxResults);
+
+      RerankerContext context = new RerankerContext(searcher, query, qq.getValue("title"), null);
+      RerankerCascade cascade = new RerankerCascade(context);
+
+      cascade.add(new Rm3Reranker(new EnglishAnalyzer(), "body"));
+
+      ScoredDocuments docs = cascade.run(ScoredDocuments.fromTopDocs(rs, searcher));
+
+      for (int i=0; i<docs.documents.length; i++) {
+        String qid = qq.getQueryID();
+        out.println(String.format("%s Q0 %s %d %f %s", qid,
+            docs.documents[i].getField("docid").stringValue(), (i+1), docs.scores[i], "Lucene"));
+      }
+    }
+
+//    // run the benchmark
+//    QualityBenchmark qrun = new QualityBenchmark(qqs, qqParser, searcher, docNameField);
+//    qrun.setMaxResults(maxResults);
+//    QualityStats stats[] = qrun.execute(judge, submitLog, logger);
+//
+//    // print an avarage sum of the results
+//    QualityStats avg = QualityStats.average(stats);
+//    avg.log("SUMMARY", 2, logger, "  ");
+    
+    reader.close();
+    dir.close();
+    out.close();
+  }
+}
+
+class EnglishQQParser implements QualityQueryParser {
+
+  private String qqNames[];
+  private String indexField;
+  ThreadLocal<QueryParser> queryParser = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor of a simple qq parser.
+   * @param qqNames name-value pairs of quality query to use for creating the query
+   * @param indexField corresponding index field
+   */
+  public EnglishQQParser(String qqNames[], String indexField) {
+    this.qqNames = qqNames;
+    this.indexField = indexField;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor of a simple qq parser.
+   * @param qqName name-value pair of quality query to use for creating the query
+   * @param indexField corresponding index field
+   */
+  public EnglishQQParser(String qqName, String indexField) {
+    this(new String[] { qqName }, indexField);
+  }
+
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQueryParser#parse(org.apache.lucene.benchmark.quality.QualityQuery)
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Query parse(QualityQuery qq) throws ParseException {
+    QueryParser qp = queryParser.get();
+    if (qp==null) {
+      qp = new QueryParser(indexField, new EnglishAnalyzer());
+      queryParser.set(qp);
+    }
+    BooleanQuery bq = new BooleanQuery();
+    for (int i = 0; i < qqNames.length; i++)
+      bq.add(qp.parse(QueryParserBase.escape(qq.getValue(qqNames[i]))), BooleanClause.Occur.SHOULD);
+
+    return bq;
+  }
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer` acquired by call to `new()` at line 95 is not released after line 95.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SearchGov2.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.anserini.search.SearchGov2.main(java.lang.String[]):void.c61867f2f657813dec4c748c482e3918
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/anserini/search/SearchGov2.java
+
+### Key:
+SearchGov2.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3673c4de52f870dfd662aca72d369e76
+
+### Hash:
+2098bb121c50cfcac0b7d849010cdc5d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4535/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4535/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07341335e0427a6ab595fb9dd481093590dc475c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4535/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** anserini
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.anserini.util;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import io.anserini.search.SearchClueWeb09b;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.time.DurationFormatUtils;
+import org.apache.lucene.queryparser.classic.ParseException;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.BM25Similarity;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Utility to capture Search/Execution Times.
+ */
+public class SearchTimeUtil {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ParseException {
+
+    if (args.length != 1) {
+      System.err.println("Usage: SearchTimeUtil <indexDir>");
+      System.err.println("indexDir: index directory");
+      System.exit(1);
+    }
+
+    String[] topics = {"topics.web.1-50.txt", "topics.web.51-100.txt", "topics.web.101-150.txt", "topics.web.151-200.txt", "topics.web.201-250.txt", "topics.web.251-300.txt"};
+
+    SearchClueWeb09b searcher = new SearchClueWeb09b(args[0]);
+
+    for (String topicFile : topics) {
+      Path topicsFile = Paths.get("src/resources/topics-and-qrels/", topicFile);
+      SortedMap<Integer, String> queries = SearchClueWeb09b.readWebTrackQueries(topicsFile);
+      for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
+        final long start = System.nanoTime();
+        String submissionFile = File.createTempFile(topicFile + "_" + i, ".tmp").getAbsolutePath();
+        searcher.search(queries, submissionFile, new BM25Similarity(0.9f, 0.4f), 1000);
+        final long durationMillis = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.convert(System.nanoTime() - start, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
+        System.out.println(topicFile + "_" + i + " search completed in " + DurationFormatUtils.formatDuration(durationMillis, "mm:ss:SSS"));
+      }
+    }
+
+    searcher.close();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `io.anserini.search.SearchClueWeb09b` acquired to `searcher` by call to `new()` at line 47 is not released after line 62.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 51
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SearchTimeUtil.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.anserini.util.SearchTimeUtil.main(java.lang.String[]):void.7c1eb71d73980366b9c02cae02d74f86
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/anserini/util/SearchTimeUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+SearchTimeUtil.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+5f2c779c7337669e4e09eca56d370fb0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4551/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4551/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1e899c016d66064a3ac89f5c2b33906c6f3db69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4551/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2012-2013 Gunnar Morling (http://www.gunnarmorling.de/)
+ *  and/or other contributors as indicated by the @authors tag. See the
+ *  copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full listing of all
+ *  contributors.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap;
+
+import java.beans.Introspector;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.annotation.processing.ProcessingEnvironment;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.element.AnnotationValue;
+import javax.lang.model.element.Element;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.VariableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.DeclaredType;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.util.ElementKindVisitor6;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Elements;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Types;
+import javax.tools.Diagnostic.Kind;
+import javax.tools.JavaFileObject;
+
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversion;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversions;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.BeanMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Mapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Options;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.PropertyMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Type;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.MappedProperty;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Mapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Method;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Parameter;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Executables;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Filters;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.TypeUtil;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.writer.ModelWriter;
+
+import static javax.lang.model.util.ElementFilter.methodsIn;
+
+public class MapperGenerationVisitor extends ElementKindVisitor6<Void, Void> {
+
+    private static final String IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX = "Impl";
+
+    private final ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment;
+    private final Types typeUtils;
+    private final Elements elementUtils;
+    private final TypeUtil typeUtil;
+    private final Options options;
+
+    private boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+    public MapperGenerationVisitor(ProcessingEnvironment processingEnvironment, Options options) {
+        this.processingEnvironment = processingEnvironment;
+        this.typeUtils = processingEnvironment.getTypeUtils();
+        this.elementUtils = processingEnvironment.getElementUtils();
+        this.typeUtil = new TypeUtil( elementUtils, typeUtils );
+        this.options = options;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Void visitTypeAsInterface(TypeElement element, Void p) {
+        Mapper model = retrieveModel( element );
+
+        if ( !mappingErroneous ) {
+            String sourceFileName = element.getQualifiedName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX;
+            writeModelToSourceFile( sourceFileName, model );
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void writeModelToSourceFile(String fileName, Mapper model) {
+        JavaFileObject sourceFile;
+        try {
+            sourceFile = processingEnvironment.getFiler().createSourceFile( fileName );
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e ) {
+            throw new RuntimeException( e );
+        }
+
+        ModelWriter modelWriter = new ModelWriter( "mapper-implementation.ftl" );
+        modelWriter.writeModel( sourceFile, model );
+    }
+
+    private Mapper retrieveModel(TypeElement element) {
+        List<Method> methods = retrieveMethods( null, element );
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = getMappings( methods );
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = getUsedMapperTypes( element );
+
+        Mapper mapper = new Mapper(
+            elementUtils.getPackageOf( element ).getQualifiedName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX,
+            mappings,
+            usedMapperTypes,
+            options
+        );
+
+        return mapper;
+    }
+
+    private List<BeanMapping> getMappings(List<Method> methods) {
+        Conversions conversions = new Conversions( elementUtils, typeUtils, typeUtil );
+
+        List<BeanMapping> mappings = new ArrayList<BeanMapping>();
+        Set<Method> processedMethods = new HashSet<Method>();
+
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( processedMethods.contains( method ) ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            MappingMethod mappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                method.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                method.getName(),
+                method.getParameterName(),
+                getElementMappingMethod( methods, method )
+            );
+
+            MappingMethod reverseMappingMethod = null;
+            Method rawReverseMappingMethod = getReverseMappingMethod( methods, method );
+            if ( rawReverseMappingMethod != null ) {
+                processedMethods.add( rawReverseMappingMethod );
+
+                reverseMappingMethod = new MappingMethod(
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getName(),
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod.getParameterName(),
+                    getElementMappingMethod( methods, rawReverseMappingMethod )
+                );
+            }
+
+            List<PropertyMapping> propertyMappings = new ArrayList<PropertyMapping>();
+
+            for ( MappedProperty property : method.getMappedProperties() ) {
+                Method propertyMappingMethod = getPropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Method reversePropertyMappingMethod = getReversePropertyMappingMethod( methods, property );
+                Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( property.getSourceType(), property.getTargetType() );
+
+                reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(
+                    method,
+                    rawReverseMappingMethod,
+                    property,
+                    propertyMappingMethod,
+                    reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                    conversion
+                );
+
+                propertyMappings.add(
+                    new PropertyMapping(
+                        property.getSourceReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getSourceType(),
+                        property.getTargetReadAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetWriteAccessorName(),
+                        property.getTargetType(),
+                        propertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            propertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ? new MappingMethod(
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getName(),
+                            reversePropertyMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null ? conversion.to(
+                            mappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getSourceReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getTargetType()
+                        ) : null,
+                        conversion != null && reverseMappingMethod != null ? conversion.from(
+                            reverseMappingMethod.getParameterName() + "." + property.getTargetReadAccessorName() + "()",
+                            property.getSourceType()
+                        ) : null
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+
+            boolean isIterableMapping = method.getSourceType().isIterableType() && method.getTargetType()
+                .isIterableType();
+
+            String toConversionString = null;
+            String fromConversionString = null;
+
+            if ( isIterableMapping ) {
+                toConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    true
+                );
+                fromConversionString = getIterableConversionString(
+                    conversions,
+                    method.getTargetType().getElementType(),
+                    method.getSourceType().getElementType(),
+                    false
+                );
+            }
+
+            BeanMapping mapping = new BeanMapping(
+                method.getSourceType(),
+                method.getTargetType(),
+                propertyMappings,
+                mappingMethod,
+                reverseMappingMethod,
+                toConversionString,
+                fromConversionString
+            );
+
+            mappings.add( mapping );
+        }
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(Method method, Method reverseMethod, MappedProperty property,
+                                                     Method propertyMappingMethod, Method reversePropertyMappingMethod,
+                                                     Conversion conversion) {
+        if ( property.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        //no mapping method nor conversion nor collection with default implementation
+        if ( !(
+            propertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getTargetType().isCollectionType() && property.getTargetType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            reportError(
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName(),
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName()
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+
+        if ( reverseMethod == null ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ( !(
+            reversePropertyMappingMethod != null ||
+                conversion != null ||
+                ( property.getSourceType().isCollectionType() && property.getSourceType()
+                    .getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) ) {
+
+            reportError(
+                String.format(
+                    "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                    property.getTargetType(),
+                    property.getTargetName(),
+                    property.getSourceType(),
+                    property.getSourceName()
+                ),
+                reverseMethod.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getIterableConversionString(Conversions conversions, Type sourceElementType, Type targetElementType,
+                                               boolean isToConversion) {
+        Conversion conversion = conversions.getConversion( sourceElementType, targetElementType );
+
+        if ( conversion == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return conversion.to(
+            Introspector.decapitalize( sourceElementType.getName() ),
+            targetElementType
+        );
+    }
+
+    private List<Type> getUsedMapperTypes(TypeElement element) {
+        List<Type> usedMapperTypes = new LinkedList<Type>();
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+        for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+            usedMapperTypes.add( typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ) );
+        }
+        return usedMapperTypes;
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethod getElementMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, Method method) {
+        Method elementMappingMethod = null;
+        for ( Method oneMethod : methods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( method.getSourceType().getElementType() ) ) {
+                elementMappingMethod = oneMethod;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return elementMappingMethod == null ? null : new MappingMethod(
+            elementMappingMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getName(),
+            elementMappingMethod.getParameterName()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Method getPropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> rawMethods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.getSourceType().equals( property.getSourceType() ) && oneMethod.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getTargetType() ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReversePropertyMappingMethod(Iterable<Method> methods, MappedProperty property) {
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( method.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) && method.getTargetType()
+                .equals( property.getSourceType() ) ) {
+                return method;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Method getReverseMappingMethod(List<Method> rawMethods,
+                                           Method method) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.reverses( method ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private List<Method> retrieveMethods(Type declaringMapper, Element element) {
+        List<Method> methods = new ArrayList<Method>();
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement method : methodsIn( element.getEnclosedElements() ) ) {
+            Parameter parameter = retrieveParameter( method );
+            Type returnType = retrieveReturnType( method );
+            boolean mappingErroneous = false;
+
+            if ( declaringMapper == null ) {
+                if ( parameter.getType().isIterableType() && !returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method from iterable type to non-iterable type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( !parameter.getType().isIterableType() && returnType.isIterableType() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method from non-iterable type to iterable type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( parameter.getType().isPrimitive() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method with primitive parameter type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+                if ( returnType.isPrimitive() ) {
+                    reportError( "Can't generate mapping method with primitive return type.", method );
+                    mappingErroneous = true;
+                }
+
+                if ( mappingErroneous ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            //retrieve property mappings if an implementation for the method needs to be generated
+            List<MappedProperty> properties = declaringMapper == null ? retrieveMappedProperties( method ) : Collections
+                .<MappedProperty>emptyList();
+
+            methods.add(
+                new Method(
+                    declaringMapper,
+                    method,
+                    parameter.getName(),
+                    parameter.getType(),
+                    returnType,
+                    properties
+                )
+            );
+        }
+
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+
+        if ( mapperPrism != null ) {
+            for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+                methods.addAll(
+                    retrieveMethods(
+                        typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ),
+                        ( (DeclaredType) usedMapper ).asElement()
+                    )
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return methods;
+    }
+
+    private List<MappedProperty> retrieveMappedProperties(ExecutableElement method) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        MappingPrism mappingAnnotation = MappingPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+        MappingsPrism mappingsAnnotation = MappingsPrism.getInstanceOn( method );
+
+        if ( mappingAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.put( mappingAnnotation.source(), getMapping( mappingAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        if ( mappingsAnnotation != null ) {
+            mappings.putAll( getMappings( mappingsAnnotation ) );
+        }
+
+        return getMappedProperties( method, mappings );
+    }
+
+    private List<MappedProperty> getMappedProperties(ExecutableElement method, Map<String, Mapping> mappings) {
+        Element returnTypeElement = typeUtils.asElement( method.getReturnType() );
+        Element parameterElement = typeUtils.asElement( method.getParameters().get( 0 ).asType() );
+
+        List<MappedProperty> properties = new ArrayList<MappedProperty>();
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn( parameterElement.getEnclosedElements() );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn( returnTypeElement.getEnclosedElements() );
+
+        reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist( method, mappings, sourceGetters, targetSetters );
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement getterMethod : sourceGetters ) {
+            String sourcePropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( getterMethod );
+            Mapping mapping = mappings.get( sourcePropertyName );
+
+            for ( ExecutableElement setterMethod : targetSetters ) {
+                String targetPropertyName = Executables.getPropertyName( setterMethod );
+
+                if ( targetPropertyName.equals( mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : sourcePropertyName ) ) {
+                    properties.add(
+                        new MappedProperty(
+                            sourcePropertyName,
+                            getterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            Executables.getCorrespondingSetterMethod( parameterElement, getterMethod )
+                                .getSimpleName()
+                                .toString(),
+                            retrieveReturnType( getterMethod ),
+                            mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : targetPropertyName,
+                            Executables.getCorrespondingGetterMethod( returnTypeElement, setterMethod )
+                                .getSimpleName()
+                                .toString(),
+                            setterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+                            retrieveParameter( setterMethod ).getType()
+                        )
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return properties;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist(ExecutableElement method, Map<String, Mapping> mappings,
+                                                        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters,
+                                                        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters) {
+
+        Set<String> sourcePropertyNames = getPropertyNames( sourceGetters );
+        Set<String> targetPropertyNames = getPropertyNames( targetSetters );
+
+        for ( Mapping mappedProperty : mappings.values() ) {
+            if ( !sourcePropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getSourceName() ) ) {
+                reportError(
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in parameter type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getSourceName(),
+                        retrieveParameter( method ).getType()
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+            if ( !targetPropertyNames.contains( mappedProperty.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                reportError(
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in return type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getTargetName(),
+                        retrieveReturnType( method )
+                    ), method, mappedProperty.getMirror(), mappedProperty.getTargetAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Set<String> getPropertyNames(List<ExecutableElement> propertyAccessors) {
+        Set<String> propertyNames = new HashSet<String>();
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement executableElement : propertyAccessors ) {
+            propertyNames.add( Executables.getPropertyName( executableElement ) );
+        }
+
+        return propertyNames;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Mapping> getMappings(MappingsPrism mappingsAnnotation) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        for ( MappingPrism mapping : mappingsAnnotation.value() ) {
+            mappings.put( mapping.source(), getMapping( mapping ) );
+        }
+
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    private Mapping getMapping(MappingPrism mapping) {
+        return new Mapping(
+            mapping.source(),
+            mapping.target(),
+            mapping.mirror,
+            mapping.values.source(),
+            mapping.values.target()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Parameter retrieveParameter(ExecutableElement method) {
+        List<? extends VariableElement> parameters = method.getParameters();
+
+        if ( parameters.size() != 1 ) {
+            //TODO: Log error
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        VariableElement parameter = parameters.get( 0 );
+
+        return new Parameter(
+            parameter.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            typeUtil.retrieveType( parameter.asType() )
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Type retrieveReturnType(ExecutableElement method) {
+        return typeUtil.retrieveType( method.getReturnType() );
+    }
+
+    private void reportError(String message, Element element) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager().printMessage( Kind.ERROR, message, element );
+        mappingErroneous = true;
+    }
+
+    private void reportError(String message, Element element, AnnotationMirror annotationMirror,
+                             AnnotationValue annotationValue) {
+        processingEnvironment.getMessager()
+            .printMessage( Kind.ERROR, message, element, annotationMirror, annotationValue );
+        mappingErroneous = true;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getCorrespondingSetterMethod(parameterElement,getterMethod)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 460.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List MapperGenerationVisitor.getMappedProperties(ExecutableElement,HashMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.MapperGenerationVisitor.getMappedProperties(javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElem.3a516d7c140c67fa36365b701942a96f
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/MapperGenerationVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+MapperGenerationVisitor.java|getMappedProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+0b65c0397e2af68e4bbf5292932618bb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4556/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4556/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e339f39d0da0cce8ae11576bcd8601260f3a6a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4556/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2012-2013 Gunnar Morling (http://www.gunnarmorling.de/)
+ *  and/or other contributors as indicated by the @authors tag. See the
+ *  copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full listing of all
+ *  contributors.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap.model.source;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Type;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a mapping method with source and target type and the mappings
+ * between the properties of source and target type.
+ *
+ * @author Gunnar Morling
+ */
+public class Method {
+
+    private final Type declaringMapper;
+    private final ExecutableElement executable;
+    private final List<Parameter> parameters;
+    private final List<Parameter> sourceParameters;
+    private final String resultName;
+    private final Type resultType;
+    private final Type returnType;
+    private Map<String, Mapping> mappings;
+    private IterableMapping iterableMapping;
+    private MapMapping mapMapping;
+
+    public static Method forMethodRequiringImplementation(ExecutableElement executable, List<Parameter> parameters,
+                                                          List<Parameter> sourceParameters, Type resultType,
+                                                          String resultName, Type targetType,
+                                                          Map<String, Mapping> mappings,
+                                                          IterableMapping iterableMapping, MapMapping mapMapping) {
+
+        return new Method(
+            null,
+            executable,
+            parameters,
+            sourceParameters,
+            resultType,
+            resultName,
+            targetType,
+            mappings,
+            iterableMapping,
+            mapMapping
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static Method forReferencedMethod(Type declaringMapper, ExecutableElement executable, String parameterName,
+                                             Type sourceType, Type targetType) {
+
+        return new Method(
+            declaringMapper,
+            executable,
+            Arrays.asList( new Parameter( parameterName, sourceType ) ),
+            Arrays.asList( new Parameter( parameterName, sourceType ) ),
+            targetType,
+            null,
+            targetType,
+            Collections.<String, Mapping>emptyMap(),
+            null,
+            null
+        );
+    }
+
+    private Method(Type declaringMapper, ExecutableElement executable, List<Parameter> parameters,
+                   List<Parameter> sourceParameters, Type resultType, String resultName,
+                   Type returnType,
+                   Map<String, Mapping> mappings, IterableMapping iterableMapping,
+                   MapMapping mapMapping) {
+        this.declaringMapper = declaringMapper;
+        this.executable = executable;
+        this.parameters = parameters;
+        this.sourceParameters = sourceParameters;
+        this.resultType = resultType;
+        this.resultName = resultName;
+        this.returnType = returnType;
+        this.mappings = mappings;
+        this.iterableMapping = iterableMapping;
+        this.mapMapping = mapMapping;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the mapper type declaring this method if it is not declared by
+     * the mapper interface currently processed but by another mapper imported
+     * via {@code Mapper#users()}.
+     *
+     * @return The declaring mapper type
+     */
+    public Type getDeclaringMapper() {
+        return declaringMapper;
+    }
+
+    public ExecutableElement getExecutable() {
+        return executable;
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return executable.getSimpleName().toString();
+    }
+
+    public List<Parameter> getParameters() {
+        return parameters;
+    }
+
+    public String getResultName() {
+        return resultName;
+    }
+
+    public List<Parameter> getSourceParameters() {
+        return sourceParameters;
+    }
+
+    public Type getResultType() {
+        return resultType;
+    }
+
+    public Type getReturnType() {
+        return returnType;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Mapping> getMappings() {
+        return mappings;
+    }
+
+    public void setMappings(Map<String, Mapping> mappings) {
+        this.mappings = mappings;
+    }
+
+    public IterableMapping getIterableMapping() {
+        return iterableMapping;
+    }
+
+    public void setIterableMapping(IterableMapping iterableMapping) {
+        this.iterableMapping = iterableMapping;
+    }
+
+    public MapMapping getMapMapping() {
+        return mapMapping;
+    }
+
+    public void setMapMapping(MapMapping mapMapping) {
+        this.mapMapping = mapMapping;
+    }
+
+    public boolean reverses(Method method) {
+        return
+            equals( getSingleSourceType(), method.getReturnType() )
+                && equals( returnType, method.getSingleSourceType() );
+    }
+
+    public Type getSingleSourceType() {
+        return sourceParameters.size() == 1 ? sourceParameters.get( 0 ).getType() : null;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isIterableMapping() {
+        return getSingleSourceType().isIterableType() && resultType.isIterableType();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isMapMapping() {
+        return getSingleSourceType().isMapType() && resultType.isMapType();
+    }
+
+    private boolean equals(Object o1, Object o2) {
+        return ( o1 == null && o2 == null ) || ( o1 != null ) && o1.equals( o2 );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return returnType + " " + getName() + "(" + getParamsList() + ")";
+    }
+
+    private String getParamsList() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for ( Iterator<Parameter> it = parameters.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+            Parameter param = it.next();
+            sb.append( param.getType() ).append( " " ).append( param.getName() );
+            if ( it.hasNext() ) {
+                sb.append( ", " );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getSingleSourceType()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 181.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Method.isMapMapping()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Method.isMapMapping():boolean.998f99279757c7428d0fbe007a1a0794
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/model/source/Method.java
+
+### Key:
+Method.java|isMapMapping|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18086a76ec6f499138a84f176568ec09
+
+### Hash:
+64c04c579e207245e6786f1be955d83c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4558/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4558/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..594d17caac938ef6ef4319a3e935840dc9626a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4558/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mapstruct
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  Copyright 2012-2013 Gunnar Morling (http://www.gunnarmorling.de/)
+ *  and/or other contributors as indicated by the @authors tag. See the
+ *  copyright.txt file in the distribution for a full listing of all
+ *  contributors.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.mapstruct.ap.processor;
+
+import java.beans.Introspector;
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import javax.annotation.processing.Messager;
+import javax.lang.model.element.ExecutableElement;
+import javax.lang.model.element.TypeElement;
+import javax.lang.model.type.TypeMirror;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Elements;
+import javax.lang.model.util.Types;
+import javax.tools.Diagnostic.Kind;
+
+import org.mapstruct.ap.MapperPrism;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.ConversionProvider;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.Conversions;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.conversion.DefaultConversionContext;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.BeanMappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.DefaultMapperReference;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.IterableMappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MapMappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Mapper;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MapperReference;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MappingMethod;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.MappingMethodReference;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Options;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.PropertyMapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.ReportingPolicy;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.Type;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.TypeConversion;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Mapping;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Method;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.model.source.Parameter;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Executables;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Filters;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.Strings;
+import org.mapstruct.ap.util.TypeUtil;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link ModelElementProcessor} which creates a {@link Mapper} from the given
+ * list of {@link Method}s.
+ *
+ * @author Gunnar Morling
+ */
+public class MapperCreationProcessor implements ModelElementProcessor<List<Method>, Mapper> {
+
+    private static final String IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX = "Impl";
+
+    private Elements elementUtils;
+    private Types typeUtils;
+    private Messager messager;
+    private Options options;
+
+    private TypeUtil typeUtil;
+    private Conversions conversions;
+    private Executables executables;
+
+    @Override
+    public Mapper process(ProcessorContext context, TypeElement mapperTypeElement, List<Method> sourceModel) {
+        this.elementUtils = context.getElementUtils();
+        this.typeUtils = context.getTypeUtils();
+        this.messager = context.getMessager();
+        this.options = context.getOptions();
+
+        this.typeUtil = new TypeUtil( context.getElementUtils(), context.getTypeUtils() );
+        this.conversions = new Conversions( elementUtils, typeUtils, typeUtil );
+        this.executables = new Executables( typeUtil );
+
+        return getMapper( mapperTypeElement, sourceModel );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getPriority() {
+        return 1000;
+    }
+
+    private Mapper getMapper(TypeElement element, List<Method> methods) {
+        ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy = getEffectiveUnmappedTargetPolicy( element );
+        List<MappingMethod> mappingMethods = getMappingMethods( methods, unmappedTargetPolicy );
+        List<MapperReference> mapperReferences = getReferencedMappers( element );
+
+        return new Mapper(
+            elementUtils.getPackageOf( element ).getQualifiedName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            element.getSimpleName() + IMPLEMENTATION_SUFFIX,
+            mappingMethods,
+            mapperReferences,
+            options
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the effective policy for reporting unmapped target properties. If
+     * explicitly set via {@code Mapper}, this value will be returned. Otherwise
+     * the value from the corresponding processor option will be returned. If
+     * that is not set either, the default value from
+     * {@code Mapper#unmappedTargetPolicy()} will be returned.
+     *
+     * @param element The type declaring the generated mapper type
+     *
+     * @return The effective policy for reporting unmapped target properties.
+     */
+    private ReportingPolicy getEffectiveUnmappedTargetPolicy(TypeElement element) {
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+        boolean setViaAnnotation = mapperPrism.values.unmappedTargetPolicy() != null;
+        ReportingPolicy annotationValue = ReportingPolicy.valueOf( mapperPrism.unmappedTargetPolicy() );
+
+        if ( setViaAnnotation ||
+            options.getUnmappedTargetPolicy() == null ) {
+            return annotationValue;
+        }
+        else {
+            return options.getUnmappedTargetPolicy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<MapperReference> getReferencedMappers(TypeElement element) {
+        List<MapperReference> mapperReferences = new LinkedList<MapperReference>();
+        MapperPrism mapperPrism = MapperPrism.getInstanceOn( element );
+
+        for ( TypeMirror usedMapper : mapperPrism.uses() ) {
+            mapperReferences.add( new DefaultMapperReference( typeUtil.retrieveType( usedMapper ) ) );
+        }
+
+        return mapperReferences;
+    }
+
+    private List<MappingMethod> getMappingMethods(List<Method> methods, ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy) {
+        List<MappingMethod> mappingMethods = new ArrayList<MappingMethod>();
+
+        for ( Method method : methods ) {
+            if ( method.getDeclaringMapper() != null ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            Method reverseMappingMethod = getReverseMappingMethod( methods, method );
+
+            if ( method.isIterableMapping() ) {
+                if ( method.getIterableMapping() == null && reverseMappingMethod != null &&
+                    reverseMappingMethod.getIterableMapping() != null ) {
+                    method.setIterableMapping( reverseMappingMethod.getIterableMapping() );
+                }
+                mappingMethods.add( getIterableMappingMethod( methods, method ) );
+            }
+            else if ( method.isMapMapping() ) {
+                if ( method.getMapMapping() == null && reverseMappingMethod != null &&
+                    reverseMappingMethod.getMapMapping() != null ) {
+                    method.setMapMapping( reverseMappingMethod.getMapMapping() );
+                }
+                mappingMethods.add( getMapMappingMethod( methods, method ) );
+            }
+            else {
+                if ( method.getMappings().isEmpty() ) {
+                    if ( reverseMappingMethod != null && !reverseMappingMethod.getMappings().isEmpty() ) {
+                        method.setMappings( reverse( reverseMappingMethod.getMappings() ) );
+                    }
+                }
+                mappingMethods.add( getBeanMappingMethod( methods, method, unmappedTargetPolicy ) );
+            }
+        }
+        return mappingMethods;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Mapping> reverse(Map<String, Mapping> mappings) {
+        Map<String, Mapping> reversed = new HashMap<String, Mapping>();
+
+        for ( Mapping mapping : mappings.values() ) {
+            reversed.put( mapping.getTargetName(), mapping.reverse() );
+        }
+        return reversed;
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethod getBeanMappingMethod(List<Method> methods, Method method,
+                                               ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy) {
+        List<PropertyMapping> propertyMappings = new ArrayList<PropertyMapping>();
+        Set<String> mappedTargetProperties = new HashSet<String>();
+
+        Map<String, Mapping> mappings = method.getMappings();
+
+        TypeElement resultTypeElement = elementUtils.getTypeElement( method.getResultType().getCanonicalName() );
+        TypeElement parameterElement = elementUtils.getTypeElement( method.getSingleSourceType().getCanonicalName() );
+
+        List<ExecutableElement> sourceGetters = Filters.getterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( parameterElement )
+        );
+        List<ExecutableElement> targetSetters = Filters.setterMethodsIn(
+            elementUtils.getAllMembers( resultTypeElement )
+        );
+
+        Set<String> sourceProperties = executables.getPropertyNames(
+            Filters.getterMethodsIn( sourceGetters )
+        );
+        Set<String> targetProperties = executables.getPropertyNames(
+            Filters.setterMethodsIn( targetSetters )
+        );
+
+        reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist( method, sourceProperties, targetProperties );
+
+        for ( ExecutableElement getterMethod : sourceGetters ) {
+            String sourcePropertyName = executables.getPropertyName( getterMethod );
+            Mapping mapping = mappings.get( sourcePropertyName );
+            String dateFormat = mapping != null ? mapping.getDateFormat() : null;
+
+            for ( ExecutableElement setterMethod : targetSetters ) {
+                String targetPropertyName = executables.getPropertyName( setterMethod );
+
+                if ( targetPropertyName.equals( mapping != null ? mapping.getTargetName() : sourcePropertyName ) ) {
+                    PropertyMapping property = getPropertyMapping(
+                        methods,
+                        method,
+                        getterMethod,
+                        setterMethod,
+                        dateFormat
+                    );
+
+                    propertyMappings.add( property );
+
+                    mappedTargetProperties.add( targetPropertyName );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        reportErrorForUnmappedTargetPropertiesIfRequired(
+            method,
+            unmappedTargetPolicy,
+            targetProperties,
+            mappedTargetProperties
+        );
+
+        return new BeanMappingMethod(
+            method.getName(),
+            method.getParameters(),
+            method.getSourceParameters(),
+            method.getResultType(),
+            method.getResultName(),
+            method.getReturnType(),
+            propertyMappings
+        );
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorForUnmappedTargetPropertiesIfRequired(Method method,
+                                                                  ReportingPolicy unmappedTargetPolicy,
+                                                                  Set<String> targetProperties,
+                                                                  Set<String> mappedTargetProperties) {
+
+        if ( targetProperties.size() > mappedTargetProperties.size() &&
+            unmappedTargetPolicy.requiresReport() ) {
+            targetProperties.removeAll( mappedTargetProperties );
+            messager.printMessage(
+                unmappedTargetPolicy.getDiagnosticKind(),
+                MessageFormat.format(
+                    "Unmapped target {0,choice,1#property|1<properties}: \"{1}\"",
+                    targetProperties.size(),
+                    Strings.join( targetProperties, ", " )
+                ),
+                method.getExecutable()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Method getReverseMappingMethod(List<Method> rawMethods, Method method) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : rawMethods ) {
+            if ( oneMethod.reverses( method ) ) {
+                return oneMethod;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void reportErrorIfMappedPropertiesDontExist(Method method, Set<String> sourceProperties,
+                                                        Set<String> targetProperties) {
+        for ( Mapping mappedProperty : method.getMappings().values() ) {
+            if ( !sourceProperties.contains( mappedProperty.getSourceName() ) ) {
+                messager.printMessage(
+                    Kind.ERROR,
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in parameter type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getSourceName(),
+                        method.getSingleSourceType()
+                    ),
+                    method.getExecutable(),
+                    mappedProperty.getMirror(),
+                    mappedProperty.getSourceAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+            if ( !targetProperties.contains( mappedProperty.getTargetName() ) ) {
+                messager.printMessage(
+                    Kind.ERROR,
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unknown property \"%s\" in return type %s.",
+                        mappedProperty.getTargetName(),
+                        method.getResultType()
+                    ),
+                    method.getExecutable(),
+                    mappedProperty.getMirror(),
+                    mappedProperty.getTargetAnnotationValue()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private PropertyMapping getPropertyMapping(List<Method> methods, Method method, ExecutableElement getterMethod,
+                                               ExecutableElement setterMethod, String dateFormat) {
+        Type sourceType = executables.retrieveReturnType( getterMethod );
+        Type targetType = executables.retrieveSingleParameter( setterMethod ).getType();
+
+        MappingMethodReference propertyMappingMethod = getMappingMethodReference( methods, sourceType, targetType );
+        TypeConversion conversion = getConversion(
+            sourceType,
+            targetType,
+            dateFormat,
+            method.getSourceParameters().get( 0 ).getName() + "."
+                + getterMethod.getSimpleName().toString() + "()"
+        );
+
+        PropertyMapping property = new PropertyMapping(
+            method.getSourceParameters().get( 0 ).getName(),
+            method.getResultName(),
+            executables.getPropertyName( getterMethod ),
+            getterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            sourceType,
+            executables.getPropertyName( setterMethod ),
+            setterMethod.getSimpleName().toString(),
+            targetType,
+            propertyMappingMethod,
+            conversion
+        );
+
+        reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(
+            method,
+            property
+        );
+
+        return property;
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethod getIterableMappingMethod(List<Method> methods, Method method) {
+        Type sourceElementType = method.getSourceParameters().get( 0 ).getType().getTypeParameters().get( 0 );
+        Type targetElementType = method.getResultType().getTypeParameters().get( 0 );
+
+        TypeConversion conversion = getConversion(
+            sourceElementType,
+            targetElementType,
+            method.getIterableMapping() != null ? method.getIterableMapping().getDateFormat() : null,
+            Introspector.decapitalize( sourceElementType.getName() )
+        );
+
+        return new IterableMappingMethod(
+            method.getName(),
+            method.getParameters(),
+            method.getSourceParameters(),
+            method.getResultType(),
+            method.getResultName(),
+            method.getReturnType(),
+            getMappingMethodReference( methods, sourceElementType, targetElementType ),
+            conversion
+        );
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethod getMapMappingMethod(List<Method> methods, Method method) {
+        List<Type> sourceTypeParams = method.getSourceParameters().get( 0 ).getType().getTypeParameters();
+        Type sourceKeyType = sourceTypeParams.get( 0 );
+        Type sourceValueType = sourceTypeParams.get( 1 );
+
+        List<Type> resultTypeParams = method.getResultType().getTypeParameters();
+        Type targetKeyType = resultTypeParams.get( 0 );
+        Type targetValueType = resultTypeParams.get( 1 );
+
+        String keyDateFormat = method.getMapMapping() != null ? method.getMapMapping().getKeyFormat() : null;
+        String valueDateFormat = method.getMapMapping() != null ? method.getMapMapping().getValueFormat() : null;
+
+        TypeConversion keyConversion = getConversion( sourceKeyType, targetKeyType, keyDateFormat, "entry.getKey()" );
+        TypeConversion valueConversion = getConversion(
+            sourceValueType,
+            targetValueType,
+            valueDateFormat,
+            "entry.getValue()"
+        );
+
+        MappingMethodReference keyMappingMethod = getMappingMethodReference( methods, sourceKeyType, targetKeyType );
+        MappingMethodReference valueMappingMethod = getMappingMethodReference(
+            methods,
+            sourceValueType,
+            targetValueType
+        );
+
+        return new MapMappingMethod(
+            method.getName(),
+            method.getParameters(),
+            method.getSourceParameters(),
+            method.getResultType(),
+            method.getResultName(),
+            method.getReturnType(),
+            keyMappingMethod,
+            keyConversion,
+            valueMappingMethod,
+            valueConversion
+        );
+    }
+
+    private TypeConversion getConversion(Type sourceType, Type targetType, String dateFormat, String sourceReference) {
+        ConversionProvider conversionProvider = conversions.getConversion( sourceType, targetType );
+
+        if ( conversionProvider == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return conversionProvider.to( sourceReference, new DefaultConversionContext( targetType, dateFormat ) );
+    }
+
+    private MappingMethodReference getMappingMethodReference(Iterable<Method> methods, Type parameterType,
+                                                             Type returnType) {
+        for ( Method oneMethod : methods ) {
+            Parameter singleSourceParam = oneMethod.getSourceParameters().get( 0 );
+
+            if ( singleSourceParam.getType().equals( parameterType ) &&
+                oneMethod.getReturnType().equals( returnType ) ) {
+                return new MappingMethodReference(
+                    oneMethod.getDeclaringMapper(),
+                    oneMethod.getName()
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reports an error if source and target type of the property are different
+     * and neither a mapping method nor a conversion exists nor the property is
+     * of a collection type with default implementation
+     *
+     * @param method The mapping method owning the property mapping.
+     * @param property The property mapping to check.
+     */
+    private void reportErrorIfPropertyCanNotBeMapped(Method method, PropertyMapping property) {
+        if ( property.getSourceType().equals( property.getTargetType() ) ||
+            property.getMappingMethod() != null ||
+            property.getConversion() != null ||
+            ( property.getTargetType().isCollectionType() &&
+                property.getTargetType().getCollectionImplementationType() != null ) ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        messager.printMessage(
+            Kind.ERROR,
+            String.format(
+                "Can't map property \"%s %s\" to \"%s %s\".",
+                property.getSourceType().getName(),
+                property.getSourceName(),
+                property.getTargetType().getName(),
+                property.getTargetName()
+            ),
+            method.getExecutable()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `method.getSingleSourceType()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 205.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+MappingMethod MapperCreationProcessor.getBeanMappingMethod(List,Method,ReportingPolicy)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mapstruct.ap.processor.MapperCreationProcessor.getBeanMappingMethod(java.util.List,org.mapstruct.353c2e85aea623eb503a4503ad27bd0a
+
+### File:
+processor/src/main/java/org/mapstruct/ap/processor/MapperCreationProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+MapperCreationProcessor.java|getBeanMappingMethod|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+341dbf696560f3601795b93b13c8dc64
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4560/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4560/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..068329c5f8ca7ae8d8b7c00d67e8deddd387e9e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4560/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 50
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.rank;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.guild.Guild;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.user.User;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class RankManager {
+
+    private static RankManager instance;
+    private final List<Rank> users = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final List<Rank> guilds = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    public RankManager() {
+        instance = this;
+    }
+
+    public static RankManager getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            new RankManager();
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    public void update(User user) {
+        if (!this.users.contains(user.getRank())) {
+            this.users.add(user.getRank());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (users) {
+            Collections.sort(users);
+        }
+
+        if (user.hasGuild()) {
+            update(user.getGuild());
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < users.size(); i++) {
+            Rank rank = users.get(i);
+            rank.setPosition(i + 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void update(Guild guild) {
+        if (!this.guilds.contains(guild.getRank())) {
+            this.guilds.add(guild.getRank());
+        } else {
+            synchronized (guilds) {
+                Collections.sort(guilds);
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < guilds.size(); i++) {
+                Rank rank = guilds.get(i);
+                rank.setPosition(i + 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public User getUser(int i) {
+        if (i - 1 < this.users.size()) {
+            return (this.users.get(i - 1)).getUser();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Guild getGuild(int i) {
+        if (i - 1 < this.guilds.size()) {
+            return (this.guilds.get(i - 1)).getGuild();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public int users() {
+        return this.users.size();
+    }
+
+    public int guilds() {
+        return this.guilds.size();
+    }
+
+    public void remove(User user) {
+        this.users.remove(user.getRank());
+
+        synchronized (users) {
+            Collections.sort(this.users);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void remove(Guild guild) {
+        this.guilds.remove(guild.getRank());
+
+        synchronized (guilds) {
+            Collections.sort(this.guilds);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.rank.RankManager.remove` indirectly writes to field `rank.RankManager.net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.rank.RankManager.instance` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RankManager.remove(User)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.rank.RankManager.remove(net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.user.User):voi.0dc0e07c40ac8da8fc8bcd9d72ef548a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/basic/rank/RankManager.java
+
+### Key:
+RankManager.java|remove|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7fecf18e87e4e1091f0b926b126132bb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4567/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4567/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3aca668e4c2398cb857a6598ed2f61da21f43fe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4567/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.FunnyGuilds;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.Guild;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.User;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.util.GuildUtils;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.Settings;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.PluginConfig;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.IntegerRange;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.StringUtils;
+import org.bukkit.ChatColor;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+import org.bukkit.event.EventHandler;
+import org.bukkit.event.EventPriority;
+import org.bukkit.event.Listener;
+import org.bukkit.event.player.AsyncPlayerChatEvent;
+
+public class PlayerChat implements Listener {
+
+    private final FunnyGuilds plugin;
+
+    public PlayerChat(FunnyGuilds plugin) {
+        this.plugin = plugin;
+    }
+
+    @EventHandler(ignoreCancelled = true, priority = EventPriority.HIGHEST)
+    public void onChat(AsyncPlayerChatEvent event) {
+        Player player = event.getPlayer();
+        User user = User.get(player);
+        PluginConfig c = Settings.getConfig();
+        
+        if (user.hasGuild()) {
+            Guild guild = user.getGuild();
+            String message = event.getMessage();
+            if (chat(event, message, c, player, guild)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        int points = user.getRank().getPoints();
+        String format = event.getFormat();
+        
+        format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{RANK}", StringUtils.replace(c.chatRank, "{RANK}", String.valueOf(user.getRank().getPosition())));
+        format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POINTS}", c.chatPoints);
+        format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POINTS-FORMAT}", IntegerRange.inRange(points, c.pointsFormat));
+        format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POINTS}", String.valueOf(points));
+        
+        if (user.hasGuild()) {
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{TAG}", StringUtils.replace(c.chatGuild, "{TAG}", user.getGuild().getTag()));
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POS}", StringUtils.replace(c.chatPosition, "{POS}", getPositionString(user, c)));
+        } else {
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{TAG}", "");
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POS}", "");
+        }
+        
+        event.setFormat(format);
+    }
+
+    private boolean chat(AsyncPlayerChatEvent event, String message, PluginConfig c, Player player, Guild guild) {
+        if (global(event, message, c, player, guild)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        if (ally(event, message, c, player, guild)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        return priv(event, message, c, player, guild);
+    }
+
+    private void spy(Player player, String message) {
+        String spyMessage = ChatColor.GOLD + "[Spy] " + ChatColor.GRAY + player.getName() + ": " + ChatColor.WHITE + message;
+        for (Player looped : plugin.getServer().getOnlinePlayers()) {
+            if (User.get(looped).isSpy()) {
+                looped.sendMessage(spyMessage);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean priv(AsyncPlayerChatEvent event, String message, PluginConfig c, Player player, Guild guild) {
+        String priv = c.chatPriv;
+        int length = priv.length();
+        
+        if (message.length() > length && message.substring(0, length).equals(priv)) {
+            String format = c.chatPrivDesign;
+            
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{PLAYER}", player.getName());
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{TAG}", guild.getTag());
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POS}", StringUtils.replace(c.chatPosition, "{POS}", getPositionString(User.get(player), c)));
+            
+            String subMessage = event.getMessage().substring(length);
+            this.spy(player, subMessage);
+            
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{MESSAGE}", subMessage);
+            this.sendMessageToGuild(guild, player, format);
+            this.spy(player, message);
+            
+            event.setCancelled(true);
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean ally(AsyncPlayerChatEvent event, String message, PluginConfig c, Player player, Guild guild) {
+        String ally = c.chatAlly;
+        int length = ally.length();
+        
+        if (message.length() > length && message.substring(0, length).equals(ally)) {
+            String format = c.chatAllyDesign;
+            
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{PLAYER}", player.getName());
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{TAG}", guild.getTag());
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POS}", StringUtils.replace(c.chatPosition, "{POS}", getPositionString(User.get(player), c)));
+            
+            String subMessage = event.getMessage().substring(length);
+            this.spy(player, subMessage);
+            
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{MESSAGE}", subMessage);
+            for (User u : guild.getMembers()) {
+                Player p = u.getPlayer();
+                if (p != null) {
+                    p.sendMessage(format);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            for (Guild g : guild.getAllies()) {
+                this.sendMessageToGuild(g, player, format);
+            }
+            
+            event.setCancelled(true);
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean global(AsyncPlayerChatEvent event, String message, PluginConfig c, Player player, Guild guild) {
+        String global = c.chatGlobal;
+        int length = global.length();
+        
+        if (message.length() > length && message.substring(0, length).equals(global)) {
+            String format = c.chatGlobalDesign;
+            
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{PLAYER}", player.getName());
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{TAG}", guild.getTag());
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{POS}", StringUtils.replace(c.chatPosition, "{POS}", getPositionString(User.get(player), c)));
+            
+            String subMessage = event.getMessage().substring(length);
+            this.spy(player, subMessage);
+            
+            format = StringUtils.replace(format, "{MESSAGE}", subMessage);
+            for (Guild g : GuildUtils.getGuilds()) {
+                this.sendMessageToGuild(g, player, format);
+            }
+            
+            this.spy(player, message);
+            
+            event.setCancelled(true);
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private void sendMessageToGuild(Guild guild, Player player, String message) {
+        if (guild == null || player == null || !player.isOnline()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (User user : guild.getOnlineMembers()) {
+            Player p = user.getPlayer();
+            
+            if (!p.equals(player) || !user.isSpy()) {
+                p.sendMessage(message);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private String getPositionString(User u, PluginConfig c) {
+        if (u.isOwner()) {
+            return c.chatPositionLeader;
+        }
+        
+        if (u.isDeputy()) {
+            return c.chatPositionDeputy;
+        }
+        
+        return c.chatPositionMember;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `p` last assigned on line 172 could be null and is dereferenced at line 174.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PlayerChat.sendMessageToGuild(Guild,Player,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.PlayerChat.sendMessageToGuild(net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.Guild.df41ded29a51de15317afb9efdae0c4c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/listener/PlayerChat.java
+
+### Key:
+PlayerChat.java|sendMessageToGuild|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+1bf4c4c91bf0f2b923c7a1d55cdaab63
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4593/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4593/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ee5a8265d8f57d26334a505201bf59878774ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4593/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.guild.Guild;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.guild.GuildUtils;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.user.User;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.Commands;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.concurrency.ConcurrencyManager;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.DataModel;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.DataPersistenceHandler;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.InvitationPersistenceHandler;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.MessageConfiguration;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.PluginConfiguration;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.database.Database;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.element.gui.GuiActionHandler;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.element.tablist.AbstractTablist;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.element.tablist.TablistBroadcastHandler;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.hook.PluginHook;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.EntityDamage;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.EntityInteract;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.PlayerChat;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.PlayerDeath;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.PlayerJoin;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.PlayerLogin;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.PlayerQuit;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.dynamic.DynamicListenerManager;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.BlockBreak;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.BlockIgnite;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.BlockPhysics;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.BlockPlace;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.BucketAction;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.EntityExplode;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.HangingBreak;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.HangingPlace;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.PlayerCommand;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.PlayerInteract;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.PlayerMove;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.listener.region.PlayerRespawn;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.system.GuildValidationHandler;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.commons.ConfigHelper;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.metrics.MetricsCollector;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.nms.DescriptionChanger;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.nms.GuildEntityHelper;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.util.nms.PacketExtension;
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+import org.bukkit.plugin.PluginManager;
+import org.bukkit.plugin.java.JavaPlugin;
+import org.bukkit.scheduler.BukkitTask;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+public class FunnyGuilds extends JavaPlugin {
+
+    private static FunnyGuilds funnyguilds;
+
+    private String fullVersion;
+    private String mainVersion;
+
+    private final File pluginConfigurationFile  = new File(this.getDataFolder(), "config.yml");
+    private final File messageConfigurationFile = new File(this.getDataFolder(), "messages.yml");
+    private final File pluginDataFolderFile     = new File(this.getDataFolder(), "data");
+
+    private FunnyGuildsLogger      logger;
+    private PluginConfiguration    pluginConfiguration;
+    private MessageConfiguration   messageConfiguration;
+    private ConcurrencyManager     concurrencyManager;
+    private DynamicListenerManager dynamicListenerManager;
+
+    private volatile BukkitTask guildValidationTask;
+    private volatile BukkitTask tablistBroadcastTask;
+
+    private DataModel                    dataModel;
+    private DataPersistenceHandler       dataPersistenceHandler;
+    private InvitationPersistenceHandler invitationPersistenceHandler;
+
+    private boolean isDisabling;
+    private boolean forceDisabling;
+
+    public FunnyGuilds() {
+        funnyguilds = this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onLoad() {
+        this.logger = new FunnyGuildsLogger(this);
+
+        try {
+            Class.forName("net.md_5.bungee.api.ChatColor");
+        }
+        catch (Exception spigotNeeded) {
+            FunnyGuilds.getInstance().getPluginLogger().info("FunnyGuilds requires spigot to work, your server seems to be using something else");
+            FunnyGuilds.getInstance().getPluginLogger().info("If you think that is not true - contact plugin developers");
+            FunnyGuilds.getInstance().getPluginLogger().info("https://github.com/FunnyGuilds/FunnyGuilds");
+
+            getServer().getPluginManager().disablePlugin(this);
+            this.forceDisabling = true;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (! this.getDataFolder().exists()) {
+            this.getDataFolder().mkdir();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            this.pluginConfiguration = ConfigHelper.loadConfig(this.pluginConfigurationFile, PluginConfiguration.class);
+            this.messageConfiguration = ConfigHelper.loadConfig(this.messageConfigurationFile, MessageConfiguration.class);
+
+            this.pluginConfiguration.load();
+            this.messageConfiguration.load();
+        }
+        catch (Exception ex) {
+            this.getPluginLogger().error("Could not load plugin configuration", ex);
+            this.getServer().getPluginManager().disablePlugin(this);
+            this.forceDisabling = true;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        DescriptionChanger descriptionChanger = new DescriptionChanger(super.getDescription());
+        String[] versions = descriptionChanger.extractVersion();
+
+        this.fullVersion = versions[0];
+        this.mainVersion = versions[1];
+
+        PluginConfiguration settings = FunnyGuilds.getInstance().getPluginConfiguration();
+        descriptionChanger.rename(settings.pluginName);
+
+        this.concurrencyManager = new ConcurrencyManager(settings.concurrencyThreads);
+        this.concurrencyManager.printStatus();
+
+        Commands commands = new Commands();
+        commands.register();
+
+        this.dynamicListenerManager = new DynamicListenerManager(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onEnable() {
+        if (this.forceDisabling) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.dataModel = DataModel.create(this, this.pluginConfiguration.dataModel);
+        this.dataModel.load();
+
+        this.dataPersistenceHandler = new DataPersistenceHandler(this);
+        this.dataPersistenceHandler.startHandler();
+
+        this.invitationPersistenceHandler = new InvitationPersistenceHandler(this);
+        this.invitationPersistenceHandler.loadInvitations();
+        this.invitationPersistenceHandler.startHandler();
+
+        MetricsCollector collector = new MetricsCollector(this);
+        collector.start();
+
+        this.guildValidationTask = Bukkit.getScheduler().runTaskTimerAsynchronously(this, new GuildValidationHandler(), 100L, 20L);
+        this.tablistBroadcastTask = Bukkit.getScheduler().runTaskTimerAsynchronously(this, new TablistBroadcastHandler(), 20L, this.pluginConfiguration.playerListUpdateInterval_);
+
+        PluginManager pluginManager = Bukkit.getPluginManager();
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new GuiActionHandler(), this);
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new EntityDamage(), this);
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new EntityInteract(), this);
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new PlayerChat(), this);
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new PlayerDeath(), this);
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new PlayerJoin(this), this);
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new PlayerLogin(), this);
+        pluginManager.registerEvents(new PlayerQuit(), this);
+
+        this.dynamicListenerManager.registerDynamic(() -> pluginConfiguration.regionsEnabled,
+                new BlockBreak(),
+                new BlockIgnite(),
+                new BlockPlace(),
+                new BucketAction(),
+                new EntityExplode(),
+                new HangingBreak(),
+                new HangingPlace(),
+                new PlayerCommand(),
+                new PlayerInteract()
+        );
+
+        this.dynamicListenerManager.registerDynamic(() -> pluginConfiguration.regionsEnabled && pluginConfiguration.eventMove, new PlayerMove());
+        this.dynamicListenerManager.registerDynamic(() -> pluginConfiguration.regionsEnabled && pluginConfiguration.eventPhysics, new BlockPhysics());
+        this.dynamicListenerManager.registerDynamic(() -> pluginConfiguration.regionsEnabled && pluginConfiguration.respawnInBase, new PlayerRespawn());
+        this.dynamicListenerManager.reloadAll();
+        this.patch();
+
+        FunnyGuildsVersion.isNewAvailable(this.getServer().getConsoleSender(), true);
+        PluginHook.init();
+
+        FunnyGuilds.getInstance().getPluginLogger().info("~ Created by FunnyGuilds Team ~");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDisable() {
+        if (this.forceDisabling) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.isDisabling = true;
+
+        this.dynamicListenerManager.unregisterAll();
+        GuildEntityHelper.despawnGuildHearts();
+        this.guildValidationTask.cancel();
+        this.tablistBroadcastTask.cancel();
+
+        this.dataModel.save(true);
+        this.dataPersistenceHandler.stopHandler();
+
+        this.invitationPersistenceHandler.saveInvitations();
+        this.invitationPersistenceHandler.stopHandler();
+
+        funnyguilds = null;
+        Database.getInstance().shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private void patch() {
+        for (Player player : this.getServer().getOnlinePlayers()) {
+            this.getServer().getScheduler().runTask(this, () -> PacketExtension.registerPlayer(player));
+
+            User user = User.get(player);
+            if (user.getCache().getScoreboard() == null) {
+                user.getCache().setScoreboard(Bukkit.getScoreboardManager().getNewScoreboard());
+            }
+            user.getCache().getDummy();
+            user.getRank();
+
+            if (!pluginConfiguration.playerListEnable) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            AbstractTablist.createTablist(pluginConfiguration.playerList, pluginConfiguration.playerListHeader, pluginConfiguration.playerListFooter, pluginConfiguration.playerListPing, player);
+        }
+
+        for (Guild guild : GuildUtils.getGuilds()) {
+            if (pluginConfiguration.createEntityType != null) {
+                GuildEntityHelper.spawnGuildHeart(guild);
+            }
+
+            guild.updateRank();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDisabling() {
+        return this.isDisabling;
+    }
+
+    public FunnyGuildsLogger getPluginLogger() {
+        return this.logger;
+    }
+
+    public File getPluginDataFolder() {
+        return this.pluginDataFolderFile;
+    }
+
+    public DataModel getDataModel() {
+        return this.dataModel;
+    }
+
+    public DataPersistenceHandler getDataPersistenceHandler() {
+        return this.dataPersistenceHandler;
+    }
+
+    public InvitationPersistenceHandler getInvitationPersistenceHandler() {
+        return this.invitationPersistenceHandler;
+    }
+
+    public PluginConfiguration getPluginConfiguration() {
+        return this.pluginConfiguration;
+    }
+
+    public File getPluginConfigurationFile() {
+        return this.pluginConfigurationFile;
+    }
+
+    public MessageConfiguration getMessageConfiguration() {
+        return this.messageConfiguration;
+    }
+
+    public ConcurrencyManager getConcurrencyManager() {
+        return this.concurrencyManager;
+    }
+
+    public DynamicListenerManager getDynamicListenerManager() {
+        return this.dynamicListenerManager;
+    }
+
+    public void reloadPluginConfiguration() {
+        this.pluginConfiguration = ConfigHelper.loadConfig(this.pluginConfigurationFile, PluginConfiguration.class);
+        this.pluginConfiguration.load();
+    }
+
+    public void reloadMessageConfiguration() {
+        this.messageConfiguration = ConfigHelper.loadConfig(this.messageConfigurationFile, MessageConfiguration.class);
+        this.messageConfiguration.load();
+    }
+
+    public String getFullVersion() {
+        return this.fullVersion;
+    }
+
+    public String getMainVersion() {
+        return this.mainVersion;
+    }
+
+    public static FunnyGuilds getInstance() {
+        if (funnyguilds == null) {
+            return new FunnyGuilds();
+        }
+
+        return funnyguilds;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `settings` last assigned on line 125 could be null and is dereferenced at line 126.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FunnyGuilds.onLoad()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.FunnyGuilds.onLoad():void.ddf7d858389c176a6828855bb1a267d5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/FunnyGuilds.java
+
+### Key:
+FunnyGuilds.java|onLoad|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f71408c0f3c2a907618ea8f052dfb04f
+
+### Hash:
+6b02dfb126a75c3d433ed5d83a333190
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4594/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4594/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d75e7e54b5b5c64bf2d3c32690d4a349329d83d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4594/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** FunnyGuilds
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.admin;
+
+import org.bukkit.command.CommandSender;
+import org.bukkit.entity.Player;
+
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.Region;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.util.GuildUtils;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.basic.util.RegionUtils;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.util.Executor;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.Messages;
+import net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.data.configs.MessagesConfig;
+
+public class AxcTeleport implements Executor {
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute(CommandSender sender, String[] args) {
+        MessagesConfig messages = Messages.getInstance();
+        Player player = (Player) sender;
+
+        if (args.length < 1) {
+            player.sendMessage(messages.generalNoTagGiven);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!GuildUtils.tagExists(args[0])) {
+            player.sendMessage(messages.generalNoGuildFound);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Region region = RegionUtils.get(GuildUtils.byTag(args[0]).getRegion());
+        if (region == null || region.getCenter() == null) {
+            player.sendMessage(messages.adminNoRegionFound);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        player.sendMessage(messages.baseTeleport);
+        player.teleport(region.getCenter());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `byTag(*args[0])` could be null and is dereferenced at line 30.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AxcTeleport.execute(CommandSender,java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.dzikoysk.funnyguilds.command.admin.AxcTeleport.execute(org.bukkit.command.CommandSender,java.lan.e38bfbc63676f90800796be381b2b058
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/dzikoysk/funnyguilds/command/admin/AxcTeleport.java
+
+### Key:
+AxcTeleport.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+59dba9ac56b5730b2ca8de565410df06
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4642/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4642/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..941c8c73bc51b919d362d05fba76a0082b255705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4642/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rubysonar
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.yinwang.rubysonar.ast;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.yinwang.rubysonar.Analyzer;
+import org.yinwang.rubysonar.Binder;
+import org.yinwang.rubysonar.Binding;
+import org.yinwang.rubysonar.State;
+import org.yinwang.rubysonar.types.ClassType;
+import org.yinwang.rubysonar.types.FunType;
+import org.yinwang.rubysonar.types.Type;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+public class Function extends Node {
+
+    public Name name;
+    public List<Node> args;
+    public List<Node> defaults;
+    public Name vararg;  // *args
+    public Name kwarg;   // **kwarg
+    public Name blockarg = null;   // block arg of Ruby
+    public List<Node> afterRest = null;   // after rest arg of Ruby
+    public Node body;
+    public boolean called = false;
+    public boolean isLamba = false;
+
+
+    public Function(Name name, List<Node> args, Node body, List<Node> defaults,
+                    Name vararg, Name kwarg, int start, int end)
+    {
+        super(start, end);
+        if (name != null) {
+            this.name = name;
+        } else {
+            isLamba = true;
+            String fn = genLambdaName();
+            this.name = new Name(fn, start, start + "lambda".length());
+            addChildren(this.name);
+        }
+
+        this.args = args;
+        this.body = body;
+        this.defaults = defaults;
+        this.vararg = vararg;
+        this.kwarg = kwarg;
+        addChildren(name);
+        addChildren(args);
+        addChildren(defaults);
+        addChildren(vararg, kwarg, this.body);
+    }
+
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public Type transform(@NotNull State s) {
+        FunType fun = new FunType(this, s);
+        fun.getTable().setParent(s);
+        fun.getTable().setPath(s.extendPath(name.id));
+        fun.setDefaultTypes(resolveList(defaults, s));
+        Analyzer.self.addUncalled(fun);
+        Binding.Kind funkind;
+
+        if (isLamba) {
+            return fun;
+        } else {
+            if (s.getStateType() == State.StateType.CLASS) {
+                if ("initialize".equals(name.id)) {
+                    funkind = Binding.Kind.CONSTRUCTOR;
+                } else {
+                    funkind = Binding.Kind.METHOD;
+                }
+            } else {
+                funkind = Binding.Kind.FUNCTION;
+            }
+
+            Type outType = s.getType();
+            if (outType instanceof ClassType) {
+                fun.setCls(outType.asClassType());
+            }
+
+            Binder.bind(s, name, fun, funkind);
+            return Type.CONT;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private static int lambdaCounter = 0;
+
+
+    @NotNull
+    public static String genLambdaName() {
+        lambdaCounter = lambdaCounter + 1;
+        return "lambda%" + lambdaCounter;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj instanceof Function) {
+            Function fo = (Function) obj;
+            return (fo.getFile().equals(getFile()) && fo.start == start);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "(func:" + name + ")";
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `fo.getFile()`  at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Function.equals(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.yinwang.rubysonar.ast.Function.equals(java.lang.Object):boolean.a1028595dd01ab36c7a14ee6fc5b21f7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/yinwang/rubysonar/ast/Function.java
+
+### Key:
+Function.java|equals|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+733df38d22ef868156f8f00b1dff4e8a
+
+### Hash:
+32a0a3aacaa9b6d3c9b470b525d6aef9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4645/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4645/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77733124f78efa03b6d2dd00b1ac3677ce406fa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4645/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rubysonar
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.yinwang.pysonar;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.yinwang.pysonar.ast.Node;
+import org.yinwang.pysonar.types.Type;
+import org.yinwang.pysonar.types.UnionType;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+
+public class Scope {
+
+    public enum ScopeType {
+        CLASS,
+        INSTANCE,
+        FUNCTION,
+        MODULE,
+        GLOBAL,
+        SCOPE
+    }
+
+
+    @Nullable
+    private Map<String, Binding> table;  // stays null for most scopes (mem opt)
+    @Nullable
+    public Scope parent;
+    private Scope forwarding;       // link to the closest non-class scope, for lifting functions out
+    @Nullable
+    private List<Scope> supers;
+    @Nullable
+    private Set<String> globalNames;
+    private ScopeType scopeType;
+    private Type type;
+    @Nullable
+    private String path = "";
+
+
+    public Scope(Scope parent, ScopeType type) {
+        this.parent = parent;
+        this.scopeType = type;
+
+        if (type == ScopeType.CLASS) {
+            this.forwarding = parent.getForwarding();
+        } else {
+            this.forwarding = this;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public Scope(@NotNull Scope s) {
+        if (s.table != null) {
+            this.table = new HashMap<String, Binding>(s.table);
+        }
+        this.parent = s.parent;
+        this.scopeType = s.scopeType;
+        this.forwarding = s.forwarding;
+        this.supers = s.supers;
+        this.globalNames = s.globalNames;
+        this.type = s.type;
+        this.path = s.path;
+    }
+
+
+    public void setParent(Scope parent) {
+        this.parent = parent;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public Scope getParent() {
+        return parent;
+    }
+
+    public Scope getForwarding() {
+        if (forwarding != null) {
+            return forwarding;
+        } else {
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addSuper(Scope sup) {
+        if (supers == null) {
+            supers = new ArrayList<Scope>();
+        }
+        supers.add(sup);
+    }
+
+    public void setScopeType(ScopeType type) {
+        this.scopeType = type;
+    }
+
+    public ScopeType getScopeType() {
+        return scopeType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Mark a name as being global (i.e. module scoped) for name-binding and
+     * name-lookup operations in this code block and any nested scopes.
+     */
+    public void addGlobalName(@Nullable String name) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("name shouldn't be null");
+        }
+        if (globalNames == null) {
+            globalNames = new HashSet<String>();
+        }
+        globalNames.add(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if {@code name} appears in a {@code global}
+     * statement in this scope or any enclosing scope.
+     */
+    public boolean isGlobalName(String name) {
+        if (globalNames != null) {
+            return globalNames.contains(name);
+        } else if (parent != null) {
+            return parent.isGlobalName(name);
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Directly assigns a binding to a name in this table.  Does not add a new
+     * definition or reference to the binding.  This form of {@code put} is
+     * often followed by a call to {@link putLocation} to create a reference to
+     * the binding.  When there is no code location associated with {@code id},
+     * or it is otherwise undesirable to create a reference, the
+     * {@link putLocation} call is omitted.
+     */
+    public void put(String id, @NotNull Binding b) {
+        getInternalTable().put(id, b);
+    }
+
+
+    @Nullable
+    public Binding put(String id, Node loc, @NotNull Type type, Binding.Kind kind, int tag) {
+        Binding b = lookupScope(id);
+        return insertOrUpdate(b, id, loc, type, kind, tag);
+    }
+
+
+    @Nullable
+    public Binding putAttr(String id, Node loc, @NotNull Type type, Binding.Kind kind, int tag) {
+        // Attributes are always part of a qualified name.  If there is no qname
+        // on the target type, it's a bug (we forgot to set the path somewhere.)
+        if ("".equals(path)) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            Binding b = lookupAttr(id);
+            return insertOrUpdate(b, id, loc, type, kind, tag);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * If no bindings are found, or it is rebinding in the same thread of
+     * control to a new type, then create a new binding and rewrite/shadow the
+     * old one. Otherwise, use the exisitng binding and update the type.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private Binding insertOrUpdate(@Nullable Binding b, String id, Node loc, @NotNull Type t, Binding.Kind k, int tag) {
+        if (b == null) {
+            b = insertBinding(id, new Binding(id, loc, t, k, tag));
+        } else if (tag == b.tag && !b.getType().equals(t)) {
+            b = insertBinding(id, new Binding(id, loc, t, k, tag));
+        } else {
+            b.addDef(loc);
+            b.setType(UnionType.union(t, b.getType()));
+        }
+        return b;
+    }
+
+
+    @NotNull
+    private Binding insertBinding(String id, @NotNull Binding b) {
+        switch (b.getKind()) {
+            case MODULE:
+                b.setQname(b.getType().getTable().getPath());
+                break;
+            case PARAMETER:
+                b.setQname(extendPathForParam(b.getName()));
+                break;
+            default:
+                b.setQname(extendPath(b.getName()));
+                break;
+        }
+        Indexer.idx.putBinding(b);
+        put(id, b);
+        return b;
+    }
+
+
+    public void remove(String id) {
+        if (table != null) {
+            table.remove(id);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a new binding for {@code id}.  If a binding already existed,
+     * replaces its previous definitions, if any, with {@code loc}.  Sets the
+     * binding's type to {@code type} (not a union with the previous type).
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Binding update(String id, Node node, Type type, Binding.Kind kind) {
+        Binding b = lookupScope(id);
+        if (b == null) {
+            return insertBinding(id, new Binding(id, node, type, kind));
+        } else {
+            b.getDefs().clear();
+            b.addDef(node);
+            b.setType(type);
+            b.setKind(kind);
+            return b;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Create a copy of the symbol table but without the links to parent, supers
+     * and children. Useful for creating instances.
+     *
+     * @return the symbol table for use by the instance.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Scope copy(ScopeType tableType) {
+        Scope ret = new Scope(null, tableType);
+        if (table != null) {
+            ret.getInternalTable().putAll(table);
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public void setPath(@Nullable String path) {
+        if (path == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("'path' param cannot be null");
+        }
+        this.path = path;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public String getPath() {
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    public Type getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    public void setType(Type type) {
+        this.type = type;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look up a name in the current symbol table only. Don't recurse on the
+     * parent table.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Binding lookupLocal(String name) {
+        if (table == null) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return table.get(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look up a name (String) in the current symbol table.  If not found,
+     * recurse on the parent table.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Binding lookup(String name) {
+        Binding b = getModuleBindingIfGlobal(name);
+        if (b != null) {
+            return b;
+        } else {
+            Binding ent = lookupLocal(name);
+            if (ent != null) {
+                return ent;
+            } else if (getParent() != null) {
+                return getParent().lookup(name);
+            } else {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look up an attribute in the type hierarchy.  Don't look at parent link,
+     * because the enclosing scope may not be a super class. The search is
+     * "depth first, left to right" as in Python's (old) multiple inheritance
+     * rule. The new MRO can be implemented, but will probably not introduce
+     * much difference.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private static Set<Scope> looked = new HashSet<Scope>();    // circularity prevention
+
+    @Nullable
+    public Binding lookupAttr(String attr) {
+        if (looked.contains(this)) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            Binding b = lookupLocal(attr);
+            if (b != null) {
+                return b;
+            } else {
+                if (supers != null && !supers.isEmpty()) {
+                    looked.add(this);
+                    for (Scope p : supers) {
+                        b = p.lookupAttr(attr);
+                        if (b != null) {
+                            looked.remove(this);
+                            return b;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    looked.remove(this);
+                    return null;
+                } else {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look for a binding named {@code name} and if found, return its type.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Type lookupType(String name) {
+        Binding b = lookup(name);
+        if (b == null) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return b.getType();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look for a attribute named {@code attr} and if found, return its type.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Type lookupAttrType(String attr) {
+        Binding b = lookupAttr(attr);
+        if (b == null) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return b.getType();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Look up a name in the module if it is declared as global, otherwise look
+     * it up locally.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Binding lookupScope(String name) {
+        Binding b = getModuleBindingIfGlobal(name);
+        if (b != null) {
+            return b;
+        } else {
+            return lookupLocal(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find a symbol table of a certain type in the enclosing scopes.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private Scope getSymtabOfType(ScopeType type) {
+        if (scopeType == type) {
+            return this;
+        } else if (parent == null) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return parent.getSymtabOfType(type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the global scope (i.e. the module scope for the current module).
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public Scope getGlobalTable() {
+        Scope result = getSymtabOfType(ScopeType.MODULE);
+        if (result == null) {
+            result = this;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If {@code name} is declared as a global, return the module binding.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private Binding getModuleBindingIfGlobal(String name) {
+        if (isGlobalName(name)) {
+            Scope module = getGlobalTable();
+            if (module != null && module != this) {
+                return module.lookupLocal(name);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Merge all records from another symbol table. Used by {@code import from *}.
+     */
+    public void merge(@NotNull Scope other) {
+        getInternalTable().putAll(other.table);
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public Set<String> keySet() {
+        if (table != null) {
+            return table.keySet();
+        } else {
+            return Collections.emptySet();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public Collection<Binding> values() {
+        if (table != null) {
+            return table.values();
+        }
+        Collection<Binding> result = Collections.emptySet();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @NotNull
+    public Set<Entry<String, Binding>> entrySet() {
+        if (table != null) {
+            return table.entrySet();
+        }
+        Set<Entry<String, Binding>> result = Collections.emptySet();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return table == null ? true : table.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+
+    @NotNull
+    public String extendPathForParam(String name) {
+        assert(!path.isEmpty());
+
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(path).append("@").append(name);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+
+    @Nullable
+    public String extendPath(@NotNull String name) {
+        if (name.endsWith(".py")) {
+            name = Util.moduleNameFor(name);
+        }
+        if (path.equals("")) {
+            return name;
+        }
+        String sep;
+        switch (scopeType) {
+            case MODULE:
+            case CLASS:
+            case INSTANCE:
+            case SCOPE:
+                sep = ".";
+                break;
+            case FUNCTION:
+                sep = "&";
+                break;
+            default:
+                System.err.println("unsupported context for extendPath: " + scopeType);
+                return path;
+        }
+        return path + sep + name;
+    }
+
+
+    @Nullable
+    private Map<String, Binding> getInternalTable() {
+        if (this.table == null) {
+            this.table = new HashMap<String, Binding>();
+        }
+        return this.table;
+    }
+
+
+    @NotNull
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "<Scope:" + getScopeType() + ":" + path + ":" +
+                (table == null ? "{}" : table.keySet()) + ">";
+    }
+
+
+    @NotNull
+    public String toShortString() {
+        return "<Scope:" + getScopeType() + ":" + path + ">";
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `Scope.path` last accessed on line 464  at line 464.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String Scope.extendPath(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.yinwang.pysonar.Scope.extendPath(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.49b16c2d5b6ddac942eac1f5b6632eaf
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/yinwang/pysonar/Scope.java
+
+### Key:
+Scope.java|extendPath|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ba2a084247c0b6edee2ebcaa843f00b1
+
+### Hash:
+6c17a8f7e923b41e55534e19725fe1b1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4689/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4689/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74f392a9063c6d245438de86b0ae979734d8dec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4689/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graphql-spqr
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.leangen.graphql.metadata.strategy.query;
+
+import io.leangen.graphql.annotations.GraphQLArgument;
+import io.leangen.graphql.annotations.GraphQLContext;
+import io.leangen.graphql.annotations.GraphQLId;
+import io.leangen.graphql.metadata.OperationArgument;
+import io.leangen.graphql.metadata.exceptions.TypeMappingException;
+import io.leangen.graphql.metadata.strategy.InclusionStrategy;
+import io.leangen.graphql.util.ClassUtils;
+import io.leangen.graphql.util.ReservedStrings;
+import io.leangen.graphql.util.Urls;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedType;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Parameter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("WeakerAccess")
+public class AnnotatedArgumentBuilder implements ResolverArgumentBuilder {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AnnotatedArgumentBuilder.class);
+
+    @Override
+    public List<OperationArgument> buildResolverArguments(ArgumentBuilderParams params) {
+        Method resolverMethod = params.getResolverMethod();
+        List<OperationArgument> operationArguments = new ArrayList<>(resolverMethod.getParameterCount());
+        AnnotatedType[] parameterTypes = ClassUtils.getParameterTypes(resolverMethod, params.getDeclaringType());
+        for (int i = 0; i < resolverMethod.getParameterCount(); i++) {
+            Parameter parameter = resolverMethod.getParameters()[i];
+            if (parameter.isSynthetic() || parameter.isImplicit()) continue;
+            AnnotatedType parameterType;
+            try {
+                parameterType = params.getTypeTransformer().transform(parameterTypes[i]);
+            } catch (TypeMappingException e) {
+                throw new TypeMappingException(resolverMethod, parameter, e);
+            }
+            parameterType = ClassUtils.addAnnotations(parameterType, parameter.getAnnotations());
+            operationArguments.add(new OperationArgument(
+                    parameterType,
+                    getArgumentName(parameter, parameterType, params.getInclusionStrategy()),
+                    getArgumentDescription(parameter, parameterType),
+                    defaultValue(parameter, parameterType),
+                    parameter,
+                    parameter.isAnnotationPresent(GraphQLContext.class),
+                    params.getInclusionStrategy().includeArgument(parameter, parameterType)
+            ));
+        }
+        return operationArguments;
+    }
+
+    protected String getArgumentName(Parameter parameter, AnnotatedType parameterType, InclusionStrategy inclusionStrategy) {
+        if (Optional.ofNullable(parameterType.getAnnotation(GraphQLId.class)).filter(GraphQLId::relayId).isPresent()) {
+            return GraphQLId.RELAY_ID_FIELD_NAME;
+        }
+        GraphQLArgument meta = parameter.getAnnotation(GraphQLArgument.class);
+        if (meta != null && !meta.name().isEmpty()) {
+            return meta.name();
+        } else {
+            if (!parameter.isNamePresent() && inclusionStrategy.includeArgument(parameter, parameterType)) {
+                log.warn("No explicit argument name given and the parameter name lost in compilation: "
+                        + parameter.getDeclaringExecutable().toGenericString() + "#" + parameter.toString()
+                        + ". For details and possible solutions see " + Urls.Errors.MISSING_ARGUMENT_NAME);
+            }
+            return parameter.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected String getArgumentDescription(Parameter parameter, AnnotatedType parameterType) {
+        GraphQLArgument meta = parameter.getAnnotation(GraphQLArgument.class);
+        return meta != null ? meta.description() : null;
+    }
+
+    protected Object defaultValue(Parameter parameter, AnnotatedType parameterType) {
+
+        GraphQLArgument meta = parameter.getAnnotation(GraphQLArgument.class);
+        if (meta == null) return null;
+        try {
+            return meta.defaultValueProvider().newInstance()
+                    .getDefaultValue(parameter, parameterType, ReservedStrings.decode(meta.defaultValue()));
+        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    meta.defaultValueProvider().getName() + " must expose a public default constructor", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `parameterType` last assigned on line 41 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getArgumentName(...)` at line 44.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List AnnotatedArgumentBuilder.buildResolverArguments(ArgumentBuilderParams)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.leangen.graphql.metadata.strategy.query.AnnotatedArgumentBuilder.buildResolverArguments(io.leange.565c81b97b8d89d6fc931a36932b8993
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/leangen/graphql/metadata/strategy/query/AnnotatedArgumentBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+AnnotatedArgumentBuilder.java|buildResolverArguments|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+902d28b1dbf6060a81cf2f16f3318764
+
+### Hash:
+66af11f529d2c303b00bdc78c57f07f1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4700/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4700/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..550c6646fc7cab01323f443c87f388c50d96bc1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4700/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.searchcode.app.dao;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.IDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.MySQLDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeIndexDocument;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.LanguageTypeDTO;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.SourceCodeDTO;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.CodeResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.searchcode.SearchcodeCodeResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.LoggerWrapper;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+
+import java.sql.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+public class SourceCode {
+    private final Helpers helpers;
+    private final IDatabaseConfig dbConfig;
+    private final LanguageType languageType;
+    private final LoggerWrapper logger;
+
+    public SourceCode() {
+        this(new MySQLDatabaseConfig(), Singleton.getHelpers(), Singleton.getLanguageType(), Singleton.getLogger());
+    }
+
+    public SourceCode(IDatabaseConfig dbConfig, Helpers helpers, LanguageType languageType, LoggerWrapper logger) {
+        this.dbConfig = dbConfig;
+        this.helpers = helpers;
+        this.languageType = languageType;
+        this.logger = logger;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int getMaxId() {
+        int maxId = 0;
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select id from code order by id desc limit 1;");
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                maxId = rs.getInt(1);
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("d6941483::error in class %s exception %s searchcode unable to get the maxid, this is not likely to affect anything other than the display", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return maxId;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<CodeResult> getByIds(List<Integer> codeIds) {
+        List<CodeResult> codeResultList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();
+        for (Integer codeId : codeIds) {
+            stringBuffer.append(codeId).append(",");
+        }
+        String codeIdsString = StringUtils.substring(stringBuffer.toString(), 0, -1);
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select c.id,c.filename,c.location," +
+                    "substring(uncompress(c.content),1,500000) as content," +
+                    "c.hash, r.name as reponame, c.simhash, c.linescount," +
+                    "lt.type as languagetype," +
+                    "s.name as sourcename, r.sourceurl, r.url, c.blank, c.comment, r.username " +
+                    "from code c " +
+                    "join repo r ON c.repoid = r.id " +
+                    "join languagetype lt ON c.languagename = lt.id " +
+                    "join source s ON s.id = r.sourceid " +
+                    "where c.id in (" +
+                    codeIdsString +
+                    ") order by field(c.id, " +
+                    codeIdsString +
+                    ");");
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+//            while (rs.next()) {
+//                codeResultList.add(new SearchcodeSearchResult(
+//                        rs.getInt("id"),
+//                        rs.getString("filename"),
+//                        rs.getString("location"),
+//                        rs.getString("content"),
+//                        rs.getString("hash"),
+//                        rs.getString("reponame"),
+//                        rs.getString("simhash"),
+//                        rs.getInt("linescount"),
+//                        rs.getString("languagetype"),
+//                        rs.getString("sourcename"),
+//                        rs.getString("sourceurl"),
+//                        rs.getString("url"),
+//                        rs.getInt("blank"),
+//                        rs.getInt("comment"),
+//                        rs.getString("username")
+//                ));
+//            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("1eb33289::error in class %s exception %s searchcode unable to get code by ids %s", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), String.join(", ", codeIds.stream().map(x -> x.toString()).collect(Collectors.toList()))));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return codeResultList;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<SearchcodeCodeResult> getCodeBetween(int start, int end) {
+
+        List<SearchcodeCodeResult> codeResultList = new ArrayList<>(end - start);
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT c.id, c.repoid, c.filetypeid, c.languagename, r.sourceid, " +
+                    "UNCOMPRESS(c.content) AS content, " +
+                    "c.filename, " +
+                    "c.linescount " +
+                    "FROM code c " +
+                    "JOIN repo r ON r.id = c.repoid " +
+                    "WHERE c.id >= ? AND c.id <= ? AND c.deleted = 0 " +
+                    "AND c.languagename not in (select id from languagetype where type in ('text', 'Unknown', 'xml', 'xaml', 'css', 'MSBuild scripts'))");
+            stmt.setInt(1, start);
+            stmt.setInt(2, end);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                codeResultList.add(new SearchcodeCodeResult(
+                        rs.getInt("id"),
+                        rs.getInt("repoid"),
+                        rs.getInt("filetypeid"),
+                        rs.getInt("languagename"),
+                        rs.getInt("sourceid"),
+                        rs.getString("content"),
+                        rs.getString("filename"),
+                        rs.getInt("linescount")
+                ));
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("e3492faa::error in class %s exception %s searchcode unable to get code between ids %d - %d", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), start, end));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return codeResultList;
+    }
+
+    public Optional<SourceCodeDTO> getByCodeIndexDocument(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) {
+        Optional<SourceCodeDTO> result = Optional.empty();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+
+            String query = "SELECT sourcecode.id, repoid, languageid, sourceid, ownerid, licenseid, location, filename, UNCOMPRESS(content) AS content, hash, simhash, linescount, data, languagetype.type as languagename" +
+                    " FROM sourcecode" +
+                    " INNER JOIN languagetype ON languagetype.id = sourcecode.languageid" +
+                    //"repoid=? AND location=? AND filename=?";
+                    " WHERE location=? AND filename=? LIMIT 1;";
+
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement(query, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
+            stmt.setString(1, this.getLocation(codeIndexDocument));
+            stmt.setString(2, codeIndexDocument.getFileName());
+
+            resultSet = stmt.executeQuery();
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                result = Optional.of(new SourceCodeDTO(
+                        resultSet.getInt("id"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("repoid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("languageid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("languagename"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("sourceid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("ownerid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("licenseid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("location"),
+                        resultSet.getString("filename"),
+                        resultSet.getString("content"),
+                        resultSet.getString("hash"),
+                        resultSet.getString("simhash"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("linescount"),
+                        resultSet.getString("data")
+                ));
+            }
+
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("f176335f::error in class %s exception %s searchcode unable to get code by index document location %s filename %s", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), this.getLocation(codeIndexDocument), codeIndexDocument.getFileName()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public Optional<SourceCodeDTO> getById(int id) {
+        Optional<SourceCodeDTO> result = Optional.empty();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+
+            String query = "SELECT sourcecode.id, repoid, languageid, sourceid, ownerid, licenseid, location, filename, UNCOMPRESS(content) AS content, hash, simhash, linescount, data, languagetype.type as languagename" +
+                    " FROM sourcecode" +
+                    " INNER JOIN languagetype ON languagetype.id = sourcecode.languageid" +
+                    " WHERE sourcecode.id=? LIMIT 1;";
+
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement(query);
+            stmt.setInt(1, id);
+
+            resultSet = stmt.executeQuery();
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                result = Optional.of(new SourceCodeDTO(
+                        resultSet.getInt("id"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("repoid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("languageid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("languagename"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("sourceid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("ownerid"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("licenseid"),
+                        resultSet.getString("location"),
+                        resultSet.getString("filename"),
+                        resultSet.getString("content"),
+                        resultSet.getString("hash"),
+                        resultSet.getString("simhash"),
+                        resultSet.getInt("linescount"),
+                        resultSet.getString("data")
+                ));
+            }
+
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("a8ea57fb::error in class %s exception %s searchcode unable to get code by id %d", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), id));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public SourceCodeDTO saveCode(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) {
+
+        Optional<SourceCodeDTO> existing = this.getByCodeIndexDocument(codeIndexDocument);
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+
+            // If the language does not exist then create it
+            Optional<LanguageTypeDTO> languageType = this.languageType.createLanguageType(codeIndexDocument.getLanguageName());
+
+            String query = "INSERT INTO `sourcecode` (`id`, `repoid`, `languageid`, `sourceid`, `ownerid`, `licenseid`, `location`, `filename`, `content`, `hash`, `simhash`, `linescount`, `data`) VALUES " +
+                    "(NULL, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, COMPRESS(?), ?, ?, ?, ?)";
+
+            // Why is this here and not above??
+            if (existing.isPresent()) {
+                return existing.get();
+            }
+
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement(query, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);
+            stmt.setInt(1, 31337);
+            stmt.setInt(2, languageType.get().getId());
+            stmt.setInt(3, 31337);
+            stmt.setInt(4, 31337);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 31337);
+            stmt.setString(6, this.getLocation(codeIndexDocument));
+            stmt.setString(7, codeIndexDocument.getFileName());
+            stmt.setString(8, codeIndexDocument.getContents());
+            stmt.setString(9, codeIndexDocument.getHash());
+            stmt.setString(10, "simhash");
+            stmt.setInt(11, codeIndexDocument.getLines());
+            stmt.setString(12, "{}");
+
+            stmt.execute();
+            ResultSet tableKeys = stmt.getGeneratedKeys();
+            tableKeys.next();
+            int autoGeneratedID = tableKeys.getInt(1);
+            return this.getById(autoGeneratedID).get();
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("4a1aa86d::error in class %s exception %s searchcode save code with name %s", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), codeIndexDocument.getFileName()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            // this.helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String getLocation(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) {
+        if (codeIndexDocument == null || codeIndexDocument.getDisplayLocation() == null || codeIndexDocument.getFileName() == null) {
+            return Values.EMPTYSTRING;
+        }
+
+        return codeIndexDocument.getDisplayLocation().substring(0, codeIndexDocument.getDisplayLocation().length() - codeIndexDocument.getFileName().length());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `stmt` last assigned on line 278 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `closeQuietly(...)` at line 316.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+SourceCodeDTO SourceCode.saveCode(CodeIndexDocument)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.dao.SourceCode.saveCode(com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeIndexDocument):com.searchcode..0dc9d7352723a20546d4b1d7466f3da4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/dao/SourceCode.java
+
+### Key:
+SourceCode.java|saveCode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3e01c2ad396a24baf97e722606f35194
+
+### Hash:
+3c2794ed1f46a32254b68c4f16ecb765
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4701/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4701/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06ce6be2eb71d33f3d4e4ba895f58a660940728d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4701/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file, but will be eventually open under GNU General Public License Version 3
+ * see the README.md for when this clause will take effect
+ *
+ * Version 1.3.15
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.dao;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.IDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.config.Values;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.ApiResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.RepoResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.LoggerWrapper;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to all methods required to get Repo details from the database.
+ * Note that we use an in memory cache to avoid hitting the database too much. This was because when hit really hard
+ * that there would be timeouts and other database connection issues with the dreaded "Too many connections".
+ */
+public class Repo {
+
+    private final Helpers helpers;
+    private final IDatabaseConfig dbConfig;
+    private final LoggerWrapper logger;
+
+    public Repo() {
+        this(Singleton.getDatabaseConfig(), Singleton.getHelpers(), Singleton.getLogger());
+    }
+
+
+    public Repo(IDatabaseConfig dbConfig, Helpers helpers, LoggerWrapper loggerWrapper) {
+        this.dbConfig = dbConfig;
+        this.helpers = helpers;
+        this.logger = loggerWrapper;
+        this.createTableIfMissing();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> getAllRepo() {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection connection;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch,data from repo order by rowid desc;");
+
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                int rowId = resultSet.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = resultSet.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = resultSet.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = resultSet.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = resultSet.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = resultSet.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = resultSet.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = resultSet.getString("branch");
+                String repoData = resultSet.getString("data");
+
+                repoResults.add(new RepoResult()
+                        .setRowId(rowId)
+                        .setName(repoName)
+                        .setScm(repoScm)
+                        .setUrl(repoUrl)
+                        .setUsername(repoUsername)
+                        .setPassword(repoPassword)
+                        .setSource(repoSource)
+                        .setBranch(repoBranch)
+                        .setData(repoData));
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("820c9557::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was unable to get the list of all repositories, this is likely nothing will be indexed, most likely the table has changed or is missing", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return repoResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> searchRepo(String searchTerms) {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = this.getAllRepo();
+        List<RepoResult> matchRepoResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        String[] split = searchTerms.toLowerCase().split(" ");
+
+        for (RepoResult rr : repoResults) {
+            boolean isMatch = false;
+
+            for (String term : split) {
+                isMatch = rr.toString().toLowerCase().contains(term);
+            }
+
+            if (isMatch) {
+                matchRepoResults.add(rr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (matchRepoResults.size() > 100) {
+            matchRepoResults = matchRepoResults.subList(0, 100);
+        }
+
+        return matchRepoResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> getPagedRepo(int offset, int pageSize) {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection conn;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch,data from repo order by rowid desc limit ?, ?;");
+
+            stmt.setInt(1, offset);
+            stmt.setInt(2, pageSize);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+                String repoData = rs.getString("data");
+
+                repoResults.add(new RepoResult()
+                        .setRowId(rowId)
+                        .setName(repoName)
+                        .setScm(repoScm)
+                        .setUrl(repoUrl)
+                        .setUsername(repoUsername)
+                        .setPassword(repoPassword)
+                        .setSource(repoSource)
+                        .setBranch(repoBranch)
+                        .setData(repoData));
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("20c36ec2::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was unable to get the paged list of repositories, this is likely nothing will be indexed, most likely the table has changed or is missing", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+        }
+
+        return repoResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int getRepoCount() {
+        int totalCount = 0;
+
+        Connection connection;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("select count(rowid) as totalcount from repo;");
+
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                totalCount = resultSet.getInt("totalcount");
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("4e403331::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was unable to get the count of repositories, this is unlikely to affect anything but there are likely to be other issues in the logs", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return totalCount;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized Optional<RepoResult> getRepoByName(String repositoryName) {
+        if (repositoryName == null) {
+            return Optional.empty();
+        }
+
+        Optional<RepoResult> result = Optional.empty();
+
+        Connection connection;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch,data from repo where name=?;");
+
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, repositoryName);
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                int rowId = resultSet.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = resultSet.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = resultSet.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = resultSet.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = resultSet.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = resultSet.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = resultSet.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = resultSet.getString("branch");
+                String repoData = resultSet.getString("data");
+
+                RepoResult repoResult = new RepoResult()
+                        .setRowId(rowId)
+                        .setName(repoName)
+                        .setScm(repoScm)
+                        .setUrl(repoUrl)
+                        .setUsername(repoUsername)
+                        .setPassword(repoPassword)
+                        .setSource(repoSource)
+                        .setBranch(repoBranch)
+                        .setData(repoData);
+
+                result = Optional.of(repoResult);
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("359a0566::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was unable to get repository by name %s, this is likely to cause indexing issues and its likely other issues will be in the logs", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), repositoryName));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized Optional<RepoResult> getRepoByUrl(String repositoryUrl) {
+        if (repositoryUrl == null) {
+            return Optional.empty();
+        }
+
+        Connection connection;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        Optional<RepoResult> result = Optional.empty();
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch,data from repo where url=?;");
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, repositoryUrl);
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                int rowId = resultSet.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = resultSet.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = resultSet.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = resultSet.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = resultSet.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = resultSet.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = resultSet.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = resultSet.getString("branch");
+                String repoData = resultSet.getString("data");
+
+                RepoResult repoResult = new RepoResult()
+                        .setRowId(rowId)
+                        .setName(repoName)
+                        .setScm(repoScm)
+                        .setUrl(repoUrl)
+                        .setUsername(repoUsername)
+                        .setPassword(repoPassword)
+                        .setSource(repoSource)
+                        .setBranch(repoBranch)
+                        .setData(repoData);
+
+                result = Optional.of(repoResult);
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("afd625ce::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was unable to get repository by url %s, this is likely to cause indexing issues and its likely other issues will be in the logs", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), repositoryUrl));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void deleteRepoByName(String repositoryName) {
+        Connection connection;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("delete from repo where name=?;");
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, repositoryName);
+            preparedStatement.execute();
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("8f05a49c::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was unable to delete repository by name %s, this is unlikely to break anything but there should be other errors in the logs", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), repositoryName));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean saveRepo(RepoResult repoResult) {
+        Optional<RepoResult> existing = this.getRepoByName(repoResult.getName());
+
+        boolean isNew = false;
+
+        Connection connection;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+
+        // Update with new details
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            if (existing.isPresent()) {
+                preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("UPDATE \"repo\" SET \"name\" = ?, \"scm\" = ?, \"url\" = ?, \"username\" = ?, \"password\" = ?, \"source\" = ?, \"branch\" = ?, \"data\" = ? WHERE  \"name\" = ?");
+                preparedStatement.setString(9, repoResult.getName());
+            } else {
+                isNew = true;
+                preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO repo(\"name\",\"scm\",\"url\", \"username\", \"password\",\"source\",\"branch\",\"data\") VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)");
+            }
+
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, repoResult.getName());
+            preparedStatement.setString(2, repoResult.getScm());
+            preparedStatement.setString(3, repoResult.getUrl());
+            preparedStatement.setString(4, repoResult.getUsername());
+            preparedStatement.setString(5, repoResult.getPassword());
+            preparedStatement.setString(6, repoResult.getSource());
+            preparedStatement.setString(7, repoResult.getBranch());
+            preparedStatement.setString(8, repoResult.getDataAsJson());
+
+            preparedStatement.execute();
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("653b7384::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was unable to add repository %s, this is unlikely to break anything but there should be other errors in the logs", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage(), repoResult.getName()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+
+        return isNew;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void createTableIfMissing() {
+        Connection connection;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='repo';");
+
+            resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+            String value = Values.EMPTYSTRING;
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                value = resultSet.getString("name");
+            }
+
+            if (Singleton.getHelpers().isNullEmptyOrWhitespace(value)) {
+                preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS \"repo\" (\"name\" VARCHAR PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL ,\"scm\" VARCHAR,\"url\" VARCHAR,\"username\" VARCHAR,\"password\" VARCHAR, \"source\", \"branch\" VARCHAR, data text);");
+                preparedStatement.execute();
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            this.logger.severe(String.format("5ec972ce::error in class %s exception %s searchcode was to create the api key table, so api calls will fail", ex.getClass(), ex.getMessage()));
+        } finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resultSet` last assigned on line 303 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `closeQuietly(...)` at line 313.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Repo.deleteRepoByName(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.dao.Repo.deleteRepoByName(java.lang.String):void.e7ff5069b553d025187056ebcc5f7b52
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/dao/Repo.java
+
+### Key:
+Repo.java|deleteRepoByName|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+502a00e2fb44225c639df13b4e0beaa6
+
+### Hash:
+872390b6a9a06db0d79769af861748e6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4706/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4706/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ed7241133465134655d5d6d920f4cd6788efb55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4706/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file, but will be eventually open under GNU General Public License Version 3
+ * see the README.md for when this clause will take effect
+ *
+ * Version 1.3.8
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.dao;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.IDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.RepoResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.LoggerWrapper;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.AbstractMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to all methods required to get Repo details from the database.
+ * Note that we use an in memory cache to avoid hitting the database too much. This was because when hit really hard
+ * that there would be timeouts and other database connection issues with the dreaded "Too many connections".
+ */
+public class Repo implements IRepo {
+
+    private static final LoggerWrapper LOGGER = Singleton.getLogger();
+    private AbstractMap<String, RepoResult> cache = Singleton.getRepoCache();
+    private IDatabaseConfig dbConfig;
+    private AbstractMap<String, Object> genericCache = Singleton.getGenericCache();
+    private String repoCountCacheKey = "repo-repo-count";
+    private String repoAllRepoCacheKey = "repo-all-repo-cache";
+
+    public Repo(IDatabaseConfig dbConfig) {
+        this.dbConfig = dbConfig;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> getAllRepo() {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = (ArrayList<RepoResult>)this.genericCache.get(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey);
+        if (this.genericCache.containsKey(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey)) {
+            return repoResults;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        repoResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo order by rowid desc;");
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                repoResults.add(new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch));
+            }
+
+            stmt.close();
+            conn.close();
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        this.genericCache.put(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey, repoResults);
+        return repoResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> searchRepo(String searchTerms) {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = this.getAllRepo();
+        List<RepoResult> matchRepoResults = new ArrayList<RepoResult>();
+
+        String[] split = searchTerms.toLowerCase().split(" ");
+
+        for(RepoResult rr: repoResults) {
+            boolean isMatch = false;
+
+            for(String term: split) {
+                if (rr.toString().toLowerCase().contains(term)) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                }
+                else {
+                    isMatch = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isMatch) {
+                matchRepoResults.add(rr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (matchRepoResults.size() > 100) {
+            matchRepoResults = matchRepoResults.subList(0, 100);
+        }
+
+        return matchRepoResults;
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> getPagedRepo(int offset, int pageSize) {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo order by rowid desc limit ?, ?;");
+
+            stmt.setInt(1, offset);
+            stmt.setInt(2, pageSize);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                repoResults.add(new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch));
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return repoResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int getRepoCount() {
+        Integer totalcount = (Integer)this.genericCache.get(this.repoCountCacheKey);
+        if (totalcount != null) {
+            return totalcount;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        totalcount = 0;
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select count(rowid) as totalcount from repo;");
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                totalcount = rs.getInt("totalcount");
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        this.genericCache.put(this.repoCountCacheKey, totalcount);
+        return totalcount;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized RepoResult getRepoByName(String repositoryName) {
+        if (repositoryName == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        RepoResult result = this.cache.get(repositoryName);
+        if (result != null) {
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo where name=?;");
+
+            stmt.setString(1, repositoryName);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                result = new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch);
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        if (result != null) {
+            this.cache.put(repositoryName, result);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized RepoResult getRepoByUrl(String repositoryUrl) {
+        if (repositoryUrl == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        RepoResult result = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo where url=?;");
+
+            stmt.setString(1, repositoryUrl);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                result = new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch);
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void deleteRepoByName(String repositoryName) {
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("delete from repo where name=?;");
+
+            stmt.setString(1, repositoryName);
+
+            stmt.execute();
+
+            this.cache.remove(repositoryName);
+            this.genericCache.remove(this.repoCountCacheKey);
+            this.genericCache.remove(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey);
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Anything which updates or saves should be syncronized to avoid
+    // SQLite issues with such operations
+    // TODO add retry logic here as this can fail and as such should just trigger again
+    @Override
+    public synchronized boolean saveRepo(RepoResult repoResult) {
+        RepoResult existing = this.getRepoByName(repoResult.getName());
+        this.cache.remove(repoResult.getName());
+
+        boolean isNew = false;
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        if (existing != null) {
+            // Update with new details
+            try {
+                conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+                stmt = conn.prepareStatement("UPDATE \"repo\" SET \"name\" = ?, \"scm\" = ?, \"url\" = ?, \"username\" = ?, \"password\" = ?, \"source\" = ?, \"branch\" = ? WHERE  \"name\" = ?");
+
+                stmt.setString(1, repoResult.getName());
+                stmt.setString(2, repoResult.getScm());
+                stmt.setString(3, repoResult.getUrl());
+                stmt.setString(4, repoResult.getUsername());
+                stmt.setString(5, repoResult.getPassword());
+                stmt.setString(6, repoResult.getSource());
+                stmt.setString(7, repoResult.getBranch());
+
+                // Target the row
+                stmt.setString(8, repoResult.getName());
+
+                stmt.execute();
+            }
+            catch(SQLException ex) {
+                LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            finally {
+                Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+                Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+                Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            isNew = true;
+            try {
+                conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+                stmt = conn.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO repo(\"name\",\"scm\",\"url\", \"username\", \"password\",\"source\",\"branch\") VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?)");
+
+                stmt.setString(1, repoResult.getName());
+                stmt.setString(2, repoResult.getScm());
+                stmt.setString(3, repoResult.getUrl());
+                stmt.setString(4, repoResult.getUsername());
+                stmt.setString(5, repoResult.getPassword());
+                stmt.setString(6, repoResult.getSource());
+                stmt.setString(7, repoResult.getBranch());
+
+                stmt.execute();
+            }
+            catch(SQLException ex) {
+                LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            finally {
+                Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+                Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+                Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.genericCache.remove(this.repoCountCacheKey);
+        this.genericCache.remove(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey);
+        return isNew;
+    }
+
+    // Schema Migrations below
+    public void addSourceToTable() {
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("PRAGMA table_info(repo);");
+
+            boolean shouldAlter = true;
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+            String value = "";
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                value = rs.getString("name");
+
+                if ("source".equals(value)) {
+                    shouldAlter = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (shouldAlter) {
+                List<String> commands = Arrays.asList(
+                        "ALTER TABLE \"repo\" RENAME TO \"oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_repo\"",
+                        "CREATE TABLE \"repo\" (\"name\" VARCHAR PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL ,\"scm\" VARCHAR,\"url\" VARCHAR,\"username\" VARCHAR,\"password\" VARCHAR, \"source\" VARCHAR)",
+                        "INSERT INTO \"repo\" SELECT \"name\",\"scm\",\"url\",\"username\",\"password\", \"\" FROM \"main\".\"oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_repo\"",
+                        "DROP TABLE \"oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_repo\"");
+
+                for(String command: commands) {
+                    stmt = conn.prepareStatement(command);
+                    stmt.execute();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addBranchToTable() {
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("PRAGMA table_info(repo);");
+
+            boolean shouldAlter = true;
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+            String value = "";
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                value = rs.getString("name");
+
+                if ("branch".equals(value)) {
+                    shouldAlter = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Python to generate random table name
+            // ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits + string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(20))
+            if (shouldAlter) {
+                List<String> commands = Arrays.asList(
+                        "ALTER TABLE \"repo\" RENAME TO \"y6L0VN5j9eQSg65hWtJJ_repo\"",
+                        "CREATE TABLE \"repo\" (\"name\" VARCHAR PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL ,\"scm\" VARCHAR,\"url\" VARCHAR,\"username\" VARCHAR,\"password\" VARCHAR, \"source\", \"branch\" VARCHAR)",
+                        "INSERT INTO \"repo\" SELECT \"name\",\"scm\",\"url\",\"username\",\"password\", \"\", \"master\" FROM \"main\".\"y6L0VN5j9eQSg65hWtJJ_repo\"",
+                        "DROP TABLE \"y6L0VN5j9eQSg65hWtJJ_repo\"");
+
+                for(String command: commands) {
+                    stmt = conn.prepareStatement(command);
+                    stmt.execute();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `rs` last assigned on line 333 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `closeQuietly(...)` at line 358.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Repo.saveRepo(RepoResult)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.dao.Repo.saveRepo(com.searchcode.app.model.RepoResult):boolean.f89af37c85b89d8c46182cf3b3e5d5af
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/dao/Repo.java
+
+### Key:
+Repo.java|saveRepo|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5c32bcf9f2b8b58e8c6095620c2bcf28
+
+### Hash:
+596e7b3a71702d43076fa0c6b5bb1ba2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4707/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4707/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..99e704ff529d1ef3514bd88054a9f2363f1071f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4707/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Boyter Online Services
+ *
+ * Use of this software is governed by the Fair Source License included
+ * in the LICENSE.TXT file, but will be eventually open under GNU General Public License Version 3
+ * see the README.md for when this clause will take effect
+ *
+ * Version 1.3.8
+ */
+
+package com.searchcode.app.dao;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.IDatabaseConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.RepoResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.service.Singleton;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.LoggerWrapper;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.AbstractMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to all methods required to get Repo details from the database.
+ * Note that we use an in memory cache to avoid hitting the database too much. This was because when hit really hard
+ * that there would be timeouts and other database connection issues with the dreaded "Too many connections".
+ */
+public class Repo implements IRepo {
+
+    private static final LoggerWrapper LOGGER = Singleton.getLogger();
+    private AbstractMap<String, RepoResult> cache = Singleton.getRepoCache();
+    private IDatabaseConfig dbConfig;
+    private AbstractMap<String, Object> genericCache = Singleton.getGenericCache();
+    private String repoCountCacheKey = "repo-repo-count";
+    private String repoAllRepoCacheKey = "repo-all-repo-cache";
+
+    public Repo(IDatabaseConfig dbConfig) {
+        this.dbConfig = dbConfig;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> getAllRepo() {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = (ArrayList<RepoResult>)this.genericCache.get(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey);
+        if (this.genericCache.containsKey(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey)) {
+            return repoResults;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        repoResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo order by rowid desc;");
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                repoResults.add(new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch));
+            }
+
+            stmt.close();
+            conn.close();
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        this.genericCache.put(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey, repoResults);
+        return repoResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> searchRepo(String searchTerms) {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = this.getAllRepo();
+        List<RepoResult> matchRepoResults = new ArrayList<RepoResult>();
+
+        String[] split = searchTerms.toLowerCase().split(" ");
+
+        for(RepoResult rr: repoResults) {
+            boolean isMatch = false;
+
+            for(String term: split) {
+                if (rr.toString().toLowerCase().contains(term)) {
+                    isMatch = true;
+                }
+                else {
+                    isMatch = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isMatch) {
+                matchRepoResults.add(rr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (matchRepoResults.size() > 100) {
+            matchRepoResults = matchRepoResults.subList(0, 100);
+        }
+
+        return matchRepoResults;
+    }
+
+
+    public synchronized List<RepoResult> getPagedRepo(int offset, int pageSize) {
+        List<RepoResult> repoResults = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo order by rowid desc limit ?, ?;");
+
+            stmt.setInt(1, offset);
+            stmt.setInt(2, pageSize);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                repoResults.add(new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch));
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return repoResults;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int getRepoCount() {
+        Integer totalcount = (Integer)this.genericCache.get(this.repoCountCacheKey);
+        if (totalcount != null) {
+            return totalcount;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        totalcount = 0;
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select count(rowid) as totalcount from repo;");
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                totalcount = rs.getInt("totalcount");
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        this.genericCache.put(this.repoCountCacheKey, totalcount);
+        return totalcount;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized RepoResult getRepoByName(String repositoryName) {
+        if (repositoryName == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        RepoResult result = this.cache.get(repositoryName);
+        if (result != null) {
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo where name=?;");
+
+            stmt.setString(1, repositoryName);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                result = new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch);
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        if (result != null) {
+            this.cache.put(repositoryName, result);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized RepoResult getRepoByUrl(String repositoryUrl) {
+        if (repositoryUrl == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        RepoResult result = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("select rowid,name,scm,url,username,password,source,branch from repo where url=?;");
+
+            stmt.setString(1, repositoryUrl);
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                int rowId = rs.getInt("rowid");
+                String repoName = rs.getString("name");
+                String repoScm = rs.getString("scm");
+                String repoUrl = rs.getString("url");
+                String repoUsername = rs.getString("username");
+                String repoPassword = rs.getString("password");
+                String repoSource = rs.getString("source");
+                String repoBranch = rs.getString("branch");
+
+                result = new RepoResult(rowId, repoName, repoScm, repoUrl, repoUsername, repoPassword, repoSource, repoBranch);
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void deleteRepoByName(String repositoryName) {
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("delete from repo where name=?;");
+
+            stmt.setString(1, repositoryName);
+
+            stmt.execute();
+
+            this.cache.remove(repositoryName);
+            this.genericCache.remove(this.repoCountCacheKey);
+            this.genericCache.remove(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey);
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO add retry logic here as this can fail and as such should just trigger again
+    @Override
+    public synchronized boolean saveRepo(RepoResult repoResult) {
+        RepoResult existing = this.getRepoByName(repoResult.getName());
+        this.cache.remove(repoResult.getName());
+
+        boolean isNew = false;
+
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement preparedStatement = null;
+
+        // Update with new details
+        try {
+            connection = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            if (existing != null) {
+                preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("UPDATE \"repo\" SET \"name\" = ?, \"scm\" = ?, \"url\" = ?, \"username\" = ?, \"password\" = ?, \"source\" = ?, \"branch\" = ? WHERE  \"name\" = ?");
+                preparedStatement.setString(8, repoResult.getName());
+            }
+            else {
+                isNew = true;
+                preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO repo(\"name\",\"scm\",\"url\", \"username\", \"password\",\"source\",\"branch\") VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?)");
+            }
+
+            preparedStatement.setString(1, repoResult.getName());
+            preparedStatement.setString(2, repoResult.getScm());
+            preparedStatement.setString(3, repoResult.getUrl());
+            preparedStatement.setString(4, repoResult.getUsername());
+            preparedStatement.setString(5, repoResult.getPassword());
+            preparedStatement.setString(6, repoResult.getSource());
+            preparedStatement.setString(7, repoResult.getBranch());
+
+            preparedStatement.execute();
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(preparedStatement);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(connection);
+        }
+
+        this.genericCache.remove(this.repoCountCacheKey);
+        this.genericCache.remove(this.repoAllRepoCacheKey);
+        return isNew;
+    }
+
+    // Schema Migrations below
+    public void addSourceToTable() {
+
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("PRAGMA table_info(repo);");
+
+            boolean shouldAlter = true;
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+            String value = "";
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                value = rs.getString("name");
+
+                if ("source".equals(value)) {
+                    shouldAlter = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (shouldAlter) {
+                List<String> commands = Arrays.asList(
+                        "ALTER TABLE \"repo\" RENAME TO \"oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_repo\"",
+                        "CREATE TABLE \"repo\" (\"name\" VARCHAR PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL ,\"scm\" VARCHAR,\"url\" VARCHAR,\"username\" VARCHAR,\"password\" VARCHAR, \"source\" VARCHAR)",
+                        "INSERT INTO \"repo\" SELECT \"name\",\"scm\",\"url\",\"username\",\"password\", \"\" FROM \"main\".\"oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_repo\"",
+                        "DROP TABLE \"oXHFcGcd04oXHFcGcd04_repo\"");
+
+                for(String command: commands) {
+                    stmt = conn.prepareStatement(command);
+                    stmt.execute();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void addBranchToTable() {
+        Connection conn = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet rs = null;
+
+        try {
+            conn = this.dbConfig.getConnection();
+            stmt = conn.prepareStatement("PRAGMA table_info(repo);");
+
+            boolean shouldAlter = true;
+
+            rs = stmt.executeQuery();
+            String value = "";
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                value = rs.getString("name");
+
+                if ("branch".equals(value)) {
+                    shouldAlter = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Python to generate random table name
+            // ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits + string.ascii_lowercase) for _ in range(20))
+            if (shouldAlter) {
+                List<String> commands = Arrays.asList(
+                        "ALTER TABLE \"repo\" RENAME TO \"y6L0VN5j9eQSg65hWtJJ_repo\"",
+                        "CREATE TABLE \"repo\" (\"name\" VARCHAR PRIMARY KEY  NOT NULL ,\"scm\" VARCHAR,\"url\" VARCHAR,\"username\" VARCHAR,\"password\" VARCHAR, \"source\", \"branch\" VARCHAR)",
+                        "INSERT INTO \"repo\" SELECT \"name\",\"scm\",\"url\",\"username\",\"password\", \"\", \"master\" FROM \"main\".\"y6L0VN5j9eQSg65hWtJJ_repo\"",
+                        "DROP TABLE \"y6L0VN5j9eQSg65hWtJJ_repo\"");
+
+                for(String command: commands) {
+                    stmt = conn.prepareStatement(command);
+                    stmt.execute();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch(SQLException ex) {
+            LOGGER.severe(" caught a " + ex.getClass() + "\n with message: " + ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        finally {
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(rs);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            Helpers.closeQuietly(conn);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `rs` last assigned on line 297 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `closeQuietly(...)` at line 315.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Repo.deleteRepoByName(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.dao.Repo.deleteRepoByName(java.lang.String):void.e7ff5069b553d025187056ebcc5f7b52
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/dao/Repo.java
+
+### Key:
+Repo.java|deleteRepoByName|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+92a0a4f943d264967e6b604f19d93d10
+
+### Hash:
+35f595c210f7c54e6f8acd64e262d1cf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4709/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4709/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de674e78263e8aab074b17098cb2b71112d71fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4709/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** searchcode-server
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.searchcode.app.service;
+
+import com.searchcode.app.config.SphinxSearchConfig;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeIndexDocument;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.CodeResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.ProjectStats;
+import com.searchcode.app.dto.SearchResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.model.RepoResult;
+import com.searchcode.app.util.Helpers;
+import org.apache.lucene.document.Document;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Queue;
+
+public class SphinxIndexService implements IIndexService {
+
+    private final Helpers helpers;
+
+    public SphinxIndexService() {
+        this.helpers = Singleton.getHelpers();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void indexDocument(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) throws IOException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void indexDocument(Queue<CodeIndexDocument> documentQueue) throws IOException {
+        // Need to connect to each sphinx config eventually
+        SphinxSearchConfig sphinxSearchConfig = new SphinxSearchConfig();
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = sphinxSearchConfig.getConnection();
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            return;
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(connection);
+        }
+
+        try {
+//            for (SearchcodeCodeResult codeResult: codeResultList) {
+//                try {
+//                    stmt = connection.prepareStatement("REPLACE INTO codesearchrt1 VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)");
+//
+//                    stmt.setInt(1, codeResult.getId());
+//                    stmt.setString(2, CodeIndexer.runCodeIndexPipeline(Singleton.getSearchCodeLib(), codeResult.getContent()));
+//                    stmt.setString(3, codeResult.getFilename());
+//                    stmt.setInt(4, codeResult.getRepoid());
+//                    stmt.setInt(5, codeResult.getFiletypeid());
+//                    stmt.setInt(6, codeResult.getLangugeid());
+//                    stmt.setInt(7, codeResult.getSourceid());
+//                    stmt.setInt(8, 0); //CCR
+//                    stmt.setInt(9, codeResult.getLinescount());
+//                    stmt.execute();
+//                } catch (SQLException ex) {
+//                    Singleton.getLogger().warning(ex.toString());
+//                }
+//            }
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(connection);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deleteByCodeId(String codeId) throws IOException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deleteByRepo(RepoResult repo) throws IOException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deleteAll() throws IOException {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void reindexAll() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void flipIndex() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void flipReadIndex() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void flipWriteIndex() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean getRepoAdderPause() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setRepoAdderPause(boolean repoAdderPause) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void toggleRepoAdderPause() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean getReindexingAll() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetReindexingAll() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean shouldPause(JobType jobType) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean shouldExit(JobType jobType) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void incrementCodeIndexLinesCount(int incrementBy) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void decrementCodeIndexLinesCount(int decrementBy) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setCodeIndexLinesCount(int value) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getCodeIndexLinesCount() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void decrementRepoJobsCount() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Document buildDocument(CodeIndexDocument codeIndexDocument) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getIndexedDocumentCount() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ProjectStats getProjectStats(String repoName) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SearchResult getProjectFileTree(String repoName) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<String> getRepoDocuments(String repoName, int page) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public CodeResult getCodeResultByCodeId(String codeId) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SearchResult search(String queryString, int page) {
+
+
+        SphinxSearchConfig sphinxSearchConfig = new SphinxSearchConfig();
+
+        List<Integer> results = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        Connection connection = null;
+        PreparedStatement stmt = null;
+        ResultSet resultSet = null;
+
+        try {
+            connection = sphinxSearchConfig.getConnection();
+
+            stmt = connection.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM codesearchrt1 WHERE MATCH(?);");
+            stmt.setString(1, queryString);
+            resultSet = stmt.executeQuery();
+
+            while (resultSet.next()) {
+                int id = resultSet.getInt("id");
+                results.add(id);
+            }
+
+        } catch (SQLException ex) {
+            //return results;
+        }
+        finally {
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(resultSet);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(stmt);
+            this.helpers.closeQuietly(connection);
+        }
+
+        //return results;
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `stmt` last assigned on line 39 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `closeQuietly(...)` at line 71.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SphinxIndexService.indexDocument(Queue)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.searchcode.app.service.SphinxIndexService.indexDocument(java.util.Queue):void.2e21c26258d0b7c416a4097de6e99de9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/searchcode/app/service/SphinxIndexService.java
+
+### Key:
+SphinxIndexService.java|indexDocument|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4045af655247ceb49577ca53060842a2
+
+### Hash:
+9674e68076710bdeee28f20e431f202b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4736/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4736/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58599ca12976fc91d679a29ca43f50b2210a3ef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4736/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** qmq
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018 Qunar, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package qunar.tc.qmq.store;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.InvalidPathException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+
+/**
+ * @author keli.wang
+ * @since 2017/7/3
+ */
+public class LogManager {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LogManager.class);
+
+    private final File logDir;
+    private final int fileSize;
+
+    private final LogSegmentValidator segmentValidator;
+    private final ConcurrentSkipListMap<Long, LogSegment> segments = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>();
+
+    private long flushedOffset = 0;
+
+    public LogManager(final File dir, final int fileSize, final LogSegmentValidator segmentValidator) {
+        this.logDir = dir;
+        this.fileSize = fileSize;
+        this.segmentValidator = segmentValidator;
+        createAndValidateLogDir();
+        loadLogs();
+        recover();
+    }
+
+    // ensure dir ok
+    private void createAndValidateLogDir() {
+        if (!logDir.exists()) {
+            LOG.info("Log directory {} not found, try create it.", logDir.getAbsoluteFile());
+            try {
+                Files.createDirectories(logDir.toPath());
+            } catch (InvalidPathException e) {
+                LOG.error("log directory char array: {}", Arrays.toString(logDir.getAbsolutePath().toCharArray()));
+                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create log directory " + logDir.getAbsolutePath(), e);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create log directory " + logDir.getAbsolutePath(), e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!logDir.isDirectory() || !logDir.canRead()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(logDir.getAbsolutePath() + " is not a readable log directory");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void loadLogs() {
+        LOG.info("Loading logs.");
+        try {
+            final File[] files = logDir.listFiles();
+            if (files == null) return;
+
+            for (final File file : files) {
+                if (file.getName().startsWith(".")) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                try {
+                    final LogSegment segment = new LogSegment(file, fileSize);
+                    segment.setWrotePosition(fileSize);
+                    segments.put(segment.getBaseOffset(), segment);
+                    LOG.info("Load {} success.", file.getAbsolutePath());
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Load {} failed.", file.getAbsolutePath());
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            LOG.info("Load logs done.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void recover() {
+        if (segments.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LOG.info("Recovering logs.");
+        final List<Long> baseOffsets = new ArrayList<>(segments.navigableKeySet());
+        final int offsetCount = baseOffsets.size();
+        long offset = -1;
+        for (int i = offsetCount - 2; i < offsetCount; i++) {
+            if (i < 0) continue;
+
+            final LogSegment segment = segments.get(baseOffsets.get(i));
+            offset = segment.getBaseOffset();
+            final LogSegmentValidator.ValidateResult result = segmentValidator.validate(segment);
+            offset += result.getValidatedSize();
+            if (result.getStatus() == LogSegmentValidator.ValidateStatus.COMPLETE) {
+                segment.setWrotePosition(segment.getFileSize());
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        flushedOffset = offset;
+
+        final long maxOffset = latestSegment().getBaseOffset() + latestSegment().getFileSize();
+        final int relativeOffset = (int) (offset % fileSize);
+        final LogSegment segment = locateSegment(offset);
+        if (segment != null && maxOffset != offset) {
+            segment.setWrotePosition(relativeOffset);
+            LOG.info("recover wrote offset to {}:{}", segment, segment.getWrotePosition());
+            // TODO(keli.wang): should delete crash file
+        }
+        LOG.info("Recover done.");
+    }
+
+    public LogSegment locateSegment(final long offset) {
+        if (isBaseOffset(offset)) {
+            return segments.get(offset);
+        }
+
+        final Map.Entry<Long, LogSegment> entry = segments.lowerEntry(offset);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return entry.getValue();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isBaseOffset(final long offset) {
+        return offset % fileSize == 0;
+    }
+
+    public LogSegment firstSegment() {
+        final Map.Entry<Long, LogSegment> entry = segments.firstEntry();
+        return entry == null ? null : entry.getValue();
+    }
+
+    public LogSegment latestSegment() {
+        final Map.Entry<Long, LogSegment> entry = segments.lastEntry();
+        return entry == null ? null : entry.getValue();
+    }
+
+    public LogSegment allocNextSegment() {
+        final long nextBaseOffset = nextSegmentBaseOffset();
+        return allocSegment(nextBaseOffset);
+    }
+
+    private long nextSegmentBaseOffset() {
+        final LogSegment segment = latestSegment();
+        if (segment == null) {
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            return segment.getBaseOffset() + fileSize;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private LogSegment allocSegment(final long baseOffset) {
+        final File nextSegmentFile = new File(logDir, StoreUtils.offset2FileName(baseOffset));
+        try {
+            final LogSegment segment = new LogSegment(nextSegmentFile, fileSize);
+            segments.put(baseOffset, segment);
+            LOG.info("alloc new segment file {}", segment);
+            return segment;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOG.error("Failed create new segment file. file: {}", nextSegmentFile.getAbsolutePath());
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Optional<LogSegment> getOrAllocSegment(final long baseOffset) {
+        if (!isBaseOffset(baseOffset)) {
+            return Optional.empty();
+        }
+
+        final LogSegment segment = segments.get(baseOffset);
+        if (segment != null) {
+            return Optional.of(segment);
+        }
+
+        return Optional.ofNullable(allocSegment(baseOffset));
+    }
+
+    public LogSegment allocOrResetSegments(final long expectedOffset) {
+        final long baseOffset = computeBaseOffset(expectedOffset);
+
+        if (segments.isEmpty()) {
+            return allocSegment(baseOffset);
+        }
+
+        if (nextSegmentBaseOffset() == baseOffset && latestSegment().isFull()) {
+            return allocSegment(baseOffset);
+        }
+
+        LOG.warn("All segments are too old, need to delete all segment now. Current base offset: {}, expect base offset: {}",
+                latestSegment().getBaseOffset(), baseOffset);
+        deleteAllSegments();
+
+        return allocSegment(baseOffset);
+    }
+
+    private long computeBaseOffset(final long offset) {
+        return offset - (offset % fileSize);
+    }
+
+    private void deleteAllSegments() {
+        for (Map.Entry<Long, LogSegment> entry : segments.entrySet()) {
+            deleteSegment(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public long getMinOffset() {
+        final LogSegment segment = firstSegment();
+        if (segment == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return segment.getBaseOffset();
+    }
+
+    public long getMaxOffset() {
+        final LogSegment segment = latestSegment();
+        if (segment == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return segment.getBaseOffset() + segment.getWrotePosition();
+    }
+
+    public boolean flush() {
+        boolean result = true;
+        final LogSegment segment = locateSegment(flushedOffset);
+        if (segment != null) {
+            final int offset = segment.flush();
+            final long where = segment.getBaseOffset() + offset;
+            result = where == this.flushedOffset;
+            this.flushedOffset = where;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public void close() {
+        for (final LogSegment segment : segments.values()) {
+            segment.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void deleteExpiredSegments(final long retentionMs) {
+        deleteExpiredSegments(retentionMs, null);
+    }
+
+    public void deleteExpiredSegments(final long retentionMs, DeleteHook afterDeleted) {
+        final long deleteUntil = System.currentTimeMillis() - retentionMs;
+        Preconditions.checkState(deleteUntil > 0, "retentionMs不应该超过当前时间");
+
+        Predicate<LogSegment> predicate = segment -> segment.getLastModifiedTime() < deleteUntil;
+        deleteSegments(predicate, afterDeleted);
+    }
+
+    public void deleteSegmentsBeforeOffset(final long offset) {
+        if (offset == -1) return;
+        Predicate<LogSegment> predicate = segment -> segment.getBaseOffset() < offset;
+        deleteSegments(predicate, null);
+    }
+
+    public void deleteSegments(Predicate<LogSegment> predicate, DeleteHook afterDeleted) {
+        int count = segments.size();
+        if (count <= 1) return;
+
+        for (final Map.Entry<Long, LogSegment> entry : segments.entrySet()) {
+            if (count <= 1) return;
+
+            final LogSegment segment = entry.getValue();
+
+            if (predicate.test(segment)) {
+                if (deleteSegment(entry.getKey(), segment)) {
+                    count = count - 1;
+                    executeHook(afterDeleted, segment);
+                    LOG.info("remove expired segment success. segment: {}", segment);
+                } else {
+                    LOG.warn("remove expired segment failed. segment: {}", segment);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void executeHook(DeleteHook hook, LogSegment segment) {
+        if (hook == null) return;
+
+        hook.afterDeleted(this, segment);
+    }
+
+    private boolean deleteSegment(final long key, final LogSegment segment) {
+        if (!segment.disable()) return false;
+        segments.remove(key);
+        segment.destroy();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public void destroy() {
+        deleteAllSegments();
+        logDir.delete();
+    }
+
+    public interface DeleteHook {
+        void afterDeleted(final LogManager logManager, final LogSegment deletedSegment);
+    }
+
+    public boolean clean(Long key) {
+        LogSegment segment = segments.get(key);
+        if (null == segment) {
+            LOG.error("clean message segment log error,segment:{} is null", key);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (deleteSegment(key, segment)) {
+            LOG.info("remove expired segment success. segment: {}", segment);
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("remove expired segment failed. segment: {}", segment);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `latestSegment()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 122.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LogManager.recover()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+qunar.tc.qmq.store.LogManager.recover():void.ac14f50f2d9732015411daf190603c01
+
+### File:
+qmq-store/src/main/java/qunar/tc/qmq/store/LogManager.java
+
+### Key:
+LogManager.java|recover|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+7f718d0f336eccb223b7c58a0633818d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4738/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4738/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb08a70777e393e72eb7ce9dc1960afb14a387f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4738/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** qmq
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018 Qunar, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package qunar.tc.qmq.backup.startup;
+
+import static qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.DicService.SIX_DIGIT_FORMAT_PATTERN;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.function.Consumer;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.base.ActionRecord;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.config.BackupConfig;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.config.DefaultBackupConfig;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.BackupKeyGenerator;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.BatchBackup;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.BatchBackupManager;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.DicService;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.IndexLogIterateService;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.MessageService;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.ScheduleFlushManager;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.SyncLogIterator;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.ActionSyncLogIterator;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.DbDicService;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.DeadMessageBatchBackup;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.DeadRecordBatchBackup;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.IndexEventBusListener;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.IndexFileStore;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.MessageIndexBatchBackup;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.MessageServiceImpl;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.service.impl.RecordBatchBackup;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.DicStore;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.KvStore;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.MessageStore;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.RecordStore;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.RocksDBStore;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.impl.DbDicDao;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.impl.FactoryStoreImpl;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.store.impl.RocksDBStoreImpl;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.sync.BackupActionLogSyncProcessor;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.sync.BackupMessageLogSyncProcessor;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.sync.HeartBeatProcessor;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.backup.sync.IndexLogSyncDispatcher;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.common.Disposable;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.configuration.BrokerConfig;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.configuration.DynamicConfig;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.meta.BrokerRole;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.store.Action;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.store.CheckpointManager;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.store.IndexLog;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.store.MessageQueryIndex;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.store.StorageConfig;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.store.StorageConfigImpl;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.store.event.FixedExecOrderEventBus;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.sync.MasterSlaveSyncManager;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.sync.SlaveSyncClient;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.sync.SyncType;
+import qunar.tc.qmq.utils.NetworkUtils;
+
+public class ServerWrapper implements Disposable {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ServerWrapper.class);
+
+    private final BackupConfig config;
+    private final DicService dicService;
+    private final List<Disposable> resources;
+    private final BatchBackupManager backupManager;
+    private final ScheduleFlushManager scheduleFlushManager;
+
+    private RecordStore recordStore;
+    private MessageStore indexStore;
+    private MessageStore deadMessageStore;
+
+    private MessageService messageService;
+
+    public ServerWrapper(DynamicConfig config) {
+        this.config = new DefaultBackupConfig(config);
+        this.resources = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.backupManager = new BatchBackupManager();
+        this.scheduleFlushManager = new ScheduleFlushManager();
+        DicStore dicStore = new DbDicDao(false);
+        this.dicService = new DbDicService(dicStore, SIX_DIGIT_FORMAT_PATTERN);
+    }
+
+    public void start() {
+        try {
+            final DynamicConfig localConfig = config.getDynamicConfig();
+			if (BrokerConfig.getBrokerRole() != BrokerRole.BACKUP) {
+                LOG.error("Config error,({})'s role is not backup.", NetworkUtils.getLocalHostname());
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Config error, the role is not backup");
+            }
+            config.setBrokerGroup(BrokerConfig.getBrokerName());
+            register(localConfig);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("backup server start up failed.", e);
+            Throwables.propagate(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void register(final DynamicConfig config) {
+        final SlaveSyncClient slaveSyncClient = new SlaveSyncClient(config);
+        final MasterSlaveSyncManager masterSlaveSyncManager = new MasterSlaveSyncManager(slaveSyncClient);
+
+        StorageConfig storageConfig = dummyConfig(config);
+        final CheckpointManager checkpointManager = new CheckpointManager(BrokerConfig.getBrokerRole(), storageConfig, null);
+        final FixedExecOrderEventBus bus = new FixedExecOrderEventBus();
+        BrokerRole role = BrokerConfig.getBrokerRole();
+        IndexLog log;
+        if (role == BrokerRole.BACKUP) {
+            final BackupKeyGenerator keyGenerator = new BackupKeyGenerator(dicService);
+            final KvStore.StoreFactory factory = new FactoryStoreImpl().createStoreFactory(config, dicService, keyGenerator);
+            this.indexStore = factory.createMessageIndexStore();
+            this.recordStore = factory.createRecordStore();
+            this.deadMessageStore = factory.createDeadMessageStore();
+            log = new IndexLog(storageConfig, checkpointManager);
+            final IndexLogSyncDispatcher dispatcher = new IndexLogSyncDispatcher(log);
+
+            bus.subscribe(MessageQueryIndex.class, getConstructIndexListener(keyGenerator
+                    , messageQueryIndex -> log.setDeleteTo(messageQueryIndex.getCurrentOffset())));
+            masterSlaveSyncManager.registerProcessor(dispatcher.getSyncType(), new BackupMessageLogSyncProcessor(dispatcher));
+
+            // action
+            final RocksDBStore rocksDBStore = new RocksDBStoreImpl(config);
+            final BatchBackup<ActionRecord> recordBackup = new RecordBatchBackup(this.config, keyGenerator, rocksDBStore, recordStore);
+            backupManager.registerBatchBackup(recordBackup);
+            final SyncLogIterator<Action, ByteBuf> actionIterator = new ActionSyncLogIterator();
+            BackupActionLogSyncProcessor actionLogSyncProcessor = new BackupActionLogSyncProcessor(checkpointManager, config, actionIterator, recordBackup);
+            masterSlaveSyncManager.registerProcessor(SyncType.action, actionLogSyncProcessor);
+
+            scheduleFlushManager.register(actionLogSyncProcessor);
+
+            masterSlaveSyncManager.registerProcessor(SyncType.heartbeat, new HeartBeatProcessor(checkpointManager));
+        } else if (role == BrokerRole.DELAY_BACKUP) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("check the role is correct, only backup is allowed.");
+        } else {
+            throw new RuntimeException("check the role is correct, only backup is allowed.");
+        }
+
+        IndexLogIterateService iterateService = new IndexLogIterateService(config, log, checkpointManager, bus);
+        IndexFileStore indexFileStore = new IndexFileStore(log, config);
+        scheduleFlushManager.register(indexFileStore);
+
+        messageService = new MessageServiceImpl(config, indexStore, deadMessageStore, recordStore);
+
+        scheduleFlushManager.scheduleFlush();
+        backupManager.start();
+        iterateService.start();
+        masterSlaveSyncManager.startSync();
+        addResourcesInOrder(scheduleFlushManager, backupManager, iterateService, masterSlaveSyncManager);
+    }
+
+    public MessageService getMessageService() {
+        return messageService;
+    }
+
+    private StorageConfig dummyConfig(DynamicConfig config) {
+        class BackupStorageConfig extends StorageConfigImpl {
+
+            private BackupStorageConfig(DynamicConfig config) {
+                super(config);
+            }
+        }
+        return new BackupStorageConfig(config);
+    }
+
+    private FixedExecOrderEventBus.Listener<MessageQueryIndex> getConstructIndexListener(final BackupKeyGenerator keyGenerator, Consumer<MessageQueryIndex> consumer) {
+        final BatchBackup<MessageQueryIndex> deadRecordBackup = new DeadRecordBatchBackup(recordStore, keyGenerator, config);
+        backupManager.registerBatchBackup(deadRecordBackup);
+        final BatchBackup<MessageQueryIndex> deadMessageBackup = new DeadMessageBatchBackup(deadMessageStore, keyGenerator, config);
+        backupManager.registerBatchBackup(deadMessageBackup);
+        final BatchBackup<MessageQueryIndex> indexBackup = new MessageIndexBatchBackup(config, indexStore, keyGenerator);
+        backupManager.registerBatchBackup(indexBackup);
+        return new IndexEventBusListener(deadMessageBackup, deadRecordBackup, indexBackup, consumer);
+    }
+
+    private void addResourcesInOrder(Disposable resource, Disposable... resources) {
+        this.resources.addAll(Lists.asList(resource, resources));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroy() {
+        if (resources.isEmpty()) return;
+        for (int i = resources.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            try {
+                Disposable disposable = resources.get(i);
+                if (disposable != null) disposable.destroy();
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                LOG.error("destroy resource failed", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `qunar.tc.qmq.store.CheckpointManager` acquired by call to `new()` at line 122 is not released after line 151.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServerWrapper.register(DynamicConfig)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+qunar.tc.qmq.backup.startup.ServerWrapper.register(qunar.tc.qmq.configuration.DynamicConfig):void.e61a0eab0e84423e14a9c872c51ad106
+
+### File:
+qmq-backup/src/main/java/qunar/tc/qmq/backup/startup/ServerWrapper.java
+
+### Key:
+ServerWrapper.java|register|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+51001b37fe4a982a9c85a7b55303ff36
+
+### Hash:
+5aea51ac071b29ab8a08d48aef827fc8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4739/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4739/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d8bf828ae7a5a3b6d73d9570941df97b05b7bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4739/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 61
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.mvel2;
+
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert;
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.convert;
+import static org.mvel2.MVEL.eval;
+import org.mvel2.ast.Function;
+import org.mvel2.integration.PropertyHandlerFactory;
+import org.mvel2.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+import org.mvel2.util.MethodStub;
+import org.mvel2.util.ParseTools;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ParseTools.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.getFieldOrAccessor;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.getFieldOrWriteAccessor;
+import org.mvel2.util.StringAppender;
+
+import static java.lang.Character.isJavaIdentifierPart;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import static java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength;
+import java.util.*;
+
+@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+public class PropertyAccessor {
+    private int start = 0;
+    private int cursor = 0;
+
+    private char[] property;
+    private int length;
+
+    private Object thisReference;
+    private Object ctx;
+    private Object curr;
+
+    private boolean first = true;
+    private boolean nullHandle = false;
+
+    private VariableResolverFactory variableFactory;
+
+    private static final int DONE = -1;
+    private static final int NORM = 0;
+    private static final int METH = 1;
+    private static final int COL = 2;
+    private static final int WITH = 3;
+
+    private static final Object[] EMPTYARG = new Object[0];
+
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Member>> READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Member>> WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Object[]>> METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Member>>(10));
+        WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Member>>(10));
+        METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Object[]>>(10));
+    }
+
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx, Object thisRef, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.thisReference = thisRef;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, int offset, int end, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.cursor = offset;
+        this.length = end;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(String property, Object ctx) {
+        this.length = (this.property = property.toCharArray()).length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(String property, Object ctx) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(char[] property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx, resolver, thisReference).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(char[] property, int offset, int end, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, offset, end, ctx, resolver).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(String property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property.toCharArray(), ctx, resolver, thisReference).get();
+    }
+
+    public static void set(Object ctx, String property, Object value) {
+        new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx).set(value);
+    }
+
+    public static void set(Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, String property, Object value) {
+        new PropertyAccessor(property.toCharArray(), ctx, resolver, null).set(value);
+    }
+
+    private Object get() {
+        curr = ctx;
+        try {
+            while (cursor < length) {
+                switch (nextToken()) {
+                    case NORM:
+                        curr = getBeanProperty(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case METH:
+                        curr = getMethod(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case COL:
+                        curr = getCollectionProperty(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case WITH:
+                        curr = getWithProperty(curr);
+                        break;
+
+                    case DONE:
+                }
+
+                if (nullHandle) {
+                    if (curr == null) {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        nullHandle = false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                first = false;
+            }
+
+            return curr;
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("array or collections index out of bounds (property: " + new String(property) + ")", e);
+        }
+        catch (PropertyAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("failed to access property: <<" + new String(property) + ">> in: " + (ctx != null ? ctx.getClass() : null), e);
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("null pointer exception in property: " + new String(property), e);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unknown exception in expression: " + new String(property), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void set(Object value) {
+        curr = ctx;
+
+        try {
+            int oLength = length;
+
+            length = findAbsoluteLast(property);
+
+            if ((curr = get()) == null)
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("cannot bind to null context: " + new String(property));
+
+            length = oLength;
+
+            if (nextToken() == COL) {
+                int start = ++cursor;
+
+                whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+                if (cursor == length)
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                if (scanTo(']'))
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                String ex = new String(property, start, cursor - start);
+
+                if (curr instanceof Map) {
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    ((Map) curr).put(eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory), value);
+                }
+                else if (curr instanceof List) {
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    ((List) curr).set(eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory, Integer.class), value);
+                }
+                else if (curr.getClass().isArray()) {
+                    Array.set(curr, eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory, Integer.class), convert(value, getBaseComponentType(curr.getClass())));
+                }
+                else {
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("cannot bind to collection property: " + new String(property) + ": not a recognized collection type: " + ctx.getClass());
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String tk = capture();
+
+            Member member = checkWriteCache(curr.getClass(), tk == null ? 0 : tk.hashCode());
+            if (member == null) {
+                addWriteCache(curr.getClass(), tk.hashCode(), (member = getFieldOrWriteAccessor(curr.getClass(), tk)));
+            }
+
+            if (member instanceof Field) {
+                Field fld = (Field) member;
+
+                if (value != null && !fld.getType().isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(fld.getType(), value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + fld.getType());
+                    }
+
+                    fld.set(curr, convert(value, fld.getType()));
+                }
+                else {
+                    fld.set(curr, value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (member != null) {
+                Method meth = (Method) member;
+
+                if (value != null && !meth.getParameterTypes()[0].isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(meth.getParameterTypes()[0], value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + meth.getParameterTypes()[0]);
+                    }
+                    meth.invoke(curr, convert(value, meth.getParameterTypes()[0]));
+                }
+                else {
+                    meth.invoke(curr, value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (curr instanceof Map) {
+                //noinspection unchecked
+                ((Map) curr).put(eval(tk, this.ctx, this.variableFactory), value);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property (" + tk + ") in: " + ctx.getClass().getName());
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int nextToken() {
+        switch (property[start = cursor]) {
+            case '[':
+                return COL;
+            case '.':
+                // ++cursor;
+                while (cursor < length && isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+                if ((start + 1) != length) {
+                    switch (property[cursor = ++start]) {
+                        case '?':
+                            cursor = ++start;
+                            nullHandle = true;
+                            break;
+                        case '{':
+                            return WITH;
+                    }
+
+                }
+        }
+
+        while (cursor < length && isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+        start = cursor;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while (++cursor < length && isJavaIdentifierPart(property[cursor])) ;
+
+        if (cursor < length) {
+            while (isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+            switch (property[cursor]) {
+                case '[':
+                    return COL;
+                case '(':
+                    return METH;
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private String capture() {
+        return new String(property, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+    }
+
+    protected int trimLeft(int pos) {
+        while (pos > 0 && isWhitespace(property[pos - 1])) pos--;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    public static void clearPropertyResolverCache() {
+        READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+        WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+        METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+    }
+
+    public static void reportCacheSizes() {
+        System.out.println("read property cache: " + READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+        System.out.println("write property cache: " + WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+        System.out.println("method cache: " + METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addReadCache(Class cls, Integer property, Member member) {
+        synchronized (READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Member> nestedMap = READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+
+            if (nestedMap == null) {
+                READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, nestedMap = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Member>());
+            }
+
+            nestedMap.put(property, member);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Member checkReadCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Member> map = READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static void addWriteCache(Class cls, Integer property, Member member) {
+        synchronized (WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Member> map = WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+            if (map == null) {
+                WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, map = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Member>());
+            }
+            map.put(property, member);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Member checkWriteCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Member> map = WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static void addMethodCache(Class cls, Integer property, Method member) {
+        synchronized (METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Object[]> map = METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+            if (map == null) {
+                METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, map = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Object[]>());
+            }
+            map.put(property, new Object[]{member, member.getParameterTypes()});
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object[] checkMethodCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Object[]> map = METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Object getBeanProperty(Object ctx, String property)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+
+        if (first) {
+            if ("this".equals(property)) {
+                return this.ctx;
+            }
+            else if (variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(property)) {
+                return variableFactory.getVariableResolver(property).getValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        Class cls;
+        Member member = checkReadCache(cls = (ctx instanceof Class ? ((Class) ctx) : ctx.getClass()), property.hashCode());
+
+        if (member == null) {
+            addReadCache(cls, property.hashCode(), member = getFieldOrAccessor(cls, property));
+        }
+
+        if (member instanceof Field) {
+            return ((Field) member).get(ctx);
+        }
+        else if (member != null) {
+            try {
+                return ((Method) member).invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+            }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                synchronized (member) {
+                    try {
+                        ((Method) member).setAccessible(true);
+                        return ((Method) member).invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+                    }
+                    finally {
+                        ((Method) member).setAccessible(false);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Map && ((Map) ctx).containsKey(property)) {
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(property);
+        }
+        else if ("length".equals(property) && ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            return getLength(ctx);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Class) {
+            Class c = (Class) ctx;
+            for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
+                if (property.equals(m.getName())) {
+                    if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_NAKED_METH_CALL) {
+                        return m.invoke(ctx, EMPTY_OBJ_ARR);
+                    }
+                    return m;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (PropertyHandlerFactory.hasPropertyHandler(cls)) {
+            return PropertyHandlerFactory.getPropertyHandler(cls).getProperty(property, ctx, variableFactory);
+        }
+
+        throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property (" + property + ")");
+    }
+
+    private void whiteSpaceSkip() {
+        if (cursor < length)
+            //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+            while (isWhitespace(property[cursor]) && ++cursor < length) ;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param c - character to scan to.
+     * @return - returns true is end of statement is hit, false if the scan scar is countered.
+     */
+    private boolean scanTo(char c) {
+        for (; cursor < length; cursor++) {
+            if (property[cursor] == c) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private Object getWithProperty(Object ctx) {
+        String root = new String(property, 0, cursor - 1).trim();
+
+        int start = cursor + 1;
+        int[] res = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(property, cursor, '{');
+        cursor = res[0];
+
+        WithStatementPair[] pvp = parseWithExpressions(root, subset(property, start, cursor++ - start));
+
+        for (WithStatementPair aPvp : pvp) {
+            if (aPvp.getParm() == null) {
+                // Execute this interpretively now.
+                MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory);
+            }
+            else {
+                // Execute interpretively.
+                MVEL.setProperty(ctx, aPvp.getParm(), MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory));
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle accessing a property embedded in a collections, map, or array
+     *
+     * @param ctx  -
+     * @param prop -
+     * @return -
+     * @throws Exception -
+     */
+    private Object getCollectionProperty(Object ctx, String prop) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.length() != 0) {
+            ctx = getBeanProperty(ctx, prop);
+        }
+
+        int start = ++cursor;
+
+        whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+        if (cursor == length)
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+        Object item;
+
+        if (scanTo(']'))
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+        // String ex = new String(property, start, cursor++ - start);
+        item = eval(new String(property, start, cursor++ - start), ctx, variableFactory);
+
+        if (ctx instanceof Map) {
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof List) {
+            return ((List) ctx).get((Integer) item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Collection) {
+            int count = (Integer) item;
+            if (count > ((Collection) ctx).size())
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("index [" + count + "] out of bounds on collections");
+
+            Iterator iter = ((Collection) ctx).iterator();
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) iter.next();
+            return iter.next();
+        }
+        else if (ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            return Array.get(ctx, (Integer) item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof CharSequence) {
+            return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt((Integer) item);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("illegal use of []: unknown type: " + (ctx == null ? null : ctx.getClass().getName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an appropriate method, execute it, and return it's response.
+     *
+     * @param ctx  -
+     * @param name -
+     * @return -
+     * @throws Exception -
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    private Object getMethod(Object ctx, String name) throws Exception {
+        int st = cursor;
+        String tk = ((cursor = balancedCapture(property, cursor, '(')) - st) > 1 ?
+                new String(property, st + 1, cursor - st - 1) : "";
+
+        cursor++;
+
+        Object[] args;
+        if (tk.length() == 0) {
+            args = ParseTools.EMPTY_OBJ_ARR;
+        }
+        else {
+            String[] subtokens = parseParameterList(tk.toCharArray(), 0, -1);
+            args = new Object[subtokens.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < subtokens.length; i++) {
+                args[i] = eval(subtokens[i], thisReference, variableFactory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (first && variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(name)) {
+            Object ptr = variableFactory.getVariableResolver(name).getValue();
+            if (ptr instanceof Method) {
+                ctx = ((Method) ptr).getDeclaringClass();
+                name = ((Method) ptr).getName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof MethodStub) {
+                ctx = ((MethodStub) ptr).getClassReference();
+                name = ((MethodStub) ptr).getMethodName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof Function) {
+                ((Function) ptr).checkArgumentCount(args.length);
+                return ((Function) ptr).call(ctx, thisReference, variableFactory, args);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new OptimizationFailure("attempt to optimize a method call for a reference that does not point to a method: "
+                        + name + " (reference is type: " + (ctx != null ? ctx.getClass().getName() : null) + ")");
+            }
+
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If the target object is an instance of java.lang.Class itself then do not
+         * adjust the Class scope target.
+         */
+        Class cls = ctx instanceof Class ? (Class) ctx : ctx.getClass();
+
+        /**
+         * Check to see if we have already cached this method;
+         */
+        Object[] cache = checkMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk));
+
+        Method m;
+        Class[] parameterTypes;
+
+        if (cache != null) {
+            m = (Method) cache[0];
+            parameterTypes = (Class[]) cache[1];
+        }
+        else {
+            m = null;
+            parameterTypes = null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If we have not cached the method then we need to go ahead and try to resolve it.
+         */
+        if (m == null) {
+            /**
+             * Try to find an instance method from the class target.
+             */
+            if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getMethods(), false)) != null) {
+                addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+                parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+            }
+
+            if (m == null) {
+                /**
+                 * If we didn't find anything, maybe we're looking for the actual java.lang.Class methods.
+                 */
+                if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getClass().getDeclaredMethods(), false)) != null) {
+                    addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+                    parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (m == null) {
+            StringAppender errorBuild = new StringAppender();
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                errorBuild.append(args[i] != null ? args[i].getClass().getName() : null);
+                if (i < args.length - 1) errorBuild.append(", ");
+            }
+
+            if ("size".equals(name) && args.length == 0 && cls.isArray()) {
+                return getLength(ctx);
+            }
+
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unable to resolve method: " + cls.getName() + "." + name + "(" + errorBuild.toString() + ") [arglength=" + args.length + "]");
+        }
+        else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                args[i] = convert(args[i], parameterTypes[i]);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Invoke the target method and return the response.
+             */
+            try {
+                return m.invoke(ctx, args);
+            }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                try {
+                    m = getWidenedTarget(m);
+                    addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+
+                    return m.invoke(ctx, args);
+                }
+                catch (Exception e2) {
+                    throw e;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int createSignature(String name, String args) {
+        return name.hashCode() + args.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public int getCursorPosition() {
+        return cursor;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `item` last assigned on line 553 could be null and is dereferenced at line 559.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object PropertyAccessor.getCollectionProperty(Object,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel2.PropertyAccessor.getCollectionProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String):java.lang.Object.534ee75ec5cdad9891a201ac61c50386
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel2/PropertyAccessor.java
+
+### Key:
+PropertyAccessor.java|getCollectionProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2d270aeaaec7060210758b465d3880ab
+
+### Hash:
+7692c79c8a13d3330f3765d47c1ae475
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4752/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4752/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9189597a9c39d3a0e359ed6ac3482542fe4d1075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4752/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2590 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 60
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.mvel2.compiler;
+
+import org.mvel2.*;
+import static org.mvel2.Operator.*;
+import org.mvel2.ast.*;
+import static org.mvel2.ast.TypeDescriptor.getClassReference;
+import org.mvel2.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ArrayTools.findFirst;
+import org.mvel2.util.ExecutionStack;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ParseTools.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.isEmpty;
+import org.mvel2.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import static java.lang.Boolean.FALSE;
+import static java.lang.Boolean.TRUE;
+import static java.lang.Double.parseDouble;
+import static java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime;
+import static java.lang.System.getProperty;
+import static java.lang.Thread.currentThread;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+
+/**
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class AbstractParser implements Serializable {
+    protected char[] expr;
+    protected int cursor;
+    protected int start;
+    protected int length;
+    protected int fields;
+
+    protected static final int OP_OVERFLOW = -2;
+    protected static final int OP_TERMINATE = -1;
+    protected static final int OP_RESET_FRAME = 0;
+    protected static final int OP_CONTINUE = 1;
+
+    protected boolean greedy = true;
+    protected boolean lastWasIdentifier = false;
+    protected boolean lastWasLineLabel = false;
+    protected boolean lastWasComment = false;
+    protected boolean literalOnly = true;
+
+    protected boolean debugSymbols = false;
+
+    protected int lastLineStart = -1;
+    protected int line = 1;
+
+    protected ASTNode lastNode;
+
+    private static Map<String, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+
+    public static final Map<String, Object> LITERALS =
+            new HashMap<String, Object>(35 * 2, 0.4f);
+
+    public static final Map<String, Integer> OPERATORS =
+            new HashMap<String, Integer>(25 * 2, 0.4f);
+
+    protected ExecutionStack stk;
+    protected ExecutionStack splitAccumulator = new ExecutionStack();
+
+    protected static ThreadLocal<ParserContext> parserContext;
+    protected ParserContext pCtx;
+    protected ExecutionStack dStack;
+    protected Object ctx;
+    protected VariableResolverFactory variableFactory;
+
+    static {
+        configureFactory();
+        /**
+         * Setup the basic literals
+         */
+        LITERALS.put("true", TRUE);
+        LITERALS.put("false", FALSE);
+
+        LITERALS.put("null", null);
+        LITERALS.put("nil", null);
+
+        LITERALS.put("empty", BlankLiteral.INSTANCE);
+
+        /**
+         * Add System and all the class wrappers from the JCL.
+         */
+        LITERALS.put("System", System.class);
+        LITERALS.put("String", String.class);
+        LITERALS.put("CharSequence", CharSequence.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Integer", Integer.class);
+        LITERALS.put("int", Integer.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Long", Long.class);
+        LITERALS.put("long", Long.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Boolean", Boolean.class);
+        LITERALS.put("boolean", Boolean.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Short", Short.class);
+        LITERALS.put("short", Short.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Character", Character.class);
+        LITERALS.put("char", Character.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Double", Double.class);
+        LITERALS.put("double", Double.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Float", Float.class);
+        LITERALS.put("float", Float.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Math", Math.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Void", Void.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Object", Object.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Class", Class.class);
+        LITERALS.put("ClassLoader", ClassLoader.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Runtime", Runtime.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Thread", Thread.class);
+        LITERALS.put("Compiler", Compiler.class);
+        LITERALS.put("StringBuffer", StringBuffer.class);
+        LITERALS.put("ThreadLocal", ThreadLocal.class);
+        LITERALS.put("SecurityManager", SecurityManager.class);
+        LITERALS.put("StrictMath", StrictMath.class);
+
+        LITERALS.put("Array", java.lang.reflect.Array.class);
+
+        if (parseDouble(getProperty("java.version").substring(0, 3)) >= 1.5) {
+            try {
+                LITERALS.put("StringBuilder", currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass("java.lang.StringBuilder"));
+            }
+            catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("cannot resolve a built-in literal", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        setLanguageLevel(5);
+    }
+
+    public static void configureFactory() {
+        EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<String, char[]>(15));
+    }
+
+    protected ASTNode nextTokenSkipSymbols() {
+        ASTNode n = nextToken();
+        if (n != null && n.getFields() == -1) n = nextToken();
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the next token in the expression.
+     *
+     * @return -
+     */
+    protected ASTNode nextToken() {
+        try {
+            /**
+             * If the cursor is at the end of the expression, we have nothing more to do:
+             * return null.
+             */
+            if (cursor >= length) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            else if (!splitAccumulator.isEmpty()) {
+                return lastNode = (ASTNode) splitAccumulator.pop();
+            }
+
+            int brace, idx;
+            start = cursor;
+
+            char[] tmp;
+            String name;
+
+            /**
+             * Because of parser recursion for sub-expression parsing, we sometimes need to remain
+             * certain field states.  We do not reset for assignments, boolean mode, list creation or
+             * a capture only mode.
+             */
+
+            boolean capture = false, union = false;
+
+            pCtx = getParserContext();
+
+            if (debugSymbols) {
+                if (!lastWasLineLabel) {
+                    if (pCtx.getSourceFile() == null) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unable to produce debugging symbols: source name must be provided.");
+                    }
+
+                    line = pCtx.getLineCount();
+
+                    skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+
+                    if (!pCtx.isKnownLine(pCtx.getSourceFile(), pCtx.setLineCount(line)) && !pCtx.isBlockSymbols()) {
+                        lastWasLineLabel = true;
+                        pCtx.setLineAndOffset(line, cursor);
+                        return lastNode = pCtx.setLastLineLabel(new LineLabel(pCtx.getSourceFile(), line));
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    lastWasComment = lastWasLineLabel = false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Skip any whitespace currently under the starting point.
+             */
+            while (start != length && isWhitespace(expr[start])) start++;
+
+            /**
+             * From here to the end of the method is the core MVEL parsing code.  Fiddling around here is asking for
+             * trouble unless you really know what you're doing.
+             */
+            for (cursor = start; cursor != length;) {
+                if (isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor])) {
+                    /**
+                     * If the current character under the cursor is a valid
+                     * part of an identifier, we keep capturing.
+                     */
+                    capture = true;
+                    cursor++;
+                }
+                else if (capture) {
+                    String t;
+                    if (OPERATORS.containsKey(t = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))) {
+                        switch (OPERATORS.get(t)) {
+                            case NEW:
+                                if (!isIdentifierPart(expr[start = cursor = trimRight(cursor)])) {
+                                    throw new CompileException("unexpected character (expected identifier): "
+                                            + expr[cursor], expr, cursor);
+                                }
+
+                                /**
+                                 * Capture the beginning part of the token.
+                                 */
+                                do {
+                                    captureToNextTokenJunction();
+                                    skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                                }
+                                while (cursor < length && expr[cursor] == '[');
+
+                                /**
+                                 * If it's not a dimentioned array, continue capturing if necessary.
+                                 */
+                                if (cursor < length && !lastNonWhite(']')) captureToEOT();
+
+                                lastNode = new NewObjectNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields);
+
+                                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                                if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] == '{') {
+                                    start = cursor;
+                                    Class egressType = ((NewObjectNode) lastNode).getEgressType();
+
+                                    if (egressType == null) {
+                                        try {
+                                            egressType = TypeDescriptor.getClassReference(pCtx, ((NewObjectNode) lastNode).getTypeDescr());
+                                        }
+                                        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                                            throw new CompileException("could not instantiate class", e);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+
+                                    cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor]) + 1;
+                                    if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                        lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, start = cursor, fields,
+                                                egressType);
+                                        captureToEOT();
+                                        return lastNode = new Union(expr, start + 1, cursor, fields, lastNode);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, cursor, fields,
+                                                egressType);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                return lastNode;
+
+                            case ASSERT:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new AssertNode(subArray(start, cursor--), fields);
+
+                            case RETURN:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new ReturnNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields);
+
+                            case IF:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_IF);
+
+                            case ELSE:
+                                throw new CompileException("else without if", cursor);
+
+                            case FOREACH:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_FOREACH);
+
+                            case WHILE:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_WHILE);
+
+                            case UNTIL:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_UNTIL);
+
+                            case FOR:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_FOR);
+
+                            case WITH:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_WITH);
+
+                            case DO:
+                                return captureCodeBlock(ASTNode.BLOCK_DO);
+
+                            case ISDEF:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new IsDef(subArray(start, cursor));
+
+                            case IMPORT:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                ImportNode importNode = new ImportNode(subArray(start, cursor));
+                                if (importNode.isPackageImport()) {
+                                    pCtx.addPackageImport(importNode.getPackageImport());
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    pCtx.addImport(getSimpleClassName(importNode.getImportClass()), importNode.getImportClass());
+                                }
+                                return lastNode = importNode;
+
+                            case IMPORT_STATIC:
+                                start = cursor = trimRight(cursor);
+                                captureToEOS();
+                                return lastNode = new StaticImportNode(subArray(start, cursor));
+
+                            case FUNCTION:
+                                lastNode = (Function) captureCodeBlock(FUNCTION);
+                                capture = false;
+                                start = cursor + 1;
+                                return lastNode;
+
+                            case UNTYPED_VAR:
+                                start = cursor + 1;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                int end = cursor;
+
+                                skipWhitespace();
+
+                                if (expr[cursor] == '=') {
+                                    if (end == (cursor = start))
+                                        throw new CompileException("illegal use of reserved word: var");
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, end)))) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedDeclTypedVarNode(idx, Object.class);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeclTypedVarNode(name, Object.class, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    skipWhitespace();
+
+                    /**
+                     * If we *were* capturing a token, and we just hit a non-identifier
+                     * character, we stop and figure out what to do.
+                     */
+                    if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                        cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, '(') + 1;
+                    }
+
+                    /**
+                     * If we encounter any of the following cases, we are still dealing with
+                     * a contiguous token.
+                     */
+                    if (cursor != length) {
+                        switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                            case '?':
+                                if (lookToLast() == '.') {
+                                    capture = true;
+                                    cursor++;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            case '+':
+                                switch (lookAhead()) {
+                                    case '+':
+                                        if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, trimLeft(cursor))))) != -1) {
+                                            lastNode = new IndexedPostFixIncNode(idx);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            lastNode = new PostFixIncNode(name);
+                                        }
+
+                                        cursor += 2;
+
+                                        expectEOS();
+
+                                        return lastNode;
+
+                                    case '=':
+                                        name = createStringTrimmed(expr, start, cursor - start);
+                                        start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, ADD, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, ADD, name, idx);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new AssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, ADD, name);
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                if (isDigit(lookAhead()) &&
+                                        cursor > 1 && (expr[cursor - 1] == 'E' || expr[cursor - 1] == 'e')
+                                        && isDigit(expr[cursor - 2])) {
+                                    cursor++;
+                                    capture = true;
+                                    continue;
+
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case '-':
+                                switch (lookAhead()) {
+                                    case '-':
+                                        if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, trimLeft(cursor))))) != -1) {
+                                            lastNode = new IndexedPostFixDecNode(idx);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            lastNode = new PostFixDecNode(name);
+                                        }
+                                        cursor += 2;
+
+                                        expectEOS();
+
+                                        return lastNode;
+
+                                    case '=':
+                                        name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+                                        start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, SUB, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), Operator.SUB, idx, fields);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), Operator.SUB, fields);
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                if (isDigit(lookAhead()) &&
+                                        cursor > 1 && (expr[cursor - 1] == 'E' || expr[cursor - 1] == 'e')
+                                        && isDigit(expr[cursor - 2])) {
+                                    cursor++;
+                                    capture = true;
+                                    continue;
+
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+
+
+                            case '\u00AB': // special compact code for recursive parses
+                            case '\u00BB':
+                            case '\u00AC':
+                            case '&':
+                            case '^':
+                            case '|':
+                            case '*':
+                            case '/':
+                            case '%':
+                                char op = expr[cursor];
+                                if (lookAhead() == '=') {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if (union) {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, _bwOpLookup(op), t);
+                                    }
+                                    else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), _bwOpLookup(op), idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), _bwOpLookup(op), fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+
+                            case '<':
+                                if ((lookAhead() == '<' && lookAhead(2) == '=')) {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 3;
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if (union) {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, BW_SHIFT_LEFT, t);
+                                    }
+                                    else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_LEFT, idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_LEFT, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+
+                            case '>':
+                                if (lookAhead() == '>') {
+                                    if (lookAhead(2) == '=') {
+                                        name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                        start = cursor += 3;
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, BW_SHIFT_RIGHT, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_RIGHT, idx, fields);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), BW_SHIFT_RIGHT, fields);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    else if ((lookAhead(2) == '>' && lookAhead(3) == '=')) {
+                                        name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                        start = cursor += 4;
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        if (union) {
+                                            return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields, BW_USHIFT_RIGHT, t);
+                                        }
+                                        else if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                            return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), BW_USHIFT_RIGHT, idx, fields);
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), BW_USHIFT_RIGHT, fields);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case ']':
+                            case '[':
+                                cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, '[') + 1;
+                                continue;
+                            case '.':
+                                union = true;
+                                cursor++;
+                                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                                continue;
+
+                            case '{':
+                                if (!union) break;
+                                cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, '{') + 1;
+                                continue;
+
+
+                            case '~':
+                                if (lookAhead() == '=') {
+                                    tmp = subArray(start, trimLeft(cursor));
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                    if (!isNextIdentifierOrLiteral()) {
+                                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol '" + expr[cursor] + "'", expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+
+                                    captureToEOT();
+
+                                    return lastNode = new RegExMatch(tmp, fields, subArray(start, cursor));
+                                }
+                                break;
+
+                            case '=':
+                                if (lookAhead() == '+') {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                    if (!isNextIdentifierOrLiteral()) {
+                                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol '" + expr[cursor] + "'", expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), ADD, idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), ADD, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                else if (lookAhead() == '-') {
+                                    name = new String(expr, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+
+                                    start = cursor += 2;
+
+                                    if (!isNextIdentifierOrLiteral()) {
+                                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol '" + expr[cursor] + "'", expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name)) != -1) {
+                                        return lastNode = new IndexedOperativeAssign(subArray(start, cursor), SUB, idx, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new OperativeAssign(name, subArray(start, cursor), SUB, fields);
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                if (greedy && lookAhead() != '=') {
+                                    cursor++;
+
+                                    captureToEOS();
+
+                                    if (union) {
+                                        return lastNode = new DeepAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields | ASTNode.ASSIGN);
+                                    }
+                                    else if (lastWasIdentifier) {
+                                        /**
+                                         * Check for typing information.
+                                         */
+                                        if (lastNode.getLiteralValue() instanceof String) {
+                                            TypeDescriptor tDescr = new TypeDescriptor(((String) lastNode.getLiteralValue()).toCharArray(), 0);
+
+                                            try {
+                                                lastNode.setLiteralValue(getClassReference(pCtx, tDescr));
+                                                lastNode.discard();
+                                            }
+                                            catch (Exception e) {
+                                                // fall through;
+                                            }
+                                        }
+
+                                        if (lastNode.isLiteral() && lastNode.getLiteralValue() instanceof Class) {
+                                            lastNode.discard();
+
+                                            captureToEOS();
+                                            return new TypedVarNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields | ASTNode.ASSIGN, (Class)
+                                                    lastNode.getLiteralValue());
+                                        }
+
+                                        throw new CompileException("unknown class or illegal statement: " + lastNode.getLiteralValue(), expr, cursor);
+                                    }
+                                    else if (pCtx != null
+                                            && ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(t)) != -1
+                                            || (pCtx.isIndexAllocation()))) {
+
+                                        IndexedAssignmentNode ian = new IndexedAssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), ASTNode.ASSIGN, idx);
+
+                                        if (idx == -1) {
+                                            pCtx.addIndexedVariable(t = ian.getAssignmentVar());
+                                            ian.setRegister(idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(t));
+                                        }
+                                        return lastNode = ian;
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        return lastNode = new AssignmentNode(subArray(start, cursor), fields | ASTNode.ASSIGN);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    /**
+                     * Produce the token.
+                     */
+                    trimWhitespace();
+
+                    return createPropertyToken(start, cursor);
+                }
+                else {
+                    switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                        case '.': {
+                            cursor++;
+                            if (isDigit(expr[cursor])) {
+                                capture = true;
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            expectNextChar_IW('{');
+
+                            tmp = subArray(start, cursor - 1);
+                            cursor = balancedCapture(expr, start = cursor, '{') + 1;
+
+                            return lastNode = new ThisWithNode(tmp, subArray(start + 1, cursor - 1), fields);
+                        }
+
+                        case '@': {
+                            start++;
+                            captureToEOT();
+
+                            if (pCtx.getInterceptors() == null || !pCtx.getInterceptors().
+                                    containsKey(name = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))) {
+                                throw new CompileException("reference to undefined interceptor: " + new String(expr, start, cursor - start), expr, cursor);
+                            }
+
+                            return lastNode = new InterceptorWrapper(pCtx.getInterceptors().get(name), nextToken());
+                        }
+
+                        case '=':
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, (cursor += 2));
+
+                        case '-':
+                            if (lookAhead() == '-') {
+                                cursor += 2;
+                                skipWhitespace();
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureIdentifier();
+
+                                if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, cursor)))) != -1) {
+                                    return lastNode = new IndexedPreFixDecNode(idx);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    return lastNode = new PreFixDecNode(name);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else if ((cursor != 0 && !isWhitespace(lookBehind())) || !isDigit(lookAhead())) {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+                            }
+                            else if ((cursor - 1) != 0 || (!isDigit(lookBehind())) && isDigit(lookAhead())) {
+                                cursor++;
+                                break;
+                            }
+
+                        case '+':
+                            if (lookAhead() == '+') {
+                                cursor += 2;
+                                skipWhitespace();
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureIdentifier();
+
+                                if ((idx = pCtx.variableIndexOf(name = new String(subArray(start, cursor)))) != -1) {
+                                    return lastNode = new IndexedPreFixIncNode(idx);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    return lastNode = new PreFixIncNode(name);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+
+                        case '*':
+                            if (lookAhead() == '*') {
+                                cursor++;
+                            }
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+
+                        case ';':
+                            cursor++;
+                            lastWasIdentifier = false;
+                            return lastNode = new EndOfStatement();
+
+                        case '#':
+                        case '/':
+                            switch (skipCommentBlock()) {
+                                case OP_TERMINATE:
+                                    return null;
+                                case OP_RESET_FRAME:
+                                    continue;
+                            }
+
+                        case '?':
+                        case ':':
+                        case '^':
+                        case '%': {
+                            return createOperator(expr, start, cursor++ + 1);
+                        }
+
+                        case '(': {
+                            cursor++;
+
+                            boolean singleToken = true;
+                            boolean lastWS = false;
+
+                            skipWhitespace();
+                            for (brace = 1; cursor != length && brace != 0; cursor++) {
+                                switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                                    case '(':
+                                        brace++;
+                                        break;
+                                    case ')':
+                                        brace--;
+                                        break;
+                                    case '\'':
+                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                                        break;
+                                    case '"':
+                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('"', expr, cursor, length);
+                                        break;
+                                    case 'i':
+                                        if (lookAhead() == 'n' && isWhitespace(lookAhead(2))) {
+
+                                            for (int level = brace; cursor != length; cursor++) {
+                                                switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                                                    case '(':
+                                                        brace++;
+                                                        break;
+                                                    case ')':
+                                                        if (--brace < level) {
+                                                            cursor++;
+                                                            if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                                                lastNode = new Fold(subset(expr, trimRight(start + 1), cursor - start - 2), fields);
+                                                                start = cursor;
+                                                                if (expr[start] == '.') start++;
+                                                                captureToEOT();
+                                                                return lastNode = new Union(expr, trimRight(start), cursor, fields, lastNode);
+                                                            }
+                                                            else {
+                                                                return lastNode = new Fold(subset(expr, trimRight(start + 1), cursor - start - 2), fields);
+                                                            }
+
+                                                        }
+                                                        break;
+                                                    case '\'':
+                                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                                                        break;
+                                                    case '"':
+                                                        cursor = captureStringLiteral('\"', expr, cursor, length);
+                                                        break;
+                                                }
+                                            }
+
+                                            throw new CompileException("unterminated projection; closing parathesis required", expr, cursor);
+                                        }
+                                        break;
+
+                                    default:
+                                        /**
+                                         * Check to see if we should disqualify this current token as a potential
+                                         * type-cast candidate.
+                                         */
+
+                                        if (lastWS && expr[cursor] != '.') {
+                                            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                                                case '[':
+                                                case ']':
+                                                    break;
+
+                                                default:
+                                                    if (!(isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor]) || expr[cursor] == '.')) {
+                                                        singleToken = false;
+                                                    }
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                        else if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                                            lastWS = true;
+                                            skipWhitespace();
+                                            cursor--;
+                                        }
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            if (brace != 0) {
+                                throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces in expression: (" + brace + "):", expr, cursor);
+                            }
+
+                            //todo: support typecast to array types
+                            tmp = null;
+                            if (singleToken) {
+                                int st;
+                                TypeDescriptor tDescr = new TypeDescriptor(tmp = subset(expr, st = trimRight(start + 1), trimLeft(cursor - 1) - st), fields);
+
+                                Class cls;
+                                if (tDescr.getClassName() != null) {
+                                    try {
+                                        cls = getClassReference(pCtx, tDescr);
+
+                                        start = cursor;
+                                        captureToEOS();
+
+                                        return lastNode = new TypeCast(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), cls, fields);
+                                    }
+                                    catch (Exception e) {
+                                        // fallthrough
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            if (tmp != null) {
+                                return handleUnion(handleSubstatement(new Substatement(tmp, fields)));
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return handleUnion(handleSubstatement(new Substatement(subset(expr, start = trimRight(start + 1), trimLeft(cursor - 1) - start), fields)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '}':
+                        case ']':
+                        case ')': {
+                            throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                        }
+
+                        case '>': {
+                            if (expr[cursor + 1] == '>') {
+                                if (expr[cursor += 2] == '>') cursor++;
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor + 1] == '=') {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor += 2);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '<': {
+                            if (expr[++cursor] == '<') {
+                                if (expr[++cursor] == '<') cursor++;
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] == '=') {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '\'':
+                        case '"':
+                            lastNode = new LiteralNode(handleStringEscapes(subset(expr, start + 1,
+                                    (cursor = captureStringLiteral(expr[cursor], expr, cursor, length)) - start - 1))
+                                    , String.class);
+
+                            cursor++;
+
+                            if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                return lastNode = handleUnion(lastNode);
+                            }
+
+                            return lastNode;
+
+                        case '&': {
+                            if (expr[cursor++ + 1] == '&') {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '|': {
+                            if (expr[cursor++ + 1] == '|') {
+                                return new OperatorNode(OPERATORS.get(new String(expr, start, ++cursor - start)));
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '~':
+                            if ((cursor++ - 1 != 0 || !isIdentifierPart(lookBehind()))
+                                    && isDigit(expr[cursor])) {
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                return lastNode = new Invert(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                                start = cursor--;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                return lastNode = new Invert(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                if (expr[cursor] == '=') cursor++;
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, cursor);
+                            }
+
+                        case '!': {
+                            ++cursor;
+                            if (isNextIdentifier()) {
+                                if (lastNode != null && !lastNode.isOperator()) {
+                                    throw new CompileException("unexpected operator '!'", expr, cursor);
+                                }
+
+                                start = cursor;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                if ("new".equals(name = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))
+                                        || "isdef".equals(name)) {
+                                    captureToEOT();
+                                    return lastNode = new Negation(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    return lastNode = new Negation(name.toCharArray(), fields);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                                start = cursor--;
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                return lastNode = new Negation(subset(expr, start, cursor - start), fields);
+                            }
+                            else if (expr[cursor] != '=')
+                                throw new CompileException("unexpected operator '!'", expr, cursor, null);
+                            else {
+                                return createOperator(expr, start, ++cursor);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        case '[':
+                        case '{':
+                            cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor]) + 1;
+                            if (tokenContinues()) {
+                                lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, start = cursor, fields);
+                                captureToEOT();
+                                if (expr[start] == '.') start++;
+                                return lastNode = new Union(expr, start, cursor, fields, lastNode);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                return lastNode = new InlineCollectionNode(expr, start, cursor, fields);
+                            }
+
+                        default:
+                            cursor++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (start == cursor) return null;
+            return createPropertyToken(start, cursor);
+        }
+        catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+            CompileException c = new CompileException("badly formatted number: " + e.getMessage(), expr, cursor, e);
+            c.setLineNumber(line);
+            c.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw c;
+        }
+        catch (StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            CompileException c = new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, cursor, e);
+            c.setLineNumber(line);
+            c.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw c;
+        }
+        catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            CompileException c = new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, cursor, e);
+            c.setLineNumber(line);
+            c.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw c;
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            e.setExpr(expr);
+            e.setLineNumber(line);
+            e.setColumn(cursor - lastLineStart);
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ASTNode handleSubstatement(Substatement stmt) {
+        if (stmt.getStatement() != null && stmt.getStatement().isLiteralOnly()) {
+            return new LiteralNode(stmt.getStatement().getValue(null, null, null));
+        }
+        else {
+            return stmt;
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected ASTNode handleUnion(ASTNode node) {
+        if (cursor != length) {
+            skipWhitespace();
+            if (expr[cursor] == '.') {
+                int union = cursor + 1;
+                captureToEOT();
+                return lastNode = new Union(expr, union, cursor, fields, node);
+            }
+        }
+        return lastNode = node;
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode createOperator(final char[] expr, final int start, final int end) {
+        lastWasIdentifier = false;
+        return lastNode = new OperatorNode(OPERATORS.get(new String(expr, start, end - start)));
+    }
+
+    private char[] subArray(final int start, final int end) {
+        if (start >= end) return new char[0];
+
+        char[] newA = new char[end - start];
+        for (int i = 0; i != newA.length; i++) {
+            newA[i] = expr[i + start];
+        }
+
+        return newA;
+    }
+
+    //todo: improve performance of this method
+    private ASTNode createPropertyToken(int start, int end) {
+        lastWasIdentifier = true;
+        String tmp;
+        if (parserContext != null && parserContext.get() != null && parserContext.get().hasImports()) {
+            char[] _subset = subset(expr, start, cursor - start);
+            int offset;
+
+            if ((offset = findFirst('.', _subset)) != -1) {
+                String iStr = new String(_subset, 0, offset);
+                if (pCtx.hasImport(iStr)) {
+                    return lastNode = new LiteralDeepPropertyNode(subset(_subset, offset + 1, _subset.length - offset - 1),
+                            fields, pCtx.getImport(iStr));
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if (pCtx.hasImport(tmp = new String(_subset))) {
+                    Object i = pCtx.getStaticOrClassImport(tmp);
+
+                    if (i instanceof Class) {
+                        return lastNode = new LiteralNode(i, Class.class);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                lastWasIdentifier = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ((fields & ASTNode.METHOD) != 0) {
+            return lastNode = new ASTNode(expr, start, end, fields);
+        }
+        else if (LITERALS.containsKey(tmp = new String(expr, start, end - start))) {
+            return lastNode = new LiteralNode(LITERALS.get(tmp));
+        }
+        else if (OPERATORS.containsKey(tmp)) {
+            return lastNode = new OperatorNode(OPERATORS.get(tmp));
+        }
+
+        return lastNode = new ASTNode(expr, start, end, fields);
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode createBlockToken(final int condStart,
+                                     final int condEnd, final int blockStart, final int blockEnd, int type) {
+        lastWasIdentifier = false;
+        cursor++;
+
+        if (isStatementNotManuallyTerminated()) {
+            splitAccumulator.add(new EndOfStatement());
+        }
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_IF:
+                return new IfNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_FOR:
+                for (int i = condStart; i < condEnd; i++) {
+                    if (expr[i] == ';')
+                        return new ForNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+                    else if (expr[i] == ':')
+                        break;
+                }
+
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_FOREACH:
+                return new ForEachNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_WHILE:
+                return new WhileNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_UNTIL:
+                return new UntilNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_DO:
+                return new DoNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_DO_UNTIL:
+                return new DoUntilNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd));
+            default:
+                return new WithNode(subArray(condStart, condEnd), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd), fields);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode captureCodeBlock(int type) {
+        boolean cond = true;
+
+        ASTNode first = null;
+        ASTNode tk = null;
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_IF: {
+                do {
+                    if (tk != null) {
+                        captureToNextTokenJunction();
+                        skipWhitespace();
+                        cond = expr[cursor] != '{' && expr[cursor] == 'i' && expr[++cursor] == 'f'
+                                && (isWhitespace(expr[++cursor]) || expr[cursor] == '(');
+                    }
+
+                    if (((IfNode) (tk = _captureBlock(tk, expr, cond, type))).getElseBlock() != null) {
+                        cursor++;
+                        return first;
+                    }
+
+                    if (first == null) first = tk;
+
+                    if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] != ';') {
+                        cursor++;
+                    }
+                }
+                while (ifThenElseBlockContinues());
+
+                return first;
+            }
+
+            case ASTNode.BLOCK_DO:
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                return _captureBlock(null, expr, false, type);
+
+            default: // either BLOCK_WITH or BLOCK_FOREACH
+                captureToNextTokenJunction();
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                return _captureBlock(null, expr, true, type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ASTNode _captureBlock(ASTNode node, final char[] expr, boolean cond, int type) {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        int startCond = 0;
+        int endCond = 0;
+
+        int blockStart;
+        int blockEnd;
+
+        String name;
+
+        /**
+         * Functions are a special case we handle differently from the rest of block parsing
+         */
+        if (type == FUNCTION) {
+            int start = cursor;
+
+            captureToNextTokenJunction();
+
+            if (cursor == length) {
+                throw new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, start);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Check to see if the name is legal.
+             */
+            if (isReservedWord(name = createStringTrimmed(expr, start, (startCond = cursor) - start))
+                    || isNotValidNameorLabel(name))
+                throw new CompileException("illegal function name or use of reserved word", expr, cursor);
+
+            if (expr[cursor] == '(') {
+                /**
+                 * If we discover an opening bracket after the function name, we check to see
+                 * if this function accepts parameters.
+                 */
+
+                endCond = cursor = balancedCapture(expr, startCond = cursor, '(');
+                startCond++;
+                cursor++;
+
+                skipWhitespace();
+
+                if (cursor >= length) {
+                    throw new CompileException("incomplete statement", expr, cursor);
+                }
+                else if (expr[cursor] == '{') {
+                    blockEnd = cursor = balancedCapture(expr, blockStart = cursor, '{');
+                }
+                else {
+                    blockStart = cursor - 1;
+                    captureToEOS();
+                    blockEnd = cursor;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /**
+                 * This function has not parameters.
+                 */
+                if (expr[cursor] == '{') {
+                    /**
+                     * This function is bracketed.  We capture the entire range in the brackets.
+                     */
+                    blockEnd = cursor = balancedCapture(expr, blockStart = cursor, '{');
+                }
+                else {
+                    /**
+                     * This is a single statement function declaration.  We only capture the statement.
+                     */
+                    blockStart = cursor - 1;
+                    captureToEOS();
+                    blockEnd = cursor;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Trim any whitespace from the captured block range.
+             */
+            blockStart = trimRight(blockStart + 1);
+            blockEnd = trimLeft(blockEnd);
+
+            cursor++;
+
+            /**
+             * Check if the function is manually terminated.
+             */
+            if (isStatementNotManuallyTerminated()) {
+                /**
+                 * Add an EndOfStatement to the split accumulator in the parser.
+                 */
+                splitAccumulator.add(new EndOfStatement());
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Produce the funciton node.
+             */
+            return new Function(name, subArray(startCond, endCond), subArray(blockStart, blockEnd));
+        }
+        else if (cond) {
+            if (expr[cursor] != '(') {
+                throw new CompileException("expected '(' but encountered: " + expr[cursor]);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * This block is an: IF, FOREACH or WHILE node.
+             */
+            int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, startCond = cursor, '(');
+
+            endCond = cursor = cap[0];
+
+            startCond++;
+            cursor++;
+
+            pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+        }
+
+        skipWhitespace();
+
+        if (cursor >= length) {
+            throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+        }
+        else if (expr[cursor] == '{') {
+            int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, blockStart = cursor, '{');
+            blockEnd = cursor = cap[0];
+            pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+        }
+        else {
+            blockStart = cursor - 1;
+            captureToEOSorEOL();
+            blockEnd = cursor + 1;
+        }
+
+        if (type == ASTNode.BLOCK_IF) {
+            IfNode ifNode = (IfNode) node;
+
+            if (node != null) {
+                if (!cond) {
+                    return ifNode.setElseBlock(subArray(trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd - 1)));
+                }
+                else {
+                    return ifNode.setElseIf((IfNode) createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1),
+                            trimLeft(blockEnd), type));
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, blockStart + 1, blockEnd, type);
+            }
+        }
+        else if (type == ASTNode.BLOCK_DO) {
+            cursor++;
+            skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+            start = cursor;
+            captureToNextTokenJunction();
+
+            if ("while".equals(name = new String(expr, start, cursor - start))) {
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                startCond = cursor + 1;
+                int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, cursor, '(');
+                endCond = cursor = cap[0];
+                pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+                return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd), type);
+            }
+            else if ("until".equals(name)) {
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                startCond = cursor + 1;
+                int[] cap = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, cursor, '(');
+                endCond = cursor = cap[0];
+                pCtx.incrementLineCount(cap[1]);
+                return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd), ASTNode.BLOCK_DO_UNTIL);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new CompileException("expected 'while' or 'until' but encountered: " + name, expr, cursor);
+            }
+        }
+        // DON"T REMOVE THIS COMMENT!
+        // else if (isFlag(ASTNode.BLOCK_FOREACH) || isFlag(ASTNode.BLOCK_WITH)) {
+        else {
+            return createBlockToken(startCond, endCond, trimRight(blockStart + 1), trimLeft(blockEnd), type);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Checking from the current cursor position, check to see if the if-then-else block continues.
+     *
+     * @return boolean value
+     */
+    protected boolean ifThenElseBlockContinues() {
+        if ((cursor + 4) < length) {
+            if (expr[cursor] != ';') cursor--;
+            skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+            skipCommentBlock();
+
+            return expr[cursor] == 'e' && expr[cursor + 1] == 'l' && expr[cursor + 2] == 's' && expr[cursor + 3] == 'e'
+                    && (isWhitespace(expr[cursor + 4]) || expr[cursor + 4] == '{');
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    protected int skipCommentBlock() {
+        if (lookAhead() == expr[cursor]) {
+            /**
+             * Handle single line comments.
+             */
+            captureToEOL();
+
+            line = pCtx.getLineCount();
+
+            skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+
+            if (lastNode instanceof LineLabel) {
+                pCtx.getLastLineLabel().setLineNumber(line);
+                pCtx.addKnownLine(line);
+            }
+
+            lastWasComment = true;
+
+            pCtx.setLineCount(line);
+
+            if ((start = cursor) >= length) return OP_TERMINATE;
+
+            return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+        }
+        else if (expr[cursor] == '/' && lookAhead() == '*') {
+            /**
+             * Handle multi-line comments.
+             */
+            int len = length - 1;
+
+            /**
+             * This probably seems highly redundant, but sub-compilations within the same
+             * source will spawn a new compiler, and we need to sync this with the
+             * parser context;
+             */
+            line = pCtx.getLineCount();
+
+            while (true) {
+                cursor++;
+                /**
+                 * Since multi-line comments may cross lines, we must keep track of any line-break
+                 * we encounter.
+                 */
+                skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+
+                if (cursor == len) {
+                    throw new CompileException("unterminated block comment", expr, cursor);
+                }
+                if (expr[cursor] == '*' && lookAhead() == '/') {
+                    if ((cursor += 2) >= length) return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+                    skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting();
+                    start = cursor;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            pCtx.setLineCount(line);
+
+            if (lastNode instanceof LineLabel) {
+                pCtx.getLastLineLabel().setLineNumber(line);
+                pCtx.addKnownLine(line);
+            }
+
+            lastWasComment = true;
+
+            return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+        }
+
+        return OP_CONTINUE;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checking from the current cursor position, check to see if we're inside a contiguous identifier.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected boolean tokenContinues() {
+        if (cursor == length) return false;
+        else if (expr[cursor] == '.' || expr[cursor] == '[') return true;
+        else if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+            int markCurrent = cursor;
+            skipWhitespace();
+            if (cursor != length && (expr[cursor] == '.' || expr[cursor] == '[')) return true;
+            cursor = markCurrent;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+
+    protected void expectEOS() {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        if (cursor != length && expr[cursor] != ';') {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '&':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '&') return;
+                    else break;
+                case '|':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '|') return;
+                    else break;
+                case '!':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '=') return;
+                    else break;
+
+                case '<':
+                case '>':
+                    return;
+
+                case '=': {
+                    switch (lookAhead()) {
+                        case '=':
+                        case '+':
+                        case '-':
+                        case '*':
+                            return;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case '+':
+                case '-':
+                case '/':
+                case '*':
+                    if (lookAhead() == '=') return;
+                    else break;
+            }
+
+            throw new CompileException("expected end of statement but encountered: "
+                    + (cursor == length ? "<end of stream>" : expr[cursor]), expr, cursor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isNextIdentifier() {
+        while (cursor != length && isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) cursor++;
+        return cursor != length && isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Capture from the current cursor position, to the end of the statement.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOS() {
+        while (cursor != length) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '(':
+                case '[':
+                case '{':
+                    cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor]);
+                    if (cursor >= length) return;
+                    break;
+
+                case ';':
+                case '}':
+                    return;
+            }
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of statement, or the end of line, whichever comes first.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOSorEOL() {
+        while (cursor != length && (expr[cursor] != '\n' && expr[cursor] != '\r' && expr[cursor] != ';')) {
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of the line.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOL() {
+        while (cursor != length && (expr[cursor] != '\n')) cursor++;
+    }
+
+    protected void captureIdentifier() {
+        boolean captured = false;
+        if (cursor == length) throw new CompileException("unexpected end of statement: EOF", expr, cursor);
+        while (cursor != length) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case ';':
+                    return;
+
+                default: {
+                    if (!isIdentifierPart(expr[cursor])) {
+                        if (captured) return;
+                        throw new CompileException("unexpected symbol (was expecting an identifier): " + expr[cursor], expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        captured = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of the current token.
+     */
+    protected void captureToEOT() {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        do {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '(':
+                case '[':
+                case '{':
+                    if ((cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor])) == -1) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case '=':
+                case '&':
+                case '|':
+                case ';':
+                    return;
+
+                case '.':
+                    skipWhitespace();
+                    break;
+
+                case '\'':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+                case '"':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('"', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                        skipWhitespace();
+
+                        if (expr[cursor] == '.') {
+                            if (cursor != length) cursor++;
+                            skipWhitespace();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            trimWhitespace();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+        while (++cursor != length);
+    }
+
+    protected void captureToEOTNEW() {
+        skipWhitespace();
+        boolean dims = false;
+        do {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '{':
+                    if (dims) return;
+
+                case '[':
+                    dims = true;
+                    if ((cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor])) == -1) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case '(':
+                    if ((cursor = balancedCapture(expr, cursor, expr[cursor])) == -1) {
+                        throw new CompileException("unbalanced braces", expr, cursor);
+                    }
+                    break;
+
+                case '=':
+                case '&':
+                case '|':
+                case ';':
+                    return;
+
+                case '.':
+                    skipWhitespace();
+                    break;
+
+                case '\'':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('\'', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+                case '"':
+                    cursor = captureStringLiteral('"', expr, cursor, length);
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                        skipWhitespace();
+
+                        if (expr[cursor] == '.') {
+                            if (cursor != length) cursor++;
+                            skipWhitespace();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            trimWhitespace();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+            }
+        }
+        while (++cursor != length);
+    }
+
+
+    protected boolean lastNonWhite(char c) {
+        int i = cursor - 1;
+        while (isWhitespace(expr[i])) i--;
+        return c == expr[i];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the specified cursor position, trim out any whitespace between the current position and the end of the
+     * last non-whitespace character.
+     *
+     * @param pos - current position
+     * @return new position.
+     */
+    protected int trimLeft(int pos) {
+        while (pos != 0 && pos != start && isWhitespace(expr[pos - 1])) pos--;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the specified cursor position, trim out any whitespace between the current position and beginning of the
+     * first non-whitespace character.
+     *
+     * @param pos
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected int trimRight(int pos) {
+        while (pos != length && isWhitespace(expr[pos])) pos++;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the cursor is currently pointing to whitespace, move the cursor forward to the first non-whitespace
+     * character.
+     */
+    protected void skipWhitespace() {
+        while (cursor != length && isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) cursor++;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If the cursor is currently pointing to whitespace, move the cursor forward to the first non-whitespace
+     * character, but account for carraige returns in the script (updates parser field: line).
+     */
+    protected void skipWhitespaceWithLineAccounting() {
+        while (cursor != length && isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '\n':
+                    line++;
+                    lastLineStart = cursor;
+                case '\r':
+                    cursor++;
+                    continue;
+            }
+            cursor++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, capture to the end of the next token junction.
+     */
+    protected void captureToNextTokenJunction() {
+        while (cursor != length) {
+            switch (expr[cursor]) {
+                case '{':
+                case '(':
+                    return;
+                case '[':
+                    int[] c = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(expr, cursor, '[');
+                    cursor = c[0] + 1;
+                    line += c[1];
+                    continue;
+
+                default:
+                    if (isWhitespace(expr[cursor])) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    cursor++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * From the current cursor position, trim backward over any whitespace to the first non-whitespace character.
+     */
+    protected void trimWhitespace() {
+        while (cursor != 0 && isWhitespace(expr[cursor - 1])) cursor--;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the specified string is a reserved word in the parser.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean isReservedWord(String name) {
+        return LITERALS.containsKey(name) || OPERATORS.containsKey(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the specfied string represents a valid name of label.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean isNotValidNameorLabel(String name) {
+        for (char c : name.toCharArray()) {
+            if (c == '.') return true;
+            else if (!isIdentifierPart(c)) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    protected void setExpression(String expression) {
+        if (expression != null && !"".equals(expression)) {
+            if ((this.expr = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression)) == null) {
+                synchronized (EX_PRECACHE) {
+                    length = (this.expr = expression.toCharArray()).length;
+
+                    // trim any whitespace.
+                    while (length != 0 && isWhitespace(this.expr[length - 1])) length--;
+
+                    char[] e = new char[length];
+
+                    for (int i = 0; i != e.length; i++)
+                        e[i] = expr[i];
+
+                    EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, e);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                length = this.expr.length;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        length = (this.expr = expression).length;
+        while (length != 0 && isWhitespace(this.expr[length - 1])) length--;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the previous non-whitespace character.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookToLast() {
+        if (cursor == 0) return 0;
+        int temp = cursor;
+        while (temp != 0 && isWhitespace(expr[--temp])) ;
+        return expr[temp];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the last character (delta -1 of cursor position).
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookBehind() {
+        if (cursor == 0) return 0;
+        return expr[cursor - 1];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the next character (delta 1 of cursor position).
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookAhead() {
+        if (cursor < length) return expr[cursor + 1];
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the character, forward of the currrent cursor position based on the specified range delta.
+     *
+     * @param range
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected char lookAhead(int range) {
+        if ((cursor + range) >= length) return 0;
+        else {
+            return expr[cursor + range];
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    protected boolean isNextIdentifierOrLiteral() {
+        int tmp = cursor;
+        if (tmp == length) return false;
+        else {
+            while (tmp != length && isWhitespace(expr[tmp])) tmp++;
+            if (tmp == length) return false;
+            char n = expr[tmp];
+            return isIdentifierPart(n) || isDigit(n) || n == '\'' || n == '"';
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int nextNonBlank() {
+        if ((cursor + 1) >= length) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        int i = cursor;
+        while (i != length && isWhitespace(expr[i])) i++;
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    public void expectNextChar_IW(char c) {
+        nextNonBlank();
+        if (cursor == length) throw new CompileException("unexpected end of statement", expr, cursor);
+        if (expr[cursor] != c)
+            throw new CompileException("unexpected character ('" + expr[cursor] + "'); was expecting: " + c);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * NOTE: This method assumes that the current position of the cursor is at the end of a logical statement, to
+     * begin with.
+     * <p/>
+     * Determines whether or not the logical statement is manually terminated with a statement separator (';').
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected boolean isStatementNotManuallyTerminated() {
+        if (cursor >= length) return false;
+        int c = cursor;
+        while (c != length && isWhitespace(expr[c])) c++;
+        return !(c != length && expr[c] == ';');
+    }
+
+    protected ParserContext getParserContext() {
+        if (parserContext == null || parserContext.get() == null) {
+            newContext();
+        }
+        return parserContext.get();
+    }
+
+    public static ParserContext getCurrentThreadParserContext() {
+        return contextControl(GET_OR_CREATE, null, null);
+    }
+
+    public static void setCurrentThreadParserContext(ParserContext pCtx) {
+        contextControl(SET, pCtx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new ParserContext in the current thread.
+     */
+    protected void newContext() {
+        contextControl(SET, new ParserContext(), this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new ParserContext in the current thread, using the one specified.
+     *
+     * @param pCtx
+     */
+    protected void newContext(ParserContext pCtx) {
+        contextControl(SET, pCtx, this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the current ParserContext from the thread.
+     */
+    protected void removeContext() {
+        contextControl(REMOVE, null, this);
+    }
+
+    protected static ParserContext contextControl(int operation, ParserContext pCtx, AbstractParser parser) {
+        synchronized (getRuntime()) {
+            if (parserContext == null) parserContext = new ThreadLocal<ParserContext>();
+
+            switch (operation) {
+                case SET:
+                    pCtx.setRootParser(parser);
+                    parserContext.set(pCtx);
+                    return pCtx;
+
+                case REMOVE:
+                    parserContext.set(null);
+                    return null;
+
+                case GET_OR_CREATE:
+                    if (parserContext.get() == null) {
+                        parserContext.set(new ParserContext(parser));
+                    }
+
+                case GET:
+                    return parserContext.get();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected static final int SET = 0;
+    protected static final int REMOVE = 1;
+    protected static final int GET = 2;
+    protected static final int GET_OR_CREATE = 3;
+
+    public boolean isDebugSymbols() {
+        return debugSymbols;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebugSymbols(boolean debugSymbols) {
+        this.debugSymbols = debugSymbols;
+    }
+
+    protected static String getCurrentSourceFileName() {
+        if (parserContext != null && parserContext.get() != null) {
+            return parserContext.get().getSourceFile();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected void addFatalError(String message) {
+        getParserContext().addError(new ErrorDetail(getParserContext().getLineCount(), cursor - getParserContext().getLineOffset(), true, message));
+    }
+
+    protected void addFatalError(String message, int row, int cols) {
+        getParserContext().addError(new ErrorDetail(row, cols, true, message));
+    }
+
+    protected void addWarning(String message) {
+        getParserContext().addError(new ErrorDetail(message, false));
+    }
+
+    public static final int LEVEL_5_CONTROL_FLOW = 5;
+    public static final int LEVEL_4_ASSIGNMENT = 4;
+    public static final int LEVEL_3_ITERATION = 3;
+    public static final int LEVEL_2_MULTI_STATEMENT = 2;
+    public static final int LEVEL_1_BASIC_LANG = 1;
+    public static final int LEVEL_0_PROPERTY_ONLY = 0;
+
+    public static void setLanguageLevel(int level) {
+        OPERATORS.clear();
+        OPERATORS.putAll(loadLanguageFeaturesByLevel(level));
+    }
+
+    public static Map<String, Integer> loadLanguageFeaturesByLevel(int languageLevel) {
+        Map<String, Integer> operatorsTable = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
+        switch (languageLevel) {
+            case 5:  // control flow operations
+                operatorsTable.put("if", IF);
+                operatorsTable.put("else", ELSE);
+                operatorsTable.put("?", TERNARY);
+                operatorsTable.put("switch", SWITCH);
+                operatorsTable.put("function", FUNCTION);
+                operatorsTable.put("def", FUNCTION);
+                operatorsTable.put("isdef", ISDEF);
+
+            case 4: // assignment
+                operatorsTable.put("=", ASSIGN);
+                operatorsTable.put("var", UNTYPED_VAR);
+                operatorsTable.put("+=", ASSIGN_ADD);
+                operatorsTable.put("-=", ASSIGN_SUB);
+                operatorsTable.put("/=", ASSIGN_DIV);
+                operatorsTable.put("%=", ASSIGN_MOD);
+
+            case 3: // iteration
+                operatorsTable.put("foreach", FOREACH);
+                operatorsTable.put("while", WHILE);
+                operatorsTable.put("until", UNTIL);
+                operatorsTable.put("for", FOR);
+                operatorsTable.put("do", DO);
+
+            case 2: // multi-statement
+                operatorsTable.put("return", RETURN);
+                operatorsTable.put(";", END_OF_STMT);
+
+            case 1: // boolean, math ops, projection, assertion, objection creation, block setters, imports
+                operatorsTable.put("+", ADD);
+                operatorsTable.put("-", SUB);
+                operatorsTable.put("*", MULT);
+                operatorsTable.put("**", POWER);
+                operatorsTable.put("/", DIV);
+                operatorsTable.put("%", MOD);
+                operatorsTable.put("==", EQUAL);
+                operatorsTable.put("!=", NEQUAL);
+                operatorsTable.put(">", GTHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put(">=", GETHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put("<", LTHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put("<=", LETHAN);
+                operatorsTable.put("&&", AND);
+                operatorsTable.put("and", AND);
+                operatorsTable.put("||", OR);
+                operatorsTable.put("or", CHOR);
+                operatorsTable.put("~=", REGEX);
+                operatorsTable.put("instanceof", INSTANCEOF);
+                operatorsTable.put("is", INSTANCEOF);
+                operatorsTable.put("contains", CONTAINS);
+                operatorsTable.put("soundslike", SOUNDEX);
+                operatorsTable.put("strsim", SIMILARITY);
+                operatorsTable.put("convertable_to", CONVERTABLE_TO);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("#", STR_APPEND);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("&", BW_AND);
+                operatorsTable.put("|", BW_OR);
+                operatorsTable.put("^", BW_XOR);
+                operatorsTable.put("<<", BW_SHIFT_LEFT);
+                operatorsTable.put("<<<", BW_USHIFT_LEFT);
+                operatorsTable.put(">>", BW_SHIFT_RIGHT);
+                operatorsTable.put(">>>", BW_USHIFT_RIGHT);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("new", Operator.NEW);
+                operatorsTable.put("in", PROJECTION);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("with", WITH);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("assert", ASSERT);
+                operatorsTable.put("import", IMPORT);
+                operatorsTable.put("import_static", IMPORT_STATIC);
+
+                operatorsTable.put("++", INC);
+                operatorsTable.put("--", DEC);
+
+            case 0: // Property access and inline collections
+                operatorsTable.put(":", TERNARY_ELSE);
+        }
+        return operatorsTable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove the current parser context from the thread.
+     */
+    public static void resetParserContext() {
+        contextControl(REMOVE, null, null);
+    }
+
+    protected static boolean isArithmeticOperator(int operator) {
+        return operator != -1 && operator < 6;
+    }
+
+    protected int arithmeticFunctionReduction(int operator) {
+        ASTNode tk;
+        int operator2;
+
+        boolean x = false;
+        int y = 0;
+
+        /**
+         * If the next token is an operator, we check to see if it has a higher
+         * precdence.
+         */
+        if ((tk = nextToken()) != null) {
+            if (isArithmeticOperator(operator2 = tk.getOperator()) && PTABLE[operator2] > PTABLE[operator]) {
+                xswap();
+                /**
+                 * The current arith. operator is of higher precedence the last.
+                 */
+                dStack.push(operator = operator2, nextToken().getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory));
+
+                while (true) {
+                    // look ahead again
+
+                    if ((tk = nextToken()) != null && (operator2 = tk.getOperator()) != -1
+                            && operator2 != 37 && PTABLE[operator2] > PTABLE[operator]) {
+                        // if we have back to back operations on the stack, we don't xswap
+                        if (x) {
+                            xswap();
+                        }
+                        /**
+                         * This operator is of higher precedence, or the same level precedence.  push to the RHS.
+                         */
+                        dStack.push(operator = operator2, nextToken().getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory));
+                        y = 1;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    else if (tk != null && operator2 != -1 && operator2 != 37) {
+                        if (PTABLE[operator2] == PTABLE[operator]) {
+                            // if we have back to back operations on the stack, we don't xswap             
+                            if (x) {
+                                xswap();
+                            }
+
+                            /**
+                             * Reduce any operations waiting now.
+                             */
+                            while (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                                dreduce();
+                            }
+
+                            /**
+                             * This operator is of the same level precedence.  push to the RHS.
+                             */
+                            dStack.push(operator = operator2, nextToken().getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory));
+
+                            y++;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            /**
+                             * The operator doesn't have higher precedence. Therfore reduce the LHS.
+                             */
+                            if (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                                do {
+                                    if (y == 1) {
+                                        dreduce2();
+                                        y = 0;
+                                    }
+                                    else {
+                                        dreduce();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                while (dStack.size() > 1);
+                            }
+
+                            if (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                                stk.push(dStack.pop());
+                                xswap();
+                            }
+
+                            operator = tk.getOperator();
+                            // Reduce the lesser or equal precedence operations.
+                            while (stk.size() != 1 && stk.peek2() instanceof Integer &&
+                                    ((operator2 = (Integer) stk.peek2()) < PTABLE.length) &&
+                                    PTABLE[operator2] >= PTABLE[operator]) {
+                                xswap();
+                                reduce();
+                            }
+
+                            y = 0;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /**
+                         * There are no more tokens.
+                         */
+                        x = false;
+
+                        if (dStack.size() > 1) {
+                            do {
+                                if (y == 1) {
+                                    dreduce2();
+                                    y = 0;
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    dreduce();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            while (dStack.size() > 1);
+
+                            x = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!dStack.isEmpty()) {
+                            stk.push(dStack.pop());
+                        }
+                        else if (x) {
+                            xswap();
+                        }
+
+                        y = 0;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (tk != null && (tk = nextToken()) != null) {
+                        switch (operator) {
+                            case AND: {
+                                if (!((Boolean) stk.peek())) return OP_TERMINATE;
+                                else {
+                                    splitAccumulator.add(tk);
+                                    return AND;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            case OR: {
+                                if (((Boolean) stk.peek())) return OP_TERMINATE;
+                                else {
+                                    splitAccumulator.add(tk);
+                                    return OR;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            default:
+                                stk.push(tk.getReducedValue(ctx, ctx, variableFactory), operator);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    x = true;
+                    y = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            else if (!tk.isOperator()) {
+                throw new CompileException("unexpected token: " + tk.getName());
+            }
+            else {
+                reduce();
+                splitAccumulator.push(tk);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // while any values remain on the stack
+        // keep XSWAPing and reducing, until there is nothing left.
+        while (stk.size() > 1) {
+            reduce();
+            if (stk.size() > 1) xswap();
+        }
+
+        return OP_RESET_FRAME;
+    }
+
+    private void dreduce() {
+        stk.push(dStack.pop(), dStack.pop());
+
+        // reduce the top of the stack
+        reduce();
+    }
+
+    private void dreduce2() {
+        Object o1, o2;
+
+        o1 = dStack.pop();
+        o2 = dStack.pop();
+
+        if (!dStack.isEmpty()) stk.push(dStack.pop());
+
+        stk.push(o1);
+        stk.push(o2);
+
+        reduce();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * XSWAP.
+     */
+    private void xswap() {
+        stk.push(stk.pop(), stk.pop());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when we reach the point where we must subEval a trinary operation in the expression.
+     * (ie. val1 op val2).  This is not the same as a binary operation, although binary operations would appear
+     * to have 3 structures as well.  A binary structure (or also a junction in the expression) compares the
+     * current state against 2 downrange structures (usually an op and a val).
+     */
+    protected void reduce() {
+        Object v1, v2;
+        int operator;
+        try {
+            switch (operator = (Integer) stk.pop()) {
+                case ADD:
+                case SUB:
+                case DIV:
+                case MULT:
+                case MOD:
+                case EQUAL:
+                case NEQUAL:
+                case GTHAN:
+                case LTHAN:
+                case GETHAN:
+                case LETHAN:
+                case POWER:
+                    stk.push(doOperations(stk.peek2(), operator, stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case AND:
+                    v1 = stk.pop();
+                    stk.push(((Boolean) stk.pop()) && ((Boolean) v1));
+                    break;
+
+                case OR:
+                    v1 = stk.pop();
+                    stk.push(((Boolean) stk.pop()) || ((Boolean) v1));
+                    break;
+
+                case CHOR:
+                    v1 = stk.pop();
+                    if (!isEmpty(v2 = stk.pop()) || !isEmpty(v1)) {
+                        stk.clear();
+                        stk.push(!isEmpty(v2) ? v2 : v1);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    else stk.push(null);
+                    break;
+
+                case REGEX:
+                    stk.push(java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop())).matcher(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop())).matches());
+                    break;
+
+                case INSTANCEOF:
+                    if ((v1 = stk.pop()) instanceof Class)
+                        stk.push(((Class) v1).isInstance(stk.pop()));
+                    else
+                        stk.push(currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(java.lang.String.valueOf(v1)).isInstance(stk.pop()));
+
+                    break;
+
+                case CONVERTABLE_TO:
+                    if ((v1 = stk.pop()) instanceof Class)
+                        stk.push(org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert(stk.pop().getClass(), (Class) v1));
+                    else
+                        stk.push(org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert(stk.pop().getClass(), currentThread().getContextClassLoader().loadClass(java.lang.String.valueOf(v1))));
+                    break;
+
+                case CONTAINS:
+                    stk.push(containsCheck(stk.peek2(), stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_AND:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) & asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_OR:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) | asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_XOR:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) ^ asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_SHIFT_LEFT:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) << asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_USHIFT_LEFT:
+                    int iv2 = asInt(stk.peek2());
+                    if (iv2 < 0) iv2 *= -1;
+                    stk.push(iv2 << asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_SHIFT_RIGHT:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) >> asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case BW_USHIFT_RIGHT:
+                    stk.push(asInt(stk.peek2()) >>> asInt(stk.pop2()));
+                    break;
+
+                case STR_APPEND:
+                    stk.push(new StringAppender(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.peek2()))
+                            .append(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop2())).toString());
+                    break;
+
+                case SOUNDEX:
+                    stk.push(Soundex.soundex(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop()))
+                            .equals(Soundex.soundex(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop()))));
+                    break;
+
+                case SIMILARITY:
+                    stk.push(similarity(java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop()), java.lang.String.valueOf(stk.pop())));
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+            throw new CompileException("syntax error or incompatable types", expr, cursor, e);
+        }
+        catch (ArithmeticException e) {
+            throw new CompileException("arithmetic error: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new CompileException("failed to subEval expression", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int _bwOpLookup(char c) {
+        switch (c) {
+            case '|':
+                return Operator.BW_OR;
+            case '&':
+                return Operator.BW_AND;
+            case '^':
+                return Operator.BW_XOR;
+            case '*':
+                return Operator.MULT;
+            case '/':
+                return Operator.DIV;
+            case '+':
+                return Operator.ADD;
+            case '%':
+                return Operator.MOD;
+            case '\u00AB':
+                return Operator.BW_SHIFT_LEFT;
+            case '\u00BB':
+                return Operator.BW_SHIFT_RIGHT;
+            case '\u00AC':
+                return Operator.BW_USHIFT_RIGHT;
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    private static int asInt(final Object o) {
+        return (Integer) o;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mvel2.compiler.AbstractParser.setExpression` writes to field `this.org.mvel2.compiler.AbstractParser.length` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractParser.setExpression(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel2.compiler.AbstractParser.setExpression(java.lang.String):void.4fe09cd98c7d467875b7c184d694b8ff
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel2/compiler/AbstractParser.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractParser.java|setExpression|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a783de7c577b9ac0ffb6396a901a11df
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4755/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4755/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1eb29b3e69751a2c15d9dedce6d2a306d922c1c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4755/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.compileExpression;
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.executeExpression;
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRef;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRefParam;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.*;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class TemplateInterpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else if (MVEL.WEAK_CACHE || MVEL.NO_JIT) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new HashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public TemplateInterpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+
+            if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+                EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                Node[] nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+                try {
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+                }
+                catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                    nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, cloneAll(nodes));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        //    cloneAllNodes();
+
+    }
+
+    private Node[] cloneAll(Node[] nodes) {
+        Node[] newNodes = new Node[nodes.length];
+
+        try {
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Node n : nodes) {
+                newNodes[i++] = n.clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+
+        }
+
+        return newNodes;
+    }
+
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(String expression) {
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+            if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+                EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression);
+                try {
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+                }
+                catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                    nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens) throws IOException {
+        return parse(file, ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) throws IOException {
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens, registry);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return execute(ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            /**
+             * This is an optimization for property expressions.
+             */
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    if (!cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, compileExpression(s));
+                                return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            MVELInterpretedRuntime oParser = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case FOREACH: {
+                        ForeachContext foreachContext = (ForeachContext) currNode.getRegister();
+                        if (foreachContext.getItererators() == null) {
+                            try {
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split(",");
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for (int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++) {
+                                    //noinspection unchecked
+                                    Object listObject = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if (listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList((Object[]) listObject);
+                                    }
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection) listObject).iterator();
+                                }
+                                foreachContext.setIterators(iters);
+                            }
+                            catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = foreachContext.getItererators();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split(",");
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for (int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }
+
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                //noinspection unchecked
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            if (foreachContext.getCount() != 0) {
+                                sbuf.append(foreachContext.getSeperator());
+                            }
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            tokens.put("i0", foreachContext.getCount());
+                            foreachContext.setCount(foreachContext.getCount() + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }
+                            foreachContext.setIterators(null);
+                            foreachContext.setCount(0);
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length != 2) {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    case INCLUDE_BY_REF: {
+                        IncludeRef includeRef = (IncludeRef) nodes[node].getRegister();
+
+                        IncludeRefParam[] params = includeRef.getParams();
+                        Map<String, Object> vars = new HashMap<String, Object>(params.length * 2);
+                        for (IncludeRefParam param : params) {
+                            vars.put(param.getIdentifier(), MVEL.eval(param.getValue(), ctx, tokens));
+                        }
+
+                        if (registry == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("No TemplateRegistry specified, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+                        String template = registry.getTemplate(includeRef.getName());
+
+                        if (template == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("Template does not exist in the TemplateRegistry, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+
+                        sbuf.append(TemplateInterpreter.parse(template, ctx, vars, registry));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode() - 1;
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case'}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+                case'{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        TemplateInterpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute` indirectly reads with synchronization from `tkLA.org.mvel.ASTNode.nameCache`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `TemplateInterpreter.execute(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object TemplateInterpreter.execute(Object,Map,TemplateRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map,org.mvel.TemplateRegistry):java..1141972e8c077bf084811e3faa3e1296
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/TemplateInterpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateInterpreter.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e690a60d53dbe2f94c95a39b730d9243
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4763/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4763/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6eeb6519afb448021fb38c103e4ec7c6cf2696e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4763/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,714 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.compileExpression;
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.executeExpression;
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRef;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRefParam;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.*;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class TemplateInterpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else if (MVEL.WEAK_CACHE || MVEL.NO_JIT) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new HashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public TemplateInterpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            Node[] nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, cloneAll(nodes));
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        //    cloneAllNodes();
+
+    }
+
+    private Node[] cloneAll(Node[] nodes) {
+        Node[] newNodes = new Node[nodes.length];
+
+        try {
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Node n : nodes) {
+                newNodes[i++] = n.clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+
+        }
+
+        return newNodes;
+    }
+
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(String expression) {
+        if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+            this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens) throws IOException {
+        return parse(file, ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) throws IOException {
+
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens, registry);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return execute(ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            /**
+             * This is an optimization for property expressions.
+             */
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    if (!cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, compileExpression(s));
+                                return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            MVELInterpretedRuntime oParser = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case FOREACH: {
+                        ForeachContext foreachContext = (ForeachContext) currNode.getRegister();
+                        if (foreachContext.getItererators() == null) {
+                            try {
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split(",");
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for (int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++) {
+                                    //noinspection unchecked
+                                    Object listObject = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if (listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList((Object[]) listObject);
+                                    }
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection) listObject).iterator();
+                                }
+                                foreachContext.setIterators(iters);
+                            }
+                            catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = foreachContext.getItererators();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split(",");
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for (int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }
+
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                //noinspection unchecked
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            if (foreachContext.getCount() != 0) {
+                                sbuf.append(foreachContext.getSeperator());
+                            }
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            tokens.put("i0", foreachContext.getCount());
+                            foreachContext.setCount(foreachContext.getCount() + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }
+                            foreachContext.setIterators(null);
+                            foreachContext.setCount(0);
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length != 2) {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    case INCLUDE_BY_REF: {
+                        IncludeRef includeRef = (IncludeRef) nodes[node].getRegister();
+
+                        IncludeRefParam[] params = includeRef.getParams();
+                        Map<String, Object> vars = new HashMap<String, Object>(params.length * 2);
+                        for (IncludeRefParam param : params) {
+                            vars.put(param.getIdentifier(), MVEL.eval(param.getValue(), ctx, tokens));
+                        }
+
+                        if (registry == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("No TemplateRegistry specified, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+                        String template = registry.getTemplate(includeRef.getName());
+
+                        if (template == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("Template does not exist in the TemplateRegistry, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+
+                        sbuf.append(TemplateInterpreter.parse(template, ctx, vars, registry));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode() - 1;
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case'}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+                case'{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        TemplateInterpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute` reads without synchronization from `mvel.TemplateInterpreter.org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.cacheAggressively`. Potentially races with write in method `TemplateInterpreter.setCacheAggressively(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object TemplateInterpreter.execute(Object,Map,TemplateRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map,org.mvel.TemplateRegistry):java..1141972e8c077bf084811e3faa3e1296
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/TemplateInterpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateInterpreter.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1ca16c2197001bc18fcade9bbcc1d413
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4764/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4764/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe6e2135a4c887c3e7223d589a423764e31495a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4764/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,753 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.compileExpression;
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.executeExpression;
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRef;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRefParam;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.*;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class TemplateInterpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+    private static boolean CACHE_DISABLE = false;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else if (MVEL.WEAK_CACHE || MVEL.NO_JIT) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new HashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+    private ExecutionStack localStack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public TemplateInterpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        if (CACHE_DISABLE) {
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+        }
+        else if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            Node[] nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes);
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+
+            try {
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, cloneAll(nodes));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Node[] cloneAll(Node[] nodes) {
+        Node[] newNodes = new Node[nodes.length];
+
+        try {
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Node n : nodes) {
+                newNodes[i++] = n.clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+
+        }
+
+        return newNodes;
+    }
+
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(String expression) {
+        if (CACHE_DISABLE) {
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+        }
+        else if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+            this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+        }
+        else {
+
+            try {
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression)));
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens) throws IOException {
+        return parse(file, ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) throws IOException {
+
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens, registry);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return execute(ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            /**
+             * This is an optimization for property expressions.
+             */
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    if (CACHE_DISABLE || !cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        //      arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+                        for (int i = 0; i < seg.length; i++)
+                            seg[i] = expression[i + 2];
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, compileExpression(s));
+                                return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            MVELInterpretedRuntime oParser = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case FOREACH: {
+
+                        if (tokens == null) {
+                            tokens = new HashMap();
+                        }
+
+                        ForeachContext foreachContext;
+
+                        if (!(localStack.peek() instanceof ForeachContext)) {
+                             foreachContext = ((ForeachContext) currNode.getRegister()).clone();
+
+                      //  if (foreachContext.getItererators() == null) {
+                            try {
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split(",");
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for (int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++) {
+                                    //noinspection unchecked
+                                    Object listObject = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if (listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList((Object[]) listObject);
+                                    }
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection) listObject).iterator();
+                                }
+
+                                foreachContext.setIterators(iters);
+                                localStack.push(foreachContext);
+                            }
+                            catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        foreachContext = (ForeachContext) localStack.peek();
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = foreachContext.getItererators();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split(",");
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for (int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }
+
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+
+                                //noinspection unchecked
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            if (foreachContext.getCount() != 0) {
+                                sbuf.append(foreachContext.getSeperator());
+                            }
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            tokens.put("i0", foreachContext.getCount());
+                            foreachContext.setCount(foreachContext.getCount() + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }
+                            foreachContext.setIterators(null);
+                            foreachContext.setCount(0);
+                            localStack.pop();
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length != 2) {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    case INCLUDE_BY_REF: {
+                        IncludeRef includeRef = (IncludeRef) nodes[node].getRegister();
+
+                        IncludeRefParam[] params = includeRef.getParams();
+                        Map<String, Object> vars = new HashMap<String, Object>(params.length * 2);
+                        for (IncludeRefParam param : params) {
+                            vars.put(param.getIdentifier(), MVEL.eval(param.getValue(), ctx, tokens));
+                        }
+
+                        if (registry == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("No TemplateRegistry specified, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+                        String template = registry.getTemplate(includeRef.getName());
+
+                        if (template == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("Template does not exist in the TemplateRegistry, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+
+                        sbuf.append(TemplateInterpreter.parse(template, ctx, vars, registry));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+        localStack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode() - 1;
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        //arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+
+        int o0 = n.getStartPos();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ca.length; i++)
+            ca[i] = expression[i + o0];
+
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case '}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+                case '{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+//        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+//        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+//        return ca;
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ca.length; i++)
+            ca[i] = expression[i + start];
+
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        TemplateInterpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setDisableCache(boolean disableCache) {
+        CACHE_DISABLE = disableCache;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute` indirectly reads without synchronization from `foreachContext.org.mvel.ForeachContext.iter`. Potentially races with write in method `TemplateInterpreter.parse(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path foreachContext has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on foreachContext.org.mvel.ForeachContext.iter might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object TemplateInterpreter.execute(Object,Map,TemplateRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map,org.mvel.TemplateRegistry):java..1141972e8c077bf084811e3faa3e1296
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/TemplateInterpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateInterpreter.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+625f0de9e4b36fc4692956708becd954
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4790/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4790/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5c6618b35afbedcd5c78ffb52027032e0631b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4790/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 64
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.mvel2;
+
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.canConvert;
+import static org.mvel2.DataConversion.convert;
+import static org.mvel2.MVEL.eval;
+import org.mvel2.ast.Function;
+import org.mvel2.integration.PropertyHandlerFactory;
+import org.mvel2.integration.VariableResolverFactory;
+import org.mvel2.util.MethodStub;
+import org.mvel2.util.ParseTools;
+import static org.mvel2.util.ParseTools.*;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.getFieldOrAccessor;
+import static org.mvel2.util.PropertyTools.getFieldOrWriteAccessor;
+import org.mvel2.util.StringAppender;
+
+import static java.lang.Character.isJavaIdentifierPart;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import static java.lang.reflect.Array.getLength;
+import java.util.*;
+
+@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+public class PropertyAccessor {
+    private int start = 0;
+    private int cursor = 0;
+
+    private char[] property;
+    private int length;
+
+    private Object thisReference;
+    private Object ctx;
+    private Object curr;
+
+    private boolean first = true;
+    private boolean nullHandle = false;
+
+    private VariableResolverFactory variableFactory;
+
+    private static final int DONE = -1;
+    private static final int NORM = 0;
+    private static final int METH = 1;
+    private static final int COL = 2;
+    private static final int WITH = 3;
+
+    private static final Object[] EMPTYARG = new Object[0];
+
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Member>> READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Member>> WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Class, Map<Integer, Object[]>> METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Member>>(10));
+        WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Member>>(10));
+        METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Class, Map<Integer, Object[]>>(10));
+    }
+
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, Object ctx, Object thisRef, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.length = property.length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.thisReference = thisRef;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+        this.thisReference = thisReference;
+    }
+
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(char[] property, int offset, int end, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver) {
+        this.property = property;
+        this.cursor = offset;
+        this.length = end;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        this.variableFactory = resolver;
+    }
+
+    public PropertyAccessor(String property, Object ctx) {
+        this.length = (this.property = property.toCharArray()).length;
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(String property, Object ctx) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(char[] property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx, resolver, thisReference).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(char[] property, int offset, int end, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property, offset, end, ctx, resolver).get();
+    }
+
+    public static Object get(String property, Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, Object thisReference) {
+        return new PropertyAccessor(property.toCharArray(), ctx, resolver, thisReference).get();
+    }
+
+    public static void set(Object ctx, String property, Object value) {
+        new PropertyAccessor(property, ctx).set(value);
+    }
+
+    public static void set(Object ctx, VariableResolverFactory resolver, String property, Object value) {
+        new PropertyAccessor(property.toCharArray(), ctx, resolver, null).set(value);
+    }
+
+    private Object get() {
+        curr = ctx;
+        try {
+            while (cursor < length) {
+                switch (nextToken()) {
+                    case NORM:
+                        curr = getBeanProperty(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case METH:
+                        curr = getMethod(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case COL:
+                        curr = getCollectionProperty(curr, capture());
+                        break;
+                    case WITH:
+                        curr = getWithProperty(curr);
+                        break;
+
+                    case DONE:
+                }
+
+                if (nullHandle) {
+                    if (curr == null) {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        nullHandle = false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                first = false;
+            }
+
+            return curr;
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("array or collections index out of bounds (property: " + new String(property) + ")", e);
+        }
+        catch (PropertyAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("failed to access property: <<" + new String(property) + ">> in: " + (ctx != null ? ctx.getClass() : null), e);
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (NullPointerException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("null pointer exception in property: " + new String(property), e);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unknown exception in expression: " + new String(property), e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void set(Object value) {
+        curr = ctx;
+
+        try {
+            int oLength = length;
+
+            length = findAbsoluteLast(property);
+
+            if ((curr = get()) == null)
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("cannot bind to null context: " + new String(property));
+
+            length = oLength;
+
+            if (nextToken() == COL) {
+                int start = ++cursor;
+
+                whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+                if (cursor == length)
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                if (scanTo(']'))
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+                String ex = new String(property, start, cursor - start);
+
+                if (curr instanceof Map) {
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    ((Map) curr).put(eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory), value);
+                }
+                else if (curr instanceof List) {
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    ((List) curr).set(eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory, Integer.class), value);
+                }
+                else if (curr.getClass().isArray()) {
+                    Array.set(curr, eval(ex, this.ctx, this.variableFactory, Integer.class), convert(value, getBaseComponentType(curr.getClass())));
+                }
+                else {
+                    throw new PropertyAccessException("cannot bind to collection property: " + new String(property) + ": not a recognized collection type: " + ctx.getClass());
+                }
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            String tk = capture();
+
+            Member member = checkWriteCache(curr.getClass(), tk == null ? 0 : tk.hashCode());
+            if (member == null) {
+                addWriteCache(curr.getClass(), tk.hashCode(), (member = getFieldOrWriteAccessor(curr.getClass(), tk)));
+            }
+
+            if (member instanceof Field) {
+                Field fld = (Field) member;
+
+                if (value != null && !fld.getType().isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(fld.getType(), value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + fld.getType());
+                    }
+
+                    fld.set(curr, convert(value, fld.getType()));
+                }
+                else {
+                    fld.set(curr, value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (member != null) {
+                Method meth = (Method) member;
+
+                if (value != null && !meth.getParameterTypes()[0].isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+                    if (!canConvert(meth.getParameterTypes()[0], value.getClass())) {
+                        throw new ConversionException("cannot convert type: "
+                                + value.getClass() + ": to " + meth.getParameterTypes()[0]);
+                    }
+                    meth.invoke(curr, convert(value, meth.getParameterTypes()[0]));
+                }
+                else {
+                    meth.invoke(curr, value);
+                }
+            }
+            else if (curr instanceof Map) {
+                //noinspection unchecked
+                ((Map) curr).put(eval(tk, this.ctx, this.variableFactory), value);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property (" + tk + ") in: " + ctx.getClass().getName());
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+        catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int nextToken() {
+        switch (property[start = cursor]) {
+            case '[':
+                return COL;
+            case '.':
+                // ++cursor;
+                while (cursor < length && isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+                if ((start + 1) != length) {
+                    switch (property[cursor = ++start]) {
+                        case '?':
+                            cursor = ++start;
+                            nullHandle = true;
+                            break;
+                        case '{':
+                            return WITH;
+                    }
+
+                }
+        }
+
+        while (cursor < length && isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+        start = cursor;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while (++cursor < length && isJavaIdentifierPart(property[cursor])) ;
+
+        if (cursor < length) {
+            while (isWhitespace(property[cursor])) cursor++;
+            switch (property[cursor]) {
+                case '[':
+                    return COL;
+                case '(':
+                    return METH;
+                default:
+                    return 0;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private String capture() {
+        return new String(property, start, trimLeft(cursor) - start);
+    }
+
+    protected int trimLeft(int pos) {
+        while (pos > 0 && isWhitespace(property[pos - 1])) pos--;
+        return pos;
+    }
+
+    public static void clearPropertyResolverCache() {
+        READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+        WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+        METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.clear();
+    }
+
+    public static void reportCacheSizes() {
+        System.out.println("read property cache: " + READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+        System.out.println("write property cache: " + WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+        System.out.println("method cache: " + METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.size());
+        for (Class cls : METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.keySet()) {
+            System.out.println(" [" + cls.getName() + "]: " + METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls).size() + " entries.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addReadCache(Class cls, Integer property, Member member) {
+        synchronized (READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Member> nestedMap = READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+
+            if (nestedMap == null) {
+                READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, nestedMap = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Member>());
+            }
+
+            nestedMap.put(property, member);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Member checkReadCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Member> map = READ_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static void addWriteCache(Class cls, Integer property, Member member) {
+        synchronized (WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Member> map = WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+            if (map == null) {
+                WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, map = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Member>());
+            }
+            map.put(property, member);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Member checkWriteCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Member> map = WRITE_PROPERTY_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static void addMethodCache(Class cls, Integer property, Method member) {
+        synchronized (METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE) {
+            Map<Integer, Object[]> map = METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+            if (map == null) {
+                METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.put(cls, map = new WeakHashMap<Integer, Object[]>());
+            }
+            map.put(property, new Object[]{member, member.getParameterTypes()});
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Object[] checkMethodCache(Class cls, Integer property) {
+        Map<Integer, Object[]> map = METHOD_RESOLVER_CACHE.get(cls);
+        if (map != null) {
+            return map.get(property);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Object getBeanProperty(Object ctx, String property)
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
+
+        if (first) {
+            if ("this".equals(property)) {
+                return this.ctx;
+            }
+            else if (variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(property)) {
+                return variableFactory.getVariableResolver(property).getValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        Class cls;
+        Member member = checkReadCache(cls = (ctx instanceof Class ? ((Class) ctx) : ctx.getClass()), property.hashCode());
+
+        if (member == null) {
+            addReadCache(cls, property.hashCode(), member = getFieldOrAccessor(cls, property));
+        }
+
+        if (member instanceof Field) {
+            return ((Field) member).get(ctx);
+        }
+        else if (member != null) {
+            try {
+                return ((Method) member).invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+            }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                synchronized (member) {
+                    try {
+                        ((Method) member).setAccessible(true);
+                        return ((Method) member).invoke(ctx, EMPTYARG);
+                    }
+                    finally {
+                        ((Method) member).setAccessible(false);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Map && ((Map) ctx).containsKey(property)) {
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(property);
+        }
+        else if ("length".equals(property) && ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            return getLength(ctx);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Class) {
+            Class c = (Class) ctx;
+            for (Method m : c.getMethods()) {
+                if (property.equals(m.getName())) {
+                    if (MVEL.COMPILER_OPT_ALLOW_NAKED_METH_CALL) {
+                        return m.invoke(ctx, EMPTY_OBJ_ARR);
+                    }
+                    return m;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else if (PropertyHandlerFactory.hasPropertyHandler(cls)) {
+            return PropertyHandlerFactory.getPropertyHandler(cls).getProperty(property, ctx, variableFactory);
+        }
+
+        throw new PropertyAccessException("could not access property (" + property + ")");
+    }
+
+    private void whiteSpaceSkip() {
+        if (cursor < length)
+            //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+            while (isWhitespace(property[cursor]) && ++cursor < length) ;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param c - character to scan to.
+     * @return - returns true is end of statement is hit, false if the scan scar is countered.
+     */
+    private boolean scanTo(char c) {
+        for (; cursor < length; cursor++) {
+            if (property[cursor] == c) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private Object getWithProperty(Object ctx) {
+        String root = new String(property, 0, cursor - 1).trim();
+
+        int start = cursor + 1;
+        int[] res = balancedCaptureWithLineAccounting(property, cursor, '{');
+        cursor = res[0];
+
+        WithStatementPair[] pvp = parseWithExpressions(root, subset(property, start, cursor++ - start));
+
+        for (WithStatementPair aPvp : pvp) {
+            if (aPvp.getParm() == null) {
+                // Execute this interpretively now.
+                MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory);
+            }
+            else {
+                // Execute interpretively.
+                MVEL.setProperty(ctx, aPvp.getParm(), MVEL.eval(aPvp.getValue(), ctx, variableFactory));
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle accessing a property embedded in a collections, map, or array
+     *
+     * @param ctx  -
+     * @param prop -
+     * @return -
+     * @throws Exception -
+     */
+    private Object getCollectionProperty(Object ctx, String prop) throws Exception {
+        if (prop.length() != 0) {
+            ctx = getBeanProperty(ctx, prop);
+        }
+
+        int start = ++cursor;
+
+        whiteSpaceSkip();
+
+        if (cursor == length)
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+        Object item;
+
+        if (scanTo(']'))
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unterminated '['");
+
+        // String ex = new String(property, start, cursor++ - start);
+        item = eval(new String(property, start, cursor++ - start), ctx, variableFactory);
+
+        if (ctx instanceof Map) {
+            return ((Map) ctx).get(item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof List) {
+            return ((List) ctx).get((Integer) item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof Collection) {
+            int count = (Integer) item;
+            if (count > ((Collection) ctx).size())
+                throw new PropertyAccessException("index [" + count + "] out of bounds on collections");
+
+            Iterator iter = ((Collection) ctx).iterator();
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) iter.next();
+            return iter.next();
+        }
+        else if (ctx.getClass().isArray()) {
+            return Array.get(ctx, (Integer) item);
+        }
+        else if (ctx instanceof CharSequence) {
+            return ((CharSequence) ctx).charAt((Integer) item);
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("illegal use of []: unknown type: " + (ctx == null ? null : ctx.getClass().getName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an appropriate method, execute it, and return it's response.
+     *
+     * @param ctx  -
+     * @param name -
+     * @return -
+     * @throws Exception -
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    private Object getMethod(Object ctx, String name) throws Exception {
+        int st = cursor;
+        String tk = ((cursor = balancedCapture(property, cursor, '(')) - st) > 1 ?
+                new String(property, st + 1, cursor - st - 1) : "";
+
+        cursor++;
+
+        Object[] args;
+        if (tk.length() == 0) {
+            args = ParseTools.EMPTY_OBJ_ARR;
+        }
+        else {
+            String[] subtokens = parseParameterList(tk.toCharArray(), 0, -1);
+            args = new Object[subtokens.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < subtokens.length; i++) {
+                args[i] = eval(subtokens[i], thisReference, variableFactory);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (first && variableFactory != null && variableFactory.isResolveable(name)) {
+            Object ptr = variableFactory.getVariableResolver(name).getValue();
+            if (ptr instanceof Method) {
+                ctx = ((Method) ptr).getDeclaringClass();
+                name = ((Method) ptr).getName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof MethodStub) {
+                ctx = ((MethodStub) ptr).getClassReference();
+                name = ((MethodStub) ptr).getMethodName();
+            }
+            else if (ptr instanceof Function) {
+                ((Function) ptr).checkArgumentCount(args.length);
+                return ((Function) ptr).call(ctx, thisReference, variableFactory, args);
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new OptimizationFailure("attempt to optimize a method call for a reference that does not point to a method: "
+                        + name + " (reference is type: " + (ctx != null ? ctx.getClass().getName() : null) + ")");
+            }
+
+            first = false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If the target object is an instance of java.lang.Class itself then do not
+         * adjust the Class scope target.
+         */
+        Class cls = ctx instanceof Class ? (Class) ctx : ctx.getClass();
+
+        /**
+         * Check to see if we have already cached this method;
+         */
+        Object[] cache = checkMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk));
+
+        Method m;
+        Class[] parameterTypes;
+
+        if (cache != null) {
+            m = (Method) cache[0];
+            parameterTypes = (Class[]) cache[1];
+        }
+        else {
+            m = null;
+            parameterTypes = null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * If we have not cached the method then we need to go ahead and try to resolve it.
+         */
+        if (m == null) {
+            /**
+             * Try to find an instance method from the class target.
+             */
+            if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getMethods(), false)) != null) {
+                addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+                parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+            }
+
+            if (m == null) {
+                /**
+                 * If we didn't find anything, maybe we're looking for the actual java.lang.Class methods.
+                 */
+                if ((m = getBestCandidate(args, name, cls, cls.getClass().getDeclaredMethods(), false)) != null) {
+                    addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+                    parameterTypes = m.getParameterTypes();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (m == null) {
+            StringAppender errorBuild = new StringAppender();
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                errorBuild.append(args[i] != null ? args[i].getClass().getName() : null);
+                if (i < args.length - 1) errorBuild.append(", ");
+            }
+
+            if ("size".equals(name) && args.length == 0 && cls.isArray()) {
+                return getLength(ctx);
+            }
+
+            throw new PropertyAccessException("unable to resolve method: " + cls.getName() + "." + name + "(" + errorBuild.toString() + ") [arglength=" + args.length + "]");
+        }
+        else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+                args[i] = convert(args[i], parameterTypes[i]);
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Invoke the target method and return the response.
+             */
+            try {
+                return m.invoke(ctx, args);
+            }
+            catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                try {
+                    m = getWidenedTarget(m);
+                    addMethodCache(cls, createSignature(name, tk), m);
+
+                    return m.invoke(ctx, args);
+                }
+                catch (Exception e2) {
+                    throw e;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int createSignature(String name, String args) {
+        return name.hashCode() + args.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public int getCursorPosition() {
+        return cursor;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `item` last assigned on line 553 could be null and is dereferenced at line 574.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object PropertyAccessor.getCollectionProperty(Object,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel2.PropertyAccessor.getCollectionProperty(java.lang.Object,java.lang.String):java.lang.Object.534ee75ec5cdad9891a201ac61c50386
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel2/PropertyAccessor.java
+
+### Key:
+PropertyAccessor.java|getCollectionProperty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2d270aeaaec7060210758b465d3880ab
+
+### Hash:
+7692c79c8a13d3330f3765d47c1ae475
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4797/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4797/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45c9b897a7b9b1919a01cd21df963c809ee3ae6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4797/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,675 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRef;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRefParam;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+import static java.lang.Character.isWhitespace;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class Interpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new Interpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        return new Interpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new Interpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+    
+    private static final Map<String, String> EX_TEMPLATE_REGISTRY;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+            EX_TEMPLATE_REGISTRY = synchronizedMap( new HashMap() );
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+            EX_TEMPLATE_REGISTRY = new HashMap();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public Interpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes.clone());
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression).clone();
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes.clone());
+            }
+
+        }
+        cloneAllNodes();
+
+    }
+
+    public Interpreter(String expression) {
+        if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes.clone());
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression).clone();
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes.clone());
+            }
+
+        }
+        cloneAllNodes();
+    }    
+
+    private void cloneAllNodes() {
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+                nodes[i] = nodes[i].clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new CompileException("unknown exception", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Interpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+    
+    public static void registryTemplate(String name, String template) {
+        EX_TEMPLATE_REGISTRY.put( name, template );
+    }    
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> tokens) throws IOException {
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> vars) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        return new Interpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> vars) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        return new Interpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    //  return ExpressionParser.eval(getInternalSegment(nodes[0]), ctx, tokens);
+
+                    if (!cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, MVEL.compileExpression(s));
+                                return MVEL.executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return MVEL.executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+                case INCLUDE_BY_REF: {
+                    IncludeRef includeRef = (IncludeRef) nodes[0].getRegister();
+                    String template = EX_TEMPLATE_REGISTRY.get( includeRef.getName() );
+                    
+                    IncludeRefParam[] params = includeRef.getParams();
+                    Map vars = new HashMap( params.length );
+                    for ( int i = 0; i < params.length; i++ ) {
+                        vars.put( params[i].getIdentifier(), parse(params[i].getValue(), ctx, tokens));
+                    }
+                    
+                    return Interpreter.parse( template, ctx, vars );                    
+                }                    
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            ExpressionParser oParser = new ExpressionParser(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case FOREACH: {
+                        ForeachContext foreachContext = ( ForeachContext ) currNode.getRegister();
+                        if ( foreachContext.getItererators() == null ) {
+                            try {
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split( "," );
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for( int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++ ) {
+                                    Object listObject = new ExpressionParser(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if ( listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList( (Object[]) listObject );
+                                    }    
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection)listObject).iterator() ;
+                                }
+                                foreachContext.setIterators( iters );
+                            } catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = foreachContext.getItererators();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split( "," );
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for ( int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++ ) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }                         
+                        
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for ( int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++ ) {
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            if ( foreachContext.getCount() != 0 ) {
+                                sbuf.append( foreachContext.getSeperator() );
+                            }
+                            foreachContext.setCount( foreachContext.getCount( ) + 1 );
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for ( int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++ ) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }      
+                            foreachContext.setIterators( null );
+                            foreachContext.setCount( 0 );
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length == 2) {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}", e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode();
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> tokens) {
+        return new Interpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case'{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+                case'}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        Interpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mvel.Interpreter.execute` indirectly reads without synchronization from `n$1.org.mvel.Interpreter.nodes.[_]`. Potentially races with write in method `Interpreter.evalToString(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$1 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$1.org.mvel.Interpreter.nodes.[_] might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object Interpreter.execute(Object,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.Interpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map):java.lang.Object.1db204d205aa1c616a652154b5bea12e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/Interpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+Interpreter.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e64f94a5a6ec69b335b4be76f7c3ee9c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4799/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4799/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d4a18a75a8c195cfa4c03ff0aba8c2bf72326bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4799/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+import static java.lang.Character.isWhitespace;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class Interpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new Interpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        return new Interpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new Interpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public Interpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes.clone());
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression).clone();
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes.clone());
+            }
+
+        }
+        cloneAllNodes();
+
+    }
+
+    public Interpreter(String expression) {
+        if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+            EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+            nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+            EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes.clone());
+        }
+        else {
+            this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression);
+            try {
+                this.nodes = EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression).clone();
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes.clone());
+            }
+
+        }
+        cloneAllNodes();
+    }
+
+    private void cloneAllNodes() {
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+                nodes[i] = nodes[i].clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new CompileException("unknown exception", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Interpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> tokens) throws IOException {
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> vars) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        return new Interpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> vars) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        return new Interpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    //  return ExpressionParser.eval(getInternalSegment(nodes[0]), ctx, tokens);
+
+                    if (!cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, MVEL.compileExpression(s));
+                                return MVEL.executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return MVEL.executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            ExpressionParser oParser = new ExpressionParser(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case FOREACH: {
+                        String seperator = "";
+                        if (currNode.getRegister() == null || currNode.getRegister() instanceof String) {
+                            try {
+                                String props = ( String) currNode.getRegister();
+                                if ( props != null && props.length() > 0 ) {
+                                    seperator = props;
+                                }
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split( "," );
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for( int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++ ) {
+                                    Object listObject = new ExpressionParser(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if ( listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList( (Object[]) listObject );
+                                    }    
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection)listObject).iterator() ;
+                                }
+                                currNode.setRegister( iters );
+                            } catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = (Iterator[]) currNode.getRegister();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split( "," );
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for ( int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++ ) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }                         
+                        
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for ( int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++ ) {
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            sbuf.append( seperator );                                                       
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for ( int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++ ) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }                            
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length == 2) {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}", e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode();
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map<String, Object> tokens) {
+        return new Interpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case'{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+                case'}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        Interpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `currNode.getAlias()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 408.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object Interpreter.execute(Object,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.Interpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map):java.lang.Object.1db204d205aa1c616a652154b5bea12e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/Interpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+Interpreter.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+24ee14a57e8a90ab88fc833015223ecd
+
+### Hash:
+f0c41a5420e359222eba7c48ead42a87
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4810/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4810/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b66004aedc45d540df2d4e801f4ec2b560575c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4810/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mvel
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MVEL (The MVFLEX Expression Language)
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2007 Christopher Brock, MVFLEX/Valhalla Project and the Codehaus
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mvel;
+
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.compileExpression;
+import static org.mvel.MVEL.executeExpression;
+import static org.mvel.NodeType.*;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRef;
+import org.mvel.TemplateCompiler.IncludeRefParam;
+import org.mvel.util.ExecutionStack;
+import org.mvel.util.StringAppender;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import static java.lang.String.valueOf;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import static java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect;
+import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
+import java.util.*;
+import static java.util.Collections.synchronizedMap;
+
+/**
+ * The MVEL Template Interpreter.  Naming this an "Interpreter" is not inaccurate.   All template expressions
+ * are pre-compiled by the the {@link TemplateCompiler} prior to being processed by this interpreter.<br/>
+ * <br/>
+ * Under normal circumstances, it is completely acceptable to execute the parser/interpreter from the static
+ * convenience methods in this class.
+ *
+ * @author Christopher Brock
+ */
+public class TemplateInterpreter {
+
+    public static boolean cacheAggressively = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Evaluates the template expression and returns a String value.  This is only a convenience method that
+     * has the same semantics as using <tt>String.valueOf(eval(expr, vars, ctx))</tt>.
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return the resultant value represented in it's equivelant string value.
+     */
+    public static String evalToString(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        return valueOf(eval(template, ctx, variables));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx      - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     * @see #eval(String,Object,Map)
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Map variables) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(null, variables);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compiles, interprets and returns the result from a template.  The value that this returns is dependant
+     * on whether or not the template actually contains any literal values.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * For example, an expression that is simply "<tt>@{foobar}</tt>" will return the value of <tt>foobar</tt>,
+     * not a string value.  An expression that only contains a single tag is a defacto expression and is not
+     * considered a template.<br/>
+     * <br/>
+     * An expression such as "<tt>Hello my name is: @{name}</tt>" will return the a String value as it clearly a
+     * template.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param template  - the template to be evaluated
+     * @param ctx       - the virtual root / context of the expression.
+     * @param variables - a map of variables for use in the expression.
+     * @return see description.
+     */
+    public static Object eval(String template, Object ctx, Map variables) {
+        if (template == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(template).execute(ctx, variables);
+    }
+
+    private char[] expression;
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Node[] nodes;
+    private int node = 0;
+
+    private static final Map<CharSequence, char[]> EX_PRECACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Node[]> EX_NODE_CACHE;
+    private static final Map<Object, Serializable> EX_PRECOMP_CACHE;
+
+    static {
+        if (MVEL.THREAD_SAFE) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else if (MVEL.WEAK_CACHE || MVEL.NO_JIT) {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new WeakHashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new WeakHashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+        else {
+            EX_PRECACHE = (new HashMap<CharSequence, char[]>());
+            EX_NODE_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Node[]>());
+            EX_PRECOMP_CACHE = (new HashMap<Object, Serializable>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void configureFactory() {
+    }
+
+    private ExecutionStack stack;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new intepreter
+     *
+     * @param template -
+     */
+    public TemplateInterpreter(CharSequence template) {
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+
+            if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(template)) {
+                EX_PRECACHE.put(template, this.expression = template.toString().toCharArray());
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                Node[] nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(template, nodes);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(template);
+                try {
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+                }
+                catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                    nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, cloneAll(nodes));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        //    cloneAllNodes();
+
+    }
+
+    private Node[] cloneAll(Node[] nodes) {
+        Node[] newNodes = new Node[nodes.length];
+
+        try {
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Node n : nodes) {
+                newNodes[i++] = n.clone();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+
+        }
+
+        return newNodes;
+    }
+
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(String expression) {
+        synchronized (Runtime.getRuntime()) {
+            if (!EX_PRECACHE.containsKey(expression)) {
+                EX_PRECACHE.put(expression, this.expression = expression.toCharArray());
+                nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+            }
+            else {
+                this.expression = EX_PRECACHE.get(expression);
+                try {
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(EX_NODE_CACHE.get(expression));
+                }
+                catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.remove(expression);
+                    nodes = new TemplateCompiler(this).compileExpression();
+                    EX_NODE_CACHE.put(expression, nodes);
+                    this.nodes = cloneAll(nodes);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public TemplateInterpreter(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+        return debug;
+    }
+
+    public void setDebug(boolean debug) {
+        this.debug = debug;
+    }
+
+    public static void parseToStream(File template, Object ctx, Map tokens, OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        Object result = parse(template, ctx, tokens);
+        CharSequence cs;
+
+        if (result == null) return;
+        else if (result instanceof CharSequence) {
+            cs = (CharSequence) result;
+        }
+        else {
+            cs = valueOf(result);
+        }
+
+        OutputStreamWriter writer = new OutputStreamWriter(out);
+
+        int len = cs.length();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            writer.write(cs.charAt(i));
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens) throws IOException {
+        return parse(file, ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(File file, Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) throws IOException {
+        if (!file.exists())
+            throw new CompileException("cannot find file: " + file.getName());
+
+        FileInputStream inStream = null;
+        ReadableByteChannel fc = null;
+        try {
+            inStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+            fc = inStream.getChannel();
+            ByteBuffer buf = allocateDirect(10);
+
+            StringAppender sb = new StringAppender((int) file.length());
+
+            int read = 0;
+            while (read >= 0) {
+                buf.rewind();
+                read = fc.read(buf);
+                buf.rewind();
+
+                for (; read > 0; read--) {
+                    sb.append((char) buf.get());
+                }
+            }
+
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            return parse(sb, ctx, tokens, registry);
+
+        }
+        catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            // this can't be thrown, we check for this explicitly.
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (inStream != null) inStream.close();
+            if (fc != null) fc.close();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(CharSequence expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars) {
+        return parse(expression, ctx, vars, null);
+    }
+
+    public static Object parse(String expression, Object ctx, Map vars, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (expression == null) return null;
+
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, vars, registry);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return execute(ctx, tokens, null);
+    }
+
+    public Object execute(Object ctx, Map tokens, TemplateRegistry registry) {
+        if (nodes == null) {
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+        else if (nodes.length == 2) {
+            /**
+             * This is an optimization for property expressions.
+             */
+            switch (nodes[0].getToken()) {
+                case PROPERTY_EX:
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    if (!cacheAggressively) {
+                        char[] seg = new char[expression.length - 3];
+                        arraycopy(expression, 2, seg, 0, seg.length);
+
+                        return MVEL.eval(seg, ctx, tokens);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String s = new String(expression, 2, expression.length - 3);
+                        if (!EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.containsKey(s)) {
+                            synchronized (EX_PRECOMP_CACHE) {
+                                EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.put(s, compileExpression(s));
+                                return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return executeExpression(EX_PRECOMP_CACHE.get(s), ctx, tokens);
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                case LITERAL:
+                    return new String(expression);
+
+            }
+
+            return new String(expression);
+        }
+
+        Object register = null;
+
+        StringAppender sbuf = new StringAppender(10);
+        Node currNode = null;
+
+        try {
+            //noinspection unchecked
+            MVELInterpretedRuntime oParser = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(ctx, tokens);
+
+            initStack();
+            pushAndForward();
+
+            while ((currNode = pop()) != null) {
+                node = currNode.getNode();
+
+                switch (currNode.getToken()) {
+                    case LITERAL: {
+                        sbuf.append(register = new String(expression, currNode.getStartPos(),
+                                currNode.getEndPos() - currNode.getStartPos()));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case PROPERTY_EX: {
+                        sbuf.append(
+                                valueOf(register = oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())
+                        );
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case IF:
+                    case ELSEIF: {
+                        try {
+                            if (!((Boolean) oParser.setExpressionArray(getInternalSegment(currNode)).parse())) {
+                                exitContext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                        catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                            throw new CompileException("IF expression does not return a boolean: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case FOREACH: {
+                        ForeachContext foreachContext = (ForeachContext) currNode.getRegister();
+                        if (foreachContext.getItererators() == null) {
+                            try {
+                                String[] lists = getForEachSegment(currNode).split(",");
+                                Iterator[] iters = new Iterator[lists.length];
+                                for (int i = 0; i < lists.length; i++) {
+                                    //noinspection unchecked
+                                    Object listObject = new MVELInterpretedRuntime(lists[i], ctx, tokens).parse();
+                                    if (listObject instanceof Object[]) {
+                                        listObject = Arrays.asList((Object[]) listObject);
+                                    }
+                                    iters[i] = ((Collection) listObject).iterator();
+                                }
+                                foreachContext.setIterators(iters);
+                            }
+                            catch (ClassCastException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("expression for collections does not return a collections object: " + new String(getSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                            catch (NullPointerException e) {
+                                throw new CompileException("null returned for foreach in expression: " + (getForEachSegment(currNode)));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        Iterator[] iters = foreachContext.getItererators();
+                        String[] alias = currNode.getAlias().split(",");
+                        // must trim vars
+                        for (int i = 0; i < alias.length; i++) {
+                            alias[i] = alias[i].trim();
+                        }
+
+                        if (iters[0].hasNext()) {
+                            push();
+
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                //noinspection unchecked
+                                tokens.put(alias[i], iters[i].next());
+                            }
+                            if (foreachContext.getCount() != 0) {
+                                sbuf.append(foreachContext.getSeperator());
+                            }
+                            //noinspection unchecked
+                            tokens.put("i0", foreachContext.getCount());
+                            foreachContext.setCount(foreachContext.getCount() + 1);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            for (int i = 0; i < iters.length; i++) {
+                                tokens.remove(alias[i]);
+                            }
+                            foreachContext.setIterators(null);
+                            foreachContext.setCount(0);
+                            exitContext();
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    case ELSE:
+                    case END:
+                        if (stack.isEmpty()) forwardAndPush();
+                        continue;
+                    case GOTO:
+                        pushNode(currNode.getEndNode());
+                        continue;
+                    case TERMINUS: {
+                        if (nodes.length != 2) {
+                            return sbuf.toString();
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return register;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    case INCLUDE_BY_REF: {
+                        IncludeRef includeRef = (IncludeRef) nodes[node].getRegister();
+
+                        IncludeRefParam[] params = includeRef.getParams();
+                        Map<String, Object> vars = new HashMap<String, Object>(params.length * 2);
+                        for (IncludeRefParam param : params) {
+                            vars.put(param.getIdentifier(), MVEL.eval(param.getValue(), ctx, tokens));
+                        }
+
+                        if (registry == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("No TemplateRegistry specified, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+                        String template = registry.getTemplate(includeRef.getName());
+
+                        if (template == null) {
+                            throw new CompileException("Template does not exist in the TemplateRegistry, cannot load template='" + includeRef.getName() + "'");
+                        }
+
+                        sbuf.append(TemplateInterpreter.parse(template, ctx, vars, registry));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                forwardAndPush();
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("expression did not end properly: expected TERMINUS node");
+        }
+        catch (CompileException e) {
+            throw e;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            if (currNode != null) {
+                throw new CompileException("problem encountered at node [" + currNode.getNode() + "] "
+                        + currNode.getToken() + "{" + currNode.getStartPos() + "," + currNode.getEndPos() + "}: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            }
+            throw new CompileException("unhandled fatal exception (node:" + node + ")", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initStack() {
+        stack = new ExecutionStack();
+    }
+
+    private void push() {
+        push(nodes[node]);
+    }
+
+    private void push(Node node) {
+        if (node == null) return;
+        stack.push(node);
+    }
+
+    private void pushNode(int i) {
+        stack.push(nodes[i]);
+    }
+
+    private void exitContext() {
+        node = nodes[node].getEndNode() - 1;
+    }
+
+    public void forwardAndPush() {
+        node++;
+        push();
+    }
+
+    private void pushAndForward() {
+        push();
+        node++;
+    }
+
+    private Node pop() {
+        return (Node) stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param tokens     -
+     * @return -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static Object getValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Map tokens) {
+        return new TemplateInterpreter(expression).execute(ctx, tokens);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param expression -
+     * @param ctx        -
+     * @param preParseCx -
+     * @param value      -
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public static void setValuePE(String expression, Object ctx, Object preParseCx, Object value) {
+        PropertyAccessor.set(ctx, valueOf(eval(expression, preParseCx)), value);
+    }
+
+    public char[] getExpression() {
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public void setExpression(char[] expression) {
+        this.expression = expression;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getSegment(Node n) {
+        char[] ca = new char[n.getLength()];
+        arraycopy(expression, n.getStartPos(), ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private char[] getInternalSegment(Node n) {
+        int start = n.getStartPos();
+        int depth = 1;
+
+        //noinspection StatementWithEmptyBody
+        while ((expression[start++] != '{')) ;
+
+        int end = start;
+        while (depth > 0) {
+            switch (expression[++end]) {
+                case'}':
+                    depth--;
+                    break;
+                case'{':
+                    depth++;
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        char[] ca = new char[end - start];
+        arraycopy(expression, start, ca, 0, ca.length);
+        return ca;
+    }
+
+    private String getForEachSegment(Node n) {
+        if (n.getAlias() == null) return new String(getInternalSegment(n));
+        else {
+            return n.getName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isCacheAggressively() {
+        return cacheAggressively;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCacheAggressively(boolean cacheAggressively) {
+        TemplateInterpreter.cacheAggressively = cacheAggressively;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute` reads without synchronization from `this.org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.expression`. Potentially races with write in method `TemplateInterpreter.setExpression(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object TemplateInterpreter.execute(Object,Map,TemplateRegistry)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mvel.TemplateInterpreter.execute(java.lang.Object,java.util.Map,org.mvel.TemplateRegistry):java..1141972e8c077bf084811e3faa3e1296
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/mvel/TemplateInterpreter.java
+
+### Key:
+TemplateInterpreter.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+af36992bf21a36d84d57d4c9395b5fa6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4817/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4817/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..816affd3781eab1cf56ece51d29179156e681f71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4817/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TwelveMonkeys
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014, Harald Kuhr
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name "TwelveMonkeys" nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+ * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+ * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+ * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+ * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.plugins.tiff;
+
+import com.twelvemonkeys.image.ImageUtil;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.ImageWriterBase;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.metadata.Directory;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.metadata.Entry;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.metadata.tiff.Rational;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.metadata.tiff.TIFF;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.metadata.tiff.TIFFEntry;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.metadata.tiff.TIFFWriter;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.stream.SubImageOutputStream;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.util.IIOUtil;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.io.enc.EncoderStream;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.io.enc.PackBitsEncoder;
+import com.twelvemonkeys.lang.Validate;
+
+import javax.imageio.*;
+import javax.imageio.metadata.IIOInvalidTreeException;
+import javax.imageio.metadata.IIOMetadata;
+import javax.imageio.metadata.IIOMetadataFormatImpl;
+import javax.imageio.spi.ImageWriterSpi;
+import javax.imageio.stream.ImageInputStream;
+import javax.imageio.stream.ImageOutputStream;
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.awt.color.ColorSpace;
+import java.awt.color.ICC_ColorSpace;
+import java.awt.image.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.zip.Deflater;
+import java.util.zip.DeflaterOutputStream;
+
+import static com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.plugins.tiff.TIFFStreamMetadata.configureStreamByteOrder;
+
+/**
+ * TIFFImageWriter
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:harald.kuhr@gmail.com">Harald Kuhr</a>
+ * @author last modified by $Author: haraldk$
+ * @version $Id: TIFFImageWriter.java,v 1.0 18.09.13 12:46 haraldk Exp$
+ */
+public final class TIFFImageWriter extends ImageWriterBase {
+    // Short term
+    // TODO: Support more of the ImageIO metadata (ie. compression from metadata, etc)
+
+    // Long term
+    // TODO: Support tiling
+    // TODO: Support thumbnails
+    // TODO: Support CCITT Modified Huffman compression (2)
+    // TODO: Full "Baseline TIFF" support (pending CCITT compression 2)
+    // TODO: CCITT compressions T.4 and T.6
+    // TODO: Support JPEG compression of CMYK data (pending JPEGImageWriter CMYK write support)
+    // ----
+    // TODO: Support storing multiple images in one stream (multi-page TIFF)
+    // TODO: Support use-case: Transcode multi-layer PSD to multi-page TIFF with metadata
+    // TODO: Support use-case: Transcode multi-page TIFF to multiple single-page TIFFs with metadata
+    // TODO: Support use-case: Losslessly transcode JPEG to JPEG-in-TIFF with (EXIF) metadata (and back)
+
+    // Very long term...
+    // TODO: Support JBIG compression via ImageIO plugin/delegate? Pending support in Reader
+    // TODO: Support JPEG2000 compression via ImageIO plugin/delegate? Pending support in Reader
+
+    // Done
+    // Create a basic writer that supports most inputs. Store them using the simplest possible format.
+    // Support no compression (None/1) - BASELINE
+    // Support predictor. See TIFF 6.0 Specification, Section 14: "Differencing Predictor", page 64.
+    // Support PackBits compression (32773) - easy - BASELINE
+    // Support ZLIB (/Deflate) compression (8) - easy
+    // Support LZW compression (5)
+    // Support JPEG compression (7) - might need extra input to allow multiple images with single DQT
+    // Use sensible defaults for compression based on input? None is sensible... :-)
+    // Support resolution, resolution unit and software tags from ImageIO metadata
+
+    private static final Rational STANDARD_DPI = new Rational(72);
+
+    /**
+     * Flag for active sequence writing
+     */
+    private boolean isWritingSequence = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Metadata writer for sequence writing
+     */
+    private TIFFWriter sequenceTiffWriter = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Position of last IFD Pointer on active sequence writing
+     */
+    private long sequenceLastIFDPos = -1;
+
+    TIFFImageWriter(final ImageWriterSpi provider) {
+        super(provider);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setOutput(final Object output) {
+        super.setOutput(output);
+
+        // TODO: Allow appending/partly overwrite of existing file...
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(final IIOMetadata streamMetadata, final IIOImage image, final ImageWriteParam param) throws IOException {
+        assertOutput();
+        configureStreamByteOrder(streamMetadata, imageOutput);
+
+        // TODO: Make TIFFEntry and possibly TIFFDirectory? public
+        TIFFWriter tiffWriter = new TIFFWriter();
+        tiffWriter.writeTIFFHeader(imageOutput);
+
+        writePage(image, param, tiffWriter, imageOutput.getStreamPosition());
+
+        imageOutput.flush();
+    }
+
+    private long writePage(IIOImage image, ImageWriteParam param, TIFFWriter tiffWriter, long lastIFDPointerOffset)
+            throws IOException {
+        RenderedImage renderedImage = image.getRenderedImage();
+
+        TIFFImageMetadata metadata = image.getMetadata() != null
+                                     ? convertImageMetadata(image.getMetadata(), ImageTypeSpecifier.createFromRenderedImage(renderedImage), param)
+                                     : getDefaultImageMetadata(ImageTypeSpecifier.createFromRenderedImage(renderedImage), param);
+
+        ColorModel colorModel = renderedImage.getColorModel();
+        SampleModel sampleModel = renderedImage.getSampleModel();
+        int numBands = sampleModel.getNumBands();
+        int pixelSize = computePixelSize(sampleModel);
+
+        int[] bandOffsets;
+        int[] bitOffsets;
+        if (sampleModel instanceof ComponentSampleModel) {
+            bandOffsets = ((ComponentSampleModel) sampleModel).getBandOffsets();
+            bitOffsets = null;
+        }
+        else if (sampleModel instanceof SinglePixelPackedSampleModel) {
+            bitOffsets = ((SinglePixelPackedSampleModel) sampleModel).getBitOffsets();
+            bandOffsets = null;
+        }
+        else if (sampleModel instanceof MultiPixelPackedSampleModel) {
+            bitOffsets = null;
+            bandOffsets = new int[] {0};
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown bit/bandOffsets for sample model: " + sampleModel);
+        }
+
+        // TODO: There shouldn't be necessary to create a separate map here, this should be handled in the
+        // convertImageMetadata/getDefaultImageMetadata methods....
+        Map<Integer, Entry> entries = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_IMAGE_WIDTH, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_IMAGE_WIDTH, renderedImage.getWidth()));
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_IMAGE_HEIGHT, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_IMAGE_HEIGHT, renderedImage.getHeight()));
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_ORIENTATION, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_ORIENTATION, 1)); // (optional)
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_BITS_PER_SAMPLE, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_BITS_PER_SAMPLE, asShortArray(sampleModel.getSampleSize())));
+
+        // If numComponents > numColorComponents, write ExtraSamples
+        if (numBands > colorModel.getNumColorComponents()) {
+            // TODO: Write per component > numColorComponents
+            if (colorModel.hasAlpha()) {
+                entries.put(TIFF.TAG_EXTRA_SAMPLES, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_EXTRA_SAMPLES, colorModel.isAlphaPremultiplied() ? TIFFBaseline.EXTRASAMPLE_ASSOCIATED_ALPHA : TIFFBaseline.EXTRASAMPLE_UNASSOCIATED_ALPHA));
+            }
+            else {
+                entries.put(TIFF.TAG_EXTRA_SAMPLES, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_EXTRA_SAMPLES, TIFFBaseline.EXTRASAMPLE_UNSPECIFIED));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Write compression field from param or metadata
+        int compression;
+        if ((param == null || param.getCompressionMode() == TIFFImageWriteParam.MODE_COPY_FROM_METADATA)
+                && image.getMetadata() != null && metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_COMPRESSION) != null) {
+            compression = (int) metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_COMPRESSION).getValue();
+        }
+        else {
+            compression = TIFFImageWriteParam.getCompressionType(param);
+        }
+
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_COMPRESSION, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_COMPRESSION, compression));
+
+        // TODO: Let param/metadata control predictor
+        // TODO: Depending on param.getCompressionMode(): DISABLED/EXPLICIT/COPY_FROM_METADATA/DEFAULT
+        switch (compression) {
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_ZLIB:
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_DEFLATE:
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_LZW:
+                if (pixelSize >= 8) {
+                    entries.put(TIFF.TAG_PREDICTOR, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_PREDICTOR, TIFFExtension.PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL_DIFFERENCING));
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_CCITT_T4:
+                Entry group3options = metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_GROUP3OPTIONS);
+
+                if (group3options == null) {
+                    group3options = new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_GROUP3OPTIONS, (long) TIFFExtension.GROUP3OPT_2DENCODING);
+                }
+
+                entries.put(TIFF.TAG_GROUP3OPTIONS, group3options);
+
+                break;
+
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_CCITT_T6:
+                Entry group4options = metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_GROUP4OPTIONS);
+
+                if (group4options == null) {
+                    group4options = new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_GROUP4OPTIONS, 0L);
+                }
+
+                entries.put(TIFF.TAG_GROUP4OPTIONS, group4options);
+
+                break;
+
+            default:
+        }
+
+        // TODO: We might want to support CMYK in JPEG as well... Pending JPEG CMYK write support.
+        int photometric = compression == TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_JPEG ? TIFFExtension.PHOTOMETRIC_YCBCR : getPhotometricInterpretation(colorModel);
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, photometric));
+
+        if (photometric == TIFFBaseline.PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE && colorModel instanceof IndexColorModel) {
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_COLOR_MAP, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_COLOR_MAP, createColorMap((IndexColorModel) colorModel)));
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL, 1));
+        }
+        else {
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL, numBands));
+
+            // Note: Assuming sRGB to be the default RGB interpretation
+            ColorSpace colorSpace = colorModel.getColorSpace();
+            if (colorSpace instanceof ICC_ColorSpace && !colorSpace.isCS_sRGB()) {
+                entries.put(TIFF.TAG_ICC_PROFILE, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_ICC_PROFILE, ((ICC_ColorSpace) colorSpace).getProfile().getData()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Default sample format SAMPLEFORMAT_UINT need not be written
+        if (sampleModel.getDataType() == DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT/* TODO: if isSigned(sampleModel.getDataType) or getSampleFormat(sampleModel) != 0 */) {
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_SAMPLE_FORMAT, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_SAMPLE_FORMAT, TIFFExtension.SAMPLEFORMAT_INT));
+        }
+        // TODO: Float values!
+
+        // TODO: Again, this should be handled in the metadata conversion....
+        // Get Software from metadata, or use default
+        Entry software = metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_SOFTWARE);
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_SOFTWARE, software != null ? software : new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_SOFTWARE, "TwelveMonkeys ImageIO TIFF writer " + originatingProvider.getVersion()));
+
+        // Copy metadata to output
+        int[] copyTags = {
+                TIFF.TAG_ORIENTATION,
+                TIFF.TAG_DATE_TIME,
+                TIFF.TAG_DOCUMENT_NAME,
+                TIFF.TAG_IMAGE_DESCRIPTION,
+                TIFF.TAG_MAKE,
+                TIFF.TAG_MODEL,
+                TIFF.TAG_PAGE_NAME,
+                TIFF.TAG_PAGE_NUMBER,
+                TIFF.TAG_ARTIST,
+                TIFF.TAG_HOST_COMPUTER,
+                TIFF.TAG_COPYRIGHT
+        };
+        for (int tagID : copyTags) {
+            Entry entry = metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(tagID);
+            if (entry != null) {
+                entries.put(tagID, entry);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get X/YResolution and ResolutionUnit from metadata if set, otherwise use defaults
+        // TODO: Add logic here OR in metadata merging, to make sure these 3 values are consistent.
+        Entry xRes = metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_X_RESOLUTION);
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_X_RESOLUTION, xRes != null ? xRes : new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_X_RESOLUTION, STANDARD_DPI));
+        Entry yRes = metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_Y_RESOLUTION);
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_Y_RESOLUTION, yRes != null ? yRes : new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_Y_RESOLUTION, STANDARD_DPI));
+        Entry resUnit = metadata.getIFD().getEntryById(TIFF.TAG_RESOLUTION_UNIT);
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_RESOLUTION_UNIT, resUnit != null ? resUnit : new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_RESOLUTION_UNIT, TIFFBaseline.RESOLUTION_UNIT_DPI));
+
+        // TODO: RowsPerStrip - can be entire image (or even 2^32 -1), but it's recommended to write "about 8K bytes" per strip
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_ROWS_PER_STRIP, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_ROWS_PER_STRIP, renderedImage.getHeight()));
+        // - StripByteCounts - for no compression, entire image data... (TODO: How to know the byte counts prior to writing data?)
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS, -1)); // Updated later
+        // - StripOffsets - can be offset to single strip only (TODO: but how large is the IFD data...???)
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS, -1)); // Updated later
+
+        // TODO: If tiled, write tile indexes etc
+        // Depending on param.getTilingMode
+        long nextIFDPointerOffset = -1;
+
+        if (compression == TIFFBaseline.COMPRESSION_NONE) {
+            // This implementation, allows semi-streaming-compatible uncompressed TIFFs
+            long streamPosition = imageOutput.getStreamPosition();
+
+            long ifdSize = tiffWriter.computeIFDSize(entries.values());
+            long stripOffset = streamPosition + 4 +  ifdSize + 4;
+            long stripByteCount = (renderedImage.getWidth() * renderedImage.getHeight() * pixelSize + 7) / 8;
+
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS, stripOffset));
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS, stripByteCount));
+
+            long ifdPointer = tiffWriter.writeIFD(entries.values(), imageOutput); // NOTE: Writer takes case of ordering tags
+            nextIFDPointerOffset = imageOutput.getStreamPosition();
+
+            // If we have a previous IFD, update pointer
+            if (streamPosition > lastIFDPointerOffset) {
+                imageOutput.seek(lastIFDPointerOffset);
+                imageOutput.writeInt((int) ifdPointer);
+                imageOutput.seek(nextIFDPointerOffset);
+            }
+
+            imageOutput.writeInt(0); // Update next IFD pointer later
+        }
+        else {
+            imageOutput.writeInt(0); // Update current IFD pointer later
+        }
+
+        long stripOffset = imageOutput.getStreamPosition();
+
+        // TODO: Create compressor stream per Tile/Strip
+        // TODO: Cache JPEGImageWriter, dispose in dispose() method
+        if (compression == TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_JPEG) {
+            Iterator<ImageWriter> writers = ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("JPEG");
+
+            if (!writers.hasNext()) {
+                // This can only happen if someone deliberately uninstalled it
+                throw new IIOException("No JPEG ImageWriter found!");
+            }
+
+            ImageWriter jpegWriter = writers.next();
+            try {
+                jpegWriter.setOutput(new SubImageOutputStream(imageOutput));
+                jpegWriter.write(renderedImage);
+            }
+            finally {
+                jpegWriter.dispose();
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            // Write image data
+            writeImageData(createCompressorStream(renderedImage, param, entries), renderedImage, numBands, bandOffsets, bitOffsets);
+        }
+
+        long stripByteCount = imageOutput.getStreamPosition() - stripOffset;
+
+        // Update IFD0-pointer, and write IFD
+        if (compression != TIFFBaseline.COMPRESSION_NONE) {
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS, stripOffset));
+            entries.put(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS, stripByteCount));
+
+            long ifdPointer = tiffWriter.writeIFD(entries.values(), imageOutput); // NOTE: Writer takes case of ordering tags
+
+            nextIFDPointerOffset = imageOutput.getStreamPosition();
+
+            // TODO: This is slightly duped....
+            // However, need to update here, because to the writeIFD method writes the pointer, but at the incorrect offset
+            // TODO: Refactor writeIFD to take an offset
+            imageOutput.seek(lastIFDPointerOffset);
+            imageOutput.writeInt((int) ifdPointer);
+            imageOutput.seek(nextIFDPointerOffset);
+
+            imageOutput.writeInt(0); // Next IFD pointer updated later
+        }
+
+        return nextIFDPointerOffset;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Candidate util method
+    private int computePixelSize(final SampleModel sampleModel) {
+        int size = 0;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < sampleModel.getNumBands(); i++) {
+            size += sampleModel.getSampleSize(i);
+        }
+
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    private DataOutput createCompressorStream(final RenderedImage image, final ImageWriteParam param, final Map<Integer, Entry> entries) {
+        /*
+        36 MB test data:
+
+        No compression:
+        Write time: 450 ms
+        output.length: 36000226
+
+        PackBits:
+        Write time: 688 ms
+        output.length: 30322187
+
+        Deflate, BEST_SPEED (1):
+        Write time: 1276 ms
+        output.length: 14128866
+
+        Deflate, 2:
+        Write time: 1297 ms
+        output.length: 13848735
+
+        Deflate, 3:
+        Write time: 1594 ms
+        output.length: 13103224
+
+        Deflate, 4:
+        Write time: 1663 ms
+        output.length: 13380899 (!!)
+
+        5
+        Write time: 1941 ms
+        output.length: 13171244
+
+        6
+        Write time: 2311 ms
+        output.length: 12845101
+
+        7: Write time: 2853 ms
+        output.length: 12759426
+
+        8:
+        Write time: 4429 ms
+        output.length: 12624517
+
+        Deflate: DEFAULT_COMPRESSION (6?):
+        Write time: 2357 ms
+        output.length: 12845101
+
+        Deflate, BEST_COMPRESSION (9):
+        Write time: 4998 ms
+        output.length: 12600399
+         */
+
+        // Use predictor by default for LZW and ZLib/Deflate
+        // TODO: Unless explicitly disabled in TIFFImageWriteParam
+        int compression = (int) entries.get(TIFF.TAG_COMPRESSION).getValue();
+        OutputStream stream;
+
+        switch (compression) {
+            case TIFFBaseline.COMPRESSION_NONE:
+                return imageOutput;
+            case TIFFBaseline.COMPRESSION_PACKBITS:
+                stream = IIOUtil.createStreamAdapter(imageOutput);
+                stream = new EncoderStream(stream, new PackBitsEncoder(), true);
+                // NOTE: PackBits + Predictor is possible, but not generally supported, disable it by default
+                // (and probably not even allow it, see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20337400/tiff-packbits-compression-with-predictor-step)
+                return new DataOutputStream(stream);
+
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_ZLIB:
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_DEFLATE:
+                // NOTE: This interpretation does the opposite of the JAI TIFFImageWriter, but seems more correct.
+                // API Docs says:
+                // A compression quality setting of 0.0 is most generically interpreted as "high compression is important,"
+                // while a setting of 1.0 is most generically interpreted as "high image quality is important."
+                // However, the JAI TIFFImageWriter uses:
+                //    if (param & compression etc...) {
+                //        float quality = param.getCompressionQuality();
+                //        deflateLevel = (int)(1 + 8*quality);
+                //    } else {
+                //        deflateLevel = Deflater.DEFAULT_COMPRESSION;
+                //    }
+                // (in other words, 0.0 means 1 == BEST_SPEED, 1.0 means 9 == BEST_COMPRESSION)
+                // PS: PNGImageWriter just uses hardcoded BEST_COMPRESSION... :-P
+                int deflateSetting = Deflater.BEST_SPEED; // This is consistent with default compression quality being 1.0 and 0 meaning max compression...
+                if (param.getCompressionMode() == ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT) {
+                    deflateSetting = Deflater.BEST_COMPRESSION - Math.round((Deflater.BEST_COMPRESSION - 1) * param.getCompressionQuality());
+                }
+
+                stream = IIOUtil.createStreamAdapter(imageOutput);
+                stream = new DeflaterOutputStream(stream, new Deflater(deflateSetting), 1024);
+                if (entries.containsKey(TIFF.TAG_PREDICTOR) && entries.get(TIFF.TAG_PREDICTOR).getValue().equals(TIFFExtension.PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL_DIFFERENCING)) {
+                    stream = new HorizontalDifferencingStream(stream, image.getTileWidth(), image.getTile(0, 0).getNumBands(), image.getColorModel().getComponentSize(0), imageOutput.getByteOrder());
+                }
+
+                return new DataOutputStream(stream);
+
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_LZW:
+                stream = IIOUtil.createStreamAdapter(imageOutput);
+                stream = new EncoderStream(stream, new LZWEncoder((image.getTileWidth() * image.getTileHeight() * image.getColorModel().getPixelSize() + 7) / 8));
+                if (entries.containsKey(TIFF.TAG_PREDICTOR) && entries.get(TIFF.TAG_PREDICTOR).getValue().equals(TIFFExtension.PREDICTOR_HORIZONTAL_DIFFERENCING)) {
+                    stream = new HorizontalDifferencingStream(stream, image.getTileWidth(), image.getTile(0, 0).getNumBands(), image.getColorModel().getComponentSize(0), imageOutput.getByteOrder());
+                }
+
+                return new DataOutputStream(stream);
+
+            case TIFFBaseline.COMPRESSION_CCITT_MODIFIED_HUFFMAN_RLE:
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_CCITT_T4:
+            case TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_CCITT_T6:
+                long option = 0L;
+
+                if (compression != TIFFBaseline.COMPRESSION_CCITT_MODIFIED_HUFFMAN_RLE) {
+                    option = (long) entries.get(compression == TIFFExtension.COMPRESSION_CCITT_T4 ? TIFF.TAG_GROUP3OPTIONS : TIFF.TAG_GROUP4OPTIONS).getValue();
+                }
+
+                Entry fillOrderEntry = entries.get(TIFF.TAG_FILL_ORDER);
+                int fillOrder = (int) (fillOrderEntry != null ? fillOrderEntry.getValue() : TIFFBaseline.FILL_LEFT_TO_RIGHT);
+                stream = IIOUtil.createStreamAdapter(imageOutput);
+                stream = new CCITTFaxEncoderStream(stream, image.getTileWidth(), image.getTileHeight(), compression, fillOrder, option);
+
+                return new DataOutputStream(stream);
+        }
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Unsupported TIFF compression: %d", compression));
+    }
+
+    private int getPhotometricInterpretation(final ColorModel colorModel) {
+        if (colorModel.getPixelSize() == 1) {
+            if (colorModel instanceof IndexColorModel) {
+                if (colorModel.getRGB(0) == 0xFFFFFFFF && colorModel.getRGB(1) == 0xFF000000) {
+                    return TIFFBaseline.PHOTOMETRIC_WHITE_IS_ZERO;
+                }
+                else if (colorModel.getRGB(0) != 0xFF000000 || colorModel.getRGB(1) != 0xFFFFFFFF) {
+                    return TIFFBaseline.PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE;
+                }
+                // Else, fall through to default, BLACK_IS_ZERO
+            }
+
+            return TIFFBaseline.PHOTOMETRIC_BLACK_IS_ZERO;
+        }
+        else if (colorModel instanceof IndexColorModel) {
+            return TIFFBaseline.PHOTOMETRIC_PALETTE;
+        }
+
+        switch (colorModel.getColorSpace().getType()) {
+            case ColorSpace.TYPE_GRAY:
+                return TIFFBaseline.PHOTOMETRIC_BLACK_IS_ZERO;
+            case ColorSpace.TYPE_RGB:
+                return TIFFBaseline.PHOTOMETRIC_RGB;
+            case ColorSpace.TYPE_CMYK:
+                return TIFFExtension.PHOTOMETRIC_SEPARATED;
+        }
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't determine PhotometricInterpretation for color model: " + colorModel);
+    }
+
+    private short[] createColorMap(final IndexColorModel colorModel) {
+        // TIFF6.pdf p. 23:
+        // A TIFF color map is stored as type SHORT, count = 3 * (2^BitsPerSample)
+        // "In a TIFF ColorMap, all the Red values come first, followed by the Green values, then the Blue values.
+        // In the ColorMap, black is represented by 0,0,0 and white is represented by 65535, 65535, 65535."
+        short[] colorMap = new short[(int) (3 * Math.pow(2, colorModel.getPixelSize()))];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < colorModel.getMapSize(); i++) {
+            int color = colorModel.getRGB(i);
+            colorMap[i] = (short) upScale((color >> 16) & 0xff);
+            colorMap[i + colorMap.length / 3] = (short) upScale((color >> 8) & 0xff);
+            colorMap[i + 2 * colorMap.length / 3] = (short) upScale((color) & 0xff);
+        }
+
+        return colorMap;
+    }
+
+    private int upScale(final int color) {
+        return 257 * color;
+    }
+
+    private short[] asShortArray(final int[] integers) {
+        short[] shorts = new short[integers.length];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < shorts.length; i++) {
+            shorts[i] = (short) integers[i];
+        }
+
+        return shorts;
+    }
+
+    private void writeImageData(DataOutput stream, RenderedImage renderedImage, int numComponents, int[] bandOffsets, int[] bitOffsets) throws IOException {
+        // Store 3BYTE, 4BYTE as is (possibly need to re-arrange to RGB order)
+        // Store INT_RGB as 3BYTE, INT_ARGB as 4BYTE?, INT_ABGR must be re-arranged
+        // Store IndexColorModel as is
+        // Store BYTE_GRAY as is
+        // Store USHORT_GRAY as is
+
+        processImageStarted(0);
+
+        final int minTileY = renderedImage.getMinTileY();
+        final int maxYTiles = minTileY + renderedImage.getNumYTiles();
+        final int minTileX = renderedImage.getMinTileX();
+        final int maxXTiles = minTileX + renderedImage.getNumXTiles();
+
+        // Use buffer to have longer, better performing writes
+        final int tileHeight = renderedImage.getTileHeight();
+        final int tileWidth = renderedImage.getTileWidth();
+
+        // TODO: SampleSize may differ between bands/banks
+        final int sampleSize = renderedImage.getSampleModel().getSampleSize(0);
+        final int numBands = renderedImage.getSampleModel().getNumBands();
+
+        final ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate((tileWidth * numBands * sampleSize + 7) / 8);
+
+        for (int yTile = minTileY; yTile < maxYTiles; yTile++) {
+            for (int xTile = minTileX; xTile < maxXTiles; xTile++) {
+                final Raster tile = renderedImage.getTile(xTile, yTile);
+
+                // Model translation
+                final int offsetX = tile.getMinX() - tile.getSampleModelTranslateX();
+                final int offsetY = tile.getMinY() - tile.getSampleModelTranslateY();
+
+                // Scanline stride, not accounting for model translation
+                final int stride = (tile.getSampleModel().getWidth() * sampleSize + 7) / 8;
+                final DataBuffer dataBuffer = tile.getDataBuffer();
+
+                switch (dataBuffer.getDataType()) {
+                    case DataBuffer.TYPE_BYTE:
+//                        System.err.println("Writing " + numBands + "BYTE -> " + numBands + "BYTE");
+                        int steps = (tileWidth * sampleSize + 7) / 8;
+                        // Shift needed for "packed" samples with "odd" offset
+                        int shift = offsetX % 8;
+
+                        // TODO: Generalize this code, to always use row raster
+                        final WritableRaster rowRaster = shift != 0 ? tile.createCompatibleWritableRaster(tile.getWidth(), 1) : null;
+                        final DataBuffer rowBuffer = shift != 0 ? rowRaster.getDataBuffer() : null;
+
+                        for (int b = 0; b < dataBuffer.getNumBanks(); b++) {
+                            for (int y = offsetY; y < tileHeight + offsetY; y++) {
+                                final int yOff = y * stride * numBands;
+
+                                if (shift != 0) {
+                                    rowRaster.setDataElements(0, 0, tile.createChild(0, y - offsetY, tile.getWidth(), 1, 0, 0, null));
+                                }
+
+                                for (int x = offsetX; x < steps + offsetX; x++) {
+                                    final int xOff = yOff + x * numBands;
+
+                                    for (int s = 0; s < numBands; s++) {
+                                        if (sampleSize == 8 || shift == 0) {
+                                            // Normal interleaved/planar case
+                                            buffer.put((byte) (dataBuffer.getElem(b, xOff + bandOffsets[s]) & 0xff));
+                                        }
+                                        else {
+                                            // "Packed" case
+                                            buffer.put((byte) (rowBuffer.getElem(b, x - offsetX + bandOffsets[s]) & 0xff));
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                flushBuffer(buffer, stream);
+
+                                if (stream instanceof DataOutputStream) {
+                                    DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = (DataOutputStream) stream;
+                                    dataOutputStream.flush();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                    case DataBuffer.TYPE_USHORT:
+                    case DataBuffer.TYPE_SHORT:
+                        if (numComponents == 1) {
+//                            System.err.println("Writing USHORT -> " + numBands * 2 + "_BYTES");
+
+                            for (int b = 0; b < dataBuffer.getNumBanks(); b++) {
+                                for (int y = offsetY; y < tileHeight + offsetY; y++) {
+                                    int yOff = y * stride / 2;
+
+                                    for (int x = offsetX; x < tileWidth + offsetX; x++) {
+                                        final int xOff = yOff + x;
+
+                                        buffer.putShort((short) (dataBuffer.getElem(b, xOff) & 0xffff));
+                                    }
+
+                                    flushBuffer(buffer, stream);
+
+                                    if (stream instanceof DataOutputStream) {
+                                        DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = (DataOutputStream) stream;
+                                        dataOutputStream.flush();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+//                            for (int b = 0; b < dataBuffer.getNumBanks(); b++) {
+//                                for (int y = 0; y < tileHeight; y++) {
+//                                    final int yOff = y * tileWidth;
+//
+//                                    for (int x = 0; x < tileWidth; x++) {
+//                                        final int xOff = yOff + x;
+//                                        int element = dataBuffer.getElem(b, xOff);
+//
+//                                        for (int s = 0; s < numBands; s++) {
+//                                            buffer.put((byte) ((element >> bitOffsets[s]) & 0xff));
+//                                        }
+//                                    }
+//
+//                                    flushBuffer(buffer, stream);
+//                                    if (stream instanceof DataOutputStream) {
+//                                        DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = (DataOutputStream) stream;
+//                                        dataOutputStream.flush();
+//                                    }
+//                                }
+//                            }
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not implemented for data type: " + dataBuffer.getDataType());
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                    case DataBuffer.TYPE_INT:
+                        // TODO: This is incorrect for 32 bits/sample, only works for packed (INT_(A)RGB)
+                        if (1 == numComponents) {
+//                            System.err.println("Writing INT -> " + numBands * 4 + "_BYTES");
+
+                            for (int b = 0; b < dataBuffer.getNumBanks(); b++) {
+                                for (int y = offsetY; y < tileHeight + offsetY; y++) {
+                                    int yOff = y * stride / 4;
+
+                                    for (int x = offsetX; x < tileWidth + offsetX; x++) {
+                                        final int xOff = yOff + x;
+
+                                        buffer.putInt(dataBuffer.getElem(b, xOff));
+                                    }
+
+                                    flushBuffer(buffer, stream);
+
+                                    if (stream instanceof DataOutputStream) {
+                                        DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = (DataOutputStream) stream;
+                                        dataOutputStream.flush();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else {
+//                            System.err.println("Writing INT -> " + numBands + "_BYTES");
+
+                            for (int b = 0; b < dataBuffer.getNumBanks(); b++) {
+                                for (int y = 0; y < tileHeight; y++) {
+                                    final int yOff = y * tileWidth;
+
+                                    for (int x = 0; x < tileWidth; x++) {
+                                        final int xOff = yOff + x;
+                                        int element = dataBuffer.getElem(b, xOff);
+
+                                        for (int s = 0; s < numBands; s++) {
+                                            buffer.put((byte) ((element >> bitOffsets[s]) & 0xff));
+                                        }
+                                    }
+
+                                    flushBuffer(buffer, stream);
+                                    if (stream instanceof DataOutputStream) {
+                                        DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = (DataOutputStream) stream;
+                                        dataOutputStream.flush();
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Not implemented for data type: " + dataBuffer.getDataType());
+                }
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Need to flush/start new compression for each row, for proper LZW/PackBits/Deflate/ZLib
+            if (stream instanceof DataOutputStream) {
+                DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = (DataOutputStream) stream;
+                dataOutputStream.flush();
+            }
+
+            // TODO: Report better progress
+            processImageProgress((100f * yTile) / maxYTiles);
+        }
+
+        if (stream instanceof DataOutputStream) {
+            DataOutputStream dataOutputStream = (DataOutputStream) stream;
+            dataOutputStream.close();
+        }
+
+        processImageComplete();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Would be better to solve this on stream level... But writers would then have to explicitly flush the buffer before done.
+    private void flushBuffer(final ByteBuffer buffer, final DataOutput stream) throws IOException {
+        buffer.flip();
+        stream.write(buffer.array(), buffer.arrayOffset(), buffer.remaining());
+
+        buffer.clear();
+    }
+
+    // Metadata
+
+    @Override
+    public TIFFImageMetadata getDefaultImageMetadata(final ImageTypeSpecifier imageType, final ImageWriteParam param) {
+        return initMeta(null, imageType, param);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public TIFFImageMetadata convertImageMetadata(final IIOMetadata inData,
+                                                  final ImageTypeSpecifier imageType,
+                                                  final ImageWriteParam param) {
+        Validate.notNull(inData, "inData");
+        Validate.notNull(imageType, "imageType");
+
+        Directory ifd;
+
+        if (inData instanceof TIFFImageMetadata) {
+            ifd = ((TIFFImageMetadata) inData).getIFD();
+        }
+        else {
+            TIFFImageMetadata outData = new TIFFImageMetadata(Collections.<Entry>emptySet());
+
+            try {
+                if (Arrays.asList(inData.getMetadataFormatNames()).contains(TIFFMedataFormat.SUN_NATIVE_IMAGE_METADATA_FORMAT_NAME)) {
+                    outData.setFromTree(TIFFMedataFormat.SUN_NATIVE_IMAGE_METADATA_FORMAT_NAME, inData.getAsTree(TIFFMedataFormat.SUN_NATIVE_IMAGE_METADATA_FORMAT_NAME));
+                }
+                else if (inData.isStandardMetadataFormatSupported()) {
+                    outData.setFromTree(IIOMetadataFormatImpl.standardMetadataFormatName, inData.getAsTree(IIOMetadataFormatImpl.standardMetadataFormatName));
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Unknown format, we can't convert it
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IIOInvalidTreeException e) {
+                // TODO: How to issue warning when warning requires imageIndex??? Use -1?
+            }
+
+            ifd = outData.getIFD();
+        }
+
+        // Overwrite in values with values from imageType and param as needed
+        return initMeta(ifd, imageType, param);
+    }
+
+    private TIFFImageMetadata initMeta(final Directory ifd, final ImageTypeSpecifier imageType, final ImageWriteParam param) {
+        Validate.notNull(imageType, "imageType");
+
+        Map<Integer, Entry> entries = new LinkedHashMap<>(ifd != null ? ifd.size() + 10 : 20);
+
+        if (ifd != null) {
+            for (Entry entry : ifd) {
+                entries.put((Integer) entry.getIdentifier(), entry);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Set values from imageType
+        entries.put(TIFF.TAG_PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, new TIFFEntry(TIFF.TAG_PHOTOMETRIC_INTERPRETATION, TIFF.TYPE_SHORT, getPhotometricInterpretation(imageType.getColorModel())));
+
+        // TODO: Set values from param if != null + combined values...
+
+        return new TIFFImageMetadata(entries.values());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IIOMetadata getDefaultStreamMetadata(final ImageWriteParam param) {
+        return super.getDefaultStreamMetadata(param);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public IIOMetadata convertStreamMetadata(final IIOMetadata inData, final ImageWriteParam param) {
+        return super.convertStreamMetadata(inData, param);
+    }
+
+    // Param
+
+    @Override
+    public ImageWriteParam getDefaultWriteParam() {
+        return new TIFFImageWriteParam();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canWriteSequence() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void prepareWriteSequence(IIOMetadata streamMetadata) throws IOException {
+        if (isWritingSequence) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("sequence writing has already been started!");
+        }
+
+        // Ignore streamMetadata. ByteOrder is determined from OutputStream
+        assertOutput();
+        isWritingSequence = true;
+        sequenceTiffWriter = new TIFFWriter();
+        sequenceTiffWriter.writeTIFFHeader(imageOutput);
+        sequenceLastIFDPos = imageOutput.getStreamPosition();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeToSequence(IIOImage image, ImageWriteParam param) throws IOException {
+        if (!isWritingSequence) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("prepareWriteSequence() must be called before writeToSequence()!");
+        }
+
+        if (sequenceLastIFDPos > 0) {
+            imageOutput.flushBefore(sequenceLastIFDPos);
+        }
+
+        sequenceLastIFDPos = writePage(image, param, sequenceTiffWriter, sequenceLastIFDPos);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endWriteSequence() throws IOException {
+        if (!isWritingSequence) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("prepareWriteSequence() must be called before endWriteSequence()!");
+        }
+
+        isWritingSequence = false;
+        sequenceTiffWriter = null;
+        sequenceLastIFDPos = -1;
+        imageOutput.flush();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void resetMembers() {
+        super.resetMembers();
+
+        isWritingSequence = false;
+        sequenceTiffWriter = null;
+        sequenceLastIFDPos = -1;
+    }
+
+    // Test
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+        int argIdx = 0;
+
+        // TODO: Proper argument parsing: -t <type> -c <compression>
+        int type = args.length > argIdx + 1 ? Integer.parseInt(args[argIdx++]) : -1;
+        int compression = args.length > argIdx + 1 ? Integer.parseInt(args[argIdx++]) : 0;
+
+        if (args.length <= argIdx) {
+            System.err.println("No file specified");
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+
+        File file = new File(args[argIdx++]);
+
+        BufferedImage original;
+//        BufferedImage original = ImageIO.read(file);
+        ImageInputStream inputStream = ImageIO.createImageInputStream(file);
+        try {
+            Iterator<ImageReader> readers = ImageIO.getImageReaders(inputStream);
+
+            if (!readers.hasNext()) {
+                System.err.println("No reader for: " + file);
+                System.exit(1);
+            }
+
+            ImageReader reader = readers.next();
+            reader.setInput(inputStream);
+
+            ImageReadParam param = reader.getDefaultReadParam();
+            param.setDestinationType(reader.getRawImageType(0));
+
+            if (param.getDestinationType() == null) {
+                Iterator<ImageTypeSpecifier> types = reader.getImageTypes(0);
+
+                while (types.hasNext()) {
+                    ImageTypeSpecifier typeSpecifier = types.next();
+
+                    if (typeSpecifier.getColorModel().getColorSpace().getType() == ColorSpace.TYPE_CMYK) {
+                        param.setDestinationType(typeSpecifier);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            System.err.println("param.getDestinationType(): " + param.getDestinationType());
+
+            original = reader.read(0, param);
+        }
+        finally {
+            inputStream.close();
+        }
+
+        System.err.println("original: " + original);
+
+//        BufferedImage image = original;
+//        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(original.getWidth(), original.getHeight(), BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);
+//        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(original.getWidth(), original.getHeight(), BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+//        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(original.getWidth(), original.getHeight(), BufferedImage.TYPE_4BYTE_ABGR);
+//        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(original.getWidth(), original.getHeight(), BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_BGR);
+//        BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(original.getWidth(), original.getHeight(), BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR);
+        BufferedImage image;
+        if (type <= 0 || type == original.getType()) {
+            image = original;
+        }
+        else if (type == BufferedImage.TYPE_BYTE_INDEXED) {
+//            image = ImageUtil.createIndexed(original, 256, null, ImageUtil.COLOR_SELECTION_QUALITY | ImageUtil.DITHER_DIFFUSION_ALTSCANS);
+            image = ImageUtil.createIndexed(original, 256, null, ImageUtil.COLOR_SELECTION_FAST | ImageUtil.DITHER_DIFFUSION_ALTSCANS);
+        }
+        else {
+            image = new BufferedImage(original.getWidth(), original.getHeight(), type);
+            Graphics2D graphics = image.createGraphics();
+
+            try {
+                graphics.drawImage(original, 0, 0, null);
+            }
+            finally {
+                graphics.dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        original = null;
+
+        File output = File.createTempFile(file.getName().replace('.', '-'), ".tif");
+//        output.deleteOnExit();
+
+        System.err.println("output: " + output);
+        TIFFImageWriter writer = new TIFFImageWriter(null);
+//        ImageWriter writer = ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("PNG").next();
+//        ImageWriter writer = ImageIO.getImageWritersByFormatName("BMP").next();
+        ImageOutputStream stream = ImageIO.createImageOutputStream(output);
+
+        try {
+            writer.setOutput(stream);
+
+            ImageWriteParam param = writer.getDefaultWriteParam();
+            param.setCompressionMode(ImageWriteParam.MODE_EXPLICIT);
+//            param.setCompressionType("None");
+//            param.setCompressionType("PackBits");
+//            param.setCompressionType("ZLib");
+            param.setCompressionType(param.getCompressionTypes()[compression]);
+//            if (compression == 2) {
+//                param.setCompressionQuality(0);
+//            }
+            System.err.println("compression: " + param.getLocalizedCompressionTypeName());
+
+            long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            writer.write(null, new IIOImage(image, null, null), param);
+            System.err.println("Write time: " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + " ms");
+        }
+        finally {
+            stream.close();
+        }
+
+        System.err.println("output.length: " + output.length());
+
+        // TODO: Support writing multipage TIFF
+//        ImageOutputStream stream = ImageIO.createImageOutputStream(output);
+//        try {
+//            writer.setOutput(stream);
+//            writer.prepareWriteSequence(null);
+//            for(int i = 0; i < images.size(); i ++){
+//                writer.writeToSequence(new IIOImage(images.get(i), null, null), null);
+//            }
+//            writer.endWriteSequence();
+//        }
+//        finally {
+//            stream.close();
+//        }
+//        writer.dispose();
+
+        image = null;
+
+        BufferedImage read = ImageIO.read(output);
+        System.err.println("read: " + read);
+
+        TIFFImageReader.showIt(read, output.getName());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.util.IIOOutputStreamAdapter` acquired by call to `createStreamAdapter(...)` at line 489 is not released after line 492.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DataOutput TIFFImageWriter.createCompressorStream(RenderedImage,ImageWriteParam,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.twelvemonkeys.imageio.plugins.tiff.TIFFImageWriter.createCompressorStream(java.awt.image.Rendere.8bbb6744aafa975f8ee8d7291375fb20
+
+### File:
+imageio/imageio-tiff/src/main/java/com/twelvemonkeys/imageio/plugins/tiff/TIFFImageWriter.java
+
+### Key:
+TIFFImageWriter.java|createCompressorStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+df8893e9f25b5e4bee313c7a5d9973e8
+
+### Hash:
+3f6afe067e6dd104ebb8c1d9fb5a8466
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4826/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4826/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..290de5cff44b99deaf1e6738b153bf560a5c00ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4826/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TwelveMonkeys
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2011, Harald Kuhr
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *
+ * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ *   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ *   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ *   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * * Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+ *   contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ *   this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+ * SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package com.twelvemonkeys.io.ole2;
+
+import com.twelvemonkeys.io.MemoryCacheSeekableStream;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import javax.imageio.stream.MemoryCacheImageInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * CompoundDocumentTestCase
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:harald.kuhr@gmail.com">Harald Kuhr</a>
+ * @author last modified by $Author: haku $
+ * @version $Id: //depot/branches/personal/haraldk/twelvemonkeys/release-2/twelvemonkeys-core/src/test/java/com/twelvemonkeys/io/ole2/CompoundDocumentTestCase.java#1 $
+ */
+public class CompoundDocumentTest {
+
+    private static final String SAMPLE_DATA = "/Thumbs-camera.db";
+
+    protected final CompoundDocument createTestDocument() throws IOException {
+        URL input = getClass().getResource(SAMPLE_DATA);
+
+        assertNotNull("Missing test resource!", input);
+        assertEquals("Test resource not a file:// resource", "file", input.getProtocol());
+
+        try {
+            return new CompoundDocument(new File(input.toURI()));
+        }
+        catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+            throw new AssertionError(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoot() throws IOException {
+        CompoundDocument document = createTestDocument();
+
+        Entry root = document.getRootEntry();
+
+        assertNotNull(root);
+        assertEquals("Root Entry", root.getName());
+        assertTrue(root.isRoot());
+        assertFalse(root.isFile());
+        assertFalse(root.isDirectory());
+        assertEquals(0, root.length());
+        assertNull(root.getInputStream());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testContents() throws IOException {
+        CompoundDocument document = createTestDocument();
+
+        Entry root = document.getRootEntry();
+
+        assertNotNull(root);
+
+        SortedSet<Entry> children = new TreeSet<Entry>(root.getChildEntries());
+        assertEquals(25, children.size());
+
+        // Weirdness in the file format, name is *written backwards* 1-24 + Catalog
+        for (String name : "1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,01,02,11,12,21,22,31,32,41,42,51,61,71,81,91,Catalog".split(",")) {
+            assertEquals(name, children.first().getName());
+            children.remove(children.first());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = UnsupportedOperationException.class)
+    public void testChildEntriesUnmodifiable() throws IOException {
+        CompoundDocument document = createTestDocument();
+
+        Entry root = document.getRootEntry();
+
+        assertNotNull(root);
+
+        SortedSet<Entry> children = root.getChildEntries();
+
+        // Should not be allowed, as it modifies the internal structure
+        children.remove(children.first());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadThumbsCatalogFile() throws IOException {
+        CompoundDocument document = createTestDocument();
+
+        Entry root = document.getRootEntry();
+
+        assertNotNull(root);
+        assertEquals(25, root.getChildEntries().size());
+
+        Entry catalog = root.getChildEntry("Catalog");
+
+        assertNotNull(catalog);
+        assertNotNull("Input stream may not be null", catalog.getInputStream());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadCatalogInputStream() throws IOException {
+        InputStream input = getClass().getResourceAsStream(SAMPLE_DATA);
+
+        assertNotNull("Missing test resource!", input);
+
+        CompoundDocument document = new CompoundDocument(input);
+        Entry root = document.getRootEntry();
+        assertNotNull(root);
+        assertEquals(25, root.getChildEntries().size());
+
+        Entry catalog = root.getChildEntry("Catalog");
+        assertNotNull(catalog);
+        assertNotNull("Input stream may not be null", catalog.getInputStream());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadCatalogSeekableStream() throws IOException {
+        InputStream input = getClass().getResourceAsStream(SAMPLE_DATA);
+
+        assertNotNull("Missing test resource!", input);
+
+        CompoundDocument document = new CompoundDocument(new MemoryCacheSeekableStream(input));
+        Entry root = document.getRootEntry();
+        assertNotNull(root);
+        assertEquals(25, root.getChildEntries().size());
+
+        Entry catalog = root.getChildEntry("Catalog");
+        assertNotNull(catalog);
+        assertNotNull("Input stream may not be null", catalog.getInputStream());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadCatalogImageInputStream() throws IOException {
+        InputStream input = getClass().getResourceAsStream(SAMPLE_DATA);
+
+        assertNotNull("Missing test resource!", input);
+
+        MemoryCacheImageInputStream stream = new MemoryCacheImageInputStream(input);
+        stream.setByteOrder(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+        CompoundDocument document = new CompoundDocument(stream);
+
+        Entry root = document.getRootEntry();
+
+        assertNotNull(root);
+        assertEquals(25, root.getChildEntries().size());
+
+        Entry catalog = root.getChildEntry("Catalog");
+
+        assertNotNull(catalog);
+        assertNotNull("Input stream may not be null", catalog.getInputStream());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `createTestDocument()` at line 75 is not released after line 85.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CompoundDocumentTest.testRoot()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.twelvemonkeys.io.ole2.CompoundDocumentTest.testRoot():void.ad0b4ecdf0af8ca578d3cae0b6bf4727
+
+### File:
+common/common-io/src/test/java/com/twelvemonkeys/io/ole2/CompoundDocumentTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CompoundDocumentTest.java|testRoot|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+54416f4475207da1945984cfab8bc743
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4907/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4907/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2109cdb92886282e0c43f419654e41a53368a32b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4907/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-java-driver
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2015 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This file is part of Neo4j.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.neo4j.driver.v1.integration;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException;
+import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.ConfigTest;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.connector.socket.SSLSocketChannel;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.spi.Logger;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.util.CertificateTool;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Config;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Driver;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.GraphDatabase;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Result;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.CertificateToolTest;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.Neo4jRunner;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.Neo4jSettings;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.TestNeo4j;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+public class SSLSocketChannelIT
+{
+    @Rule
+    public TestNeo4j neo4j = new TestNeo4j( Neo4jSettings.DEFAULT.usingTLS( true ) );
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldPerformTLSHandshakeWithEmptyKnownCertsFile() throws Throwable
+    {
+        File knownCerts = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_known_certs", ".tmp" );
+        knownCerts.deleteOnExit();
+
+        performTLSHandshakeUsingKnownCerts( knownCerts );
+    }
+
+    private void performTLSHandshakeUsingKnownCerts( File knownCerts ) throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        Logger logger = mock( Logger.class );
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+
+        // When
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel =
+                new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, logger, Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingKnownCerts( knownCerts ) );
+        sslChannel.close();
+
+        // Then
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection enabled" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection established" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection closed" );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldFailTLSHandshakeDueToWrongCertInKnownCertsFile() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+        File knownCerts = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_known_certs", ".tmp" );
+        knownCerts.deleteOnExit();
+
+        //create a Fake Cert for the server in knownCert
+        createFakeServerCertPairInKnownCerts( "localhost", 7687, knownCerts );
+
+        // When & Then
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel = null;
+        try
+        {
+            sslChannel = new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, mock( Logger.class ),
+                    Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingKnownCerts( knownCerts ) );
+            sslChannel.close();
+        }
+        catch ( SSLHandshakeException e )
+        {
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getMessage() );
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getCause().getMessage() );
+            assertTrue( e.getCause().getCause().getMessage().contains(
+                    "If you trust the certificate the server uses now, simply remove the line that starts with" ) );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if ( sslChannel != null )
+            {
+                sslChannel.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void createFakeServerCertPairInKnownCerts( String host, int port, File knownCerts )
+            throws Throwable
+    {
+        String ip = InetAddress.getByName( host ).getHostAddress(); // localhost -> 127.0.0.1
+        String serverId = ip + ":" + port;
+
+        X509Certificate cert = CertificateToolTest.generateSelfSignedCertificate();
+        String certStr = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary( cert.getEncoded() );
+
+        BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter( new FileWriter( knownCerts, true ) );
+        writer.write( serverId + "," + certStr );
+        writer.newLine();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldFailTLSHandshakeDueToServerCertNotSignedByKnownCA() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+        File trustedCertFile = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_trusted_cert", ".tmp" );
+        trustedCertFile.deleteOnExit();
+        X509Certificate aRandomCert = CertificateToolTest.generateSelfSignedCertificate();
+        CertificateTool.saveX509Cert( aRandomCert, trustedCertFile );
+
+        // When & Then
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel = null;
+        try
+        {
+            sslChannel = new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, mock( Logger.class ),
+                    Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingTrustedCert( trustedCertFile ) );
+            sslChannel.close();
+        }
+        catch ( SSLHandshakeException e )
+        {
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getMessage() );
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getCause().getMessage() );
+            assertEquals( "No trusted certificate found", e.getCause().getCause().getMessage() );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if ( sslChannel != null )
+            {
+                sslChannel.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldPerformTLSHandshakeWithTrustedServerCert() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        File knownCerts = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_known_certs", ".tmp" );
+        knownCerts.deleteOnExit();
+        performTLSHandshakeUsingKnownCerts( knownCerts );
+
+        String certStr = getServerCert( knownCerts );
+
+        File trustedCert = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_trusted_cert", ".tmp" );
+        trustedCert.deleteOnExit();
+        CertificateTool.saveX509Cert( certStr, trustedCert );
+
+        Logger logger = mock( Logger.class );
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+
+        // When
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel = new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, logger,
+                Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingTrustedCert( trustedCert ) );
+        sslChannel.close();
+
+        // Then
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection enabled" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection established" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection closed" );
+    }
+
+    private String getServerCert( File knownCerts ) throws Throwable
+    {
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader( new FileReader( knownCerts ) );
+
+        String line = reader.readLine();
+        assertNotNull( line );
+        String[] strings = line.split( "," );
+        assertEquals( 2, strings.length );
+        String certStr = strings[1].trim();
+
+        assertNull( reader.readLine() );
+        reader.close();
+
+        return certStr;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldEstablishTLSConnection() throws Throwable
+    {
+        ConfigTest.deleteDefaultKnownCertFileIfExists();
+        Config config = Config.build().withTlsEnabled( true ).toConfig();
+
+        Driver driver = GraphDatabase.driver(
+                URI.create( Neo4jRunner.DEFAULT_URL ),
+                config );
+
+        Result result = driver.session().run( "RETURN 1" );
+        assertTrue( result.next() );
+        assertEquals( 1, result.value( 0 ).asInt() );
+        assertFalse( result.next() );
+
+        driver.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.driver.internal.InternalResult` acquired by call to `run(...)` at line 231 is not released after line 237.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 233
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SSLSocketChannelIT.shouldEstablishTLSConnection()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.driver.v1.integration.SSLSocketChannelIT.shouldEstablishTLSConnection():void.4300ec12e50da24cb488fc4ecf434bec
+
+### File:
+driver/src/test/java/org/neo4j/driver/v1/integration/SSLSocketChannelIT.java
+
+### Key:
+SSLSocketChannelIT.java|shouldEstablishTLSConnection|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+4cf8f85e0a0fdea35b47b8b2ea52a335
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4909/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4909/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a351831810f04044cc81acf1b058d9c29bd1166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4909/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-java-driver
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2015 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This file is part of Neo4j.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.neo4j.driver.v1.integration;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException;
+import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.ConfigTest;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.connector.socket.SSLSocketChannel;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.spi.Logger;
+import org.neo4j.driver.internal.util.CertificateTool;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Config;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Driver;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.GraphDatabase;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.Result;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.CertificateToolTest;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.Neo4jRunner;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.Neo4jSettings;
+import org.neo4j.driver.v1.util.TestNeo4j;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeastOnce;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+
+public class SSLSocketChannelIT
+{
+    @Rule
+    public TestNeo4j neo4j = new TestNeo4j( Neo4jSettings.DEFAULT.usingTLS( true ) );
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldPerformTLSHandshakeWithEmptyKnownCertsFile() throws Throwable
+    {
+        File knownCerts = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_known_certs", ".tmp" );
+        knownCerts.deleteOnExit();
+
+        performTLSHandshakeUsingKnownCerts( knownCerts );
+    }
+
+    private void performTLSHandshakeUsingKnownCerts( File knownCerts ) throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        Logger logger = mock( Logger.class );
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+
+        // When
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel =
+                new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, logger, Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingKnownCerts( knownCerts ) );
+        sslChannel.close();
+
+        // Then
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection enabled" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection established" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection closed" );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldFailTLSHandshakeDueToWrongCertInKnownCertsFile() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+        File knownCerts = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_known_certs", ".tmp" );
+        knownCerts.deleteOnExit();
+
+        //create a Fake Cert for the server in knownCert
+        createFakeServerCertPairInKnownCerts( "localhost", 7687, knownCerts );
+
+        // When & Then
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel = null;
+        try
+        {
+            sslChannel = new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, mock( Logger.class ),
+                    Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingKnownCerts( knownCerts ) );
+            sslChannel.close();
+        }
+        catch ( SSLHandshakeException e )
+        {
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getMessage() );
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getCause().getMessage() );
+            assertTrue( e.getCause().getCause().getMessage().contains(
+                    "If you trust the certificate the server uses now, simply remove the line that starts with" ) );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if ( sslChannel != null )
+            {
+                sslChannel.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void createFakeServerCertPairInKnownCerts( String host, int port, File knownCerts )
+            throws Throwable
+    {
+        String ip = InetAddress.getByName( host ).getHostAddress(); // localhost -> 127.0.0.1
+        String serverId = ip + ":" + port;
+
+        X509Certificate cert = CertificateToolTest.generateSelfSignedCertificate();
+        String certStr = DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary( cert.getEncoded() );
+
+        BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter( new FileWriter( knownCerts, true ) );
+        writer.write( serverId + "," + certStr );
+        writer.newLine();
+        writer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldFailTLSHandshakeDueToServerCertNotSignedByKnownCA() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+        File trustedCertFile = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_trusted_cert", ".tmp" );
+        trustedCertFile.deleteOnExit();
+        X509Certificate aRandomCert = CertificateToolTest.generateSelfSignedCertificate();
+        CertificateTool.saveX509Cert( aRandomCert, trustedCertFile );
+
+        // When & Then
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel = null;
+        try
+        {
+            sslChannel = new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, mock( Logger.class ),
+                    Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingTrustedCert( trustedCertFile ) );
+            sslChannel.close();
+        }
+        catch ( SSLHandshakeException e )
+        {
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getMessage() );
+            assertEquals( "General SSLEngine problem", e.getCause().getMessage() );
+            assertEquals( "No trusted certificate found", e.getCause().getCause().getMessage() );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if ( sslChannel != null )
+            {
+                sslChannel.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldPerformTLSHandshakeWithTrustedServerCert() throws Throwable
+    {
+        // Given
+        File knownCerts = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_known_certs", ".tmp" );
+        knownCerts.deleteOnExit();
+        performTLSHandshakeUsingKnownCerts( knownCerts );
+
+        String certStr = getServerCert( knownCerts );
+
+        File trustedCert = File.createTempFile( "neo4j_trusted_cert", ".tmp" );
+        trustedCert.deleteOnExit();
+        CertificateTool.saveX509Cert( certStr, trustedCert );
+
+        Logger logger = mock( Logger.class );
+        SocketChannel channel = SocketChannel.open();
+        channel.connect( new InetSocketAddress( "localhost", 7687 ) );
+
+        // When
+        SSLSocketChannel sslChannel = new SSLSocketChannel( "localhost", 7687, channel, logger,
+                Config.TlsAuthenticationConfig.usingTrustedCert( trustedCert ) );
+        sslChannel.close();
+
+        // Then
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection enabled" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection established" );
+        verify( logger, atLeastOnce() ).debug( "TLS connection closed" );
+    }
+
+    private String getServerCert( File knownCerts ) throws Throwable
+    {
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader( new FileReader( knownCerts ) );
+
+        String line = reader.readLine();
+        assertNotNull( line );
+        String[] strings = line.split( "," );
+        assertEquals( 2, strings.length );
+        String certStr = strings[1].trim();
+
+        assertNull( reader.readLine() );
+        reader.close();
+
+        return certStr;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldEstablishTLSConnection() throws Throwable
+    {
+        ConfigTest.deleteDefaultKnownCertFileIfExists();
+        Config config = Config.build().withTlsEnabled( true ).toConfig();
+
+        Driver driver = GraphDatabase.driver(
+                URI.create( Neo4jRunner.DEFAULT_URL ),
+                config );
+
+        Result result = driver.session().run( "RETURN 1" );
+        assertTrue( result.next() );
+        assertEquals( 1, result.value( 0 ).asInt() );
+        assertFalse( result.next() );
+
+        driver.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.driver.internal.InternalResult` acquired by call to `run(...)` at line 231 is not released after line 234.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SSLSocketChannelIT.shouldEstablishTLSConnection()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.driver.v1.integration.SSLSocketChannelIT.shouldEstablishTLSConnection():void.4300ec12e50da24cb488fc4ecf434bec
+
+### File:
+driver/src/test/java/org/neo4j/driver/v1/integration/SSLSocketChannelIT.java
+
+### Key:
+SSLSocketChannelIT.java|shouldEstablishTLSConnection|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+acf77aa8f03dab7e268de61260ac0b7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4931/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4931/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2651c1679c53f6de2f759c79e26e3486e4cadbef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4931/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** owner
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, Luigi R. Viggiano
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is distributable under the BSD license.
+ * See the terms of the BSD license in the documentation provided with this software.
+ */
+
+package org.aeonbits.owner;
+
+import org.aeonbits.owner.Util.SystemProvider;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.jar.JarOutputStream;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+
+import static java.io.File.createTempFile;
+import static org.aeonbits.owner.Util.ignore;
+import static org.aeonbits.owner.Util.unreachableButCompilerNeedsThis;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * This class contains tests for the {@link Util} class as well utility methods used for test classes.
+ *
+ * @author Luigi R. Viggiano
+ */
+public class UtilTest {
+    @Test(expected = UnsupportedOperationException.class)
+    public void testConstructor() {
+        new Util() {
+        };
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReverse() {
+        Integer[] i = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+        Integer[] result = Util.reverse(i);
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new Integer[] {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, i));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new Integer[] {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}, result));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnore() {
+        Object result = ignore();
+        assertNull(result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnreachable() {
+        try {
+            unreachableButCompilerNeedsThis();
+        } catch (AssertionError err) {
+            assertEquals("this code should never be reached", err.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void save(File target, Properties p) throws IOException {
+        File parent = target.getParentFile();
+        parent.mkdirs();
+        if (isWindows()) {
+            store(new FileOutputStream(target), p);
+        } else {
+            File tempFile = createTempFile(target.getName(), ".temp", parent);
+            store(new FileOutputStream(tempFile), p);
+            rename(tempFile, target);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void store(OutputStream out, Properties p) throws IOException {
+        p.store(out, "saved for test");
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isWindows() {
+        return System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().indexOf("win") >= 0;
+    }
+
+    public static void delete(File target) {
+        target.delete();
+    }
+
+    public static void saveJar(File target, String entryName, Properties props) throws IOException {
+        File parent = target.getParentFile();
+        parent.mkdirs();
+        storeJar(target, entryName, props);
+    }
+
+    private static void rename(File source, File target) throws IOException {
+        if (!source.renameTo(target))
+            throw new IOException(String.format("Failed to overwrite %s to %s", source.toString(), target.toString()));
+    }
+
+    private static void storeJar(File target, String entryName, Properties props) throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        store(out, props);
+        InputStream input = new ByteArrayInputStream(out.toByteArray());
+        JarOutputStream output = new JarOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(target));
+        try {
+            ZipEntry entry = new ZipEntry(entryName);
+            output.putNextEntry(entry);
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[4096];
+            int size;
+            while ((size = input.read(buffer)) != -1)
+                output.write(buffer, 0, size);
+        } finally {
+            input.close();
+            output.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void debug(String format, Object... args) {
+        if (Boolean.getBoolean("debug"))
+            System.out.printf(format, args);
+    }
+
+    public static interface MyCloneable extends Cloneable {
+        // for some stupid reason java.lang.Cloneable doesn't define this method...
+        public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T extends MyCloneable> T[] newArray(int size, T cloneable) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
+        Object array = Array.newInstance(cloneable.getClass(), size);
+        Array.set(array, 0, cloneable);
+        for (int i = 1; i < size; i++)
+            Array.set(array, i, cloneable.clone());
+        return (T[]) array;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean eq(Object o1, Object o2) {
+        return Util.eq(o1, o2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExpandUserHomeOnUnix() {
+        SystemProvider save = Util.system;
+        try {
+            Util.system = new SystemProviderForTest(
+                    new Properties() {{
+                        setProperty("user.home", "/home/john");
+                    }},  new HashMap<String, String>()
+            );
+            assertEquals("/home/john", Util.expandUserHome("~"));
+            assertEquals("/home/john/foo/bar/", Util.expandUserHome("~/foo/bar/"));
+            assertEquals("file:/home/john/foo/bar/", Util.expandUserHome("file:~/foo/bar/"));
+            assertEquals("jar:file:/home/john/foo/bar/", Util.expandUserHome("jar:file:~/foo/bar/"));
+
+            assertEquals("/home/john\\foo\\bar\\", Util.expandUserHome("~\\foo\\bar\\"));
+            assertEquals("file:/home/john\\foo\\bar\\", Util.expandUserHome("file:~\\foo\\bar\\"));
+            assertEquals("jar:file:/home/john\\foo\\bar\\", Util.expandUserHome("jar:file:~\\foo\\bar\\"));
+        } finally {
+            Util.system = save;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExpandUserHomeOnWindows() {
+        SystemProvider save = Util.system;
+        try {
+            Util.system = new SystemProviderForTest(
+                    new Properties() {{
+                        setProperty("user.home", "C:\\Users\\John");
+                    }}, new HashMap<String, String>()
+            );
+            assertEquals("C:\\Users\\John", Util.expandUserHome("~"));
+            assertEquals("C:\\Users\\John/foo/bar/", Util.expandUserHome("~/foo/bar/"));
+            assertEquals("file:C:\\Users\\John/foo/bar/", Util.expandUserHome("file:~/foo/bar/"));
+            assertEquals("jar:file:C:\\Users\\John/foo/bar/", Util.expandUserHome("jar:file:~/foo/bar/"));
+
+            assertEquals("C:\\Users\\John\\foo\\bar\\", Util.expandUserHome("~\\foo\\bar\\"));
+            assertEquals("file:C:\\Users\\John\\foo\\bar\\", Util.expandUserHome("file:~\\foo\\bar\\"));
+            assertEquals("jar:file:C:\\Users\\John\\foo\\bar\\", Util.expandUserHome("jar:file:~\\foo\\bar\\"));
+        } finally {
+            Util.system = save;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 74 is not released after line 74.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 74
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UtilTest.save(File,Properties)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.aeonbits.owner.UtilTest.save(java.io.File,java.util.Properties):void.f5ae482cf981cc23a0a1db95a46cb476
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/aeonbits/owner/UtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UtilTest.java|save|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f3ea1b605a94b5b6a10e3fa36f900502
+
+### Hash:
+7ec61a26607284f612e77883d83fdb1a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4938/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4938/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02aa95b0781d23296259ad1500ca5ff885f5eb7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4938/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** owner
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, Luigi R. Viggiano
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This software is distributable under the BSD license.
+ * See the terms of the BSD license in the documentation provided with this software.
+ */
+
+package org.aeonbits.owner.xml;
+
+import org.xml.sax.Attributes;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;
+
+import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParser;
+import javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Scanner;
+import java.util.Stack;
+
+/**
+ * @author Luigi R. Viggiano
+ */
+public class XmlSpike {
+    public static class StringInputStream extends InputStream {
+        private String string;
+        private int i;
+
+        public StringInputStream(String string) {
+            this.string = string;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int read() throws IOException {
+            if (i < string.length())
+                return string.charAt(i++);
+            else
+                return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    static class XmlToPropsHandler extends DefaultHandler {
+        private final PrintWriter writer;
+        private final Stack<String> paths = new Stack<String>();
+
+        public XmlToPropsHandler(PrintWriter writer) {
+            this.writer = writer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void startElement(String uri, String localName, String qName,
+                                 Attributes attributes) throws SAXException {
+            String path = (paths.size() == 0) ? qName : paths.peek() + "." + qName;
+            paths.push(path);
+            for (int i = 0; i < attributes.getLength(); i++) {
+                String attrName = attributes.getQName(i);
+                String attrValue = fixNewLines(attributes.getValue(i));
+                writer.println(path + "." + attrName + "=" + attrValue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private String fixNewLines(String value) {
+            return value.replace("\n", "\\\n");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void characters(char[] ch, int start, int length) throws SAXException {
+            String value = fixNewLines(new String(ch, start, length).trim());
+            if (!value.isEmpty())
+                writer.println(paths.peek() + "=" + value);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void endElement(String uri, String localName, String qName) throws SAXException {
+            paths.pop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String convertStreamToString(java.io.InputStream is) {
+        java.util.Scanner s = new Scanner(is).useDelimiter("\\A");
+        return s.hasNext() ? s.next() : "";
+    }
+
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
+        SAXParser parser = factory.newSAXParser();
+
+        InputStream in = XmlSpike.class.getResourceAsStream("Config.xml");
+
+        String input = convertStreamToString(in);
+
+        System.out.println("input:\n" + input);
+
+        StringWriter output = new StringWriter();
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(output);
+        XmlToPropsHandler h = new XmlToPropsHandler(pw);
+        parser.parse(new StringInputStream(input), h);
+        pw.flush();
+
+        System.out.println("output:\n" + output);
+
+        File file = new File("target/test-resources/props.xml");
+        file.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+
+
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.load(new StringInputStream(output.toString()));
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream propertiesxmlformat = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        props.storeToXML(propertiesxmlformat, "test");
+        String propsXmlString = propertiesxmlformat.toString();
+
+        
+        System.out.println("java xml properties format:" + propsXmlString);
+
+        boolean isJavaProp = propsXmlString.contains("http://java.sun.com/dtd/properties.dtd");
+        
+        System.out.println("isJavaProp: " + isJavaProp);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.aeonbits.owner.xml.XmlSpike$StringInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 113 is not released after line 113.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void XmlSpike.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.aeonbits.owner.xml.XmlSpike.main(java.lang.String[]):void.153dcac87ada6da77bd4e5e4517c4e80
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/aeonbits/owner/xml/XmlSpike.java
+
+### Key:
+XmlSpike.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+cd93382f6b9ddf3ac578143b3cd490d0
+
+### Hash:
+32fc39e14f783bb7ddcf72be0cd81ff6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4953/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4953/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d39bc5bae90c8b6a3523b53079f703e3274a826c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4953/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MicroCommunity
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.java110.api.listener.fee;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.java110.api.listener.AbstractServiceApiDataFlowListener;
+import com.java110.api.listener.room.SaveRoomListener;
+import com.java110.common.constant.BusinessTypeConstant;
+import com.java110.common.constant.CommonConstant;
+import com.java110.common.constant.ServiceCodeConstant;
+import com.java110.common.util.Assert;
+import com.java110.common.util.BeanConvertUtil;
+import com.java110.core.annotation.Java110Listener;
+import com.java110.core.context.DataFlowContext;
+import com.java110.core.smo.fee.IFeeConfigInnerServiceSMO;
+import com.java110.core.smo.floor.IFloorInnerServiceSMO;
+import com.java110.core.smo.room.IRoomInnerServiceSMO;
+import com.java110.core.smo.unit.IUnitInnerServiceSMO;
+import com.java110.dto.FeeConfigDto;
+import com.java110.dto.RoomDto;
+import com.java110.dto.UnitDto;
+import com.java110.entity.center.AppService;
+import com.java110.event.service.api.ServiceDataFlowEvent;
+import com.java110.vo.api.ApiRoomDataVo;
+import com.java110.vo.api.ApiRoomVo;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * @ClassName SaveFeeConfigListener
+ * @Description TODO
+ * @Author wuxw
+ * @Date 2019/6/1 20:51
+ * @Version 1.0
+ * add by wuxw 2019/6/1
+ **/
+@Java110Listener("saveFeeConfigListener")
+public class SaveFeeConfigListener extends AbstractServiceApiDataFlowListener {
+    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SaveFeeConfigListener.class);
+
+
+    @Autowired
+    private IFeeConfigInnerServiceSMO feeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl;
+
+    @Override
+    public String getServiceCode() {
+        return ServiceCodeConstant.SERVICE_CODE_SAVE_FEE_CONFIG;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HttpMethod getHttpMethod() {
+        return HttpMethod.POST;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void soService(ServiceDataFlowEvent event) {
+
+        logger.debug("ServiceDataFlowEvent : {}", event);
+
+        DataFlowContext dataFlowContext = event.getDataFlowContext();
+        AppService service = event.getAppService();
+
+        String paramIn = dataFlowContext.getReqData();
+
+        //校验数据
+        validate(paramIn);
+        JSONObject paramObj = JSONObject.parseObject(paramIn);
+
+        HttpHeaders header = new HttpHeaders();
+        dataFlowContext.getRequestCurrentHeaders().put(CommonConstant.HTTP_ORDER_TYPE_CD, "D");
+        JSONArray businesses = new JSONArray();
+
+        //添加单元信息
+        businesses.add(addFeeConfig(paramObj, dataFlowContext));
+
+        JSONObject paramInObj = super.restToCenterProtocol(businesses, dataFlowContext.getRequestCurrentHeaders());
+
+        //将 rest header 信息传递到下层服务中去
+        super.freshHttpHeader(header, dataFlowContext.getRequestCurrentHeaders());
+
+        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = this.callService(dataFlowContext, service.getServiceCode(), paramInObj);
+
+        dataFlowContext.setResponseEntity(responseEntity);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 添加小区楼信息
+     *
+     * @param paramInJson     接口调用放传入入参
+     * @param dataFlowContext 数据上下文
+     * @return 订单服务能够接受的报文
+     */
+    private JSONObject addFeeConfig(JSONObject paramInJson, DataFlowContext dataFlowContext) {
+
+
+        JSONObject business = JSONObject.parseObject("{\"datas\":{}}");
+        business.put(CommonConstant.HTTP_BUSINESS_TYPE_CD, BusinessTypeConstant.BUSINESS_TYPE_SAVE_FEE_CONFIG);
+        business.put(CommonConstant.HTTP_SEQ, DEFAULT_SEQ);
+        business.put(CommonConstant.HTTP_INVOKE_MODEL, CommonConstant.HTTP_INVOKE_MODEL_S);
+        JSONObject businessFeeConfig = new JSONObject();
+        businessFeeConfig.putAll(paramInJson);
+        businessFeeConfig.put("configId", "-1");
+        business.getJSONObject(CommonConstant.HTTP_BUSINESS_DATAS).put("businessFeeConfig", businessFeeConfig);
+
+        return business;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 数据校验
+     *
+     * @param paramIn "communityId": "7020181217000001",
+     *                "memberId": "3456789",
+     *                "memberTypeCd": "390001200001"
+     */
+    private void validate(String paramIn) {
+        Assert.jsonObjectHaveKey(paramIn, "communityId", "请求报文中未包含communityId节点");
+        Assert.jsonObjectHaveKey(paramIn, "squarePrice", "请求报文中未包含squarePrice节点");
+        Assert.jsonObjectHaveKey(paramIn, "additionalAmount", "请求报文中未包含additionalAmount节点");
+        Assert.jsonObjectHaveKey(paramIn, "feeTypeCd", "请求报文中未包含feeTypeCd节点");
+        JSONObject reqJson = JSONObject.parseObject(paramIn);
+        Assert.isMoney(reqJson.getString("squarePrice"), "squarePrice不是有效金额格式");
+        Assert.isMoney(reqJson.getString("additionalAmount"), "additionalAmount不是有效金额格式");
+
+        FeeConfigDto feeConfigDto = new FeeConfigDto();
+        feeConfigDto.setCommunityId(reqJson.getString("communityId"));
+        feeConfigDto.setFeeTypeCd(reqJson.getString("feeTypeCd"));
+        //校验小区楼ID和小区是否有对应关系
+        List<FeeConfigDto> configDtos = feeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl.queryFeeConfigs(feeConfigDto);
+
+        if (configDtos != null || configDtos.size() > 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("已经存在费用配置信息");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getOrder() {
+        return DEFAULT_ORDER;
+    }
+
+    public IFeeConfigInnerServiceSMO getFeeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl() {
+        return feeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl;
+    }
+
+    public void setFeeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl(IFeeConfigInnerServiceSMO feeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl) {
+        this.feeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl = feeConfigInnerServiceSMOImpl;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `configDtos` last assigned on line 135 could be null and is dereferenced at line 137.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SaveFeeConfigListener.validate(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.java110.api.listener.fee.SaveFeeConfigListener.validate(java.lang.String):void.60dc16357688f3e0a9a100a4e8a1edc1
+
+### File:
+Api/src/main/java/com/java110/api/listener/fee/SaveFeeConfigListener.java
+
+### Key:
+SaveFeeConfigListener.java|validate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0d5a2f2639f34d56cc8af6d106187976
+
+### Hash:
+68b0ebac345ec2c2dc1f3b7ef9104f2f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4954/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4954/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..432b6f36ee4937eeecbd2676cbae3d132e49c827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4954/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MicroCommunity
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.java110.api.listener.users;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.java110.api.listener.AbstractServiceApiDataFlowListener;
+import com.java110.common.constant.CommonConstant;
+import com.java110.common.constant.ServiceCodeConstant;
+import com.java110.common.exception.ListenerExecuteException;
+import com.java110.common.util.Assert;
+import com.java110.common.util.StringUtil;
+import com.java110.core.annotation.Java110Listener;
+import com.java110.core.context.DataFlowContext;
+import com.java110.core.factory.DataFlowFactory;
+import com.java110.entity.center.AppService;
+import com.java110.event.service.api.ServiceDataFlowEvent;
+import org.springframework.http.*;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * 查询员工信息
+ * Created by Administrator on 2019/4/2.
+ */
+@Java110Listener("queryStaffByUserNameServiceListener")
+public class QueryStaffByUserNameServiceListener extends AbstractServiceApiDataFlowListener {
+    @Override
+    public int getOrder() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getServiceCode() {
+        return ServiceCodeConstant.SERVICE_CODE_QUERY_STAFF_BY_NAME;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HttpMethod getHttpMethod() {
+        return HttpMethod.GET;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param event
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void soService(ServiceDataFlowEvent event) {
+
+
+        DataFlowContext dataFlowContext = event.getDataFlowContext();
+        AppService service = event.getAppService();
+        JSONObject data = dataFlowContext.getReqJson();
+
+        Assert.hasKeyAndValue(data,"page","请求报文中未包含page节点");
+        Assert.hasKeyAndValue(data,"rows","请求报文中未包含rows节点");
+        Assert.hasKeyAndValue(data,"storeId","请求报文中未包含storeId节点");
+        Assert.hasKeyAndValue(data,"name","请求报文中未包含name节点");
+        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = null;
+        //根据名称查询用户信息
+        responseEntity = super.callService(dataFlowContext,ServiceCodeConstant.SERVICE_CODE_QUERY_USER_BY_NAME,data);
+
+        if(responseEntity.getStatusCode() != HttpStatus.OK){
+            dataFlowContext.setResponseEntity(responseEntity);
+            return ;
+        }
+
+        JSONArray resultInfo = JSONObject.parseObject(responseEntity.getBody().toString()).getJSONArray("users");
+
+        if(resultInfo != null || resultInfo.size() < 1){
+            responseEntity = new ResponseEntity<String>(new JSONArray().toJSONString(),HttpStatus.OK);
+            dataFlowContext.setResponseEntity(responseEntity);
+            return ;
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询用户信息
+     * @param tmpObj
+     */
+    private void queryUserInfoByUserId( DataFlowContext dataFlowContext,JSONObject tmpObj,AppService appService){
+
+        String userId = tmpObj.getString("userId");
+
+        if(StringUtil.isEmpty(userId)){
+            return ;
+        }
+
+        ResponseEntity responseEntity= null;
+
+        String requestUrl = appService.getUrl();
+        HttpHeaders header = new HttpHeaders();
+        header.add(CommonConstant.HTTP_SERVICE.toLowerCase(),ServiceCodeConstant.SERVICE_CODE_QUERY_USER_USERINFO);
+
+        //先查询商户服务查询员工userId
+        requestUrl = requestUrl + "?userId="+userId;
+        dataFlowContext.getRequestHeaders().put("REQUEST_URL",requestUrl);
+        HttpEntity<String> httpEntity = new HttpEntity<String>("", header);
+        doRequest(dataFlowContext,appService,httpEntity);
+        responseEntity = dataFlowContext.getResponseEntity();
+
+        if(responseEntity.getStatusCode() != HttpStatus.OK){
+            throw new ListenerExecuteException(1999,"查询用户信息异常 "+responseEntity.getBody());
+        }
+        tmpObj.putAll(JSONObject.parseObject(responseEntity.getBody().toString()));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resultInfo` last assigned on line 67 could be null and is dereferenced at line 69.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void QueryStaffByUserNameServiceListener.soService(ServiceDataFlowEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.java110.api.listener.users.QueryStaffByUserNameServiceListener.soService(com.java110.event.servi.1452e98d1d4d4041749dd29f3d3f8eab
+
+### File:
+Api/src/main/java/com/java110/api/listener/users/QueryStaffByUserNameServiceListener.java
+
+### Key:
+QueryStaffByUserNameServiceListener.java|soService|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0d5a2f2639f34d56cc8af6d106187976
+
+### Hash:
+d6d65821347a8e140454a9c0e5efeed1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4955/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4955/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e107808911a340c47ca2580afaba5f3c8aac5da8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4955/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MicroCommunity
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.java110.front.smo.ownerLogin.impl;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.java110.core.base.smo.front.AbstractFrontServiceSMO;
+import com.java110.core.context.IPageData;
+import com.java110.core.context.PageData;
+import com.java110.core.factory.AuthenticationFactory;
+import com.java110.dto.owner.OwnerAppUserDto;
+import com.java110.front.properties.WechatAuthProperties;
+import com.java110.front.smo.ownerLogin.IOwnerAppLoginSMO;
+import com.java110.utils.cache.CommonCache;
+import com.java110.utils.constant.CommonConstant;
+import com.java110.utils.constant.ResponseConstant;
+import com.java110.utils.constant.ServiceCodeConstant;
+import com.java110.utils.constant.ServiceConstant;
+import com.java110.utils.constant.WechatConstant;
+import com.java110.utils.exception.SMOException;
+import com.java110.utils.util.Assert;
+import com.java110.utils.util.StringUtil;
+import com.java110.vo.ResultVo;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+/**
+ * wx登录
+ */
+@Service("ownerAppLoginSMOImpl")
+public class OwnerAppLoginSMOImpl extends AbstractFrontServiceSMO implements IOwnerAppLoginSMO {
+
+    private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(OwnerAppLoginSMOImpl.class);
+
+    private final static int expireTime = 7200;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RestTemplate restTemplate;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RestTemplate outRestTemplate;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private WechatAuthProperties wechatAuthProperties;
+
+    @Override
+    public ResponseEntity<String> doLogin(IPageData pd) throws SMOException {
+        JSONObject paramIn = JSONObject.parseObject(pd.getReqData());
+        Assert.hasKeyAndValue(paramIn, "username", "请求报文中未包含用户名");
+        Assert.hasKeyAndValue(paramIn, "password", "请求报文中未包含密码");
+        logger.debug("doLogin入参：" + paramIn.toJSONString());
+        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity;
+
+        JSONObject loginInfo = JSONObject.parseObject(pd.getReqData());
+
+        loginInfo.put("passwd", AuthenticationFactory.passwdMd5(loginInfo.getString("password")));
+        responseEntity = this.callCenterService(restTemplate, pd, loginInfo.toJSONString(), ServiceConstant.SERVICE_API_URL + "/api/user.service.login", HttpMethod.POST);
+        if (responseEntity.getStatusCode() != HttpStatus.OK) {
+            return responseEntity;
+        }
+
+        JSONObject userInfo = JSONObject.parseObject(responseEntity.getBody());
+
+        //根据用户查询商户信息
+        String userId = userInfo.getString("userId");
+
+        pd = PageData.newInstance().builder(userId, "", "", pd.getReqData(),
+                "", "", "", "",
+                pd.getAppId());
+        OwnerAppUserDto ownerAppUserDto = new OwnerAppUserDto();
+        ownerAppUserDto.setUserId(userId);
+        List<OwnerAppUserDto> ownerAppUserDtos = super.getForApis(pd, ownerAppUserDto, ServiceCodeConstant.LIST_APPUSERBINDINGOWNERS, OwnerAppUserDto.class);
+
+
+        if (ownerAppUserDtos == null || ownerAppUserDtos.size() < 1) {
+            responseEntity = new ResponseEntity<>("用户未绑定业主", HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
+            return responseEntity;
+        }
+
+        JSONObject appUser = JSONObject.parseObject(JSONObject.toJSONString(ownerAppUserDtos.get(0)));
+        appUser.put("userId", userId);
+        appUser.put("userName", paramIn.getString("username"));
+        JSONObject paramOut = new JSONObject();
+        paramOut.put("result", 0);
+        paramOut.put("owner", appUser);
+        paramOut.put("token", userInfo.getString("token"));
+
+        String appId = pd.getAppId();
+
+        if ("992020061452450002".equals(appId)) { //公众号
+            return wechat(pd, paramIn, paramOut, userId, ownerAppUserDtos);
+        } else if ("992019111758490006".equals(appId)) { //小程序
+            return mina(pd, paramIn, paramOut, userId, ownerAppUserDtos);
+        } else {//app
+            return new ResponseEntity<>(paramOut.toJSONString(), HttpStatus.OK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ResponseEntity<String> getPageAccessToken(IPageData pd) throws SMOException {
+        JSONObject paramIn = JSONObject.parseObject(pd.getReqData());
+        String authCode = paramIn.getString("code");
+        String state = paramIn.getString("state");
+        String urlCode = CommonCache.getAndRemoveValue(paramIn.getString("urlCode"));
+
+        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(urlCode)) {
+            return ResultVo.redirectPage("/#/pages/login/login");
+        }
+
+        String url = WechatConstant.APP_GET_ACCESS_TOKEN_URL.replace("APPID", wechatAuthProperties.getWechatAppId())
+                .replace("SECRET", wechatAuthProperties.getWechatAppSecret())
+                .replace("CODE", authCode);
+
+        ResponseEntity<String> paramOut = outRestTemplate.getForEntity(url, String.class);
+
+        logger.debug("调用微信换去token ", paramOut);
+        if (paramOut.getStatusCode() != HttpStatus.OK) {
+            return ResultVo.redirectPage("/#/pages/login/login");
+
+        }
+
+        JSONObject paramObj = JSONObject.parseObject(paramOut.getBody());
+
+        //获取 openId
+        String openId = paramObj.getString("openid");
+        //判断当前openId 是否绑定了业主
+
+        pd = PageData.newInstance().builder("-1", "", "", pd.getReqData(),
+                "", "", "", "",
+                pd.getAppId());
+        OwnerAppUserDto ownerAppUserDto = new OwnerAppUserDto();
+        ownerAppUserDto.setOpenId(openId);
+        List<OwnerAppUserDto> ownerAppUserDtos = super.getForApis(pd, ownerAppUserDto, ServiceCodeConstant.LIST_APPUSERBINDINGOWNERS, OwnerAppUserDto.class);
+
+        if (ownerAppUserDtos == null || ownerAppUserDtos.size() < 1) {
+            //将openId放到redis 缓存，给前段下发临时票据
+            String code = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+            CommonCache.setValue(code, openId, expireTime);
+            return ResultVo.redirectPage("/#/pages/login/login?code=" + code);
+        }
+
+        // String accessToken = paramObj.getString("access_token");//暂时不用
+        Map userMap = new HashMap();
+        userMap.put(CommonConstant.LOGIN_USER_ID, ownerAppUserDtos.get(0).getUserId());
+        userMap.put(CommonConstant.LOGIN_USER_NAME, ownerAppUserDtos.get(0).getAppUserName());
+        String token = "";
+        try {
+            token = AuthenticationFactory.createAndSaveToken(userMap);
+            pd.setToken(token);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("创建token失败");
+        }
+        return ResultVo.redirectPage("/");
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 刷新token
+     *
+     * @param pd
+     * @param redirectUrl
+     * @param request
+     * @param response
+     * @return
+     * @throws SMOException
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ResponseEntity<String> refreshToken(IPageData pd, String redirectUrl, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws SMOException {
+        //分配urlCode
+        String urlCode = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        CommonCache.setValue(urlCode, redirectUrl, expireTime);
+
+        URL url = null;
+        String openUrl = "";
+        try {
+            url = new URL(redirectUrl);
+
+            String newUrl = url.getProtocol() + "://" + url.getHost();
+            if (url.getPort() > 0) {
+                newUrl += (":" + url.getPort());
+            }
+
+            openUrl = WechatConstant.OPEN_AUTH
+                    .replace("APPID", wechatAuthProperties.getWechatAppId())
+                    .replace("SCOPE", "snsapi_base")
+                    .replace(
+                            "REDIRECT_URL",
+                            URLEncoder
+                                    .encode(
+                                            (newUrl
+                                                    + "/app/loginOwnerWechatAuth?appId=992020061452450002&urlCode=" + urlCode),
+                                            "UTF-8")).replace("STATE", "1");
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("微信公众号鉴权 redirectUrl 错误 " + redirectUrl, e);
+            throw new SMOException(ResponseConstant.RESULT_CODE_ERROR, e.getLocalizedMessage());
+        }
+
+        JSONObject urlObj = new JSONObject();
+        urlObj.put("openUrl", openUrl);
+
+        return ResultVo.createResponseEntity(ResultVo.CODE_MACHINE_OK, ResultVo.MSG_OK, urlObj);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 公众号登录
+     *
+     * @param pd
+     * @param paramIn
+     * @param paramOut
+     * @param userId
+     * @param ownerAppUserDtos
+     * @return
+     */
+    private ResponseEntity<String> wechat(IPageData pd, JSONObject paramIn, JSONObject paramOut, String userId,
+                                          List<OwnerAppUserDto> ownerAppUserDtos) {
+
+        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = null;
+        //查询微信信息
+        pd = PageData.newInstance().builder(userId, "", "", pd.getReqData(),
+                "", "", "", "",
+                pd.getAppId());
+
+
+        String code = paramIn.getString("code");
+
+        String openId = CommonCache.getValue(code);
+
+        if (StringUtil.isEmpty(openId)) {
+            responseEntity = new ResponseEntity<>("页面失效，请刷新后重试", HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED);
+            return responseEntity;
+        }
+
+        OwnerAppUserDto curOwnerApp = judgeCurrentOwnerBind(ownerAppUserDtos, OwnerAppUserDto.APP_TYPE_WECHAT);
+
+        //说明 当前的openId 就是最新的
+        if (curOwnerApp != null && openId.equals(curOwnerApp.getOpenId())) {
+            return new ResponseEntity<>(paramOut.toJSONString(), HttpStatus.OK);
+        }
+
+        JSONObject userOwnerInfo = new JSONObject();
+        OwnerAppUserDto ownerAppUserDto = new OwnerAppUserDto();
+        ownerAppUserDto.setOpenId(openId);
+        ownerAppUserDto.setAppType(OwnerAppUserDto.APP_TYPE_WECHAT);
+        if (curOwnerApp != null) {
+            ownerAppUserDto.setAppUserId(curOwnerApp.getAppUserId());
+            ownerAppUserDto.setCommunityId(curOwnerApp.getCommunityId());
+        } else {
+            ownerAppUserDto.setOldAppUserId(ownerAppUserDtos.get(0).getAppUserId());
+            ownerAppUserDto.setAppUserId("-1");
+            ownerAppUserDto.setCommunityId(ownerAppUserDtos.get(0).getCommunityId());
+        }
+
+        //查询微信信息
+        pd = PageData.newInstance().builder(userId, "", "", pd.getReqData(),
+                "", "", "", "",
+                pd.getAppId());
+
+        super.postForApi(pd, ownerAppUserDto, ServiceCodeConstant.REFRESH_APP_USER_BINDING_OWNER_OPEN_ID,
+                OwnerAppUserDto.class);
+        return new ResponseEntity<>(paramOut.toJSONString(), HttpStatus.OK);
+    }
+
+    private ResponseEntity<String> mina(IPageData pd, JSONObject paramIn, JSONObject paramOut, String userId, List<OwnerAppUserDto> ownerAppUserDtos) {
+
+        ResponseEntity<String> responseEntity = null;
+        //查询微信信息
+        pd = PageData.newInstance().builder(userId, "", "", pd.getReqData(),
+                "", "", "", "",
+                pd.getAppId());
+        responseEntity = this.callCenterService(restTemplate, pd, "",
+                ServiceConstant.SERVICE_API_URL + "/api/smallWeChat.listSmallWeChats?appId="
+                        + paramIn.getString("appId") + "&page=1&row=1", HttpMethod.GET);
+
+        if (responseEntity.getStatusCode() != HttpStatus.OK) {
+            return responseEntity;
+        }
+        JSONObject smallWechatObj = JSONObject.parseObject(responseEntity.getBody().toString());
+        JSONArray smallWeChats = smallWechatObj.getJSONArray("smallWeChats");
+        String appId = wechatAuthProperties.getAppId();
+        String secret = wechatAuthProperties.getSecret();
+        if (smallWeChats.size() > 0) {
+            appId = smallWeChats.getJSONObject(0).getString("appId");
+            secret = smallWeChats.getJSONObject(0).getString("appSecret");
+        }
+
+        String code = paramIn.getString("code");
+        String urlString = "?appid={appId}&secret={secret}&js_code={code}&grant_type={grantType}";
+        String response = outRestTemplate.getForObject(
+                wechatAuthProperties.getSessionHost() + urlString, String.class,
+                appId,
+                secret,
+                code,
+                wechatAuthProperties.getGrantType());
+
+        logger.debug("wechatAuthProperties:" + JSONObject.toJSONString(wechatAuthProperties));
+
+        logger.debug("微信返回报文：" + response);
+
+        //Assert.jsonObjectHaveKey(response, "errcode", "返回报文中未包含 错误编码，接口出错");
+        JSONObject responseObj = JSONObject.parseObject(response);
+
+        if (responseObj.containsKey("errcode") && !"0".equals(responseObj.getString("errcode"))) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("微信验证失败，可能是code失效" + responseObj);
+        }
+
+        String openId = responseObj.getString("openid");
+
+        OwnerAppUserDto ownerAppUserDto = judgeCurrentOwnerBind(ownerAppUserDtos, OwnerAppUserDto.APP_TYPE_WECHAT_MINA);
+
+        //说明 当前的openId 就是最新的
+        if (ownerAppUserDto != null && openId.equals(ownerAppUserDto.getOpenId())) {
+            return new ResponseEntity<>(paramOut.toJSONString(), HttpStatus.OK);
+        }
+
+        OwnerAppUserDto tmpOwnerAppUserDto = new OwnerAppUserDto();
+        ownerAppUserDto.setOpenId(openId);
+        ownerAppUserDto.setAppType(OwnerAppUserDto.APP_TYPE_WECHAT_MINA);
+        if (ownerAppUserDto != null) {
+            ownerAppUserDto.setAppUserId(tmpOwnerAppUserDto.getAppUserId());
+            ownerAppUserDto.setCommunityId(tmpOwnerAppUserDto.getCommunityId());
+        } else {
+            ownerAppUserDto.setOldAppUserId(ownerAppUserDtos.get(0).getAppUserId());
+            ownerAppUserDto.setAppUserId("-1");
+            ownerAppUserDto.setCommunityId(ownerAppUserDtos.get(0).getCommunityId());
+        }
+        //查询微信信息
+        pd = PageData.newInstance().builder(userId, "", "", pd.getReqData(),
+                "", "", "", "",
+                pd.getAppId());
+
+        super.postForApi(pd, ownerAppUserDto, ServiceCodeConstant.REFRESH_APP_USER_BINDING_OWNER_OPEN_ID,
+                OwnerAppUserDto.class);
+        return new ResponseEntity<>(paramOut.toJSONString(), HttpStatus.OK);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 判断 绑定表里是否存在当前 端 绑定信息
+     *
+     * @param ownerAppUserDtos
+     * @param appType
+     * @return
+     */
+    private OwnerAppUserDto judgeCurrentOwnerBind(List<OwnerAppUserDto> ownerAppUserDtos, String appType) {
+
+        for (OwnerAppUserDto ownerAppUserDto : ownerAppUserDtos) {
+            if (appType.equals(ownerAppUserDto.getAppType())) {
+                return ownerAppUserDto;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public RestTemplate getRestTemplate() {
+        return restTemplate;
+    }
+
+    public void setRestTemplate(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
+        this.restTemplate = restTemplate;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `ownerAppUserDto` last assigned on line 322 could be null and is dereferenced at line 330.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ResponseEntity OwnerAppLoginSMOImpl.mina(IPageData,JSONObject,JSONObject,String,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.java110.front.smo.ownerLogin.impl.OwnerAppLoginSMOImpl.mina(com.java110.core.context.IPageData,c.1cdbb939b80259fdc8740ca2be6d66c7
+
+### File:
+service-front/src/main/java/com/java110/front/smo/ownerLogin/impl/OwnerAppLoginSMOImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+OwnerAppLoginSMOImpl.java|mina|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+af8253399582dccd8c9211d97e654603
+
+### Hash:
+50b2ced3b86209cf22095e1348071b47
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4963/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4963/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..118e1bd38a0e7137b012a1f2167182267cde03ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4963/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1872 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** boon
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.boon.core.reflection;
+
+import org.boon.*;
+import org.boon.core.Typ;
+import org.boon.core.Value;
+import org.boon.core.reflection.fields.*;
+import org.boon.primitive.CharBuf;
+import sun.misc.Unsafe;
+
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import static org.boon.Boon.sputs;
+import static org.boon.Exceptions.die;
+import static org.boon.Str.*;
+import static org.boon.StringScanner.isDigits;
+
+
+public class Reflection {
+
+    private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger ( Reflection.class.getName ( ) );
+    private final static Set<String> fieldSortNames = Sets.set ( "name", "orderBy", "title", "key" );
+    private final static Set<String> fieldSortNamesSuffixes = Sets.set ( "Name", "Title", "Key" );
+
+    private static boolean _useUnsafe;
+    private static boolean _inContainer;
+
+    private final static Context _context;
+    private static WeakReference<Context> weakContext = new WeakReference<> ( null );
+
+
+
+
+    public static Unsafe getUnsafe( ) {
+        if (context ().control==null) {
+            try {
+                Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField ( "theUnsafe" );
+                f.setAccessible ( true );
+                context().control = ( Unsafe ) f.get ( null );
+                return context().control;
+            } catch ( Exception e ) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        } else {
+            return context().control;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            Class.forName ( "sun.misc.Unsafe" );
+            _useUnsafe = true;
+        } catch ( ClassNotFoundException e ) {
+            e.printStackTrace ( );
+            _useUnsafe = false;
+        }
+
+        _useUnsafe = _useUnsafe && !Boolean.getBoolean ( "org.boon.noUnsafe" );
+    }
+
+    private static final boolean useUnsafe = _useUnsafe;
+
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            Class.forName ( "javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet" );
+            _inContainer = true;
+        } catch ( ClassNotFoundException e ) {
+            _inContainer = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final static boolean inContainer = _inContainer;
+
+    static {
+
+        boolean noStatics = Boolean.getBoolean ( "org.boon.noStatics" );
+        if ( noStatics || inContainer ) {
+
+            _context = null;
+            weakContext = new WeakReference<> ( new Context ( ) );
+
+        } else {
+;
+            _context = new Context ( );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private static void setSortableField( Class<?> clazz, String fieldName ) {
+        context ( )._sortableFields.put ( clazz.getName ( ), fieldName );
+    }
+
+    private static String getSortableField( Class<?> clazz ) {
+        return context ( )._sortableFields.get ( clazz.getName ( ) );
+    }
+
+
+    /* Manages weak references. */
+    private static Context context( ) {
+
+        if ( _context != null ) {
+            return _context;
+        } else {
+            Context context = weakContext.get ( );
+            if ( context == null ) {
+                context = new Context ( );
+                weakContext = new WeakReference<> ( context );
+            }
+            return context;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class Context {
+
+        private Unsafe control;
+        private Map<String, String> _sortableFields = new ConcurrentHashMap<> ( );
+
+        private Map<Class<?>, Map<String, FieldAccess>> _allAccessorReflectionFieldsCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<> (200 );
+        private Map<Class<?>, Map<String, FieldAccess>> _allAccessorPropertyFieldsCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<> (200 );
+        private Map<Class<?>, Map<String, FieldAccess>> _allAccessorUnsafeFieldsCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<> (200 );
+
+
+        private FieldAccess stringValueField;
+    }
+
+    static {
+        context().stringValueField = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( String.class ).get ( "value" );
+
+    }
+
+
+    private static void setAccessorFieldInCache( Class<? extends Object> theClass, boolean useUnsafe, Map<String, FieldAccess> map ) {
+        if (useUnsafe)  {
+            context ( )._allAccessorUnsafeFieldsCache.put ( theClass, map );
+        } else {
+            context ( )._allAccessorReflectionFieldsCache.put ( theClass, map );
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void setPropertyAccessorFieldsInCache( Class<? extends Object> theClass,  Map<String, FieldAccess> map ) {
+            context ( )._allAccessorPropertyFieldsCache.put ( theClass, map );
+    }
+
+
+    private static Map<String, FieldAccess> getPropertyAccessorFieldsFromCache( Class<? extends Object> theClass) {
+        return context ( )._allAccessorPropertyFieldsCache.get ( theClass  );
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String, FieldAccess> getAccesorFieldFromCache( Class<? extends Object> theClass, boolean useUnsafe ) {
+
+        if (useUnsafe)  {
+            return context ( )._allAccessorUnsafeFieldsCache.get ( theClass   );
+        } else {
+            return context ( )._allAccessorReflectionFieldsCache.get ( theClass   );
+
+        }
+    }
+
+
+
+    /**
+     * This returns getPropertyFieldFieldAccessMap(clazz, true, true);
+     *
+     * @param clazz gets the properties or fields of this class.
+     * @return
+     * @see Reflection#getPropertyFieldAccessMap(Class, boolean, boolean)
+     */
+    public static Map<String, FieldAccess> getPropertyFieldAccessMap( Class<?> clazz ) {
+        return getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( clazz, true, true );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a listStream of fields merges with properties if field is not found.
+     *
+     * @param clazz         get the properties or fields
+     * @param useFieldFirst try to use the field first if this is set
+     * @param useUnSafe     use unsafe if it is available for speed.
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map<String, FieldAccess> getPropertyFieldAccessMap( Class<?> clazz, boolean useFieldFirst, boolean useUnSafe ) {
+        /* Fallback map. */
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fieldsFallbacks = null;
+
+        /* Primary merge into this one. */
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fieldsPrimary = null;
+
+
+        /* Try to find the fields first if this is set. */
+        if ( useFieldFirst ) {
+            fieldsPrimary = Reflection.getAllAccessorFields ( clazz, useUnSafe );
+
+            fieldsFallbacks = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessors ( clazz );
+
+        } else {
+
+             /* Try to find the properties first if this is set. */
+            fieldsFallbacks = Reflection.getAllAccessorFields ( clazz, useUnSafe );
+            fieldsPrimary = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessors ( clazz );
+
+        }
+
+        /* Add missing fields */
+        for ( Map.Entry<String, FieldAccess> field : fieldsFallbacks.entrySet ( ) ) {
+            if ( !fieldsPrimary.containsKey ( field.getKey ( ) ) ) {
+                fieldsPrimary.put ( field.getKey ( ), field.getValue ( ) );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return fieldsPrimary;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if we have a string field.
+     *
+     * @param value1
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean hasStringField( final Object value1, final String name ) {
+
+        Class<?> clz = value1.getClass ( );
+        return classHasStringField ( clz, name );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if this class has a string field.
+     *
+     * @param clz
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean classHasStringField( Class<?> clz, String name ) {
+
+        List<Field> fields = getAllFields ( clz );
+        for ( Field field : fields ) {
+            if (
+                    field.getType ( ).equals ( Typ.string ) &&
+                            field.getName ( ).equals ( name ) &&
+                            !Modifier.isStatic ( field.getModifiers ( ) ) &&
+                            field.getDeclaringClass ( ) == clz
+                    ) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to if an instance has a field
+     *
+     * @param value1
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean hasField( Object value1, String name ) {
+        return classHasField ( value1.getClass ( ), name );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks to see if a class has a field.
+     *
+     * @param clz
+     * @param name
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean classHasField( Class<?> clz, String name ) {
+        List<Field> fields = getAllFields ( clz );
+        for ( Field field : fields ) {
+            if ( field.getName ( ).equals ( name )
+                    && !Modifier.isStatic ( field.getModifiers ( ) )
+                    && field.getDeclaringClass ( ) == clz ) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This can be used for default sort.
+     *
+     * @param value1 value we are analyzing
+     * @return first field that is comparable or primitive.
+     */
+    public static String getFirstComparableOrPrimitive( Object value1 ) {
+        return getFirstComparableOrPrimitiveFromClass ( value1.getClass ( ) );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This can be used for default sort.
+     *
+     * @param clz class we are analyzing
+     * @return first field that is comparable or primitive or null if not found.
+     */
+    public static String getFirstComparableOrPrimitiveFromClass( Class<?> clz ) {
+        List<Field> fields = getAllFields ( clz );
+        for ( Field field : fields ) {
+
+            if ( ( field.getType ( ).isPrimitive ( ) || Typ.isComparable ( field.getType ( ) )
+                    && !Modifier.isStatic ( field.getModifiers ( ) )
+                    && field.getDeclaringClass ( ) == clz )
+                    ) {
+                return field.getName ( );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * getFirstStringFieldNameEndsWith
+     *
+     * @param value object we are looking at
+     * @param name  name
+     * @return field name or null
+     */
+    public static String getFirstStringFieldNameEndsWith( Object value, String name ) {
+        return getFirstStringFieldNameEndsWithFromClass ( value.getClass ( ), name );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * getFirstStringFieldNameEndsWithFromClass
+     *
+     * @param clz  class we are looking at
+     * @param name name
+     * @return field name or null
+     */
+    public static String getFirstStringFieldNameEndsWithFromClass( Class<?> clz, String name ) {
+        List<Field> fields = getAllFields ( clz );
+        for ( Field field : fields ) {
+            if (
+                    field.getName ( ).endsWith ( name )
+                            && field.getType ( ).equals ( Typ.string )
+                            && !Modifier.isStatic ( field.getModifiers ( ) )
+                            && field.getDeclaringClass ( ) == clz ) {
+
+                return field.getName ( );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the first sortable fields found.
+     *
+     * @param value1
+     * @return sortable field
+     */
+    public static String getSortableField( Object value1 ) {
+        return getSortableFieldFromClass ( value1.getClass ( ) );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the first sortable field.
+     *
+     * @param clazz the class we are getting the sortable field from.
+     * @return sortable field
+     */
+    public static String getSortableFieldFromClass( Class<?> clazz ) {
+
+        /** See if the fieldName is in the field listStream already.
+         * We keep a hashmap cache.
+         * */
+        String fieldName = getSortableField ( clazz );
+
+        /**
+         * Not found in cache.
+         */
+        if ( fieldName == null ) {
+
+            /* See if we have this sortale field and look for string first. */
+            for ( String name : fieldSortNames ) {
+                if ( classHasStringField ( clazz, name ) ) {
+                    fieldName = name;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*
+             Now see if we can find one of our predefined suffixes.
+             */
+            if ( fieldName == null ) {
+                for ( String name : fieldSortNamesSuffixes ) {
+                    fieldName = getFirstStringFieldNameEndsWithFromClass ( clazz, name );
+                    if ( fieldName != null ) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Ok. We still did not find it so give us the first
+             * primitive that we can find.
+             */
+            if ( fieldName == null ) {
+                fieldName = getFirstComparableOrPrimitiveFromClass ( clazz );
+            }
+
+            /* We could not find a sortable field. */
+            if ( fieldName == null ) {
+                setSortableField ( clazz, "NOT FOUND" );
+                die ( "Could not find a sortable field for type " + clazz );
+
+            }
+
+            /* We found a sortable field. */
+            setSortableField ( clazz, fieldName );
+        }
+        return fieldName;
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get fields from object or Map.
+     * Allows maps to act like they have fields.
+     *
+     * @param item
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Map<String, FieldAccess> getFieldsFromObject( Object item ) {
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = null;
+
+        fields = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( item.getClass ( ) );
+
+        if ( item instanceof Map ) {
+            fields = Reflection.getFieldsFromMap ( fields, ( Map<String, Object> ) item );
+        }
+        return fields;
+
+    }
+
+
+    public static  char[] toCharArray( String str ) {
+        if (_useUnsafe) {
+            return (char[]) _context.stringValueField.getObject ( str );
+        } else {
+            return str.toCharArray ();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public static  char[] toCharArray( byte [] bytes ) {
+        if (_useUnsafe) {
+            return (char[]) _context.stringValueField.getObject ( new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8) );
+        } else {
+            return new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8).toCharArray ();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get fields from map.
+     *
+     * @param fields
+     * @param map
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static Map<String, FieldAccess> getFieldsFromMap( Map<String, FieldAccess> fields, Map<String, Object> map ) {
+
+        for ( Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : map.entrySet ( ) ) {
+            fields.put ( entry.getKey ( ), new MapField ( entry.getKey ( ) ) );
+        }
+        return fields;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get property value, loads nested properties
+     *
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Object getPropertyValue( final Object root, final String... properties ) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( root );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( properties );
+
+
+        Object object = root;
+
+        for ( String property : properties ) {
+
+            Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = Reflection.getFieldsFromObject ( object );
+
+            FieldAccess field = fields.get ( property );
+
+            if ( isDigits ( property ) ) {
+                /* We can index numbers and names. */
+                object = idx ( object, Integer.parseInt ( property ) );
+
+            } else {
+
+                if ( field == null ) {
+                    die ( sputs (
+                            "We were unable to access property=", property,
+                            "\nThe properties passed were=", properties,
+                            "\nThe root object is =", root.getClass ( ).getName ( ),
+                            "\nThe current object is =", object.getClass ( ).getName ( )
+                    )
+                    );
+                }
+
+                object = field.getObject ( object );
+            }
+        }
+        return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get property value, loads nested properties
+     *
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static void setPropertyValue( final Object root, final Object newValue, final String... properties ) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( root );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( properties );
+
+
+        Object object = root;
+        Object parent = root;
+
+        int index = 0;
+        for ( String property : properties ) {
+            Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+
+            FieldAccess field = fields.get ( property );
+
+
+            if ( isDigits ( property ) ) {
+                /* We can index numbers and names. */
+                object = idx ( object, Integer.parseInt ( property ) );
+
+            } else {
+
+                if ( field == null ) {
+                    die ( sputs (
+                            "We were unable to access property=", property,
+                            "\nThe properties passed were=", properties,
+                            "\nThe root object is =", root.getClass ( ).getName ( ),
+                            "\nThe current object is =", object.getClass ( ).getName ( )
+                    )
+                    );
+                }
+
+
+                if ( index == properties.length - 1 ) {
+                    field.setValue ( object, newValue );
+                } else {
+                    object = field.getObject ( object );
+                }
+            }
+
+            index++;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get property value, loads nested properties
+     *
+     * @param root
+     * @param property
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Class<?> getPropertyType( final Object root, final String property ) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( root );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( property );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( root.getClass ( ) );
+
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( property );
+        return field.getType ( );
+    }
+
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    public static <T> T idxGeneric( Class<T> t, Object object, final String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return ( T ) getPropByPath ( object, properties );
+
+
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> idxList( Class<T> cls, Object items, String... path ) {
+        return ( List<T> ) getPropByPath ( items, path );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get property value
+     *
+     * @param object
+     * @param path   in dotted notation
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Object idx( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyValue ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param object
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Object idxRelax( Object object, final String path ) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropByPath ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * This is an amazing little recursive method. It walks a fanout of
+     * nested collection to pull out the leaf nodes
+     */
+    private static Object getCollecitonProp( Object o, String propName, int index, String[] path ) {
+        o = getFieldValues ( o, propName );
+
+        if ( index + 1 == path.length ) {
+            return o;
+        } else {
+            index++;
+            return getCollecitonProp ( o, path[index], index, path );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * This method handles walking lists of lists.
+     *
+     * @param item
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Object getPropByPath( Object item, String... path ) {
+        Object o = item;
+        for ( int index = 0; index < path.length; index++ ) {
+            String propName = path[index];
+            if ( o == null ) {
+                return null;
+            } else if ( isArray ( o ) || o instanceof Collection ) {
+                o = getCollecitonProp ( o, propName, index, path );
+                break;
+            } else {
+                o = getProp ( o, propName );
+            }
+        }
+        return Conversions.unifyList ( o );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * This is one is forgiving of null paths.
+     * This works with getters first, i.e., properties.
+     *
+     * @param object
+     * @param property
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static Object getProp( Object object, final String property ) {
+        if ( object == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if ( isDigits ( property ) ) {
+                /* We can index numbers and names. */
+            object = idx ( object, Integer.parseInt ( property ) );
+
+        }
+
+        Class<?> cls = object.getClass ( );
+
+        /** Tries the getters first. */
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessors ( cls );
+
+        if ( !fields.containsKey ( property ) ) {
+            fields = getAllAccessorFields ( cls );
+        }
+
+        if ( !fields.containsKey ( property ) ) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return fields.get ( property ).getValue ( object );
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get an int property.
+     */
+    public static int getPropertyInt( final Object root, final String... properties ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( root );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( properties );
+
+
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.intgr ) {
+            return field.getInt ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toInt ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    private static Object baseForGetProperty( Object root, String[] properties ) {
+        Object object = root;
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = null;
+
+        for ( int index = 0; index < properties.length - 1; index++ ) {
+            fields = Reflection.getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+
+            String property = properties[index];
+            FieldAccess field = fields.get ( property );
+
+            if ( isDigits ( property ) ) {
+                /* We can index numbers and names. */
+                object = idx ( object, Integer.parseInt ( property ) );
+
+            } else {
+
+                if ( field == null ) {
+                    die ( sputs (
+                            "We were unable to access property=", property,
+                            "\nThe properties passed were=", properties,
+                            "\nThe root object is =", root.getClass ( ).getName ( ),
+                            "\nThe current object is =", object.getClass ( ).getName ( )
+                    )
+                    );
+                }
+
+                object = field.getObject ( object );
+            }
+        }
+        return object;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get property value
+     *
+     * @param object
+     * @param path   in dotted notation
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static int idxInt( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyInt ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static byte getPropertyByte( final Object root, final String... properties ) {
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.bt ) {
+            return field.getByte ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toByte ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param object
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static byte idxByte( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyByte ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static float getPropertyFloat( final Object root, final String... properties ) {
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.flt ) {
+            return field.getFloat ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toFloat ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param object
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static float idxFloat( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyFloat ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static short getPropertyShort( final Object root,
+                                          final String... properties ) {
+
+
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.shrt ) {
+            return field.getShort ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toShort ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param object
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static short idxShort( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyShort ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static char getPropertyChar( final Object root,
+                                        final String... properties ) {
+
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.chr ) {
+            return field.getChar ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toChar ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param object
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static char idxChar( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyChar ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static double getPropertyDouble( final Object root,
+                                            final String... properties ) {
+
+
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.dbl ) {
+            return field.getDouble ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toDouble ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param object
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static double idxDouble( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyDouble ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static long getPropertyLong( final Object root,
+                                        final String... properties ) {
+
+
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.lng ) {
+            return field.getLong ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toLong ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param object
+     * @param path
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static long idxLong( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyLong ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param root
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static boolean getPropertyBoolean( final Object root,
+                                              final String... properties ) {
+
+
+        Object object = baseForGetProperty ( root, properties );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        final String lastProperty = properties[properties.length - 1];
+        FieldAccess field = fields.get ( lastProperty );
+
+        if ( field.getType ( ) == Typ.bln ) {
+            return field.getBoolean ( object );
+        } else {
+            return Conversions.toBoolean ( field.getValue ( object ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public static boolean idxBoolean( Object object, String path ) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( object );
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( path );
+
+        String[] properties = StringScanner.splitByDelimiters ( path, ".[]" );
+
+        return getPropertyBoolean ( object, properties );
+    }
+
+
+    public static boolean hasField( Class<?> aClass, String name ) {
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getAllAccessorFields ( aClass );
+        return fields.containsKey ( name );
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "serial" )
+    public static class ReflectionException extends RuntimeException {
+
+        public ReflectionException( ) {
+            super ( );
+        }
+
+        public ReflectionException( String message, Throwable cause ) {
+            super ( message, cause );
+        }
+
+        public ReflectionException( String message ) {
+            super ( message );
+        }
+
+        public ReflectionException( Throwable cause ) {
+            super ( cause );
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isArray( Object obj ) {
+        if ( obj == null ) return false;
+        return obj.getClass ( ).isArray ( );
+    }
+
+    public static int len( Object obj ) {
+        if ( isArray ( obj ) ) {
+            return arrayLength ( obj );
+        } else if ( obj instanceof CharSequence ) {
+            return ( ( CharSequence ) obj ).length ( );
+        } else if ( obj instanceof Collection ) {
+            return ( ( Collection<?> ) obj ).size ( );
+        } else if ( obj instanceof Map ) {
+            return ( ( Map<?, ?> ) obj ).size ( );
+        } else {
+            die ( "Not an array like object" );
+            return 0; //will never get here.
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public static int arrayLength( Object obj ) {
+        return Array.getLength ( obj );
+    }
+
+
+    private static void handle( Exception ex ) {
+        throw new ReflectionException ( ex );
+    }
+
+
+    public static Object idx( Object object, int index ) {
+        if ( isArray ( object ) ) {
+            object = Array.get ( object, index );
+        } else if ( object instanceof List ) {
+            object = Lists.idx ( ( List ) object, index );
+        }
+        return object;
+    }
+
+    public static void idx( Object object, int index, Object value ) {
+        try {
+            if ( isArray ( object ) ) {
+                Array.set ( object, index, value );
+            } else if ( object instanceof List ) {
+                Lists.idx ( ( List ) object, index, value );
+            }
+        } catch ( Exception notExpected ) {
+            String msg = lines ( "An unexpected error has occurred",
+                    "This is likely a programming error!",
+                    String.format ( "Object is %s, index is %s, and set is %s", object, index, value ),
+                    String.format ( "The object is an array? %s", object == null ? "null" : object.getClass ( ).isArray ( ) ),
+                    String.format ( "The object is of type %s", object == null ? "null" : object.getClass ( ).getName ( ) ),
+                    String.format ( "The set is of type %s", value == null ? "null" : value.getClass ( ).getName ( ) ),
+
+                    ""
+
+            );
+            Exceptions.handle ( msg, notExpected );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private static Object getFieldValues( Object object, final String key ) {
+        if ( object == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if ( isArray ( object ) || object instanceof Collection ) {
+            Iterator iter = Conversions.iterator ( object );
+            List list = new ArrayList ( len ( object ) );
+            while ( iter.hasNext ( ) ) {
+                list.add ( getFieldValues ( iter.next ( ), key ) );
+            }
+            return list;
+        } else {
+            return getFieldValue ( object, key );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private static Object getFieldValue( Object object, final String key ) {
+        if ( object == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Class<?> cls = object.getClass ( );
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyFieldAccessMap ( cls );
+
+        if ( !fields.containsKey ( key ) ) {
+            return null;
+        } else {
+            return fields.get ( key ).getValue ( object );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public static Object newInstance( String className ) {
+        Class<?> clazz = null;
+
+        try {
+            clazz = Class.forName ( className );
+
+
+            return newInstance ( clazz );
+
+
+        } catch ( Exception ex ) {
+            log.info ( String.format ( "Unable to create this class %s", className ) );
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T newInstance( Class<T> clazz ) {
+        T newInstance = null;
+
+        try {
+            if (_useUnsafe) {
+                newInstance = (T) getUnsafe ().allocateInstance(clazz);
+            }else {
+                newInstance = clazz.newInstance ( );
+            }
+        } catch ( Exception ex ) {
+            handle ( ex );
+        }
+
+        return newInstance;
+
+    }
+
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    public static <T> T fromMap( Map<String, Object> map, Class<T> clazz ) {
+
+        return fromMap ( map, newInstance ( clazz ) );
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    public static Object fromMap( Map<String, Object> map  ) {
+        String className = ( String ) map.get ( "class" );
+        Object newInstance = newInstance ( className );
+        return fromMap (map, newInstance);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    public static <T> T fromMap( Map<String, Object> map, T newInstance  ) {
+
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull ( newInstance );
+
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getAllAccessorFields ( newInstance.getClass () );
+        Set<Map.Entry<String, Object>> entrySet = map.entrySet ();
+
+        /* Iterate through the fields. */
+        //for ( FieldAccess field : fields ) {
+        for (Map.Entry <String, Object> entry :  entrySet) {
+
+
+            FieldAccess field  = fields.get ( entry.getKey () );
+            Object value = entry.getValue ();
+
+            if ( field == null ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ( value instanceof Value ) {
+                if (( ( Value ) value ).isContainer ())  {
+                    value =  ((Value)value).toValue ();
+                } else {
+                    field.setFromValue ( newInstance, (Value) value );
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+
+            if (Typ.isBasicType ( value )) {
+
+                 field.setValue ( newInstance, value );
+            } else if (value instanceof  Value) {
+                field.setValue ( newInstance, value );
+            }
+            /* See if it is a map<string, object>, and if it is then process it. */
+            //&& Typ.getKeyType ( ( Map<?, ?> ) value ) == Typ.string
+            else if ( value instanceof Map  ) {
+                value = fromMap ( ( Map<String, Object> ) value, field.getType () );
+                field.setObject ( newInstance, value );
+            } else if ( value instanceof Collection ) {
+                /*It is a collection so process it that way. */
+                processCollectionFromMap ( newInstance, field, ( Collection ) value );
+            } else if ( value instanceof Map[] ) {
+                /* It is an array of maps so, we need to process it as such. */
+                processArrayOfMaps ( newInstance, field, value );
+            } else {
+                field.setValue ( newInstance, value );
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        return newInstance;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    public static <T> T fromValueMap( Map<String, Value> map, Class<T> clazz ) {
+        return fromValueMap ( map, newInstance ( clazz ) );
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    public static <T> T fromValueMap( Map<String, Value> map, T newInstance  ) {
+
+
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getAllAccessorFields ( newInstance.getClass (), true );
+        Map.Entry<String, Value>[] entries  = map.entrySet ().toArray (null);
+        int size = map.size ();
+
+
+        for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) {
+            Map.Entry<String, Value> entry = entries[index];
+
+            String key = entry.getKey ();
+            FieldAccess field  = fields.get ( key );
+            Value value = entry.getValue ();
+
+
+            if ( field == null ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+           if (value .isContainer ())  {
+               Object objValue;
+
+               objValue =  value.toValue ();
+               if ( objValue instanceof Map  ) {
+                   objValue = fromValueMap ( ( Map<String, Value> ) objValue, field.getType () );
+                   field.setObject ( newInstance, objValue );
+               } else if ( objValue instanceof Collection ) {
+                   handleCollectionOfValues ( newInstance, field,
+                           ( Collection<Value> ) objValue );
+               }
+
+           } else {
+                    field.setFromValue ( newInstance,  value );
+           }
+
+        }
+
+        return newInstance;
+    }
+
+    private static void processCollectionFromMap( final Object newInstance,
+                                                  final FieldAccess field,
+                                                  final Collection<?> collection ) {
+
+        final Class<?> componentType = getComponentType ( collection );
+        /** See if we have a collection of maps because if we do, then we have some
+         * recursive processing to do.
+         */
+        if ( Typ.isMap ( componentType ) ) {
+            handleCollectionOfMaps ( newInstance, field,
+                    ( Collection<Map<String, Object>> ) collection );
+        } else if (Typ.isValue ( componentType )) {
+            handleCollectionOfValues ( newInstance, field,
+                    ( Collection<Value> ) collection );
+
+        }
+        else {
+
+            /* It might be a collection of regular types. */
+
+            /*If it is a compatiable type just inject it. */
+            if ( field.getType ( ).isInterface ( ) &&
+                    Typ.implementsInterface ( collection.getClass ( ), field.getType ( ) ) ) {
+
+                field.setValue ( newInstance, collection );
+
+            } else {
+                /* The type was not compatible so create a new collection that is. */
+                Collection<Object> newCollection =
+                        createCollection ( field.getType ( ), collection.size ( ) );
+
+                newCollection.addAll ( collection );
+                field.setValue ( newInstance, newCollection );
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    private static void processArrayOfMaps( Object newInstance, FieldAccess field, Object value ) {
+        Map<String, Object>[] maps = ( Map<String, Object>[] ) value;
+        List<Map<String, Object>> list = Lists.list ( maps );
+        handleCollectionOfMaps ( newInstance, field,
+                list );
+
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    private static void handleCollectionOfMaps( Object newInstance,
+                                                FieldAccess field, Collection<Map<String, Object>> collectionOfMaps ) {
+
+        Collection<Object> newCollection = createCollection ( field.getType ( ), collectionOfMaps.size ( ) );
+
+
+        Class<?> componentClass = field.getComponentClass ( );
+
+        if ( componentClass != null ) {
+
+
+            for ( Map<String, Object> mapComponent : collectionOfMaps ) {
+
+                newCollection.add ( fromMap ( mapComponent, componentClass ) );
+
+            }
+            field.setObject ( newInstance, newCollection );
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
+    private static void handleCollectionOfValues( Object newInstance,
+                                                FieldAccess field, Collection<Value> collectionOfValues ) {
+
+        Collection<Object> newCollection = createCollection ( field.getType ( ), collectionOfValues.size ( ) );
+
+
+        Class<?> componentClass = field.getComponentClass ( );
+
+        if ( componentClass != null ) {
+
+
+            for ( Value value : collectionOfValues ) {
+
+                if (value.isContainer ()) {
+                    Object oValue = value.toValue ();
+                    if (oValue instanceof  Map) {
+                        newCollection.add ( fromValueMap ( (Map) oValue, componentClass ) );
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    newCollection.add ( Conversions.coerce( componentClass, value.toValue() ));
+                }
+
+
+            }
+            field.setObject ( newInstance, newCollection );
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static Collection<Object> createCollection( Class<?> type, int size ) {
+
+            if ( type == List.class ) {
+                return new ArrayList<> ( size );
+            } else if ( type == SortedSet.class ) {
+                return new TreeSet<> ( );
+            } else if ( type == Set.class ) {
+                return new LinkedHashSet<> ( size );
+            } else if ( Typ.isList ( type ) ) {
+                return new ArrayList<> ( );
+            } else if ( Typ.isSortedSet ( type ) ) {
+                return new TreeSet<> ( );
+            } else if ( Typ.isSet ( type ) ) {
+                return new LinkedHashSet<> ( size );
+            } else {
+                return new ArrayList ( size );
+            }
+
+    }
+
+
+    public static Map<String, Object> toMap( final Object object ) {
+
+        if ( object == null ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Object> map = new LinkedHashMap<> ( );
+
+
+        class FieldToEntryConverter implements
+                Conversions.Converter<Maps.Entry<String, Object>, FieldAccess> {
+            @Override
+            public Maps.Entry<String, Object> convert( FieldAccess from ) {
+                if ( from.isReadOnly ( ) ) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                Maps.Entry<String, Object> entry = new Maps.EntryImpl<> ( from.getName ( ),
+                        from.getValue ( object ) );
+                return entry;
+            }
+        }
+
+        final Map<String, FieldAccess> fieldMap = getAllAccessorFields ( object.getClass ( ) );
+        List<FieldAccess> fields = new ArrayList ( fieldMap.values ( ) );
+
+
+        Collections.reverse ( fields ); // make super classes fields first that
+        // their update get overriden by
+        // subclass fields with the same name
+
+        List<Maps.Entry<String, Object>> entries = Conversions.mapFilterNulls (
+                new FieldToEntryConverter ( ), new ArrayList ( fields ) );
+
+        map.put ( "class", object.getClass ( ).getName ( ) );
+
+        for ( Maps.Entry<String, Object> entry : entries ) {
+            Object value = entry.value ( );
+            if ( value == null ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ( Typ.isBasicType ( value ) ) {
+                map.put ( entry.key ( ), entry.value ( ) );
+            } else if ( isArray ( value )
+                    && Typ.isBasicType ( value.getClass ( ).getComponentType ( ) ) ) {
+                map.put ( entry.key ( ), entry.value ( ) );
+            } else if ( isArray ( value ) ) {
+                int length = arrayLength ( value );
+                List<Map<String, Object>> list = new ArrayList<> ( length );
+                for ( int index = 0; index < length; index++ ) {
+                    Object item = idx ( value, index );
+                    list.add ( toMap ( item ) );
+                }
+                map.put ( entry.key ( ), list );
+            } else if ( value instanceof Collection ) {
+                Collection<?> collection = ( Collection<?> ) value;
+                Class<?> componentType = getComponentType ( collection, fieldMap.get ( entry.key ( ) ) );
+                if ( Typ.isBasicType ( componentType ) ) {
+                    map.put ( entry.key ( ), value );
+                } else {
+                    List<Map<String, Object>> list = new ArrayList<> (
+                            collection.size ( ) );
+                    for ( Object item : collection ) {
+                        if ( item != null ) {
+                            list.add ( toMap ( item ) );
+                        } else {
+
+                        }
+                    }
+                    map.put ( entry.key ( ), list );
+                }
+            } else if ( value instanceof Map ) {
+
+            } else {
+                map.put ( entry.key ( ), toMap ( value ) );
+            }
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    public static Class<?> getComponentType( Collection<?> collection, FieldAccess fieldAccess ) {
+        Class<?> clz = fieldAccess.getComponentClass ( );
+        if ( clz == null ) {
+            clz = getComponentType ( collection );
+        }
+        return clz;
+
+    }
+
+    public static Class<?> getComponentType( Collection<?> value ) {
+        if ( value.size ( ) > 0 ) {
+            Object next = value.iterator ( ).next ( );
+            return next.getClass ( );
+        } else {
+            return Typ.object;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class FieldConverter implements Conversions.Converter<FieldAccess, Field> {
+
+        boolean thisUseUnsafe;
+
+        FieldConverter( boolean useUnsafe ) {
+            this.thisUseUnsafe = useUnsafe;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public FieldAccess convert( Field from ) {
+            if ( useUnsafe && thisUseUnsafe ) {
+                return UnsafeField.createUnsafeField ( from );
+            } else {
+                return new ReflectField ( from );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Map<String, FieldAccess> getAllAccessorFields(
+            Class<? extends Object> theClass ) {
+        return getAllAccessorFields ( theClass, true );
+    }
+
+    public static Map<String, FieldAccess> getAllAccessorFields(
+            Class<? extends Object> theClass, boolean useUnsafe ) {
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> map = getAccesorFieldFromCache ( theClass, useUnsafe );
+        if ( map == null ) {
+            List<FieldAccess> list = Conversions.map ( new FieldConverter ( useUnsafe ), getAllFields ( theClass ) );
+            map = collectionToMap ( "name", list );
+            setAccessorFieldInCache ( theClass, useUnsafe, map );
+
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+
+    public static <V> Map<String, V> collectionToMap( String propertyKey, Collection<V> values ) {
+        LinkedHashMap<String, V> map = new LinkedHashMap<String, V> ( values.size ( ) );
+        Iterator<V> iterator = values.iterator ( );
+        for ( V v : values ) {
+            String key = Reflection.idxGeneric ( Typ.string, v, propertyKey );
+            map.put ( key, v );
+        }
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    public static List<Field> getAllFields( Class<? extends Object> theClass ) {
+        List<Field> list = getFields ( theClass );
+        while ( theClass != Typ.object ) {
+
+            theClass = theClass.getSuperclass ( );
+            getFields ( theClass, list );
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+
+    public static Map<String, FieldAccess> getPropertyFieldAccessors(
+            Class<? extends Object> theClass ) {
+
+
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getPropertyAccessorFieldsFromCache ( theClass );
+        if ( fields == null ) {
+            Map<String, Pair<Method>> methods = getPropertySetterGetterMethods ( theClass );
+
+            fields = new LinkedHashMap<> ( );
+
+            for ( Map.Entry<String, Pair<Method>> entry :
+                    methods.entrySet ( ) ) {
+
+                final Pair<Method> methodPair = entry.getValue ( );
+                final String key = entry.getKey ( );
+
+                PropertyField pf = new PropertyField ( key, methodPair.getFirst ( ), methodPair.getSecond ( ) );
+
+                fields.put ( key, pf );
+
+            }
+
+            setPropertyAccessorFieldsInCache ( theClass, fields );
+        }
+
+
+        return fields;
+    }
+
+    public static Map<String, Pair<Method>> getPropertySetterGetterMethods(
+            Class<? extends Object> theClass ) {
+
+        Method[] methods = theClass.getMethods ( );
+
+        Map<String, Pair<Method>> methodMap = new LinkedHashMap<> ( methods.length );
+        List<Method> getterMethodList = new ArrayList<> ( methods.length );
+
+        for ( int index = 0; index < methods.length; index++ ) {
+            Method method = methods[index];
+            String name = method.getName ( );
+
+            if ( method.getParameterTypes ( ).length == 1
+                    && method.getReturnType ( ) == void.class
+                    && name.startsWith ( "set" ) ) {
+                Pair<Method> pair = new Pair<Method> ( );
+                pair.setFirst ( method );
+                String propertyName = slc ( name, 3 );
+
+                propertyName = lower ( slc ( propertyName, 0, 1 ) ) + slc ( propertyName, 1 );
+                methodMap.put ( propertyName, pair );
+            }
+
+            if ( method.getParameterTypes ( ).length > 0
+                    || method.getReturnType ( ) == void.class
+                    || !( name.startsWith ( "get" ) || name.startsWith ( "is" ) )
+                    || name.equals ( "getClass" ) ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            getterMethodList.add ( method );
+        }
+
+        for ( Method method : getterMethodList ) {
+            String name = method.getName ( );
+            String propertyName = null;
+            if ( name.startsWith ( "is" ) ) {
+                propertyName = slc ( name, 2 );
+            } else if ( name.startsWith ( "get" ) ) {
+                propertyName = slc ( name, 3 );
+            }
+
+            propertyName = lower ( slc ( propertyName, 0, 1 ) ) + slc ( propertyName, 1 );
+
+            Pair<Method> pair = methodMap.get ( propertyName );
+            if ( pair == null ) {
+                pair = new Pair<Method> ( );
+                methodMap.put ( propertyName, pair );
+            }
+            pair.setSecond ( method );
+
+        }
+        return methodMap;
+    }
+
+    public static void getFields( Class<? extends Object> theClass,
+                                  List<Field> list ) {
+        List<Field> more = getFields ( theClass );
+        list.addAll ( more );
+    }
+
+    public static List<Field> getFields( Class<? extends Object> theClass ) {
+        List<Field> list = Lists.list ( theClass.getDeclaredFields ( ) );
+        for ( Field field : list ) {
+            field.setAccessible ( true );
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T copy( T item ) {
+        if ( item instanceof Cloneable ) {
+            try {
+                Method method = item.getClass ( ).getMethod ( "clone", ( Class[] ) null );
+                return ( T ) method.invoke ( item, ( Object[] ) null );
+            } catch ( NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException | IllegalAccessException ex ) {
+                return fieldByFieldCopy ( item );
+            }
+        } else {
+            return fieldByFieldCopy ( item );
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private static <T> T fieldByFieldCopy( T item ) {
+        Map<String, FieldAccess> fields = getAllAccessorFields ( item.getClass ( ) );
+        T clone = null;
+        try {
+            clone = ( T ) item.getClass ( ).newInstance ( );
+        } catch ( Exception e ) {
+            handle ( e );
+        }
+        for ( FieldAccess field : fields.values ( ) ) {
+            if ( field.isStatic ( ) || field.isFinal ( ) || field.isReadOnly ( ) ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            field.setValue ( clone, field.getValue ( item ) );
+        }
+        return clone;
+    }
+
+
+    public static Iterator iterator( final Object o ) {
+        if ( o instanceof Collection ) {
+            return ( ( Collection ) o ).iterator ( );
+        } else if ( isArray ( o ) ) {
+            return new Iterator ( ) {
+                int index = 0;
+                int length = len ( o );
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean hasNext( ) {
+                    return index < length;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Object next( ) {
+                    Object value = Reflection.idx ( o, index );
+                    index++;
+                    return value;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void remove( ) {
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    public static String joinBy( char delim, Object... args ) {
+        CharBuf builder = CharBuf.create ( 256 );
+        int index = 0;
+        for ( Object arg : args ) {
+            builder.add ( arg.toString ( ) );
+            if ( !( index == args.length - 1 ) ) {
+                builder.add ( delim );
+            }
+            index++;
+        }
+        return builder.toString ( );
+    }
+
+
+    public static List<Map<String, Object>> toListOfMaps( Collection<?> collection ) {
+        List<Map<String, Object>> list = new ArrayList<> ( );
+        for ( Object o : collection ) {
+            list.add ( toMap ( o ) );
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void copyProperties( Object object, Map<String, Object> properties ) {
+
+        Set<Map.Entry<String, Object>> props = properties.entrySet ( );
+        for ( Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : props ) {
+            setPropertyValue ( object, entry.getValue ( ), entry.getKey ( ) );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `propertyName` last assigned on line 1673 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `slc(...)` at line 1680.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map Reflection.getPropertySetterGetterMethods(Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.boon.core.reflection.Reflection.getPropertySetterGetterMethods(java.lang.Class):java.util.Map.5ce9123ff9eb754f4c852b2c0b65c964
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/boon/core/reflection/Reflection.java
+
+### Key:
+Reflection.java|getPropertySetterGetterMethods|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0026425bfe4771de5037b5cbfb0e7bc1
+
+### Hash:
+ae49b5911954e1e721ba396ded6d9840
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4964/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4964/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58f9ac841008d216cd30f7a18efdc6f3c3310d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4964/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** boon
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.boon;
+
+import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpExchange;
+import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpHandler;
+import com.sun.net.httpserver.HttpServer;
+import org.boon.core.Sys;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import static javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter.parseInt;
+import static org.boon.Boon.puts;
+import static org.boon.Exceptions.die;
+import static org.boon.Lists.idx;
+import static org.boon.Lists.len;
+import static org.boon.Lists.list;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class IOTest {
+
+    File testDir ;
+    File testFile ;
+
+    @Before
+    public void init() {
+        //move testFile and testDir up here for all of the other tests
+
+        if (Sys.isWindows())  {
+            testDir = new File("src\\test\\resources");
+        } else {
+            testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+        }
+        testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLinesFromFileAsBufferedReader() throws Exception {
+
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(new BufferedReader(new FileReader(testFile)));
+
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLinesFromFileAsInputStream() throws Exception {
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(new FileInputStream(testFile));
+
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+    //    @Test //TODO Test breaks under windows, probably an issue with split line.
+    //public void testReadFromFileAsInputStreamCharSet() throws Exception {
+    //    File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+    //    File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+
+
+    //    String buf = IO.read(new FileInputStream(testFile), "UTF-8");
+
+    //    assertLines( list ( Str.splitLines(buf) ) );
+
+    //}
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLines() {
+        File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+        File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(testFile);
+
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadEachLine() {
+
+
+        IO.eachLine("src/test/resources/testfile.txt", new IO.EachLine() {
+            @Override
+            public boolean line(String line, int index) {
+                System.out.println(index + " " + line);
+
+                if (index == 0) {
+
+                    assertEquals(
+                            "line 1", line
+                    );
+
+                } else if (index == 3) {
+
+
+                    assertEquals(
+                            "grapes", line
+                    );
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        });
+
+        //assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadEachLineByURI() {
+        File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+        File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+
+
+
+        IO.eachLine(testFile.toURI().toString(), new IO.EachLine() {
+            @Override
+            public boolean line(String line, int index) {
+                System.out.println(index + " " + line);
+
+                if (index == 0) {
+
+                    assertEquals(
+                            "line 1", line
+                    );
+
+                } else if (index == 3) {
+
+
+                    assertEquals(
+                            "grapes", line
+                    );
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        });
+
+        //assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromHttp() throws Exception {
+
+        HttpServer server = HttpServer.create(new InetSocketAddress(9666), 0);
+        server.createContext("/test", new MyHandler());
+        server.setExecutor(null); // creates a default executor
+        server.start();
+
+        Thread.sleep(10);
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines("http://localhost:9666/test");
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadEachLineHttp() throws Exception {
+
+        HttpServer server = HttpServer.create(new InetSocketAddress(9668), 0);
+        server.createContext("/test", new MyHandler());
+        server.setExecutor(null); // creates a default executor
+        server.start();
+
+        Thread.sleep(10);
+
+        IO.eachLine( "http://localhost:9668/test",
+                new IO.EachLine() {
+                    @Override
+                    public boolean line(String line, int index) {
+
+                        if (index == 0) {
+
+                            assertEquals(
+                                    "line 1", line
+                            );
+
+                        } else if (index == 3) {
+
+
+                            assertEquals(
+                                    "grapes", line
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                });
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadEachLineReader() throws Exception {
+        File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+        File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+
+
+
+        IO.eachLine( new FileReader( testFile ),
+                new IO.EachLine() {
+                    @Override
+                    public boolean line(String line, int index) {
+
+                        if (index == 0) {
+
+                            assertEquals(
+                                    "line 1", line
+                            );
+
+                        } else if (index == 3) {
+
+
+                            assertEquals(
+                                    "grapes", line
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                });
+
+        //assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadEachLineInputStream() throws Exception {
+        File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+        File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+
+
+
+        IO.eachLine( new FileInputStream( testFile ),
+                new IO.EachLine() {
+                    @Override
+                    public boolean line(String line, int index) {
+
+                        if (index == 0) {
+
+                            assertEquals(
+                                    "line 1", line
+                            );
+
+                        } else if (index == 3) {
+
+
+                            assertEquals(
+                                    "grapes", line
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                });
+
+        //assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadAll() {
+        File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+        File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+
+
+        String content = IO.read(testFile);
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(new StringReader(content));
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+    private void assertLines(List<String> lines) {
+
+        assertEquals(
+                4, len(lines)
+        );
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                "line 1", idx(lines, 0)
+        );
+
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                "grapes", idx(lines, 3)
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLinesFromPath() {
+        //changed "src/test/resources/testfile.txt" to testFile.toString
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(testFile.toString());
+        assertLines(lines);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadAllFromPath() {
+        String content = IO.read(testFile.toString());
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines( new StringReader(content) );
+        assertLines(lines);
+    }
+
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteLines() {
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        IO.write(bos, "line 1\n");
+        IO.write(bos, "apple\n");
+        IO.write(bos, "pear\n");
+        IO.write(bos, "grapes\n");
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray()));
+
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteLinesCharSet() {
+
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        IO.write(bos, "line 1\n", Charset.forName("UTF-8"));
+        IO.write(bos, "apple\n", IO.DEFAULT_CHARSET);
+        IO.write(bos, "pear\n", IO.DEFAULT_CHARSET);
+        IO.write(bos, "grapes\n", IO.DEFAULT_CHARSET);
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray()));
+
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLinesURI() {
+
+        URI uri = testFile.toURI();
+
+
+        System.out.println(uri);
+        //"file:///....src/test/resources/testfile.txt"
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(uri.toString());
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadAllLinesURI() {
+
+        File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+        File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+        URI uri = testFile.toURI();
+
+
+        System.out.println(uri);
+
+        String content = IO.read(uri.toString());
+
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines( new StringReader(content) );
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+
+
+    static class MyHandler implements HttpHandler {
+        public void handle(HttpExchange t) throws IOException {
+
+            File testDir = new File("src/test/resources");
+            File testFile = new File(testDir, "testfile.txt");
+            String body = IO.read(testFile);
+            t.sendResponseHeaders(200, body.length());
+            OutputStream os = t.getResponseBody();
+            os.write(body.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8.displayName()));
+            os.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadAllFromHttp() throws Exception {
+
+        HttpServer server = HttpServer.create(new InetSocketAddress(9777), 0);
+        server.createContext("/test", new MyHandler());
+        server.setExecutor(null); // creates a default executor
+        server.start();
+
+        Thread.sleep(10);
+
+        String content = IO.read("http://localhost:9777/test");
+
+
+        List<String> lines = IO.readLines(new StringReader(content));
+        assertLines(lines);
+
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static class ProxyLoader {
+        private static final String DATA_FILE = "./files/proxy.txt";
+
+
+        private List<Proxy> proxyList = Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
+        private final String dataFile;
+
+        public ProxyLoader() {
+            this.dataFile = DATA_FILE;
+            init();
+        }
+
+        public ProxyLoader(String dataFile) {
+            this.dataFile = DATA_FILE;
+            init();
+        }
+
+        private void init() {
+            List <String> lines = IO.readLines(dataFile);
+            proxyList = new ArrayList<>(lines.size());
+
+            for (String line : lines) {
+                proxyList.add(Proxy.createProxy(line));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String getDataFile() {
+            return this.dataFile;
+        }
+
+        public static List<Proxy> loadProxies() {
+                return new ProxyLoader().getProxyList();
+        }
+
+        public List<Proxy> getProxyList() {
+            return proxyList;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static class Proxy {
+        private final String address;
+        private final int port;
+
+        public Proxy(String address, int port) {
+            this.address = address;
+            this.port = port;
+        }
+
+        public static Proxy createProxy(String line) {
+            String[] lineSplit = line.split(":");
+            String address = lineSplit[0];
+            int port =  parseInt(lineSplit[1]);
+            return new Proxy(address, port);
+        }
+
+        public String getAddress() {
+            return address;
+        }
+
+        public int getPort() {
+            return port;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public static final class Proxy2 {
+        private final String address;
+        private final int port;
+        private static final String DATA_FILE = "./files/proxy.txt";
+
+        private static final Pattern addressPattern = Pattern.compile("^(\\d{1,3}[.]{1}){3}[0-9]{1,3}$");
+
+        private Proxy2(String address, int port) {
+
+            /* Validate address in not null.*/
+            Objects.requireNonNull(address, "address should not be null");
+
+            /* Validate port is in range. */
+            if (port < 1 || port > 65535) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Port is not in range port=" + port);
+            }
+
+            /* Validate address is of the form 123.12.1.5 .*/
+            if (!addressPattern.matcher(address).matches()) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid Inet address");
+            }
+
+            /* Now initialize our address and port. */
+            this.address = address;
+            this.port = port;
+        }
+
+        private static Proxy2 createProxy(String line) {
+            String[] lineSplit = line.split(":");
+            String address = lineSplit[0];
+            int port =  parseInt(lineSplit[1]);
+            return new Proxy2(address, port);
+        }
+
+        public final String getAddress() {
+            return address;
+        }
+
+        public final int getPort() {
+            return port;
+        }
+
+        public static List<Proxy2> loadProxies() {
+            List <String> lines = IO.readLines(DATA_FILE);
+            List<Proxy2> proxyList  = new ArrayList<>(lines.size());
+
+            for (String line : lines) {
+                proxyList.add(createProxy(line));
+            }
+            return proxyList;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test public void proxyTest() {
+        List<Proxy> proxyList = ProxyLoader.loadProxies();
+        assertEquals(
+                5, len(proxyList)
+        );
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                "127.0.0.1", idx(proxyList, 0).getAddress()
+        );
+
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                8080, idx(proxyList, 0).getPort()
+        );
+
+
+        //192.55.55.57:9091
+        assertEquals(
+                "192.55.55.57", idx(proxyList, -1).getAddress()
+        );
+
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                9091, idx(proxyList, -1).getPort()
+        );
+
+
+    }
+
+    @Test public void proxyTest2() {
+        List<Proxy2> proxyList = Proxy2.loadProxies();
+        assertEquals(
+                5, len(proxyList)
+        );
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                "127.0.0.1", idx(proxyList, 0).getAddress()
+        );
+
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                8080, idx(proxyList, 0).getPort()
+        );
+
+
+        //192.55.55.57:9091
+        assertEquals(
+                "192.55.55.57", idx(proxyList, -1).getAddress()
+        );
+
+
+
+        assertEquals(
+                9091, idx(proxyList, -1).getPort()
+        );
+
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void readClasspathResource() {
+
+        boolean ok = true;
+
+        ok |= Str.in ("apple", IO.read ( "classpath://testfile.txt" ))
+                || die( "two slashes should work" );
+
+
+        //Proper URL
+        ok |= Str.in ("apple", IO.read ( "classpath:///testfile.txt" ))
+                || die( "two slashes should work" );
+
+
+        //Proper URL
+        ok |= Str.in ("apple", IO.read ( "classpath:testfile.txt" ))
+                || die( "two slashes should work" );
+
+        //Proper URL
+        ok |= Str.in ("apple", IO.readFromClasspath ( this.getClass (), "testfile.txt" ))
+                || die( "two slashes should work" );
+
+        //Proper URL
+        ok |= Str.in ("apple", IO.readFromClasspath ( this.getClass (), "/testfile.txt" ))
+                || die( "two slashes should work" );
+
+    }
+
+
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `read("classpath:testfile.txt")` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `in(...)` at line 628.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void IOTest.readClasspathResource()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.boon.IOTest.readClasspathResource():void.02c75de96d2bd3bcee6c2336de7d82b4
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/boon/IOTest.java
+
+### Key:
+IOTest.java|readClasspathResource|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5157f4a4e24e6eec5511e0e179054995
+
+### Hash:
+873a2c08380a590028fb76c42967b158
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4990/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4990/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ff929faa31348b2bc4a9985c124a88f9e952325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4990/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source
+ * Copyright 2011, Red Hat, Inc. and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag. See the copyright.txt in the distribution for a
+ * full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormat;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.io.sdp.format.RTPFormats;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Frame;
+import org.mobicents.media.server.spi.memory.Memory;
+
+/**
+ * Implements jitter buffer.
+ * 
+ * A jitter buffer temporarily stores arriving packets in order to minimize
+ * delay variations. If packets arrive too late then they are discarded. A
+ * jitter buffer may be mis-configured and be either too large or too small.
+ * 
+ * If a jitter buffer is too small then an excessive number of packets may be
+ * discarded, which can lead to call quality degradation. If a jitter buffer is
+ * too large then the additional delay can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ * 
+ * A typical jitter buffer configuration is 30mS to 50mS in size. In the case of
+ * an adaptive jitter buffer then the maximum size may be set to 100-200mS. Note
+ * that if the jitter buffer size exceeds 100mS then the additional delay
+ * introduced can lead to conversational difficulty.
+ *
+ * @author oifa yulian
+ */
+public class JitterBuffer implements Serializable {
+	
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = -389930569631795779L;
+	
+	private final ReentrantLock LOCK = new ReentrantLock();
+
+	//The underlying buffer size
+    private static final int QUEUE_SIZE = 10;
+    //the underlying buffer
+    private ArrayList<Frame> queue = new ArrayList<Frame>(QUEUE_SIZE);
+    
+    //RTP clock
+    private RtpClock rtpClock;
+    //first received sequence number
+    private long isn = -1;
+
+    //allowed jitter
+    private long jitterBufferSize;
+    
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+
+    //packet arrival dead line measured on RTP clock.
+    //initial value equals to infinity
+    private long droppedInRaw = 0;
+    
+    //The number of dropped packets
+    private int dropCount;
+
+    //known duration of media wich contains in this buffer.
+    private volatile long duration;
+
+    //buffer's monitor
+    private BufferListener listener;
+
+    private volatile boolean ready;
+    
+    /**
+     * used to calculate network jitter.
+     * currentTransit measures the relative time it takes for an RTP packet 
+     * to arrive from the remote server to MMS
+     */
+    private long currentTransit = 0;
+    
+    /**
+     * continuously updated value of network jitter 
+     */
+    private long currentJitter = 0;
+    
+    //transmission formats
+    private RTPFormats rtpFormats = new RTPFormats();
+    
+    //currently used format
+    private RTPFormat format;
+    
+    private Boolean useBuffer=true;
+    
+    private final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(JitterBuffer.class);
+    /**
+     * Creates new instance of jitter.
+     * 
+     * @param clock the rtp clock.
+     */
+    public JitterBuffer(RtpClock clock, int jitterBufferSize) {
+        this.rtpClock = clock;
+        this.jitterBufferSize = jitterBufferSize;        
+    }
+
+    private void initJitter(RtpPacket firstPacket) {
+        long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+        long firstPacketTimestamp = firstPacket.getTimestamp();
+        currentTransit = arrival - firstPacketTimestamp;
+    }
+    
+	/**
+	 * Calculates the current network jitter, which is an estimate of the
+	 * statistical variance of the RTP data packet interarrival time:
+	 * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+	 */
+	private void estimateJitter(RtpPacket newPacket) {
+		long arrival = rtpClock.getLocalRtpTime();
+		long newPacketTimestamp = newPacket.getTimestamp();
+		long transit = arrival - newPacketTimestamp;
+		long d = transit - currentTransit;
+		if (d < 0) {
+			d = -d;
+		}
+		//logger.info(String.format("recalculating jitter: arrival=%d, newPacketTimestamp=%d, transit=%d, transit delta=%d", arrival, newPacketTimestamp, transit, d ));
+		currentTransit = transit;
+		currentJitter += d - ((currentJitter + 8) >> 4);
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @return the current value of the network RTP jitter. The value is in normalized form as specified in RFC 3550 
+     * http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3550#appendix-A.8
+     */
+    public long getEstimatedJitter() {
+            long jitterEstimate = currentJitter >> 4; 
+            // logger.info(String.format("Jitter estimated at %d. Current transit time is %d.", jitterEstimate, currentTransit));
+            return jitterEstimate;
+    }
+    
+    public void setFormats(RTPFormats rtpFormats) {
+        this.rtpFormats = rtpFormats;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets the interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the current jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum interarrival jitter.
+     *
+     * @return the jitter value.
+     */
+    public double getMaxJitter() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get the number of dropped packets.
+     * 
+     * @return the number of dropped packets.
+     */
+    public int getDropped() {
+        return dropCount;
+    }
+    
+    public boolean bufferInUse()
+    {
+    	return this.useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    public void setBufferInUse(boolean useBuffer)
+    {
+    	this.useBuffer=useBuffer;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Assigns listener for this buffer.
+     * 
+     * @param listener the listener object.
+     */
+    public void setListener(BufferListener listener) {
+        this.listener = listener;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Accepts specified packet
+     *
+     * @param packet the packet to accept
+     */
+	public void write(RtpPacket packet, RTPFormat format) {
+		// checking format
+		if (format == null) {
+			logger.warn("No format specified. Packet dropped!");
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (this.format == null || this.format.getID() != format.getID()) {
+			this.format = format;
+			logger.info("Format has been changed: " + this.format.toString());
+		}
+
+		// if this is first packet then synchronize clock
+		if (isn == -1) {
+			rtpClock.synchronize(packet.getTimestamp());
+			isn = packet.getSeqNumber();
+			initJitter(packet);
+		} else {
+			estimateJitter(packet);
+		}
+
+		// update clock rate
+		rtpClock.setClockRate(this.format.getClockRate());
+
+		// drop outstanding packets
+		// packet is outstanding if its timestamp of arrived packet is less
+		// then consumer media time
+		if (packet.getTimestamp() < this.arrivalDeadLine) {
+			logger.warn("drop packet: dead line=" + arrivalDeadLine + ", packet time=" + packet.getTimestamp() + ", seq=" + packet.getSeqNumber() + ", payload length=" + packet.getPayloadLength() + ", format=" + this.format.toString());
+			dropCount++;
+
+			// checking if not dropping too much
+			droppedInRaw++;
+			if (droppedInRaw == QUEUE_SIZE / 2 || queue.size() == 0) {
+				arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+			} else {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		Frame f = Memory.allocate(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		// put packet into buffer irrespective of its sequence number
+		f.setHeader(null);
+		f.setSequenceNumber(packet.getSeqNumber());
+		// here time is in milliseconds
+		f.setTimestamp(rtpClock.convertToAbsoluteTime(packet.getTimestamp()));
+		f.setOffset(0);
+		f.setLength(packet.getPayloadLength());
+		packet.getPayload(f.getData(), 0);
+
+		// set format
+		f.setFormat(this.format.getFormat());
+		
+		// make checks only if have packet
+		if (f != null) {
+		    LOCK.lock();
+
+		    droppedInRaw = 0;
+
+			// find correct position to insert a packet
+			// use timestamp since its always positive
+			int currIndex = queue.size() - 1;
+			while (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getTimestamp() > f.getTimestamp()) {
+				currIndex--;
+			}
+
+			// check for duplicate packet
+			if (currIndex >= 0 && queue.get(currIndex).getSequenceNumber() == f.getSequenceNumber()) {
+			    LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			queue.add(currIndex + 1, f);
+
+			// recalculate duration of each frame in queue and overall duration
+			// since we could insert the frame in the middle of the queue
+			duration = 0;
+			if (queue.size() > 1) {
+				duration = queue.get(queue.size() - 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(0).getTimestamp();
+			}
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < queue.size() - 1; i++) {
+				// duration measured by wall clock
+				long d = queue.get(i + 1).getTimestamp() - queue.get(i).getTimestamp();
+				// in case of RFC2833 event timestamp remains same
+				queue.get(i).setDuration(d > 0 ? d : 0);
+			}
+
+			// if overall duration is negative we have some mess here,try to
+			// reset
+			if (duration < 0 && queue.size() > 1) {
+				logger.warn("Something messy happened. Reseting jitter buffer!");
+				reset();
+				LOCK.unlock();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// overflow?
+			// only now remove packet if overflow , possibly the same packet we just received
+			if (queue.size() > QUEUE_SIZE) {
+				logger.warn("Buffer overflow!");
+				dropCount++;
+				queue.remove(0).recycle();
+			}
+			LOCK.unlock();
+
+			// check if this buffer already full
+			if (!ready) {
+				ready = !useBuffer || (duration >= jitterBufferSize && queue.size() > 1);
+				if (ready && listener != null) {
+					listener.onFill();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}     
+
+    /**
+     * Polls packet from buffer's head.
+     *
+     * @param timestamp the media time measured by reader
+     * @return the media frame.
+     */
+    public Frame read(long timestamp) {
+    	if (queue.size()==0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		return null;
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.lock();
+    	
+    	//extract packet
+    	Frame frame = queue.remove(0);
+    		
+    	//buffer empty now? - change ready flag.
+    	if (queue.size() == 0) {
+    		this.ready = false;
+    		//arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    		//set it as 1 ms since otherwise will be dropped by pipe
+    		frame.setDuration(1);
+    	}
+    	
+    	LOCK.unlock();
+    		
+    	arrivalDeadLine = rtpClock.convertToRtpTime(frame.getTimestamp() + frame.getDuration());
+    	
+    	//convert duration to nanoseconds
+    	frame.setDuration(frame.getDuration() * 1000000L);
+    	frame.setTimestamp(frame.getTimestamp() * 1000000L);
+        
+    	return frame;    	
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Resets buffer.
+     */
+    public void reset() {
+    	while(queue.size()>0)
+    		queue.remove(0).recycle();
+    }
+    
+    public void restart() {
+    	reset();
+    	this.ready=false;
+    	arrivalDeadLine = 0;
+    	dropCount=0;
+    	droppedInRaw=0;
+    	format=null;
+    	isn=-1;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write` indirectly writes to field `this.org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.currentJitter` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JitterBuffer.write(RtpPacket,RTPFormat)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.JitterBuffer.write(org.mobicents.media.server.impl.rtp.RtpPacket.6c3d4cbcf94252696caa4a5dcec4e6ba
+
+### File:
+io/rtp/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/impl/rtp/JitterBuffer.java
+
+### Key:
+JitterBuffer.java|write|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+4122e48d983b33ae50e9f958271921ae
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4991/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4991/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bcc6d83576c7363a6b5f2c65149907c4417a5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4991/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** media-core
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * TeleStax, Open Source Cloud Communications
+ * Copyright 2011-2014, Telestax Inc and individual contributors
+ * by the @authors tag.
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Pipeline that selects a capable {@link PacketHandler} to process incoming
+ * packets.
+ * 
+ * @author Henrique Rosa (henrique.rosa@telestax.com)
+ * 
+ */
+public class PacketHandlerPipeline {
+
+	private static final Comparator<PacketHandler> REVERSE_COMPARATOR = new Comparator<PacketHandler>() {
+		
+		@Override
+		public int compare(PacketHandler o1, PacketHandler o2) {
+			return o2.compareTo(o1);
+		}
+	};
+	
+	private final List<PacketHandler> handlers;
+	private int count;
+
+	public PacketHandlerPipeline() {
+		this.handlers = new ArrayList<PacketHandler>(5);
+		this.count = 0;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Registers a new packet handler in the pipeline.<br>
+	 * Cannot register same handler twice.
+	 * 
+	 * @param handler
+	 *            The handler to be registered.
+	 * @return Whether the handler was successfully registered or not.
+	 */
+	public boolean addHandler(PacketHandler handler) {
+		synchronized (this.handlers) {
+			if (!handlers.contains(handler)) {
+				handlers.add(handler);
+				this.count++;
+				Collections.sort(this.handlers, REVERSE_COMPARATOR);
+				return true;
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Removes an existing packet handler from the pipeline.
+	 * 
+	 * @param handler
+	 *            The handler to be removed
+	 * @return Returns true if the handler is removed successfully. Returns
+	 *         false, if the handler is not registered in the pipeline.
+	 */
+	public boolean removeHandler(PacketHandler handler) {
+		synchronized (this.handlers) {
+			boolean removed = this.handlers.remove(handler);
+			if(removed) {
+				this.count--;
+			}
+			return removed;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the number of handlers registered in the pipeline.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The number of registered handlers.
+	 */
+	public int count() {
+		return this.count;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks whether a certain handler is already registered in the pipeline.
+	 * 
+	 * @param handler
+	 *            The handler to look for
+	 * @return <code>true</code> if the handler is registered. Returns
+	 *         <code>false</code>, otherwise.
+	 */
+	public boolean contains(PacketHandler handler) {
+		synchronized (this.handlers) {
+			return this.handlers.contains(handler);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the protocol handler capable of processing the packet.
+	 * 
+	 * @param packet
+	 *            The packet to be processed
+	 * @return The protocol handler capable of processing the packet.<br>
+	 *         Returns null in case no capable handler exists.
+	 */
+	public PacketHandler getHandler(byte[] packet) {
+		// Copy the current handlers for thread safety
+		List<PacketHandler> handlersCopy;
+		synchronized (this.handlers) {
+			handlersCopy = new ArrayList<PacketHandler>(this.handlers);
+		}
+
+		// Search for the first handler capable of processing the packet
+		for (PacketHandler protocolHandler : handlersCopy) {
+			if (protocolHandler.canHandle(packet)) {
+				return protocolHandler;
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Return null in case no handler is capable of decoding the packet
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Gets a <b>copy</b> of the handlers registered in the pipeline.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The list of handlers registered.
+	 */
+	public List<PacketHandler> getHandlers() {
+		synchronized (this.handlers) {
+			return new ArrayList<PacketHandler>(this.handlers);
+		}
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel.PacketHandlerPipeline.count` reads without synchronization from `this.org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel.PacketHandlerPipeline.count`. Potentially races with write in method `PacketHandlerPipeline.removeHandler(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int PacketHandlerPipeline.count()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.mobicents.media.server.io.network.channel.PacketHandlerPipeline.count():int.f12d913da0c95bf21fbc8adaf0eadd79
+
+### File:
+io/network/src/main/java/org/mobicents/media/server/io/network/channel/PacketHandlerPipeline.java
+
+### Key:
+PacketHandlerPipeline.java|count|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d81c1fb0e776bf875006373ae0e4da05
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4997/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4997/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bb3082dc67dd8396697257eb7258b2441a460ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4997/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,749 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** weblogic-kubernetes-operator
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright 2017, 2018, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at
+// http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+
+package oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig;
+
+import static oracle.kubernetes.LogMatcher.containsWarning;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.logging.MessageKeys.NO_WLS_SERVER_IN_CLUSTER;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.logging.MessageKeys.REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+import com.meterware.simplestub.Memento;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.LogRecord;
+import oracle.kubernetes.TestUtils;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.NextAction;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.Packet;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.Step;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.ClusterStartup;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class WlsClusterConfigTest {
+
+  // The log messages to be checked during this test
+  private static final String[] LOG_KEYS = {
+    NO_WLS_SERVER_IN_CLUSTER, REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS
+  };
+
+  private List<LogRecord> logRecords = new ArrayList<>();
+  private Memento consoleControl;
+
+  @Before
+  public void setup() {
+    consoleControl =
+        TestUtils.silenceOperatorLogger()
+            .collectLogMessages(logRecords, LOG_KEYS)
+            .withLogLevel(Level.WARNING);
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void tearDown() {
+    consoleControl.revert();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyClusterSizeIsSameAsNumberOfServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-0", null, null));
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-1", 8011, null));
+    assertEquals(2, wlsClusterConfig.getClusterSize());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyClusterSizeIs0IfNoServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    assertEquals(0, wlsClusterConfig.getClusterSize());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyHasStaticServersIsFalseIfNoServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    assertFalse(wlsClusterConfig.hasStaticServers());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyHasStaticServersIsTrueIfStaticServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-0", null, null));
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.hasStaticServers());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyHasDynamicServersIsFalsefNoDynamicServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    assertFalse(wlsClusterConfig.hasDynamicServers());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyHasDynamicServersIsTrueForDynamicCluster() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.hasDynamicServers());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyHasStaticServersIsFalseForDynamicCluster() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    assertFalse(wlsClusterConfig.hasStaticServers());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyHasDynamicServersIsTrueForMixedCluster() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("mss-0", 8011, null));
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.hasDynamicServers());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyHasStaticServersIsTrueForMixedCluster() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("mss-0", 8011, null));
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.hasStaticServers());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyDynamicClusterSizeIsSameAsNumberOfDynamicServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    assertEquals(0, wlsClusterConfig.getClusterSize());
+    assertEquals(2, wlsClusterConfig.getDynamicClusterSize());
+    assertEquals(5, wlsClusterConfig.getMaxDynamicClusterSize());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyDynamicClusterSizeIsNeg1IfNoDynamicServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    assertEquals(-1, wlsClusterConfig.getDynamicClusterSize());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetServerConfigsReturnListOfAllServerConfigs() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-0", 8011, null));
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-1", 8012, null));
+
+    List<WlsServerConfig> wlsServerConfigList = wlsClusterConfig.getServerConfigs();
+    assertEquals(2, wlsServerConfigList.size());
+    assertTrue(containsServer(wlsClusterConfig, "ms-0"));
+    assertTrue(containsServer(wlsClusterConfig, "ms-1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetServerConfigsReturnListOfAllServerConfigsWithDynamicServers() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", createDynamicServersConfig(3, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("static-0", 8011, null));
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("static-1", 8012, null));
+
+    List<WlsServerConfig> wlsServerConfigList = wlsClusterConfig.getServerConfigs();
+    assertEquals(5, wlsServerConfigList.size());
+    // verify dynamic servers
+    assertTrue(containsServer(wlsClusterConfig, "ms-1"));
+    assertTrue(containsServer(wlsClusterConfig, "ms-2"));
+    assertTrue(containsServer(wlsClusterConfig, "ms-3"));
+    // verify static servers
+    assertTrue(containsServer(wlsClusterConfig, "static-0"));
+    assertTrue(containsServer(wlsClusterConfig, "static-1"));
+  }
+
+  private boolean containsServer(WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig, String serverName) {
+    List<WlsServerConfig> serverConfigs = wlsClusterConfig.getServerConfigs();
+    for (WlsServerConfig serverConfig : serverConfigs) {
+      if (serverName.equals(serverConfig.getName())) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupWarnsIfNoServersInCluster() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(1);
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, null);
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(NO_WLS_SERVER_IN_CLUSTER, "cluster1"));
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupWarnsIfReplicasTooHigh() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-0", 8011, null));
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(2);
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, null);
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS, "cluster1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void
+      verifyValidateClusterStartupDoNotSuggestsUpdateToConfiguredClusterIfReplicasTooHigh() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-0", 8011, null));
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(2);
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(0, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupWarnsIfReplicasTooHigh_DynamicCluster() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 1, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(2);
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, null);
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS, "cluster1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupWarnsIfReplicasTooHigh_mixedCluster() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 1, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-0", 8011, null));
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(3);
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, null);
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS, "cluster1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupDoNotWarnIfReplicasNotHigh_mixedCluster() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 1, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    wlsClusterConfig.addServerConfig(createWlsServerConfig("ms-0", 8011, null));
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(2);
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, null);
+    assertTrue(logRecords.isEmpty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupSuggestsUpdateToDynamicClusterIfReplicasTooHigh() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 2, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(2);
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(1, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+    WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate configUpdate =
+        (WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate) suggestedConfigUpdates.get(0);
+    assertEquals(2, configUpdate.targetClusterSize);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void
+      verifyValidateClusterStartupDoNotSuggestsUpdateToDynamicClusterIfReplicasSameAsClusterSize() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 2, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(1);
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(0, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void
+      verifyValidateClusterStartupDoNotSuggestsUpdateToDynamicClusterIfReplicasLowerThanClusterSize() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(2, 2, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(1);
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(0, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void
+      verifyValidateClusterStartupDoNotSuggestsUpdateToDynamicClusterIfCurrentSizeAlreadyMax() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(2, 2, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(3);
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(0, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void
+      verifyValidateClusterStartupSuggestsUpdateToDynamicClusterEvenIfReplicasExceedsMaxClusterSize() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 2, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(10);
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate configUpdate =
+        (WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate) suggestedConfigUpdates.get(0);
+    assertEquals(2, configUpdate.targetClusterSize);
+    assertThat(logRecords, containsWarning(REPLICA_MORE_THAN_WLS_SERVERS));
+  }
+
+  @Ignore // we are currently not suggesting updates based on number of machines
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupSuggestsUpdateToDynamicClusterIfNotEnoughMachines() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(2, 1, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsMachineConfig machine1 =
+        new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-cluster1-machine1", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+    machines.put(machine1.getName(), machine1);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(2);
+
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(1, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+    WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate configUpdate =
+        (WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate) suggestedConfigUpdates.get(0);
+    assertEquals(2, configUpdate.targetClusterSize);
+  }
+
+  @Ignore // we are currently not suggesting updates based on number of machines
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupDoNotLowerClusterSizeIfNotEnoughMachines() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(2, 1, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(1);
+
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    // replica = 1, dynamicClusterSize = 2, num of machines = 0 ==> need to create one machine
+    // but need to ensure that the update will not reduce dynamicClusterSize from 2 to 1
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(1, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+    WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate configUpdate =
+        (WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate) suggestedConfigUpdates.get(0);
+    assertEquals(2, configUpdate.targetClusterSize);
+  }
+
+  @Ignore // we are currently not suggesting updates based on number of machines
+  @Test
+  public void verifyValidateClusterStartupDoNotSuggestUpdateToDynamicClusterIfEnoughMachines() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 1, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsMachineConfig machine1 =
+        new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-cluster1-machine1", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+    machines.put(machine1.getName(), machine1);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    ClusterStartup cs = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName("cluster1").withReplicas(1);
+
+    ArrayList<ConfigUpdate> suggestedConfigUpdates = new ArrayList<>();
+    wlsClusterConfig.validateClusterStartup(cs, suggestedConfigUpdates);
+    assertEquals(0, suggestedConfigUpdates.size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetUpdateDynamicClusterSizeUrlIncludesClusterName() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 1, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    assertEquals(
+        wlsClusterConfig.getUpdateDynamicClusterSizeUrl(),
+        "/management/weblogic/latest/edit/clusters/cluster1/dynamicServers");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetUpdateDynamicClusterSizePayload() {
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig wlsDynamicServersConfig =
+        createDynamicServersConfig(1, 5, "ms-", "cluster1");
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1", wlsDynamicServersConfig);
+    assertEquals(
+        wlsClusterConfig.getUpdateDynamicClusterSizePayload(2), "{ dynamicClusterSize: 2 }");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyStepCreatedFromDynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate()
+      throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+    final WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("cluster1");
+    final int clusterSize = 8;
+    final Step nextStep = new MockStep(null);
+    WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate dynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate =
+        new WlsClusterConfig.DynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate(wlsClusterConfig, clusterSize);
+
+    WlsRetriever.UpdateDynamicClusterStep updateStep =
+        (WlsRetriever.UpdateDynamicClusterStep) dynamicClusterSizeConfigUpdate.createStep(nextStep);
+    assertSame(wlsClusterConfig, updateStep.wlsClusterConfig);
+    assertEquals(clusterSize, updateStep.targetClusterSize);
+    assertSame(nextStep, getNext(updateStep));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void checkDynamicClusterSizeJsonResultReturnsFalseOnNull() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("someCluster");
+    assertFalse(wlsClusterConfig.checkUpdateDynamicClusterSizeJsonResult(null));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void checkDynamicClusterSizeJsonResultReturnsFalseOnUnexpectedString() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("someCluster");
+    assertFalse(wlsClusterConfig.checkUpdateDynamicClusterSizeJsonResult("{ xyz }"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void checkDynamicClusterSizeJsonResultReturnsTrueWithExpectedString() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig = new WlsClusterConfig("someCluster");
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.checkUpdateDynamicClusterSizeJsonResult("{}"));
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig createWlsServerConfig(
+      String serverName, Integer listenPort, String listenAddress) {
+    Map<String, Object> serverConfigMap = new HashMap<>();
+    serverConfigMap.put("name", serverName);
+    serverConfigMap.put("listenPort", listenPort);
+    serverConfigMap.put("listenAddress", listenAddress);
+    return WlsServerConfig.create(serverConfigMap);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyMachinesConfiguredReturnTrueIfAllMachinesConfigured() {
+    WlsMachineConfig machine1 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine1", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    WlsMachineConfig machine2 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine2", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+    machines.put(machine1.getName(), machine1);
+    machines.put(machine2.getName(), machine2);
+
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.verifyMachinesConfigured("domain1-machine", 2));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyMachinesConfiguredReturnFalseIfNotAllMachinesConfigured() {
+    WlsMachineConfig machine1 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine1", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    WlsMachineConfig machine2 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine2", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+    machines.put(machine1.getName(), machine1);
+    machines.put(machine2.getName(), machine2);
+
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    assertFalse(wlsClusterConfig.verifyMachinesConfigured("domain1-machine", 3));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyMachinesConfiguredReturnTrueIfNoWlsDomainConfig() {
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    assertNull(wlsClusterConfig.getWlsDomainConfig());
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.verifyMachinesConfigured("domain1-machine", 2));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyMachinesConfiguredReturnTrueIfPrefixIsNull() {
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    assertNotNull(wlsClusterConfig.getWlsDomainConfig());
+    assertTrue(wlsClusterConfig.verifyMachinesConfigured(null, 2));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetMachinesNameReturnsExpectedMachineName() {
+    WlsMachineConfig machine1 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine1", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    WlsMachineConfig machine2 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine2", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+    machines.put(machine1.getName(), machine1);
+    machines.put(machine2.getName(), machine2);
+
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    String names[] = wlsClusterConfig.getMachineNamesForDynamicServers("domain1-machine", 4);
+    assertEquals(2, names.length);
+    assertEquals("domain1-machine3", names[0]);
+    assertEquals("domain1-machine4", names[1]);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetMachinesNameDoesNotReturnExistingMachines() {
+    WlsMachineConfig machine1 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine1", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    WlsMachineConfig machine2 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine2", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    WlsMachineConfig machine3 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine3", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+    machines.put(machine1.getName(), machine1);
+    machines.put(machine2.getName(), machine2);
+    machines.put(machine3.getName(), machine3);
+
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(1, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, machines);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    String names[] = wlsClusterConfig.getMachineNamesForDynamicServers("domain1-machine", 3);
+    assertEquals(0, names.length);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetMachinesNameReturnsEmptyArrayIfNoDomainConfig() {
+    WlsMachineConfig machine1 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine1", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    WlsMachineConfig machine2 = new WlsMachineConfig("domain1-machine2", 5556, "localhost", "SSL");
+    Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machines = new HashMap();
+    machines.put(machine1.getName(), machine1);
+    machines.put(machine2.getName(), machine2);
+
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+
+    assertNull("verify no domain config is setup", wlsClusterConfig.getWlsDomainConfig());
+
+    String names[] = wlsClusterConfig.getMachineNamesForDynamicServers("domain1-machine", 4);
+    assertEquals(0, names.length);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetMachineNamesNoExceptionWhenPrefixIsNull() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(1, 5, "ms-", "cluster1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, null);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+
+    String[] names = wlsClusterConfig.getMachineNamesForDynamicServers(null, 2);
+    assertEquals(2, names.length);
+    assertEquals("1", names[0]);
+    assertEquals("2", names[1]);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetMachineNamesReturnsEmptyArrayWhenNumIsInvalid() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(0, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, null);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+    String[] names = wlsClusterConfig.getMachineNamesForDynamicServers("domain1-machine", 0);
+    assertEquals(0, names.length);
+
+    names = wlsClusterConfig.getMachineNamesForDynamicServers("domain1-machine", -1);
+    assertEquals(0, names.length);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void verifyGetMachineNamesReturnsUndefinedMachineNamesEvenWithSameTargetSize() {
+    WlsClusterConfig wlsClusterConfig =
+        new WlsClusterConfig(
+            "cluster1", WlsClusterConfigTest.createDynamicServersConfig(2, 5, "ms-", "clsuter1"));
+    Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> clusters = new HashMap();
+    clusters.put(wlsClusterConfig.getClusterName(), wlsClusterConfig);
+
+    WlsDomainConfig wlsDomainConfig =
+        new WlsDomainConfig("base_domain", clusters, null, null, null);
+    wlsClusterConfig.setWlsDomainConfig(wlsDomainConfig);
+    String[] names = wlsClusterConfig.getMachineNamesForDynamicServers("domain1-machine", 2);
+    assertEquals(2, names.length);
+    assertEquals("domain1-machine1", names[0]);
+    assertEquals("domain1-machine2", names[1]);
+  }
+
+  static WlsDynamicServersConfig createDynamicServersConfig(
+      int clusterSize, int maxClusterSize, String serverNamePrefix, String clusterName) {
+    WlsServerConfig serverTemplate =
+        new WlsServerConfig("serverTemplate1", 7001, "host1", 7002, false, null, null);
+    List<String> serverNames = new ArrayList<>();
+    final int startingServerNameIndex = 1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < clusterSize; i++) {
+      serverNames.add(serverNamePrefix + (i + startingServerNameIndex));
+    }
+    List<WlsServerConfig> serverConfigs =
+        WlsDynamicServersConfig.createServerConfigsFromTemplate(
+            serverNames, serverTemplate, clusterName, "base-domain", false);
+
+    return new WlsDynamicServersConfig(
+        clusterSize, maxClusterSize, serverNamePrefix, false, null, serverTemplate, serverConfigs);
+  }
+
+  static class MockStep extends Step {
+    public MockStep(Step next) {
+      super(next);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NextAction apply(Packet packet) {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  Field nextField;
+
+  Step getNext(Step step) throws IllegalAccessException, NoSuchFieldException {
+    if (nextField == null) {
+      nextField = Step.class.getDeclaredField("next");
+      nextField.setAccessible(true);
+    }
+    return (Step) nextField.get(step);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `wlsClusterConfig.dynamicServersConfig` last assigned on line 173 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `validateClusterStartup(...)` at line 175.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WlsClusterConfigTest.verifyValidateClusterStartupWarnsIfNoServersInCluster()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsClusterConfigTest.verifyValidateClusterStartupWarnsIfNoServe.9fe0324843395d1b0541f62165937a66
+
+### File:
+operator/src/test/java/oracle/kubernetes/operator/wlsconfig/WlsClusterConfigTest.java
+
+### Key:
+WlsClusterConfigTest.java|verifyValidateClusterStartupWarnsIfNoServersInCluster|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fc38cd243bbc5aa72e24e7d38e3365d8
+
+### Hash:
+58014da525ecf45c03bb5e6edb23c97e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4998/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4998/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2911b2dc1895e6ce54ab118296a5b5bf9c131476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4998/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** weblogic-kubernetes-operator
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright 2018, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at
+// http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+
+package oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain;
+
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.KubernetesConstants.ALWAYS_IMAGEPULLPOLICY;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.KubernetesConstants.DEFAULT_IMAGE;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.KubernetesConstants.IFNOTPRESENT_IMAGEPULLPOLICY;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.KubernetesConstants.LATEST_IMAGE_SUFFIX;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.both;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsInAnyOrder;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.empty;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItem;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.nullValue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.yaml.YAMLFactory;
+import com.google.gson.Gson;
+import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1EnvVar;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1LocalObjectReference;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1ObjectMeta;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1SecretReference;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.KubernetesConstants;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v2.Domain;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v2.DomainSpec;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v2.ServerSpec;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public abstract class DomainTestBase {
+  private static final String NAME1 = "name1";
+  private static final String NAME2 = "name2";
+  private static final String VALUE1 = "value1";
+  private static final String VALUE2 = "value2";
+  private static final V1SecretReference SECRET = new V1SecretReference().name("secret");
+  private static final int AS_PORT = 8000;
+  private static final String NS = "test-namespace";
+  private static final String DOMAIN_NAME = "test";
+  private static final String DOMAIN_UID = "uid1";
+  private static final String DOMAIN_V2_SAMPLE_YAML = "v2/domain-sample.yaml";
+  private static final String IMAGE = "myimage";
+  private static final String PULL_SECRET_NAME = "pull-secret";
+  private static final String AS_NAME = "admin";
+  protected static final String CLUSTER_NAME = "cluster1";
+  protected static final String SERVER1 = "ms1";
+  protected final Domain domain = createDomain();
+
+  protected static Domain createDomain() {
+    return new Domain()
+        .withMetadata(new V1ObjectMeta().namespace(NS))
+        .withSpec(
+            new DomainSpec()
+                .withAdminSecret(SECRET)
+                .withAsName(AS_NAME)
+                .withAsPort(AS_PORT)
+                .withDomainName(DOMAIN_NAME)
+                .withDomainUID(DOMAIN_UID));
+  }
+
+  protected abstract DomainConfigurator configureDomain(Domain domain);
+
+  protected static String getDomainUid() {
+    return DOMAIN_UID;
+  }
+
+  protected static String getNamespace() {
+    return NS;
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void canGetAdminServerInfoFromDomain() {
+    assertThat(domain.getAsName(), equalTo(AS_NAME));
+    assertThat(domain.getAsPort(), equalTo(AS_PORT));
+    assertThat(domain.getAdminSecret(), equalTo(SECRET));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void canGetDomainInfoFromDomain() {
+    assertThat(domain.getDomainName(), equalTo(DOMAIN_NAME));
+    assertThat(domain.getDomainUID(), equalTo(DOMAIN_UID));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void adminServerSpecHasStandardValues() {
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    verifyStandardFields(spec);
+  }
+
+  // Confirms the value of fields that are constant across the domain
+  private void verifyStandardFields(ServerSpec spec) {
+    assertThat(spec.getImage(), equalTo(DEFAULT_IMAGE));
+    assertThat(spec.getImagePullPolicy(), equalTo(IFNOTPRESENT_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+    assertThat(spec.getImagePullSecret(), nullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void unconfiguredManagedServerSpecHasStandardValues() {
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer("aServer", CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    verifyStandardFields(spec);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+  private V1EnvVar envVar(String name, String value) {
+    return new V1EnvVar().name(name).value(value);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void unconfiguredAdminServer_hasNoEnvironmentVariables() {
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getEnvironmentVariables(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDefaultImageSpecified_serversHaveSpecifiedImage() {
+    configureDomain(domain).withDefaultImage(IMAGE);
+
+    assertThat(domain.getAdminServerSpec().getImage(), equalTo(IMAGE));
+    assertThat(domain.getServer("aServer", "aCluster").getImage(), equalTo(IMAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenLatestImageSpecifiedAsDefault_serversHaveAlwaysPullPolicy() {
+    configureDomain(domain).withDefaultImage(IMAGE + LATEST_IMAGE_SUFFIX);
+
+    assertThat(domain.getAdminServerSpec().getImagePullPolicy(), equalTo(ALWAYS_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+    assertThat(
+        domain.getServer("aServer", "aCluster").getImagePullPolicy(),
+        equalTo(ALWAYS_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenNotSpecified_imageHasDefault() {
+    domain.getSpec().setImage(null);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getImage(), equalTo(KubernetesConstants.DEFAULT_IMAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenImageTagIsLatestAndPullPolicyNotSpecified_pullPolicyIsAlways() {
+    domain.getSpec().setImage("test:latest");
+    domain.getSpec().setImagePullPolicy(null);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getImagePullPolicy(), equalTo(ALWAYS_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenImageTagIsNotLatestAndPullPolicyNotSpecified_pullPolicyIsIfAbsent() {
+    domain.getSpec().setImage("test:1.0");
+    domain.getSpec().setImagePullPolicy(null);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getImagePullPolicy(), equalTo(IFNOTPRESENT_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenImagePullPolicySpecifiedAsDefault_allServersHaveIt() {
+    configureDomain(domain).withDefaultImagePullPolicy(ALWAYS_IMAGEPULLPOLICY);
+
+    assertThat(domain.getAdminServerSpec().getImagePullPolicy(), equalTo(ALWAYS_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+    assertThat(
+        domain.getServer("aServer", "aCluster").getImagePullPolicy(),
+        equalTo(ALWAYS_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDefaultImagePullSecretSpecified_allServersHaveIt() {
+    V1LocalObjectReference secretReference = createSecretReference(PULL_SECRET_NAME);
+    configureDomain(domain).withDefaultImagePullSecrets(secretReference);
+
+    assertThat(domain.getAdminServerSpec().getImagePullSecret(), equalTo(secretReference));
+    assertThat(
+        domain.getServer("aServer", "aCluster").getImagePullSecret(), equalTo(secretReference));
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+  private V1LocalObjectReference createSecretReference(String pullSecretName) {
+    return new V1LocalObjectReference().name(pullSecretName);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenSpecified_adminServerHasEnvironmentVariables() {
+    configureAdminServer()
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME1, VALUE1)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME2, VALUE2);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getEnvironmentVariables(), containsInAnyOrder(createEnvironment()));
+  }
+
+  protected AdminServerConfigurator configureAdminServer() {
+    return configureDomain(domain).configureAdminServer(AS_NAME).withPort(AS_PORT);
+  }
+
+  private V1EnvVar[] createEnvironment() {
+    return new V1EnvVar[] {envVar(NAME1, VALUE1), envVar(NAME2, VALUE2)};
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenOtherServersDefined_adminServerHasNoEnvironmentVariables() {
+    configureServer(SERVER1)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME1, VALUE1)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME2, VALUE2);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getEnvironmentVariables(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenSpecified_adminServerDesiredStateIsAsSpecified() {
+    configureAdminServer().withDesiredState("ADMIN");
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("ADMIN"));
+  }
+
+  protected ServerConfigurator configureServer(String serverName) {
+    return configureDomain(domain).configureServer(serverName);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenNotSpecified_adminServerDesiredStateIsRunning() {
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getAdminServerSpec();
+
+    assertThat(spec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("RUNNING"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenNotSpecified_managedServerDesiredStateIsRunning() {
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("RUNNING"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenSpecified_managedServerDesiredStateIsAsSpecified() {
+    configureServer(SERVER1).withDesiredState("STAND-BY");
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("STAND-BY"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenOnlyAsStateSpecified_managedServerDesiredStateIsRunning() {
+    configureAdminServer().withDesiredState("ADMIN");
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("RUNNING"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenClusterStateSpecified_managedServerDesiredStateIsAsSpecified() {
+    configureCluster(CLUSTER_NAME).withDesiredState("NEVER");
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("NEVER"));
+  }
+
+  protected ClusterConfigurator configureCluster(String clusterName) {
+    return configureDomain(domain).configureCluster(clusterName);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenNoReplicaCountSpecified_canChangeIt() {
+    domain.setReplicaCount("cluster1", 7);
+
+    assertThat(domain.getReplicaCount("cluster1"), equalTo(7));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void afterReplicaCountSetForCluster_canReadIt() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1").withReplicas(5);
+
+    assertThat(domain.getReplicaCount("cluster1"), equalTo(5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void afterReplicaCountSetForCluster_canChangeIt() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1").withReplicas(5);
+
+    domain.setReplicaCount("cluster1", 4);
+    assertThat(domain.getReplicaCount("cluster1"), equalTo(4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerNotConfigured_nodePortIsNull() {
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getNodePort(), nullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerConfiguredWithoutNodePort_nodePortIsNull() {
+    configureServer(SERVER1);
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getNodePort(), nullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenBothClusterAndServerStateSpecified_managedServerUsesServerState() {
+    configureServer(SERVER1).withDesiredState("STAND-BY");
+    configureCluster(CLUSTER_NAME).withDesiredState("NEVER");
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("STAND-BY"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenSpecifiedOnServer_managedServerHasEnvironmentVariables() {
+    configureServer(SERVER1)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME1, VALUE1)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME2, VALUE2);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getEnvironmentVariables(), containsInAnyOrder(createEnvironment()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDesiredStateAdminAndSpecifiedOnServer_managedServerHasJavaOption() {
+    configureServer(SERVER1)
+        .withDesiredState("ADMIN")
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME1, VALUE1)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME2, VALUE2);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(
+        spec.getEnvironmentVariables(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenSpecifiedOnCluster_managedServerHasEnvironmentVariables() {
+    configureCluster(CLUSTER_NAME)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME1, VALUE1)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable(NAME2, VALUE2);
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(spec.getEnvironmentVariables(), containsInAnyOrder(createEnvironment()));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDesiredStateAdminAndSpecifiedOnCluster_managedServerHasEnvironmentVariables() {
+    configureCluster(CLUSTER_NAME)
+        .withDesiredState("ADMIN")
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("JAVA_OPTIONS", "value");
+
+    ServerSpec spec = domain.getServer(SERVER1, CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+    assertThat(
+        spec.getEnvironmentVariables(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN value")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDomainReadFromYaml_unconfiguredServerHasDomainDefaults() throws IOException {
+    Domain domain = readDomain(DOMAIN_V2_SAMPLE_YAML);
+    ServerSpec serverSpec = domain.getServer("server0", null);
+
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getImage(), equalTo(DEFAULT_IMAGE));
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getImagePullPolicy(), equalTo(IFNOTPRESENT_IMAGEPULLPOLICY));
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getImagePullSecret().getName(), equalTo("pull-secret"));
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getEnvironmentVariables(), empty());
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getNodePort(), nullValue());
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("RUNNING"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDomainReadFromYaml_Server1OverridesDefaults() throws IOException {
+    Domain domain = readDomain(DOMAIN_V2_SAMPLE_YAML);
+    ServerSpec serverSpec = domain.getServer("server1", null);
+
+    assertThat(
+        serverSpec.getEnvironmentVariables(),
+        both(hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-server")))
+            .and(hasItem(envVar("USER_MEM_ARGS", "-Xms64m -Xmx256m "))));
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("RUNNING"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDomainReadFromYaml_Server2OverridesDefaults() throws IOException {
+    Domain domain = readDomain(DOMAIN_V2_SAMPLE_YAML);
+    ServerSpec serverSpec = domain.getServer("server2", null);
+
+    assertThat(
+        serverSpec.getEnvironmentVariables(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN")));
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getNodePort(), nullValue());
+    assertThat(serverSpec.getDesiredState(), equalTo("ADMIN"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDomainReadFromYaml_Cluster2OverridesDefaults() throws IOException {
+    Domain domain = readDomain(DOMAIN_V2_SAMPLE_YAML);
+
+    assertThat(domain.getReplicaCount("cluster2"), equalTo(5));
+    assertThat(
+        domain.getServer("server3", "cluster2").getEnvironmentVariables(),
+        both(hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-verbose")))
+            .and(hasItem(envVar("USER_MEM_ARGS", "-Xms64m -Xmx256m "))));
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+  protected Domain readDomain(String resourceName) throws IOException {
+    String json = jsonFromYaml(resourceName);
+    Gson gson = new GsonBuilder().create();
+    return gson.fromJson(json, Domain.class);
+  }
+
+  private String jsonFromYaml(String resourceName) throws IOException {
+    URL resource = DomainTestBase.class.getResource(resourceName);
+    ObjectMapper yamlReader = new ObjectMapper(new YAMLFactory());
+    Object obj = yamlReader.readValue(resource, Object.class);
+
+    ObjectMapper jsonWriter = new ObjectMapper();
+    return jsonWriter.writeValueAsString(obj);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `serverSpec.getImagePullSecret()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 384.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DomainTestBase.whenDomainReadFromYaml_unconfiguredServerHasDomainDefaults()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.DomainTestBase.whenDomainReadFromYaml_unconfiguredServerHasDomainD.ea0e999561129dbd0a3b8a9a4a76a6e4
+
+### File:
+model/src/test/java/oracle/kubernetes/weblogic/domain/DomainTestBase.java
+
+### Key:
+DomainTestBase.java|whenDomainReadFromYaml_unconfiguredServerHasDomainDefaults|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9275dffb92243fffa4fb0ef78102c621
+
+### Hash:
+d1567f588f8ea497ff27da2e788625c8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-4999/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-4999/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39ccc7970304600ebaf48b5acc05e9c146699f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-4999/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** weblogic-kubernetes-operator
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+// Copyright 2018, Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.
+// Licensed under the Universal Permissive License v 1.0 as shown at
+// http://oss.oracle.com/licenses/upl.
+
+package oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps;
+
+import static oracle.kubernetes.LogMatcher.containsFine;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.WebLogicConstants.ADMIN_STATE;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStep.SERVERS_UP_MSG;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStepTest.TestStepFactory.getServerStartupInfo;
+import static oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStepTest.TestStepFactory.getServers;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.contains;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsInAnyOrder;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.empty;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasItem;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.notNullValue;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.nullValue;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.sameInstance;
+import static org.hamcrest.junit.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+
+import com.meterware.simplestub.Memento;
+import com.meterware.simplestub.StaticStubSupport;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1EnvVar;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1ObjectMeta;
+import io.kubernetes.client.models.V1Pod;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.LogRecord;
+import oracle.kubernetes.TestUtils;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.StartupControlConstants;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.DomainPresenceInfo;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.DomainPresenceInfo.ServerStartupInfo;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.ServerKubernetesObjects;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.helpers.ServerKubernetesObjectsManager;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsClusterConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsDomainConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsDynamicServersConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsMachineConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.wlsconfig.WlsServerConfig;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.FiberTestSupport;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.Step;
+import oracle.kubernetes.operator.work.TerminalStep;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.ClusterStartup;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.Domain;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.DomainSpec;
+import oracle.kubernetes.weblogic.domain.v1.ServerStartup;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests the code to bring up managed servers. "Wls Servers" and "WLS Clusters" are those defined in
+ * the admin server for the domain. There is also a kubernetes "Domain Spec," which specifies which
+ * servers should be running.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings({"ConstantConditions", "SameParameterValue"})
+public class ManagedServersUpStepTest {
+
+  private static final String DOMAIN = "domain";
+  private static final String NS = "namespace";
+  private static final String UID = "uid1";
+  private final Domain domain = createDomain();
+
+  private Map<String, WlsClusterConfig> wlsClusters = new HashMap<>();
+  private Map<String, WlsServerConfig> wlsServers = new HashMap<>();
+  private Map<String, WlsServerConfig> templates = new HashMap<>();
+  private Map<String, WlsMachineConfig> machineConfigs = new HashMap<>();
+
+  private Step nextStep = new TerminalStep();
+  private FiberTestSupport testSupport = new FiberTestSupport();
+  private List<Memento> mementos = new ArrayList<>();
+  private DomainPresenceInfo domainPresenceInfo = createDomainPresenceInfo();
+  private ManagedServersUpStep step = new ManagedServersUpStep(nextStep);
+  private TestUtils.ConsoleHandlerMemento consoleHandlerMemento;
+
+  private DomainPresenceInfo createDomainPresenceInfo() {
+    return new DomainPresenceInfo(domain);
+  }
+
+  private Domain createDomain() {
+    return new Domain().withMetadata(createMetaData()).withSpec(createDomainSpec());
+  }
+
+  private V1ObjectMeta createMetaData() {
+    return new V1ObjectMeta().namespace(NS);
+  }
+
+  private DomainSpec createDomainSpec() {
+    return new DomainSpec().withDomainUID(UID).withReplicas(1);
+  }
+
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws NoSuchFieldException {
+    mementos.add(consoleHandlerMemento = TestUtils.silenceOperatorLogger());
+    mementos.add(TestStepFactory.install());
+    testSupport.addDomainPresenceInfo(domainPresenceInfo);
+  }
+
+  @After
+  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+    for (Memento memento : mementos) memento.revert();
+
+    testSupport.throwOnCompletionFailure();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenEnabled_logCurrentServers() {
+    List<LogRecord> messages = new ArrayList<>();
+    consoleHandlerMemento.withLogLevel(Level.FINE).collectLogMessages(messages, SERVERS_UP_MSG);
+    addRunningServer("admin");
+    addRunningServer("ms1");
+    addRunningServer("ms2");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(messages, containsFine(SERVERS_UP_MSG));
+  }
+
+  private void addRunningServer(String serverName) {
+    ServerKubernetesObjects sko =
+        ServerKubernetesObjectsManager.getOrCreate(domainPresenceInfo, "", serverName);
+    sko.getPod().set(new V1Pod());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void addExplicitlyStartedClusterMembersToExplicitlyRestartedServers() {
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster2", "ms3", "ms4");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster3", "ms5", "ms6");
+    domainPresenceInfo.getExplicitRestartClusters().addAll(Arrays.asList("cluster1", "cluster3"));
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(domainPresenceInfo.getExplicitRestartClusters(), empty());
+    assertThat(
+        domainPresenceInfo.getExplicitRestartServers(),
+        containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms5", "ms6"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlUndefined_startManagedServers() {
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlAuto_startManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.AUTO_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlAll_startManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ALL_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlSpecified_startManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.SPECIFIED_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlLowerCase_recognizeIt() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.SPECIFIED_STARTUPCONTROL.toLowerCase());
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersToBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  private void assertManagedServersToBeStarted() {
+    assertThat(TestStepFactory.next, instanceOf(ManagedServerUpIteratorStep.class));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlAdmin_dontStartManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ADMIN_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlNone_dontStartManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.NONE_STARTUPCONTROL);
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenStartupControlNotRecognized_dontStartManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl("xyzzy");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerInDomainSpec_addToServerList() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), contains("ms1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerNotInDomainSpec_dontAddToServerList() {
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerInDomainSpecButNotDefinedInWls_dontAddToServerList() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenMultipleWlsServersInDomainSpec_addToServerList() {
+    configureServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms3"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenMultipleWlsServersInDomainSpec_skipAdminServer() {
+    defineAdminServer("ms2");
+    configureServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms3"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServersDuplicatedInDomainSpec_skipDuplicates() {
+    defineAdminServer("admin");
+    configureServers("ms1", "ms1", "ms2");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServersInDomainSpec_addStartupInfo() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    configureServer("ms2");
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1"), notNullValue());
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms2"), notNullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void serverStartupInfo_containsWlsServerStartupAndConfig() {
+    configureServer("ms1").withNodePort(17);
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig, sameInstance(getWlsServer("ms1")));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getNodePort(), equalTo(17));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void serverStartupInfo_containsEnvironmentVariable() {
+    configureServer("ms1")
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1")
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("item2", "value2");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        containsInAnyOrder(envVar("item1", "value1"), envVar("item2", "value2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDesiredStateIsAdmin_serverStartupCreatesJavaOptionsEnvironment() {
+    configureServer("ms1").withDesiredState(ADMIN_STATE);
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenDesiredStateIsAdmin_serverStartupAddsToJavaOptionsEnvironment() {
+    configureServer("ms1")
+        .withDesiredState(ADMIN_STATE)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("JAVA_OPTIONS", "value1");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN value1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerNotInCluster_serverStartupInfoHasNoClusterConfig() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), nullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsServerInCluster_serverStartupInfoHasMatchingClusterConfig() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster2");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenClusterStartupDefinedForServerNotRunning_addToServers() {
+    configureServer("ms1");
+    configureCluster("cluster1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), hasItem("ms1"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenClusterStartupDefinedForServerNotRunning_addServerStartup() {
+    configureServer("ms1").withNodePort(23);
+    configureCluster("cluster1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig,
+        sameInstance(getServerForWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1")));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getNodePort(), equalTo(23));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerStartupNotDefined_useEnvForCluster() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1").withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(), contains(envVar("item1", "value1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenServerStartupDefined_overrideEnvFromCluster() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1").withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1");
+    configureServer("ms1").withEnvironmentVariable("item2", "value2");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(), contains(envVar("item2", "value2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenClusterStartupDefinedWithAdminState_addAdminEnv() {
+    configureCluster("cluster1")
+        .withDesiredState(ADMIN_STATE)
+        .withEnvironmentVariable("item1", "value1");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(
+        getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(),
+        hasItem(envVar("JAVA_OPTIONS", "-Dweblogic.management.startupMode=ADMIN")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartSpecifiedWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_dontAddServersToList() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.SPECIFIED_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartNoneWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_dontAddServersToList() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.NONE_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartAdminWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_dontAddServersToList() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ADMIN_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), empty());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartAutoWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_addServersToListUpToReplicaLimit() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.AUTO_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms3"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartAllWhenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_addClusteredServersToListUpWithoutLimit() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ALL_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), containsInAnyOrder("ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms4").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms4").serverConfig, equalTo(getWlsServer("ms4")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void whenWlsClusterNotInDomainSpec_recordServerAndClusterConfigs() {
+    setDefaultReplicas(3);
+    addWlsServers("ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+    addWlsCluster("cluster1", "ms1", "ms2", "ms3", "ms4", "ms5");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig, sameInstance(getWlsServer("ms1")));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getClusterName(), equalTo("cluster1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getEnvironment(), empty());
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").getNodePort(), nullValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void withStartupControlAll_addNonManagedServers() {
+    setStartupControl(StartupControlConstants.ALL_STARTUPCONTROL);
+    addWlsServer("ms1");
+
+    invokeStep();
+
+    assertThat(getServers(), hasItem("ms1"));
+    assertThat(getServerStartupInfo("ms1").serverConfig, equalTo(getWlsServer("ms1")));
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig addWlsServer(String serverName) {
+    WlsServerConfig serverConfig = createServerConfig(serverName);
+    wlsServers.put(serverName, serverConfig);
+    return serverConfig;
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig createServerConfig(String serverName) {
+    return new ServerConfigBuilder(serverName).build();
+  }
+
+  private void setDefaultReplicas(int replicas) {
+    domain.getSpec().setReplicas(replicas);
+  }
+
+  private void configureServers(String... serverNames) {
+    for (String serverName : serverNames) {
+      configureServer(serverName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void addWlsServers(String... serverNames) {
+    for (String serverName : serverNames) {
+      addWlsServer(serverName);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void defineAdminServer(String adminServerName) {
+    domain.getSpec().setAsName(adminServerName);
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig getWlsServer(String serverName) {
+    return wlsServers.get(serverName);
+  }
+
+  private ServerStartup configureServer(String serverName) {
+    ServerStartup serverStartup = new ServerStartup().withServerName(serverName);
+    domain.getSpec().addServerStartupItem(serverStartup);
+    return serverStartup;
+  }
+
+  private V1EnvVar envVar(String name, String value) {
+    return new V1EnvVar().name(name).value(value);
+  }
+
+  private void addWlsCluster(String clusterName, String... serverNames) {
+    ClusterConfigBuilder builder = new ClusterConfigBuilder(clusterName);
+    for (String serverName : serverNames) {
+      builder.addServer(serverName);
+    }
+    wlsClusters.put(clusterName, builder.build());
+  }
+
+  private WlsClusterConfig getWlsCluster(String clusterName) {
+    return wlsClusters.get(clusterName);
+  }
+
+  private ClusterStartup configureCluster(String clusterName) {
+    ClusterStartup startup = new ClusterStartup().withClusterName(clusterName).withReplicas(1);
+    domain.getSpec().addClusterStartupItem(startup);
+    return startup;
+  }
+
+  private WlsServerConfig getServerForWlsCluster(String clusterName, String serverName) {
+    for (WlsServerConfig config : getWlsCluster(clusterName).getServerConfigs()) {
+      if (config.getName().equals(serverName)) return config;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  private void assertManagedServersWillNotBeStarted() {
+    assertThat(TestStepFactory.next, sameInstance(nextStep));
+  }
+
+  private void setStartupControl(String startupcontrol) {
+    domain.getSpec().setStartupControl(startupcontrol);
+  }
+
+  private void invokeStep() {
+    domainPresenceInfo.setScan(createDomainConfig());
+    testSupport.runSteps(step);
+  }
+
+  private WlsDomainConfig createDomainConfig() {
+    return new WlsDomainConfig(DOMAIN, wlsClusters, wlsServers, templates, machineConfigs);
+  }
+
+  static class TestStepFactory implements ManagedServersUpStep.NextStepFactory {
+    private static DomainPresenceInfo info;
+    private static Collection<String> servers;
+    private static Step next;
+    private static TestStepFactory factory = new TestStepFactory();
+
+    private static Memento install() throws NoSuchFieldException {
+      factory = new TestStepFactory();
+      return StaticStubSupport.install(ManagedServersUpStep.class, "NEXT_STEP_FACTORY", factory);
+    }
+
+    static Collection<String> getServers() {
+      return servers;
+    }
+
+    static ServerStartupInfo getServerStartupInfo(String serverName) {
+      for (ServerStartupInfo startupInfo : info.getServerStartupInfo()) {
+        if (startupInfo.serverConfig.getName().equals(serverName)) return startupInfo;
+      }
+
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Step createServerStep(DomainPresenceInfo info, Collection<String> servers, Step next) {
+      TestStepFactory.info = info;
+      TestStepFactory.servers = servers;
+      TestStepFactory.next = next;
+      return new TerminalStep();
+    }
+  }
+
+  static class ServerConfigBuilder {
+    private String name;
+
+    ServerConfigBuilder(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    WlsServerConfig build() {
+      return new WlsServerConfig(name, null, null, null, false, null, null);
+    }
+  }
+
+  class ClusterConfigBuilder {
+    private String name;
+    List<WlsServerConfig> serverConfigs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    ClusterConfigBuilder(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    void addServer(String serverName) {
+      WlsServerConfig serverConfig = wlsServers.get(serverName);
+      serverConfigs.add(serverConfig != null ? serverConfig : addWlsServer(serverName));
+    }
+
+    WlsClusterConfig build() {
+      return new WlsClusterConfig(name, getServers());
+    }
+
+    WlsDynamicServersConfig getServers() {
+      return new WlsDynamicServersConfig(0, 0, "", false, "", null, serverConfigs);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getServerStartupInfo("ms1")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 340.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ManagedServersUpStepTest.whenDesiredStateIsAdmin_serverStartupAddsToJavaOptionsEnvironment()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oracle.kubernetes.operator.steps.ManagedServersUpStepTest.whenDesiredStateIsAdmin_serverStartupAddsT.e81d0687190afe3f87562222d3279999
+
+### File:
+operator/src/test/java/oracle/kubernetes/operator/steps/ManagedServersUpStepTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ManagedServersUpStepTest.java|whenDesiredStateIsAdmin_serverStartupAddsToJavaOptionsEnvironment|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cb258cd51cbaa0dce206b7a1c03fec88
+
+### Hash:
+fd933695862a085041daa8e1d836b1c7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5014/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5014/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f4983210b9d108f4ec55d1aa9c1bc9f60496d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5014/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jersey
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015, 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the Eclipse Public License v. 2.0, which is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0.
+ *
+ * This Source Code may also be made available under the following Secondary
+ * Licenses when the conditions for such availability set forth in the
+ * Eclipse Public License v. 2.0 are satisfied: GNU General Public License,
+ * version 2 with the GNU Classpath Exception, which is available at
+ * https://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html.
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR GPL-2.0 WITH Classpath-exception-2.0
+ */
+
+package org.glassfish.jersey.kryo.internal;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+
+import javax.ws.rs.Consumes;
+import javax.ws.rs.Produces;
+import javax.ws.rs.WebApplicationException;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.MediaType;
+import javax.ws.rs.core.MultivaluedMap;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.MessageBodyReader;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.MessageBodyWriter;
+import javax.ws.rs.ext.Provider;
+
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.Kryo;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.io.Input;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.io.Output;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.pool.KryoCallback;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.pool.KryoFactory;
+import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.pool.KryoPool;
+
+/**
+ * @author Libor Kramolis
+ */
+@Provider
+@Consumes("application/x-kryo")
+@Produces("application/x-kryo")
+public class KryoMessageBodyProvider implements MessageBodyWriter<Object>, MessageBodyReader<Object> {
+
+    private final KryoPool kryoPool;
+
+    public KryoMessageBodyProvider() {
+        final KryoFactory kryoFactory = new KryoFactory() {
+            public Kryo create() {
+                final Kryo kryo = new Kryo();
+                //TODO: configure kryo instance, customize settings
+                //TODO: e.g. looking for Kryo via ContextResolver (like Jackson)
+                return kryo;
+            }
+        };
+        kryoPool = new KryoPool.Builder(kryoFactory).softReferences().build();
+    }
+
+    //
+    // MessageBodyWriter
+    //
+
+    @Override
+    public long getSize(final Object object, final Class<?> type, final Type genericType,
+                        final Annotation[] annotations, final MediaType mediaType) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isWriteable(final Class<?> type, final Type genericType,
+                               final Annotation[] annotations, final MediaType mediaType) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeTo(final Object object, final Class<?> type, final Type genericType,
+                        final Annotation[] annotations, final MediaType mediaType,
+                        final MultivaluedMap<String, Object> httpHeaders, final OutputStream entityStream)
+            throws IOException, WebApplicationException {
+        final Output output = new Output(entityStream);
+        kryoPool.run(new KryoCallback() {
+            public Object execute(Kryo kryo) {
+                kryo.writeObject(output, object);
+                return null;
+            }
+        });
+        output.flush();
+    }
+
+    //
+    // MessageBodyReader
+    //
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isReadable(final Class<?> type, final Type genericType,
+                              final Annotation[] annotations, final MediaType mediaType) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object readFrom(final Class<Object> type, final Type genericType,
+                           final Annotation[] annotations, final MediaType mediaType,
+                           final MultivaluedMap<String, String> httpHeaders,
+                           final InputStream entityStream) throws IOException, WebApplicationException {
+        final Input input = new Input(entityStream);
+
+        return kryoPool.run(new KryoCallback() {
+            public Object execute(Kryo kryo) {
+                return kryo.readObject(input, type);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.esotericsoftware.kryo.io.Input` acquired by call to `new()` at line 109 is not released after line 111.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object KryoMessageBodyProvider.readFrom(Class,Type,java.lang.annotation.Annotation[],MediaType,MultivaluedMap,InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.glassfish.jersey.kryo.internal.KryoMessageBodyProvider.readFrom(java.lang.Class,java.lang.reflec.e7091e283bf029a2ccd8a9d4397a9c32
+
+### File:
+incubator/kryo/src/main/java/org/glassfish/jersey/kryo/internal/KryoMessageBodyProvider.java
+
+### Key:
+KryoMessageBodyProvider.java|readFrom|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d95d4a6107adf178e3e2317148a8c930
+
+### Hash:
+1b79ae0c7354801fc39bc9b39a2f1b66
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5022/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5022/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..513606b1a653cd1872a7ee32e680003c01f72ea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5022/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** redisson
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2014 Nikita Koksharov, Nickolay Borbit
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.redisson;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.redisson.connection.ConnectionManager;
+import org.redisson.core.RList;
+
+import com.lambdaworks.redis.RedisConnection;
+
+/**
+ * Distributed and concurrent implementation of {@link java.util.List}
+ *
+ * @author Nikita Koksharov
+ *
+ * @param <V> value
+ */
+public class RedissonList<V> extends RedissonExpirable implements RList<V> {
+
+    private int batchSize = 50;
+
+    RedissonList(ConnectionManager connectionManager, String name) {
+        super(connectionManager, name);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int size() {
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> connection = connectionManager.connectionReadOp();
+        try {
+            return connection.llen(getName()).intValue();
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(connection);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return size() == 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean contains(Object o) {
+        return indexOf(o) != -1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<V> iterator() {
+        return listIterator();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object[] toArray() {
+        List<V> list = subList(0, size());
+        return list.toArray();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
+        List<V> list = subList(0, size());
+        return list.toArray(a);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean add(V e) {
+        return addAll(Collections.singleton(e));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean remove(Object o) {
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> connection = connectionManager.connectionWriteOp();
+        try {
+            return connection.lrem(getName(), 1, o) > 0;
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(connection);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        if (isEmpty()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> connection = connectionManager.connectionReadOp();
+        try {
+            Collection<Object> copy = new ArrayList<Object>(c);
+            int to = div(size(), batchSize);
+            for (int i = 0; i < to; i++) {
+                List<Object> range = connection.lrange(getName(), i*batchSize, i*batchSize + batchSize - 1);
+                for (Iterator<Object> iterator = copy.iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
+                    Object obj = iterator.next();
+                    int index = range.indexOf(obj);
+                    if (index != -1) {
+                        iterator.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return copy.isEmpty();
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(connection);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends V> c) {
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionWriteOp();
+        try {
+            conn.rpush(getName(), c.toArray());
+            return true;
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends V> coll) {
+        checkPosition(index);
+        if (index < size()) {
+            RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionWriteOp();
+            try {
+                while (true) {
+                    conn.watch(getName());
+                    List<Object> tail = conn.lrange(getName(), index, size());
+
+                    conn.multi();
+                    conn.ltrim(getName(), 0, index - 1);
+                    conn.rpush(getName(), coll.toArray());
+                    conn.rpush(getName(), tail.toArray());
+                    if (conn.exec().size() == 3) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                connectionManager.release(conn);
+            }
+        } else {
+            return addAll(coll);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionWriteOp();
+        try {
+            boolean result = false;
+            for (Object object : c) {
+                boolean res = conn.lrem(getName(), 0, object) > 0;
+                if (!result) {
+                    result = res;
+                }
+            }
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        boolean changed = false;
+        for (Iterator<V> iterator = iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
+            V object = iterator.next();
+            if (!c.contains(object)) {
+                iterator.remove();
+                changed = true;
+            }
+        }
+        return changed;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clear() {
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionWriteOp();
+        try {
+            conn.del(getName());
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public V get(int index) {
+        checkIndex(index);
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionReadOp();
+        try {
+            return (V) conn.lindex(getName(), index);
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkIndex(int index) {
+        int size = size();
+        if (!isInRange(index, size))
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("index: " + index + " but current size: "+ size);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isInRange(int index, int size) {
+        return index >= 0 && index < size;
+    }
+
+    private void checkPosition(int index) {
+        int size = size();
+        if (!isPositionInRange(index, size))
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("index: " + index + " but current size: "+ size);
+    }
+
+    private boolean isPositionInRange(int index, int size) {
+        return index >= 0 && index <= size;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public V set(int index, V element) {
+        checkIndex(index);
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionWriteOp();
+        try {
+            while (true) {
+                conn.watch(getName());
+                V prev = (V) conn.lindex(getName(), index);
+
+                conn.multi();
+                conn.lset(getName(), index, element);
+                if (conn.exec().size() == 1) {
+                    return prev;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(int index, V element) {
+        addAll(index, Collections.singleton(element));
+    }
+
+    private int div(int p, int q) {
+        int div = p / q;
+        int rem = p - q * div; // equal to p % q
+
+        if (rem == 0) {
+          return div;
+        }
+
+        return div + 1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public V remove(int index) {
+        checkIndex(index);
+
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionWriteOp();
+        try {
+            if (index == 0) {
+                return (V) conn.lpop(getName());
+            }
+            while (true) {
+                conn.watch(getName());
+                V prev = (V) conn.lindex(getName(), index);
+                List<Object> tail = conn.lrange(getName(), index + 1, size());
+
+                conn.multi();
+                conn.ltrim(getName(), 0, index - 1);
+                conn.rpush(getName(), tail.toArray());
+                if (conn.exec().size() == 2) {
+                    return prev;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int indexOf(Object o) {
+        if (isEmpty()) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionReadOp();
+        try {
+            int to = div(size(), batchSize);
+            for (int i = 0; i < to; i++) {
+                List<Object> range = conn.lrange(getName(), i*batchSize, i*batchSize + batchSize - 1);
+                int index = range.indexOf(o);
+                if (index != -1) {
+                    return index + i*batchSize;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
+        if (isEmpty()) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionReadOp();
+        try {
+            int size = size();
+            int to = div(size, batchSize);
+            for (int i = 1; i <= to; i++) {
+                int startIndex = -i*batchSize;
+                List<Object> range = conn.lrange(getName(), startIndex, size - (i-1)*batchSize);
+                int index = range.lastIndexOf(o);
+                if (index != -1) {
+                    return Math.max(size + startIndex, 0) + index;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return -1;
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListIterator<V> listIterator() {
+        return listIterator(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListIterator<V> listIterator(final int ind) {
+        return new ListIterator<V>() {
+
+            private int currentIndex = ind - 1;
+            private boolean removeExecuted;
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean hasNext() {
+                int size = size();
+                return currentIndex+1 < size && size > 0;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public V next() {
+                if (!hasNext()) {
+                    throw new NoSuchElementException("No such element at index " + currentIndex);
+                }
+                currentIndex++;
+                removeExecuted = false;
+                return RedissonList.this.get(currentIndex);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void remove() {
+                if (removeExecuted) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Element been already deleted");
+                }
+                RedissonList.this.remove(currentIndex);
+                currentIndex--;
+                removeExecuted = true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean hasPrevious() {
+                int size = size();
+                return currentIndex-1 < size && size > 0 && currentIndex >= 0;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public V previous() {
+                if (!hasPrevious()) {
+                    throw new NoSuchElementException("No such element at index " + currentIndex);
+                }
+                removeExecuted = false;
+                V res = RedissonList.this.get(currentIndex);
+                currentIndex--;
+                return res;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int nextIndex() {
+                return currentIndex + 1;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public int previousIndex() {
+                return currentIndex;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void set(V e) {
+                if (currentIndex >= size()-1) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException();
+                }
+                RedissonList.this.set(currentIndex, e);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void add(V e) {
+                RedissonList.this.add(currentIndex+1, e);
+                currentIndex++;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<V> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+        int size = size();
+        if (fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size) {
+            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex: " + fromIndex + " toIndex: " + toIndex + " size: " + size);
+        }
+        if (fromIndex > toIndex) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex: " + fromIndex + " toIndex: " + toIndex);
+        }
+
+        RedisConnection<String, Object> conn = connectionManager.connectionReadOp();
+        try {
+            return (List<V>) conn.lrange(getName(), fromIndex, toIndex - 1);
+        } finally {
+            connectionManager.release(conn);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        Iterator<V> it = iterator();
+        if (! it.hasNext())
+            return "[]";
+
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append('[');
+        for (;;) {
+            V e = it.next();
+            sb.append(e == this ? "(this Collection)" : e);
+            if (! it.hasNext())
+                return sb.append(']').toString();
+            sb.append(',').append(' ');
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `connection.lrem(getName(this),1,o)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 92.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean RedissonList.remove(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.redisson.RedissonList.remove(java.lang.Object):boolean.ea5a6f05057efdeb726000b002054b14
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/redisson/RedissonList.java
+
+### Key:
+RedissonList.java|remove|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15a4d40df89c2684851c8f9cc5a6aced
+
+### Hash:
+10999f9b6e26620ff880b6ca4c2a210b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5025/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5025/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8b6a8f00828fe6ab9bfe0f068868ec28e57f523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5025/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pebble
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of Pebble.
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 by Mitchell Bösecke
+ * <p>
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
+ * file that was distributed with this source code.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.template;
+
+import com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.PebbleEngine;
+import com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.error.PebbleException;
+import com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.extension.escaper.SafeString;
+import com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.node.ArgumentsNode;
+import com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.node.RootNode;
+import com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.utils.FutureWriter;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+/**
+ * The actual implementation of a PebbleTemplate
+ */
+public class PebbleTemplateImpl implements PebbleTemplate {
+
+    /**
+     * A template has to store a reference to the main engine so that it can
+     * compile other templates when using the "import" or "include" tags.
+     * <p>
+     * It will also retrieve some stateful information such as the default locale
+     * when necessary. Luckily, the engine is immutable so this should be thread safe.
+     */
+    private final PebbleEngine engine;
+
+    /**
+     * Blocks defined inside this template.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, Block> blocks = new HashMap<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Macros defined inside this template.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, Macro> macros = new HashMap<>();
+
+    /**
+     * The root node of the AST to be rendered.
+     */
+    private final RootNode rootNode;
+
+    /**
+     * Name of template. Used to help with debugging.
+     */
+    private final String name;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor
+     *
+     * @param engine The pebble engine used to construct this template
+     * @param root   The root not to evaluate
+     * @param name   The name of the template
+     */
+    public PebbleTemplateImpl(PebbleEngine engine, RootNode root, String name) {
+        this.engine = engine;
+        this.rootNode = root;
+        this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    public void evaluate(Writer writer) throws PebbleException, IOException {
+        EvaluationContext context = this.initContext(null);
+        this.evaluate(writer, context);
+    }
+
+    public void evaluate(Writer writer, Locale locale) throws PebbleException, IOException {
+        EvaluationContext context = this.initContext(locale);
+        this.evaluate(writer, context);
+    }
+
+    public void evaluate(Writer writer, Map<String, Object> map) throws PebbleException, IOException {
+        EvaluationContext context = this.initContext(null);
+        context.getScopeChain().pushScope(map);
+        this.evaluate(writer, context);
+    }
+
+    public void evaluate(Writer writer, Map<String, Object> map, Locale locale) throws PebbleException, IOException {
+        EvaluationContext context = this.initContext(locale);
+        context.getScopeChain().pushScope(map);
+        this.evaluate(writer, context);
+    }
+
+    public void evaluateBlock(String blockName, Writer writer, Map<String, Object> map, Locale locale) throws PebbleException, IOException {
+        EvaluationContext context = this.initContext(locale);
+        context.getScopeChain().pushScope(map);
+
+        final Writer nowhere = new Writer() {
+            public void write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) throws IOException {}
+            public void flush() throws IOException {}
+            public void close() throws IOException {}
+        };
+        this.evaluate(nowhere, context);
+
+        this.block(writer, context, blockName, false);
+        writer.flush();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is the authoritative evaluate method. It will evaluate the template
+     * starting at the root node.
+     *
+     * @param writer  The writer used to write the final output of the template
+     * @param context The evaluation context
+     * @throws PebbleException Thrown if any sort of template error occurs
+     * @throws IOException     Thrown from the writer object
+     */
+    private void evaluate(Writer writer, EvaluationContext context) throws PebbleException, IOException {
+        if (context.getExecutorService() != null) {
+            writer = new FutureWriter(writer);
+        }
+        this.rootNode.render(this, writer, context);
+
+        /*
+         * If the current template has a parent then we know the current template
+         * was only used to evaluate a very small subset of tags such as "set" and "import".
+         * We now evaluate the parent template as to evaluate all of the actual content.
+         * When evaluating the parent template, it will check the child template for overridden blocks.
+         */
+        if (context.getHierarchy().getParent() != null) {
+            PebbleTemplateImpl parent = context.getHierarchy().getParent();
+            context.getHierarchy().ascend();
+            parent.evaluate(writer, context);
+        }
+        writer.flush();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the evaluation context with settings from the engine.
+     *
+     * @param locale The desired locale
+     * @return The evaluation context
+     */
+    private EvaluationContext initContext(Locale locale) {
+        locale = locale == null ? this.engine.getDefaultLocale() : locale;
+
+        // globals
+        Map<String, Object> globals = new HashMap<>();
+        globals.put("locale", locale);
+        globals.put("template", this);
+        ScopeChain scopeChain = new ScopeChain(globals);
+
+        // global vars provided from extensions
+        scopeChain.pushScope(this.engine.getExtensionRegistry().getGlobalVariables());
+
+        EvaluationContext context = new EvaluationContext(this, this.engine.isStrictVariables(), locale,
+                this.engine.getExtensionRegistry(), this.engine.getTagCache(), this.engine.getExecutorService(),
+                new ArrayList<PebbleTemplateImpl>(), scopeChain, null);
+        return context;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Imports a template.
+     *
+     * @param context The evaluation context
+     * @param name    The template name
+     * @throws PebbleException Thrown if an error occurs while rendering the imported
+     *                         template
+     */
+    public void importTemplate(EvaluationContext context, String name) throws PebbleException {
+        context.getImportedTemplates().add((PebbleTemplateImpl) this.engine.getTemplate(this.resolveRelativePath(name)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Includes a template with {@code name} into this template.
+     *
+     * @param writer              the writer to which the output should be written to.
+     * @param context             the context within which the template is rendered in.
+     * @param name                the name of the template to include.
+     * @param additionalVariables the map with additional variables provided with the include
+     *                            tag to add within the include tag.
+     * @throws PebbleException Any error occurring during the compilation of the template
+     * @throws IOException     Any error during the loading of the template
+     */
+    public void includeTemplate(Writer writer, EvaluationContext context, String name, Map<?, ?> additionalVariables)
+            throws PebbleException, IOException {
+        PebbleTemplateImpl template = (PebbleTemplateImpl) this.engine.getTemplate(this.resolveRelativePath(name));
+        EvaluationContext newContext = context.shallowCopyWithoutInheritanceChain(template);
+        ScopeChain scopeChain = newContext.getScopeChain();
+        scopeChain.pushScope();
+        for (Entry<?, ?> entry : additionalVariables.entrySet()) {
+            scopeChain.put((String) entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+        template.evaluate(writer, newContext);
+        scopeChain.popScope();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a macro exists
+     *
+     * @param macroName The name of the macro
+     * @return Whether or not the macro exists
+     */
+    public boolean hasMacro(String macroName) {
+        return this.macros.containsKey(macroName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a block exists
+     *
+     * @param blockName The name of the block
+     * @return Whether or not the block exists
+     */
+    public boolean hasBlock(String blockName) {
+        return this.blocks.containsKey(blockName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method resolves the given relative path based on this template file
+     * path.
+     *
+     * @param relativePath the path which should be resolved.
+     * @return the resolved path.
+     */
+    public String resolveRelativePath(String relativePath) {
+        String resolved = this.engine.getLoader().resolveRelativePath(relativePath, this.name);
+        if (resolved == null) {
+            return relativePath;
+        } else {
+            return resolved;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a block.
+     *
+     * @param block The block
+     */
+    public void registerBlock(Block block) {
+        this.blocks.put(block.getName(), block);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Registers a macro
+     *
+     * @param macro The macro
+     * @throws PebbleException Throws exception if macro already exists with the same name
+     */
+    public void registerMacro(Macro macro) throws PebbleException {
+        if (this.macros.containsKey(macro.getName())) {
+            throw new PebbleException(null, "More than one macro can not share the same name: " + macro.getName());
+        }
+        this.macros.put(macro.getName(), macro);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A typical block declaration will use this method which evaluates the
+     * block using the regular user-provided writer.
+     *
+     * @param blockName       The name of the block
+     * @param context         The evaluation context
+     * @param ignoreOverriden Whether or not to ignore overriden blocks
+     * @param writer          The writer
+     * @throws PebbleException Thrown if an error occurs
+     * @throws IOException     Thrown from the writer object
+     */
+    public void block(Writer writer, EvaluationContext context, String blockName, boolean ignoreOverriden)
+            throws PebbleException, IOException {
+
+        Hierarchy hierarchy = context.getHierarchy();
+        PebbleTemplateImpl childTemplate = hierarchy.getChild();
+
+        // check child
+        if (!ignoreOverriden && childTemplate != null) {
+            hierarchy.descend();
+            childTemplate.block(writer, context, blockName, false);
+            hierarchy.ascend();
+
+            // check this template
+        } else if (this.blocks.containsKey(blockName)) {
+            Block block = this.blocks.get(blockName);
+            block.evaluate(this, writer, context);
+
+            // delegate to parent
+        } else {
+            if (hierarchy.getParent() != null) {
+                PebbleTemplateImpl parent = hierarchy.getParent();
+                hierarchy.ascend();
+                parent.block(writer, context, blockName, true);
+                hierarchy.descend();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Invokes a macro
+     *
+     * @param context         The evaluation context
+     * @param macroName       The name of the macro
+     * @param args            The arguments
+     * @param ignoreOverriden Whether or not to ignore macro definitions in child template
+     * @return The results of the macro invocation
+     * @throws PebbleException An exception that may have occurred
+     */
+    public SafeString macro(EvaluationContext context, String macroName, ArgumentsNode args, boolean ignoreOverriden, int lineNumber)
+            throws PebbleException {
+        SafeString result = null;
+        boolean found = false;
+
+        PebbleTemplateImpl childTemplate = context.getHierarchy().getChild();
+
+        // check child template first
+        if (!ignoreOverriden && childTemplate != null) {
+            found = true;
+            context.getHierarchy().descend();
+            result = childTemplate.macro(context, macroName, args, false, lineNumber);
+            context.getHierarchy().ascend();
+
+            // check current template
+        } else if (this.hasMacro(macroName)) {
+            found = true;
+            Macro macro = this.macros.get(macroName);
+
+            Map<String, Object> namedArguments = args.getArgumentMap(this, context, macro);
+            result = new SafeString(macro.call(this, context, namedArguments));
+        }
+
+        // check imported templates
+        if (!found) {
+            for (PebbleTemplateImpl template : context.getImportedTemplates()) {
+                if (template.hasMacro(macroName)) {
+                    found = true;
+                    result = template.macro(context, macroName, args, false, lineNumber);
+                    // If a macro was found and executed, dont search for more
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // delegate to parent template
+        if (!found) {
+            if (context.getHierarchy().getParent() != null) {
+                PebbleTemplateImpl parent = context.getHierarchy().getParent();
+                context.getHierarchy().ascend();
+                result = parent.macro(context, macroName, args, true, lineNumber);
+                context.getHierarchy().descend();
+            } else {
+                throw new PebbleException(null, String.format("Function or Macro [%s] does not exist.", macroName), lineNumber, this.name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public void setParent(EvaluationContext context, String parentName) throws PebbleException {
+        context.getHierarchy()
+                .pushAncestor((PebbleTemplateImpl) this.engine.getTemplate(this.resolveRelativePath(parentName)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the template name
+     *
+     * @return The name of the template
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        return this.name;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.template.PebbleTemplateImpl$1` acquired by call to `new()` at line 99 is not released after line 104.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 104
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PebbleTemplateImpl.evaluateBlock(String,Writer,Map,Locale)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.mitchellbosecke.pebble.template.PebbleTemplateImpl.evaluateBlock(java.lang.String,java.io.Writer.3f7c01571292a915aefca087c30abdd4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/mitchellbosecke/pebble/template/PebbleTemplateImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+PebbleTemplateImpl.java|evaluateBlock|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7973355062d36ccf42d5910a8a73ed8a
+
+### Hash:
+2fd910ae7119a3100977ae6c847871ff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5046/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5046/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aed9b8dfcb54fff89691fdb4a5a60badb4b5cb12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5046/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test.edges;
+
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.test.BaseTest;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/11/20
+ * Time: 9:31 PM
+ */
+public class TestCreateEdgeBetweenVertices extends BaseTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateEdgeBetweenVertices() {
+        Vertex person1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        Vertex person2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        person1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(person1.id());
+        person2 = this.sqlgGraph.v(person2.id());
+        person1.addEdge("friend", person2);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(person1).out("friend").count().next().intValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(person2).in("friend").count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateEdgeBetweenVerticesPropertiesEagerlyLoadedOnHas() {
+        Vertex person1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        Vertex person2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "peter");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        person1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(person1.id());
+        person2 = this.sqlgGraph.v(person2.id());
+        person1.addEdge("friend", person2);
+        Assert.assertEquals("john", person1.value("name"));
+        Assert.assertEquals("peter", person2.value("name"));
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        List<Vertex> vertices = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").toList();
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(vertices.get(0)).out("friend").count().next().intValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(vertices.get(1)).in("friend").count().next().intValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals(2, vertices.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateEdgeBetweenVerticesPropertiesEagerlyLoadedOnHasHas() {
+        Vertex person1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        Vertex person2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "peter");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        person1 = this.sqlgGraph.v(person1.id());
+        person2 = this.sqlgGraph.v(person2.id());
+        person1.addEdge("friend", person2);
+        Assert.assertEquals("john", person1.value("name"));
+        Assert.assertEquals("peter", person2.value("name"));
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        List<Vertex> vertices = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").<Vertex>has("name", "john").toList();
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(vertices.get(0)).out("friend").count().next().intValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertices.size());
+        vertices = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").<Vertex>has("name", "peter").toList();
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(vertices.get(0)).in("friend").count().next().intValue());
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, vertices.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateEdgeBetweenVerticesPropertiesEagerlyLoadedOnHasSortBy() {
+        Vertex person1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "john");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+            Vertex person2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "peter" + i);
+            person1.addEdge("friend", person2);
+        }
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        List<Vertex> vertices = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V().<Vertex>has(T.label, "Person").toList();
+        Assert.assertEquals("john", vertices.get(0).value("name"));
+        Assert.assertEquals("peter0", vertices.get(1).value("name"));
+        Assert.assertEquals("peter999", vertices.get(1000).value("name"));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `person1` last assigned on line 22 could be null and is dereferenced at line 24.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestCreateEdgeBetweenVertices.testCreateEdgeBetweenVertices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.edges.TestCreateEdgeBetweenVertices.testCreateEdgeBetweenVertices():void.454cd2b347ea8bf02a849bbdb34d04ea
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/edges/TestCreateEdgeBetweenVertices.java
+
+### Key:
+TestCreateEdgeBetweenVertices.java|testCreateEdgeBetweenVertices|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+57dcfbe3263f504cb34d44e3a9cd0251
+
+### Hash:
+4f250ecb700e80ca72234eea1eeec1a0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5047/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5047/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6732ffc36d8233baeb81c0d86b08d6ab2ffccb20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5047/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.T;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.junit.Assume;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.*;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.test.BaseTest;
+
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.LocalTime;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/07/22
+ * Time: 3:27 PM
+ */
+public class TestLoadSchema extends BaseTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryInTransactionAcrossSchemas() {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Car", "model", "vw");
+        v1.addEdge("car", v2, "bought", 1);
+        List<Vertex> cars = this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).out("car").toList();
+        assertEquals(1, cars.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDateTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDateTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalDate() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalDate.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingLocalTime() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "createOn", LocalTime.now());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        //noinspection Duplicates
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("createOn").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("createOn"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadingJson() throws Exception {
+        Assume.assumeTrue(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsJson());
+        ObjectMapper objectMapper =  new ObjectMapper();
+        ObjectNode json = new ObjectNode(objectMapper.getNodeFactory());
+        json.put("username", "john");
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "doc", json);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertTrue(vv.property("doc").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertTrue(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("doc"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIdNotLoadedAsProperty() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex vv = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v.id()).next();
+            assertFalse(vv.property("ID").isPresent());
+            Map<String, PropertyType> propertyTypeMap = sqlgGraph1.getTopology().getAllTables().get(SchemaTable.of(
+                    sqlgGraph1.getSqlDialect().getPublicSchema(), "V_Person").toString());
+            assertFalse(propertyTypeMap.containsKey("ID"));
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadPropertyColumnNames() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "name", "a");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Vertex v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().rollback();
+            v = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().next();
+            v.property("surname", "b");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithByteArray() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "byteArray", new byte[]{1,2,3,4});
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3,4}, v.<byte[]>property("byteArray").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchema() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            Iterator<Vertex> iter = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Person");
+            assertTrue(iter.hasNext());
+            Vertex v = iter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, v.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v.property("aString").value());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadMultipleSchemas() throws Exception {
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test1.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.addVertex(T.label, "Test2.Product", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                    "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+            sqlgGraph1.tx().commit();
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Person").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test1.Product").count().next(), 0);
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph1.traversal().V().has(T.label, "Test2.Product").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void loadForeignKeys() throws Exception {
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "aBoolean", true, "aShort", (short) 1,
+                "aInteger", 1, "aLong", 1L, "aDouble", 1D, "aString", "aaaaaaaaaaaaa");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "bBoolean", true, "bShort", (short) 2,
+                "bInteger", 2, "bLong", 2L, "bDouble", 2D, "bString", "bbbbbbbbbbbbb");
+        v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v2, "cBoolean", true, "cShort", (short) 3,
+                "cInteger", 3, "cLong", 3L, "cDouble", 3D, "cString", "ccccccccccccc");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v1.id()).next();
+            assertNotNull(v1);
+            assertEquals(true, v1.property("aBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 1, v1.property("aShort").value());
+            assertEquals(1, v1.property("aInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(1L, v1.property("aLong").value());
+            assertEquals(1D, v1.property("aDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("aaaaaaaaaaaaa", v1.property("aString").value());
+
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            assertEquals(true, v2.property("bBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 2, v2.property("bShort").value());
+            assertEquals(2, v2.property("bInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(2L, v2.property("bLong").value());
+            assertEquals(2D, v2.property("bDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("bbbbbbbbbbbbb", v2.property("bString").value());
+
+            Iterator<Edge> edgeIter = vertexTraversal(v1).outE("edgeTest");
+            assertTrue(edgeIter.hasNext());
+            Edge e = edgeIter.next();
+            assertEquals(true, e.property("cBoolean").value());
+            assertEquals((short) 3, e.property("cShort").value());
+            assertEquals(3, e.property("cInteger").value());
+            assertEquals(3L, e.property("cLong").value());
+            assertEquals(3D, e.property("cDouble").value());
+            assertEquals("ccccccccccccc", e.property("cString").value());
+
+            Vertex v3 = sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Person", "dBoolean", true, "dShort", (short) 4,
+                    "dInteger", 4, "dLong", 4L, "bDouble", 4D, "dString", "ddddddddddddd");
+            v1.addEdge("edgeTest", v3, "eBoolean", true, "eShort", (short) 3,
+                    "eInteger", 3, "eLong", 3L, "eDouble", 3D, "eString", "eeeeeeeeeeeee");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+
+            try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph1 = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+                Edge edgeTest = sqlgGraph1.traversal().V(v3).inE("edgeTest").next();
+                assertEquals(true, edgeTest.value("eBoolean"));
+                assertEquals((short)3, edgeTest.<Short>value("eShort").shortValue());
+                assertEquals(3, edgeTest.<Integer>value("eInteger").intValue());
+                assertEquals(3L, edgeTest.<Long>value("eLong").longValue());
+                assertEquals(3D, edgeTest.value("eDouble"), 0);
+                assertEquals("eeeeeeeeeeeee", edgeTest.<String>value("eString"));
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemas() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        planBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBscWE);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("plan.E_workspaceElement").size());
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getAllEdgeForeignKeys().get("real.E_workspaceElement").size());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBscWE);
+        realBsc.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(2, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBsc.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBsc.id()).next()).in("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaWithSimilarForeignKeysAcrossSchemasMultipleEdgesOtherWayAround() throws Exception {
+        Vertex realBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "real.bsc");
+        Vertex realBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        Vertex planBsc = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "plan.bsc");
+        Vertex planBscWE = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "workspaceElement");
+        realBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", realBsc);
+        planBscWE.addEdge("workspaceElement", planBsc);
+
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(realBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+            assertEquals(1, vertexTraversal(sqlgGraph.traversal().V(planBscWE.id()).next()).out("workspaceElement").count().next().intValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSameEdgeToDifferentVertexLabels() throws Exception {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A", "name", "a1");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B.B", "name", "b1");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C.C", "name", "c1");
+        Object a1Id = a1.id();
+        Object b1Id = b1.id();
+        a1.addEdge("ab", b1, "weight", 5);
+        a1.addEdge("ab", c1, "weight", 6);
+        b1.addEdge("ba", a1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        b1.addEdge("ba", c1, "wtf", "wtf1");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+        assertEquals(2, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(b1Id).out().count().next().intValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadSchemaSameTableDifferentSchema() throws Exception {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+        Vertex v1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test1.Person", "name1", "john");
+        Vertex v2 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "test2.Person", "name2", "john");
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            v2 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V(v2.id()).next();
+            //This fails if the columns are not loaded per schema and table
+            v2.property("name1", "joe");
+            sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleInEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        report1.addEdge("label", favouriteReport);
+        report1.addEdge("label", policyReport);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).out("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipleOutEdges() throws Exception {
+        Vertex report1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "Report", "name", "report1");
+        Vertex favouriteReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "FavouriteReport", "name", "favourite");
+        Vertex policyReport = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "PolicyReport", "name", "policy");
+        favouriteReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        policyReport.addEdge("label", report1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertTrue(sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").hasNext());
+            report1 = sqlgGraph.traversal().V().hasLabel("Report").next();
+            assertEquals(2, sqlgGraph.traversal().V(report1).in("label").count().next(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMoreMultipleInEdges() {
+        Vertex a1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "A");
+        Vertex b1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "B");
+        Vertex c1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "C");
+        Vertex d1 = this.sqlgGraph.addVertex(T.label, "D");
+        a1.addEdge("hi", b1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", c1);
+        a1.addEdge("hi", d1);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        assertEquals(3, this.sqlgGraph.traversal().V(a1).out().count().next(), 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoadGlobalUniqueIndexes() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, PropertyType> properties = new HashMap<>();
+        properties.put("name1", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name2", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel aVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("A", properties);
+        assertTrue(aVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name3", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name4", PropertyType.STRING);
+        VertexLabel bVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getPublicSchema().ensureVertexLabelExist("B", properties);
+        assertTrue(bVertexLabel.isUncommitted());
+        properties.clear();
+        properties.put("name5", PropertyType.STRING);
+        properties.put("name6", PropertyType.STRING);
+        EdgeLabel edgeLabel = aVertexLabel.ensureEdgeLabelExist("ab", bVertexLabel, properties);
+        assertTrue(edgeLabel.isUncommitted());
+        Set<PropertyColumn> globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns = new HashSet<>();
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(aVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(bVertexLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns.addAll(new HashSet<>(edgeLabel.getProperties().values()));
+        this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().ensureGlobalUniqueIndexExist(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns);
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().commit();
+        this.sqlgGraph.close();
+        try (SqlgGraph sqlgGraph = SqlgGraph.open(configuration)) {
+            assertEquals(1, sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().size());
+            GlobalUniqueIndex globalUniqueIndex = sqlgGraph.getTopology().getGlobalUniqueIndexes().iterator().next();
+            assertTrue(globalUniqueIndex.getProperties().containsAll(globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns));
+            for (PropertyColumn globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn : globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumns) {
+                assertEquals(1, globalUniqueIndexPropertyColumn.getGlobalUniqueIndices().size());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `sqlgGraph1.getTopology()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 60.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestLoadSchema.testLoadingLocalDate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.test.schema.TestLoadSchema.testLoadingLocalDate():void.83c384aba468a65fc69c437e78047f7f
+
+### File:
+sqlg-test/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/test/schema/TestLoadSchema.java
+
+### Key:
+TestLoadSchema.java|testLoadingLocalDate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+2e3f8b1a60f5cfd3ca143aced5e2a8b9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5048/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5048/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a80c962682c7fd524c5c8d05d00b944d5caf37bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5048/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlg
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.umlg.sqlg.structure;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.set.ListOrderedSet;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Direction;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Edge;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Property;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.Vertex;
+import org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.structure.util.StringFactory;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.sql.parse.ColumnList;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.structure.topology.*;
+import org.umlg.sqlg.util.SqlgUtil;
+
+import java.sql.*;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static org.umlg.sqlg.structure.topology.Topology.EDGE_PREFIX;
+
+/**
+ * Date: 2014/07/12
+ * Time: 5:41 AM
+ */
+public class SqlgEdge extends SqlgElement implements Edge {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SqlgEdge.class);
+    private SqlgVertex inVertex;
+    private SqlgVertex outVertex;
+
+    /**
+     * Called from @link {@link SqlgVertex} to create a brand new edge.
+     *
+     * @param sqlgGraph       The graph.
+     * @param streaming       If in batch mode this indicates if its streaming or not.
+     * @param schema          The schema the edge is in.
+     * @param table           The edge's label which translates to a table name.
+     * @param inVertex        The edge's in vertex.
+     * @param outVertex       The edge's out vertex.
+     * @param keyValueMapPair A pair of properties of the edge. Left contains all the properties and right the null valued properties.
+     */
+    public SqlgEdge(
+            SqlgGraph sqlgGraph,
+            boolean streaming,
+            String schema,
+            String table,
+            SqlgVertex inVertex,
+            SqlgVertex outVertex,
+            Pair<Map<String, Object>, Map<String, Object>> keyValueMapPair) {
+
+        super(sqlgGraph, schema, table);
+        this.inVertex = inVertex;
+        this.outVertex = outVertex;
+        try {
+            insertEdge(streaming, keyValueMapPair);
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static SqlgEdge of(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Long id, String schema, String table) {
+        return new SqlgEdge(sqlgGraph, id, schema, table);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This is the primary constructor for loading edges from the db via gremlin.
+     *
+     * @param sqlgGraph The graph.
+     * @param id        The edge's id. This the edge's table's id. Not a {@link RecordId}.
+     * @param schema    The schema the edge is in.
+     * @param table     The table the edge is in. This translates to its label.
+     */
+    public SqlgEdge(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, Long id, String schema, String table) {
+        super(sqlgGraph, id, schema, table);
+    }
+
+    public SqlgEdge(SqlgGraph sqlgGraph, ListOrderedSet<Comparable> identifiers, String schema, String table) {
+        super(sqlgGraph, identifiers, schema, table);
+    }
+
+    private Iterator<Vertex> internalGetVertices(Direction direction) {
+        final List<Vertex> vertices = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (direction.equals(Direction.OUT) || direction.equals(Direction.BOTH))
+            vertices.add(getOutVertex());
+        if (direction.equals(Direction.IN) || direction.equals(Direction.BOTH))
+            vertices.add(getInVertex());
+        return vertices.iterator();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void remove() {
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().readWrite();
+        this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().threadWriteLock();
+        if (this.removed)
+            throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("Edge with id %s was removed.", id().toString()));
+
+        if (this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsBatchMode() && this.sqlgGraph.tx().isInBatchMode()) {
+            this.sqlgGraph.tx().getBatchManager().removeEdge(this.schema, this.table, this);
+        } else {
+            super.remove();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public SqlgVertex getInVertex() {
+        if (this.inVertex == null) {
+            load();
+        }
+        return this.inVertex;
+    }
+
+    public SqlgVertex getOutVertex() {
+        if (this.outVertex == null) {
+            load();
+        }
+        return this.outVertex;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        if (this.inVertex == null) {
+            load();
+        }
+        return StringFactory.edgeString(this);
+    }
+
+    private void insertEdge(boolean complete, Pair<Map<String, Object>, Map<String, Object>> keyValueMapPair) throws SQLException {
+        Map<String, Object> allKeyValueMap = keyValueMapPair.getLeft();
+        Map<String, Object> notNullKeyValueMap = keyValueMapPair.getRight();
+        if (this.sqlgGraph.features().supportsBatchMode() && this.sqlgGraph.tx().isInBatchMode()) {
+            internalBatchAddEdge(complete, allKeyValueMap);
+        } else {
+            internalAddEdge(notNullKeyValueMap);
+        }
+        //Cache the properties
+        this.properties.putAll(notNullKeyValueMap);
+    }
+
+    private void internalBatchAddEdge(boolean streaming, Map<String, Object> keyValueMap) {
+        Preconditions.checkState(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsBatchMode());
+        this.sqlgGraph.tx().getBatchManager().addEdge(streaming, this, this.outVertex, this.inVertex, keyValueMap);
+    }
+
+    private void internalAddEdge(Map<String, Object> keyValueMap) throws SQLException {
+        StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder("INSERT INTO ");
+        sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(this.schema));
+        sql.append(".");
+        sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(EDGE_PREFIX + this.table));
+        sql.append(" (");
+
+        Map<String, Pair<PropertyType, Object>> propertyTypeValueMap = new HashMap<>();
+        Map<String, PropertyColumn> propertyColumns = null;
+        EdgeLabel edgeLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology()
+                .getSchema(this.schema).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("Schema %s not found", this.schema)))
+                .getEdgeLabel(this.table).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("EdgeLabel %s not found in schema %s", this.table, this.schema)));
+        VertexLabel inVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology()
+                .getSchema(inVertex.getSchema()).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("Schema %s not found", inVertex.getSchema())))
+                .getVertexLabel(inVertex.getTable()).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("VertexLabel %s not found in schema %s", inVertex.getTable(), inVertex.getSchema())));
+        VertexLabel outVertexLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology()
+                .getSchema(outVertex.getSchema()).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("Schema %s not found", outVertex.getSchema())))
+                .getVertexLabel(outVertex.getTable()).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("VertexLabel %s not found in schema %s", outVertex.getTable(), outVertex.getSchema())));
+
+        if (!keyValueMap.isEmpty()) {
+            propertyColumns = edgeLabel.getProperties();
+            //sync up the keyValueMap with its PropertyColumn
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Object> keyValueEntry : keyValueMap.entrySet()) {
+                PropertyColumn propertyColumn = propertyColumns.get(keyValueEntry.getKey());
+                Pair<PropertyType, Object> propertyColumnObjectPair = Pair.of(propertyColumn.getPropertyType(), keyValueEntry.getValue());
+                propertyTypeValueMap.put(keyValueEntry.getKey(), propertyColumnObjectPair);
+            }
+        }
+        writeColumnNames(propertyTypeValueMap, sql);
+        if (keyValueMap.size() > 0) {
+            sql.append(", ");
+        }
+        if (inVertexLabel.getIdentifiers().isEmpty()) {
+            sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(this.inVertex.schema + "." + this.inVertex.table + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+        } else {
+            int i = 1;
+            for (String identifier : inVertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                if (outVertexLabel.isDistributed() && outVertexLabel.getDistributionPropertyColumn().getName().equals(identifier)) {
+                    i++;
+                } else {
+                    sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(this.inVertex.schema + "." + this.inVertex.table + "." + identifier + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                    if (outVertexLabel.isDistributed()) {
+                        if (i++ < inVertexLabel.getIdentifiers().size() - 1) {
+                            sql.append(", ");
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (i++ < inVertexLabel.getIdentifiers().size()) {
+                            sql.append(", ");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        sql.append(", ");
+        if (outVertexLabel.getIdentifiers().isEmpty()) {
+            sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(this.outVertex.schema + "." + this.outVertex.table + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+        } else {
+            int i = 1;
+            for (String identifier : outVertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                if (outVertexLabel.isDistributed() && outVertexLabel.getDistributionPropertyColumn().getName().equals(identifier)) {
+                    i++;
+                } else {
+                    sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(this.outVertex.schema + "." + this.outVertex.table + "." + identifier + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                    if (outVertexLabel.isDistributed()) {
+                        if (i++ < outVertexLabel.getIdentifiers().size() - 1) {
+                            sql.append(", ");
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (i++ < outVertexLabel.getIdentifiers().size()) {
+                            sql.append(", ");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        sql.append(") VALUES (");
+        writeColumnParameters(propertyTypeValueMap, sql);
+        if (keyValueMap.size() > 0) {
+            sql.append(", ");
+        }
+        buildQuestionMark(sql, inVertexLabel);
+        sql.append(", ");
+        buildQuestionMark(sql, outVertexLabel);
+        sql.append(")");
+        if (this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().needsSemicolon()) {
+            sql.append(";");
+        }
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            logger.debug(sql.toString());
+        }
+        int i = 1;
+        Connection conn = this.sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
+        try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString(), Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS)) {
+            i = SqlgUtil.setKeyValuesAsParameterUsingPropertyColumn(this.sqlgGraph, i, preparedStatement, propertyTypeValueMap);
+
+            if (inVertexLabel.getIdentifiers().isEmpty()) {
+                preparedStatement.setLong(i++, this.inVertex.recordId.sequenceId());
+            } else {
+                for (String identifier : inVertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                    if (!inVertexLabel.isDistributed() || !inVertexLabel.getDistributionPropertyColumn().getName().equals(identifier)) {
+                        i = SqlgUtil.setKeyValueAsParameter(
+                                this.sqlgGraph,
+                                false,
+                                i,
+                                preparedStatement,
+                                ImmutablePair.of(inVertexLabel.getProperty(identifier).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("identifier %s not a property.", identifier))).getPropertyType(), inVertex.value(identifier)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (outVertexLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                preparedStatement.setLong(i, this.outVertex.recordId.sequenceId());
+            } else {
+                for (String identifier : outVertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                    if (!outVertexLabel.isDistributed() || !outVertexLabel.getDistributionPropertyColumn().getName().equals(identifier)) {
+                        i = SqlgUtil.setKeyValueAsParameter(
+                                this.sqlgGraph,
+                                false,
+                                i,
+                                preparedStatement,
+                                ImmutablePair.of(outVertexLabel.getProperty(identifier).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("identifier %s not a property.", identifier))).getPropertyType(), outVertex.value(identifier)));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            preparedStatement.executeUpdate();
+            ResultSet generatedKeys = preparedStatement.getGeneratedKeys();
+            if (edgeLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                if (generatedKeys.next()) {
+                    this.recordId = RecordId.from(SchemaTable.of(this.schema, this.table), generatedKeys.getLong(1));
+                } else {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Could not retrieve the id after an insert into " + Topology.VERTICES);
+                }
+            } else {
+                ListOrderedSet<Comparable> identifiers = new ListOrderedSet<>();
+                for (String identifier : edgeLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                    //noinspection unchecked
+                    identifiers.add((Comparable<Object>) propertyTypeValueMap.get(identifier).getRight());
+                }
+                this.recordId = RecordId.from(SchemaTable.of(this.schema, this.table), identifiers);
+            }
+            if (!keyValueMap.isEmpty()) {
+                insertGlobalUniqueIndex(keyValueMap, propertyColumns);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void buildQuestionMark(StringBuilder sql, VertexLabel vertexLabel) {
+        if (vertexLabel.getIdentifiers().isEmpty()) {
+            sql.append("?");
+        } else {
+            for (String identifier : vertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                if (!vertexLabel.isDistributed() || !vertexLabel.getDistributionPropertyColumn().getName().equals(identifier)) {
+                    sql.append("?, ");
+                }
+            }
+            //remove the extra comma
+            sql.delete(sql.length() - 2, sql.length());
+        }
+    }
+
+    //TODO this needs optimizing, an edge created in the transaction need not go to the db to load itself again
+    @Override
+    protected void load() {
+        //recordId can be null when in batchMode
+        if (this.recordId != null && this.properties.isEmpty()) {
+            this.sqlgGraph.tx().readWrite();
+            if (this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().supportsBatchMode() && this.sqlgGraph.tx().getBatchManager().isStreaming()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("streaming is in progress, first flush or commit before querying.");
+            }
+
+            //Generate the columns to prevent 'ERROR: cached plan must not change result type" error'
+            //This happens when the schema changes after the statement is prepared.
+            @SuppressWarnings("OptionalGetWithoutIsPresent")
+            EdgeLabel edgeLabel = this.sqlgGraph.getTopology().getSchema(this.schema).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("Schema %s not found", this.schema))).getEdgeLabel(this.table).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("EdgeLabel %s not found", this.table)));
+            StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder("SELECT\n\t");
+            sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes("ID"));
+            appendProperties(edgeLabel, sql);
+            List<VertexLabel> outForeignKeys = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (VertexLabel vertexLabel : edgeLabel.getOutVertexLabels()) {
+                outForeignKeys.add(vertexLabel);
+                sql.append(", ");
+                if (vertexLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                    String foreignKey = vertexLabel.getSchema().getName() + "." + vertexLabel.getName() + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END;
+                    sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(foreignKey));
+                } else {
+                    int countIdentifier = 1;
+                    for (String identifier : vertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                        PropertyColumn propertyColumn = vertexLabel.getProperty(identifier).orElseThrow(
+                                () -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("identifier %s column must be a property", identifier))
+                        );
+                        PropertyType propertyType = propertyColumn.getPropertyType();
+                        String[] propertyTypeToSqlDefinition = this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType);
+                        int count = 1;
+                        for (String ignored : propertyTypeToSqlDefinition) {
+                            if (count > 1) {
+                                sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(vertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + propertyType.getPostFixes()[count - 2] + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                            } else {
+                                //The first column existVertexLabel no postfix
+                                sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(vertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                            }
+                            if (count++ < propertyTypeToSqlDefinition.length) {
+                                sql.append(", ");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (countIdentifier++ < vertexLabel.getIdentifiers().size()) {
+                            sql.append(", ");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            List<VertexLabel> inForeignKeys = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (VertexLabel vertexLabel : edgeLabel.getInVertexLabels()) {
+                sql.append(", ");
+                inForeignKeys.add(vertexLabel);
+                if (vertexLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                    String foreignKey = vertexLabel.getSchema().getName() + "." + vertexLabel.getName() + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END;
+                    sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(foreignKey));
+                } else {
+                    int countIdentifier = 1;
+                    for (String identifier : vertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                        PropertyColumn propertyColumn = vertexLabel.getProperty(identifier).orElseThrow(
+                                () -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("identifier %s column must be a property", identifier))
+                        );
+                        PropertyType propertyType = propertyColumn.getPropertyType();
+                        String[] propertyTypeToSqlDefinition = this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType);
+                        int count = 1;
+                        for (String ignored : propertyTypeToSqlDefinition) {
+                            if (count > 1) {
+                                sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(vertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + propertyType.getPostFixes()[count - 2] + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                            } else {
+                                //The first column existVertexLabel no postfix
+                                sql.append(sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(vertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                            }
+                            if (count++ < propertyTypeToSqlDefinition.length) {
+                                sql.append(", ");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (countIdentifier++ < vertexLabel.getIdentifiers().size()) {
+                            sql.append(", ");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            sql.append("\nFROM\n\t");
+            sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(this.schema));
+            sql.append(".");
+            sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(EDGE_PREFIX + this.table));
+            sql.append(" WHERE ");
+            //noinspection Duplicates
+            if (edgeLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes("ID"));
+                sql.append(" = ?");
+            } else {
+                int count = 1;
+                for (String identifier : edgeLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                    sql.append(this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().maybeWrapInQoutes(identifier));
+                    sql.append(" = ?");
+                    if (count++ < edgeLabel.getIdentifiers().size()) {
+                        sql.append(" AND ");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            if (this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().needsSemicolon()) {
+                sql.append(";");
+            }
+            Connection conn = this.sqlgGraph.tx().getConnection();
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logger.debug(sql.toString());
+            }
+            try (PreparedStatement preparedStatement = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString())) {
+                if (edgeLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                    preparedStatement.setLong(1, this.recordId.sequenceId());
+                } else {
+                    int count = 1;
+                    for (Comparable identifierValue : this.recordId.getIdentifiers()) {
+                        preparedStatement.setObject(count++, identifierValue);
+                    }
+                }
+                ResultSet resultSet = preparedStatement.executeQuery();
+                if (resultSet.next()) {
+                    loadResultSet(resultSet, inForeignKeys, outForeignKeys);
+                }
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+
+    public void loadInVertex(ResultSet resultSet, SchemaTable inVertexSchemaTable, int columnIdx) throws SQLException {
+        Long inId = resultSet.getLong(columnIdx);
+        if (!resultSet.wasNull()) {
+            this.inVertex = SqlgVertex.of(this.sqlgGraph, inId, inVertexSchemaTable.getSchema(), inVertexSchemaTable.getTable());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void loadInVertex(ResultSet resultSet, List<ColumnList.Column> inForeignKeyColumns) {
+        List<Comparable> identifiers = SqlgUtil.getValue(resultSet, inForeignKeyColumns);
+        ColumnList.Column column = inForeignKeyColumns.get(0);
+        this.inVertex = SqlgVertex.of(
+                this.sqlgGraph,
+                ListOrderedSet.listOrderedSet(identifiers),
+                column.getForeignSchemaTable().getSchema(),
+                column.getForeignSchemaTable().getTable()
+        );
+    }
+
+    public void loadOutVertex(ResultSet resultSet, SchemaTable outVertexSchemaTable, int columnIdx) throws SQLException {
+        Long outId = resultSet.getLong(columnIdx);
+        if (!resultSet.wasNull()) {
+            this.outVertex = SqlgVertex.of(this.sqlgGraph, outId, outVertexSchemaTable.getSchema(), outVertexSchemaTable.getTable());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void loadOutVertex(ResultSet resultSet, List<ColumnList.Column> outForeignKeyColumns) {
+        List<Comparable> identifiers = SqlgUtil.getValue(resultSet, outForeignKeyColumns);
+        ColumnList.Column column = outForeignKeyColumns.get(0);
+        this.outVertex = SqlgVertex.of(
+                this.sqlgGraph,
+                ListOrderedSet.listOrderedSet(identifiers),
+                column.getForeignSchemaTable().getSchema(),
+                column.getForeignSchemaTable().getTable()
+        );
+    }
+
+    private void loadResultSet(ResultSet resultSet, List<VertexLabel> inForeignKeys, List<VertexLabel> outForeignKeys) throws SQLException {
+        SchemaTable inVertexColumnName = null;
+        SchemaTable outVertexColumnName = null;
+        ResultSetMetaData resultSetMetaData = resultSet.getMetaData();
+        for (int i = 1; i <= resultSetMetaData.getColumnCount(); i++) {
+            String columnName = resultSetMetaData.getColumnLabel(i);
+            if (!columnName.equals("ID") &&
+                    !columnName.endsWith(Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END) &&
+                    !columnName.endsWith(Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END)) {
+
+                loadProperty(resultSet, columnName, i);
+            }
+        }
+        long inId = -1;
+        ListOrderedSet<Comparable> inComparables = new ListOrderedSet<>();
+        for (VertexLabel inVertexLabel: inForeignKeys) {
+            inVertexColumnName = SchemaTable.of(inVertexLabel.getSchema().getName(), inVertexLabel.getLabel());
+            if (inVertexLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                String foreignKey = inVertexLabel.getSchema().getName() + "." + inVertexLabel.getName() + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END;
+                inId = resultSet.getLong(foreignKey);
+                if (!resultSet.wasNull()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (String identifier : inVertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                    PropertyColumn propertyColumn = inVertexLabel.getProperty(identifier).orElseThrow(
+                            () -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("identifier %s column must be a property", identifier))
+                    );
+                    PropertyType propertyType = propertyColumn.getPropertyType();
+                    String[] propertyTypeToSqlDefinition = this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType);
+                    int count = 1;
+                    for (String ignored : propertyTypeToSqlDefinition) {
+                        if (count > 1) {
+                            inComparables.add((Comparable)resultSet.getObject(inVertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + propertyType.getPostFixes()[count - 2] + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                        } else {
+                            //The first column existVertexLabel no postfix
+                            inComparables.add((Comparable)resultSet.getObject(inVertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + Topology.IN_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                        }
+                        count++;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+        long outId = -1;
+        ListOrderedSet<Comparable> outComparables = new ListOrderedSet<>();
+        for (VertexLabel outVertexLabel: outForeignKeys) {
+            outVertexColumnName = SchemaTable.of(outVertexLabel.getSchema().getName(), outVertexLabel.getLabel());
+            if (outVertexLabel.hasIDPrimaryKey()) {
+                String foreignKey = outVertexLabel.getSchema().getName() + "." + outVertexLabel.getName() + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END;
+                outId = resultSet.getLong(foreignKey);
+                if (!resultSet.wasNull()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                for (String identifier : outVertexLabel.getIdentifiers()) {
+                    PropertyColumn propertyColumn = outVertexLabel.getProperty(identifier).orElseThrow(
+                            () -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("identifier %s column must be a property", identifier))
+                    );
+                    PropertyType propertyType = propertyColumn.getPropertyType();
+                    String[] propertyTypeToSqlDefinition = this.sqlgGraph.getSqlDialect().propertyTypeToSqlDefinition(propertyType);
+                    int count = 1;
+                    for (String ignored : propertyTypeToSqlDefinition) {
+                        if (count > 1) {
+                            outComparables.add((Comparable)resultSet.getObject(outVertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + propertyType.getPostFixes()[count - 2] + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                        } else {
+                            //The first column existVertexLabel no postfix
+                            outComparables.add((Comparable)resultSet.getObject(outVertexLabel.getFullName() + "." + identifier + Topology.OUT_VERTEX_COLUMN_END));
+                        }
+                        count++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (inId != -1) {
+            this.inVertex = SqlgVertex.of(this.sqlgGraph, inId, inVertexColumnName.getSchema(), SqlgUtil.removeTrailingInId(inVertexColumnName.getTable()));
+        } else {
+            Preconditions.checkState(!inComparables.isEmpty(), "The in ids are not found for the edge!");
+            this.inVertex = SqlgVertex.of(this.sqlgGraph, inComparables, inVertexColumnName.getSchema(), SqlgUtil.removeTrailingInId(inVertexColumnName.getTable()));
+        }
+        if (outId != -1) {
+            this.outVertex = SqlgVertex.of(this.sqlgGraph, outId, outVertexColumnName.getSchema(), SqlgUtil.removeTrailingOutId(outVertexColumnName.getTable()));
+        } else {
+            Preconditions.checkState(!outComparables.isEmpty(), "The out ids are not found for the edge!");
+            this.outVertex = SqlgVertex.of(this.sqlgGraph, outComparables, outVertexColumnName.getSchema(), SqlgUtil.removeTrailingOutId(outVertexColumnName.getTable()));
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public <V> Iterator<Property<V>> properties(final String... propertyKeys) {
+        //noinspection unchecked
+        return (Iterator) super.properties(propertyKeys);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<Vertex> vertices(Direction direction) {
+        SqlgEdge.this.sqlgGraph.tx().readWrite();
+        return internalGetVertices(direction);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SchemaTable getSchemaTablePrefixed() {
+        return SchemaTable.of(this.getSchema(), EDGE_PREFIX + this.getTable());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    AbstractLabel getAbstractLabel(Schema schema) {
+        return schema.getEdgeLabel(this.table).orElseThrow(() -> new IllegalStateException(String.format("VertexLabel %s not found.", this.table)));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `inVertexColumnName` last assigned on line 472 could be null and is dereferenced at line 550.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlgEdge.loadResultSet(ResultSet,List,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.umlg.sqlg.structure.SqlgEdge.loadResultSet(java.sql.ResultSet,java.util.List,java.util.List):voi.2aadfa877d8dde6dc55da123e1f19b77
+
+### File:
+sqlg-core/src/main/java/org/umlg/sqlg/structure/SqlgEdge.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlgEdge.java|loadResultSet|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+508fe65944aede45ae4405e1858c9447
+
+### Hash:
+a6fc0ac19692b1a094243c5c9b136ca8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5070/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5070/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9774d09d5d8fd261e9eec4a03c7153fe6f57ea45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5070/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logbook
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zalando.logbook.servlet;
+
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * Logbook: Servlet
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Zalando SE
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+import org.zalando.logbook.Correlator;
+import org.zalando.logbook.Logbook;
+
+import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import static org.zalando.logbook.servlet.Attributes.CORRELATION;
+
+final class SecurityStrategy implements Strategy {
+
+    @Override
+    public void doFilter(final Logbook logbook, final HttpServletRequest httpRequest,
+            final HttpServletResponse httpResponse, final FilterChain chain) throws ServletException, IOException {
+
+        final TeeRequest request = new TeeRequest(httpRequest);
+        final TeeResponse response = new TeeResponse(httpResponse);
+
+        chain.doFilter(request, response);
+
+        if (isUnauthorized(response)) {
+            final Optional<Correlator> correlator;
+
+            if (isFirstRequest(request)) {
+                correlator = logbook.write(new UnauthorizedRawHttpRequest(request));
+            } else {
+                correlator = readCorrelator(request);
+            }
+
+            if (correlator.isPresent()) {
+                correlator.get().write(response);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isUnauthorized(final HttpServletResponse response) {
+        return response.getStatus() == 401;
+    }
+
+    private Optional<Correlator> readCorrelator(final TeeRequest request) {
+        return Optional.ofNullable(request.getAttribute(CORRELATION)).map(Correlator.class::cast);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zalando.logbook.servlet.TeeResponse$TeePrintWriter` acquired by call to `TeeResponse(...)` at line 42 is not released after line 56.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SecurityStrategy.doFilter(Logbook,HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,FilterChain)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zalando.logbook.servlet.SecurityStrategy.doFilter(org.zalando.logbook.Logbook,javax.servlet.http.3536734959fcc5d71b891b45a5a47468
+
+### File:
+logbook-servlet/src/main/java/org/zalando/logbook/servlet/SecurityStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+SecurityStrategy.java|doFilter|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+00d970f9e6ee5c55b20a484e8e8c0dad
+
+### Hash:
+e76e1f5d84f3729e8cc4a2ccfbf9f13d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5071/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5071/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5498fcc1c7c814506ef1206dafd3eaf73039609b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5071/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Chat
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.sinjinsong.chat.server;
+
+import cn.sinjinsong.chat.server.handler.MessageHandler;
+import cn.sinjinsong.chat.server.util.SpringContextUtil;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
+import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner;
+
+/**
+ * Created by SinjinSong on 2017/5/23.
+ */
+@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
+@Configuration
+@ContextConfiguration(locations = {"classpath:applicationContext.xml"})
+public class ChatServerTest {
+    
+    @Test
+    public void test() {
+        MessageHandler messageHandler = SpringContextUtil.getBean("MessageHandler","login");
+        messageHandler.handle(null,null,null,null);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `messageHandler` last assigned on line 21 could be null and is dereferenced at line 22.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChatServerTest.test()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.sinjinsong.chat.server.ChatServerTest.test():void.4348234c02f4d8b3e8e5e10816d209b4
+
+### File:
+chat-server/src/test/java/cn/sinjinsong/chat/server/ChatServerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ChatServerTest.java|test|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+02d25c7b69fd2dff3500d9eb478b2675
+
+### Hash:
+faa3eb848796d4edc67c9c5a21ac933b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5076/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5076/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96ba1fdcf32cf68c7e8d2ad175f9c856b8bf9c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5076/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.core.listener;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
+import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplicationRunListener;
+import org.springframework.boot.context.event.EventPublishingRunListener;
+import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext;
+import org.springframework.core.Ordered;
+import org.springframework.core.env.ConfigurableEnvironment;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtils.LOCAL_IP;
+import static com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtils.NACOS_HOME;
+import static com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtils.STANDALONE_MODE;
+import static com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtils.readClusterConf;
+import static org.springframework.boot.context.logging.LoggingApplicationListener.CONFIG_PROPERTY;
+import static org.springframework.core.io.ResourceLoader.CLASSPATH_URL_PREFIX;
+
+/**
+ * Logging {@link SpringApplicationRunListener} before {@link EventPublishingRunListener} execution
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:mercyblitz@gmail.com">Mercy</a>
+ * @since 0.2.2
+ */
+public class LoggingSpringApplicationRunListener implements SpringApplicationRunListener, Ordered {
+
+    private static final String DEFAULT_NACOS_LOGBACK_LOCATION = CLASSPATH_URL_PREFIX + "META-INF/logback/nacos.xml";
+
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LoggingSpringApplicationRunListener.class);
+
+    private static final String MODE_PROPERTY_KEY = "nacos.mode";
+
+    private static final String LOCAL_IP_PROPERTY_KEY = "nacos.local.ip";
+
+    private final SpringApplication application;
+
+    private final String[] args;
+
+
+    public LoggingSpringApplicationRunListener(SpringApplication application, String[] args) {
+        this.application = application;
+        this.args = args;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void starting() {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void environmentPrepared(ConfigurableEnvironment environment) {
+        if (!environment.containsProperty(CONFIG_PROPERTY)) {
+            System.setProperty(CONFIG_PROPERTY, DEFAULT_NACOS_LOGBACK_LOCATION);
+            if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                logger.info("There is no property named \"{}\" in Spring Boot Environment, " +
+                                "and whose value is {} will be set into System's Properties", CONFIG_PROPERTY,
+                        DEFAULT_NACOS_LOGBACK_LOCATION);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (STANDALONE_MODE) {
+            System.setProperty(MODE_PROPERTY_KEY, "stand alone");
+        } else {
+            System.setProperty(MODE_PROPERTY_KEY, "cluster");
+        }
+
+        System.setProperty(LOCAL_IP_PROPERTY_KEY, LOCAL_IP);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void contextPrepared(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
+        System.out.printf("Log files: %s/logs/%n", NACOS_HOME);
+        System.out.printf("Conf files: %s/conf/%n", NACOS_HOME);
+        System.out.printf("Data files: %s/data/%n", NACOS_HOME);
+
+        if (!STANDALONE_MODE) {
+            try {
+                List<String> clusterConf = readClusterConf();
+                System.out.printf("The server IP list of Nacos is %s%n", clusterConf);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.error("read cluster conf fail", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.out.println();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void contextLoaded(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void started(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void running(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void failed(ConfigurableApplicationContext context, Throwable exception) {
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Before {@link EventPublishingRunListener}
+     *
+     * @return HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int getOrder() {
+        return HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Qualifier:
+format string arguments don't mach provided arguments in printf(...) at line 92.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LoggingSpringApplicationRunListener.contextPrepared(ConfigurableApplicationContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.core.listener.LoggingSpringApplicationRunListener.contextPrepared(org.springframew.bacf42e251b83dc32835501115a6eea8
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/core/listener/LoggingSpringApplicationRunListener.java
+
+### Key:
+LoggingSpringApplicationRunListener.java|contextPrepared|CHECKERS_PRINTF_ARGS
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+055a5300e6c42a84c2d0c33bd2506e25
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Printf Args
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5077/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5077/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d84e633e4e8c33ece1fd96f58c11c231fb8d870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5077/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2498 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.TypeReference;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.AbstractHealthChecker;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Service;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.IoUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.Md5Utils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.SystemUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.boot.RunningConfig;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.AbstractHealthCheckProcessor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.HealthCheckTask;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.HealthCheckType;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.healthcheck.RsInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.misc.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.ClientInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.DataSource;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.PushService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.Datum;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftCore;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftPeer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.raft.RaftProxy;
+import com.ning.http.client.AsyncCompletionHandler;
+import com.ning.http.client.Response;
+import edu.umd.cs.findbugs.annotations.SuppressFBWarnings;
+import org.apache.catalina.util.ParameterMap;
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.BooleanUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.util.VersionUtil;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.security.AccessControlException;
+import java.security.InvalidParameterException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * Old API entry
+ *
+ * @author nacos
+ */
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api")
+public class ApiCommands {
+
+    @Autowired
+    protected DomainsManager domainsManager;
+
+    private DataSource pushDataSource = new DataSource() {
+
+        @Override
+        public String getData(PushService.PushClient client) throws Exception {
+
+            Map<String, String[]> params = new HashMap<String, String[]>(10);
+            params.put("dom", new String[]{client.getDom()});
+            params.put("clusters", new String[]{client.getClusters()});
+
+            // set udp port to 0, otherwise will cause recursion
+            params.put("udpPort", new String[]{"0"});
+
+            InetAddress inetAddress = client.getSocketAddr().getAddress();
+            params.put("clientIP", new String[]{inetAddress.getHostAddress()});
+            params.put("header:Client-Version", new String[]{client.getAgent()});
+
+            JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+            try {
+                result = ApiCommands.this.srvIPXT(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(params));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("PUSH-SERVICE: dom is not modified", e);
+            }
+
+            // overdrive the cache millis to push mode
+            result.put("cacheMillis", Switch.getPushCacheMillis(client.getDom()));
+
+            return result.toJSONString();
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    @RequestMapping("/dom")
+    public JSONObject dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        // SDK before version 2.0,0 use 'name' instead of 'dom' here
+        String name = BaseServlet.optional(request, "name", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
+            name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[DOM] request dom:" + name);
+
+        Domain dom = domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "Dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        return toPacket(dom);
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domCount")
+    public JSONObject domCount(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("count", domainsManager.getDomCount());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/rt4Dom")
+    public JSONObject rt4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj
+                = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("request dom doesn't exist");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : domObj.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+            HealthCheckTask task = entry.getValue().getHealthCheckTask();
+
+            packet.put("name", entry.getKey());
+            packet.put("checkRTBest", task.getCheckRTBest());
+            packet.put("checkRTWorst", task.getCheckRTWorst());
+            packet.put("checkRTNormalized", task.getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+            clusters.add(packet);
+        }
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom2")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom2(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+        String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found.");
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = dom.allIPs();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            ipArray.add(ip.toIPAddr() + "_" + ip.isValid());
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/ip4Dom")
+    public JSONObject ip4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try {
+            String domName = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+            String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String agent = BaseServlet.optional(request, "header:Client-Version", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+
+            if (dom == null) {
+                throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom: " + domName + " not found!");
+            }
+
+            List<IpAddress> ips = null;
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+                ips = dom.allIPs();
+            } else {
+                ips = dom.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+            }
+
+            if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ips)) {
+                result.put("ips", Collections.emptyList());
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            ClientInfo clientInfo = new ClientInfo(agent);
+
+            JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipPac = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+                ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipPac.put("app", ip.getApp());
+
+                if (clientInfo.version.compareTo(VersionUtil.parseVersion("1.5.0")) >= 0) {
+                    ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+                } else {
+                    double weight = ip.getWeight();
+                    if (weight == 0) {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    } else {
+                        ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight() < 1 ? 1 : (int) ip.getWeight());
+                    }
+                }
+                ipPac.put("checkRT", ip.getCheckRT());
+                ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+
+                ipArray.add(ipPac);
+            }
+
+            result.put("ips", ipArray);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("VIPSRV-IP4DOM", "failed to call ip4Dom, caused " + e.getMessage());
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/regDom")
+    public String regDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) != null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom already exists, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/clientBeat")
+    public JSONObject clientBeat(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String beat = BaseServlet.required(request, "beat");
+        RsInfo clientBeat = JSON.parseObject(beat, RsInfo.class);
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(clientBeat.getCluster())) {
+            clientBeat.setCluster(UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+        }
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String app;
+        app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterName = clientBeat.getCluster();
+
+        if (StringUtils.isBlank(clusterName)) {
+            clusterName = UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME;
+        }
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("client-beat", "beat: " + beat);
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+        stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("enableClientBeat", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("cktype", Arrays.asList("TCP").toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("appName", Arrays.asList(app).toArray(new String[1]));
+        stringMap.put("clusterName", Arrays.asList(clusterName).toArray(new String[1]));
+
+        //if domain does not exist, register it.
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            regDom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("dom not found, register it, dom:" + dom);
+        }
+
+        virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        String ip = clientBeat.getIp();
+        int port = clientBeat.getPort();
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+        ipAddress.setPort(port);
+        ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+        ipAddress.setWeight(clientBeat.getWeight());
+        ipAddress.setMetadata(clientBeat.getMetadata());
+        ipAddress.setClusterName(clusterName);
+
+        if (!virtualClusterDomain.allIPs().contains(ipAddress)) {
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            addIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("ip not found, register it, dom:" + dom + ", ip:" + ipAddress);
+        }
+
+        if (!DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+            String server = DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom);
+            Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("I'm not responsible for " + dom + ", proxy it to " + server);
+            Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                String key = entry.getKey();
+                String value = entry.getValue()[0];
+                proxyParams.put(key, value);
+            }
+
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server + RunningConfig.getContextPath()
+                    + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/clientBeat";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult httpResult = HttpClient.httpGet(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (httpResult.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to proxy client beat to" + server + ", beat: " + beat);
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+                virtualClusterDomain.processClientBeat(clientBeat);
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("clientBeatInterval", Switch.getClientBeatInterval());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private String addOrReplaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "token", Md5Utils.getMD5(dom, "utf-8"));
+
+        float protectThreshold = NumberUtils.toFloat(BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", "0.0"));
+        boolean isUseSpecifiedURL = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isUseSpecifiedURL", "false"));
+        String envAndSite = BaseServlet.optional(request, "envAndSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean resetWeight = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", "false"));
+        boolean enableHealthCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", "true"));
+        boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enable", "true"));
+        String disabledSites = BaseServlet.optional(request, "disabledSites", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean eanbleClientBeat = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", "false"));
+        String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+
+        String serviceMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[RESET-WEIGHT] " + String.valueOf(resetWeight));
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = new VirtualClusterDomain();
+        domObj.setName(dom);
+        domObj.setToken(token);
+        domObj.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        domObj.setProtectThreshold(protectThreshold);
+        domObj.setUseSpecifiedURL(isUseSpecifiedURL);
+        domObj.setResetWeight(resetWeight);
+        domObj.setEnableHealthCheck(enableHealthCheck);
+        domObj.setEnabled(enable);
+        domObj.setEnableClientBeat(eanbleClientBeat);
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(serviceMetadataJson)) {
+            domObj.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(serviceMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+            }));
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(envAndSite) && StringUtils.isNotEmpty(disabledSites)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("envAndSite and disabledSites are not allowed both not empty.");
+        }
+
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            // new format
+            List<Cluster> clusterObjs = JSON.parseArray(clusters, Cluster.class);
+
+            for (Cluster cluster : clusterObjs) {
+                domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // old format, default cluster will be constructed automatically
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+
+            Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (AbstractHealthChecker.Http.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+
+            } else if (AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql.TYPE.equals(cktype)) {
+
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                String user = BaseServlet.optional(request, "user", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "pwd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cmd", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(clusterName, cluster);
+        }
+
+        // now valid the dom. if failed, exception will be thrown
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceDom")
+    public String replaceDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("specified dom doesn't exist, dom : " + dom);
+        }
+
+        addOrReplaceDom(request);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("dom: " + dom + " is updated, operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private IpAddress getIPAddress(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String weight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "weight", "1");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cluster)) {
+            cluster = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+        }
+        boolean enabled = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "enable", "true"));
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = new IpAddress();
+        ipAddress.setPort(Integer.parseInt(port));
+        ipAddress.setIp(ip);
+        ipAddress.setWeight(Double.parseDouble(weight));
+        ipAddress.setClusterName(cluster);
+        ipAddress.setEnabled(enabled);
+
+        return ipAddress;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/deRegService")
+    public String deRegService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "serviceName", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(dom)) {
+            dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        }
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        ParameterMap<String, String[]> parameterMap = new ParameterMap<>();
+        parameterMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+        parameterMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+        MockHttpRequest mockHttpRequest = MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(parameterMap);
+
+        return remvIP4Dom(mockHttpRequest);
+
+    }
+
+    @SuppressFBWarnings("JLM_JSR166_LOCK_MONITORENTER")
+    @RequestMapping("/regService")
+    public String regService(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", "DEFAULT");
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String metadata = BaseServlet.optional(request, "metadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        IpAddress ipAddress = getIPAddress(request);
+        Service service = new Service(dom);
+        ipAddress.setApp(app);
+        ipAddress.setService(service);
+        ipAddress.setInstanceId(ipAddress.generateInstanceId());
+        ipAddress.setLastBeat(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(metadata)) {
+            ipAddress.setMetadata(UtilsAndCommons.parseMetadata(metadata));
+        }
+
+        Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON() + "|" + env + "|" + tenant + "|" + app);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+
+            Lock lock = domainsManager.addLock(dom);
+            Condition condition = domainsManager.addCondtion(dom);
+
+            UtilsAndCommons.RAFT_PUBLISH_EXECUTOR.execute(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    try {
+                        regDom(request);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("REG-SERIVCE", "register service failed, service:" + dom, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            try {
+                lock.lock();
+                condition.await(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+
+            virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        }
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain != null) {
+
+            if (!virtualClusterDomain.getClusterMap().containsKey(ipAddress.getClusterName())) {
+                doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+            }
+
+            Loggers.TENANT.debug("reg-service", "add ip: " + dom + "|" + ipAddress.toJSON());
+            Map<String, String[]> stringMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+            stringMap.put("dom", Arrays.asList(dom).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("ipList", Arrays.asList(JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(ipAddress))).toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("json", Arrays.asList("true").toArray(new String[1]));
+            stringMap.put("token", Arrays.asList(virtualClusterDomain.getToken()).toArray(new String[1]));
+            doAddIP4Dom(MockHttpRequest.buildRequest(stringMap));
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateDom")
+    public String updateDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        // dom
+        String name = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain dom = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(name);
+        if (dom == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+        if (leader == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("not leader at present, cannot update");
+        }
+
+        String owners = BaseServlet.optional(request, "owners", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(owners)) {
+            dom.setOwners(Arrays.asList(owners.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        String token = BaseServlet.optional(request, "newToken", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(token)) {
+            dom.setToken(token);
+        }
+
+        String enableClientBeat = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableClientBeat", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableClientBeat)) {
+            dom.setEnableClientBeat(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableClientBeat));
+        }
+
+        String protectThreshold = BaseServlet.optional(request, "protectThreshold", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(protectThreshold)) {
+            dom.setProtectThreshold(Float.parseFloat(protectThreshold));
+        }
+
+        String sitegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "sitegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String setSiteGroupForce = BaseServlet.optional(request, "setSiteGroupForce", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(sitegroup) || !StringUtils.isEmpty(setSiteGroupForce)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSitegroup(sitegroup);
+        }
+
+        String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(cktype)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.HTTP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(BaseServlet.required(request, "path"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.TCP_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (cktype.equals(AbstractHealthCheckProcessor.MYSQL_PROCESSOR.getType())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                config.setCmd(BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd"));
+                config.setPwd(BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd"));
+                config.setUser(BaseServlet.required(request, "user"));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported health check type: " + cktype);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        String defIPPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defIPPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(Integer.parseInt(defIPPort));
+        }
+
+        String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+        }
+
+        String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(ipPort4Check)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+        }
+
+        String defCkPort = BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkPort", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(defCkPort)) {
+            Cluster cluster
+                    = dom.getClusterMap().get(BaseServlet.optional(request, "cluster", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME));
+            if (cluster == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("cluster not found");
+            }
+
+            cluster.setDefCkport(Integer.parseInt(defCkPort));
+        }
+
+        String useSpecifiedUrl = BaseServlet.optional(request, "useSpecifiedURL", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(useSpecifiedUrl)) {
+            dom.setUseSpecifiedURL(Boolean.parseBoolean(useSpecifiedUrl));
+        }
+
+        String resetWeight = BaseServlet.optional(request, "resetWeight", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(resetWeight)) {
+            dom.setResetWeight(Boolean.parseBoolean(resetWeight));
+        }
+
+        String enableHealthCheck = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enableHealthCheck", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enableHealthCheck)) {
+            dom.setEnableHealthCheck(Boolean.parseBoolean(enableHealthCheck));
+        }
+
+        String enabled = BaseServlet.optional(request, "enabled", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(enabled)) {
+            dom.setEnabled(Boolean.parseBoolean(enabled));
+        }
+
+        String ipDeletedTimeout = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipDeletedTimeout", "-1");
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(ipDeletedTimeout)) {
+            long timeout = Long.parseLong(ipDeletedTimeout);
+            if (timeout < VirtualClusterDomain.MINIMUM_IP_DELETE_TIMEOUT) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("ipDeletedTimeout is too short: " + timeout + ", better longer than 60000");
+            }
+
+            dom.setIpDeleteTimeout(timeout);
+        }
+
+        // now do the validation
+        dom.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        dom.recalculateChecksum();
+        dom.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/hello")
+    public JSONObject hello(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("msg", "Hello! I am Nacos-Naming and healthy! total dom: diamond "
+                + domainsManager.getDomMap().size() + ",raft " + domainsManager.getRaftDomMap().size()
+                + ", local port:" + RunningConfig.getServerPort());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvDom")
+    public String remvDom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("specified domain doesn't exists.");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemoveDom(dom);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getDomsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Set<String> doms = new HashSet<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (ip.contains(":")) {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if (StringUtils.equals(ipObj.getIp(), ip)) {
+                        doms.add(domObj.getName());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/onAddIP4Dom")
+    public String onAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.required(request, "clientIP");
+
+        long term = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "term"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader(clientIP)) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("peer(" + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader, leader: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getLeader()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("peer(" + clientIP + ") tried to publish " +
+                    "data but wasn't leader");
+        }
+
+        if (term < RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.warn("out of date publish, pub-term: "
+                    + JSON.toJSONString(clientIP) + ", cur-term: " + JSON.toJSONString(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local()));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("out of date publish, pub-term:"
+                    + term + ", cur-term: " + RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term.get());
+        }
+
+        RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().resetLeaderDue();
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", Boolean.FALSE.toString()));
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<String> ipList;
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        long timestamp = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "timestamp"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+        domainsManager.easyAddIP4Dom(dom, newIPs, timestamp, term);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+
+    private String doAddIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        if (Switch.getDisableAddIP()) {
+            throw new AccessControlException("Adding IP for dom is forbidden now.");
+        }
+
+        Map<String, String> proxyParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+            proxyParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+        }
+
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        final List<String> ipList;
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString);
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                IpAddress ipAddr = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+                newIPs.add(ipAddr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            Loggers.RAFT.info("I'm not leader, will proxy to leader.");
+            if (RaftCore.getLeader() == null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("no leader now.");
+            }
+
+            RaftPeer leader = RaftCore.getLeader();
+
+            String server = leader.ip;
+            if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+            }
+
+            String url = "http://" + server
+                    + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/addIP4Dom";
+            HttpClient.HttpResult result1 = HttpClient.httpPost(url, null, proxyParams);
+
+            if (result1.code != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("failed to add ip for dom, caused " + result1.content);
+            }
+
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        final String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        if (domainsManager.getDomain(dom) == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("dom doesn't exist: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        boolean updateOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "updateOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(newIPs)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        if (updateOnly) {
+            //make sure every IP is in the dom, otherwise refuse update
+            List<IpAddress> oldIPs = domainsManager.getDomain(dom).allIPs();
+            Collection diff = CollectionUtils.subtract(newIPs, oldIPs);
+            if (diff.size() != 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("these IPs are not present: " + Arrays.toString(diff.toArray())
+                        + ", if you want to add them, remove updateOnly flag");
+            }
+        }
+
+        String key = UtilsAndCommons.getIPListStoreKey(domainsManager.getDomain(dom));
+
+        long timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        if (RaftCore.isLeader()) {
+            RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.lock();
+            try {
+                final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(RaftCore.getPeerSet().majorityCount());
+                proxyParams.put("clientIP", NetUtils.localIP());
+                proxyParams.put("notify", "true");
+
+                proxyParams.put("term", String.valueOf(RaftCore.getPeerSet().local().term));
+                proxyParams.put("timestamp", String.valueOf(timestamp));
+
+                for (final RaftPeer peer : RaftCore.getPeers()) {
+                    String server = peer.ip;
+                    if (!server.contains(UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER)) {
+                        server = server + UtilsAndCommons.CLUSTER_CONF_IP_SPLITER + RunningConfig.getServerPort();
+                    }
+                    String url = "http://" + server
+                            + RunningConfig.getContextPath() + UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/onAddIP4Dom";
+                    HttpClient.asyncHttpPost(url, null, proxyParams, new AsyncCompletionHandler() {
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer onCompleted(Response response) throws Exception {
+                            if (response.getStatusCode() != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK) {
+                                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("failed to add ip for dom: " + dom
+                                        + ",ipList = " + ipList + ",code: " + response.getStatusCode()
+                                        + ", caused " + response.getResponseBody() + ", server: " + peer.ip);
+                                return 1;
+                            }
+                            countDownLatch.countDown();
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+
+                if (!countDownLatch.await(UtilsAndCommons.MAX_PUBLISH_WAIT_TIME_MILLIS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                    Loggers.RAFT.info("data publish failed, key=" + key, ",notify timeout.");
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("data publish failed, key=" + key);
+                }
+
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-ADD}" + " new: "
+                        + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operatorIP: "
+                        + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+            } finally {
+                RaftCore.OPERATE_LOCK.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addIP4Dom")
+    public String addIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddIP4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/replaceIP4Dom")
+    public synchronized String replaceIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String cluster = BaseServlet.required(request, "cluster");
+
+        List<String> ips = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList").split(","));
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<IpAddress>(ips.size());
+        for (String ip : ips) {
+            IpAddress ipObj = IpAddress.fromJSON(ip);
+            if (ipObj == null || ipObj.getPort() <= 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed ip: " + ip + ", format: ip:port[_weight][_cluster]");
+            }
+
+            ipObj.setClusterName(cluster);
+            ipObjList.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(ipObjList)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("empty ip list");
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyReplaceIP4Dom(dom, cluster, ipObjList);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvAllIP")
+    public JSONObject srvAllIP(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(clusters)) {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs();
+        } else {
+            srvedIPs = domObj.allIPs(Arrays.asList(clusters.split(",")));
+        }
+
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+            ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipObj.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("doubleWeight", ip.getWeight());
+            ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.getInstanceId());
+            ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+            ipArray.add(ipObj);
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum());
+        result.put("allIPs", "true");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/srvIPXT")
+    @ResponseBody
+    public JSONObject srvIPXT(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        if (DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP().equals(UtilsAndCommons.LOCAL_HOST_IP)) {
+            throw new Exception("invalid localhost ip: " + DistroMapper.getLocalhostIP());
+        }
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+        String agent = request.getHeader("Client-Version");
+        String clusters = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusters", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String clientIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Integer udpPort = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "udpPort", "0"));
+        String env = BaseServlet.optional(request, "env", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        String error = BaseServlet.optional(request, "unconsistentDom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        boolean isCheck = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "isCheck", "false"));
+
+        String app = BaseServlet.optional(request, "app", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        String tenant = BaseServlet.optional(request, "tid", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        boolean healthyOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "healthOnly", "false"));
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(error)) {
+            Loggers.ROLE_LOG.info("ENV-NOT-CONSISTENT", error);
+        }
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        checkIfDisabled(domObj);
+
+        long cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+
+        // now try to enable the push
+        try {
+            if (udpPort > 0 && PushService.canEnablePush(agent)) {
+                PushService.addClient(dom,
+                        clusters,
+                        agent,
+                        new InetSocketAddress(clientIP, udpPort),
+                        pushDataSource,
+                        tenant,
+                        app);
+                cacheMillis = Switch.getPushCacheMillis(dom);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("VIPSRV-API", "failed to added push client", e);
+            cacheMillis = Switch.getCacheMillis(dom);
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> srvedIPs;
+
+        srvedIPs = domObj.srvIPs(clientIP, Arrays.asList(StringUtils.split(clusters, ",")));
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(srvedIPs)) {
+            String msg = "no ip to serve for dom: " + dom;
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug(msg);
+        }
+
+        Map<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> ipMap = new HashMap<>(2);
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.TRUE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+        ipMap.put(Boolean.FALSE, new ArrayList<IpAddress>());
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : srvedIPs) {
+            ipMap.get(ip.isValid()).add(ip);
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("reachProtectThreshold", false);
+        }
+
+        double threshold = domObj.getProtectThreshold();
+
+        if ((float) ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).size() / srvedIPs.size() <= threshold) {
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("protect threshold reached, return all ips, " +
+                    "dom: " + dom);
+            if (isCheck) {
+                result.put("reachProtectThreshold", true);
+            }
+
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.TRUE).addAll(ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE));
+            ipMap.get(Boolean.FALSE).clear();
+        }
+
+        if (isCheck) {
+            result.put("protectThreshold", domObj.getProtectThreshold());
+            result.put("reachLocalSiteCallThreshold", false);
+
+            return new JSONObject();
+        }
+
+        JSONArray hosts = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<Boolean, List<IpAddress>> entry : ipMap.entrySet()) {
+            List<IpAddress> ips = entry.getValue();
+
+            if (healthyOnly && !entry.getKey()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+                JSONObject ipObj = new JSONObject();
+
+                ipObj.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+                ipObj.put("port", ip.getPort());
+                ipObj.put("valid", entry.getKey());
+                ipObj.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+                ipObj.put("instanceId", ip.getInstanceId());
+                ipObj.put("metadata", ip.getMetadata());
+                ipObj.put("enabled", ip.isEnabled());
+                ipObj.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+                hosts.add(ipObj);
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("hosts", hosts);
+
+        result.put("dom", dom);
+        result.put("cacheMillis", cacheMillis);
+        result.put("lastRefTime", System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("checksum", domObj.getChecksum() + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        result.put("useSpecifiedURL", false);
+        result.put("clusters", clusters);
+        result.put("env", env);
+        result.put("metadata",domObj.getMetadata());
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/remvIP4Dom")
+    public String remvIP4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String ipListString = BaseServlet.required(request, "ipList");
+        List<IpAddress> newIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> ipList = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            newIPs = JSON.parseObject(ipListString, new TypeReference<List<IpAddress>>() {
+            });
+        } else {
+            ipList = Arrays.asList(ipListString.split(","));
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipObjList = new ArrayList<>(ipList.size());
+        if (Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, SwitchEntry.PARAM_JSON, Boolean.FALSE.toString()))) {
+            ipObjList = newIPs;
+        } else {
+            for (String ip : ipList) {
+                ipObjList.add(IpAddress.fromJSON(ip));
+            }
+        }
+
+        domainsManager.easyRemvIP4Dom(dom, ipObjList);
+
+        Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{" + dom + "} {POS} {IP-REMV}" + " dead: "
+                + Arrays.toString(ipList.toArray()) + " operator: "
+                + BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "unknown"));
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/pushState")
+    public JSONObject pushState(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        boolean detail = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "detail", "false"));
+        boolean reset = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "reset", "false"));
+
+        List<PushService.Receiver.AckEntry> failedPushes = PushService.getFailedPushes();
+        int failedPushCount = PushService.getFailedPushCount();
+        result.put("succeed", PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount);
+        result.put("total", PushService.getTotalPush());
+
+        if (PushService.getTotalPush() > 0) {
+            result.put("ratio", ((float) PushService.getTotalPush() - failedPushCount) / PushService.getTotalPush());
+        } else {
+            result.put("ratio", 0);
+        }
+
+        JSONArray dataArray = new JSONArray();
+        if (detail) {
+            for (PushService.Receiver.AckEntry entry : failedPushes) {
+                try {
+                    dataArray.add(new String(entry.origin.getData(), "UTF-8"));
+                } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+                    dataArray.add("[encoding failure]");
+                }
+            }
+            result.put("data", dataArray);
+        }
+
+        if (reset) {
+            PushService.resetPushState();
+        }
+
+        result.put("reset", reset);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/updateSwitch")
+    public String updateSwitch(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        Boolean debug = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "debug", "false"));
+
+        if (!RaftCore.isLeader() && !debug) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<>(16);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String[]> entry : request.getParameterMap().entrySet()) {
+                tmpParams.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()[0]);
+            }
+
+            RaftProxy.proxyGET(UtilsAndCommons.NACOS_NAMING_CONTEXT + "/api/updateSwitch", tmpParams);
+            return "ok";
+        }
+
+        try {
+            lock.lock();
+            String entry = BaseServlet.required(request, "entry");
+
+            Datum datum = RaftCore.getDatum(UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00");
+            SwitchDomain switchDomain = null;
+
+            if (datum != null) {
+                switchDomain = JSON.parseObject(datum.value, SwitchDomain.class);
+            } else {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("datum: " + UtilsAndCommons.DOMAINS_DATA_ID + ".00-00---000-VIPSRV_SWITCH_DOMAIN-000---00-00 is null");
+            }
+
+            if (SwitchEntry.BATCH.equals(entry)) {
+                //batch update
+                SwitchDomain dom = JSON.parseObject(BaseServlet.required(request, "json"), SwitchDomain.class);
+                dom.setEnableStandalone(Switch.isEnableStandalone());
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMin() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MIN) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min check time for http or tcp is too small(<500)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getMax() < SwitchDomain.HttpHealthParams.MIN_MAX) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("max check time for http or tcp is too small(<3000)");
+                }
+
+                if (dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.httpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() < 0
+                        || dom.tcpHealthParams.getFactor() > 1) {
+
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("malformed factor");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDom(dom);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (switchDomain != null) {
+                Switch.setDom(switchDomain);
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO_THRESHOLD)) {
+                Float threshold = Float.parseFloat(BaseServlet.required(request, "distroThreshold"));
+
+                if (threshold <= 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("distroThreshold can not be zero or negative: " + threshold);
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDistroThreshold(threshold);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_ALL_DOM_NAME_CACHE)) {
+                Boolean enable = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableAllDomNameCache"));
+                Switch.setAllDomNameCache(enable);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.INCREMENTAL_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> doms = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "incrementalList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().addAll(doms);
+                } else if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getIncrementalList().removeAll(doms);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("action is not allowed: " + action);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_WHITLE_LIST)) {
+                String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+                List<String> whiteList = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "healthCheckWhiteList").split(","));
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_UPDATE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().addAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+
+                if (action.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE)) {
+                    Switch.getHealthCheckWhiteList().removeAll(whiteList);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_BEAT_INTERVAL)) {
+                long clientBeatInterval = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "clientBeatInterval"));
+                Switch.setClientBeatInterval(clientBeatInterval);
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushCVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_GO, type)) {
+                    Switch.setPushGoVersion(version);
+                } else{
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.TRAFFIC_SCHEDULING_VERSION)) {
+                String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+                String version = BaseServlet.required(request, "version");
+
+                if (!version.matches(UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX)) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal version, must match: " + UtilsAndCommons.VERSION_STRING_SYNTAX);
+                }
+
+                if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_JAVA, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingJavaVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_PYTHON, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingPythonVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_C, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingCVersion(version);
+                } else if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.CLIENT_TENGINE, type)) {
+                    Switch.setTrafficSchedulingTengineVersion(version);
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported client type: " + type);
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.PUSH_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_PUSH_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min cache time for http or tcp is too small(<10000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setPushCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            // extremely careful while modifying this, cause it will affect all clients without pushing enabled
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DEFAULT_CACHE_MILLIS)) {
+                String dom = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+                Long cacheMillis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (cacheMillis < SwitchEntry.MIN_CACHE_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("min default cache time  is too small(<1000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setCacheMillis(dom, cacheMillis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.MASTERS)) {
+                List<String> masters = Arrays.asList(BaseServlet.required(request, "names").split(","));
+
+                Switch.setMasters(masters);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISTRO)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setDistroEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.CHECK)) {
+                boolean enabled = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enabled"));
+
+                Switch.setHeathCheckEnabled(enabled);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DOM_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_DOM_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("domStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<5000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setDomStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SERVER_STATUS_SYNC_PERIOD)) {
+                Long millis = Long.parseLong(BaseServlet.required(request, "millis"));
+
+                if (millis < SwitchEntry.MIN_SERVER_SYNC_TIME_MIILIS) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("serverStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis is too small(<15000)");
+                }
+
+                Switch.setServerStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(millis);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.HEALTH_CHECK_TIMES)) {
+                Integer times = Integer.parseInt(BaseServlet.required(request, "times"));
+
+                Switch.setCheckTimes(times);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.DISABLE_ADD_IP)) {
+                boolean disableAddIP = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "disableAddIP"));
+
+                Switch.setDisableAddIP(disableAddIP);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_CACHE)) {
+                boolean enableCache = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "enableCache"));
+
+                Switch.setEnableCache(enableCache);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.SEND_BEAT_ONLY)) {
+                boolean sendBeatOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.required(request, "sendBeatOnly"));
+
+                Switch.setSendBeatOnly(sendBeatOnly);
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.LIMITED_URL_MAP)) {
+                Map<String, Integer> limitedUrlMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+                String limitedUrls = BaseServlet.required(request, "limitedUrls");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrls)) {
+                    String[] entries = limitedUrls.split(",");
+                    for (int i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+                        String[] parts = entries[i].split(":");
+                        if (parts.length < 2) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid input for limited urls");
+                        }
+
+                        String limitedUrl = parts[0];
+                        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(limitedUrl)) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("url can not be empty, url: " + limitedUrl);
+                        }
+
+                        int statusCode = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+                        if (statusCode <= 0) {
+                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("illegal normal status code: " + statusCode);
+                        }
+
+                        limitedUrlMap.put(limitedUrl, statusCode);
+
+                    }
+
+                    Switch.setLimitedUrlMap(limitedUrlMap);
+                    if (!debug) {
+                        Switch.save();
+                    }
+                    return "ok";
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.equals(SwitchEntry.ENABLE_STANDALONE)) {
+                String enable = BaseServlet.required(request, "enableStandalone");
+
+                if (!StringUtils.isNotEmpty(enable)) {
+                    Switch.setEnableStandalone(Boolean.parseBoolean(enable));
+                }
+
+                if (!debug) {
+                    Switch.save();
+                }
+
+                return "ok";
+            }
+
+
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("update entry not found: " + entry);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkStatus")
+    public JSONObject checkStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthCheckEnabled", Switch.isHealthCheckEnabled());
+        result.put("allDoms", domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom)) {
+                doms.add(dom);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("respDoms", doms);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public void checkIfDisabled(VirtualClusterDomain domObj) throws Exception {
+        if (!domObj.getEnabled()) {
+            throw new Exception("domain is disabled now.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/switches")
+    public JSONObject switches(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        return JSON.parseObject(Switch.getDom().toJSON());
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getVersion")
+    public JSONObject getVersion(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        InputStream is = ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("application.properties");
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        properties.load(is);
+
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            result.put("server version", properties.getProperty("version"));
+            result.put("change log", properties1.getProperty(properties.getProperty("version")));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getAllChangeLog")
+    public JSONObject getAllChangeLog(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        try (InputStreamReader releaseNode =
+                     new InputStreamReader(ApiCommands.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("changelog.properties"), "UTF-8")) {
+
+            Properties properties1 = new Properties();
+            properties1.load(releaseNode);
+
+            for (String name : properties1.stringPropertyNames()) {
+                result.put(name, properties1.getProperty(name));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/allDomNames")
+    public JSONObject allDomNames(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        boolean responsibleOnly = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "responsibleOnly", "false"));
+        boolean withOwner = Boolean.parseBoolean((BaseServlet.optional(request, "withOwner", "false")));
+
+        List<String> doms = new ArrayList<String>();
+        Set<String> domSet;
+
+        domSet = domainsManager.getAllDomNames();
+        for (String dom : domSet) {
+            if (DistroMapper.responsible(dom) || !responsibleOnly) {
+                if (withOwner) {
+                    doms.add(dom + ":" + ArrayUtils.toString(domainsManager.getDomain(dom).getOwners()));
+                } else {
+                    doms.add(dom);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("doms", doms);
+        result.put("count", doms.size());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/searchDom")
+    public JSONObject searchDom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String expr = BaseServlet.required(request, "expr");
+
+        List<Domain> doms
+                = domainsManager.searchDomains(".*" + expr + ".*");
+
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(doms)) {
+            result.put("doms", Collections.emptyList());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        JSONArray domArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Domain dom : doms) {
+            domArray.add(dom.getName());
+        }
+
+        result.put("doms", domArray);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getWeightsByIP")
+    public JSONObject getWeightsByIP(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+
+        Map<String, List<IpAddress>> dom2IPList = new HashMap<String, List<IpAddress>>(1024);
+        for (String dom : domainsManager.getAllDomNames()) {
+            Domain domObj = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+            List<IpAddress> ipObjs = domObj.allIPs();
+            for (IpAddress ipObj : ipObjs) {
+                if (StringUtils.startsWith(ipObj.getIp() + ":" + ipObj.getPort(), ip)) {
+                    List<IpAddress> list = dom2IPList.get(domObj.getName());
+
+                    if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list)) {
+                        list = new ArrayList<>();
+                        dom2IPList.put(domObj.getName(), list);
+                    }
+                    list.add(ipObj);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        JSONArray ipArray = new JSONArray();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, List<IpAddress>> entry : dom2IPList.entrySet()) {
+            for (IpAddress ipAddress : entry.getValue()) {
+
+                JSONObject packet = new JSONObject();
+                packet.put("dom", entry.getKey());
+                packet.put("ip", ipAddress.getIp());
+                packet.put("weight", ipAddress.getWeight());
+                packet.put("port", ipAddress.getPort());
+                packet.put("cluster", ipAddress.getClusterName());
+
+                ipArray.add(packet);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result.put("ips", ipArray);
+
+        result.put("code", 200);
+        result.put("successful", "success");
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    private Cluster getClusterFromJson(String json) {
+        JSONObject object = JSON.parseObject(json);
+        String type = object.getJSONObject("healthChecker").getString("type");
+        AbstractHealthChecker abstractHealthCheckConfig;
+
+        if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Http.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp.class);
+        } else if (type.equals(HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+            abstractHealthCheckConfig = JSON.parseObject(object.getString("healthChecker"), AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql.class);
+        } else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can not prase cluster from json: " + json);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = JSON.parseObject(json, Cluster.class);
+
+        cluster.setHealthChecker(abstractHealthCheckConfig);
+        return cluster;
+    }
+
+    public String doAddCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        String json = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterJson", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain domObj = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (domObj == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found: " + dom);
+        }
+
+        Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(json)) {
+            try {
+                cluster = getClusterFromJson(json);
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("ADD-CLUSTER", "failed to parse json, try old format.");
+            }
+        } else {
+            String cktype = BaseServlet.optional(request, "cktype", "TCP");
+            String clusterName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterName", UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+            String ipPort4Check = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ipPort4Check", "true");
+            String path = BaseServlet.optional(request, "path", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String headers = BaseServlet.optional(request, "headers", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String nodegroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "nodegroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String expectedResponseCode = BaseServlet.optional(request, "expectedResponseCode", "200");
+            int defIPPort = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defIPPort", "-1"));
+            int defCkport = NumberUtils.toInt(BaseServlet.optional(request, "defCkport", "80"));
+            String siteGroup = BaseServlet.optional(request, "siteGroup", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String submask = BaseServlet.optional(request, "submask", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            String clusterMetadataJson = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clusterMetadata", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+            cluster.setName(clusterName);
+
+            cluster.setLegacySyncConfig(nodegroup);
+
+            cluster.setUseIPPort4Check(Boolean.parseBoolean(ipPort4Check));
+            cluster.setDefIPPort(defIPPort);
+            cluster.setDefCkport(defCkport);
+
+            if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(clusterMetadataJson)) {
+                cluster.setMetadata(JSON.parseObject(clusterMetadataJson, new TypeReference<Map<String, String>>() {
+                }));
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.HTTP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Http config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Http();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setPath(path);
+                config.setHeaders(headers);
+                config.setExpectedResponseCode(Integer.parseInt(expectedResponseCode));
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.TCP.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Tcp();
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            } else if (StringUtils.equals(cktype, HealthCheckType.MYSQL.name())) {
+                AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql config = new AbstractHealthChecker.Mysql();
+                String cmd = BaseServlet.required(request, "cmd");
+                String pwd = BaseServlet.required(request, "pwd");
+                String user = BaseServlet.required(request, "user");
+
+                config.setType(cktype);
+                config.setCmd(cmd);
+                config.setPwd(pwd);
+                config.setUser(user);
+                cluster.setHealthChecker(config);
+            }
+            cluster.setSitegroup(siteGroup);
+
+            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(submask)) {
+                cluster.setSubmask(submask);
+            }
+        }
+        cluster.setDom(domObj);
+        cluster.init();
+
+        if (domObj.getClusterMap().containsKey(cluster.getName())) {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().get(cluster.getName()).update(cluster);
+        } else {
+            domObj.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+        }
+
+        domObj.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        domObj.recalculateChecksum();
+        domObj.valid();
+
+        domainsManager.easyAddOrReplaceDom(domObj);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @NeedAuth
+    @RequestMapping("/addCluster4Dom")
+    public String addCluster4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+        return doAddCluster4Dom(request);
+    }
+
+
+    @RequestMapping("/distroStatus")
+    public JSONObject distroStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String action = BaseServlet.optional(request, "action", "view");
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW, action)) {
+            result.put("status", DistroMapper.getDistroConfig());
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(SwitchEntry.ACTION_CLEAN, action)) {
+            DistroMapper.clean();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/metrics")
+    public JSONObject metrics(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        int domCount = domainsManager.getDomCount();
+        int ipCount = domainsManager.getIPCount();
+
+        int responsibleDomCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleDoms().size();
+        int responsibleIPCount = domainsManager.getResponsibleIPCount();
+
+        result.put("domCount", domCount);
+        result.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        result.put("responsibleDomCount", responsibleDomCount);
+        result.put("responsibleIPCount", responsibleIPCount);
+        result.put("cpu", SystemUtils.getCPU());
+        result.put("load", SystemUtils.getLoad());
+        result.put("mem", SystemUtils.getMem());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/updateClusterConf")
+    public JSONObject updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        String ipSpliter = ",";
+
+        String ips = BaseServlet.optional(request, "ips", "");
+        String action = BaseServlet.required(request, "action");
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_ADD.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "UTF-8"));
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[UPDATE-CLUSTER] new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_REPLACE.equals(action)) {
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[UPDATE-CLUSTER] new ips:" + sb.toString());
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_DELETE.equals(action)) {
+
+            Set<String> removeIps = new HashSet<>();
+            for (String ip : ips.split(ipSpliter)) {
+                removeIps.add(ip);
+            }
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+
+            Iterator<String> iterator = oldList.iterator();
+
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+
+                String ip = iterator.next();
+                if (removeIps.contains(ip)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for (String ip : oldList) {
+                sb.append(ip).append("\r\n");
+            }
+
+            IoUtils.writeStringToFile(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile(), sb.toString(), "utf-8");
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (SwitchEntry.ACTION_VIEW.equals(action)) {
+
+            List<String> oldList =
+                    IoUtils.readLines(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(UtilsAndCommons.getConfFile()), "utf-8"));
+            result.put("list", oldList);
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        throw new InvalidParameterException("action is not qualified, action: " + action);
+
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/serverStatus")
+    public String serverStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String serverStatus = BaseServlet.required(request, "serverStatus");
+        DistroMapper.onReceiveServerStatus(serverStatus);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/reCalculateCheckSum4Dom")
+    public JSONObject reCalculateCheckSum4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        virtualClusterDomain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("checksum", virtualClusterDomain.getChecksum());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getDomString4MD5")
+    public JSONObject getDomString4MD5(HttpServletRequest request) throws NacosException {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.NOT_FOUND, "dom not found");
+        }
+
+        result.put("domString", virtualClusterDomain.getDomString());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getResponsibleServer4Dom")
+    public JSONObject getResponsibleServer4Dom(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsibleServer", DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/getHealthyServerList")
+    public JSONObject getHealthyServerList(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        result.put("healthyList", DistroMapper.getHealthyList());
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/responsible")
+    public JSONObject responsible(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("dom not found");
+        }
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+
+        result.put("responsible", DistroMapper.responsible(dom));
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domServeStatus")
+    public JSONObject domServeStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        //all ips, sites, disabled site, checkserver, appName
+        String dom = BaseServlet.required(request, "dom");
+        VirtualClusterDomain virtualClusterDomain = (VirtualClusterDomain) domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>(2);
+
+        if (virtualClusterDomain == null) {
+            result.put("success", false);
+            result.put("data", data);
+            result.put("errMsg", "dom does not exisit.");
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        List<IpAddress> ipAddresses = virtualClusterDomain.allIPs();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> allIPs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (IpAddress ip : ipAddresses) {
+
+            Map<String, Object> ipPac = new HashMap<>(16);
+            ipPac.put("ip", ip.getIp());
+            ipPac.put("valid", ip.isValid());
+            ipPac.put("port", ip.getPort());
+            ipPac.put("marked", ip.isMarked());
+            ipPac.put("cluster", ip.getClusterName());
+            ipPac.put("weight", ip.getWeight());
+
+            allIPs.add(ipPac);
+        }
+
+        List<String> checkServers = Arrays.asList(DistroMapper.mapSrv(dom));
+
+        data.put("ips", allIPs);
+        data.put("checkers", checkServers);
+        result.put("data", data);
+        result.put("success", true);
+        result.put("errMsg", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/domStatus")
+    public String domStatus(HttpServletRequest request) {
+        //format: dom1@@checksum@@@dom2@@checksum
+        String domsStatusString = BaseServlet.required(request, "domsStatus");
+        String serverIP = BaseServlet.optional(request, "clientIP", "");
+
+        if (!NamingProxy.getServers().contains(serverIP)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ip: " + serverIP + " is not in serverlist");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            DomainsManager.DomainChecksum checksums = JSON.parseObject(domsStatusString, DomainsManager.DomainChecksum.class);
+            if (checksums == null) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + null);
+                return "fail";
+            }
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : checksums.domName2Checksum.entrySet()) {
+                if (entry == null || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getKey()) || StringUtils.isEmpty(entry.getValue())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                String dom = entry.getKey();
+                String checksum = entry.getValue();
+                Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(dom);
+
+                if (domain == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                domain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+                if (!checksum.equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    Loggers.SRV_LOG.debug("checksum of " + dom + " is not consistent, remote: " + serverIP + ",checksum: " + checksum + ", local: " + domain.getChecksum());
+                    domainsManager.addUpdatedDom2Queue(dom, serverIP, checksum);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("DOMAIN-STATUS", "receive malformed data: " + domsStatusString, e);
+        }
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/checkDataConsistence")
+    public JSONObject checkDataConsistence(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
+
+        JSONObject result = new JSONObject();
+        String domName = BaseServlet.optional(request, "dom", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        Boolean checkConsistence = Boolean.parseBoolean(BaseServlet.optional(request, "checkConsistence", "true"));
+
+        if (!checkConsistence) {
+            request.getParameterMap().put("isCheck", (String[]) Arrays.asList("true").toArray());
+
+            srvIPXT(request);
+            srvAllIP(request);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(domName)) {
+            List<String> domNames = new ArrayList<String>(domainsManager.getAllDomNames());
+            domName = domNames.get((int) (System.currentTimeMillis() % domNames.size()));
+        }
+
+        Domain domain = domainsManager.getDomain(domName);
+        List<String> diff = new ArrayList<String>();
+        String localDomString = "";
+
+        for (String ip : NamingProxy.getServers()) {
+            Map<String, String> tmpParams = new HashMap<String, String>(16);
+
+            tmpParams.put("dom", domName);
+            tmpParams.put("redirect", "1");
+
+            String domString;
+            try {
+                domString = NamingProxy.reqAPI("dom", tmpParams, ip, false);
+                JSONObject jsonObject = JSON.parseObject(domString);
+
+                if (!jsonObject.getString("checksum").equals(domain.getChecksum())) {
+                    diff.add(ip + "_" + domString);
+                }
+
+                if (ip.equals(NetUtils.localIP())) {
+                    localDomString = domString;
+                }
+
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("STATUS-SYNCHRONIZE", "Failed to get domain status from " + ip, e);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        result.put("local dom", localDomString);
+        result.put("diff list", diff);
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping("/containerNotify")
+    public String containerNotify(HttpServletRequest request) {
+
+        String type = BaseServlet.required(request, "type");
+        String domain = BaseServlet.required(request, "domain");
+        String ip = BaseServlet.required(request, "ip");
+        String port = BaseServlet.required(request, "port");
+        String state = BaseServlet.optional(request, "state", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+
+        Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[CONTAINER_NOTFY] received notify event, type:" + type + ", domain:" + domain +
+                ", ip:" + ip + ", port:" + port + ", state:" + state);
+
+        return "ok";
+    }
+
+    private JSONObject toPacket(Domain dom) {
+
+        JSONObject pac = new JSONObject();
+
+        VirtualClusterDomain vDom = (VirtualClusterDomain) dom;
+
+        pac.put("name", vDom.getName());
+
+        List<IpAddress> ips = vDom.allIPs();
+        int invalidIPCount = 0;
+        int ipCount = 0;
+        for (IpAddress ip : ips) {
+            if (!ip.isValid()) {
+                invalidIPCount++;
+            }
+
+            ipCount++;
+        }
+
+        pac.put("ipCount", ipCount);
+        pac.put("invalidIPCount", invalidIPCount);
+
+        pac.put("owners", vDom.getOwners());
+        pac.put("token", vDom.getToken());
+        pac.put("checkServer", DistroMapper.mapSrvName(vDom.getName()));
+
+        pac.put("protectThreshold", vDom.getProtectThreshold());
+        pac.put("checksum", vDom.getChecksum());
+        pac.put("useSpecifiedURL", vDom.isUseSpecifiedURL());
+        pac.put("enableClientBeat", vDom.getEnableClientBeat());
+
+        Date date = new Date(vDom.getLastModifiedMillis());
+        pac.put("lastModifiedTime", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(date));
+        pac.put("resetWeight", vDom.getResetWeight());
+        pac.put("enableHealthCheck", vDom.getEnableHealthCheck());
+        pac.put("enable", vDom.getEnabled());
+
+        int totalCkRTMillis = 0;
+        int validCkRTCount = 0;
+
+        JSONArray clusters = new JSONArray();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Cluster> entry : vDom.getClusterMap().entrySet()) {
+            Cluster cluster = entry.getValue();
+
+            JSONObject clusterPac = new JSONObject();
+            clusterPac.put("name", cluster.getName());
+            clusterPac.put("healthChecker", cluster.getHealthChecker());
+            clusterPac.put("defCkport", cluster.getDefCkport());
+            clusterPac.put("defIPPort", cluster.getDefIPPort());
+            clusterPac.put("useIPPort4Check", cluster.isUseIPPort4Check());
+            clusterPac.put("submask", cluster.getSubmask());
+            clusterPac.put("sitegroup", cluster.getSitegroup());
+            clusterPac.put("metadatas", cluster.getMetadata());
+
+            if (cluster.getHealthCheckTask() != null) {
+                clusterPac.put("ckRTMillis", cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized());
+
+                // if there is no IP, the check rt doesn't make sense
+                if (cluster.allIPs().size() > 0) {
+                    totalCkRTMillis += cluster.getHealthCheckTask().getCheckRTNormalized();
+                    validCkRTCount++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            clusters.add(clusterPac);
+        }
+
+        pac.put("clusters", clusters);
+
+        if (totalCkRTMillis > 0) {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", totalCkRTMillis / validCkRTCount);
+        } else {
+            pac.put("avgCkRTMillis", 0);
+        }
+
+        return pac;
+    }
+
+    public void setDomainsManager(DomainsManager domainsManager) {
+        this.domainsManager = domainsManager;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 2065 is not released after line 2065.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 2065
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+JSONObject ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(HttpServletRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.naming.web.ApiCommands.updateClusterConf(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest):co.61354c4e98a72af2e9681eeffb8ce509
+
+### File:
+naming/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/naming/web/ApiCommands.java
+
+### Key:
+ApiCommands.java|updateClusterConf|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6be73a804af542d38da6d824b86394be
+
+### Hash:
+e7c2b19dc2746cb15352c4b118c71cab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5079/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5079/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..652f0ae9afcb3f6cd47657f676ae59a8f5471d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5079/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,846 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.ServerListManager;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.servers.Server;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.transport.Serializer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.ConsistencyService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.DataListener;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.Datum;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.KeyBuilder;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.misc.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.PushService;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.DependsOn;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
+import javax.annotation.Resource;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author nkorange
+ */
+@Component
+@DependsOn("nacosApplicationContext")
+public class ServiceManager implements DataListener<Service> {
+
+    /**
+     * Map<namespace, Map<group::serviceName, Service>>
+     */
+    private Map<String, Map<String, Service>> serviceMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    private LinkedBlockingDeque<DomainKey> toBeUpdatedDomsQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>(1024 * 1024);
+
+    private Synchronizer synchronizer = new DomainStatusSynchronizer();
+
+    /**
+     * thread pool core size
+     */
+    private final static int DOMAIN_UPDATE_EXECUTOR_NUM = 2;
+
+    private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private Map<String, Condition> dom2ConditionMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    private Map<String, Lock> dom2LockMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    @Resource(name = "consistencyDelegate")
+    private ConsistencyService consistencyService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private SwitchDomain switchDomain;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private DistroMapper distroMapper;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ServerListManager serverListManager;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PushService pushService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private Serializer serializer;
+
+    /**
+     * thread pool that processes getting domain detail from other server asynchronously
+     */
+    private ExecutorService domainUpdateExecutor
+        = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DOMAIN_UPDATE_EXECUTOR_NUM, new ThreadFactory() {
+        @Override
+        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+            Thread t = new Thread(r);
+            t.setName("com.alibaba.nacos.naming.domain.update.http.handler");
+            t.setDaemon(true);
+            return t;
+        }
+    });
+
+    @PostConstruct
+    public void init() {
+
+        UtilsAndCommons.DOMAIN_SYNCHRONIZATION_EXECUTOR.schedule(new DomainReporter(), 60000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        UtilsAndCommons.DOMAIN_UPDATE_EXECUTOR.submit(new UpdatedDomainProcessor());
+
+        try {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("listen for service meta change");
+            consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.SERVICE_META_KEY_PREFIX, this);
+        } catch (NacosException e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("listen for service meta change failed!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Service> chooseDomMap(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId);
+    }
+
+    public void addUpdatedDom2Queue(String namespaceId, String domName, String serverIP, String checksum) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.offer(new DomainKey(namespaceId, domName, serverIP, checksum), 5, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.poll();
+            toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.add(new DomainKey(namespaceId, domName, serverIP, checksum));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[DOMAIN-STATUS] Failed to add domain to be updatd to queue.", e);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean interests(String key) {
+        return KeyBuilder.matchServiceMetaKey(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean matchUnlistenKey(String key) {
+        return KeyBuilder.matchServiceMetaKey(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onChange(String key, Service service) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            if (service == null) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("received empty push from raft, key: {}", key);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(service.getNamespaceId())) {
+                service.setNamespaceId(UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID);
+            }
+
+            Loggers.RAFT.info("[RAFT-NOTIFIER] datum is changed, key: {}, value: {}", key, service);
+
+            Service oldDom = getService(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName());
+
+            if (oldDom != null) {
+                oldDom.update(service);
+            } else {
+
+                addLockIfAbsent(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName()));
+                putDomain(service);
+                service.init();
+                consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), true), service);
+                consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), false), service);
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[NEW-DOM-RAFT] {}", service.toJSON());
+            }
+            wakeUp(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName()));
+
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[NACOS-DOM] error while processing dom update", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDelete(String key) throws Exception {
+        String namespace = KeyBuilder.getNamespace(key);
+        String name = KeyBuilder.getServiceName(key);
+        Service dom = chooseDomMap(namespace).remove(name);
+        Loggers.RAFT.info("[RAFT-NOTIFIER] datum is deleted, key: {}", key);
+
+        if (dom != null) {
+            dom.destroy();
+            consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespace, name, true));
+            consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespace, name, false));
+            consistencyService.unlisten(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(namespace, name), dom);
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[DEAD-DOM] {}", dom.toJSON());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class UpdatedDomainProcessor implements Runnable {
+        //get changed domain from other server asynchronously
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            String domName = null;
+            String serverIP = null;
+
+            try {
+                while (true) {
+                    DomainKey domainKey = null;
+
+                    try {
+                        domainKey = toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.take();
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        Loggers.EVT_LOG.error("[UPDATE-DOMAIN] Exception while taking item from LinkedBlockingDeque.");
+                    }
+
+                    if (domainKey == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    domName = domainKey.getDomName();
+                    serverIP = domainKey.getServerIP();
+
+                    domainUpdateExecutor.execute(new DomUpdater(domainKey.getNamespaceId(), domName, serverIP));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.error("[UPDATE-DOMAIN] Exception while update dom: {} from {}, error: {}", domName, serverIP, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class DomUpdater implements Runnable {
+
+        String namespaceId;
+        String domName;
+        String serverIP;
+
+        public DomUpdater(String namespaceId, String domName, String serverIP) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+            this.domName = domName;
+            this.serverIP = serverIP;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                updatedDom2(namespaceId, domName, serverIP);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("[DOMAIN-UPDATER] Exception while update dom: {} from {}, error: {}",
+                    domName, serverIP, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void updatedDom2(String namespaceId, String domName, String serverIP) {
+        Message msg = synchronizer.get(serverIP, UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(namespaceId, domName));
+        JSONObject dom = JSON.parseObject(msg.getData());
+
+        JSONArray ipList = dom.getJSONArray("ips");
+        Map<String, String> ipsMap = new HashMap<>(ipList.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < ipList.size(); i++) {
+
+            String ip = ipList.getString(i);
+            String[] strings = ip.split("_");
+            ipsMap.put(strings[0], strings[1]);
+        }
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, domName);
+
+        if (service == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        List<Instance> instances = service.allIPs();
+        for (Instance instance : instances) {
+
+            Boolean valid = Boolean.parseBoolean(ipsMap.get(instance.toIPAddr()));
+            if (valid != instance.isValid()) {
+                instance.setValid(valid);
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{} {SYNC} IP-{} : {}@{}",
+                    domName, (instance.isValid() ? "ENABLED" : "DISABLED"),
+                    instance.getIp(), instance.getPort(), instance.getClusterName());
+            }
+        }
+
+        pushService.domChanged(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName());
+        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        List<Instance> allIps = service.allIPs();
+        for (Instance instance : allIps) {
+            stringBuilder.append(instance.toIPAddr()).append("_").append(instance.isValid()).append(",");
+        }
+
+        Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("[IP-UPDATED] dom: {}, ips: {}", service.getName(), stringBuilder.toString());
+
+    }
+
+    public Set<String> getAllDomNames(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId).keySet();
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Set<String>> getAllDomNames() {
+
+        Map<String, Set<String>> namesMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            namesMap.put(namespaceId, serviceMap.get(namespaceId).keySet());
+        }
+        return namesMap;
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getAllDomNamesList(String namespaceId) {
+        if (chooseDomMap(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+        return new ArrayList<>(chooseDomMap(namespaceId).keySet());
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Set<Service>> getResponsibleDoms() {
+        Map<String, Set<Service>> result = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            result.put(namespaceId, new HashSet<>());
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+                Service domain = entry.getValue();
+                if (distroMapper.responsible(entry.getKey())) {
+                    result.get(namespaceId).add(domain);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int getResponsibleDomCount() {
+        int domCount = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+                if (distroMapper.responsible(entry.getKey())) {
+                    domCount++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return domCount;
+    }
+
+    public int getResponsibleIPCount() {
+        Map<String, Set<Service>> responsibleDoms = getResponsibleDoms();
+        int count = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : responsibleDoms.keySet()) {
+            for (Service domain : responsibleDoms.get(namespaceId)) {
+                count += domain.allIPs().size();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    public void easyRemoveDom(String namespaceId, String serviceName) throws Exception {
+        consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(namespaceId, serviceName));
+    }
+
+    public void addOrReplaceService(Service service) throws Exception {
+        consistencyService.put(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName()), service);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an instance to a service.
+     * <p>
+     * This method creates service or cluster silently if they don't exist.
+     *
+     * @param namespaceId id of namespace
+     * @param serviceName service name
+     * @param instance    instance to register
+     * @throws Exception any error occurred in the process
+     */
+    public void registerInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String clusterName, Instance instance) throws Exception {
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+        boolean serviceUpdated = false;
+        if (service == null) {
+            service = new Service();
+            service.setName(serviceName);
+            service.setNamespaceId(namespaceId);
+            // now validate the dom. if failed, exception will be thrown
+            service.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+            service.recalculateChecksum();
+            service.valid();
+            serviceUpdated = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!service.getClusterMap().containsKey(instance.getClusterName())) {
+
+            Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+
+            cluster.setName(instance.getClusterName());
+
+            cluster.setDom(service);
+            cluster.init();
+
+            if (service.getClusterMap().containsKey(cluster.getName())) {
+                service.getClusterMap().get(cluster.getName()).update(cluster);
+            } else {
+                service.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+            }
+
+            service.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+            service.recalculateChecksum();
+            service.valid();
+            serviceUpdated = true;
+        }
+
+        if (serviceUpdated) {
+            Lock lock = addLockIfAbsent(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(namespaceId, serviceName));
+            Condition condition = addCondtion(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(namespaceId, serviceName));
+            addOrReplaceService(service);
+            try {
+                lock.lock();
+                condition.await(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (service.allIPs().contains(instance)) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.INVALID_PARAM, "instance already exist: " + instance);
+        }
+
+        addInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, clusterName, instance.isEphemeral(), instance);
+    }
+
+    public void addInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String clusterName, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        String key = KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespaceId, serviceName, ephemeral);
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instanceMap = addIpAddresses(service, ephemeral, ips);
+
+        Instances instances = new Instances();
+        instances.setInstanceMap(instanceMap);
+
+        consistencyService.put(key, instances);
+    }
+
+    public void removeInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        String key = KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespaceId, serviceName, ephemeral);
+
+        Service dom = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instanceMap = substractIpAddresses(dom, ephemeral, ips);
+
+        Instances instances = new Instances();
+        instances.setInstanceMap(instanceMap);
+
+        consistencyService.put(key, instances);
+    }
+
+    public Instance getInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String cluster, String ip, int port) {
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+        if (service == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        List<String> clusters = new ArrayList<>();
+        clusters.add(cluster);
+
+        List<Instance> ips = service.allIPs(clusters);
+        if (ips == null || ips.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("no ips found for cluster " + cluster + " in dom " + serviceName);
+        }
+
+        for (Instance instance : ips) {
+            if (instance.getIp().equals(ip) && instance.getPort() == port) {
+                return instance;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Instance> updateIpAddresses(Service dom, String action, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        Datum datum = consistencyService.get(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(dom.getNamespaceId(), dom.getName(), ephemeral));
+
+        Map<String, Instance> oldInstances = new HashMap<>(16);
+
+        if (datum != null) {
+            oldInstances = ((Instances) datum.value).getInstanceMap();
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instances;
+        List<Instance> currentIPs = dom.allIPs(ephemeral);
+        Map<String, Instance> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(currentIPs.size());
+
+        for (Instance instance : currentIPs) {
+            map.put(instance.toIPAddr(), instance);
+        }
+
+        instances = setValid(oldInstances, map);
+
+        // use HashMap for deep copy:
+        HashMap<String, Instance> instanceMap = new HashMap<>(instances.size());
+        instanceMap.putAll(instances);
+
+        for (Instance instance : ips) {
+            if (!dom.getClusterMap().containsKey(instance.getClusterName())) {
+                Cluster cluster = new Cluster(instance.getClusterName());
+                cluster.setDom(dom);
+                dom.getClusterMap().put(instance.getClusterName(), cluster);
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("cluster: {} not found, ip: {}, will create new cluster with default configuration.",
+                    instance.getClusterName(), instance.toJSON());
+            }
+
+            if (UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_REMOVE.equals(action)) {
+                instanceMap.remove(instance.getDatumKey());
+            } else {
+                instanceMap.put(instance.getDatumKey(), instance);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        if (instanceMap.size() <= 0 && UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_ADD.equals(action)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ip list can not be empty, dom: " + dom.getName() + ", ip list: "
+                + JSON.toJSONString(instanceMap.values()));
+        }
+
+        return instanceMap;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Instance> substractIpAddresses(Service dom, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+        return updateIpAddresses(dom, UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_REMOVE, ephemeral, ips);
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Instance> addIpAddresses(Service dom, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+        return updateIpAddresses(dom, UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_ADD, ephemeral, ips);
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Instance> setValid(Map<String, Instance> oldInstances, Map<String, Instance> map) {
+        for (Instance instance : oldInstances.values()) {
+            Instance instance1 = map.get(instance.toIPAddr());
+            if (instance1 != null) {
+                instance.setValid(instance1.isValid());
+                instance.setLastBeat(instance1.getLastBeat());
+            }
+        }
+        return oldInstances;
+    }
+
+    public Service getService(String namespaceId, String domName) {
+        if (serviceMap.get(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return chooseDomMap(namespaceId).get(domName);
+    }
+
+    public void putDomain(Service domain) {
+        if (!serviceMap.containsKey(domain.getNamespaceId())) {
+            serviceMap.put(domain.getNamespaceId(), new ConcurrentHashMap<>(16));
+        }
+        serviceMap.get(domain.getNamespaceId()).put(domain.getName(), domain);
+    }
+
+
+    public List<Service> searchDomains(String namespaceId, String regex) {
+        List<Service> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : chooseDomMap(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+            Service dom = entry.getValue();
+            String key = dom.getName() + ":" + ArrayUtils.toString(dom.getOwners());
+            if (key.matches(regex)) {
+                result.add(dom);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int getDomCount() {
+        int domCount = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            domCount += serviceMap.get(namespaceId).size();
+        }
+        return domCount;
+    }
+
+    public int getInstanceCount() {
+        int total = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            for (Service domain : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).values()) {
+                total += domain.allIPs().size();
+            }
+        }
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Service> getDomMap(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId);
+    }
+
+    public int getPagedDom(String namespaceId, int startPage, int pageSize, String keyword, List<Service> domainList) {
+
+        List<Service> matchList;
+
+        if (chooseDomMap(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(keyword)) {
+            matchList = searchDomains(namespaceId, ".*" + keyword + ".*");
+        } else {
+            matchList = new ArrayList<Service>(chooseDomMap(namespaceId).values());
+        }
+
+        if (pageSize >= matchList.size()) {
+            domainList.addAll(matchList);
+            return matchList.size();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < matchList.size(); i++) {
+            if (i < startPage * pageSize) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            domainList.add(matchList.get(i));
+
+            if (domainList.size() >= pageSize) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return matchList.size();
+    }
+
+    public static class DomainChecksum {
+
+        public String namespaceId;
+        public Map<String, String> domName2Checksum = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+        public DomainChecksum() {
+            this.namespaceId = UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID;
+        }
+
+        public DomainChecksum(String namespaceId) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+        }
+
+        public void addItem(String domName, String checksum) {
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(domName) || StringUtils.isEmpty(checksum)) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("[DOMAIN-CHECKSUM] domName or checksum is empty,domName: {}, checksum: {}",
+                    domName, checksum);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            domName2Checksum.put(domName, checksum);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class DomainReporter implements Runnable {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+
+                Map<String, Set<String>> allDomainNames = getAllDomNames();
+
+                if (allDomainNames.size() <= 0) {
+                    //ignore
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                for (String namespaceId : allDomainNames.keySet()) {
+
+                    DomainChecksum checksum = new DomainChecksum(namespaceId);
+
+                    for (String domName : allDomainNames.get(namespaceId)) {
+                        if (!distroMapper.responsible(domName)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        Service domain = getService(namespaceId, domName);
+
+                        if (domain == null) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        domain.recalculateChecksum();
+
+                        checksum.addItem(domName, domain.getChecksum());
+                    }
+
+                    Message msg = new Message();
+
+                    msg.setData(JSON.toJSONString(checksum));
+
+                    List<Server> sameSiteServers = serverListManager.getServers();
+
+                    if (sameSiteServers == null || sameSiteServers.size() <= 0) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    for (Server server : sameSiteServers) {
+                        if (server.getKey().equals(NetUtils.localServer())) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        synchronizer.send(server.getKey(), msg);
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[DOMAIN-STATUS] Exception while sending domain status", e);
+            } finally {
+                UtilsAndCommons.DOMAIN_SYNCHRONIZATION_EXECUTOR.schedule(this, switchDomain.getDomStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void wakeUp(String key) {
+
+        Lock lock = dom2LockMap.get(key);
+        Condition condition = dom2ConditionMap.get(key);
+
+        try {
+            lock.lock();
+            condition.signalAll();
+        } catch (Exception ignore) {
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Lock addLockIfAbsent(String key) {
+
+        if (dom2LockMap.containsKey(key)) {
+            return dom2LockMap.get(key);
+        }
+        Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        dom2LockMap.put(key, lock);
+        return lock;
+    }
+
+    public Condition addCondtion(String key) {
+        Condition condition = dom2LockMap.get(key).newCondition();
+        dom2ConditionMap.put(key, condition);
+        return condition;
+    }
+
+    private static class DomainKey {
+        private String namespaceId;
+        private String domName;
+        private String serverIP;
+
+        public String getChecksum() {
+            return checksum;
+        }
+
+        public String getServerIP() {
+            return serverIP;
+        }
+
+        public String getDomName() {
+            return domName;
+        }
+
+        public String getNamespaceId() {
+            return namespaceId;
+        }
+
+        private String checksum;
+
+        public DomainKey(String namespaceId, String domName, String serverIP, String checksum) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+            this.domName = domName;
+            this.serverIP = serverIP;
+            this.checksum = checksum;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.ServiceManager.registerInstance` indirectly writes to field `n$64.com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Cluster.useIPPort4Check` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$64 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$64.com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Cluster.useIPPort4Check might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServiceManager.registerInstance(String,String,String,Instance)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.ServiceManager.registerInstance(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.d1262698722c5c9a0979c26f99763af4
+
+### File:
+naming/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/naming/core/ServiceManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceManager.java|registerInstance|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+085e4deea9abbcf40de1e40c37801ba8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5082/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5082/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e58d434b57a4772d44e8d68dc742bbc28609bc2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5082/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,856 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.ServerListManager;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.servers.Server;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cluster.transport.Serializer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.ConsistencyService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.DataListener;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.Datum;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.consistency.KeyBuilder;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.misc.*;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.naming.push.PushService;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.ArrayUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.DependsOn;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
+import javax.annotation.Resource;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * @author nkorange
+ */
+@Component
+@DependsOn("nacosApplicationContext")
+public class ServiceManager implements DataListener<Service> {
+
+    /**
+     * Map<namespace, Map<group::serviceName, Service>>
+     */
+    private Map<String, Map<String, Service>> serviceMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    private LinkedBlockingDeque<ServiceKey> toBeUpdatedDomsQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>(1024 * 1024);
+
+    private Synchronizer synchronizer = new DomainStatusSynchronizer();
+
+    /**
+     * thread pool core size
+     */
+    private final static int DOMAIN_UPDATE_EXECUTOR_NUM = 2;
+
+    private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private Map<String, Condition> service2ConditionMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    private Map<String, Lock> service2LockMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    @Resource(name = "consistencyDelegate")
+    private ConsistencyService consistencyService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private SwitchDomain switchDomain;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private DistroMapper distroMapper;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ServerListManager serverListManager;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PushService pushService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private Serializer serializer;
+
+    /**
+     * thread pool that processes getting service detail from other server asynchronously
+     */
+    private ExecutorService serviceUpdateExecutor
+        = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(DOMAIN_UPDATE_EXECUTOR_NUM, new ThreadFactory() {
+        @Override
+        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+            Thread t = new Thread(r);
+            t.setName("com.alibaba.nacos.naming.service.update.http.handler");
+            t.setDaemon(true);
+            return t;
+        }
+    });
+
+    @PostConstruct
+    public void init() {
+
+        UtilsAndCommons.DOMAIN_SYNCHRONIZATION_EXECUTOR.schedule(new ServiceReporter(), 60000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        UtilsAndCommons.DOMAIN_UPDATE_EXECUTOR.submit(new UpdatedDomainProcessor());
+
+        try {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("listen for service meta change");
+            consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.SERVICE_META_KEY_PREFIX, this);
+        } catch (NacosException e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("listen for service meta change failed!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Service> chooseServiceMap(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId);
+    }
+
+    public void addUpdatedService2Queue(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String serverIP, String checksum) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.offer(new ServiceKey(namespaceId, serviceName, serverIP, checksum), 5, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.poll();
+            toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.add(new ServiceKey(namespaceId, serviceName, serverIP, checksum));
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[DOMAIN-STATUS] Failed to add service to be updatd to queue.", e);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean interests(String key) {
+        return KeyBuilder.matchServiceMetaKey(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean matchUnlistenKey(String key) {
+        return KeyBuilder.matchServiceMetaKey(key);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onChange(String key, Service service) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            if (service == null) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("received empty push from raft, key: {}", key);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isBlank(service.getNamespaceId())) {
+                service.setNamespaceId(UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID);
+            }
+
+            Loggers.RAFT.info("[RAFT-NOTIFIER] datum is changed, key: {}, value: {}", key, service);
+
+            Service oldDom = getService(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName());
+
+            if (oldDom != null) {
+                oldDom.update(service);
+            } else {
+
+                addLockIfAbsent(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName()));
+                putService(service);
+                service.init();
+                consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), true), service);
+                consistencyService.listen(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), false), service);
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[NEW-SERVICE] {}", service.toJSON());
+            }
+            wakeUp(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName()));
+
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[NACOS-SERVICE] error while processing service update", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onDelete(String key) throws Exception {
+        String namespace = KeyBuilder.getNamespace(key);
+        String name = KeyBuilder.getServiceName(key);
+        Service service = chooseServiceMap(namespace).remove(name);
+        Loggers.RAFT.info("[RAFT-NOTIFIER] datum is deleted, key: {}", key);
+
+        if (service != null) {
+            service.destroy();
+            consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespace, name, true));
+            consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespace, name, false));
+            consistencyService.unlisten(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(namespace, name), service);
+            Loggers.SRV_LOG.info("[DEAD-DOM] {}", service.toJSON());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class UpdatedDomainProcessor implements Runnable {
+        //get changed service from other server asynchronously
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            String serviceName = null;
+            String serverIP = null;
+
+            try {
+                while (true) {
+                    ServiceKey serviceKey = null;
+
+                    try {
+                        serviceKey = toBeUpdatedDomsQueue.take();
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        Loggers.EVT_LOG.error("[UPDATE-DOMAIN] Exception while taking item from LinkedBlockingDeque.");
+                    }
+
+                    if (serviceKey == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    serviceName = serviceKey.getServiceName();
+                    serverIP = serviceKey.getServerIP();
+
+                    serviceUpdateExecutor.execute(new ServiceUpdater(serviceKey.getNamespaceId(), serviceName, serverIP));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.error("[UPDATE-DOMAIN] Exception while update service: {} from {}, error: {}", serviceName, serverIP, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ServiceUpdater implements Runnable {
+
+        String namespaceId;
+        String serviceName;
+        String serverIP;
+
+        public ServiceUpdater(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String serverIP) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+            this.serviceName = serviceName;
+            this.serverIP = serverIP;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+                updatedHealthStatus(namespaceId, serviceName, serverIP);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("[DOMAIN-UPDATER] Exception while update service: {} from {}, error: {}",
+                    serviceName, serverIP, e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void updatedHealthStatus(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String serverIP) {
+        Message msg = synchronizer.get(serverIP, UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(namespaceId, serviceName));
+        JSONObject serviceJson = JSON.parseObject(msg.getData());
+
+        JSONArray ipList = serviceJson.getJSONArray("ips");
+        Map<String, String> ipsMap = new HashMap<>(ipList.size());
+        for (int i = 0; i < ipList.size(); i++) {
+
+            String ip = ipList.getString(i);
+            String[] strings = ip.split("_");
+            ipsMap.put(strings[0], strings[1]);
+        }
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        if (service == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        List<Instance> instances = service.allIPs();
+        for (Instance instance : instances) {
+
+            Boolean valid = Boolean.parseBoolean(ipsMap.get(instance.toIPAddr()));
+            if (valid != instance.isValid()) {
+                instance.setValid(valid);
+                Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("{} {SYNC} IP-{} : {}@{}",
+                    serviceName, (instance.isValid() ? "ENABLED" : "DISABLED"),
+                    instance.getIp(), instance.getPort(), instance.getClusterName());
+            }
+        }
+
+        pushService.serviceChanged(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName());
+        StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+        List<Instance> allIps = service.allIPs();
+        for (Instance instance : allIps) {
+            stringBuilder.append(instance.toIPAddr()).append("_").append(instance.isValid()).append(",");
+        }
+
+        Loggers.EVT_LOG.info("[IP-UPDATED] service: {}, ips: {}", service.getName(), stringBuilder.toString());
+
+    }
+
+    public Set<String> getAllServiceNames(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId).keySet();
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Set<String>> getAllServiceNames() {
+
+        Map<String, Set<String>> namesMap = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            namesMap.put(namespaceId, serviceMap.get(namespaceId).keySet());
+        }
+        return namesMap;
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getAllDomNamesList(String namespaceId) {
+        if (chooseServiceMap(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+        return new ArrayList<>(chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).keySet());
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Set<Service>> getResponsibleServices() {
+        Map<String, Set<Service>> result = new HashMap<>(16);
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            result.put(namespaceId, new HashSet<>());
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+                Service service = entry.getValue();
+                if (distroMapper.responsible(entry.getKey())) {
+                    result.get(namespaceId).add(service);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int getResponsibleServiceCount() {
+        int serviceCount = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+                if (distroMapper.responsible(entry.getKey())) {
+                    serviceCount++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return serviceCount;
+    }
+
+    public int getResponsibleInstanceCount() {
+        Map<String, Set<Service>> responsibleServices = getResponsibleServices();
+        int count = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : responsibleServices.keySet()) {
+            for (Service service : responsibleServices.get(namespaceId)) {
+                count += service.allIPs().size();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    public void easyRemoveService(String namespaceId, String serviceName) throws Exception {
+        consistencyService.remove(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(namespaceId, serviceName));
+    }
+
+    public void addOrReplaceService(Service service) throws Exception {
+        consistencyService.put(KeyBuilder.buildServiceMetaKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName()), service);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an instance to a service.
+     * <p>
+     * This method creates service or cluster silently if they don't exist.
+     *
+     * @param namespaceId id of namespace
+     * @param serviceName service name
+     * @param instance    instance to register
+     * @throws Exception any error occurred in the process
+     */
+    public void registerInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String clusterName, Instance instance) throws Exception {
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+        boolean serviceUpdated = false;
+        if (service == null) {
+            service = new Service();
+            service.setName(serviceName);
+            service.setNamespaceId(namespaceId);
+            // now validate the service. if failed, exception will be thrown
+            service.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+            service.recalculateChecksum();
+            service.valid();
+            serviceUpdated = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!service.getClusterMap().containsKey(instance.getClusterName())) {
+
+            Cluster cluster = new Cluster();
+            cluster.setName(instance.getClusterName());
+            cluster.setDom(service);
+            cluster.init();
+
+            if (service.getClusterMap().containsKey(cluster.getName())) {
+                service.getClusterMap().get(cluster.getName()).update(cluster);
+            } else {
+                service.getClusterMap().put(cluster.getName(), cluster);
+            }
+
+            service.setLastModifiedMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
+            service.recalculateChecksum();
+            service.valid();
+            serviceUpdated = true;
+        }
+
+        if (serviceUpdated) {
+            Lock lock = addLockIfAbsent(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(namespaceId, serviceName));
+            Condition condition = addCondtion(UtilsAndCommons.assembleFullServiceName(namespaceId, serviceName));
+
+            final Service finalService = service;
+            GlobalExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    try {
+                        addOrReplaceService(finalService);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("register or update service failed, service: {}", finalService, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            try {
+                lock.lock();
+                condition.await(5000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            } finally {
+                lock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (service.allIPs().contains(instance)) {
+            throw new NacosException(NacosException.INVALID_PARAM, "instance already exist: " + instance);
+        }
+
+        addInstance(namespaceId, serviceName, clusterName, instance.isEphemeral(), instance);
+    }
+
+    public void addInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String clusterName, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        String key = KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespaceId, serviceName, ephemeral);
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instanceMap = addIpAddresses(service, ephemeral, ips);
+
+        Instances instances = new Instances();
+        instances.setInstanceMap(instanceMap);
+
+        consistencyService.put(key, instances);
+    }
+
+    public void removeInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        String key = KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(namespaceId, serviceName, ephemeral);
+
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instanceMap = substractIpAddresses(service, ephemeral, ips);
+
+        Instances instances = new Instances();
+        instances.setInstanceMap(instanceMap);
+
+        consistencyService.put(key, instances);
+    }
+
+    public Instance getInstance(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String cluster, String ip, int port) {
+        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+        if (service == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        List<String> clusters = new ArrayList<>();
+        clusters.add(cluster);
+
+        List<Instance> ips = service.allIPs(clusters);
+        if (ips == null || ips.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        for (Instance instance : ips) {
+            if (instance.getIp().equals(ip) && instance.getPort() == port) {
+                return instance;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Instance> updateIpAddresses(Service service, String action, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+
+        Datum datum = consistencyService.get(KeyBuilder.buildInstanceListKey(service.getNamespaceId(), service.getName(), ephemeral));
+
+        Map<String, Instance> oldInstances = new HashMap<>(16);
+
+        if (datum != null) {
+            oldInstances = ((Instances) datum.value).getInstanceMap();
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Instance> instances;
+        List<Instance> currentIPs = service.allIPs(ephemeral);
+        Map<String, Instance> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(currentIPs.size());
+
+        for (Instance instance : currentIPs) {
+            map.put(instance.toIPAddr(), instance);
+        }
+
+        instances = setValid(oldInstances, map);
+
+        // use HashMap for deep copy:
+        HashMap<String, Instance> instanceMap = new HashMap<>(instances.size());
+        instanceMap.putAll(instances);
+
+        for (Instance instance : ips) {
+            if (!service.getClusterMap().containsKey(instance.getClusterName())) {
+                Cluster cluster = new Cluster(instance.getClusterName());
+                cluster.setDom(service);
+                service.getClusterMap().put(instance.getClusterName(), cluster);
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("cluster: {} not found, ip: {}, will create new cluster with default configuration.",
+                    instance.getClusterName(), instance.toJSON());
+            }
+
+            if (UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_REMOVE.equals(action)) {
+                instanceMap.remove(instance.getDatumKey());
+            } else {
+                instanceMap.put(instance.getDatumKey(), instance);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        if (instanceMap.size() <= 0 && UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_ADD.equals(action)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("ip list can not be empty, service: " + service.getName() + ", ip list: "
+                + JSON.toJSONString(instanceMap.values()));
+        }
+
+        return instanceMap;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Instance> substractIpAddresses(Service service, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+        return updateIpAddresses(service, UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_REMOVE, ephemeral, ips);
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Instance> addIpAddresses(Service service, boolean ephemeral, Instance... ips) throws NacosException {
+        return updateIpAddresses(service, UtilsAndCommons.UPDATE_INSTANCE_ACTION_ADD, ephemeral, ips);
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, Instance> setValid(Map<String, Instance> oldInstances, Map<String, Instance> map) {
+        for (Instance instance : oldInstances.values()) {
+            Instance instance1 = map.get(instance.toIPAddr());
+            if (instance1 != null) {
+                instance.setValid(instance1.isValid());
+                instance.setLastBeat(instance1.getLastBeat());
+            }
+        }
+        return oldInstances;
+    }
+
+    public Service getService(String namespaceId, String serviceName) {
+        if (serviceMap.get(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).get(serviceName);
+    }
+
+    public void putService(Service service) {
+        if (!serviceMap.containsKey(service.getNamespaceId())) {
+            serviceMap.put(service.getNamespaceId(), new ConcurrentHashMap<>(16));
+        }
+        serviceMap.get(service.getNamespaceId()).put(service.getName(), service);
+    }
+
+
+    public List<Service> searchServices(String namespaceId, String regex) {
+        List<Service> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Service> entry : chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).entrySet()) {
+            Service service = entry.getValue();
+            String key = service.getName() + ":" + ArrayUtils.toString(service.getOwners());
+            if (key.matches(regex)) {
+                result.add(service);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public int getServiceCount() {
+        int serviceCount = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            serviceCount += serviceMap.get(namespaceId).size();
+        }
+        return serviceCount;
+    }
+
+    public int getInstanceCount() {
+        int total = 0;
+        for (String namespaceId : serviceMap.keySet()) {
+            for (Service service : serviceMap.get(namespaceId).values()) {
+                total += service.allIPs().size();
+            }
+        }
+        return total;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Service> getServiceMap(String namespaceId) {
+        return serviceMap.get(namespaceId);
+    }
+
+    public int getPagedService(String namespaceId, int startPage, int pageSize, String keyword, List<Service> serviceList) {
+
+        List<Service> matchList;
+
+        if (chooseServiceMap(namespaceId) == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(keyword)) {
+            matchList = searchServices(namespaceId, ".*" + keyword + ".*");
+        } else {
+            matchList = new ArrayList<Service>(chooseServiceMap(namespaceId).values());
+        }
+
+        if (pageSize >= matchList.size()) {
+            serviceList.addAll(matchList);
+            return matchList.size();
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < matchList.size(); i++) {
+            if (i < startPage * pageSize) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            serviceList.add(matchList.get(i));
+
+            if (serviceList.size() >= pageSize) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return matchList.size();
+    }
+
+    public static class ServiceChecksum {
+
+        public String namespaceId;
+        public Map<String, String> serviceName2Checksum = new HashMap<String, String>();
+
+        public ServiceChecksum() {
+            this.namespaceId = UtilsAndCommons.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID;
+        }
+
+        public ServiceChecksum(String namespaceId) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+        }
+
+        public void addItem(String serviceName, String checksum) {
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(serviceName) || StringUtils.isEmpty(checksum)) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.warn("[DOMAIN-CHECKSUM] serviceName or checksum is empty,serviceName: {}, checksum: {}",
+                    serviceName, checksum);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            serviceName2Checksum.put(serviceName, checksum);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ServiceReporter implements Runnable {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try {
+
+                Map<String, Set<String>> allServiceNames = getAllServiceNames();
+
+                if (allServiceNames.size() <= 0) {
+                    //ignore
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                for (String namespaceId : allServiceNames.keySet()) {
+
+                    ServiceChecksum checksum = new ServiceChecksum(namespaceId);
+
+                    for (String serviceName : allServiceNames.get(namespaceId)) {
+                        if (!distroMapper.responsible(serviceName)) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        Service service = getService(namespaceId, serviceName);
+
+                        if (service == null) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        service.recalculateChecksum();
+
+                        checksum.addItem(serviceName, service.getChecksum());
+                    }
+
+                    Message msg = new Message();
+
+                    msg.setData(JSON.toJSONString(checksum));
+
+                    List<Server> sameSiteServers = serverListManager.getServers();
+
+                    if (sameSiteServers == null || sameSiteServers.size() <= 0) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    for (Server server : sameSiteServers) {
+                        if (server.getKey().equals(NetUtils.localServer())) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        synchronizer.send(server.getKey(), msg);
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                Loggers.SRV_LOG.error("[DOMAIN-STATUS] Exception while sending service status", e);
+            } finally {
+                UtilsAndCommons.DOMAIN_SYNCHRONIZATION_EXECUTOR.schedule(this, switchDomain.getDomStatusSynchronizationPeriodMillis(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void wakeUp(String key) {
+
+        Lock lock = service2LockMap.get(key);
+        Condition condition = service2ConditionMap.get(key);
+
+        try {
+            lock.lock();
+            condition.signalAll();
+        } catch (Exception ignore) {
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Lock addLockIfAbsent(String key) {
+
+        if (service2LockMap.containsKey(key)) {
+            return service2LockMap.get(key);
+        }
+        Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        service2LockMap.put(key, lock);
+        return lock;
+    }
+
+    public Condition addCondtion(String key) {
+        Condition condition = service2LockMap.get(key).newCondition();
+        service2ConditionMap.put(key, condition);
+        return condition;
+    }
+
+    private static class ServiceKey {
+        private String namespaceId;
+        private String serviceName;
+        private String serverIP;
+
+        public String getChecksum() {
+            return checksum;
+        }
+
+        public String getServerIP() {
+            return serverIP;
+        }
+
+        public String getServiceName() {
+            return serviceName;
+        }
+
+        public String getNamespaceId() {
+            return namespaceId;
+        }
+
+        private String checksum;
+
+        public ServiceKey(String namespaceId, String serviceName, String serverIP, String checksum) {
+            this.namespaceId = namespaceId;
+            this.serviceName = serviceName;
+            this.serverIP = serverIP;
+            this.checksum = checksum;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.ServiceManager.registerInstance` indirectly writes to field `n$64.com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Cluster.healthChecker` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$64 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$64.com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Cluster.healthChecker might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServiceManager.registerInstance(String,String,String,Instance)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.naming.core.ServiceManager.registerInstance(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.d1262698722c5c9a0979c26f99763af4
+
+### File:
+naming/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/naming/core/ServiceManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceManager.java|registerInstance|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f0da01c83e84dfd03e1b8d78b75269fb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5083/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5083/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5c9bb6568d399eb5329351cbce39434bccfdef9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5083/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.common.util;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * IO related tool methods
+ *
+ * @author nacos
+ */
+public class IoUtils {
+
+    static public String toString(InputStream input, String encoding) throws IOException {
+        return (null == encoding) ? toString(new InputStreamReader(input, "UTF-8"))
+                : toString(new InputStreamReader(input, encoding));
+    }
+
+    static public String toString(Reader reader) throws IOException {
+        CharArrayWriter sw = new CharArrayWriter();
+        copy(reader, sw);
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+
+
+    static public long copy(Reader input, Writer output) throws IOException {
+        char[] buffer = new char[1 << 12];
+        long count = 0;
+        for (int n = 0; (n = input.read(buffer)) >= 0; ) {
+            output.write(buffer, 0, n);
+            count += n;
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    static public long copy(InputStream input, OutputStream output) throws IOException {
+        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
+        int bytesRead;
+        int totalBytes = 0;
+        while ((bytesRead = input.read(buffer)) != -1) {
+            output.write(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
+
+            totalBytes += bytesRead;
+        }
+
+        return totalBytes;
+    }
+
+    static public List<String> readLines(Reader input) throws IOException {
+        BufferedReader reader = toBufferedReader(input);
+        List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
+        String line = null;
+        for (; ; ) {
+            line = reader.readLine();
+            if (null != line) {
+                if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(line)) {
+                    list.add(line.trim());
+                }
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    static private BufferedReader toBufferedReader(Reader reader) {
+        return reader instanceof BufferedReader ? (BufferedReader) reader : new BufferedReader(
+                reader);
+    }
+
+
+    public static boolean delete(File fileOrDir) throws IOException {
+        if (fileOrDir == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (fileOrDir.isDirectory()) {
+            cleanDirectory(fileOrDir);
+        }
+
+        return fileOrDir.delete();
+    }
+
+    public static void cleanDirectory(File directory) throws IOException {
+        if (!directory.exists()) {
+            String message = directory + " does not exist";
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
+        }
+
+        if (!directory.isDirectory()) {
+            String message = directory + " is not a directory";
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
+        }
+
+        File[] files = directory.listFiles();
+        if (files == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to list contents of " + directory);
+        }
+
+        IOException exception = null;
+        for (File file : files) {
+            try {
+                delete(file);
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                exception = ioe;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (null != exception) {
+            throw exception;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void writeStringToFile(File file, String data, String encoding)
+            throws IOException {
+        OutputStream os = null;
+        try {
+            os = new FileOutputStream(file);
+            os.write(data.getBytes(encoding));
+            os.flush();
+        } finally {
+            if (null != os) {
+                os.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] tryDecompress(InputStream raw) throws Exception {
+
+        try {
+            GZIPInputStream gis
+                    = new GZIPInputStream(raw);
+            ByteArrayOutputStream out
+                    = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+
+            IoUtils.copy(gis, out);
+
+            return out.toByteArray();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream` acquired to `gis` by call to `GZIPInputStream(...)` at line 149 is not released after line 155.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] IoUtils.tryDecompress(InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.common.util.IoUtils.tryDecompress(java.io.InputStream):byte[].b0fd89e4d9c0a513ec131fd6f5c4d175
+
+### File:
+common/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/common/util/IoUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+IoUtils.java|tryDecompress|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+50eb9480b1a39477599a8d0ef0064573
+
+### Hash:
+2dce3580b47a4b84fdb70371e0eee480
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5085/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5085/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13a7ed2f9eec52110687a687aa51e71d54b9fc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5085/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nacos
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming;
+
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.PropertyKeyConst;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.SystemPropertyKeyConst;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.common.Constants;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.exception.NacosException;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.NamingService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.listener.EventListener;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.Instance;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.ListView;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.naming.pojo.ServiceInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.api.selector.AbstractSelector;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.identify.CredentialService;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.beat.BeatInfo;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.beat.BeatReactor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.core.Balancer;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.core.EventDispatcher;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.core.HostReactor;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.net.NamingProxy;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.utils.CollectionUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.utils.StringUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.utils.UtilAndComs;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.utils.LogUtils;
+import com.alibaba.nacos.client.utils.TemplateUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.BooleanUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.math.NumberUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+
+/**
+ * @author nkorange
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("PMD.ServiceOrDaoClassShouldEndWithImplRule")
+public class NacosNamingService implements NamingService {
+    /**
+     * Each Naming instance should have different namespace.
+     */
+    private String namespace;
+
+    private String endpoint;
+
+    private String serverList;
+
+    private String cacheDir;
+
+    private String logName;
+
+    private HostReactor hostReactor;
+
+    private BeatReactor beatReactor;
+
+    private EventDispatcher eventDispatcher;
+
+    private NamingProxy serverProxy;
+
+    public NacosNamingService(String serverList) {
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        properties.setProperty(PropertyKeyConst.SERVER_ADDR, serverList);
+
+        init(properties);
+    }
+
+    public NacosNamingService(Properties properties) {
+
+        init(properties);
+    }
+
+    private void init(Properties properties) {
+
+        serverList = properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.SERVER_ADDR);
+
+        initNamespace(properties);
+        initEndpoint(properties);
+        initWebRootContext();
+        initCacheDir();
+        initLogName(properties);
+
+        eventDispatcher = new EventDispatcher();
+        serverProxy = new NamingProxy(namespace, endpoint, serverList);
+        serverProxy.setProperties(properties);
+        beatReactor = new BeatReactor(serverProxy, initClientBeatThreadCount(properties));
+        hostReactor = new HostReactor(eventDispatcher, serverProxy, cacheDir, isLoadCacheAtStart(properties), initPollingThreadCount(properties));
+    }
+
+    private int initClientBeatThreadCount(Properties properties) {
+        if (properties == null) {
+
+            return UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_CLIENT_BEAT_THREAD_COUNT;
+        }
+
+        int clientBeatThreadCount = NumberUtils.toInt(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_CLIENT_BEAT_THREAD_COUNT),
+            UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_CLIENT_BEAT_THREAD_COUNT);
+
+        return clientBeatThreadCount;
+    }
+
+    private int initPollingThreadCount(Properties properties) {
+        if (properties == null) {
+
+            return UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_POLLING_THREAD_COUNT;
+        }
+
+        int pollingThreadCount = NumberUtils.toInt(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_POLLING_THREAD_COUNT),
+            UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_POLLING_THREAD_COUNT);
+
+        return pollingThreadCount;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isLoadCacheAtStart(Properties properties) {
+        boolean loadCacheAtStart = false;
+        if (properties != null && StringUtils.isNotEmpty(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_LOAD_CACHE_AT_START))) {
+            loadCacheAtStart = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(
+                properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMING_LOAD_CACHE_AT_START));
+        }
+
+        return loadCacheAtStart;
+    }
+
+    private void initLogName(Properties properties) {
+        logName = System.getProperty(UtilAndComs.NACOS_NAMING_LOG_NAME);
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(logName)) {
+
+            if (properties != null && StringUtils.isNotEmpty(properties.getProperty(UtilAndComs.NACOS_NAMING_LOG_NAME))) {
+                logName = properties.getProperty(UtilAndComs.NACOS_NAMING_LOG_NAME);
+            } else {
+                logName = "naming.log";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initCacheDir() {
+        cacheDir = System.getProperty("com.alibaba.nacos.naming.cache.dir");
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(cacheDir)) {
+            cacheDir = System.getProperty("user.home") + "/nacos/naming/" + namespace;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initEndpoint(Properties properties) {
+        if (properties == null) {
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String endpointUrl = TemplateUtils.stringEmptyAndThenExecute(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.ENDPOINT), new Callable<String>() {
+            @Override
+            public String call() {
+                return System.getenv(PropertyKeyConst.SystemEnv.ALIBABA_ALIWARE_ENDPOINT_URL);
+            }
+        });
+
+        if (com.alibaba.nacos.client.utils.StringUtils.isBlank(endpointUrl)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String endpointPort = TemplateUtils.stringEmptyAndThenExecute(properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.ENDPOINT_PORT), new Callable<String>() {
+            @Override
+            public String call() {
+
+                return System.getenv(PropertyKeyConst.SystemEnv.ALIBABA_ALIWARE_ENDPOINT_PORT);
+            }
+        });
+        endpointPort = TemplateUtils.stringEmptyAndThenExecute(endpointPort, new Callable<String>() {
+            @Override
+            public String call() {
+                return "8080";
+            }
+        });
+
+        endpoint = endpointUrl + ":" + endpointPort;
+    }
+
+    private void initNamespace(Properties properties) {
+        String tmpNamespace = null;
+
+        if (properties != null) {
+            tmpNamespace = properties.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMESPACE);
+        }
+
+        tmpNamespace = TemplateUtils.stringEmptyAndThenExecute(tmpNamespace, new Callable<String>() {
+            @Override
+            public String call() {
+                String namespace = System.getProperty(PropertyKeyConst.NAMESPACE);
+                LogUtils.NAMING_LOGGER.info("initializer namespace from System Property :" + namespace);
+                return namespace;
+            }
+        });
+
+
+        tmpNamespace = TemplateUtils.stringEmptyAndThenExecute(tmpNamespace, new Callable<String>() {
+            @Override
+            public String call() {
+                String namespace = System.getenv(PropertyKeyConst.SystemEnv.ALIBABA_ALIWARE_NAMESPACE);
+                LogUtils.NAMING_LOGGER.info("initializer namespace from System Environment :" + namespace);
+                return namespace;
+            }
+        });
+
+        tmpNamespace = TemplateUtils.stringEmptyAndThenExecute(tmpNamespace, new Callable<String>() {
+            @Override
+            public String call() {
+                String namespace = CredentialService.getInstance().getCredential().getTenantId();
+                LogUtils.NAMING_LOGGER.info("initializer namespace from Credential Module " + namespace);
+                return namespace;
+            }
+        });
+
+        tmpNamespace = TemplateUtils.stringEmptyAndThenExecute(tmpNamespace, new Callable<String>() {
+            @Override
+            public String call() {
+                return UtilAndComs.DEFAULT_NAMESPACE_ID;
+            }
+        });
+        namespace = tmpNamespace;
+    }
+
+    private void initWebRootContext() {
+        // support the web context with ali-yun if the app deploy by EDAS
+        final String webContext = System.getProperty(SystemPropertyKeyConst.NAMING_WEB_CONTEXT);
+        TemplateUtils.stringNotEmptyAndThenExecute(webContext, new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                UtilAndComs.WEB_CONTEXT = webContext.indexOf("/") > -1 ? webContext
+                    : "/" + webContext;
+
+                UtilAndComs.NACOS_URL_BASE = UtilAndComs.WEB_CONTEXT + "/v1/ns";
+                UtilAndComs.NACOS_URL_INSTANCE = UtilAndComs.NACOS_URL_BASE + "/instance";
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, groupName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, ip, port, clusterName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+
+        Instance instance = new Instance();
+        instance.setIp(ip);
+        instance.setPort(port);
+        instance.setWeight(1.0);
+        instance.setClusterName(clusterName);
+
+        registerInstance(serviceName, groupName, instance);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
+        registerInstance(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, instance);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void registerInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, Instance instance) throws NacosException {
+
+        BeatInfo beatInfo = new BeatInfo();
+        beatInfo.setServiceName(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName);
+        beatInfo.setIp(instance.getIp());
+        beatInfo.setPort(instance.getPort());
+        beatInfo.setCluster(instance.getClusterName());
+        beatInfo.setWeight(instance.getWeight());
+        beatInfo.setMetadata(instance.getMetadata());
+        beatInfo.setScheduled(false);
+
+        beatReactor.addBeatInfo(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, beatInfo);
+
+        serverProxy.registerService(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, groupName, instance);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        deregisterInstance(serviceName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port) throws NacosException {
+        deregisterInstance(serviceName, groupName, ip, port, Constants.DEFAULT_CLUSTER_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+        deregisterInstance(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, ip, port, clusterName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deregisterInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, String ip, int port, String clusterName) throws NacosException {
+        beatReactor.removeBeatInfo(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, ip, port);
+        serverProxy.deregisterService(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, ip, port, clusterName);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>(), subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, clusters, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, groupName, clusters, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return getAllInstances(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, clusters, subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> getAllInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+
+        ServiceInfo serviceInfo;
+        if (subscribe) {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfo(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        } else {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        }
+        List<Instance> list;
+        if (serviceInfo == null || CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list = serviceInfo.getHosts())) {
+            return new ArrayList<Instance>();
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, boolean healthy) throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), healthy);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean healthy) throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, groupName, healthy, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, boolean healthy, boolean subscribe)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), healthy, subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean healthy, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>(), healthy, subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, clusters, healthy, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy) throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, groupName, clusters, healthy, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy,
+                                          boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return selectInstances(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, clusters, healthy, subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Instance> selectInstances(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean healthy, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+
+        ServiceInfo serviceInfo;
+        if (subscribe) {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfo(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        } else {
+            serviceInfo = hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","));
+        }
+        return selectInstances(serviceInfo, healthy);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, groupName, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>(), subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, clusters, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters) throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, groupName, clusters, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return selectOneHealthyInstance(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, clusters, subscribe);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Instance selectOneHealthyInstance(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, boolean subscribe) throws NacosException {
+
+        if (subscribe) {
+            return Balancer.RandomByWeight.selectHost(
+                hostReactor.getServiceInfo(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ",")));
+        } else {
+            return Balancer.RandomByWeight.selectHost(
+                hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ",")));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String serviceName, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        subscribe(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        subscribe(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>(), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        subscribe(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, clusters, listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void subscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        eventDispatcher.addListener(hostReactor.getServiceInfo(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName,
+            StringUtils.join(clusters, ",")), StringUtils.join(clusters, ","), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String serviceName, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        unsubscribe(serviceName, new ArrayList<String>(), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        unsubscribe(serviceName, groupName, new ArrayList<String>(), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String serviceName, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        unsubscribe(serviceName, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, clusters, listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void unsubscribe(String serviceName, String groupName, List<String> clusters, EventListener listener) throws NacosException {
+        eventDispatcher.removeListener(groupName + Constants.SERVICE_INFO_SPLITER + serviceName, StringUtils.join(clusters, ","), listener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListView<String> getServicesOfServer(int pageNo, int pageSize) throws NacosException {
+        return serverProxy.getServiceList(pageNo, pageSize, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListView<String> getServicesOfServer(int pageNo, int pageSize, String groupName) throws NacosException {
+        return getServicesOfServer(pageNo, pageSize, groupName, null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListView<String> getServicesOfServer(int pageNo, int pageSize, AbstractSelector selector)
+        throws NacosException {
+        return getServicesOfServer(pageNo, pageSize, Constants.DEFAULT_GROUP, selector);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListView<String> getServicesOfServer(int pageNo, int pageSize, String groupName, AbstractSelector selector) throws NacosException {
+        return serverProxy.getServiceList(pageNo, pageSize, groupName, selector);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ServiceInfo> getSubscribeServices() {
+        return eventDispatcher.getSubscribeServices();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getServerStatus() {
+        return serverProxy.serverHealthy() ? "UP" : "DOWN";
+    }
+
+    private List<Instance> selectInstances(ServiceInfo serviceInfo, boolean healthy) {
+        List<Instance> list;
+        if (serviceInfo == null || CollectionUtils.isEmpty(list = serviceInfo.getHosts())) {
+            return new ArrayList<Instance>();
+        }
+
+        Iterator<Instance> iterator = list.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Instance instance = iterator.next();
+            if (healthy != instance.isHealthy() || !instance.isEnabled() || instance.getWeight() <= 0) {
+                iterator.remove();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    public BeatReactor getBeatReactor() {
+        return beatReactor;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `NacosNamingService.hostReactor.getServiceInfoDirectlyFromServer(__new(java.lang.StringBuilder).append(groupName).append("@@").append(serviceName).toString(),join(clusters,","))` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `selectHost(...)` at line 465.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Instance NacosNamingService.selectOneHealthyInstance(String,String,List,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.nacos.client.naming.NacosNamingService.selectOneHealthyInstance(java.lang.String,java.la.764a966e65cf9a0457f9c90a0ed62ba6
+
+### File:
+client/src/main/java/com/alibaba/nacos/client/naming/NacosNamingService.java
+
+### Key:
+NacosNamingService.java|selectOneHealthyInstance|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ede75f65ae2540791708cb085757b9b6
+
+### Hash:
+ab3cb24ceceaec1e74ea700dd4c2386d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5132/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5132/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2ae152161d994a0dc308255195e12a1b405eeb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5132/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1055 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** incubator-hivemall
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Hivemall: Hive scalable Machine Learning Library
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Makoto YUI
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 Haifeng Li
+ *   
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package hivemall.smile.classification;
+
+import hivemall.smile.data.Attribute;
+import hivemall.smile.data.Attribute.AttributeType;
+import hivemall.smile.utils.SmileExtUtils;
+import hivemall.utils.collections.IntArrayList;
+import hivemall.utils.io.FastByteArrayInputStream;
+import hivemall.utils.io.FastMultiByteArrayOutputStream;
+import hivemall.utils.io.IOUtils;
+import hivemall.utils.lang.StringUtils;
+
+import java.io.Externalizable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectInput;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutput;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.zip.DeflaterOutputStream;
+import java.util.zip.InflaterInputStream;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.HiveException;
+
+import smile.classification.Classifier;
+import smile.math.Math;
+import smile.math.Random;
+
+/**
+ * Decision tree for classification. A decision tree can be learned by splitting the training set
+ * into subsets based on an attribute value test. This process is repeated on each derived subset in
+ * a recursive manner called recursive partitioning. The recursion is completed when the subset at a
+ * node all has the same value of the target variable, or when splitting no longer adds value to the
+ * predictions.
+ * <p>
+ * The algorithms that are used for constructing decision trees usually work top-down by choosing a
+ * variable at each step that is the next best variable to use in splitting the set of items. "Best"
+ * is defined by how well the variable splits the set into homogeneous subsets that have the same
+ * value of the target variable. Different algorithms use different formulae for measuring "best".
+ * Used by the CART algorithm, Gini impurity is a measure of how often a randomly chosen element
+ * from the set would be incorrectly labeled if it were randomly labeled according to the
+ * distribution of labels in the subset. Gini impurity can be computed by summing the probability of
+ * each item being chosen times the probability of a mistake in categorizing that item. It reaches
+ * its minimum (zero) when all cases in the node fall into a single target category. Information
+ * gain is another popular measure, used by the ID3, C4.5 and C5.0 algorithms. Information gain is
+ * based on the concept of entropy used in information theory. For categorical variables with
+ * different number of levels, however, information gain are biased in favor of those attributes
+ * with more levels. Instead, one may employ the information gain ratio, which solves the drawback
+ * of information gain.
+ * <p>
+ * Classification and Regression Tree techniques have a number of advantages over many of those
+ * alternative techniques.
+ * <dl>
+ * <dt>Simple to understand and interpret.</dt>
+ * <dd>In most cases, the interpretation of results summarized in a tree is very simple. This
+ * simplicity is useful not only for purposes of rapid classification of new observations, but can
+ * also often yield a much simpler "model" for explaining why observations are classified or
+ * predicted in a particular manner.</dd>
+ * <dt>Able to handle both numerical and categorical data.</dt>
+ * <dd>Other techniques are usually specialized in analyzing datasets that have only one type of
+ * variable.</dd>
+ * <dt>Tree methods are nonparametric and nonlinear.</dt>
+ * <dd>The final results of using tree methods for classification or regression can be summarized in
+ * a series of (usually few) logical if-then conditions (tree nodes). Therefore, there is no
+ * implicit assumption that the underlying relationships between the predictor variables and the
+ * dependent variable are linear, follow some specific non-linear link function, or that they are
+ * even monotonic in nature. Thus, tree methods are particularly well suited for data mining tasks,
+ * where there is often little a priori knowledge nor any coherent set of theories or predictions
+ * regarding which variables are related and how. In those types of data analytics, tree methods can
+ * often reveal simple relationships between just a few variables that could have easily gone
+ * unnoticed using other analytic techniques.</dd>
+ * </dl>
+ * One major problem with classification and regression trees is their high variance. Often a small
+ * change in the data can result in a very different series of splits, making interpretation
+ * somewhat precarious. Besides, decision-tree learners can create over-complex trees that cause
+ * over-fitting. Mechanisms such as pruning are necessary to avoid this problem. Another limitation
+ * of trees is the lack of smoothness of the prediction surface.
+ * <p>
+ * Some techniques such as bagging, boosting, and random forest use more than one decision tree for
+ * their analysis.
+ */
+public final class DecisionTree implements Classifier<double[]> {
+    /**
+     * The attributes of independent variable.
+     */
+    private final Attribute[] _attributes;
+    private final boolean _hasNumericType;
+    /**
+     * Variable importance. Every time a split of a node is made on variable the (GINI, information
+     * gain, etc.) impurity criterion for the two descendant nodes is less than the parent node.
+     * Adding up the decreases for each individual variable over the tree gives a simple measure of
+     * variable importance.
+     */
+    private final double[] _importance;
+    /**
+     * The root of the regression tree
+     */
+    private final Node _root;
+    /**
+     * The maximum number of the tree depth
+     */
+    private final int _maxDepth;
+    /**
+     * The splitting rule.
+     */
+    private final SplitRule _rule;
+    /**
+     * The number of classes.
+     */
+    private final int _k;
+    /**
+     * The number of input variables to be used to determine the decision at a node of the tree.
+     */
+    private final int _numVars;
+    /**
+     * The number of instances in a node below which the tree will not split.
+     */
+    private final int _minSplit;
+    /**
+     * The minimum number of samples in a leaf node
+     */
+    private final int _minLeafSize;
+    /**
+     * The index of training values in ascending order. Note that only numeric attributes will be
+     * sorted.
+     */
+    private final int[][] _order;
+
+    private final Random _rnd;
+
+    /**
+     * The criterion to choose variable to split instances.
+     */
+    public static enum SplitRule {
+        /**
+         * Used by the CART algorithm, Gini impurity is a measure of how often a randomly chosen
+         * element from the set would be incorrectly labeled if it were randomly labeled according
+         * to the distribution of labels in the subset. Gini impurity can be computed by summing the
+         * probability of each item being chosen times the probability of a mistake in categorizing
+         * that item. It reaches its minimum (zero) when all cases in the node fall into a single
+         * target category.
+         */
+        GINI,
+        /**
+         * Used by the ID3, C4.5 and C5.0 tree generation algorithms.
+         */
+        ENTROPY,
+        /**
+         * Classification error.
+         */
+        CLASSIFICATION_ERROR
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Classification tree node.
+     */
+    public static final class Node implements Externalizable {
+
+        /**
+         * Predicted class label for this node.
+         */
+        int output = -1;
+        /**
+         * The split feature for this node.
+         */
+        int splitFeature = -1;
+        /**
+         * The type of split feature
+         */
+        AttributeType splitFeatureType = null;
+        /**
+         * The split value.
+         */
+        double splitValue = Double.NaN;
+        /**
+         * Reduction in splitting criterion.
+         */
+        double splitScore = 0.0;
+        /**
+         * Children node.
+         */
+        Node trueChild = null;
+        /**
+         * Children node.
+         */
+        Node falseChild = null;
+        /**
+         * Predicted output for children node.
+         */
+        int trueChildOutput = -1;
+        /**
+         * Predicted output for children node.
+         */
+        int falseChildOutput = -1;
+
+        public Node() {}// for Externalizable
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor.
+         */
+        public Node(int output) {
+            this.output = output;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Evaluate the regression tree over an instance.
+         */
+        public int predict(final double[] x) {
+            if (trueChild == null && falseChild == null) {
+                return output;
+            } else {
+                if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                    if (x[splitFeature] == splitValue) {
+                        return trueChild.predict(x);
+                    } else {
+                        return falseChild.predict(x);
+                    }
+                } else if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                    if (x[splitFeature] <= splitValue) {
+                        return trueChild.predict(x);
+                    } else {
+                        return falseChild.predict(x);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                            + splitFeatureType);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void jsCodegen(@Nonnull final StringBuilder builder, final int depth) {
+            if (trueChild == null && falseChild == null) {
+                indent(builder, depth);
+                builder.append("").append(output).append(";\n");
+            } else {
+                if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("if(x[")
+                           .append(splitFeature)
+                           .append("] == ")
+                           .append(splitValue)
+                           .append(") {\n");
+                    trueChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("} else {\n");
+                    falseChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("}\n");
+                } else if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("if(x[")
+                           .append(splitFeature)
+                           .append("] <= ")
+                           .append(splitValue)
+                           .append(") {\n");
+                    trueChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("} else  {\n");
+                    falseChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("}\n");
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                            + splitFeatureType);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int opCodegen(final List<String> scripts, int depth) {
+            int selfDepth = 0;
+            final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
+            if (trueChild == null && falseChild == null) {
+                buf.append("push ").append(output);
+                scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                buf.setLength(0);
+                buf.append("goto last");
+                scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                selfDepth += 2;
+            } else {
+                if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                    buf.append("push ").append("x[").append(splitFeature).append("]");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("push ").append(splitValue);
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("ifeq ");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    depth += 3;
+                    selfDepth += 3;
+                    int trueDepth = trueChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth);
+                    selfDepth += trueDepth;
+                    scripts.set(depth - 1, "ifeq " + String.valueOf(depth + trueDepth));
+                    int falseDepth = falseChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth + trueDepth);
+                    selfDepth += falseDepth;
+                } else if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                    buf.append("push ").append("x[").append(splitFeature).append("]");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("push ").append(splitValue);
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("ifle ");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    depth += 3;
+                    selfDepth += 3;
+                    int trueDepth = trueChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth);
+                    selfDepth += trueDepth;
+                    scripts.set(depth - 1, "ifle " + String.valueOf(depth + trueDepth));
+                    int falseDepth = falseChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth + trueDepth);
+                    selfDepth += falseDepth;
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                            + splitFeatureType);
+                }
+            }
+            return selfDepth;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
+            out.writeInt(output);
+            out.writeInt(splitFeature);
+            if (splitFeatureType == null) {
+                out.writeInt(-1);
+            } else {
+                out.writeInt(splitFeatureType.getTypeId());
+            }
+            out.writeDouble(splitValue);
+            if (trueChild == null) {
+                out.writeBoolean(false);
+            } else {
+                out.writeBoolean(true);
+                trueChild.writeExternal(out);
+            }
+            if (falseChild == null) {
+                out.writeBoolean(false);
+            } else {
+                out.writeBoolean(true);
+                falseChild.writeExternal(out);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            this.output = in.readInt();
+            this.splitFeature = in.readInt();
+            int typeId = in.readInt();
+            if (typeId == -1) {
+                this.splitFeatureType = null;
+            } else {
+                this.splitFeatureType = AttributeType.resolve(typeId);
+            }
+            this.splitValue = in.readDouble();
+            if (in.readBoolean()) {
+                this.trueChild = new Node();
+                trueChild.readExternal(in);
+            }
+            if (in.readBoolean()) {
+                this.falseChild = new Node();
+                falseChild.readExternal(in);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private static void indent(final StringBuilder builder, final int depth) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
+            builder.append("  ");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Classification tree node for training purpose.
+     */
+    private final class TrainNode implements Comparable<TrainNode> {
+        /**
+         * The associated regression tree node.
+         */
+        final Node node;
+        /**
+         * Training dataset.
+         */
+        final double[][] x;
+        /**
+         * class labels.
+         */
+        final int[] y;
+
+        int[] bags;
+
+        final int depth;
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor.
+         */
+        public TrainNode(Node node, double[][] x, int[] y, int[] bags, int depth) {
+            this.node = node;
+            this.x = x;
+            this.y = y;
+            this.bags = bags;
+            this.depth = depth;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(TrainNode a) {
+            return (int) Math.signum(a.node.splitScore - node.splitScore);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Finds the best attribute to split on at the current node.
+         * 
+         * @return true if a split exists to reduce squared error, false otherwise.
+         */
+        public boolean findBestSplit() {
+            // avoid split if tree depth is larger than threshold
+            if (depth >= _maxDepth) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // avoid split if the number of samples is less than threshold
+            final int numSamples = bags.length;
+            if (numSamples <= _minSplit) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Sample count in each class.
+            final int[] count = new int[_k];
+            final boolean pure = sampleCount(count);
+
+            // Since all instances have same label, stop splitting.
+            if (pure) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            final double impurity = impurity(count, numSamples, _rule);
+
+            final int p = _attributes.length;
+            final int[] variableIndex = new int[p];
+            for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
+                variableIndex[i] = i;
+            }
+            if (_numVars < p) {
+                SmileExtUtils.shuffle(variableIndex, _rnd);
+            }
+
+            final int[] samples = _hasNumericType ? SmileExtUtils.bagsToSamples(bags, x.length)
+                    : null;
+            final int[] falseCount = new int[_k];
+            for (int j = 0; j < _numVars; j++) {
+                Node split = findBestSplit(numSamples, count, falseCount, impurity,
+                    variableIndex[j], samples);
+                if (split.splitScore > node.splitScore) {
+                    node.splitFeature = split.splitFeature;
+                    node.splitFeatureType = split.splitFeatureType;
+                    node.splitValue = split.splitValue;
+                    node.splitScore = split.splitScore;
+                    node.trueChildOutput = split.trueChildOutput;
+                    node.falseChildOutput = split.falseChildOutput;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return (node.splitFeature != -1);
+        }
+
+        private boolean sampleCount(@Nonnull final int[] count) {
+            int label = -1;
+            boolean pure = true;
+            for (int i = 0; i < bags.length; i++) {
+                int index = bags[i];
+                int y_i = y[index];
+                count[y_i]++;
+
+                if (label == -1) {
+                    label = y_i;
+                } else if (y_i != label) {
+                    pure = false;
+                }
+            }
+            return pure;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Finds the best split cutoff for attribute j at the current node.
+         * 
+         * @param n the number instances in this node.
+         * @param count the sample count in each class.
+         * @param falseCount an array to store sample count in each class for false child node.
+         * @param impurity the impurity of this node.
+         * @param j the attribute index to split on.
+         */
+        private Node findBestSplit(final int n, final int[] count, final int[] falseCount,
+                final double impurity, final int j, @Nullable final int[] samples) {
+            final Node splitNode = new Node();
+
+            if (_attributes[j].type == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                final int m = _attributes[j].getSize();
+                final int[][] trueCount = new int[m][_k];
+
+                for (int i = 0, size = bags.length; i < size; i++) {
+                    int index = bags[i];
+                    int x_ij = (int) x[index][j];
+                    trueCount[x_ij][y[index]]++;
+                }
+
+                for (int l = 0; l < m; l++) {
+                    final int tc = Math.sum(trueCount[l]);
+                    final int fc = n - tc;
+
+                    // skip splitting this feature.
+                    if (tc < _minSplit || fc < _minSplit) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    for (int q = 0; q < _k; q++) {
+                        falseCount[q] = count[q] - trueCount[l][q];
+                    }
+
+                    final double gain = impurity - (double) tc / n
+                            * impurity(trueCount[l], tc, _rule) - (double) fc / n
+                            * impurity(falseCount, fc, _rule);
+
+                    if (gain > splitNode.splitScore) {
+                        // new best split
+                        splitNode.splitFeature = j;
+                        splitNode.splitFeatureType = AttributeType.NOMINAL;
+                        splitNode.splitValue = l;
+                        splitNode.splitScore = gain;
+                        splitNode.trueChildOutput = Math.whichMax(trueCount[l]);
+                        splitNode.falseChildOutput = Math.whichMax(falseCount);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (_attributes[j].type == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                final int[] trueCount = new int[_k];
+                double prevx = Double.NaN;
+                int prevy = -1;
+
+                assert (samples != null);
+                for (final int i : _order[j]) {
+                    final int sample = samples[i];
+                    if (sample > 0) {
+                        final double x_ij = x[i][j];
+                        final int y_i = y[i];
+
+                        if (Double.isNaN(prevx) || x_ij == prevx || y_i == prevy) {
+                            prevx = x_ij;
+                            prevy = y_i;
+                            trueCount[y_i] += sample;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        final int tc = Math.sum(trueCount);
+                        final int fc = n - tc;
+
+                        // skip splitting this feature.
+                        if (tc < _minSplit || fc < _minSplit) {
+                            prevx = x_ij;
+                            prevy = y_i;
+                            trueCount[y_i] += sample;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        for (int l = 0; l < _k; l++) {
+                            falseCount[l] = count[l] - trueCount[l];
+                        }
+
+                        final double gain = impurity - (double) tc / n
+                                * impurity(trueCount, tc, _rule) - (double) fc / n
+                                * impurity(falseCount, fc, _rule);
+
+                        if (gain > splitNode.splitScore) {
+                            // new best split
+                            splitNode.splitFeature = j;
+                            splitNode.splitFeatureType = AttributeType.NUMERIC;
+                            splitNode.splitValue = (x_ij + prevx) / 2.d;
+                            splitNode.splitScore = gain;
+                            splitNode.trueChildOutput = Math.whichMax(trueCount);
+                            splitNode.falseChildOutput = Math.whichMax(falseCount);
+                        }
+
+                        prevx = x_ij;
+                        prevy = y_i;
+                        trueCount[y_i] += sample;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                        + _attributes[j].type);
+            }
+
+            return splitNode;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Split the node into two children nodes. Returns true if split success.
+         */
+        public boolean split(@Nullable final PriorityQueue<TrainNode> nextSplits) {
+            if (node.splitFeature < 0) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Split a node with invalid feature.");
+            }
+
+            // split sample bags
+            int childBagSize = (int) (bags.length * 0.4);
+            IntArrayList trueBags = new IntArrayList(childBagSize);
+            IntArrayList falseBags = new IntArrayList(childBagSize);
+            int tc = splitSamples(trueBags, falseBags);
+            int fc = bags.length - tc;
+            this.bags = null; // help GC for recursive call
+
+            if (tc < _minLeafSize || fc < _minLeafSize) {
+                // set the node as leaf                
+                node.splitFeature = -1;
+                node.splitFeatureType = null;
+                node.splitValue = Double.NaN;
+                node.splitScore = 0.0;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            node.trueChild = new Node(node.trueChildOutput);
+            TrainNode trueChild = new TrainNode(node.trueChild, x, y, trueBags.toArray(), depth + 1);
+            trueBags = null; // help GC for recursive call
+            if (tc >= _minSplit && trueChild.findBestSplit()) {
+                if (nextSplits != null) {
+                    nextSplits.add(trueChild);
+                } else {
+                    trueChild.split(null);
+                }
+            }
+
+            node.falseChild = new Node(node.falseChildOutput);
+            TrainNode falseChild = new TrainNode(node.falseChild, x, y, falseBags.toArray(),
+                depth + 1);
+            falseBags = null; // help GC for recursive call
+            if (fc >= _minSplit && falseChild.findBestSplit()) {
+                if (nextSplits != null) {
+                    nextSplits.add(falseChild);
+                } else {
+                    falseChild.split(null);
+                }
+            }
+
+            _importance[node.splitFeature] += node.splitScore;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @return the number of true samples
+         */
+        private int splitSamples(@Nonnull final IntArrayList trueBags,
+                @Nonnull final IntArrayList falseBags) {
+            int tc = 0;
+            if (node.splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                final int splitFeature = node.splitFeature;
+                final double splitValue = node.splitValue;
+                for (int i = 0, size = bags.length; i < size; i++) {
+                    final int index = bags[i];
+                    if (x[index][splitFeature] == splitValue) {
+                        trueBags.add(index);
+                        tc++;
+                    } else {
+                        falseBags.add(index);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (node.splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                final int splitFeature = node.splitFeature;
+                final double splitValue = node.splitValue;
+                for (int i = 0, size = bags.length; i < size; i++) {
+                    final int index = bags[i];
+                    if (x[index][splitFeature] <= splitValue) {
+                        trueBags.add(index);
+                        tc++;
+                    } else {
+                        falseBags.add(index);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                        + node.splitFeatureType);
+            }
+            return tc;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the impurity of a node.
+     * 
+     * @param count the sample count in each class.
+     * @param n the number of samples in the node.
+     * @param rule the rule for splitting a node.
+     * @return the impurity of a node
+     */
+    private static double impurity(@Nonnull final int[] count, final int n,
+            @Nonnull final SplitRule rule) {
+        double impurity = 0.0;
+
+        switch (rule) {
+            case GINI: {
+                impurity = 1.0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < count.length; i++) {
+                    if (count[i] > 0) {
+                        double p = (double) count[i] / n;
+                        impurity -= p * p;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case ENTROPY: {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count.length; i++) {
+                    if (count[i] > 0) {
+                        double p = (double) count[i] / n;
+                        impurity -= p * Math.log2(p);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case CLASSIFICATION_ERROR: {
+                impurity = 0.d;
+                for (int i = 0; i < count.length; i++) {
+                    if (count[i] > 0) {
+                        impurity = Math.max(impurity, (double) count[i] / n);
+                    }
+                }
+                impurity = Math.abs(1.d - impurity);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return impurity;
+    }
+
+    public DecisionTree(@Nullable Attribute[] attributes, @Nonnull double[][] x, @Nonnull int[] y,
+            int numLeafs) {
+        this(attributes, x, y, x[0].length, Integer.MAX_VALUE, numLeafs, 2, 1, null, null, SplitRule.GINI, null);
+    }
+
+    public DecisionTree(@Nullable Attribute[] attributes, @Nullable double[][] x,
+            @Nullable int[] y, int numLeafs, @Nullable smile.math.Random rand) {
+        this(attributes, x, y, x[0].length, Integer.MAX_VALUE, numLeafs, 2, 1, null, null, SplitRule.GINI, rand);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor. Learns a classification tree for random forest.
+     *
+     * @param attributes the attribute properties.
+     * @param x the training instances.
+     * @param y the response variable.
+     * @param numVars the number of input variables to pick to split on at each node. It seems that
+     *        dim/3 give generally good performance, where dim is the number of variables.
+     * @param maxLeafs the maximum number of leaf nodes in the tree.
+     * @param minSplits the number of minimum elements in a node to split
+     * @param minLeafSize the minimum size of leaf nodes.
+     * @param order the index of training values in ascending order. Note that only numeric
+     *        attributes need be sorted.
+     * @param bags the sample set of instances for stochastic learning.
+     * @param rule the splitting rule.
+     * @param seed
+     */
+    public DecisionTree(@Nullable Attribute[] attributes, @Nonnull double[][] x, @Nonnull int[] y,
+            int numVars, int maxDepth, int maxLeafs, int minSplits, int minLeafSize,
+            @Nullable int[] bags, @Nullable int[][] order, @Nonnull SplitRule rule,
+            @Nullable smile.math.Random rand) {
+        checkArgument(x, y, numVars, maxDepth, maxLeafs, minSplits, minLeafSize);
+
+        this._k = Math.max(y) + 1;
+        if (_k < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Only one class or negative class labels.");
+        }
+
+        this._attributes = SmileExtUtils.attributeTypes(attributes, x);
+        if (attributes.length != x[0].length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("-attrs option is invliad: "
+                    + Arrays.toString(attributes));
+        }
+        this._hasNumericType = SmileExtUtils.containsNumericType(_attributes);
+
+        this._numVars = numVars;
+        this._maxDepth = maxDepth;
+        this._minSplit = minSplits;
+        this._minLeafSize = minLeafSize;
+        this._rule = rule;
+        this._order = (order == null) ? SmileExtUtils.sort(_attributes, x) : order;
+        this._importance = new double[_attributes.length];
+        this._rnd = (rand == null) ? new smile.math.Random() : rand;
+
+        final int n = y.length;
+        final int[] count = new int[_k];
+        if (bags == null) {
+            bags = new int[n];
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                bags[i] = i;
+                count[y[i]]++;
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                int index = bags[i];
+                count[y[index]]++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        this._root = new Node(Math.whichMax(count));
+
+        final TrainNode trainRoot = new TrainNode(_root, x, y, bags, 1);
+        if (maxLeafs == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            if (trainRoot.findBestSplit()) {
+                trainRoot.split(null);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Priority queue for best-first tree growing.
+            final PriorityQueue<TrainNode> nextSplits = new PriorityQueue<TrainNode>();
+            // Now add splits to the tree until max tree size is reached
+            if (trainRoot.findBestSplit()) {
+                nextSplits.add(trainRoot);
+            }
+            // Pop best leaf from priority queue, split it, and push
+            // children nodes into the queue if possible.
+            for (int leaves = 1; leaves < maxLeafs; leaves++) {
+                // parent is the leaf to split
+                TrainNode parent = nextSplits.poll();
+                if (parent == null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                parent.split(nextSplits); // Split the parent node into two children nodes
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkArgument(@Nonnull double[][] x, @Nonnull int[] y, int numVars,
+            int maxDepth, int maxLeafs, int minSplits, int minLeafSize) {
+        if (x.length != y.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
+                "The sizes of X and Y don't match: %d != %d", x.length, y.length));
+        }
+        if (numVars <= 0 || numVars > x[0].length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Invalid number of variables to split on at a node of the tree: " + numVars);
+        }
+        if (maxDepth < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxDepth should be greater than 1: " + maxDepth);
+        }
+        if (maxLeafs < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid maximum leaves: " + maxLeafs);
+        }
+        if (minSplits < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Invalid minimum number of samples required to split an internal node: "
+                        + minSplits);
+        }
+        if (minLeafSize < 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid minimum size of leaf nodes: " + minLeafSize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the variable importance. Every time a split of a node is made on variable the (GINI,
+     * information gain, etc.) impurity criterion for the two descendent nodes is less than the
+     * parent node. Adding up the decreases for each individual variable over the tree gives a
+     * simple measure of variable importance.
+     *
+     * @return the variable importance
+     */
+    public double[] importance() {
+        return _importance;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int predict(final double[] x) {
+        return _root.predict(x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Predicts the class label of an instance and also calculate a posteriori probabilities. Not
+     * supported.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int predict(double[] x, double[] posteriori) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported.");
+    }
+
+    public String predictJsCodegen() {
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(1024);
+        _root.jsCodegen(buf, 0);
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    public String predictOpCodegen(String sep) {
+        List<String> opslist = new ArrayList<String>();
+        _root.opCodegen(opslist, 0);
+        opslist.add("call end");
+        String scripts = StringUtils.concat(opslist, sep);
+        return scripts;
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    public byte[] predictSerCodegen(boolean compress) throws HiveException {
+        FastMultiByteArrayOutputStream bos = new FastMultiByteArrayOutputStream();
+        OutputStream wrapped = compress ? new DeflaterOutputStream(bos) : bos;
+        ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
+        try {
+            oos = new ObjectOutputStream(wrapped);
+            _root.writeExternal(oos);
+            oos.flush();
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            throw new HiveException("IOException cause while serializing DecisionTree object", ioe);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new HiveException("Exception cause while serializing DecisionTree object", e);
+        } finally {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(oos);
+        }
+        return bos.toByteArray_clear();
+    }
+
+    public static Node deserializeNode(final byte[] serializedObj, final int length,
+            final boolean compressed) throws HiveException {
+        FastByteArrayInputStream bis = new FastByteArrayInputStream(serializedObj, length);
+        InputStream wrapped = compressed ? new InflaterInputStream(bis) : bis;
+
+        final Node root;
+        ObjectInputStream ois = null;
+        try {
+            ois = new ObjectInputStream(wrapped);
+            root = new Node();
+            root.readExternal(ois);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            throw new HiveException("IOException cause while deserializing DecisionTree object",
+                ioe);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new HiveException("Exception cause while deserializing DecisionTree object", e);
+        } finally {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(ois);
+        }
+        return root;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return _root == null ? "" : predictJsCodegen();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `hivemall.utils.io.FastByteArrayInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 955 is not released after line 970.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 963
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DecisionTree$Node DecisionTree.deserializeNode(byte[],int,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+hivemall.smile.classification.DecisionTree.deserializeNode(byte[],int,boolean):hivemall.smile.classi.38ed2d6be46af98f9fa258d86b8c8d7f
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/hivemall/smile/classification/DecisionTree.java
+
+### Key:
+DecisionTree.java|deserializeNode|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+87f3adcecc9f1a55bc35a0d2ad147315
+
+### Hash:
+6bcf9ba7df23630a251e5e288616afe4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5135/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5135/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb3b94e17d886ec0f0b90f4b174cac8b3bf47eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5135/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1055 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** incubator-hivemall
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Hivemall: Hive scalable Machine Learning Library
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Makoto YUI
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 Haifeng Li
+ *   
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package hivemall.smile.classification;
+
+import hivemall.smile.data.Attribute;
+import hivemall.smile.data.Attribute.AttributeType;
+import hivemall.smile.utils.SmileExtUtils;
+import hivemall.utils.collections.IntArrayList;
+import hivemall.utils.io.FastByteArrayInputStream;
+import hivemall.utils.io.FastMultiByteArrayOutputStream;
+import hivemall.utils.io.IOUtils;
+import hivemall.utils.lang.StringUtils;
+
+import java.io.Externalizable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectInput;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutput;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.zip.DeflaterOutputStream;
+import java.util.zip.InflaterInputStream;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.metadata.HiveException;
+
+import smile.classification.Classifier;
+import smile.math.Math;
+import smile.math.Random;
+
+/**
+ * Decision tree for classification. A decision tree can be learned by splitting the training set
+ * into subsets based on an attribute value test. This process is repeated on each derived subset in
+ * a recursive manner called recursive partitioning. The recursion is completed when the subset at a
+ * node all has the same value of the target variable, or when splitting no longer adds value to the
+ * predictions.
+ * <p>
+ * The algorithms that are used for constructing decision trees usually work top-down by choosing a
+ * variable at each step that is the next best variable to use in splitting the set of items. "Best"
+ * is defined by how well the variable splits the set into homogeneous subsets that have the same
+ * value of the target variable. Different algorithms use different formulae for measuring "best".
+ * Used by the CART algorithm, Gini impurity is a measure of how often a randomly chosen element
+ * from the set would be incorrectly labeled if it were randomly labeled according to the
+ * distribution of labels in the subset. Gini impurity can be computed by summing the probability of
+ * each item being chosen times the probability of a mistake in categorizing that item. It reaches
+ * its minimum (zero) when all cases in the node fall into a single target category. Information
+ * gain is another popular measure, used by the ID3, C4.5 and C5.0 algorithms. Information gain is
+ * based on the concept of entropy used in information theory. For categorical variables with
+ * different number of levels, however, information gain are biased in favor of those attributes
+ * with more levels. Instead, one may employ the information gain ratio, which solves the drawback
+ * of information gain.
+ * <p>
+ * Classification and Regression Tree techniques have a number of advantages over many of those
+ * alternative techniques.
+ * <dl>
+ * <dt>Simple to understand and interpret.</dt>
+ * <dd>In most cases, the interpretation of results summarized in a tree is very simple. This
+ * simplicity is useful not only for purposes of rapid classification of new observations, but can
+ * also often yield a much simpler "model" for explaining why observations are classified or
+ * predicted in a particular manner.</dd>
+ * <dt>Able to handle both numerical and categorical data.</dt>
+ * <dd>Other techniques are usually specialized in analyzing datasets that have only one type of
+ * variable.</dd>
+ * <dt>Tree methods are nonparametric and nonlinear.</dt>
+ * <dd>The final results of using tree methods for classification or regression can be summarized in
+ * a series of (usually few) logical if-then conditions (tree nodes). Therefore, there is no
+ * implicit assumption that the underlying relationships between the predictor variables and the
+ * dependent variable are linear, follow some specific non-linear link function, or that they are
+ * even monotonic in nature. Thus, tree methods are particularly well suited for data mining tasks,
+ * where there is often little a priori knowledge nor any coherent set of theories or predictions
+ * regarding which variables are related and how. In those types of data analytics, tree methods can
+ * often reveal simple relationships between just a few variables that could have easily gone
+ * unnoticed using other analytic techniques.</dd>
+ * </dl>
+ * One major problem with classification and regression trees is their high variance. Often a small
+ * change in the data can result in a very different series of splits, making interpretation
+ * somewhat precarious. Besides, decision-tree learners can create over-complex trees that cause
+ * over-fitting. Mechanisms such as pruning are necessary to avoid this problem. Another limitation
+ * of trees is the lack of smoothness of the prediction surface.
+ * <p>
+ * Some techniques such as bagging, boosting, and random forest use more than one decision tree for
+ * their analysis.
+ */
+public final class DecisionTree implements Classifier<double[]> {
+    /**
+     * The attributes of independent variable.
+     */
+    private final Attribute[] _attributes;
+    private final boolean _hasNumericType;
+    /**
+     * Variable importance. Every time a split of a node is made on variable the (GINI, information
+     * gain, etc.) impurity criterion for the two descendant nodes is less than the parent node.
+     * Adding up the decreases for each individual variable over the tree gives a simple measure of
+     * variable importance.
+     */
+    private final double[] _importance;
+    /**
+     * The root of the regression tree
+     */
+    private final Node _root;
+    /**
+     * The maximum number of the tree depth
+     */
+    private final int _maxDepth;
+    /**
+     * The splitting rule.
+     */
+    private final SplitRule _rule;
+    /**
+     * The number of classes.
+     */
+    private final int _k;
+    /**
+     * The number of input variables to be used to determine the decision at a node of the tree.
+     */
+    private final int _numVars;
+    /**
+     * The number of instances in a node below which the tree will not split.
+     */
+    private final int _minSplit;
+    /**
+     * The minimum number of samples in a leaf node
+     */
+    private final int _minLeafSize;
+    /**
+     * The index of training values in ascending order. Note that only numeric attributes will be
+     * sorted.
+     */
+    private final int[][] _order;
+
+    private final Random _rnd;
+
+    /**
+     * The criterion to choose variable to split instances.
+     */
+    public static enum SplitRule {
+        /**
+         * Used by the CART algorithm, Gini impurity is a measure of how often a randomly chosen
+         * element from the set would be incorrectly labeled if it were randomly labeled according
+         * to the distribution of labels in the subset. Gini impurity can be computed by summing the
+         * probability of each item being chosen times the probability of a mistake in categorizing
+         * that item. It reaches its minimum (zero) when all cases in the node fall into a single
+         * target category.
+         */
+        GINI,
+        /**
+         * Used by the ID3, C4.5 and C5.0 tree generation algorithms.
+         */
+        ENTROPY,
+        /**
+         * Classification error.
+         */
+        CLASSIFICATION_ERROR
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Classification tree node.
+     */
+    public static final class Node implements Externalizable {
+
+        /**
+         * Predicted class label for this node.
+         */
+        int output = -1;
+        /**
+         * The split feature for this node.
+         */
+        int splitFeature = -1;
+        /**
+         * The type of split feature
+         */
+        AttributeType splitFeatureType = null;
+        /**
+         * The split value.
+         */
+        double splitValue = Double.NaN;
+        /**
+         * Reduction in splitting criterion.
+         */
+        double splitScore = 0.0;
+        /**
+         * Children node.
+         */
+        Node trueChild = null;
+        /**
+         * Children node.
+         */
+        Node falseChild = null;
+        /**
+         * Predicted output for children node.
+         */
+        int trueChildOutput = -1;
+        /**
+         * Predicted output for children node.
+         */
+        int falseChildOutput = -1;
+
+        public Node() {}// for Externalizable
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor.
+         */
+        public Node(int output) {
+            this.output = output;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Evaluate the regression tree over an instance.
+         */
+        public int predict(final double[] x) {
+            if (trueChild == null && falseChild == null) {
+                return output;
+            } else {
+                if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                    if (x[splitFeature] == splitValue) {
+                        return trueChild.predict(x);
+                    } else {
+                        return falseChild.predict(x);
+                    }
+                } else if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                    if (x[splitFeature] <= splitValue) {
+                        return trueChild.predict(x);
+                    } else {
+                        return falseChild.predict(x);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                            + splitFeatureType);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void jsCodegen(@Nonnull final StringBuilder builder, final int depth) {
+            if (trueChild == null && falseChild == null) {
+                indent(builder, depth);
+                builder.append("").append(output).append(";\n");
+            } else {
+                if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("if(x[")
+                           .append(splitFeature)
+                           .append("] == ")
+                           .append(splitValue)
+                           .append(") {\n");
+                    trueChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("} else {\n");
+                    falseChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("}\n");
+                } else if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("if(x[")
+                           .append(splitFeature)
+                           .append("] <= ")
+                           .append(splitValue)
+                           .append(") {\n");
+                    trueChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("} else  {\n");
+                    falseChild.jsCodegen(builder, depth + 1);
+                    indent(builder, depth);
+                    builder.append("}\n");
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                            + splitFeatureType);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int opCodegen(final List<String> scripts, int depth) {
+            int selfDepth = 0;
+            final StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
+            if (trueChild == null && falseChild == null) {
+                buf.append("push ").append(output);
+                scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                buf.setLength(0);
+                buf.append("goto last");
+                scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                selfDepth += 2;
+            } else {
+                if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                    buf.append("push ").append("x[").append(splitFeature).append("]");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("push ").append(splitValue);
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("ifeq ");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    depth += 3;
+                    selfDepth += 3;
+                    int trueDepth = trueChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth);
+                    selfDepth += trueDepth;
+                    scripts.set(depth - 1, "ifeq " + String.valueOf(depth + trueDepth));
+                    int falseDepth = falseChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth + trueDepth);
+                    selfDepth += falseDepth;
+                } else if (splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                    buf.append("push ").append("x[").append(splitFeature).append("]");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("push ").append(splitValue);
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    buf.setLength(0);
+                    buf.append("ifle ");
+                    scripts.add(buf.toString());
+                    depth += 3;
+                    selfDepth += 3;
+                    int trueDepth = trueChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth);
+                    selfDepth += trueDepth;
+                    scripts.set(depth - 1, "ifle " + String.valueOf(depth + trueDepth));
+                    int falseDepth = falseChild.opCodegen(scripts, depth + trueDepth);
+                    selfDepth += falseDepth;
+                } else {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                            + splitFeatureType);
+                }
+            }
+            return selfDepth;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
+            out.writeInt(output);
+            out.writeInt(splitFeature);
+            if (splitFeatureType == null) {
+                out.writeInt(-1);
+            } else {
+                out.writeInt(splitFeatureType.getTypeId());
+            }
+            out.writeDouble(splitValue);
+            if (trueChild == null) {
+                out.writeBoolean(false);
+            } else {
+                out.writeBoolean(true);
+                trueChild.writeExternal(out);
+            }
+            if (falseChild == null) {
+                out.writeBoolean(false);
+            } else {
+                out.writeBoolean(true);
+                falseChild.writeExternal(out);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            this.output = in.readInt();
+            this.splitFeature = in.readInt();
+            int typeId = in.readInt();
+            if (typeId == -1) {
+                this.splitFeatureType = null;
+            } else {
+                this.splitFeatureType = AttributeType.resolve(typeId);
+            }
+            this.splitValue = in.readDouble();
+            if (in.readBoolean()) {
+                this.trueChild = new Node();
+                trueChild.readExternal(in);
+            }
+            if (in.readBoolean()) {
+                this.falseChild = new Node();
+                falseChild.readExternal(in);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private static void indent(final StringBuilder builder, final int depth) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
+            builder.append("  ");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Classification tree node for training purpose.
+     */
+    private final class TrainNode implements Comparable<TrainNode> {
+        /**
+         * The associated regression tree node.
+         */
+        final Node node;
+        /**
+         * Training dataset.
+         */
+        final double[][] x;
+        /**
+         * class labels.
+         */
+        final int[] y;
+
+        int[] bags;
+
+        final int depth;
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor.
+         */
+        public TrainNode(Node node, double[][] x, int[] y, int[] bags, int depth) {
+            this.node = node;
+            this.x = x;
+            this.y = y;
+            this.bags = bags;
+            this.depth = depth;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(TrainNode a) {
+            return (int) Math.signum(a.node.splitScore - node.splitScore);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Finds the best attribute to split on at the current node.
+         * 
+         * @return true if a split exists to reduce squared error, false otherwise.
+         */
+        public boolean findBestSplit() {
+            // avoid split if tree depth is larger than threshold
+            if (depth >= _maxDepth) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            // avoid split if the number of samples is less than threshold
+            final int numSamples = bags.length;
+            if (numSamples <= _minSplit) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Sample count in each class.
+            final int[] count = new int[_k];
+            final boolean pure = sampleCount(count);
+
+            // Since all instances have same label, stop splitting.
+            if (pure) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            final double impurity = impurity(count, numSamples, _rule);
+
+            final int p = _attributes.length;
+            final int[] variableIndex = new int[p];
+            for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
+                variableIndex[i] = i;
+            }
+            if (_numVars < p) {
+                SmileExtUtils.shuffle(variableIndex, _rnd);
+            }
+
+            final int[] samples = _hasNumericType ? SmileExtUtils.bagsToSamples(bags, x.length)
+                    : null;
+            final int[] falseCount = new int[_k];
+            for (int j = 0; j < _numVars; j++) {
+                Node split = findBestSplit(numSamples, count, falseCount, impurity,
+                    variableIndex[j], samples);
+                if (split.splitScore > node.splitScore) {
+                    node.splitFeature = split.splitFeature;
+                    node.splitFeatureType = split.splitFeatureType;
+                    node.splitValue = split.splitValue;
+                    node.splitScore = split.splitScore;
+                    node.trueChildOutput = split.trueChildOutput;
+                    node.falseChildOutput = split.falseChildOutput;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return (node.splitFeature != -1);
+        }
+
+        private boolean sampleCount(@Nonnull final int[] count) {
+            int label = -1;
+            boolean pure = true;
+            for (int i = 0; i < bags.length; i++) {
+                int index = bags[i];
+                int y_i = y[index];
+                count[y_i]++;
+
+                if (label == -1) {
+                    label = y_i;
+                } else if (y_i != label) {
+                    pure = false;
+                }
+            }
+            return pure;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Finds the best split cutoff for attribute j at the current node.
+         * 
+         * @param n the number instances in this node.
+         * @param count the sample count in each class.
+         * @param falseCount an array to store sample count in each class for false child node.
+         * @param impurity the impurity of this node.
+         * @param j the attribute index to split on.
+         */
+        private Node findBestSplit(final int n, final int[] count, final int[] falseCount,
+                final double impurity, final int j, @Nullable final int[] samples) {
+            final Node splitNode = new Node();
+
+            if (_attributes[j].type == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                final int m = _attributes[j].getSize();
+                final int[][] trueCount = new int[m][_k];
+
+                for (int i = 0, size = bags.length; i < size; i++) {
+                    int index = bags[i];
+                    int x_ij = (int) x[index][j];
+                    trueCount[x_ij][y[index]]++;
+                }
+
+                for (int l = 0; l < m; l++) {
+                    final int tc = Math.sum(trueCount[l]);
+                    final int fc = n - tc;
+
+                    // skip splitting this feature.
+                    if (tc < _minSplit || fc < _minSplit) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    for (int q = 0; q < _k; q++) {
+                        falseCount[q] = count[q] - trueCount[l][q];
+                    }
+
+                    final double gain = impurity - (double) tc / n
+                            * impurity(trueCount[l], tc, _rule) - (double) fc / n
+                            * impurity(falseCount, fc, _rule);
+
+                    if (gain > splitNode.splitScore) {
+                        // new best split
+                        splitNode.splitFeature = j;
+                        splitNode.splitFeatureType = AttributeType.NOMINAL;
+                        splitNode.splitValue = l;
+                        splitNode.splitScore = gain;
+                        splitNode.trueChildOutput = Math.whichMax(trueCount[l]);
+                        splitNode.falseChildOutput = Math.whichMax(falseCount);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (_attributes[j].type == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                final int[] trueCount = new int[_k];
+                double prevx = Double.NaN;
+                int prevy = -1;
+
+                assert (samples != null);
+                for (final int i : _order[j]) {
+                    final int sample = samples[i];
+                    if (sample > 0) {
+                        final double x_ij = x[i][j];
+                        final int y_i = y[i];
+
+                        if (Double.isNaN(prevx) || x_ij == prevx || y_i == prevy) {
+                            prevx = x_ij;
+                            prevy = y_i;
+                            trueCount[y_i] += sample;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        final int tc = Math.sum(trueCount);
+                        final int fc = n - tc;
+
+                        // skip splitting this feature.
+                        if (tc < _minSplit || fc < _minSplit) {
+                            prevx = x_ij;
+                            prevy = y_i;
+                            trueCount[y_i] += sample;
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        for (int l = 0; l < _k; l++) {
+                            falseCount[l] = count[l] - trueCount[l];
+                        }
+
+                        final double gain = impurity - (double) tc / n
+                                * impurity(trueCount, tc, _rule) - (double) fc / n
+                                * impurity(falseCount, fc, _rule);
+
+                        if (gain > splitNode.splitScore) {
+                            // new best split
+                            splitNode.splitFeature = j;
+                            splitNode.splitFeatureType = AttributeType.NUMERIC;
+                            splitNode.splitValue = (x_ij + prevx) / 2.d;
+                            splitNode.splitScore = gain;
+                            splitNode.trueChildOutput = Math.whichMax(trueCount);
+                            splitNode.falseChildOutput = Math.whichMax(falseCount);
+                        }
+
+                        prevx = x_ij;
+                        prevy = y_i;
+                        trueCount[y_i] += sample;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                        + _attributes[j].type);
+            }
+
+            return splitNode;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Split the node into two children nodes. Returns true if split success.
+         */
+        public boolean split(@Nullable final PriorityQueue<TrainNode> nextSplits) {
+            if (node.splitFeature < 0) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Split a node with invalid feature.");
+            }
+
+            // split sample bags
+            int childBagSize = (int) (bags.length * 0.4);
+            IntArrayList trueBags = new IntArrayList(childBagSize);
+            IntArrayList falseBags = new IntArrayList(childBagSize);
+            int tc = splitSamples(trueBags, falseBags);
+            int fc = bags.length - tc;
+            this.bags = null; // help GC for recursive call
+
+            if (tc < _minLeafSize || fc < _minLeafSize) {
+                // set the node as leaf                
+                node.splitFeature = -1;
+                node.splitFeatureType = null;
+                node.splitValue = Double.NaN;
+                node.splitScore = 0.0;
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            node.trueChild = new Node(node.trueChildOutput);
+            TrainNode trueChild = new TrainNode(node.trueChild, x, y, trueBags.toArray(), depth + 1);
+            trueBags = null; // help GC for recursive call
+            if (tc >= _minSplit && trueChild.findBestSplit()) {
+                if (nextSplits != null) {
+                    nextSplits.add(trueChild);
+                } else {
+                    trueChild.split(null);
+                }
+            }
+
+            node.falseChild = new Node(node.falseChildOutput);
+            TrainNode falseChild = new TrainNode(node.falseChild, x, y, falseBags.toArray(),
+                depth + 1);
+            falseBags = null; // help GC for recursive call
+            if (fc >= _minSplit && falseChild.findBestSplit()) {
+                if (nextSplits != null) {
+                    nextSplits.add(falseChild);
+                } else {
+                    falseChild.split(null);
+                }
+            }
+
+            _importance[node.splitFeature] += node.splitScore;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @return the number of true samples
+         */
+        private int splitSamples(@Nonnull final IntArrayList trueBags,
+                @Nonnull final IntArrayList falseBags) {
+            int tc = 0;
+            if (node.splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NOMINAL) {
+                final int splitFeature = node.splitFeature;
+                final double splitValue = node.splitValue;
+                for (int i = 0, size = bags.length; i < size; i++) {
+                    final int index = bags[i];
+                    if (x[index][splitFeature] == splitValue) {
+                        trueBags.add(index);
+                        tc++;
+                    } else {
+                        falseBags.add(index);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (node.splitFeatureType == AttributeType.NUMERIC) {
+                final int splitFeature = node.splitFeature;
+                final double splitValue = node.splitValue;
+                for (int i = 0, size = bags.length; i < size; i++) {
+                    final int index = bags[i];
+                    if (x[index][splitFeature] <= splitValue) {
+                        trueBags.add(index);
+                        tc++;
+                    } else {
+                        falseBags.add(index);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported attribute type: "
+                        + node.splitFeatureType);
+            }
+            return tc;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the impurity of a node.
+     * 
+     * @param count the sample count in each class.
+     * @param n the number of samples in the node.
+     * @param rule the rule for splitting a node.
+     * @return the impurity of a node
+     */
+    private static double impurity(@Nonnull final int[] count, final int n,
+            @Nonnull final SplitRule rule) {
+        double impurity = 0.0;
+
+        switch (rule) {
+            case GINI: {
+                impurity = 1.0;
+                for (int i = 0; i < count.length; i++) {
+                    if (count[i] > 0) {
+                        double p = (double) count[i] / n;
+                        impurity -= p * p;
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case ENTROPY: {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count.length; i++) {
+                    if (count[i] > 0) {
+                        double p = (double) count[i] / n;
+                        impurity -= p * Math.log2(p);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case CLASSIFICATION_ERROR: {
+                impurity = 0.d;
+                for (int i = 0; i < count.length; i++) {
+                    if (count[i] > 0) {
+                        impurity = Math.max(impurity, (double) count[i] / n);
+                    }
+                }
+                impurity = Math.abs(1.d - impurity);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return impurity;
+    }
+
+    public DecisionTree(@Nullable Attribute[] attributes, @Nonnull double[][] x, @Nonnull int[] y,
+            int numLeafs) {
+        this(attributes, x, y, x[0].length, Integer.MAX_VALUE, numLeafs, 2, 1, null, null, SplitRule.GINI, null);
+    }
+
+    public DecisionTree(@Nullable Attribute[] attributes, @Nullable double[][] x,
+            @Nullable int[] y, int numLeafs, @Nullable smile.math.Random rand) {
+        this(attributes, x, y, x[0].length, Integer.MAX_VALUE, numLeafs, 2, 1, null, null, SplitRule.GINI, rand);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor. Learns a classification tree for random forest.
+     *
+     * @param attributes the attribute properties.
+     * @param x the training instances.
+     * @param y the response variable.
+     * @param numVars the number of input variables to pick to split on at each node. It seems that
+     *        dim/3 give generally good performance, where dim is the number of variables.
+     * @param maxLeafs the maximum number of leaf nodes in the tree.
+     * @param minSplits the number of minimum elements in a node to split
+     * @param minLeafSize the minimum size of leaf nodes.
+     * @param order the index of training values in ascending order. Note that only numeric
+     *        attributes need be sorted.
+     * @param bags the sample set of instances for stochastic learning.
+     * @param rule the splitting rule.
+     * @param seed
+     */
+    public DecisionTree(@Nullable Attribute[] attributes, @Nonnull double[][] x, @Nonnull int[] y,
+            int numVars, int maxDepth, int maxLeafs, int minSplits, int minLeafSize,
+            @Nullable int[] bags, @Nullable int[][] order, @Nonnull SplitRule rule,
+            @Nullable smile.math.Random rand) {
+        checkArgument(x, y, numVars, maxDepth, maxLeafs, minSplits, minLeafSize);
+
+        this._k = Math.max(y) + 1;
+        if (_k < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Only one class or negative class labels.");
+        }
+
+        this._attributes = SmileExtUtils.attributeTypes(attributes, x);
+        if (attributes.length != x[0].length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("-attrs option is invliad: "
+                    + Arrays.toString(attributes));
+        }
+        this._hasNumericType = SmileExtUtils.containsNumericType(_attributes);
+
+        this._numVars = numVars;
+        this._maxDepth = maxDepth;
+        this._minSplit = minSplits;
+        this._minLeafSize = minLeafSize;
+        this._rule = rule;
+        this._order = (order == null) ? SmileExtUtils.sort(_attributes, x) : order;
+        this._importance = new double[_attributes.length];
+        this._rnd = (rand == null) ? new smile.math.Random() : rand;
+
+        final int n = y.length;
+        final int[] count = new int[_k];
+        if (bags == null) {
+            bags = new int[n];
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                bags[i] = i;
+                count[y[i]]++;
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                int index = bags[i];
+                count[y[index]]++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        this._root = new Node(Math.whichMax(count));
+
+        final TrainNode trainRoot = new TrainNode(_root, x, y, bags, 1);
+        if (maxLeafs == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            if (trainRoot.findBestSplit()) {
+                trainRoot.split(null);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Priority queue for best-first tree growing.
+            final PriorityQueue<TrainNode> nextSplits = new PriorityQueue<TrainNode>();
+            // Now add splits to the tree until max tree size is reached
+            if (trainRoot.findBestSplit()) {
+                nextSplits.add(trainRoot);
+            }
+            // Pop best leaf from priority queue, split it, and push
+            // children nodes into the queue if possible.
+            for (int leaves = 1; leaves < maxLeafs; leaves++) {
+                // parent is the leaf to split
+                TrainNode parent = nextSplits.poll();
+                if (parent == null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                parent.split(nextSplits); // Split the parent node into two children nodes
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkArgument(@Nonnull double[][] x, @Nonnull int[] y, int numVars,
+            int maxDepth, int maxLeafs, int minSplits, int minLeafSize) {
+        if (x.length != y.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
+                "The sizes of X and Y don't match: %d != %d", x.length, y.length));
+        }
+        if (numVars <= 0 || numVars > x[0].length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Invalid number of variables to split on at a node of the tree: " + numVars);
+        }
+        if (maxDepth < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxDepth should be greater than 1: " + maxDepth);
+        }
+        if (maxLeafs < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid maximum leaves: " + maxLeafs);
+        }
+        if (minSplits < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                "Invalid minimum number of samples required to split an internal node: "
+                        + minSplits);
+        }
+        if (minLeafSize < 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid minimum size of leaf nodes: " + minLeafSize);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the variable importance. Every time a split of a node is made on variable the (GINI,
+     * information gain, etc.) impurity criterion for the two descendent nodes is less than the
+     * parent node. Adding up the decreases for each individual variable over the tree gives a
+     * simple measure of variable importance.
+     *
+     * @return the variable importance
+     */
+    public double[] importance() {
+        return _importance;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int predict(final double[] x) {
+        return _root.predict(x);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Predicts the class label of an instance and also calculate a posteriori probabilities. Not
+     * supported.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int predict(double[] x, double[] posteriori) {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported.");
+    }
+
+    public String predictJsCodegen() {
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(1024);
+        _root.jsCodegen(buf, 0);
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    public String predictOpCodegen(String sep) {
+        List<String> opslist = new ArrayList<String>();
+        _root.opCodegen(opslist, 0);
+        opslist.add("call end");
+        String scripts = StringUtils.concat(opslist, sep);
+        return scripts;
+    }
+
+    @Nonnull
+    public byte[] predictSerCodegen(boolean compress) throws HiveException {
+        FastMultiByteArrayOutputStream bos = new FastMultiByteArrayOutputStream();
+        OutputStream wrapped = compress ? new DeflaterOutputStream(bos) : bos;
+        ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
+        try {
+            oos = new ObjectOutputStream(wrapped);
+            _root.writeExternal(oos);
+            oos.flush();
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            throw new HiveException("IOException cause while serializing DecisionTree object", ioe);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new HiveException("Exception cause while serializing DecisionTree object", e);
+        } finally {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(oos);
+        }
+        return bos.toByteArray_clear();
+    }
+
+    public static Node deserializeNode(final byte[] serializedObj, final int length,
+            final boolean compressed) throws HiveException {
+        FastByteArrayInputStream bis = new FastByteArrayInputStream(serializedObj, length);
+        InputStream wrapped = compressed ? new InflaterInputStream(bis) : bis;
+
+        final Node root;
+        ObjectInputStream ois = null;
+        try {
+            ois = new ObjectInputStream(wrapped);
+            root = new Node();
+            root.readExternal(ois);
+        } catch (IOException ioe) {
+            throw new HiveException("IOException cause while deserializing DecisionTree object",
+                ioe);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new HiveException("Exception cause while deserializing DecisionTree object", e);
+        } finally {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly(ois);
+        }
+        return root;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return _root == null ? "" : predictJsCodegen();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.zip.InflaterInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 956 is not released after line 970.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 963
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DecisionTree$Node DecisionTree.deserializeNode(byte[],int,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+hivemall.smile.classification.DecisionTree.deserializeNode(byte[],int,boolean):hivemall.smile.classi.38ed2d6be46af98f9fa258d86b8c8d7f
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/hivemall/smile/classification/DecisionTree.java
+
+### Key:
+DecisionTree.java|deserializeNode|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+87f3adcecc9f1a55bc35a0d2ad147315
+
+### Hash:
+80776f94d61c5ecaeb4ed84a4f3e95ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5210/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5210/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c51adae8b16519669865fa5b89184adfc77777de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5210/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.ControlFlowGraph.Branch;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.NodeTraversal.AbstractPostOrderCallback;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.NodeTraversal.ScopedCallback;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.GraphReachability;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.DiGraph.DiGraphEdge;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.DiGraph.DiGraphNode;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Node;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Token;
+
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * Removes dead code from a parse tree. The kinds of dead code that this pass
+ * removes are:
+ *  - Any code following a return statement, such as the <code>alert</code>
+ *    call in: <code>if (x) { return; alert('unreachable'); }</code>.
+ *  - Statements that have no side effects, such as:
+ *    <code>a.b.MyClass.prototype.propertyName;</code> or <code>true;</code>.
+ *    That first kind of statement sometimes appears intentionally, so that
+ *    prototype properties can be annotated using JSDoc without actually
+ *    being initialized.
+ *
+ */
+class UnreachableCodeElimination extends AbstractPostOrderCallback
+    implements CompilerPass, ScopedCallback  {
+  private static final Logger logger =
+    Logger.getLogger(UnreachableCodeElimination.class.getName());
+
+  private final AbstractCompiler compiler;
+  private final boolean removeNoOpStatements;
+
+  Deque<ControlFlowGraph<Node>> cfgStack =
+      new LinkedList<ControlFlowGraph<Node>>();
+
+  ControlFlowGraph<Node> curCfg = null;
+
+  UnreachableCodeElimination(AbstractCompiler compiler,
+      boolean removeNoOpStatements) {
+    this.compiler = compiler;
+    this.removeNoOpStatements = removeNoOpStatements;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void enterScope(NodeTraversal t) {
+    Scope scope = t.getScope();
+
+    // Computes the control flow graph.
+    ControlFlowAnalysis cfa = new ControlFlowAnalysis(compiler, false, false);
+    cfa.process(null, scope.getRootNode());
+    cfgStack.push(curCfg);
+    curCfg = cfa.getCfg();
+
+    new GraphReachability<Node, ControlFlowGraph.Branch>(curCfg)
+        .compute(curCfg.getEntry().getValue());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void exitScope(NodeTraversal t) {
+    curCfg = cfgStack.pop();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Node externs, Node root) {
+    NodeTraversal.traverse(compiler, root, this);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void visit(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+    if (parent == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    if (n.isFunction() || n.isScript()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    DiGraphNode<Node, Branch> gNode = curCfg.getDirectedGraphNode(n);
+    if (gNode == null) { // Not in CFG.
+      return;
+    }
+    if (gNode.getAnnotation() != GraphReachability.REACHABLE ||
+        (removeNoOpStatements && !NodeUtil.mayHaveSideEffects(n, compiler))) {
+      removeDeadExprStatementSafely(n);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    tryRemoveUnconditionalBranching(n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tries to remove n if it is an unconditional branch node (break, continue,
+   * or return) and the target of n is the same as the the follow of n.
+   * That is, if removing n preserves the control flow. Also if n targets
+   * another unconditional branch, this function will recursively try to remove
+   * the target branch as well. The reason why we want to cascade this removal
+   * is because we only run this pass once. If we have code such as
+   *
+   * break -> break -> break
+   *
+   * where all 3 breaks are useless, then the order of removal matters. When we
+   * first look at the first break, we see that it branches to the 2nd break.
+   * However, if we remove the last break, the 2nd break becomes useless and
+   * finally the first break becomes useless as well.
+   *
+   * @return The target of this jump. If the target is also useless jump,
+   *     the target of that useless jump recursively.
+   */
+  @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
+  private Node tryRemoveUnconditionalBranching(Node n) {
+    /*
+     * For each unconditional branching control flow node, check to see
+     * if the ControlFlowAnalysis.computeFollowNode of that node is same as
+     * the branching target. If it is, the branch node is safe to be removed.
+     *
+     * This is not as clever as MinimizeExitPoints because it doesn't do any
+     * if-else conversion but it handles more complicated switch statements
+     * much more nicely.
+     */
+
+    // If n is null the target is the end of the function, nothing to do.
+    if (n == null) {
+       return n;
+    }
+
+    DiGraphNode<Node, Branch> gNode = curCfg.getDirectedGraphNode(n);
+
+    if (gNode == null) {
+      return n;
+    }
+
+    switch (n.getType()) {
+      case Token.RETURN:
+        if (n.hasChildren()) {
+          break;
+        }
+      case Token.BREAK:
+      case Token.CONTINUE:
+
+        // We are looking for a control flow changing statement that always
+        // branches to the same node. If after removing it control still
+        // branches to the same node, it is safe to remove.
+        List<DiGraphEdge<Node,Branch>> outEdges = gNode.getOutEdges();
+        if (outEdges.size() == 1 &&
+            // If there is a next node, there is no chance this jump is useless.
+            (n.getNext() == null || n.getNext().isFunction())) {
+
+          Preconditions.checkState(outEdges.get(0).getValue() == Branch.UNCOND);
+          Node fallThrough = computeFollowing(n);
+          Node nextCfgNode = outEdges.get(0).getDestination().getValue();
+          if (nextCfgNode == fallThrough) {
+            removeDeadExprStatementSafely(n);
+            return fallThrough;
+          }
+        }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  private Node computeFollowing(Node n) {
+    Node next = ControlFlowAnalysis.computeFollowNode(n);
+    while (next != null && next.isBlock()) {
+      if (next.hasChildren()) {
+        next = next.getFirstChild();
+      } else {
+        next = computeFollowing(next);
+      }
+    }
+    return next;
+  }
+
+  private void removeDeadExprStatementSafely(Node n) {
+    Node parent = n.getParent();
+    if (n.isEmpty() ||
+        (n.isBlock() && !n.hasChildren())) {
+      // Not always trivial to remove, let FoldConstants work its magic later.
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // TODO(user): This is a problem with removeNoOpStatements.
+    // Every expression in a FOR-IN header looks side effect free on its own.
+    if (NodeUtil.isForIn(parent)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    switch (n.getType()) {
+      // Removing an unreachable DO node is messy because it means we still have
+      // to execute one iteration. If the DO's body has breaks in the middle, it
+      // can get even more tricky and code size might actually increase.
+      case Token.DO:
+        return;
+
+      case Token.BLOCK:
+        // BLOCKs are used in several ways including wrapping CATCH
+        // blocks in TRYs
+        if (parent.isTry()) {
+          if (NodeUtil.isTryCatchNodeContainer(n)) {
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case Token.CATCH:
+        Node tryNode = parent.getParent();
+        NodeUtil.maybeAddFinally(tryNode);
+        break;
+    }
+
+
+    if (n.isVar() && !n.getFirstChild().hasChildren()) {
+      // Very Edge case, Consider this:
+      // File 1: {throw 1}
+      // File 2: {var x}
+      // The node var x is unreachable in the global scope.
+      // Before we remove the node, redeclareVarsInsideBranch
+      // would basically move var x to the beginning of File 2,
+      // which resulted in zero changes to the AST but triggered
+      // reportCodeChange().
+      // Instead, we should just ignore dead variable declarations.
+      return;
+    }
+
+    NodeUtil.redeclareVarsInsideBranch(n);
+    compiler.reportCodeChange();
+    if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+      logger.fine("Removing " + n.toString());
+    }
+
+    NodeUtil.removeChild(n.getParent(), n);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `UnreachableCodeElimination.curCfg` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnreachableCodeElimination.enterScope(NodeTraversal)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.UnreachableCodeElimination.enterScope(com.google.javascript.jscomp.Node.4cbe783b85b4bdd778a51f24de0d06d6
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/UnreachableCodeElimination.java
+
+### Key:
+UnreachableCodeElimination.java|enterScope|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+168f54ae2e5f547c738c5b16a463d4a1
+
+### Hash:
+6d3d591b27d0ca7e4120758d57200d9e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5217/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5217/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cb4edfdd69e586f0a3ff5474e4eddbeb7892ff04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5217/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp.ant;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.io.LimitInputStream;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.CommandLineRunner;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.CompilationLevel;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.Compiler;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.CompilerOptions;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.JSSourceFile;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.MessageFormatter;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.Result;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.WarningLevel;
+
+import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Project;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Task;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.types.FileList;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * This class implements a simple Ant task to do almost the same as
+ * CommandLineRunner.
+ *
+ * Most of the public methods of this class are entry points for the
+ * Ant code to hook into.
+ *
+*
+ */
+public final class CompileTask
+    extends Task {
+  private WarningLevel warningLevel;
+  private boolean debugOptions;
+  private String encoding = "UTF-8";
+  private String outputEncoding = "UTF-8";
+  private CompilationLevel compilationLevel;
+  private boolean customExternsOnly;
+  private boolean manageDependencies;
+  private File outputFile;
+  private final List<FileList> externFileLists;
+  private final List<FileList> sourceFileLists;
+
+  public CompileTask() {
+    this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.DEFAULT;
+    this.debugOptions = false;
+    this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.SIMPLE_OPTIMIZATIONS;
+    this.customExternsOnly = false;
+    this.manageDependencies = false;
+    this.externFileLists = Lists.newLinkedList();
+    this.sourceFileLists = Lists.newLinkedList();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the warning level.
+   * @param value The warning level by string name. (default, quiet, verbose).
+   */
+  public void setWarning(String value) {
+    if ("default".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.DEFAULT;
+    } else if ("quiet".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.QUIET;
+    } else if ("verbose".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.VERBOSE;
+    } else {
+      throw new BuildException(
+          "Unrecognized 'warning' option value (" + value + ")");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enable debugging options.
+   * @param value True if debug mode is enabled.
+   */
+  public void setDebug(boolean value) {
+    this.debugOptions = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the compilation level.
+   * @param value The optimization level by string name.
+   *     (whitespace, simple, advanced).
+   */
+  public void setCompilationLevel(String value) {
+    if ("simple".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.SIMPLE_OPTIMIZATIONS;
+    } else if ("advanced".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.ADVANCED_OPTIMIZATIONS;
+    } else if ("whitespace".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.WHITESPACE_ONLY;
+    } else {
+      throw new BuildException(
+          "Unrecognized 'compilation' option value (" + value + ")");
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setManageDependencies(boolean value) {
+    this.manageDependencies = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Use only custom externs.
+   */
+  public void setCustomExternsOnly(boolean value) {
+    this.customExternsOnly = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set output file.
+   */
+  public void setOutput(File value) {
+    this.outputFile = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set input file encoding
+   */
+  public void setEncoding(String encoding) {
+    this.encoding = encoding;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set output file encoding
+   */
+  public void setOutputEncoding(String outputEncoding) {
+    this.outputEncoding = outputEncoding;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the externs file.
+   */
+  public void addExterns(FileList list) {
+    this.externFileLists.add(list);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the source files.
+   */
+  public void addSources(FileList list) {
+    this.sourceFileLists.add(list);
+  }
+
+  public void execute() {
+    if (this.outputFile == null) {
+      throw new BuildException("outputFile attribute must be set");
+    }
+
+    Compiler.setLoggingLevel(Level.OFF);
+
+    CompilerOptions options = createCompilerOptions();
+    Compiler compiler = createCompiler(options);
+
+    JSSourceFile[] externs = findExternFiles();
+    JSSourceFile[] sources = findSourceFiles();
+
+    log("Compiling " + sources.length + " file(s) with " +
+        externs.length + " extern(s)");
+
+    Result result = compiler.compile(externs, sources, options);
+    if (result.success) {
+      writeResult(compiler.toSource());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private CompilerOptions createCompilerOptions() {
+    CompilerOptions options = new CompilerOptions();
+
+    if (this.debugOptions) {
+      this.compilationLevel.setDebugOptionsForCompilationLevel(options);
+    } else {
+      this.compilationLevel.setOptionsForCompilationLevel(options);
+    }
+
+    this.warningLevel.setOptionsForWarningLevel(options);
+    options.setManageClosureDependencies(manageDependencies);
+    return options;
+  }
+
+  private Compiler createCompiler(CompilerOptions options) {
+    Compiler compiler = new Compiler();
+    MessageFormatter formatter =
+        options.errorFormat.toFormatter(compiler, false);
+    AntErrorManager errorManager = new AntErrorManager(formatter, this);
+    compiler.setErrorManager(errorManager);
+    return compiler;
+  }
+
+  private JSSourceFile[] findExternFiles() {
+    List<JSSourceFile> files = Lists.newLinkedList();
+    if (!this.customExternsOnly) {
+      files.addAll(getDefaultExterns());
+    }
+
+    for (FileList list : this.externFileLists) {
+      files.addAll(findJavaScriptFiles(list));
+    }
+
+    return files.toArray(new JSSourceFile[files.size()]);
+  }
+
+  private JSSourceFile[] findSourceFiles() {
+    List<JSSourceFile> files = Lists.newLinkedList();
+
+    for (FileList list : this.sourceFileLists) {
+      files.addAll(findJavaScriptFiles(list));
+    }
+
+    return files.toArray(new JSSourceFile[files.size()]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Translates an Ant file list into the file format that the compiler
+   * expects.
+   */
+  private List<JSSourceFile> findJavaScriptFiles(FileList fileList) {
+    List<JSSourceFile> files = Lists.newLinkedList();
+    File baseDir = fileList.getDir(getProject());
+
+    for (String included : fileList.getFiles(getProject())) {
+      files.add(JSSourceFile.fromFile(new File(baseDir, included),
+          Charset.forName(encoding)));
+    }
+
+    return files;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the default externs set.
+   *
+   * Adapted from {@link CommandLineRunner}.
+   */
+  private List<JSSourceFile> getDefaultExterns() {
+    try {
+      InputStream input = Compiler.class.getResourceAsStream(
+          "/externs.zip");
+      ZipInputStream zip = new ZipInputStream(input);
+      List<JSSourceFile> externs = Lists.newLinkedList();
+
+      for (ZipEntry entry; (entry = zip.getNextEntry()) != null; ) {
+        LimitInputStream entryStream =
+            new LimitInputStream(zip, entry.getSize());
+        externs.add(
+            JSSourceFile.fromInputStream(entry.getName(), entryStream));
+      }
+
+      return externs;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new BuildException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void writeResult(String source) {
+    if (this.outputFile.getParentFile().mkdirs()) {
+      log("Created missing parent directory " +
+          this.outputFile.getParentFile(), Project.MSG_DEBUG);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(this.outputFile), outputEncoding);
+      out.append(source);
+      out.flush();
+      out.close();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new BuildException(e);
+    }
+
+    log("Compiled javascript written to " + this.outputFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+        Project.MSG_DEBUG);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.zip.ZipInputStream` acquired to `zip` by call to `new()` at line 260 is not released after line 271.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 263
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List CompileTask.getDefaultExterns()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.ant.CompileTask.getDefaultExterns():java.util.List.c1ff48bf5aab0badd17bf94081d8ecf2
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/ant/CompileTask.java
+
+### Key:
+CompileTask.java|getDefaultExterns|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+ae27f0990d01da9318f205a852862190
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5219/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5219/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..375bcb06ac9f8e76e7ee88fa4b7c0defb60a0299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5219/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2102 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 40
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2006 The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp;
+
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.ARRAY_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.BOOLEAN_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.NULL_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.NUMBER_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.OBJECT_FUNCTION_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.OBJECT_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.REGEXP_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.STRING_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.UNKNOWN_TYPE;
+import static com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative.VOID_TYPE;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.Scope.Var;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.type.ReverseAbstractInterpreter;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.JSDocInfo;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Node;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Token;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.EnumType;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.FunctionType;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSType;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeNative;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.JSTypeRegistry;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.ObjectType;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.jstype.TernaryValue;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Checks the types of JS expressions against any declared type
+ * information.</p>
+ *
+ */
+public class TypeCheck implements NodeTraversal.Callback, CompilerPass {
+
+  //
+  // Internal errors
+  //
+  static final DiagnosticType UNEXPECTED_TOKEN = DiagnosticType.error(
+      "JSC_INTERNAL_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_TOKEN",
+      "Internal Error: Don't know how to handle {0}");
+
+
+  //
+  // User warnings
+  //
+
+  protected static final String OVERRIDING_PROTOTYPE_WITH_NON_OBJECT =
+      "overriding prototype with non-object";
+
+  // TODO(user): make all the non private messages private once the
+  // TypedScopeCreator has been merged with the type checker.
+  static final DiagnosticType DETERMINISTIC_TEST =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_DETERMINISTIC_TEST",
+          "condition always evaluates to {2}\n" +
+          "left : {0}\n" +
+          "right: {1}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType DETERMINISTIC_TEST_NO_RESULT =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_DETERMINISTIC_TEST_NO_RESULT",
+          "condition always evaluates to the same value\n" +
+          "left : {0}\n" +
+          "right: {1}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType INEXISTENT_ENUM_ELEMENT =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_INEXISTENT_ENUM_ELEMENT",
+          "element {0} does not exist on this enum");
+
+  // disabled by default. This one only makes sense if you're using
+  // well-typed externs.
+  static final DiagnosticType INEXISTENT_PROPERTY =
+      DiagnosticType.disabled(
+          "JSC_INEXISTENT_PROPERTY",
+          "Property {0} never defined on {1}");
+
+  protected static final DiagnosticType NOT_A_CONSTRUCTOR =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_NOT_A_CONSTRUCTOR",
+          "cannot instantiate non-constructor");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType BIT_OPERATION =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_BAD_TYPE_FOR_BIT_OPERATION",
+          "operator {0} cannot be applied to {1}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType NOT_CALLABLE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_NOT_FUNCTION_TYPE",
+          "{0} expressions are not callable");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType CONSTRUCTOR_NOT_CALLABLE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_CONSTRUCTOR_NOT_CALLABLE",
+          "Constructor {0} should be called with the \"new\" keyword");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType FUNCTION_MASKS_VARIABLE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_FUNCTION_MASKS_VARIABLE",
+          "function {0} masks variable (IE bug)");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType MULTIPLE_VAR_DEF = DiagnosticType.warning(
+      "JSC_MULTIPLE_VAR_DEF",
+      "declaration of multiple variables with shared type information");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType ENUM_DUP = DiagnosticType.error("JSC_ENUM_DUP",
+      "enum element {0} already defined");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType ENUM_NOT_CONSTANT =
+      DiagnosticType.warning("JSC_ENUM_NOT_CONSTANT",
+          "enum key {0} must be a syntactic constant");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType INVALID_INTERFACE_MEMBER_DECLARATION =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_INVALID_INTERFACE_MEMBER_DECLARATION",
+          "interface members can only be empty property declarations,"
+          + " empty functions{0}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType INTERFACE_FUNCTION_NOT_EMPTY =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_INTERFACE_FUNCTION_NOT_EMPTY",
+          "interface member functions must have an empty body");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType CONFLICTING_SHAPE_TYPE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_CONFLICTING_SHAPE_TYPE",
+          "{1} cannot extend this type; {0}s can only extend {0}s");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType CONFLICTING_EXTENDED_TYPE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_CONFLICTING_EXTENDED_TYPE",
+          "{1} cannot extend this type; {0}s can only extend {0}s");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType CONFLICTING_IMPLEMENTED_TYPE =
+    DiagnosticType.warning(
+        "JSC_CONFLICTING_IMPLEMENTED_TYPE",
+        "{0} cannot implement this type; " +
+        "an interface can only extend, but not implement interfaces");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType BAD_IMPLEMENTED_TYPE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_IMPLEMENTS_NON_INTERFACE",
+          "can only implement interfaces");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY",
+          "property {0} already defined on superclass {1}; " +
+          "use @override to override it");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType HIDDEN_INTERFACE_PROPERTY =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_HIDDEN_INTERFACE_PROPERTY",
+          "property {0} already defined on interface {1}; " +
+          "use @override to override it");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY_MISMATCH =
+      DiagnosticType.warning("JSC_HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY_MISMATCH",
+          "mismatch of the {0} property type and the type " +
+          "of the property it overrides from superclass {1}\n" +
+          "original: {2}\n" +
+          "override: {3}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType UNKNOWN_OVERRIDE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_UNKNOWN_OVERRIDE",
+          "property {0} not defined on any superclass of {1}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType INTERFACE_METHOD_OVERRIDE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_INTERFACE_METHOD_OVERRIDE",
+          "property {0} is already defined by the {1} extended interface");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType UNKNOWN_EXPR_TYPE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning("JSC_UNKNOWN_EXPR_TYPE",
+          "could not determine the type of this expression");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType UNRESOLVED_TYPE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning("JSC_UNRESOLVED_TYPE",
+          "could not resolve the name {0} to a type");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType WRONG_ARGUMENT_COUNT =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_WRONG_ARGUMENT_COUNT",
+          "Function {0}: called with {1} argument(s). " +
+          "Function requires at least {2} argument(s){3}.");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType ILLEGAL_IMPLICIT_CAST =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_ILLEGAL_IMPLICIT_CAST",
+          "Illegal annotation on {0}. @implicitCast may only be used in " +
+          "externs.");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType INCOMPATIBLE_EXTENDED_PROPERTY_TYPE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_INCOMPATIBLE_EXTENDED_PROPERTY_TYPE",
+          "Interface {0} has a property {1} with incompatible types in " +
+          "its super interfaces {2} and {3}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType EXPECTED_THIS_TYPE =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "JSC_EXPECTED_THIS_TYPE",
+          "\"{0}\" must be called with a \"this\" type");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType IN_USED_WITH_STRUCT =
+      DiagnosticType.warning("JSC_IN_USED_WITH_STRUCT",
+                             "Cannot use the IN operator with structs");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType ILLEGAL_PROPERTY_CREATION =
+      DiagnosticType.warning("JSC_ILLEGAL_PROPERTY_CREATION",
+                             "Cannot add a property to a struct instance " +
+                             "after it is constructed.");
+
+  static final DiagnosticType ILLEGAL_OBJLIT_KEY =
+      DiagnosticType.warning(
+          "ILLEGAL_OBJLIT_KEY",
+          "Illegal key, the object literal is a {0}");
+
+  static final DiagnosticGroup ALL_DIAGNOSTICS = new DiagnosticGroup(
+      DETERMINISTIC_TEST,
+      DETERMINISTIC_TEST_NO_RESULT,
+      INEXISTENT_ENUM_ELEMENT,
+      INEXISTENT_PROPERTY,
+      NOT_A_CONSTRUCTOR,
+      BIT_OPERATION,
+      NOT_CALLABLE,
+      CONSTRUCTOR_NOT_CALLABLE,
+      FUNCTION_MASKS_VARIABLE,
+      MULTIPLE_VAR_DEF,
+      ENUM_DUP,
+      ENUM_NOT_CONSTANT,
+      INVALID_INTERFACE_MEMBER_DECLARATION,
+      INTERFACE_FUNCTION_NOT_EMPTY,
+      CONFLICTING_SHAPE_TYPE,
+      CONFLICTING_EXTENDED_TYPE,
+      CONFLICTING_IMPLEMENTED_TYPE,
+      BAD_IMPLEMENTED_TYPE,
+      HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY,
+      HIDDEN_INTERFACE_PROPERTY,
+      HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY_MISMATCH,
+      UNKNOWN_OVERRIDE,
+      INTERFACE_METHOD_OVERRIDE,
+      UNKNOWN_EXPR_TYPE,
+      UNRESOLVED_TYPE,
+      WRONG_ARGUMENT_COUNT,
+      ILLEGAL_IMPLICIT_CAST,
+      INCOMPATIBLE_EXTENDED_PROPERTY_TYPE,
+      EXPECTED_THIS_TYPE,
+      IN_USED_WITH_STRUCT,
+      ILLEGAL_PROPERTY_CREATION,
+      ILLEGAL_OBJLIT_KEY,
+      RhinoErrorReporter.TYPE_PARSE_ERROR,
+      TypedScopeCreator.UNKNOWN_LENDS,
+      TypedScopeCreator.LENDS_ON_NON_OBJECT,
+      TypedScopeCreator.CTOR_INITIALIZER,
+      TypedScopeCreator.IFACE_INITIALIZER,
+      FunctionTypeBuilder.THIS_TYPE_NON_OBJECT);
+
+  private final AbstractCompiler compiler;
+  private final TypeValidator validator;
+
+  private final ReverseAbstractInterpreter reverseInterpreter;
+
+  private final JSTypeRegistry typeRegistry;
+  private Scope topScope;
+
+  private MemoizedScopeCreator scopeCreator;
+
+  private final CheckLevel reportMissingOverride;
+  private final CheckLevel reportUnknownTypes;
+
+  // This may be expensive, so don't emit these warnings if they're
+  // explicitly turned off.
+  private boolean reportMissingProperties = true;
+
+  private InferJSDocInfo inferJSDocInfo = null;
+
+  // These fields are used to calculate the percentage of expressions typed.
+  private int typedCount = 0;
+  private int nullCount = 0;
+  private int unknownCount = 0;
+  private boolean inExterns;
+
+  // A state boolean to see we are currently in @notypecheck section of the
+  // code.
+  private int noTypeCheckSection = 0;
+
+  public TypeCheck(AbstractCompiler compiler,
+      ReverseAbstractInterpreter reverseInterpreter,
+      JSTypeRegistry typeRegistry,
+      Scope topScope,
+      MemoizedScopeCreator scopeCreator,
+      CheckLevel reportMissingOverride,
+      CheckLevel reportUnknownTypes) {
+    this.compiler = compiler;
+    this.validator = compiler.getTypeValidator();
+    this.reverseInterpreter = reverseInterpreter;
+    this.typeRegistry = typeRegistry;
+    this.topScope = topScope;
+    this.scopeCreator = scopeCreator;
+    this.reportMissingOverride = reportMissingOverride;
+    this.reportUnknownTypes = reportUnknownTypes;
+    this.inferJSDocInfo = new InferJSDocInfo(compiler);
+  }
+
+  public TypeCheck(AbstractCompiler compiler,
+      ReverseAbstractInterpreter reverseInterpreter,
+      JSTypeRegistry typeRegistry,
+      CheckLevel reportMissingOverride,
+      CheckLevel reportUnknownTypes) {
+    this(compiler, reverseInterpreter, typeRegistry, null, null,
+        reportMissingOverride, reportUnknownTypes);
+  }
+
+  TypeCheck(AbstractCompiler compiler,
+      ReverseAbstractInterpreter reverseInterpreter,
+      JSTypeRegistry typeRegistry) {
+    this(compiler, reverseInterpreter, typeRegistry, null, null,
+         CheckLevel.WARNING, CheckLevel.OFF);
+  }
+
+  /** Turn on the missing property check. Returns this for easy chaining. */
+  TypeCheck reportMissingProperties(boolean report) {
+    reportMissingProperties = report;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Main entry point for this phase of processing. This follows the pattern for
+   * JSCompiler phases.
+   *
+   * @param externsRoot The root of the externs parse tree.
+   * @param jsRoot The root of the input parse tree to be checked.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void process(Node externsRoot, Node jsRoot) {
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(scopeCreator);
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(topScope);
+
+    Node externsAndJs = jsRoot.getParent();
+    Preconditions.checkState(externsAndJs != null);
+    Preconditions.checkState(
+        externsRoot == null || externsAndJs.hasChild(externsRoot));
+
+    if (externsRoot != null) {
+      check(externsRoot, true);
+    }
+    check(jsRoot, false);
+  }
+
+  /** Main entry point of this phase for testing code. */
+  public Scope processForTesting(Node externsRoot, Node jsRoot) {
+    Preconditions.checkState(scopeCreator == null);
+    Preconditions.checkState(topScope == null);
+
+    Preconditions.checkState(jsRoot.getParent() != null);
+    Node externsAndJsRoot = jsRoot.getParent();
+
+    scopeCreator = new MemoizedScopeCreator(new TypedScopeCreator(compiler));
+    topScope = scopeCreator.createScope(externsAndJsRoot, null);
+
+    TypeInferencePass inference = new TypeInferencePass(compiler,
+        reverseInterpreter, topScope, scopeCreator);
+
+    inference.process(externsRoot, jsRoot);
+    process(externsRoot, jsRoot);
+
+    return topScope;
+  }
+
+
+  public void check(Node node, boolean externs) {
+    Preconditions.checkNotNull(node);
+
+    NodeTraversal t = new NodeTraversal(compiler, this, scopeCreator);
+    inExterns = externs;
+    t.traverseWithScope(node, topScope);
+    if (externs) {
+      inferJSDocInfo.process(node, null);
+    } else {
+      inferJSDocInfo.process(null, node);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  private void checkNoTypeCheckSection(Node n, boolean enterSection) {
+    switch (n.getType()) {
+      case Token.SCRIPT:
+      case Token.BLOCK:
+      case Token.VAR:
+      case Token.FUNCTION:
+      case Token.ASSIGN:
+        JSDocInfo info = n.getJSDocInfo();
+        if (info != null && info.isNoTypeCheck()) {
+          if (enterSection) {
+            noTypeCheckSection++;
+          } else {
+            noTypeCheckSection--;
+          }
+        }
+        validator.setShouldReport(noTypeCheckSection == 0);
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void report(NodeTraversal t, Node n, DiagnosticType diagnosticType,
+      String... arguments) {
+    if (noTypeCheckSection == 0) {
+      t.report(n, diagnosticType, arguments);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean shouldTraverse(
+      NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+    checkNoTypeCheckSection(n, true);
+    switch (n.getType()) {
+      case Token.FUNCTION:
+        // normal type checking
+        final Scope outerScope = t.getScope();
+        final String functionPrivateName = n.getFirstChild().getString();
+        if (functionPrivateName != null && functionPrivateName.length() > 0 &&
+            outerScope.isDeclared(functionPrivateName, false) &&
+            // Ideally, we would want to check whether the type in the scope
+            // differs from the type being defined, but then the extern
+            // redeclarations of built-in types generates spurious warnings.
+            !(outerScope.getVar(
+                functionPrivateName).getType() instanceof FunctionType)) {
+          report(t, n, FUNCTION_MASKS_VARIABLE, functionPrivateName);
+        }
+
+        // TODO(user): Only traverse the function's body. The function's
+        // name and arguments are traversed by the scope creator, and ideally
+        // should not be traversed by the type checker.
+        break;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This is the meat of the type checking.  It is basically one big switch,
+   * with each case representing one type of parse tree node.  The individual
+   * cases are usually pretty straightforward.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   * @param parent The parent of the node n.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void visit(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+    JSType childType;
+    JSType leftType, rightType;
+    Node left, right;
+    // To be explicitly set to false if the node is not typeable.
+    boolean typeable = true;
+
+    switch (n.getType()) {
+      case Token.CAST:
+        Node expr = n.getFirstChild();
+        ensureTyped(t, n, getJSType(expr));
+
+        // If the cast, tightens the type apply it, so it is available post
+        // normalization.
+        JSType castType = getJSType(n);
+        JSType exprType = getJSType(expr);
+        if (castType.isSubtype(exprType)) {
+          expr.setJSType(castType);
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case Token.NAME:
+        typeable = visitName(t, n, parent);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.PARAM_LIST:
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.COMMA:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, getJSType(n.getLastChild()));
+        break;
+
+      case Token.TRUE:
+      case Token.FALSE:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.THIS:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, t.getScope().getTypeOfThis());
+        break;
+
+      case Token.NULL:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, NULL_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.NUMBER:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, NUMBER_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.STRING:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, STRING_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.STRING_KEY:
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.GETTER_DEF:
+      case Token.SETTER_DEF:
+        // Object literal keys are handled with OBJECTLIT
+        break;
+
+      case Token.ARRAYLIT:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, ARRAY_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.REGEXP:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, REGEXP_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.GETPROP:
+        visitGetProp(t, n, parent);
+        typeable = !(parent.isAssign() &&
+                     parent.getFirstChild() == n);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.GETELEM:
+        visitGetElem(t, n);
+        // The type of GETELEM is always unknown, so no point counting that.
+        // If that unknown leaks elsewhere (say by an assignment to another
+        // variable), then it will be counted.
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.VAR:
+        visitVar(t, n);
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.NEW:
+        visitNew(t, n);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.CALL:
+        visitCall(t, n);
+        typeable = !parent.isExprResult();
+        break;
+
+      case Token.RETURN:
+        visitReturn(t, n);
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.DEC:
+      case Token.INC:
+        left = n.getFirstChild();
+        checkPropCreation(t, left);
+        validator.expectNumber(t, left, getJSType(left), "increment/decrement");
+        ensureTyped(t, n, NUMBER_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.NOT:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.VOID:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, VOID_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.TYPEOF:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, STRING_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.BITNOT:
+        childType = getJSType(n.getFirstChild());
+        if (!childType.matchesInt32Context()) {
+          report(t, n, BIT_OPERATION, NodeUtil.opToStr(n.getType()),
+              childType.toString());
+        }
+        ensureTyped(t, n, NUMBER_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.POS:
+      case Token.NEG:
+        left = n.getFirstChild();
+        validator.expectNumber(t, left, getJSType(left), "sign operator");
+        ensureTyped(t, n, NUMBER_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.EQ:
+      case Token.NE:
+      case Token.SHEQ:
+      case Token.SHNE: {
+        left = n.getFirstChild();
+        right = n.getLastChild();
+
+        if (left.isTypeOf()) {
+          if (right.isString()) {
+            checkTypeofString(t, right, right.getString());
+          }
+        } else if (right.isTypeOf() && left.isString()) {
+          checkTypeofString(t, left, left.getString());
+        }
+
+        leftType = getJSType(left);
+        rightType = getJSType(right);
+
+        // We do not want to warn about explicit comparisons to VOID. People
+        // often do this if they think their type annotations screwed up.
+        //
+        // We do want to warn about cases where people compare things like
+        // (Array|null) == (Function|null)
+        // because it probably means they screwed up.
+        //
+        // This heuristic here is not perfect, but should catch cases we
+        // care about without too many false negatives.
+        JSType leftTypeRestricted = leftType.restrictByNotNullOrUndefined();
+        JSType rightTypeRestricted = rightType.restrictByNotNullOrUndefined();
+
+        TernaryValue result = TernaryValue.UNKNOWN;
+        if (n.getType() == Token.EQ || n.getType() == Token.NE) {
+          result = leftTypeRestricted.testForEquality(rightTypeRestricted);
+          if (n.isNE()) {
+            result = result.not();
+          }
+        } else {
+          // SHEQ or SHNE
+          if (!leftTypeRestricted.canTestForShallowEqualityWith(
+                  rightTypeRestricted)) {
+            result = n.getType() == Token.SHEQ ?
+                TernaryValue.FALSE : TernaryValue.TRUE;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (result != TernaryValue.UNKNOWN) {
+          report(t, n, DETERMINISTIC_TEST, leftType.toString(),
+              rightType.toString(), result.toString());
+        }
+        ensureTyped(t, n, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Token.LT:
+      case Token.LE:
+      case Token.GT:
+      case Token.GE:
+        leftType = getJSType(n.getFirstChild());
+        rightType = getJSType(n.getLastChild());
+        if (rightType.isNumber()) {
+          validator.expectNumber(
+              t, n, leftType, "left side of numeric comparison");
+        } else if (leftType.isNumber()) {
+          validator.expectNumber(
+              t, n, rightType, "right side of numeric comparison");
+        } else if (leftType.matchesNumberContext() &&
+                   rightType.matchesNumberContext()) {
+          // OK.
+        } else {
+          // Whether the comparison is numeric will be determined at runtime
+          // each time the expression is evaluated. Regardless, both operands
+          // should match a string context.
+          String message = "left side of comparison";
+          validator.expectString(t, n, leftType, message);
+          validator.expectNotNullOrUndefined(
+              t, n, leftType, message, getNativeType(STRING_TYPE));
+          message = "right side of comparison";
+          validator.expectString(t, n, rightType, message);
+          validator.expectNotNullOrUndefined(
+              t, n, rightType, message, getNativeType(STRING_TYPE));
+        }
+        ensureTyped(t, n, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.IN:
+        left = n.getFirstChild();
+        right = n.getLastChild();
+        rightType = getJSType(right);
+        validator.expectString(t, left, getJSType(left), "left side of 'in'");
+        validator.expectObject(t, n, rightType, "'in' requires an object");
+        if (rightType.isStruct()) {
+          report(t, right, IN_USED_WITH_STRUCT);
+        }
+        ensureTyped(t, n, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.INSTANCEOF:
+        left = n.getFirstChild();
+        right = n.getLastChild();
+        rightType = getJSType(right).restrictByNotNullOrUndefined();
+        validator.expectAnyObject(
+            t, left, getJSType(left), "deterministic instanceof yields false");
+        validator.expectActualObject(
+            t, right, rightType, "instanceof requires an object");
+        ensureTyped(t, n, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.ASSIGN:
+        visitAssign(t, n);
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.ASSIGN_LSH:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_RSH:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_URSH:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_DIV:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_MOD:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_BITOR:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_BITXOR:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_BITAND:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_SUB:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_ADD:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_MUL:
+        checkPropCreation(t, n.getFirstChild());
+        // fall through
+
+      case Token.LSH:
+      case Token.RSH:
+      case Token.URSH:
+      case Token.DIV:
+      case Token.MOD:
+      case Token.BITOR:
+      case Token.BITXOR:
+      case Token.BITAND:
+      case Token.SUB:
+      case Token.ADD:
+      case Token.MUL:
+        visitBinaryOperator(n.getType(), t, n);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.DELPROP:
+        ensureTyped(t, n, BOOLEAN_TYPE);
+        break;
+
+      case Token.CASE:
+        JSType switchType = getJSType(parent.getFirstChild());
+        JSType caseType = getJSType(n.getFirstChild());
+        validator.expectSwitchMatchesCase(t, n, switchType, caseType);
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.WITH: {
+        Node child = n.getFirstChild();
+        childType = getJSType(child);
+        validator.expectObject(t, child, childType, "with requires an object");
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case Token.FUNCTION:
+        visitFunction(t, n);
+        break;
+
+      // These nodes have no interesting type behavior.
+      case Token.LABEL:
+      case Token.LABEL_NAME:
+      case Token.SWITCH:
+      case Token.BREAK:
+      case Token.CATCH:
+      case Token.TRY:
+      case Token.SCRIPT:
+      case Token.EXPR_RESULT:
+      case Token.BLOCK:
+      case Token.EMPTY:
+      case Token.DEFAULT_CASE:
+      case Token.CONTINUE:
+      case Token.DEBUGGER:
+      case Token.THROW:
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      // These nodes require data flow analysis.
+      case Token.DO:
+      case Token.IF:
+      case Token.WHILE:
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      case Token.FOR:
+        if (NodeUtil.isForIn(n)) {
+          Node obj = n.getChildAtIndex(1);
+          if (getJSType(obj).isStruct()) {
+            report(t, obj, IN_USED_WITH_STRUCT);
+          }
+        }
+        typeable = false;
+        break;
+
+      // These nodes are typed during the type inference.
+      case Token.AND:
+      case Token.HOOK:
+      case Token.OBJECTLIT:
+      case Token.OR:
+        if (n.getJSType() != null) { // If we didn't run type inference.
+          ensureTyped(t, n);
+        } else {
+          // If this is an enum, then give that type to the objectlit as well.
+          if ((n.isObjectLit())
+              && (parent.getJSType() instanceof EnumType)) {
+            ensureTyped(t, n, parent.getJSType());
+          } else {
+            ensureTyped(t, n);
+          }
+        }
+        if (n.isObjectLit()) {
+          JSType typ = getJSType(n);
+          for (Node key : n.children()) {
+            visitObjLitKey(t, key, n, typ);
+          }
+        }
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        report(t, n, UNEXPECTED_TOKEN, Token.name(n.getType()));
+        ensureTyped(t, n);
+        break;
+    }
+
+    // Don't count externs since the user's code may not even use that part.
+    typeable = typeable && !inExterns;
+
+    if (typeable) {
+      doPercentTypedAccounting(t, n);
+    }
+
+    checkNoTypeCheckSection(n, false);
+  }
+
+  private void checkTypeofString(NodeTraversal t, Node n, String s) {
+    if (!(s.equals("number") || s.equals("string") || s.equals("boolean") ||
+          s.equals("undefined") || s.equals("function") ||
+          s.equals("object") || s.equals("unknown"))) {
+      validator.expectValidTypeofName(t, n, s);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Counts the given node in the typed statistics.
+   * @param n a node that should be typed
+   */
+  private void doPercentTypedAccounting(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    JSType type = n.getJSType();
+    if (type == null) {
+      nullCount++;
+    } else if (type.isUnknownType()) {
+      if (reportUnknownTypes.isOn()) {
+        compiler.report(
+            t.makeError(n, reportUnknownTypes, UNKNOWN_EXPR_TYPE));
+      }
+      unknownCount++;
+    } else {
+      typedCount++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits an assignment <code>lvalue = rvalue</code>. If the
+   * <code>lvalue</code> is a prototype modification, we change the schema
+   * of the object type it is referring to.
+   * @param t the traversal
+   * @param assign the assign node
+   * (<code>assign.isAssign()</code> is an implicit invariant)
+   */
+  private void visitAssign(NodeTraversal t, Node assign) {
+    JSDocInfo info = assign.getJSDocInfo();
+    Node lvalue = assign.getFirstChild();
+    Node rvalue = assign.getLastChild();
+
+    // Check property sets to 'object.property' when 'object' is known.
+    if (lvalue.isGetProp()) {
+      Node object = lvalue.getFirstChild();
+      JSType objectJsType = getJSType(object);
+      Node property = lvalue.getLastChild();
+      String pname = property.getString();
+
+      // the first name in this getprop refers to an interface
+      // we perform checks in addition to the ones below
+      if (object.isGetProp()) {
+        JSType jsType = getJSType(object.getFirstChild());
+        if (jsType.isInterface() &&
+            object.getLastChild().getString().equals("prototype")) {
+          visitInterfaceGetprop(t, assign, object, pname, lvalue, rvalue);
+        }
+      }
+
+      checkEnumAlias(t, info, rvalue);
+      checkPropCreation(t, lvalue);
+
+      // Prototype assignments are special, because they actually affect
+      // the definition of a class. These are mostly validated
+      // during TypedScopeCreator, and we only look for the "dumb" cases here.
+      // object.prototype = ...;
+      if (pname.equals("prototype")) {
+        if (objectJsType != null && objectJsType.isFunctionType()) {
+          FunctionType functionType = objectJsType.toMaybeFunctionType();
+          if (functionType.isConstructor()) {
+            JSType rvalueType = rvalue.getJSType();
+            validator.expectObject(t, rvalue, rvalueType,
+                OVERRIDING_PROTOTYPE_WITH_NON_OBJECT);
+            // Only assign structs to the prototype of a @struct constructor
+            if (functionType.makesStructs() && !rvalueType.isStruct()) {
+              String funName = functionType.getTypeOfThis().toString();
+              compiler.report(t.makeError(assign, CONFLICTING_SHAPE_TYPE,
+                                          "struct", funName));
+            }
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // The generic checks for 'object.property' when 'object' is known,
+      // and 'property' is declared on it.
+      // object.property = ...;
+      ObjectType type = ObjectType.cast(
+          objectJsType.restrictByNotNullOrUndefined());
+      if (type != null) {
+        if (type.hasProperty(pname) &&
+            !type.isPropertyTypeInferred(pname) &&
+            !propertyIsImplicitCast(type, pname)) {
+          JSType expectedType = type.getPropertyType(pname);
+          if (!expectedType.isUnknownType()) {
+            validator.expectCanAssignToPropertyOf(
+                t, assign, getJSType(rvalue),
+                expectedType, object, pname);
+            checkPropertyInheritanceOnGetpropAssign(
+                t, assign, object, pname, info, expectedType);
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // If we couldn't get the property type with normal object property
+      // lookups, then check inheritance anyway with the unknown type.
+      checkPropertyInheritanceOnGetpropAssign(
+          t, assign, object, pname, info, getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE));
+    }
+
+    // Check qualified name sets to 'object' and 'object.property'.
+    // This can sometimes handle cases when the type of 'object' is not known.
+    // e.g.,
+    // var obj = createUnknownType();
+    // /** @type {number} */ obj.foo = true;
+    JSType leftType = getJSType(lvalue);
+    if (lvalue.isQualifiedName()) {
+      // variable with inferred type case
+      Var var = t.getScope().getVar(lvalue.getQualifiedName());
+      if (var != null) {
+        if (var.isTypeInferred()) {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (NodeUtil.getRootOfQualifiedName(lvalue).isThis() &&
+            t.getScope() != var.getScope()) {
+          // Don't look at "this.foo" variables from other scopes.
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (var.getType() != null) {
+          leftType = var.getType();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Fall through case for arbitrary LHS and arbitrary RHS.
+    Node rightChild = assign.getLastChild();
+    JSType rightType = getJSType(rightChild);
+    if (validator.expectCanAssignTo(
+            t, assign, rightType, leftType, "assignment")) {
+      ensureTyped(t, assign, rightType);
+    } else {
+      ensureTyped(t, assign);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * After a struct object is created, we can't add new properties to it, with
+   * one exception. We allow creation of "static" properties like
+   * Foo.prototype.bar = baz;
+   * where Foo.prototype is a struct, if the assignment happens at the top level
+   * and the constructor Foo is defined in the same file.
+   */
+  private void checkPropCreation(NodeTraversal t, Node lvalue) {
+    if (lvalue.isGetProp()) {
+      Node obj = lvalue.getFirstChild();
+      Node prop = lvalue.getLastChild();
+      JSType objType = getJSType(obj);
+      String pname = prop.getString();
+
+      if (!objType.isStruct() || objType.hasProperty(pname)) {
+        return;
+      }
+      Scope s = t.getScope();
+      if (obj.isThis() && getJSType(s.getRootNode()).isConstructor()) {
+        return;
+      }
+      // Prop created outside ctor, check that it's a static prop
+      Node assgnStm = lvalue.getParent().getParent();
+      if (objType instanceof ObjectType &&
+          s.isGlobal() &&
+          NodeUtil.isPrototypePropertyDeclaration(assgnStm)) {
+        ObjectType instance =
+            objType.toObjectType().getOwnerFunction().getInstanceType();
+        String file = lvalue.getSourceFileName();
+        Node ctor = instance.getConstructor().getSource();
+        if (ctor != null && ctor.getSourceFileName().equals(file)) {
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      report(t, prop, ILLEGAL_PROPERTY_CREATION);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void checkPropertyInheritanceOnGetpropAssign(
+      NodeTraversal t, Node assign, Node object, String property,
+      JSDocInfo info, JSType propertyType) {
+    // Inheritance checks for prototype properties.
+    //
+    // TODO(nicksantos): This isn't the right place to do this check. We
+    // really want to do this when we're looking at the constructor.
+    // We'd find all its properties and make sure they followed inheritance
+    // rules, like we currently do for @implements to make sure
+    // all the methods are implemented.
+    //
+    // As-is, this misses many other ways to override a property.
+    //
+    // object.prototype.property = ...;
+    if (object.isGetProp()) {
+      Node object2 = object.getFirstChild();
+      String property2 = NodeUtil.getStringValue(object.getLastChild());
+
+      if ("prototype".equals(property2)) {
+        JSType jsType = getJSType(object2);
+        if (jsType.isFunctionType()) {
+          FunctionType functionType = jsType.toMaybeFunctionType();
+          if (functionType.isConstructor() || functionType.isInterface()) {
+            checkDeclaredPropertyInheritance(
+                t, assign, functionType, property, info, propertyType);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits an object literal field definition <code>key : value</code>.
+   *
+   * If the <code>lvalue</code> is a prototype modification, we change the
+   * schema of the object type it is referring to.
+   *
+   * @param t the traversal
+   * @param key the assign node
+   */
+  private void visitObjLitKey(
+      NodeTraversal t, Node key, Node objlit, JSType litType) {
+    // Do not validate object lit value types in externs. We don't really care,
+    // and it makes it easier to generate externs.
+    if (objlit.isFromExterns()) {
+      ensureTyped(t, key);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Structs must have unquoted keys and dicts must have quoted keys
+    if (litType.isStruct() && key.isQuotedString()) {
+      report(t, key, ILLEGAL_OBJLIT_KEY, "struct");
+    } else if (litType.isDict() && !key.isQuotedString()) {
+      report(t, key, ILLEGAL_OBJLIT_KEY, "dict");
+    }
+
+    // TODO(johnlenz): Validate get and set function declarations are valid
+    // as is the functions can have "extraneous" bits.
+
+    // For getter and setter property definitions the
+    // r-value type != the property type.
+    Node rvalue = key.getFirstChild();
+    JSType rightType = NodeUtil.getObjectLitKeyTypeFromValueType(
+        key, getJSType(rvalue));
+    if (rightType == null) {
+      rightType = getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE);
+    }
+
+    Node owner = objlit;
+
+    // Validate value is assignable to the key type.
+
+    JSType keyType = getJSType(key);
+
+    JSType allowedValueType = keyType;
+    if (allowedValueType.isEnumElementType()) {
+      allowedValueType =
+          allowedValueType.toMaybeEnumElementType().getPrimitiveType();
+    }
+
+    boolean valid = validator.expectCanAssignToPropertyOf(t, key,
+        rightType, allowedValueType,
+        owner, NodeUtil.getObjectLitKeyName(key));
+    if (valid) {
+      ensureTyped(t, key, rightType);
+    } else {
+      ensureTyped(t, key);
+    }
+
+    // Validate that the key type is assignable to the object property type.
+    // This is necessary as the objlit may have been cast to a non-literal
+    // object type.
+    // TODO(johnlenz): consider introducing a CAST node to the AST (or
+    // perhaps a parentheses node).
+
+    JSType objlitType = getJSType(objlit);
+    ObjectType type = ObjectType.cast(
+        objlitType.restrictByNotNullOrUndefined());
+    if (type != null) {
+      String property = NodeUtil.getObjectLitKeyName(key);
+      if (type.hasProperty(property) &&
+          !type.isPropertyTypeInferred(property) &&
+          !propertyIsImplicitCast(type, property)) {
+        validator.expectCanAssignToPropertyOf(
+            t, key, keyType,
+            type.getPropertyType(property), owner, property);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns true if any type in the chain has an implicitCast annotation for
+   * the given property.
+   */
+  private boolean propertyIsImplicitCast(ObjectType type, String prop) {
+    for (; type != null; type = type.getImplicitPrototype()) {
+      JSDocInfo docInfo = type.getOwnPropertyJSDocInfo(prop);
+      if (docInfo != null && docInfo.isImplicitCast()) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a constructor type and a property name, check that the property has
+   * the JSDoc annotation @override iff the property is declared on a
+   * superclass. Several checks regarding inheritance correctness are also
+   * performed.
+   */
+  private void checkDeclaredPropertyInheritance(
+      NodeTraversal t, Node n, FunctionType ctorType, String propertyName,
+      JSDocInfo info, JSType propertyType) {
+    // If the supertype doesn't resolve correctly, we've warned about this
+    // already.
+    if (hasUnknownOrEmptySupertype(ctorType)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    FunctionType superClass = ctorType.getSuperClassConstructor();
+    boolean superClassHasProperty = superClass != null &&
+        superClass.getInstanceType().hasProperty(propertyName);
+    boolean superClassHasDeclaredProperty = superClass != null &&
+        superClass.getInstanceType().isPropertyTypeDeclared(propertyName);
+
+    // For interface
+    boolean superInterfaceHasProperty = false;
+    boolean superInterfaceHasDeclaredProperty = false;
+    if (ctorType.isInterface()) {
+      for (ObjectType interfaceType : ctorType.getExtendedInterfaces()) {
+        superInterfaceHasProperty =
+            superInterfaceHasProperty ||
+            interfaceType.hasProperty(propertyName);
+        superInterfaceHasDeclaredProperty =
+            superInterfaceHasDeclaredProperty ||
+            interfaceType.isPropertyTypeDeclared(propertyName);
+      }
+    }
+    boolean declaredOverride = info != null && info.isOverride();
+
+    boolean foundInterfaceProperty = false;
+    if (ctorType.isConstructor()) {
+      for (JSType implementedInterface :
+          ctorType.getAllImplementedInterfaces()) {
+        if (implementedInterface.isUnknownType() ||
+            implementedInterface.isEmptyType()) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        FunctionType interfaceType =
+            implementedInterface.toObjectType().getConstructor();
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(interfaceType);
+
+        boolean interfaceHasProperty =
+            interfaceType.getPrototype().hasProperty(propertyName);
+        foundInterfaceProperty = foundInterfaceProperty ||
+            interfaceHasProperty;
+        if (reportMissingOverride.isOn()
+            && !declaredOverride
+            && interfaceHasProperty) {
+          // @override not present, but the property does override an interface
+          // property
+          compiler.report(t.makeError(n, reportMissingOverride,
+              HIDDEN_INTERFACE_PROPERTY, propertyName,
+              interfaceType.getTopMostDefiningType(propertyName).toString()));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!declaredOverride
+        && !superClassHasProperty
+        && !superInterfaceHasProperty) {
+      // nothing to do here, it's just a plain new property
+      return;
+    }
+
+    ObjectType topInstanceType = superClassHasDeclaredProperty ?
+        superClass.getTopMostDefiningType(propertyName) : null;
+    boolean declaredLocally =
+        ctorType.isConstructor() &&
+        (ctorType.getPrototype().hasOwnProperty(propertyName) ||
+         ctorType.getInstanceType().hasOwnProperty(propertyName));
+    if (reportMissingOverride.isOn()
+        && !declaredOverride
+        && superClassHasDeclaredProperty
+        && declaredLocally) {
+      // @override not present, but the property does override a superclass
+      // property
+      compiler.report(t.makeError(n, reportMissingOverride,
+          HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY, propertyName,
+          topInstanceType.toString()));
+    }
+
+    // @override is present and we have to check that it is ok
+    if (superClassHasDeclaredProperty) {
+      // there is a superclass implementation
+      JSType superClassPropType =
+          superClass.getInstanceType().getPropertyType(propertyName);
+      if (!propertyType.isSubtype(superClassPropType)) {
+        compiler.report(
+            t.makeError(n, HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY_MISMATCH,
+                propertyName, topInstanceType.toString(),
+                superClassPropType.toString(), propertyType.toString()));
+      }
+    } else if (superInterfaceHasDeclaredProperty) {
+      // there is an super interface property
+      for (ObjectType interfaceType : ctorType.getExtendedInterfaces()) {
+        if (interfaceType.hasProperty(propertyName)) {
+          JSType superPropertyType =
+              interfaceType.getPropertyType(propertyName);
+          if (!propertyType.isSubtype(superPropertyType)) {
+            topInstanceType = interfaceType.getConstructor().
+                getTopMostDefiningType(propertyName);
+            compiler.report(
+                t.makeError(n, HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS_PROPERTY_MISMATCH,
+                    propertyName, topInstanceType.toString(),
+                    superPropertyType.toString(),
+                    propertyType.toString()));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (!foundInterfaceProperty
+        && !superClassHasProperty
+        && !superInterfaceHasProperty) {
+      // there is no superclass nor interface implementation
+      compiler.report(
+          t.makeError(n, UNKNOWN_OVERRIDE,
+              propertyName, ctorType.getInstanceType().toString()));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a constructor or an interface type, find out whether the unknown
+   * type is a supertype of the current type.
+   */
+  private static boolean hasUnknownOrEmptySupertype(FunctionType ctor) {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(ctor.isConstructor() || ctor.isInterface());
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(!ctor.isUnknownType());
+
+    // The type system should notice inheritance cycles on its own
+    // and break the cycle.
+    while (true) {
+      ObjectType maybeSuperInstanceType =
+          ctor.getPrototype().getImplicitPrototype();
+      if (maybeSuperInstanceType == null) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (maybeSuperInstanceType.isUnknownType() ||
+          maybeSuperInstanceType.isEmptyType()) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      ctor = maybeSuperInstanceType.getConstructor();
+      if (ctor == null) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      Preconditions.checkState(ctor.isConstructor() || ctor.isInterface());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits an ASSIGN node for cases such as
+   * <pre>
+   * interface.property2.property = ...;
+   * </pre>
+   */
+  private void visitInterfaceGetprop(NodeTraversal t, Node assign, Node object,
+      String property, Node lvalue, Node rvalue) {
+
+    JSType rvalueType = getJSType(rvalue);
+
+    // Only 2 values are allowed for methods:
+    //    goog.abstractMethod
+    //    function () {};
+    // or for properties, no assignment such as:
+    //    InterfaceFoo.prototype.foobar;
+
+    String abstractMethodName =
+        compiler.getCodingConvention().getAbstractMethodName();
+    if (!rvalueType.isFunctionType()) {
+      // This is bad i18n style but we don't localize our compiler errors.
+      String abstractMethodMessage = (abstractMethodName != null)
+         ? ", or " + abstractMethodName
+         : "";
+      compiler.report(
+          t.makeError(object, INVALID_INTERFACE_MEMBER_DECLARATION,
+              abstractMethodMessage));
+    }
+
+    if (assign.getLastChild().isFunction()
+        && !NodeUtil.isEmptyBlock(assign.getLastChild().getLastChild())) {
+      compiler.report(
+          t.makeError(object, INTERFACE_FUNCTION_NOT_EMPTY,
+              abstractMethodName));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a NAME node.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   * @param parent The parent of the node n.
+   * @return whether the node is typeable or not
+   */
+  boolean visitName(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+    // At this stage, we need to determine whether this is a leaf
+    // node in an expression (which therefore needs to have a type
+    // assigned for it) versus some other decorative node that we
+    // can safely ignore.  Function names, arguments (children of LP nodes) and
+    // variable declarations are ignored.
+    // TODO(user): remove this short-circuiting in favor of a
+    // pre order traversal of the FUNCTION, CATCH, LP and VAR nodes.
+    int parentNodeType = parent.getType();
+    if (parentNodeType == Token.FUNCTION ||
+        parentNodeType == Token.CATCH ||
+        parentNodeType == Token.PARAM_LIST ||
+        parentNodeType == Token.VAR) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    JSType type = n.getJSType();
+    if (type == null) {
+      type = getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE);
+      Var var = t.getScope().getVar(n.getString());
+      if (var != null) {
+        JSType varType = var.getType();
+        if (varType != null) {
+          type = varType;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ensureTyped(t, n, type);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a GETPROP node.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   * @param parent The parent of <code>n</code>
+   */
+  private void visitGetProp(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+    // obj.prop or obj.method()
+    // Lots of types can appear on the left, a call to a void function can
+    // never be on the left. getPropertyType will decide what is acceptable
+    // and what isn't.
+    Node property = n.getLastChild();
+    Node objNode = n.getFirstChild();
+    JSType childType = getJSType(objNode);
+
+    if (childType.isDict()) {
+      report(t, property, TypeValidator.ILLEGAL_PROPERTY_ACCESS, "'.'", "dict");
+    } else if (validator.expectNotNullOrUndefined(t, n, childType,
+        "No properties on this expression", getNativeType(OBJECT_TYPE))) {
+      checkPropertyAccess(childType, property.getString(), t, n);
+    }
+    ensureTyped(t, n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emit a warning if we can prove that a property cannot possibly be
+   * defined on an object. Note the difference between JS and a strictly
+   * statically typed language: we're checking if the property
+   * *cannot be defined*, whereas a java compiler would check if the
+   * property *can be undefined*.
+   */
+  private void checkPropertyAccess(JSType childType, String propName,
+      NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    // If the property type is unknown, check the object type to see if it
+    // can ever be defined. We explicitly exclude CHECKED_UNKNOWN (for
+    // properties where we've checked that it exists, or for properties on
+    // objects that aren't in this binary).
+    JSType propType = getJSType(n);
+    if (propType.isEquivalentTo(typeRegistry.getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE))) {
+      childType = childType.autobox();
+      ObjectType objectType = ObjectType.cast(childType);
+      if (objectType != null) {
+        // We special-case object types so that checks on enums can be
+        // much stricter, and so that we can use hasProperty (which is much
+        // faster in most cases).
+        if (!objectType.hasProperty(propName) ||
+            objectType.isEquivalentTo(
+                typeRegistry.getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE))) {
+          if (objectType instanceof EnumType) {
+            report(t, n, INEXISTENT_ENUM_ELEMENT, propName);
+          } else {
+            checkPropertyAccessHelper(objectType, propName, t, n);
+          }
+        }
+
+      } else {
+        checkPropertyAccessHelper(childType, propName, t, n);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void checkPropertyAccessHelper(JSType objectType, String propName,
+      NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    if (!objectType.isEmptyType() &&
+        reportMissingProperties && !isPropertyTest(n)) {
+      if (!typeRegistry.canPropertyBeDefined(objectType, propName)) {
+        report(t, n, INEXISTENT_PROPERTY, propName,
+            validator.getReadableJSTypeName(n.getFirstChild(), true));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Determines whether this node is testing for the existence of a property.
+   * If true, we will not emit warnings about a missing property.
+   *
+   * @param getProp The GETPROP being tested.
+   */
+  private boolean isPropertyTest(Node getProp) {
+    Node parent = getProp.getParent();
+    switch (parent.getType()) {
+      case Token.CALL:
+        return parent.getFirstChild() != getProp &&
+            compiler.getCodingConvention().isPropertyTestFunction(parent);
+
+      case Token.IF:
+      case Token.WHILE:
+      case Token.DO:
+      case Token.FOR:
+        return NodeUtil.getConditionExpression(parent) == getProp;
+
+      case Token.INSTANCEOF:
+      case Token.TYPEOF:
+        return true;
+
+      case Token.AND:
+      case Token.HOOK:
+        return parent.getFirstChild() == getProp;
+
+      case Token.NOT:
+        return parent.getParent().isOr() &&
+            parent.getParent().getFirstChild() == parent;
+
+      case Token.CAST:
+        return isPropertyTest(parent);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a GETELEM node.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   */
+  private void visitGetElem(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    validator.expectIndexMatch(
+        t, n, getJSType(n.getFirstChild()), getJSType(n.getLastChild()));
+    ensureTyped(t, n);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a VAR node.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   */
+  private void visitVar(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    // TODO(nicksantos): Fix this so that the doc info always shows up
+    // on the NAME node. We probably want to wait for the parser
+    // merge to fix this.
+    JSDocInfo varInfo = n.hasOneChild() ? n.getJSDocInfo() : null;
+    for (Node name : n.children()) {
+      Node value = name.getFirstChild();
+      // A null var would indicate a bug in the scope creation logic.
+      Var var = t.getScope().getVar(name.getString());
+
+      if (value != null) {
+        JSType valueType = getJSType(value);
+        JSType nameType = var.getType();
+        nameType = (nameType == null) ? getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE) : nameType;
+
+        JSDocInfo info = name.getJSDocInfo();
+        if (info == null) {
+          info = varInfo;
+        }
+
+        checkEnumAlias(t, info, value);
+        if (var.isTypeInferred()) {
+          ensureTyped(t, name, valueType);
+        } else {
+          validator.expectCanAssignTo(
+              t, value, valueType, nameType, "initializing variable");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a NEW node.
+   */
+  private void visitNew(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    Node constructor = n.getFirstChild();
+    JSType type = getJSType(constructor).restrictByNotNullOrUndefined();
+    if (type.isConstructor() || type.isEmptyType() || type.isUnknownType()) {
+      FunctionType fnType = type.toMaybeFunctionType();
+      if (fnType != null) {
+        visitParameterList(t, n, fnType);
+        ensureTyped(t, n, fnType.getInstanceType());
+      } else {
+        ensureTyped(t, n);
+      }
+    } else {
+      report(t, n, NOT_A_CONSTRUCTOR);
+      ensureTyped(t, n);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check whether there's any property conflict for for a particular super
+   * interface
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context
+   * @param n The node being visited
+   * @param functionName The function name being checked
+   * @param properties The property names in the super interfaces that have
+   * been visited
+   * @param currentProperties The property names in the super interface
+   * that have been visited
+   * @param interfaceType The super interface that is being visited
+   */
+  private void checkInterfaceConflictProperties(NodeTraversal t, Node n,
+      String functionName, HashMap<String, ObjectType> properties,
+      HashMap<String, ObjectType> currentProperties,
+      ObjectType interfaceType) {
+    ObjectType implicitProto = interfaceType.getImplicitPrototype();
+    Set<String> currentPropertyNames;
+    if (implicitProto == null) {
+      // This can be the case if interfaceType is proxy to a non-existent
+      // object (which is a bad type annotation, but shouldn't crash).
+      currentPropertyNames = ImmutableSet.of();
+    } else {
+      currentPropertyNames = implicitProto.getOwnPropertyNames();
+    }
+    for (String name : currentPropertyNames) {
+      ObjectType oType = properties.get(name);
+      if (oType != null) {
+        if (!interfaceType.getPropertyType(name).isEquivalentTo(
+            oType.getPropertyType(name))) {
+          compiler.report(
+              t.makeError(n, INCOMPATIBLE_EXTENDED_PROPERTY_TYPE,
+                  functionName, name, oType.toString(),
+                  interfaceType.toString()));
+        }
+      }
+      currentProperties.put(name, interfaceType);
+    }
+    for (ObjectType iType : interfaceType.getCtorExtendedInterfaces()) {
+      checkInterfaceConflictProperties(t, n, functionName, properties,
+          currentProperties, iType);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a {@link Token#FUNCTION} node.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   */
+  private void visitFunction(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    FunctionType functionType = JSType.toMaybeFunctionType(n.getJSType());
+    String functionPrivateName = n.getFirstChild().getString();
+    if (functionType.isConstructor()) {
+      FunctionType baseConstructor = functionType.getSuperClassConstructor();
+      if (baseConstructor != getNativeType(OBJECT_FUNCTION_TYPE) &&
+          baseConstructor != null &&
+          baseConstructor.isInterface()) {
+        compiler.report(
+            t.makeError(n, CONFLICTING_EXTENDED_TYPE,
+                        "constructor", functionPrivateName));
+      } else {
+        if (baseConstructor != getNativeType(OBJECT_FUNCTION_TYPE)) {
+          ObjectType proto = functionType.getPrototype();
+          if (functionType.makesStructs() && !proto.isStruct()) {
+            compiler.report(t.makeError(n, CONFLICTING_SHAPE_TYPE,
+                                        "struct", functionPrivateName));
+          } else if (functionType.makesDicts() && !proto.isDict()) {
+            compiler.report(t.makeError(n, CONFLICTING_SHAPE_TYPE,
+                                        "dict", functionPrivateName));
+          }
+        }
+        // All interfaces are properly implemented by a class
+        for (JSType baseInterface : functionType.getImplementedInterfaces()) {
+          boolean badImplementedType = false;
+          ObjectType baseInterfaceObj = ObjectType.cast(baseInterface);
+          if (baseInterfaceObj != null) {
+            FunctionType interfaceConstructor =
+              baseInterfaceObj.getConstructor();
+            if (interfaceConstructor != null &&
+                !interfaceConstructor.isInterface()) {
+              badImplementedType = true;
+            }
+          } else {
+            badImplementedType = true;
+          }
+          if (badImplementedType) {
+            report(t, n, BAD_IMPLEMENTED_TYPE, functionPrivateName);
+          }
+        }
+        // check properties
+        validator.expectAllInterfaceProperties(t, n, functionType);
+      }
+    } else if (functionType.isInterface()) {
+      // Interface must extend only interfaces
+      for (ObjectType extInterface : functionType.getExtendedInterfaces()) {
+        if (extInterface.getConstructor() != null
+            && !extInterface.getConstructor().isInterface()) {
+          compiler.report(
+              t.makeError(n, CONFLICTING_EXTENDED_TYPE,
+                          "interface", functionPrivateName));
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Check whether the extended interfaces have any conflicts
+      if (functionType.getExtendedInterfacesCount() > 1) {
+        // Only check when extending more than one interfaces
+        HashMap<String, ObjectType> properties
+            = new HashMap<String, ObjectType>();
+        HashMap<String, ObjectType> currentProperties
+            = new HashMap<String, ObjectType>();
+        for (ObjectType interfaceType : functionType.getExtendedInterfaces()) {
+          currentProperties.clear();
+          checkInterfaceConflictProperties(t, n, functionPrivateName,
+              properties, currentProperties, interfaceType);
+          properties.putAll(currentProperties);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a CALL node.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   */
+  private void visitCall(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    Node child = n.getFirstChild();
+    JSType childType = getJSType(child).restrictByNotNullOrUndefined();
+
+    if (!childType.canBeCalled()) {
+      report(t, n, NOT_CALLABLE, childType.toString());
+      ensureTyped(t, n);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // A couple of types can be called as if they were functions.
+    // If it is a function type, then validate parameters.
+    if (childType.isFunctionType()) {
+      FunctionType functionType = childType.toMaybeFunctionType();
+
+      boolean isExtern = false;
+      JSDocInfo functionJSDocInfo = functionType.getJSDocInfo();
+      if (functionJSDocInfo != null  &&
+          functionJSDocInfo.getAssociatedNode() != null) {
+        isExtern = functionJSDocInfo.getAssociatedNode().isFromExterns();
+      }
+
+      // Non-native constructors should not be called directly
+      // unless they specify a return type and are defined
+      // in an extern.
+      if (functionType.isConstructor() &&
+          !functionType.isNativeObjectType() &&
+          (functionType.getReturnType().isUnknownType() ||
+           functionType.getReturnType().isVoidType() ||
+           !isExtern)) {
+        report(t, n, CONSTRUCTOR_NOT_CALLABLE, childType.toString());
+      }
+
+      // Functions with explicit 'this' types must be called in a GETPROP
+      // or GETELEM.
+      if (functionType.isOrdinaryFunction() &&
+          !functionType.getTypeOfThis().isUnknownType() &&
+          !(functionType.getTypeOfThis().toObjectType() != null &&
+          functionType.getTypeOfThis().toObjectType().isNativeObjectType()) &&
+          !(child.isGetElem() ||
+            child.isGetProp())) {
+        report(t, n, EXPECTED_THIS_TYPE, functionType.toString());
+      }
+
+      visitParameterList(t, n, functionType);
+      ensureTyped(t, n, functionType.getReturnType());
+    } else {
+      ensureTyped(t, n);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Add something to check for calls of RegExp objects, which is not
+    // supported by IE.  Either say something about the return type or warn
+    // about the non-portability of the call or both.
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits the parameters of a CALL or a NEW node.
+   */
+  private void visitParameterList(NodeTraversal t, Node call,
+      FunctionType functionType) {
+    Iterator<Node> arguments = call.children().iterator();
+    arguments.next(); // skip the function name
+
+    Iterator<Node> parameters = functionType.getParameters().iterator();
+    int ordinal = 0;
+    Node parameter = null;
+    Node argument = null;
+    while (arguments.hasNext() &&
+           (parameters.hasNext() ||
+            parameter != null && parameter.isVarArgs())) {
+      // If there are no parameters left in the list, then the while loop
+      // above implies that this must be a var_args function.
+      if (parameters.hasNext()) {
+        parameter = parameters.next();
+      }
+      argument = arguments.next();
+      ordinal++;
+
+      validator.expectArgumentMatchesParameter(t, argument,
+          getJSType(argument), getJSType(parameter), call, ordinal);
+    }
+
+    int numArgs = call.getChildCount() - 1;
+    int minArgs = functionType.getMinArguments();
+    int maxArgs = functionType.getMaxArguments();
+    if (minArgs > numArgs || maxArgs < numArgs) {
+      report(t, call, WRONG_ARGUMENT_COUNT,
+              validator.getReadableJSTypeName(call.getFirstChild(), false),
+              String.valueOf(numArgs), String.valueOf(minArgs),
+              maxArgs != Integer.MAX_VALUE ?
+              " and no more than " + maxArgs + " argument(s)" : "");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Visits a RETURN node.
+   *
+   * @param t The node traversal object that supplies context, such as the
+   * scope chain to use in name lookups as well as error reporting.
+   * @param n The node being visited.
+   */
+  private void visitReturn(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    JSType jsType = getJSType(t.getEnclosingFunction());
+
+    if (jsType.isFunctionType()) {
+      FunctionType functionType = jsType.toMaybeFunctionType();
+
+      JSType returnType = functionType.getReturnType();
+
+      // if no return type is specified, undefined must be returned
+      // (it's a void function)
+      if (returnType == null) {
+        returnType = getNativeType(VOID_TYPE);
+      }
+
+      // fetching the returned value's type
+      Node valueNode = n.getFirstChild();
+      JSType actualReturnType;
+      if (valueNode == null) {
+        actualReturnType = getNativeType(VOID_TYPE);
+        valueNode = n;
+      } else {
+        actualReturnType = getJSType(valueNode);
+      }
+
+      // verifying
+      validator.expectCanAssignTo(t, valueNode, actualReturnType, returnType,
+          "inconsistent return type");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function unifies the type checking involved in the core binary
+   * operators and the corresponding assignment operators.  The representation
+   * used internally is such that common code can handle both kinds of
+   * operators easily.
+   *
+   * @param op The operator.
+   * @param t The traversal object, needed to report errors.
+   * @param n The node being checked.
+   */
+  private void visitBinaryOperator(int op, NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    Node left = n.getFirstChild();
+    JSType leftType = getJSType(left);
+    Node right = n.getLastChild();
+    JSType rightType = getJSType(right);
+    switch (op) {
+      case Token.ASSIGN_LSH:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_RSH:
+      case Token.LSH:
+      case Token.RSH:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_URSH:
+      case Token.URSH:
+        if (!leftType.matchesInt32Context()) {
+          report(t, left, BIT_OPERATION,
+                   NodeUtil.opToStr(n.getType()), leftType.toString());
+        }
+        if (!rightType.matchesUint32Context()) {
+          report(t, right, BIT_OPERATION,
+                   NodeUtil.opToStr(n.getType()), rightType.toString());
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case Token.ASSIGN_DIV:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_MOD:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_MUL:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_SUB:
+      case Token.DIV:
+      case Token.MOD:
+      case Token.MUL:
+      case Token.SUB:
+        validator.expectNumber(t, left, leftType, "left operand");
+        validator.expectNumber(t, right, rightType, "right operand");
+        break;
+
+      case Token.ASSIGN_BITAND:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_BITXOR:
+      case Token.ASSIGN_BITOR:
+      case Token.BITAND:
+      case Token.BITXOR:
+      case Token.BITOR:
+        validator.expectBitwiseable(t, left, leftType,
+            "bad left operand to bitwise operator");
+        validator.expectBitwiseable(t, right, rightType,
+            "bad right operand to bitwise operator");
+        break;
+
+      case Token.ASSIGN_ADD:
+      case Token.ADD:
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        report(t, n, UNEXPECTED_TOKEN, Token.name(op));
+    }
+    ensureTyped(t, n);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * <p>Checks enum aliases.
+   *
+   * <p>We verify that the enum element type of the enum used
+   * for initialization is a subtype of the enum element type of
+   * the enum the value is being copied in.</p>
+   *
+   * <p>Example:</p>
+   * <pre>var myEnum = myOtherEnum;</pre>
+   *
+   * <p>Enum aliases are irregular, so we need special code for this :(</p>
+   *
+   * @param value the value used for initialization of the enum
+   */
+  private void checkEnumAlias(
+      NodeTraversal t, JSDocInfo declInfo, Node value) {
+    if (declInfo == null || !declInfo.hasEnumParameterType()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    JSType valueType = getJSType(value);
+    if (!valueType.isEnumType()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    EnumType valueEnumType = valueType.toMaybeEnumType();
+    JSType valueEnumPrimitiveType =
+        valueEnumType.getElementsType().getPrimitiveType();
+    validator.expectCanAssignTo(t, value, valueEnumPrimitiveType,
+        declInfo.getEnumParameterType().evaluate(t.getScope(), typeRegistry),
+        "incompatible enum element types");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method gets the JSType from the Node argument and verifies that it is
+   * present.
+   */
+  private JSType getJSType(Node n) {
+    JSType jsType = n.getJSType();
+    if (jsType == null) {
+      // TODO(nicksantos): This branch indicates a compiler bug, not worthy of
+      // halting the compilation but we should log this and analyze to track
+      // down why it happens. This is not critical and will be resolved over
+      // time as the type checker is extended.
+      return getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE);
+    } else {
+      return jsType;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // TODO(nicksantos): TypeCheck should never be attaching types to nodes.
+  // All types should be attached by TypeInference. This is not true today
+  // for legacy reasons. There are a number of places where TypeInference
+  // doesn't attach a type, as a signal to TypeCheck that it needs to check
+  // that node's type.
+
+  /**
+   * Ensure that the given node has a type. If it does not have one,
+   * attach the UNKNOWN_TYPE.
+   */
+  private void ensureTyped(NodeTraversal t, Node n) {
+    ensureTyped(t, n, getNativeType(UNKNOWN_TYPE));
+  }
+
+  private void ensureTyped(NodeTraversal t, Node n, JSTypeNative type) {
+    ensureTyped(t, n, getNativeType(type));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enforces type casts, and ensures the node is typed.
+   *
+   * A cast in the way that we use it in JSDoc annotations never
+   * alters the generated code and therefore never can induce any runtime
+   * operation. What this means is that a 'cast' is really just a compile
+   * time constraint on the underlying value. In the future, we may add
+   * support for run-time casts for compiled tests.
+   *
+   * To ensure some shred of sanity, we enforce the notion that the
+   * type you are casting to may only meaningfully be a narrower type
+   * than the underlying declared type. We also invalidate optimizations
+   * on bad type casts.
+   *
+   * @param t The traversal object needed to report errors.
+   * @param n The node getting a type assigned to it.
+   * @param type The type to be assigned.
+   */
+  private void ensureTyped(NodeTraversal t, Node n, JSType type) {
+    // Make sure FUNCTION nodes always get function type.
+    Preconditions.checkState(!n.isFunction() ||
+            type.isFunctionType() ||
+            type.isUnknownType());
+    JSDocInfo info = n.getJSDocInfo();
+    if (info != null) {
+      if (info.hasType()) {
+        // TODO(johnlenz): Change this so that we only look for casts on CAST
+        // nodes one the misplaced type annotation warning is on by default and
+        // people have been given a chance to fix them.  As is, this is here
+        // simply for legacy casts.
+        JSType infoType = info.getType().evaluate(t.getScope(), typeRegistry);
+        validator.expectCanCast(t, n, infoType, type);
+        type = infoType;
+      }
+
+      if (info.isImplicitCast() && !inExterns) {
+        String propName = n.isGetProp() ?
+            n.getLastChild().getString() : "(missing)";
+        compiler.report(
+            t.makeError(n, ILLEGAL_IMPLICIT_CAST, propName));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (n.getJSType() == null) {
+      n.setJSType(type);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the percentage of nodes typed by the type checker.
+   * @return a number between 0.0 and 100.0
+   */
+  double getTypedPercent() {
+    int total = nullCount + unknownCount + typedCount;
+    return (total == 0) ? 0.0 : (100.0 * typedCount) / total;
+  }
+
+  private JSType getNativeType(JSTypeNative typeId) {
+    return typeRegistry.getNativeType(typeId);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `info.getType()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 1998.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TypeCheck.ensureTyped(NodeTraversal,Node,JSType)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.TypeCheck.ensureTyped(com.google.javascript.jscomp.NodeTraversal,com.go.29dc74e8f29bebbe7f2bd19cce6ad297
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/TypeCheck.java
+
+### Key:
+TypeCheck.java|ensureTyped|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b4954c40d2dcf8df0748607b6535243d
+
+### Hash:
+0ee5a52e0f9299459084c73475af60ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5221/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5221/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c788df0fbd5faade92fece39cda34cbdf9523ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5221/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2010 Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp.ant;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.io.LimitInputStream;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.CommandLineRunner;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.CompilationLevel;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.Compiler;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.CompilerOptions;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.JSSourceFile;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.MessageFormatter;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.Result;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.WarningLevel;
+
+import org.apache.tools.ant.BuildException;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Project;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.Task;
+import org.apache.tools.ant.types.FileList;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.zip.ZipEntry;
+import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * This class implements a simple Ant task to do almost the same as
+ * CommandLineRunner.
+ *
+ * Most of the public methods of this class are entry points for the
+ * Ant code to hook into.
+ *
+*
+ */
+public final class CompileTask
+    extends Task {
+  private WarningLevel warningLevel;
+  private boolean debugOptions;
+  private String encoding = "UTF-8";
+  private String outputEncoding = "UTF-8";
+  private CompilationLevel compilationLevel;
+  private boolean customExternsOnly;
+  private boolean manageDependencies;
+  private File outputFile;
+  private final List<FileList> externFileLists;
+  private final List<FileList> sourceFileLists;
+
+  public CompileTask() {
+    this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.DEFAULT;
+    this.debugOptions = false;
+    this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.SIMPLE_OPTIMIZATIONS;
+    this.customExternsOnly = false;
+    this.manageDependencies = false;
+    this.externFileLists = Lists.newLinkedList();
+    this.sourceFileLists = Lists.newLinkedList();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the warning level.
+   * @param value The warning level by string name. (default, quiet, verbose).
+   */
+  public void setWarning(String value) {
+    if ("default".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.DEFAULT;
+    } else if ("quiet".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.QUIET;
+    } else if ("verbose".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.warningLevel = WarningLevel.VERBOSE;
+    } else {
+      throw new BuildException(
+          "Unrecognized 'warning' option value (" + value + ")");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enable debugging options.
+   * @param value True if debug mode is enabled.
+   */
+  public void setDebug(boolean value) {
+    this.debugOptions = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the compilation level.
+   * @param value The optimization level by string name.
+   *     (whitespace, simple, advanced).
+   */
+  public void setCompilationLevel(String value) {
+    if ("simple".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.SIMPLE_OPTIMIZATIONS;
+    } else if ("advanced".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.ADVANCED_OPTIMIZATIONS;
+    } else if ("whitespace".equalsIgnoreCase(value)) {
+      this.compilationLevel = CompilationLevel.WHITESPACE_ONLY;
+    } else {
+      throw new BuildException(
+          "Unrecognized 'compilation' option value (" + value + ")");
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void setManageDependencies(boolean value) {
+    this.manageDependencies = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Use only custom externs.
+   */
+  public void setCustomExternsOnly(boolean value) {
+    this.customExternsOnly = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set output file.
+   */
+  public void setOutput(File value) {
+    this.outputFile = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set input file encoding
+   */
+  public void setEncoding(String encoding) {
+    this.encoding = encoding;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set output file encoding
+   */
+  public void setOutputEncoding(String outputEncoding) {
+    this.outputEncoding = outputEncoding;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the externs file.
+   */
+  public void addExterns(FileList list) {
+    this.externFileLists.add(list);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the source files.
+   */
+  public void addSources(FileList list) {
+    this.sourceFileLists.add(list);
+  }
+
+  public void execute() {
+    if (this.outputFile == null) {
+      throw new BuildException("outputFile attribute must be set");
+    }
+
+    Compiler.setLoggingLevel(Level.OFF);
+
+    CompilerOptions options = createCompilerOptions();
+    Compiler compiler = createCompiler(options);
+
+    JSSourceFile[] externs = findExternFiles();
+    JSSourceFile[] sources = findSourceFiles();
+
+    log("Compiling " + sources.length + " file(s) with " +
+        externs.length + " extern(s)");
+
+    Result result = compiler.compile(externs, sources, options);
+    if (result.success) {
+      writeResult(compiler.toSource());
+    }
+  }
+
+  private CompilerOptions createCompilerOptions() {
+    CompilerOptions options = new CompilerOptions();
+
+    if (this.debugOptions) {
+      this.compilationLevel.setDebugOptionsForCompilationLevel(options);
+    } else {
+      this.compilationLevel.setOptionsForCompilationLevel(options);
+    }
+
+    this.warningLevel.setOptionsForWarningLevel(options);
+    options.setManageClosureDependencies(manageDependencies);
+    return options;
+  }
+
+  private Compiler createCompiler(CompilerOptions options) {
+    Compiler compiler = new Compiler();
+    MessageFormatter formatter =
+        options.errorFormat.toFormatter(compiler, false);
+    AntErrorManager errorManager = new AntErrorManager(formatter, this);
+    compiler.setErrorManager(errorManager);
+    return compiler;
+  }
+
+  private JSSourceFile[] findExternFiles() {
+    List<JSSourceFile> files = Lists.newLinkedList();
+    if (!this.customExternsOnly) {
+      files.addAll(getDefaultExterns());
+    }
+
+    for (FileList list : this.externFileLists) {
+      files.addAll(findJavaScriptFiles(list));
+    }
+
+    return files.toArray(new JSSourceFile[files.size()]);
+  }
+
+  private JSSourceFile[] findSourceFiles() {
+    List<JSSourceFile> files = Lists.newLinkedList();
+
+    for (FileList list : this.sourceFileLists) {
+      files.addAll(findJavaScriptFiles(list));
+    }
+
+    return files.toArray(new JSSourceFile[files.size()]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Translates an Ant file list into the file format that the compiler
+   * expects.
+   */
+  private List<JSSourceFile> findJavaScriptFiles(FileList fileList) {
+    List<JSSourceFile> files = Lists.newLinkedList();
+    File baseDir = fileList.getDir(getProject());
+
+    for (String included : fileList.getFiles(getProject())) {
+      files.add(JSSourceFile.fromFile(new File(baseDir, included),
+          Charset.forName(encoding)));
+    }
+
+    return files;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the default externs set.
+   *
+   * Adapted from {@link CommandLineRunner}.
+   */
+  private List<JSSourceFile> getDefaultExterns() {
+    try {
+      InputStream input = Compiler.class.getResourceAsStream(
+          "/externs.zip");
+      ZipInputStream zip = new ZipInputStream(input);
+      List<JSSourceFile> externs = Lists.newLinkedList();
+
+      for (ZipEntry entry; (entry = zip.getNextEntry()) != null; ) {
+        LimitInputStream entryStream =
+            new LimitInputStream(zip, entry.getSize());
+        externs.add(
+            JSSourceFile.fromInputStream(entry.getName(), entryStream));
+      }
+
+      return externs;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new BuildException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void writeResult(String source) {
+    if (this.outputFile.getParentFile().mkdirs()) {
+      log("Created missing parent directory " +
+          this.outputFile.getParentFile(), Project.MSG_DEBUG);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      OutputStreamWriter out = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(this.outputFile), outputEncoding);
+      out.append(source);
+      out.flush();
+      out.close();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new BuildException(e);
+    }
+
+    log("Compiled javascript written to " + this.outputFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+        Project.MSG_DEBUG);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.google.common.io.LimitInputStream` acquired to `entryStream` by call to `new()` at line 265 is not released after line 267.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List CompileTask.getDefaultExterns()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.ant.CompileTask.getDefaultExterns():java.util.List.c1ff48bf5aab0badd17bf94081d8ecf2
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/ant/CompileTask.java
+
+### Key:
+CompileTask.java|getDefaultExterns|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+f7a676a819c8a7148226e8a6a8251e2f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5226/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5226/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03db7ffbbf42d8fb1791c38ce91ba4e96919b73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5226/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** closure-compiler
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 The Closure Compiler Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.javascript.jscomp;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.ControlFlowGraph.AbstractCfgNodeTraversalCallback;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.ControlFlowGraph.Branch;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.DataFlowAnalysis.FlowState;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.LiveVariablesAnalysis.LiveVariableLattice;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.NodeTraversal.AbstractPostOrderCallback;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.NodeTraversal.ScopedCallback;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.Scope.Var;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.DiGraph.DiGraphNode;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.GraphColoring;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.GraphColoring.GreedyGraphColoring;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.GraphNode;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.LinkedUndirectedGraph;
+import com.google.javascript.jscomp.graph.UndiGraph;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Node;
+import com.google.javascript.rhino.Token;
+
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Reuse variable names if possible.
+ *
+ * <p>For example, from <code>var x = 1; print(x); var y = 2; print(y); </code>
+ * to <code>var x = 1; print(x); x = 2; print(x)</code>. The benefits are
+ * slightly shorter code because of the removed <code>var<code> declaration,
+ * less unique variables in hope for better renaming, and finally better gzip
+ * compression.
+ *
+ * <p>The pass operates similar to a typical register allocator found in an
+ * optimizing compiler by first computing live ranges with
+ * {@link LiveVariablesAnalysis} and a variable interference graph. Then it uses
+ * graph coloring in {@link GraphColoring} to determine which two variables can
+ * be merge together safely.
+ *
+ */
+class CoalesceVariableNames extends AbstractPostOrderCallback implements
+    CompilerPass, ScopedCallback {
+
+  private final AbstractCompiler compiler;
+  private final Deque<GraphColoring<Var, Void>> colorings;
+  private final boolean usePseudoNames;
+
+  private static final Comparator<Var> coloringTieBreaker =
+      new Comparator<Var>() {
+    @Override
+    public int compare(Var v1, Var v2) {
+      return v1.index - v2.index;
+    }
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * @param usePseudoNames For debug purposes, when merging variable foo and bar
+   * to foo, rename both variable to foo_bar.
+   */
+  CoalesceVariableNames(AbstractCompiler compiler, boolean usePseudoNames) {
+    Preconditions.checkState(!compiler.getLifeCycleStage().isNormalized());
+
+    this.compiler = compiler;
+    colorings = Lists.newLinkedList();
+    this.usePseudoNames = usePseudoNames;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(Node externs, Node root) {
+    NodeTraversal.traverse(compiler, root, this);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void enterScope(NodeTraversal t) {
+    // TODO(user): We CAN do this in the global scope, just need to be
+    // careful when something is exported. Liveness uses bit-vector for live
+    // sets so I don't see compilation time will be a problem for running this
+    // pass in the global scope.
+    if (t.inGlobalScope()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    Scope scope = t.getScope();
+    ControlFlowGraph<Node> cfg = t.getControlFlowGraph();
+
+    LiveVariablesAnalysis liveness =
+        new LiveVariablesAnalysis(cfg, scope, compiler);
+    // If the function has exactly 2 params, mark them as escaped. This is
+    // a work-around for an IE bug where it throws an exception if you
+    // write to the parameters of the callback in a sort(). See:
+    // http://code.google.com/p/closure-compiler/issues/detail?id=58
+    if (scope.getRootNode().getFirstChild().getNext().getChildCount() == 2) {
+      liveness.markAllParametersEscaped();
+    }
+    liveness.analyze();
+
+    UndiGraph<Var, Void> interferenceGraph =
+        computeVariableNamesInterferenceGraph(
+            t, cfg, liveness.getEscapedLocals());
+
+    GraphColoring<Var, Void> coloring =
+        new GreedyGraphColoring<Var, Void>(interferenceGraph,
+            coloringTieBreaker);
+
+    coloring.color();
+    colorings.push(coloring);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void exitScope(NodeTraversal t) {
+    if (t.inGlobalScope()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    colorings.pop();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void visit(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+    if (colorings.isEmpty() || !NodeUtil.isName(n) ||
+        NodeUtil.isFunction(parent)) {
+      // Don't rename named functions.
+      return;
+    }
+    Var var = t.getScope().getVar(n.getString());
+    GraphNode<Var, ?> vNode = colorings.peek().getGraph().getNode(var);
+    if (vNode == null) {
+      // This is not a local.
+      return;
+    }
+    Var coalescedVar = colorings.peek().getPartitionSuperNode(var);
+
+    if (!usePseudoNames) {
+      if (vNode.getValue().equals(coalescedVar)) {
+        // The coalesced name is itself, nothing to do.
+        return;
+      }
+
+      // Rename.
+      n.setString(coalescedVar.name);
+      compiler.reportCodeChange();
+
+      if (NodeUtil.isVar(parent)) {
+        removeVarDeclaration(n);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // This code block is slow but since usePseudoName is for debugging,
+      // we should not sacrifice performance for non-debugging compilation to
+      // make this fast.
+      String pseudoName = null;
+      Set<String> allMergedNames = Sets.newTreeSet();
+      for (Iterator<Var> i = t.getScope().getVars(); i.hasNext();) {
+        Var iVar = i.next();
+
+        // Look for all the variables that can be merged (in the graph by now)
+        // and it is merged with the current coalscedVar.
+        if (colorings.peek().getGraph().getNode(iVar) != null &&
+            coalescedVar.equals(colorings.peek().getPartitionSuperNode(iVar))) {
+          allMergedNames.add(iVar.name);
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Keep its original name.
+      if (allMergedNames.size() == 1) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      pseudoName = Joiner.on("_").join(allMergedNames);
+
+      while (t.getScope().isDeclared(pseudoName, true)) {
+        pseudoName += "$";
+      }
+
+      n.setString(pseudoName);
+      compiler.reportCodeChange();
+
+      if (!vNode.getValue().equals(coalescedVar) && NodeUtil.isVar(parent)) {
+        removeVarDeclaration(n);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private UndiGraph<Var, Void> computeVariableNamesInterferenceGraph(
+      NodeTraversal t, ControlFlowGraph<Node> cfg, Set<Var> escaped) {
+    UndiGraph<Var, Void> interferenceGraph =
+        LinkedUndirectedGraph.create();
+    Scope scope = t.getScope();
+
+    // First create a node for each non-escaped variable.
+    for (Iterator<Var> i = scope.getVars(); i.hasNext();) {
+      Var v = i.next();
+      if (!escaped.contains(v)) {
+
+        // TODO(user): In theory, we CAN coalesce function names just like
+        // any variables. Our Liveness analysis captures this just like it as
+        // described in the specification. However, we saw some zipped and
+        // and unzipped size increase after this. We are not totally sure why
+        // that is but, for now, we will respect the dead functions and not play
+        // around with it.
+        if (!NodeUtil.isFunction(v.getParentNode())) {
+          interferenceGraph.createNode(v);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Go through each variable and try to connect them.
+    for (Iterator<Var> i1 = scope.getVars(); i1.hasNext();) {
+      Var v1 = i1.next();
+
+      NEXT_VAR_PAIR:
+      for (Iterator<Var> i2 = scope.getVars(); i2.hasNext();) {
+        Var v2 = i2.next();
+
+        // Skip duplicate pairs.
+        if (v1.index >= v2.index) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!interferenceGraph.hasNode(v1) ||
+            !interferenceGraph.hasNode(v2)) {
+          // Skip nodes that were not added. They are globals and escaped
+          // locals. Also avoid merging a variable with itself.
+          continue NEXT_VAR_PAIR;
+        }
+
+        if (v1.getParentNode().getType() == Token.LP &&
+            v2.getParentNode().getType() == Token.LP) {
+          interferenceGraph.connectIfNotFound(v1, null, v2);
+          continue NEXT_VAR_PAIR;
+        }
+
+        // Go through every CFG node in the program and look at
+        // this variable pair. If they are both live at the same
+        // time, add an edge between them and continue to the next pair.
+        NEXT_CROSS_CFG_NODE:
+        for (DiGraphNode<Node, Branch> cfgNode : cfg.getDirectedGraphNodes()) {
+          if (cfg.isImplicitReturn(cfgNode)) {
+            continue NEXT_CROSS_CFG_NODE;
+          }
+
+          FlowState<LiveVariableLattice> state = cfgNode.getAnnotation();
+          // Check the live states and add edge when possible.
+          if ((state.getIn().isLive(v1) && state.getIn().isLive(v2)) ||
+              (state.getOut().isLive(v1) && state.getOut().isLive(v2))) {
+            interferenceGraph.connectIfNotFound(v1, null, v2);
+            continue NEXT_VAR_PAIR;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // v1 and v2 might not have an edge between them! woohoo. there's
+        // one last sanity check that we have to do: we have to check
+        // if there's a collision *within* the cfg node.
+        NEXT_INTRA_CFG_NODE:
+        for (DiGraphNode<Node, Branch> cfgNode : cfg.getDirectedGraphNodes()) {
+          if (cfg.isImplicitReturn(cfgNode)) {
+            continue NEXT_INTRA_CFG_NODE;
+          }
+
+          FlowState<LiveVariableLattice> state = cfgNode.getAnnotation();
+          boolean v1OutLive = state.getOut().isLive(v1);
+          boolean v2OutLive = state.getOut().isLive(v2);
+          CombinedLiveRangeChecker checker = new CombinedLiveRangeChecker(
+              new LiveRangeChecker(v1, v2OutLive ? null : v2),
+              new LiveRangeChecker(v2, v1OutLive ? null : v1));
+          NodeTraversal.traverse(
+              compiler,
+              cfgNode.getValue(),
+              checker);
+          if (checker.connectIfCrossed(interferenceGraph)) {
+            continue NEXT_VAR_PAIR;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return interferenceGraph;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A simple wrapper calls to call two AbstractCfgNodeTraversalCallback
+   * callback during the same traversal.  Both traversals must have the same
+   * "shouldTraverse" conditions.
+   */
+  private static class CombinedLiveRangeChecker
+      extends AbstractCfgNodeTraversalCallback {
+
+    private final LiveRangeChecker callback1;
+    private final LiveRangeChecker callback2;
+
+    CombinedLiveRangeChecker(
+        LiveRangeChecker callback1,
+        LiveRangeChecker callback2) {
+      this.callback1 = callback1;
+      this.callback2 = callback2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+      if (LiveRangeChecker.shouldVisit(n)) {
+        callback1.visit(t, n, parent);
+        callback2.visit(t, n, parent);
+      }
+    }
+
+    boolean connectIfCrossed(UndiGraph<Var, Void> interferenceGraph) {
+      if (callback1.crossed || callback2.crossed) {
+        Var v1 = callback1.getDef();
+        Var v2 = callback2.getDef();
+        interferenceGraph.connectIfNotFound(v1, null, v2);
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tries to remove variable declaration if the variable has been coalesced
+   * with another variable that has already been declared.
+   */
+  private void removeVarDeclaration(Node name) {
+    Node var = name.getParent();
+    Node parent = var.getParent();
+
+    // Special case when we are in FOR-IN loop.
+    if (NodeUtil.isForIn(parent)) {
+      var.removeChild(name);
+      parent.replaceChild(var, name);
+    } else if (var.hasOneChild()) {
+      // The removal is easy when there is only one variable in the VAR node.
+      if (name.hasChildren()) {
+        Node value = name.removeFirstChild();
+        var.removeChild(name);
+        Node assign = new Node(Token.ASSIGN, name, value)
+            .copyInformationFrom(name);
+
+        // We don't need to wrapped it with EXPR node if it is within a FOR.
+        if (parent.getType() != Token.FOR) {
+          assign = NodeUtil.newExpr(assign);
+        }
+        parent.replaceChild(var, assign);
+
+      } else {
+        // In a FOR( ; ; ) node, we must replace it with an EMPTY or else it
+        // becomes a FOR-IN node.
+        NodeUtil.removeChild(parent, var);
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (!name.hasChildren()) {
+        var.removeChild(name);
+      }
+      // We are going to leave duplicated declaration otherwise.
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static class LiveRangeChecker
+      extends AbstractCfgNodeTraversalCallback {
+    boolean defFound = false;
+    boolean crossed = false;
+    private final Var def;
+    private final Var use;
+
+    public LiveRangeChecker(Var def, Var use) {
+      this.def = def;
+      this.use = use;
+    }
+
+    Var getDef() {
+      return def;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Whether any LiveRangeChecker would be interested in the node.
+     */
+    public static boolean shouldVisit(Node n) {
+      return (NodeUtil.isName(n)
+        || (n.hasChildren() && NodeUtil.isName(n.getFirstChild())));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(NodeTraversal t, Node n, Node parent) {
+      if (!defFound && isAssignTo(def, n, parent)) {
+        defFound = true;
+      }
+
+      if (defFound && (use == null || isReadFrom(use, n))) {
+        crossed = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isAssignTo(Var var, Node n, Node parent) {
+      if (NodeUtil.isName(n) && var.getName().equals(n.getString()) &&
+          parent != null) {
+        if (parent.getType() == Token.LP) {
+          // In a function declaration, the formal parameters are assigned.
+          return true;
+        } else if (NodeUtil.isVar(parent)) {
+          // If this is a VAR declaration, if the name node has a child, we are
+          // assigning to that name.
+          return n.hasChildren();
+        }
+        return false; // Definitely a read.
+      } else {
+        // Lastly, any assignmentOP is also an assign.
+        Node name = n.getFirstChild();
+        return name != null && NodeUtil.isName(name) &&
+          var.getName().equals(name.getString()) &&
+          NodeUtil.isAssignmentOp(n);
+      }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isReadFrom(Var var, Node name) {
+      return name != null && NodeUtil.isName(name) &&
+          var.getName().equals(name.getString()) &&
+          !NodeUtil.isVarOrSimpleAssignLhs(name, name.getParent());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `scope` last assigned on line 101 could be null and is dereferenced at line 110.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoalesceVariableNames.enterScope(NodeTraversal)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.javascript.jscomp.CoalesceVariableNames.enterScope(com.google.javascript.jscomp.NodeTrave.1ea22771c7f4e6fc94964320cf957497
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/javascript/jscomp/CoalesceVariableNames.java
+
+### Key:
+CoalesceVariableNames.java|enterScope|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c48f6bbd8c380b69932a2559d407e2ad
+
+### Hash:
+b7755ed8f6e0ab3f268b1773a5bfde05
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5228/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5228/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dcedb9ee12232e69f48c9cd00507a42fd5f7dadf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5228/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-cloud-kubernetes
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013-2019 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.cloud.kubernetes.profile;
+
+import io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.DefaultKubernetesClient;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+
+import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
+import org.springframework.boot.context.config.ConfigFileApplicationListener;
+import org.springframework.boot.env.EnvironmentPostProcessor;
+import org.springframework.cloud.kubernetes.StandardPodUtils;
+import org.springframework.core.Ordered;
+import org.springframework.core.env.ConfigurableEnvironment;
+import org.springframework.core.env.Environment;
+
+public class KubernetesProfileEnvironmentPostProcessor
+		implements EnvironmentPostProcessor, Ordered {
+
+	private static final Log LOG = LogFactory
+			.getLog(KubernetesProfileEnvironmentPostProcessor.class);
+
+	// Before ConfigFileApplicationListener so values there can use these ones
+	private static final int ORDER = ConfigFileApplicationListener.DEFAULT_ORDER - 1;
+
+	private static final String KUBERNETES_PROFILE = "kubernetes";
+
+	@Override
+	public void postProcessEnvironment(ConfigurableEnvironment environment,
+			SpringApplication application) {
+
+		final boolean kubernetesEnabled = environment
+				.getProperty("spring.cloud.kubernetes.enabled", Boolean.class, true);
+		if (!kubernetesEnabled) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		final StandardPodUtils podUtils = new StandardPodUtils(
+				new DefaultKubernetesClient());
+		if (podUtils.isInsideKubernetes()) {
+			if (hasKubernetesProfile(environment)) {
+				if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+					LOG.debug("'kubernetes' already in list of active profiles");
+				}
+			}
+			else {
+				if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+					LOG.debug("Adding 'kubernetes' to list of active profiles");
+				}
+				environment.addActiveProfile(KUBERNETES_PROFILE);
+			}
+		}
+		else {
+			if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+				LOG.warn(
+						"Not running inside kubernetes. Skipping 'kubernetes' profile activation.");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private boolean hasKubernetesProfile(Environment environment) {
+		for (String activeProfile : environment.getActiveProfiles()) {
+			if (KUBERNETES_PROFILE.equalsIgnoreCase(activeProfile)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getOrder() {
+		return ORDER;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `io.fabric8.kubernetes.client.DefaultKubernetesClient` acquired by call to `new()` at line 52 is not released after line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void KubernetesProfileEnvironmentPostProcessor.postProcessEnvironment(ConfigurableEnvironment,SpringApplication)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springframework.cloud.kubernetes.profile.KubernetesProfileEnvironmentPostProcessor.postProcessEn.842d1558f7614a2878f60ff632d965bd
+
+### File:
+spring-cloud-kubernetes-core/src/main/java/org/springframework/cloud/kubernetes/profile/KubernetesProfileEnvironmentPostProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+KubernetesProfileEnvironmentPostProcessor.java|postProcessEnvironment|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c9deda297ca620e1c62c0c1ea8763701
+
+### Hash:
+51edda7dbbd9b988efa6d4aa6a5205d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5242/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5242/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89368575e3a6f701b3dee664f7cb3f4f57ee41a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5242/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greys-anatomy
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.ompc.greys.core.view;
+
+import java.util.Scanner;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+
+/**
+ * KV排版控件
+ * Created by vlinux on 15/5/9.
+ */
+public class KVView implements View {
+
+    private final TableView tableView;
+
+    public KVView() {
+        this.tableView = new TableView(new TableView.ColumnDefine[]{
+                new TableView.ColumnDefine(TableView.Align.RIGHT),
+                new TableView.ColumnDefine(TableView.Align.RIGHT),
+                new TableView.ColumnDefine(TableView.Align.LEFT)
+        })
+                .hasBorder(false)
+                .padding(0);
+    }
+
+    public KVView(TableView.ColumnDefine keyColumnDefine, TableView.ColumnDefine valueColumnDefine) {
+        this.tableView = new TableView(new TableView.ColumnDefine[]{
+                keyColumnDefine,
+                new TableView.ColumnDefine(TableView.Align.RIGHT),
+                valueColumnDefine
+        })
+                .hasBorder(false)
+                .padding(0);
+    }
+
+    public KVView add(final Object key, final Object value) {
+        tableView.addRow(key, " : ", value);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String draw() {
+        String content = tableView.draw();
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        // 清理多余的空格
+        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(content);
+        while (scanner.hasNextLine()) {
+            String line = scanner.nextLine();
+            if (line != null) {
+                //清理一行后面多余的空格
+                line = StringUtils.stripEnd(line, " ");
+                if(line.isEmpty()){
+                    line = " ";
+                }
+            }
+            sb.append(line).append('\n');
+        }
+        scanner.close();
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.Scanner` acquired to `scanner` by call to `new()` at line 45 is not released after line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String KVView.draw()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.ompc.greys.core.view.KVView.draw():java.lang.String.d5dc94e997a68ab31706737a415adf03
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/github/ompc/greys/core/view/KVView.java
+
+### Key:
+KVView.java|draw|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f32d2aa1db1d0ee92b12180ab1e88081
+
+### Hash:
+ad6254ebef40b0eb6afa9a23f32711dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5243/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5243/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75ca85899598d37976f5534a093ebaa027d6ee62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5243/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greys-anatomy
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.ompc.greys.advisor;
+
+import com.github.ompc.greys.command.affect.EnhancerAffect;
+import com.github.ompc.greys.util.LogUtil;
+import com.github.ompc.greys.util.Matcher;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
+
+import java.lang.instrument.ClassFileTransformer;
+import java.lang.instrument.IllegalClassFormatException;
+import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation;
+import java.lang.instrument.UnmodifiableClassException;
+import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import static com.github.ompc.greys.util.CheckUtil.isEquals;
+import static com.github.ompc.greys.util.SearchUtil.searchClass;
+import static com.github.ompc.greys.util.SearchUtil.searchSubClass;
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static java.lang.System.arraycopy;
+import static java.util.logging.Level.WARNING;
+import static org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.SKIP_FRAMES;
+import static org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES;
+import static org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS;
+
+
+/**
+ * 对类进行通知增强
+ * Created by vlinux on 15/5/17.
+ */
+public class Enhancer implements ClassFileTransformer {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = LogUtil.getLogger();
+
+    private final int adviceId;
+    private final boolean isTracing;
+    private final Set<Class<?>> matchingClasses;
+    private final Matcher methodNameMatcher;
+    private final EnhancerAffect affect;
+
+    // 类-字节码缓存
+    private final static Map<Class<?>/*Class*/, byte[]/*bytes of Class*/> classBytesCache
+            = new WeakHashMap<Class<?>, byte[]>();
+
+    /**
+     * @param adviceId          通知编号
+     * @param isTracing         可跟踪方法调用
+     * @param matchingClasses   匹配中的类
+     * @param methodNameMatcher 方法名匹配
+     * @param affect            影响统计
+     */
+    private Enhancer(int adviceId,
+                     boolean isTracing,
+                     Set<Class<?>> matchingClasses,
+                     Matcher methodNameMatcher,
+                     EnhancerAffect affect) {
+        this.adviceId = adviceId;
+        this.isTracing = isTracing;
+        this.matchingClasses = matchingClasses;
+        this.methodNameMatcher = methodNameMatcher;
+        this.affect = affect;
+    }
+
+    public byte[] transform(
+            ClassLoader loader,
+            String className,
+            Class<?> classBeingRedefined,
+            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain,
+            byte[] classfileBuffer) throws IllegalClassFormatException {
+
+
+        // 这里要再次过滤一次，为啥？因为在transform的过程中，有可能还会再诞生新的类
+        // 所以需要将之前需要转换的类集合传递下来，再次进行判断
+        if (!matchingClasses.contains(classBeingRedefined)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+
+        final ClassReader cr;
+
+        // 首先先检查是否在缓存中存在Class字节码
+        // 因为要支持多人协作,存在多人同时增强的情况
+        final byte[] byteOfClassInCache = classBytesCache.get(classBeingRedefined);
+        if (null != byteOfClassInCache) {
+            cr = new ClassReader(byteOfClassInCache);
+        }
+
+        // 如果没有命中缓存,则从原始字节码开始增强
+        else {
+            cr = new ClassReader(classfileBuffer);
+        }
+
+        // 字节码增强
+        final ClassWriter cw = new ClassWriter(cr, COMPUTE_FRAMES | COMPUTE_MAXS);
+
+        try {
+
+            // 生成增强字节码
+            cr.accept(new AdviceWeaver(adviceId, isTracing, cr.getClassName(), methodNameMatcher, affect, cw), SKIP_FRAMES);
+            final byte[] enhanceClassByteArray = cw.toByteArray();
+
+            // 生成成功,推入缓存
+            classBytesCache.put(classBeingRedefined, enhanceClassByteArray);
+
+            // 成功计数
+            affect.cCnt(1);
+
+            // dump
+            final java.io.OutputStream os = new java.io.FileOutputStream(new java.io.File("/tmp/AgentTest.class"));
+            os.write(enhanceClassByteArray);
+            os.flush();
+            os.close();
+
+            return enhanceClassByteArray;
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(WARNING, format("transform class[%s] failed. ClassLoader=%s;", className, loader), t);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 是否需要过滤的类
+     *
+     * @param classes 类集合
+     * @return 过滤后的类
+     */
+    private static Set<Class<?>> filter(Set<Class<?>> classes) {
+        final Iterator<Class<?>> it = classes.iterator();
+        while (it.hasNext()) {
+
+            final Class<?> clazz = it.next();
+
+            if (null == clazz
+                    || isEquals(clazz.getClassLoader(), Enhancer.class.getClassLoader())) {
+                it.remove();
+            }
+
+        }
+        return classes;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 对象增强
+     *
+     * @param inst              inst
+     * @param adviceId          通知ID
+     * @param isTracing         可跟踪方法调用
+     * @param classNameMatcher  类名匹配
+     * @param methodNameMatcher 方法名匹配
+     * @param isIncludeSub      是否包括子类
+     * @return 增强影响范围
+     * @throws UnmodifiableClassException 增强失败
+     */
+    public static synchronized EnhancerAffect enhance(
+            final Instrumentation inst,
+            final int adviceId,
+            final boolean isTracing,
+            final Matcher classNameMatcher,
+            final Matcher methodNameMatcher,
+            final boolean isIncludeSub) throws UnmodifiableClassException {
+
+        final EnhancerAffect affect = new EnhancerAffect();
+
+        // 获取需要增强的类集合
+        final Set<Class<?>> enhanceClassSet = !isIncludeSub
+                ? searchClass(inst, classNameMatcher)
+                : searchSubClass(inst, searchClass(inst, classNameMatcher));
+
+        // 过滤掉无法被增强的类
+        filter(enhanceClassSet);
+
+        // 构建增强器
+        final Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer(adviceId, isTracing, enhanceClassSet, methodNameMatcher, affect);
+        try {
+            inst.addTransformer(enhancer, true);
+
+            // 批量增强
+            final int size = enhanceClassSet.size();
+            final Class<?>[] classArray = new Class<?>[size];
+            arraycopy(enhanceClassSet.toArray(), 0, classArray, 0, size);
+            if (classArray.length > 0) {
+                inst.retransformClasses(classArray);
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            inst.removeTransformer(enhancer);
+        }
+
+        return affect;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * 重置指定的Class
+     *
+     * @param inst             inst
+     * @param classNameMatcher 类名匹配
+     * @return 增强影响范围
+     * @throws UnmodifiableClassException
+     */
+    public static synchronized EnhancerAffect reset(
+            final Instrumentation inst,
+            final Matcher classNameMatcher) throws UnmodifiableClassException {
+
+        final EnhancerAffect affect = new EnhancerAffect();
+        final Set<Class<?>> enhanceClassSet = new HashSet<Class<?>>();
+
+        for (Class<?> classInCache : classBytesCache.keySet()) {
+            if (classNameMatcher.matching(classInCache.getName())) {
+                enhanceClassSet.add(classInCache);
+            }
+        }
+
+        final ClassFileTransformer resetClassFileTransformer = new ClassFileTransformer() {
+            @Override
+            public byte[] transform(
+                    ClassLoader loader,
+                    String className,
+                    Class<?> classBeingRedefined,
+                    ProtectionDomain protectionDomain,
+                    byte[] classfileBuffer) throws IllegalClassFormatException {
+                return null;
+            }
+        };
+
+        try {
+
+            inst.addTransformer(resetClassFileTransformer, true);
+
+            // 批量增强
+            final int size = enhanceClassSet.size();
+            final Class<?>[] classArray = new Class<?>[size];
+            arraycopy(enhanceClassSet.toArray(), 0, classArray, 0, size);
+            if (classArray.length > 0) {
+                inst.retransformClasses(classArray);
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            inst.removeTransformer(resetClassFileTransformer);
+            for (Class<?> resetClass : enhanceClassSet) {
+                classBytesCache.remove(resetClass);
+                affect.cCnt(1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return affect;
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 110 is not released after line 116.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 111
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] Enhancer.transform(ClassLoader,String,Class,ProtectionDomain,byte[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.ompc.greys.advisor.Enhancer.transform(java.lang.ClassLoader,java.lang.String,java.lang.Cl.7d7fc8404a5a669c536cb7ce43829d4d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/ompc/greys/advisor/Enhancer.java
+
+### Key:
+Enhancer.java|transform|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+ef944153a1d0e89fa1f9169982224d3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5245/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5245/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1913b6f4e198f627c1b4478201c4b22dabdf7979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5245/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greys-anatomy
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.server;
+
+import static com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.server.SessionJobsHolder.heartBeatSession;
+import static com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.server.SessionJobsHolder.registSession;
+import static com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.server.SessionJobsHolder.unRegistJob;
+import static com.googlecode.greysanatomy.probe.ProbeJobs.createJob;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.lang.instrument.Instrumentation;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.command.Command;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.command.Command.Action;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.command.Command.Info;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.command.Command.Sender;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.command.Commands;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.RespResult;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.req.ReqCmd;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.req.ReqGetResult;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.req.ReqHeart;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.rmi.req.ReqKillJob;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.util.JvmUtils;
+import com.googlecode.greysanatomy.util.JvmUtils.ShutdownHook;
+
+/**
+ * ̨˴
+ * @author vlinux
+ *
+ */
+public class ConsoleServerHandler {
+
+	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("greysanatomy");
+	
+	private final Instrumentation inst;
+	private final ExecutorService workers;
+	
+	public ConsoleServerHandler(Instrumentation inst) {
+		this.inst = inst;
+		this.workers = Executors.newCachedThreadPool(new ThreadFactory() {
+
+			@Override
+			public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+				Thread t = new Thread(r, "ga-console-server-workers");
+				t.setDaemon(true);
+				return t;
+			}
+
+		});
+		
+		JvmUtils.registShutdownHook("ga-console-server", new ShutdownHook(){
+
+			@Override
+			public void shutdown() throws Throwable {
+				if( null != workers ) {
+					workers.shutdown();
+				}
+			}
+			
+		});
+		
+	}
+	
+	public RespResult postCmd(final ReqCmd cmd) {
+		final RespResult respResult = new RespResult();
+		respResult.setSessionId(cmd.getGaSessionId());
+		respResult.setJobId(createJob());
+		workers.execute(new Runnable(){
+
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+				// ͨ
+				final Info info = new Info(inst, respResult.getSessionId(), respResult.getJobId());
+				final Sender sender = new Sender(){
+
+					@Override
+					public void send(boolean isF, String message) {
+						write(respResult.getSessionId(), respResult.getJobId(), isF, message);
+					}
+				};
+				
+				try {
+					final Command command = Commands.getInstance().newCommand(cmd.getCommand());
+					// 
+					if( null == command ) {
+						write(respResult.getSessionId(), respResult.getJobId(), true, "command not found!");
+						return;
+					}
+					final Action action = command.getAction();
+					action.action(info, sender);
+				}catch(Throwable t) {
+					// ִʧ
+					logger.warn("do action failed.", t);
+					write(respResult.getSessionId(), respResult.getJobId(), true, "do action failed. cause:"+t.getMessage());
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			
+		});
+		return respResult;
+	}
+
+	public long register() {
+		return registSession();
+	}
+
+	public RespResult getCmdExecuteResult(ReqGetResult req) {
+		RespResult respResult = new RespResult();
+		if(!heartBeatSession(req.getGaSessionId())){
+			respResult.setMessage("session Timeout.please reload!");
+			respResult.setFinish(true);
+			return respResult;
+		}
+		read(req.getJobId(), req.getPos(), respResult);
+		respResult.setFinish(isFinish(respResult.getMessage()));
+		return respResult;
+	}
+
+	public void killJob(ReqKillJob req) {
+		unRegistJob(req.getGaSessionId(), req.getJobId());
+	}
+
+	public boolean sessionHeartBeat(ReqHeart req) {
+		return heartBeatSession(req.getGaSessionId());
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * ִнļ·
+	 */
+	private final String executeResultDir = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + "/greysdata/";
+	
+	private final String executeResultFileExtensions = ".ga";
+	
+	private final String endMark = ""+(char)29;
+	
+	/**
+	 * д
+	 * @param gaSessionId
+	 * @param jobId
+	 * @param isF
+	 * @param message
+	 */
+	private void write(long gaSessionId, String jobId, boolean isF, String message) {
+		if(isF){
+			message += endMark;
+		}
+		
+		if(StringUtils.isEmpty(message)){
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		RandomAccessFile rf;
+		
+		try {
+			new File(executeResultDir).mkdir();
+			rf = new RandomAccessFile(getExecuteFilePath(jobId), "rw");
+			rf.seek(rf.length());
+			rf.write(message.getBytes());
+			rf.close();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.warn("jobFile write error!",e);
+			return ;
+		}  
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * jobĽ
+	 * @param gaSessionId
+	 * @param jobId
+	 * @param pos
+	 * @param message
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private void read(String jobId, int pos, RespResult respResult) {
+		RandomAccessFile rf;
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		int newPos = pos;
+		try {
+			rf = new RandomAccessFile(getExecuteFilePath(jobId), "r");
+			rf.seek(pos);
+			byte[] buffer = new byte[10000]; 
+	        int len=0; 
+			while ((len=rf.read(buffer))!=-1) { 
+				newPos += len;
+				sb.append(new String(buffer,0,len)); 
+	        } 
+			rf.close();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.warn("jobFile read error!");
+			return ;
+		}  
+		respResult.setPos(newPos);
+		respResult.setMessage(sb.toString());
+	}
+	
+	private String getExecuteFilePath(String jobId){
+		return executeResultDir + jobId + executeResultFileExtensions;
+	}
+	
+	private boolean isFinish(String message){
+		return !StringUtils.isEmpty(message) ? message.endsWith(endMark) : false;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired to `rf` by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 163 is not released after line 167.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 164
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConsoleServerHandler.write(long,String,boolean,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.googlecode.greysanatomy.console.server.ConsoleServerHandler.write(long,java.lang.String,boolean,.68d87bd1fff913e097fa782ff79a3509
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/googlecode/greysanatomy/console/server/ConsoleServerHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleServerHandler.java|write|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+f2d2239a09ebc4126b82761b595603d2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5274/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5274/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e048f5ae51fd7bffa43917650ac36c69c4d9626a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5274/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jsprit.instance.reader;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize;
+import jsprit.core.problem.io.VrpXMLWriter;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Coordinate;
+
+/**
+ * Reads modified files from Taillard's website 
+ * http://mistic.heig-vd.ch/taillard/problemes.dir/vrp.dir/vrp.html. You can find the modified version here: 
+ * jsprit-instances/instances/vrph.
+ * 
+ * <p>See {@link VrphType} what kind of problems can be generated
+ * 
+ * @author schroeder
+ *
+ */
+public class VrphGoldenReader {
+	
+	/**
+	 *
+	 * <b>FSMD</b> - Fleet Size and Mix with Dependent costs
+	 * <p><b>FSMF</b> - Fleet Size and Mix with Fixed costs
+	 * <p><b>FSMFD</b> - Fleet Size and Mix with Fixed and Dependent costs
+	 * <p><b>HVRPD</b> - Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem with Dependent costs and finite (limited) fleet
+	 * <p><b>HVRPFD</b> - Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem with Fixed and Dependent costs and finite (limited) fleet
+	 * 
+	 * @author schroeder
+	 *
+	 */
+	public enum VrphType {
+		FSMD, 
+		HVRPD, 
+		FSMF, 
+		FSMFD, 
+		HVRPFD
+	}
+	
+	private final VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder;
+	
+	private final VrphType vrphType;
+	
+	public VrphGoldenReader(Builder vrpBuilder, VrphType vrphType) {
+		super();
+		this.vrpBuilder = vrpBuilder;
+		this.vrphType = vrphType;
+	}
+
+	public void read(String filename){
+		BufferedReader reader = getReader(filename);
+		String line = null;
+		boolean firstline = true;
+		Coordinate depotCoord = null;
+		int customerCount=0;
+		Integer nuOfCustomer = 0;
+		while((line=readLine(reader))!=null){
+			String trimedLine = line.trim();
+			if(trimedLine.startsWith("//")) continue;
+			String[] tokens = trimedLine.split("\\s+");
+			if(firstline){
+				nuOfCustomer=Integer.parseInt(tokens[0]);
+				customerCount=0;
+				firstline=false;
+			}
+			else if(customerCount<=nuOfCustomer) {
+				if(customerCount == 0){
+					depotCoord = Coordinate.newInstance(Double.parseDouble(tokens[1]), Double.parseDouble(tokens[2]));
+				}
+				else{
+					Service.Builder serviceBuilder = Service.Builder.newInstance(tokens[0], Integer.parseInt(tokens[3]));
+					serviceBuilder.setCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(Double.parseDouble(tokens[1]), Double.parseDouble(tokens[2])));
+					vrpBuilder.addJob(serviceBuilder.build());
+				}
+				customerCount++;
+			}
+			else if(trimedLine.startsWith("v")){
+				VehicleTypeImpl.Builder typeBuilder = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("type_"+tokens[1], Integer.parseInt(tokens[2]));
+				int nuOfVehicles = 1;
+				if(vrphType.equals(VrphType.FSMF)){
+					typeBuilder.setFixedCost(Double.parseDouble(tokens[3]));
+				}
+				else if(vrphType.equals(VrphType.FSMFD)){
+					typeBuilder.setFixedCost(Double.parseDouble(tokens[3]));
+					if(tokens.length > 4){
+						typeBuilder.setCostPerDistance(Double.parseDouble(tokens[4]));
+					}
+					else throw new IllegalStateException("option " + vrphType + " cannot be applied with this instance");
+				}
+				else if(vrphType.equals(VrphType.FSMD)){
+					if(tokens.length > 4){
+						typeBuilder.setCostPerDistance(Double.parseDouble(tokens[4]));
+					}
+					else throw new IllegalStateException("option " + vrphType + " cannot be applied with this instance");
+				}
+				else if(vrphType.equals(VrphType.HVRPD)){
+					if(tokens.length > 4){
+						typeBuilder.setCostPerDistance(Double.parseDouble(tokens[4]));
+						nuOfVehicles = Integer.parseInt(tokens[5]);
+						vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.FINITE);
+						vrpBuilder.addPenaltyVehicles(5.0, 5000);
+					}
+					else throw new IllegalStateException("option " + vrphType + " cannot be applied with this instance");
+				}
+				else if (vrphType.equals(VrphType.HVRPFD)){
+					if(tokens.length > 4){
+						typeBuilder.setFixedCost(Double.parseDouble(tokens[3]));
+						typeBuilder.setCostPerDistance(Double.parseDouble(tokens[4]));
+						nuOfVehicles = Integer.parseInt(tokens[5]);
+						vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.FINITE);
+						vrpBuilder.addPenaltyVehicles(5.0, 5000);
+					}
+					else throw new IllegalStateException("option " + vrphType + " cannot be applied with this instance");
+				}
+				for(int i=0;i<nuOfVehicles;i++){
+					VehicleTypeImpl type = typeBuilder.build();
+					Vehicle vehicle = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehicle_"+tokens[1]+"_"+i)
+							.setLocationCoord(depotCoord).setType(type).build();
+					vrpBuilder.addVehicle(vehicle);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		closeReader(reader);
+	}
+
+	private void closeReader(BufferedReader reader) {
+		try {
+			reader.close();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			System.exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private String readLine(BufferedReader reader) {
+		String readLine = null;
+		try {
+			readLine = reader.readLine();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			System.exit(1);
+		}
+		return readLine;
+	}
+
+	private BufferedReader getReader(String filename)  {
+		BufferedReader bufferedReader = null;
+		try {
+			bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File(filename)));
+			return bufferedReader;
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			System.exit(1);
+		}
+		return bufferedReader;
+	}
+	
+	public static void main(String[] args) {
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		VrphGoldenReader goldenReader = new VrphGoldenReader(vrpBuilder, VrphType.FSMD);
+		goldenReader.read("instances/vrph/orig/cn_13mix.txt");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = vrpBuilder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("instances/vrph/cn_13mix_VRPH_INFINITE.xml");
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `getReader(...)` at line 61 is not released after line 134.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 81
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VrphGoldenReader.read(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.instance.reader.VrphGoldenReader.read(java.lang.String):void.7ddc4e0e6529e00d632378207560663f
+
+### File:
+jsprit-instances/src/main/java/jsprit/instance/reader/VrphGoldenReader.java
+
+### Key:
+VrphGoldenReader.java|read|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+943359a14617cb2c122f4548d7166549
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5275/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5275/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10859237d0441d5bb6be29e0935d2183cfa2355b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5275/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1045 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Stefan Schroeder
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package jsprit.core.problem.io;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.Location;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Shipment;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.VehicleRoutingProblemSolution;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TimeWindow;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Coordinate;
+import jsprit.core.util.Solutions;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class VrpXMLWriterTest {
+	
+	private String infileName;
+	
+	@Before
+	public void doBefore(){
+		infileName = "src/test/resources/infiniteWriterV2Test.xml";
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingInfiniteVrp_itWritesCorrectly(){
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		builder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.INFINITE);
+		VehicleTypeImpl type = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleImpl vehicle = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("myVehicle").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(vehicle);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingFiniteVrp_itWritesCorrectly(){
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		builder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.FINITE);
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+		VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+		VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void t(){
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		builder.setFleetSize(FleetSize.FINITE);
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingServices_itWritesThemCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		Service s1_read = (Service) vrp.getJobs().get("1");
+		assertEquals("1", s1_read.getId());
+		assertEquals("loc", s1_read.getLocation().getId());
+		assertEquals("service", s1_read.getType());
+		assertEquals(2.0,s1_read.getServiceDuration(),0.01);
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldWriteNameOfService(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").setName("cleaning").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Service s1_read = (Service) readVrp.getJobs().get("1");
+        assertTrue(s1_read.getName().equals("cleaning"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldWriteNameOfShipment(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        Location pickLocation = Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pick").setIndex(1).build();
+        Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").setName("cleaning")
+                .setPickupLocation(pickLocation)
+                .setDeliveryLocationId("del").build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Shipment s1_read = (Shipment) readVrp.getJobs().get("1");
+        assertTrue(s1_read.getName().equals("cleaning"));
+        assertEquals(1,s1_read.getPickupLocation().getIndex());
+    }
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingServicesWithSeveralCapacityDimensions_itWritesThemCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1")
+				.addSizeDimension(0, 20)
+				.addSizeDimension(1, 200)
+				.setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		Service s1_read = (Service) vrp.getJobs().get("1");
+		
+		assertEquals(2, s1_read.getSize().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(20, s1_read.getSize().get(0));
+		assertEquals(200, s1_read.getSize().get(1));
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenLocationIdsOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals("pickLoc",((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getId());
+		assertEquals("delLoc",((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryLocation().getId());
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenPickupTimeWindowsOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(1.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupTimeWindow().getStart(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(2.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupTimeWindow().getEnd(),0.01);
+		
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenDeliveryTimeWindowsOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(3.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryTimeWindow().getStart(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(4.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryTimeWindow().getEnd(),0.01);
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenDeliveryServiceTimeOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLoc").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(100.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupServiceTime(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(50.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryServiceTime(),0.01);
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenLocationIdOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals("[x=1.0][y=2.0]",((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getId());
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldHave2Skills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertEquals(3,veh1.getSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldContain_skill5(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertTrue(veh1.getSkills().containsSkill("skill5"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldContain_skill1(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertTrue(veh1.getSkills().containsSkill("skill1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldContain_skill2(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").addSkill("SKILL5").addSkill("skill1").addSkill("Skill2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh1 = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertTrue(veh1.getSkills().containsSkill("skill2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingVehicles_vehShouldHave0Skills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+        Vehicle veh = getVehicle("v1",readVrp);
+
+        assertEquals(0,veh.getSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    private Vehicle getVehicle(String v1, VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp) {
+        for(Vehicle v : readVrp.getVehicles()){
+            if(v.getId().equals(v1)) return v;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldHaveCorrectNuSkills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(3,readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldContain_skill1(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldContain_skill2(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("Skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill2"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingShipments_shipmentShouldContain_skill3(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Shipment s = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("skill1").addRequiredSkill("Skill2").addRequiredSkill("skill3")
+                .addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+                .setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill3"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+	public void whenWritingShipments_readingThemAgainMustReturnTheWrittenLocationCoordOfS1(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 10).setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50).build();
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().size());
+		
+		assertEquals(1.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(2.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getPickupLocation().getCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+		
+		assertEquals(5.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryLocation().getCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(6.0,((Shipment)readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getDeliveryLocation().getCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingShipmentWithSeveralCapacityDimension_itShouldWriteAndReadItCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		Shipment s1 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("1")
+				.setPickupCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2)).setDeliveryCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(5, 6)).setDeliveryLocationId("delLoc").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(3, 4)).setPickupServiceTime(100).setDeliveryServiceTime(50)
+				.addSizeDimension(0, 10)
+				.addSizeDimension(2, 100)
+				.build();
+		
+		Shipment s2 = Shipment.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 20).setPickupLocation(Location.Builder.newInstance().setId("pickLocation").build()).setDeliveryLocationId("delLocation").setPickupTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(5, 6))
+				.setDeliveryTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(7, 8)).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		assertEquals(3,(readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(10, (readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().get(0));
+		assertEquals(0,(readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().get(1));
+		assertEquals(100,(readVrp.getJobs().get("1")).getSize().get(2));
+		
+		assertEquals(1,(readVrp.getJobs().get("2")).getSize().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(20,(readVrp.getJobs().get("2")).getSize().get(0));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV1_itsStartLocationMustBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v1",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("loc",v.getStartLocationId());
+		assertEquals("loc",v.getEndLocationId());
+		
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingService_itShouldHaveTheCorrectNuSkills(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Service s = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("sKill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertEquals(2,readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().values().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingService_itShouldContain_skill1(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Service s = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("sKill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill1"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenWritingService_itShouldContain_skill2(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        Service s = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addRequiredSkill("sKill1").addRequiredSkill("skill2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s).build();
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+        VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+
+        assertTrue(readVrp.getJobs().get("1").getRequiredSkills().containsSkill("skill2"));
+    }
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV1_itDoesNotReturnToDepotMustBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v1",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertFalse(v.isReturnToDepot());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV1_readingAgainAssignsCorrectType(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v1",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("vehType",v.getType().getTypeId());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV2_readingAgainAssignsCorrectType(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v2",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("vehType2",v.getType().getTypeId());
+		assertEquals(200,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(0));
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV2_readingItsLocationsAgainReturnsCorrectLocations(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v2",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals("startLoc",v.getStartLocationId());
+		assertEquals("endLoc",v.getEndLocationId());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleV2_readingItsLocationsCoordsAgainReturnsCorrectLocationsCoords(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType2").addCapacityDimension(0, 200).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setReturnToDepot(false).setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v2").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		
+		builder.addVehicle(v1);
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+		
+		Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+		Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v2",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals(1.0,v.getStartLocationCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(2.0,v.getStartLocationCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+		
+		assertEquals(4.0,v.getEndLocationCoordinate().getX(),0.01);
+		assertEquals(5.0,v.getEndLocationCoordinate().getY(),0.01);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleWithSeveralCapacityDimensions_itShouldBeWrittenAndRereadCorrectly(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("type")
+				.addCapacityDimension(0, 100)
+				.addCapacityDimension(1, 1000)
+				.addCapacityDimension(2, 10000)
+				.build();
+
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals(3,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(100,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(0));
+		assertEquals(1000,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(1));
+		assertEquals(10000,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(2));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingVehicleWithSeveralCapacityDimensions_itShouldBeWrittenAndRereadCorrectlyV2(){
+		Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type2 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("type")
+				.addCapacityDimension(0, 100)
+				.addCapacityDimension(1, 1000)
+				.addCapacityDimension(10, 10000)
+				.build();
+
+        VehicleImpl v2 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v").setStartLocationId("startLoc").setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(1, 2))
+				.setEndLocationId("endLoc").setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(4, 5)).setType(type2).build();
+		builder.addVehicle(v2);
+
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, null).write(infileName);
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, null).read(infileName);
+		VehicleRoutingProblem readVrp = vrpToReadBuilder.build();
+		
+		Vehicle v = getVehicle("v",readVrp.getVehicles());
+		assertEquals(11,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().getNuOfDimensions());
+		assertEquals(0,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(9));
+		assertEquals(10000,v.getType().getCapacityDimensions().get(10));
+	}
+	
+	private Vehicle getVehicle(String string, Collection<Vehicle> vehicles) {
+		for(Vehicle v : vehicles) if(string.equals(v.getId())) return v;
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingAndReadingInitialRouteWithShipment4_thisShipmentShouldNotAppearInJobMap(){ //since it is not part of the problem anymore
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		assertFalse(newVrp.getJobs().containsKey("4"));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenReadingInitialRouteWithDepTime10_departureTimeOfRouteShouldBeReadCorrectly(){ 
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		assertEquals(10.,newVrp.getInitialVehicleRoutes().iterator().next().getDepartureTime(),0.01);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenReadingInitialRoute_nuInitialRoutesShouldBeCorrect(){ 
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder, null).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		
+		assertEquals(1,newVrp.getInitialVehicleRoutes().size());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenReadingInitialRoute_nuActivitiesShouldBeCorrect(){ 
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(builder, null).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForReaderTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.build();
+		
+		new VrpXMLWriter(vrp).write("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder newBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+		new VrpXMLReader(newBuilder).read("src/test/resources/finiteVrpWithInitialSolutionForWriterTest.xml");
+		VehicleRoutingProblem newVrp = newBuilder.build();
+		
+		
+		assertEquals(2,newVrp.getInitialVehicleRoutes().iterator().next().getActivities().size());
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void solutionWithoutUnassignedJobsShouldBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v1);
+
+        Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+        Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+
+        VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(v1).addService(s1).addService(s2).build();
+        List<VehicleRoute> routes = new ArrayList<VehicleRoute>();
+        routes.add(route);
+        VehicleRoutingProblemSolution solution = new VehicleRoutingProblemSolution(routes,10.);
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        solutions.add(solution);
+
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, solutions).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutionsToRead = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, solutionsToRead).read(infileName);
+
+        assertEquals(1, solutionsToRead.size());
+        assertEquals(10., Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getCost(),0.01);
+        assertTrue(Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getUnassignedJobs().isEmpty());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void solutionWithUnassignedJobsShouldBeWrittenCorrectly(){
+        Builder builder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+
+        VehicleTypeImpl type1 = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehType").addCapacityDimension(0, 20).build();
+        VehicleImpl v1 = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("v1").setStartLocationId("loc").setType(type1).build();
+        builder.addVehicle(v1);
+
+        Service s1 = Service.Builder.newInstance("1").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc").setServiceTime(2.0).build();
+        Service s2 = Service.Builder.newInstance("2").addSizeDimension(0, 1).setLocationId("loc2").setServiceTime(4.0).build();
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = builder.addJob(s1).addJob(s2).build();
+
+        VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(v1).addService(s1).build();
+        List<VehicleRoute> routes = new ArrayList<VehicleRoute>();
+        routes.add(route);
+        VehicleRoutingProblemSolution solution = new VehicleRoutingProblemSolution(routes,10.);
+        solution.getUnassignedJobs().add(s2);
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        solutions.add(solution);
+
+        new VrpXMLWriter(vrp, solutions).write(infileName);
+
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpToReadBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        List<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutionsToRead = new ArrayList<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution>();
+        new VrpXMLReader(vrpToReadBuilder, solutionsToRead).read(infileName);
+
+        assertEquals(1, solutionsToRead.size());
+        assertEquals(10., Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getCost(),0.01);
+        assertEquals(1, Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getUnassignedJobs().size());
+        assertEquals("2", Solutions.bestOf(solutionsToRead).getUnassignedJobs().iterator().next().getId());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `v` last assigned on line 592 could be null and is dereferenced at line 593.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VrpXMLWriterTest.whenWritingVehicleV1_itsStartLocationMustBeWrittenCorrectly()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.problem.io.VrpXMLWriterTest.whenWritingVehicleV1_itsStartLocationMustBeWrittenCorrectly(.2e5edbbf938444d131d1ef538e76fc39
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/test/java/jsprit/core/problem/io/VrpXMLWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VrpXMLWriterTest.java|whenWritingVehicleV1_itsStartLocationMustBeWrittenCorrectly|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+f5a2bd1a3e897d24bd9d92c3763075aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5280/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5280/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c09454c2561ac08718f64baba5a0fe8b50e30c88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5280/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jsprit.core.algorithm.state;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.Capacity;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.driver.Driver;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Delivery;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Job;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Pickup;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.RouteActivityVisitor;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class UpdateLoadsTest {
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZero(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.emptyRoute();
+
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteIsNotEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		
+		when(service.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		Capacity capacity = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 1).build();
+		when(service.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteIsNotEmpty_multipleLoadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		Capacity capacity = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 1).addDimension(1,2).build();
+		when(service.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasTwoActivities_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Service service2 = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service2.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).addService(service2).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(0.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(11.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasTwoActivities_loadsAtActivitiesShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+		
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Service service = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Service service2 = mock(Service.class);
+		when(service2.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(service).addService(service2).build();
+		
+		routeActivityVisitor.visit(route);
+		
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(0), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(11.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(1), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity capacity2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		assertEquals(10.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenVehcicleRouteHasPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtActivitiesShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity capacity2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		routeActivityVisitor.visit(route);
+		
+		assertEquals(11.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(0), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getActivityState(route.getActivities().get(1), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenPickupIsInsertedIntoVehcicleRouteWithPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity capacity2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(capacity2);
+		
+		Pickup pickup2insert = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup2insert.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		updateLoads.informJobInserted(pickup2insert, route, 0., 0.);
+		
+		assertEquals(10.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(3.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+	@Test
+	public void whenDeliveryIsInsertedIntoVehcicleRouteWithPickupAndDelivery_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeCalculatedCorrectly(){
+		StateManager stateManager = new StateManager(mock(VehicleRoutingProblem.class));
+		UpdateLoads updateLoads = new UpdateLoads(stateManager);
+
+		RouteActivityVisitor routeActivityVisitor = new RouteActivityVisitor();
+		routeActivityVisitor.addActivityVisitor(updateLoads);
+		
+		Pickup pickup = mock(Pickup.class);
+		when(pickup.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(1);
+		
+		Delivery delivery = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(10);
+		Capacity size = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 10).build();
+		when(delivery.getSize()).thenReturn(size);
+		
+		Delivery delivery2insert = mock(Delivery.class);
+		when(delivery2insert.getCapacityDemand()).thenReturn(20);
+		Capacity size2 = Capacity.Builder.newInstance().addDimension(0, 20).build();
+		when(delivery2insert.getSize()).thenReturn(size2);
+		
+		VehicleRoute route = VehicleRoute.Builder.newInstance(mock(Vehicle.class), mock(Driver.class))
+				.addService(pickup).addService(delivery).build();
+		
+		updateLoads.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(route), Collections.<Job>emptyList());
+		updateLoads.informJobInserted(delivery2insert, route, 0., 0.);
+		
+		assertEquals(30.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_BEGINNING).toDouble(),0.1);
+		assertEquals(1.,stateManager.getRouteState(route, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(),0.1);
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `stateManager.getRouteState(route,jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 35.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpdateLoadsTest.whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZero()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.algorithm.state.UpdateLoadsTest.whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZe.299a742585a23bca68c2eb95d778c59b
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/test/java/jsprit/core/algorithm/state/UpdateLoadsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UpdateLoadsTest.java|whenVehicleRouteIsEmpty_loadsAtBeginningAndEndShouldBeZero|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c9c172f117ebe9d8a98ace40e0eeb16f
+
+### Hash:
+485de3d48f7dd0226b852689c5739fcd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5281/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5281/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4ea0f553bd3d8e13087ad07a53105db9e75d5a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5281/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2013  Stefan Schroeder
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either 
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package algorithms;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import util.Neighborhood;
+import algorithms.ActivityInsertionCostsCalculator.ActivityInsertionCosts;
+import algorithms.HardConstraints.HardRouteLevelConstraint;
+import basics.Job;
+import basics.Shipment;
+import basics.costs.VehicleRoutingTransportCosts;
+import basics.route.DefaultShipmentActivityFactory;
+import basics.route.Driver;
+import basics.route.End;
+import basics.route.PickupShipment;
+import basics.route.Start;
+import basics.route.TourActivity;
+import basics.route.TourShipmentActivityFactory;
+import basics.route.Vehicle;
+import basics.route.VehicleImpl.NoVehicle;
+import basics.route.VehicleRoute;
+
+
+
+final class ShipmentInsertionCalculator implements JobInsertionCalculator{
+
+	private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ShipmentInsertionCalculator.class);
+
+	private HardRouteLevelConstraint hardRouteLevelConstraint;
+	
+	private Neighborhood neighborhood = new Neighborhood() {
+		
+		@Override
+		public boolean areNeighbors(String location1, String location2) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	};
+	
+	private ActivityInsertionCostsCalculator activityInsertionCostsCalculator;
+	
+	private VehicleRoutingTransportCosts transportCosts;
+	
+	private TourShipmentActivityFactory activityFactory;
+	
+	public void setNeighborhood(Neighborhood neighborhood) {
+		this.neighborhood = neighborhood;
+		logger.info("initialise neighborhood " + neighborhood);
+	}
+	
+	public ShipmentInsertionCalculator(VehicleRoutingTransportCosts routingCosts, ActivityInsertionCostsCalculator activityInsertionCostsCalculator, HardRouteLevelConstraint hardRouteLevelConstraint) {
+		super();
+		this.activityInsertionCostsCalculator = activityInsertionCostsCalculator;
+		this.hardRouteLevelConstraint = hardRouteLevelConstraint;
+		this.transportCosts = routingCosts;
+		activityFactory = new DefaultShipmentActivityFactory();
+		logger.info("initialise " + this);
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return "[name=calculatesServiceInsertion]";
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Calculates the marginal cost of inserting job i locally. This is based on the
+	 * assumption that cost changes can entirely covered by only looking at the predecessor i-1 and its successor i+1.
+	 *  
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public InsertionData calculate(final VehicleRoute currentRoute, final Job jobToInsert, final Vehicle newVehicle, double newVehicleDepartureTime, final Driver newDriver, final double bestKnownCosts) {
+		if(jobToInsert == null) throw new IllegalStateException("jobToInsert is missing.");
+		if(newVehicle == null || newVehicle instanceof NoVehicle) throw new IllegalStateException("newVehicle is missing.");
+		if(!(jobToInsert instanceof Shipment)) throw new IllegalStateException("jobToInsert should be of type Shipment!");
+		InsertionContext insertionContext = new InsertionContext(currentRoute, jobToInsert, newVehicle, newDriver, newVehicleDepartureTime);
+		if(!hardRouteLevelConstraint.fulfilled(insertionContext)){
+			return InsertionData.noInsertionFound();
+		}
+		
+		double bestCost = bestKnownCosts;
+		ActivityInsertionCosts bestMarginals = null;
+		Shipment shipment = (Shipment)jobToInsert;
+		TourActivity pickupShipment = activityFactory.createPickup(shipment);
+		TourActivity deliveryShipment = activityFactory.createDelivery(shipment);
+		
+		int pickupInsertionIndex = InsertionData.NO_INDEX;
+		int deliveryInsertionIndex = InsertionData.NO_INDEX;
+		int insertionIndex = 0;
+		Start start = Start.newInstance(newVehicle.getLocationId(), newVehicle.getEarliestDeparture(), newVehicle.getLatestArrival());
+		start.setEndTime(newVehicleDepartureTime);
+		
+		End end = End.newInstance(newVehicle.getLocationId(), 0.0, newVehicle.getLatestArrival());
+		
+//		TourActivity prevAct = start;
+//		double prevActStartTime = newVehicleDepartureTime;
+//		int actIndex = 0;
+////		currentRoute.getTourActivities().getActivities().
+//		for(int i=0)
+//		for(TourActivity nextAct : currentRoute.getTourActivities().getActivities()){
+//			if(neighborhood.areNeighbors(deliveryAct2Insert.getLocationId(), prevAct.getLocationId()) && neighborhood.areNeighbors(deliveryAct2Insert.getLocationId(), nextAct.getLocationId())){
+//				ActivityInsertionCosts mc = calculate(insertionContext, prevAct, nextAct, deliveryAct2Insert, prevActStartTime);
+//				if(mc != null){ 
+//					if(mc.getAdditionalCosts() < bestCost){
+//						bestCost = mc.getAdditionalCosts();
+//						bestMarginals = mc;
+//						insertionIndex = actIndex;
+//					}
+//				}
+//			}
+//			double nextActArrTime = prevActStartTime + transportCosts.getTransportTime(prevAct.getLocationId(), nextAct.getLocationId(), prevActStartTime, newDriver, newVehicle);
+//			double nextActEndTime = CalcUtils.getActivityEndTime(nextActArrTime, nextAct);
+//			
+//			prevActStartTime = nextActEndTime;
+//
+//			prevAct = nextAct;
+//			actIndex++;
+//		}
+//		End nextAct = end;
+//		if(neighborhood.areNeighbors(deliveryAct2Insert.getLocationId(), prevAct.getLocationId()) && neighborhood.areNeighbors(deliveryAct2Insert.getLocationId(), nextAct.getLocationId())){
+//			ActivityInsertionCosts mc = calculate(insertionContext, prevAct, nextAct, deliveryAct2Insert, prevActStartTime);
+//			if(mc != null) {
+//				if(mc.getAdditionalCosts() < bestCost){
+//					bestCost = mc.getAdditionalCosts();
+//					bestMarginals = mc;
+//					insertionIndex = actIndex;
+//				}
+//			}
+//		}			
+//
+//		if(insertionIndex == InsertionData.NO_INDEX) {
+//			return InsertionData.noInsertionFound();
+//		}
+		InsertionData insertionData = new InsertionData(bestCost, InsertionData.NO_INDEX, insertionIndex, newVehicle, newDriver);
+		insertionData.setVehicleDepartureTime(newVehicleDepartureTime);
+		insertionData.setAdditionalTime(bestMarginals.getAdditionalTime());
+		return insertionData;
+	}
+
+	public ActivityInsertionCosts calculate(InsertionContext iFacts, TourActivity prevAct, TourActivity nextAct, TourActivity newAct, double departureTimeAtPrevAct) {	
+		return activityInsertionCostsCalculator.calculate(iFacts, prevAct, nextAct, newAct, departureTimeAtPrevAct);
+		
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `bestMarginals` last assigned on line 95 could be null and is dereferenced at line 149.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+InsertionData ShipmentInsertionCalculator.calculate(VehicleRoute,Job,Vehicle,double,Driver,double)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+algorithms.ShipmentInsertionCalculator.calculate(basics.route.VehicleRoute,basics.Job,basics.route.V.8ce64d8bbc2b351e0eb7a62eef064b25
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/main/java/algorithms/ShipmentInsertionCalculator.java
+
+### Key:
+ShipmentInsertionCalculator.java|calculate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cc7d669ac2873f9ad8ce4f96399bcca8
+
+### Hash:
+a38d63db739726e4c228cf24ba6f70dd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5287/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5287/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..89083c87388ad8f4bea789f39ea08bfdc76267eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5287/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Stefan Schroeder
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+package jsprit.core.problem.io;
+
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Delivery;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Job;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Pickup;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TimeWindow;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleType;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Coordinate;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Reads vehicle routing problem from json file.
+ */
+public class VrpJsonReader {
+
+    private final VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder;
+
+    private final Map<String, VehicleType> vehicle_type_map = new HashMap<String,VehicleType>();
+
+    public VrpJsonReader(VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder) {
+        this.vrpBuilder = vrpBuilder;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads json file.
+     *
+     * @param jsonFile to be read
+     * @throws java.lang.IllegalStateException if there is a service without id and proper location spec OR
+     * if there is a vehicle without id and proper location spec OR if there is a vehicle type without id
+     */
+    public void read(File jsonFile){
+        JsonNode root = buildTree_and_getRoot_fromFile(jsonFile);
+        parse(root);
+    }
+
+    public void read(String jsonContent){
+        JsonNode root = buildTree_and_getRoot_fromContent(jsonContent);
+        parse(root);
+    }
+
+    private void parse(JsonNode root) {
+        setFleetSize(root);
+        parse_and_map_vehicle_types(root);
+        parse_vehicles(root);
+        parse_services(root);
+    }
+
+    private JsonNode buildTree_and_getRoot_fromContent(String jsonContent){
+        JsonNode node = null;
+        try {
+            ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
+            node = objectMapper.readTree(jsonContent);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+        return node;
+    }
+
+    private JsonNode buildTree_and_getRoot_fromFile(File jsonFile){
+        JsonNode node = null;
+        try {
+            ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
+            String jsonContent = "";
+            BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(jsonFile));
+            String line;
+            while((line = reader.readLine()) != null) jsonContent += line;
+            reader.close();
+            node = objectMapper.readTree(jsonContent);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+        return node;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param root node
+     * @throws java.lang.IllegalStateException if service id is missing OR neither location id nor location coordinate are set
+     */
+    private void parse_services(JsonNode root) {
+        JsonNode services = root.path(JsonConstants.SERVICES);
+        for(JsonNode serviceNode : services){
+            //type
+            JsonNode typeNode = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.TYPE);
+            //service id
+            JsonNode jobIdNode = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.ID);
+            if(jobIdNode.isMissingNode()) throw new IllegalStateException("service-id is missing");
+
+            Service.Builder serviceBuilder;
+            if(typeNode.isMissingNode()) serviceBuilder = Service.Builder.newInstance(jobIdNode.asText());
+            else if(typeNode.asText().equals(JsonConstants.Job.SERVICE)) serviceBuilder = Service.Builder.newInstance(jobIdNode.asText());
+            else if(typeNode.asText().equals(JsonConstants.Job.PICKUP)) serviceBuilder = Pickup.Builder.newInstance(jobIdNode.asText());
+            else if(typeNode.asText().equals(JsonConstants.Job.DELIVERY)) serviceBuilder = Delivery.Builder.newInstance(jobIdNode.asText());
+            else throw new IllegalStateException("type of service ("+typeNode.asText()+") is not supported");
+
+            //service address
+            JsonNode addressIdNode = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.ID);
+            boolean either_locationId_or_coord = false;
+            if(!addressIdNode.isMissingNode()){
+                serviceBuilder.setLocationId(addressIdNode.asText());
+                either_locationId_or_coord = true;
+            }
+            {
+                JsonNode lonNode = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.LON);
+                JsonNode latNode = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.LAT);
+                if (!lonNode.isMissingNode() && !latNode.isMissingNode()) {
+                    serviceBuilder.setCoord(Coordinate.newInstance(lonNode.asDouble(), latNode.asDouble()));
+                    either_locationId_or_coord = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if(!either_locationId_or_coord) throw new IllegalStateException("location missing. either locationId or locationCoordinate is required");
+            //service name
+            JsonNode nameNode = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.NAME);
+            if(!nameNode.isMissingNode()) serviceBuilder.setName(nameNode.asText());
+            //service duration
+            serviceBuilder.setServiceTime(serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.SERVICE_DURATION).asDouble());
+            //service tw
+            JsonNode start_tw_node = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.TIME_WINDOW).path(JsonConstants.TimeWindow.START);
+            JsonNode end_tw_node = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.TIME_WINDOW).path(JsonConstants.TimeWindow.END);
+            if(!start_tw_node.isMissingNode() && !end_tw_node.isMissingNode()){
+                serviceBuilder.setTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(start_tw_node.asDouble(),end_tw_node.asDouble()));
+            }
+            //service size
+            JsonNode sizeNode = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.SIZE);
+            int size_index = 0;
+            for(JsonNode sizeValNode : sizeNode){
+                int size_value = sizeValNode.intValue();
+                serviceBuilder.addSizeDimension(size_index,size_value);
+                size_index++;
+            }
+            //service skills
+            JsonNode reqSkills = serviceNode.path(JsonConstants.Job.SKILLS);
+            for(JsonNode skillNode : reqSkills){
+                serviceBuilder.addRequiredSkill(skillNode.asText());
+            }
+            //add service
+            vrpBuilder.addJob(serviceBuilder.build());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param root node
+     * @throws java.lang.IllegalStateException if vehicle id is missing OR if neither start location id nor start location
+     * coordinate are set
+     */
+    private void parse_vehicles(JsonNode root) {
+        JsonNode vehicles = root.path(JsonConstants.VEHICLES);
+        for(JsonNode vehicleNode : vehicles){
+            //vehicle id
+            JsonNode vehicle_id_node = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.ID);
+            if(vehicle_id_node.isMissingNode()) throw new IllegalStateException("vehicle id missing");
+            VehicleImpl.Builder vehicleBuilder = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance(vehicle_id_node.asText());
+            //vehicle type
+            VehicleType type = vehicle_type_map.get(vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.TYPE_ID).asText());
+            vehicleBuilder.setType(type);
+            //earliest start
+            JsonNode earliestStartNode = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.EARLIEST_START);
+            if(!earliestStartNode.isMissingNode()) vehicleBuilder.setEarliestStart(earliestStartNode.asDouble());
+            //latest end
+            JsonNode latestEndNode = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.LATEST_END);
+            if(!latestEndNode.isMissingNode()) vehicleBuilder.setLatestArrival(latestEndNode.asDouble());
+            //start
+                //location id
+            boolean either_id_or_coord = false;
+            JsonNode startAddressId = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.START_ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.ID);
+            if(!startAddressId.isMissingNode()){
+                vehicleBuilder.setStartLocationId(startAddressId.asText());
+                either_id_or_coord = true;
+            }
+                //location coordinate
+            {
+                JsonNode lonNode = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.START_ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.LON);
+                JsonNode latNode = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.START_ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.LAT);
+                if (!lonNode.isMissingNode() && !latNode.isMissingNode()) {
+                    vehicleBuilder.setStartLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(lonNode.asDouble(), latNode.asDouble()));
+                    either_id_or_coord = true;
+                }
+            }
+            if(!either_id_or_coord) throw new IllegalStateException("start location of vehicle missing. either id or coordinate required");
+            //end
+                //location id
+            JsonNode endAddressId = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.END_ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.ID);
+            if(!endAddressId.isMissingNode()){
+                if(!startAddressId.asText().equals(endAddressId.asText())){
+                    vehicleBuilder.setEndLocationId(endAddressId.asText());
+                }
+            }
+                //location coordinate
+            {
+                JsonNode lonNode = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.END_ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.LON);
+                JsonNode latNode = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.END_ADDRESS).path(JsonConstants.Address.LAT);
+                if (!lonNode.isMissingNode() && !latNode.isMissingNode()) {
+                    vehicleBuilder.setEndLocationCoordinate(Coordinate.newInstance(lonNode.asDouble(), latNode.asDouble()));
+                }
+            }
+            //skills
+            JsonNode skillsNode = vehicleNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.SKILLS);
+            for(JsonNode skillNode : skillsNode){
+                String skill = skillNode.asText();
+                vehicleBuilder.addSkill(skill);
+            }
+
+            vrpBuilder.addVehicle(vehicleBuilder.build());
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param root node
+     * @throws java.lang.IllegalStateException if type id is missing
+     */
+    private void parse_and_map_vehicle_types(JsonNode root) {
+        JsonNode types = root.path(JsonConstants.VEHICLE_TYPES);
+        for(JsonNode typeNode : types){
+            JsonNode typeIdNode = typeNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.Type.ID);
+            if(typeIdNode.isMissingNode()) throw new IllegalStateException("type id missing");
+            VehicleTypeImpl.Builder typeBuilder = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance(typeIdNode.asText());
+            typeBuilder.setFixedCost(typeNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.Type.FIXED_COSTS).asDouble());
+            typeBuilder.setCostPerDistance(typeNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.Type.DISTANCE).asDouble());
+            typeBuilder.setCostPerTime(typeNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.Type.TIME).asDouble());
+            JsonNode capacity = typeNode.path(JsonConstants.Vehicle.Type.CAPACITY);
+            Iterator<JsonNode> capacity_dimension_iterator = capacity.iterator();
+            int capacity_index = 0;
+            while(capacity_dimension_iterator.hasNext()){
+                JsonNode capacity_value = capacity_dimension_iterator.next();
+                int capacity_val = capacity_value.asInt();
+                typeBuilder.addCapacityDimension(capacity_index,capacity_val);
+                capacity_index++;
+            }
+            VehicleTypeImpl type = typeBuilder.build();
+            vehicle_type_map.put(type.getTypeId(),type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setFleetSize(JsonNode root) {
+        String fleetsize = root.path(JsonConstants.FLEET).asText();
+        if(fleetsize.equals("INFINITE")) vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize.INFINITE);
+        else vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize.FINITE);
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance();
+        new VrpJsonReader(vrpBuilder).read(new File("output/vrp.json"));
+        VehicleRoutingProblem problem = vrpBuilder.build();
+        for(Job j : problem.getJobs().values()) System.out.println(j);
+        for(Vehicle v : problem.getVehicles()) System.out.println(v);
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 97 is not released after line 102.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 99
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+JsonNode VrpJsonReader.buildTree_and_getRoot_fromFile(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.problem.io.VrpJsonReader.buildTree_and_getRoot_fromFile(java.io.File):com.fasterxml.jack.e615b79e4f7073e267a49238d2701650
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/main/java/jsprit/core/problem/io/VrpJsonReader.java
+
+### Key:
+VrpJsonReader.java|buildTree_and_getRoot_fromFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+ec848f786797c8007b076b1d8ffe2a08
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5288/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5288/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ceb79f7da7aa3583a8b8da83ca6cbbd5995797e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5288/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2013  Stefan Schroeder
+ * 
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either 
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public 
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package jsprit.core.algorithm.state;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.cost.VehicleRoutingTransportCosts;
+import jsprit.core.problem.driver.Driver;
+import jsprit.core.problem.driver.DriverImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Job;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.VehicleRoute;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.ServiceActivity;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TimeWindow;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.activity.TourActivities;
+import jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.Vehicle;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Coordinate;
+import jsprit.core.util.ManhattanDistanceCalculator;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+
+
+public class TestTourStateUpdaterWithService {
+
+	TourActivities tour;
+
+	Driver driver;
+
+	Vehicle vehicle;
+
+	TourActivities anotherTour;
+
+	
+	StateManager states;
+
+	private VehicleRoute vehicleRoute;
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() {
+
+		VehicleRoutingTransportCosts cost = new VehicleRoutingTransportCosts() {
+
+			@Override
+			public double getBackwardTransportTime(String fromId, String toId,
+					double arrivalTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+				return getTransportCost(fromId, toId, arrivalTime, driver, vehicle);
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public double getBackwardTransportCost(String fromId, String toId,
+					double arrivalTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+				return getTransportCost(fromId, toId, arrivalTime, driver, vehicle);
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public double getTransportCost(String fromId, String toId, double departureTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+				String[] fromTokens = fromId.split(",");
+				String[] toTokens = toId.split(",");
+				double fromX = Double.parseDouble(fromTokens[0]);
+				double fromY = Double.parseDouble(fromTokens[1]);
+
+				double toX = Double.parseDouble(toTokens[0]);
+				double toY = Double.parseDouble(toTokens[1]);
+
+				return ManhattanDistanceCalculator.calculateDistance(new Coordinate(fromX, fromY), new Coordinate(toX, toY));
+			}
+
+			@Override
+			public double getTransportTime(String fromId, String toId, double departureTime, Driver driver, Vehicle vehicle) {
+				return getTransportCost(fromId, toId, departureTime, driver, vehicle);
+			}
+		};
+
+		Service firstService = Service.Builder.newInstance("1", 5).setLocationId("10,0").setTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(0, 20)).build();
+		Service secondService = Service.Builder.newInstance("2", 5).setLocationId("0,10").setTimeWindow(TimeWindow.newInstance(0, 50)).build();
+		
+		Collection<Job> services = new ArrayList<Job>();
+		services.add(firstService);
+		services.add(secondService);
+		
+		VehicleTypeImpl type = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("test", 10).build();
+		vehicle = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("testvehicle").setType(type).setLocationId("0,0")
+				.setEarliestStart(0.0).setLatestArrival(50.0).build();
+		
+		
+		VehicleRoutingProblem vrp = VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder.newInstance().addAllJobs(services).addVehicle(vehicle).setRoutingCost(cost).build();
+		
+		states = new StateManager(vrp);
+		states.updateLoadStates();
+		states.updateTimeWindowStates();
+		states.addStateUpdater(new UpdateVariableCosts(vrp.getActivityCosts(), vrp.getTransportCosts(), states));
+		states.addStateUpdater(new UpdateActivityTimes(vrp.getTransportCosts()));
+		
+		tour = new TourActivities();
+		tour.addActivity(ServiceActivity.newInstance(firstService));
+		tour.addActivity(ServiceActivity.newInstance(secondService));
+	
+		vehicleRoute = VehicleRoute.newInstance(tour,DriverImpl.noDriver(),vehicle);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void testCalculatedCost() {
+		states.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(vehicleRoute), null);
+		assertEquals(40.0, states.getRouteState(vehicleRoute,StateFactory.COSTS).toDouble(), 0.05);
+		assertEquals(10, states.getRouteState(vehicleRoute, StateFactory.LOAD_AT_END).toDouble(), 0.05);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void testStatesOfAct0(){
+		states.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(vehicleRoute), null);
+		assertEquals(0.0, vehicleRoute.getStart().getEndTime(),0.05);
+		assertEquals(vehicleRoute.getVehicle().getLocationId(), vehicleRoute.getStart().getLocationId());
+		assertEquals(vehicleRoute.getVehicle().getEarliestDeparture(), vehicleRoute.getStart().getTheoreticalEarliestOperationStartTime(),0.05);
+		assertEquals(vehicleRoute.getVehicle().getLatestArrival(), vehicleRoute.getStart().getTheoreticalLatestOperationStartTime(),0.05);
+		
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void testStatesOfAct1(){
+		states.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(vehicleRoute), null);
+		assertEquals(10.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(0), StateFactory.COSTS).toDouble(),0.05);
+		assertEquals(5.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(0), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.05);
+//		assertEquals(10.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(0), StateTypes.EARLIEST_OPERATION_START_TIME).toDouble(),0.05);
+		assertEquals(20.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(0), StateFactory.LATEST_OPERATION_START_TIME).toDouble(),0.05);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void testStatesOfAct2(){
+		states.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(vehicleRoute), null);
+		
+		assertEquals(30.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(1), StateFactory.COSTS).toDouble(),0.05);
+		assertEquals(10.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(1), StateFactory.LOAD).toDouble(),0.05);
+//		assertEquals(10.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(0), StateTypes.EARLIEST_OPERATION_START_TIME).toDouble(),0.05);
+		assertEquals(40.0, states.getActivityState(tour.getActivities().get(1), StateFactory.LATEST_OPERATION_START_TIME).toDouble(),0.05);
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void testStatesOfAct3(){
+		states.informInsertionStarts(Arrays.asList(vehicleRoute), null);
+		assertEquals(40.0, states.getRouteState(vehicleRoute, StateFactory.COSTS).toDouble(), 0.05);
+		assertEquals(40.0, vehicleRoute.getEnd().getArrTime(),0.05);
+		assertEquals(50.0, vehicleRoute.getEnd().getTheoreticalLatestOperationStartTime(),0.05);
+	}
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `TestTourStateUpdaterWithService.states.getActivityState(TestTourStateUpdaterWithService.tour.getActivities().get(0),jsprit.core.problem.solution.route.state.StateFactory.LOAD)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 146.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestTourStateUpdaterWithService.testStatesOfAct1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.core.algorithm.state.TestTourStateUpdaterWithService.testStatesOfAct1():void.5b4429683eebaf1dd0f9e0531bfd7c9f
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/test/java/jsprit/core/algorithm/state/TestTourStateUpdaterWithService.java
+
+### Key:
+TestTourStateUpdaterWithService.java|testStatesOfAct1|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+86355c455675c8e3e76f525cc1a52808
+
+### Hash:
+3459662ce635b2d58ed47cb1adba39d9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5289/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5289/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca48427232c4413449524506aa3e799093ebff04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5289/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Stefan Schroeder
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 3.0 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this library.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ ******************************************************************************/
+
+package jsprit.instance.reader;
+
+import jsprit.core.problem.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import jsprit.core.problem.job.Service;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleImpl;
+import jsprit.core.problem.vehicle.VehicleTypeImpl;
+import jsprit.core.util.Coordinate;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+public class TSPLIB95Reader {
+
+    private VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder;
+
+    public TSPLIB95Reader(VehicleRoutingProblem.Builder vrpBuilder) {
+        this.vrpBuilder = vrpBuilder;
+    }
+
+    public void read(String filename){
+        BufferedReader reader = getBufferedReader(filename);
+        String line;
+        Coordinate[] coords = null;
+        Integer[] demands = null;
+        Integer capacity = null;
+        List<Integer> depotIds = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        boolean isCoordSection = false;
+        boolean isDemandSection = false;
+        boolean isDepotSection = false;
+        while( ( line = getLine(reader) ) != null ){
+            if(line.startsWith("DIMENSION")){
+                String[] tokens = line.split(":");
+                String dim = tokens[1].trim();
+                coords = new Coordinate[Integer.parseInt(dim)];
+                demands = new Integer[Integer.parseInt(dim)];
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(line.startsWith("CAPACITY")){
+                String[] tokens = line.split(":");
+                capacity = Integer.parseInt(tokens[1].trim());
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(line.startsWith("NODE_COORD_SECTION")){
+                isCoordSection = true;
+                isDemandSection = false;
+                isDepotSection = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(line.startsWith("DEMAND_SECTION")){
+                isDemandSection = true;
+                isCoordSection = false;
+                isDepotSection = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(line.startsWith("DEPOT_SECTION")){
+                isDepotSection = true;
+                isDemandSection = false;
+                isCoordSection = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(isCoordSection){
+                if(coords == null) throw new IllegalStateException("DIMENSION tag missing");
+                String[] tokens = line.split("\\s+");
+                coords[Integer.parseInt(tokens[0]) - 1] = Coordinate.newInstance(Double.parseDouble(tokens[1]), Double.parseDouble(tokens[2]));
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(isDemandSection){
+                if(demands == null) throw new IllegalStateException("DIMENSION tag missing");
+                String[] tokens = line.split("\\s+");
+                demands[Integer.parseInt(tokens[0]) - 1] = Integer.parseInt(tokens[1]);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if(isDepotSection){
+                if(line.equals("-1")){
+                    isDepotSection = false;
+                }
+                else{
+                    depotIds.add(Integer.parseInt(line));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        vrpBuilder.setFleetSize(VehicleRoutingProblem.FleetSize.INFINITE);
+        for(Integer depotId : depotIds){
+            VehicleTypeImpl type = VehicleTypeImpl.Builder.newInstance("typeId").addCapacityDimension(0,capacity).build();
+            VehicleImpl vehicle = VehicleImpl.Builder.newInstance("vehicle").setStartLocationId(depotId.toString())
+                    .setStartLocationCoordinate(coords[depotId - 1]).setType(type).build();
+            vrpBuilder.addVehicle(vehicle);
+        }
+        for(int i=0;i<demands.length;i++){
+            if(demands[i] == 0) continue;
+            String id = "" + (i+1);
+            Service service = Service.Builder.newInstance(id).setLocationId(id).setCoord(coords[i]).addSizeDimension(0,demands[i]).build();
+            vrpBuilder.addJob(service);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private String getLine(BufferedReader reader) {
+        String s = null;
+        try {
+             s = reader.readLine();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    private BufferedReader getBufferedReader(String filename) {
+        BufferedReader bufferedReader = null;
+        try {
+            bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File(filename)));
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return bufferedReader;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `getBufferedReader(...)` at line 40 is not released after line 101.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 49
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TSPLIB95Reader.read(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jsprit.instance.reader.TSPLIB95Reader.read(java.lang.String):void.35b4af403c5903c9bf71261f8d9bdf46
+
+### File:
+jsprit-instances/src/main/java/jsprit/instance/reader/TSPLIB95Reader.java
+
+### Key:
+TSPLIB95Reader.java|read|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+166126c6eb9e5118ba633c5590a5627a
+
+### Hash:
+9d1f48ea6b82654b571343eb59b0fb6f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5300/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5300/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4590efdd674cfb02e88b1e7fe17f2fbb3fd28b0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5300/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsprit
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright (C) 2013  Stefan Schroeder
+ * 
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
+ * 
+ * Contributors:
+ *     Stefan Schroeder - initial API and implementation
+ ******************************************************************************/
+package algorithms.acceptors;
+
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+import org.apache.commons.math.stat.descriptive.moment.StandardDeviation;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import util.Resource;
+import util.Solutions;
+import algorithms.VehicleRoutingAlgorithms;
+import basics.VehicleRoutingAlgorithm;
+import basics.VehicleRoutingProblem;
+import basics.VehicleRoutingProblemSolution;
+import basics.algo.AlgorithmStartsListener;
+import basics.algo.IterationEndsListener;
+import basics.algo.IterationStartsListener;
+import basics.io.AlgorithmConfig;
+import basics.io.AlgorithmConfigXmlReader;
+
+
+
+public class SchrimpfAcceptance implements SolutionAcceptor, IterationStartsListener, AlgorithmStartsListener{
+
+	private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SchrimpfAcceptance.class);
+	
+	private final double alpha;
+	
+	private int nOfTotalIterations = 1000;
+	
+	private int currentIteration = 0;
+	
+	private double initialThreshold = 0.0;
+
+	private final int nOfRandomWalks;
+	
+	private final int solutionMemory;
+	
+	
+	public SchrimpfAcceptance(int solutionMemory, double alpha, int nOfWarmupIterations) {
+		super();
+		this.alpha = alpha;
+		this.nOfRandomWalks = nOfWarmupIterations;
+		this.solutionMemory = solutionMemory;
+		logger.info("initialise " + this);
+	}
+	
+
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean acceptSolution(Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions, VehicleRoutingProblemSolution newSolution) {
+		boolean solutionAccepted = false;
+		if (solutions.size() < solutionMemory) {
+			solutions.add(newSolution);
+			solutionAccepted = true;
+		} else {
+			VehicleRoutingProblemSolution worst = null;
+			double threshold = getThreshold(currentIteration);
+			for(VehicleRoutingProblemSolution solutionInMemory : solutions){
+				if(worst == null) worst = solutionInMemory;
+				else if(solutionInMemory.getCost() > worst.getCost()) worst = solutionInMemory;
+			}
+			if(newSolution.getCost() < worst.getCost() + threshold){
+				solutions.remove(worst);
+				solutions.add(newSolution);
+				solutionAccepted = true;
+			}
+		}
+		return solutionAccepted;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		return "[name=schrimpfAcceptanceFunction][alpha="+alpha+"][warmup=" + nOfRandomWalks + "]";
+	}
+	
+	private double getThreshold(int iteration) {
+		double scheduleVariable = (double) iteration / (double) nOfTotalIterations;
+//		logger.debug("iter="+iteration+" totalIter="+nOfTotalIterations+" scheduling="+scheduleVariable);
+		double currentThreshold = initialThreshold * Math.exp(-Math.log(2) * scheduleVariable / alpha);
+		return currentThreshold;
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public void informAlgorithmStarts(VehicleRoutingProblem problem, VehicleRoutingAlgorithm algorithm, Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions) {
+		reset();
+		logger.info("---------------------------------------------------------------------");
+		logger.info("prepare schrimpfAcceptanceFunction, i.e. determine initial threshold");
+		logger.info("start random-walk (see algorith-config at scr/main/resources/randomWalk.xml)");
+		double now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		this.nOfTotalIterations = algorithm.getNuOfIterations();
+		
+		/*
+		 * randomWalk to determine standardDev
+		 */
+		final double[] results = new double[nOfRandomWalks];
+		
+		URL resource = Resource.getAsURL("randomWalk.xml");
+		AlgorithmConfig algorithmConfig = new AlgorithmConfig();
+		new AlgorithmConfigXmlReader(algorithmConfig).read(resource.getPath());
+		VehicleRoutingAlgorithm vra = VehicleRoutingAlgorithms.createAlgorithm(problem, algorithmConfig);
+		vra.setNuOfIterations(nOfRandomWalks);
+		vra.getAlgorithmListeners().addListener(new IterationEndsListener() {
+			
+			@Override
+			public void informIterationEnds(int iteration, VehicleRoutingProblem problem, Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions) {
+				double result = Solutions.getBest(solutions).getCost();
+//				logger.info("result="+result);
+				results[iteration-1] = result;
+			}
+			
+		});
+		vra.searchSolutions();
+		
+		StandardDeviation dev = new StandardDeviation();
+		double standardDeviation = dev.evaluate(results);
+		initialThreshold = standardDeviation / 2;
+		
+		logger.info("warmup done");
+		logger.info("total time: " + ((System.currentTimeMillis()-now)/1000.0) + "s");
+		logger.info("initial threshold: " + initialThreshold);
+		logger.info("---------------------------------------------------------------------");
+		
+	}
+
+	private void reset() {
+		currentIteration = 0;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void informIterationStarts(int i, VehicleRoutingProblem problem, Collection<VehicleRoutingProblemSolution> solutions) {
+		currentIteration = i;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resource` last assigned on line 119 could be null and is dereferenced at line 121.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SchrimpfAcceptance.informAlgorithmStarts(VehicleRoutingProblem,VehicleRoutingAlgorithm,Collection)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+algorithms.acceptors.SchrimpfAcceptance.informAlgorithmStarts(basics.VehicleRoutingProblem,basics.Ve.b40b58b05fb90343db0af36492463929
+
+### File:
+jsprit-core/src/main/java/algorithms/acceptors/SchrimpfAcceptance.java
+
+### Key:
+SchrimpfAcceptance.java|informAlgorithmStarts|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8d27ed5a25e44aca1cbebd594f436252
+
+### Hash:
+d9f5319e8b83abb48ff2bfdaba5aca42
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5307/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5307/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8e832f8010cd6cf97f2bedba20dd7455b7c19fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5307/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riptide
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.zalando.riptide;
+
+/*
+ * ⁣​
+ * Riptide
+ * ⁣⁣
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 - 2016 Zalando SE
+ * ⁣⁣
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * ​⁣
+ */
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+import org.springframework.http.client.AsyncClientHttpRequestFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+
+import static java.util.Collections.emptyList;
+import static org.springframework.http.HttpStatus.Series.SUCCESSFUL;
+import static org.zalando.riptide.Bindings.on;
+import static org.zalando.riptide.Navigators.series;
+import static org.zalando.riptide.Routes.pass;
+
+public final class HandlesIOExceptionTest {
+
+    @Rule
+    public final ExpectedException exception = ExpectedException.none();
+
+    @Test
+    public void shouldHandleExceptionDuringRequestCreation() throws URISyntaxException, IOException {
+
+        exception.expect(IOException.class);
+        exception.expectMessage("Could not create request");
+
+        final AsyncClientHttpRequestFactory factory = (uri, httpMethod) -> {
+            throw new IOException("Could not create request");
+        };
+
+        Rest.create(factory, emptyList())
+                .get("http://localhost/")
+                .dispatch(series(),
+                        on(SUCCESSFUL).call(pass()));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.zalando.riptide.Rest` acquired by call to `create(...)` at line 52 is not released after line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HandlesIOExceptionTest.shouldHandleExceptionDuringRequestCreation()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.zalando.riptide.HandlesIOExceptionTest.shouldHandleExceptionDuringRequestCreation():void.6838e2f6c76d082f9a30a63e444462ec
+
+### File:
+riptide-core/src/test/java/org/zalando/riptide/HandlesIOExceptionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+HandlesIOExceptionTest.java|shouldHandleExceptionDuringRequestCreation|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+057b7923464969a11f26b4af938de42a
+
+### Hash:
+873ea90a123468b6b4c213fa4950e748
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5338/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5338/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b95a1b2bd954e6c148c272e26d15cd34f5c3929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5338/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Java-WebSocket
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.java_websocket.client;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.ByteChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedByInterruptException;
+import java.nio.channels.NotYetConnectedException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.Selector;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.UnresolvedAddressException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import org.java_websocket.SocketChannelIOHelper;
+import org.java_websocket.WebSocket;
+import org.java_websocket.WebSocketAdapter;
+import org.java_websocket.WebSocketFactory;
+import org.java_websocket.WebSocketImpl;
+import org.java_websocket.WrappedByteChannel;
+import org.java_websocket.drafts.Draft;
+import org.java_websocket.drafts.Draft_10;
+import org.java_websocket.exceptions.InvalidHandshakeException;
+import org.java_websocket.framing.CloseFrame;
+import org.java_websocket.handshake.HandshakeImpl1Client;
+import org.java_websocket.handshake.Handshakedata;
+import org.java_websocket.handshake.ServerHandshake;
+
+/**
+ * The <tt>WebSocketClient</tt> is an abstract class that expects a valid
+ * "ws://" URI to connect to. When connected, an instance recieves important
+ * events related to the life of the connection. A subclass must implement
+ * <var>onOpen</var>, <var>onClose</var>, and <var>onMessage</var> to be
+ * useful. An instance can send messages to it's connected server via the
+ * <var>send</var> method.
+ * 
+ * @author Nathan Rajlich
+ */
+public abstract class WebSocketClient extends WebSocketAdapter implements Runnable {
+
+	/**
+	 * The URI this channel is supposed to connect to.
+	 */
+	private URI uri = null;
+	/**
+	 * The WebSocket instance this channel object wraps.
+	 */
+	private WebSocketImpl conn = null;
+	/**
+	 * The SocketChannel instance this channel uses.
+	 */
+	private SocketChannel channel = null;
+
+	private ByteChannel wrappedchannel = null;
+	/**
+	 * The 'Selector' used to get event keys from the underlying socket.
+	 */
+	private Selector selector = null;
+
+	private Thread thread;
+
+	private Draft draft;
+
+	private final Lock closelock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+	private Map<String,String> headers;
+
+	WebSocketClientFactory wf = new WebSocketClientFactory() {
+		@Override
+		public WebSocket createWebSocket( WebSocketAdapter a, Draft d, Socket s ) {
+			return new WebSocketImpl( WebSocketClient.this, d, s );
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public WebSocket createWebSocket( WebSocketAdapter a, List<Draft> d, Socket s ) {
+			return new WebSocketImpl( WebSocketClient.this, d, s );
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public ByteChannel wrapChannel( SelectionKey c, String host, int port ) {
+			return (ByteChannel) c.channel();
+		}
+	};
+
+	public WebSocketClient( URI serverURI ) {
+		this( serverURI, new Draft_10() );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs a WebSocketClient instance and sets it to the connect to the
+	 * specified URI. The channel does not attampt to connect automatically. You
+	 * must call <var>connect</var> first to initiate the socket connection.
+	 */
+	public WebSocketClient( URI serverUri , Draft draft ) {
+		this( serverUri, draft, null );
+	}
+
+	public WebSocketClient( URI serverUri , Draft draft , Map<String,String> headers ) {
+		if( serverUri == null ) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+		if( draft == null ) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException( "null as draft is permitted for `WebSocketServer` only!" );
+		}
+		this.uri = serverUri;
+		this.draft = draft;
+		this.headers = headers;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the URI that this WebSocketClient is connected to.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The <tt>URI</tt> for this WebSocketClient.
+	 */
+	public URI getURI() {
+		return uri;
+	}
+
+	/** Returns the protocol version this channel uses. */
+	public Draft getDraft() {
+		return draft;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Starts a background thread that attempts and maintains a WebSocket
+	 * connection to the URI specified in the constructor or via <var>setURI</var>.
+	 * <var>setURI</var>.
+	 */
+	public void connect() {
+		if( thread != null )
+			throw new IllegalStateException( "already/still connected" );
+		thread = new Thread( this );
+		thread.start();
+	}
+
+	public void close() {
+		if( thread != null ) {
+			thread.interrupt();
+			closelock.lock();
+			try {
+				if( selector != null )
+					selector.wakeup();
+			} finally {
+				closelock.unlock();
+			}
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sends <var>text</var> to the connected WebSocket server.
+	 * 
+	 * @param text
+	 *            The String to send to the WebSocket server.
+	 */
+	public void send( String text ) throws NotYetConnectedException {
+		if( conn != null ) {
+			conn.send( text );
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Sends <var>data</var> to the connected WebSocket server.
+	 * 
+	 * @param data
+	 *            The Byte-Array of data to send to the WebSocket server.
+	 */
+	public void send( byte[] data ) throws NotYetConnectedException {
+		if( conn != null ) {
+			conn.send( data );
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void tryToConnect( InetSocketAddress remote ) throws IOException {
+		channel = SocketChannel.open();
+		channel.configureBlocking( false );
+		channel.connect( remote );
+		selector = Selector.open();
+		channel.register( selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT );
+	}
+
+	// Runnable IMPLEMENTATION /////////////////////////////////////////////////
+	public void run() {
+		if( thread == null )
+			thread = Thread.currentThread();
+		interruptableRun();
+
+		try {
+			if( selector != null ) // if the initialization in <code>tryToConnect</code> fails, it could be null
+				selector.close();
+		} catch ( IOException e ) {
+			onError( e );
+		}
+		closelock.lock();
+		selector = null;
+		closelock.unlock();
+		try {
+			channel.close();
+		} catch ( IOException e ) {
+			onError( e );
+		}
+		channel = null;
+		thread = null;
+	}
+
+	private final void interruptableRun() {
+		try {
+			tryToConnect( new InetSocketAddress( uri.getHost(), getPort() ) );
+		} catch ( ClosedByInterruptException e ) {
+			onWebsocketError( null, e );
+			return;
+		} catch ( IOException e ) {//
+			onWebsocketError( conn, e );
+			return;
+		} catch ( SecurityException e ) {
+			onWebsocketError( conn, e );
+			return;
+		} catch ( UnresolvedAddressException e ) {
+			onWebsocketError( conn, e );
+			return;
+		}
+		conn = (WebSocketImpl) wf.createWebSocket( this, draft, channel.socket() );
+		ByteBuffer buff = ByteBuffer.allocate( WebSocket.RCVBUF );
+		try/*IO*/{
+			while ( channel.isOpen() ) {
+				if( Thread.interrupted() ) {
+					conn.close( CloseFrame.NORMAL );
+				}
+				SelectionKey key = null;
+				selector.select();
+				Set<SelectionKey> keys = selector.selectedKeys();
+				Iterator<SelectionKey> i = keys.iterator();
+				while ( i.hasNext() ) {
+					key = i.next();
+					i.remove();
+					if( !key.isValid() ) {
+						continue;
+					}
+					if( key.isReadable() && SocketChannelIOHelper.read( buff, this.conn, wrappedchannel ) ) {
+						conn.decode( buff );
+					}
+					if( key.isConnectable() ) {
+						try {
+							finishConnect( key );
+						} catch ( InvalidHandshakeException e ) {
+							conn.close( e ); // http error
+						}
+					}
+					if( key.isWritable() ) {
+						if( SocketChannelIOHelper.batch( conn, wrappedchannel ) ) {
+							if( key.isValid() )
+								key.interestOps( SelectionKey.OP_READ );
+						} else {
+							key.interestOps( SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE );
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if( wrappedchannel instanceof WrappedByteChannel ) {
+					WrappedByteChannel w = (WrappedByteChannel) wrappedchannel;
+					if( w.isNeedRead() ) {
+						while ( SocketChannelIOHelper.read( buff, conn, w ) ) {
+							conn.decode( buff );
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} catch ( IOException e ) {
+			onError( e );
+			conn.close( CloseFrame.ABNORMAL_CLOSE );
+		} catch ( RuntimeException e ) {
+			// this catch case covers internal errors only and indicates a bug in this websocket implementation
+			onError( e );
+			conn.eot( e );
+		}
+	}
+
+	private int getPort() {
+		int port = uri.getPort();
+		if( port == -1 ) {
+			String scheme = uri.getScheme();
+			if( scheme.equals( "wss" ) ) {
+				return WebSocket.DEFAULT_WSS_PORT;
+			}
+			else if( scheme.equals( "ws" ) ) {
+				return WebSocket.DEFAULT_PORT;
+			}
+			else{
+				throw new RuntimeException( "unkonow scheme" + scheme );
+			}
+		}
+		return port;
+	}
+
+	private void finishConnect( SelectionKey key ) throws IOException , InvalidHandshakeException {
+		if( channel.isConnectionPending() ) {
+			channel.finishConnect();
+		}
+		// Now that we're connected, re-register for only 'READ' keys.
+		key.interestOps( SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE );
+
+		wrappedchannel = wf.wrapChannel( key, uri.getHost(), getPort() );
+		sendHandshake();
+	}
+
+	private void sendHandshake() throws InvalidHandshakeException {
+		String path;
+		String part1 = uri.getPath();
+		String part2 = uri.getQuery();
+		if( part1 == null || part1.length() == 0 )
+			path = "/";
+		else
+			path = part1;
+		if( part2 != null )
+			path += "?" + part2;
+		int port = getPort();
+		String host = uri.getHost() + ( port != WebSocket.DEFAULT_PORT ? ":" + port : "" );
+
+		HandshakeImpl1Client handshake = new HandshakeImpl1Client();
+		handshake.setResourceDescriptor( path );
+		handshake.put( "Host", host );
+		if( headers != null ) {
+			for( Map.Entry<String,String> kv : headers.entrySet() ) {
+				handshake.put( kv.getKey(), kv.getValue() );
+			}
+		}
+		conn.startHandshake( handshake );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Retrieve the WebSocket 'readyState'.
+	 * This represents the state of the connection.
+	 * It returns a numerical value, as per W3C WebSockets specs.
+	 * 
+	 * @return Returns '0 = CONNECTING', '1 = OPEN', '2 = CLOSING' or '3 = CLOSED'
+	 */
+	public int getReadyState() {
+		if( conn == null ) {
+			return WebSocket.READY_STATE_CONNECTING;
+		}
+		return conn.getReadyState();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Calls subclass' implementation of <var>onMessage</var>.
+	 * 
+	 * @param conn
+	 * @param message
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public final void onWebsocketMessage( WebSocket conn, String message ) {
+		onMessage( message );
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public final void onWebsocketMessage( WebSocket conn, ByteBuffer blob ) {
+		onMessage( blob );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Calls subclass' implementation of <var>onOpen</var>.
+	 * 
+	 * @param conn
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public final void onWebsocketOpen( WebSocket conn, Handshakedata handshake ) {
+		onOpen( (ServerHandshake) handshake );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Calls subclass' implementation of <var>onClose</var>.
+	 * 
+	 * @param conn
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public final void onWebsocketClose( WebSocket conn, int code, String reason, boolean remote ) {
+		thread.interrupt();
+		onClose( code, reason, remote );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Calls subclass' implementation of <var>onIOError</var>.
+	 * 
+	 * @param conn
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public final void onWebsocketError( WebSocket conn, Exception ex ) {
+		onError( ex );
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public final void onWriteDemand( WebSocket conn ) {
+		channel.keyFor( selector ).interestOps( SelectionKey.OP_READ | SelectionKey.OP_WRITE );
+		selector.wakeup();
+	}
+
+	public WebSocket getConnection() {
+		return conn;
+	}
+
+	public final void setWebSocketFactory( WebSocketClientFactory wsf ) {
+		this.wf = wsf;
+	}
+
+	public final WebSocketFactory getWebSocketFactory() {
+		return wf;
+	}
+
+	// ABTRACT METHODS /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+	public abstract void onOpen( ServerHandshake handshakedata );
+	public abstract void onMessage( String message );
+	public abstract void onClose( int code, String reason, boolean remote );
+	public abstract void onError( Exception ex );
+	public void onMessage( ByteBuffer bytes ) {
+	};
+
+	public interface WebSocketClientFactory extends WebSocketFactory {
+		public ByteChannel wrapChannel( SelectionKey key, String host, int port ) throws IOException;
+	}
+}
+
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.java_websocket.client.WebSocketClient.run` writes to field `this.org.java_websocket.client.WebSocketClient.thread` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WebSocketClient.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.java_websocket.client.WebSocketClient.run():void.f7fb21dc49495f04c15b9184f43452c3
+
+### File:
+src/org/java_websocket/client/WebSocketClient.java
+
+### Key:
+WebSocketClient.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+76a963fc7560dfad64749b95b3ac31b8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5412/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5412/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..37f711a407c94e7678d9af8f4aede27351b151e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5412/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.selector;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Page;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+/**
+ * @author code4crafter@gmai.com
+ * @since 0.5.0
+ */
+public class JsonTest {
+
+    private String text = "callback({\"name\":\"json\"})";
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemovePadding() throws Exception {
+        String name = new Json(text).removePadding("callback").jsonPath("$.name").get();
+        assertThat(name).isEqualTo("json");
+        Page page = null;
+
+        page.getJson().jsonPath("$.name").get();
+        page.getJson().removePadding("callback").jsonPath("$.name").get();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `page` last assigned on line 20 could be null and is dereferenced at line 22.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JsonTest.testRemovePadding()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.JsonTest.testRemovePadding():void.9d86e4e7e157bf523ee576824c2005c3
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/test/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/selector/JsonTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JsonTest.java|testRemovePadding|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+eae2ee1cdadb82e549c2a1b7c9bd0e3a
+
+### Hash:
+52168afe3507ca0bf7a6310c468b8256
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5413/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5413/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f709a927f9cf0ba646f8052fbed58c0655f2989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5413/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.HeaderElement;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.client.entity.GzipDecompressingEntity;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Page;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Site;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Task;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.Html;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.PlainText;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * The http downloader based on HttpClient.
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class HttpClientDownloader implements Downloader {
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private HttpClientPool httpClientPool;
+
+    private int poolSize = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), null);
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url, String charset) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), Site.me().setCharset(charset).toTask());
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    private HttpClientPool getHttpClientPool(){
+        if (httpClientPool==null){
+            httpClientPool = new HttpClientPool(poolSize);
+        }
+        return httpClientPool;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Page download(Request request, Task task) {
+        Site site = null;
+        if (task != null) {
+            site = task.getSite();
+        }
+        int retryTimes = 0;
+        Set<Integer> acceptStatCode;
+        String charset = null;
+        Map<String,String> headers = null;
+        if (site != null) {
+            retryTimes = site.getRetryTimes();
+            acceptStatCode = site.getAcceptStatCode();
+            charset = site.getCharset();
+            headers = site.getHeaders();
+        } else {
+            acceptStatCode = new HashSet<Integer>();
+            acceptStatCode.add(200);
+        }
+        logger.info("downloading page " + request.getUrl());
+        HttpClient httpClient = getHttpClientPool().getClient(site);
+        try {
+            HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(request.getUrl());
+
+            if (headers!=null){
+                for (Map.Entry<String, String> headerEntry : headers.entrySet()) {
+                    httpGet.addHeader(headerEntry.getKey(),headerEntry.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+            if (!httpGet.containsHeader("Accept-Encoding")) {
+                httpGet.addHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");
+            }
+            HttpResponse httpResponse = null;
+            int tried = 0;
+            boolean retry;
+            do {
+                try {
+                    httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
+                    retry = false;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    tried++;
+
+                    if (tried > retryTimes) {
+                        logger.warn("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error", e);
+                        if (site.getCycleRetryTimes() > 0) {
+                            Page page = new Page();
+                            Object cycleTriedTimesObject = request.getExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES);
+                            if (cycleTriedTimesObject == null) {
+                                page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+                            } else {
+                                int cycleTriedTimes = (Integer) cycleTriedTimesObject;
+                                cycleTriedTimes++;
+                                if (cycleTriedTimes >= site.getCycleRetryTimes()) {
+                                    return null;
+                                }
+                                page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+                            }
+                            return page;
+                        }
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    logger.info("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error, retry the " + tried + " time!");
+                    retry = true;
+                }
+            } while (retry);
+            int statusCode = httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+            if (acceptStatCode.contains(statusCode)) {
+                handleGzip(httpResponse);
+                //charset
+                if (charset == null) {
+                    String value = httpResponse.getEntity().getContentType().getValue();
+                    charset = UrlUtils.getCharset(value);
+                }
+                return handleResponse(request, charset, httpResponse, task);
+            } else {
+                logger.warn("code error " + statusCode + "\t" + request.getUrl());
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.warn("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error", e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected Page handleResponse(Request request, String charset, HttpResponse httpResponse, Task task) throws IOException {
+        String content = IOUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity().getContent(),
+                charset);
+        Page page = new Page();
+        page.setHtml(new Html(UrlUtils.fixAllRelativeHrefs(content, request.getUrl())));
+        page.setUrl(new PlainText(request.getUrl()));
+        page.setRequest(request);
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setThread(int thread) {
+        poolSize = thread;
+        httpClientPool = new HttpClientPool(thread);
+    }
+
+    private void handleGzip(HttpResponse httpResponse) {
+        Header ceheader = httpResponse.getEntity().getContentEncoding();
+        if (ceheader != null) {
+            HeaderElement[] codecs = ceheader.getElements();
+            for (HeaderElement codec : codecs) {
+                if (codec.getName().equalsIgnoreCase("gzip")) {
+                    //todo bugfix
+                    httpResponse.setEntity(
+                            new GzipDecompressingEntity(httpResponse.getEntity()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `site` last assigned on line 72 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getClient(...)` at line 90.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Page HttpClientDownloader.download(Request,Task)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.download(us.codecraft.webmagic.Request,us.code.2578caa67d7a5be8ed0f8ebfefcc1a61
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/downloader/HttpClientDownloader.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpClientDownloader.java|download|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+48359d4f7c82a72738aef51d08246802
+
+### Hash:
+be23abf9c5b208ba001cdd8572c7f7a1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5414/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5414/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0ff7b3871b8f5cb92a5f987cfb31956463d7a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5414/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.EnvironmentUtil;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.ThreadUtils;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * Entrance of a crawler.<br>
+ * A spider contains four modules: Downloader, Scheduler, PageProcessor and
+ * Pipeline.<br>
+ * Every module is a field of Spider. <br>
+ * The modules are defined in interface. <br>
+ * You can customize a spider with various implementations of them. <br>
+ * Examples: <br>
+ * <br>
+ * A simple crawler: <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();<br>
+ * <br>
+ * Store results to files by FilePipeline: <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")) <br>
+ * .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run(); <br>
+ * <br>
+ * Use FileCacheQueueScheduler to store urls and cursor in files, so that a
+ * Spider can resume the status when shutdown. <br>
+ * Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/",
+ * "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")) <br>
+ * .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run(); <br>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @see Downloader
+ * @see Scheduler
+ * @see PageProcessor
+ * @see Pipeline
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    protected Downloader downloader;
+
+    protected List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    protected PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    protected List<String> startUrls;
+
+    protected Site site;
+
+    protected String uuid;
+
+    protected Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    protected Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    protected ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    protected int threadNum = 1;
+
+    protected AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    protected boolean exitWhenComplete = true;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    protected final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    private ReentrantLock newUrlLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    private Condition newUrlCondition = newUrlLock.newCondition();
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     * @return new spider
+     * @see PageProcessor
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * create a spider with pageProcessor.
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startUrls = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartUrls();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set startUrls of Spider.<br>
+     * Prior to startUrls of Site.
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.startUrls = startUrls;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set an uuid for spider.<br>
+     * Default uuid is domain of site.<br>
+     *
+     * @param uuid
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @Deprecated
+     * @see #setScheduler(us.codecraft.webmagic.scheduler.Scheduler)
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        return setScheduler(scheduler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set scheduler for Spider
+     *
+     * @param scheduler
+     * @return this
+     * @see Scheduler
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider setScheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setPipeline(us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        return addPipeline(pipeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * add a pipeline for Spider
+     *
+     * @param pipeline
+     * @return this
+     * @see Pipeline
+     * @since 0.2.1
+     */
+    public Spider addPipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * clear the pipelines set
+     *
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider clearPipeline() {
+        pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see #setDownloader(us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader)
+     * @deprecated
+     */
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        return setDownloader(downloader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * set the downloader of spider
+     *
+     * @param downloader
+     * @return this
+     * @see Downloader
+     */
+    public Spider setDownloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void initComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        downloader.setThread(threadNum);
+        executorService = ThreadUtils.newFixedThreadPool(threadNum);
+        if (startUrls != null) {
+            for (String startUrl : startUrls) {
+                scheduler.push(new Request(startUrl), this);
+            }
+            startUrls.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        checkRunningStat();
+        initComponent();
+        logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " started!");
+        final AtomicInteger threadAlive = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && stat.get() == STAT_RUNNING) {
+            Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            if (request == null) {
+                if (threadAlive.get() == 0 && exitWhenComplete) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // wait until new url added
+                try {
+                    newUrlLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        newUrlCondition.await();
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    newUrlLock.unlock();
+                }
+            } else {
+                final Request requestFinal = request;
+                threadAlive.incrementAndGet();
+                executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+                    @Override
+                    public void run() {
+                        try {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            logger.error("download " + requestFinal + " error", e);
+                        } finally {
+                            threadAlive.decrementAndGet();
+                            signalNewUrl();
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        executorService.shutdown();
+        stat.set(STAT_STOPPED);
+        // release some resources
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    private void checkRunningStat() {
+        while (true) {
+            int statNow = stat.get();
+            if (statNow == STAT_RUNNING) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+            }
+            if (stat.compareAndSet(statNow, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void destroy() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object) {
+        if (object instanceof Closeable) {
+            try {
+                ((Closeable) object).close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process specific urls without url discovering.
+     *
+     * @param urls urls to process
+     */
+    public void test(String... urls) {
+        initComponent();
+        if (urls.length > 0) {
+            for (String url : urls) {
+                processRequest(new Request(url));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        // for cycle retry
+        if (page.getHtml() == null) {
+            addRequest(page);
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        addRequest(page);
+        if (!page.getResultItems().isSkip()) {
+            for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+                pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+            }
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    protected void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void addRequest(Page page) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                addRequest(request);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRequest(Request request) {
+        scheduler.push(request, this);
+
+    }
+
+    protected void checkIfRunning() {
+        if (stat.get() == STAT_RUNNING) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add urls to crawl.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param urls
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider addUrl(String... urls) {
+        for (String url : urls) {
+            addRequest(new Request(url));
+        }
+        signalNewUrl();
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void signalNewUrl() {
+        try {
+            newUrlLock.lock();
+            newUrlCondition.signalAll();
+        } finally {
+            newUrlLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void start() {
+        runAsync();
+    }
+
+    public void stop() {
+        if (stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED)) {
+            logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " stop success!");
+        } else {
+            logger.info("Spider " + getUUID() + " stop fail!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * start with more than one threads
+     *
+     * @param threadNum
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfRunning();
+        this.threadNum = threadNum;
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * switch off xsoup
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static void xsoupOff() {
+        EnvironmentUtil.setUseXsoup(false);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isExitWhenComplete() {
+        return exitWhenComplete;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exit when complete. <br/>
+     * True: exit when all url of the site is downloaded. <br/>
+     * False: not exit until call stop manually.<br/>
+     *
+     * @param exitWhenComplete
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Spider setExitWhenComplete(boolean exitWhenComplete) {
+        this.exitWhenComplete = exitWhenComplete;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run` reads without synchronization from `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.executorService`. Potentially races with write in method `Spider.test(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Spider.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run():void.33fc4d8a5cd290c522dd103b47002d27
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7584ab3a96f41c74beb15515831d93bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5415/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5415/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..591d6827b064d35f5aa6475426220b8331c2937f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5415/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.HeaderElement;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.client.entity.GzipDecompressingEntity;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Page;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Site;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Task;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.Html;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.PlainText;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * The http downloader based on HttpClient.
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class HttpClientDownloader implements Downloader {
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private HttpClientPool httpClientPool;
+
+    private int poolSize = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), null);
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url, String charset) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), Site.me().setCharset(charset).toTask());
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    private HttpClientPool getHttpClientPool(){
+        if (httpClientPool==null){
+            httpClientPool = new HttpClientPool(poolSize);
+        }
+        return httpClientPool;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Page download(Request request, Task task) {
+        Site site = null;
+        if (task != null) {
+            site = task.getSite();
+        }
+        int retryTimes = 0;
+        Set<Integer> acceptStatCode;
+        String charset = null;
+        Map<String,String> headers = null;
+        if (site != null) {
+            retryTimes = site.getRetryTimes();
+            acceptStatCode = site.getAcceptStatCode();
+            charset = site.getCharset();
+            headers = site.getHeaders();
+        } else {
+            acceptStatCode = new HashSet<Integer>();
+            acceptStatCode.add(200);
+        }
+        logger.info("downloading page " + request.getUrl());
+        HttpClient httpClient = getHttpClientPool().getClient(site);
+        try {
+            HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(request.getUrl());
+
+            if (headers!=null){
+                for (Map.Entry<String, String> headerEntry : headers.entrySet()) {
+                    httpGet.addHeader(headerEntry.getKey(),headerEntry.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+            if (!httpGet.containsHeader("Accept-Encoding")) {
+                httpGet.addHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip");
+            }
+            HttpResponse httpResponse = null;
+            int tried = 0;
+            boolean retry;
+            do {
+                try {
+                    httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
+                    retry = false;
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    tried++;
+
+                    if (tried > retryTimes) {
+                        logger.warn("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error", e);
+                        if (site.getCycleRetryTimes() > 0) {
+                            Page page = new Page();
+                            Object cycleTriedTimesObject = request.getExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES);
+                            if (cycleTriedTimesObject == null) {
+                                page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+                            } else {
+                                int cycleTriedTimes = (Integer) cycleTriedTimesObject;
+                                cycleTriedTimes++;
+                                if (cycleTriedTimes >= site.getCycleRetryTimes()) {
+                                    return null;
+                                }
+                                page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+                            }
+                            return page;
+                        }
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    logger.info("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error, retry the " + tried + " time!");
+                    retry = true;
+                }
+            } while (retry);
+            int statusCode = httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+            if (acceptStatCode.contains(statusCode)) {
+                handleGzip(httpResponse);
+                //charset
+                if (charset == null) {
+                    String value = httpResponse.getEntity().getContentType().getValue();
+                    charset = UrlUtils.getCharset(value);
+                }
+                return handleResponse(request, charset, httpResponse, task);
+            } else {
+                logger.warn("code error " + statusCode + "\t" + request.getUrl());
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.warn("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error", e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected Page handleResponse(Request request, String charset, HttpResponse httpResponse, Task task) throws IOException {
+        String content = IOUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity().getContent(),
+                charset);
+        Page page = new Page();
+        page.setHtml(new Html(UrlUtils.fixAllRelativeHrefs(content, request.getUrl())));
+        page.setUrl(new PlainText(request.getUrl()));
+        page.setRequest(request);
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setThread(int thread) {
+        poolSize = thread;
+        httpClientPool = new HttpClientPool(thread);
+    }
+
+    private void handleGzip(HttpResponse httpResponse) {
+        Header ceheader = httpResponse.getEntity().getContentEncoding();
+        if (ceheader != null) {
+            HeaderElement[] codecs = ceheader.getElements();
+            for (HeaderElement codec : codecs) {
+                if (codec.getName().equalsIgnoreCase("gzip")) {
+                    //todo bugfix
+                    httpResponse.setEntity(
+                            new GzipDecompressingEntity(httpResponse.getEntity()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.setThread` writes to field `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.httpClientPool` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HttpClientDownloader.setThread(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.setThread(int):void.23b25a79517d72a914c5d54a8148514e
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/downloader/HttpClientDownloader.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpClientDownloader.java|setThread|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6f1e7cde2acbe915db0080089b8f3095
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5422/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5422/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9dae5352d384da08fb6f793ee66689c113830098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5422/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Destroyable;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.schedular.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.schedular.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.ThreadUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * <pre>
+ * webmagic爬虫的入口类。
+ *
+ * 示例：
+ * 定义一个最简单的爬虫：
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();
+ *
+ * 使用FilePipeline保存结果到文件:
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))
+ *          .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run();
+ *
+ * 使用FileCacheQueueScheduler缓存URL，关闭爬虫后下次自动从停止的页面继续抓取:
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))
+ *          .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run();
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ *         Date: 13-4-21
+ *         Time: 上午6:53
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    private Downloader downloader;
+
+    private List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    private PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    private List<String> startUrls;
+
+    private Site site;
+
+    private String uuid;
+
+    private Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    private AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    private final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    private final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    private final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * 使用已定义的抽取规则新建一个Spider。
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor 已定义的抽取规则
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startUrls = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartUrls();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 使用已定义的抽取规则新建一个Spider。
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor 已定义的抽取规则
+     * @return 新建的Spider
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 重新设置startUrls，会覆盖Site本身的startUrls。
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.startUrls = startUrls;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 为爬虫设置一个唯一ID，用于标志任务，默认情况下使用domain作为uuid，对于单domain多任务的情况，请为重复任务设置不同的ID。
+     *
+     * @param uuid 唯一ID
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置调度器。调度器用于保存待抓取URL，并可以进行去重、同步、持久化等工作。默认情况下使用内存中的阻塞队列进行调度。
+     *
+     * @param scheduler 调度器
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置处理管道。处理管道用于最终抽取结果的后处理，例如：保存到文件、保存到数据库等。默认情况下会输出到控制台。
+     *
+     * @param pipeline 处理管道
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void checkComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+        checkComponent();
+        if (startUrls != null) {
+            for (String startUrl : startUrls) {
+                scheduler.push(new Request(startUrl), this);
+            }
+        }
+        Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        //singel thread
+        if (executorService == null) {
+            while (request != null) {
+                processRequest(request);
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            }
+        } else {
+            //multi thread
+            final AtomicInteger threadAlive = new AtomicInteger(0);
+            while (true) {
+                if (request == null) {
+                    //when no request found but some thread is alive, sleep a while.
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(100);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    final Request requestFinal = request;
+                    threadAlive.incrementAndGet();
+                    executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void run() {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                            threadAlive.decrementAndGet();
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                if (threadAlive.get() == 0) {
+                    request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                    if (request == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            executorService.shutdown();
+        }
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+        //release some resources
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    private void destroy() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object){
+        if (object instanceof Destroyable) {
+            ((Destroyable)object).destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        addRequest(page);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    private void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRequest(Page page) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkIfNotRunning() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_INIT)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 建立多个线程下载
+     *
+     * @param threadNum 线程数
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        if (downloader==null || downloader instanceof HttpClientDownloader){
+            downloader = new HttpClientDownloader(threadNum);
+        }
+        if (threadNum == 1) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            this.executorService = ThreadUtils.newFixedThreadPool(threadNum);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.downloader`. Potentially races with write in method `Spider.thread(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Spider.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run():void.33fc4d8a5cd290c522dd103b47002d27
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5c8b1ffb0fdc94686f0f4f6f8a5dfeee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5423/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5423/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..971adca76bbbe5333cbed6db720c8e80450c89d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5423/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.annotation.ThreadSafe;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.CookieSpecs;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.RequestBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Page;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Site;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Task;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.Html;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.selector.PlainText;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * The http downloader based on HttpClient.
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ * @since 0.1.0
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class HttpClientDownloader implements Downloader {
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private final Map<String, CloseableHttpClient> httpClients = new HashMap<String, CloseableHttpClient>();
+
+    private int poolSize = 1;
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), null);
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple method to download a url.
+     *
+     * @param url
+     * @return html
+     */
+    public Html download(String url, String charset) {
+        Page page = download(new Request(url), Site.me().setCharset(charset).toTask());
+        return (Html) page.getHtml();
+    }
+
+    private CloseableHttpClient getHttpClient(Site site) {
+        if (site == null) {
+            return new HttpClientGenerator(poolSize).getClient(null);
+        }
+        String domain = site.getDomain();
+        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = httpClients.get(domain);
+        if (httpClient == null) {
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (httpClient == null) {
+                    httpClient = new HttpClientGenerator(poolSize).getClient(site);
+                    httpClients.put(domain, httpClient);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return httpClient;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Page download(Request request, Task task) {
+        Site site = null;
+        if (task != null) {
+            site = task.getSite();
+        }
+        Set<Integer> acceptStatCode;
+        String charset = null;
+        Map<String, String> headers = null;
+        if (site != null) {
+            acceptStatCode = site.getAcceptStatCode();
+            charset = site.getCharset();
+            headers = site.getHeaders();
+        } else {
+            acceptStatCode = Sets.newHashSet(200);
+        }
+        logger.info("downloading page " + request.getUrl());
+        RequestBuilder requestBuilder = RequestBuilder.get().setUri(request.getUrl());
+        if (headers != null) {
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> headerEntry : headers.entrySet()) {
+                requestBuilder.addHeader(headerEntry.getKey(), headerEntry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+        RequestConfig.Builder requestConfigBuilder = RequestConfig.custom()
+                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(site.getTimeOut())
+                .setConnectTimeout(site.getTimeOut())
+                .setCookieSpec(CookieSpecs.BEST_MATCH);
+        if (site.getHttpProxy() != null) {
+            requestConfigBuilder.setProxy(site.getHttpProxy());
+        }
+        requestBuilder.setConfig(requestConfigBuilder.build());
+        CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
+        try {
+            httpResponse = getHttpClient(site).execute(requestBuilder.build());
+            int statusCode = httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+            if (acceptStatCode.contains(statusCode)) {
+                //charset
+                if (charset == null) {
+                    String value = httpResponse.getEntity().getContentType().getValue();
+                    charset = UrlUtils.getCharset(value);
+                }
+                return handleResponse(request, charset, httpResponse, task);
+            } else {
+                logger.warn("code error " + statusCode + "\t" + request.getUrl());
+                return null;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.warn("download page " + request.getUrl() + " error", e);
+            if (site.getCycleRetryTimes() > 0) {
+                return addToCycleRetry(request, site);
+            }
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                if (httpResponse != null) {
+                    httpResponse.close();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.warn("close response fail", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Page addToCycleRetry(Request request, Site site) {
+        Page page = new Page();
+        Object cycleTriedTimesObject = request.getExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES);
+        if (cycleTriedTimesObject == null) {
+            page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+        } else {
+            int cycleTriedTimes = (Integer) cycleTriedTimesObject;
+            cycleTriedTimes++;
+            if (cycleTriedTimes >= site.getCycleRetryTimes()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            page.addTargetRequest(request.setPriority(0).putExtra(Request.CYCLE_TRIED_TIMES, 1));
+        }
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    protected Page handleResponse(Request request, String charset, HttpResponse httpResponse, Task task) throws IOException {
+        String content = IOUtils.toString(httpResponse.getEntity().getContent(), charset);
+        Page page = new Page();
+        page.setHtml(new Html(UrlUtils.fixAllRelativeHrefs(content, request.getUrl())));
+        page.setUrl(new PlainText(request.getUrl()));
+        page.setRequest(request);
+        return page;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setThread(int thread) {
+        poolSize = thread;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.download` indirectly reads with synchronization from `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.poolSize`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `HttpClientDownloader.setThread(...)`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Page HttpClientDownloader.download(Request,Task)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.download(us.codecraft.webmagic.Request,us.code.2578caa67d7a5be8ed0f8ebfefcc1a61
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/downloader/HttpClientDownloader.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpClientDownloader.java|download|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1538ba010fcb51c6c036916b9897d941
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5441/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5441/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f3c731b08027d8885741b5d3b3ac5d808d6e467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5441/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Destroyable;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.schedular.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.schedular.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.ThreadUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * <pre>
+ * webmagic爬虫的入口类。
+ *
+ * 示例：
+ * 定义一个最简单的爬虫：
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();
+ *
+ * 使用FilePipeline保存结果到文件:
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))
+ *          .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run();
+ *
+ * 使用FileCacheQueueScheduler缓存URL，关闭爬虫后下次自动从停止的页面继续抓取:
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))
+ *          .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run();
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ *         Date: 13-4-21
+ *         Time: 上午6:53
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    private Downloader downloader;
+
+    private List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    private PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    private List<String> startUrls;
+
+    private Site site;
+
+    private String uuid;
+
+    private Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    private AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    private final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    private final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    private final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * 使用已定义的抽取规则新建一个Spider。
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor 已定义的抽取规则
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startUrls = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartUrls();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 使用已定义的抽取规则新建一个Spider。
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor 已定义的抽取规则
+     * @return 新建的Spider
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 重新设置startUrls，会覆盖Site本身的startUrls。
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.startUrls = startUrls;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 为爬虫设置一个唯一ID，用于标志任务，默认情况下使用domain作为uuid，对于单domain多任务的情况，请为重复任务设置不同的ID。
+     *
+     * @param uuid 唯一ID
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置调度器。调度器用于保存待抓取URL，并可以进行去重、同步、持久化等工作。默认情况下使用内存中的阻塞队列进行调度。
+     *
+     * @param scheduler 调度器
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置处理管道。处理管道用于最终抽取结果的后处理，例如：保存到文件、保存到数据库等。默认情况下会输出到控制台。
+     *
+     * @param pipeline 处理管道
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void checkComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+        checkComponent();
+        if (startUrls != null) {
+            for (String startUrl : startUrls) {
+                scheduler.push(new Request(startUrl), this);
+            }
+        }
+        Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        //singel thread
+        if (executorService == null) {
+            while (request != null) {
+                processRequest(request);
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            }
+        } else {
+            //multi thread
+            final AtomicInteger threadAlive = new AtomicInteger(0);
+            while (true) {
+                if (request == null) {
+                    //when no request found but some thread is alive, sleep a while.
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(100);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    final Request requestFinal = request;
+                    threadAlive.incrementAndGet();
+                    executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void run() {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                            threadAlive.decrementAndGet();
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                if (threadAlive.get() == 0) {
+                    request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                    if (request == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            executorService.shutdown();
+        }
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+        //release some resources
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    private void destroy() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object){
+        if (object instanceof Destroyable) {
+            ((Destroyable)object).destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        addRequest(page);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    private void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRequest(Page page) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkIfNotRunning() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_INIT)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 建立多个线程下载
+     *
+     * @param threadNum 线程数
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        if (downloader==null || downloader instanceof HttpClientDownloader){
+            downloader = new HttpClientDownloader(threadNum);
+        }
+        if (threadNum == 1) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            this.executorService = ThreadUtils.newFixedThreadPool(threadNum);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.checkComponent` writes to field `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.downloader` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Spider.checkComponent()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.checkComponent():void.2282facd436df7acea4491638de6fdae
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|checkComponent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f4f5fa51f05da0930229e99e68e3380d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5446/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5446/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7123f09cba0c5ee39da09b0e974d4b2f723e6ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5446/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Page;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Request;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.Site;
+
+/**
+ * Author: code4crafer@gmail.com
+ * Date: 13-6-18
+ * Time: 上午8:22
+ */
+public class HttpClientDownloaderTest {
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test
+    public void testCookie() {
+        Site site = Site.me().setDomain("www.diandian.com").addCookie("t", "yct7q7e6v319wpg4cpxqduu5m77lcgix");
+        HttpClientDownloader httpClientDownloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        Page download = httpClientDownloader.download(new Request("http://www.diandian.com"), site);
+        Assert.assertTrue(download.getHtml().toString().contains("flashsword30"));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `download` last assigned on line 22 could be null and is dereferenced at line 23.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HttpClientDownloaderTest.testCookie()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloaderTest.testCookie():void.48d81c5d31854c1d9b928703558f2292
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/test/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/downloader/HttpClientDownloaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpClientDownloaderTest.java|testCookie|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+50cb5ef8465ad6b6a77b806e5d8dd53e
+
+### Hash:
+0ea0c4fd2626ba6f017d8c6aee1f6c10
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5448/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5448/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18b52a07cf323d267088af41af1d95a52ec28aa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5448/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webmagic
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package us.codecraft.webmagic;
+
+import org.apache.commons.collections.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Destroyable;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.Downloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.downloader.HttpClientDownloader;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.ConsolePipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.pipeline.Pipeline;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.processor.PageProcessor;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.schedular.QueueScheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.schedular.Scheduler;
+import us.codecraft.webmagic.utils.ThreadUtils;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ * <pre>
+ * webmagic爬虫的入口类。
+ *
+ * 示例：
+ * 定义一个最简单的爬虫：
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*")).run();
+ *
+ * 使用FilePipeline保存结果到文件:
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))
+ *          .pipeline(new FilePipeline("/data/temp/webmagic/")).run();
+ *
+ * 使用FileCacheQueueScheduler缓存URL，关闭爬虫后下次自动从停止的页面继续抓取:
+ *      Spider.create(new SimplePageProcessor("http://my.oschina.net/", "http://my.oschina.net/*blog/*"))
+ *          .scheduler(new FileCacheQueueScheduler("/data/temp/webmagic/cache/")).run();
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author code4crafter@gmail.com <br>
+ *         Date: 13-4-21
+ *         Time: 上午6:53
+ */
+public class Spider implements Runnable, Task {
+
+    private Downloader downloader;
+
+    private List<Pipeline> pipelines = new ArrayList<Pipeline>();
+
+    private PageProcessor pageProcessor;
+
+    private List<String> startUrls;
+
+    private Site site;
+
+    private String uuid;
+
+    private Scheduler scheduler = new QueueScheduler();
+
+    private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass());
+
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    private AtomicInteger stat = new AtomicInteger(STAT_INIT);
+
+    private final static int STAT_INIT = 0;
+
+    private final static int STAT_RUNNING = 1;
+
+    private final static int STAT_STOPPED = 2;
+
+    /**
+     * 使用已定义的抽取规则新建一个Spider。
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor 已定义的抽取规则
+     */
+    public Spider(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        this.pageProcessor = pageProcessor;
+        this.site = pageProcessor.getSite();
+        this.startUrls = pageProcessor.getSite().getStartUrls();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 使用已定义的抽取规则新建一个Spider。
+     *
+     * @param pageProcessor 已定义的抽取规则
+     * @return 新建的Spider
+     */
+    public static Spider create(PageProcessor pageProcessor) {
+        return new Spider(pageProcessor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 重新设置startUrls，会覆盖Site本身的startUrls。
+     *
+     * @param startUrls
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider startUrls(List<String> startUrls) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.startUrls = startUrls;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 为爬虫设置一个唯一ID，用于标志任务，默认情况下使用domain作为uuid，对于单domain多任务的情况，请为重复任务设置不同的ID。
+     *
+     * @param uuid 唯一ID
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider setUUID(String uuid) {
+        this.uuid = uuid;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置调度器。调度器用于保存待抓取URL，并可以进行去重、同步、持久化等工作。默认情况下使用内存中的阻塞队列进行调度。
+     *
+     * @param scheduler 调度器
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider scheduler(Scheduler scheduler) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.scheduler = scheduler;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置处理管道。处理管道用于最终抽取结果的后处理，例如：保存到文件、保存到数据库等。默认情况下会输出到控制台。
+     *
+     * @param pipeline 处理管道
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider pipeline(Pipeline pipeline) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.pipelines.add(pipeline);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public Spider downloader(Downloader downloader) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        this.downloader = downloader;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    protected void checkComponent() {
+        if (downloader == null) {
+            this.downloader = new HttpClientDownloader();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_RUNNING)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+        checkComponent();
+        if (startUrls != null) {
+            for (String startUrl : startUrls) {
+                scheduler.push(new Request(startUrl), this);
+            }
+        }
+        Request request = scheduler.poll(this);
+        if (pipelines.isEmpty()) {
+            pipelines.add(new ConsolePipeline());
+        }
+        //singel thread
+        if (executorService == null) {
+            while (request != null) {
+                processRequest(request);
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+            }
+        } else {
+            //multi thread
+            final AtomicInteger threadAlive = new AtomicInteger(0);
+            while (true) {
+                if (request == null) {
+                    //when no request found but some thread is alive, sleep a while.
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(100);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    final Request requestFinal = request;
+                    threadAlive.incrementAndGet();
+                    executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void run() {
+                            processRequest(requestFinal);
+                            threadAlive.decrementAndGet();
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+                request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                if (threadAlive.get() == 0) {
+                    request = scheduler.poll(this);
+                    if (request == null) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            executorService.shutdown();
+        }
+        stat.compareAndSet(STAT_RUNNING, STAT_STOPPED);
+        //release some resources
+        destroy();
+    }
+
+    private void destroy() {
+        destroyEach(downloader);
+        destroyEach(pageProcessor);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            destroyEach(pipeline);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void destroyEach(Object object){
+        if (object instanceof Destroyable) {
+            ((Destroyable)object).destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void processRequest(Request request) {
+        Page page = downloader.download(request, this);
+        if (page == null) {
+            sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+            return;
+        }
+        pageProcessor.process(page);
+        addRequest(page);
+        for (Pipeline pipeline : pipelines) {
+            pipeline.process(page.getResultItems(), this);
+        }
+        sleep(site.getSleepTime());
+    }
+
+    private void sleep(int time) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(time);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addRequest(Page page) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(page.getTargetRequests())) {
+            for (Request request : page.getTargetRequests()) {
+                scheduler.push(request, this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkIfNotRunning() {
+        if (!stat.compareAndSet(STAT_INIT, STAT_INIT)) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Spider is already running!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void runAsync() {
+        Thread thread = new Thread(this);
+        thread.setDaemon(false);
+        thread.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 建立多个线程下载
+     *
+     * @param threadNum 线程数
+     * @return this
+     */
+    public Spider thread(int threadNum) {
+        checkIfNotRunning();
+        if (threadNum <= 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("threadNum should be more than one!");
+        }
+        if (downloader==null || downloader instanceof HttpClientDownloader){
+            downloader = new HttpClientDownloader(threadNum);
+        }
+        if (threadNum == 1) {
+            return this;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            this.executorService = ThreadUtils.newFixedThreadPool(threadNum);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUUID() {
+        if (uuid != null) {
+            return uuid;
+        }
+        if (site != null) {
+            return site.getDomain();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Site getSite() {
+        return site;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run` indirectly writes to field `this.us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.downloader` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Spider.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+us.codecraft.webmagic.Spider.run():void.33fc4d8a5cd290c522dd103b47002d27
+
+### File:
+webmagic-core/src/main/java/us/codecraft/webmagic/Spider.java
+
+### Key:
+Spider.java|run|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5504d2549adbf0bf8e6b7a9fa2ca8826
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5470/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5470/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cfbdabfdbba57db3009c47d1a385b0b38231a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5470/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** incubator-ratis
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.ratis.server.impl;
+
+import org.apache.ratis.protocol.RaftPeer;
+import org.apache.ratis.util.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.ratis.util.Timestamp;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+public class FollowerInfo {
+  private final RaftPeer peer;
+  private final AtomicReference<Timestamp> lastRpcResponseTime;
+  private final AtomicReference<Timestamp> lastRpcSendTime;
+  private long nextIndex;
+  private final AtomicLong matchIndex;
+  private final AtomicLong commitIndex = new AtomicLong(RaftServerConstants.INVALID_LOG_INDEX);
+  private volatile boolean attendVote;
+  private final int rpcSlownessTimeoutMs;
+
+  FollowerInfo(RaftPeer peer, Timestamp lastRpcTime, long nextIndex,
+      boolean attendVote, int rpcSlownessTimeoutMs) {
+    this.peer = peer;
+    this.lastRpcResponseTime = new AtomicReference<>(lastRpcTime);
+    this.lastRpcSendTime = new AtomicReference<>(lastRpcTime);
+    this.nextIndex = nextIndex;
+    this.matchIndex = new AtomicLong(0);
+    this.attendVote = attendVote;
+    this.rpcSlownessTimeoutMs = rpcSlownessTimeoutMs;
+  }
+
+  public void updateMatchIndex(final long matchIndex) {
+    this.matchIndex.set(matchIndex);
+  }
+
+  public long getMatchIndex() {
+    return matchIndex.get();
+  }
+
+  /** @return the commit index acked by the follower. */
+  long getCommitIndex() {
+    return commitIndex.get();
+  }
+
+  boolean updateCommitIndex(long newCommitIndex) {
+    final long old = commitIndex.getAndUpdate(oldCommitIndex -> newCommitIndex);
+    Preconditions.assertTrue(newCommitIndex >= old,
+        () -> "newCommitIndex = " + newCommitIndex + " < old = " + old);
+    return old != newCommitIndex;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized long getNextIndex() {
+    return nextIndex;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void updateNextIndex(long i) {
+    nextIndex = i;
+  }
+
+  public synchronized void decreaseNextIndex(long targetIndex) {
+    if (nextIndex > 0) {
+      nextIndex = Math.min(nextIndex - 1, targetIndex);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return peer.getId() + "(next=" + nextIndex + ", match=" + matchIndex + "," +
+        " attendVote=" + attendVote +
+        ", lastRpcSendTime=" + lastRpcSendTime.get().elapsedTimeMs() +
+        ", lastRpcResponseTime=" + lastRpcResponseTime.get().elapsedTimeMs() + ")";
+  }
+
+  void startAttendVote() {
+    attendVote = true;
+  }
+
+  public boolean isAttendingVote() {
+    return attendVote;
+  }
+
+  public RaftPeer getPeer() {
+    return peer;
+  }
+
+  /** Update lastRpcResponseTime to the current time. */
+  public void updateLastRpcResponseTime() {
+    lastRpcResponseTime.set(new Timestamp());
+  }
+
+  public Timestamp getLastRpcResponseTime() {
+    return lastRpcResponseTime.get();
+  }
+
+  /** Update lastRpcSendTime to the current time. */
+  public void updateLastRpcSendTime() {
+    lastRpcSendTime.set(new Timestamp());
+  }
+
+  public Timestamp getLastRpcTime() {
+    return Timestamp.latest(lastRpcResponseTime.get(), lastRpcSendTime.get());
+  }
+
+  public boolean isSlow() {
+    return lastRpcResponseTime.get().elapsedTimeMs() > rpcSlownessTimeoutMs;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.ratis.server.impl.FollowerInfo.toString` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.ratis.server.impl.FollowerInfo.nextIndex`. Potentially races with write in method `FollowerInfo.updateNextIndex(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String FollowerInfo.toString()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.ratis.server.impl.FollowerInfo.toString():java.lang.String.32a869d98b23f4e0fc06d122ae0591af
+
+### File:
+ratis-server/src/main/java/org/apache/ratis/server/impl/FollowerInfo.java
+
+### Key:
+FollowerInfo.java|toString|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+0a791a22b20aeaf612154bf3d80ff294
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5477/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5477/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3de30b3dd93101de595b60f89d9ffe7574c782ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5477/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graylog2-server
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2010 Lennart Koopmann <lennart@socketfeed.com>
+ *
+ * This file is part of Graylog2.
+ *
+ * Graylog2 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Graylog2 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Graylog2.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.graylog2.messagehandlers.gelf;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.net.DatagramPacket;
+import java.util.zip.Deflater;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * SimpleGELFClientHandlerTest.java: Sep 17, 2010 6:50:42 PM
+ *
+ * @author: Lennart Koopmann <lennart@socketfeed.com>
+ */
+public class SimpleGELFClientHandlerTest {
+
+    private String originalMessage = "{\"short_message\":\"something.\",\"full_message\":\"lol!\",\"host\":\"somehost\",\"level\":2,\"file\":\"example.php\",\"line\":1337}";
+    
+    /**
+     * Test if ZLIB compressed non-chunked GELF messages are correctly decompressed.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecompressionWithZLIB() throws Exception {
+        // ZLIB compress message.
+        byte[] compressMe = this.originalMessage.getBytes();
+        byte[] compressedMessage = new byte[compressMe.length];
+        Deflater compressor = new Deflater();
+        compressor.setInput(compressMe);
+        compressor.finish();
+        compressor.deflate(compressedMessage);
+
+        // Build a datagram packet.
+        DatagramPacket gelfMessage = new DatagramPacket(compressedMessage, compressedMessage.length);
+
+        // Let the decompression take place.
+        SimpleGELFClientHandler handler = new SimpleGELFClientHandler(gelfMessage, "foo");
+
+        assertEquals(handler.getClientMessage(), this.originalMessage);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if GZIP compressed non-chunked GELF messages are correctly decompressed.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDecompressionWithGZIP() throws Exception {
+        // GZIP compress message.
+        ByteArrayInputStream compressMe = new ByteArrayInputStream(this.originalMessage.getBytes());
+        ByteArrayOutputStream compressedMessage = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        GZIPOutputStream out = new GZIPOutputStream(compressedMessage);
+        for (int c = compressMe.read(); c != -1; c = compressMe.read()) {
+            out.write(c);
+        }
+        out.close();
+
+        // Build a datagram packet.
+        DatagramPacket gelfMessage = new DatagramPacket(compressedMessage.toByteArray(), compressedMessage.size());
+
+        // Let the decompression take place.
+        SimpleGELFClientHandler handler = new SimpleGELFClientHandler(gelfMessage, "foo");
+
+        assertEquals(handler.getClientMessage(), this.originalMessage);
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.zip.Deflater` acquired to `compressor` by call to `Deflater()` at line 48 is not released after line 51.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SimpleGELFClientHandlerTest.testDecompressionWithZLIB()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.graylog2.messagehandlers.gelf.SimpleGELFClientHandlerTest.testDecompressionWithZLIB():void.3cdef3a931c89bddd14b77df518096e9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/graylog2/messagehandlers/gelf/SimpleGELFClientHandlerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SimpleGELFClientHandlerTest.java|testDecompressionWithZLIB|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4062771cc08dc39340c5de1f3b5b9645
+
+### Hash:
+18c5e7ee7d1ca77d03bace4792fb908e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5479/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5479/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bd7b206624181ab51c87d438cf715264eb04126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5479/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** redis-replicator
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 leon chen
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb;
+
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.Replicator;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.event.Event;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RedisInputStream;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.datatype.*;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.module.ModuleParser;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.util.ByteArray;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.Constants.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author Leon Chen
+ * @since 2.1.0
+ */
+public class DefaultRdbVisitor extends RdbVisitor {
+
+    protected static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(DefaultRdbVisitor.class);
+
+    protected final Replicator replicator;
+
+    public DefaultRdbVisitor(final Replicator replicator) {
+        this.replicator = replicator;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String applyMagic(RedisInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        String magicString = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(in, 5);//REDIS
+        if (!magicString.equals("REDIS")) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't read MAGIC STRING [REDIS] ,value:" + magicString);
+        }
+        return magicString;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int applyVersion(RedisInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        int version = Integer.parseInt(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(in, 4));
+        if (version < 2 || version > 8) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.valueOf("can't handle RDB format version " + version));
+        }
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int applyType(RedisInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        return in.read();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DB applySelectDB(RedisInputStream in, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * FE $length-encoding         # Previous db ends, next db starts. Database number read using length encoding.
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        long dbNumber = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        return new DB(dbNumber);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DB applyResizeDB(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        long dbsize = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        long expiresSize = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        if (db != null) db.setDbsize(dbsize);
+        if (db != null) db.setExpires(expiresSize);
+        return db;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long applyEof(RedisInputStream in, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * ...                         # Key value pairs for this database, additonal database
+         * FF                          ## End of RDB file indicator
+         * 8 byte checksum             ## CRC 64 checksum of the entire file.
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        if (version >= 5) return in.readLong(8);
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyExpireTime(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * FD $unsigned int            # FD indicates "expiry time in seconds". After that, expiry time is read as a 4 byte unsigned int
+         * $value-type                 # 1 byte flag indicating the type of value - set, map, sorted set etc.
+         * $string-encoded-name         # The name, encoded as a redis string
+         * $encoded-value              # The value. Encoding depends on $value-type
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        int expiredSec = parser.rdbLoadTime();
+        int valueType = applyType(in);
+        KeyValuePair kv = rdbLoadObject(in, db, valueType, version);
+        kv.setExpiredType(ExpiredType.SECOND);
+        kv.setExpiredValue((long) expiredSec);
+        return kv;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyExpireTimeMs(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * FC $unsigned long           # FC indicates "expiry time in ms". After that, expiry time is read as a 8 byte unsigned long
+         * $value-type                 # 1 byte flag indicating the type of value - set, map, sorted set etc.
+         * $string-encoded-name         # The name, encoded as a redis string
+         * $encoded-value              # The value. Encoding depends on $value-type
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        long expiredMs = parser.rdbLoadMillisecondTime();
+        int valueType = applyType(in);
+        KeyValuePair kv = rdbLoadObject(in, db, valueType, version);
+        kv.setExpiredType(ExpiredType.MS);
+        kv.setExpiredValue(expiredMs);
+        return kv;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyAux(RedisInputStream in, int version) throws IOException {
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        String auxKey = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        String auxValue = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        if (!auxKey.startsWith("%")) {
+            if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                logger.info("RDB " + auxKey + ": " + auxValue);
+            }
+            return new AuxField(auxKey, auxValue);
+        } else {
+            if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
+                logger.warn("unrecognized RDB AUX field: " + auxKey + ", value: " + auxValue);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyString(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |       <content>       |
+         * |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueString o0 = new KeyStringValueString();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        BaseRdbParser.EncodedString val = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject();
+        o0.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_STRING);
+        o0.setValue(val.string);
+        o0.setRawBytes(val.rawBytes);
+        o0.setDb(db);
+        o0.setKey(key);
+        return o0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueList o1 = new KeyStringValueList();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            list.add(element);
+        }
+        o1.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_LIST);
+        o1.setValue(list);
+        o1.setDb(db);
+        o1.setKey(key);
+        return o1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applySet(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueSet o2 = new KeyStringValueSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Set<String> set = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            set.add(element);
+        }
+        o2.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_SET);
+        o2.setValue(set);
+        o2.setDb(db);
+        o2.setKey(key);
+        return o2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyZSet(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |        <score>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |    double content    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueZSet o3 = new KeyStringValueZSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Set<ZSetEntry> zset = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            double score = parser.rdbLoadDoubleValue();
+            zset.add(new ZSetEntry(element, score));
+            len--;
+        }
+        o3.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_ZSET);
+        o3.setValue(zset);
+        o3.setDb(db);
+        o3.setKey(key);
+        return o3;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyZSet2(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |        <score>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |    binary double     |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueZSet o5 = new KeyStringValueZSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        /* rdb version 8*/
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Set<ZSetEntry> zset = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            double score = parser.rdbLoadBinaryDoubleValue();
+            zset.add(new ZSetEntry(element, score));
+            len--;
+        }
+        o5.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_ZSET_2);
+        o5.setValue(zset);
+        o5.setDb(db);
+        o5.setKey(key);
+        return o5;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyHash(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueHash o4 = new KeyStringValueHash();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            String field = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            String value = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            map.put(field, value);
+            len--;
+        }
+        o4.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH);
+        o4.setValue(map);
+        o4.setDb(db);
+        o4.setKey(key);
+        return o4;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyHashZipMap(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zmlen> |   <len>     |"foo"    |    <len>   | <free> |   "bar" |<zmend> |
+         * | 1 byte | 1 or 5 byte | content |1 or 5 byte | 1 byte | content | 1 byte |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueHash o9 = new KeyStringValueHash();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+        Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        int zmlen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zmlen(stream);
+        while (true) {
+            int zmEleLen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zmElementLen(stream);
+            if (zmEleLen == 255) {
+                o9.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP);
+                o9.setValue(map);
+                o9.setDb(db);
+                o9.setKey(key);
+                return o9;
+            }
+            String field = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(stream, zmEleLen);
+            zmEleLen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zmElementLen(stream);
+            if (zmEleLen == 255) {
+                o9.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP);
+                o9.setValue(map);
+                o9.setDb(db);
+                o9.setKey(key);
+                return o9;
+            }
+            int free = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.free(stream);
+            String value = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(stream, zmEleLen);
+            BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.skip(stream, free);
+            map.put(field, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyListZipList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zlbytes>| <zltail>| <zllen>| <entry> ...<entry> | <zlend>|
+         * | 4 bytes | 4 bytes | 2bytes | zipListEntry ...   | 1byte  |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueList o10 = new KeyStringValueList();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+        int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+        int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+        for (int i = 0; i < zllen; i++) {
+            list.add(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream));
+        }
+        int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+        if (zlend != 255) {
+            throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+        }
+        o10.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_LIST_ZIPLIST);
+        o10.setValue(list);
+        o10.setDb(db);
+        o10.setKey(key);
+        return o10;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applySetIntSet(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<encoding>| <length-of-contents>|              <contents>                           |
+         * | 4 bytes  |            4 bytes  | 2 bytes lement| 4 bytes element | 8 bytes element |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueSet o11 = new KeyStringValueSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        Set<String> set = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        int encoding = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.encoding(stream);
+        long lenOfContent = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.lenOfContent(stream);
+        for (long i = 0; i < lenOfContent; i++) {
+            switch (encoding) {
+                case 2:
+                    set.add(String.valueOf(stream.readInt(2)));
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    set.add(String.valueOf(stream.readInt(4)));
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    set.add(String.valueOf(stream.readLong(8)));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new AssertionError("expect encoding [2,4,8] but:" + encoding);
+            }
+        }
+        o11.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_SET_INTSET);
+        o11.setValue(set);
+        o11.setDb(db);
+        o11.setKey(key);
+        return o11;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyZSetZipList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zlbytes>| <zltail>| <zllen>| <entry> ...<entry> | <zlend>|
+         * | 4 bytes | 4 bytes | 2bytes | zipListEntry ...   | 1byte  |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueZSet o12 = new KeyStringValueZSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        Set<ZSetEntry> zset = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+        int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+        int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+        while (zllen > 0) {
+            String element = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream);
+            zllen--;
+            double score = Double.valueOf(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream));
+            zllen--;
+            zset.add(new ZSetEntry(element, score));
+        }
+        int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+        if (zlend != 255) {
+            throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+        }
+        o12.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_ZSET_ZIPLIST);
+        o12.setValue(zset);
+        o12.setDb(db);
+        o12.setKey(key);
+        return o12;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyHashZipList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zlbytes>| <zltail>| <zllen>| <entry> ...<entry> | <zlend>|
+         * | 4 bytes | 4 bytes | 2bytes | zipListEntry ...   | 1byte  |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueHash o13 = new KeyStringValueHash();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+        int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+        int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+        while (zllen > 0) {
+            String field = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream);
+            zllen--;
+            String value = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream);
+            zllen--;
+            map.put(field, value);
+        }
+        int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+        if (zlend != 255) {
+            throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+        }
+        o13.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPLIST);
+        o13.setValue(map);
+        o13.setDb(db);
+        o13.setKey(key);
+        return o13;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyListQuickList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueList o14 = new KeyStringValueList();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        List<String> byteList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            ByteArray element = (ByteArray) parser.rdbGenericLoadStringObject(RDB_LOAD_NONE);
+            RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(element));
+
+            List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+            int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+            int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+            int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+            for (int j = 0; j < zllen; j++) {
+                list.add(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream));
+            }
+            int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+            if (zlend != 255) {
+                throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+            }
+            byteList.addAll(list);
+        }
+        o14.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_LIST_QUICKLIST);
+        o14.setValue(byteList);
+        o14.setDb(db);
+        o14.setKey(key);
+        return o14;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyModule(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        //|6|6|6|6|6|6|6|6|6|10|
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueModule o6 = new KeyStringValueModule();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        char[] c = new char[9];
+        long moduleid = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
+            c[i] = MODULE_SET[(int) (moduleid >>> (10 + (c.length - 1 - i) * 6) & 63)];
+        }
+        String moduleName = new String(c);
+        int moduleVersion = (int) (moduleid & 1023);
+        ModuleParser<? extends Module> moduleParser = lookupModuleParser(moduleName, moduleVersion);
+        if (moduleParser == null) {
+            throw new NoSuchElementException("module[" + moduleName + "," + moduleVersion + "] not exist.");
+        }
+        o6.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_MODULE);
+        o6.setValue(moduleParser.parse(in));
+        o6.setDb(db);
+        o6.setKey(key);
+        return o6;
+    }
+
+    protected ModuleParser<? extends Module> lookupModuleParser(String moduleName, int moduleVersion) {
+        return replicator.getModuleParser(moduleName, moduleVersion);
+    }
+
+    protected KeyValuePair rdbLoadObject(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int valueType, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * $value-type                 # This name value pair doesn't have an expiry. $value_type guaranteed != to FD, FC, FE and FF
+         * $string-encoded-name
+         * $encoded-value
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case RDB_TYPE_STRING:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyString(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_LIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_SET:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applySet(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_ZSET:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyZSet(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_ZSET_2:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyZSet2(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_HASH:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyHash(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyHashZipMap(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_LIST_ZIPLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyListZipList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_SET_INTSET:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applySetIntSet(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_ZSET_ZIPLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyZSetZipList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyHashZipList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_LIST_QUICKLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyListQuickList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_MODULE:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyModule(in, db, version);
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError("unexpected value type:" + valueType);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.ByteArrayInputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 345 is not released after line 354.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Event DefaultRdbVisitor.applyListZipList(RedisInputStream,DB,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.DefaultRdbVisitor.applyListZipList(com.moilioncircle.redis.re.d397eb09a3b448decea1fa35246d31ba
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/moilioncircle/redis/replicator/rdb/DefaultRdbVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultRdbVisitor.java|applyListZipList|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0637c901f4534457a6db34f9ad34b5d1
+
+### Hash:
+9a378279234bf1954dfde3394c9a641d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5483/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5483/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f117362358e8430425a7058c63b4bcccc6fc558f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5483/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** redis-replicator
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 leon chen
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb;
+
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.Replicator;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.event.Event;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RedisInputStream;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.datatype.*;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.module.ModuleParser;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.util.ByteArray;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import static com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.Constants.*;
+
+/**
+ * @author Leon Chen
+ * @since 2.1.0
+ */
+public class DefaultRdbVisitor extends RdbVisitor {
+
+    protected static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(DefaultRdbVisitor.class);
+
+    protected final Replicator replicator;
+
+    public DefaultRdbVisitor(final Replicator replicator) {
+        this.replicator = replicator;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String applyMagic(RedisInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        String magicString = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(in, 5);//REDIS
+        if (!magicString.equals("REDIS")) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("can't read MAGIC STRING [REDIS] ,value:" + magicString);
+        }
+        return magicString;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int applyVersion(RedisInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        int version = Integer.parseInt(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(in, 4));
+        if (version < 2 || version > 8) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(String.valueOf("can't handle RDB format version " + version));
+        }
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int applyType(RedisInputStream in) throws IOException {
+        return in.read();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DB applySelectDB(RedisInputStream in, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * FE $length-encoding         # Previous db ends, next db starts. Database number read using length encoding.
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        long dbNumber = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        return new DB(dbNumber);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DB applyResizeDB(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        long dbsize = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        long expiresSize = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        if (db != null) db.setDbsize(dbsize);
+        if (db != null) db.setExpires(expiresSize);
+        return db;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long applyEof(RedisInputStream in, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * ...                         # Key value pairs for this database, additonal database
+         * FF                          ## End of RDB file indicator
+         * 8 byte checksum             ## CRC 64 checksum of the entire file.
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        if (version >= 5) return in.readLong(8);
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyExpireTime(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * FD $unsigned int            # FD indicates "expiry time in seconds". After that, expiry time is read as a 4 byte unsigned int
+         * $value-type                 # 1 byte flag indicating the type of value - set, map, sorted set etc.
+         * $string-encoded-name         # The name, encoded as a redis string
+         * $encoded-value              # The value. Encoding depends on $value-type
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        int expiredSec = parser.rdbLoadTime();
+        int valueType = applyType(in);
+        KeyValuePair kv = rdbLoadObject(in, db, valueType, version);
+        kv.setExpiredType(ExpiredType.SECOND);
+        kv.setExpiredValue((long) expiredSec);
+        return kv;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyExpireTimeMs(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * FC $unsigned long           # FC indicates "expiry time in ms". After that, expiry time is read as a 8 byte unsigned long
+         * $value-type                 # 1 byte flag indicating the type of value - set, map, sorted set etc.
+         * $string-encoded-name         # The name, encoded as a redis string
+         * $encoded-value              # The value. Encoding depends on $value-type
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        long expiredMs = parser.rdbLoadMillisecondTime();
+        int valueType = applyType(in);
+        KeyValuePair kv = rdbLoadObject(in, db, valueType, version);
+        kv.setExpiredType(ExpiredType.MS);
+        kv.setExpiredValue(expiredMs);
+        return kv;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyAux(RedisInputStream in, int version) throws IOException {
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        String auxKey = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        String auxValue = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        if (!auxKey.startsWith("%")) {
+            if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                logger.info("RDB " + auxKey + ": " + auxValue);
+            }
+            return new AuxField(auxKey, auxValue);
+        } else {
+            if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
+                logger.warn("unrecognized RDB AUX field: " + auxKey + ", value: " + auxValue);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyString(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |       <content>       |
+         * |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueString o0 = new KeyStringValueString();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        BaseRdbParser.EncodedString val = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject();
+        o0.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_STRING);
+        o0.setValue(val.string);
+        o0.setRawBytes(val.rawBytes);
+        o0.setDb(db);
+        o0.setKey(key);
+        return o0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueList o1 = new KeyStringValueList();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            list.add(element);
+        }
+        o1.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_LIST);
+        o1.setValue(list);
+        o1.setDb(db);
+        o1.setKey(key);
+        return o1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applySet(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueSet o2 = new KeyStringValueSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Set<String> set = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            set.add(element);
+        }
+        o2.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_SET);
+        o2.setValue(set);
+        o2.setDb(db);
+        o2.setKey(key);
+        return o2;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyZSet(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |        <score>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |    double content    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueZSet o3 = new KeyStringValueZSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Set<ZSetEntry> zset = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            double score = parser.rdbLoadDoubleValue();
+            zset.add(new ZSetEntry(element, score));
+            len--;
+        }
+        o3.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_ZSET);
+        o3.setValue(zset);
+        o3.setDb(db);
+        o3.setKey(key);
+        return o3;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyZSet2(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |        <score>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |    binary double     |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueZSet o5 = new KeyStringValueZSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        /* rdb version 8*/
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Set<ZSetEntry> zset = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            String element = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            double score = parser.rdbLoadBinaryDoubleValue();
+            zset.add(new ZSetEntry(element, score));
+            len--;
+        }
+        o5.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_ZSET_2);
+        o5.setValue(zset);
+        o5.setDb(db);
+        o5.setKey(key);
+        return o5;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyHash(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |    <len>     |       <content>       |
+         * | 1 or 5 bytes |    string contents    |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueHash o4 = new KeyStringValueHash();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        while (len > 0) {
+            String field = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            String value = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+            map.put(field, value);
+            len--;
+        }
+        o4.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH);
+        o4.setValue(map);
+        o4.setDb(db);
+        o4.setKey(key);
+        return o4;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyHashZipMap(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zmlen> |   <len>     |"foo"    |    <len>   | <free> |   "bar" |<zmend> |
+         * | 1 byte | 1 or 5 byte | content |1 or 5 byte | 1 byte | content | 1 byte |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueHash o9 = new KeyStringValueHash();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+        Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        int zmlen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zmlen(stream);
+        while (true) {
+            int zmEleLen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zmElementLen(stream);
+            if (zmEleLen == 255) {
+                o9.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP);
+                o9.setValue(map);
+                o9.setDb(db);
+                o9.setKey(key);
+                return o9;
+            }
+            String field = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(stream, zmEleLen);
+            zmEleLen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zmElementLen(stream);
+            if (zmEleLen == 255) {
+                o9.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP);
+                o9.setValue(map);
+                o9.setDb(db);
+                o9.setKey(key);
+                return o9;
+            }
+            int free = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.free(stream);
+            String value = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.str(stream, zmEleLen);
+            BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.skip(stream, free);
+            map.put(field, value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyListZipList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zlbytes>| <zltail>| <zllen>| <entry> ...<entry> | <zlend>|
+         * | 4 bytes | 4 bytes | 2bytes | zipListEntry ...   | 1byte  |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueList o10 = new KeyStringValueList();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+        int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+        int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+        for (int i = 0; i < zllen; i++) {
+            list.add(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream));
+        }
+        int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+        if (zlend != 255) {
+            throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+        }
+        o10.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_LIST_ZIPLIST);
+        o10.setValue(list);
+        o10.setDb(db);
+        o10.setKey(key);
+        return o10;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applySetIntSet(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<encoding>| <length-of-contents>|              <contents>                           |
+         * | 4 bytes  |            4 bytes  | 2 bytes lement| 4 bytes element | 8 bytes element |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueSet o11 = new KeyStringValueSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        Set<String> set = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        int encoding = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.encoding(stream);
+        long lenOfContent = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.lenOfContent(stream);
+        for (long i = 0; i < lenOfContent; i++) {
+            switch (encoding) {
+                case 2:
+                    set.add(String.valueOf(stream.readInt(2)));
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    set.add(String.valueOf(stream.readInt(4)));
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    set.add(String.valueOf(stream.readLong(8)));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new AssertionError("expect encoding [2,4,8] but:" + encoding);
+            }
+        }
+        o11.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_SET_INTSET);
+        o11.setValue(set);
+        o11.setDb(db);
+        o11.setKey(key);
+        return o11;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyZSetZipList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zlbytes>| <zltail>| <zllen>| <entry> ...<entry> | <zlend>|
+         * | 4 bytes | 4 bytes | 2bytes | zipListEntry ...   | 1byte  |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueZSet o12 = new KeyStringValueZSet();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        Set<ZSetEntry> zset = new LinkedHashSet<>();
+        int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+        int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+        int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+        while (zllen > 0) {
+            String element = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream);
+            zllen--;
+            double score = Double.valueOf(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream));
+            zllen--;
+            zset.add(new ZSetEntry(element, score));
+        }
+        int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+        if (zlend != 255) {
+            throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+        }
+        o12.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_ZSET_ZIPLIST);
+        o12.setValue(zset);
+        o12.setDb(db);
+        o12.setKey(key);
+        return o12;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyHashZipList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * |<zlbytes>| <zltail>| <zllen>| <entry> ...<entry> | <zlend>|
+         * | 4 bytes | 4 bytes | 2bytes | zipListEntry ...   | 1byte  |
+         */
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueHash o13 = new KeyStringValueHash();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        ByteArray aux = parser.rdbLoadPlainStringObject();
+        RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aux));
+
+        Map<String, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+        int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+        int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+        while (zllen > 0) {
+            String field = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream);
+            zllen--;
+            String value = BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream);
+            zllen--;
+            map.put(field, value);
+        }
+        int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+        if (zlend != 255) {
+            throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+        }
+        o13.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPLIST);
+        o13.setValue(map);
+        o13.setDb(db);
+        o13.setKey(key);
+        return o13;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyListQuickList(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueList o14 = new KeyStringValueList();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        long len = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        List<String> byteList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            ByteArray element = (ByteArray) parser.rdbGenericLoadStringObject(RDB_LOAD_NONE);
+            RedisInputStream stream = new RedisInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(element));
+
+            List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
+            int zlbytes = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlbytes(stream);
+            int zltail = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zltail(stream);
+            int zllen = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zllen(stream);
+            for (int j = 0; j < zllen; j++) {
+                list.add(BaseRdbParser.StringHelper.zipListEntry(stream));
+            }
+            int zlend = BaseRdbParser.LenHelper.zlend(stream);
+            if (zlend != 255) {
+                throw new AssertionError("zlend expect 255 but " + zlend);
+            }
+            byteList.addAll(list);
+        }
+        o14.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_LIST_QUICKLIST);
+        o14.setValue(byteList);
+        o14.setDb(db);
+        o14.setKey(key);
+        return o14;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Event applyModule(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int version) throws IOException {
+        //|6|6|6|6|6|6|6|6|6|10|
+        BaseRdbParser parser = new BaseRdbParser(in);
+        KeyStringValueModule o6 = new KeyStringValueModule();
+        String key = parser.rdbLoadEncodedStringObject().string;
+        char[] c = new char[9];
+        long moduleid = parser.rdbLoadLen().len;
+        for (int i = 0; i < c.length; i++) {
+            c[i] = MODULE_SET[(int) (moduleid >>> (10 + (c.length - 1 - i) * 6) & 63)];
+        }
+        String moduleName = new String(c);
+        int moduleVersion = (int) (moduleid & 1023);
+        ModuleParser<? extends Module> moduleParser = lookupModuleParser(moduleName, moduleVersion);
+        if (moduleParser == null) {
+            throw new NoSuchElementException("module[" + moduleName + "," + moduleVersion + "] not exist.");
+        }
+        o6.setValueRdbType(RDB_TYPE_MODULE);
+        o6.setValue(moduleParser.parse(in));
+        o6.setDb(db);
+        o6.setKey(key);
+        return o6;
+    }
+
+    protected ModuleParser<? extends Module> lookupModuleParser(String moduleName, int moduleVersion) {
+        return replicator.getModuleParser(moduleName, moduleVersion);
+    }
+
+    protected KeyValuePair rdbLoadObject(RedisInputStream in, DB db, int valueType, int version) throws IOException {
+        /*
+         * ----------------------------
+         * $value-type                 # This name value pair doesn't have an expiry. $value_type guaranteed != to FD, FC, FE and FF
+         * $string-encoded-name
+         * $encoded-value
+         * ----------------------------
+         */
+        switch (valueType) {
+            case RDB_TYPE_STRING:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyString(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_LIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_SET:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applySet(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_ZSET:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyZSet(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_ZSET_2:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyZSet2(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_HASH:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyHash(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPMAP:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyHashZipMap(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_LIST_ZIPLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyListZipList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_SET_INTSET:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applySetIntSet(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_ZSET_ZIPLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyZSetZipList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_HASH_ZIPLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyHashZipList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_LIST_QUICKLIST:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyListQuickList(in, db, version);
+            case RDB_TYPE_MODULE:
+                return (KeyValuePair) applyModule(in, db, version);
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError("unexpected value type:" + valueType);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RedisInputStream` acquired to `stream` by call to `RedisInputStream(...)` at line 345 is not released after line 354.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 354
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Event DefaultRdbVisitor.applyListZipList(RedisInputStream,DB,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.DefaultRdbVisitor.applyListZipList(com.moilioncircle.redis.re.d397eb09a3b448decea1fa35246d31ba
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/moilioncircle/redis/replicator/rdb/DefaultRdbVisitor.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultRdbVisitor.java|applyListZipList|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0637c901f4534457a6db34f9ad34b5d1
+
+### Hash:
+d7f5ef7949232eda168971e156a85905
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5484/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5484/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3b1509140916765e468f5ac0a00eb568a00b7cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5484/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** redis-replicator
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 leon chen
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator;
+
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.*;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.AsyncBufferedInputStream;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RedisInputStream;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RedisOutputStream;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.net.RedisSocketFactory;
+import com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.rdb.RdbParser;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import static com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.Constants.DOLLAR;
+import static com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.Constants.STAR;
+
+/**
+ * Created by leon on 8/9/16.
+ */
+public class RedisSocketReplicator extends AbstractReplicator {
+
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(RedisSocketReplicator.class);
+
+    private Socket socket;
+    private final int port;
+    private Timer heartBeat;
+    private final String host;
+    private ReplyParser replyParser;
+    private RedisOutputStream outputStream;
+    private final RedisSocketFactory socketFactory;
+
+    private final AtomicBoolean connected = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    public RedisSocketReplicator(String host, int port, Configuration configuration) {
+        this.host = host;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.configuration = configuration;
+        this.socketFactory = new RedisSocketFactory(configuration);
+        builtInCommandParserRegister();
+        addExceptionListener(new DefaultExceptionListener());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * PSYNC
+     *
+     * @throws IOException when read timeout or connect timeout
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void open() throws IOException {
+        for (int i = 0; i < configuration.getRetries() || configuration.getRetries() <= 0; i++) {
+            try {
+                connect();
+
+                if (configuration.getAuthPassword() != null) auth(configuration.getAuthPassword());
+
+                sendSlavePort();
+
+                sendSlaveIp();
+
+                sendSlaveCapa();
+
+                //reset retries
+                i = 0;
+
+                logger.info("PSYNC " + configuration.getMasterRunId() + " " + String.valueOf(configuration.getOffset()));
+                send("PSYNC".getBytes(), configuration.getMasterRunId().getBytes(), String.valueOf(configuration.getOffset()).getBytes());
+                final String reply = (String) reply();
+
+                SyncMode syncMode = trySync(reply);
+                //bug fix.
+                if (syncMode == SyncMode.PSYNC && connected.get()) {
+                    //heart beat send REPLCONF ACK ${slave offset}
+                    synchronized (this) {
+                        heartBeat = new Timer("heart beat");
+                        //bug fix. in this point closed by other thread. multi-thread issue
+                        heartBeat.schedule(new TimerTask() {
+                            @Override
+                            public void run() {
+                                try {
+                                    send("REPLCONF".getBytes(), "ACK".getBytes(), String.valueOf(configuration.getOffset()).getBytes());
+                                } catch (IOException e) {
+                                    //NOP
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }, configuration.getHeartBeatPeriod(), configuration.getHeartBeatPeriod());
+                        logger.info("heart beat started.");
+                    }
+                }
+                //sync command
+                while (connected.get()) {
+                    Object obj = replyParser.parse(new OffsetHandler() {
+                        @Override
+                        public void handle(long len) {
+                            configuration.addOffset(len);
+                        }
+                    });
+                    //command
+                    if (obj instanceof Object[]) {
+                        if (configuration.isVerbose() && logger.isDebugEnabled())
+                            logger.debug(Arrays.deepToString((Object[]) obj));
+
+                        Object[] command = (Object[]) obj;
+                        CommandName cmdName = CommandName.name((String) command[0]);
+                        Object[] params = new Object[command.length - 1];
+                        System.arraycopy(command, 1, params, 0, params.length);
+
+                        final CommandParser<? extends Command> operations;
+                        //if command do not register. ignore
+                        if ((operations = commands.get(cmdName)) == null) continue;
+
+                        //do command replyParser
+                        Command parsedCommand = operations.parse(cmdName, params);
+
+                        //submit event
+                        this.submitEvent(parsedCommand);
+                    } else {
+                        if (logger.isInfoEnabled()) logger.info("Redis reply:" + obj);
+                    }
+                }
+                //connected = false
+                break;
+            } catch (/*bug fix*/IOException e) {
+                //close socket manual
+                if (!connected.get()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                logger.error("socket error", e);
+                //connect refused
+                //connect timeout
+                //read timeout
+                //connect abort
+                //server disconnect connection EOFException
+                close();
+                //retry psync in next loop.
+                logger.info("reconnect to redis-server. retry times:" + (i + 1));
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(configuration.getRetryTimeInterval());
+                } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        doCloseListener();
+    }
+
+    private SyncMode trySync(final String reply) throws IOException {
+        logger.info(reply);
+        if (reply.startsWith("FULLRESYNC")) {
+            //sync rdb dump file
+            parseDump(this);
+            //after parsed dump file,cache master run id and offset so that next psync.
+            String[] ary = reply.split(" ");
+            configuration.setMasterRunId(ary[1]);
+            configuration.setOffset(Long.parseLong(ary[2]));
+            return SyncMode.PSYNC;
+        } else if (reply.equals("CONTINUE")) {
+            // do nothing
+            return SyncMode.PSYNC;
+        } else {
+            //server don't support psync
+            logger.info("SYNC");
+            send("SYNC".getBytes());
+            parseDump(this);
+            return SyncMode.SYNC;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void parseDump(final AbstractReplicator replicator) throws IOException {
+        //sync dump
+        String reply = (String) replyParser.parse(new BulkReplyHandler() {
+            @Override
+            public String handle(long len, RedisInputStream in) throws IOException {
+                logger.info("RDB dump file size:" + len);
+                if (configuration.isDiscardRdbEvent()) {
+                    logger.info("Discard " + len + " bytes");
+                    in.skip(len);
+                } else {
+                    RdbParser parser = new RdbParser(in, replicator);
+                    parser.parse();
+                }
+                return "OK";
+            }
+        });
+        //sync command
+        if (reply.equals("OK")) return;
+        throw new AssertionError("SYNC failed." + reply);
+    }
+
+    private void auth(String password) throws IOException {
+        if (password != null) {
+            logger.info("AUTH " + password);
+            send("AUTH".getBytes(), password.getBytes());
+            final String reply = (String) reply();
+            logger.info(reply);
+            if (reply.equals("OK")) return;
+            throw new AssertionError("[AUTH " + password + "] failed." + reply);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void sendSlavePort() throws IOException {
+        //REPLCONF listening-prot ${port}
+        logger.info("REPLCONF listening-port " + socket.getLocalPort());
+        send("REPLCONF".getBytes(), "listening-port".getBytes(), String.valueOf(socket.getLocalPort()).getBytes());
+        final String reply = (String) reply();
+        logger.info(reply);
+        if (reply.equals("OK")) return;
+        logger.warn("[REPLCONF listening-port " + socket.getLocalPort() + "] failed." + reply);
+    }
+
+    private void sendSlaveIp() throws IOException {
+        //REPLCONF ip-address ${address}
+        logger.info("REPLCONF ip-address " + socket.getLocalAddress().getHostAddress());
+        send("REPLCONF".getBytes(), "ip-address".getBytes(), socket.getLocalAddress().getHostAddress().getBytes());
+        final String reply = (String) reply();
+        logger.info(reply);
+        if (reply.equals("OK")) return;
+        //redis 3.2+
+        logger.warn("[REPLCONF ip-address " + socket.getLocalAddress().getHostAddress() + "] failed." + reply);
+    }
+
+    private void sendSlaveCapa() throws IOException {
+        //REPLCONF capa eof
+        logger.info("REPLCONF capa eof");
+        send("REPLCONF".getBytes(), "capa".getBytes(), "eof".getBytes());
+        final String reply = (String) reply();
+        logger.info(reply);
+        if (reply.equals("OK")) return;
+        logger.warn("[REPLCONF capa eof] failed." + reply);
+    }
+
+    public void send(byte[] command) throws IOException {
+        send(command, new byte[0][]);
+    }
+
+    public void send(byte[] command, final byte[]... args) throws IOException {
+        outputStream.write(STAR);
+        outputStream.write(String.valueOf(args.length + 1).getBytes());
+        outputStream.writeCrLf();
+        outputStream.write(DOLLAR);
+        outputStream.write(String.valueOf(command.length).getBytes());
+        outputStream.writeCrLf();
+        outputStream.write(command);
+        outputStream.writeCrLf();
+        for (final byte[] arg : args) {
+            outputStream.write(DOLLAR);
+            outputStream.write(String.valueOf(arg.length).getBytes());
+            outputStream.writeCrLf();
+            outputStream.write(arg);
+            outputStream.writeCrLf();
+        }
+        outputStream.flush();
+    }
+
+    public Object reply() throws IOException {
+        return replyParser.parse();
+    }
+
+    public Object reply(BulkReplyHandler handler) throws IOException {
+        return replyParser.parse(handler);
+    }
+
+    private void connect() throws IOException {
+        if (!connected.compareAndSet(false, true)) return;
+        socket = socketFactory.createSocket(host, port, configuration.getConnectionTimeout());
+        outputStream = new RedisOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+        inputStream = new RedisInputStream(configuration.getAsyncCachedBytes() > 0 ? new AsyncBufferedInputStream(socket.getInputStream()) : socket.getInputStream(), configuration.getBufferSize());
+        replyParser = new ReplyParser(inputStream);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        if (!connected.compareAndSet(true, false)) return;
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (heartBeat != null) {
+                heartBeat.cancel();
+                heartBeat = null;
+                logger.info("heart beat canceled.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (inputStream != null) inputStream.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            //NOP
+        }
+        try {
+            if (outputStream != null) outputStream.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            //NOP
+        }
+        try {
+            if (socket != null && !socket.isClosed()) socket.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            //NOP
+        }
+        logger.info("channel closed");
+    }
+
+    private enum SyncMode {SYNC, PSYNC}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisSocketReplicator.open` indirectly writes to field `this.com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisSocketReplicator.replyParser.com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.ReplyParser.in.com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RedisInputStream.markLen` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisSocketReplicator.replyParser has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisSocketReplicator.replyParser.com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.cmd.ReplyParser.in.com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.io.RedisInputStream.markLen might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RedisSocketReplicator.open()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.moilioncircle.redis.replicator.RedisSocketReplicator.open():void.6ebc18a06b646d7126094c2f498504e6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/moilioncircle/redis/replicator/RedisSocketReplicator.java
+
+### Key:
+RedisSocketReplicator.java|open|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6d64de04ea3c7103fc2c408fc31e6305
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5551/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5551/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d28ce93f01b81f73fc3f98012d6096534481e610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5551/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HotswapAgent
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.hotswap.agent.plugin.proxy;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.instrument.IllegalClassFormatException;
+
+import org.hotswap.agent.annotation.LoadEvent;
+import org.hotswap.agent.annotation.OnClassLoadEvent;
+import org.hotswap.agent.annotation.Plugin;
+import org.hotswap.agent.javassist.ClassPool;
+import org.hotswap.agent.javassist.CtClass;
+import org.hotswap.agent.logging.AgentLogger;
+import org.hotswap.agent.plugin.proxy.hscglib.CglibProxyTransformer;
+import org.hotswap.agent.plugin.proxy.hscglib.GeneratorParametersTransformer;
+import org.hotswap.agent.plugin.proxy.java.JavaProxyTransformer;
+import org.hotswap.agent.plugin.proxy.java.JavassistProxyTransformer;
+
+/**
+ * Redefines proxy classes that implement or extend changed interfaces or classes. Currently it supports proxies created
+ * with Java reflection and the Cglib library.
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @author Erki Ehtla
+ * 
+ */
+@Plugin(name = "Proxy", description = "Redefines proxies", testedVersions = { "" }, expectedVersions = { "all" })
+public class ProxyPlugin {
+	private static AgentLogger LOGGER = AgentLogger.getLogger(ProxyPlugin.class);
+	
+	/**
+	 * Transforms the proxies after changes
+	 * 
+	 * We need to have all the changed classes in the ClassPool, so the ClassfileSignatureComparer can determine if a
+	 * classhierarchy has been changed and also for the one-step JavassistProxyTransformer to see the changed interfaces
+	 */
+	@OnClassLoadEvent(classNameRegexp = ".*", events = LoadEvent.REDEFINE, skipSynthetic = false)
+	public static byte[] transformRedefinitions(final Class<?> classBeingRedefined, final byte[] classfileBuffer,
+			final ClassLoader loader) throws IllegalClassFormatException, IOException, RuntimeException {
+		// load the class in the pool for ClassfileSignatureComparer and JavassistProxyTransformer
+		ClassPool cp = ProxyTransformationUtils.getClassPool(loader);
+		CtClass cc = cp.makeClass(new ByteArrayInputStream(classfileBuffer), false);
+		
+		byte[] result = classfileBuffer;
+		
+		boolean useJavassistProxyTransformer = true;
+		if (useJavassistProxyTransformer) {
+			result = JavassistProxyTransformer.transform(classBeingRedefined, cc, cp, result);
+		} else {
+			result = JavaProxyTransformer.transform(classBeingRedefined, cc, cp, result);
+		}
+		return CglibProxyTransformer.transform(classBeingRedefined, cc, cp, result, loader);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Modifies Cglib bytecode generators to store the parameters for this plugin
+	 */
+	@OnClassLoadEvent(classNameRegexp = ".*/cglib/.*", events = LoadEvent.DEFINE, skipSynthetic = false)
+	public static byte[] transformDefinitions(final byte[] classfileBuffer, final ClassLoader loader)
+			throws IllegalClassFormatException, IOException, RuntimeException {
+		CtClass cc = ProxyTransformationUtils.getClassPool(loader).makeClass(new ByteArrayInputStream(classfileBuffer),
+				false);
+		try {
+			return GeneratorParametersTransformer.transform(cc);
+		} finally {
+			// we dont need to store defined CtClass-es in the pool
+			cc.detach();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	{
+		LOGGER.info("Proxy plugin initialized");
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedInputStream` acquired by call to `makeClass(...)` at line 41 is not released after line 41.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] ProxyPlugin.transformRedefinitions(Class,byte[],ClassLoader)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.hotswap.agent.plugin.proxy.ProxyPlugin.transformRedefinitions(java.lang.Class,byte[],java.lang.C.33089f702da79087c51c904b8b50dffc
+
+### File:
+plugin/hotswap-agent-proxy-plugin/src/main/java/org/hotswap/agent/plugin/proxy/ProxyPlugin.java
+
+### Key:
+ProxyPlugin.java|transformRedefinitions|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+471feabfb1ae9e48b5cff85b8ac4ea38
+
+### Hash:
+a945d4ab4812eab5a8991d5c753379fe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5556/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5556/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77885805b28e3f1e77ca04879ecaaee7b822578a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5556/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jackson-core
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.fasterxml.jackson.core.main;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.*;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.util.DefaultPrettyPrinter;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.util.MinimalPrettyPrinter;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Set of basic unit tests for verifying that indenting
+ * option of generator works correctly
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("serial")
+public class TestPrettyPrinter
+    extends com.fasterxml.jackson.test.BaseTest
+{
+    static class CountPrinter extends MinimalPrettyPrinter
+    {
+        @Override
+        public void writeEndObject(JsonGenerator jg, int nrOfEntries)
+                throws IOException, JsonGenerationException
+        {
+            jg.writeRaw("("+nrOfEntries+")}");
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeEndArray(JsonGenerator jg, int nrOfValues)
+            throws IOException, JsonGenerationException
+        {
+            jg.writeRaw("("+nrOfValues+")]");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    /**********************************************************
+    /* Test methods
+    /**********************************************************
+     */
+    
+    public void testObjectCount() throws Exception
+    {
+        final String EXP = "{\"x\":{\"a\":1,\"b\":2(2)}(1)}";
+        final JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+            boolean useBytes = (i > 0);
+            ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+            JsonGenerator gen = useBytes ? jf.createJsonGenerator(bytes)
+                    : jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+            gen.setPrettyPrinter(new CountPrinter());
+            gen.writeStartObject();
+            gen.writeFieldName("x");
+            gen.writeStartObject();
+            gen.writeNumberField("a", 1);
+            gen.writeNumberField("b", 2);
+            gen.writeEndObject();
+            gen.writeEndObject();
+            gen.close();
+
+            String json = useBytes ? bytes.toString("UTF-8") : sw.toString();
+            assertEquals(EXP, json);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testArrayCount() throws Exception
+    {
+        final String EXP = "[6,[1,2,9(3)](2)]";
+        
+        final JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+            boolean useBytes = (i > 0);
+            ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+            JsonGenerator gen = useBytes ? jf.createJsonGenerator(bytes)
+                    : jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+            gen.setPrettyPrinter(new CountPrinter());
+            gen.writeStartArray();
+            gen.writeNumber(6);
+            gen.writeStartArray();
+            gen.writeNumber(1);
+            gen.writeNumber(2);
+            gen.writeNumber(9);
+            gen.writeEndArray();
+            gen.writeEndArray();
+            gen.close();
+
+            String json = useBytes ? bytes.toString("UTF-8") : sw.toString();
+            assertEquals(EXP, json);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void testSimpleDocWithDefault() throws Exception
+    {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonGenerator gen = new JsonFactory().createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.useDefaultPrettyPrinter();
+        _verifyPrettyPrinter(gen, sw);
+    }
+
+    public void testSimpleDocWithMinimal() throws Exception
+    {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonGenerator gen = new JsonFactory().createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        // first with standard minimal
+        gen.setPrettyPrinter(new MinimalPrettyPrinter());
+        String docStr = _verifyPrettyPrinter(gen, sw);
+        // which should have no linefeeds, tabs
+        assertEquals(-1, docStr.indexOf('\n'));
+        assertEquals(-1, docStr.indexOf('\t'));
+
+        // And then with slightly customized variant
+        gen = new JsonFactory().createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.setPrettyPrinter(new MinimalPrettyPrinter() {
+            @Override
+            // use TAB between array values
+            public void beforeArrayValues(JsonGenerator jg) throws IOException, JsonGenerationException
+            {
+                jg.writeRaw("\t");
+            }
+        });
+        docStr = _verifyPrettyPrinter(gen, sw);
+        assertEquals(-1, docStr.indexOf('\n'));
+        assertTrue(docStr.indexOf('\t') >= 0);
+    }
+
+    // [Issue#26]
+    public void testCustomRootSeparatorWithPP() throws Exception
+    {
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+        // first, no pretty-printing (will still separate root values with a space!)
+        assertEquals("{} {} []", _generateRoot(jf, null));
+        // First with default pretty printer, default configs:
+        assertEquals("{ } { } [ ]", _generateRoot(jf, new DefaultPrettyPrinter()));
+        // then custom:
+        assertEquals("{ }|{ }|[ ]", _generateRoot(jf, new DefaultPrettyPrinter("|")));
+    }
+
+    // Alternative solution for [Issue#26]
+    public void testCustomRootSeparatorWithFactory() throws Exception
+    {
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+        jf.setRootValueSeparator("##");
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonGenerator gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.writeNumber(13);
+        gen.writeBoolean(false);
+        gen.writeNull();
+        gen.close();
+        assertEquals("13##false##null", sw.toString());
+    }
+    
+    /*
+    /**********************************************************
+    /* Helper methods
+    /**********************************************************
+     */
+
+    private String _verifyPrettyPrinter(JsonGenerator gen, StringWriter sw) throws Exception
+    {    
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+        gen.writeNumber(3);
+        gen.writeString("abc");
+
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+        gen.writeBoolean(true);
+        gen.writeEndArray();
+
+        gen.writeStartObject();
+        gen.writeFieldName("f");
+        gen.writeNull();
+        gen.writeFieldName("f2");
+        gen.writeNull();
+        gen.writeEndObject();
+
+        gen.writeEndArray();
+        gen.close();
+
+        String docStr = sw.toString();
+        JsonParser jp = createParserUsingReader(docStr);
+
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.START_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(3, jp.getIntValue());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.VALUE_STRING, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals("abc", jp.getText());
+
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.START_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.VALUE_TRUE, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.END_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.START_OBJECT, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.FIELD_NAME, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals("f", jp.getText());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.VALUE_NULL, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.FIELD_NAME, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals("f2", jp.getText());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.VALUE_NULL, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.END_OBJECT, jp.nextToken());
+
+        assertEquals(JsonToken.END_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+
+        jp.close();
+
+        return docStr;
+    }
+
+    protected String _generateRoot(JsonFactory jf, PrettyPrinter pp) throws IOException
+    {
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonGenerator gen = new JsonFactory().createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.setPrettyPrinter(pp);
+        gen.writeStartObject();
+        gen.writeEndObject();
+        gen.writeStartObject();
+        gen.writeEndObject();
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+        gen.writeEndArray();
+        gen.close();
+        return sw.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.fasterxml.jackson.core.json.WriterBasedJsonGenerator` acquired by call to `createJsonGenerator(...)` at line 213 is not released after line 222.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 216
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String TestPrettyPrinter._generateRoot(JsonFactory,PrettyPrinter)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core.main.TestPrettyPrinter._generateRoot(com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFacto.8f7045a0eac9ef16401f535a8f31b9e6
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/main/TestPrettyPrinter.java
+
+### Key:
+TestPrettyPrinter.java|_generateRoot|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+333defad6e2c62136dfc49f95a674c4d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5569/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5569/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e1772281d9b6dbecd4ebb8f2b655947020bb5a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5569/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jackson-core
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.fasterxml.jackson.core.main;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.*;
+
+/**
+ * Set of basic unit tests for verifying basic generator
+ * features.
+ */
+public class TestGeneratorMisc
+    extends com.fasterxml.jackson.test.BaseTest
+{
+    /*
+    /**********************************************************
+    /* Tests for closing, status
+    /**********************************************************
+     */
+
+    public void testIsClosed()
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+            boolean stream = ((i & 1) == 0);
+            JsonGenerator jg = stream ?
+                jf.createJsonGenerator(new StringWriter())
+                : jf.createJsonGenerator(new ByteArrayOutputStream(), JsonEncoding.UTF8)
+                ;
+            assertFalse(jg.isClosed());
+            jg.writeStartArray();
+            jg.writeNumber(-1);
+            jg.writeEndArray();
+            assertFalse(jg.isClosed());
+            jg.close();
+            assertTrue(jg.isClosed());
+            jg.close();
+            assertTrue(jg.isClosed());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Also, "very simple" objects are supported even without Codec:
+    public void testSimpleWriteObject() throws IOException
+    {
+        // note: NOT mapping factory, for this test
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonGenerator gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+
+        // simple wrappers first
+        gen.writeObject(1);
+        gen.writeObject((short) -2);
+        gen.writeObject((long) 3);
+        gen.writeObject((byte) -4);
+        gen.writeObject(0.25);
+        gen.writeObject(-0.125f);
+        gen.writeObject(Boolean.TRUE);
+        gen.close();
+        String act = sw.toString().trim();
+        assertEquals("[1,-2,3,-4,0.25,-0.125,true]", act);
+        
+        // then other basic types
+        sw = new StringWriter();
+        gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+        gen.writeObject(BigInteger.valueOf(1234));
+        gen.writeObject(new BigDecimal(0.5));
+        gen.writeEndArray();
+        gen.close();
+        act = sw.toString().trim();
+        assertEquals("[1234,0.5]", act);
+
+        // then Atomic types
+        sw = new StringWriter();
+        gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+        gen.writeObject(new AtomicBoolean(false));
+        gen.writeObject(new AtomicInteger(13));
+        gen.writeObject(new AtomicLong(-127L));
+        gen.writeEndArray();
+        gen.close();
+        act = sw.toString().trim();
+        assertEquals("[false,13,-127]", act);
+    }
+    
+    /*
+    /**********************************************************
+    /* Tests for raw output
+    /**********************************************************
+     */
+
+    public void testRaw() throws IOException
+    {
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonGenerator gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+        gen.writeRaw("-123, true");
+        gen.writeRaw(", \"x\"  ");
+        gen.writeEndArray();
+        gen.close();
+
+                
+        JsonParser jp = createParserUsingReader(sw.toString());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.START_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(-123, jp.getIntValue());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.VALUE_TRUE, jp.nextToken());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.VALUE_STRING, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals("x", jp.getText());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.END_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+        jp.close();
+    }
+
+    public void testRawValue() throws IOException
+    {
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+        StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        JsonGenerator gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+        gen.writeStartArray();
+        gen.writeRawValue("7");
+        gen.writeRawValue("[ null ]");
+        gen.writeRawValue("false");
+        gen.writeEndArray();
+        gen.close();
+
+        JsonParser jp = createParserUsingReader(sw.toString());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.START_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+
+        assertToken(JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT, jp.nextToken());
+        assertEquals(7, jp.getIntValue());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.START_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.VALUE_NULL, jp.nextToken());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.END_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+        assertToken(JsonToken.VALUE_FALSE, jp.nextToken());
+
+        assertToken(JsonToken.END_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+        jp.close();
+    }
+    
+    /*
+    /**********************************************************
+    /* Tests for binary data
+    /**********************************************************
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * This is really inadequate test, all in all, but should serve
+     * as some kind of sanity check. Reader-side should more thoroughly
+     * test things, as it does need writers to construct the data first.
+     */
+    public void testBinaryWrite() throws Exception
+    {
+        _testBinaryWrite(false);
+        _testBinaryWrite(true);
+    }
+
+    private void _testBinaryWrite(boolean useCharBased) throws Exception
+    {
+        /* The usual sample input string, from Thomas Hobbes's "Leviathan"
+         * (via Wikipedia)
+         */
+        final String INPUT = "Man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but by this singular passion from other animals, which is a lust of the mind, that by a perseverance of delight in the continued and indefatigable generation of knowledge, exceeds the short vehemence of any carnal pleasure.";
+        final byte[] INPUT_BYTES = INPUT.getBytes("US-ASCII");
+        // as per MIME variant, result minus lfs =
+        final String OUTPUT =
+ "TWFuIGlzIGRpc3Rpbmd1aXNoZWQsIG5vdCBvbmx5IGJ5IGhpcyByZWFzb24sIGJ1dCBieSB0aGlz"
++"IHNpbmd1bGFyIHBhc3Npb24gZnJvbSBvdGhlciBhbmltYWxzLCB3aGljaCBpcyBhIGx1c3Qgb2Yg"
++"dGhlIG1pbmQsIHRoYXQgYnkgYSBwZXJzZXZlcmFuY2Ugb2YgZGVsaWdodCBpbiB0aGUgY29udGlu"
++"dWVkIGFuZCBpbmRlZmF0aWdhYmxlIGdlbmVyYXRpb24gb2Yga25vd2xlZGdlLCBleGNlZWRzIHRo"
++"ZSBzaG9ydCB2ZWhlbWVuY2Ugb2YgYW55IGNhcm5hbCBwbGVhc3VyZS4="
+            ;
+
+        /* Let's only test the standard base64 variant; but write
+         * values in root, array and object contexts.
+         */
+        Base64Variant b64v = Base64Variants.getDefaultVariant();
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+            JsonGenerator gen;
+            ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream(200);
+            if (useCharBased) {
+                gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(new OutputStreamWriter(bout, "UTF-8"));
+            } else {
+                gen = jf.createJsonGenerator(bout, JsonEncoding.UTF8);
+            }
+
+            switch (i) {
+            case 0: // root
+                gen.writeBinary(b64v, INPUT_BYTES, 0, INPUT_BYTES.length);
+                break;
+            case 1: // array
+                gen.writeStartArray();
+                gen.writeBinary(b64v, INPUT_BYTES, 0, INPUT_BYTES.length);
+                gen.writeEndArray();
+                break;
+            default: // object
+                gen.writeStartObject();
+                gen.writeFieldName("field");
+                gen.writeBinary(b64v, INPUT_BYTES, 0, INPUT_BYTES.length);
+                gen.writeEndObject();
+                break;
+            }
+            gen.close();
+
+            JsonParser jp = jf.createJsonParser(new ByteArrayInputStream(bout.toByteArray()));
+            
+            // Need to skip other events before binary data:
+            switch (i) {
+            case 0:
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                assertEquals(JsonToken.START_ARRAY, jp.nextToken());
+                break;
+            default:
+                assertEquals(JsonToken.START_OBJECT, jp.nextToken());
+                assertEquals(JsonToken.FIELD_NAME, jp.nextToken());
+                break;
+            }
+            assertEquals(JsonToken.VALUE_STRING, jp.nextToken());
+            String actualValue = jp.getText();
+            jp.close();
+            assertEquals(OUTPUT, actualValue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+    /**********************************************************
+    /* Tests for object writing
+    /**********************************************************
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Unit test that tries to trigger buffer-boundary conditions
+     */
+    public void testLongerObjects() throws Exception
+    {
+        JsonFactory jf = new JsonFactory();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+            boolean useChars = (i == 0);
+            JsonGenerator jgen;
+            ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream(200);
+            if (useChars) {
+                jgen = jf.createJsonGenerator(new OutputStreamWriter(bout, "UTF-8"));
+            } else {
+                jgen = jf.createJsonGenerator(bout, JsonEncoding.UTF8);
+            }
+
+            jgen.writeStartObject();
+
+            for (int rounds = 0; rounds < 1500; ++rounds) {
+                for (int letter = 'a'; letter <= 'z'; ++letter) {
+                    for (int index = 0; index < 20; ++index) {
+                        String name;
+                        if (letter > 'f') {
+                            name = "X"+letter+index;
+                        } else if (letter > 'p') {
+                            name = ""+letter+index;
+                        } else {
+                            name = "__"+index+letter;
+                        }
+                        jgen.writeFieldName(name);
+                        jgen.writeNumber(index-1);
+                    }
+                    jgen.writeRaw('\n');
+                }
+            }
+            jgen.writeEndObject();
+            jgen.close();
+
+            byte[] json = bout.toByteArray();
+            JsonParser jp = jf.createJsonParser(json);
+            assertToken(JsonToken.START_OBJECT, jp.nextToken());
+            for (int rounds = 0; rounds < 1500; ++rounds) {
+            for (int letter = 'a'; letter <= 'z'; ++letter) {
+                for (int index = 0; index < 20; ++index) {
+                    assertToken(JsonToken.FIELD_NAME, jp.nextToken());
+                    String name;
+                    if (letter > 'f') {
+                        name = "X"+letter+index;
+                    } else if (letter > 'p') {
+                        name = ""+letter+index;
+                    } else {
+                        name = "__"+index+letter;
+                    }
+                    assertEquals(name, jp.getCurrentName());
+                    assertToken(JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT, jp.nextToken());
+                    assertEquals(index-1, jp.getIntValue());
+                }
+            }
+            }
+            assertToken(JsonToken.END_OBJECT, jp.nextToken());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.fasterxml.jackson.core.json.WriterBasedJsonGenerator` acquired by call to `createJsonGenerator(...)` at line 30 is not released after line 43.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 36
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestGeneratorMisc.testIsClosed()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.fasterxml.jackson.core.main.TestGeneratorMisc.testIsClosed():void.6859abe3210d53dde9ad7dc403610607
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/main/TestGeneratorMisc.java
+
+### Key:
+TestGeneratorMisc.java|testIsClosed|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+68d315e3b31459a19abd15d575cfd22f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5610/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5610/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29a3f75c9ae6d062031bff9156bee0472e46d387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5610/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dozer
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2005-2007 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.sf.dozer.util;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import net.sf.dozer.AbstractDozerTest;
+import net.sf.dozer.classmap.ClassMappings;
+import net.sf.dozer.classmap.Configuration;
+import net.sf.dozer.classmap.MappingFileData;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @author tierney.matt
+ */
+public class MappingsParserTest extends AbstractDozerTest {
+
+  private MappingsParser parser;
+
+  @Override
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws Exception {
+    parser = MappingsParser.getInstance();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDuplicateMapIds() throws Exception {
+    MappingFileReader fileReader = new MappingFileReader("duplicateMapIdsMapping.xml");
+    MappingFileData mappingFileData = fileReader.read();
+
+    try {
+      parser.processMappings(mappingFileData.getClassMaps(), new Configuration());
+      fail("should have thrown exception");
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      assertTrue("invalid exception thrown", e.getMessage().indexOf("Duplicate Map Id") != -1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDetectDuplicateMapping() throws Exception {
+    MappingFileReader fileReader = new MappingFileReader("duplicateMapping.xml");
+    MappingFileData mappingFileData = fileReader.read();
+    try {
+      parser.processMappings(mappingFileData.getClassMaps(), new Configuration());
+      fail("should have thrown exception");
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      assertTrue("invalid exception", e.getMessage().indexOf("Duplicate Class Mapping Found") != -1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMappings() throws Exception {
+    MappingFileData mappingFileData = new MappingFileData();
+    ClassMappings result = parser.processMappings(mappingFileData.getClassMaps(), new Configuration());
+    assertNotNull("result should not be null", result);
+    assertEquals("result should be empty", 0, result.size());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fileReader.url` last assigned on line 58 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `read()` at line 59.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MappingsParserTest.testDetectDuplicateMapping()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.sf.dozer.util.MappingsParserTest.testDetectDuplicateMapping():void.2fe739b7d5829e6845bd6ae8f1427270
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/sf/dozer/util/MappingsParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+MappingsParserTest.java|testDetectDuplicateMapping|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c85152d671eaede4a85fcf67ed9d14e0
+
+### Hash:
+be5dffab7c357570815f1b140979d1bb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5611/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5611/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6262c361cfdf1225ce56915e542eac08e0b00b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5611/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core.connection;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.Row;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.SparkSession;
+import org.verdictdb.exception.VerdictDBDbmsException;
+import org.verdictdb.jdbc41.JdbcResultSet;
+import org.verdictdb.sqlsyntax.PostgresqlSyntax;
+import org.verdictdb.sqlsyntax.SparkSyntax;
+import org.verdictdb.sqlsyntax.SqlSyntax;
+
+public class SparkConnection implements DbmsConnection {
+
+  SparkSession sc;
+
+  SqlSyntax syntax;
+  
+  public SparkConnection(SparkSession sc, SqlSyntax syntax) {
+    this.sc = sc;
+    this.syntax = syntax;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<String> getSchemas() throws VerdictDBDbmsException {
+    List<String> schemas = new ArrayList<>();
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = execute(syntax.getSchemaCommand());
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcResultSet = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    try {
+      while (queryResult.next()) {
+        schemas.add(jdbcResultSet.getString(syntax.getSchemaNameColumnIndex()+1));
+      }
+    } catch (SQLException e) {
+      throw new VerdictDBDbmsException(e);
+    } finally {
+      jdbcResultSet.close();
+    }
+    return schemas;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<String> getTables(String schema) throws VerdictDBDbmsException {
+    List<String> tables = new ArrayList<>();
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = execute(syntax.getTableCommand(schema));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcResultSet = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    try {
+      while (queryResult.next()) {
+        tables.add(jdbcResultSet.getString(syntax.getTableNameColumnIndex()+1));
+      }
+    } catch (SQLException e) {
+      throw new VerdictDBDbmsException(e);
+    } finally {
+      jdbcResultSet.close();
+    }
+    return tables;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<Pair<String, String>> getColumns(String schema, String table) throws VerdictDBDbmsException {
+    List<Pair<String, String>> columns = new ArrayList<>();
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = execute(syntax.getColumnsCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcResultSet = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    try {
+      while (queryResult.next()) {
+        String type = jdbcResultSet.getString(syntax.getColumnTypeColumnIndex()+1);
+        type = type.toLowerCase();
+
+//        // remove the size of type
+//        type = type.replaceAll("\\(.*\\)", "");
+
+        columns.add(
+            new ImmutablePair<>(jdbcResultSet.getString(syntax.getColumnNameColumnIndex()+1), type));
+      }
+    } catch (SQLException e) {
+      throw new VerdictDBDbmsException(e);
+    } finally {
+      jdbcResultSet.close();
+    }
+    return columns;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public List<String> getPartitionColumns(String schema, String table) throws VerdictDBDbmsException {
+    List<String> partition = new ArrayList<>();
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = execute(syntax.getPartitionCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcResultSet = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    // the result of postgresql is a vector of column index
+
+    try {
+      if (syntax instanceof PostgresqlSyntax) {
+        queryResult.next();
+        Object o = jdbcResultSet.getObject(1);
+        String[] arr = o.toString().split(" ");
+        List<Pair<String, String>> columns = getColumns(schema, table);
+        for (int i=0; i<arr.length; i++) {
+          partition.add(columns.get(Integer.valueOf(arr[i])-1).getKey());
+        }
+      }
+      else {
+        while (queryResult.next()) {
+          partition.add(jdbcResultSet.getString(1));
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (SQLException e) {
+      throw new VerdictDBDbmsException(e);
+    } finally {
+      jdbcResultSet.close();
+    }
+    jdbcResultSet.close();
+    return partition;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getDefaultSchema() {
+    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public DbmsQueryResult execute(String query) throws VerdictDBDbmsException {
+
+    try {
+      SparkQueryResult srs = null;
+      Dataset<Row> result = sc.sql(query);
+      if (result!=null) {
+        srs = new SparkQueryResult(result);
+      }
+      return srs;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new VerdictDBDbmsException(e.getMessage());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public SqlSyntax getSyntax() {
+    return syntax;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Connection getConnection() {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() {
+    try {
+      this.sc.close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public SparkSession getSparkSession() {
+    return sc;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `queryResult` last assigned on line 35 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `JdbcResultSet(...)` at line 36.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List SparkConnection.getSchemas()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.connection.SparkConnection.getSchemas():java.util.List.0b65ddedbd61719620dfa0f0453b183b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/verdictdb/core/connection/SparkConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+SparkConnection.java|getSchemas|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c583062b10ad6f53c947e27a661a83a6
+
+### Hash:
+bf6612608d84f60a3c230f1ac7b2d67f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5618/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5618/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..830730f337e50bb43a8b0a61c5dccbe247a9fda1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5618/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core.execution;
+
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;
+
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.JdbcConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.core.query.AsteriskColumn;
+import org.verdictdb.core.query.BaseTable;
+import org.verdictdb.core.query.SelectItem;
+import org.verdictdb.core.query.SelectQuery;
+import org.verdictdb.exception.VerdictDBDbmsException;
+import org.verdictdb.exception.VerdictDBException;
+import org.verdictdb.sql.syntax.H2Syntax;
+
+public class CreateTableAsSelectExecutionNodeTest {
+  
+  static String originalSchema = "originalschema";
+
+  static String originalTable = "originalschema";
+
+  static String newSchema = "newschema";
+
+  static String newTable  = "newtable";
+
+  static int aggblockCount = 2;
+
+  static DbmsConnection conn;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setupDbConnAndScrambledTable() throws SQLException, VerdictDBException {
+    final String DB_CONNECTION = "jdbc:h2:mem:createasselecttest;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1";
+    final String DB_USER = "";
+    final String DB_PASSWORD = "";
+    conn = new JdbcConnection(DriverManager.getConnection(DB_CONNECTION, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD), new H2Syntax());
+    conn.executeUpdate(String.format("CREATE SCHEMA \"%s\"", originalSchema));
+    conn.executeUpdate(String.format("CREATE SCHEMA \"%s\"", newSchema));
+    populateData(conn, originalSchema, originalTable);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecuteNode() throws VerdictDBException {
+    BaseTable base = new BaseTable(originalSchema, originalTable, "t");
+    SelectQuery query = SelectQuery.create(Arrays.<SelectItem>asList(new AsteriskColumn()), base);
+    QueryExecutionNode root = CreateTableAsSelectExecutionNode.create(query, "newschema");
+//    LinkedBlockingDeque<ExecutionResult> resultQueue = new LinkedBlockingDeque<>();
+    root.executeNode(conn, null);     // no information to pass
+    conn.executeUpdate(String.format("DROP TABLE \"%s\".\"%s\"", newSchema, "verdictdbtemptable_0"));
+  }
+
+  static void populateData(DbmsConnection conn, String schemaName, String tableName) throws VerdictDBDbmsException {
+    conn.executeUpdate(String.format("CREATE TABLE \"%s\".\"%s\"(\"id\" int, \"value\" double)", schemaName, tableName));
+    for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+      conn.executeUpdate(String.format("INSERT INTO \"%s\".\"%s\"(\"id\", \"value\") VALUES(%s, %f)",
+          schemaName, tableName, i, (double) i+1));
+    }
+  }
+  
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `executeNode(...)` at line 51.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CreateTableAsSelectExecutionNodeTest.testExecuteNode()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.execution.CreateTableAsSelectExecutionNodeTest.testExecuteNode():void.cdc0b7af9f4321a15af4f9c671e9f19c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/verdictdb/core/execution/CreateTableAsSelectExecutionNodeTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CreateTableAsSelectExecutionNodeTest.java|testExecuteNode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+33ccdf50ef1bd9e7777ea3e2c17bacc4
+
+### Hash:
+c0f18185e7a9b1d9f59b1295fe91ea21
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5619/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5619/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6e0c612524458c8e84815ffb90b27f8185cc81b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5619/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.umich.verdict.query;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+
+import edu.umich.verdict.VerdictContext;
+import edu.umich.verdict.VerdictSQLParser;
+import edu.umich.verdict.datatypes.TableUniqueName;
+import edu.umich.verdict.util.VerdictLogger;
+
+public class BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter extends AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter {
+	
+	// poissonDist[k] is the probability that a tuple appears k times when n is very large.
+	final private static double[] poissonDist = {
+			0.367879441171442,
+			0.367879441171442,
+			0.183939720585721,
+			0.061313240195240,
+			0.015328310048810,
+			0.003065662009762,
+			0.000510943668294,
+			0.000072991952613,
+			0.000009123994077,
+			0.000001013777120,
+			0.000000101377712
+	};
+	
+	// cumulProb[k] is the probability that a tuple appears k times or less.
+	final private static double[] cumulProb;
+	static {
+		cumulProb = new double[poissonDist.length];
+		cumulProb[0] = poissonDist[0];
+		for (int i = 1; i < poissonDist.length; i++) {
+			cumulProb[i] = cumulProb[i-1] + poissonDist[i];
+		}
+		cumulProb[poissonDist.length-1] = 1.0;
+	}
+	
+	// conditionalProb[k] is the probability that a tuple appears k times conditioned that the tuple does not appear
+	// more than k times.
+	final private static double[] conditionalProb;
+	
+	static {
+		conditionalProb = new double[poissonDist.length];
+		double cdf = 0;
+		for (int i = 0; i < poissonDist.length; i++) {
+			cdf += poissonDist[i];
+			conditionalProb[i] = poissonDist[i] / cdf;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected Map<TableUniqueName, String> sampleTableAlias = new HashMap<TableUniqueName, String>();
+
+	public BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter(VerdictContext vc, String queryString) {
+		super(vc, queryString);
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This function is pretty convoluted to make use of the overloaded functions in this class definition and 
+	 * {@link AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter#visitQuery_specification(edu.umich.verdict.VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext) 
+	 * visitQuery_specification} of the base class for every bootstrap trial.
+	 * For calling the visitQuery_specification function, this class defines another function {@link
+	 * BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter#visitQuery_specificationForSingleTrial(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx)
+	 * visitQuery_specificationForSingleTrial}.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public String visitQuery_specification(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx) {
+		List<Pair<String, String>> subqueryColName2Aliases = null;
+		BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter singleRewriter = null;
+		
+		StringBuilder unionedFrom = new StringBuilder(2000);
+		int trialNum = vc.getConf().getInt("bootstrap_trial_num");
+		for (int i = 0; i < trialNum; i++) {
+			singleRewriter = new BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter(vc, queryString);
+			singleRewriter.setIndentLevel(2);
+			singleRewriter.setDepth(1);
+			String singleTrialQuery = singleRewriter.visitQuery_specificationForSingleTrial(ctx);
+			if (i == 0) {
+				subqueryColName2Aliases = singleRewriter.getColName2Aliases();
+			}
+			if (i > 0) unionedFrom.append("\n  UNION\n");
+			unionedFrom.append(singleTrialQuery);
+		}
+		
+		StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder(2000);
+		sql.append("SELECT");
+		int selectElemIndex = 0;
+		for (Pair<String, String> e : subqueryColName2Aliases) {
+			selectElemIndex++;
+			sql.append((selectElemIndex > 1)? ", " : " ");
+			if (singleRewriter.isAggregateColumn(selectElemIndex)) {
+				String alias = genAlias();
+				sql.append(String.format("AVG(%s) AS %s",
+						e.getRight(), alias));
+				colName2Aliases.add(Pair.of(e.getLeft(), alias));
+			} else {
+				if (e.getLeft().equals(e.getRight())) sql.append(e.getLeft());
+				else sql.append(String.format("%s AS %s", e.getLeft(), e.getRight()));
+				colName2Aliases.add(Pair.of(e.getLeft(), e.getRight()));
+			}
+		}
+		sql.append("\nFROM (\n");
+		sql.append(unionedFrom.toString());
+		sql.append("\n) AS t");
+		sql.append("\nGROUP BY");
+		for (int colIndex = 1; colIndex <= subqueryColName2Aliases.size(); colIndex++) {
+			if (!singleRewriter.isAggregateColumn(colIndex)) {
+				if (colIndex > 1) {
+					sql.append(String.format(", %s", subqueryColName2Aliases.get(colIndex-1).getRight()));
+				} else {
+					sql.append(String.format(" %s", subqueryColName2Aliases.get(colIndex-1).getRight()));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		
+		return sql.toString();
+	}
+	
+	protected String visitQuery_specificationForSingleTrial(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx) {
+		return super.visitQuery_specification(ctx);
+	}
+	
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitAggregate_function_within_query_specification(VerdictSQLParser.Aggregate_windowed_functionContext ctx) {
+		while (aggColumnIndicator.size() < select_list_elem_num-1) {
+			aggColumnIndicator.add(false);		// pad zero
+		}
+		aggColumnIndicator.add(true);			// TODO this must be adapted according to the sample size.
+		
+		if (ctx.AVG() != null) {
+			return String.format("AVG((%s) * %s)",
+					visit(ctx.all_distinct_expression()),
+					MULTIPLICITY,
+					getSampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio());
+		} else if (ctx.SUM() != null) {
+			return String.format("(SUM((%s) * %s) * %f)",
+					visit(ctx.all_distinct_expression()),
+					MULTIPLICITY,
+					getSampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio());
+		} else if (ctx.COUNT() != null) {
+			return String.format("ROUND((SUM(%s) * %f))", MULTIPLICITY, getSampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio());
+		}
+		VerdictLogger.error(this, String.format("Unexpected aggregate function expression: %s", ctx.getText()));
+		return null;	// we don't handle other aggregate functions for now.
+	}
+	
+	protected String multiplicityExpression() {
+		return multiplicityExpression("con");
+	}
+	
+	final String RAND_COLNAME = vc.getConf().get("bootstrap_random_value_colname");
+	final String MULTIPLICITY = vc.getConf().get("bootstrap_multiplicity_colname");
+	
+	protected String multiplicityExpression(String param) {
+		if (param != null && param.equals("1")) {
+			return String.format("1 AS %s", MULTIPLICITY);
+		} else if (param != null && param.equals("con")) {
+			StringBuilder elem = new StringBuilder();
+			elem.append("(case");
+			for (int k = conditionalProb.length - 1; k > 0 ; k--) {
+				elem.append(String.format(" WHEN rand() <= %.10f THEN %d", conditionalProb[k], k));
+			}
+			elem.append(String.format(" ELSE 0 END) AS %s", MULTIPLICITY));
+			return elem.toString();
+		} else {
+			StringBuilder elem = new StringBuilder();
+			elem.append("(case");
+			for (int k = 0; k < cumulProb.length-1; k++) {
+				elem.append(String.format(" WHEN %s <= %.10f THEN %d", RAND_COLNAME, cumulProb[k], k));
+			}
+			elem.append(String.format(" ELSE %d END) AS %s", cumulProb.length-1, MULTIPLICITY));
+			return elem.toString();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected String extraIndentBeforeTableSourceName(int sourceIndex) {
+		return (sourceIndex == 1) ? "" : "\n" + indentString + "      ";
+	}
+	
+	protected TableUniqueName aliasedTableNameItem = null;
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitHinted_table_name_item(VerdictSQLParser.Hinted_table_name_itemContext ctx) {
+		String tableNameItem = visit(ctx.table_name_with_hint());
+		String alias = null;
+		if (ctx.as_table_alias() == null) {
+			alias = genAlias();
+		} else {
+			alias = ctx.as_table_alias().getText();
+		}
+		tableAliases.put(aliasedTableNameItem, alias);
+		return tableNameItem + " " + alias;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected String tableSourceReplacer(String originalTableName) {
+		String bootstrap_sampling_method = vc.getConf().get("bootstrap_sampling_method");
+		
+		if (bootstrap_sampling_method == null) {
+			return tableSourceReplacerSingleNested(originalTableName);	// by default
+		} else if (bootstrap_sampling_method.equals("single_nested")) {
+			return tableSourceReplacerSingleNested(originalTableName);
+		} else if (bootstrap_sampling_method.equals("double_nested")) {
+			VerdictLogger.warn(this, "Double-nested bootstrap sampling is erroroneous; thus, it should be avoided.");
+			return tableSourceReplacerDoubleNested(originalTableName);
+		} else {
+			return tableSourceReplacerSingleNested(originalTableName);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	protected String tableSourceReplacerSingleNested(String originalTableName) {
+		TableUniqueName uTableName = TableUniqueName.uname(vc, originalTableName);
+		TableUniqueName newTableSource = vc.getMeta().getSampleTableNameIfExistsElseOriginal(uTableName);
+		aliasedTableNameItem = newTableSource;
+		if (!uTableName.equals(newTableSource)) {
+			replacedTableSources.add(uTableName);
+			cumulativeReplacedTableSources.put(uTableName, newTableSource);
+			return String.format("(SELECT *, %s\n%sFROM %s)",
+					multiplicityExpression(),
+					indentString + "      ",
+					newTableSource);
+		} else {
+			return newTableSource.toString();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This must not be used. The rand() AS verdict_rand is not materialized; thus, every call of verdict_rand produces
+	 * a different value.
+	 * @param originalTableName
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	protected String tableSourceReplacerDoubleNested(String originalTableName) {
+		TableUniqueName uTableName = TableUniqueName.uname(vc, originalTableName);
+		TableUniqueName newTableSource = vc.getMeta().getSampleTableNameIfExistsElseOriginal(uTableName);
+		aliasedTableNameItem = newTableSource;
+		if (!uTableName.equals(newTableSource)) {
+			replacedTableSources.add(uTableName);
+			cumulativeReplacedTableSources.put(uTableName, newTableSource);
+			return String.format("(SELECT *, %s\n%sFROM %s",
+					multiplicityExpression("cumul"),
+					indentString + "      ",
+					String.format("(SELECT *, rand() AS %s\n%sFROM %s) %s)",
+							RAND_COLNAME,
+							indentString + "            ",
+							newTableSource,
+							genAlias()));
+		} else {
+			return newTableSource.toString();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitOrder_by_clause(VerdictSQLParser.Order_by_clauseContext ctx) {
+		StringBuilder orderby = new StringBuilder();
+		orderby.append("ORDER BY");
+		boolean isFirst = true;
+		for (VerdictSQLParser.Order_by_expressionContext octx : ctx.order_by_expression()) {
+			String alias = findAliasedExpression(visit(octx.expression()));
+			
+			if (isFirst) orderby.append(" ");
+			else 	     orderby.append(", ");
+			
+			orderby.append(alias);
+			if (octx.DESC() != null) {
+				orderby.append(" DESC");
+			}
+			if (octx.ASC() != null) {
+				orderby.append(" ASC");
+			}
+			isFirst = false;
+		}
+		return orderby.toString();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @param colExpr The original text
+	 * @return An alias we declared
+	 */
+	private String findAliasedExpression(String colExpr) {
+		for (Pair<String, String> e : colName2Aliases) {
+			if (colExpr.equalsIgnoreCase(e.getLeft())) {
+				return e.getRight();
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+	
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `subqueryColName2Aliases` last assigned on line 73 could be null and is dereferenced at line 93.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter.visitQuery_specification(VerdictSQLParser$Query_specificationContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.umich.verdict.query.BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter.visitQuery_specification(edu.umich.verdict..ea60145d0557447069c20cc9aad036e2
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/edu/umich/verdict/query/BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter.java
+
+### Key:
+BootstrapSelectStatementRewriter.java|visitQuery_specification|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+eae2ee1cdadb82e549c2a1b7c9bd0e3a
+
+### Hash:
+cbf2dbd6ba2e1b93e73f743b4f099448
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5620/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5620/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..564b8ebd27e6d47a7556bc6c4abadad30b7f7bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5620/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+import org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DataTypeConverter;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsQueryResult;
+import org.verdictdb.sql.syntax.SyntaxAbstract;
+
+public class DbmsMetadataCache {
+
+  private SyntaxAbstract syntax;
+
+  private DbmsConnection connection;
+
+  private List<String> schemaCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> tablesCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> partitionCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<Pair<String,Integer>> columnsCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  public DbmsMetadataCache(DbmsConnection connection) {
+    this.syntax = connection.getSyntax();
+    this.connection = connection;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getSchemas() throws SQLException {
+    if (!schemaCache.isEmpty()){
+      return schemaCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getSchemaCommand());
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      schemaCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getSchemaNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return schemaCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getTables(String schema) throws SQLException {
+    if (!tablesCache.isEmpty()){
+      return tablesCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getTableCommand(schema));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      tablesCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getTableNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return tablesCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<Pair<String, Integer>> getColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!columnsCache.isEmpty()){
+      return columnsCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getColumnsCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      String type = jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnTypeColumnIndex());
+      // remove the size of type
+      type = type.replaceAll("\\(.*\\)", "");
+      columnsCache.add(new ImmutablePair<>(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnNameColumnIndex()),
+          DataTypeConverter.typeInt(type)));
+    }
+    return columnsCache;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Only needed for the DBMS that supports partitioning.
+   * 
+   * @param schema
+   * @param table
+   * @return
+   */
+  public List<String> getPartitionColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!syntax.doesSupportTablePartitioning()) {
+      throw new SQLException("Database does not support table partitioning");
+    }
+    if (!partitionCache.isEmpty()){
+      return partitionCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getPartitionCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      partitionCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(0));
+    }
+    return partitionCache;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet` acquired by call to `new()` at line 64 is not released after line 72.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List DbmsMetadataCache.getColumns(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.DbmsMetadataCache.getColumns(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):java.util.List.ccde81f9ec7f5e23b936cb884eb2ce62
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/verdictdb/core/DbmsMetadataCache.java
+
+### Key:
+DbmsMetadataCache.java|getColumns|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+043c0766603f9712711453e31724d31f
+
+### Hash:
+0436c26ac60036515ac09ff0060a439f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5621/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5621/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d7c94267a45c74bc9e83984c23e0883932ba27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5621/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core.querying.ola;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.verdictdb.core.connection.DbmsConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.core.connection.DbmsQueryResult;
+import org.verdictdb.core.connection.JdbcConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.core.execution.ExecutablePlanRunner;
+import org.verdictdb.core.execution.ExecutionInfoToken;
+import org.verdictdb.core.execution.ExecutionTokenReader;
+import org.verdictdb.core.querying.AggExecutionNode;
+import org.verdictdb.core.querying.QueryExecutionPlan;
+import org.verdictdb.core.querying.SimpleTreePlan;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.AliasedColumn;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.AsteriskColumn;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.BaseColumn;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.BaseTable;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.ColumnOp;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.ConstantColumn;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.DropTableQuery;
+import org.verdictdb.core.sqlobject.SelectQuery;
+import org.verdictdb.exception.VerdictDBDbmsException;
+import org.verdictdb.exception.VerdictDBException;
+import org.verdictdb.exception.VerdictDBValueException;
+import org.verdictdb.sqlreader.QueryToSql;
+import org.verdictdb.sqlsyntax.H2Syntax;
+
+public class AggCombinerExecutionNodeTest {
+  
+  static DbmsConnection conn;
+  
+  static String originalSchema = "originalschema";
+
+  static String originalTable = "originaltable";
+  
+  static String newSchema = "newschema";
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public static void setupDbConnAndScrambledTable() throws SQLException, VerdictDBException {
+    final String DB_CONNECTION = "jdbc:h2:mem:aggcombinertest;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1";
+    final String DB_USER = "";
+    final String DB_PASSWORD = "";
+    conn = new JdbcConnection(DriverManager.getConnection(DB_CONNECTION, DB_USER, DB_PASSWORD), new H2Syntax());
+    conn.execute(String.format("CREATE SCHEMA \"%s\"", originalSchema));
+    conn.execute(String.format("CREATE SCHEMA \"%s\"", newSchema));
+    populateData(conn, originalSchema, originalTable);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSingleAggCombining() throws VerdictDBValueException {
+    QueryExecutionPlan plan = new QueryExecutionPlan("newschema");
+    
+    BaseTable base = new BaseTable("myschema", "mytable", "t");
+    SelectQuery leftQuery = SelectQuery.create(new AliasedColumn(ColumnOp.count(), "acount"), base);
+    SelectQuery rightQuery = SelectQuery.create(new AliasedColumn(ColumnOp.count(), "acount"), base);
+    
+    AggExecutionNode leftNode = AggExecutionNode.create(plan, leftQuery);
+    AggExecutionNode rightNode = AggExecutionNode.create(plan, rightQuery);
+    
+    AggCombinerExecutionNode combiner = AggCombinerExecutionNode.create(plan, leftNode, rightNode);
+    combiner.print();
+    
+    assertEquals(combiner.getListeningQueue(0), leftNode.getBroadcastingQueue(0));
+    assertEquals(combiner.getListeningQueue(1), rightNode.getBroadcastingQueue(0));
+  }
+  
+  // Test if the combined answer is identical to the original answer
+  @Test
+  public void testSingleAggCombiningWithH2() throws VerdictDBDbmsException, VerdictDBException {
+    QueryExecutionPlan plan = new QueryExecutionPlan("newschema");
+    
+    BaseTable base = new BaseTable(originalSchema, originalTable, "t");
+    SelectQuery leftQuery = SelectQuery.create(new AliasedColumn(ColumnOp.count(), "mycount"), base);
+    leftQuery.addFilterByAnd(ColumnOp.lessequal(new BaseColumn("t", "value"), ConstantColumn.valueOf(5.0)));
+    SelectQuery rightQuery = SelectQuery.create(new AliasedColumn(ColumnOp.count(), "mycount"), base);
+    rightQuery.addFilterByAnd(ColumnOp.greater(new BaseColumn("t", "value"), ConstantColumn.valueOf(5.0)));
+    
+    AggExecutionNode leftNode = AggExecutionNode.create(plan, leftQuery);
+    AggExecutionNode rightNode = AggExecutionNode.create(plan, rightQuery);
+    
+//    ExecutionTokenQueue queue = new ExecutionTokenQueue();
+    AggCombinerExecutionNode combiner = AggCombinerExecutionNode.create(plan, leftNode, rightNode);
+    combiner.print();
+    ExecutionTokenReader reader = ExecutablePlanRunner.getTokenReader(
+        conn, 
+        new SimpleTreePlan(combiner));
+    
+//    combiner.addBroadcastingQueue(queue);
+//    combiner.executeAndWaitForTermination(conn);
+    
+    ExecutionInfoToken token = reader.next();
+    String schemaName = (String) token.getValue("schemaName");
+    String tableName = (String) token.getValue("tableName");
+    
+    conn.execute(QueryToSql.convert(
+        new H2Syntax(),
+        SelectQuery.create(ColumnOp.count(), base)));
+    DbmsQueryResult result = conn.getResult();
+    result.next();
+    int expectedCount = Integer.valueOf(result.getValue(0).toString());
+    
+    conn.execute(QueryToSql.convert(
+        new H2Syntax(),
+        SelectQuery.create(new AsteriskColumn(), new BaseTable(schemaName, tableName, "t"))));
+    DbmsQueryResult result2 = conn.getResult();
+    result2.next();
+    int actualCount = Integer.valueOf(result2.getValue(0).toString());
+    assertEquals(expectedCount, actualCount);
+    conn.execute(QueryToSql.convert(
+        new H2Syntax(),
+        DropTableQuery.create(schemaName, tableName)));
+  }
+  
+  static void populateData(DbmsConnection conn, String schemaName, String tableName) throws VerdictDBDbmsException {
+    conn.execute(String.format("CREATE TABLE \"%s\".\"%s\"(\"id\" int, \"value\" double)", schemaName, tableName));
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+      conn.execute(String.format("INSERT INTO \"%s\".\"%s\"(\"id\", \"value\") VALUES(%s, %f)",
+          schemaName, tableName, i, (double) i+1));
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `token` last assigned on line 96 could be null and is dereferenced at line 97.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AggCombinerExecutionNodeTest.testSingleAggCombiningWithH2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.querying.ola.AggCombinerExecutionNodeTest.testSingleAggCombiningWithH2():void.950df2e084d5e53e72037e19e28754ba
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/verdictdb/core/querying/ola/AggCombinerExecutionNodeTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AggCombinerExecutionNodeTest.java|testSingleAggCombiningWithH2|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+2aa071b2849b738d085ebcacfa42afcd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5626/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5626/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7b38027dcfa2e70d164c7c9dbb92caa10c8fc8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5626/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+import org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DataTypeConverter;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsQueryResult;
+import org.verdictdb.sql.syntax.SyntaxAbstract;
+
+public class DbmsMetadataCache {
+
+  private SyntaxAbstract syntax;
+
+  private DbmsConnection connection;
+
+  private List<String> schemaCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> tablesCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> partitionCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<Pair<String,Integer>> columnsCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  public DbmsMetadataCache(DbmsConnection connection) {
+    this.syntax = connection.getSyntax();
+    this.connection = connection;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getSchemas() throws SQLException {
+    if (!schemaCache.isEmpty()){
+      return schemaCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getSchemaCommand());
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      schemaCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getSchemaNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return schemaCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getTables(String schema) throws SQLException {
+    if (!tablesCache.isEmpty()){
+      return tablesCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getTableCommand(schema));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      tablesCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getTableNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return tablesCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<Pair<String, Integer>> getColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!columnsCache.isEmpty()){
+      return columnsCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getColumnsCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      String type = jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnTypeColumnIndex());
+      // remove the size of type
+      type = type.replaceAll("\\(.*\\)", "");
+      columnsCache.add(new ImmutablePair<>(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnNameColumnIndex()),
+          DataTypeConverter.typeInt(type)));
+    }
+    return columnsCache;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Only needed for the DBMS that supports partitioning.
+   * 
+   * @param schema
+   * @param table
+   * @return
+   */
+  public List<String> getPartitionColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!syntax.doesSupportTablePartitioning()) {
+      throw new SQLException("Database does not support table partitioning");
+    }
+    if (!partitionCache.isEmpty()){
+      return partitionCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getPartitionCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      partitionCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(0));
+    }
+    return partitionCache;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet` acquired by call to `new()` at line 90 is not released after line 94.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List DbmsMetadataCache.getPartitionColumns(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.DbmsMetadataCache.getPartitionColumns(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):java.uti.9f031f95ea8edc1a37fc75655081d4df
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/verdictdb/core/DbmsMetadataCache.java
+
+### Key:
+DbmsMetadataCache.java|getPartitionColumns|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+043c0766603f9712711453e31724d31f
+
+### Hash:
+439897190bb21b9a958b4e10b344338f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5627/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5627/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf16ecf38e5b7e61b32e1f67d7062906dd8fa329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5627/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.umich.verdict.relation;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+import com.google.common.base.Optional;
+
+import edu.umich.verdict.VerdictContext;
+import edu.umich.verdict.datatypes.SampleParam;
+import edu.umich.verdict.datatypes.TableUniqueName;
+import edu.umich.verdict.exceptions.VerdictException;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.condition.Cond;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.ColNameExpr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.Expr;
+import edu.umich.verdict.relation.expr.SelectElem;
+
+public class AggregatedRelation extends ExactRelation {
+
+	protected ExactRelation source;
+	
+	protected List<SelectElem> elems;
+	
+	protected AggregatedRelation(VerdictContext vc, ExactRelation source, List<SelectElem> elems) {
+		super(vc);
+		this.source = source;
+		this.elems = elems;
+		subquery = true;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected String getSourceName() {
+		return getAliasName();
+	}
+	
+	public ExactRelation getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * Approx
+	 */
+	
+	public ApproxRelation approx() throws VerdictException {
+		List<Expr> exprs = exprsInSelectElems(elems);
+		
+		// for each expression, we obtain pairs of sample candidates and the costs of using them. 
+		List<Pair<Map<Set<SampleParam>, List<Double>>, SelectElem>> candidates_list = new ArrayList<Pair<Map<Set<SampleParam>, List<Double>>, SelectElem>>();
+		for (int i = 0; i < exprs.size(); i++) {
+			Map<Set<SampleParam>, List<Double>> candidates = source.findSample(exprs.get(i));
+			candidates_list.add(Pair.of(candidates, elems.get(i)));
+		}
+		
+		// We test if we can consolidate those sample candidates so that the number of select statements is less than
+		// the number of the expressions. In the worst case (e.g., all count-distinct), the number of select statements
+		// will be equal to the number of the expressions. If the cost of running those select statements individually
+		// is higher than the cost of running a single select statement using the original tables, we do not use samples.
+		List<Pair<Set<SampleParam>, List<SelectElem>>> consolidated = consolidate(candidates_list);
+		List<ApproxAggregatedRelation> individuals = new ArrayList<ApproxAggregatedRelation>();
+		
+		for (Pair<Set<SampleParam>, List<SelectElem>> p : consolidated) {
+			List<SelectElem> elemsPart = p.getRight();
+			Set<SampleParam> samplesPart = p.getLeft();
+			individuals.add(new ApproxAggregatedRelation(vc, source.approxWith(attachTableMapping(samplesPart)), elemsPart));
+		}
+		
+		// join the results from those multiple relations (if there are more than one)
+		ApproxRelation r = null;
+		for (ApproxAggregatedRelation r1 : individuals) {
+			if (r == null) {
+				r = r1;
+			} else {
+				String ln = Relation.genTableAlias();
+				String rn = Relation.genTableAlias();
+				r.setAliasName(ln);
+				r1.setAliasName(rn);
+				if (r1.getSource() instanceof ApproxGroupedRelation) {
+					List<ColNameExpr> groupby = ((ApproxGroupedRelation) r1.getSource()).getGroupby();
+					List<Pair<Expr, Expr>> joincols = new ArrayList<Pair<Expr, Expr>>();
+					for (ColNameExpr col : groupby) {
+						joincols.add(Pair.of((Expr) new ColNameExpr(col.getCol(), ln), (Expr) new ColNameExpr(col.getCol(), rn)));
+					}
+					r = new ApproxJoinedRelation(vc, r, r1, joincols);
+				} else {
+					r = new ApproxJoinedRelation(vc, r, r1, null);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		r.setAliasName(getAliasName());
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	private Map<TableUniqueName, SampleParam> attachTableMapping(Set<SampleParam> samplesPart) {
+		Map<TableUniqueName, SampleParam> map = new HashMap<TableUniqueName, SampleParam>();
+		for (SampleParam param : samplesPart) {
+			map.put(param.originalTable, param);
+		}
+		return map;
+	}
+
+	public ApproxRelation approxWith(Map<TableUniqueName, SampleParam> replace) {
+		return new ApproxAggregatedRelation(vc, source.approxWith(replace), elems);
+	}
+	
+	/*
+	 * Sql
+	 */	
+	
+	protected String selectSql(List<Expr> groupby) {
+		StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
+		sql.append("SELECT ");
+		sql.append(Joiner.on(", ").join(groupby));
+		if (groupby.size() > 0) sql.append(", ");
+		sql.append(Joiner.on(", ").join(elems));
+		return sql.toString();
+	}
+	
+	protected String withoutSelectSql() {
+		StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
+		
+		Pair<List<Expr>, ExactRelation> groupsAndNextR = allPrecedingGroupbys(this.source);
+		List<Expr> groupby = groupsAndNextR.getLeft();
+		
+		Pair<Optional<Cond>, ExactRelation> filtersAndNextR = allPrecedingFilters(groupsAndNextR.getRight());
+		String csql = (filtersAndNextR.getLeft().isPresent())? filtersAndNextR.getLeft().get().toString() : "";
+		
+		sql.append(String.format(" FROM %s", sourceExpr(filtersAndNextR.getRight())));
+		if (csql.length() > 0) { sql.append(" WHERE "); sql.append(csql); }
+		if (groupby.size() > 0) { sql.append(" GROUP BY "); sql.append(Joiner.on(", ").join(groupby)); }
+		return sql.toString();
+	}
+	
+	public String toSql() {
+		StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
+		
+		Pair<List<Expr>, ExactRelation> groupsAndNextR = allPrecedingGroupbys(this.source);
+		List<Expr> groupby = groupsAndNextR.getLeft();
+		
+		Pair<Optional<Cond>, ExactRelation> filtersAndNextR = allPrecedingFilters(groupsAndNextR.getRight());
+		String csql = (filtersAndNextR.getLeft().isPresent())? filtersAndNextR.getLeft().get().toString() : "";
+		
+		sql.append(selectSql(groupby));
+		sql.append(String.format(" FROM %s", sourceExpr(filtersAndNextR.getRight())));
+		if (csql.length() > 0) { sql.append(" WHERE "); sql.append(csql); }
+		if (groupby.size() > 0) { sql.append(" GROUP BY "); sql.append(Joiner.on(", ").join(groupby)); }
+		return sql.toString();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `r` last assigned on line 74 could be null and is dereferenced at line 95.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ApproxRelation AggregatedRelation.approx()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.umich.verdict.relation.AggregatedRelation.approx():edu.umich.verdict.relation.ApproxRelation.292348e342e21fbb237c03fbc9c9e3b2
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/edu/umich/verdict/relation/AggregatedRelation.java
+
+### Key:
+AggregatedRelation.java|approx|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+471a2edb901e769be3ae46e5651fb0cc
+
+### Hash:
+acb391a54e5d994b13a3ea418aa0f977
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5628/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5628/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffee977f289b6938da7f29f2e565ac3e5e9d4c13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5628/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.verdictdb.core;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.ImmutablePair;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+import org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DataTypeConverter;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsConnection;
+import org.verdictdb.connection.DbmsQueryResult;
+import org.verdictdb.sql.syntax.SyntaxAbstract;
+
+public class DbmsMetadataCache {
+
+  private SyntaxAbstract syntax;
+
+  private DbmsConnection connection;
+
+  private List<String> schemaCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> tablesCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<String> partitionCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  private List<Pair<String,Integer>> columnsCache = new ArrayList<>();
+
+  public DbmsMetadataCache(DbmsConnection connection) {
+    this.syntax = connection.getSyntax();
+    this.connection = connection;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getSchemas() throws SQLException {
+    if (!schemaCache.isEmpty()){
+      return schemaCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getSchemaCommand());
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      schemaCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getSchemaNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return schemaCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<String> getTables(String schema) throws SQLException {
+    if (!tablesCache.isEmpty()){
+      return tablesCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getTableCommand(schema));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      tablesCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getTableNameColumnIndex()));
+    }
+    return tablesCache;
+  }
+  
+  public List<Pair<String, Integer>> getColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!columnsCache.isEmpty()){
+      return columnsCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getColumnsCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      String type = jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnTypeColumnIndex());
+      // remove the size of type
+      type = type.replaceAll("\\(.*\\)", "");
+      columnsCache.add(new ImmutablePair<>(jdbcQueryResult.getString(syntax.getColumnNameColumnIndex()),
+          DataTypeConverter.typeInt(type)));
+    }
+    return columnsCache;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Only needed for the DBMS that supports partitioning.
+   * 
+   * @param schema
+   * @param table
+   * @return
+   */
+  public List<String> getPartitionColumns(String schema, String table) throws SQLException {
+    if (!syntax.doesSupportTablePartitioning()) {
+      throw new SQLException("Database does not support table partitioning");
+    }
+    if (!partitionCache.isEmpty()){
+      return partitionCache;
+    }
+    DbmsQueryResult queryResult = connection.executeQuery(syntax.getPartitionCommand(schema, table));
+    JdbcResultSet jdbcQueryResult = new JdbcResultSet(queryResult);
+    while (queryResult.next()) {
+      partitionCache.add(jdbcQueryResult.getString(0));
+    }
+    return partitionCache;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.verdictdb.JdbcResultSet` acquired by call to `new()` at line 40 is not released after line 44.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List DbmsMetadataCache.getSchemas()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.verdictdb.core.DbmsMetadataCache.getSchemas():java.util.List.6c2e3b7f67944dc1fbc0670620afa0b3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/verdictdb/core/DbmsMetadataCache.java
+
+### Key:
+DbmsMetadataCache.java|getSchemas|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+043c0766603f9712711453e31724d31f
+
+### Hash:
+ff43fc6eb8cbb5779adc87708f0b4433
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5629/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5629/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a95b0909d39c17117be2eda7cbb3833b9e1f2cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5629/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** verdictdb
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.umich.verdict.query;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.tuple.Pair;
+
+import edu.umich.verdict.VerdictContext;
+import edu.umich.verdict.VerdictSQLParser;
+import edu.umich.verdict.datatypes.Alias;
+import edu.umich.verdict.datatypes.TableUniqueName;
+import edu.umich.verdict.exceptions.VerdictQuerySyntaxException;
+import edu.umich.verdict.util.VerdictLogger;
+
+class AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter extends SelectStatementBaseRewriter  {
+	
+	protected VerdictContext vc;
+	
+	protected VerdictQuerySyntaxException e;
+	
+	protected List<Boolean> aggColumnIndicator;
+	
+	// Alias propagation
+	// 1. we declare aliases for all columns.
+	// 2. the alias of a non-aggregate column can simply be the column name itself.
+	// 3. the alias of an aggregate column is an automatically generalized name (using genAlias()) unless its alias
+	//    is explicitly specified.
+	// 4. all declared aliases are stored in this field so that an outer query can access.
+	// 5. the displayed column labels should be properly handled by VerdictResultSet class.
+	protected List<Pair<String, Alias>> colName2Aliases;
+	
+	// This field stores the tables sources of only current level. That is, does not store the table sources
+	// of the subqueries.
+	// Note: currently, this field does not contain derived fields.
+	// TODO: this may be replaced with a single double value that indicates the sampling probability.
+	protected final ArrayList<TableUniqueName> replacedTableSources = new ArrayList<TableUniqueName>();
+
+	// This field stores the replaced table sources of all levels.
+	// left is the original table name, and the right is the replaced table name.
+	protected final Map<TableUniqueName, TableUniqueName> cumulativeReplacedTableSources = new TreeMap<TableUniqueName, TableUniqueName>();
+	
+	// For every table source, we remember the table name and its alias.
+	// This info is used in the other clauses (such as where clause and select list) for replacing the table names with
+	// their proper aliases.
+	protected Map<TableUniqueName, Alias> tableAliases = new HashMap<TableUniqueName, Alias>();
+	
+	// Records the column index of a mean aggregation and the column index for its error.
+	// If the right value is 0, it means there's no error info column.
+	// All valid column indexes are not smaller than 1 (namely, one-indexed).
+	protected Map<Integer, Integer> meanColIndex2ErrColIndex;
+
+	
+	public AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter(VerdictContext vc, String queryString) {
+		super(queryString);
+		this.vc = vc;
+		this.e = null;
+		aggColumnIndicator = new ArrayList<Boolean>();
+		colName2Aliases = new ArrayList<Pair<String, Alias>>();
+		meanColIndex2ErrColIndex = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
+	}
+	
+	public VerdictQuerySyntaxException getException() {
+		return e;
+	}
+	
+	public List<Boolean> getAggregateColumnIndicator() {
+		return aggColumnIndicator;
+	}
+	
+	public List<Pair<String, Alias>> getColName2Aliases() {
+		return colName2Aliases;
+	}
+	
+	public Map<TableUniqueName, TableUniqueName> getCumulativeSampleTables() {
+		return cumulativeReplacedTableSources;
+	}
+	
+	public boolean isAggregateColumn(int columnIndex) {
+		if (aggColumnIndicator.size() >= columnIndex && aggColumnIndicator.get(columnIndex-1)) {
+			return aggColumnIndicator.get(columnIndex-1);
+		} else {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public Map<Integer, Integer> getMean2ErrorColumnMap() {
+		return meanColIndex2ErrColIndex;
+	}
+	
+	protected double sampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio = -1;
+	
+	protected double getSampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio() {
+		if (sampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio == -1) {
+			double sampleToOriginalRatio = 1.0;		// originalTableSize / sampleSize
+			for (TableUniqueName t : replacedTableSources) {
+				Pair<Long,Long> sampleAndOriginalSize =
+						vc.getMeta().getSampleAndOriginalTableSizeByOriginalTableNameIfExists(t);
+				double sampleSize = (double) sampleAndOriginalSize.getLeft();
+				double originalTableSize = (double) sampleAndOriginalSize.getRight();
+				
+				sampleToOriginalRatio *= originalTableSize / sampleSize;
+				VerdictLogger.debug(this, String.format("%s size ratio. sample size: %f, original size: %f", t, sampleSize, originalTableSize));
+			}
+			sampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio = sampleToOriginalRatio;
+		}
+		return sampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitHinted_table_name_item(VerdictSQLParser.Hinted_table_name_itemContext ctx) {
+		String tableNameItem = visit(ctx.table_name_with_hint());
+		Alias alias = null;
+		if (ctx.as_table_alias() == null) {
+			alias = Alias.genAlias(depth, tableNameItem);
+		} else {
+			alias = new Alias(tableNameItem, ctx.as_table_alias().getText());
+		}
+		tableAliases.put(TableUniqueName.uname(vc, tableNameItem), alias);
+		return tableNameItem + " " + alias;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected String tableSourceReplacer(String originalTableName) {
+		TableUniqueName uTableName = TableUniqueName.uname(vc, originalTableName);
+		TableUniqueName newTableSource = vc.getMeta().getSampleTableNameIfExistsElseOriginal(uTableName);
+		// note: newTableSource might be same as uTableName if there's no sample table exists.
+		if (!uTableName.equals(newTableSource)) {
+			replacedTableSources.add(uTableName);
+			cumulativeReplacedTableSources.put(uTableName, newTableSource);
+		}
+		return newTableSource.toString();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	protected String tableNameReplacer(String originalTableName) {
+		if (tableAliases.values().contains(originalTableName)) {
+			// we don't have to replace the table name if aliases were used.
+			return originalTableName;
+		} else {
+			// find the name of the effective table (whether an original table or a sample table), then find the 
+			// proper alias we used for the table source.
+			return tableAliases.get(vc.getMeta().getSampleTableNameIfExistsElseOriginal(
+					TableUniqueName.uname(vc, originalTableName))).toString();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitSelect_statement(VerdictSQLParser.Select_statementContext ctx) {
+		StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder(1000);
+		query.append(visit(ctx.query_expression()));
+		
+		if (ctx.order_by_clause() != null) {
+			query.append(String.format("\n%s", indentString + visit(ctx.order_by_clause())));
+		}
+		
+		if (ctx.limit_clause() != null) {
+			query.append(String.format("\n%s", indentString + visit(ctx.limit_clause())));
+		}
+		return query.toString();
+	}
+	
+	protected int select_list_elem_num = 0;	// 1 for the first column, 2 for the second column, and so on.
+	
+	protected String quoteString() {
+		return vc.getDbms().getQuoteString();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitSelect_list_elem(VerdictSQLParser.Select_list_elemContext ctx) {
+		select_list_elem_num++;
+		String newSelectListElem = null;
+		Pair<String, Alias> colName2Alias = null;
+		
+		if (ctx.getText().equals("*")) {
+			// TODO: replace * with all columns in the (joined) source table.
+			newSelectListElem = "*";
+		} else {
+			StringBuilder elem = new StringBuilder();
+			elem.append(visit(ctx.expression()));
+			
+			SelectStatementBaseRewriter baseRewriter = new SelectStatementBaseRewriter(queryString);
+			String colName = baseRewriter.visit(ctx.expression());
+			
+			if (ctx.column_alias() != null) {
+				Alias alias = new Alias(colName, ctx.column_alias().getText());
+				elem.append(String.format(" AS %s", alias));
+				colName2Alias = Pair.of(colName, alias);
+			} else {
+				// We add a pseudo column alias
+				Alias alias = Alias.genAlias(depth, colName);
+				elem.append(String.format(" AS %s", alias));
+				colName2Alias = Pair.of(baseRewriter.visit(ctx.expression()), alias);
+			}
+			
+			newSelectListElem = elem.toString();
+		}
+		
+		colName2Aliases.add(Pair.of(colName2Alias.getKey(), colName2Alias.getValue()));
+		return newSelectListElem;
+	}
+	
+	protected boolean withinQuerySpecification = false;
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitAggregate_windowed_function(VerdictSQLParser.Aggregate_windowed_functionContext ctx) { 
+		if (withinQuerySpecification)
+			return visitAggregate_function_within_query_specification(ctx);
+		else
+			return visitAggregate_function_outside_query_specification(ctx);
+	}
+	
+	protected String visitAggregate_function_within_query_specification(VerdictSQLParser.Aggregate_windowed_functionContext ctx) {
+		while (aggColumnIndicator.size() < select_list_elem_num-1) {
+			aggColumnIndicator.add(false);		// pad zero
+		}
+		aggColumnIndicator.add(true);
+		
+		if (ctx.AVG() != null) {
+			return String.format("AVG(%s)", visit(ctx.all_distinct_expression()), getSampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio());
+		} else if (ctx.SUM() != null) {
+			return String.format("(SUM(%s) * %f)", visit(ctx.all_distinct_expression()), getSampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio());
+		} else if (ctx.COUNT() != null) {
+			return String.format("ROUND((COUNT(*) * %f))", getSampleSizeToOriginalTableSizeRatio());
+		}
+		VerdictLogger.error(this, String.format("Unexpected aggregate function expression: %s", ctx.getText()));
+		return null;	// we don't handle other aggregate functions for now.
+	}
+	
+	protected String visitAggregate_function_outside_query_specification(VerdictSQLParser.Aggregate_windowed_functionContext ctx) {
+		return super.visitAggregate_windowed_function(ctx);
+	}
+	
+	protected String extraIndentBeforeTableSourceName(int sourceIndex) {
+		return (sourceIndex == 1) ? "" : " ";
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitQuery_specification(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx) {
+		withinQuerySpecification = true;
+		// We process the FROM clause first to get the ratio between the samples (if we use them) and the
+		// original tables.
+		String fromClause = rewrittenFromClause(ctx);
+		
+		String selectList = rewrittenSelectList(ctx);
+		
+		String whereClause = rewrittenWhereClause(ctx);
+		
+		String groupbyClause = rewrittenGroupbyClause(ctx);
+		
+		StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder(1000);
+		query.append(indentString); query.append(selectList.toString());
+		query.append("\n" + indentString); query.append(fromClause.toString());
+		if (whereClause.length() > 0) { query.append("\n"); query.append(indentString); query.append(whereClause.toString()); }
+		if (groupbyClause.length() > 0) { query.append("\n"); query.append(indentString); query.append(groupbyClause.toString()); }
+		
+		withinQuerySpecification = false;
+		return query.toString();
+	}
+	
+	protected String rewrittenFromClause(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx) {
+		StringBuilder fromClause = new StringBuilder(200);
+		fromClause.append("FROM ");
+		int sourceIndex = 1;
+		for (VerdictSQLParser.Table_sourceContext tctx : ctx.table_source()) {
+			if (sourceIndex == 1) {
+				fromClause.append(extraIndentBeforeTableSourceName(sourceIndex) + visit(tctx));
+			} else {
+				fromClause.append(String.format(",%s%s", extraIndentBeforeTableSourceName(sourceIndex), visit(tctx)));
+			}
+			sourceIndex++;
+		}
+		return fromClause.toString();
+	}
+	
+	protected String rewrittenSelectList(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx) {
+		StringBuilder selectList = new StringBuilder(200);
+		selectList.append("SELECT ");
+		selectList.append(visit(ctx.select_list()));
+		return selectList.toString();
+	}
+	
+	protected String rewrittenWhereClause(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx) {
+		StringBuilder whereClause = new StringBuilder(200);
+		if (ctx.where != null) {
+			whereClause.append("WHERE ");
+			whereClause.append(visit(ctx.where));
+		}
+		return whereClause.toString();
+	}
+	
+	protected String rewrittenGroupbyClause(VerdictSQLParser.Query_specificationContext ctx) {
+		StringBuilder otherClause = new StringBuilder(200);
+		if (ctx.group_by_item() != null && ctx.group_by_item().size() > 0) {
+			otherClause.append("GROUP BY ");
+			for (VerdictSQLParser.Group_by_itemContext gctx : ctx.group_by_item()) {
+				otherClause.append(visit(gctx));
+			}
+		}
+		return otherClause.toString();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitSubquery(VerdictSQLParser.SubqueryContext ctx) {
+		AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter subqueryVisitor = new AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter(vc, queryString);
+		subqueryVisitor.setIndentLevel(defaultIndent + 4);
+		subqueryVisitor.setDepth(depth+1);
+		String ret = subqueryVisitor.visit(ctx.select_statement().query_expression());
+		cumulativeReplacedTableSources.putAll(subqueryVisitor.getCumulativeSampleTables());
+		return ret;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public String visitGroup_by_item(VerdictSQLParser.Group_by_itemContext ctx) {
+		String groupName = ctx.getText();
+		Alias alias = new Alias(groupName, groupName);
+		
+		for (Pair<String, Alias> e : colName2Aliases) {
+			if (e.getKey().equals(groupName)) {
+				alias = e.getValue();
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		if (isFirstGroup) {
+			isFirstGroup = false;
+			return alias.toString();
+		}
+		else {
+			return ", " + alias;
+		}
+	}
+	
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `colName2Alias` last assigned on line 176 could be null and is dereferenced at line 202.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter.visitSelect_list_elem(VerdictSQLParser$Select_list_elemContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.umich.verdict.query.AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter.visitSelect_list_elem(edu.umich.verdict.Verd.badcf535e20a7370a40a46640ebbf20f
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/edu/umich/verdict/query/AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter.java
+
+### Key:
+AnalyticSelectStatementRewriter.java|visitSelect_list_elem|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+508fe65944aede45ae4405e1858c9447
+
+### Hash:
+0291ef3e48c2c021c50f005b5868b59f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5642/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5642/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e82fbfc5961eae75415713ab3b0a5d4fb20660df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5642/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** HikariCP
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Brett Wooldridge
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.zaxxer.hikari.proxy;
+
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+
+import com.zaxxer.hikari.javassist.HikariInject;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Brett Wooldridge
+ */
+public class PreparedStatementProxy extends StatementProxy
+{
+    protected PreparedStatementProxy(ConnectionProxy connection, PreparedStatement statement)
+    {
+        super(connection, statement);
+    }
+
+    // **********************************************************************
+    //              Overridden java.sql.PreparedStatement Methods
+    // **********************************************************************
+
+    @HikariInject
+    public ResultSet executeQuery() throws SQLException
+    {
+        IHikariResultSetProxy resultSet = (IHikariResultSetProxy) __executeQuery();
+        resultSet.setProxyStatement(this);
+        return (ResultSet) resultSet;
+    }
+
+    // ***********************************************************************
+    // These methods contain code we do not want injected into the actual
+    // java.sql.Connection implementation class.  These methods are only
+    // used when instrumentation is not available and "conventional" Javassist
+    // delegating proxies are used.
+    // ***********************************************************************
+
+    public ResultSet __executeQuery() throws SQLException
+    {
+        ResultSet resultSet = ((PreparedStatement) delegate).executeQuery();
+        if (resultSet == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return PROXY_FACTORY.getProxyResultSet(this, resultSet);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: fix wrapper
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resultSet` last assigned on line 43 could be null and is dereferenced at line 44.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ResultSet PreparedStatementProxy.executeQuery()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zaxxer.hikari.proxy.PreparedStatementProxy.executeQuery():java.sql.ResultSet.24603e219a7e30cea3462da8ae93036a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/zaxxer/hikari/proxy/PreparedStatementProxy.java
+
+### Key:
+PreparedStatementProxy.java|executeQuery|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+80f754b539e689de67973be48d28eddb
+
+### Hash:
+bbc6c865b4ef116d4ad992e59cc5308b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5673/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5673/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b39d260fc27756a70a76902a45943ece50cf82cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5673/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsql-injection
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.jsql.util;
+
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import javax.script.Invocable;
+import javax.script.ScriptEngine;
+import javax.script.ScriptException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.jsql.util.tampering.TamperingType;
+
+import jdk.nashorn.api.scripting.NashornScriptEngineFactory;
+
+public class TamperingUtil {
+    
+    /**
+     * Log4j logger sent to view.
+     */
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    
+    private boolean isBase64 = false;
+    private boolean isVersionComment = false;
+    private boolean isFunctionComment = false;
+    private boolean isEqualToLike = false;
+    private boolean isRandomCase = false;
+    private boolean isHexToChar = false;
+    private boolean isStringToChar = false;
+    private boolean isQuoteToUtf8 = false;
+    private boolean isEval = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToMultilineComment = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToDashComment = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToSharpComment = false;
+    
+    private String customTamper = null;
+    
+    private static final NashornScriptEngineFactory NASHORN_FACTORY = new NashornScriptEngineFactory();
+
+    // TODO builder
+    public void set(
+        boolean isBase64,
+        boolean isVersionComment,
+        boolean isFunctionComment,
+        boolean isEqualToLike,
+        boolean isRandomCase,
+        boolean isHexToChar,
+        boolean isQuoteToUtf8,
+        boolean isEval,
+        boolean isSpaceToMultilineComment,
+        boolean isSpaceToDashComment,
+        boolean isSpaceToSharpComment,
+        boolean isStringToChar
+    ) {
+        
+        this.isBase64 = isBase64;
+        this.isVersionComment = isVersionComment;
+        this.isFunctionComment = isFunctionComment;
+        this.isEqualToLike = isEqualToLike;
+        this.isRandomCase = isRandomCase;
+        this.isHexToChar = isHexToChar;
+        this.isQuoteToUtf8 = isQuoteToUtf8;
+        this.isEval = isEval;
+        this.isSpaceToMultilineComment = isSpaceToMultilineComment;
+        this.isSpaceToDashComment = isSpaceToDashComment;
+        this.isSpaceToSharpComment = isSpaceToSharpComment;
+        this.isStringToChar = isStringToChar;
+    }
+    
+    private static String eval(String sqlQuery, String jsTampering) {
+        
+        Object resultSqlTampered = null;
+        
+        try {
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(jsTampering)) {
+                
+                throw new ScriptException("Tampering context is empty");
+            }
+            
+            ScriptEngine nashornEngine = NASHORN_FACTORY.getScriptEngine();
+            nashornEngine.eval(jsTampering);
+            
+            Invocable nashornInvocable = (Invocable) nashornEngine;
+            resultSqlTampered = nashornInvocable.invokeFunction("tampering", sqlQuery);
+            
+        } catch (ScriptException e) {
+            
+            LOGGER.warn("Tampering context contains errors: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            resultSqlTampered = sqlQuery;
+            
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            
+            LOGGER.warn("Tampering context is not properly defined: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            LOGGER.warn("Minimal tampering context is: var tampering = function(sql) {return sql}");
+            resultSqlTampered = sqlQuery;
+        }
+        
+        return resultSqlTampered.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public String tamper(String sqlQueryDefault) {
+        
+        String lead = null;
+        String sqlQuery = null;
+        String trail = null;
+        
+        Matcher matcherSql = Pattern.compile("(?s)(.*<tampering>)(.*)(</tampering>.*)").matcher(sqlQueryDefault);
+        
+        if (matcherSql.find()) {
+            
+           lead = matcherSql.group(1);
+           sqlQuery = matcherSql.group(2);
+           trail = matcherSql.group(3);
+        }
+        
+        // Empty when checking character insertion
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(sqlQuery)) {
+            
+            return StringUtils.EMPTY;
+        }
+
+        if (this.isHexToChar) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.HEX_TO_CHAR.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isStringToChar) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.STRING_TO_CHAR.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+
+        if (this.isFunctionComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.COMMENT_TO_METHOD_SIGNATURE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+
+        if (this.isVersionComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.VERSIONED_COMMENT_TO_METHOD_SIGNATURE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isEqualToLike) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.EQUAL_TO_LIKE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        // Dependency to: EQUAL_TO_LIKE
+        if (this.isSpaceToDashComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_DASH_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+            
+        } else if (this.isSpaceToMultilineComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_MULTILINE_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+            
+        } else if (this.isSpaceToSharpComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_SHARP_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isRandomCase) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.RANDOM_CASE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isEval) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, this.customTamper);
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isBase64) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.BASE64.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        sqlQuery = lead + sqlQuery + trail;
+        
+        // Include character insertion at the beginning of query
+        if (this.isQuoteToUtf8) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.QUOTE_TO_UTF8.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        // Problme si le tag contient des caractres spciaux
+        sqlQuery = sqlQuery.replaceAll("(?i)<tampering>", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        sqlQuery = sqlQuery.replaceAll("(?i)</tampering>", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        
+        return sqlQuery;
+    }
+    
+    // Getter and setter
+
+    public String getCustomTamper() {
+        return this.customTamper;
+    }
+
+    public void setCustomTamper(String customTamper) {
+        this.customTamper = customTamper;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `sqlQuery` last assigned on line 105 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `eval(...)` at line 155.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String TamperingUtil.tamper(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jsql.util.TamperingUtil.tamper(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.aa514d6f071f5d042ed09af85497c39c
+
+### File:
+model/src/main/java/com/jsql/util/TamperingUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+TamperingUtil.java|tamper|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+db7685b9a1eb96dd595e615d429e20bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5674/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5674/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7b728c2aab7e900499f74d994e22de9a6d0a9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5674/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsql-injection
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.jsql.util;
+
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import javax.script.Invocable;
+import javax.script.ScriptEngine;
+import javax.script.ScriptException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.jsql.util.tampering.TamperingType;
+
+import jdk.nashorn.api.scripting.NashornScriptEngineFactory;
+
+public class TamperingUtil {
+    
+    /**
+     * Log4j logger sent to view.
+     */
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    
+    private boolean isBase64 = false;
+    private boolean isVersionComment = false;
+    private boolean isFunctionComment = false;
+    private boolean isEqualToLike = false;
+    private boolean isRandomCase = false;
+    private boolean isHexToChar = false;
+    private boolean isStringToChar = false;
+    private boolean isQuoteToUtf8 = false;
+    private boolean isEval = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToMultilineComment = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToDashComment = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToSharpComment = false;
+    
+    private String customTamper = null;
+    
+    private static final NashornScriptEngineFactory NASHORN_FACTORY = new NashornScriptEngineFactory();
+
+    // TODO builder
+    public void set(
+        boolean isBase64,
+        boolean isVersionComment,
+        boolean isFunctionComment,
+        boolean isEqualToLike,
+        boolean isRandomCase,
+        boolean isHexToChar,
+        boolean isQuoteToUtf8,
+        boolean isEval,
+        boolean isSpaceToMultilineComment,
+        boolean isSpaceToDashComment,
+        boolean isSpaceToSharpComment,
+        boolean isStringToChar
+    ) {
+        
+        this.isBase64 = isBase64;
+        this.isVersionComment = isVersionComment;
+        this.isFunctionComment = isFunctionComment;
+        this.isEqualToLike = isEqualToLike;
+        this.isRandomCase = isRandomCase;
+        this.isHexToChar = isHexToChar;
+        this.isQuoteToUtf8 = isQuoteToUtf8;
+        this.isEval = isEval;
+        this.isSpaceToMultilineComment = isSpaceToMultilineComment;
+        this.isSpaceToDashComment = isSpaceToDashComment;
+        this.isSpaceToSharpComment = isSpaceToSharpComment;
+        this.isStringToChar = isStringToChar;
+    }
+    
+    private static String eval(String sqlQuery, String jsTampering) {
+        
+        Object resultSqlTampered = null;
+        
+        try {
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(jsTampering)) {
+                
+                throw new ScriptException("Tampering context is empty");
+            }
+            
+            ScriptEngine nashornEngine = NASHORN_FACTORY.getScriptEngine();
+            nashornEngine.eval(jsTampering);
+            
+            Invocable nashornInvocable = (Invocable) nashornEngine;
+            resultSqlTampered = nashornInvocable.invokeFunction("tampering", sqlQuery);
+            
+        } catch (ScriptException e) {
+            
+            LOGGER.warn("Tampering context contains errors: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            resultSqlTampered = sqlQuery;
+            
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            
+            LOGGER.warn("Tampering context is not properly defined: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            LOGGER.warn("Minimal tampering context is: var tampering = function(sql) {return sql}");
+            resultSqlTampered = sqlQuery;
+        }
+        
+        return resultSqlTampered.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public String tamper(String sqlQueryDefault) {
+        
+        String lead = null;
+        String sqlQuery = null;
+        String trail = null;
+        
+        Matcher matcherSql = Pattern.compile("(?s)(.*<tampering>)(.*)(</tampering>.*)").matcher(sqlQueryDefault);
+        
+        if (matcherSql.find()) {
+            
+           lead = matcherSql.group(1);
+           sqlQuery = matcherSql.group(2);
+           trail = matcherSql.group(3);
+        }
+        
+        // Empty when checking character insertion
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(sqlQuery)) {
+            
+            return StringUtils.EMPTY;
+        }
+
+        if (this.isHexToChar) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.HEX_TO_CHAR.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isStringToChar) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.STRING_TO_CHAR.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+
+        if (this.isFunctionComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.COMMENT_TO_METHOD_SIGNATURE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+
+        if (this.isVersionComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.VERSIONED_COMMENT_TO_METHOD_SIGNATURE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isEqualToLike) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.EQUAL_TO_LIKE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        // Dependency to: EQUAL_TO_LIKE
+        if (this.isSpaceToDashComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_DASH_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+            
+        } else if (this.isSpaceToMultilineComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_MULTILINE_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+            
+        } else if (this.isSpaceToSharpComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_SHARP_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isRandomCase) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.RANDOM_CASE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isEval) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, this.customTamper);
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isBase64) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.BASE64.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        sqlQuery = lead + sqlQuery + trail;
+        
+        // Include character insertion at the beginning of query
+        if (this.isQuoteToUtf8) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.QUOTE_TO_UTF8.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        // Problme si le tag contient des caractres spciaux
+        sqlQuery = sqlQuery.replaceAll("(?i)<tampering>", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        sqlQuery = sqlQuery.replaceAll("(?i)</tampering>", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        
+        return sqlQuery;
+    }
+    
+    // Getter and setter
+
+    public String getCustomTamper() {
+        return this.customTamper;
+    }
+
+    public void setCustomTamper(String customTamper) {
+        this.customTamper = customTamper;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `sqlQuery` last assigned on line 105 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `eval(...)` at line 164.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String TamperingUtil.tamper(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jsql.util.TamperingUtil.tamper(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.aa514d6f071f5d042ed09af85497c39c
+
+### File:
+model/src/main/java/com/jsql/util/TamperingUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+TamperingUtil.java|tamper|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+db7685b9a1eb96dd595e615d429e20bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5680/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5680/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30aa7a1e36516f04e7d2acd1ca97b87232805f06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5680/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsql-injection
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.jsql.util;
+
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import javax.script.Invocable;
+import javax.script.ScriptEngine;
+import javax.script.ScriptException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.jsql.util.tampering.TamperingType;
+
+import jdk.nashorn.api.scripting.NashornScriptEngineFactory;
+
+public class TamperingUtil {
+    
+    /**
+     * Log4j logger sent to view.
+     */
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    
+    private boolean isBase64 = false;
+    private boolean isVersionComment = false;
+    private boolean isFunctionComment = false;
+    private boolean isEqualToLike = false;
+    private boolean isRandomCase = false;
+    private boolean isHexToChar = false;
+    private boolean isStringToChar = false;
+    private boolean isQuoteToUtf8 = false;
+    private boolean isEval = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToMultilineComment = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToDashComment = false;
+    private boolean isSpaceToSharpComment = false;
+    
+    private String customTamper = null;
+    
+    private static final NashornScriptEngineFactory NASHORN_FACTORY = new NashornScriptEngineFactory();
+
+    // TODO builder
+    public void set(
+        boolean isBase64,
+        boolean isVersionComment,
+        boolean isFunctionComment,
+        boolean isEqualToLike,
+        boolean isRandomCase,
+        boolean isHexToChar,
+        boolean isQuoteToUtf8,
+        boolean isEval,
+        boolean isSpaceToMultilineComment,
+        boolean isSpaceToDashComment,
+        boolean isSpaceToSharpComment,
+        boolean isStringToChar
+    ) {
+        
+        this.isBase64 = isBase64;
+        this.isVersionComment = isVersionComment;
+        this.isFunctionComment = isFunctionComment;
+        this.isEqualToLike = isEqualToLike;
+        this.isRandomCase = isRandomCase;
+        this.isHexToChar = isHexToChar;
+        this.isQuoteToUtf8 = isQuoteToUtf8;
+        this.isEval = isEval;
+        this.isSpaceToMultilineComment = isSpaceToMultilineComment;
+        this.isSpaceToDashComment = isSpaceToDashComment;
+        this.isSpaceToSharpComment = isSpaceToSharpComment;
+        this.isStringToChar = isStringToChar;
+    }
+    
+    private static String eval(String sqlQuery, String jsTampering) {
+        
+        Object resultSqlTampered = null;
+        
+        try {
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(jsTampering)) {
+                
+                throw new ScriptException("Tampering context is empty");
+            }
+            
+            ScriptEngine nashornEngine = NASHORN_FACTORY.getScriptEngine();
+            nashornEngine.eval(jsTampering);
+            
+            Invocable nashornInvocable = (Invocable) nashornEngine;
+            resultSqlTampered = nashornInvocable.invokeFunction("tampering", sqlQuery);
+            
+        } catch (ScriptException e) {
+            
+            LOGGER.warn("Tampering context contains errors: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            resultSqlTampered = sqlQuery;
+            
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            
+            LOGGER.warn("Tampering context is not properly defined: " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            LOGGER.warn("Minimal tampering context is: var tampering = function(sql) {return sql}");
+            resultSqlTampered = sqlQuery;
+        }
+        
+        return resultSqlTampered.toString();
+    }
+    
+    public String tamper(String sqlQueryDefault) {
+        
+        String lead = null;
+        String sqlQuery = null;
+        String trail = null;
+        
+        Matcher matcherSql = Pattern.compile("(?s)(.*<tampering>)(.*)(</tampering>.*)").matcher(sqlQueryDefault);
+        
+        if (matcherSql.find()) {
+            
+           lead = matcherSql.group(1);
+           sqlQuery = matcherSql.group(2);
+           trail = matcherSql.group(3);
+        }
+        
+        // Empty when checking character insertion
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(sqlQuery)) {
+            
+            return StringUtils.EMPTY;
+        }
+
+        if (this.isHexToChar) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.HEX_TO_CHAR.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isStringToChar) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.STRING_TO_CHAR.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+
+        if (this.isFunctionComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.COMMENT_TO_METHOD_SIGNATURE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+
+        if (this.isVersionComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.VERSIONED_COMMENT_TO_METHOD_SIGNATURE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isEqualToLike) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.EQUAL_TO_LIKE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        // Dependency to: EQUAL_TO_LIKE
+        if (this.isSpaceToDashComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_DASH_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+            
+        } else if (this.isSpaceToMultilineComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_MULTILINE_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+            
+        } else if (this.isSpaceToSharpComment) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.SPACE_TO_SHARP_COMMENT.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isRandomCase) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.RANDOM_CASE.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isEval) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, this.customTamper);
+        }
+        
+        if (this.isBase64) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.BASE64.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        sqlQuery = lead + sqlQuery + trail;
+        
+        // Include character insertion at the beginning of query
+        if (this.isQuoteToUtf8) {
+            
+            sqlQuery = eval(sqlQuery, TamperingType.QUOTE_TO_UTF8.instance().getJavascript());
+        }
+        
+        // Problme si le tag contient des caractres spciaux
+        sqlQuery = sqlQuery.replaceAll("(?i)<tampering>", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        sqlQuery = sqlQuery.replaceAll("(?i)</tampering>", StringUtils.EMPTY);
+        
+        return sqlQuery;
+    }
+    
+    // Getter and setter
+
+    public String getCustomTamper() {
+        return this.customTamper;
+    }
+
+    public void setCustomTamper(String customTamper) {
+        this.customTamper = customTamper;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `sqlQuery` last assigned on line 105 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `eval(...)` at line 130.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String TamperingUtil.tamper(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jsql.util.TamperingUtil.tamper(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.aa514d6f071f5d042ed09af85497c39c
+
+### File:
+model/src/main/java/com/jsql/util/TamperingUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+TamperingUtil.java|tamper|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+db7685b9a1eb96dd595e615d429e20bf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5687/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5687/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3c2fc9a31ece053deda55cf09dfd80858e98039f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5687/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeesuite-libs
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ */
+package com.jeesuite.scheduler.registry;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.IZkChildListener;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.IZkDataListener;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.ZkClient;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.ZkConnection;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.ToStringStyle;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+import org.quartz.CronExpression;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean;
+
+import com.jeesuite.common.json.JsonUtils;
+import com.jeesuite.scheduler.AbstractJob;
+import com.jeesuite.scheduler.JobContext;
+import com.jeesuite.scheduler.JobRegistry;
+import com.jeesuite.scheduler.model.JobConfig;
+import com.jeesuite.scheduler.monitor.MonitorCommond;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * @description <br>
+ * @author <a href="mailto:vakinge@gmail.com">vakin</a>
+ * @date 2016年5月3日
+ */
+public class ZkJobRegistry implements JobRegistry,InitializingBean,DisposableBean{
+	
+	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ZkJobRegistry.class);
+	
+	private Map<String, JobConfig> schedulerConfgs = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+	public static final String ROOT = "/schedulers/";
+	
+	private String zkServers;
+	
+	private ZkClient zkClient;
+	
+	private String groupPath;
+	
+	private String nodeStateParentPath;
+	
+	private ScheduledExecutorService zkCheckTask;
+	
+	private volatile boolean zkAvailabled = true;
+	
+	private volatile boolean updatingStatus;
+	
+	private boolean nodeEventSubscribed = false;
+	
+	public void setZkServers(String zkServers) {
+		this.zkServers = zkServers;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
+		ZkConnection zkConnection = new ZkConnection(zkServers);
+       zkClient = new ZkClient(zkConnection, 10000);
+       //
+       zkCheckTask = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
+       
+		zkCheckTask.scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+				if (schedulerConfgs.isEmpty())
+					return;
+				List<String> activeNodes = null;
+				try {
+					activeNodes = zkClient.getChildren(nodeStateParentPath);
+					zkAvailabled = true;
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					checkZkAvailabled();
+					activeNodes = new ArrayList<>(JobContext.getContext().getActiveNodes());
+				}
+				
+				if(!activeNodes.contains(JobContext.getContext().getNodeId())){
+					zkClient.createEphemeral(nodeStateParentPath + "/" + JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+					logger.info("node[{}] re-join task clusters",JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+				}
+				//对节点列表排序
+				Collections.sort(activeNodes);
+				//本地缓存的所有jobs
+				Collection<JobConfig> jobConfigs = schedulerConfgs.values();
+				//
+				for (JobConfig jobConfig : jobConfigs) {						
+					// 如果本地任务指定的执行节点不在当前实际的节点列表，重新指定
+					if (!activeNodes.contains(jobConfig.getCurrentNodeId())) {
+						//指定当前节点为排序后的第一个节点
+						String newExecuteNodeId = activeNodes.get(0);
+						jobConfig.setCurrentNodeId(newExecuteNodeId);
+						logger.warn("Job[{}-{}] currentNodeId[{}] not in activeNodeList, assign new ExecuteNodeId:{}",jobConfig.getGroupName(),jobConfig.getJobName(),jobConfig.getCurrentNodeId(),newExecuteNodeId);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}, 60, 30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void register(JobConfig conf) {	
+		//是否第一个启动节点
+		boolean isFirstNode = false;
+		
+		Calendar now = Calendar.getInstance();
+		long currentTimeMillis = now.getTimeInMillis();
+		conf.setModifyTime(currentTimeMillis);
+		
+		if(groupPath == null){
+			groupPath = ROOT + conf.getGroupName();
+		}
+		if(nodeStateParentPath == null){
+			nodeStateParentPath = groupPath + "/nodes";
+		}
+		
+		String path = getPath(conf);
+		
+		final String jobName = conf.getJobName();
+		
+		if(!zkClient.exists(nodeStateParentPath)){
+			isFirstNode = true;
+			zkClient.createPersistent(nodeStateParentPath, true);
+		}else{
+			//检查是否有节点
+			if(!isFirstNode){
+				isFirstNode = zkClient.getChildren(nodeStateParentPath).size() == 0;
+			}
+		}
+		
+		if(!zkClient.exists(path)){
+			zkClient.createPersistent(path, true);
+		}
+		
+		//是否要更新ZK的conf配置
+		boolean updateConfInZK = isFirstNode;
+		if(!updateConfInZK){
+			JobConfig configFromZK = getConfigFromZK(path,null);
+			if(configFromZK != null){
+				//1.当前执行时间策略变化了
+				//2.下一次执行时间在当前时间之前
+				//3.配置文件修改是30分钟前
+				if(!StringUtils.equals(configFromZK.getCronExpr(), conf.getCronExpr())){
+					updateConfInZK = true;
+				}else if(configFromZK.getNextFireTime() != null && configFromZK.getNextFireTime().before(now.getTime())){
+					updateConfInZK = true;
+				}else if(currentTimeMillis - configFromZK.getModifyTime() > TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(30)){
+					updateConfInZK = true;
+				}
+			}else{
+				//zookeeper 该job不存在？
+				updateConfInZK = true;
+			}
+		   //拿ZK上的配置覆盖当前的
+		   if(!updateConfInZK){
+			   conf = configFromZK;
+		   }
+		}
+		
+		if(updateConfInZK){
+			conf.setCurrentNodeId(JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+			zkClient.writeData(path, JsonUtils.toJson(conf)); 
+		}
+		schedulerConfgs.put(conf.getJobName(), conf);
+		
+		//
+		regAndSubscribeNodeEvent();
+        
+		//订阅同步信息变化
+        zkClient.subscribeDataChanges(path, new IZkDataListener() {
+			
+			@Override
+			public void handleDataDeleted(String dataPath) throws Exception {
+				schedulerConfgs.remove(jobName);
+			}
+			
+			@Override
+			public void handleDataChange(String dataPath, Object data) throws Exception {
+				if(data == null)return;
+				JobConfig _jobConfig = JsonUtils.toObject(data.toString(), JobConfig.class);
+				schedulerConfgs.put(jobName, _jobConfig);
+			}
+		});
+        
+        //清除之前遗留节点
+        if(isFirstNode){
+        	List<String> historyJobNames = zkClient.getChildren(groupPath);
+        	for (String name : historyJobNames) {
+				if("nodes".equals(name) || conf.getJobName().equals(name))continue;
+				zkClient.delete(groupPath + "/" + name);
+				logger.info("delete history job path:{}/{}",groupPath,name);
+			}
+        	
+        }
+        
+        logger.info("finish register schConfig:{}",ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(conf, ToStringStyle.MULTI_LINE_STYLE));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 订阅节点事件
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private synchronized void regAndSubscribeNodeEvent() {
+		if(nodeEventSubscribed)return;
+		//创建node节点
+		zkClient.createEphemeral(nodeStateParentPath + "/" + JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+		
+		String path;
+		//订阅节点信息变化
+        zkClient.subscribeChildChanges(nodeStateParentPath, new IZkChildListener() {
+			@Override
+			public void handleChildChange(String parentPath, List<String> currentChilds) throws Exception {
+				//
+				if(currentChilds == null || !currentChilds.contains(JobContext.getContext().getNodeId())){
+					zkClient.createEphemeral(nodeStateParentPath + "/" + JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+					logger.info("Nodelist is empty~ node[{}] re-join task clusters",JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+					return;
+				}
+				logger.info(">>nodes changed ,nodes:{}",currentChilds);
+				//分配节点
+				rebalanceJobNode(currentChilds);
+				//刷新当前可用节点
+				JobContext.getContext().refreshNodes(currentChilds);
+			}
+		});
+        
+        logger.info("subscribe nodes change event at path:{}",nodeStateParentPath);
+        
+        //注册手动执行事件监听(来自于监控平台的)
+        path = nodeStateParentPath + "/" + JobContext.getContext().getNodeId();
+        zkClient.subscribeDataChanges(path, new IZkDataListener() {
+			@Override
+			public void handleDataDeleted(String dataPath) throws Exception {}
+			@Override
+			public void handleDataChange(String dataPath, Object data) throws Exception {
+				MonitorCommond cmd = (MonitorCommond) data;
+				logger.info("收到commond:" + cmd.toString());
+				execCommond(cmd);
+			}
+		});
+        
+        logger.info("subscribe command event at path:{}",path);
+        
+        
+        //刷新节点列表
+        List<String> activeNodes = zkClient.getChildren(nodeStateParentPath);
+		JobContext.getContext().refreshNodes(activeNodes);
+		
+		logger.info("current activeNodes:{}",activeNodes);
+		nodeEventSubscribed = true;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * 重新分配执行节点
+	 * @param nodes
+	 */
+	private synchronized void rebalanceJobNode(List<String> nodes) {
+		while(updatingStatus);
+		Collection<JobConfig> jobs = schedulerConfgs.values();
+		int nodeIndex = 0;
+		for (JobConfig job : jobs) {
+			String nodeId = nodes.get(nodeIndex++);
+			if(!StringUtils.equals(job.getCurrentNodeId(), nodeId)){				
+				job.setCurrentNodeId(nodeId);
+				logger.info("rebalance Job[{}-{}] To Node[{}] ",job.getGroupName(),job.getJobName(),nodeId);
+			}
+			if(nodeIndex >= nodes.size()){
+				nodeIndex = 0;
+			}
+			//
+			updateJobConfig(job);
+		}
+		
+	}
+
+	private synchronized JobConfig getConfigFromZK(String path,Stat stat){
+		Object data = stat == null ? zkClient.readData(path) : zkClient.readData(path,stat);
+		return data == null ? null : JsonUtils.toObject(data.toString(), JobConfig.class);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized JobConfig getConf(String jobName,boolean forceRemote) {
+		JobConfig config = schedulerConfgs.get(jobName);
+		//如果只有一个节点就不从强制同步了
+		if(schedulerConfgs.size() == 1){
+			config.setCurrentNodeId(JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+			return config;
+		}
+		if(forceRemote){			
+			String path = getPath(config);
+			try {				
+				config = getConfigFromZK(path,null);
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				checkZkAvailabled();
+				logger.warn("fecth JobConfig from Registry error",e);
+			}
+		}
+		return config;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void unregister(String jobName) {
+		JobConfig config = schedulerConfgs.get(jobName);
+		
+		String path = getPath(config);
+		
+		if(zkClient.getChildren(nodeStateParentPath).size() == 1){
+			zkClient.delete(path);
+			logger.info("all node is closed ,delete path:"+path);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private String getPath(JobConfig config){
+		return ROOT + config.getGroupName() + "/" + config.getJobName();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void destroy() throws Exception {
+		zkCheckTask.shutdown();
+		zkClient.close();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setRuning(String jobName, Date fireTime) {
+		updatingStatus = false;
+		try {			
+			JobConfig config = getConf(jobName,false);
+			config.setRunning(true);
+			config.setLastFireTime(fireTime);
+			config.setCurrentNodeId(JobContext.getContext().getNodeId());
+			config.setModifyTime(Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis());
+			config.setErrorMsg(null);
+			//更新本地
+			schedulerConfgs.put(jobName, config);
+			try {			
+				if(zkAvailabled)zkClient.writeData(getPath(config), JsonUtils.toJson(config));
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				checkZkAvailabled();
+				logger.warn(String.format("Job[{}] setRuning error...", jobName),e);
+			}
+		} finally {
+			updatingStatus = false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setStoping(String jobName, Date nextFireTime,Exception e) {
+		updatingStatus = false;
+		try {
+			JobConfig config = getConf(jobName,false);
+			config.setRunning(false);
+			config.setNextFireTime(nextFireTime);
+			config.setModifyTime(Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis());
+			config.setErrorMsg(e == null ? null : e.getMessage());
+			//更新本地
+			schedulerConfgs.put(jobName, config);
+			try {		
+				if(zkAvailabled)zkClient.writeData(getPath(config), JsonUtils.toJson(config));
+			} catch (Exception ex) {
+				checkZkAvailabled();
+				logger.warn(String.format("Job[{}] setStoping error...", jobName),ex);
+			}
+		} finally {
+			updatingStatus = false;
+		}
+		
+	}
+
+
+	@Override
+	public List<JobConfig> getAllJobs() {
+		return new ArrayList<>(schedulerConfgs.values());
+	}
+	
+	private boolean checkZkAvailabled(){
+		try {
+			zkClient.exists(ROOT);
+			zkAvailabled = true;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			zkAvailabled = false;
+			logger.warn("ZK server is not available....");
+		}
+		return zkAvailabled;
+	}
+	
+	private void execCommond(MonitorCommond cmd){
+		if(cmd == null)return;
+		
+		JobConfig config = schedulerConfgs.get(cmd.getJobName());
+		String key = cmd.getJobGroup() + ":" + cmd.getJobName();
+		final AbstractJob abstractJob = JobContext.getContext().getAllJobs().get(key);
+		if(MonitorCommond.TYPE_EXEC == cmd.getCmdType()){
+			if(config.isRunning()){
+				logger.info("任务正在执行中，请稍后再执行");
+				return;
+			}
+			if(abstractJob != null){
+				new Thread(new Runnable() {
+					@Override
+					public void run() {
+						try {
+							logger.info("begin execute job[{}] by MonitorCommond",abstractJob.getJobName());
+							abstractJob.doJob(JobContext.getContext());
+						} catch (Exception e) {
+							logger.error(abstractJob.getJobName(),e);
+						}
+					}
+				}).start();
+			}else{
+				logger.warn("Not found job by key:{} !!!!",key);
+			}
+		}else if(MonitorCommond.TYPE_STATUS_MOD == cmd.getCmdType() 
+				|| MonitorCommond.TYPE_CRON_MOD == cmd.getCmdType()){
+			
+			if(config != null){
+				if(MonitorCommond.TYPE_STATUS_MOD == cmd.getCmdType()){					
+					config.setActive("1".equals(cmd.getBody()));
+				}else{
+					try {
+						new CronExpression(cmd.getBody().toString());
+					} catch (Exception e) {
+						throw new RuntimeException("cron表达式格式错误");
+					}
+					abstractJob.resetTriggerCronExpr(cmd.getBody().toString());
+					config.setCronExpr(cmd.getBody().toString());
+					
+				}
+				updateJobConfig(config);
+				if(JobContext.getContext().getConfigPersistHandler() != null){
+					JobContext.getContext().getConfigPersistHandler().persist(config);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void updateJobConfig(JobConfig config) {
+		config.setModifyTime(Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis());
+		zkClient.writeData(getPath(config), JsonUtils.toJson(config));
+		schedulerConfgs.put(config.getJobName(), config);
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.jeesuite.scheduler.registry.ZkJobRegistry.setRuning` indirectly writes to field `util.NodeNameHolder.com.jeesuite.common.util.NodeNameHolder.nodeId` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ZkJobRegistry.setRuning(String,Date)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jeesuite.scheduler.registry.ZkJobRegistry.setRuning(java.lang.String,java.util.Date):void.bf5002b4eef6bebd0c43f1fc3eb700d0
+
+### File:
+jeesuite-scheduler/src/main/java/com/jeesuite/scheduler/registry/ZkJobRegistry.java
+
+### Key:
+ZkJobRegistry.java|setRuning|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8c05dc55327984e4891d05ea6aa70f84
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5689/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5689/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27f8d9886e3ceba0973edfd97e1088a7295f1343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5689/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jeesuite-libs
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ */
+package com.jeesuite.common.util;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+/**
+ * 资源文件加载工具类
+ * @description <br>
+ * @author <a href="mailto:vakinge@gmail.com">vakin</a>
+ * @date 2013年2月25日
+ */
+public class ResourceUtils {
+
+	static Map<String, String> cache = new HashMap<>();
+
+	static List<Properties> properties = new ArrayList<Properties>();
+	
+	static boolean inited;
+
+	private synchronized static void load() {
+		try {
+            if(!properties.isEmpty())return;
+			File dir = new File(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResource("").getPath());
+
+			File[] propFiles = dir.listFiles(new FilenameFilter() {
+				@Override
+				public boolean accept(File dir, String name) {
+					return name.endsWith("properties");
+				}
+			});
+
+			for (File file : propFiles) {
+				Properties p = new Properties();
+				p.load(new FileReader(file));
+				properties.add(p);
+			}
+			inited = true;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			inited = true;
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public static String get(String key, String... defaults) {
+		if(!inited)load();
+		if (cache.containsKey(key)) {
+			return cache.get(key);
+		}
+
+		String value = null;
+		for (Properties prop : properties) {
+			value = prop.getProperty(key);
+			if (value != null) {
+				cache.put(key, value);
+				return value;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (defaults != null && defaults.length > 0) {
+			return defaults[0];
+		} else {
+			return System.getProperty(key);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 43 is not released after line 43.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ResourceUtils.load()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jeesuite.common.util.ResourceUtils.load():void.63b0ad2db433c3bd9d93baf3083bc318
+
+### File:
+jeesuite-common/src/main/java/com/jeesuite/common/util/ResourceUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+ResourceUtils.java|load|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+30d21ce7ad9b3ac8bf31d98b6d760e76
+
+### Hash:
+92165fa67ca84426f6ded8a140b261ef
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5763/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5763/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e6a88ab8ff6a720abcc04f6e3ef675398d27ea49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5763/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** johm
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package redis.clients.johm.collections;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+
+import redis.clients.johm.JOhm;
+import redis.clients.johm.JOhmUtils;
+import redis.clients.johm.Model;
+import redis.clients.johm.Nest;
+
+/**
+ * RedisList is a JOhm-internal List implementation to serve as a proxy for the
+ * Redis persisted list and provide lazy-loading semantics to minimize datastore
+ * network traffic. It does a best-effort job of minimizing list entity
+ * staleness but does so without any locking and is not thread-safe. Only add
+ * and remove operations trigger a remote-sync of local internal storage.
+ */
+public class RedisList<T extends Model> extends RedisBaseCollection implements
+        java.util.List<T> {
+    private Nest nest;
+    private Class<? extends Model> clazz;
+    private final List<T> elements;
+
+    public RedisList(Class<? extends Model> clazz, Nest nest) {
+        this.clazz = clazz;
+        this.nest = nest;
+        elements = new ArrayList<T>();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean add(T e) {
+        return internalAdd(e, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void add(int index, T element) {
+        internalIndexedAdd(index, element, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends T> c) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        for (T element : c) {
+            success &= internalAdd(element, false);
+        }
+        refreshStorage(true);
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends T> c) {
+        for (T element : c) {
+            internalIndexedAdd(index++, element, false);
+        }
+        refreshStorage(true);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clear() {
+        nest.del();
+        refreshStorage(true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean contains(Object o) {
+        return scrollElements().contains(o);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        return scrollElements().containsAll(c);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public T get(int index) {
+        T element = null;
+        String id = nest.lindex(index);
+        if (!JOhmUtils.isNullOrEmpty(id)) {
+            element = JOhm.get(clazz, Integer.valueOf(id));
+        }
+        return element;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int indexOf(Object o) {
+        return scrollElements().indexOf(o);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return this.size() == 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+        return scrollElements().iterator();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
+        return scrollElements().lastIndexOf(o);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListIterator<T> listIterator() {
+        return scrollElements().listIterator();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ListIterator<T> listIterator(int index) {
+        return scrollElements().listIterator(index);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean remove(Object o) {
+        return internalRemove(o, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public T remove(int index) {
+        return internalIndexedRemove(index, true);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        Iterator<? extends Model> iterator = (Iterator<? extends Model>) c
+                .iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            T element = (T) iterator.next();
+            success &= internalRemove(element, false);
+        }
+        refreshStorage(true);
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @Override
+    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        this.clear();
+        Iterator<? extends Model> iterator = (Iterator<? extends Model>) c
+                .iterator();
+        boolean success = true;
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            T element = (T) iterator.next();
+            success &= internalAdd(element, false);
+        }
+        refreshStorage(true);
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public T set(int index, T element) {
+        T previousElement = this.get(index);
+        internalIndexedAdd(index, element, true);
+        return previousElement;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int size() {
+        int repoSize = nest.llen();
+        if (repoSize != elements.size()) {
+            refreshStorage(true);
+        }
+        return repoSize;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public java.util.List<T> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
+        return scrollElements().subList(fromIndex, toIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object[] toArray() {
+        return scrollElements().toArray();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("hiding")
+    @Override
+    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
+        return scrollElements().toArray(a);
+    }
+
+    private boolean internalAdd(T element, boolean refreshStorage) {
+        element.save();
+        boolean success = nest.rpush(element.getId().toString()) > 0;
+        if (refreshStorage) {
+            refreshStorage(true);
+        }
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    private void internalIndexedAdd(int index, T element, boolean refreshStorage) {
+        element.save();
+        nest.lset(index, element.getId().toString());
+        if (refreshStorage) {
+            refreshStorage(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean internalRemove(Object o, boolean refreshStorage) {
+        Model element = (Model) o;
+        Integer lrem = nest.lrem(1, element.getId().toString());
+        element.delete();
+        if (refreshStorage) {
+            refreshStorage(true);
+        }
+        return lrem > 0;
+    }
+
+    private T internalIndexedRemove(int index, boolean refreshStorage) {
+        T element = this.get(index);
+        internalRemove(element, refreshStorage);
+        return element;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void purgeScrollStorage() {
+        elements.clear();
+        scrollElements();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private synchronized List<T> scrollElements() {
+        if (elements.isEmpty()) {
+            List<String> ids = nest.lrange(0, -1);
+            for (String id : ids) {
+                elements.add((T) JOhm.get(clazz, Integer.valueOf(id)));
+            }
+        }
+        return elements;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `redis.clients.johm.collections.RedisList.removeAll` indirectly writes to field `this.redis.clients.johm.collections.RedisList.nest.redis.clients.johm.Nest.sb` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean RedisList.removeAll(Collection)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+redis.clients.johm.collections.RedisList.removeAll(java.util.Collection):boolean.9799a66dfb96d1af977ef54e015f5ea5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/redis/clients/johm/collections/RedisList.java
+
+### Key:
+RedisList.java|removeAll|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+5617b99afd1bd497b95105da084f521e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5764/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5764/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c837cdbae44339201311a4c55250382d30c01c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5764/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** johm
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package redis.clients.johm.collections;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import redis.clients.johm.JOhm;
+import redis.clients.johm.Model;
+import redis.clients.johm.Nest;
+
+/**
+ * RedisSet is a JOhm-internal Set implementation to serve as a proxy for the
+ * Redis persisted set and provide lazy-loading semantics to minimize datastore
+ * network traffic. It does a best-effort job of minimizing set entity staleness
+ * but does so without any locking and is not thread-safe. It also maintains
+ * whatever order in which Redis returns its set elements. Only add and remove
+ * trigger a remote-sync of local internal storage.
+ */
+public class RedisSet<T extends Model> extends RedisBaseCollection implements
+        Set<T> {
+    private final Nest nest;
+    private final Class<? extends Model> clazz;
+    private final Set<T> elements;
+
+    public RedisSet(final Class<? extends Model> clazz, final Nest nest) {
+        this.clazz = clazz;
+        this.nest = nest;
+        elements = new LinkedHashSet<T>();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int size() {
+        int repoSize = nest.smembers().size();
+        if (repoSize != elements.size()) {
+            refreshStorage(true);
+        }
+        return repoSize;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return this.size() == 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean contains(Object o) {
+        return scrollElements().contains(o);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+        return scrollElements().iterator();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object[] toArray() {
+        return scrollElements().toArray();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("hiding")
+    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
+        return scrollElements().toArray(a);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean add(T element) {
+        return internalAdd(element, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean remove(Object o) {
+        return internalRemove(o, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        return scrollElements().containsAll(c);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends T> collection) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        for (T element : collection) {
+            success &= internalAdd(element, false);
+        }
+        refreshStorage(true);
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        this.clear();
+        Iterator<? extends Model> iterator = (Iterator<? extends Model>) c
+                .iterator();
+        boolean success = true;
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            T element = (T) iterator.next();
+            success &= internalAdd(element, false);
+        }
+        refreshStorage(true);
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
+        Iterator<? extends Model> iterator = (Iterator<? extends Model>) c
+                .iterator();
+        boolean success = true;
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            T element = (T) iterator.next();
+            success &= internalRemove(element, false);
+        }
+        refreshStorage(true);
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clear() {
+        nest.del();
+        elements.clear();
+    }
+
+    private boolean internalAdd(T element, boolean refreshStorage) {
+        element.save();
+        boolean success = nest.sadd(element.getId().toString()) > 0;
+        if (refreshStorage) { // don't trust success-value too much
+            refreshStorage(true);
+        }
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    private boolean internalRemove(Object o, boolean refreshStorage) {
+        Model element = Model.class.cast(o);
+        boolean success = nest.srem(element.getId().toString()) > 0;
+        element.delete();
+        if (refreshStorage) { // don't trust success-value too much
+            // Since we cannot guarantee all Model's will provide a reasonable
+            // equals() and hashCode() implementation, using remove() on the Set
+            // cannot guarantee container-storage purge.
+            refreshStorage(true);
+        }
+        return success;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void purgeScrollStorage() {
+        elements.clear();
+        scrollElements();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private synchronized Set<T> scrollElements() {
+        if (elements.isEmpty()) {
+            Set<String> ids = nest.smembers();
+            for (String id : ids) {
+                elements.add((T) JOhm.get(clazz, Integer.valueOf(id)));
+            }
+        }
+        return elements;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `redis.clients.johm.collections.RedisSet.remove` indirectly writes to field `this.redis.clients.johm.collections.RedisSet.nest.redis.clients.johm.Nest.sb` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean RedisSet.remove(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+redis.clients.johm.collections.RedisSet.remove(java.lang.Object):boolean.b0a9425a61dd5f4ca2aa89076f2280c5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/redis/clients/johm/collections/RedisSet.java
+
+### Key:
+RedisSet.java|remove|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+abcdafd3a664b11fa834b14b91464444
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5790/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5790/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9dbe51c5261f8a6a596242c9dfa0f5a2e712a84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5790/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-data-couchbase
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2012-2020 the original author or authors
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *        https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.data.couchbase.domain;
+
+import com.couchbase.client.java.Cluster;
+import com.couchbase.client.java.ClusterOptions;
+import com.couchbase.client.java.env.ClusterEnvironment;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.data.auditing.DateTimeProvider;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.core.convert.CouchbaseCustomConversions;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.CouchbaseClientFactory;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.SimpleCouchbaseClientFactory;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.config.AbstractCouchbaseConfiguration;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.config.BeanNames;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.core.CouchbaseTemplate;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.core.ReactiveCouchbaseTemplate;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.core.convert.CouchbaseCustomConversions;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.core.convert.MappingCouchbaseConverter;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.core.mapping.CouchbaseMappingContext;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.domain.time.AuditingDateTimeProvider;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.repository.auditing.EnableCouchbaseAuditing;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.repository.config.EnableCouchbaseRepositories;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.repository.config.ReactiveRepositoryOperationsMapping;
+import org.springframework.data.couchbase.repository.config.RepositoryOperationsMapping;
+import org.springframework.data.util.TypeInformation;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Nitschinger
+ * @author Michael Reiche
+ * @since 3.0
+ */
+@Configuration
+@EnableCouchbaseRepositories
+@EnableCouchbaseAuditing // this activates auditing
+public class Config extends AbstractCouchbaseConfiguration {
+	String bucketname = "travel-sample";
+	String username = "Administrator";
+	String password = "password";
+	String connectionString = "127.0.0.1";
+
+	// if running a clusterAwareIntegrationTests, use those properties
+	static Class clusterAware = null;
+
+	static {
+		try {
+			clusterAware = Class.forName("org.springframework.data.couchbase.util.ClusterAwareIntegrationTests");
+			if (clusterAware.getMethod("config").invoke(null) == null)
+				clusterAware = null;
+		} catch (ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchMethodException | IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	String clusterGet( String methodName, String defaultValue){
+		if (clusterAware != null) {
+			try {
+				return (String) clusterAware.getMethod(methodName).invoke(null);
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				throw new RuntimeException(e);
+			}
+		}
+		return defaultValue;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getConnectionString() {
+		return clusterGet( "connectionString", connectionString );
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getUserName() {
+		return clusterGet( "username", username );
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getPassword() {
+		return clusterGet( "password", password );
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getBucketName() {
+		return clusterGet( "bucketName", bucketname );
+	}
+
+	@Bean(name = "auditorAwareRef")
+	public NaiveAuditorAware testAuditorAware() {
+		return new NaiveAuditorAware();
+	}
+
+	@Bean(name = "dateTimeProviderRef")
+	public DateTimeProvider testDateTimeProvider() {
+		return new AuditingDateTimeProvider();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void configureReactiveRepositoryOperationsMapping(ReactiveRepositoryOperationsMapping baseMapping) {
+		try {
+			ReactiveCouchbaseTemplate personTemplate = myReactiveCouchbaseTemplate(myCouchbaseClientFactory("protected"),new MappingCouchbaseConverter());
+			baseMapping.mapEntity(Person.class,	personTemplate); // Person goes in "protected" bucket
+			ReactiveCouchbaseTemplate userTemplate = myReactiveCouchbaseTemplate(myCouchbaseClientFactory("mybucket"),new MappingCouchbaseConverter());
+			baseMapping.mapEntity(User.class,	userTemplate); // User goes in "mybucket"
+			// everything else goes in getBucketName() (  which is travel-sample )
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw e;
+		}
+	}
+	@Override
+	public void configureRepositoryOperationsMapping(RepositoryOperationsMapping baseMapping) {
+		try {
+			CouchbaseTemplate personTemplate = myCouchbaseTemplate(myCouchbaseClientFactory("protected"),new MappingCouchbaseConverter());
+			baseMapping.mapEntity(Person.class,	personTemplate); // Person goes in "protected" bucket
+			CouchbaseTemplate userTemplate = myCouchbaseTemplate(myCouchbaseClientFactory("mybucket"),new MappingCouchbaseConverter());
+			baseMapping.mapEntity(User.class,	userTemplate); // User goes in "mybucket"
+			// everything else goes in getBucketName() (  which is travel-sample )
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw e;
+		}
+	}
+
+	// do not use reactiveCouchbaseTemplate for the name of this method, otherwise the value of that bean
+	// will be used instead of the result of this call (the client factory arg is different)
+	public ReactiveCouchbaseTemplate myReactiveCouchbaseTemplate(CouchbaseClientFactory couchbaseClientFactory,
+			MappingCouchbaseConverter mappingCouchbaseConverter) {
+		return new ReactiveCouchbaseTemplate(couchbaseClientFactory, mappingCouchbaseConverter);
+	}
+
+	// do not use couchbaseTemplate for the name of this method, otherwise the value of that been
+	// will be used instead of the result from this call (the client factory arg is different)
+	public CouchbaseTemplate myCouchbaseTemplate(CouchbaseClientFactory couchbaseClientFactory,
+			MappingCouchbaseConverter mappingCouchbaseConverter) {
+		return new CouchbaseTemplate(couchbaseClientFactory, mappingCouchbaseConverter);
+	}
+
+	// do not use couchbaseClientFactory for the name of this method, otherwise the value of that bean will
+	// will be used instead of this call being made ( bucketname is an arg here, instead of using bucketName() )
+	public CouchbaseClientFactory myCouchbaseClientFactory(String bucketName) {
+		return new SimpleCouchbaseClientFactory(getConnectionString(),authenticator(), bucketName );
+	}
+
+	// convenience constructor for tests
+	public MappingCouchbaseConverter mappingCouchbaseConverter() {
+		MappingCouchbaseConverter converter = null;
+		try {
+			// MappingCouchbaseConverter relies on a SimpleInformationMapper
+			// that has an getAliasFor(info) that just returns getType().getName().
+			// Our CustomMappingCouchbaseConverter uses a TypeBasedCouchbaseTypeMapper that will
+			// use the DocumentType annotation
+			converter = new CustomMappingCouchbaseConverter(couchbaseMappingContext(customConversions()), typeKey());
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		}
+		return converter;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	@Bean(name = "couchbaseMappingConverter")
+	public MappingCouchbaseConverter mappingCouchbaseConverter(CouchbaseMappingContext couchbaseMappingContext,
+			CouchbaseCustomConversions couchbaseCustomConversions) {
+		// MappingCouchbaseConverter relies on a SimpleInformationMapper
+		// that has an getAliasFor(info) that just returns getType().getName().
+		// Our CustomMappingCouchbaseConverter uses a TypeBasedCouchbaseTypeMapper that will
+		// use the DocumentType annotation
+		MappingCouchbaseConverter converter = new CustomMappingCouchbaseConverter(couchbaseMappingContext, typeKey());
+		converter.setCustomConversions(couchbaseCustomConversions);
+		return converter;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String typeKey() {
+		return "t"; // this will override '_class', is passed in to new CustomMappingCouchbaseConverter
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.springframework.data.couchbase.SimpleCouchbaseClientFactory` acquired by call to `myCouchbaseClientFactory(...)` at line 130 is not released after line 131.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Config.configureRepositoryOperationsMapping(RepositoryOperationsMapping)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springframework.data.couchbase.domain.Config.configureRepositoryOperationsMapping(org.springfram.ac81e80b890d315072ca421c2908cef7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/springframework/data/couchbase/domain/Config.java
+
+### Key:
+Config.java|configureRepositoryOperationsMapping|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+27a1dfaea2122ceef10c32b06ec561a4
+
+### Hash:
+77cc41aaa9a58037bf6884b1ffbc643a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5797/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5797/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..919fe31a8b5d7322775ac3b9c31f9baebbab2f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5797/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-data-couchbase
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.data.couchbase.monitor;
+
+import com.couchbase.client.CouchbaseClient;
+import org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.ManagedAttribute;
+import org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.ManagedMetric;
+import org.springframework.jmx.export.annotation.ManagedResource;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+/**
+ * Exposes basic cluster information.
+ *
+ * @author Michael Nitschinger
+ */
+@ManagedResource(description =  "Cluster Information")
+public class ClusterInfo extends AbstractMonitor {
+
+  public ClusterInfo(final CouchbaseClient client) {
+    super(client);
+  }
+
+  @ManagedMetric(description = "Total RAM assigned")
+  public long getTotalRAMAssigned() {
+    return (Long) parseStorageTotals().get("ram").get("total");
+  }
+
+  @ManagedMetric(description = "Total RAM used")
+  public long getTotalRAMUsed() {
+    return (Long) parseStorageTotals().get("ram").get("used");
+  }
+
+  @ManagedMetric(description = "Total Disk Space assigned")
+  public long getTotalDiskAssigned() {
+    return (Long) parseStorageTotals().get("hdd").get("total");
+  }
+
+  @ManagedMetric(description = "Total Disk Space used")
+  public long getTotalDiskUsed() {
+    return (Long) parseStorageTotals().get("hdd").get("used");
+  }
+
+  @ManagedMetric(description = "Total Disk Space free")
+  public long getTotalDiskFree() {
+    return (Long) parseStorageTotals().get("hdd").get("free");
+  }
+
+  @ManagedAttribute(description = "Cluster is Balanced")
+  public boolean getIsBalanced() {
+    return (Boolean) fetchPoolInfo().get("balanced");
+  }
+
+  @ManagedAttribute(description = "Rebalance Status")
+  public String getRebalanceStatus() {
+    return (String) fetchPoolInfo().get("rebalanceStatus");
+  }
+
+  @ManagedAttribute(description = "Maximum Available Buckets")
+  public int getMaxBuckets() {
+    return (Integer) fetchPoolInfo().get("maxBucketCount");
+  }
+
+  private HashMap<String, Object> fetchPoolInfo() {
+    return getTemplate().getForObject("http://"
+      + randomAvailableHostname() + ":8091/pools/default", HashMap.class);
+  }
+
+  private HashMap<String, HashMap> parseStorageTotals() {
+    HashMap<String, Object> stats = fetchPoolInfo();
+    return  (HashMap<String, HashMap>) stats.get("storageTotals");
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `parseStorageTotals(this).get("ram").get("used")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 45.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long ClusterInfo.getTotalRAMUsed()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springframework.data.couchbase.monitor.ClusterInfo.getTotalRAMUsed():long.654f8bfeca2d938b9f8c3020618381dd
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/springframework/data/couchbase/monitor/ClusterInfo.java
+
+### Key:
+ClusterInfo.java|getTotalRAMUsed|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+149e6640c29d9f1077f9264f3eef2f28
+
+### Hash:
+200f06277127cdd08901bfef427390dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5810/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5810/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d12fd590c65722116d450eb1c9c9c258c1d80c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5810/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sejda
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Created on 24/ago/2011
+ * Copyright 2011 by Andrea Vacondio (andrea.vacondio@gmail.com).
+ * 
+ * This file is part of the Sejda source code
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+ * License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.sejda.impl.sambox.component;
+
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
+import org.sejda.sambox.text.PDFTextStripper;
+import org.sejda.model.exception.TaskException;
+import org.sejda.model.exception.TaskExecutionException;
+
+/**
+ * Component responsible for extracting text from an input pdf document.
+ * 
+ * @author Andrea Vacondio
+ * 
+ */
+public class PdfTextExtractor implements Closeable {
+
+    private PDFTextStripper textStripper = null;
+    private Writer outputWriter;
+    private String encoding;
+
+    public PdfTextExtractor(String encoding) throws TaskException {
+        this(encoding, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+    }
+
+    public PdfTextExtractor(String encoding, int startPageOneBased, int endPageIncluding) throws TaskException {
+        try {
+            this.encoding = encoding;
+            textStripper = new PDFTextStripper();
+            textStripper.setStartPage(startPageOneBased);
+            textStripper.setEndPage(endPageIncluding);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new TaskException("Unable to create text extractor.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extract text from the input document writing it to the given output file.
+     * 
+     * @param document
+     * @param output
+     * @throws TaskException
+     */
+    public void extract(PDDocument document, File output) throws TaskException {
+        if (document == null) {
+            throw new TaskException("Unable to extract text from a null document.");
+        }
+        if (output == null || !output.isFile() || !output.canWrite()) {
+            throw new TaskException(String.format("Cannot write extracted text to a the given output file '%s'.",
+                    output));
+        }
+        try {
+            outputWriter = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(output), encoding));
+            textStripper.writeText(document, outputWriter);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new TaskExecutionException("An error occurred extracting text from a pdf source.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        IOUtils.closeQuietly(outputWriter);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 79 is not released after line 79.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PdfTextExtractor.extract(PDDocument,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sejda.impl.sambox.component.PdfTextExtractor.extract(org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.PDDocument,java.io.33965afdf080073eb07f8a280f987c5e
+
+### File:
+sejda-sambox/src/main/java/org/sejda/impl/sambox/component/PdfTextExtractor.java
+
+### Key:
+PdfTextExtractor.java|extract|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c054e0bd3c0b9f653881e8654a871da0
+
+### Hash:
+e5e77d1844fde9c04c9ed36c28899623
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5817/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5817/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..618ccc99736d7ce4a2874e2f4aebe6ac3759cceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5817/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sejda
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is part of Sejda.
+ *
+ * Sejda is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Sejda is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with Sejda.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.sejda.impl.sambox.component;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.sejda.impl.sambox.util.FontUtils;
+import org.sejda.model.exception.TaskIOException;
+import org.sejda.model.pdf.StandardType1Font;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
+import org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.font.PDFont;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.not;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+public class PageTextWriterTest {
+
+    private PDFont helvetica = FontUtils.getStandardType1Font(StandardType1Font.HELVETICA);
+
+    @Test
+    public void resolveTextAndFontsWhenTextRepeats() throws TaskIOException {
+        PageTextWriter writer = new PageTextWriter(new PDDocument());
+        List<PageTextWriter.TextWithFont> textAndFonts = writer.resolveFonts("123α456α789", helvetica);
+
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(0).getFont().getName(), is("Helvetica"));
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(0).getText(), is("123"));
+
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(1).getFont().getName(), is(not("Helvetica")));
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(1).getText(), is("α"));
+
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(2).getFont().getName(), is("Helvetica"));
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(2).getText(), is("456"));
+
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(3).getFont().getName(), is(not("Helvetica")));
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(3).getText(), is("α"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void resolvedSpaceSeparately() throws TaskIOException {
+        PageTextWriter writer = new PageTextWriter(new PDDocument());
+        List<PageTextWriter.TextWithFont> textAndFonts = writer.resolveFonts("ab cd", helvetica);
+
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(0).getFont().getName(), is("Helvetica"));
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(0).getText(), is("ab"));
+
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(1).getFont().getName(), is("Helvetica"));
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(1).getText(), is(" "));
+
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(2).getFont().getName(), is("Helvetica"));
+        assertThat(textAndFonts.get(2).getText(), is("cd"));
+    }
+
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.sejda.sambox.pdmodel.PDDocument` acquired by call to `new()` at line 56 is not released after line 57.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PageTextWriterTest.resolvedSpaceSeparately()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.sejda.impl.sambox.component.PageTextWriterTest.resolvedSpaceSeparately():void.7d6a9ac64c51513cb188edfa0083ea4a
+
+### File:
+sejda-sambox/src/test/java/org/sejda/impl/sambox/component/PageTextWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PageTextWriterTest.java|resolvedSpaceSeparately|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+1e55ee1d1b05fb51bff8a15cb2c0a884
+
+### Hash:
+3454cea799495428201f2a07941f1ca1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5819/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5819/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b4c44e07bb2272419cace857000e47da2048ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5819/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** obfuscator
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2019 superblaubeere27, Sam Sun, MarcoMC
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package me.superblaubeere27.jobf.processors.name;
+
+import me.superblaubeere27.jobf.JObf;
+import me.superblaubeere27.jobf.JObfImpl;
+import me.superblaubeere27.jobf.utils.ClassTree;
+import me.superblaubeere27.jobf.utils.NameUtils;
+import me.superblaubeere27.jobf.utils.values.DeprecationLevel;
+import me.superblaubeere27.jobf.utils.values.EnabledValue;
+import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
+import org.objectweb.asm.commons.ClassRemapper;
+import org.objectweb.asm.commons.Remapper;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.ClassNode;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.FieldNode;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.MethodNode;
+
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+public class NameObfuscation implements INameObfuscationProcessor {
+    private static String PROCESSOR_NAME = "NameObfuscation";
+
+    private EnabledValue enabled = new EnabledValue(PROCESSOR_NAME, DeprecationLevel.OK, false);
+
+    private String repackageName = "obfuscator";
+    private boolean repackage = false;
+
+    private void putMapping(HashMap<String, String> mappings, String str, String str1) {
+        mappings.put(str, str1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void transformPost(JObfImpl inst, HashMap<String, ClassNode> nodes) {
+        if (!enabled.getObject()) return;
+        HashMap<String, String> mappings = new HashMap<>();
+
+        mappings.clear();
+
+        List<ClassWrapper> classWrappers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+
+        System.out.println("Building Hierarchy");
+
+        for (ClassNode value : nodes.values()) {
+            ClassWrapper cw = new ClassWrapper(value, false, new byte[0]);
+
+            classWrappers.add(cw);
+
+            JObfImpl.INSTANCE.buildHierarchy(cw, null);
+        }
+        System.out.println("Finished building hierarchy");
+
+        long current = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        JObf.log.info("Generating mappings...");
+
+        NameUtils.setup("", "", "", true);
+
+        AtomicInteger classCounter = new AtomicInteger();
+
+        classWrappers.forEach(classWrapper -> {
+            boolean excluded = this.excluded(classWrapper);
+
+            for (MethodWrapper method : classWrapper.methods) {
+                method.methodNode.access &= ~Opcodes.ACC_PRIVATE;
+                method.methodNode.access &= ~Opcodes.ACC_PROTECTED;
+                method.methodNode.access |= Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC;
+            }
+            for (FieldWrapper fieldWrapper : classWrapper.fields) {
+                fieldWrapper.fieldNode.access &= ~Opcodes.ACC_PRIVATE;
+                fieldWrapper.fieldNode.access &= ~Opcodes.ACC_PROTECTED;
+                fieldWrapper.fieldNode.access |= Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC;
+            }
+            if (excluded) return;
+
+            classWrapper.methods.stream().filter(methodWrapper -> !Modifier.isNative(methodWrapper.methodNode.access)
+                    && !methodWrapper.methodNode.name.equals("main") && !methodWrapper.methodNode.name.equals("premain")
+                    && !methodWrapper.methodNode.name.startsWith("<")).forEach(methodWrapper -> {
+//                        if (!excluded) {
+
+//                        }
+                if (canRenameMethodTree(mappings, new HashSet<>(), methodWrapper, classWrapper.originalName)) {
+                    this.renameMethodTree(mappings, new HashSet<>(), methodWrapper, classWrapper.originalName, NameUtils.generateMethodName(classWrapper.originalName, methodWrapper.originalDescription));
+                }
+            });
+
+            classWrapper.fields.forEach(fieldWrapper -> {
+//                if (!excluded) {
+//                }
+                if (canRenameFieldTree(mappings, new HashSet<>(), fieldWrapper, classWrapper.originalName)) {
+                    this.renameFieldTree(new HashSet<>(), fieldWrapper, classWrapper.originalName, NameUtils.generateFieldName(classWrapper.originalName), mappings);
+                }
+            });
+            classWrapper.classNode.access &= ~Opcodes.ACC_PRIVATE;
+            classWrapper.classNode.access &= ~Opcodes.ACC_PROTECTED;
+            classWrapper.classNode.access |= Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC;
+
+            putMapping(mappings, classWrapper.originalName, (repackage)
+                    ? repackageName + '/' + NameUtils.generateClassName() : NameUtils.generateClassName());
+            classCounter.incrementAndGet();
+        });
+
+        try {
+            FileOutputStream outStream = new FileOutputStream("mappings.txt");
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(outStream);
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> stringStringEntry : mappings.entrySet()) {
+                printStream.println(stringStringEntry.getKey() + " -> " + stringStringEntry.getValue());
+            }
+
+            outStream.close();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+
+        JObf.log.info(String.format("Finished generating mappings (%dms)", (System.currentTimeMillis() - current)));
+        JObf.log.info("Applying mappings...");
+
+        current = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        Remapper simpleRemapper = new MemberRemapper(mappings);
+
+        for (ClassWrapper classWrapper : classWrappers) {
+            ClassNode classNode = classWrapper.classNode;
+
+            ClassNode copy = new ClassNode();
+            classNode.accept(new ClassRemapper(copy, simpleRemapper));
+            for (int i = 0; i < copy.methods.size(); i++) {
+                classWrapper.methods.get(i).methodNode = copy.methods.get(i);
+
+                /*for (AbstractInsnNode insn : methodNode.instructions.toArray()) { // TODO: Fix lambdas + interface
+                    if (insn instanceof InvokeDynamicInsnNode) {
+                        InvokeDynamicInsnNode indy = (InvokeDynamicInsnNode) insn;
+                        if (indy.bsm.getOwner().equals("java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory")) {
+                            Handle handle = (Handle) indy.bsmArgs[1];
+                            String newName = mappings.get(handle.getOwner() + '.' + handle.getName() + handle.getDesc());
+                            if (newName != null) {
+                                indy.name = newName;
+                                indy.bsm = new Handle(handle.getTag(), handle.getOwner(), newName, handle.getDesc(), false);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }*/
+            }
+
+            if (copy.fields != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < copy.fields.size(); i++) {
+                    classWrapper.fields.get(i).fieldNode = copy.fields.get(i);
+                }
+            }
+
+            classWrapper.classNode = copy;
+            JObfImpl.classes.remove(classWrapper.originalName + ".class");
+            JObfImpl.classes.put(classWrapper.classNode.name + ".class", classWrapper.classNode);
+//            JObfImpl.INSTANCE.getClassPath().put();
+//            this.getClasses().put(classWrapper.classNode.name, classWrapper);
+            JObfImpl.INSTANCE.getClassPath().put(classWrapper.classNode.name, classWrapper);
+        }
+        JObf.log.info(String.format("Finished applying mappings (%dms)", (System.currentTimeMillis() - current)));
+    }
+
+    private boolean excluded(ClassWrapper classWrapper) {
+        boolean b = !JObfImpl.INSTANCE.script.remapClass(classWrapper.classNode);
+        System.out.println(classWrapper.originalName + "/ " + b);
+        return b;
+    }
+
+    private boolean excluded(String s) {
+        // TODO Check excluded
+        return false;
+    }
+
+
+    private boolean canRenameMethodTree(HashMap<String, String> mappings, HashSet<ClassTree> visited, MethodWrapper methodWrapper, String owner) {
+        ClassTree tree = JObfImpl.INSTANCE.getTree(owner);
+        if (!visited.contains(tree)) {
+            visited.add(tree);
+            if (excluded(owner + '.' + methodWrapper.originalName + methodWrapper.originalDescription)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (mappings.containsKey(owner + '.' + methodWrapper.originalName + methodWrapper.originalDescription)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (!methodWrapper.owner.originalName.equals(owner) && tree.classWrapper.libraryNode) {
+                for (MethodNode mn : tree.classWrapper.classNode.methods) {
+                    if (mn.name.equals(methodWrapper.originalName)
+                            & mn.desc.equals(methodWrapper.originalDescription)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (String parent : tree.parentClasses) {
+                if (parent != null && !canRenameMethodTree(mappings, visited, methodWrapper, parent)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            for (String sub : tree.subClasses) {
+                if (sub != null && !canRenameMethodTree(mappings, visited, methodWrapper, sub)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void renameMethodTree(HashMap<String, String> mappings, HashSet<ClassTree> visited, MethodWrapper MethodWrapper, String className,
+                                  String newName) {
+        ClassTree tree = JObfImpl.INSTANCE.getTree(className);
+
+        if (!tree.classWrapper.libraryNode && !visited.contains(tree)) {
+            putMapping(mappings, className + '.' + MethodWrapper.originalName + MethodWrapper.originalDescription, newName);
+            visited.add(tree);
+            for (String parentClass : tree.parentClasses) {
+                this.renameMethodTree(mappings, visited, MethodWrapper, parentClass, newName);
+            }
+            for (String subClass : tree.subClasses) {
+                this.renameMethodTree(mappings, visited, MethodWrapper, subClass, newName);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean canRenameFieldTree(HashMap<String, String> mappings, HashSet<ClassTree> visited, FieldWrapper fieldWrapper, String owner) {
+        ClassTree tree = JObfImpl.INSTANCE.getTree(owner);
+        if (!visited.contains(tree)) {
+            visited.add(tree);
+            if (excluded(owner + '.' + fieldWrapper.originalName + '.' + fieldWrapper.originalDescription)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (mappings.containsKey(owner + '.' + fieldWrapper.originalName + '.' + fieldWrapper.originalDescription))
+                return true;
+            if (!fieldWrapper.owner.originalName.equals(owner) && tree.classWrapper.libraryNode) {
+                for (FieldNode fn : tree.classWrapper.classNode.fields) {
+                    if (fieldWrapper.originalName.equals(fn.name) && fieldWrapper.originalDescription.equals(fn.desc)) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (String parent : tree.parentClasses) {
+                if (parent != null && !canRenameFieldTree(mappings, visited, fieldWrapper, parent)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            for (String sub : tree.subClasses) {
+                if (sub != null && !canRenameFieldTree(mappings, visited, fieldWrapper, sub)) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void renameFieldTree(HashSet<ClassTree> visited, FieldWrapper fieldWrapper, String owner, String newName, HashMap<String, String> mappings) {
+        ClassTree tree = JObfImpl.INSTANCE.getTree(owner);
+
+        if (!tree.classWrapper.libraryNode && !visited.contains(tree)) {
+            putMapping(mappings, owner + '.' + fieldWrapper.originalName + '.' + fieldWrapper.originalDescription, newName);
+            visited.add(tree);
+            for (String parentClass : tree.parentClasses) {
+                this.renameFieldTree(visited, fieldWrapper, parentClass, newName, mappings);
+            }
+            for (String subClass : tree.subClasses) {
+                this.renameFieldTree(visited, fieldWrapper, subClass, newName, mappings);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+//    @Override
+//    public void processClass(final ClassNode classNode) {
+//        for(final MethodNode method : classNode.methods)
+//            if(localVariables && method.localVariables != null && !method.localVariables.isEmpty())
+//                method.localVariables.forEach(localVariableNode -> localVariableNode.name = NameUtils.generateLocalVariableName(classNode.name, method.name));
+//    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 117 is not released after line 123.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NameObfuscation.transformPost(JObfImpl,HashMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+me.superblaubeere27.jobf.processors.name.NameObfuscation.transformPost(me.superblaubeere27.jobf.JObf.0e516314646798b400662d3ae9a99bde
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/me/superblaubeere27/jobf/processors/name/NameObfuscation.java
+
+### Key:
+NameObfuscation.java|transformPost|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7d7c558def9fe4ec4153e3e55981d886
+
+### Hash:
+d9826f9c9d089a73936687872c9af7ed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5821/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5821/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a907363a3c3aaa9f8f1c2cf19b65ac4761373284
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5821/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,654 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** easyexcel
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.alibaba.easyexcel.test.demo.write;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FillPatternType;
+import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.IndexedColors;
+import org.apache.poi.xssf.streaming.SXSSFSheet;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.alibaba.easyexcel.test.util.TestFileUtil;
+import com.alibaba.excel.EasyExcel;
+import com.alibaba.excel.ExcelWriter;
+import com.alibaba.excel.annotation.ExcelProperty;
+import com.alibaba.excel.annotation.format.DateTimeFormat;
+import com.alibaba.excel.annotation.format.NumberFormat;
+import com.alibaba.excel.annotation.write.style.ColumnWidth;
+import com.alibaba.excel.annotation.write.style.ContentRowHeight;
+import com.alibaba.excel.annotation.write.style.HeadRowHeight;
+import com.alibaba.excel.util.FileUtils;
+import com.alibaba.excel.write.merge.LoopMergeStrategy;
+import com.alibaba.excel.write.metadata.WriteSheet;
+import com.alibaba.excel.write.metadata.WriteTable;
+import com.alibaba.excel.write.metadata.style.WriteCellStyle;
+import com.alibaba.excel.write.metadata.style.WriteFont;
+import com.alibaba.excel.write.style.HorizontalCellStyleStrategy;
+import com.alibaba.excel.write.style.column.LongestMatchColumnWidthStyleStrategy;
+
+/**
+ * 写的常见写法
+ *
+ * @author Jiaju Zhuang
+ */
+@Ignore
+public class WriteTest {
+
+    /**
+     * 最简单的写
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void simpleWrite() {
+        // 写法1
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "simpleWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        // 如果这里想使用03 则 传入excelType参数即可
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+
+        // 写法2
+        fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "simpleWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写
+        ExcelWriter excelWriter = null;
+        try {
+            excelWriter = EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).build();
+            WriteSheet writeSheet = EasyExcel.writerSheet("模板").build();
+            excelWriter.write(data(), writeSheet);
+        } finally {
+            // 千万别忘记finish 会帮忙关闭流
+            if (excelWriter != null) {
+                excelWriter.finish();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据参数只导出指定列
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 根据自己或者排除自己需要的列
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     *
+     * @since 2.1.1
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void excludeOrIncludeWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "excludeOrIncludeWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+
+        // 根据用户传入字段 假设我们要忽略 date
+        Set<String> excludeColumnFiledNames = new HashSet<String>();
+        excludeColumnFiledNames.add("date");
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).excludeColumnFiledNames(excludeColumnFiledNames).sheet("模板")
+            .doWrite(data());
+
+        fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "excludeOrIncludeWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 根据用户传入字段 假设我们只要导出 date
+        Set<String> includeColumnFiledNames = new HashSet<String>();
+        includeColumnFiledNames.add("date");
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).includeColumnFiledNames(includeColumnFiledNames).sheet("模板")
+            .doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 指定写入的列
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link IndexData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 使用{@link ExcelProperty}注解指定写入的列
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void indexWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "indexWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, IndexData.class).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 复杂头写入
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link ComplexHeadData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 使用{@link ExcelProperty}注解指定复杂的头
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void complexHeadWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "complexHeadWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, ComplexHeadData.class).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 重复多次写入
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link ComplexHeadData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 使用{@link ExcelProperty}注解指定复杂的头
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接调用二次写入即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void repeatedWrite() {
+        // 方法1 如果写到同一个sheet
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "repeatedWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        ExcelWriter excelWriter = null;
+        try {
+            // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写
+            excelWriter = EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).build();
+            // 这里注意 如果同一个sheet只要创建一次
+            WriteSheet writeSheet = EasyExcel.writerSheet("模板").build();
+            // 去调用写入,这里我调用了五次，实际使用时根据数据库分页的总的页数来
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                // 分页去数据库查询数据 这里可以去数据库查询每一页的数据
+                List<DemoData> data = data();
+                excelWriter.write(data, writeSheet);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            // 千万别忘记finish 会帮忙关闭流
+            if (excelWriter != null) {
+                excelWriter.finish();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 方法2 如果写到不同的sheet 同一个对象
+        fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "repeatedWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        try {
+            // 这里 指定文件
+            excelWriter = EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).build();
+            // 去调用写入,这里我调用了五次，实际使用时根据数据库分页的总的页数来。这里最终会写到5个sheet里面
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                // 每次都要创建writeSheet 这里注意必须指定sheetNo 而且sheetName必须不一样
+                WriteSheet writeSheet = EasyExcel.writerSheet(i, "模板" + i).build();
+                // 分页去数据库查询数据 这里可以去数据库查询每一页的数据
+                List<DemoData> data = data();
+                excelWriter.write(data, writeSheet);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            // 千万别忘记finish 会帮忙关闭流
+            if (excelWriter != null) {
+                excelWriter.finish();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 方法3 如果写到不同的sheet 不同的对象
+        fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "repeatedWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        try {
+            // 这里 指定文件
+            excelWriter = EasyExcel.write(fileName).build();
+            // 去调用写入,这里我调用了五次，实际使用时根据数据库分页的总的页数来。这里最终会写到5个sheet里面
+            for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+                // 每次都要创建writeSheet 这里注意必须指定sheetNo 而且sheetName必须不一样。这里注意DemoData.class 可以每次都变，我这里为了方便 所以用的同一个class 实际上可以一直变
+                WriteSheet writeSheet = EasyExcel.writerSheet(i, "模板" + i).head(DemoData.class).build();
+                // 分页去数据库查询数据 这里可以去数据库查询每一页的数据
+                List<DemoData> data = data();
+                excelWriter.write(data, writeSheet);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            // 千万别忘记finish 会帮忙关闭流
+            if (excelWriter != null) {
+                excelWriter.finish();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 日期、数字或者自定义格式转换
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link ConverterData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 使用{@link ExcelProperty}配合使用注解{@link DateTimeFormat}、{@link NumberFormat}或者自定义注解
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void converterWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "converterWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, ConverterData.class).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 图片导出
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link ImageData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void imageWrite() throws Exception {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "imageWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 如果使用流 记得关闭
+        InputStream inputStream = null;
+        try {
+            List<ImageData> list = new ArrayList<ImageData>();
+            ImageData imageData = new ImageData();
+            list.add(imageData);
+            String imagePath = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "converter" + File.separator + "img.jpg";
+            // 放入五种类型的图片 实际使用只要选一种即可
+            imageData.setByteArray(FileUtils.readFileToByteArray(new File(imagePath)));
+            imageData.setFile(new File(imagePath));
+            imageData.setString(imagePath);
+            inputStream = FileUtils.openInputStream(new File(imagePath));
+            imageData.setInputStream(inputStream);
+            imageData.setUrl(new URL(
+                "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/alibaba/easyexcel/master/src/test/resources/converter/img.jpg"));
+            EasyExcel.write(fileName, ImageData.class).sheet().doWrite(list);
+        } finally {
+            if (inputStream != null) {
+                inputStream.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据模板写入
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link IndexData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 使用{@link ExcelProperty}注解指定写入的列
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 使用withTemplate 写取模板
+     * <p>
+     * 4. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void templateWrite() {
+        String templateFileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "demo" + File.separator + "demo.xlsx";
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "templateWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).withTemplate(templateFileName).sheet().doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 列宽、行高
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link WidthAndHeightData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 使用注解{@link ColumnWidth}、{@link HeadRowHeight}、{@link ContentRowHeight}指定宽度或高度
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void widthAndHeightWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "widthAndHeightWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, WidthAndHeightData.class).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 注解形式自定义样式
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoStyleData}
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     *
+     * @since 2.2.0-beta1
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void annotationStyleWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "annotationStyleWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoStyleData.class).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 拦截器形式自定义样式
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 创建一个style策略 并注册
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void handlerStyleWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "handlerStyleWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 头的策略
+        WriteCellStyle headWriteCellStyle = new WriteCellStyle();
+        // 背景设置为红色
+        headWriteCellStyle.setFillForegroundColor(IndexedColors.RED.getIndex());
+        WriteFont headWriteFont = new WriteFont();
+        headWriteFont.setFontHeightInPoints((short) 20);
+        headWriteCellStyle.setWriteFont(headWriteFont);
+        // 内容的策略
+        WriteCellStyle contentWriteCellStyle = new WriteCellStyle();
+        // 这里需要指定 FillPatternType 为FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND 不然无法显示背景颜色.头默认了 FillPatternType所以可以不指定
+        contentWriteCellStyle.setFillPatternType(FillPatternType.SOLID_FOREGROUND);
+        // 背景绿色
+        contentWriteCellStyle.setFillForegroundColor(IndexedColors.GREEN.getIndex());
+        WriteFont contentWriteFont = new WriteFont();
+        // 字体大小
+        contentWriteFont.setFontHeightInPoints((short) 20);
+        contentWriteCellStyle.setWriteFont(contentWriteFont);
+        // 这个策略是 头是头的样式 内容是内容的样式 其他的策略可以自己实现
+        HorizontalCellStyleStrategy horizontalCellStyleStrategy =
+            new HorizontalCellStyleStrategy(headWriteCellStyle, contentWriteCellStyle);
+
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).registerWriteHandler(horizontalCellStyleStrategy).sheet("模板")
+            .doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 合并单元格
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData} {@link DemoMergeData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 创建一个merge策略 并注册
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     *
+     * @since 2.2.0-beta1
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void mergeWrite() {
+        // 方法1 注解
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "mergeWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 在DemoStyleData里面加上ContentLoopMerge注解
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoMergeData.class).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+
+        // 方法2 自定义合并单元格策略
+        fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "mergeWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 每隔2行会合并 把eachColumn 设置成 3 也就是我们数据的长度，所以就第一列会合并。当然其他合并策略也可以自己写
+        LoopMergeStrategy loopMergeStrategy = new LoopMergeStrategy(2, 0);
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).registerWriteHandler(loopMergeStrategy).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 使用table去写入
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 然后写入table即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void tableWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "tableWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里直接写多个table的案例了，如果只有一个 也可以直一行代码搞定，参照其他案例
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写
+        ExcelWriter excelWriter = null;
+        try {
+            EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).build();
+            // 把sheet设置为不需要头 不然会输出sheet的头 这样看起来第一个table 就有2个头了
+            WriteSheet writeSheet = EasyExcel.writerSheet("模板").needHead(Boolean.FALSE).build();
+            // 这里必须指定需要头，table 会继承sheet的配置，sheet配置了不需要，table 默认也是不需要
+            WriteTable writeTable0 = EasyExcel.writerTable(0).needHead(Boolean.TRUE).build();
+            WriteTable writeTable1 = EasyExcel.writerTable(1).needHead(Boolean.TRUE).build();
+            // 第一次写入会创建头
+            excelWriter.write(data(), writeSheet, writeTable0);
+            // 第二次写如也会创建头，然后在第一次的后面写入数据
+            excelWriter.write(data(), writeSheet, writeTable1);
+        } finally {
+            // 千万别忘记finish 会帮忙关闭流
+            if (excelWriter != null) {
+                excelWriter.finish();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 动态头，实时生成头写入
+     * <p>
+     * 思路是这样子的，先创建List<String>头格式的sheet仅仅写入头,然后通过table 不写入头的方式 去写入数据
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 然后写入table即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void dynamicHeadWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "dynamicHeadWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName)
+            // 这里放入动态头
+            .head(head()).sheet("模板")
+            // 当然这里数据也可以用 List<List<String>> 去传入
+            .doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 自动列宽(不太精确)
+     * <p>
+     * 这个目前不是很好用，比如有数字就会导致换行。而且长度也不是刚好和实际长度一致。 所以需要精确到刚好列宽的慎用。 当然也可以自己参照 {@link LongestMatchColumnWidthStyleStrategy}重新实现.
+     * <p>
+     * poi 自带{@link SXSSFSheet#autoSizeColumn(int)} 对中文支持也不太好。目前没找到很好的算法。 有的话可以推荐下。
+     *
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link LongestMatchColumnWidthData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 注册策略{@link LongestMatchColumnWidthStyleStrategy}
+     * <p>
+     * 3. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void longestMatchColumnWidthWrite() {
+        String fileName =
+            TestFileUtil.getPath() + "longestMatchColumnWidthWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, LongestMatchColumnWidthData.class)
+            .registerWriteHandler(new LongestMatchColumnWidthStyleStrategy()).sheet("模板").doWrite(dataLong());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 下拉，超链接等自定义拦截器（上面几点都不符合但是要对单元格进行操作的参照这个）
+     * <p>
+     * demo这里实现2点。1. 对第一行第一列的头超链接到:https://github.com/alibaba/easyexcel 2. 对第一列第一行和第二行的数据新增下拉框，显示 测试1 测试2
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 注册拦截器 {@link CustomCellWriteHandler} {@link CustomSheetWriteHandler}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void customHandlerWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "customHandlerWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).registerWriteHandler(new CustomSheetWriteHandler())
+            .registerWriteHandler(new CustomCellWriteHandler()).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 插入批注
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link DemoData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 注册拦截器 {@link CommentWriteHandler}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void commentWrite() {
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "commentWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        // 这里要注意inMemory 要设置为true，才能支持批注。目前没有好的办法解决 不在内存处理批注。这个需要自己选择。
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, DemoData.class).inMemory(Boolean.TRUE).registerWriteHandler(new CommentWriteHandler())
+            .sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 可变标题处理(包括标题国际化等)
+     * <p>
+     * 简单的说用List<List<String>>的标题 但是还支持注解
+     * <p>
+     * 1. 创建excel对应的实体对象 参照{@link ConverterData}
+     * <p>
+     * 2. 直接写即可
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void variableTitleWrite() {
+        // 写法1
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "variableTitleWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName, ConverterData.class).head(variableTitleHead()).sheet("模板").doWrite(data());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 不创建对象的写
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void noModelWrite() {
+        // 写法1
+        String fileName = TestFileUtil.getPath() + "noModelWrite" + System.currentTimeMillis() + ".xlsx";
+        // 这里 需要指定写用哪个class去写，然后写到第一个sheet，名字为模板 然后文件流会自动关闭
+        EasyExcel.write(fileName).head(head()).sheet("模板").doWrite(dataList());
+    }
+
+    private List<LongestMatchColumnWidthData> dataLong() {
+        List<LongestMatchColumnWidthData> list = new ArrayList<LongestMatchColumnWidthData>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            LongestMatchColumnWidthData data = new LongestMatchColumnWidthData();
+            data.setString("测试很长的字符串测试很长的字符串测试很长的字符串" + i);
+            data.setDate(new Date());
+            data.setDoubleData(1000000000000.0);
+            list.add(data);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    private List<List<String>> variableTitleHead() {
+        List<List<String>> list = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
+        List<String> head0 = new ArrayList<String>();
+        head0.add("string" + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        List<String> head1 = new ArrayList<String>();
+        head1.add("number" + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        List<String> head2 = new ArrayList<String>();
+        head2.add("date" + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        list.add(head0);
+        list.add(head1);
+        list.add(head2);
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    private List<List<String>> head() {
+        List<List<String>> list = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
+        List<String> head0 = new ArrayList<String>();
+        head0.add("字符串" + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        List<String> head1 = new ArrayList<String>();
+        head1.add("数字" + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        List<String> head2 = new ArrayList<String>();
+        head2.add("日期" + System.currentTimeMillis());
+        list.add(head0);
+        list.add(head1);
+        list.add(head2);
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    private List<List<Object>> dataList() {
+        List<List<Object>> list = new ArrayList<List<Object>>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            List<Object> data = new ArrayList<Object>();
+            data.add("字符串" + i);
+            data.add(new Date());
+            data.add(0.56);
+            list.add(data);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    private List<DemoData> data() {
+        List<DemoData> list = new ArrayList<DemoData>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            DemoData data = new DemoData();
+            data.setString("字符串" + i);
+            data.setDate(new Date());
+            data.setDoubleData(0.56);
+            list.add(data);
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `excelWriter` last assigned on line 388 could be null and is dereferenced at line 397.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WriteTest.tableWrite()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.easyexcel.test.demo.write.WriteTest.tableWrite():void.2f08b087b9f7f2148bfdb9a7610f95f1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/alibaba/easyexcel/test/demo/write/WriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+WriteTest.java|tableWrite|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b1bde20bd3dbb2831f28e0c1f396e949
+
+### Hash:
+9986b0b28577648289dc512ae9fab0e7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5826/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5826/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8bce42ed6b4c1cb931697e02764d94791af365f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5826/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2869 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** s3proxy
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014-2018 Andrew Gaul <andrew@gaul.org>
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.gaul.s3proxy;
+
+import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.FilterInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PushbackInputStream;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.net.URLDecoder;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import javax.crypto.Mac;
+import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLOutputFactory;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamWriter;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.xml.XmlMapper;
+import com.google.common.base.CharMatcher;
+import com.google.common.base.Optional;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.google.common.cache.Cache;
+import com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.common.escape.Escaper;
+import com.google.common.hash.HashCode;
+import com.google.common.hash.HashFunction;
+import com.google.common.hash.Hashing;
+import com.google.common.hash.HashingInputStream;
+import com.google.common.io.BaseEncoding;
+import com.google.common.io.ByteSource;
+import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
+import com.google.common.net.HostAndPort;
+import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;
+import com.google.common.net.PercentEscaper;
+
+import org.apache.commons.fileupload.MultipartStream;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.BlobStore;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.KeyNotFoundException;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.Blob;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.BlobAccess;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.BlobBuilder;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.BlobMetadata;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.ContainerAccess;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.MultipartPart;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.MultipartUpload;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.PageSet;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.StorageMetadata;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.domain.internal.MutableBlobMetadataImpl;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.options.CopyOptions;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.options.CreateContainerOptions;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.options.GetOptions;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.options.ListContainerOptions;
+import org.jclouds.blobstore.options.PutOptions;
+import org.jclouds.domain.Location;
+import org.jclouds.io.ContentMetadata;
+import org.jclouds.io.ContentMetadataBuilder;
+import org.jclouds.io.Payload;
+import org.jclouds.io.Payloads;
+import org.jclouds.rest.AuthorizationException;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/** HTTP server-independent handler for S3 requests. */
+public class S3ProxyHandler {
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(
+            S3ProxyHandler.class);
+    private static final String AWS_XMLNS =
+            "http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/";
+    // TODO: support configurable metadata prefix
+    private static final String USER_METADATA_PREFIX = "x-amz-meta-";
+    // TODO: fake owner
+    private static final String FAKE_OWNER_ID =
+            "75aa57f09aa0c8caeab4f8c24e99d10f8e7faeebf76c078efc7c6caea54ba06a";
+    private static final String FAKE_OWNER_DISPLAY_NAME =
+            "CustomersName@amazon.com";
+    private static final String FAKE_INITIATOR_ID =
+            "arn:aws:iam::111122223333:" +
+            "user/some-user-11116a31-17b5-4fb7-9df5-b288870f11xx";
+    private static final String FAKE_INITIATOR_DISPLAY_NAME =
+            "umat-user-11116a31-17b5-4fb7-9df5-b288870f11xx";
+    private static final String FAKE_REQUEST_ID = "4442587FB7D0A2F9";
+    private static final CharMatcher VALID_BUCKET_FIRST_CHAR =
+            CharMatcher.inRange('a', 'z')
+                    .or(CharMatcher.inRange('A', 'Z'))
+                    .or(CharMatcher.inRange('0', '9'));
+    private static final CharMatcher VALID_BUCKET =
+            VALID_BUCKET_FIRST_CHAR
+                    .or(CharMatcher.is('.'))
+                    .or(CharMatcher.is('_'))
+                    .or(CharMatcher.is('-'));
+    private static final Set<String> UNSUPPORTED_PARAMETERS = ImmutableSet.of(
+            "accelerate",
+            "analytics",
+            "cors",
+            "inventory",
+            "lifecycle",
+            "list-type",
+            "logging",
+            "metrics",
+            "notification",
+            "policy",
+            "replication",
+            "requestPayment",
+            "restore",
+            "tagging",
+            "torrent",
+            "versioning",
+            "versions",
+            "website"
+    );
+    /** All supported x-amz- headers, except for x-amz-meta- user metadata. */
+    private static final Set<String> SUPPORTED_X_AMZ_HEADERS = ImmutableSet.of(
+            "x-amz-acl",
+            "x-amz-content-sha256",
+            "x-amz-copy-source",
+            "x-amz-copy-source-if-match",
+            "x-amz-copy-source-if-modified-since",
+            "x-amz-copy-source-if-none-match",
+            "x-amz-copy-source-if-unmodified-since",
+            "x-amz-copy-source-range",
+            "x-amz-date",
+            "x-amz-decoded-content-length",
+            "x-amz-metadata-directive"
+    );
+    private static final Set<String> CANNED_ACLS = ImmutableSet.of(
+            "private",
+            "public-read",
+            "public-read-write",
+            "authenticated-read",
+            "bucket-owner-read",
+            "bucket-owner-full-control",
+            "log-delivery-write"
+    );
+    private static final String XML_CONTENT_TYPE = "application/xml";
+    /** URLEncoder escapes / which we do not want. */
+    private static final Escaper urlEscaper = new PercentEscaper("*-./_", true);
+    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+    private static final HashFunction MD5 = Hashing.md5();
+
+    private final boolean anonymousIdentity;
+    private final AuthenticationType authenticationType;
+    private final Optional<String> virtualHost;
+    private final long v4MaxNonChunkedRequestSize;
+    private final boolean ignoreUnknownHeaders;
+    private final boolean corsAllowAll;
+    private final String servicePath;
+    private final XMLOutputFactory xmlOutputFactory =
+            XMLOutputFactory.newInstance();
+    private BlobStoreLocator blobStoreLocator;
+    // TODO: hack to allow per-request anonymous access
+    private final BlobStore defaultBlobStore;
+    /**
+     * S3 supports arbitrary keys for the marker while some blobstores only
+     * support opaque markers.  Emulate the common case for these by mapping
+     * the last key from a listing to the corresponding previously returned
+     * marker.
+     */
+    private final Cache<Map.Entry<String, String>, String> lastKeyToMarker =
+            CacheBuilder.newBuilder()
+            .maximumSize(10000)
+            .expireAfterWrite(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
+            .build();
+
+    public S3ProxyHandler(final BlobStore blobStore,
+            AuthenticationType authenticationType, final String identity,
+            final String credential, Optional<String> virtualHost,
+            long v4MaxNonChunkedRequestSize, boolean ignoreUnknownHeaders,
+            boolean corsAllowAll, final String servicePath) {
+        if (authenticationType != AuthenticationType.NONE) {
+            anonymousIdentity = false;
+            blobStoreLocator = new BlobStoreLocator() {
+                @Nullable
+                @Override
+                public Map.Entry<String, BlobStore> locateBlobStore(
+                        String identityArg, String container, String blob) {
+                    if (!identity.equals(identityArg)) {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    return Maps.immutableEntry(credential, blobStore);
+                }
+            };
+        } else {
+            anonymousIdentity = true;
+            final Map.Entry<String, BlobStore> anonymousBlobStore =
+                    Maps.immutableEntry(null, blobStore);
+            blobStoreLocator = new BlobStoreLocator() {
+                @Override
+                public Map.Entry<String, BlobStore> locateBlobStore(
+                        String identityArg, String container, String blob) {
+                    return anonymousBlobStore;
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        this.authenticationType = authenticationType;
+        this.virtualHost = requireNonNull(virtualHost);
+        this.v4MaxNonChunkedRequestSize = v4MaxNonChunkedRequestSize;
+        this.ignoreUnknownHeaders = ignoreUnknownHeaders;
+        this.corsAllowAll = corsAllowAll;
+        this.defaultBlobStore = blobStore;
+        xmlOutputFactory.setProperty("javax.xml.stream.isRepairingNamespaces",
+                Boolean.FALSE);
+        this.servicePath = Strings.nullToEmpty(servicePath);
+    }
+
+    private static String getBlobStoreType(BlobStore blobStore) {
+        return blobStore.getContext().unwrap().getProviderMetadata().getId();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isValidContainer(String containerName) {
+        if (containerName == null ||
+                containerName.length() < 3 || containerName.length() > 255 ||
+                containerName.startsWith(".") || containerName.endsWith(".") ||
+                validateIpAddress(containerName) ||
+                !VALID_BUCKET_FIRST_CHAR.matches(containerName.charAt(0)) ||
+                !VALID_BUCKET.matchesAllOf(containerName)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public final void doHandle(HttpServletRequest baseRequest,
+            HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
+            InputStream is) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        String method = request.getMethod();
+        String uri = request.getRequestURI();
+
+        if (!this.servicePath.isEmpty()) {
+            if (uri.length() > this.servicePath.length()) {
+                uri = uri.substring(this.servicePath.length());
+            }
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("request: {}", request);
+        String hostHeader = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.HOST);
+        if (hostHeader != null && virtualHost.isPresent()) {
+            hostHeader = HostAndPort.fromString(hostHeader).getHostText();
+            String virtualHostSuffix = "." + virtualHost.get();
+            if (!hostHeader.equals(virtualHost.get())) {
+                if (hostHeader.endsWith(virtualHostSuffix)) {
+                    String bucket = hostHeader.substring(0,
+                            hostHeader.length() - virtualHostSuffix.length());
+                    uri = "/" + bucket + uri;
+                } else {
+                    String bucket = hostHeader.toLowerCase();
+                    uri = "/" + bucket + uri;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean hasDateHeader = false;
+        boolean hasXAmzDateHeader = false;
+        for (String headerName : Collections.list(request.getHeaderNames())) {
+            for (String headerValue : Collections.list(request.getHeaders(
+                    headerName))) {
+                logger.debug("header: {}: {}", headerName,
+                        Strings.nullToEmpty(headerValue));
+            }
+            if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpHeaders.DATE)) {
+                hasDateHeader = true;
+            } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase("x-amz-date")) {
+                logger.debug("have the x-amz-date heaer {}", headerName);
+                // why x-amz-date name exist,but value is null?
+                if ("".equals(request.getHeader("x-amz-date")) ||
+                    request.getHeader("x-amz-date") == null) {
+                    logger.debug("have empty x-amz-date");
+                } else {
+                    hasXAmzDateHeader = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        boolean haveBothDateHeader = false;
+        if (hasDateHeader && hasXAmzDateHeader) {
+            haveBothDateHeader = true;
+        }
+
+        // when access information is not provided in request header,
+        // treat it as anonymous, return all public accessible information
+        if (!anonymousIdentity &&
+                (method.equals("GET") || method.equals("HEAD") ||
+                method.equals("POST")) &&
+                request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.AUTHORIZATION) == null &&
+                // v2 or /v4
+                request.getParameter("X-Amz-Algorithm") == null && // v4 query
+                request.getParameter("AWSAccessKeyId") == null &&  // v2 query
+                defaultBlobStore != null) {
+            doHandleAnonymous(request, response, is, uri, defaultBlobStore);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // should according the AWSAccessKeyId=  Signature  or auth header nil
+        if (!anonymousIdentity && !hasDateHeader && !hasXAmzDateHeader &&
+                request.getParameter("X-Amz-Date") == null &&
+                request.getParameter("Expires") == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED,
+                    "AWS authentication requires a valid Date or" +
+                    " x-amz-date header");
+        }
+
+
+        BlobStore blobStore;
+        String requestIdentity = null;
+        String headerAuthorization = request.getHeader(
+                HttpHeaders.AUTHORIZATION);
+        S3AuthorizationHeader authHeader = null;
+        boolean presignedUrl = false;
+
+        if (!anonymousIdentity) {
+            if (headerAuthorization == null) {
+                String algorithm = request.getParameter("X-Amz-Algorithm");
+                if (algorithm == null) { //v2 query
+                    String identity = request.getParameter("AWSAccessKeyId");
+                    String signature = request.getParameter("Signature");
+                    if (identity == null || signature == null) {
+                        throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                    }
+                    headerAuthorization = "AWS " + identity + ":" + signature;
+                    presignedUrl = true;
+                } else if (algorithm.equals("AWS4-HMAC-SHA256")) { //v4 query
+                    String credential = request.getParameter(
+                            "X-Amz-Credential");
+                    String signedHeaders = request.getParameter(
+                            "X-Amz-SignedHeaders");
+                    String signature = request.getParameter(
+                            "X-Amz-Signature");
+                    if (credential == null || signedHeaders == null ||
+                            signature == null) {
+                        throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                    }
+                    headerAuthorization = "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256" +
+                            " Credential=" + credential +
+                            ", requestSignedHeaders=" + signedHeaders +
+                            ", Signature=" + signature;
+                    presignedUrl = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                authHeader = new S3AuthorizationHeader(headerAuthorization);
+                //whether v2 or v4 (normal header and query)
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, iae);
+            }
+            requestIdentity = authHeader.identity;
+        }
+
+        long dateSkew = 0; //date for timeskew check
+
+        //v2 GET /s3proxy-1080747708/foo?AWSAccessKeyId=local-identity&Expires=
+        //1510322602&Signature=UTyfHY1b1Wgr5BFEn9dpPlWdtFE%3D)
+        //have no date
+
+        boolean haveDate = true;
+
+        AuthenticationType finalAuthType = null;
+        if (authHeader.authenticationType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V2 &&
+            (authenticationType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V2 ||
+            authenticationType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V2_OR_V4)) {
+            finalAuthType = AuthenticationType.AWS_V2;
+        } else if (authHeader.authenticationType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V4 &&
+            (authenticationType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V4 ||
+            authenticationType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V2_OR_V4)) {
+            finalAuthType = AuthenticationType.AWS_V4;
+        } else if (authenticationType != AuthenticationType.NONE) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+        }
+
+        if (hasXAmzDateHeader) { //format diff between v2 and v4
+            if (finalAuthType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V2) {
+                dateSkew = request.getDateHeader("x-amz-date");
+                dateSkew /= 1000;
+                //case sensetive?
+            } else if (finalAuthType == AuthenticationType.AWS_V4) {
+                logger.debug("into process v4 {}",
+                    request.getHeader("x-amz-date"));
+
+                dateSkew = parseIso8601(request.getHeader("x-amz-date"));
+            }
+        } else if (request.getParameter("X-Amz-Date") != null) { // v4 query
+            String dateString = request.getParameter("X-Amz-Date");
+            dateSkew = parseIso8601(dateString);
+        } else if (hasDateHeader) {
+            try {
+                dateSkew = request.getDateHeader(HttpHeaders.DATE);
+                logger.debug("dateheader {}", dateSkew);
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED, iae);
+            }
+            dateSkew /= 1000;
+            logger.debug("dateheader {}", dateSkew);
+
+        } else {
+            haveDate = false;
+        }
+        logger.debug("dateSkew {}", dateSkew);
+        if (haveDate) {
+            isTimeSkewed(dateSkew);
+        }
+
+
+        String[] path = uri.split("/", 3);
+        for (int i = 0; i < path.length; i++) {
+            path[i] = URLDecoder.decode(path[i], "UTF-8");
+        }
+
+        Map.Entry<String, BlobStore> provider =
+                blobStoreLocator.locateBlobStore(
+                        requestIdentity, path.length > 1 ? path[1] : null,
+                        path.length > 2 ? path[2] : null);
+        if (anonymousIdentity) {
+            blobStore = provider.getValue();
+            String contentSha256 = request.getHeader("x-amz-content-sha256");
+            if ("STREAMING-AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD".equals(contentSha256)) {
+                is = new ChunkedInputStream(is);
+            }
+        } else if (requestIdentity == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+        } else {
+            if (provider == null) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ACCESS_KEY_ID);
+            }
+
+            String credential = provider.getKey();
+            blobStore = provider.getValue();
+
+            String expiresString = request.getParameter("Expires");
+            if (expiresString != null) { // v2 query
+                long expires = Long.parseLong(expiresString);
+                long nowSeconds = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000;
+                if (nowSeconds >= expires) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                }
+            }
+
+            String dateString = request.getParameter("X-Amz-Date");
+            //from para v4 query
+            expiresString = request.getParameter("X-Amz-Expires");
+            if (dateString != null && expiresString != null) { //v4 query
+                long date = parseIso8601(dateString);
+                long expires = Long.parseLong(expiresString);
+                long nowSeconds = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000;
+                if (nowSeconds >= date + expires) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED,
+                            "Request has expired");
+                }
+            }
+            // The aim ?
+            switch (authHeader.authenticationType) {
+            case AWS_V2:
+                switch (authenticationType) {
+                case AWS_V2:
+                case AWS_V2_OR_V4:
+                case NONE:
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                }
+                break;
+            case AWS_V4:
+                switch (authenticationType) {
+                case AWS_V4:
+                case AWS_V2_OR_V4:
+                case NONE:
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                }
+                break;
+            case NONE:
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unhandled type: " +
+                        authHeader.authenticationType);
+            }
+
+            String expectedSignature = null;
+
+            // When presigned url is generated, it doesn't consider service path
+            String uriForSigning = presignedUrl ? uri : this.servicePath + uri;
+            if (authHeader.hmacAlgorithm == null) { //v2
+                expectedSignature = AwsSignature.createAuthorizationSignature(
+                        request, uriForSigning, credential, presignedUrl,
+                        haveBothDateHeader);
+            } else {
+                String contentSha256 = request.getHeader(
+                        "x-amz-content-sha256");
+                try {
+                    byte[] payload;
+                    if (request.getParameter("X-Amz-Algorithm") != null) {
+                        payload = new byte[0];
+                    } else if ("STREAMING-AWS4-HMAC-SHA256-PAYLOAD".equals(
+                            contentSha256)) {
+                        payload = new byte[0];
+                        is = new ChunkedInputStream(is);
+                    } else if ("UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD".equals(contentSha256)) {
+                        payload = new byte[0];
+                    } else {
+                        // buffer the entire stream to calculate digest
+                        // why input stream read contentlength of header?
+                        payload = ByteStreams.toByteArray(ByteStreams.limit(
+                                is, v4MaxNonChunkedRequestSize + 1));
+                        if (payload.length == v4MaxNonChunkedRequestSize + 1) {
+                            throw new S3Exception(
+                                    S3ErrorCode.MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH_EXCEEDED);
+                        }
+
+                        // maybe we should check this when signing,
+                        // a lot of dup code with aws sign code.
+                        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(
+                            authHeader.hashAlgorithm);
+                        byte[] hash = md.digest(payload);
+                        if  (!contentSha256.equals(
+                              BaseEncoding.base16().lowerCase()
+                              .encode(hash))) {
+                            throw new S3Exception(
+                                    S3ErrorCode
+                                    .X_AMZ_CONTENT_S_H_A_256_MISMATCH);
+                        }
+                        is = new ByteArrayInputStream(payload);
+                    }
+
+                    expectedSignature = AwsSignature
+                            .createAuthorizationSignatureV4(// v4 sign
+                            baseRequest, authHeader, payload, uriForSigning,
+                            credential);
+                } catch (InvalidKeyException | NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!expectedSignature.equals(authHeader.signature)) {
+                logger.debug("fail to validate signature");
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.SIGNATURE_DOES_NOT_MATCH);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (String parameter : Collections.list(
+                request.getParameterNames())) {
+            if (UNSUPPORTED_PARAMETERS.contains(parameter)) {
+                logger.error("Unknown parameters {} with URI {}",
+                        parameter, request.getRequestURI());
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // emit NotImplemented for unknown x-amz- headers
+        for (String headerName : Collections.list(request.getHeaderNames())) {
+            if (ignoreUnknownHeaders) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!headerName.startsWith("x-amz-")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (headerName.startsWith("x-amz-meta-")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (headerName.equals("x-amz-storage-class") &&
+                    request.getHeader(headerName).equals("STANDARD")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!SUPPORTED_X_AMZ_HEADERS.contains(headerName.toLowerCase())) {
+                logger.error("Unknown header {} with URI {}",
+                        headerName, request.getRequestURI());
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Validate container name
+        if (!uri.equals("/") && !isValidContainer(path[1])) {
+            if (method.equals("PUT") &&
+                    (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) &&
+                    !("".equals(request.getParameter("acl"))))  {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_BUCKET_NAME);
+            } else {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_BUCKET);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String uploadId = request.getParameter("uploadId");
+        switch (method) {
+        case "DELETE":
+            if (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) {
+                handleContainerDelete(response, blobStore, path[1]);
+                return;
+            } else if (uploadId != null) {
+                handleAbortMultipartUpload(response, blobStore, path[1],
+                        path[2], uploadId);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                handleBlobRemove(response, blobStore, path[1], path[2]);
+                return;
+            }
+        case "GET":
+            if (uri.equals("/")) {
+                handleContainerList(response, blobStore);
+                return;
+            } else if (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) {
+                if ("".equals(request.getParameter("acl"))) {
+                    handleGetContainerAcl(response, blobStore, path[1]);
+                    return;
+                } else if ("".equals(request.getParameter("location"))) {
+                    handleContainerLocation(response, blobStore, path[1]);
+                    return;
+                } else if ("".equals(request.getParameter("uploads"))) {
+                    handleListMultipartUploads(request, response, blobStore,
+                            path[1]);
+                    return;
+                }
+                handleBlobList(request, response, blobStore, path[1]);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                if ("".equals(request.getParameter("acl"))) {
+                    handleGetBlobAcl(response, blobStore, path[1],
+                            path[2]);
+                    return;
+                } else if (uploadId != null) {
+                    handleListParts(request, response, blobStore, path[1],
+                            path[2], uploadId);
+                    return;
+                }
+                handleGetBlob(request, response, blobStore, path[1],
+                        path[2]);
+                return;
+            }
+        case "HEAD":
+            if (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) {
+                handleContainerExists(blobStore, path[1]);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                handleBlobMetadata(request, response, blobStore, path[1],
+                        path[2]);
+                return;
+            }
+        case "POST":
+            if ("".equals(request.getParameter("delete"))) {
+                handleMultiBlobRemove(response, is, blobStore, path[1]);
+                return;
+            } else if ("".equals(request.getParameter("uploads"))) {
+                handleInitiateMultipartUpload(request, response, blobStore,
+                        path[1], path[2]);
+                return;
+            } else if (uploadId != null &&
+                    request.getParameter("partNumber") == null) {
+                handleCompleteMultipartUpload(response, is, blobStore, path[1],
+                        path[2], uploadId);
+                return;
+            }
+            break;
+        case "PUT":
+            if (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) {
+                if ("".equals(request.getParameter("acl"))) {
+                    handleSetContainerAcl(request, response, is, blobStore,
+                            path[1]);
+                    return;
+                }
+                handleContainerCreate(request, response, is, blobStore,
+                        path[1]);
+                return;
+            } else if (uploadId != null) {
+                if (request.getHeader("x-amz-copy-source") != null) {
+                    handleCopyPart(request, response, blobStore, path[1],
+                            path[2], uploadId);
+                } else {
+                    handleUploadPart(request, response, is, blobStore, path[1],
+                            path[2], uploadId);
+                }
+                return;
+            } else if (request.getHeader("x-amz-copy-source") != null) {
+                handleCopyBlob(request, response, is, blobStore, path[1],
+                        path[2]);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                if ("".equals(request.getParameter("acl"))) {
+                    handleSetBlobAcl(request, response, is, blobStore, path[1],
+                            path[2]);
+                    return;
+                }
+                handlePutBlob(request, response, is, blobStore, path[1],
+                        path[2]);
+                return;
+            }
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        logger.error("Unknown method {} with URI {}",
+                method, request.getRequestURI());
+        throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean checkPublicAccess(BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName) {
+        String blobStoreType = getBlobStoreType(blobStore);
+        if (Quirks.NO_BLOB_ACCESS_CONTROL.contains(blobStoreType)) {
+            ContainerAccess access = blobStore.getContainerAccess(
+                    containerName);
+            return access == ContainerAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+        } else {
+            BlobAccess access = blobStore.getBlobAccess(containerName,
+                    blobName);
+            return access == BlobAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doHandleAnonymous(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, String uri,
+            BlobStore blobStore)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        String method = request.getMethod();
+        String[] path = uri.split("/", 3);
+        switch (method) {
+        case "GET":
+            if (uri.equals("/")) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+            } else if (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) {
+                String containerName = path[1];
+                ContainerAccess access = blobStore.getContainerAccess(
+                        containerName);
+                if (access == ContainerAccess.PRIVATE) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                }
+                handleBlobList(request, response, blobStore, containerName);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                String containerName = path[1];
+                String blobName = path[2];
+                if (!checkPublicAccess(blobStore, containerName, blobName)) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                }
+                handleGetBlob(request, response, blobStore, containerName,
+                        blobName);
+                return;
+            }
+        case "HEAD":
+            if (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) {
+                String containerName = path[1];
+                ContainerAccess access = blobStore.getContainerAccess(
+                        containerName);
+                if (access == ContainerAccess.PRIVATE) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                }
+                if (!blobStore.containerExists(containerName)) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_BUCKET);
+                }
+            } else {
+                String containerName = path[1];
+                String blobName = path[2];
+                if (!checkPublicAccess(blobStore, containerName, blobName)) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+                }
+                handleBlobMetadata(request, response, blobStore, containerName,
+                        blobName);
+            }
+            return;
+        case "POST":
+            if (path.length <= 2 || path[2].isEmpty()) {
+                handlePostBlob(request, response, is, blobStore, path[1]);
+                return;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        logger.error("Unknown method {} with URI {}",
+                method, request.getRequestURI());
+        throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+    }
+
+    private void handleGetContainerAcl(HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore, String containerName) throws IOException {
+        ContainerAccess access = blobStore.getContainerAccess(containerName);
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("AccessControlPolicy");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeOwnerStanza(xml);
+
+            xml.writeStartElement("AccessControlList");
+
+            xml.writeStartElement("Grant");
+
+            xml.writeStartElement("Grantee");
+            xml.writeNamespace("xsi",
+                    "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance");
+            xml.writeAttribute("xsi:type", "CanonicalUser");
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "ID", FAKE_OWNER_ID);
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "DisplayName",
+                    FAKE_OWNER_DISPLAY_NAME);
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Permission", "FULL_CONTROL");
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            if (access == ContainerAccess.PUBLIC_READ) {
+                xml.writeStartElement("Grant");
+
+                xml.writeStartElement("Grantee");
+                xml.writeNamespace("xsi",
+                        "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance");
+                xml.writeAttribute("xsi:type", "Group");
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "URI",
+                        "http://acs.amazonaws.com/groups/global/AllUsers");
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Permission", "READ");
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+            }
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleSetContainerAcl(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        ContainerAccess access;
+
+        String cannedAcl = request.getHeader("x-amz-acl");
+        if (cannedAcl == null || "private".equalsIgnoreCase(cannedAcl)) {
+            access = ContainerAccess.PRIVATE;
+        } else if ("public-read".equalsIgnoreCase(cannedAcl)) {
+            access = ContainerAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+        } else if (CANNED_ACLS.contains(cannedAcl)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+        } else {
+            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        PushbackInputStream pis = new PushbackInputStream(is);
+        int ch = pis.read();
+        if (ch != -1) {
+            pis.unread(ch);
+            AccessControlPolicy policy = new XmlMapper().readValue(
+                    pis, AccessControlPolicy.class);
+            String accessString = mapXmlAclsToCannedPolicy(policy);
+            if (accessString.equals("private")) {
+                access = ContainerAccess.PRIVATE;
+            } else if (accessString.equals("public-read")) {
+                access = ContainerAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+            } else {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        blobStore.setContainerAccess(containerName, access);
+    }
+
+    private void handleGetBlobAcl(HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore, String containerName,
+            String blobName) throws IOException {
+        BlobAccess access = blobStore.getBlobAccess(containerName, blobName);
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("AccessControlPolicy");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeOwnerStanza(xml);
+
+            xml.writeStartElement("AccessControlList");
+
+            xml.writeStartElement("Grant");
+
+            xml.writeStartElement("Grantee");
+            xml.writeNamespace("xsi",
+                    "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance");
+            xml.writeAttribute("xsi:type", "CanonicalUser");
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "ID", FAKE_OWNER_ID);
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "DisplayName",
+                    FAKE_OWNER_DISPLAY_NAME);
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Permission", "FULL_CONTROL");
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            if (access == BlobAccess.PUBLIC_READ) {
+                xml.writeStartElement("Grant");
+
+                xml.writeStartElement("Grantee");
+                xml.writeNamespace("xsi",
+                        "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance");
+                xml.writeAttribute("xsi:type", "Group");
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "URI",
+                        "http://acs.amazonaws.com/groups/global/AllUsers");
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Permission", "READ");
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+            }
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleSetBlobAcl(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        BlobAccess access;
+
+        String cannedAcl = request.getHeader("x-amz-acl");
+        if (cannedAcl == null || "private".equalsIgnoreCase(cannedAcl)) {
+            access = BlobAccess.PRIVATE;
+        } else if ("public-read".equalsIgnoreCase(cannedAcl)) {
+            access = BlobAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+        } else if (CANNED_ACLS.contains(cannedAcl)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+        } else {
+            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        PushbackInputStream pis = new PushbackInputStream(is);
+        int ch = pis.read();
+        if (ch != -1) {
+            pis.unread(ch);
+            AccessControlPolicy policy = new XmlMapper().readValue(
+                    pis, AccessControlPolicy.class);
+            String accessString = mapXmlAclsToCannedPolicy(policy);
+            if (accessString.equals("private")) {
+                access = BlobAccess.PRIVATE;
+            } else if (accessString.equals("public-read")) {
+                access = BlobAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+            } else {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        blobStore.setBlobAccess(containerName, blobName, access);
+    }
+
+    /** Map XML ACLs to a canned policy if an exact tranformation exists. */
+    private static String mapXmlAclsToCannedPolicy(
+            AccessControlPolicy policy) throws S3Exception {
+        if (!policy.owner.id.equals(FAKE_OWNER_ID)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+        }
+
+        boolean ownerFullControl = false;
+        boolean allUsersRead = false;
+        if (policy.aclList != null) {
+            for (AccessControlPolicy.AccessControlList.Grant grant :
+                    policy.aclList.grants) {
+                if (grant.grantee.type.equals("CanonicalUser") &&
+                        grant.grantee.id.equals(FAKE_OWNER_ID) &&
+                        grant.permission.equals("FULL_CONTROL")) {
+                    ownerFullControl = true;
+                } else if (grant.grantee.type.equals("Group") &&
+                        grant.grantee.uri.equals("http://acs.amazonaws.com/" +
+                                "groups/global/AllUsers") &&
+                        grant.permission.equals("READ")) {
+                    allUsersRead = true;
+                } else {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (ownerFullControl) {
+            if (allUsersRead) {
+                return "public-read";
+            }
+            return "private";
+        } else {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleContainerList(HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore) throws IOException {
+        PageSet<? extends StorageMetadata> buckets = blobStore.list();
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("ListAllMyBucketsResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeOwnerStanza(xml);
+
+            xml.writeStartElement("Buckets");
+            for (StorageMetadata metadata : buckets) {
+                xml.writeStartElement("Bucket");
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Name", metadata.getName());
+
+                Date creationDate = metadata.getCreationDate();
+                if (creationDate == null) {
+                    // Some providers, e.g., Swift, do not provide container
+                    // creation date.  Emit a bogus one to satisfy clients like
+                    // s3cmd which require one.
+                    creationDate = new Date(0);
+                }
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "CreationDate",
+                        blobStore.getContext().utils().date()
+                                .iso8601DateFormat(creationDate).trim());
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+            }
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleContainerLocation(HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore, String containerName) throws IOException {
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            // TODO: using us-standard semantics but could emit actual location
+            xml.writeStartElement("LocationConstraint");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleListMultipartUploads(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String container) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        if (request.getParameter("delimiter") != null ||
+                request.getParameter("prefix") != null ||
+                request.getParameter("max-uploads") != null ||
+                request.getParameter("key-marker") != null ||
+                request.getParameter("upload-id-marker") != null) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        List<MultipartUpload> uploads = blobStore.listMultipartUploads(
+                container);
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("ListMultipartUploadsResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Bucket", container);
+
+            // TODO: bogus values
+            xml.writeEmptyElement("KeyMarker");
+            xml.writeEmptyElement("UploadIdMarker");
+            xml.writeEmptyElement("NextKeyMarker");
+            xml.writeEmptyElement("NextUploadIdMarker");
+            xml.writeEmptyElement("Delimiter");
+            xml.writeEmptyElement("Prefix");
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "MaxUploads", "1000");
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "IsTruncated", "false");
+
+            for (MultipartUpload upload : uploads) {
+                xml.writeStartElement("Upload");
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Key", upload.blobName());
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "UploadId", upload.id());
+                writeInitiatorStanza(xml);
+                writeOwnerStanza(xml);
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "StorageClass", "STANDARD");
+
+                // TODO: bogus value
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Initiated",
+                        blobStore.getContext().utils().date()
+                                .iso8601DateFormat(new Date()));
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+            }
+
+            // TODO: CommonPrefixes
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleContainerExists(BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        if (!blobStore.containerExists(containerName)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_BUCKET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleContainerCreate(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        if (containerName.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED);
+        }
+
+        String contentLengthString = request.getHeader(
+                HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LENGTH);
+        if (contentLengthString != null) {
+            long contentLength;
+            try {
+                contentLength = Long.parseLong(contentLengthString);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, nfe);
+            }
+            if (contentLength < 0) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String locationString;
+        try (PushbackInputStream pis = new PushbackInputStream(is)) {
+            int ch = pis.read();
+            if (ch == -1) {
+                // handle empty bodies
+                locationString = null;
+            } else {
+                pis.unread(ch);
+                CreateBucketRequest cbr = new XmlMapper().readValue(
+                        pis, CreateBucketRequest.class);
+                locationString = cbr.locationConstraint;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Location location = null;
+        if (locationString != null) {
+            for (Location loc : blobStore.listAssignableLocations()) {
+                if (loc.getId().equalsIgnoreCase(locationString)) {
+                    location = loc;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (location == null) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_LOCATION_CONSTRAINT);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug("Creating bucket with location: {}", location);
+
+        CreateContainerOptions options = new CreateContainerOptions();
+        String acl = request.getHeader("x-amz-acl");
+        if ("public-read".equalsIgnoreCase(acl)) {
+            options.publicRead();
+        }
+
+        boolean created;
+        try {
+            created = blobStore.createContainerInLocation(location,
+                    containerName, options);
+        } catch (AuthorizationException ae) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.BUCKET_ALREADY_EXISTS, ae);
+        }
+        if (!created) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.BUCKET_ALREADY_OWNED_BY_YOU,
+                    S3ErrorCode.BUCKET_ALREADY_OWNED_BY_YOU.getMessage(),
+                    null, ImmutableMap.of("BucketName", containerName));
+        }
+
+        response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.LOCATION, "/" + containerName);
+    }
+
+    private static void handleContainerDelete(HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore, String containerName)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        if (!blobStore.containerExists(containerName)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_BUCKET);
+        }
+
+        String blobStoreType = getBlobStoreType(blobStore);
+        if (blobStoreType.equals("b2")) {
+            // S3 allows deleting a container with in-progress MPU while B2 does
+            // not.  Explicitly cancel uploads for B2.
+            for (MultipartUpload mpu : blobStore.listMultipartUploads(
+                    containerName)) {
+                blobStore.abortMultipartUpload(mpu);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!blobStore.deleteContainerIfEmpty(containerName)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.BUCKET_NOT_EMPTY);
+        }
+
+        response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NO_CONTENT);
+    }
+
+    private void handleBlobList(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        String blobStoreType = getBlobStoreType(blobStore);
+        ListContainerOptions options = new ListContainerOptions();
+        String encodingType = request.getParameter("encoding-type");
+        String delimiter = request.getParameter("delimiter");
+        if (delimiter != null) {
+            options.delimiter(delimiter);
+        } else {
+            options.recursive();
+        }
+        String prefix = request.getParameter("prefix");
+        if (prefix != null && !prefix.isEmpty()) {
+            options.prefix(prefix);
+        }
+        String marker = request.getParameter("marker");
+        if (marker != null) {
+            if (Quirks.OPAQUE_MARKERS.contains(blobStoreType)) {
+                String realMarker = lastKeyToMarker.getIfPresent(
+                        Maps.immutableEntry(containerName, marker));
+                if (realMarker != null) {
+                    marker = realMarker;
+                }
+            }
+            options.afterMarker(marker);
+        }
+        int maxKeys = 1000;
+        String maxKeysString = request.getParameter("max-keys");
+        if (maxKeysString != null) {
+            try {
+                maxKeys = Integer.parseInt(maxKeysString);
+            } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, nfe);
+            }
+            if (maxKeys > 1000) {
+                maxKeys = 1000;
+            }
+        }
+        options.maxResults(maxKeys);
+
+        response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
+
+        PageSet<? extends StorageMetadata> set = blobStore.list(containerName,
+                options);
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType("application/xml");
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("ListBucketResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Name", containerName);
+
+            if (prefix == null) {
+                xml.writeEmptyElement("Prefix");
+            } else {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Prefix", encodeBlob(
+                        encodingType, prefix));
+            }
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "MaxKeys", String.valueOf(maxKeys));
+
+            if (marker == null) {
+                xml.writeEmptyElement("Marker");
+            } else {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Marker", encodeBlob(
+                        encodingType, marker));
+            }
+
+            if (delimiter != null) {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Delimiter", encodeBlob(
+                        encodingType, delimiter));
+            }
+
+            if (encodingType != null && encodingType.equals("url")) {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "EncodingType", encodingType);
+            }
+
+            String nextMarker = set.getNextMarker();
+            if (nextMarker != null) {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "IsTruncated", "true");
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "NextMarker", encodeBlob(
+                        encodingType, nextMarker));
+                if (Quirks.OPAQUE_MARKERS.contains(blobStoreType)) {
+                    lastKeyToMarker.put(Maps.immutableEntry(containerName,
+                            Iterables.getLast(set).getName()), nextMarker);
+                }
+            } else {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "IsTruncated", "false");
+            }
+
+            Set<String> commonPrefixes = new TreeSet<>();
+            for (StorageMetadata metadata : set) {
+                switch (metadata.getType()) {
+                case FOLDER:
+                    // fallthrough
+                case RELATIVE_PATH:
+                    commonPrefixes.add(metadata.getName());
+                    continue;
+                default:
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                xml.writeStartElement("Contents");
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Key", encodeBlob(encodingType,
+                        metadata.getName()));
+
+                Date lastModified = metadata.getLastModified();
+                if (lastModified != null) {
+                    writeSimpleElement(xml, "LastModified",
+                            formatDate(lastModified));
+                }
+
+                String eTag = metadata.getETag();
+                if (eTag != null) {
+                    writeSimpleElement(xml, "ETag", maybeQuoteETag(eTag));
+                }
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Size",
+                        String.valueOf(metadata.getSize()));
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "StorageClass", "STANDARD");
+
+                writeOwnerStanza(xml);
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+            }
+
+            for (String commonPrefix : commonPrefixes) {
+                xml.writeStartElement("CommonPrefixes");
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Prefix", encodeBlob(encodingType,
+                        commonPrefix));
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+            }
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleBlobRemove(HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore, String containerName,
+            String blobName) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        blobStore.removeBlob(containerName, blobName);
+        response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NO_CONTENT);
+    }
+
+    private void handleMultiBlobRemove(HttpServletResponse response,
+            InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore, String containerName)
+            throws IOException {
+        DeleteMultipleObjectsRequest dmor = new XmlMapper().readValue(
+                is, DeleteMultipleObjectsRequest.class);
+        Collection<String> blobNames = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (DeleteMultipleObjectsRequest.S3Object s3Object :
+                dmor.objects) {
+            blobNames.add(s3Object.key);
+        }
+
+        blobStore.removeBlobs(containerName, blobNames);
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("DeleteResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            if (!dmor.quiet) {
+                for (String blobName : blobNames) {
+                    xml.writeStartElement("Deleted");
+
+                    writeSimpleElement(xml, "Key", blobName);
+
+                    xml.writeEndElement();
+                }
+            }
+
+            // TODO: emit error stanza
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleBlobMetadata(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore, String containerName,
+            String blobName) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        BlobMetadata metadata = blobStore.blobMetadata(containerName, blobName);
+        if (metadata == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_KEY);
+        }
+
+        // BlobStore.blobMetadata does not support GetOptions so we emulate
+        // conditional requests.
+        String ifMatch = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.IF_MATCH);
+        String ifNoneMatch = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.IF_NONE_MATCH);
+        long ifModifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                HttpHeaders.IF_MODIFIED_SINCE);
+        long ifUnmodifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                HttpHeaders.IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE);
+
+        String eTag = metadata.getETag();
+        if (eTag != null) {
+            eTag = maybeQuoteETag(eTag);
+            if (ifMatch != null && !ifMatch.equals(eTag)) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.PRECONDITION_FAILED);
+            }
+            if (ifNoneMatch != null && ifNoneMatch.equals(eTag)) {
+                response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        Date lastModified = metadata.getLastModified();
+        if (lastModified != null) {
+            if (ifModifiedSince != -1 && lastModified.compareTo(
+                    new Date(ifModifiedSince)) <= 0) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.PRECONDITION_FAILED);
+            }
+            if (ifUnmodifiedSince != -1 && lastModified.compareTo(
+                    new Date(ifUnmodifiedSince)) >= 0) {
+                response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_OK);
+        addMetadataToResponse(request, response, metadata);
+    }
+
+    private void handleGetBlob(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        int status = HttpServletResponse.SC_OK;
+        GetOptions options = new GetOptions();
+
+        String ifMatch = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.IF_MATCH);
+        if (ifMatch != null) {
+            options.ifETagMatches(ifMatch);
+        }
+
+        String ifNoneMatch = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.IF_NONE_MATCH);
+        if (ifNoneMatch != null) {
+            options.ifETagDoesntMatch(ifNoneMatch);
+        }
+
+        long ifModifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                HttpHeaders.IF_MODIFIED_SINCE);
+        if (ifModifiedSince != -1) {
+            options.ifModifiedSince(new Date(ifModifiedSince));
+        }
+
+        long ifUnmodifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                HttpHeaders.IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE);
+        if (ifUnmodifiedSince != -1) {
+            options.ifUnmodifiedSince(new Date(ifUnmodifiedSince));
+        }
+
+        String range = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.RANGE);
+        if (range != null && range.startsWith("bytes=") &&
+                // ignore multiple ranges
+                range.indexOf(',') == -1) {
+            range = range.substring("bytes=".length());
+            String[] ranges = range.split("-", 2);
+            if (ranges[0].isEmpty()) {
+                options.tail(Long.parseLong(ranges[1]));
+            } else if (ranges[1].isEmpty()) {
+                options.startAt(Long.parseLong(ranges[0]));
+            } else {
+                options.range(Long.parseLong(ranges[0]),
+                        Long.parseLong(ranges[1]));
+            }
+            status = HttpServletResponse.SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT;
+        }
+
+        Blob blob;
+        try {
+            blob = blobStore.getBlob(containerName, blobName, options);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+            // TODO: correct mapping?
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_RANGE, iae);
+        }
+        if (blob == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_KEY);
+        }
+
+        response.setStatus(status);
+
+        if (corsAllowAll) {
+            response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN, "*");
+        }
+
+        addMetadataToResponse(request, response, blob.getMetadata());
+        // TODO: handles only a single range due to jclouds limitations
+        Collection<String> contentRanges =
+                blob.getAllHeaders().get(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_RANGE);
+        if (!contentRanges.isEmpty()) {
+            response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_RANGE,
+                    contentRanges.iterator().next());
+            response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_RANGES,
+                    "bytes");
+        }
+
+        try (InputStream is = blob.getPayload().openStream();
+             OutputStream os = response.getOutputStream()) {
+            ByteStreams.copy(is, os);
+            os.flush();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleCopyBlob(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String destContainerName, String destBlobName)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        String copySourceHeader = request.getHeader("x-amz-copy-source");
+        copySourceHeader = URLDecoder.decode(copySourceHeader, "UTF-8");
+        if (copySourceHeader.startsWith("/")) {
+            // Some clients like boto do not include the leading slash
+            copySourceHeader = copySourceHeader.substring(1);
+        }
+        String[] path = copySourceHeader.split("/", 2);
+        if (path.length != 2) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_REQUEST);
+        }
+        String sourceContainerName = path[0];
+        String sourceBlobName = path[1];
+        boolean replaceMetadata = "REPLACE".equalsIgnoreCase(request.getHeader(
+                "x-amz-metadata-directive"));
+
+        if (sourceContainerName.equals(destContainerName) &&
+                sourceBlobName.equals(destBlobName) &&
+                !replaceMetadata) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_REQUEST);
+        }
+
+        CopyOptions.Builder options = CopyOptions.builder();
+
+        String ifMatch = request.getHeader("x-amz-copy-source-if-match");
+        if (ifMatch != null) {
+            options.ifMatch(ifMatch);
+        }
+        String ifNoneMatch = request.getHeader(
+                "x-amz-copy-source-if-none-match");
+        if (ifNoneMatch != null) {
+            options.ifNoneMatch(ifNoneMatch);
+        }
+        long ifModifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                "x-amz-copy-source-if-modified-since");
+        if (ifModifiedSince != -1) {
+            options.ifModifiedSince(new Date(ifModifiedSince));
+        }
+        long ifUnmodifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                "x-amz-copy-source-if-unmodified-since");
+        if (ifUnmodifiedSince != -1) {
+            options.ifUnmodifiedSince(new Date(ifUnmodifiedSince));
+        }
+
+        if (replaceMetadata) {
+            ContentMetadataBuilder contentMetadata =
+                    ContentMetadataBuilder.create();
+            ImmutableMap.Builder<String, String> userMetadata =
+                    ImmutableMap.builder();
+            for (String headerName : Collections.list(
+                    request.getHeaderNames())) {
+                String headerValue = Strings.nullToEmpty(request.getHeader(
+                        headerName));
+                if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                        HttpHeaders.CACHE_CONTROL)) {
+                    contentMetadata.cacheControl(headerValue);
+                } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                        HttpHeaders.CONTENT_DISPOSITION)) {
+                    contentMetadata.contentDisposition(headerValue);
+                } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                        HttpHeaders.CONTENT_ENCODING)) {
+                    contentMetadata.contentEncoding(headerValue);
+                } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                        HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LANGUAGE)) {
+                    contentMetadata.contentLanguage(headerValue);
+                } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                        HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE)) {
+                    contentMetadata.contentType(headerValue);
+                } else if (startsWithIgnoreCase(headerName,
+                        USER_METADATA_PREFIX)) {
+                    userMetadata.put(
+                            headerName.substring(USER_METADATA_PREFIX.length()),
+                            headerValue);
+                }
+                // TODO: Expires
+            }
+            options.contentMetadata(contentMetadata.build());
+            options.userMetadata(userMetadata.build());
+        }
+
+        String eTag;
+        try {
+            eTag = blobStore.copyBlob(
+                    sourceContainerName, sourceBlobName,
+                    destContainerName, destBlobName, options.build());
+        } catch (KeyNotFoundException knfe) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_KEY, knfe);
+        }
+
+        // TODO: jclouds should include this in CopyOptions
+        String cannedAcl = request.getHeader("x-amz-acl");
+        if (cannedAcl != null && !cannedAcl.equalsIgnoreCase("private")) {
+            handleSetBlobAcl(request, response, is, blobStore,
+                    destContainerName, destBlobName);
+        }
+
+        BlobMetadata blobMetadata = blobStore.blobMetadata(destContainerName,
+                destBlobName);
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("CopyObjectResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "LastModified",
+                    formatDate(blobMetadata.getLastModified()));
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "ETag", maybeQuoteETag(eTag));
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handlePutBlob(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        // Flag headers present since HttpServletResponse.getHeader returns
+        // null for empty headers values.
+        String contentLengthString = null;
+        String decodedContentLengthString = null;
+        String contentMD5String = null;
+        for (String headerName : Collections.list(request.getHeaderNames())) {
+            String headerValue = Strings.nullToEmpty(request.getHeader(
+                    headerName));
+            if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LENGTH)) {
+                contentLengthString = headerValue;
+            } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                    "x-amz-decoded-content-length")) {
+                decodedContentLengthString = headerValue;
+            } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_MD5)) {
+                contentMD5String = headerValue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (decodedContentLengthString != null) {
+            contentLengthString = decodedContentLengthString;
+        }
+
+        HashCode contentMD5 = null;
+        if (contentMD5String != null) {
+            try {
+                contentMD5 = HashCode.fromBytes(
+                        BaseEncoding.base64().decode(contentMD5String));
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_DIGEST, iae);
+            }
+            if (contentMD5.bits() != MD5.bits()) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_DIGEST);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (contentLengthString == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.MISSING_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+        }
+        long contentLength;
+        try {
+            contentLength = Long.parseLong(contentLengthString);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, nfe);
+        }
+        if (contentLength < 0) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        BlobAccess access;
+        String cannedAcl = request.getHeader("x-amz-acl");
+        if (cannedAcl == null || cannedAcl.equalsIgnoreCase("private")) {
+            access = BlobAccess.PRIVATE;
+        } else if (cannedAcl.equalsIgnoreCase("public-read")) {
+            access = BlobAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+        } else if (CANNED_ACLS.contains(cannedAcl)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+        } else {
+            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        PutOptions options = new PutOptions().setBlobAccess(access);
+
+        String blobStoreType = getBlobStoreType(blobStore);
+        if (blobStoreType.equals("azureblob") &&
+                contentLength > 64 * 1024 * 1024) {
+            options.multipart(true);
+        }
+
+        String eTag;
+        BlobBuilder.PayloadBlobBuilder builder = blobStore
+                .blobBuilder(blobName)
+                .payload(is)
+                .contentLength(contentLength);
+
+        addContentMetdataFromHttpRequest(builder, request);
+        if (contentMD5 != null) {
+            builder = builder.contentMD5(contentMD5);
+        }
+
+        eTag = blobStore.putBlob(containerName, builder.build(),
+                options);
+
+        response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.ETAG, maybeQuoteETag(eTag));
+    }
+
+    private void handlePostBlob(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        String boundaryHeader = request.getHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE);
+        if (boundaryHeader == null ||
+                !boundaryHeader.startsWith("multipart/form-data; boundary=")) {
+            response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+            return;
+        }
+        String boundary =
+                boundaryHeader.substring(boundaryHeader.indexOf('=') + 1);
+
+        String blobName = null;
+        String contentType = null;
+        String identity = null;
+        // TODO: handle policy
+        byte[] policy = null;
+        String signature = null;
+        String algorithm = null;
+        byte[] payload = null;
+        MultipartStream multipartStream = new MultipartStream(is,
+                boundary.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), 4096, null);
+        boolean nextPart = multipartStream.skipPreamble();
+        while (nextPart) {
+            String header = multipartStream.readHeaders();
+            try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+                multipartStream.readBodyData(baos);
+                if (isField(header, "acl")) {
+                    // TODO: acl
+                } else if (isField(header, "AWSAccessKeyId") ||
+                        isField(header, "X-Amz-Credential")) {
+                    identity = new String(baos.toByteArray());
+                } else if (isField(header, "Content-Type")) {
+                    contentType = new String(baos.toByteArray());
+                } else if (isField(header, "file")) {
+                    // TODO: buffers entire payload
+                    payload = baos.toByteArray();
+                } else if (isField(header, "key")) {
+                    blobName = new String(baos.toByteArray());
+                } else if (isField(header, "policy")) {
+                    policy = baos.toByteArray();
+                } else if (isField(header, "signature") ||
+                        isField(header, "X-Amz-Signature")) {
+                    signature = new String(baos.toByteArray());
+                } else if (isField(header, "X-Amz-Algorithm")) {
+                    algorithm = new String(baos.toByteArray());
+                }
+            }
+            nextPart = multipartStream.readBoundary();
+        }
+
+
+        if (blobName == null || policy == null) {
+            response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String headerAuthorization = null;
+        S3AuthorizationHeader authHeader = null;
+        boolean signatureVersion4;
+        if (algorithm == null) {
+            if (identity == null || signature == null) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+            }
+            signatureVersion4 = false;
+            headerAuthorization = "AWS " + identity + ":" + signature;
+        } else if (algorithm.equals("AWS4-HMAC-SHA256")) {
+            if (identity == null || signature == null) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+            }
+            signatureVersion4 = true;
+            headerAuthorization = "AWS4-HMAC-SHA256" +
+                    " Credential=" + identity +
+                    ", Signature=" + signature;
+        } else {
+            response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            authHeader = new S3AuthorizationHeader(headerAuthorization);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, iae);
+        }
+
+        switch (authHeader.authenticationType) {
+        case AWS_V2:
+            switch (authenticationType) {
+            case AWS_V2:
+            case AWS_V2_OR_V4:
+            case NONE:
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+            }
+            break;
+        case AWS_V4:
+            switch (authenticationType) {
+            case AWS_V4:
+            case AWS_V2_OR_V4:
+            case NONE:
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+            }
+            break;
+        case NONE:
+            break;
+        default:
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unhandled type: " +
+                    authHeader.authenticationType);
+        }
+
+        Map.Entry<String, BlobStore> provider =
+                blobStoreLocator.locateBlobStore(authHeader.identity, null,
+                        null);
+        if (provider == null) {
+            response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_FORBIDDEN);
+            return;
+        }
+        String credential = provider.getKey();
+
+        if (signatureVersion4) {
+            byte[] kSecret = ("AWS4" + credential).getBytes(
+                    StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+            byte[] kDate = hmac("HmacSHA256",
+                    authHeader.date.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), kSecret);
+            byte[] kRegion = hmac("HmacSHA256",
+                    authHeader.region.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), kDate);
+            byte[] kService = hmac("HmacSHA256", authHeader.service.getBytes(
+                    StandardCharsets.UTF_8), kRegion);
+            byte[] kSigning = hmac("HmacSHA256",
+                    "aws4_request".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), kService);
+            String expectedSignature = BaseEncoding.base16().lowerCase().encode(
+                    hmac("HmacSHA256", policy, kSigning));
+            if (!signature.equals(expectedSignature)) {
+                response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_FORBIDDEN);
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            String expectedSignature = BaseEncoding.base64().encode(
+                    hmac("HmacSHA1", policy,
+                            credential.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+            if (!signature.equals(expectedSignature)) {
+                response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_FORBIDDEN);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        BlobBuilder.PayloadBlobBuilder builder = blobStore
+                .blobBuilder(blobName)
+                .payload(payload);
+        if (contentType != null) {
+            builder.contentType(contentType);
+        }
+        Blob blob = builder.build();
+        blobStore.putBlob(containerName, blob);
+
+        response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NO_CONTENT);
+
+        if (corsAllowAll) {
+            response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN, "*");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleInitiateMultipartUpload(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        ByteSource payload = ByteSource.empty();
+        BlobBuilder.PayloadBlobBuilder builder = blobStore
+                .blobBuilder(blobName)
+                .payload(payload);
+        addContentMetdataFromHttpRequest(builder, request);
+        builder.contentLength(payload.size());
+
+        BlobAccess access;
+        String cannedAcl = request.getHeader("x-amz-acl");
+        if (cannedAcl == null || cannedAcl.equalsIgnoreCase("private")) {
+            access = BlobAccess.PRIVATE;
+        } else if (cannedAcl.equalsIgnoreCase("public-read")) {
+            access = BlobAccess.PUBLIC_READ;
+        } else if (CANNED_ACLS.contains(cannedAcl)) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+        } else {
+            response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST);
+            return;
+        }
+        PutOptions options = new PutOptions().setBlobAccess(access);
+
+        MultipartUpload mpu = blobStore.initiateMultipartUpload(containerName,
+                builder.build().getMetadata(), options);
+
+        if (Quirks.MULTIPART_REQUIRES_STUB.contains(getBlobStoreType(
+                blobStore))) {
+            blobStore.putBlob(containerName, builder.name(mpu.id()).build(),
+                    options);
+        }
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("InitiateMultipartUploadResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Bucket", containerName);
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Key", blobName);
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "UploadId", mpu.id());
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleCompleteMultipartUpload(HttpServletResponse response,
+            InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore, String containerName,
+            String blobName, String uploadId) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        MultipartUpload mpu;
+        if (Quirks.MULTIPART_REQUIRES_STUB.contains(getBlobStoreType(
+                blobStore))) {
+            Blob stubBlob = blobStore.getBlob(containerName, uploadId);
+            BlobAccess access = blobStore.getBlobAccess(containerName,
+                    uploadId);
+            mpu = MultipartUpload.create(containerName,
+                    blobName, uploadId, stubBlob.getMetadata(),
+                    new PutOptions().setBlobAccess(access));
+        } else {
+            mpu = MultipartUpload.create(containerName,
+                    blobName, uploadId, new MutableBlobMetadataImpl(),
+                    new PutOptions());
+        }
+
+        // List parts to get part sizes and to map multiple Azure parts
+        // into single parts.
+        ImmutableMap.Builder<Integer, MultipartPart> builder =
+                ImmutableMap.builder();
+        for (MultipartPart part : blobStore.listMultipartUpload(mpu)) {
+            builder.put(part.partNumber(), part);
+        }
+        ImmutableMap<Integer, MultipartPart> partsByListing = builder.build();
+
+        List<MultipartPart> parts = new ArrayList<>();
+        String blobStoreType = getBlobStoreType(blobStore);
+        if (blobStoreType.equals("azureblob")) {
+            // TODO: how to sanity check parts?
+            for (MultipartPart part : blobStore.listMultipartUpload(mpu)) {
+                parts.add(part);
+            }
+        } else {
+            CompleteMultipartUploadRequest cmu = new XmlMapper().readValue(
+                    is, CompleteMultipartUploadRequest.class);
+            // use TreeMap to allow runt last part
+            SortedMap<Integer, String> requestParts = new TreeMap<>();
+            if (cmu.parts != null) {
+                for (CompleteMultipartUploadRequest.Part part : cmu.parts) {
+                    requestParts.put(part.partNumber, part.eTag);
+                }
+            }
+            for (Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> it =
+                    requestParts.entrySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
+                Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = it.next();
+                MultipartPart part = partsByListing.get(entry.getKey());
+                if (part == null) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_PART);
+                }
+                long partSize = part.partSize();
+                if (partSize < blobStore.getMinimumMultipartPartSize() &&
+                        partSize != -1 && it.hasNext()) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ENTITY_TOO_SMALL);
+                }
+                if (part.partETag() != null &&
+                        !equalsIgnoringSurroundingQuotes(part.partETag(),
+                                entry.getValue())) {
+                    throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_PART);
+                }
+                parts.add(MultipartPart.create(entry.getKey(),
+                        partSize, part.partETag(), part.lastModified()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (parts.isEmpty()) {
+            // Amazon requires at least one part
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.MALFORMED_X_M_L);
+        }
+
+        String eTag = blobStore.completeMultipartUpload(mpu, parts);
+
+        if (Quirks.MULTIPART_REQUIRES_STUB.contains(getBlobStoreType(
+                blobStore))) {
+            blobStore.removeBlob(containerName, uploadId);
+        }
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("CompleteMultipartUploadResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            // TODO: bogus value
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Location",
+                    "http://Example-Bucket.s3.amazonaws.com/" + blobName);
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Bucket", containerName);
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Key", blobName);
+
+            if (eTag != null) {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "ETag", maybeQuoteETag(eTag));
+            }
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleAbortMultipartUpload(HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobStore blobStore, String containerName, String blobName,
+            String uploadId) throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        if (Quirks.MULTIPART_REQUIRES_STUB.contains(getBlobStoreType(
+                blobStore))) {
+            if (!blobStore.blobExists(containerName, uploadId)) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_UPLOAD);
+            }
+
+            blobStore.removeBlob(containerName, uploadId);
+        }
+
+        // TODO: how to reconstruct original mpu?
+        MultipartUpload mpu = MultipartUpload.create(containerName,
+                blobName, uploadId, createFakeBlobMetadata(blobStore),
+                new PutOptions());
+        blobStore.abortMultipartUpload(mpu);
+        response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NO_CONTENT);
+    }
+
+    private void handleListParts(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName, String uploadId)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        // support only the no-op zero case
+        String partNumberMarker = request.getParameter("part-number-marker");
+        if (partNumberMarker != null && !partNumberMarker.equals("0")) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+        }
+
+        // TODO: how to reconstruct original mpu?
+        MultipartUpload mpu = MultipartUpload.create(containerName,
+                blobName, uploadId, createFakeBlobMetadata(blobStore),
+                new PutOptions());
+
+        List<MultipartPart> parts;
+        if (getBlobStoreType(blobStore).equals("azureblob")) {
+            // map Azure subparts back into S3 parts
+            SortedMap<Integer, Long> map = new TreeMap<>();
+            for (MultipartPart part : blobStore.listMultipartUpload(mpu)) {
+                int virtualPartNumber = part.partNumber() / 10_000;
+                Long size = map.get(virtualPartNumber);
+                map.put(virtualPartNumber,
+                        (size == null ? 0L : (long) size) + part.partSize());
+            }
+            parts = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Map.Entry<Integer, Long> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+                String eTag = "";  // TODO: bogus value
+                Date lastModified = null;  // TODO: bogus value
+                parts.add(MultipartPart.create(entry.getKey(),
+                        entry.getValue(), eTag, lastModified));
+            }
+        } else {
+            parts = blobStore.listMultipartUpload(mpu);
+        }
+
+        String encodingType = request.getParameter("encoding-type");
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("ListPartsResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            if (encodingType != null && encodingType.equals("url")) {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "EncodingType", encodingType);
+            }
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Bucket", containerName);
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Key", encodeBlob(
+                    encodingType, blobName));
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "UploadId", uploadId);
+            writeInitiatorStanza(xml);
+            writeOwnerStanza(xml);
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "StorageClass", "STANDARD");
+
+            // TODO: pagination
+/*
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "PartNumberMarker", "1");
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "NextPartNumberMarker", "3");
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "MaxParts", "2");
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "IsTruncated", "true");
+*/
+
+            for (MultipartPart part : parts) {
+                xml.writeStartElement("Part");
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "PartNumber", String.valueOf(
+                        part.partNumber()));
+
+                Date lastModified = part.lastModified();
+                if (lastModified != null) {
+                    writeSimpleElement(xml, "LastModified",
+                            formatDate(lastModified));
+                }
+
+                String eTag = part.partETag();
+                if (eTag != null) {
+                    writeSimpleElement(xml, "ETag", maybeQuoteETag(eTag));
+                }
+
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "Size", String.valueOf(
+                        part.partSize()));
+
+                xml.writeEndElement();
+            }
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleCopyPart(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName, String uploadId)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        // TODO: duplicated from handlePutBlob
+        String copySourceHeader = request.getHeader("x-amz-copy-source");
+        copySourceHeader = URLDecoder.decode(copySourceHeader, "UTF-8");
+        if (copySourceHeader.startsWith("/")) {
+            // Some clients like boto do not include the leading slash
+            copySourceHeader = copySourceHeader.substring(1);
+        }
+        String[] path = copySourceHeader.split("/", 2);
+        if (path.length != 2) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_REQUEST);
+        }
+        String sourceContainerName = path[0];
+        String sourceBlobName = path[1];
+
+        GetOptions options = new GetOptions();
+        String range = request.getHeader("x-amz-copy-source-range");
+        long expectedSize = -1;
+        if (range != null && range.startsWith("bytes=") &&
+                // ignore multiple ranges
+                range.indexOf(',') == -1) {
+            range = range.substring("bytes=".length());
+            String[] ranges = range.split("-", 2);
+            if (ranges[0].isEmpty()) {
+                options.tail(Long.parseLong(ranges[1]));
+            } else if (ranges[1].isEmpty()) {
+                options.startAt(Long.parseLong(ranges[0]));
+            } else {
+                long start = Long.parseLong(ranges[0]);
+                long end = Long.parseLong(ranges[1]);
+                expectedSize = end - start + 1;
+                options.range(start, end);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String partNumberString = request.getParameter("partNumber");
+        if (partNumberString == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+        int partNumber;
+        try {
+            partNumber = Integer.parseInt(partNumberString);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+                    "Part number must be an integer between 1 and 10000" +
+                    ", inclusive", nfe, ImmutableMap.of(
+                            "ArgumentName", "partNumber",
+                            "ArgumentValue", partNumberString));
+        }
+        if (partNumber < 1 || partNumber > 10_000) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+                    "Part number must be an integer between 1 and 10000" +
+                    ", inclusive", (Throwable) null, ImmutableMap.of(
+                            "ArgumentName", "partNumber",
+                            "ArgumentValue", partNumberString));
+        }
+
+        // TODO: how to reconstruct original mpu?
+        MultipartUpload mpu = MultipartUpload.create(containerName,
+                blobName, uploadId, createFakeBlobMetadata(blobStore),
+                new PutOptions());
+
+        Blob blob = blobStore.getBlob(sourceContainerName, sourceBlobName,
+                options);
+        if (blob == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.NO_SUCH_KEY);
+        }
+
+        BlobMetadata blobMetadata = blob.getMetadata();
+        // HTTP GET allow overlong ranges but S3 CopyPart does not
+        if (expectedSize != -1 && blobMetadata.getSize() < expectedSize) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        String ifMatch = request.getHeader(
+                "x-amz-copy-source-if-match");
+        String ifNoneMatch = request.getHeader(
+                "x-amz-copy-source-if-modified-since");
+        long ifModifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                "x-amz-copy-source-if-none-match");
+        long ifUnmodifiedSince = request.getDateHeader(
+                "x-amz-copy-source-if-unmodified-since");
+        String eTag = blobMetadata.getETag();
+        if (eTag != null) {
+            eTag = maybeQuoteETag(eTag);
+            if (ifMatch != null && !ifMatch.equals(eTag)) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.PRECONDITION_FAILED);
+            }
+            if (ifNoneMatch != null && ifNoneMatch.equals(eTag)) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.PRECONDITION_FAILED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Date lastModified = blobMetadata.getLastModified();
+        if (lastModified != null) {
+            if (ifModifiedSince != -1 && lastModified.compareTo(
+                    new Date(ifModifiedSince)) <= 0) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.PRECONDITION_FAILED);
+            }
+            if (ifUnmodifiedSince != -1 && lastModified.compareTo(
+                    new Date(ifUnmodifiedSince)) >= 0) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.PRECONDITION_FAILED);
+            }
+        }
+
+        long contentLength =
+                blobMetadata.getContentMetadata().getContentLength();
+
+        String blobStoreType = getBlobStoreType(blobStore);
+        try (InputStream is = blob.getPayload().openStream()) {
+            if (blobStoreType.equals("azureblob")) {
+                // Azure has a maximum part size of 4 MB while S3 has a minimum
+                // part size of 5 MB and a maximum of 5 GB.  Split a single S3
+                // part multiple Azure parts.
+                long azureMaximumMultipartPartSize =
+                        blobStore.getMaximumMultipartPartSize();
+                HashingInputStream his = new HashingInputStream(MD5, is);
+                int subPartNumber = 0;
+                for (long offset = 0; offset < contentLength;
+                        offset += azureMaximumMultipartPartSize,
+                        ++subPartNumber) {
+                    Payload payload = Payloads.newInputStreamPayload(
+                            new UncloseableInputStream(ByteStreams.limit(his,
+                                    azureMaximumMultipartPartSize)));
+                    payload.getContentMetadata().setContentLength(
+                            Math.min(azureMaximumMultipartPartSize,
+                                    contentLength - offset));
+                    blobStore.uploadMultipartPart(mpu,
+                            10_000 * partNumber + subPartNumber, payload);
+                }
+                eTag = BaseEncoding.base16().lowerCase().encode(
+                        his.hash().asBytes());
+            } else {
+                Payload payload = Payloads.newInputStreamPayload(is);
+                payload.getContentMetadata().setContentLength(contentLength);
+
+                MultipartPart part = blobStore.uploadMultipartPart(mpu,
+                        partNumber, payload);
+                eTag = part.partETag();
+            }
+        }
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("CopyObjectResult");
+            xml.writeDefaultNamespace(AWS_XMLNS);
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "LastModified", formatDate(lastModified));
+            if (eTag != null) {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, "ETag", maybeQuoteETag(eTag));
+            }
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void handleUploadPart(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response, InputStream is, BlobStore blobStore,
+            String containerName, String blobName, String uploadId)
+            throws IOException, S3Exception {
+        // TODO: duplicated from handlePutBlob
+        String contentLengthString = null;
+        String decodedContentLengthString = null;
+        String contentMD5String = null;
+        for (String headerName : Collections.list(request.getHeaderNames())) {
+            String headerValue = Strings.nullToEmpty(request.getHeader(
+                    headerName));
+            if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LENGTH)) {
+                contentLengthString = headerValue;
+            } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                    "x-amz-decoded-content-length")) {
+                decodedContentLengthString = headerValue;
+            } else if (headerName.equalsIgnoreCase(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_MD5)) {
+                contentMD5String = headerValue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (decodedContentLengthString != null) {
+            contentLengthString = decodedContentLengthString;
+        }
+
+        HashCode contentMD5 = null;
+        if (contentMD5String != null) {
+            try {
+                contentMD5 = HashCode.fromBytes(
+                        BaseEncoding.base64().decode(contentMD5String));
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException iae) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_DIGEST, iae);
+            }
+            if (contentMD5.bits() != MD5.bits()) {
+                throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_DIGEST);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (contentLengthString == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.MISSING_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+        }
+        long contentLength;
+        try {
+            contentLength = Long.parseLong(contentLengthString);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT, nfe);
+        }
+        if (contentLength < 0) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+
+        String partNumberString = request.getParameter("partNumber");
+        if (partNumberString == null) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT);
+        }
+        int partNumber;
+        try {
+            partNumber = Integer.parseInt(partNumberString);
+        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+                    "Part number must be an integer between 1 and 10000" +
+                    ", inclusive", nfe, ImmutableMap.of(
+                            "ArgumentName", "partNumber",
+                            "ArgumentValue", partNumberString));
+        }
+        if (partNumber < 1 || partNumber > 10_000) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.INVALID_ARGUMENT,
+                    "Part number must be an integer between 1 and 10000" +
+                    ", inclusive", (Throwable) null, ImmutableMap.of(
+                            "ArgumentName", "partNumber",
+                            "ArgumentValue", partNumberString));
+        }
+
+        // TODO: how to reconstruct original mpu?
+        MultipartUpload mpu = MultipartUpload.create(containerName,
+                blobName, uploadId, createFakeBlobMetadata(blobStore),
+                new PutOptions());
+
+        if (getBlobStoreType(blobStore).equals("azureblob")) {
+            // Azure has a maximum part size of 4 MB while S3 has a minimum
+            // part size of 5 MB and a maximum of 5 GB.  Split a single S3
+            // part multiple Azure parts.
+            long azureMaximumMultipartPartSize =
+                        blobStore.getMaximumMultipartPartSize();
+            HashingInputStream his = new HashingInputStream(MD5, is);
+            int subPartNumber = 0;
+            for (long offset = 0; offset < contentLength;
+                    offset += azureMaximumMultipartPartSize,
+                    ++subPartNumber) {
+                Payload payload = Payloads.newInputStreamPayload(
+                        ByteStreams.limit(his,
+                                azureMaximumMultipartPartSize));
+                payload.getContentMetadata().setContentLength(
+                        Math.min(azureMaximumMultipartPartSize,
+                                contentLength - offset));
+                blobStore.uploadMultipartPart(mpu,
+                        10_000 * partNumber + subPartNumber, payload);
+            }
+            response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.ETAG, maybeQuoteETag(
+                    BaseEncoding.base16().lowerCase().encode(
+                            his.hash().asBytes())));
+        } else {
+            MultipartPart part;
+            Payload payload = Payloads.newInputStreamPayload(is);
+            payload.getContentMetadata().setContentLength(contentLength);
+            if (contentMD5 != null) {
+                payload.getContentMetadata().setContentMD5(contentMD5);
+            }
+
+            part = blobStore.uploadMultipartPart(mpu, partNumber, payload);
+
+            if (part.partETag() != null) {
+                response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.ETAG,
+                        maybeQuoteETag(part.partETag()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addResponseHeaderWithOverride(
+            HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
+            String headerName, String overrideHeaderName, String value) {
+        String override = request.getParameter(overrideHeaderName);
+
+        // NPE in if value is null
+        override = (override != null) ? override : value;
+
+        if (override != null) {
+            response.addHeader(headerName, override);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addMetadataToResponse(HttpServletRequest request,
+            HttpServletResponse response,
+            BlobMetadata metadata) {
+        ContentMetadata contentMetadata =
+                metadata.getContentMetadata();
+        addResponseHeaderWithOverride(request, response,
+                HttpHeaders.CACHE_CONTROL, "response-cache-control",
+                contentMetadata.getCacheControl());
+        addResponseHeaderWithOverride(request, response,
+                HttpHeaders.CONTENT_ENCODING, "response-content-encoding",
+                contentMetadata.getContentEncoding());
+        addResponseHeaderWithOverride(request, response,
+                HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LANGUAGE, "response-content-language",
+                contentMetadata.getContentLanguage());
+        addResponseHeaderWithOverride(request, response,
+                HttpHeaders.CONTENT_DISPOSITION, "response-content-disposition",
+                contentMetadata.getContentDisposition());
+        response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LENGTH,
+                contentMetadata.getContentLength().toString());
+        String overrideContentType = request.getParameter(
+                "response-content-type");
+        response.setContentType(overrideContentType != null ?
+                overrideContentType : contentMetadata.getContentType());
+        String eTag = metadata.getETag();
+        if (eTag != null) {
+            response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.ETAG, maybeQuoteETag(eTag));
+        }
+        String overrideExpires = request.getParameter("response-expires");
+        if (overrideExpires != null) {
+            response.addHeader(HttpHeaders.EXPIRES, overrideExpires);
+        } else {
+            Date expires = contentMetadata.getExpires();
+            if (expires != null) {
+                response.addDateHeader(HttpHeaders.EXPIRES, expires.getTime());
+            }
+        }
+        response.addDateHeader(HttpHeaders.LAST_MODIFIED,
+                metadata.getLastModified().getTime());
+        for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry :
+                metadata.getUserMetadata().entrySet()) {
+            response.addHeader(USER_METADATA_PREFIX + entry.getKey(),
+                    entry.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Parse ISO 8601 timestamp into seconds since 1970. */
+    private static long parseIso8601(String date) {
+        SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat(
+                "yyyyMMdd'T'HHmmss'Z'");
+        formatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+        logger.debug("8601date {}", date);
+        try {
+            return formatter.parse(date).getTime() / 1000;
+        } catch (ParseException pe) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(pe);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void isTimeSkewed(long date) throws S3Exception  {
+        if (date < 0) {
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.ACCESS_DENIED);
+        }
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000;
+        if (now + S3ProxyConstants.PROPERTY_TIMESKEW < date ||
+                now - S3ProxyConstants.PROPERTY_TIMESKEW > date) {
+            logger.debug("time skewed {} {}", date, now);
+            throw new S3Exception(S3ErrorCode.REQUEST_TIME_TOO_SKEWED);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // cannot call BlobStore.getContext().utils().date().iso8601DateFormatsince
+    // it has unwanted millisecond precision
+    private static String formatDate(Date date) {
+        SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat(
+                "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'");
+        formatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
+        return formatter.format(date);
+    }
+
+    protected final void sendSimpleErrorResponse(
+            HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
+            S3ErrorCode code, String message,
+            Map<String, String> elements) throws IOException {
+        logger.debug("{} {}", code, elements);
+
+        response.setStatus(code.getHttpStatusCode());
+
+        if (request.getMethod().equals("HEAD")) {
+            // The HEAD method is identical to GET except that the server MUST
+            // NOT return a message-body in the response.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try (Writer writer = response.getWriter()) {
+            response.setContentType(XML_CONTENT_TYPE);
+            XMLStreamWriter xml = xmlOutputFactory.createXMLStreamWriter(
+                    writer);
+            xml.writeStartDocument();
+            xml.writeStartElement("Error");
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Code", code.getErrorCode());
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "Message", message);
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : elements.entrySet()) {
+                writeSimpleElement(xml, entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+            }
+
+            writeSimpleElement(xml, "RequestId", FAKE_REQUEST_ID);
+
+            xml.writeEndElement();
+            xml.flush();
+        } catch (XMLStreamException xse) {
+            throw new IOException(xse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void addContentMetdataFromHttpRequest(
+            BlobBuilder.PayloadBlobBuilder builder,
+            HttpServletRequest request) {
+        ImmutableMap.Builder<String, String> userMetadata =
+                ImmutableMap.builder();
+        for (String headerName : Collections.list(request.getHeaderNames())) {
+            if (startsWithIgnoreCase(headerName, USER_METADATA_PREFIX)) {
+                userMetadata.put(
+                        headerName.substring(USER_METADATA_PREFIX.length()),
+                        Strings.nullToEmpty(request.getHeader(headerName)));
+            }
+        }
+        builder.cacheControl(request.getHeader(
+                        HttpHeaders.CACHE_CONTROL))
+                .contentDisposition(request.getHeader(
+                        HttpHeaders.CONTENT_DISPOSITION))
+                .contentEncoding(request.getHeader(
+                        HttpHeaders.CONTENT_ENCODING))
+                .contentLanguage(request.getHeader(
+                        HttpHeaders.CONTENT_LANGUAGE))
+                .userMetadata(userMetadata.build());
+        String contentType = request.getContentType();
+        if (contentType != null) {
+            builder.contentType(contentType);
+        }
+        long expires = request.getDateHeader(HttpHeaders.EXPIRES);
+        if (expires != -1) {
+            builder.expires(new Date(expires));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: bogus values
+    private static void writeInitiatorStanza(XMLStreamWriter xml)
+            throws XMLStreamException {
+        xml.writeStartElement("Initiator");
+
+        writeSimpleElement(xml, "ID", FAKE_INITIATOR_ID);
+        writeSimpleElement(xml, "DisplayName",
+                FAKE_INITIATOR_DISPLAY_NAME);
+
+        xml.writeEndElement();
+    }
+
+    // TODO: bogus values
+    private static void writeOwnerStanza(XMLStreamWriter xml)
+            throws XMLStreamException {
+        xml.writeStartElement("Owner");
+
+        writeSimpleElement(xml, "ID", FAKE_OWNER_ID);
+        writeSimpleElement(xml, "DisplayName", FAKE_OWNER_DISPLAY_NAME);
+
+        xml.writeEndElement();
+    }
+
+    private static void writeSimpleElement(XMLStreamWriter xml,
+            String elementName, String characters) throws XMLStreamException {
+        xml.writeStartElement(elementName);
+        xml.writeCharacters(characters);
+        xml.writeEndElement();
+    }
+
+    private static BlobMetadata createFakeBlobMetadata(BlobStore blobStore) {
+        return blobStore.blobBuilder("fake-name")
+                .build()
+                .getMetadata();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean equalsIgnoringSurroundingQuotes(String s1,
+            String s2) {
+        if (s1.length() >= 2 && s1.startsWith("\"") && s1.endsWith("\"")) {
+            s1 = s1.substring(1, s1.length() - 1);
+        }
+        if (s2.length() >= 2 && s2.startsWith("\"") && s2.endsWith("\"")) {
+            s2 = s2.substring(1, s2.length() - 1);
+        }
+        return s1.equals(s2);
+    }
+
+    private static String maybeQuoteETag(String eTag) {
+        if (!eTag.startsWith("\"") && !eTag.endsWith("\"")) {
+            eTag = "\"" + eTag + "\"";
+        }
+        return eTag;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean startsWithIgnoreCase(String string, String prefix) {
+        return string.toLowerCase().startsWith(prefix.toLowerCase());
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isField(String string, String field) {
+        return startsWithIgnoreCase(string,
+                "Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"" + field + "\"");
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] hmac(String algorithm, byte[] data, byte[] key) {
+        try {
+            Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(algorithm);
+            mac.init(new SecretKeySpec(key, algorithm));
+            return mac.doFinal(data);
+        } catch (InvalidKeyException | NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Encode blob name if client requests it.  This allows for characters
+    // which XML 1.0 cannot represent.
+    private static String encodeBlob(String encodingType, String blobName) {
+        if (encodingType != null && encodingType.equals("url")) {
+            return urlEscaper.escape(blobName);
+        } else {
+            return blobName;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class UncloseableInputStream
+            extends FilterInputStream {
+        UncloseableInputStream(InputStream is) {
+            super(is);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() throws IOException {
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final BlobStoreLocator getBlobStoreLocator() {
+        return blobStoreLocator;
+    }
+
+    public final void setBlobStoreLocator(BlobStoreLocator locator) {
+        this.blobStoreLocator = locator;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean validateIpAddress(String string) {
+        String[] parts = string.split("\\.");
+        if (parts.length != 4) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (String part : parts) {
+            try {
+                int num = Integer.parseInt(part);
+                if (num < 0 || num > 255) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `headerAuthorization` last assigned on line 347 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `S3AuthorizationHeader(...)` at line 383.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void S3ProxyHandler.doHandle(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.gaul.s3proxy.S3ProxyHandler.doHandle(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest,javax.servlet.http.Ht.1609841348c10eb00b859b8fc16d1a1c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/gaul/s3proxy/S3ProxyHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+S3ProxyHandler.java|doHandle|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4ce71c451b8582b5edcba3f7f50a52db
+
+### Hash:
+292f6b8a949909491d8fe13aca51d9aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5828/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5828/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca96da8887fc75babf213eaa7e07ed2c26a4d939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5828/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** weixin4j
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.foxinmy.weixin4j.util;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FilenameFilter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.net.JarURLConnection;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+
+/**
+ * 对class的获取
+ *
+ * @className ClassUtil
+ * @author jinyu(foxinmy@gmail.com)
+ * @date 2014年10月31日
+ * @since JDK 1.6
+ * @see
+ */
+public final class ClassUtil {
+	private final static String POINT = ".";
+	private final static String CLASS = ".class";
+
+	/**
+	 * 获取某个包下所有的class信息
+	 *
+	 * @param packageName
+	 *            包名
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static List<Class<?>> getClasses(String packageName) {
+		String packageFileName = packageName.replace(POINT, File.separator);
+		URL fullPath = getDefaultClassLoader().getResource(packageFileName);
+		if (fullPath == null) {
+			fullPath = ClassUtil.class.getClassLoader().getResource(
+					packageFileName);
+		}
+		String protocol = fullPath.getProtocol();
+		if (protocol.equals(ServerToolkits.PROTOCOL_FILE)) {
+			try {
+				File dir = new File(fullPath.toURI());
+				return findClassesByFile(dir, packageName);
+			} catch (URISyntaxException e) {
+				throw new RuntimeException(e);
+			}
+		} else if (protocol.equals(ServerToolkits.PROTOCOL_JAR)) {
+			try {
+				return findClassesByJar(
+						((JarURLConnection) fullPath.openConnection())
+								.getJarFile(),
+						packageName);
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				throw new RuntimeException(e);
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 扫描目录下所有的class对象
+	 *
+	 * @param dir
+	 *            文件目录
+	 * @param packageName
+	 *            包的全限类名
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private static List<Class<?>> findClassesByFile(File dir, String packageName) {
+		List<Class<?>> classes = new ArrayList<Class<?>>();
+		File[] files = dir.listFiles(new FilenameFilter() {
+			@Override
+			public boolean accept(File file, String name) {
+				return file.isDirectory() || file.getName().endsWith(CLASS);
+			}
+		});
+		if (files != null) {
+			for (File file : files) {
+				if (file.isDirectory()) {
+					classes.addAll(findClassesByFile(file, packageName + POINT
+							+ file.getName()));
+				} else {
+					try {
+						classes.add(Class.forName(packageName + POINT
+								+ file.getName().replace(CLASS, "")));
+					} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+						;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return classes;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 扫描jar包下所有的class对象
+	 *
+	 * @param jar
+	 *            jar包对象
+	 * @param packageName
+	 *            包的全限类名
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private static List<Class<?>> findClassesByJar(JarFile jar,
+			String packageName) {
+		List<Class<?>> classes = new ArrayList<Class<?>>();
+		Enumeration<JarEntry> jarEntries = jar.entries();
+		while (jarEntries.hasMoreElements()) {
+			JarEntry jarEntry = jarEntries.nextElement();
+			if (jarEntry.isDirectory()) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			String className = jarEntry.getName()
+					.replace(File.separator, POINT);
+			if (!className.startsWith(packageName)
+					|| !className.endsWith(CLASS)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			try {
+				classes.add(Class.forName(className.replace(CLASS, "")));
+			} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+				;
+			}
+		}
+		return classes;
+	}
+
+	public static Object deepClone(Object obj) {
+		ByteArrayOutputStream bos = null;
+		ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
+		ByteArrayInputStream bis = null;
+		ObjectInputStream ois = null;
+		try {
+			bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+			oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
+			oos.writeObject(obj);
+			bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+			ois = new ObjectInputStream(bis);
+			return ois.readObject();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		} finally {
+			try {
+				if (bos != null) {
+					bos.close();
+				}
+				if (oos != null) {
+					oos.close();
+				}
+				if (bis != null) {
+					bis.close();
+				}
+				if (ois != null) {
+					ois.close();
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				;// ignore
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * 获得泛型类型
+	 *
+	 * @param object
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static Class<?> getGenericType(Class<?> clazz) {
+		if (clazz == Object.class) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		Type type = clazz.getGenericSuperclass();
+		if (type instanceof ParameterizedType) {
+			ParameterizedType ptype = ((ParameterizedType) type);
+			Type[] args = ptype.getActualTypeArguments();
+			return (Class<?>) args[0];
+		}
+		return getGenericType(clazz.getSuperclass());
+	}
+
+	public static ClassLoader getDefaultClassLoader() {
+		ClassLoader cl = null;
+		try {
+			cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+		} catch (Throwable ex) {
+			// Cannot access thread context ClassLoader - falling back...
+		}
+		if (cl == null) {
+			// No thread context class loader -> use class loader of this class.
+			cl = ClassUtil.class.getClassLoader();
+			if (cl == null) {
+				// getClassLoader() returning null indicates the bootstrap
+				// ClassLoader
+				try {
+					cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+				} catch (Throwable ex) {
+					// Cannot access system ClassLoader - oh well, maybe the
+					// caller can live with null...
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return cl;
+	}
+
+	public static void main(String[] args) {
+		System.err.println(getClasses("com.foxinmy.weixin4j.qy.event"));
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fullPath` last assigned on line 45 could be null and is dereferenced at line 48.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List ClassUtil.getClasses(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.foxinmy.weixin4j.util.ClassUtil.getClasses(java.lang.String):java.util.List.18d7ca719127d605c80175e5da64e95c
+
+### File:
+weixin4j-server/src/main/java/com/foxinmy/weixin4j/util/ClassUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+ClassUtil.java|getClasses|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f4eec88420d02d72c5b12e3f02bcdece
+
+### Hash:
+fba6a9e3abafee9d362f8525f3aa11d2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5842/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5842/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d7caa8e8b0b8a7687f685e8b8ad4fe916279393
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5842/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xdocreport
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Angelo Zerr <angelo.zerr@gmail.com> and Pascal Leclercq <pascal.leclercq@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free  of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a  copy  of this  software  and  associated  documentation files  (the
+ * "Software"), to  deal in  the Software without  restriction, including
+ * without limitation  the rights to  use, copy, modify,  merge, publish,
+ * distribute,  sublicense, and/or sell  copies of  the Software,  and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software  is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The  above  copyright  notice  and  this permission  notice  shall  be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE  SOFTWARE IS  PROVIDED  "AS  IS", WITHOUT  WARRANTY  OF ANY  KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED  TO THE  WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY,    FITNESS    FOR    A   PARTICULAR    PURPOSE    AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.remoting.resources;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.core.io.IOUtils;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.core.utils.StringUtils;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.internal.ArgContext;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.domain.BinaryData;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.domain.Resource;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ResourcesException;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ResourcesService;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ResourcesServiceName;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.ServiceType;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.remoting.resources.services.client.ResourcesServiceClientFactory;
+
+public class Main
+{
+
+    public static final String BASE_ADDRESS_ARG = "-baseAddress";
+
+    public static void main( String[] args )
+        throws Exception
+    {
+
+        ArgContext context = new ArgContext( args );
+        String baseAddress = context.get( BASE_ADDRESS_ARG );
+        String user = context.get( "-password" );
+        String password = context.get( "-password" );
+        Long connectionTimeout = StringUtils.asLong( context.get( "-timeout" ) );
+        Boolean allowChunking = StringUtils.asBoolean( context.get( "-chunk" ) );
+
+        ServiceType serviceType = getServiceType( context.get( "-serviceType" ) );
+        ResourcesServiceName serviceName = getServiceName( context.get( "-serviceName" ) );
+
+        String out = context.get( "-out" );
+        String err = context.get( "-err" );
+
+        // Err
+        File fileErr = null;
+        if ( err != null )
+        {
+            fileErr = new File( err );
+            if ( fileErr.exists() )
+            {
+                fileErr.delete();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                fileErr.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( fileErr == null )
+        {
+            process( baseAddress, user, password, connectionTimeout, allowChunking, serviceType, serviceName, out,
+                     context );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                process( baseAddress, user, password, connectionTimeout, allowChunking, serviceType, serviceName, out,
+                         context );
+            }
+            catch ( Throwable e )
+            {
+                e.printStackTrace( new PrintStream( fileErr ) );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ServiceType getServiceType( String serviceType )
+    {
+        if ( ServiceType.SOAP.name().equalsIgnoreCase( serviceType ) )
+        {
+            return ServiceType.SOAP;
+        }
+        return ServiceType.REST;
+    }
+
+    private static ResourcesServiceName getServiceName( String value )
+    {
+        return ResourcesServiceName.getServiceName( value );
+    }
+
+    private static void process( String baseAddress, String user, String password, Long connectionTimeout,
+                                 Boolean allowChunking, ServiceType serviceType, ResourcesServiceName serviceName,
+                                 String out, ArgContext context )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        String resources = null;
+        ResourcesService client =
+            ResourcesServiceClientFactory.create( baseAddress, serviceType, user, password, connectionTimeout,
+                                                  allowChunking );
+        switch ( serviceName )
+        {
+            case name:
+                processName( client.getName(), new File( out ) );
+                break;
+            case root:
+                processRoot( client.getRoot(), new File( out ) );
+                break;
+            case download:
+                resources = context.get( "-resources" );
+                processDownload( client, resources, out );
+                break;
+            case upload:
+                resources = context.get( "-resources" );
+                processUpload( client, resources, out );
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void processDownload( ResourcesService client, String resources, String out )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        if ( StringUtils.isEmpty( resources ) )
+        {
+            throw new IOException( "resources must be not empty" );
+        }
+        if ( resources.indexOf( ";" ) == -1 )
+        {
+            processDownload( client, resources, new File( out ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // TODO : manage list of download
+        }
+
+        // String[] resources= s.split( ";" );
+        // String[] outs= out.split( ";" );
+
+    }
+
+    private static void processDownload( ResourcesService client, String resourcePath, File outFile )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        BinaryData data = client.download( resourcePath );
+        if ( data.getContent() != null )
+        {
+            createFile( data.getContent(), outFile );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            createFile( data.getContent(), outFile );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void createFile( byte[] flux, File outFile )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        if ( outFile.getParentFile() != null )
+        {
+            outFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        }
+        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream( outFile );
+        fos.write( flux );
+        fos.close();
+    }
+
+    private static void createFile( InputStream input, File outFile )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        if ( outFile.getParentFile() != null )
+        {
+            outFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+        }
+        FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream( outFile );
+        IOUtils.copy( input, out );
+    }
+
+    private static void processUpload( ResourcesService client, String resources, String out )
+        throws IOException, ResourcesException
+    {
+        if ( StringUtils.isEmpty( resources ) )
+        {
+            throw new IOException( "resources must be not empty" );
+        }
+        if ( resources.indexOf( ";" ) == -1 )
+        {
+            processUpload( client, resources, new File( out ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // TODO : manage list of uppload
+        }
+
+        // String[] resources= s.split( ";" );
+        // String[] outs= out.split( ";" );
+
+    }
+
+    private static void processUpload( ResourcesService client, String resourceId, File out )
+        throws ResourcesException, IOException
+    {
+
+    	FileInputStream input= new FileInputStream(out);
+
+    	byte[] content=IOUtils.toByteArray(input);
+      //  BinaryData data = new BinaryData( content, out.getName() );
+        BinaryData data = new BinaryData( );
+        data.setContent(input);
+        data.setFileName(out.getName());
+        data.setResourceId( resourceId );
+        client.upload( data );
+
+    }
+
+    private static void processRoot( Resource root, File file )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        Writer writer = new FileWriter( file );
+        try
+        {
+            toXML( root, writer );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly( writer );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void toXML( Resource root, Writer writer )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        writer.write( "<resource" );
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotEmpty( root.getId() ) )
+        {
+            writer.write( " id=\"" );
+            writer.write( root.getId() );
+            writer.write( "\"" );
+        }
+        writer.write( " name=\"" );
+        writer.write( root.getName() );
+        writer.write( "\"" );
+        writer.write( " type=\"" );
+        writer.write( String.valueOf( root.getType() ) );
+        writer.write( "\"" );
+        boolean hasChildren = root.getChildren() != null && root.getChildren().size() > 0;
+        if ( hasChildren )
+        {
+            writer.write( ">" );
+            for ( Resource child : root.getChildren() )
+            {
+                toXML( child, writer );
+            }
+            writer.write( "</resource>" );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            writer.write( "/>" );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void processName( String repositoryName, File file )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        Writer writer = new FileWriter( file );
+        try
+        {
+            writer.write( repositoryName );
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+
+            IOUtils.closeQuietly( writer );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void printUsage()
+    {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 228 is not released after line 236.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Main.processUpload(ResourcesService,String,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools.remoting.resources.Main.processUpload(fr.opensagres.xdocrepo.a1819748e7b7e6ba7d7ede117eab8349
+
+### File:
+document/fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.tools/src/main/java/fr/opensagres/xdocreport/document/tools/remoting/resources/Main.java
+
+### Key:
+Main.java|processUpload|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e0e201c075f7cb55118295fca39bbbb8
+
+### Hash:
+41e758a303d13e11c49d52904397b8a2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5843/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5843/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6317b8d3f00591e61d0d291030aca8e96bc062ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5843/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xdocreport
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Angelo Zerr <angelo.zerr@gmail.com> and Pascal Leclercq <pascal.leclercq@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free  of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a  copy  of this  software  and  associated  documentation files  (the
+ * "Software"), to  deal in  the Software without  restriction, including
+ * without limitation  the rights to  use, copy, modify,  merge, publish,
+ * distribute,  sublicense, and/or sell  copies of  the Software,  and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software  is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The  above  copyright  notice  and  this permission  notice  shall  be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE  SOFTWARE IS  PROVIDED  "AS  IS", WITHOUT  WARRANTY  OF ANY  KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED  TO THE  WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY,    FITNESS    FOR    A   PARTICULAR    PURPOSE    AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.textstyling;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.preprocessor.HyperlinkInfo;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.preprocessor.HyperlinkRegistry;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.preprocessor.HyperlinkUtils;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.template.DocxContextHelper;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.preprocessor.sax.BufferedElement;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.textstyling.IDocumentHandler;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.textstyling.ITextStylingTransformer;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.textstyling.html.HTMLTextStylingTransformer;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.template.IContext;
+
+public class DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase
+{
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBoldWithB()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<b>text</b>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:b /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBoldWithStrong()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<strong>text</strong>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:b /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testItalicWithI()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<i>text</i>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:i /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testItalicWithEm()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<em>text</em>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:i /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHyperlink()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = new MockContext();
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<a href=\"http://code.google.com/p/xdocreport/\" >XDocReport</a>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:hyperlink r:id=\"___rId0\" w:history=\"1\"> <w:proofErr w:type=\"spellStart\" /><w:r w:rsidRPr=\"001D30B5\"><w:rPr><w:rStyle w:val=\"XDocReport_Hyperlink\" /></w:rPr><w:t>XDocReport</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type=\"spellEnd\" /></w:hyperlink>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+
+        HyperlinkRegistry registry = DocxContextHelper.getHyperlinkRegistry( context, "word/document.xml" );
+        Assert.assertNotNull( registry );
+        Assert.assertEquals( 1, registry.getHyperlinks().size() );
+
+        HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo = registry.getHyperlinks().get( 0 );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "___rId0", hyperlinkInfo.getId() );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "http://code.google.com/p/xdocreport/", hyperlinkInfo.getTarget() );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "External", hyperlinkInfo.getTargetMode() );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `context` last assigned on line 76 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `DocxDocumentHandler(...)` at line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.testItalicWithI()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.textstyling.DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.testItalicWithI():voi.e75d945b3fd3157fce1c29eb05266c02
+
+### File:
+document/fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx/src/test/java/fr/opensagres/xdocreport/document/docx/textstyling/DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.java|testItalicWithI|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+30861fd0fae948b706896bee46af5f74
+
+### Hash:
+e5d8296ff0edc61eb85862ab6eda94cc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5845/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5845/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a34f35d0a7622bee31c388450235ba1ecd73d825
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5845/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xdocreport
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 Angelo Zerr <angelo.zerr@gmail.com> and Pascal Leclercq <pascal.leclercq@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free  of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a  copy  of this  software  and  associated  documentation files  (the
+ * "Software"), to  deal in  the Software without  restriction, including
+ * without limitation  the rights to  use, copy, modify,  merge, publish,
+ * distribute,  sublicense, and/or sell  copies of  the Software,  and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software  is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The  above  copyright  notice  and  this permission  notice  shall  be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE  SOFTWARE IS  PROVIDED  "AS  IS", WITHOUT  WARRANTY  OF ANY  KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR  IMPLIED, INCLUDING  BUT NOT LIMITED  TO THE  WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY,    FITNESS    FOR    A   PARTICULAR    PURPOSE    AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,  ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.textstyling;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.preprocessor.HyperlinkInfo;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.preprocessor.HyperlinkRegistry;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.preprocessor.HyperlinkUtils;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.template.DocxContextHelper;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.preprocessor.sax.BufferedElement;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.textstyling.IDocumentHandler;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.textstyling.ITextStylingTransformer;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.textstyling.html.HTMLTextStylingTransformer;
+import fr.opensagres.xdocreport.template.IContext;
+
+public class DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase
+{
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBoldWithB()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<b>text</b>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:b /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBoldWithStrong()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<strong>text</strong>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:b /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testItalicWithI()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<i>text</i>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:i /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testItalicWithEm()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = null;
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<em>text</em>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:r><w:rPr><w:i /></w:rPr><w:t xml:space=\"preserve\" >text</w:t></w:r>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHyperlink()
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        IContext context = new MockContext();
+        BufferedElement parent = null;
+
+        ITextStylingTransformer formatter = HTMLTextStylingTransformer.INSTANCE;
+        IDocumentHandler handler = new DocxDocumentHandler( parent, context, "word/document.xml" );
+        formatter.transform( "<a href=\"http://code.google.com/p/xdocreport/\" >XDocReport</a>", handler );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "<w:hyperlink r:id=\"___rId0\" w:history=\"1\"> <w:proofErr w:type=\"spellStart\" /><w:r w:rsidRPr=\"001D30B5\"><w:rPr><w:rStyle w:val=\"XDocReport_Hyperlink\" /></w:rPr><w:t>XDocReport</w:t></w:r><w:proofErr w:type=\"spellEnd\" /></w:hyperlink>",
+                             handler.getTextBody() );
+
+        HyperlinkRegistry registry = DocxContextHelper.getHyperlinkRegistry( context, "word/document.xml" );
+        Assert.assertNotNull( registry );
+        Assert.assertEquals( 1, registry.getHyperlinks().size() );
+
+        HyperlinkInfo hyperlinkInfo = registry.getHyperlinks().get( 0 );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "___rId0", hyperlinkInfo.getId() );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "http://code.google.com/p/xdocreport/", hyperlinkInfo.getTarget() );
+        Assert.assertEquals( "External", hyperlinkInfo.getTargetMode() );
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `context` last assigned on line 62 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `DocxDocumentHandler(...)` at line 66.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.testBoldWithStrong()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx.textstyling.DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.testBoldWithStrong():.cc17fea73886a9a9727f60e4deaa36e4
+
+### File:
+document/fr.opensagres.xdocreport.document.docx/src/test/java/fr/opensagres/xdocreport/document/docx/textstyling/DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.java
+
+### Key:
+DocxDocumentHandlerTestCase.java|testBoldWithStrong|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+30861fd0fae948b706896bee46af5f74
+
+### Hash:
+fdac41323b2e57eba8a8f89fb661f09d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5872/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5872/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6fec261a8ec299f3774e3bbc252e9a143b6167e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5872/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,657 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neosemantics
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package semantics;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.IRI;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.impl.SimpleValueFactory;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.util.URIUtil;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.model.vocabulary.XMLSchema;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFFormat;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFHandlerException;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFParseException;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.RDFParser;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.Rio;
+import org.eclipse.rdf4j.rio.helpers.BasicParserSettings;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.GraphDatabaseService;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.Label;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.Node;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.QueryExecutionException;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.Relationship;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.ResourceIterator;
+import org.neo4j.graphdb.schema.IndexDefinition;
+import org.neo4j.logging.Log;
+import org.neo4j.procedure.Context;
+import org.neo4j.procedure.Mode;
+import org.neo4j.procedure.Name;
+import org.neo4j.procedure.Procedure;
+import org.neo4j.procedure.UserFunction;
+import semantics.result.GraphResult;
+import semantics.result.NamespacePrefixesResult;
+import semantics.result.StreamedStatement;
+
+/**
+ * Created by jbarrasa on 21/03/2016. <p> RDF importer based on: 1. Instancdes of DatatypeProperties
+ * become node attributes 2. rdf:type relationships are transformed either into labels or
+ * relationships to nodes representing the class 3. Instances of ObjectProperties become
+ * relationships ( See https://jbarrasa.com/2016/06/07/importing-rdf-data-into-neo4j/ )
+ */
+public class RDFImport {
+
+  public static final String PREFIX_SEPARATOR = "__";
+  public static final String CUSTOM_DATA_TYPE_SEPERATOR = "^^";
+  static final int RELATIONSHIP = 0;
+  static final int LABEL = 1;
+  static final int PROPERTY = 2;
+  static final int DATATYPE = 3;
+  private static final Pattern DATATYPE_SHORTENED_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(
+      "(.+)" + Pattern.quote(CUSTOM_DATA_TYPE_SEPERATOR) + "((\\w+)" +
+          Pattern.quote(PREFIX_SEPARATOR) + "(.+))$");
+  private static final Pattern DATATYPE_REGULAR_PATTERN = Pattern.compile(
+      "(.+?)" + Pattern.quote(CUSTOM_DATA_TYPE_SEPERATOR) + "([a-zA-Z]+:(.+))");
+
+  private static final Pattern SHORTENED_URI_PATTERN =
+      Pattern.compile("^(\\w+)__(\\w+)$");
+
+  private static final Pattern LANGUAGE_TAGGED_VALUE_PATTERN =
+      Pattern.compile("^(.*)@([a-zA-Z\\-]+)$");
+
+  public static RDFFormat[] availableParsers = new RDFFormat[]{RDFFormat.RDFXML, RDFFormat.JSONLD,
+      RDFFormat.TURTLE, RDFFormat.NTRIPLES, RDFFormat.TRIG, RDFFormat.NQUADS};
+  @Context
+  public GraphDatabaseService db;
+  @Context
+  public Log log;
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.WRITE)
+  public Stream<ImportResults> importRDF(@Name("url") String url, @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+
+    RDFParserConfig conf = new RDFParserConfig(props);
+
+    ImportResults importResults = new ImportResults();
+
+    DirectStatementLoader statementLoader = new DirectStatementLoader(db, conf, log);
+    try {
+      checkIndexesExist();
+      parseRDF(getInputStream(url, props), url, format, statementLoader);
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      importResults.setTerminationKO(e.getMessage());
+      importResults.setTriplesLoaded(statementLoader.totalTriplesMapped);
+      importResults.setTriplesParsed(statementLoader.totalTriplesParsed);
+      importResults.setConfigSummary(conf.getConfigSummary());
+      e.printStackTrace();
+
+    } finally {
+      importResults.setTriplesLoaded(statementLoader.totalTriplesMapped);
+      importResults.setTriplesParsed(statementLoader.totalTriplesParsed);
+      importResults.setNamespaces(statementLoader.getNamespaces());
+      importResults.setConfigSummary(conf.getConfigSummary());
+
+    }
+    return Stream.of(importResults);
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.WRITE)
+  public Stream<ImportResults> importLargeOnto(@Name("url") String url,
+      @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+
+    OntologyLoaderConfig conf = new OntologyLoaderConfig(props);
+
+    ImportResults importResults = new ImportResults();
+
+    OntologyImporter ontoImporter = new OntologyImporter(db, conf, log);
+    try {
+      checkIndexesExist();
+      InputStream stream = getInputStream(url, props);
+      parseRDF(stream, url, format, ontoImporter);
+
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      importResults.setTerminationKO(e.getMessage());
+      importResults.setTriplesLoaded(ontoImporter.totalTriplesMapped);
+      importResults.setTriplesParsed(ontoImporter.totalTriplesParsed);
+      importResults.setConfigSummary(conf.getConfigSummary());
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } finally {
+      importResults.setTriplesLoaded(ontoImporter.totalTriplesMapped);
+      importResults.setTriplesParsed(ontoImporter.totalTriplesParsed);
+      importResults.setConfigSummary(conf.getConfigSummary());
+    }
+    return Stream.of(importResults);
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.WRITE)
+  public Stream<ImportResults> importRDFDataset(@Name("url") String url,
+      @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(format.equals("TriG") || format.equals("N-Quads"));
+    RDFParserConfig conf = new RDFParserConfig(props);
+
+    ImportResults importResults = new ImportResults();
+
+    RDFDatasetDirectStatementLoader statementLoader = new RDFDatasetDirectStatementLoader(db, conf,
+        log);
+    try {
+      checkIndexesExist();
+      parseRDF(getInputStream(url, props), url, format, statementLoader);
+
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      importResults.setTerminationKO(e.getMessage());
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } finally {
+      importResults.setTriplesLoaded(statementLoader.totalTriplesMapped);
+      importResults.setNamespaces(statementLoader.getNamespaces());
+      importResults.setConfigSummary(conf.getConfigSummary());
+    }
+    return Stream.of(importResults);
+  }
+
+  private void parseRDF(InputStream inputStream, @Name("url") String url,
+      @Name("format") String format,
+      ConfiguredStatementHandler handler)
+      throws IOException, RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet {
+    RDFParser rdfParser = Rio.createParser(getFormat(format));
+    rdfParser
+        .set(BasicParserSettings.VERIFY_URI_SYNTAX, handler.getParserConfig().isVerifyUriSyntax());
+    rdfParser.setRDFHandler(handler);
+    rdfParser.parse(inputStream, url);
+  }
+
+  private InputStream getInputStream(String url, Map<String, Object> props) throws IOException {
+    URLConnection urlConn;
+    //This should be delegated to APOC to do handle different protocols, deal with redirection, etc.
+    urlConn = new URL(url).openConnection();
+    if (props.containsKey("headerParams")) {
+      Map<String, String> headerParams = (Map<String, String>) props.get("headerParams");
+      Object method = headerParams.get("method");
+      if (method != null && urlConn instanceof HttpURLConnection) {
+        HttpURLConnection http = (HttpURLConnection) urlConn;
+        http.setRequestMethod(method.toString());
+      }
+      headerParams.forEach((k, v) -> urlConn.setRequestProperty(k, v));
+      if (props.containsKey("payload")) {
+        urlConn.setDoOutput(true);
+        BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(
+            new OutputStreamWriter(urlConn.getOutputStream(), "UTF-8"));
+        writer.write(props.get("payload").toString());
+        writer.close();
+      }
+    }
+    return urlConn.getInputStream();
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.READ)
+  public Stream<GraphResult> previewRDF(@Name("url") String url, @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+
+    RDFParserConfig conf = new RDFParserConfig(props);
+    conf.setCommitSize(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+
+    Map<String, Node> virtualNodes = new HashMap<>();
+    List<Relationship> virtualRels = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    StatementPreviewer statementViewer = new StatementPreviewer(db, conf, virtualNodes, virtualRels,
+        log);
+    try {
+      parseRDF(getInputStream(url, props), url, format, statementViewer);
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+    GraphResult graphResult = new GraphResult(new ArrayList<>(virtualNodes.values()), virtualRels);
+    return Stream.of(graphResult);
+
+
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.READ)
+  public Stream<StreamedStatement> streamRDF(@Name("url") String url, @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+    final boolean verifyUriSyntax = (props.containsKey("verifyUriSyntax") ? (Boolean) props
+        .get("verifyUriSyntax") : true);
+
+    StatementStreamer statementStreamer = new StatementStreamer(new RDFParserConfig(props));
+    try {
+      parseRDF(getInputStream(url, props), url, format, statementStreamer);
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+    return statementStreamer.getStatements().stream();
+
+
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.READ)
+  public Stream<GraphResult> previewRDFSnippet(@Name("rdf") String rdfFragment,
+      @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+
+    RDFParserConfig conf = new RDFParserConfig(props);
+    conf.setCommitSize(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+
+    Map<String, Node> virtualNodes = new HashMap<>();
+    List<Relationship> virtualRels = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    StatementPreviewer statementViewer = new StatementPreviewer(db, conf, virtualNodes, virtualRels,
+        log);
+    try {
+      parseRDF(new ByteArrayInputStream(rdfFragment.getBytes(Charset.defaultCharset())),
+          "http://neo4j.com/base/", format, statementViewer);
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+    GraphResult graphResult = new GraphResult(new ArrayList<>(virtualNodes.values()), virtualRels);
+    return Stream.of(graphResult);
+
+
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.WRITE)
+  public Stream<DeleteResults> deleteRDF(@Name("url") String url, @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+
+    RDFParserConfig conf = new RDFParserConfig(props);
+    conf.setCommitSize(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+
+    DeleteResults deleteResults = new DeleteResults();
+
+    DirectStatementDeleter statementDeleter = new DirectStatementDeleter(db, conf, log);
+    try {
+      checkIndexesExist();
+
+      InputStream inputStream = getInputStream(url, props);
+      RDFParser rdfParser = Rio.createParser(getFormat(format));
+      rdfParser.setRDFHandler(statementDeleter);
+      rdfParser.parse(inputStream, url);
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      deleteResults.setTerminationKO(e.getMessage());
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } finally {
+      deleteResults.setTriplesDeleted(
+          statementDeleter.totalTriplesMapped - statementDeleter.getNotDeletedStatementCount());
+      deleteResults.setExtraInfo(statementDeleter.getbNodeInfo());
+      deleteResults.setNamespaces(statementDeleter.getNamespaces());
+    }
+    return Stream.of(deleteResults);
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.WRITE)
+  public Stream<DeleteResults> deleteRDFDataset(@Name("url") String url,
+      @Name("format") String format,
+      @Name(value = "params", defaultValue = "{}") Map<String, Object> props) {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(format.equals("TriG") || format.equals("N-Quads"));
+    RDFParserConfig conf = new RDFParserConfig(props);
+    conf.setCommitSize(Long.MAX_VALUE);
+
+    DeleteResults deleteResults = new DeleteResults();
+
+    RDFDatasetDirectStatementDeleter statementDeleter = new RDFDatasetDirectStatementDeleter(db,
+        conf, log);
+    try {
+      checkIndexesExist();
+
+      InputStream inputStream = getInputStream(url, props);
+      RDFParser rdfParser = Rio.createParser(getFormat(format));
+      rdfParser.setRDFHandler(statementDeleter);
+      rdfParser.parse(inputStream, url);
+    } catch (IOException | RDFHandlerException | QueryExecutionException | RDFParseException | RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet e) {
+      deleteResults.setTerminationKO(e.getMessage());
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } finally {
+      deleteResults.setTriplesDeleted(
+          statementDeleter.totalTriplesMapped - statementDeleter.getNotDeletedStatementCount());
+      deleteResults.setExtraInfo(statementDeleter.getbNodeInfo());
+      deleteResults.setNamespaces(statementDeleter.getNamespaces());
+    }
+    return Stream.of(deleteResults);
+  }
+
+  @UserFunction
+  public String getDataType(@Name("literal") Object literal) {
+
+    String result;
+
+    if (literal instanceof String) {
+      Matcher matcherShortened = DATATYPE_SHORTENED_PATTERN.matcher((String) literal);
+      Matcher matcherRegular = DATATYPE_REGULAR_PATTERN.matcher((String) literal);
+      if (matcherShortened.matches()) {
+        result = matcherShortened.group(2);
+      } else if (matcherRegular.matches()) {
+        result = matcherRegular.group(2);
+      } else {
+        result = XMLSchema.STRING.stringValue();
+      }
+    } else if (literal instanceof Long) {
+      result = XMLSchema.LONG.stringValue();
+    } else if (literal instanceof Double) {
+      result = XMLSchema.DOUBLE.stringValue();
+    } else if (literal instanceof Boolean) {
+      result = XMLSchema.BOOLEAN.stringValue();
+    } else {
+      result = null;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @UserFunction
+  public String getValue(@Name("literal") String literal) {
+
+    Matcher matcherShortened = DATATYPE_SHORTENED_PATTERN.matcher(literal);
+    Matcher matcherRegular = DATATYPE_REGULAR_PATTERN.matcher(literal);
+    Matcher matcherLanguageTagged = LANGUAGE_TAGGED_VALUE_PATTERN.matcher(literal);
+    String result = literal;
+    if (matcherShortened.matches()) {
+      result = matcherShortened.group(1);
+    } else if (matcherRegular.matches()) {
+      result = matcherRegular.group(1);
+    } else if (matcherLanguageTagged.matches()) {
+      result = matcherLanguageTagged.group(1);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @UserFunction
+  public String getIRILocalName(@Name("url") String url) {
+    return url.substring(URIUtil.getLocalNameIndex(url));
+  }
+
+  @UserFunction
+  public String getIRINamespace(@Name("url") String url) {
+    return url.substring(0, URIUtil.getLocalNameIndex(url));
+  }
+
+  @UserFunction
+  public String getLangValue(@Name("lang") String lang, @Name("values") Object values) {
+
+    if (values instanceof List) {
+      if (((List) values).get(0) instanceof String) {
+        for (Object val : (List<String>) values) {
+          Matcher m = LANGUAGE_TAGGED_VALUE_PATTERN.matcher((String) val);
+          if (m.matches() && m.group(2).equals(lang)) {
+            return m.group(1);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (values instanceof String[]) {
+      String[] valuesAsArray = (String[]) values;
+      for (int i = 0; i < valuesAsArray.length; i++) {
+        Matcher m = LANGUAGE_TAGGED_VALUE_PATTERN.matcher(valuesAsArray[i]);
+        if (m.matches() && m.group(2).equals(lang)) {
+          return m.group(1);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (values instanceof String) {
+      Matcher m = LANGUAGE_TAGGED_VALUE_PATTERN.matcher((String) values);
+      if (m.matches() && m.group(2).equals(lang)) {
+        return m.group(1);
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @UserFunction
+  public String uriFromShort(@Name("short") String str) {
+
+    Matcher m = SHORTENED_URI_PATTERN.matcher(str);
+    if (m.matches()) {
+      ResourceIterator<Node> nspd = db.findNodes(Label.label("NamespacePrefixDefinition"));
+      if (nspd.hasNext()) {
+        Map<String, Object> namespaces = nspd.next().getAllProperties();
+        Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Object>> nsIterator = namespaces.entrySet().iterator();
+        while (nsIterator.hasNext()) {
+          Map.Entry<String, Object> kv = nsIterator.next();
+          if (m.group(1).equals(kv.getValue())) {
+            return kv.getKey() + m.group(2);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    //default return original value
+    return str;
+  }
+
+  @UserFunction
+  public String shortFromUri(@Name("uri") String str) {
+    try {
+      IRI iri = SimpleValueFactory.getInstance().createIRI(str);
+      ResourceIterator<Node> nspd = db.findNodes(Label.label("NamespacePrefixDefinition"));
+      if (nspd.hasNext()) {
+        Map<String, Object> namespaces = nspd.next().getAllProperties();
+        Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Object>> nsIterator = namespaces.entrySet().iterator();
+        while (nsIterator.hasNext()) {
+          Map.Entry<String, Object> kv = nsIterator.next();
+          if (kv.getKey().equals(iri.getNamespace())) {
+            return kv.getValue() + PREFIX_SEPARATOR + iri.getLocalName();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return str;
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      return str;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.WRITE)
+  public Stream<NamespacePrefixesResult> addNamespacePrefix(@Name("prefix") String prefix,
+      @Name("ns") String ns) {
+
+    Map<String, Object> params = new HashMap<>();
+    params.put("prefix", prefix);
+
+    return db
+        .execute(String.format("MERGE (n:NamespacePrefixDefinition) SET n.`%s` = $prefix "
+            + "WITH n UNWIND keys(n) as ns\n"
+            + "RETURN n[ns] as prefix, ns as namespace", ns), params).stream().map(
+            n -> new NamespacePrefixesResult((String) n.get("prefix"),
+                (String) n.get("namespace")));
+
+  }
+
+  @Procedure(mode = Mode.READ)
+  public Stream<NamespacePrefixesResult> listNamespacePrefixes() {
+
+    return db
+        .execute("MATCH (n:NamespacePrefixDefinition) \n" +
+            "UNWIND keys(n) AS namespace\n" +
+            "RETURN namespace, n[namespace] AS prefix").stream().map(
+            n -> new NamespacePrefixesResult((String) n.get("prefix"),
+                (String) n.get("namespace")));
+
+  }
+
+  private void checkIndexesExist() throws RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet {
+    Iterable<IndexDefinition> indexes = db.schema().getIndexes();
+    if (missing(indexes.iterator(), "Resource")) {
+      throw new RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet(
+          "The required index on :Resource(uri) could not be found");
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean missing(Iterator<IndexDefinition> iterator, String indexLabel) {
+    while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+      IndexDefinition indexDef = iterator.next();
+      if (indexDef.getLabel().name().equals(indexLabel) &&
+          indexDef.getPropertyKeys().iterator().next().equals("uri")) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  private RDFFormat getFormat(String format) throws RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet {
+    if (format != null) {
+      for (RDFFormat parser : availableParsers) {
+        if (parser.getName().equals(format)) {
+          return parser;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    throw new RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet("Unrecognized serialization format: " + format);
+  }
+
+
+  public static class ImportResults {
+
+    public String terminationStatus = "OK";
+    public long triplesLoaded = 0;
+    public long triplesParsed = 0;
+    public Map<String, String> namespaces;
+    public String extraInfo = "";
+    public Map<String, Object> configSummary;
+
+    public void setTriplesLoaded(long count) {
+      this.triplesLoaded = count;
+    }
+
+    public void setTriplesParsed(long count) {
+      this.triplesParsed = count;
+    }
+
+    public void setConfigSummary(Map<String, Object> summary) {
+      this.configSummary = summary;
+    }
+
+    public void setNamespaces(Map<String, String> namespaces) {
+      this.namespaces = namespaces;
+    }
+
+    public void setTerminationKO(String message) {
+      this.terminationStatus = "KO";
+      this.extraInfo = message;
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public static class DeleteResults {
+
+    public String terminationStatus = "OK";
+    public long triplesDeleted = 0;
+    public Map<String, String> namespaces;
+    public String extraInfo = "";
+
+    public void setTriplesDeleted(long triplesDeleted) {
+      this.triplesDeleted = triplesDeleted;
+    }
+
+    public void setExtraInfo(String extraInfo) {
+      this.extraInfo = extraInfo;
+    }
+
+    public void setNamespaces(Map<String, String> namespaces) {
+      this.namespaces = namespaces;
+    }
+
+    public void setTerminationKO(String message) {
+      this.terminationStatus = "KO";
+      this.extraInfo = message;
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  private class RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet extends Exception {
+
+    String message;
+
+    public RDFImportPreRequisitesNotMet(String s) {
+      message = s;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getMessage() {
+      return message;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `getOutputStream()` at line 191 is not released after line 191.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+InputStream RDFImport.getInputStream(String,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+semantics.RDFImport.getInputStream(java.lang.String,java.util.Map):java.io.InputStream.d57311e2c6a7aaf8b679efb800968dcc
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/semantics/RDFImport.java
+
+### Key:
+RDFImport.java|getInputStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+091092bdc2f61be375f04cc0d2cf6d08
+
+### Hash:
+215bbba797d34daacac8f1328587aafc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5873/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5873/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa368e4bef2f247939c5bb4fde4e43f7b278fe0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5873/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.prototype.method;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.module.ModuleLoader;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.prototype.ClassPrototype;
+
+public class PandaMethodBuilder {
+
+    protected ClassPrototype prototype;
+    protected String methodName;
+    protected ClassPrototype[] parameterTypes;
+    protected MethodVisibility visibility;
+    protected ClassPrototype returnType;
+    protected MethodCallback methodBody;
+    protected boolean isStatic;
+    protected boolean catchAllParameters;
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder prototype(ClassPrototype prototype) {
+        this.prototype = prototype;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder methodName(String methodName) {
+        this.methodName = methodName;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder parameterTypes(ModuleLoader moduleLoader, String... parameterTypes) {
+        ClassPrototype[] prototypes = new ClassPrototype[parameterTypes.length];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < prototypes.length; i++) {
+            prototypes[i] = moduleLoader.forClass(parameterTypes[i]).get();
+        }
+
+        this.parameterTypes = prototypes;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder parameterTypes(ClassPrototype... parameterTypes) {
+        this.parameterTypes = parameterTypes;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder returnType(ClassPrototype returnType) {
+        this.returnType = returnType;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder visibility(MethodVisibility visibility) {
+        this.visibility = visibility;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder methodBody(MethodCallback callback) {
+        this.methodBody = callback;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder catchAllParameters(boolean catchAllParameters) {
+        this.catchAllParameters = catchAllParameters;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethod build() {
+        return new PandaMethod(this);
+    }
+
+    public PandaMethodBuilder isStatic(boolean isStatic) {
+        this.isStatic = isStatic;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `moduleLoader.forClass(*parameterTypes[i])`  at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PandaMethodBuilder PandaMethodBuilder.parameterTypes(ModuleLoader,java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.prototype.method.PandaMethodBuilder.parameterType.5cd8f8d1c3069d1d9c79243d40631098
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/design/architecture/prototype/method/PandaMethodBuilder.java
+
+### Key:
+PandaMethodBuilder.java|parameterTypes|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2a3a623ce3d34f4c18c7a43ef4929174
+
+### Hash:
+ca9d27288e6f01164b57b8c655e6aa4b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5874/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5874/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbf29c57317123ef17357b7973d980d20aafb4de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5874/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.expression.subparsers;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.ParserData;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.Token;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.Tokens;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.runtime.expression.Expression;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.expression.ExpressionParser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.expression.ExpressionSubparser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.distributors.MatchableDistributor;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.distributors.TokenDistributor;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.resource.syntax.separator.Separators;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.commons.ArrayUtils;
+
+public class ArrayValueExpressionParser implements ExpressionSubparser {
+
+    private static final Token[] ARRAY_SEPARATORS = ArrayUtils.of(Separators.PERIOD);
+
+    @Override
+    public @Nullable Tokens read(ExpressionParser main, Tokens source) {
+        Tokens selected = SubparserUtils.readSeparated(main, source, ARRAY_SEPARATORS, SubparserUtils.NAMES_FILTER, MatchableDistributor::hasNext);
+
+        MatchableDistributor matchable = new MatchableDistributor(new TokenDistributor(source));
+        matchable.getDistributor().setIndex(selected != null ? selected.size() : 0);
+
+        // at least 4 elements required: <field/variable> [ <index> ]
+        if ((source.size() - matchable.getIndex()) < 4) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // read field name
+        matchable.nextVerified();
+
+        // check if the opening section is the square bracket
+        if (!matchable.nextVerified().contentEquals(Separators.SQUARE_BRACKET_LEFT)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // parameters content
+        while (matchable.hasNext() && !matchable.isMatchable()) {
+            matchable.nextVerified();
+        }
+
+        // check if the [ ] section is closed
+        if (!matchable.isMatchable()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // check if the closing character was square brace
+        if (!matchable.current().contentEquals(Separators.SQUARE_BRACKET_RIGHT)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        selected = source.subSource(0, matchable.getIndex() + 1);
+
+        // at least 4 elements required: <field-name> [ <index> ]
+        if (selected == null || selected.size() < 4 ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // array value source has to end with parenthesis
+        if (!selected.getLast().contentEquals(Separators.SQUARE_BRACKET_RIGHT)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return selected;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public @Nullable Expression parse(ExpressionParser main, ParserData data, Tokens source) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("Not implemented");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getPriority() {
+        return DefaultSubparsers.Priorities.DYNAMIC;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getName() {
+        return DefaultSubparsers.Names.ARRAY_VALUE;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `matchable.current()`  at line 66.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Tokens ArrayValueExpressionParser.read(ExpressionParser,Tokens)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.expression.subparsers.ArrayValueExpressio.a520e0b561a594e48913e385463376fa
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/language/interpreter/parser/expression/subparsers/ArrayValueExpressionParser.java
+
+### Key:
+ArrayValueExpressionParser.java|read|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+733df38d22ef868156f8f00b1dff4e8a
+
+### Hash:
+98291f66d6ef508484e9239bd56ca017
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5875/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5875/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b3b4aa65f243c861851857377c6b1d2dcee2a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5875/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.cli;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.PandaConstants;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.Application;
+import picocli.CommandLine;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+@CommandLine.Command(name = "panda", version = "Panda " + PandaConstants.VERSION)
+public class PandaCommand implements Runnable {
+
+    private final PandaCLI cli;
+
+    @CommandLine.Parameters(index = "0", paramLabel = "SCRIPT", description = "Script to load")
+    private File script;
+
+    @CommandLine.Option(names = { "-V", "--version" }, versionHelp = true, description = "display Panda version")
+    private boolean versionInfoRequested;
+
+    @CommandLine.Option(names = { "-h", "--help" }, usageHelp = true, description = "display help message")
+    private boolean usageHelpRequested;
+
+    public PandaCommand(PandaCLI cli) {
+        this.cli = cli;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+        CommandLine commandLine = new CommandLine(this);
+
+        if (usageHelpRequested) {
+            CommandLine.usage(this, System.out);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (versionInfoRequested) {
+            commandLine.printVersionHelp(System.out);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Application application = cli.getPanda().getPandaLoader().load(script, script.getParentFile());
+        application.launch();
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `application` last assigned on line 57  at line 58.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PandaCommand.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.cli.PandaCommand.run():void.ac6abed4bddb6d58a8bd87861c16e745
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/cli/PandaCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+PandaCommand.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+957e87064532278c04a1e779dba8ccc7
+
+### Hash:
+556768f1d8bcb9194cbd0a60a20ac9ab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5880/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5880/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78a8f0bd8452adc77541fefb20b8252512b39e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5880/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.token.extractor.updated;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.lexical.elements.LexicalPatternElement;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.token.TokenDistributor;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+class NodeLookupExtractor  {
+
+    private final NodeExtractor nodeExtractor;
+    private final NodeElementLookupExtractor elementLookupExtractor = new NodeElementLookupExtractor(this);
+
+    NodeLookupExtractor(NodeExtractor nodeExtractor) {
+        this.nodeExtractor = nodeExtractor;
+    }
+
+    protected LookupResult extractNode(List<LexicalPatternElement> nextElements, TokenDistributor distributor) {
+        int skip = 0;
+
+        for (LexicalPatternElement nextElement : nextElements) {
+            if (!nextElement.isWildcard()) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            skip++;
+        }
+
+        int indexBackup = distributor.getIndex();
+
+        for (int i = skip; i < nextElements.size(); i++) {
+            LexicalPatternElement element = nextElements.get(i);
+            distributor.setIndex(indexBackup);
+
+            LookupResult result = elementLookupExtractor.extractNode(nextElements.subList(0, skip), element, distributor);
+            result.matchedIndex = i;
+
+            if (result.getMergedResults().isMatched()) {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (element.isOptional()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            break;
+        }
+
+        return new LookupResult();
+    }
+
+    static class LookupResult {
+
+        protected ExtractorResult precedingResult;
+        protected ExtractorResult currentResult;
+        protected int matchedIndex;
+
+        protected ExtractorResult getMergedResults() {
+            if (precedingResult == null || currentResult == null) {
+                return new ExtractorResult("Undefined result");
+            }
+
+            if (precedingResult.isMatched() && currentResult.isMatched()) {
+                return new ExtractorResult("Lookup result not matched");
+            }
+
+            return precedingResult.merge(currentResult);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 34 could be null and is dereferenced at line 35.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+NodeLookupExtractor$LookupResult NodeLookupExtractor.extractNode(List,TokenDistributor)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.pattern.token.extractor.updated.NodeLookupExtrac.d61a805ec1e08715fec33bf103c504b0
+
+### File:
+panda-framework/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/language/interpreter/pattern/token/extractor/updated/NodeLookupExtractor.java
+
+### Key:
+NodeLookupExtractor.java|extractNode|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+31842dca15716310763b9ef056281575
+
+### Hash:
+c19bb148f51844f982c5f55564de9d76
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5881/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5881/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63f8789f8da7d21fdeeecb24968e11a12a33387f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5881/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.mapper.generator;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.overall.module.Module;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.overall.module.ModuleRegistry;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.mapper.ClassPrototypeMappingGenerator;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.structure.ClassPrototype;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.structure.constructor.PrototypeConstructor;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.structure.field.PrototypeField;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.structure.method.PrototypeMethod;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+public class ClassPrototypeGenerator {
+
+    private final ClassPrototypeMappingGenerator mappingGenerator;
+
+    public ClassPrototypeGenerator(ClassPrototypeMappingGenerator mappingGenerator) {
+        this.mappingGenerator = mappingGenerator;
+    }
+
+    public ClassPrototype generate(Class<?> type) {
+        Module module = ModuleRegistry.getDefault().getOrCreate(type.getPackage().getName());
+
+        ClassPrototype prototype = new ClassPrototype(module, type.getSimpleName());
+        prototype.getAssociated().add(type);
+
+        for (Field field : type.getFields()) {
+            ClassPrototypeFieldGenerator generator = new ClassPrototypeFieldGenerator(type, prototype, field);
+            PrototypeField prototypeField = generator.generate();
+            prototype.getFields().add(prototypeField);
+        }
+
+        for (Constructor<?> constructor : type.getConstructors()) {
+            ClassPrototypeConstructorGenerator generator = new ClassPrototypeConstructorGenerator(type, prototype, constructor);
+            PrototypeConstructor prototypeField = generator.generate();
+            prototype.getConstructors().add(prototypeField);
+        }
+
+        for (Method method : type.getMethods()) {
+            ClassPrototypeMethodGenerator generator = new ClassPrototypeMethodGenerator(type, prototype, method);
+            PrototypeMethod prototypeMethod = generator.generate();
+            prototype.getMethods().registerMethod(prototypeMethod);
+        }
+
+        return prototype;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `prototypeMethod` last assigned on line 59 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `registerMethod(...)` at line 60.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ClassPrototype ClassPrototypeGenerator.generate(Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.language.structure.prototype.mapper.generator.ClassPrototypeGenerator.generate(.b9ae04a5d3c5c7fd143b8dcfdbf40386
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/language/structure/prototype/mapper/generator/ClassPrototypeGenerator.java
+
+### Key:
+ClassPrototypeGenerator.java|generate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+471a2edb901e769be3ae46e5651fb0cc
+
+### Hash:
+814d1ba8b65f3a679fd8d3561466b12d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5886/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5886/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7bfcc6068e0a05160bbcebfe8b84620dbe987544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5886/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.architecture.prototype.array;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.module.ModuleLoader;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.prototype.ClassPrototype;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.architecture.module.PrimitivePrototypeLiquid;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.architecture.prototype.clazz.method.PandaMethod;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.architecture.value.PandaValue;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.commons.ArrayUtils;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.commons.StringUtils;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class ArrayClassPrototypeUtils {
+
+    public static ArrayClassPrototype obtain(ModuleLoader loader, String type) {
+        ClassPrototype prototype = loader.forClass(type.replace(PandaArray.IDENTIFIER, StringUtils.EMPTY));
+
+        if (prototype == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        int dimensions = StringUtils.countOccurrences(type, PandaArray.IDENTIFIER);
+        Class<?> arrayType = ArrayUtils.getDimensionalArrayType(prototype.getAssociated(), dimensions);
+        Class<?> arrayClass = ArrayUtils.getArrayClass(arrayType);
+
+        ArrayClassPrototype arrayPrototype = new ArrayClassPrototype(arrayClass, arrayType);
+        loader.get(null).add(arrayPrototype);
+
+        arrayPrototype.getMethods().registerMethod(PandaMethod.builder()
+                .methodName("toString")
+                .returnType(PrimitivePrototypeLiquid.OBJECT)
+                .methodBody((branch, instance, parameters) -> {
+                    if (!instance.getClass().isArray()) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException();
+                    }
+
+                    branch.returnValue(new PandaValue(PrimitivePrototypeLiquid.OBJECT, Arrays.toString((Object[]) instance)));
+                })
+                .build());
+
+        return arrayPrototype;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `arrayPrototype.getMethods()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 45.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ArrayClassPrototype ArrayClassPrototypeUtils.obtain(PandaModuleLoader,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.architecture.prototype.array.ArrayClassPrototypeUtils.obtain.3da1b2931f0d46d2f5bf1cd9ab11c055
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/language/architecture/prototype/array/ArrayClassPrototypeUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+ArrayClassPrototypeUtils.java|obtain|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+471a2edb901e769be3ae46e5651fb0cc
+
+### Hash:
+30cfa541b5dc6821a24528ac3216490d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5887/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5887/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69ef20855174209369ed0d91253fb8993602e55b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5887/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.resource.parsers.expression.fixed;
+
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.Parser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.ParserData;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.TokenRepresentation;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.snippet.Snippet;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.stream.SourceStream;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.runtime.expression.Expression;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.distributors.DiffusedSource;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.token.stream.PandaSourceStream;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.utilities.commons.iterable.ReversedIterable;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+public class ExpressionParser implements Parser {
+
+    private final List<ExpressionSubparser> subparsers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    public ExpressionParser(Collection<ExpressionSubparser> subparsers) {
+        if (subparsers.size() < 2) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Expression parser does not support less than 2 subparsers");
+        }
+
+        this.subparsers.addAll(subparsers);
+        Collections.sort(this.subparsers);
+    }
+
+    public Optional<Expression> parseSilently(ParserData data, Snippet source) {
+        return parseSilently(data, new PandaSourceStream(source));
+    }
+
+    public Optional<Expression> parseSilently(ParserData data, SourceStream source) {
+        return parseSilently(data, source, ExpressionParserSettings.COMBINED);
+    }
+
+    public Optional<Expression> parseSilently(ParserData data, SourceStream source, ExpressionParserSettings settings) {
+        try {
+            return Optional.of(parse(data, source, settings));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return Optional.empty();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Expression parse(ParserData data, Snippet source) {
+        return parse(data, new PandaSourceStream(source));
+    }
+
+    public Expression parse(ParserData data, DiffusedSource source) {
+        return parse(data, source, ExpressionParserSettings.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    public Expression parse(ParserData data, DiffusedSource source, ExpressionParserSettings settings) {
+        SourceStream stream = new PandaSourceStream(source.getAvailableSource());
+
+        Expression expression = parse(data, stream, settings);
+        source.setIndex(source.getIndex() + stream.getReadLength());
+
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    public Expression parse(ParserData data, SourceStream source) {
+        return parse(data, source, ExpressionParserSettings.COMBINED);
+    }
+
+    public Expression parse(ParserData data, SourceStream source, ExpressionParserSettings settings) {
+        ExpressionContext context = new ExpressionContext(this, data, source);
+        ExpressionParserWorker worker = new ExpressionParserWorker(this, context, source, subparsers, settings.isCombined());
+
+        for (TokenRepresentation representation : context.getDiffusedSource()) {
+            if (!worker.next(context.withUpdatedToken(representation))) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        worker.finish(context);
+
+        // if something went wrong
+        if (worker.hasError()) {
+            throw new ExpressionParserException(worker.getError().getErrorMessage(), context, worker.getError().getSource());
+        }
+
+        // if context does not contain any results
+        if (!context.hasResults()) {
+            throw new ExpressionParserException("Unknown expression", context, source.toSnippet());
+        }
+
+        for (ExpressionResultProcessor processor : new ReversedIterable<>(context.getProcessors())) {
+            ExpressionResult<Expression> result = processor.process(context, context.getResults());
+
+            if (result.containsError()) {
+                throw new ExpressionParserException("Error occurred while processing the result: ", result.getErrorMessage(), context, context.getSource().toSnippet());
+            }
+
+            context.getResults().push(result.get());
+        }
+
+        // if worker couldn't prepare the final result
+        if (context.getResults().size() > 1) {
+            throw new ExpressionParserException("Source contains " + context.getResults().size() + " expressions", context, source.toSnippet());
+        }
+
+        source.read(worker.getLastSucceededRead());
+        return context.getResults().pop();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `processor` last assigned on line 106 could be null and is dereferenced at line 107.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression ExpressionParser.parse(ParserData,SourceStream,ExpressionParserSettings)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.resource.parsers.expression.fixed.ExpressionParser.parse(org.p.e6125dd1d29f095575cb281ec6ac9b6d
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/design/resource/parsers/expression/fixed/ExpressionParser.java
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionParser.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+bb86a0383feab4858ffb77c21cb90fa3
+
+### Hash:
+f7e1f099be060f477ee73bedc569c047
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5889/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5889/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28ee6c04a60e93030bbed1c0deb5bc62ee8db6a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5889/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** panda
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Dzikoysk
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.resource.parsers.expression.callbacks.invoker;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.module.ModuleLoader;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.prototype.ClassPrototype;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.prototype.method.PrototypeMethod;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.PandaComponents;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.parser.ParserData;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.pattern.abyss.AbyssPattern;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.pattern.abyss.utils.AbyssPatternBuilder;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.TokenType;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.interpreter.token.Tokens;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.runtime.expression.Expression;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.PandaScript;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.architecture.prototype.method.invoker.MethodInvoker;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.interpreter.parser.PandaParserFailure;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.resource.parsers.expression.ExpressionUtils;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.design.resource.parsers.expression.ExpressionCallbackParser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.resource.parsers.expression.callbacks.ThisExpressionCallback;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.resource.parsers.general.ArgumentParser;
+import org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.resource.parsers.prototype.ClassPrototypeComponents;
+
+public class MethodInvokerExpressionParser implements ExpressionCallbackParser<MethodInvokerExpressionCallback> {
+
+    protected static final AbyssPattern PATTERN = new AbyssPatternBuilder()
+            .simpleHollow()
+            .unit(TokenType.SEPARATOR, "(")
+            .hollow()
+            .unit(TokenType.SEPARATOR, ")")
+            .lastIndexAlgorithm(true)
+            .build();
+
+    protected static final AbyssPattern CALL_PATTERN = new AbyssPatternBuilder()
+            .hollow()
+            .unit(TokenType.SEPARATOR, ".")
+            .simpleHollow()
+            .lastIndexAlgorithm(true)
+            .build();
+
+    private final Tokens instanceSource;
+    private final Tokens methodNameSource;
+    private final Tokens argumentsSource;
+
+    private MethodInvoker invoker;
+    private boolean voids;
+
+    public MethodInvokerExpressionParser(Tokens instanceSource, Tokens methodNameSource, Tokens argumentsSource) {
+        this.instanceSource = instanceSource;
+        this.methodNameSource = methodNameSource;
+        this.argumentsSource = argumentsSource;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void parse(@Nullable Tokens source, ParserData data) {
+        PandaScript script = data.getComponent(PandaComponents.PANDA_SCRIPT);
+        ModuleLoader registry = script.getModuleLoader();
+
+        Expression instance = null;
+        ClassPrototype prototype;
+
+        if (instanceSource != null) {
+            String surmiseClassName = instanceSource.asString();
+            prototype = registry.forClass(surmiseClassName).get();
+
+            if (prototype == null) {
+                instance = data.getComponent(PandaComponents.EXPRESSION).parse(data, instanceSource);
+                prototype = instance.getReturnType();
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            prototype = data.getComponent(ClassPrototypeComponents.CLASS_PROTOTYPE);
+            instance = ThisExpressionCallback.asExpression(prototype);
+        }
+
+        ArgumentParser argumentParser = new ArgumentParser();
+        Expression[] arguments = argumentParser.parse(data, argumentsSource);
+        ClassPrototype[] parameterTypes = ExpressionUtils.toTypes(arguments);
+
+        String methodName = methodNameSource.asString();
+        PrototypeMethod prototypeMethod = prototype.getMethods().getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
+
+        if (prototypeMethod == null) {
+            throw new PandaParserFailure("Class " + prototype.getClassName() + " does not have method " + methodName, data, methodNameSource);
+        }
+
+        if (!voids && prototypeMethod.isVoid()) {
+            throw new PandaParserFailure("Method " + prototypeMethod.getMethodName() + " returns nothing", data, methodNameSource);
+        }
+
+        this.invoker = new MethodInvoker(prototypeMethod, instance, arguments);
+    }
+
+    public void setVoids(boolean voids) {
+        this.voids = voids;
+    }
+
+    public MethodInvoker getInvoker() {
+        return invoker;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public MethodInvokerExpressionCallback toCallback() {
+        return new MethodInvokerExpressionCallback(invoker);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `registry.forClass(surmiseClassName)`  at line 79.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MethodInvokerExpressionParser.parse(Tokens,ParserData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.panda_lang.panda.framework.language.resource.parsers.expression.callbacks.invoker.MethodInvokerE.5ac863bff4a0602076b12567323f92c7
+
+### File:
+panda/src/main/java/org/panda_lang/panda/framework/language/resource/parsers/expression/callbacks/invoker/MethodInvokerExpressionParser.java
+
+### Key:
+MethodInvokerExpressionParser.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3442af1456cb5324245dc37b47d44129
+
+### Hash:
+c007d52f8af9339c71387c049c35b925
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5909/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5909/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc2e1c7364d4c4b29d1cf176beb8e5942eb1c91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5909/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** AdvancedAchievements
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.hm.achievement.config;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.inject.Named;
+import javax.inject.Singleton;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.text.StringEscapeUtils;
+import org.bukkit.Bukkit;
+import org.bukkit.ChatColor;
+import org.bukkit.configuration.InvalidConfigurationException;
+
+import com.hm.achievement.category.Category;
+import com.hm.achievement.category.CommandAchievements;
+import com.hm.achievement.category.MultipleAchievements;
+import com.hm.achievement.category.NormalAchievements;
+import com.hm.achievement.exception.PluginLoadError;
+import com.hm.achievement.utils.StringHelper;
+import com.hm.mcshared.file.CommentedYamlConfiguration;
+
+/**
+ * Class in charge of parsing the config.yml, lang.yml and gui.yml configuration files. It loads the files and populates
+ * common data structures used in other parts of the plugin. Basic validation is performed on the achievements.
+ *
+ * @author Pyves
+ */
+@Singleton
+public class ConfigurationParser {
+
+	private final CommentedYamlConfiguration mainConfig;
+	private final CommentedYamlConfiguration langConfig;
+	private final CommentedYamlConfiguration guiConfig;
+	private final FileUpdater fileUpdater;
+	private final Map<String, String> namesToDisplayNames;
+	private final Map<String, String> displayNamesToNames;
+	private final Map<String, List<Long>> sortedThresholds;
+	private final Set<Category> disabledCategories;
+	private final Set<String> enabledCategoriesWithSubcategories;
+	private final StringBuilder pluginHeader;
+	private final Logger logger;
+	private final int serverVersion;
+
+	@Inject
+	public ConfigurationParser(@Named("main") CommentedYamlConfiguration mainConfig,
+			@Named("lang") CommentedYamlConfiguration langConfig, @Named("gui") CommentedYamlConfiguration guiConfig,
+			FileUpdater fileUpdater, @Named("ntd") Map<String, String> namesToDisplayNames,
+			@Named("dtn") Map<String, String> displayNamesToNames, Map<String, List<Long>> sortedThresholds,
+			Set<Category> disabledCategories, Set<String> enabledCategoriesWithSubcategories, StringBuilder pluginHeader,
+			Logger logger, int serverVersion) {
+		this.mainConfig = mainConfig;
+		this.langConfig = langConfig;
+		this.guiConfig = guiConfig;
+		this.fileUpdater = fileUpdater;
+		this.namesToDisplayNames = namesToDisplayNames;
+		this.displayNamesToNames = displayNamesToNames;
+		this.sortedThresholds = sortedThresholds;
+		this.disabledCategories = disabledCategories;
+		this.enabledCategoriesWithSubcategories = enabledCategoriesWithSubcategories;
+		this.pluginHeader = pluginHeader;
+		this.logger = logger;
+		this.serverVersion = serverVersion;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads the files and populates common data structures used in other parts of the plugin. Performs basic validation
+	 * on the achievements.
+	 *
+	 * @throws PluginLoadError
+	 */
+	public void loadAndParseConfiguration() throws PluginLoadError {
+		logger.info("Loading and backing up configuration files...");
+		loadAndBackupConfiguration(mainConfig);
+		loadAndBackupConfiguration(langConfig);
+		loadAndBackupConfiguration(guiConfig);
+		updateOldConfigurations();
+		parseHeader();
+		parseDisabledCategories();
+		parseEnabledCategoriesWithSubcategories();
+		parseAchievements();
+		logLoadingMessages();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Loads and backs up a configuration file.
+	 *
+	 * @param configuration
+	 * @throws PluginLoadError
+	 */
+	private void loadAndBackupConfiguration(CommentedYamlConfiguration configuration) throws PluginLoadError {
+		try {
+			configuration.loadConfiguration();
+		} catch (IOException | InvalidConfigurationException e) {
+			throw new PluginLoadError("Failed to load " + configuration.getName()
+					+ ". Verify its syntax on yaml-online-parser.appspot.com and use the following logs.", e);
+		}
+
+		try {
+			configuration.backupConfiguration();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error while backing up " + configuration.getName() + ":", e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Calls the FileUpdater instance on the various configuration files.
+	 */
+	private void updateOldConfigurations() {
+		fileUpdater.updateOldConfiguration(mainConfig);
+		fileUpdater.updateOldLanguage(langConfig);
+		fileUpdater.updateOldGUI(guiConfig);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Parses the plugin's header, used throughout the project.
+	 */
+	private void parseHeader() {
+		pluginHeader.setLength(0);
+		String icon = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeJava(mainConfig.getString("Icon", "\u2618"));
+		if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(icon)) {
+			String coloredIcon = ChatColor.getByChar(mainConfig.getString("Color", "5")) + icon;
+			pluginHeader
+					.append(ChatColor.translateAlternateColorCodes('&',
+							StringUtils.replace(mainConfig.getString("ChatHeader", "&7[%ICON%&7]"), "%ICON%", coloredIcon)))
+					.append(" ");
+		}
+		pluginHeader.trimToSize();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts disabled categories from the configuration file.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws PluginLoadError
+	 */
+	private void parseDisabledCategories() throws PluginLoadError {
+		extractDisabledCategoriesFromConfig();
+		// Need PetMaster with a minimum version of 1.4 for PetMasterGive and PetMasterReceive categories.
+		if ((!disabledCategories.contains(NormalAchievements.PETMASTERGIVE)
+				|| !disabledCategories.contains(NormalAchievements.PETMASTERRECEIVE))
+				&& (!Bukkit.getPluginManager().isPluginEnabled("PetMaster") || Integer.parseInt(Character.toString(
+						Bukkit.getPluginManager().getPlugin("PetMaster").getDescription().getVersion().charAt(2))) < 4)) {
+			disabledCategories.add(NormalAchievements.PETMASTERGIVE);
+			disabledCategories.add(NormalAchievements.PETMASTERRECEIVE);
+			logger.warning("Overriding configuration: disabling PetMasterGive and PetMasterReceive categories.");
+			logger.warning(
+					"Ensure you have placed Pet Master with a minimum version of 1.4 in your plugins folder or add PetMasterGive and PetMasterReceive to the DisabledCategories list in config.yml.");
+		}
+		// Elytras introduced in Minecraft 1.9.
+		if (!disabledCategories.contains(NormalAchievements.DISTANCEGLIDING) && serverVersion < 9) {
+			disabledCategories.add(NormalAchievements.DISTANCEGLIDING);
+			logger.warning("Overriding configuration: disabling DistanceGliding category.");
+			logger.warning(
+					"Elytra are not available in your Minecraft version, please add DistanceGliding to the DisabledCategories list in config.yml.");
+		}
+		// Llamas introduced in Minecraft 1.11.
+		if (!disabledCategories.contains(NormalAchievements.DISTANCELLAMA) && serverVersion < 11) {
+			disabledCategories.add(NormalAchievements.DISTANCELLAMA);
+			logger.warning("Overriding configuration: disabling DistanceLlama category.");
+			logger.warning(
+					"Llamas not available in your Minecraft version, please add DistanceLlama to the DisabledCategories list in config.yml.");
+		}
+		// Breeding event introduced in Bukkit 1.10.2.
+		if (!disabledCategories.contains(MultipleAchievements.BREEDING) && serverVersion < 10) {
+			disabledCategories.add(MultipleAchievements.BREEDING);
+			logger.warning("Overriding configuration: disabling Breeding category.");
+			logger.warning(
+					"The breeding event is not available in your server version, please add Breeding to the DisabledCategories list in config.yml.");
+		}
+		// Proper ProjectileHitEvent introduced in Bukkit 1.11.
+		if (!disabledCategories.contains(MultipleAchievements.TARGETSSHOT) && serverVersion < 11) {
+			disabledCategories.add(MultipleAchievements.TARGETSSHOT);
+			logger.warning("Overriding configuration: disabling TargetsShot category.");
+			logger.warning(
+					"The projectile hit event is not fully available in your server version, please add TargetsShot to the DisabledCategories list in config.yml.");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs validation for the DisabledCategories list and maps the values to Category instances.
+	 * 
+	 * @throws PluginLoadError
+	 */
+	private void extractDisabledCategoriesFromConfig() throws PluginLoadError {
+		disabledCategories.clear();
+		for (String disabledCategory : mainConfig.getList("DisabledCategories")) {
+			Category category = CommandAchievements.COMMANDS.toString().equals(disabledCategory)
+					? CommandAchievements.COMMANDS
+					: null;
+			if (category == null) {
+				category = NormalAchievements.getByName(disabledCategory);
+			}
+			if (category == null) {
+				category = MultipleAchievements.getByName(disabledCategory);
+			}
+			if (category == null) {
+				List<String> allCategories = new ArrayList<>();
+				Arrays.stream(NormalAchievements.values()).forEach(n -> allCategories.add(n.toString()));
+				Arrays.stream(MultipleAchievements.values()).forEach(m -> allCategories.add(m.toString()));
+				allCategories.add(CommandAchievements.COMMANDS.toString());
+				throw new PluginLoadError("Category " + disabledCategory + " specified in DisabledCategories is misspelt. "
+						+ "Did you mean " + StringHelper.getClosestMatch(disabledCategory, allCategories) + "?");
+			}
+			disabledCategories.add(category);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Extracts all enabled categories from the configuration and adds subcategories if relevant. Ignores the Commands
+	 * category.
+	 */
+	private void parseEnabledCategoriesWithSubcategories() {
+		enabledCategoriesWithSubcategories.clear();
+		for (MultipleAchievements category : MultipleAchievements.values()) {
+			if (!disabledCategories.contains(category)) {
+				for (String subcategory : mainConfig.getShallowKeys(category.toString())) {
+					enabledCategoriesWithSubcategories.add(category + "." + StringUtils.deleteWhitespace(subcategory));
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		for (NormalAchievements category : NormalAchievements.values()) {
+			if (!disabledCategories.contains(category)) {
+				enabledCategoriesWithSubcategories.add(category.toString());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Goes through all the achievements for non-disabled categories.
+	 * 
+	 * Populates relevant data structures and performs basic validation.
+	 *
+	 * @throws PluginLoadError If an achievement fails to parse due to misconfiguration.
+	 */
+	private void parseAchievements() throws PluginLoadError {
+		namesToDisplayNames.clear();
+		displayNamesToNames.clear();
+		sortedThresholds.clear();
+
+		// Enumerate Commands achievements.
+		if (!disabledCategories.contains(CommandAchievements.COMMANDS)) {
+			Set<String> commands = mainConfig.getShallowKeys(CommandAchievements.COMMANDS.toString());
+			if (commands.isEmpty()) {
+				disabledCategories.add(CommandAchievements.COMMANDS);
+			} else {
+				for (String ach : commands) {
+					parseAchievement(CommandAchievements.COMMANDS + "." + ach);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Enumerate the normal achievements.
+		for (NormalAchievements category : NormalAchievements.values()) {
+			if (!disabledCategories.contains(category)) {
+				if (mainConfig.getShallowKeys(category.toString()).isEmpty()) {
+					disabledCategories.add(category);
+				} else {
+					parseAchievements(category.toString());
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Enumerate the achievements with multiple categories.
+		for (MultipleAchievements category : MultipleAchievements.values()) {
+			if (!disabledCategories.contains(category)) {
+				Set<String> keys = mainConfig.getShallowKeys(category.toString());
+				if (keys.isEmpty()) {
+					disabledCategories.add(category);
+				} else {
+					for (String section : keys) {
+						parseAchievements(category + "." + section);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Parses all achievements for a given category or category + subcategory. Populates the sortedThresholds map.
+	 *
+	 * @param path category or category.subcategory
+	 * @throws PluginLoadError If an achievement fails to parse due to misconfiguration.
+	 */
+	private void parseAchievements(String path) throws PluginLoadError {
+		Set<String> keys = mainConfig.getShallowKeys(path);
+		List<Long> thresholds = new ArrayList<>();
+		for (String threshold : keys) {
+			parseAchievement(path + "." + threshold);
+			thresholds.add(Long.valueOf(threshold));
+		}
+		thresholds.sort(null);
+		sortedThresholds.put(path, thresholds);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Performs validation for a single achievement and populates an entry in the namesToDisplayNames map.
+	 *
+	 * @param path
+	 * @throws PluginLoadError If the achievement fails to parse due to misconfiguration.
+	 */
+	private void parseAchievement(String path) throws PluginLoadError {
+		String achName = mainConfig.getString(path + ".Name");
+		if (achName == null) {
+			throw new PluginLoadError("Achievement with path (" + path + ") is missing its Name parameter in config.yml.");
+		} else if (namesToDisplayNames.containsKey(achName)) {
+			throw new PluginLoadError(
+					"Duplicate achievement Name (" + achName + "). " + "Please ensure each Name is unique in config.yml.");
+		} else if (mainConfig.getString(path + ".Message") == null) {
+			throw new PluginLoadError(
+					"Achievement with path (" + path + ") is missing its Message parameter in config.yml.");
+		} else {
+			namesToDisplayNames.put(achName, mainConfig.getString(path + ".DisplayName", ""));
+			String formattedDisplayName = StringHelper
+					.removeFormattingCodes(mainConfig.getString(path + ".DisplayName", achName)).toLowerCase();
+			displayNamesToNames.put(formattedDisplayName, achName);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void logLoadingMessages() {
+		int disabledCategoryCount = disabledCategories.size();
+		int categories = NormalAchievements.values().length + MultipleAchievements.values().length + 1
+				- disabledCategoryCount;
+		logger.info("Loaded " + namesToDisplayNames.size() + " achievements in " + categories + " categories.");
+
+		if (!disabledCategories.isEmpty()) {
+			String noun = disabledCategoryCount == 1 ? "category" : "categories";
+			logger.info(disabledCategoryCount + " disabled " + noun + ": " + disabledCategories.toString());
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getPluginManager().getPlugin("PetMaster")`  at line 149.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ConfigurationParser.parseDisabledCategories()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.hm.achievement.config.ConfigurationParser.parseDisabledCategories():void.47912de0b166fd42cf7bb3c30ea575b2
+
+### File:
+advanced-achievements-plugin/src/main/java/com/hm/achievement/config/ConfigurationParser.java
+
+### Key:
+ConfigurationParser.java|parseDisabledCategories|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+d504e7882e6c386b04c2d8b950ffd764
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5931/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5931/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d88e45a2b0d56619646b9a40bd20dacebdc7461d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5931/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-elasticsearch
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to David Pilato (the "Author") under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership. Author licenses this
+ * file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package fr.pilato.spring.elasticsearch;
+
+import fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.index.IndexFinder;
+import fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.template.TemplateFinder;
+import fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.type.TypeFinder;
+import fr.pilato.spring.elasticsearch.proxy.GenericInvocationHandler;
+import org.elasticsearch.client.Client;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.FactoryBean;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean;
+import org.springframework.util.Assert;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+
+import static fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.alias.AliasElasticsearchUpdater.createAlias;
+import static fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.index.IndexElasticsearchUpdater.createIndex;
+import static fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.index.IndexElasticsearchUpdater.updateSettings;
+import static fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.template.TemplateElasticsearchUpdater.createTemplate;
+import static fr.pilato.elasticsearch.tools.type.TypeElasticsearchUpdater.createMapping;
+
+/**
+ * An abstract {@link FactoryBean} used to create an ElasticSearch
+ * {@link Client}.
+ * <p>
+ * The lifecycle of the underlying {@link Client} instance is tied to the
+ * lifecycle of the bean via the {@link #destroy()} method which calls
+ * {@link Client#close()}
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * You can define properties for this bean that will help to auto create indexes
+ * and types.
+ * <br>
+ * By default, the factory will load a es.properties file in the classloader. It will
+ * contains all information needed for your client, e.g.: cluster.name
+ * <br>
+ * If you want to  modify the filename used for properties, just define the settingsFile property.
+ * <p>In the following example, we will create two indexes :</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>twitter
+ *   <li>rss
+ * </ul>
+ * twitter index will contain a type :
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>tweet
+ * </ul>
+ * rss index will contain two types :
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>feed
+ *   <li>source
+ * </ul>
+ * Then we will define an alias alltheworld for twitter and rss indexes.
+ *
+ * <pre>
+ * {@code
+ *  <bean id="esClient"
+ *    class="fr.pilato.spring.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchTransportClientFactoryBean" >
+ *    <property name="mappings">
+ *      <list>
+ *        <value>twitter/tweet</value>
+ *        <value>rss/feed</value>
+ *        <value>rss/source</value>
+ *      </list>
+ *    </property>
+ *    <property name="aliases">
+ *      <list>
+ *        <value>alltheworld:twitter</value>
+ *        <value>alltheworld:rss</value>
+ *      </list>
+ *    </property>
+ *    <property name="templates">
+ *      <list>
+ *        <value>rss_template</value>
+ *      </list>
+ *    </property>    
+ *    <property name="forceMapping" value="false" />
+ *    <property name="mergeMapping" value="true" />
+ *    <property name="forceTemplate" value="false" />    
+ *    <property name="mergeSettings" value="true" />
+ *    <property name="settingsFile" value="es.properties" />
+ *    <property name="autoscan" value="false" />
+ *  </bean>
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * By default, indexes are created with their default Elasticsearch settings. You can specify 
+ * your own settings for your index by putting a /es/indexname/_settings.json in your classpath.
+ * <br>
+ * So if you create a file named /es/twitter/_settings.json in your src/main/resources folder (for maven lovers),
+ * it will be used by the factory to create the twitter index.
+ * <pre>
+ * {
+ *   "index" : {
+ *     "number_of_shards" : 3,
+ *     "number_of_replicas" : 2
+ *   }
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ * By default, types are not created and wait for the first document you send to Elasticsearch (auto mapping). 
+ * But, if you define a file named /es/indexname/type.json in your classpath, the type will be created at startup using
+ * the type definition you give.
+ * <br>
+ * So if you create a file named /es/twitter/tweet.json in your src/main/resources folder (for maven lovers),
+ * it will be used by the factory to create the tweet type in twitter index.
+ * <pre>
+ * {
+ *   "tweet" : {
+ *     "properties" : {
+ *       "message" : {"type" : "string", "store" : "yes"}
+ *     }
+ *   }
+ * }
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * By convention, the factory will create all settings and mappings found under the /es classpath.<br>
+ * You can disable convention and use configuration by setting autoscan to false.
+ * 
+ * @see ElasticsearchTransportClientFactoryBean to get a *simple* client.
+ * @see ElasticsearchClientFactoryBean to get a client from a cluster node.
+ * @author David Pilato
+ */
+public abstract class ElasticsearchAbstractClientFactoryBean extends ElasticsearchAbstractFactoryBean 
+	implements FactoryBean<Client>,	InitializingBean, DisposableBean {
+
+	private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ElasticsearchAbstractClientFactoryBean.class);
+
+	protected Client client;
+	protected Client proxyfiedClient;
+
+	protected boolean forceMapping;
+	
+	protected boolean forceTemplate;
+	
+	protected boolean mergeMapping;
+	
+	protected boolean mergeSettings = true;
+	
+	protected boolean autoscan = true;
+	
+	protected String[] mappings;
+
+	protected String[] aliases;
+	
+	protected String[] templates;
+	
+	protected String classpathRoot = "es";
+	
+	/**
+	 * Implement this method to build a client
+	 * @return ES Client
+	 * @throws Exception if something goes wrong
+	 */
+	abstract protected Client buildClient() throws Exception;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set to true if you want to force reinit indexes/mapping
+	 * @param forceMapping
+	 */
+	public void setForceMapping(boolean forceMapping) {
+		this.forceMapping = forceMapping;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true if you want to force recreate templates
+	 * 
+	 * @param forceTemplate
+	 */
+	public void setForceTemplate(boolean forceTemplate) {
+		this.forceTemplate = forceTemplate;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set to true if you want to try to merge mappings
+	 * @param mergeMapping
+	 */
+	public void setMergeMapping(boolean mergeMapping) {
+		this.mergeMapping = mergeMapping;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Set to true if you want to try to merge index settings
+	 * @param mergeSettings
+	 */
+	public void setMergeSettings(boolean mergeSettings) {
+		this.mergeSettings = mergeSettings;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Set to false if you want to use configuration instead of convention.
+	 * @param autoscan
+	 */
+	public void setAutoscan(boolean autoscan) {
+		this.autoscan = autoscan;
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Define mappings you want to manage with this factory
+	 * <br>use : indexname/mappingname form
+	 * <p>Example :</p>
+ 	 * <pre>
+	 * {@code
+	 * <property name="mappings">
+     *  <list>
+     *   <value>twitter/tweet</value>
+     *   <value>rss/feed</value>
+     *   <value>rss/source</value>
+     *  </list>
+     * </property>
+	 * }
+	 * </pre>
+	 * @param mappings Array of indexname/mappingname
+	 */
+	public void setMappings(String[] mappings) {
+		this.mappings = mappings;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Define aliases you want to manage with this factory
+	 * <br>use : aliasname:indexname form
+	 * <p>Example :</p>
+ 	 * <pre>
+	 * {@code
+	 * <property name="aliases">
+     *  <list>
+     *   <value>alltheworld:twitter</value>
+     *   <value>alltheworld:rss</value>
+     *  </list>
+     * </property>
+	 * }
+	 * </pre>
+	 * @param aliases alias array of aliasname:indexname
+	 */
+	public void setAliases(String[] aliases) {
+		this.aliases = aliases;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Define templates you want to manage with this factory
+	 * <p>Example :</p>
+	 * 
+	 * <pre>
+	 * {@code
+	 * <property name="templates">
+	 *  <list>
+	 *   <value>template_1</value>
+	 *   <value>template_2</value>
+	 *  </list>
+	 * </property>
+	 * }
+	 * </pre>
+	 * 
+	 * @param templates list of template
+	 */
+	public void setTemplates(String[] templates) {
+		this.templates = templates;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Classpath root for index and mapping files (default : /es)
+	 * <p>Example :</p>
+ 	 * <pre>
+	 * {@code
+	 * <property name="classpathRoot" value="/es" />
+	 * }
+	 * </pre>
+	 * That means that the factory will look in es folder to find index and mappings settings.
+	 * <br>So if you want to define a mapping for the tweet mapping in the twitter index, you
+	 * should put a tweet.json file under /es/twitter/ folder.
+	 * @param classpathRoot Classpath root for index and mapping files
+	 * @see #setMappings(String[])
+	 */
+	public void setClasspathRoot(String classpathRoot) {
+		// For compatibility reasons, we need to convert "/classpathroot" to "classpathroot"
+		if (classpathRoot.startsWith("/")) {
+			this.classpathRoot = classpathRoot.substring(1, classpathRoot.length());
+		} else {
+
+			this.classpathRoot = classpathRoot;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
+		logger.info("Starting ElasticSearch client");
+		
+		if (async) {
+			Assert.notNull(taskExecutor);
+			Future<Client> future = taskExecutor.submit(new Callable<Client>() {
+				@Override
+				public Client call() throws Exception {
+					return initialize();
+				}
+			});
+
+			ProxyFactory proxyFactory = new ProxyFactory();
+			proxyFactory.setProxyTargetClass(true);
+			proxyFactory.setTargetClass(Client.class);
+			proxyFactory.addAdvice(new GenericInvocationHandler(future));
+			proxyfiedClient = (Client) proxyFactory.getProxy();
+		} else {
+			client = initialize();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private Client initialize() throws Exception {
+		client = buildClient();
+		// TODO Only wait for potential indices
+		client.admin().cluster().prepareHealth().setWaitForYellowStatus().get();
+		if (autoscan) {
+			computeMappings();
+			computeTemplates();
+		}
+		initTemplates();	
+		initMappings();
+		initAliases();
+
+		return client;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void destroy() throws Exception {
+		try {
+			logger.info("Closing ElasticSearch client");
+			if (client != null) {
+				client.close();
+			}
+		} catch (final Exception e) {
+			logger.error("Error closing ElasticSearch client: ", e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Client getObject() throws Exception {
+		return async ? proxyfiedClient : client;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Class<Client> getObjectType() {
+		return Client.class;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isSingleton() {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Init templates if needed.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Note that you can force to recreate template using
+	 * {@link #setForceTemplate(boolean)}
+	 * 
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	private void initTemplates() throws Exception {
+		if (templates != null && templates.length > 0) {
+			for (int i = 0; i < templates.length; i++) {
+				String template = templates[i];
+				Assert.hasText(template, "Can not read template in ["
+						+ templates[i]
+						+ "]. Check that templates is not empty.");
+				createTemplate(client, classpathRoot, template, forceTemplate);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * We use convention over configuration : see https://github.com/dadoonet/spring-elasticsearch/issues/3
+	 */
+	private void computeMappings() {
+		if (mappings == null || mappings.length == 0) {
+			if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+				logger.debug("Automatic discovery is activated. Looking for definition files in classpath under [{}].",
+						classpathRoot);
+			}
+
+			ArrayList<String> autoMappings = new ArrayList<>();
+
+			try {
+				// Let's scan our resources
+				Collection<String> indices = IndexFinder.findIndexNames(classpathRoot);
+				for (String index : indices) {
+					Collection<String> types = TypeFinder.findTypes(classpathRoot, index);
+					if (types.isEmpty()) {
+						autoMappings.add(index);
+					} else {
+						for (String type : types) {
+							autoMappings.add(index+"/"+type);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				
+				mappings = autoMappings.toArray(new String[autoMappings.size()]);
+			} catch (IOException|URISyntaxException e) {
+				logger.debug("Automatic discovery does not succeed for finding json files in classpath under " + classpathRoot + ".");
+				logger.trace("", e);
+            }
+        }
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * We use convention over configuration : see https://github.com/dadoonet/spring-elasticsearch/issues/3
+	 */
+	private void computeTemplates() {
+		if (templates == null || templates.length == 0) {
+			if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+				logger.debug("Automatic discovery is activated. Looking for template files in classpath under [{}].",
+						classpathRoot);
+			}
+
+			ArrayList<String> autoTemplates = new ArrayList<>();
+
+			try {
+				// Let's scan our resources
+				List<String> scannedTemplates = TemplateFinder.findTemplates(classpathRoot);
+				for (String template : scannedTemplates) {
+					autoTemplates.add(template);
+				}
+
+				templates = autoTemplates.toArray(new String[autoTemplates.size()]);
+			} catch (IOException|URISyntaxException e) {
+				logger.debug("Automatic discovery does not succeed for finding json files in classpath under " + classpathRoot + ".");
+				logger.trace("", e);
+            }
+        }
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Init mapping if needed.
+	 * <p>Note that you can force to reinit mapping using {@link #setForceMapping(boolean)}
+	 * @throws Exception 
+	 */
+	private void initMappings() throws Exception {
+		checkClient();
+		// We extract indexes and mappings to manage from mappings definition
+		if (mappings != null && mappings.length > 0) {
+			Map<String, Collection<String>> indexes = new HashMap<>();
+			
+			for (int i = 0; i < mappings.length; i++) {
+				String indexmapping = mappings[i];
+				String[] indexmappingsplitted = indexmapping.split("/");
+				String index = indexmappingsplitted[0];
+
+                if (index == null) throw new Exception("Can not read index in [" + indexmapping +
+                        "]. Check that mappings contains only indexname/mappingname elements.");
+
+                // We add the mapping in the collection of its index
+                if (!indexes.containsKey(index)) {
+                    indexes.put(index, new ArrayList<String>());
+                }
+
+                if (indexmappingsplitted.length > 1) {
+                    String mapping = indexmappingsplitted[1];
+                    indexes.get(index).add(mapping);
+                }
+			}
+			
+			// Let's initialize indexes and mappings if needed
+			for (String index : indexes.keySet()) {
+				createIndex(client, classpathRoot, index, forceMapping);
+				if (mergeSettings) {
+					updateSettings(client, classpathRoot, index);
+				}
+
+				Collection<String> mappings = indexes.get(index);
+				for (Iterator<String> iterator = mappings.iterator(); iterator
+						.hasNext();) {
+					String type = iterator.next();
+					createMapping(client, classpathRoot, index, type, mergeMapping);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Init aliases if needed.
+	 * @throws Exception 
+	 */
+	private void initAliases() throws Exception {
+		if (aliases != null && aliases.length > 0) {
+			for (int i = 0; i < aliases.length; i++) {
+				String[] aliasessplitted = aliases[i].split(":");
+				String alias = aliasessplitted[0];
+				String index = aliasessplitted[1];
+				
+				if (index == null) throw new Exception("Can not read index in [" + aliases[i] + 
+						"]. Check that aliases contains only aliasname:indexname elements.");
+				if (alias == null) throw new Exception("Can not read mapping in [" + aliases[i] + 
+						"]. Check that aliases contains only aliasname:indexname elements.");
+
+				createAlias(client, alias, index);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if client is still here !
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	private void checkClient() throws Exception {
+		if (client == null) {
+			throw new Exception("ElasticSearch client doesn't exist. Your factory is not properly initialized.");
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `mappings` last assigned on line 491 could be null and is dereferenced at line 492.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ElasticsearchAbstractClientFactoryBean.initMappings()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fr.pilato.spring.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchAbstractClientFactoryBean.initMappings():void.955b2e4eba63728ce927f82dafcb31b7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/fr/pilato/spring/elasticsearch/ElasticsearchAbstractClientFactoryBean.java
+
+### Key:
+ElasticsearchAbstractClientFactoryBean.java|initMappings|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+ed434fbb5525296914a3c95e06ae3b10
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-5936/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-5936/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..335911bf52bf8bbbd3bc84ec6df2143c0f228510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-5936/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** netty-socketio
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2019 Nikita Koksharov
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.corundumstudio.socketio.parser;
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
+import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.corundumstudio.socketio.Configuration;
+import com.corundumstudio.socketio.protocol.JacksonJsonSupport;
+import com.corundumstudio.socketio.protocol.Packet;
+import com.corundumstudio.socketio.protocol.PacketDecoder;
+import com.corundumstudio.socketio.protocol.PacketEncoder;
+import com.corundumstudio.socketio.protocol.PacketType;
+
+public class PayloadTest {
+
+    private final JacksonJsonSupport support = new JacksonJsonSupport();
+    private final PacketDecoder decoder = new PacketDecoder(support, null);
+    private final PacketEncoder encoder = new PacketEncoder(new Configuration(), support);
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPayloadDecode() throws IOException {
+        ByteBuf buffer = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer("\ufffd5\ufffd3:::5\ufffd7\ufffd3:::53d\ufffd3\ufffd0::".getBytes());
+        List<Packet> payload = new ArrayList<Packet>();
+        while (buffer.isReadable()) {
+            Packet packet = decoder.decodePackets(buffer, null);
+            payload.add(packet);
+        }
+
+        Assert.assertEquals(3, payload.size());
+        Packet msg1 = payload.get(0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(PacketType.MESSAGE, msg1.getType());
+        Assert.assertEquals("5", msg1.getData());
+        Packet msg2 = payload.get(1);
+        Assert.assertEquals(PacketType.MESSAGE, msg2.getType());
+        Assert.assertEquals("53d", msg2.getData());
+        Packet msg3 = payload.get(2);
+        Assert.assertEquals(PacketType.DISCONNECT, msg3.getType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPayloadEncode() throws IOException {
+        Queue<Packet> packets = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Packet>();
+        Packet packet1 = new Packet(PacketType.MESSAGE);
+        packet1.setData("5");
+        packets.add(packet1);
+
+        Packet packet2 = new Packet(PacketType.MESSAGE);
+        packet2.setData("53d");
+        packets.add(packet2);
+
+        ByteBuf result = Unpooled.buffer();
+//        encoder.encodePackets(packets, result, UnpooledByteBufAllocator.DEFAULT);
+        Assert.assertEquals("\ufffd5\ufffd3:::5\ufffd7\ufffd3:::53d", result.toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDecodingNewline() throws IOException {
+        Packet packet = decoder.decodePacket("3:::\n", null);
+        Assert.assertEquals(PacketType.MESSAGE, packet.getType());
+        Assert.assertEquals("\n", packet.getData());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `packet` last assigned on line 82 could be null and is dereferenced at line 83.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PayloadTest.testDecodingNewline()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.corundumstudio.socketio.parser.PayloadTest.testDecodingNewline():void.c5ffcf202462bc43b6ce82553a5839d1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/corundumstudio/socketio/parser/PayloadTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PayloadTest.java|testDecodingNewline|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0c3ef2102c9a4eccc579e7c5e6a2b9c8
+
+### Hash:
+b0151ca8095a6476f65ffcd04ed658f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6002/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6002/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..938577e5ad61835f5869139f52b5421815ec3bc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6002/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** seata
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 1999-2018 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.alibaba.fescar.config;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import com.alibaba.fescar.common.thread.NamedThreadFactory;
+import com.alibaba.fescar.config.ConfigFuture.ConfigOperation;
+
+import com.typesafe.config.Config;
+import com.typesafe.config.ConfigFactory;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * The type FileConfiguration.
+ *
+ * @Author: jimin.jm @alibaba-inc.com
+ * @Project: fescar-all
+ * @DateTime: 2018 /9/10 11:34
+ * @FileName: FileConfiguration
+ * @Description:
+ */
+public class FileConfiguration implements Configuration {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FileConfiguration.class);
+
+    private static final Config CONFIG = ConfigFactory.load();
+
+    private ExecutorService configOperateExecutor;
+
+    private static final int CORE_CONFIG_OPERATE_THREAD = 1;
+
+    private static final int MAX_CONFIG_OPERATE_THREAD = 2;
+
+    private static final long DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT = 5 * 1000;
+
+    /**
+     * Instantiates a new File configuration.
+     */
+    public FileConfiguration() {
+        configOperateExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_CONFIG_OPERATE_THREAD, MAX_CONFIG_OPERATE_THREAD,
+            Integer.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(),
+            new NamedThreadFactory("configOperate", MAX_CONFIG_OPERATE_THREAD, true));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getInt(String dataId, int defaultValue, long timeoutMills) {
+        String result = getConfig(dataId, String.valueOf(defaultValue), timeoutMills);
+        return Integer.valueOf(result).intValue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getInt(String dataId, int defaultValue) {
+        return getInt(dataId, defaultValue, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getInt(String dataId) {
+        return getInt(dataId, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLong(String dataId, long defaultValue, long timeoutMills) {
+        String result = getConfig(dataId, String.valueOf(defaultValue), timeoutMills);
+        return Long.valueOf(result).longValue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLong(String dataId, long defaultValue) {
+        return getLong(dataId, defaultValue, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLong(String dataId) {
+        return getLong(dataId, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean getBoolean(String dataId, boolean defaultValue, long timeoutMills) {
+        String result = getConfig(dataId, String.valueOf(defaultValue), timeoutMills);
+        return Boolean.valueOf(result).booleanValue();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean getBoolean(String dataId, boolean defaultValue) {
+        return getBoolean(dataId, defaultValue, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean getBoolean(String dataId) {
+        return getBoolean(dataId, false);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfig(String dataId, String defaultValue, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, defaultValue, ConfigOperation.GET, timeoutMills);
+        configOperateExecutor.submit(new ConfigOperateRunnable(configFuture));
+        return (String)configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfig(String dataId, String defaultValue) {
+        return getConfig(dataId, defaultValue, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfig(String dataId, long timeoutMills) {
+        return getConfig(dataId, null, timeoutMills);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfig(String dataId) {
+        return getConfig(dataId, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean putConfig(String dataId, String content, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, content, ConfigOperation.PUT, timeoutMills);
+        configOperateExecutor.submit(new ConfigOperateRunnable(configFuture));
+        return (Boolean)configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean putConfig(String dataId, String content) {
+        return putConfig(dataId, content, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean putConfigIfAbsent(String dataId, String content, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, content, ConfigOperation.PUTIFABSENT, timeoutMills);
+        configOperateExecutor.submit(new ConfigOperateRunnable(configFuture));
+        return (Boolean)configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean putConfigIfAbsent(String dataId, String content) {
+        return putConfigIfAbsent(dataId, content, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeConfig(String dataId, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, null, ConfigOperation.REMOVE, timeoutMills);
+        configOperateExecutor.submit(new ConfigOperateRunnable(configFuture));
+        return (Boolean)configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeConfig(String dataId) {
+        return removeConfig(dataId, DEFAULT_CONFIG_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addConfigListener(String dataId, ConfigChangeListener listener) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeConfigListener(String dataId, ConfigChangeListener listener) {
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The type Config operate runnable.
+     */
+    class ConfigOperateRunnable implements Runnable {
+
+        private ConfigFuture configFuture;
+
+        /**
+         * Instantiates a new Config operate runnable.
+         *
+         * @param configFuture the config future
+         */
+        public ConfigOperateRunnable(ConfigFuture configFuture) {
+            this.configFuture = configFuture;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (null != configFuture) {
+                if (configFuture.isTimeout()) {
+                    setFailResult(configFuture);
+                }
+                if (configFuture.getOperation() == ConfigOperation.GET) {
+                    String result = CONFIG.getString(configFuture.getDataId());
+                    configFuture.setResult(result == null ? configFuture.getContent() : result);
+                } else if (configFuture.getOperation() == ConfigOperation.PUT) {
+                    //todo
+                    configFuture.setResult(Boolean.TRUE);
+                } else if (configFuture.getOperation() == ConfigOperation.PUTIFABSENT) {
+                    //todo
+                    configFuture.setResult(Boolean.TRUE);
+                } else if (configFuture.getOperation() == ConfigOperation.REMOVE) {
+                    //todo
+                    configFuture.setResult(Boolean.TRUE);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void setFailResult(ConfigFuture configFuture) {
+            if (configFuture.getOperation() == ConfigOperation.GET) {
+                String result = configFuture.getContent();
+                configFuture.setResult(result);
+            } else {
+                configFuture.setResult(Boolean.FALSE);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `configFuture.get()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 162.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean FileConfiguration.removeConfig(String,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alibaba.fescar.config.FileConfiguration.removeConfig(java.lang.String,long):boolean.54d0553bdd0acfc02afefaf456b991b5
+
+### File:
+config/src/main/java/com/alibaba/fescar/config/FileConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+FileConfiguration.java|removeConfig|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aef15f436bc21a6a19eb4bec819df767
+
+### Hash:
+50b8b60888c9176f3eb6f44495cdd41d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6005/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6005/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6914638e441d553568db7c570e3f10e1ec7a7eae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6005/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** seata
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 1999-2019 Seata.io Group.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.seata.config.consul;
+
+import com.ecwid.consul.v1.ConsulClient;
+import com.ecwid.consul.v1.QueryParams;
+import com.ecwid.consul.v1.Response;
+import com.ecwid.consul.v1.kv.model.GetValue;
+import com.ecwid.consul.v1.kv.model.PutParams;
+import io.seata.common.thread.NamedThreadFactory;
+import io.seata.config.AbstractConfiguration;
+import io.seata.config.ConfigChangeListener;
+import io.seata.config.ConfigFuture;
+import io.seata.config.Configuration;
+import io.seata.config.ConfigurationFactory;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static io.seata.config.ConfigurationKeys.FILE_CONFIG_SPLIT_CHAR;
+import static io.seata.config.ConfigurationKeys.FILE_ROOT_CONFIG;
+
+/**
+ * @author xingfudeshi@gmail.com
+ * @date 2019/05/05
+ */
+public class ConsulConfiguration extends AbstractConfiguration<ConfigChangeListener> {
+    private volatile static ConsulConfiguration instance;
+    private volatile static ConsulClient client;
+
+    private static final Configuration FILE_CONFIG = ConfigurationFactory.CURRENT_FILE_INSTANCE;
+    private static final String SERVER_ADDR_KEY = "serverAddr";
+    private static final String CONFIG_TYPE = "consul";
+    private static final String FILE_CONFIG_KEY_PREFIX = FILE_ROOT_CONFIG + FILE_CONFIG_SPLIT_CHAR + CONFIG_TYPE + FILE_CONFIG_SPLIT_CHAR;
+    private static final int THREAD_POOL_NUM = 1;
+    private static final int MAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 8;
+    private static ExecutorService consulConfigExecutor = null;
+    private static ExecutorService consulNotifierExecutor = null;
+    private static ConcurrentMap<String, List<ConfigChangeListener>> configListenersMap = null;
+    private static ConcurrentMap<String, List<ConfigChangeNotifier>> configChangeNotifiersMap = null;
+
+    /**
+     * default watch timeout in second
+     */
+    private static final int DEFAULT_WATCH_TIMEOUT = 60;
+    private static final long CAS = 0L;
+
+
+    private ConsulConfiguration() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * get instance
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static ConsulConfiguration getInstance() {
+        if (null == instance) {
+            synchronized (ConsulConfiguration.class) {
+                if (null == instance) {
+                    consulConfigExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(THREAD_POOL_NUM, THREAD_POOL_NUM,
+                        Integer.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(), new NamedThreadFactory("consul-config-executor", THREAD_POOL_NUM));
+                    consulNotifierExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(THREAD_POOL_NUM, THREAD_POOL_NUM,
+                        Integer.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(), new NamedThreadFactory("consul-notifier-executor", THREAD_POOL_NUM));
+                    configListenersMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(MAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
+                    configChangeNotifiersMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(MAP_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
+                    instance = new ConsulConfiguration();
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public String getConfig(String dataId, String defaultValue, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, defaultValue, ConfigFuture.ConfigOperation.GET, timeoutMills);
+        consulConfigExecutor.execute(() -> {
+            complete(getConsulClient().getKVValue(dataId), configFuture);
+        });
+        return (String) configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean putConfig(String dataId, String content, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, content, ConfigFuture.ConfigOperation.PUT, timeoutMills);
+        consulConfigExecutor.execute(() -> {
+            complete(getConsulClient().setKVValue(dataId, content), configFuture);
+        });
+        return (Boolean) configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean putConfigIfAbsent(String dataId, String content, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, content, ConfigFuture.ConfigOperation.PUTIFABSENT, timeoutMills);
+        consulConfigExecutor.execute(() -> {
+            PutParams putParams = new PutParams();
+            //Setting CAS to 0 means that this is an atomic operation, created when key does not exist.
+            putParams.setCas(CAS);
+            complete(getConsulClient().setKVValue(dataId, content, putParams), configFuture);
+        });
+        return (Boolean) configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean removeConfig(String dataId, long timeoutMills) {
+        ConfigFuture configFuture = new ConfigFuture(dataId, null, ConfigFuture.ConfigOperation.REMOVE, timeoutMills);
+        consulConfigExecutor.execute(() -> {
+            complete(getConsulClient().deleteKVValue(dataId), configFuture);
+        });
+        return (Boolean) configFuture.get();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addConfigListener(String dataId, ConfigChangeListener listener) {
+        configListenersMap.putIfAbsent(dataId, new ArrayList<>());
+        configChangeNotifiersMap.putIfAbsent(dataId, new ArrayList<>());
+        ConfigChangeNotifier configChangeNotifier = new ConfigChangeNotifier(dataId, listener);
+        configChangeNotifiersMap.get(dataId).add(configChangeNotifier);
+        if (null != listener.getExecutor()) {
+            listener.getExecutor().submit(configChangeNotifier);
+        } else {
+            consulConfigExecutor.submit(configChangeNotifier);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeConfigListener(String dataId, ConfigChangeListener listener) {
+        List<ConfigChangeListener> configChangeListeners = getConfigListeners(dataId);
+        if (configChangeListeners == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        List<ConfigChangeListener> newChangeListenerList = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (ConfigChangeListener changeListener : configChangeListeners) {
+            if (!changeListener.equals(listener)) {
+                newChangeListenerList.add(changeListener);
+            }
+        }
+        configListenersMap.put(dataId, newChangeListenerList);
+        if (null != listener.getExecutor()) {
+            listener.getExecutor().shutdownNow();
+        }
+        //remove and stop the configChangeNotifier
+        List<ConfigChangeNotifier> configChangeNotifiers = configChangeNotifiersMap.get(dataId);
+        List<ConfigChangeNotifier> newConfigChangeNotifiers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (ConfigChangeNotifier configChangeNotifier : configChangeNotifiers) {
+            if (!listener.equals(configChangeNotifier.getListener())) {
+                newConfigChangeNotifiers.add(configChangeNotifier);
+            } else {
+                configChangeNotifier.stop();
+            }
+        }
+        configChangeNotifiersMap.put(dataId, newConfigChangeNotifiers);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ConfigChangeListener> getConfigListeners(String dataId) {
+        return configListenersMap.get(dataId);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        return CONFIG_TYPE;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * get consul client
+     *
+     * @return client
+     */
+    private static ConsulClient getConsulClient() {
+        if (null == client) {
+            synchronized (ConsulConfiguration.class) {
+                if (null == client) {
+                    client = new ConsulClient(FILE_CONFIG.getConfig(FILE_CONFIG_KEY_PREFIX + SERVER_ADDR_KEY));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return client;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * complete the future
+     *
+     * @param response
+     * @param configFuture
+     */
+    private void complete(Response response, ConfigFuture configFuture) {
+        Object value = response.getValue();
+        if (null != response && null != value) {
+            if (value instanceof GetValue) {
+                configFuture.setResult(((GetValue) response.getValue()).getDecodedValue());
+            } else {
+                configFuture.setResult(response.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * the type config change notifier
+     */
+    private static class ConfigChangeNotifier implements Runnable {
+        private final String dataId;
+        private final ConfigChangeListener listener;
+        private long consulIndex;
+        private boolean running;
+
+        public ConfigChangeNotifier(String dataId, ConfigChangeListener listener) {
+            this.dataId = dataId;
+            this.listener = listener;
+            this.consulIndex = getConsulClient().getKVValue(this.dataId).getConsulIndex();
+            this.running = true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * get the listener
+         *
+         * @return
+         */
+        public ConfigChangeListener getListener() {
+            return this.listener;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            while (running) {
+                process();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * process
+         */
+        private void process() {
+            QueryParams queryParams = new QueryParams(DEFAULT_WATCH_TIMEOUT, consulIndex);
+            Response<GetValue> response = getConsulClient().getKVValue(this.dataId, queryParams);
+            Long currentIndex = response.getConsulIndex();
+            if (currentIndex != null && currentIndex > consulIndex) {
+                GetValue getValue = response.getValue();
+                consulIndex = currentIndex;
+                for (ConfigChangeListener listener : configListenersMap.get(this.dataId)) {
+                    listener.receiveConfigInfo(getValue.getDecodedValue());
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * stop the notifier
+         */
+        public void stop() {
+            this.running = false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `io.seata.config.consul.ConsulConfiguration.getConfig` reads without synchronization from `consul.ConsulConfiguration.io.seata.config.consul.ConsulConfiguration.consulConfigExecutor`. Potentially races with write in method `ConsulConfiguration.getInstance()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String ConsulConfiguration.getConfig(String,String,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.seata.config.consul.ConsulConfiguration.getConfig(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,long):java.la.1f2d883acd2d288b59bb68984dd71fbd
+
+### File:
+config/seata-config-consul/src/main/java/io/seata/config/consul/ConsulConfiguration.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsulConfiguration.java|getConfig|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d937d2d0cb5e2f8f163cb11b6299553f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6033/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6033/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6096e933fa5e7cff0ef929109de49a02da30143
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6033/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.util;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.MetaDataMutationResult;
+import org.apache.phoenix.execute.MutationState;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.PhoenixTransactionContext;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.PhoenixTransactionalTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.TephraTransactionTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.TransactionFactory;
+import org.apache.tephra.util.TxUtils;
+
+public class TransactionUtil {
+    private TransactionUtil() {
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean isTransactionalTimestamp(long ts) {
+        return !TxUtils.isPreExistingVersion(ts);
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean isDelete(Cell cell) {
+        return (CellUtil.matchingValue(cell, HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY));
+    }
+    
+    public static long convertToNanoseconds(long serverTimeStamp) {
+        return serverTimeStamp * TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().getMaxTransactionsPerSecond();
+    }
+    
+    public static long convertToMilliseconds(long serverTimeStamp) {
+        return serverTimeStamp / TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().getMaxTransactionsPerSecond();
+    }
+    
+    public static PhoenixTransactionalTable getPhoenixTransactionTable(PhoenixTransactionContext phoenixTransactionContext, Table htable, PTable pTable) {
+        return new TephraTransactionTable(phoenixTransactionContext, htable, pTable);
+    }
+    
+    // we resolve transactional tables at the txn read pointer
+	public static long getResolvedTimestamp(PhoenixConnection connection, boolean isTransactional, long defaultResolvedTimestamp) {
+		MutationState mutationState = connection.getMutationState();
+		Long scn = connection.getSCN();
+	    return scn != null ?  scn : (isTransactional && mutationState.isTransactionStarted()) ? convertToMilliseconds(mutationState.getInitialWritePointer()) : defaultResolvedTimestamp;
+	}
+
+	public static long getResolvedTime(PhoenixConnection connection, MetaDataMutationResult result) {
+		PTable table = result.getTable();
+		boolean isTransactional = table!=null && table.isTransactional();
+		return getResolvedTimestamp(connection, isTransactional, result.getMutationTime());
+	}
+
+	public static long getResolvedTimestamp(PhoenixConnection connection, MetaDataMutationResult result) {
+		PTable table = result.getTable();
+		MutationState mutationState = connection.getMutationState();
+		boolean txInProgress = table != null && table.isTransactional() && mutationState.isTransactionStarted();
+		return  txInProgress ? convertToMilliseconds(mutationState.getInitialWritePointer()) : result.getMutationTime();
+	}
+
+	public static Long getTableTimestamp(PhoenixConnection connection, boolean transactional) throws SQLException {
+		Long timestamp = null;
+		if (!transactional) {
+			return timestamp;
+		}
+		MutationState mutationState = connection.getMutationState();
+		if (!mutationState.isTransactionStarted()) {
+			mutationState.startTransaction();
+		}
+		timestamp = convertToMilliseconds(mutationState.getInitialWritePointer());
+		return timestamp;
+	}
+	
+    // Convert HBase Delete into Put so that it can be undone if transaction is rolled back
+	public static Mutation convertIfDelete(Mutation mutation) throws IOException {
+        if (mutation instanceof Delete) {
+            Put deleteMarker = null;
+            for (byte[] family : mutation.getFamilyCellMap().keySet()) {
+                List<Cell> familyCells = mutation.getFamilyCellMap().get(family);
+                if (familyCells.size() == 1) {
+                    if (CellUtil.isDeleteFamily(familyCells.get(0))) {
+                        if (deleteMarker == null) {
+                            deleteMarker = new Put(mutation.getRow());
+                        }
+                        deleteMarker.add(TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().newDeleteFamilyMarker(
+                                deleteMarker.getRow(), 
+                                family, 
+                                familyCells.get(0).getTimestamp()));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    for (Cell cell : familyCells) {
+                        if (CellUtil.isDeleteColumns(cell)) {
+                            if (deleteMarker == null) {
+                                deleteMarker = new Put(mutation.getRow());
+                            }
+                            deleteMarker.add(TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().newDeleteColumnMarker(
+                                    deleteMarker.getRow(),
+                                    family,
+                                    CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell), 
+                                    cell.getTimestamp()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (deleteMarker != null) {
+                    for (Map.Entry<String, byte[]> entry : mutation.getAttributesMap().entrySet()) {
+                        deleteMarker.setAttribute(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+                    }
+                    mutation = deleteMarker;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return mutation;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 59.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long TransactionUtil.convertToMilliseconds(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.util.TransactionUtil.convertToMilliseconds(long):long.d861e63e9f412744e4837efdeb250b11
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/util/TransactionUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+TransactionUtil.java|convertToMilliseconds|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4e40cf4b057cfc6102ca2104f1fe79e1
+
+### Hash:
+328e683c7a428ff0aa39286f30c00a19
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6034/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6034/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4ffeed52d8afe7a99bd497427f7efdbb718f7ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6034/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1854 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.query;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.write.ParallelWriterIndexCommitter.NUM_CONCURRENT_INDEX_WRITER_THREADS_CONF_KEY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.MILLIS_IN_DAY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL_TERMINATOR;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime.PHOENIX_TEST_DRIVER_URL_PARAM;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ATABLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.A_VALUE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.BINARY_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.BTABLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.B_VALUE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.CUSTOM_ENTITY_DATA_FULL_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.C_VALUE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID1;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID2;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID3;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID4;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID5;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID6;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID7;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID8;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITYHISTID9;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITY_HISTORY_SALTED_TABLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ENTITY_HISTORY_TABLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.E_VALUE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.FUNKY_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.HBASE_DYNAMIC_COLUMNS;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.MULTI_CF_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID1;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID2;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID3;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID4;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID5;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID6;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID7;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID8;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PARENTID9;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PRODUCT_METRICS_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PTSDB2_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PTSDB3_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.PTSDB_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW1;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW2;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW3;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW4;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW5;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW6;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW7;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW8;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.ROW9;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.STABLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.SUM_DOUBLE_NAME;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TABLE_WITH_ARRAY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TABLE_WITH_SALTING;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TEST_PROPERTIES;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.Date;
+import java.sql.Driver;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Types;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseTestingUtility;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.IntegrationTestingUtility;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Admin;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.TableDescriptor;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.PhoenixRpcSchedulerFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.RSRpcServices;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BaseHBaseManagedTimeIT;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.SQLExceptionCode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.SQLExceptionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixEmbeddedDriver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixTestDriver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.NewerTableAlreadyExistsException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableAlreadyExistsException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.TransactionFactory;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ConfigUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.DateUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PropertiesUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.QueryUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ReadOnlyProps;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil;
+import org.junit.ClassRule;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * Base class that contains all the methods needed by
+ * client-time and hbase-time managed tests.
+ * 
+ * For tests needing connectivity to a cluster, please use
+ * {@link BaseHBaseManagedTimeIT} or {@link BaseClientManagedTimeIT}. 
+ * 
+ * In the rare case when a test can't share the same mini cluster as the 
+ * ones used by {@link BaseHBaseManagedTimeIT} or {@link BaseClientManagedTimeIT}
+ * one could extend this class and spin up your own mini cluster. Please 
+ * make sure to shutdown the mini cluster in a method annotated by @AfterClass.  
+ *
+ */
+
+public abstract class BaseTest {
+    public static final String DRIVER_CLASS_NAME_ATTRIB = "phoenix.driver.class.name";
+    
+    private static final Map<String,String> tableDDLMap;
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BaseTest.class);
+    protected static final int DEFAULT_TXN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 30;
+    @ClassRule
+    public static TemporaryFolder tmpFolder = new TemporaryFolder();
+    private static final int dropTableTimeout = 300; // 5 mins should be long enough.
+    private static final ThreadFactory factory = new ThreadFactoryBuilder().setDaemon(true)
+            .setNameFormat("DROP-TABLE-BASETEST" + "-thread-%s").build();
+    private static final ExecutorService dropHTableService = Executors
+            .newSingleThreadExecutor(factory);
+
+    static {
+        ImmutableMap.Builder<String,String> builder = ImmutableMap.builder();
+        builder.put(ENTITY_HISTORY_TABLE_NAME,"create table " + ENTITY_HISTORY_TABLE_NAME +
+                "   (organization_id char(15) not null,\n" +
+                "    parent_id char(15) not null,\n" +
+                "    created_date date not null,\n" +
+                "    entity_history_id char(15) not null,\n" +
+                "    old_value varchar,\n" +
+                "    new_value varchar,\n" + //create table shouldn't blow up if the last column definition ends with a comma.
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (organization_id, parent_id, created_date, entity_history_id)\n" +
+                ")");
+        builder.put(ENTITY_HISTORY_SALTED_TABLE_NAME,"create table " + ENTITY_HISTORY_SALTED_TABLE_NAME +
+                "   (organization_id char(15) not null,\n" +
+                "    parent_id char(15) not null,\n" +
+                "    created_date date not null,\n" +
+                "    entity_history_id char(15) not null,\n" +
+                "    old_value varchar,\n" +
+                "    new_value varchar\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (organization_id, parent_id, created_date, entity_history_id))\n" +
+                "    SALT_BUCKETS = 4");
+        builder.put(ATABLE_NAME,"create table " + ATABLE_NAME +
+                "   (organization_id char(15) not null, \n" +
+                "    entity_id char(15) not null,\n" +
+                "    a_string varchar(100),\n" +
+                "    b_string varchar(100),\n" +
+                "    a_integer integer,\n" +
+                "    a_date date,\n" +
+                "    a_time time,\n" +
+                "    a_timestamp timestamp,\n" +
+                "    x_decimal decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    x_long bigint,\n" +
+                "    x_integer integer,\n" +
+                "    y_integer integer,\n" +
+                "    a_byte tinyint,\n" +
+                "    a_short smallint,\n" +
+                "    a_float float,\n" +
+                "    a_double double,\n" +
+                "    a_unsigned_float unsigned_float,\n" +
+                "    a_unsigned_double unsigned_double\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (organization_id, entity_id)\n" +
+                ") ");
+        builder.put(TABLE_WITH_ARRAY, "create table "
+				+ TABLE_WITH_ARRAY
+				+ "   (organization_id char(15) not null, \n"
+				+ "    entity_id char(15) not null,\n"
+				+ "    a_string_array varchar(100) array[],\n"
+				+ "    b_string varchar(100),\n"
+				+ "    a_integer integer,\n"
+				+ "    a_date date,\n"
+				+ "    a_time time,\n"
+				+ "    a_timestamp timestamp,\n"
+				+ "    x_decimal decimal(31,10),\n"
+				+ "    x_long_array bigint array[],\n"
+				+ "    x_integer integer,\n"
+				+ "    a_byte_array tinyint array[],\n"
+				+ "    a_short smallint,\n"
+				+ "    a_float float,\n"
+				+ "    a_double_array double array[],\n"
+				+ "    a_unsigned_float unsigned_float,\n"
+				+ "    a_unsigned_double unsigned_double \n"
+				+ "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (organization_id, entity_id)\n"
+				+ ")");
+        builder.put(BTABLE_NAME,"create table " + BTABLE_NAME +
+                "   (a_string varchar not null, \n" +
+                "    a_id char(3) not null,\n" +
+                "    b_string varchar not null, \n" +
+                "    a_integer integer not null, \n" +
+                "    c_string varchar(2) null,\n" +
+                "    b_integer integer,\n" +
+                "    c_integer integer,\n" +
+                "    d_string varchar(3),\n" +
+                "    e_string char(10)\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT my_pk PRIMARY KEY (a_string,a_id,b_string,a_integer,c_string))");
+        builder.put(TABLE_WITH_SALTING,"create table " + TABLE_WITH_SALTING +
+                "   (a_integer integer not null, \n" +
+                "    a_string varchar not null, \n" +
+                "    a_id char(3) not null,\n" +
+                "    b_string varchar, \n" +
+                "    b_integer integer \n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (a_integer, a_string, a_id))\n" +
+                "    SALT_BUCKETS = 4");
+        builder.put(STABLE_NAME,"create table " + STABLE_NAME +
+                "   (id char(1) not null primary key,\n" +
+                "    \"value\" integer)");
+        builder.put(PTSDB_NAME,"create table " + PTSDB_NAME +
+                "   (inst varchar null,\n" +
+                "    host varchar null,\n" +
+                "    date date not null,\n" +
+                "    val decimal(31,10)\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (inst, host, date))");
+        builder.put(PTSDB2_NAME,"create table " + PTSDB2_NAME +
+                "   (inst varchar(10) not null,\n" +
+                "    date date not null,\n" +
+                "    val1 decimal,\n" +
+                "    val2 decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    val3 decimal\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (inst, date))");
+        builder.put(PTSDB3_NAME,"create table " + PTSDB3_NAME +
+                "   (host varchar(10) not null,\n" +
+                "    date date not null,\n" +
+                "    val1 decimal,\n" +
+                "    val2 decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    val3 decimal\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (host DESC, date DESC))");
+        builder.put(FUNKY_NAME,"create table " + FUNKY_NAME +
+                "   (\"foo!\" varchar not null primary key,\n" +
+                "    \"1\".\"#@$\" varchar, \n" +
+                "    \"1\".\"foo.bar-bas\" varchar, \n" +
+                "    \"1\".\"Value\" integer,\n" +
+                "    \"1\".\"VALUE\" integer,\n" +
+                "    \"1\".\"value\" integer,\n" +
+                "    \"1\".\"_blah^\" varchar)"
+                );
+        builder.put(MULTI_CF_NAME,"create table " + MULTI_CF_NAME +
+                "   (id char(15) not null primary key,\n" +
+                "    a.unique_user_count integer,\n" +
+                "    b.unique_org_count integer,\n" +
+                "    c.db_cpu_utilization decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    d.transaction_count bigint,\n" +
+                "    e.cpu_utilization decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    f.response_time bigint,\n" +
+                "    g.response_time bigint)");
+        builder.put(HBASE_DYNAMIC_COLUMNS,"create table " + HBASE_DYNAMIC_COLUMNS + 
+                "   (entry varchar not null," +
+                "    F varchar," +
+                "    A.F1v1 varchar," +
+                "    A.F1v2 varchar," +
+                "    B.F2v1 varchar" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (entry))\n");
+        builder.put(PRODUCT_METRICS_NAME,"create table " + PRODUCT_METRICS_NAME +
+                "   (organization_id char(15) not null," +
+                "    date date not null," +
+                "    feature char(1) not null," +
+                "    unique_users integer not null,\n" +
+                "    db_utilization decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    transactions bigint,\n" +
+                "    cpu_utilization decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    response_time bigint,\n" +
+                "    io_time bigint,\n" +
+                "    region varchar,\n" +
+                "    unset_column decimal(31,10)\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (organization_id, \"DATE\", feature, UNIQUE_USERS))");
+        builder.put(CUSTOM_ENTITY_DATA_FULL_NAME,"create table " + CUSTOM_ENTITY_DATA_FULL_NAME +
+                "   (organization_id char(15) not null, \n" +
+                "    key_prefix char(3) not null,\n" +
+                "    custom_entity_data_id char(12) not null,\n" +
+                "    created_by varchar,\n" +
+                "    created_date date,\n" +
+                "    currency_iso_code char(3),\n" +
+                "    deleted char(1),\n" +
+                "    division decimal(31,10),\n" +
+                "    last_activity date,\n" +
+                "    last_update date,\n" +
+                "    last_update_by varchar,\n" +
+                "    name varchar(240),\n" +
+                "    owner varchar,\n" +
+                "    record_type_id char(15),\n" +
+                "    setup_owner varchar,\n" +
+                "    system_modstamp date,\n" +
+                "    b.val0 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val1 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val2 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val3 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val4 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val5 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val6 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val7 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val8 varchar,\n" +
+                "    b.val9 varchar\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (organization_id, key_prefix, custom_entity_data_id))");
+        builder.put("IntKeyTest","create table IntKeyTest" +
+                "   (i integer not null primary key)");
+        builder.put("IntIntKeyTest","create table IntIntKeyTest" +
+                "   (i integer not null primary key, j integer)");
+        builder.put("PKIntValueTest", "create table PKIntValueTest" +
+                "   (pk integer not null primary key)");
+        builder.put("PKBigIntValueTest", "create table PKBigIntValueTest" +
+                "   (pk bigint not null primary key)");
+        builder.put("PKUnsignedIntValueTest", "create table PKUnsignedIntValueTest" +
+                "   (pk unsigned_int not null primary key)");
+        builder.put("PKUnsignedLongValueTest", "create table PKUnsignedLongValueTest" +
+                "   (pk unsigned_long not null\n" +
+                "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (pk))");
+        builder.put("KVIntValueTest", "create table KVIntValueTest" +
+                "   (pk integer not null primary key,\n" +
+                "    kv integer)\n");
+        builder.put("KVBigIntValueTest", "create table KVBigIntValueTest" +
+                "   (pk integer not null primary key,\n" +
+                "    kv bigint)\n");
+        builder.put(SUM_DOUBLE_NAME,"create table SumDoubleTest" +
+                "   (id varchar not null primary key, d DOUBLE, f FLOAT, ud UNSIGNED_DOUBLE, uf UNSIGNED_FLOAT, i integer, de decimal)");
+        builder.put(BINARY_NAME,"create table " + BINARY_NAME +
+            "   (a_binary BINARY(16) not null, \n" +
+            "    b_binary BINARY(16), \n" +
+            "    a_varbinary VARBINARY, \n" +
+            "    b_varbinary VARBINARY, \n" +
+            "    CONSTRAINT pk PRIMARY KEY (a_binary)\n" +
+            ") ");
+        tableDDLMap = builder.build();
+    }
+    
+    private static final String ORG_ID = "00D300000000XHP";
+    protected static int NUM_SLAVES_BASE = 1;
+    private static final String DEFAULT_RPC_SCHEDULER_FACTORY = PhoenixRpcSchedulerFactory.class.getName();
+    
+    protected static String getZKClientPort(Configuration conf) {
+        return conf.get(QueryServices.ZOOKEEPER_PORT_ATTRIB);
+    }
+    
+    protected static String url;
+    protected static PhoenixTestDriver driver;
+    protected static boolean clusterInitialized = false;
+    private static HBaseTestingUtility utility;
+    protected static final Configuration config = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+
+    private static class TearDownMiniClusterThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
+        private static final AtomicInteger threadNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
+        private static final String NAME_PREFIX = "PHOENIX-TEARDOWN-MINICLUSTER-thread-";
+
+        @Override
+        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
+            Thread t = new Thread(r, NAME_PREFIX + threadNumber.getAndIncrement());
+            t.setDaemon(true);
+            return t;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static ExecutorService tearDownClusterService =
+            Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new TearDownMiniClusterThreadFactory());
+
+    protected static String getUrl() {
+        if (!clusterInitialized) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Cluster must be initialized before attempting to get the URL");
+        }
+        return url;
+    }
+    
+    private static void tearDownTxManager() throws SQLException {
+        TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().tearDownTxManager();
+    }
+
+    protected static void setTxnConfigs() throws IOException {
+        TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().setTxnConfigs(config, tmpFolder.newFolder().getAbsolutePath(), DEFAULT_TXN_TIMEOUT_SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    protected static void setupTxManager() throws SQLException, IOException {
+        TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().setupTxManager(config, getUrl());
+    }
+
+    private static String checkClusterInitialized(ReadOnlyProps serverProps) throws Exception {
+        if (!clusterInitialized) {
+            url = setUpTestCluster(config, serverProps);
+            clusterInitialized = true;
+        }
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    private static void checkTxManagerInitialized(ReadOnlyProps clientProps) throws SQLException, IOException {
+        setupTxManager();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set up the test hbase cluster.
+     * @return url to be used by clients to connect to the cluster.
+     * @throws IOException 
+     */
+    protected static String setUpTestCluster(@Nonnull Configuration conf, ReadOnlyProps overrideProps) throws Exception {
+        boolean isDistributedCluster = isDistributedClusterModeEnabled(conf);
+        if (!isDistributedCluster) {
+            return initMiniCluster(conf, overrideProps);
+       } else {
+            return initClusterDistributedMode(conf, overrideProps);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void destroyDriver() {
+        if (driver != null) {
+            try {
+                assertTrue(destroyDriver(driver));
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.error("Exception caught when destroying phoenix test driver", t);
+            } finally {
+                driver = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void dropNonSystemTables() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            disableAndDropNonSystemTables();
+        } finally {
+            destroyDriver();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void tearDownMiniClusterAsync(final int numTables) {
+        final HBaseTestingUtility u = utility;
+        try {
+            destroyDriver();
+            try {
+                tearDownTxManager();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.error("Exception caught when shutting down tx manager", t);
+            }
+            utility = null;
+            clusterInitialized = false;
+        } finally {
+            tearDownClusterService.submit(new Callable<Void>() {
+                @Override
+                public Void call() throws Exception {
+                    long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                    if (u != null) {
+                        try {
+                            u.shutdownMiniMapReduceCluster();
+                        } catch (Throwable t) {
+                            logger.error(
+                                "Exception caught when shutting down mini map reduce cluster", t);
+                        } finally {
+                            try {
+                                u.shutdownMiniCluster();
+                            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                                logger.error("Exception caught when shutting down mini cluster", t);
+                            } finally {
+                                logger.info(
+                                    "Time in seconds spent in shutting down mini cluster with "
+                                            + numTables + " tables: "
+                                            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime) / 1000);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void setUpTestDriver(ReadOnlyProps props) throws Exception {
+        setUpTestDriver(props, props);
+    }
+    
+    protected static void setUpTestDriver(ReadOnlyProps serverProps, ReadOnlyProps clientProps) throws Exception {
+        if (driver == null) {
+            setTxnConfigs();
+            String url = checkClusterInitialized(serverProps);
+            checkTxManagerInitialized(serverProps);
+            driver = initAndRegisterTestDriver(url, clientProps);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean isDistributedClusterModeEnabled(Configuration conf) {
+        boolean isDistributedCluster = false;
+        //check if the distributed mode was specified as a system property.
+        isDistributedCluster = Boolean.parseBoolean(System.getProperty(IntegrationTestingUtility.IS_DISTRIBUTED_CLUSTER, "false"));
+        if (!isDistributedCluster) {
+           //fall back on hbase-default.xml or hbase-site.xml to check for distributed mode              
+           isDistributedCluster = conf.getBoolean(IntegrationTestingUtility.IS_DISTRIBUTED_CLUSTER, false);
+        }
+        return isDistributedCluster;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Initialize the mini cluster using phoenix-test specific configuration.
+     * @param overrideProps TODO
+     * @return url to be used by clients to connect to the mini cluster.
+     * @throws Exception 
+     */
+    private static String initMiniCluster(Configuration conf, ReadOnlyProps overrideProps) throws Exception {
+        setUpConfigForMiniCluster(conf, overrideProps);
+        utility = new HBaseTestingUtility(conf);
+        try {
+            utility.startMiniCluster(NUM_SLAVES_BASE);
+            return getLocalClusterUrl(utility);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static String getLocalClusterUrl(HBaseTestingUtility util) throws Exception {
+        String url = QueryUtil.getConnectionUrl(new Properties(), util.getConfiguration());
+        return url + PHOENIX_TEST_DRIVER_URL_PARAM;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Initialize the cluster in distributed mode
+     * @param overrideProps TODO
+     * @return url to be used by clients to connect to the mini cluster.
+     * @throws Exception 
+     */
+    private static String initClusterDistributedMode(Configuration conf, ReadOnlyProps overrideProps) throws Exception {
+        setTestConfigForDistribuedCluster(conf, overrideProps);
+        try {
+            IntegrationTestingUtility util =  new IntegrationTestingUtility(conf);
+            utility = util;
+            util.initializeCluster(NUM_SLAVES_BASE);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        return JDBC_PROTOCOL + JDBC_PROTOCOL_TERMINATOR + PHOENIX_TEST_DRIVER_URL_PARAM;
+    }
+
+    private static void setTestConfigForDistribuedCluster(Configuration conf, ReadOnlyProps overrideProps) throws Exception {
+        setDefaultTestConfig(conf, overrideProps);
+    }
+    
+    private static void setDefaultTestConfig(Configuration conf, ReadOnlyProps overrideProps) throws Exception {
+        ConfigUtil.setReplicationConfigIfAbsent(conf);
+        QueryServices services = newTestDriver(overrideProps).getQueryServices();
+        for (Entry<String,String> entry : services.getProps()) {
+            conf.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+        //no point doing sanity checks when running tests.
+        conf.setBoolean("hbase.table.sanity.checks", false);
+        // set the server rpc controller and rpc scheduler factory, used to configure the cluster
+        conf.set(RSRpcServices.REGION_SERVER_RPC_SCHEDULER_FACTORY_CLASS, DEFAULT_RPC_SCHEDULER_FACTORY);
+        conf.setLong(HConstants.ZK_SESSION_TIMEOUT, 10 * HConstants.DEFAULT_ZK_SESSION_TIMEOUT);
+        conf.setLong(HConstants.ZOOKEEPER_TICK_TIME, 6 * 1000);
+        // override any defaults based on overrideProps
+        for (Entry<String,String> entry : overrideProps) {
+            conf.set(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static Configuration setUpConfigForMiniCluster(Configuration conf) throws Exception {
+        return setUpConfigForMiniCluster(conf, ReadOnlyProps.EMPTY_PROPS);
+    }
+    
+    public static Configuration setUpConfigForMiniCluster(Configuration conf, ReadOnlyProps overrideProps) throws Exception {
+        assertNotNull(conf);
+        setDefaultTestConfig(conf, overrideProps);
+        /*
+         * The default configuration of mini cluster ends up spawning a lot of threads
+         * that are not really needed by phoenix for test purposes. Limiting these threads
+         * helps us in running several mini clusters at the same time without hitting 
+         * the threads limit imposed by the OS. 
+         */
+        conf.setInt(HConstants.REGION_SERVER_HANDLER_COUNT, 5);
+        conf.setInt("hbase.regionserver.metahandler.count", 2);
+        conf.setInt(HConstants.MASTER_HANDLER_COUNT, 2);
+        conf.setInt("dfs.namenode.handler.count", 2);
+        conf.setInt("dfs.namenode.service.handler.count", 2);
+        conf.setInt("dfs.datanode.handler.count", 2);
+        conf.setInt("ipc.server.read.threadpool.size", 2);
+        conf.setInt("ipc.server.handler.threadpool.size", 2);
+        conf.setInt("hbase.regionserver.hlog.syncer.count", 2);
+        conf.setInt("hbase.hlog.asyncer.number", 2);
+        conf.setInt("hbase.assignment.zkevent.workers", 5);
+        conf.setInt("hbase.assignment.threads.max", 5);
+        conf.setInt("hbase.catalogjanitor.interval", 5000);
+        conf.setInt(HConstants.HBASE_CLIENT_RETRIES_NUMBER, 2);
+        conf.setInt(NUM_CONCURRENT_INDEX_WRITER_THREADS_CONF_KEY, 1);
+        return conf;
+    }
+
+    private static PhoenixTestDriver newTestDriver(ReadOnlyProps props) throws Exception {
+        PhoenixTestDriver newDriver;
+        String driverClassName = props.get(DRIVER_CLASS_NAME_ATTRIB);
+        if (driverClassName == null) {
+            newDriver = new PhoenixTestDriver(props);
+        } else {
+            Class<?> clazz = Class.forName(driverClassName);
+            Constructor constr = clazz.getConstructor(ReadOnlyProps.class);
+            newDriver = (PhoenixTestDriver)constr.newInstance(props);
+        }
+        return newDriver;
+    }
+    /**
+     * Create a {@link PhoenixTestDriver} and register it.
+     * @return an initialized and registered {@link PhoenixTestDriver} 
+     */
+    public static PhoenixTestDriver initAndRegisterTestDriver(String url, ReadOnlyProps props) throws Exception {
+        PhoenixTestDriver newDriver = newTestDriver(props);
+        DriverManager.registerDriver(newDriver);
+        Driver oldDriver = DriverManager.getDriver(url); 
+        if (oldDriver != newDriver) {
+            destroyDriver(oldDriver);
+        }
+        Properties driverProps = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+        Connection conn = newDriver.connect(url, driverProps);
+        conn.close();
+        return newDriver;
+    }
+    
+    //Close and unregister the driver.
+    protected static boolean destroyDriver(Driver driver) {
+        if (driver != null) {
+            assert(driver instanceof PhoenixEmbeddedDriver);
+            PhoenixEmbeddedDriver pdriver = (PhoenixEmbeddedDriver)driver;
+            try {
+                try {
+                    pdriver.close();
+                    return true;
+                } finally {
+                    DriverManager.deregisterDriver(driver);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn("Unable to close registered driver: " + driver, e);
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    protected static String getOrganizationId() {
+        return ORG_ID;
+    }
+
+    private static long timestamp;
+
+    public static long nextTimestamp() {
+        timestamp += 100;
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+
+    protected static void ensureTableCreated(String url, String tableName) throws SQLException {
+        ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, tableName, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    protected static void ensureTableCreated(String url, String tableName, String tableDDLType) throws SQLException {
+        ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, tableDDLType, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    public static void ensureTableCreated(String url, String tableName, String tableDDLType, byte[][] splits, String tableDDLOptions) throws SQLException {
+        ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, tableDDLType, splits, null, tableDDLOptions);
+    }
+
+    protected static void ensureTableCreated(String url, String tableName, String tableDDLType, Long ts) throws SQLException {
+        ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, tableDDLType, null, ts, null);
+    }
+
+    protected static void ensureTableCreated(String url, String tableName, String tableDDLType, byte[][] splits, Long ts, String tableDDLOptions) throws SQLException {
+        String ddl = tableDDLMap.get(tableDDLType);
+        if(!tableDDLType.equals(tableName)) {
+           ddl =  ddl.replace(tableDDLType, tableName);
+        }
+        if (tableDDLOptions!=null) {
+            ddl += tableDDLOptions;
+        }
+        createSchema(url,tableName, ts);
+        createTestTable(url, ddl, splits, ts);
+    }
+
+    private static AtomicInteger NAME_SUFFIX = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    private static final int MAX_SUFFIX_VALUE = 1000000;
+
+    /**
+     * Counter to track number of tables we have created. This isn't really accurate since this
+     * counter will be incremented when we call {@link #generateUniqueName()}for getting unique
+     * schema and sequence names too. But this will have to do.
+     */
+    private static final AtomicInteger TABLE_COUNTER = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    /*
+     * Threshold to monitor if we need to restart mini-cluster since we created too many tables.
+     * Note, we can't have this value too high since we don't want the shutdown to take too
+     * long a time either.
+     */
+    private static final int TEARDOWN_THRESHOLD = 30;
+
+    public static String generateUniqueName() {
+        int nextName = NAME_SUFFIX.incrementAndGet();
+        if (nextName >= MAX_SUFFIX_VALUE) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Used up all unique names");
+        }
+        TABLE_COUNTER.incrementAndGet();
+        return "T" + Integer.toString(MAX_SUFFIX_VALUE + nextName).substring(1);
+    }
+
+    private static AtomicInteger SEQ_NAME_SUFFIX = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    private static final int MAX_SEQ_SUFFIX_VALUE = 1000000;
+
+    private static final AtomicInteger SEQ_COUNTER = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+    public static String generateUniqueSequenceName() {
+        int nextName = SEQ_NAME_SUFFIX.incrementAndGet();
+        if (nextName >= MAX_SEQ_SUFFIX_VALUE) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Used up all unique sequence names");
+        }
+        SEQ_COUNTER.incrementAndGet();
+        return "S" + Integer.toString(MAX_SEQ_SUFFIX_VALUE + nextName).substring(1);
+    }
+
+    public static void tearDownMiniClusterIfBeyondThreshold() throws Exception {
+        if (TABLE_COUNTER.get() > TEARDOWN_THRESHOLD) {
+            int numTables = TABLE_COUNTER.get();
+            TABLE_COUNTER.set(0);
+            logger.info(
+                "Shutting down mini cluster because number of tables on this mini cluster is likely greater than "
+                        + TEARDOWN_THRESHOLD);
+            tearDownMiniClusterAsync(numTables);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void createTestTable(String url, String ddl) throws SQLException {
+        createTestTable(url, ddl, null, null);
+    }
+
+    protected static void createTestTable(String url, String ddl, byte[][] splits, Long ts) throws SQLException {
+        createTestTable(url, ddl, splits, ts, true);
+    }
+
+    public static void createSchema(String url, String tableName, Long ts) throws SQLException {
+        String schema = SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(tableName);
+        if (!schema.equals("")) {
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+            if (ts != null) {
+                props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(ts));
+            }
+            try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);) {
+                if (SchemaUtil.isNamespaceMappingEnabled(null,
+                        conn.unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class).getQueryServices().getProps())) {
+                    conn.createStatement().executeUpdate("CREATE SCHEMA IF NOT EXISTS " + schema);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void createTestTable(String url, String ddl, byte[][] splits, Long ts, boolean swallowTableAlreadyExistsException) throws SQLException {
+        assertNotNull(ddl);
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(ddl);
+        if (splits != null) {
+            buf.append(" SPLIT ON (");
+            for (int i = 0; i < splits.length; i++) {
+                buf.append("'").append(Bytes.toString(splits[i])).append("'").append(",");
+            }
+            buf.setCharAt(buf.length()-1, ')');
+        }
+        ddl = buf.toString();
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        if (ts != null) {
+            props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(ts));
+        }
+        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);
+        try {
+            conn.createStatement().execute(ddl);
+        } catch (TableAlreadyExistsException e) {
+            if (! swallowTableAlreadyExistsException) {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static byte[][] getDefaultSplits(String tenantId) {
+        return new byte[][] { 
+            Bytes.toBytes(tenantId + "00A"),
+            Bytes.toBytes(tenantId + "00B"),
+            Bytes.toBytes(tenantId + "00C"),
+            };
+    }
+
+    private static void deletePriorSchemas(long ts, String url) throws Exception {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.put(QueryServices.QUEUE_SIZE_ATTRIB, Integer.toString(1024));
+        if (ts != HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+            props.setProperty(CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(ts));
+        }
+        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
+            DatabaseMetaData dbmd = conn.getMetaData();
+            ResultSet rs = dbmd.getSchemas();
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                String schemaName = rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM);
+                if (schemaName.equals(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                schemaName = SchemaUtil.getEscapedArgument(schemaName);
+
+                String ddl = "DROP SCHEMA " + schemaName;
+                conn.createStatement().executeUpdate(ddl);
+            }
+            rs.close();
+        }
+        // Make sure all schemas have been dropped
+        props.remove(CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB);
+        try (Connection seeLatestConn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
+            DatabaseMetaData dbmd = seeLatestConn.getMetaData();
+            ResultSet rs = dbmd.getSchemas();
+            boolean hasSchemas = rs.next();
+            if (hasSchemas) {
+                String schemaName = rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM);
+                if (schemaName.equals(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME)) {
+                    hasSchemas = rs.next();
+                }
+            }
+            if (hasSchemas) {
+                fail("The following schemas are not dropped that should be:" + getSchemaNames(rs));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void deletePriorMetaData(long ts, String url) throws Exception {
+        deletePriorTables(ts, url);
+        if (ts != HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+            ts = nextTimestamp() - 1;
+        }
+        deletePriorSchemas(ts, url);
+    }
+
+    private static void deletePriorTables(long ts, String url) throws Exception {
+        deletePriorTables(ts, (String)null, url);
+    }
+    
+    private static void deletePriorTables(long ts, String tenantId, String url) throws Exception {
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        props.put(QueryServices.QUEUE_SIZE_ATTRIB, Integer.toString(1024));
+        if (ts != HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+            props.setProperty(CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(ts));
+        }
+        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);
+        try {
+            deletePriorTables(ts, conn, url);
+            deletePriorSequences(ts, conn);
+            
+            // Make sure all tables and views have been dropped
+            props.remove(CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB);
+            try (Connection seeLatestConn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
+            	DatabaseMetaData dbmd = seeLatestConn.getMetaData();
+    	        ResultSet rs = dbmd.getTables(null, null, null, new String[]{PTableType.VIEW.toString(), PTableType.TABLE.toString()});
+    	        boolean hasTables = rs.next();
+    	        if (hasTables) {
+    	        	fail("The following tables are not deleted that should be:" + getTableNames(rs));
+    	        }
+            }
+        }
+        finally {
+            conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static void deletePriorTables(long ts, Connection globalConn, String url) throws Exception {
+        DatabaseMetaData dbmd = globalConn.getMetaData();
+        // Drop VIEWs first, as we don't allow a TABLE with views to be dropped
+        // Tables are sorted by TENANT_ID
+        List<String[]> tableTypesList = Arrays.asList(new String[] {PTableType.VIEW.toString()}, new String[] {PTableType.TABLE.toString()});
+        for (String[] tableTypes: tableTypesList) {
+            ResultSet rs = dbmd.getTables(null, null, null, tableTypes);
+            String lastTenantId = null;
+            Connection conn = globalConn;
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                String fullTableName = SchemaUtil.getEscapedTableName(
+                        rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM),
+                        rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME));
+                String ddl = "DROP " + rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_TYPE) + " " + fullTableName;
+                String tenantId = rs.getString(1);
+                if (tenantId != null && !tenantId.equals(lastTenantId))  {
+                    if (lastTenantId != null) {
+                        conn.close();
+                    }
+                    // Open tenant-specific connection when we find a new one
+                    Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(globalConn.getClientInfo());
+                    props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB, tenantId);
+                    conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);
+                    lastTenantId = tenantId;
+                }
+                try {
+                    conn.createStatement().executeUpdate(ddl);
+                } catch (NewerTableAlreadyExistsException ex) {
+                    logger.info("Newer table " + fullTableName + " or its delete marker exists. Ignore current deletion");
+                } catch (TableNotFoundException ex) {
+                    logger.info("Table " + fullTableName + " is already deleted.");
+                }
+            }
+            rs.close();
+            if (lastTenantId != null) {
+                conn.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static String getTableNames(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException {
+    	StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
+    	do {
+    		buf.append(" ");
+    		buf.append(SchemaUtil.getTableName(rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM), rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME)));
+    	} while (rs.next());
+    	return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static String getSchemaNames(ResultSet rs) throws SQLException {
+        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder();
+        do {
+            buf.append(" ");
+            buf.append(rs.getString(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SCHEM));
+        } while (rs.next());
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static void deletePriorSequences(long ts, Connection globalConn) throws Exception {
+        // TODO: drop tenant-specific sequences too
+        ResultSet rs = globalConn.createStatement().executeQuery("SELECT " 
+                + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID + ","
+                + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SEQUENCE_SCHEMA + "," 
+                + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SEQUENCE_NAME 
+                + " FROM " + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE);
+        String lastTenantId = null;
+        Connection conn = globalConn;
+        while (rs.next()) {
+            String tenantId = rs.getString(1);
+            if (tenantId != null && !tenantId.equals(lastTenantId))  {
+                if (lastTenantId != null) {
+                    conn.close();
+                }
+                // Open tenant-specific connection when we find a new one
+                Properties props = new Properties(globalConn.getClientInfo());
+                props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB, tenantId);
+                conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);
+                lastTenantId = tenantId;
+            }
+
+            logger.info("DROP SEQUENCE STATEMENT: DROP SEQUENCE " + SchemaUtil.getEscapedTableName(rs.getString(2), rs.getString(3)));
+            conn.createStatement().execute("DROP SEQUENCE " + SchemaUtil.getEscapedTableName(rs.getString(2), rs.getString(3)));
+        }
+        rs.close();
+    }
+
+    protected static void initSumDoubleValues(byte[][] splits, String url) throws Exception {
+        initSumDoubleValues(SUM_DOUBLE_NAME, splits, url);
+    }
+
+    protected static void initSumDoubleValues(String tableName, byte[][] splits, String url) throws Exception {
+        ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, SUM_DOUBLE_NAME, splits, null);
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);
+        try {
+            // Insert all rows at ts
+            PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(
+                    "upsert into " + tableName +
+                    "(" +
+                    "    id, " +
+                    "    d, " +
+                    "    f, " +
+                    "    ud, " +
+                    "    uf) " +
+                    "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
+            stmt.setString(1, "1");
+            stmt.setDouble(2, 0.001);
+            stmt.setFloat(3, 0.01f);
+            stmt.setDouble(4, 0.001);
+            stmt.setFloat(5, 0.01f);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, "2");
+            stmt.setDouble(2, 0.002);
+            stmt.setFloat(3, 0.02f);
+            stmt.setDouble(4, 0.002);
+            stmt.setFloat(5, 0.02f);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, "3");
+            stmt.setDouble(2, 0.003);
+            stmt.setFloat(3, 0.03f);
+            stmt.setDouble(4, 0.003);
+            stmt.setFloat(5, 0.03f);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, "4");
+            stmt.setDouble(2, 0.004);
+            stmt.setFloat(3, 0.04f);
+            stmt.setDouble(4, 0.004);
+            stmt.setFloat(5, 0.04f);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, "5");
+            stmt.setDouble(2, 0.005);
+            stmt.setFloat(3, 0.05f);
+            stmt.setDouble(4, 0.005);
+            stmt.setFloat(5, 0.05f);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            conn.commit();
+        } finally {
+            conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static String initATableValues(String tenantId, byte[][] splits) throws Exception {
+        return initATableValues(tenantId, splits, null, null, getUrl());
+    }
+    
+    protected static String initATableValues(String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts) throws Exception {
+        return initATableValues(tenantId, splits, date, ts, getUrl());
+    }
+    
+    protected static String initATableValues(String tenantId, byte[][] splits, String url) throws Exception {
+        return initATableValues(tenantId, splits, null, url);
+    }
+    
+    protected static String initATableValues(String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, String url) throws Exception {
+        return initATableValues(tenantId, splits, date, null, url);
+    }
+
+    protected static String initATableValues(String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts, String url) throws Exception {
+        return initATableValues(null, tenantId, splits, date, ts, url, null);
+    }
+
+    protected static String initATableValues(String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts, String url, String tableDDLOptions) throws Exception {
+        return initATableValues(null, tenantId, splits, date, ts, url, tableDDLOptions);
+    }
+
+    protected static String initATableValues(String tableName, String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts, String url, String tableDDLOptions) throws Exception {
+        if(tableName == null) {
+            tableName = generateUniqueName();
+        }
+        String tableDDLType = ATABLE_NAME;
+        if (ts == null) {
+            ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, tableDDLType, splits, null, tableDDLOptions);
+        } else {
+            ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, tableDDLType, splits, ts-5, tableDDLOptions);
+        }
+        
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        if (ts != null) {
+            props.setProperty(CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, Long.toString(ts-3));
+        }
+        
+        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
+            // Insert all rows at ts
+            PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(
+                    "upsert into " + tableName +
+                    "(" +
+                    "    ORGANIZATION_ID, " +
+                    "    ENTITY_ID, " +
+                    "    A_STRING, " +
+                    "    B_STRING, " +
+                    "    A_INTEGER, " +
+                    "    A_DATE, " +
+                    "    X_DECIMAL, " +
+                    "    X_LONG, " +
+                    "    X_INTEGER," +
+                    "    Y_INTEGER," +
+                    "    A_BYTE," +
+                    "    A_SHORT," +
+                    "    A_FLOAT," +
+                    "    A_DOUBLE," +
+                    "    A_UNSIGNED_FLOAT," +
+                    "    A_UNSIGNED_DOUBLE)" +
+                    "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW1);
+            stmt.setString(3, A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, B_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 1);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, null);
+            stmt.setNull(8, Types.BIGINT);
+            stmt.setNull(9, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)1);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 128);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.01f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0001);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.01f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0001);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW2);
+            stmt.setString(3, A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, C_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 2);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + MILLIS_IN_DAY * 1));
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, null);
+            stmt.setNull(8, Types.BIGINT);
+            stmt.setNull(9, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)2);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 129);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.02f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0002);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.02f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0002);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW3);
+            stmt.setString(3, A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, E_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 3);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + MILLIS_IN_DAY * 2));
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, null);
+            stmt.setNull(8, Types.BIGINT);
+            stmt.setNull(9, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)3);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 130);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.03f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0003);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.03f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0003);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW4);
+            stmt.setString(3, A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, B_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 4);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : date);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, null);
+            stmt.setNull(8, Types.BIGINT);
+            stmt.setNull(9, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)4);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 131);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.04f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0004);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.04f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0004);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW5);
+            stmt.setString(3, B_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, C_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 5);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + MILLIS_IN_DAY * 1));
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, null);
+            stmt.setNull(8, Types.BIGINT);
+            stmt.setNull(9, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)5);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 132);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.05f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0005);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.05f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0005);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW6);
+            stmt.setString(3, B_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, E_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 6);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + MILLIS_IN_DAY * 2));
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, null);
+            stmt.setNull(8, Types.BIGINT);
+            stmt.setNull(9, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)6);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 133);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.06f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0006);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.06f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0006);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW7);
+            stmt.setString(3, B_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, B_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 7);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : date);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, BigDecimal.valueOf(0.1));
+            stmt.setLong(8, 5L);
+            stmt.setInt(9, 5);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)7);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 134);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.07f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0007);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.07f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0007);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW8);
+            stmt.setString(3, B_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, C_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 8);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + MILLIS_IN_DAY * 1));
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, BigDecimal.valueOf(3.9));
+            long l = Integer.MIN_VALUE - 1L;
+            assert(l < Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+            stmt.setLong(8, l);
+            stmt.setInt(9, 4);
+            stmt.setNull(10, Types.INTEGER);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)8);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 135);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.08f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0008);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.08f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0008);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, ROW9);
+            stmt.setString(3, C_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(4, E_VALUE);
+            stmt.setInt(5, 9);
+            stmt.setDate(6, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + MILLIS_IN_DAY * 2));
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(7, BigDecimal.valueOf(3.3));
+            l = Integer.MAX_VALUE + 1L;
+            assert(l > Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+            stmt.setLong(8, l);
+            stmt.setInt(9, 3);
+            stmt.setInt(10, 300);
+            stmt.setByte(11, (byte)9);
+            stmt.setShort(12, (short) 0);
+            stmt.setFloat(13, 0.09f);
+            stmt.setDouble(14, 0.0009);
+            stmt.setFloat(15, 0.09f);
+            stmt.setDouble(16, 0.0009);
+            stmt.execute();
+            conn.commit();
+        }
+        return tableName;
+    }
+
+    
+    protected static String initEntityHistoryTableValues(String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts) throws Exception {
+        return initEntityHistoryTableValues(ENTITY_HISTORY_TABLE_NAME, tenantId, splits, date, ts, getUrl());
+    }
+    
+    protected static String initEntityHistoryTableValues(String tableName, String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts) throws Exception {
+        return initEntityHistoryTableValues(tableName, tenantId, splits, date, ts, getUrl());
+    }
+    
+    protected static String initSaltedEntityHistoryTableValues(String tableName, String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts) throws Exception {
+        return initSaltedEntityHistoryTableValues(tableName, tenantId, splits, date, ts, getUrl());
+    }
+
+    protected static String initEntityHistoryTableValues(String tableName, String tenantId, byte[][] splits, String url) throws Exception {
+        return initEntityHistoryTableValues(tableName, tenantId, splits, null, null, url);
+    }
+    
+    private static String initEntityHistoryTableValues(String tableName, String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts, String url) throws Exception {
+    	if (tableName == null) {
+    		tableName = generateUniqueName();
+    	}
+    	
+        if (ts == null) {
+            ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, ENTITY_HISTORY_TABLE_NAME, splits, null);
+        } else {
+            ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, ENTITY_HISTORY_TABLE_NAME, splits, ts-2, null);
+        }
+        
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        if (ts != null) {
+            props.setProperty(CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, ts.toString());
+        }
+        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);
+        try {
+            // Insert all rows at ts
+            PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(
+                    "upsert into " +
+                    tableName +
+                    "(" +
+                    "    ORGANIZATION_ID, " +
+                    "    PARENT_ID, " +
+                    "    CREATED_DATE, " +
+                    "    ENTITY_HISTORY_ID, " +
+                    "    OLD_VALUE, " +
+                    "    NEW_VALUE) " +
+                    "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID1);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID1);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID2);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID2);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID3);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID3);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID4);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID4);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID5);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID5);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID6);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID6);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID7);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID7);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID8);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID8);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID9);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID9);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            conn.commit();
+        } finally {
+            conn.close();
+        }
+        
+        return tableName;
+    }
+    
+    protected static String initSaltedEntityHistoryTableValues(String tableName, String tenantId, byte[][] splits, Date date, Long ts, String url) throws Exception {
+    	if (tableName == null) {
+    		tableName = generateUniqueName();
+    	}
+    	
+        if (ts == null) {
+            ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, ENTITY_HISTORY_SALTED_TABLE_NAME, splits, null);
+        } else {
+            ensureTableCreated(url, tableName, ENTITY_HISTORY_SALTED_TABLE_NAME, splits, ts-2, null);
+        }
+        
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        if (ts != null) {
+            props.setProperty(CURRENT_SCN_ATTRIB, ts.toString());
+        }
+        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props);
+        try {
+            // Insert all rows at ts
+            PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(
+                    "upsert into " +
+                    tableName +
+                    "(" +
+                    "    ORGANIZATION_ID, " +
+                    "    PARENT_ID, " +
+                    "    CREATED_DATE, " +
+                    "    ENTITY_HISTORY_ID, " +
+                    "    OLD_VALUE, " +
+                    "    NEW_VALUE) " +
+                    "VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID1);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID1);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID2);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID2);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+                
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID3);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID3);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID4);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID4);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID5);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID5);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID6);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID6);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID7);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID7);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID8);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID8);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, tenantId);
+            stmt.setString(2, PARENTID9);
+            stmt.setDate(3, date);
+            stmt.setString(4, ENTITYHISTID9);
+            stmt.setString(5,  A_VALUE);
+            stmt.setString(6,  B_VALUE);
+            stmt.execute();
+            
+            conn.commit();
+        } finally {
+            conn.close();
+        }
+        
+        return tableName;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Disable and drop all the tables except SYSTEM.CATALOG and SYSTEM.SEQUENCE
+     */
+    private static void disableAndDropNonSystemTables() throws Exception {
+        if (driver == null) return;
+        Admin admin = driver.getConnectionQueryServices(null, null).getAdmin();
+        try {
+            TableDescriptor[] tables = admin.listTables();
+            for (TableDescriptor table : tables) {
+                String schemaName = SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(table.getTableName().getName());
+                if (!QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME.equals(schemaName)) {
+                    disableAndDropTable(admin, table.getTableName());
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            admin.close();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static void disableAndDropTable(final Admin admin, final TableName tableName)
+            throws Exception {
+        Future<Void> future = null;
+        boolean success = false;
+        try {
+            try {
+                future = dropHTableService.submit(new Callable<Void>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public Void call() throws Exception {
+                        if (admin.isTableEnabled(tableName)) {
+                            admin.disableTable(tableName);
+                            admin.deleteTable(tableName);
+                        }
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                });
+                future.get(dropTableTimeout, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                success = true;
+            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+                throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.OPERATION_TIMED_OUT)
+                .setMessage(
+                    "Not able to disable and delete table " + tableName.getNameAsString()
+                    + " in " + dropTableTimeout + " seconds.").build().buildException();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        } finally { 
+            if (future != null && !success) {
+                future.cancel(true);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static void assertOneOfValuesEqualsResultSet(ResultSet rs, List<List<Object>>... expectedResultsArray) throws SQLException {
+        List<List<Object>> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+        while (rs.next()) {
+            List<Object> result = Lists.newArrayList();
+            for (int i = 0; i < rs.getMetaData().getColumnCount(); i++) {
+                result.add(rs.getObject(i+1));
+            }
+            results.add(result);
+        }
+        for (int j = 0; j < expectedResultsArray.length; j++) {
+            List<List<Object>> expectedResults = expectedResultsArray[j];
+            Set<List<Object>> expectedResultsSet = Sets.newHashSet(expectedResults);
+            Iterator<List<Object>> iterator = results.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                if (expectedResultsSet.contains(iterator.next())) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (results.isEmpty()) return;
+        fail("Unable to find " + results + " in " + Arrays.asList(expectedResultsArray));
+    }
+
+    protected void assertValueEqualsResultSet(ResultSet rs, List<Object> expectedResults) throws SQLException {
+        List<List<Object>> nestedExpectedResults = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(expectedResults.size());
+        for (Object expectedResult : expectedResults) {
+            nestedExpectedResults.add(Arrays.asList(expectedResult));
+        }
+        assertValuesEqualsResultSet(rs, nestedExpectedResults); 
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that we find the expected values in the result set. We don't know the order, since we don't always
+     * have an order by and we're going through indexes, but we assert that each expected result occurs once as
+     * expected (in any order).
+     */
+    public static void assertValuesEqualsResultSet(ResultSet rs, List<List<Object>> expectedResults) throws SQLException {
+        int expectedCount = expectedResults.size();
+        int count = 0;
+        List<List<Object>> actualResults = Lists.newArrayList();
+        List<Object> errorResult = null;
+        while (rs.next() && errorResult == null) {
+            List<Object> result = Lists.newArrayList();
+            for (int i = 0; i < rs.getMetaData().getColumnCount(); i++) {
+                result.add(rs.getObject(i+1));
+            }
+            if (!expectedResults.contains(result)) {
+                errorResult = result;
+            }
+            actualResults.add(result);
+            count++;
+        }
+        assertTrue("Could not find " + errorResult + " in expected results: " + expectedResults + " with actual results: " + actualResults, errorResult == null);
+        assertEquals(expectedCount, count);
+    }
+    
+    public static HBaseTestingUtility getUtility() {
+        return utility;
+    }
+    
+    public static void upsertRows(Connection conn, String fullTableName, int numRows) throws SQLException {
+    	for (int i=1; i<=numRows; ++i) {
+	        upsertRow(conn, fullTableName, i, false);
+    	}
+    }
+
+    public static void upsertRow(Connection conn, String fullTableName, int index, boolean firstRowInBatch) throws SQLException {
+    	String upsert = "UPSERT INTO " + fullTableName
+                + " VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
+		PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(upsert);
+		stmt.setString(1, firstRowInBatch ? "firstRowInBatch_" : "" + "varchar"+index);
+		stmt.setString(2, "char"+index);
+		stmt.setInt(3, index);
+		stmt.setLong(4, index);
+		stmt.setBigDecimal(5, new BigDecimal(index));
+		Date date = DateUtil.parseDate("2015-01-01 00:00:00");
+		stmt.setDate(6, date);
+		stmt.setString(7, "varchar_a");
+		stmt.setString(8, "chara");
+		stmt.setInt(9, index+1);
+		stmt.setLong(10, index+1);
+		stmt.setBigDecimal(11, new BigDecimal(index+1));
+		stmt.setDate(12, date);
+		stmt.setString(13, "varchar_b");
+		stmt.setString(14, "charb");
+		stmt.setInt(15, index+2);
+		stmt.setLong(16, index+2);
+		stmt.setBigDecimal(17, new BigDecimal(index+2));
+		stmt.setDate(18, date);
+		stmt.executeUpdate();
+	}
+
+    // Populate the test table with data.
+    public static void populateTestTable(String fullTableName) throws SQLException {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl(), props)) {
+        	upsertRows(conn, fullTableName, 3);
+            conn.commit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Populate the test table with data.
+    protected static void populateMultiCFTestTable(String tableName) throws SQLException {
+        populateMultiCFTestTable(tableName, null);
+    }
+    
+    // Populate the test table with data.
+    protected static void populateMultiCFTestTable(String tableName, Date date) throws SQLException {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+        Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl(), props);
+        try {
+            String upsert = "UPSERT INTO " + tableName
+                    + " VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)";
+            PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(upsert);
+            stmt.setString(1, "varchar1");
+            stmt.setString(2, "char1");
+            stmt.setInt(3, 1);
+            stmt.setLong(4, 1L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(5, new BigDecimal("1.1"));
+            stmt.setString(6, "varchar_a");
+            stmt.setString(7, "chara");
+            stmt.setInt(8, 2);
+            stmt.setLong(9, 2L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(10, new BigDecimal("2.1"));
+            stmt.setString(11, "varchar_b");
+            stmt.setString(12, "charb");
+            stmt.setInt(13, 3);
+            stmt.setLong(14, 3L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(15, new BigDecimal("3.1"));
+            stmt.setDate(16, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + MILLIS_IN_DAY));
+            stmt.executeUpdate();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, "varchar2");
+            stmt.setString(2, "char2");
+            stmt.setInt(3, 2);
+            stmt.setLong(4, 2L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(5, new BigDecimal("2.2"));
+            stmt.setString(6, "varchar_a");
+            stmt.setString(7, "chara");
+            stmt.setInt(8, 3);
+            stmt.setLong(9, 3L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(10, new BigDecimal("3.2"));
+            stmt.setString(11, "varchar_b");
+            stmt.setString(12, "charb");
+            stmt.setInt(13, 4);
+            stmt.setLong(14, 4L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(15, new BigDecimal("4.2"));
+            stmt.setDate(16, date);
+            stmt.executeUpdate();
+            
+            stmt.setString(1, "varchar3");
+            stmt.setString(2, "char3");
+            stmt.setInt(3, 3);
+            stmt.setLong(4, 3L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(5, new BigDecimal("3.3"));
+            stmt.setString(6, "varchar_a");
+            stmt.setString(7, "chara");
+            stmt.setInt(8, 4);
+            stmt.setLong(9, 4L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(10, new BigDecimal("4.3"));
+            stmt.setString(11, "varchar_b");
+            stmt.setString(12, "charb");
+            stmt.setInt(13, 5);
+            stmt.setLong(14, 5L);
+            stmt.setBigDecimal(15, new BigDecimal("5.3"));
+            stmt.setDate(16, date == null ? null : new Date(date.getTime() + 2 * MILLIS_IN_DAY));
+            stmt.executeUpdate();
+            
+            conn.commit();
+        } finally {
+            conn.close();
+        }
+    }
+    protected static void verifySequenceNotExists(String tenantID, String sequenceName, String sequenceSchemaName) throws SQLException {
+        verifySequence(tenantID, sequenceName, sequenceSchemaName, false, 0);
+    }
+    
+    protected static void verifySequenceValue(String tenantID, String sequenceName, String sequenceSchemaName, long value) throws SQLException {
+        verifySequence(tenantID, sequenceName, sequenceSchemaName, true, value);
+    }
+    
+    private  static void verifySequence(String tenantID, String sequenceName, String sequenceSchemaName, boolean exists, long value) throws SQLException {
+
+        PhoenixConnection phxConn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl()).unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+        String ddl = "SELECT "
+                + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID + ","
+                + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SEQUENCE_SCHEMA + ","
+                + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SEQUENCE_NAME + ","
+                + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.CURRENT_VALUE
+                + " FROM " + PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_SEQUENCE
+                + " WHERE ";
+
+        ddl += " TENANT_ID  " + ((tenantID == null ) ? "IS NULL " : " = '" + tenantID + "'");
+        ddl += " AND SEQUENCE_NAME " + ((sequenceName == null) ? "IS NULL " : " = '" +  sequenceName + "'");
+        ddl += " AND SEQUENCE_SCHEMA " + ((sequenceSchemaName == null) ? "IS NULL " : " = '" + sequenceSchemaName + "'" );
+
+        ResultSet rs = phxConn.createStatement().executeQuery(ddl);
+
+        if(exists) {
+            assertTrue(rs.next());
+            assertEquals(value, rs.getLong(4));
+        } else {
+            assertFalse(rs.next());
+        }
+        phxConn.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 426.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BaseTest.setupTxManager()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.query.BaseTest.setupTxManager():void.0319b382ebdf52adeb6fcc83df903412
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/test/java/org/apache/phoenix/query/BaseTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BaseTest.java|setupTxManager|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+16b526cfdc26a5995d400ab63ab8a6fd
+
+### Hash:
+ef68eca0a5f266d059f74661f709c4bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6050/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6050/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b630f1d763d730e654a4051f8d03db1d8520724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6050/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.end2end;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.BaseTest.setUpConfigForMiniCluster;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TEST_PROPERTIES;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.BufferedWriter;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseTestingUtility;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Admin;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.VersionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDriver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PropertiesUtil;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
+import org.junit.runners.Parameterized.Parameters;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+
+/**
+ * This class is meant for testing all compatible client versions 
+ * against the current server version. It runs SQL queries with given 
+ * client versions and compares the output against gold files
+ */
+
+@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
+@Category(NeedsOwnMiniClusterTest.class)
+public class BackwardCompatibilityIT {
+
+    private static final String SQL_DIR = "src/it/resources/sql_files/";
+    private static final String RESULT_DIR = "src/it/resources/gold_files/";
+    private static final String COMPATIBLE_CLIENTS_JSON =
+            "src/it/resources/compatible_client_versions.json";
+    private static final String RESULT_PREFIX = "result_";
+    private static final String SQL_EXTENSION = ".sql";
+    private static final String TEXT_EXTENSION = ".txt";
+    private static final String CREATE_ADD = "create_add";
+    private static final String ADD_DATA = "add_data";
+    private static final String ADD_DELETE = "add_delete";
+    private static final String QUERY = "query";
+    private static final String QUERY_MORE = "query_more";
+    private static final String QUERY_ADD_DELETE = "query_add_delete";
+
+    private final String compatibleClientVersion;
+    private static Configuration conf;
+    private static HBaseTestingUtility hbaseTestUtil;
+    private static String zkQuorum;
+    private static String url;
+
+    public BackwardCompatibilityIT(String compatibleClientVersion) {
+        this.compatibleClientVersion = compatibleClientVersion;
+    }
+
+    @Parameters(name = "BackwardCompatibilityIT_compatibleClientVersion={0}")
+    public static synchronized Collection<String> data() throws Exception {
+        return computeClientVersions();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public synchronized void doSetup() throws Exception {
+        conf = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+        hbaseTestUtil = new HBaseTestingUtility(conf);
+        setUpConfigForMiniCluster(conf);
+        conf.set(QueryServices.EXTRA_JDBC_ARGUMENTS_ATTRIB, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_EXTRA_JDBC_ARGUMENTS);
+        hbaseTestUtil.startMiniCluster();
+        zkQuorum = "localhost:" + hbaseTestUtil.getZkCluster().getClientPort();
+        url = PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL + PhoenixRuntime.JDBC_PROTOCOL_SEPARATOR + zkQuorum;
+        DriverManager.registerDriver(PhoenixDriver.INSTANCE);
+    }
+    
+    @After
+    public void cleanUpAfterTest() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            DriverManager.deregisterDriver(PhoenixDriver.INSTANCE);
+        } finally {
+            hbaseTestUtil.shutdownMiniCluster();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static List<String> computeClientVersions() throws Exception {
+        String hbaseVersion = VersionInfo.getVersion();
+        Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\d+\\.\\d+");
+        Matcher m = p.matcher(hbaseVersion);
+        String hbaseProfile = null;
+        if (m.find()) {
+            hbaseProfile = m.group();
+        }
+        List<String> clientVersions = Lists.newArrayList();
+        ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+        mapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_COMMENTS, true);
+        JsonNode jsonNode = mapper.readTree(new FileReader(COMPATIBLE_CLIENTS_JSON));
+        JsonNode HBaseProfile = jsonNode.get(hbaseProfile);
+        for (final JsonNode clientVersion : HBaseProfile) {
+            clientVersions.add(clientVersion.textValue() + "-HBase-" + hbaseProfile);
+        }
+        return clientVersions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. New Client inserts more data into the tables created by old client 
+     * 5. Old Client reads the data inserted by new client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUpsertWithNewClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Insert more data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(ADD_DATA);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY_MORE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DATA, QUERY_MORE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. Old Client inserts more data into the tables created by old client 
+     * 5. New Client reads the data inserted by new client
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSelectUpsertWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with new client and read with old client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Insert more data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, ADD_DATA);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY_MORE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DATA, QUERY_MORE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. Old Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. Old Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. New Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. Old Client creates and deletes the data
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertDeleteWithOldClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Deletes with the old client
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, ADD_DELETE);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY_ADD_DELETE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DELETE, QUERY_ADD_DELETE));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scenario: 
+     * 1. New Client connects to the updated server 
+     * 2. New Client creates tables and inserts data 
+     * 3. Old Client reads the data inserted by the old client 
+     * 4. New Client creates and deletes the data
+     * 
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testUpsertDeleteWithNewClient() throws Exception {
+        checkForPreConditions();
+        // Insert data with old client and read with new client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(CREATE_ADD);
+        executeQueryWithClientVersion(compatibleClientVersion, QUERY);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(CREATE_ADD, QUERY));
+
+        // Deletes with the new client
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(ADD_DELETE);
+        executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(QUERY_ADD_DELETE);
+        assertTrue(compareOutput(ADD_DELETE, QUERY_ADD_DELETE));
+    }
+    
+    private void checkForPreConditions() throws Exception {
+        // For the first code cut of any major version, there wouldn't be any backward compatible
+        // clients. Hence the test wouldn't run and just return true when the client  
+        // version to be tested is same as current version
+        assumeFalse(compatibleClientVersion.contains(MetaDataProtocol.CURRENT_CLIENT_VERSION));
+        // Make sure that cluster is clean before test execution with no system tables
+        try (org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection conn = 
+                ConnectionFactory.createConnection(conf)) {
+            Admin admin = conn.getAdmin();
+            assertFalse(admin.tableExists(TableName.valueOf(QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME, 
+                    PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE)));
+        }       
+    }
+
+    // Executes the queries listed in the operation file with a given client version
+    private void executeQueryWithClientVersion(String clientVersion, String operation)
+            throws Exception {
+        String BASH = "/bin/bash";
+        String EXECUTE_QUERY_SH = "src/it/scripts/execute_query.sh";
+
+        List<String> cmdParams = Lists.newArrayList();
+        cmdParams.add(BASH);
+        cmdParams.add(EXECUTE_QUERY_SH);
+        cmdParams.add(zkQuorum);
+        cmdParams.add(clientVersion);
+
+        cmdParams.add(new File(SQL_DIR + operation + SQL_EXTENSION).getAbsolutePath());
+        cmdParams.add(
+            new File(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + operation + TEXT_EXTENSION).getAbsolutePath());
+        cmdParams.add(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir"));
+
+        if (System.getProperty("maven.home") != null) {
+            cmdParams.add(System.getProperty("maven.home"));
+        }
+
+        ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(cmdParams);
+        final Process p = pb.start();
+        final StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        //Capture the error stream if any from the execution of the script
+        Thread errorStreamThread = new Thread() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(
+                            new InputStreamReader(p.getErrorStream()));
+                    String line = null;
+                    while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                        sb.append(line);
+                    }
+                    reader.close();
+                } catch (final Exception e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        errorStreamThread.start();
+        assertEquals(sb.toString(), 0, p.waitFor());
+    }
+
+    // Executes the SQL commands listed in the given operation file from the sql_files directory
+    private ResultSet executeQueriesWithCurrentVersion(String operation) throws Exception {
+        Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+        try (Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props)) {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            BufferedReader reader =
+                    new BufferedReader(new FileReader(SQL_DIR + operation + SQL_EXTENSION));
+            String sqlCommand;
+            ResultSet rs = null;
+            while ((sqlCommand = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                sqlCommand = sqlCommand.trim();
+                if (sqlCommand.length() == 0 || sqlCommand.startsWith("/") || sqlCommand.startsWith("*")) continue;
+                sb.append(sqlCommand);
+            }
+            reader.close();
+            
+            String[] sqlCommands = sb.toString().split(";");
+            try (BufferedWriter br = new BufferedWriter(
+                new FileWriter(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + operation + TEXT_EXTENSION))) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < sqlCommands.length; i++) {
+                    PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sqlCommands[i]);
+                    stmt.execute();
+                    rs = stmt.getResultSet();
+                    if (rs != null) {
+                        saveResultSet(rs, br);
+                    }
+                    conn.commit();
+                }
+                return rs;
+            }
+        }        
+    }
+
+    // Saves the result set to a text file to be compared against the gold file for difference
+    private void saveResultSet(ResultSet rs, BufferedWriter br) throws Exception {
+        ResultSetMetaData rsm = rs.getMetaData();
+        int columnCount = rsm.getColumnCount();
+        String row = formatStringWithQuotes(rsm.getColumnName(1));
+        for (int i = 2; i <= columnCount; i++) {
+            row = row + "," + formatStringWithQuotes(rsm.getColumnName(i));
+        }
+        br.write(row);
+        br.write("\n");
+        while (rs.next()) {
+            row = formatStringWithQuotes(rs.getString(1));
+            for (int i = 2; i <= columnCount; i++) {
+                row = row + "," + formatStringWithQuotes(rs.getString(i));
+            }
+            br.write(row);
+            br.write("\n");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String formatStringWithQuotes(String str) {
+        return (str != null) ? String.format("\'%s\'", str) : "\'\'";
+    }
+
+    // Compares the result file against the gold file to match for the expected output
+    // for the given operation
+    private boolean compareOutput(String gold, String result) throws Exception {
+        BufferedReader goldFileReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                        new File(RESULT_DIR + "gold_query_" + gold + TEXT_EXTENSION)));
+        BufferedReader resultFileReader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                        new File(RESULT_DIR + RESULT_PREFIX + result + TEXT_EXTENSION)));
+
+        List<String> resultFile = Lists.newArrayList();
+        List<String> goldFile = Lists.newArrayList();
+
+        String line = null;
+        while ((line = resultFileReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            resultFile.add(line.trim());
+        }
+        resultFileReader.close();
+
+        while ((line = goldFileReader.readLine()) != null) {
+            line = line.trim();
+            if ( !(line.isEmpty() || line.startsWith("*") || line.startsWith("/"))) {
+                goldFile.add(line);
+            }           
+        }
+        goldFileReader.close();
+
+        // We take the first line in gold file and match against the result file to exclude any
+        // other WARNING messages that comes as a result of the query execution
+        int index = resultFile.indexOf(goldFile.get(0));
+        resultFile = resultFile.subList(index, resultFile.size());
+        return resultFile.equals(goldFile);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectUpsertWithNewClient` indirectly reads without synchronization from `end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.conf`. Potentially races with write in method `BackwardCompatibilityIT.doSetup()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectUpsertWithNewClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BackwardCompatibilityIT.testSelectUpsertWithNewClient():void.4c3ba3ef355fc05624ac49fd42c5cb6c
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/it/java/org/apache/phoenix/end2end/BackwardCompatibilityIT.java
+
+### Key:
+BackwardCompatibilityIT.java|testSelectUpsertWithNewClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c216dd6546a24e5b5957c1c99706aba7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6051/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6051/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a36761093e957ca2da144bda9dfbe3f58c5c81c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6051/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you maynot use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicablelaw or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.execute;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.TestUtil.TEST_PROPERTIES;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseIOException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.ObserverContext;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.SimpleRegionObserver;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.MiniBatchOperationInProgress;
+import org.apache.phoenix.end2end.BaseUniqueNamesOwnClusterIT;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PropertiesUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ReadOnlyProps;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+public class UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT extends BaseUniqueNamesOwnClusterIT {
+    
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void doSetup() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, String> serverProps = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(3);
+        serverProps.put("hbase.coprocessor.region.classes", SlowBatchRegionObserver.class.getName());
+        serverProps.put("hbase.rowlock.wait.duration", "5000");
+        serverProps.put(QueryServices.MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_ATTRIB, "100");
+        Map<String,String> clientProps = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(1);
+        setUpTestDriver(new ReadOnlyProps(serverProps.entrySet().iterator()), new ReadOnlyProps(clientProps.entrySet().iterator()));
+    }
+    
+    private class UpsertSelectRunner implements Callable<Boolean> {
+    	private final String dataTable;
+    	private final int minIndex;
+    	private final int maxIndex;
+    	private final int numLoop;
+    	
+    	public UpsertSelectRunner (String dataTable, int minIndex, int maxIndex, int numLoop) {
+    		this.dataTable = dataTable;
+    		this.minIndex = minIndex;
+    		this.maxIndex = maxIndex;
+    		this.numLoop = numLoop;
+    	}
+
+		@Override
+		public Boolean call() throws Exception {
+			Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+			try (Connection myConn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl(), props)) {
+				myConn.setAutoCommit(true);
+				String time = String.valueOf(System.currentTimeMillis());
+				String dml = "UPSERT INTO " + dataTable + " SELECT k, v1 || '" + time + "', v2 || '" + time
+						+ "' FROM " + dataTable + " WHERE k >= " + minIndex + " AND k < " + maxIndex;
+				myConn.setAutoCommit(true);
+				for (int j = 0; j < numLoop; ++j) {
+					myConn.createStatement().execute(dml);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+    	
+    }
+    
+	@Test
+	public void testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently() throws Exception {
+		final String dataTable = generateUniqueName();
+		final String index = "IDX_" + dataTable;
+		// create the table and ensure its empty
+		Properties props = PropertiesUtil.deepCopy(TEST_PROPERTIES);
+		Connection conn = driver.connect(url, props);
+		conn.createStatement()
+				.execute("CREATE TABLE " + dataTable + " (k INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, v1 VARCHAR, v2 VARCHAR)");
+		// create the index and ensure its empty as well
+		conn.createStatement().execute("CREATE INDEX " + index + " ON " + dataTable + " (v1)");
+
+		conn = DriverManager.getConnection(getUrl(), props);
+		PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement("UPSERT INTO " + dataTable + " VALUES(?,?,?)");
+		conn.setAutoCommit(false);
+		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+			stmt.setInt(1, i);
+			stmt.setString(2, "v1" + i);
+			stmt.setString(3, "v2" + i);
+			stmt.execute();
+		}
+		conn.commit();
+
+		int numUpsertSelectRunners = 5;
+		ExecutorService exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(numUpsertSelectRunners);
+		CompletionService<Boolean> completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService<Boolean>(exec);
+		List<Future<Boolean>> futures = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(numUpsertSelectRunners);
+		// run one UPSERT SELECT for 100 rows (that locks the rows for a long time)
+		futures.add(completionService.submit(new UpsertSelectRunner(dataTable, 0, 105, 1)));
+		// run four UPSERT SELECTS for 5 rows (that overlap with slow running UPSERT SELECT)
+		for (int i = 0; i < 100; i += 25) {
+			futures.add(completionService.submit(new UpsertSelectRunner(dataTable, i, i+25, 5)));
+		}
+		int received = 0;
+		while (received < futures.size()) {
+			Future<Boolean> resultFuture = completionService.take(); 
+			Boolean result = resultFuture.get();
+			received++;
+			assertTrue(result);
+		}
+		exec.shutdownNow();
+		conn.close();
+	}
+    
+    public static class SlowBatchRegionObserver extends SimpleRegionObserver {
+        @Override
+        public void preBatchMutate(ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> c, MiniBatchOperationInProgress<Mutation> miniBatchOp) throws HBaseIOException {
+        	// model a slow batch that takes a long time
+            if (miniBatchOp.size()==100) {
+            	try {
+					Thread.sleep(6000);
+				} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+					e.printStackTrace();
+				}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `conn` last assigned on line 101 could be null and is dereferenced at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.execute.UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently():.13f358acbfc9487abe959948b24a54f6
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/it/java/org/apache/phoenix/execute/UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.java
+
+### Key:
+UpsertSelectOverlappingBatchesIT.java|testUpsertSelectSameBatchConcurrently|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+22de68f4280cced9fcd1f6d829d14a81
+
+### Hash:
+1d6b937d74f9374e83da9994486c43b1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6056/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6056/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca8a160496c74c1e49a3cb03c75d69bb2de76155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6056/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4935 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor;
+
+import static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValueUtil.createFirstOnRow;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.ARRAY_SIZE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.CLASS_NAME_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_COUNT_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_DEF_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME_INDEX;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_QUALIFIER_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_QUALIFIER_COUNTER_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_SIZE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DATA_TABLE_NAME_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DATA_TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DECIMAL_DIGITS_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DEFAULT_VALUE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.DISABLE_WAL_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.ENCODING_SCHEME_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FAMILY_NAME_INDEX;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IMMUTABLE_ROWS_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.INDEX_STATE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.INDEX_TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_ARRAY_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_CONSTANT_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.IS_VIEW_REFERENCED_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.JAR_PATH_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.LINK_TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MAX_VALUE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MIN_VALUE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.MULTI_TENANT_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.NULLABLE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.NUM_ARGS_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.ORDINAL_POSITION_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PK_NAME_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.RETURN_TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SALT_BUCKETS_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SORT_ORDER_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.STORAGE_SCHEME_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.STORE_NULLS_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_SEQ_NUM_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TRANSACTIONAL_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TRANSACTION_PROVIDER_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.VIEW_CONSTANT_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.VIEW_INDEX_ID_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.VIEW_STATEMENT_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.VIEW_TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.VIEW_INDEX_ID_DATA_TYPE_BYTES;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.DIVERGED_VIEW_BASE_COLUMN_COUNT;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableType.INDEX;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableType.TABLE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableImpl.getColumnsToClone;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil.getVarCharLength;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil.getVarChars;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
+import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellComparatorImpl;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.DoNotRetryIOException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ExtendedCellBuilder;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue.Type;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValueUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TagUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Get;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.RegionInfo;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.CoprocessorException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessor;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.FirstKeyOnlyFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.RpcCall;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.ipc.RpcUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.Region;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.Region.RowLock;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.RegionScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.security.User;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Pair;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.VersionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.cache.GlobalCache;
+import org.apache.phoenix.cache.GlobalCache.FunctionBytesPtr;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.ColumnNameTrackingExpressionCompiler;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.ColumnResolver;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.FromCompiler;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.QueryPlan;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.ScanRanges;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.StatementContext;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.WhereCompiler;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.AddColumnRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearCacheRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearCacheResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearTableFromCacheRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.ClearTableFromCacheResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.CreateFunctionRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.CreateSchemaRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.CreateTableRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropColumnRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropFunctionRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropSchemaRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.DropTableRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetFunctionsRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetSchemaRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetTableRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetVersionRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.GetVersionResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.MetaDataResponse;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.MetaDataProtos.UpdateIndexStateRequest;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.Expression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.KeyValueColumnExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LiteralExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.ProjectedColumnExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.RowKeyColumnExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.visitor.StatelessTraverseAllExpressionVisitor;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.update.ColumnReference;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.GenericKeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.ImmutableBytesPtr;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.KeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.IndexMaintainer;
+import org.apache.phoenix.iterate.ResultIterator;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixResultSet;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixStatement;
+import org.apache.phoenix.metrics.Metrics;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.DropTableStatement;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.LiteralParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.PFunction;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.PFunction.FunctionArgument;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.PSchema;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.ParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.SQLParser;
+import org.apache.phoenix.protobuf.ProtobufUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.ConnectionQueryServices;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.KeyRange;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnFamilyNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnRef;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.MetaDataClient;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.MetaDataSplitPolicy;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumn;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumnFamily;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumnImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PIndexState;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PMetaDataEntity;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PName;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PNameFactory;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.EncodedCQCounter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.ImmutableStorageScheme;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.IndexType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.LinkType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.QualifierEncodingScheme;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable.ViewType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableKey;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ParentTableNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.RowKeySchema;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SaltingUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SequenceAllocation;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SequenceAlreadyExistsException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SequenceKey;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SequenceNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableRef;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PBinary;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PBoolean;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PInteger;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PLong;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PSmallint;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PTinyint;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PVarbinary;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PVarchar;
+import org.apache.phoenix.trace.util.Tracing;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.TransactionFactory;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ByteUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.EncodedColumnsUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.EnvironmentEdgeManager;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.IndexUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.MetaDataUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixKeyValueUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.PhoenixRuntime;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.QueryUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ReadOnlyProps;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ServerUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.UpgradeUtil;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.common.cache.Cache;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.google.protobuf.RpcCallback;
+import com.google.protobuf.RpcController;
+import com.google.protobuf.Service;
+
+/**
+ * Endpoint co-processor through which all Phoenix metadata mutations flow.
+ * Phoenix metadata is stored in SYSTEM.CATALOG. The table specific information
+ * is stored in a single header row. Column information is stored in a separate
+ * row per column. Linking information (indexes, views etc) are stored using a
+ * separate row for each link that uses the {@link LinkType} column value. The
+ * parent->child links are stored in a separate SYSTEM.CHILD_LINK table.
+ * Metadata for all tables/views/indexes in the same schema are stored in a
+ * single region which is enforced using the {@link MetaDataSplitPolicy}.
+ * 
+ * While creating child views we only store columns added by the view. When
+ * resolving a view we resolve all its parents and add their columns to the
+ * PTable that is returned. We lock the parent table while creating an index to
+ * ensure its metadata doesn't change.
+ * While adding or dropping columns we lock the table or view to ensure that
+ * concurrent conflicting changes are prevented. We also validate that there are
+ * no existing conflicting child view columns when we add a column to a parent.
+ * While dropping a column from a parent we check if there are any child views
+ * that need the column and throw an exception. If there are view indexes that
+ * required the column we drop them as well.
+ * While dropping a table or view that has children using the cascade option, we
+ * do not drop the child view metadata which will be removed at compaction time.
+ * If we recreate a table or view that was dropped whose child metadata hasn't
+ * been removed yet, we delete the child view metadata. When resolving a view,
+ * we resolve all its parents, if any of them are dropped the child view is
+ * considered to be dropped and we throw a TableNotFoundException.
+ * 
+ * We only allow mutations to the latest version of a Phoenix table (i.e. the
+ * timeStamp must be increasing). For adding/dropping columns we use a sequence
+ * number on the table to ensure that the client has the latest version.
+ *
+ * @since 0.1
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+public class MetaDataEndpointImpl extends MetaDataProtocol implements RegionCoprocessor {
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MetaDataEndpointImpl.class);
+
+    // Column to track tables that have been upgraded based on PHOENIX-2067
+    public static final String ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE = "ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE";
+    public static final byte[] ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_BYTES = Bytes.toBytes(ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE);
+
+    private static final byte[] CHILD_TABLE_BYTES = new byte[] {PTable.LinkType.CHILD_TABLE.getSerializedValue()};
+    private static final byte[] PHYSICAL_TABLE_BYTES =
+            new byte[] { PTable.LinkType.PHYSICAL_TABLE.getSerializedValue() };
+
+    // KeyValues for Table
+    private static final KeyValue TABLE_TYPE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, TABLE_TYPE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue TABLE_SEQ_NUM_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, TABLE_SEQ_NUM_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue COLUMN_COUNT_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, COLUMN_COUNT_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue SALT_BUCKETS_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, SALT_BUCKETS_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue PK_NAME_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, PK_NAME_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue DATA_TABLE_NAME_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DATA_TABLE_NAME_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue INDEX_STATE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, INDEX_STATE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue IMMUTABLE_ROWS_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, IMMUTABLE_ROWS_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue VIEW_EXPRESSION_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, VIEW_STATEMENT_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_NAME_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue DISABLE_WAL_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DISABLE_WAL_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue MULTI_TENANT_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, MULTI_TENANT_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue VIEW_TYPE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, VIEW_TYPE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue VIEW_INDEX_ID_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, VIEW_INDEX_ID_BYTES);
+    /**
+     * A designator for choosing the right type for viewIndex (Short vs Long) to be backward compatible.
+     * **/
+    private static final KeyValue VIEW_INDEX_ID_DATA_TYPE_BYTES_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, VIEW_INDEX_ID_DATA_TYPE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue INDEX_TYPE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, INDEX_TYPE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue STORE_NULLS_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, STORE_NULLS_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue EMPTY_KEYVALUE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue BASE_COLUMN_COUNT_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.BASE_COLUMN_COUNT_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue TRANSACTIONAL_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, TRANSACTIONAL_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue TRANSACTION_PROVIDER_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, TRANSACTION_PROVIDER_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY,
+            TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell STORAGE_SCHEME_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, STORAGE_SCHEME_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell ENCODING_SCHEME_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, ENCODING_SCHEME_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_BYTES);
+    
+    private static final List<Cell> TABLE_KV_COLUMNS = Arrays.<Cell>asList(
+            EMPTY_KEYVALUE_KV,
+            TABLE_TYPE_KV,
+            TABLE_SEQ_NUM_KV,
+            COLUMN_COUNT_KV,
+            SALT_BUCKETS_KV,
+            PK_NAME_KV,
+            DATA_TABLE_NAME_KV,
+            INDEX_STATE_KV,
+            IMMUTABLE_ROWS_KV,
+            VIEW_EXPRESSION_KV,
+            DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_KV,
+            DISABLE_WAL_KV,
+            MULTI_TENANT_KV,
+            VIEW_TYPE_KV,
+            VIEW_INDEX_ID_KV,
+            VIEW_INDEX_ID_DATA_TYPE_BYTES_KV,
+            INDEX_TYPE_KV,
+            INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_KV,
+            STORE_NULLS_KV,
+            BASE_COLUMN_COUNT_KV,
+            ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_KV,
+            TRANSACTIONAL_KV,
+            TRANSACTION_PROVIDER_KV,
+            UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_KV,
+            IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_KV,
+            AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ_KV,
+            APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA_KV,
+            STORAGE_SCHEME_KV,
+            ENCODING_SCHEME_KV,
+            USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_KV
+            );
+    static {
+        Collections.sort(TABLE_KV_COLUMNS, CellComparatorImpl.COMPARATOR);
+    }
+
+    private static final int TABLE_TYPE_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(TABLE_TYPE_KV);
+    private static final int TABLE_SEQ_NUM_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(TABLE_SEQ_NUM_KV);
+    private static final int COLUMN_COUNT_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(COLUMN_COUNT_KV);
+    private static final int SALT_BUCKETS_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(SALT_BUCKETS_KV);
+    private static final int PK_NAME_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(PK_NAME_KV);
+    private static final int DATA_TABLE_NAME_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(DATA_TABLE_NAME_KV);
+    private static final int INDEX_STATE_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(INDEX_STATE_KV);
+    private static final int IMMUTABLE_ROWS_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(IMMUTABLE_ROWS_KV);
+    private static final int VIEW_STATEMENT_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(VIEW_EXPRESSION_KV);
+    private static final int DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_KV);
+    private static final int DISABLE_WAL_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(DISABLE_WAL_KV);
+    private static final int MULTI_TENANT_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(MULTI_TENANT_KV);
+    private static final int VIEW_TYPE_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(VIEW_TYPE_KV);
+    private static final int VIEW_INDEX_ID_DATA_TYPE_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(VIEW_INDEX_ID_DATA_TYPE_BYTES_KV);
+    private static final int VIEW_INDEX_ID_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(VIEW_INDEX_ID_KV);
+    private static final int INDEX_TYPE_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(INDEX_TYPE_KV);
+    private static final int STORE_NULLS_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(STORE_NULLS_KV);
+    private static final int BASE_COLUMN_COUNT_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(BASE_COLUMN_COUNT_KV);
+    private static final int ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_KV);
+    private static final int TRANSACTIONAL_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(TRANSACTIONAL_KV);
+    private static final int TRANSACTION_PROVIDER_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(TRANSACTION_PROVIDER_KV);
+    private static final int UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_KV);
+    private static final int INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_KV);
+    private static final int IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_KV);
+    private static final int AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ_KV);
+    private static final int APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA_KV);
+    private static final int STORAGE_SCHEME_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(STORAGE_SCHEME_KV);
+    private static final int QUALIFIER_ENCODING_SCHEME_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(ENCODING_SCHEME_KV);
+    private static final int USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_INDEX = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_KV);
+
+    // KeyValues for Column
+    private static final KeyValue DECIMAL_DIGITS_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DECIMAL_DIGITS_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue COLUMN_SIZE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, COLUMN_SIZE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue NULLABLE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, NULLABLE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue DATA_TYPE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DATA_TYPE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue ORDINAL_POSITION_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, ORDINAL_POSITION_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue SORT_ORDER_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, SORT_ORDER_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue ARRAY_SIZE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, ARRAY_SIZE_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue VIEW_CONSTANT_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, VIEW_CONSTANT_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue IS_VIEW_REFERENCED_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, IS_VIEW_REFERENCED_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue COLUMN_DEF_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, COLUMN_DEF_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP_BYTES);
+    private static final KeyValue COLUMN_QUALIFIER_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, COLUMN_QUALIFIER_BYTES);
+    // this key value is used to represent a column derived from a parent that was deleted (by
+    // storing a value of LinkType.EXCLUDED_COLUMN)
+    private static final KeyValue LINK_TYPE_KV =
+            createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, LINK_TYPE_BYTES);
+
+    private static final List<KeyValue> COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS = Arrays.<KeyValue>asList(
+            DECIMAL_DIGITS_KV,
+            COLUMN_SIZE_KV,
+            NULLABLE_KV,
+            DATA_TYPE_KV,
+            ORDINAL_POSITION_KV,
+            SORT_ORDER_KV,
+            DATA_TABLE_NAME_KV, // included in both column and table row for metadata APIs
+            ARRAY_SIZE_KV,
+            VIEW_CONSTANT_KV,
+            IS_VIEW_REFERENCED_KV,
+            COLUMN_DEF_KV,
+            IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP_KV,
+            COLUMN_QUALIFIER_KV,
+            LINK_TYPE_KV
+            );
+    static {
+        Collections.sort(COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS, KeyValue.COMPARATOR);
+    }
+    private static final Cell QUALIFIER_COUNTER_KV = KeyValueUtil.createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, COLUMN_QUALIFIER_COUNTER_BYTES);
+    private static final int DECIMAL_DIGITS_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(DECIMAL_DIGITS_KV);
+    private static final int COLUMN_SIZE_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(COLUMN_SIZE_KV);
+    private static final int NULLABLE_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(NULLABLE_KV);
+    private static final int DATA_TYPE_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(DATA_TYPE_KV);
+    private static final int ORDINAL_POSITION_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(ORDINAL_POSITION_KV);
+    private static final int SORT_ORDER_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(SORT_ORDER_KV);
+    private static final int ARRAY_SIZE_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(ARRAY_SIZE_KV);
+    private static final int VIEW_CONSTANT_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(VIEW_CONSTANT_KV);
+    private static final int IS_VIEW_REFERENCED_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(IS_VIEW_REFERENCED_KV);
+    private static final int COLUMN_DEF_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(COLUMN_DEF_KV);
+    private static final int IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP_KV);
+    private static final int COLUMN_QUALIFIER_INDEX = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(COLUMN_QUALIFIER_KV);
+    // the index of the key value is used to represent a column derived from a parent that was
+    // deleted (by storing a value of LinkType.EXCLUDED_COLUMN)
+    private static final int EXCLUDED_COLUMN_LINK_TYPE_KV_INDEX =
+            COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(LINK_TYPE_KV);
+
+    // index for link type key value that is used to store linking rows
+    private static final int LINK_TYPE_INDEX = 0;
+    // Used to add a tag to a cell when a view modifies a table property to indicate that this
+    // property should not be derived from the base table
+    private static final byte[] VIEW_MODIFIED_PROPERTY_BYTES = Bytes.toBytes(1);
+
+    private static final Cell CLASS_NAME_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, CLASS_NAME_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell JAR_PATH_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, JAR_PATH_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell RETURN_TYPE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, RETURN_TYPE_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell NUM_ARGS_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, NUM_ARGS_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell TYPE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, TYPE_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell IS_CONSTANT_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, IS_CONSTANT_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell DEFAULT_VALUE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DEFAULT_VALUE_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell MIN_VALUE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, MIN_VALUE_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell MAX_VALUE_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, MAX_VALUE_BYTES);
+    private static final Cell IS_ARRAY_KV = createFirstOnRow(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, IS_ARRAY_BYTES);
+
+    private static final List<Cell> FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS = Arrays.<Cell>asList(
+        EMPTY_KEYVALUE_KV,
+        CLASS_NAME_KV,
+        JAR_PATH_KV,
+        RETURN_TYPE_KV,
+        NUM_ARGS_KV
+        );
+    static {
+        Collections.sort(FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS, CellComparatorImpl.COMPARATOR);
+    }
+
+    private static final int CLASS_NAME_INDEX = FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(CLASS_NAME_KV);
+    private static final int JAR_PATH_INDEX = FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(JAR_PATH_KV);
+    private static final int RETURN_TYPE_INDEX = FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(RETURN_TYPE_KV);
+    private static final int NUM_ARGS_INDEX = FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(NUM_ARGS_KV);
+
+    private static final List<Cell> FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS = Arrays.<Cell>asList(
+        TYPE_KV,
+        IS_ARRAY_KV,
+        IS_CONSTANT_KV,
+        DEFAULT_VALUE_KV,
+        MIN_VALUE_KV,
+        MAX_VALUE_KV
+        );
+    static {
+        Collections.sort(FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS, CellComparatorImpl.COMPARATOR);
+    }
+
+    private static final int IS_ARRAY_INDEX = FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(IS_ARRAY_KV);
+    private static final int IS_CONSTANT_INDEX = FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(IS_CONSTANT_KV);
+    private static final int DEFAULT_VALUE_INDEX = FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(DEFAULT_VALUE_KV);
+    private static final int MIN_VALUE_INDEX = FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(MIN_VALUE_KV);
+    private static final int MAX_VALUE_INDEX = FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.indexOf(MAX_VALUE_KV);
+    
+    private static PName newPName(byte[] buffer) {
+        return buffer==null ? null : newPName(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
+    }
+
+    private static PName newPName(byte[] keyBuffer, int keyOffset, int keyLength) {
+        if (keyLength <= 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        int length = getVarCharLength(keyBuffer, keyOffset, keyLength);
+        return PNameFactory.newName(keyBuffer, keyOffset, length);
+    }
+
+    private RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env;
+
+    private PhoenixMetaDataCoprocessorHost phoenixAccessCoprocessorHost;
+    private boolean accessCheckEnabled;
+    private boolean blockWriteRebuildIndex;
+    private int maxIndexesPerTable;
+    private boolean isTablesMappingEnabled;
+
+    // this flag denotes that we will continue to write parent table column metadata while creating
+    // a child view and also block metadata changes that were previously propagated to children
+    // before 4.15, so that we can rollback the upgrade to 4.15 if required
+    private boolean allowSystemCatalogRollback;
+
+    /**
+     * Stores a reference to the coprocessor environment provided by the
+     * {@link org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.RegionCoprocessorHost} from the region where this
+     * coprocessor is loaded. Since this is a coprocessor endpoint, it always expects to be loaded
+     * on a table region, so always expects this to be an instance of
+     * {@link RegionCoprocessorEnvironment}.
+     * @param env the environment provided by the coprocessor host
+     * @throws IOException if the provided environment is not an instance of
+     *             {@code RegionCoprocessorEnvironment}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void start(CoprocessorEnvironment env) throws IOException {
+        if (env instanceof RegionCoprocessorEnvironment) {
+            this.env = (RegionCoprocessorEnvironment) env;
+        } else {
+            throw new CoprocessorException("Must be loaded on a table region!");
+        }
+        
+        phoenixAccessCoprocessorHost = new PhoenixMetaDataCoprocessorHost(this.env);
+        Configuration config = env.getConfiguration();
+        this.accessCheckEnabled = config.getBoolean(QueryServices.PHOENIX_ACLS_ENABLED,
+                QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_PHOENIX_ACLS_ENABLED);
+        this.blockWriteRebuildIndex  = config.getBoolean(QueryServices.INDEX_FAILURE_BLOCK_WRITE,
+                QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_INDEX_FAILURE_BLOCK_WRITE);
+        this.maxIndexesPerTable = config.getInt(QueryServices.MAX_INDEXES_PER_TABLE,
+                    QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_MAX_INDEXES_PER_TABLE);
+        this.isTablesMappingEnabled = SchemaUtil.isNamespaceMappingEnabled(PTableType.TABLE,
+                new ReadOnlyProps(config.iterator()));
+        this.allowSystemCatalogRollback = config.getBoolean(QueryServices.ALLOW_SPLITTABLE_SYSTEM_CATALOG_ROLLBACK,
+                QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_ALLOW_SPLITTABLE_SYSTEM_CATALOG_ROLLBACK);
+
+        logger.info("Starting Tracing-Metrics Systems");
+        // Start the phoenix trace collection
+        Tracing.addTraceMetricsSource();
+        Metrics.ensureConfigured();
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public void stop(CoprocessorEnvironment env) throws IOException {
+        // nothing to do
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Iterable<Service> getServices() {
+        return Collections.singleton(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void getTable(RpcController controller, GetTableRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        byte[] tenantId = request.getTenantId().toByteArray();
+        byte[] schemaName = request.getSchemaName().toByteArray();
+        byte[] tableName = request.getTableName().toByteArray();
+        byte[] key = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, tableName);
+        long tableTimeStamp = request.getTableTimestamp();
+        try {
+            // TODO: check that key is within region.getStartKey() and region.getEndKey()
+            // and return special code to force client to lookup region from meta.
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkTableKeyInRegion(key, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            }
+
+            long currentTime = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis();
+            PTable table =
+                    doGetTable(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, request.getClientTimestamp(),
+                        null, request.getClientVersion(), request.getSkipAddingIndexes(),
+                        request.getSkipAddingParentColumns(),
+                        PTableImpl.createFromProto(request.getLockedAncestorTable()));
+            if (table == null) {
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                builder.setMutationTime(currentTime);
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            }
+            getCoprocessorHost().preGetTable(Bytes.toString(tenantId), SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName),
+                    TableName.valueOf(table.getPhysicalName().getBytes()));
+
+            builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+            builder.setMutationTime(currentTime);
+            if (blockWriteRebuildIndex) {
+                long disableIndexTimestamp = table.getIndexDisableTimestamp();
+                long minNonZerodisableIndexTimestamp = disableIndexTimestamp > 0 ? disableIndexTimestamp : Long.MAX_VALUE;
+                for (PTable index : table.getIndexes()) {
+                    disableIndexTimestamp = index.getIndexDisableTimestamp();
+                    if (disableIndexTimestamp > 0
+                            && (index.getIndexState() == PIndexState.ACTIVE
+                                    || index.getIndexState() == PIndexState.PENDING_ACTIVE
+                                    || index.getIndexState() == PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE)
+                            && disableIndexTimestamp < minNonZerodisableIndexTimestamp) {
+                        minNonZerodisableIndexTimestamp = disableIndexTimestamp;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Freeze time for table at min non-zero value of INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP
+                // This will keep the table consistent with index as the table has had one more
+                // batch applied to it.
+                if (minNonZerodisableIndexTimestamp != Long.MAX_VALUE) {
+                    // Subtract one because we add one due to timestamp granularity in Windows
+                    builder.setMutationTime(minNonZerodisableIndexTimestamp - 1);
+                }
+            }
+            // the PTable of views and indexes on views might get updated because a column is added to one of
+            // their parents (this won't change the timestamp)
+            if (table.getType()!=PTableType.TABLE || table.getTimeStamp() != tableTimeStamp) {
+                builder.setTable(PTableImpl.toProto(table));
+            }
+            done.run(builder.build());
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("getTable failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException(SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName), t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Used to add the columns present the ancestor hierarchy to the PTable of the given view or
+     * view index
+     * @param table PTable of the view or view index
+     * @param skipAddingIndexes if true the returned PTable won't include indexes
+     * @param skipAddingParentColumns if true the returned PTable won't include columns derived from
+     *            ancestor tables
+     * @param lockedAncestorTable ancestor table table that is being mutated (as we won't be able to
+     *            resolve this table as its locked)
+     */
+    private Pair<PTable, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode> combineColumns(PTable table, long timestamp,
+            int clientVersion, boolean skipAddingIndexes, boolean skipAddingParentColumns,
+            PTable lockedAncestorTable) throws SQLException, IOException {
+        boolean hasIndexId = table.getViewIndexId() != null;
+        if (table.getType() != PTableType.VIEW && !hasIndexId) {
+            return new Pair<PTable, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode>(table,
+                    MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+        }
+        if (!skipAddingParentColumns) {
+            table =
+                    addDerivedColumnsFromAncestors(table, timestamp, clientVersion,
+                        lockedAncestorTable);
+            if (table==null) {
+                return new Pair<PTable, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode>(table,
+                        MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+            }
+            // we need to resolve the indexes of views (to get ensure they also have all the columns
+            // derived from their ancestors) 
+            if (!skipAddingIndexes && !table.getIndexes().isEmpty()) {
+                List<PTable> indexes = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(table.getIndexes().size());
+                for (PTable index : table.getIndexes()) {
+                    byte[] tenantIdBytes =
+                            index.getTenantId() == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY
+                                    : index.getTenantId().getBytes();
+                    PTable latestIndex =
+                            doGetTable(tenantIdBytes, index.getSchemaName().getBytes(),
+                                index.getTableName().getBytes(), timestamp, null, clientVersion, true,
+                                false, lockedAncestorTable);
+                    if (latestIndex == null) {
+                        throw new TableNotFoundException(
+                                "Could not find index table while combining columns "
+                                        + index.getTableName().getString() + " with tenant id "
+                                        + index.getTenantId());
+                    }
+                    indexes.add(latestIndex);
+                }
+                table = PTableImpl.builderWithColumns(table, getColumnsToClone(table))
+                        .setIndexes(indexes == null ? Collections.emptyList() : indexes)
+                        .build();
+            }
+        }
+        
+        MetaDataProtos.MutationCode mutationCode =
+                table != null ? MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS
+                        : MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND;
+        return new Pair<PTable, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode>(table, mutationCode);
+    }
+
+    
+    private PTable addDerivedColumnsFromAncestors(PTable table, long timestamp,
+            int clientVersion, PTable lockedAncestorTable) throws IOException, SQLException, TableNotFoundException {
+        // combine columns for view and view indexes
+        byte[] tenantId =
+                table.getTenantId() != null ? table.getTenantId().getBytes()
+                        : ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
+        byte[] schemaName = table.getSchemaName().getBytes();
+        byte[] tableName = table.getTableName().getBytes();
+        String fullTableName = SchemaUtil.getTableName(table.getSchemaName().getString(),
+                table.getTableName().getString());
+        boolean hasIndexId = table.getViewIndexId() != null;
+        boolean isSalted = table.getBucketNum() != null;
+        if (table.getType() != PTableType.VIEW && !hasIndexId) {
+            return table;
+        }
+        boolean isDiverged = isDivergedView(table);
+        // here you combine columns from the parent tables the logic is as follows, if the PColumn
+        // is in the EXCLUDED_COLUMNS remove it, otherwise priority of keeping duplicate columns is
+        // child -> parent
+        List<TableInfo> ancestorList = Lists.newArrayList();
+        TableViewFinderResult viewFinderResult = new TableViewFinderResult();
+        if (PTableType.VIEW == table.getType()) {
+            findAncestorViews(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, viewFinderResult,
+                table.isNamespaceMapped());
+        } else { // is a view index
+            findAncestorViewsOfIndex(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, viewFinderResult,
+                table.isNamespaceMapped());
+        }
+        if (viewFinderResult.getLinks().isEmpty()) {
+            // no need to combine columns for local indexes on regular tables
+            return table;
+        }
+        for (TableInfo viewInfo : viewFinderResult.getLinks()) {
+            ancestorList.add(viewInfo);
+        }
+        List<PColumn> allColumns = Lists.newArrayList();
+        List<PColumn> excludedColumns = Lists.newArrayList();
+        // add my own columns first in reverse order
+        List<PColumn> myColumns = table.getColumns();
+        // skip salted column as it will be created automatically
+        myColumns = myColumns.subList(isSalted ? 1 : 0, myColumns.size());
+        for (int i = myColumns.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            PColumn pColumn = myColumns.get(i);
+            if (pColumn.isExcluded()) {
+                excludedColumns.add(pColumn);
+            }
+            allColumns.add(pColumn);
+        }
+
+        // initialize map from with indexed expression to list of required data columns
+        // then remove the data columns that have not been dropped, so that we get the columns that
+        // have been dropped
+        Map<PColumn, List<String>> indexRequiredDroppedDataColMap =
+                Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(table.getColumns().size());
+        if (hasIndexId) {
+            int indexPosOffset = (isSalted ? 1 : 0) + (table.isMultiTenant() ? 1 : 0) + 1;
+            ColumnNameTrackingExpressionCompiler expressionCompiler =
+                    new ColumnNameTrackingExpressionCompiler();
+            for (int i = indexPosOffset; i < table.getPKColumns().size(); i++) {
+                PColumn indexColumn = table.getPKColumns().get(i);
+                try {
+                    expressionCompiler.reset();
+                    String expressionStr = IndexUtil.getIndexColumnExpressionStr(indexColumn);
+                    ParseNode parseNode = SQLParser.parseCondition(expressionStr);
+                    parseNode.accept(expressionCompiler);
+                    indexRequiredDroppedDataColMap.put(indexColumn,
+                        Lists.newArrayList(expressionCompiler.getDataColumnNames()));
+                } catch (SQLException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // now go up from child to parent all the way to the base table:
+        PTable baseTable = null;
+        PTable immediateParent = null;
+        long maxTableTimestamp = -1;
+        int numPKCols = table.getPKColumns().size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ancestorList.size(); i++) {
+            TableInfo parentTableInfo = ancestorList.get(i);
+            PTable pTable;
+            String fullParentTableName = SchemaUtil.getTableName(parentTableInfo.getSchemaName(),
+                parentTableInfo.getTableName());
+            PName parentTenantId =
+                    (parentTableInfo.getTenantId() != null && parentTableInfo.getTenantId().length!=0)
+                            ? PNameFactory.newName(parentTableInfo.getTenantId()) : null;
+            PTableKey pTableKey = new PTableKey(parentTenantId, fullParentTableName);
+            // if we already have the PTable of an ancestor that has been locked, no need to look up
+            // the table
+            if (lockedAncestorTable != null && lockedAncestorTable.getKey().equals(pTableKey)) {
+                pTable = lockedAncestorTable;
+            } else {
+                // if we are currently combining columns for a view index and are looking up its
+                // ancestors we do not add the indexes to the ancestor PTable (or else we end up in
+                // a circular loop)
+                // we also don't need to add parent columns of the ancestors as we combine columns
+                // from all ancestors
+                pTable =
+                        doGetTable(parentTableInfo.getTenantId(), parentTableInfo.getSchemaName(),
+                            parentTableInfo.getTableName(), timestamp, null, clientVersion, hasIndexId,
+                            true, null);
+            }
+            if (pTable == null) {
+                throw new ParentTableNotFoundException(parentTableInfo, fullTableName);
+            } else {
+                if (immediateParent == null) {
+                    immediateParent = pTable;
+                }
+                // only combine columns for view indexes (and not local indexes on regular tables
+                // which also have a viewIndexId)
+                if (i == 0 && hasIndexId && pTable.getType() != PTableType.VIEW) {
+                    return table;
+                }
+                if (TABLE.equals(pTable.getType())) {
+                    baseTable = pTable;
+                }
+                // set the final table timestamp as the max timestamp of the view/view index or its
+                // ancestors
+                maxTableTimestamp = Math.max(maxTableTimestamp, pTable.getTimeStamp());
+                if (hasIndexId) {
+                    // add all pk columns of parent tables to indexes
+                    // skip salted column as it will be added from the base table columns
+                    int startIndex = pTable.getBucketNum() != null ? 1 : 0;
+                    for (int index=startIndex; index<pTable.getPKColumns().size(); index++) {
+                        PColumn pkColumn = pTable.getPKColumns().get(index);
+                        // don't add the salt column of ancestor tables for view indexes
+                        if (pkColumn.equals(SaltingUtil.SALTING_COLUMN) || pkColumn.isExcluded()) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        pkColumn = IndexUtil.getIndexPKColumn(++numPKCols, pkColumn);
+                        int existingColumnIndex = allColumns.indexOf(pkColumn);
+                        if (existingColumnIndex == -1) {
+                            allColumns.add(0, pkColumn);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    for (int j = 0; j < pTable.getColumns().size(); j++) {
+                        PColumn tableColumn = pTable.getColumns().get(j);
+                        if (tableColumn.isExcluded()) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        String dataColumnName = tableColumn.getName().getString();
+                        // remove from list of columns since it has not been dropped
+                        for (Entry<PColumn, List<String>> entry : indexRequiredDroppedDataColMap
+                                .entrySet()) {
+                            entry.getValue().remove(dataColumnName);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    List<PColumn> currAncestorTableCols = PTableImpl.getColumnsToClone(pTable);
+                    if (currAncestorTableCols != null) {
+                        // add the ancestor columns in reverse order so that the final column list
+                        // contains ancestor columns and then the view columns in the right order
+                        for (int j = currAncestorTableCols.size() - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+                            PColumn column = currAncestorTableCols.get(j);
+                            // for diverged views we always include pk columns of the base table. We
+                            // have to include these pk columns to be able to support adding pk
+                            // columns to the diverged view
+                            // we only include regular columns that were created before the view
+                            // diverged
+                            if (isDiverged && column.getFamilyName() != null
+                                    && column.getTimestamp() > table.getTimeStamp()) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            // need to check if this column is in the list of excluded (dropped)
+                            // columns of the view
+                            int existingIndex = excludedColumns.indexOf(column);
+                            if (existingIndex != -1) {
+                                // if it is, only exclude the column if was created before the
+                                // column was dropped in the view in order to handle the case where
+                                // a base table column is dropped in a view, then dropped in the
+                                // base table and then added back to the base table
+                                if (column.getTimestamp() <= excludedColumns.get(existingIndex)
+                                        .getTimestamp()) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            if (column.isExcluded()) {
+                                excludedColumns.add(column);
+                            } else {
+                                int existingColumnIndex = allColumns.indexOf(column);
+                                if (existingColumnIndex != -1) {
+                                    // for diverged views if the view was created before
+                                    // PHOENIX-3534 the parent table columns will be present in the
+                                    // view PTable (since the base column count is
+                                    // QueryConstants.DIVERGED_VIEW_BASE_COLUMN_COUNT we can't
+                                    // filter them out) so we always pick the parent column  
+                                    // for non diverged views if the same column exists in a parent
+                                    // and child, we keep the latest column
+                                    PColumn existingColumn = allColumns.get(existingColumnIndex);
+                                    if (isDiverged || column.getTimestamp() > existingColumn.getTimestamp()) {
+                                        allColumns.remove(existingColumnIndex);
+                                        allColumns.add(column);
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    allColumns.add(column);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // at this point indexRequiredDroppedDataColMap only contain the columns required by a view
+        // index that have dropped
+        for (Entry<PColumn, List<String>> entry : indexRequiredDroppedDataColMap.entrySet()) {
+            if (!entry.getValue().isEmpty()) {
+                PColumn indexColumnToBeDropped = entry.getKey();
+                if (SchemaUtil.isPKColumn(indexColumnToBeDropped)) {
+                    // if an indexed column was dropped in an ancestor then we
+                    // cannot use this index an more
+                    // TODO figure out a way to actually drop this view index
+                    return null;
+                } else {
+                    allColumns.remove(indexColumnToBeDropped);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // remove the excluded columns if the timestamp is newer than the added column
+        for (PColumn excludedColumn : excludedColumns) {
+            int index = allColumns.indexOf(excludedColumn);
+            if (index != -1) {
+                if (allColumns.get(index).getTimestamp() <= excludedColumn.getTimestamp()) {
+                    allColumns.remove(excludedColumn);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        List<PColumn> columnsToAdd = Lists.newArrayList();
+        int position = isSalted ? 1 : 0;
+        // allColumns contains the columns in the reverse order
+        for (int i = allColumns.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            PColumn column = allColumns.get(i);
+            if (table.getColumns().contains(column)) {
+                // for views this column is not derived from an ancestor
+                columnsToAdd.add(new PColumnImpl(column, position++));
+            } else {
+                columnsToAdd.add(new PColumnImpl(column, true, position++));
+            }
+        }
+        // we need to include the salt column when setting the base table column count in order to
+        // maintain b/w compatibility
+        int baseTableColumnCount =
+                isDiverged ? QueryConstants.DIVERGED_VIEW_BASE_COLUMN_COUNT
+                        : columnsToAdd.size() - myColumns.size() + (isSalted ? 1 : 0);
+
+        // Inherit view-modifiable properties from the parent table/view if the current view has
+        // not previously modified this property
+        Long updateCacheFreq = (table.getType() != PTableType.VIEW ||
+                table.hasViewModifiedUpdateCacheFrequency()) ?
+                table.getUpdateCacheFrequency() : immediateParent.getUpdateCacheFrequency();
+        Boolean useStatsForParallelization = (table.getType() != PTableType.VIEW ||
+                table.hasViewModifiedUseStatsForParallelization()) ?
+                table.useStatsForParallelization() : immediateParent.useStatsForParallelization();
+        // When creating a PTable for views or view indexes, use the baseTable PTable for attributes
+        // inherited from the physical base table.
+        // if a TableProperty is not valid on a view we set it to the base table value
+        // if a TableProperty is valid on a view and is not mutable on a view we set it to the base table value
+        // if a TableProperty is valid on a view and is mutable on a view, we use the value set
+        // on the view if the view had previously modified the property, otherwise we propagate the
+        // value from the base table (see PHOENIX-4763)
+        PTableImpl pTable = PTableImpl.builderWithColumns(table, columnsToAdd)
+                .setImmutableRows(baseTable.isImmutableRows())
+                .setDisableWAL(baseTable.isWALDisabled())
+                .setMultiTenant(baseTable.isMultiTenant())
+                .setStoreNulls(baseTable.getStoreNulls())
+                .setTransactionProvider(baseTable.getTransactionProvider())
+                .setAutoPartitionSeqName(baseTable.getAutoPartitionSeqName())
+                .setAppendOnlySchema(baseTable.isAppendOnlySchema())
+                .setImmutableStorageScheme(baseTable.getImmutableStorageScheme() == null ?
+                        ImmutableStorageScheme.ONE_CELL_PER_COLUMN : baseTable.getImmutableStorageScheme())
+                .setQualifierEncodingScheme(baseTable.getEncodingScheme() == null ?
+                        QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS : baseTable.getEncodingScheme())
+                .setBaseColumnCount(baseTableColumnCount)
+                .setTimeStamp(maxTableTimestamp)
+                .setExcludedColumns(excludedColumns == null ?
+                        ImmutableList.of() : ImmutableList.copyOf(excludedColumns))
+                .setUpdateCacheFrequency(updateCacheFreq)
+                .setUseStatsForParallelization(useStatsForParallelization)
+                .build();
+        return WhereConstantParser.addViewInfoToPColumnsIfNeeded(pTable);
+    }
+
+    private PhoenixMetaDataCoprocessorHost getCoprocessorHost() {
+        return phoenixAccessCoprocessorHost;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param skipAddingIndexes if true the PTable will not include indexes for tables or views
+     * @param skipAddingParentColumns if true the PTable will not include parent columns for views
+     *            or indexes
+     * @param lockedAncestorTable ancestor table table that is being mutated (as we won't be able to
+     *            resolve this table as its locked)
+     */
+    private PTable buildTable(byte[] key, ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey, Region region,
+            long clientTimeStamp, int clientVersion, boolean skipAddingIndexes,
+            boolean skipAddingParentColumns, PTable lockedAncestorTable)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+        Scan scan = MetaDataUtil.newTableRowsScan(key, MIN_TABLE_TIMESTAMP, clientTimeStamp);
+        Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+        PTable newTable;
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan)) {
+            PTable oldTable = (PTable)metaDataCache.getIfPresent(cacheKey);
+            long tableTimeStamp = oldTable == null ? MIN_TABLE_TIMESTAMP-1 : oldTable.getTimeStamp();
+            newTable = getTable(scanner, clientTimeStamp, tableTimeStamp, clientVersion, skipAddingIndexes, skipAddingParentColumns);
+            if (newTable != null
+                    && (oldTable == null || tableTimeStamp < newTable.getTimeStamp()
+                            || (blockWriteRebuildIndex && newTable.getIndexDisableTimestamp() > 0))
+                    // only cache the PTable if it has the required indexes,
+                    // the PTable added to the cache doesn't include parent columns as we always call 
+                    // combine columns after looking up the PTable from the cache
+                    && !skipAddingIndexes) {
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("Caching table "
+                            + Bytes.toStringBinary(cacheKey.get(), cacheKey.getOffset(),
+                                cacheKey.getLength())
+                            + " at seqNum " + newTable.getSequenceNumber()
+                            + " with newer timestamp " + newTable.getTimeStamp() + " versus "
+                            + tableTimeStamp);
+                }
+                metaDataCache.put(cacheKey, newTable);
+            }
+            if (newTable != null) {
+                newTable = combineColumns(newTable, clientTimeStamp, clientVersion, skipAddingIndexes, skipAddingParentColumns, lockedAncestorTable).getFirst();
+            }
+        }
+        return newTable;
+    }
+
+    private List<PFunction> buildFunctions(List<byte[]> keys, Region region,
+            long clientTimeStamp, boolean isReplace, List<Mutation> deleteMutationsForReplace) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        List<KeyRange> keyRanges = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(keys.size());
+        for (byte[] key : keys) {
+            byte[] stopKey = ByteUtil.concat(key, QueryConstants.SEPARATOR_BYTE_ARRAY);
+            ByteUtil.nextKey(stopKey, stopKey.length);
+            keyRanges.add(PVarbinary.INSTANCE.getKeyRange(key, true, stopKey, false));
+        }
+        Scan scan = new Scan();
+        scan.setTimeRange(MIN_TABLE_TIMESTAMP, clientTimeStamp);
+        ScanRanges scanRanges = ScanRanges.createPointLookup(keyRanges);
+        scanRanges.initializeScan(scan);
+        scan.setFilter(scanRanges.getSkipScanFilter());
+        Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+        List<PFunction> functions = new ArrayList<PFunction>();
+        PFunction function = null;
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan)) {
+            for(int i = 0; i< keys.size(); i++) {
+                function = null;
+                function =
+                        getFunction(scanner, isReplace, clientTimeStamp, deleteMutationsForReplace);
+                if (function == null) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                byte[] functionKey =
+                        SchemaUtil.getFunctionKey(
+                            function.getTenantId() == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : function
+                                    .getTenantId().getBytes(), Bytes.toBytes(function
+                                    .getFunctionName()));
+                metaDataCache.put(new FunctionBytesPtr(functionKey), function);
+                functions.add(function);
+            }
+            return functions;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<PSchema> buildSchemas(List<byte[]> keys, Region region, long clientTimeStamp,
+            ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        List<KeyRange> keyRanges = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(keys.size());
+        for (byte[] key : keys) {
+            byte[] stopKey = ByteUtil.concat(key, QueryConstants.SEPARATOR_BYTE_ARRAY);
+            ByteUtil.nextKey(stopKey, stopKey.length);
+            keyRanges.add(PVarbinary.INSTANCE.getKeyRange(key, true, stopKey, false));
+        }
+        Scan scan = new Scan();
+        scan.setTimeRange(MIN_TABLE_TIMESTAMP, clientTimeStamp);
+        ScanRanges scanRanges = ScanRanges.createPointLookup(keyRanges);
+        scanRanges.initializeScan(scan);
+        scan.setFilter(scanRanges.getSkipScanFilter());
+        Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+        List<PSchema> schemas = new ArrayList<PSchema>();
+        PSchema schema = null;
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan)) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < keys.size(); i++) {
+                schema = null;
+                schema = getSchema(scanner, clientTimeStamp);
+                if (schema == null) { return null; }
+                metaDataCache.put(cacheKey, schema);
+                schemas.add(schema);
+            }
+            return schemas;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addIndexToTable(PName tenantId, PName schemaName, PName indexName, PName tableName,
+            long clientTimeStamp, List<PTable> indexes, int clientVersion, boolean skipAddingParentColumns)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+        byte[] tenantIdBytes = tenantId == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : tenantId.getBytes();
+        PTable indexTable = doGetTable(tenantIdBytes, schemaName.getBytes(), indexName.getBytes(), clientTimeStamp,
+                null, clientVersion, false, skipAddingParentColumns, null);
+        if (indexTable == null) {
+            ServerUtil.throwIOException("Index not found", new TableNotFoundException(schemaName.getString(), indexName.getString()));
+            return;
+        }
+        indexes.add(indexTable);
+    }
+
+    private void addExcludedColumnToTable(List<PColumn> pColumns, PName colName, PName famName, long timestamp) {
+        PColumnImpl pColumn = PColumnImpl.createExcludedColumn(famName, colName, timestamp);
+        pColumns.add(pColumn);
+    }
+
+    private void addColumnToTable(List<Cell> results, PName colName, PName famName,
+            Cell[] colKeyValues, List<PColumn> columns, boolean isSalted, int baseColumnCount,
+            boolean isRegularView) {
+        int i = 0;
+        int j = 0;
+        while (i < results.size() && j < COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.size()) {
+            Cell kv = results.get(i);
+            Cell searchKv = COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.get(j);
+            int cmp =
+                    Bytes.compareTo(kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(),
+                        kv.getQualifierLength(), searchKv.getQualifierArray(),
+                        searchKv.getQualifierOffset(), searchKv.getQualifierLength());
+            if (cmp == 0) {
+                colKeyValues[j++] = kv;
+                i++;
+            } else if (cmp > 0) {
+                colKeyValues[j++] = null;
+            } else {
+                i++; // shouldn't happen - means unexpected KV in system table column row
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (colKeyValues[DATA_TYPE_INDEX] == null || colKeyValues[NULLABLE_INDEX] == null
+                || colKeyValues[ORDINAL_POSITION_INDEX] == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Didn't find all required key values in '"
+                    + colName.getString() + "' column metadata row");
+        }
+        
+        Cell columnSizeKv = colKeyValues[COLUMN_SIZE_INDEX];
+        Integer maxLength =
+                columnSizeKv == null ? null : PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(
+                    columnSizeKv.getValueArray(), columnSizeKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+        Cell decimalDigitKv = colKeyValues[DECIMAL_DIGITS_INDEX];
+        Integer scale =
+                decimalDigitKv == null ? null : PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(
+                    decimalDigitKv.getValueArray(), decimalDigitKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+        Cell ordinalPositionKv = colKeyValues[ORDINAL_POSITION_INDEX];
+        int position =
+            PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(ordinalPositionKv.getValueArray(),
+                    ordinalPositionKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault()) + (isSalted ? 1 : 0);;
+
+        // Prior to PHOENIX-4766 we were sending the parent table column metadata while creating a
+        // child view, now that we combine columns by resolving the parent table hierarchy we
+        // don't need to include the parent table column while loading the PTable of the view
+        if (isRegularView && position <= baseColumnCount) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        // if this column was inherited from a parent and was dropped that we create an excluded
+        // column, this check is only needed to handle view metadata that was created before
+        // PHOENIX-4766 where we were sending the parent table column metadata when creating a
+        // childview
+        Cell excludedColumnKv = colKeyValues[EXCLUDED_COLUMN_LINK_TYPE_KV_INDEX];
+        if (excludedColumnKv != null && colKeyValues[DATA_TYPE_INDEX]
+                .getTimestamp() <= excludedColumnKv.getTimestamp()) {
+            LinkType linkType =
+                    LinkType.fromSerializedValue(
+                        excludedColumnKv.getValueArray()[excludedColumnKv.getValueOffset()]);
+            if (linkType == LinkType.EXCLUDED_COLUMN) {
+                addExcludedColumnToTable(columns, colName, famName, excludedColumnKv.getTimestamp());
+            } else {
+                // if we have a column metadata row that has a link type keyvalue it should
+                // represent an excluded column by containing the LinkType.EXCLUDED_COLUMN
+                throw new IllegalStateException(
+                        "Link type should be EXCLUDED_COLUMN but found an unxpected link type for key value "
+                                + excludedColumnKv);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        Cell nullableKv = colKeyValues[NULLABLE_INDEX];
+        boolean isNullable =
+            PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(nullableKv.getValueArray(),
+                    nullableKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault()) != ResultSetMetaData.columnNoNulls;
+        Cell dataTypeKv = colKeyValues[DATA_TYPE_INDEX];
+        PDataType dataType =
+                PDataType.fromTypeId(PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(
+                  dataTypeKv.getValueArray(), dataTypeKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault()));
+        if (maxLength == null && dataType == PBinary.INSTANCE) dataType = PVarbinary.INSTANCE;   // For
+                                                                                               // backward
+                                                                                               // compatibility.
+        Cell sortOrderKv = colKeyValues[SORT_ORDER_INDEX];
+        SortOrder sortOrder =
+                sortOrderKv == null ? SortOrder.getDefault() : SortOrder.fromSystemValue(PInteger.INSTANCE
+                        .getCodec().decodeInt(sortOrderKv.getValueArray(),
+                                sortOrderKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault()));
+
+        Cell arraySizeKv = colKeyValues[ARRAY_SIZE_INDEX];
+        Integer arraySize = arraySizeKv == null ? null :
+            PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(arraySizeKv.getValueArray(), arraySizeKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+
+        Cell viewConstantKv = colKeyValues[VIEW_CONSTANT_INDEX];
+        byte[] viewConstant =
+                viewConstantKv == null ? null : new ImmutableBytesPtr(
+                        viewConstantKv.getValueArray(), viewConstantKv.getValueOffset(),
+                        viewConstantKv.getValueLength()).copyBytesIfNecessary();
+        Cell isViewReferencedKv = colKeyValues[IS_VIEW_REFERENCED_INDEX];
+        boolean isViewReferenced = isViewReferencedKv != null && Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(isViewReferencedKv.getValueArray(), isViewReferencedKv.getValueOffset(), isViewReferencedKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell columnDefKv = colKeyValues[COLUMN_DEF_INDEX];
+        String expressionStr = columnDefKv==null ? null : (String)PVarchar.INSTANCE.toObject(columnDefKv.getValueArray(), columnDefKv.getValueOffset(), columnDefKv.getValueLength());
+        Cell isRowTimestampKV = colKeyValues[IS_ROW_TIMESTAMP_INDEX];
+        boolean isRowTimestamp =
+                isRowTimestampKV == null ? false : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                        isRowTimestampKV.getValueArray(), isRowTimestampKV.getValueOffset(),
+                        isRowTimestampKV.getValueLength()));
+
+        boolean isPkColumn = famName == null || famName.getString() == null;
+        Cell columnQualifierKV = colKeyValues[COLUMN_QUALIFIER_INDEX];
+        // Older tables won't have column qualifier metadata present. To make things simpler, just set the
+        // column qualifier bytes by using the column name.
+        byte[] columnQualifierBytes = columnQualifierKV != null ? 
+                Arrays.copyOfRange(columnQualifierKV.getValueArray(),
+                    columnQualifierKV.getValueOffset(), columnQualifierKV.getValueOffset()
+                            + columnQualifierKV.getValueLength()) : (isPkColumn ? null : colName.getBytes());
+        PColumn column =
+                new PColumnImpl(colName, famName, dataType, maxLength, scale, isNullable,
+                        position - 1, sortOrder, arraySize, viewConstant, isViewReferenced,
+                        expressionStr, isRowTimestamp, false, columnQualifierBytes,
+                        results.get(0).getTimestamp());
+        columns.add(column);
+    }
+
+    private void addArgumentToFunction(List<Cell> results, PName functionName, PName type,
+        Cell[] functionKeyValues, List<FunctionArgument> arguments, short argPosition) throws SQLException {
+        int i = 0;
+        int j = 0;
+        while (i < results.size() && j < FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.size()) {
+            Cell kv = results.get(i);
+            Cell searchKv = FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.get(j);
+            int cmp =
+                    Bytes.compareTo(kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(),
+                        kv.getQualifierLength(), searchKv.getQualifierArray(),
+                        searchKv.getQualifierOffset(), searchKv.getQualifierLength());
+            if (cmp == 0) {
+                functionKeyValues[j++] = kv;
+                i++;
+            } else if (cmp > 0) {
+                functionKeyValues[j++] = null;
+            } else {
+                i++; // shouldn't happen - means unexpected KV in system table column row
+            }
+        }
+
+        Cell isArrayKv = functionKeyValues[IS_ARRAY_INDEX];
+        boolean isArrayType =
+                isArrayKv == null ? false : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                    isArrayKv.getValueArray(), isArrayKv.getValueOffset(),
+                    isArrayKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell isConstantKv = functionKeyValues[IS_CONSTANT_INDEX];
+        boolean isConstant =
+                isConstantKv == null ? false : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                    isConstantKv.getValueArray(), isConstantKv.getValueOffset(),
+                    isConstantKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell defaultValueKv = functionKeyValues[DEFAULT_VALUE_INDEX];
+        String defaultValue =
+                defaultValueKv == null ? null : (String) PVarchar.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                    defaultValueKv.getValueArray(), defaultValueKv.getValueOffset(),
+                    defaultValueKv.getValueLength());
+        Cell minValueKv = functionKeyValues[MIN_VALUE_INDEX];
+        String minValue =
+                minValueKv == null ? null : (String) PVarchar.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                    minValueKv.getValueArray(), minValueKv.getValueOffset(),
+                    minValueKv.getValueLength());
+        Cell maxValueKv = functionKeyValues[MAX_VALUE_INDEX];
+        String maxValue =
+                maxValueKv == null ? null : (String) PVarchar.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                    maxValueKv.getValueArray(), maxValueKv.getValueOffset(),
+                    maxValueKv.getValueLength());
+        FunctionArgument arg =
+                new FunctionArgument(type.getString(), isArrayType, isConstant,
+                        defaultValue == null ? null : LiteralExpression.newConstant((new LiteralParseNode(defaultValue)).getValue()),
+                        minValue == null ? null : LiteralExpression.newConstant((new LiteralParseNode(minValue)).getValue()),
+                        maxValue == null ? null : LiteralExpression.newConstant((new LiteralParseNode(maxValue)).getValue()),
+                        argPosition);
+        arguments.add(arg);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param skipAddingIndexes if true the returned PTable for a table or view won't include indexes
+     * @param skipAddingParentColumns if true the returned PTable won't include inherited columns
+     * @return PTable 
+     */
+    private PTable getTable(RegionScanner scanner, long clientTimeStamp, long tableTimeStamp,
+            int clientVersion, boolean skipAddingIndexes, boolean skipAddingParentColumns)
+        throws IOException, SQLException {
+        List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+        scanner.next(results);
+        if (results.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Cell[] tableKeyValues = new Cell[TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.size()];
+        Cell[] colKeyValues = new Cell[COLUMN_KV_COLUMNS.size()];
+
+        // Create PTable based on KeyValues from scan
+        Cell keyValue = results.get(0);
+        byte[] keyBuffer = keyValue.getRowArray();
+        int keyLength = keyValue.getRowLength();
+        int keyOffset = keyValue.getRowOffset();
+        PName tenantId = newPName(keyBuffer, keyOffset, keyLength);
+        int tenantIdLength = (tenantId == null) ? 0 : tenantId.getBytes().length;
+        if (tenantIdLength == 0) {
+            tenantId = null;
+        }
+        PName schemaName = newPName(keyBuffer, keyOffset+tenantIdLength+1, keyLength);
+        int schemaNameLength = schemaName.getBytes().length;
+        int tableNameLength = keyLength - schemaNameLength - 1 - tenantIdLength - 1;
+        byte[] tableNameBytes = new byte[tableNameLength];
+        System.arraycopy(keyBuffer, keyOffset + schemaNameLength + 1 + tenantIdLength + 1,
+            tableNameBytes, 0, tableNameLength);
+        PName tableName = PNameFactory.newName(tableNameBytes);
+
+        int offset = tenantIdLength + schemaNameLength + tableNameLength + 3;
+        // This will prevent the client from continually looking for the current
+        // table when we know that there will never be one since we disallow updates
+        // unless the table is the latest
+        // If we already have a table newer than the one we just found and
+        // the client timestamp is less that the existing table time stamp,
+        // bump up the timeStamp to right before the client time stamp, since
+        // we know it can't possibly change.
+        long timeStamp = keyValue.getTimestamp();
+        // long timeStamp = tableTimeStamp > keyValue.getTimestamp() &&
+        // clientTimeStamp < tableTimeStamp
+        // ? clientTimeStamp-1
+        // : keyValue.getTimestamp();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int j = 0;
+        while (i < results.size() && j < TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.size()) {
+            Cell kv = results.get(i);
+            Cell searchKv = TABLE_KV_COLUMNS.get(j);
+            int cmp =
+                    Bytes.compareTo(kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(),
+                        kv.getQualifierLength(), searchKv.getQualifierArray(),
+                        searchKv.getQualifierOffset(), searchKv.getQualifierLength());
+            if (cmp == 0) {
+                timeStamp = Math.max(timeStamp, kv.getTimestamp()); // Find max timestamp of table
+                                                                    // header row
+                tableKeyValues[j++] = kv;
+                i++;
+            } else if (cmp > 0) {
+                timeStamp = Math.max(timeStamp, kv.getTimestamp());
+                tableKeyValues[j++] = null;
+            } else {
+                i++; // shouldn't happen - means unexpected KV in system table header row
+            }
+        }
+        // TABLE_TYPE, TABLE_SEQ_NUM and COLUMN_COUNT are required.
+        if (tableKeyValues[TABLE_TYPE_INDEX] == null || tableKeyValues[TABLE_SEQ_NUM_INDEX] == null
+                || tableKeyValues[COLUMN_COUNT_INDEX] == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Didn't find expected key values for table row in metadata row");
+        }
+
+        Cell tableTypeKv = tableKeyValues[TABLE_TYPE_INDEX];
+        PTableType tableType =
+                PTableType
+                        .fromSerializedValue(tableTypeKv.getValueArray()[tableTypeKv.getValueOffset()]);
+        Cell tableSeqNumKv = tableKeyValues[TABLE_SEQ_NUM_INDEX];
+        long tableSeqNum =
+            PLong.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeLong(tableSeqNumKv.getValueArray(),
+                    tableSeqNumKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+        Cell columnCountKv = tableKeyValues[COLUMN_COUNT_INDEX];
+        int columnCount =
+            PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(columnCountKv.getValueArray(),
+                    columnCountKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+        Cell pkNameKv = tableKeyValues[PK_NAME_INDEX];
+        PName pkName =
+                pkNameKv != null ? newPName(pkNameKv.getValueArray(), pkNameKv.getValueOffset(),
+                    pkNameKv.getValueLength()) : null;
+        Cell saltBucketNumKv = tableKeyValues[SALT_BUCKETS_INDEX];
+        Integer saltBucketNum =
+                saltBucketNumKv != null ? (Integer) PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(
+                    saltBucketNumKv.getValueArray(), saltBucketNumKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault()) : null;
+        if (saltBucketNum != null && saltBucketNum.intValue() == 0) {
+            saltBucketNum = null; // Zero salt buckets means not salted
+        }
+        Cell dataTableNameKv = tableKeyValues[DATA_TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+        PName dataTableName =
+                dataTableNameKv != null ? newPName(dataTableNameKv.getValueArray(),
+                    dataTableNameKv.getValueOffset(), dataTableNameKv.getValueLength()) : null;
+        Cell indexStateKv = tableKeyValues[INDEX_STATE_INDEX];
+        PIndexState indexState =
+                indexStateKv == null ? null : PIndexState.fromSerializedValue(indexStateKv
+                        .getValueArray()[indexStateKv.getValueOffset()]);
+        // If client is not yet up to 4.12, then translate PENDING_ACTIVE to ACTIVE (as would have been
+        // the value in those versions) since the client won't have this index state in its enum.
+        if (indexState == PIndexState.PENDING_ACTIVE && clientVersion < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_PENDING_ACTIVE_INDEX) {
+            indexState = PIndexState.ACTIVE;
+        }
+        // If client is not yet up to 4.14, then translate PENDING_DISABLE to DISABLE
+        // since the client won't have this index state in its enum.
+        if (indexState == PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE && clientVersion < MetaDataProtocol.MIN_PENDING_DISABLE_INDEX) {
+            // note: for older clients, we have to rely on the rebuilder to transition PENDING_DISABLE -> DISABLE
+            indexState = PIndexState.DISABLE;
+        }
+        Cell immutableRowsKv = tableKeyValues[IMMUTABLE_ROWS_INDEX];
+        boolean isImmutableRows =
+                immutableRowsKv == null ? false : (Boolean) PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                    immutableRowsKv.getValueArray(), immutableRowsKv.getValueOffset(),
+                    immutableRowsKv.getValueLength());
+        Cell defaultFamilyNameKv = tableKeyValues[DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY_INDEX];
+        PName defaultFamilyName = defaultFamilyNameKv != null ? newPName(defaultFamilyNameKv.getValueArray(), defaultFamilyNameKv.getValueOffset(), defaultFamilyNameKv.getValueLength()) : null;
+        Cell viewStatementKv = tableKeyValues[VIEW_STATEMENT_INDEX];
+        String viewStatement = viewStatementKv != null ? (String) PVarchar.INSTANCE.toObject(viewStatementKv.getValueArray(), viewStatementKv.getValueOffset(),
+                viewStatementKv.getValueLength()) : null;
+        Cell disableWALKv = tableKeyValues[DISABLE_WAL_INDEX];
+        boolean disableWAL = disableWALKv == null ? PTable.DEFAULT_DISABLE_WAL : Boolean.TRUE.equals(
+            PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(disableWALKv.getValueArray(), disableWALKv.getValueOffset(), disableWALKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell multiTenantKv = tableKeyValues[MULTI_TENANT_INDEX];
+        boolean multiTenant = multiTenantKv == null ? false : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(multiTenantKv.getValueArray(), multiTenantKv.getValueOffset(), multiTenantKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell storeNullsKv = tableKeyValues[STORE_NULLS_INDEX];
+        boolean storeNulls = storeNullsKv == null ? false : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(storeNullsKv.getValueArray(), storeNullsKv.getValueOffset(), storeNullsKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell transactionalKv = tableKeyValues[TRANSACTIONAL_INDEX];
+        Cell transactionProviderKv = tableKeyValues[TRANSACTION_PROVIDER_INDEX];
+        TransactionFactory.Provider transactionProvider = null;
+        if (transactionProviderKv == null) {
+            if (transactionalKv != null && Boolean.TRUE.equals(
+                    PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(
+                            transactionalKv.getValueArray(), 
+                            transactionalKv.getValueOffset(), 
+                            transactionalKv.getValueLength()))) {
+                // For backward compat, prior to client setting TRANSACTION_PROVIDER
+                transactionProvider = TransactionFactory.Provider.TEPHRA;
+            }
+        } else {
+            transactionProvider = TransactionFactory.Provider.fromCode(
+                    PTinyint.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeByte(
+                            transactionProviderKv.getValueArray(),
+                            transactionProviderKv.getValueOffset(), 
+                            SortOrder.getDefault()));
+        }
+        Cell viewTypeKv = tableKeyValues[VIEW_TYPE_INDEX];
+        ViewType viewType = viewTypeKv == null ? null : ViewType.fromSerializedValue(viewTypeKv.getValueArray()[viewTypeKv.getValueOffset()]);
+        PDataType viewIndexIdType = getViewIndexIdType(tableKeyValues);
+        Long viewIndexId = getViewIndexId(tableKeyValues, viewIndexIdType);
+        Cell indexTypeKv = tableKeyValues[INDEX_TYPE_INDEX];
+        IndexType indexType = indexTypeKv == null ? null : IndexType.fromSerializedValue(indexTypeKv.getValueArray()[indexTypeKv.getValueOffset()]);
+        Cell baseColumnCountKv = tableKeyValues[BASE_COLUMN_COUNT_INDEX];
+        int baseColumnCount = baseColumnCountKv == null ? 0 : PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(baseColumnCountKv.getValueArray(),
+            baseColumnCountKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+        Cell rowKeyOrderOptimizableKv = tableKeyValues[ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_INDEX];
+        boolean rowKeyOrderOptimizable = rowKeyOrderOptimizableKv == null ? false : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(rowKeyOrderOptimizableKv.getValueArray(), rowKeyOrderOptimizableKv.getValueOffset(), rowKeyOrderOptimizableKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell updateCacheFrequencyKv = tableKeyValues[UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_INDEX];
+        long updateCacheFrequency = updateCacheFrequencyKv == null ? 0 :
+            PLong.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeLong(updateCacheFrequencyKv.getValueArray(),
+                    updateCacheFrequencyKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+
+        // Check the cell tag to see whether the view has modified this property
+        byte[] tagUpdateCacheFreq = (updateCacheFrequencyKv == null) ? HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY :
+                TagUtil.concatTags(HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, updateCacheFrequencyKv);
+        boolean viewModifiedUpdateCacheFrequency = (PTableType.VIEW.equals(tableType)) &&
+                Bytes.contains(tagUpdateCacheFreq, VIEW_MODIFIED_PROPERTY_BYTES);
+        Cell indexDisableTimestampKv = tableKeyValues[INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP];
+        long indexDisableTimestamp = indexDisableTimestampKv == null ? 0L : PLong.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeLong(indexDisableTimestampKv.getValueArray(),
+                indexDisableTimestampKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+        Cell isNamespaceMappedKv = tableKeyValues[IS_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_INDEX];
+        boolean isNamespaceMapped = isNamespaceMappedKv == null ? false
+                : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(isNamespaceMappedKv.getValueArray(),
+                        isNamespaceMappedKv.getValueOffset(), isNamespaceMappedKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell autoPartitionSeqKv = tableKeyValues[AUTO_PARTITION_SEQ_INDEX];
+        String autoPartitionSeq = autoPartitionSeqKv != null ? (String) PVarchar.INSTANCE.toObject(autoPartitionSeqKv.getValueArray(), autoPartitionSeqKv.getValueOffset(),
+            autoPartitionSeqKv.getValueLength()) : null;
+        Cell isAppendOnlySchemaKv = tableKeyValues[APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA_INDEX];
+        boolean isAppendOnlySchema = isAppendOnlySchemaKv == null ? false
+                : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(isAppendOnlySchemaKv.getValueArray(),
+                    isAppendOnlySchemaKv.getValueOffset(), isAppendOnlySchemaKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell storageSchemeKv = tableKeyValues[STORAGE_SCHEME_INDEX];
+        //TODO: change this once we start having other values for storage schemes
+        ImmutableStorageScheme storageScheme = storageSchemeKv == null ? ImmutableStorageScheme.ONE_CELL_PER_COLUMN : ImmutableStorageScheme
+                .fromSerializedValue((byte)PTinyint.INSTANCE.toObject(storageSchemeKv.getValueArray(),
+                        storageSchemeKv.getValueOffset(), storageSchemeKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell encodingSchemeKv = tableKeyValues[QUALIFIER_ENCODING_SCHEME_INDEX];
+        QualifierEncodingScheme encodingScheme = encodingSchemeKv == null ? QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS : QualifierEncodingScheme
+                .fromSerializedValue((byte)PTinyint.INSTANCE.toObject(encodingSchemeKv.getValueArray(),
+                    encodingSchemeKv.getValueOffset(), encodingSchemeKv.getValueLength()));
+        Cell useStatsForParallelizationKv = tableKeyValues[USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_INDEX];
+        Boolean useStatsForParallelization = useStatsForParallelizationKv == null ? null : Boolean.TRUE.equals(PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(useStatsForParallelizationKv.getValueArray(), useStatsForParallelizationKv.getValueOffset(), useStatsForParallelizationKv.getValueLength()));
+
+        // Check the cell tag to see whether the view has modified this property
+        byte[] tagUseStatsForParallelization = (useStatsForParallelizationKv == null) ?
+                HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY :
+                TagUtil.concatTags(HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, useStatsForParallelizationKv);
+        boolean viewModifiedUseStatsForParallelization = (PTableType.VIEW.equals(tableType)) &&
+                Bytes.contains(tagUseStatsForParallelization, VIEW_MODIFIED_PROPERTY_BYTES);
+        
+        List<PColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(columnCount);
+        List<PTable> indexes = Lists.newArrayList();
+        List<PName> physicalTables = Lists.newArrayList();
+        PName parentTableName = tableType == INDEX ? dataTableName : null;
+        PName parentSchemaName = tableType == INDEX ? schemaName : null;
+        EncodedCQCounter cqCounter =
+                (!EncodedColumnsUtil.usesEncodedColumnNames(encodingScheme) || tableType == PTableType.VIEW) ? PTable.EncodedCQCounter.NULL_COUNTER
+                        : new EncodedCQCounter();
+        boolean isRegularView = (tableType == PTableType.VIEW && viewType!=ViewType.MAPPED);
+        while (true) {
+          results.clear();
+          scanner.next(results);
+          if (results.isEmpty()) {
+              break;
+          }
+          Cell colKv = results.get(LINK_TYPE_INDEX);
+          int colKeyLength = colKv.getRowLength();
+          PName colName = newPName(colKv.getRowArray(), colKv.getRowOffset() + offset, colKeyLength-offset);
+          int colKeyOffset = offset + colName.getBytes().length + 1;
+          PName famName = newPName(colKv.getRowArray(), colKv.getRowOffset() + colKeyOffset, colKeyLength-colKeyOffset);
+          if (isQualifierCounterKV(colKv)) {
+              Integer value = PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(colKv.getValueArray(), colKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.ASC);
+              cqCounter.setValue(famName.getString(), value);
+          } else if (Bytes.compareTo(LINK_TYPE_BYTES, 0, LINK_TYPE_BYTES.length, colKv.getQualifierArray(), colKv.getQualifierOffset(), colKv.getQualifierLength())==0) {
+              LinkType linkType = LinkType.fromSerializedValue(colKv.getValueArray()[colKv.getValueOffset()]);
+              if (linkType == LinkType.INDEX_TABLE && !skipAddingIndexes) {
+                  addIndexToTable(tenantId, schemaName, famName, tableName, clientTimeStamp, indexes, clientVersion, skipAddingParentColumns);
+              } else if (linkType == LinkType.PHYSICAL_TABLE) {
+                  physicalTables.add(famName);
+              } else if (linkType == LinkType.PARENT_TABLE) {
+                  parentTableName = PNameFactory.newName(SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(famName.getBytes()));
+                  parentSchemaName = PNameFactory.newName(SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(famName.getBytes()));
+              } else if (linkType == LinkType.EXCLUDED_COLUMN) {
+                  // add the excludedColumn
+                  addExcludedColumnToTable(columns, colName, famName, colKv.getTimestamp());
+              }
+          } else {
+              addColumnToTable(results, colName, famName, colKeyValues, columns, saltBucketNum != null, baseColumnCount, isRegularView);
+          }
+        }
+        // Avoid querying the stats table because we're holding the rowLock here. Issuing an RPC to a remote
+        // server while holding this lock is a bad idea and likely to cause contention.
+        return new PTableImpl.Builder()
+                .setType(tableType)
+                .setState(indexState)
+                .setTimeStamp(timeStamp)
+                .setIndexDisableTimestamp(indexDisableTimestamp)
+                .setSequenceNumber(tableSeqNum)
+                .setImmutableRows(isImmutableRows)
+                .setViewStatement(viewStatement)
+                .setDisableWAL(disableWAL)
+                .setMultiTenant(multiTenant)
+                .setStoreNulls(storeNulls)
+                .setViewType(viewType)
+                .setViewIndexIdType(viewIndexIdType)
+                .setViewIndexId(viewIndexId)
+                .setIndexType(indexType)
+                .setTransactionProvider(transactionProvider)
+                .setUpdateCacheFrequency(updateCacheFrequency)
+                .setNamespaceMapped(isNamespaceMapped)
+                .setAutoPartitionSeqName(autoPartitionSeq)
+                .setAppendOnlySchema(isAppendOnlySchema)
+                .setImmutableStorageScheme(storageScheme == null ?
+                        ImmutableStorageScheme.ONE_CELL_PER_COLUMN : storageScheme)
+                .setQualifierEncodingScheme(encodingScheme == null ?
+                        QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS : encodingScheme)
+                .setBaseColumnCount(baseColumnCount)
+                .setEncodedCQCounter(cqCounter)
+                .setUseStatsForParallelization(useStatsForParallelization)
+                .setExcludedColumns(ImmutableList.of())
+                .setTenantId(tenantId)
+                .setSchemaName(schemaName)
+                .setTableName(tableName)
+                .setPkName(pkName)
+                .setDefaultFamilyName(defaultFamilyName)
+                .setRowKeyOrderOptimizable(rowKeyOrderOptimizable)
+                .setBucketNum(saltBucketNum)
+                .setIndexes(indexes == null ? Collections.emptyList() : indexes)
+                .setParentSchemaName(parentSchemaName)
+                .setParentTableName(parentTableName)
+                .setPhysicalNames(physicalTables == null ?
+                        ImmutableList.of() : ImmutableList.copyOf(physicalTables))
+                .setViewModifiedUpdateCacheFrequency(viewModifiedUpdateCacheFrequency)
+                .setViewModifiedUseStatsForParallelization(viewModifiedUseStatsForParallelization)
+                .setColumns(columns)
+                .build();
+    }
+    private Long getViewIndexId(Cell[] tableKeyValues, PDataType viewIndexIdType) {
+        Cell viewIndexIdKv = tableKeyValues[VIEW_INDEX_ID_INDEX];
+        return viewIndexIdKv == null ? null :
+                decodeViewIndexId(viewIndexIdKv, viewIndexIdType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns viewIndexId based on its underlying data type
+     *
+     * @param viewIndexIdKv
+     * @param viewIndexIdType
+     * @return
+     */
+    private Long decodeViewIndexId(Cell viewIndexIdKv, PDataType viewIndexIdType) {
+        return viewIndexIdType.getCodec().decodeLong(viewIndexIdKv.getValueArray(),
+                viewIndexIdKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+    }
+
+    private PDataType getViewIndexIdType(Cell[] tableKeyValues) {
+        Cell dataTypeKv = tableKeyValues[VIEW_INDEX_ID_DATA_TYPE_INDEX];
+        return dataTypeKv == null ?
+                MetaDataUtil.getLegacyViewIndexIdDataType() :
+                PDataType.fromTypeId(PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec()
+                        .decodeInt(dataTypeKv.getValueArray(), dataTypeKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault()));
+    }
+
+    private boolean isQualifierCounterKV(Cell kv) {
+        int cmp =
+                Bytes.compareTo(kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(),
+                    kv.getQualifierLength(), QUALIFIER_COUNTER_KV.getQualifierArray(),
+                    QUALIFIER_COUNTER_KV.getQualifierOffset(), QUALIFIER_COUNTER_KV.getQualifierLength());
+        return cmp == 0;
+    }
+
+    private PSchema getSchema(RegionScanner scanner, long clientTimeStamp) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+        scanner.next(results);
+        if (results.isEmpty()) { return null; }
+
+        Cell keyValue = results.get(0);
+        byte[] keyBuffer = keyValue.getRowArray();
+        int keyLength = keyValue.getRowLength();
+        int keyOffset = keyValue.getRowOffset();
+        PName tenantId = newPName(keyBuffer, keyOffset, keyLength);
+        int tenantIdLength = (tenantId == null) ? 0 : tenantId.getBytes().length;
+        if (tenantIdLength == 0) {
+            tenantId = null;
+        }
+        PName schemaName = newPName(keyBuffer, keyOffset + tenantIdLength + 1, keyLength - tenantIdLength - 1);
+        long timeStamp = keyValue.getTimestamp();
+        return new PSchema(schemaName.getString(), timeStamp);
+    }
+
+    private PFunction getFunction(RegionScanner scanner, final boolean isReplace, long clientTimeStamp, List<Mutation> deleteMutationsForReplace)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+        List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+        scanner.next(results);
+        if (results.isEmpty()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        Cell[] functionKeyValues = new Cell[FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS.size()];
+        Cell[] functionArgKeyValues = new Cell[FUNCTION_ARG_KV_COLUMNS.size()];
+        // Create PFunction based on KeyValues from scan
+        Cell keyValue = results.get(0);
+        byte[] keyBuffer = keyValue.getRowArray();
+        int keyLength = keyValue.getRowLength();
+        int keyOffset = keyValue.getRowOffset();
+        long currentTimeMillis = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis();
+        if(isReplace) {
+            long deleteTimeStamp =
+                    clientTimeStamp == HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP ? currentTimeMillis - 1
+                            : (keyValue.getTimestamp() < clientTimeStamp ? clientTimeStamp - 1
+                                    : keyValue.getTimestamp());
+            deleteMutationsForReplace.add(new Delete(keyBuffer, keyOffset, keyLength, deleteTimeStamp));
+        }
+        PName tenantId = newPName(keyBuffer, keyOffset, keyLength);
+        int tenantIdLength = (tenantId == null) ? 0 : tenantId.getBytes().length;
+        if (tenantIdLength == 0) {
+            tenantId = null;
+        }
+        PName functionName =
+                newPName(keyBuffer, keyOffset + tenantIdLength + 1, keyLength - tenantIdLength - 1);
+        int functionNameLength = functionName.getBytes().length+1;
+        int offset = tenantIdLength + functionNameLength + 1;
+
+        long timeStamp = keyValue.getTimestamp();
+
+        int i = 0;
+        int j = 0;
+        while (i < results.size() && j < FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS.size()) {
+            Cell kv = results.get(i);
+            Cell searchKv = FUNCTION_KV_COLUMNS.get(j);
+            int cmp =
+                    Bytes.compareTo(kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(),
+                        kv.getQualifierLength(), searchKv.getQualifierArray(),
+                        searchKv.getQualifierOffset(), searchKv.getQualifierLength());
+            if (cmp == 0) {
+                timeStamp = Math.max(timeStamp, kv.getTimestamp()); // Find max timestamp of table
+                                                                    // header row
+                functionKeyValues[j++] = kv;
+                i++;
+            } else if (cmp > 0) {
+                timeStamp = Math.max(timeStamp, kv.getTimestamp());
+                functionKeyValues[j++] = null;
+            } else {
+                i++; // shouldn't happen - means unexpected KV in system table header row
+            }
+        }
+        // CLASS_NAME,NUM_ARGS and JAR_PATH are required.
+        if (functionKeyValues[CLASS_NAME_INDEX] == null || functionKeyValues[NUM_ARGS_INDEX] == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Didn't find expected key values for function row in metadata row");
+        }
+
+        Cell classNameKv = functionKeyValues[CLASS_NAME_INDEX];
+        PName className = newPName(classNameKv.getValueArray(), classNameKv.getValueOffset(),
+            classNameKv.getValueLength());
+        Cell jarPathKv = functionKeyValues[JAR_PATH_INDEX];
+        PName jarPath = null;
+        if(jarPathKv != null) {
+            jarPath = newPName(jarPathKv.getValueArray(), jarPathKv.getValueOffset(),
+                jarPathKv.getValueLength());
+        }
+        Cell numArgsKv = functionKeyValues[NUM_ARGS_INDEX];
+        int numArgs =
+                PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(numArgsKv.getValueArray(),
+                    numArgsKv.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+        Cell returnTypeKv = functionKeyValues[RETURN_TYPE_INDEX];
+        PName returnType =
+                returnTypeKv == null ? null : newPName(returnTypeKv.getValueArray(),
+                    returnTypeKv.getValueOffset(), returnTypeKv.getValueLength());
+
+        List<FunctionArgument> arguments = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(numArgs);
+        for (int k = 0; k < numArgs; k++) {
+            results.clear();
+            scanner.next(results);
+            if (results.isEmpty()) {
+                break;
+            }
+            Cell typeKv = results.get(0);
+            if(isReplace) {
+                long deleteTimeStamp =
+                        clientTimeStamp == HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP ? currentTimeMillis - 1
+                                : (typeKv.getTimestamp() < clientTimeStamp ? clientTimeStamp - 1
+                                        : typeKv.getTimestamp());
+                deleteMutationsForReplace.add(new Delete(typeKv.getRowArray(), typeKv
+                        .getRowOffset(), typeKv.getRowLength(), deleteTimeStamp));
+            }
+            int typeKeyLength = typeKv.getRowLength();
+            PName typeName =
+                    newPName(typeKv.getRowArray(), typeKv.getRowOffset() + offset, typeKeyLength
+                            - offset - 3);
+
+            int argPositionOffset =  offset + typeName.getBytes().length + 1;
+            short argPosition = Bytes.toShort(typeKv.getRowArray(), typeKv.getRowOffset() + argPositionOffset, typeKeyLength
+                - argPositionOffset);
+            addArgumentToFunction(results, functionName, typeName, functionArgKeyValues, arguments, argPosition);
+        }
+        Collections.sort(arguments, new Comparator<FunctionArgument>() {
+            @Override
+            public int compare(FunctionArgument o1, FunctionArgument o2) {
+                return o1.getArgPosition() - o2.getArgPosition();
+            }
+        });
+        return new PFunction(tenantId, functionName.getString(), arguments, returnType.getString(),
+                className.getString(), jarPath == null ? null : jarPath.getString(), timeStamp);
+    }
+
+    private PTable buildDeletedTable(byte[] key, ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey, Region region,
+        long clientTimeStamp) throws IOException {
+        if (clientTimeStamp == HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Scan scan = MetaDataUtil.newTableRowsScan(key, clientTimeStamp, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP);
+        scan.setFilter(new FirstKeyOnlyFilter());
+        scan.setRaw(true);
+        List<Cell> results = Lists.<Cell> newArrayList();
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan)) {
+          scanner.next(results);
+        }
+        for (Cell kv : results) {
+            KeyValue.Type type = Type.codeToType(kv.getTypeByte());
+            if (type == Type.DeleteFamily) { // Row was deleted
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                        GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+                PTable table = newDeletedTableMarker(kv.getTimestamp());
+                metaDataCache.put(cacheKey, table);
+                return table;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    private PFunction buildDeletedFunction(byte[] key, ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey, Region region,
+        long clientTimeStamp) throws IOException {
+        if (clientTimeStamp == HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        Scan scan = MetaDataUtil.newTableRowsScan(key, clientTimeStamp, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP);
+        scan.setFilter(new FirstKeyOnlyFilter());
+        scan.setRaw(true);
+        List<Cell> results = Lists.<Cell> newArrayList();
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan);) {
+          scanner.next(results);
+        }
+        // HBase ignores the time range on a raw scan (HBASE-7362)
+        if (!results.isEmpty() && results.get(0).getTimestamp() > clientTimeStamp) {
+            Cell kv = results.get(0);
+            if (kv.getTypeByte() == Type.Delete.getCode()) {
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                        GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+                PFunction function = newDeletedFunctionMarker(kv.getTimestamp());
+                metaDataCache.put(cacheKey, function);
+                return function;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private PSchema buildDeletedSchema(byte[] key, ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey, Region region, long clientTimeStamp)
+            throws IOException {
+        if (clientTimeStamp == HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) { return null; }
+
+        Scan scan = MetaDataUtil.newTableRowsScan(key, clientTimeStamp, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP);
+        scan.setFilter(new FirstKeyOnlyFilter());
+        scan.setRaw(true);
+        List<Cell> results = Lists.<Cell> newArrayList();
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan);) {
+            scanner.next(results);
+        }
+        // HBase ignores the time range on a raw scan (HBASE-7362)
+        if (!results.isEmpty() && results.get(0).getTimestamp() > clientTimeStamp) {
+            Cell kv = results.get(0);
+            if (kv.getTypeByte() == Type.Delete.getCode()) {
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env)
+                        .getMetaDataCache();
+                PSchema schema = newDeletedSchemaMarker(kv.getTimestamp());
+                metaDataCache.put(cacheKey, schema);
+                return schema;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static PTable newDeletedTableMarker(long timestamp) {
+        try {
+            return new PTableImpl.Builder()
+                    .setType(PTableType.TABLE)
+                    .setTimeStamp(timestamp)
+                    .setPkColumns(Collections.emptyList())
+                    .setAllColumns(Collections.emptyList())
+                    .setFamilyAttributes(Collections.emptyList())
+                    .setRowKeySchema(RowKeySchema.EMPTY_SCHEMA)
+                    .setIndexes(Collections.emptyList())
+                    .setPhysicalNames(Collections.emptyList())
+                    .build();
+        } catch (SQLException e) {
+            // Should never happen
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static PFunction newDeletedFunctionMarker(long timestamp) {
+        return new PFunction(timestamp);
+    }
+
+    private static PSchema newDeletedSchemaMarker(long timestamp) {
+        return new PSchema(timestamp);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isTableDeleted(PTable table) {
+        return table.getName() == null;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isSchemaDeleted(PSchema schema) {
+        return schema.getSchemaName() == null;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isFunctionDeleted(PFunction function) {
+        return function.getFunctionName() == null;
+    }
+
+    private PTable loadTable(RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env, byte[] key,
+        ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey, long clientTimeStamp, long asOfTimeStamp, int clientVersion)
+        throws IOException, SQLException {
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        PTable table = getTableFromCache(cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, clientVersion, false, false, null);
+        // We always cache the latest version - fault in if not in cache
+        if (table != null || (table = buildTable(key, cacheKey, region, asOfTimeStamp, clientVersion, false, false, null)) != null) {
+            return table;
+        }
+        // if not found then check if newer table already exists and add delete marker for timestamp
+        // found
+        if (table == null
+                && (table = buildDeletedTable(key, cacheKey, region, clientTimeStamp)) != null) {
+            return table;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Returns a PTable if its found in the cache.
+     */
+   private PTable getTableFromCache(ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey, long clientTimeStamp, int clientVersion, boolean skipAddingIndexes, boolean skipAddingParentColumns, PTable lockedAncestorTable) throws SQLException, IOException {
+       Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+       PTable table = (PTable)metaDataCache.getIfPresent(cacheKey);
+       if (table!=null)
+           table = combineColumns(table, clientTimeStamp, clientVersion, skipAddingIndexes, skipAddingParentColumns, lockedAncestorTable).getFirst();
+       return table;
+   }
+
+    private PFunction loadFunction(RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env, byte[] key,
+            ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey, long clientTimeStamp, long asOfTimeStamp, boolean isReplace, List<Mutation> deleteMutationsForReplace)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+            PFunction function = (PFunction)metaDataCache.getIfPresent(cacheKey);
+            // We always cache the latest version - fault in if not in cache
+            if (function != null && !isReplace) {
+                return function;
+            }
+            ArrayList<byte[]> arrayList = new ArrayList<byte[]>(1);
+            arrayList.add(key);
+            List<PFunction> functions = buildFunctions(arrayList, region, asOfTimeStamp, isReplace, deleteMutationsForReplace);
+            if(functions != null) return functions.get(0);
+            // if not found then check if newer table already exists and add delete marker for timestamp
+            // found
+            if (function == null
+                    && (function = buildDeletedFunction(key, cacheKey, region, clientTimeStamp)) != null) {
+                return function;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+    private PSchema loadSchema(RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env, byte[] key, ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey,
+            long clientTimeStamp, long asOfTimeStamp) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+        PSchema schema = (PSchema)metaDataCache.getIfPresent(cacheKey);
+        // We always cache the latest version - fault in if not in cache
+        if (schema != null) { return schema; }
+        ArrayList<byte[]> arrayList = new ArrayList<byte[]>(1);
+        arrayList.add(key);
+        List<PSchema> schemas = buildSchemas(arrayList, region, asOfTimeStamp, cacheKey);
+        if (schemas != null) return schemas.get(0);
+        // if not found then check if newer schema already exists and add delete marker for timestamp
+        // found
+        if (schema == null
+                && (schema = buildDeletedSchema(key, cacheKey, region, clientTimeStamp)) != null) { return schema; }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return null if the physical table row information is not present.
+     */
+    private static Mutation getPhysicalTableRowForView(List<Mutation> tableMetadata, byte[][] parentTenantSchemaTableNames, byte[][] physicalSchemaTableNames) {
+        int size = tableMetadata.size();
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[3][];
+        MetaDataUtil.getTenantIdAndSchemaAndTableName(tableMetadata, rowKeyMetaData);
+        Mutation physicalTableRow = null;
+        Mutation parentTableRow = null;
+        boolean physicalTableLinkFound = false;
+        boolean parentTableLinkFound = false;
+        if (size >= 2) {
+            int i = size - 1;
+            while (i >= 1) {
+                Mutation m = tableMetadata.get(i);
+                if (m instanceof Put) {
+                    LinkType linkType = MetaDataUtil.getLinkType(m);
+                    if (linkType == LinkType.PHYSICAL_TABLE) {
+                        physicalTableRow = m;
+                        physicalTableLinkFound = true;
+                    }
+                    if (linkType == LinkType.PARENT_TABLE) {
+                        parentTableRow=m;
+                        parentTableLinkFound = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                if(physicalTableLinkFound && parentTableLinkFound){
+                    break;
+                }
+                i--;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!parentTableLinkFound) {
+            parentTenantSchemaTableNames[0] = null;
+            parentTenantSchemaTableNames[1] = null;
+            parentTenantSchemaTableNames[2] = null;
+            
+        }
+        if (!physicalTableLinkFound) {
+            physicalSchemaTableNames[0] = null;
+            physicalSchemaTableNames[1] = null;
+            physicalSchemaTableNames[2] = null;
+        }
+        if (physicalTableLinkFound) {
+            getSchemaTableNames(physicalTableRow,physicalSchemaTableNames);
+        }
+        if (parentTableLinkFound) {
+            getSchemaTableNames(parentTableRow,parentTenantSchemaTableNames);   
+        }
+        return physicalTableRow;
+    }
+    
+    private static void getSchemaTableNames(Mutation row, byte[][] schemaTableNames) {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[5][];
+        getVarChars(row.getRow(), 5, rowKeyMetaData);
+        byte[] tenantId = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+        byte[] colBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] famBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FAMILY_NAME_INDEX];
+        if ((colBytes == null || colBytes.length == 0) && (famBytes != null && famBytes.length > 0)) {
+            byte[] sName = SchemaUtil.getSchemaNameFromFullName(famBytes).getBytes();
+            byte[] tName = SchemaUtil.getTableNameFromFullName(famBytes).getBytes();
+            schemaTableNames[0]= tenantId;
+            schemaTableNames[1] = sName;
+            schemaTableNames[2] = tName;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void createTable(RpcController controller, CreateTableRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[3][];
+        byte[] schemaName = null;
+        byte[] tableName = null;
+        String fullTableName = null;
+        try {
+            int clientVersion = request.getClientVersion();
+            List<Mutation> tableMetadata = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            MetaDataUtil.getTenantIdAndSchemaAndTableName(tableMetadata, rowKeyMetaData);
+            byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+            schemaName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+            tableName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+            fullTableName = SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName);
+            boolean isNamespaceMapped = MetaDataUtil.isNameSpaceMapped(tableMetadata, GenericKeyValueBuilder.INSTANCE,
+                    new ImmutableBytesWritable());
+            final IndexType indexType = MetaDataUtil.getIndexType(tableMetadata, GenericKeyValueBuilder.INSTANCE,
+                    new ImmutableBytesWritable());
+            byte[] parentTenantId = null;
+            byte[] parentSchemaName = null;
+            byte[] parentTableName = null;
+            PTableType tableType = MetaDataUtil.getTableType(tableMetadata, GenericKeyValueBuilder.INSTANCE, new ImmutableBytesWritable());
+            ViewType viewType = MetaDataUtil.getViewType(tableMetadata, GenericKeyValueBuilder.INSTANCE, new ImmutableBytesWritable());
+
+            // Load table to see if it already exists
+            byte[] tableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, schemaName, tableName);
+            ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(tableKey);
+            long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+            PTable table = null;
+            try {
+                // Get as of latest timestamp so we can detect if we have a newer table that already
+                // exists without making an additional query
+                table = loadTable(env, tableKey, cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP,
+                        clientVersion);
+            } catch (ParentTableNotFoundException e) {
+                dropChildViews(env, e.getParentTenantId(), e.getParentSchemaName(), e.getParentTableName());
+            }
+            if (table != null) {
+                if (table.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                    // If the table is older than the client time stamp and it's deleted,
+                    // continue
+                    if (!isTableDeleted(table)) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        builder.setTable(PTableImpl.toProto(table));
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.NEWER_TABLE_FOUND);
+                    builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                    builder.setTable(PTableImpl.toProto(table));
+                    done.run(builder.build());
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // check if the table was dropped, but had child views that were have not yet been cleaned up
+            if (!Bytes.toString(schemaName).equals(QueryConstants.SYSTEM_SCHEMA_NAME)) {
+                dropChildViews(env, tenantIdBytes, schemaName, tableName);
+            }
+            
+            byte[] parentTableKey = null;
+            Mutation viewPhysicalTableRow = null;
+            Set<TableName> indexes = new HashSet<TableName>();;
+            byte[] cPhysicalName = SchemaUtil.getPhysicalHBaseTableName(schemaName, tableName, isNamespaceMapped)
+                    .getBytes();
+            byte[] cParentPhysicalName=null;
+            if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW) {
+                byte[][] parentSchemaTableNames = new byte[3][];
+                byte[][] parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames = new byte[3][];
+                /*
+                 * For a mapped view, there is no link present to the physical table. So the
+                 * viewPhysicalTableRow is null in that case.
+                 */
+                
+                viewPhysicalTableRow = getPhysicalTableRowForView(tableMetadata, parentSchemaTableNames,parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames);
+                if (parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[2] != null) {
+                    
+                    parentTableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY,
+                            parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[1], parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[2]);
+                    PTable parentTable =
+                            doGetTable(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[1],
+                                parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[2], clientTimeStamp, clientVersion);
+                    if (parentTable == null) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.PARENT_TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    cParentPhysicalName = parentTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+                    if (parentSchemaTableNames[2] != null
+                            && Bytes.compareTo(parentSchemaTableNames[2], parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[2]) != 0) {
+                        // if view is created on view
+                        byte[] tenantId =
+                                parentSchemaTableNames[0] == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY
+                                        : parentSchemaTableNames[0];
+                        parentTable =
+                                doGetTable(tenantId, parentSchemaTableNames[1],
+                                    parentSchemaTableNames[2], clientTimeStamp, clientVersion);
+                        if (parentTable == null) {
+                            // it could be a global view
+                            parentTable =
+                                    doGetTable(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, parentSchemaTableNames[1],
+                                        parentSchemaTableNames[2], clientTimeStamp, clientVersion);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (parentTable == null) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.PARENT_TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    for (PTable index : parentTable.getIndexes()) {
+                        indexes.add(TableName.valueOf(index.getPhysicalName().getBytes()));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Mapped View
+                    cParentPhysicalName = SchemaUtil.getTableNameAsBytes(schemaName, tableName);
+                }
+                parentTenantId = ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
+                parentSchemaName = parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[1];
+                parentTableName = parentPhysicalSchemaTableNames[2];
+                    
+            } else if (tableType == PTableType.INDEX) {
+                parentSchemaName = schemaName;
+                /* 
+                 * For an index we lock the parent table's row which could be a physical table or a view.
+                 * If the parent table is a physical table, then the tenantIdBytes is empty because
+                 * we allow creating an index with a tenant connection only if the parent table is a view.
+                 */
+                parentTenantId = tenantIdBytes;
+                parentTableName = MetaDataUtil.getParentTableName(tableMetadata);
+                parentTableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, parentSchemaName, parentTableName);
+                PTable parentTable =
+                        doGetTable(tenantIdBytes, parentSchemaName, parentTableName, clientTimeStamp, null,
+                            request.getClientVersion(), false, false, null);
+                if (IndexType.LOCAL == indexType) {
+                    cPhysicalName = parentTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+                    cParentPhysicalName=parentTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+                } else if (parentTable.getType() == PTableType.VIEW) {
+                    cPhysicalName = MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexPhysicalName(parentTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes());
+                    cParentPhysicalName = parentTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+                }else{
+                    cParentPhysicalName = SchemaUtil
+                            .getPhysicalHBaseTableName(parentSchemaName, parentTableName, isNamespaceMapped).getBytes();
+                }
+            }
+            
+            getCoprocessorHost().preCreateTable(Bytes.toString(tenantIdBytes),
+                    fullTableName,
+                    (tableType == PTableType.VIEW) ? null : TableName.valueOf(cPhysicalName),
+                    cParentPhysicalName == null ? null : TableName.valueOf(cParentPhysicalName), tableType,
+                    /* TODO: During inital create we may not need the family map */
+                    Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), indexes);
+
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+            // Place a lock using key for the table to be created
+            try {
+                acquireLock(region, tableKey, locks);
+
+                // If the table key resides outside the region, return without doing anything
+                MetaDataMutationResult result = checkTableKeyInRegion(tableKey, region);
+                if (result != null) {
+                    done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                ImmutableBytesPtr parentCacheKey = null;
+                PTable parentTable = null;
+                if (parentTableName != null) {
+                    // From 4.15 onwards we only need to lock the parent table :
+                    // 1) when creating an index on a table or a view
+                    // 2) if allowSystemCatalogRollback is true we try to lock the parent table to prevent it
+                    // from changing concurrently while a view is being created
+                    if (tableType == PTableType.INDEX || allowSystemCatalogRollback) {
+                        result = checkTableKeyInRegion(parentTableKey, region);
+                        if (result != null) {
+                            logger.error("Unable to lock parentTableKey "+Bytes.toStringBinary(parentTableKey));
+                            // if allowSystemCatalogRollback is true and we can't lock the parentTableKey (because
+                            // SYSTEM.CATALOG already split) return UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION so that the client
+                            // knows the create statement failed
+                            MetaDataProtos.MutationCode code = tableType == PTableType.INDEX ?
+                                    MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_IN_REGION :
+                                    MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION;
+                            builder.setReturnCode(code);
+                            builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                            done.run(builder.build());
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        acquireLock(region, parentTableKey, locks);
+                    }
+                    parentTable =  doGetTable(parentTenantId, parentSchemaName, parentTableName,
+                        clientTimeStamp, null, clientVersion, false, false, null);
+                    parentCacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(parentTableKey);
+                    if (parentTable == null || isTableDeleted(parentTable)) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.PARENT_TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // make sure we haven't gone over our threshold for indexes on this table.
+                    if (execeededIndexQuota(tableType, parentTable)) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TOO_MANY_INDEXES);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    long parentTableSeqNumber;
+                    if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW && viewPhysicalTableRow != null && request.hasClientVersion()) {
+                        // Starting 4.5, the client passes the sequence number of the physical table in the table metadata.
+                        parentTableSeqNumber = MetaDataUtil.getSequenceNumber(viewPhysicalTableRow);
+                    } else if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW && !request.hasClientVersion()) {
+                        // Before 4.5, due to a bug, the parent table key wasn't available.
+                        // So don't do anything and prevent the exception from being thrown.
+                        parentTableSeqNumber = parentTable.getSequenceNumber();
+                    } else {
+                        parentTableSeqNumber = MetaDataUtil.getParentSequenceNumber(tableMetadata);
+                    }
+                    // If parent table isn't at the expected sequence number, then return
+                    if (parentTable.getSequenceNumber() != parentTableSeqNumber) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.CONCURRENT_TABLE_MUTATION);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        builder.setTable(PTableImpl.toProto(parentTable));
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // Add cell for ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE = true, as we know that new tables
+                // conform the correct row key. The exception is for a VIEW, which the client
+                // sends over depending on its base physical table.
+                if (tableType != PTableType.VIEW) {
+                    UpgradeUtil.addRowKeyOrderOptimizableCell(tableMetadata, tableKey, clientTimeStamp);
+                }
+                // If the parent table of the view has the auto partition sequence name attribute, modify the
+                // tableMetadata and set the view statement and partition column correctly
+                if (parentTable!=null && parentTable.getAutoPartitionSeqName()!=null) {
+                    long autoPartitionNum = 1;
+                    try (PhoenixConnection connection = QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(env.getConfiguration()).unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+                        Statement stmt = connection.createStatement()) {
+                        String seqName = parentTable.getAutoPartitionSeqName();
+                        // Not going through the standard route of using statement.execute() as that code path
+                        // is blocked if the metadata hasn't been been upgraded to the new minor release.
+                        String seqNextValueSql = String.format("SELECT NEXT VALUE FOR %s", seqName);
+                        PhoenixStatement ps = stmt.unwrap(PhoenixStatement.class);
+                        QueryPlan plan = ps.compileQuery(seqNextValueSql);
+                        ResultIterator resultIterator = plan.iterator();
+                        PhoenixResultSet rs = ps.newResultSet(resultIterator, plan.getProjector(), plan.getContext());
+                        rs.next();
+                        autoPartitionNum = rs.getLong(1);
+                    }
+                    catch (SequenceNotFoundException e) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.AUTO_PARTITION_SEQUENCE_NOT_FOUND);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    PColumn autoPartitionCol = parentTable.getPKColumns().get(MetaDataUtil.getAutoPartitionColIndex(parentTable));
+                    if (!PLong.INSTANCE.isCoercibleTo(autoPartitionCol.getDataType(), autoPartitionNum)) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.CANNOT_COERCE_AUTO_PARTITION_ID);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    builder.setAutoPartitionNum(autoPartitionNum);
+
+                    // set the VIEW STATEMENT column of the header row
+                    Put tableHeaderPut = MetaDataUtil.getPutOnlyTableHeaderRow(tableMetadata);
+                    NavigableMap<byte[], List<Cell>> familyCellMap = tableHeaderPut.getFamilyCellMap();
+                    List<Cell> cells = familyCellMap.get(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES);
+                    Cell cell = cells.get(0);
+                    String autoPartitionWhere = QueryUtil.getViewPartitionClause(MetaDataUtil.getAutoPartitionColumnName(parentTable), autoPartitionNum);
+                    String hbaseVersion = VersionInfo.getVersion();
+                    ImmutableBytesPtr ptr = new ImmutableBytesPtr();
+                    KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder = KeyValueBuilder.get(hbaseVersion);
+                    MetaDataUtil.getMutationValue(tableHeaderPut, VIEW_STATEMENT_BYTES, kvBuilder, ptr);
+                    byte[] value = ptr.copyBytesIfNecessary();
+                    byte[] viewStatement = null;
+                    // if we have an existing where clause add the auto partition where clause to it
+                    if (!Bytes.equals(value, QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_VALUE_BYTES)) {
+                        viewStatement = Bytes.add(value, Bytes.toBytes(" AND "), Bytes.toBytes(autoPartitionWhere));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        viewStatement = Bytes.toBytes(QueryUtil.getViewStatement(parentTable.getSchemaName().getString(), parentTable.getTableName().getString(), autoPartitionWhere));
+                    }
+                    Cell viewStatementCell =
+                            PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(cell.getRowArray(),
+                                cell.getRowOffset(), cell.getRowLength(), cell.getFamilyArray(),
+                                cell.getFamilyOffset(), cell.getFamilyLength(),
+                                VIEW_STATEMENT_BYTES, 0, VIEW_STATEMENT_BYTES.length,
+                                cell.getTimestamp(), viewStatement, 0, viewStatement.length,
+                                cell.getType());
+                    cells.add(viewStatementCell);
+
+                    // set the IS_VIEW_REFERENCED column of the auto partition column row
+                    Put autoPartitionPut = MetaDataUtil.getPutOnlyAutoPartitionColumn(parentTable, tableMetadata);
+                    familyCellMap = autoPartitionPut.getFamilyCellMap();
+                    cells = familyCellMap.get(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES);
+                    cell = cells.get(0);
+                    PDataType dataType = autoPartitionCol.getDataType();
+                    Object val = dataType.toObject(autoPartitionNum, PLong.INSTANCE);
+                    byte[] bytes = new byte [dataType.getByteSize() + 1];
+                    dataType.toBytes(val, bytes, 0);
+                    Cell viewConstantCell =
+                            PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(cell.getRowArray(),
+                                cell.getRowOffset(), cell.getRowLength(), cell.getFamilyArray(),
+                                cell.getFamilyOffset(), cell.getFamilyLength(),
+                                VIEW_CONSTANT_BYTES, 0, VIEW_CONSTANT_BYTES.length,
+                                cell.getTimestamp(), bytes, 0, bytes.length, cell.getType());
+                    cells.add(viewConstantCell);
+                }
+                Long indexId = null;
+                if (request.hasAllocateIndexId() && request.getAllocateIndexId()) {
+                    String tenantIdStr = tenantIdBytes.length == 0 ? null : Bytes.toString(tenantIdBytes);
+                    try (PhoenixConnection connection = QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(env.getConfiguration()).unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class)) {
+                        PName physicalName = parentTable.getPhysicalName();
+                        int nSequenceSaltBuckets = connection.getQueryServices().getSequenceSaltBuckets();
+                        SequenceKey key = MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexSequenceKey(tenantIdStr, physicalName,
+                            nSequenceSaltBuckets, parentTable.isNamespaceMapped() );
+                        // TODO Review Earlier sequence was created at (SCN-1/LATEST_TIMESTAMP) and incremented at the client max(SCN,dataTable.getTimestamp), but it seems we should
+                        // use always LATEST_TIMESTAMP to avoid seeing wrong sequence values by different connection having SCN
+                        // or not.
+                        long sequenceTimestamp = HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP;
+                        try {
+                            connection.getQueryServices().createSequence(key.getTenantId(), key.getSchemaName(), key.getSequenceName(),
+                                Long.MIN_VALUE, 1, 1, Long.MIN_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE, false, sequenceTimestamp);
+                        } catch (SequenceAlreadyExistsException e) {
+                        }
+                        long[] seqValues = new long[1];
+                        SQLException[] sqlExceptions = new SQLException[1];
+                        connection.getQueryServices().incrementSequences(Collections.singletonList(new SequenceAllocation(key, 1)),
+                            HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, seqValues, sqlExceptions);
+                        if (sqlExceptions[0] != null) {
+                            throw sqlExceptions[0];
+                        }
+                        long seqValue = seqValues[0];
+                        Put tableHeaderPut = MetaDataUtil.getPutOnlyTableHeaderRow(tableMetadata);
+
+                        NavigableMap<byte[], List<Cell>> familyCellMap = tableHeaderPut.getFamilyCellMap();
+                        List<Cell> cells = familyCellMap.get(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES);
+                        Cell cell = cells.get(0);
+                        PDataType dataType = MetaDataUtil.getViewIndexIdDataType();
+                        Object val = dataType.toObject(seqValue, PLong.INSTANCE);
+                        byte[] bytes = new byte [dataType.getByteSize() + 1];
+                        dataType.toBytes(val, bytes, 0);
+                        Cell indexIdCell =
+                                PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(cell.getRowArray(),
+                                    cell.getRowOffset(), cell.getRowLength(),
+                                    cell.getFamilyArray(), cell.getFamilyOffset(),
+                                    cell.getFamilyLength(), VIEW_INDEX_ID_BYTES, 0,
+                                    VIEW_INDEX_ID_BYTES.length, cell.getTimestamp(), bytes, 0,
+                                    bytes.length, cell.getType());
+                        cells.add(indexIdCell);
+                        indexId = seqValue;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // The mutations to create a table are written in the following order:
+                // 1. Write the child link as if the next two steps fail we
+                // ignore missing children while processing a parent
+                // 2. Update the encoded column qualifier for the parent table if its on a
+                // different region server (for tables that use column qualifier encoding)
+                // if the next step fails we end up wasting a few col qualifiers
+                // 3. Finally write the mutations to create the table
+
+                // From 4.15 the parent->child links are stored in a separate table SYSTEM.CHILD_LINK
+                // TODO remove this after PHOENIX-4810 is implemented
+                List<Mutation> childLinkMutations = MetaDataUtil.removeChildLinks(tableMetadata);
+                MetaDataResponse response =
+                        processRemoteRegionMutations(
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CHILD_LINK_NAME_BYTES,
+                            childLinkMutations, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNABLE_TO_CREATE_CHILD_LINK);
+                if (response != null) {
+                    done.run(response);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW) {
+                    // Pass in the parent's PTable so that we only tag cells corresponding to the
+                    // view's property in case they are different from the parent
+                    addTagsToPutsForViewAlteredProperties(tableMetadata, parentTable);
+                }
+
+                // When we drop a view we first drop the view metadata and then drop the parent->child linking row
+                List<Mutation> localMutations =
+                        Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(tableMetadata.size());
+                List<Mutation> remoteMutations = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(2);
+                // check to see if there are any mutations that should not be applied to this region
+                separateLocalAndRemoteMutations(region, tableMetadata, localMutations, remoteMutations);
+                if (!remoteMutations.isEmpty()) {
+                    // there should only be remote mutations if we are creating a view that uses
+                    // encoded column qualifiers (the remote mutations are to update the encoded
+                    // column qualifier counter on the parent table)
+                    if (parentTable != null && tableType == PTableType.VIEW && parentTable
+                            .getEncodingScheme() != QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS) {
+                        response =
+                                processRemoteRegionMutations(
+                                    PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES,
+                                    remoteMutations, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNABLE_TO_UPDATE_PARENT_TABLE);
+                        clearParentTableFromCache(clientTimeStamp,
+                            parentTable.getSchemaName() != null
+                                    ? parentTable.getSchemaName().getBytes()
+                                    : ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY,
+                            parentTable.getName().getBytes());
+                        if (response != null) {
+                            done.run(response);
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String msg = "Found unexpected mutations while creating "+fullTableName;
+                        logger.error(msg);
+                        for (Mutation m : remoteMutations) {
+                            logger.debug("Mutation rowkey : " + Bytes.toStringBinary(m.getRow()));
+                            logger.debug("Mutation family cell map : " + m.getFamilyCellMap());
+                        }
+                        throw new IllegalStateException(msg);
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // TODO: Switch this to HRegion#batchMutate when we want to support indexes on the
+                // system table. Basically, we get all the locks that we don't already hold for all the
+                // tableMetadata rows. This ensures we don't have deadlock situations (ensuring
+                // primary and then index table locks are held, in that order). For now, we just don't support
+                // indexing on the system table. This is an issue because of the way we manage batch mutation
+                // in the Indexer.
+                mutateRowsWithLocks(region, localMutations, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE, HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+
+                // Invalidate the cache - the next getTable call will add it
+                // TODO: consider loading the table that was just created here, patching up the parent table, and updating the cache
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+                if (parentCacheKey != null) {
+                    metaDataCache.invalidate(parentCacheKey);
+                }
+                metaDataCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+                // Get timeStamp from mutations - the above method sets it if it's unset
+                long currentTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                if (indexId != null) {
+                   builder.setViewIndexId(indexId);
+                   builder.setViewIndexIdType(PLong.INSTANCE.getSqlType());
+                }
+                builder.setMutationTime(currentTimeStamp);
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            } finally {
+                ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("createTable failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                    ServerUtil.createIOException(fullTableName, t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void dropChildViews(RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env, byte[] tenantIdBytes, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName)
+            throws IOException, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        Table hTable =
+                ServerUtil.getHTableForCoprocessorScan(env,
+                        SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CHILD_LINK_NAME_BYTES,
+                                env.getConfiguration()));
+        TableViewFinderResult childViewsResult = ViewFinder.findRelatedViews(hTable, tenantIdBytes, schemaName, tableName,
+                PTable.LinkType.CHILD_TABLE, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP);
+
+        if (childViewsResult.hasLinks()) {
+
+            for (TableInfo viewInfo : childViewsResult.getLinks()) {
+                byte[] viewTenantId = viewInfo.getTenantId();
+                byte[] viewSchemaName = viewInfo.getSchemaName();
+                byte[] viewName = viewInfo.getTableName();
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("dropChildViews :" + Bytes.toString(schemaName) + "." + Bytes.toString(tableName) +
+                            " -> " + Bytes.toString(viewSchemaName) + "." + Bytes.toString(viewName) +
+                            "with tenant id :" + Bytes.toString(viewTenantId));
+                }
+                Properties props = new Properties();
+                if (viewTenantId != null && viewTenantId.length != 0)
+                    props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB, Bytes.toString(viewTenantId));
+                try (PhoenixConnection connection = QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(props, env.getConfiguration())
+                        .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class)) {
+                    MetaDataClient client = new MetaDataClient(connection);
+                    org.apache.phoenix.parse.TableName viewTableName = org.apache.phoenix.parse.TableName
+                            .create(Bytes.toString(viewSchemaName), Bytes.toString(viewName));
+                    try {
+                        client.dropTable(
+                                new DropTableStatement(viewTableName, PTableType.VIEW, true, true, true));
+                    }
+                    catch (TableNotFoundException e) {
+                        logger.info("Ignoring view "+viewTableName+" as it has already been dropped");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    private boolean execeededIndexQuota(PTableType tableType, PTable parentTable) {
+        return PTableType.INDEX == tableType && parentTable.getIndexes().size() >= maxIndexesPerTable;
+    }
+
+    private void findAncestorViewsOfIndex(byte[] tenantId, byte[] schemaName, byte[] indexName,
+            TableViewFinderResult result, boolean isNamespaceMapped) throws IOException {
+        try (Table hTable =
+                ServerUtil.getHTableForCoprocessorScan(env, SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(
+                    PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, env.getConfiguration()))) {
+            TableViewFinderResult currentResult =
+                    ViewFinder.findParentViewofIndex(hTable, tenantId, schemaName, indexName);
+            if (currentResult.getLinks().size() == 1) {
+                result.addResult(currentResult);
+                TableInfo tableInfo = currentResult.getLinks().get(0);
+                findAncestorViews(tableInfo.getTenantId(), tableInfo.getSchemaName(),
+                    tableInfo.getTableName(), result, isNamespaceMapped);
+            }
+            // else this is an index on a regular table and so we don't need to combine columns
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void findAncestorViews(byte[] tenantId, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName,
+            TableViewFinderResult result, boolean isNamespaceMapped) throws IOException {
+        try (Table hTable =
+                ServerUtil.getHTableForCoprocessorScan(env, SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(
+                    PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, env.getConfiguration()))) {
+            ViewFinder.findAllRelatives(hTable, tenantId, schemaName, tableName,
+                LinkType.PARENT_TABLE, result);
+            if (!isNamespaceMapped || schemaName.length==0) {
+				// When namespace mapping is enabled and the schema name is not empty the
+				// physical table name is of the form S:T while the table name is of the form
+				// S.T
+				// When namespace mapping is disabled or the schema name is empty the
+				// child->parent link is overwritten by the child->physical table link for first
+				// level children of base table as both the parent table name and physical table
+				// name are the same (S.T or T) so we need to query for the PHYSICAL_TABLE link
+                result.addResult(ViewFinder.findBaseTable(hTable, tenantId, schemaName, tableName));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void findAllChildViews(byte[] tenantId, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName, TableViewFinderResult result) throws IOException {
+        try (Table hTable =
+                ServerUtil.getHTableForCoprocessorScan(env,
+                    SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CHILD_LINK_NAME_BYTES,
+                        env.getConfiguration()))) {
+            ViewFinder.findAllRelatives(hTable, tenantId, schemaName, tableName,
+                LinkType.CHILD_TABLE, result);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private void separateLocalAndRemoteMutations(Region region, List<Mutation> mutations,
+            List<Mutation> localMutations, List<Mutation> remoteMutations) {
+        RegionInfo regionInfo = region.getRegionInfo();
+        for (Mutation mutation : mutations) {
+            if (regionInfo.containsRow(mutation.getRow())) {
+                localMutations.add(mutation);
+            } else {
+                remoteMutations.add(mutation);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void dropTable(RpcController controller, DropTableRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        boolean isCascade = request.getCascade();
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[3][];
+        String tableType = request.getTableType();
+        byte[] schemaName = null;
+        byte[] tableName = null;
+
+        try {
+            List<Mutation> tableMetadata = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            List<Mutation> childLinkMutations = Lists.newArrayList();
+            MetaDataUtil.getTenantIdAndSchemaAndTableName(tableMetadata, rowKeyMetaData);
+            byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+            schemaName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+            tableName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+            PTableType pTableType=PTableType.fromSerializedValue(tableType);
+            // Disallow deletion of a system table
+            if (pTableType == PTableType.SYSTEM) {
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION);
+                builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            List<byte[]> tableNamesToDelete = Lists.newArrayList();
+            List<SharedTableState> sharedTablesToDelete = Lists.newArrayList();
+            
+            byte[] lockKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, schemaName, tableName);
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkTableKeyInRegion(lockKey, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            }
+            
+            byte[] parentTableName = MetaDataUtil.getParentTableName(tableMetadata);
+            byte[] parentLockKey = null;
+            // Only lock parent table for indexes
+            if (parentTableName != null && pTableType == PTableType.INDEX) {
+                parentLockKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantIdBytes, schemaName, parentTableName);
+                result = checkTableKeyInRegion(lockKey, region);
+                if (result != null) {
+                    done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            
+            long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+            boolean skipAddingParentColumns = request.hasSkipAddingParentColumns()
+                    ? request.getSkipAddingParentColumns()
+                    : false;
+            PTable loadedTable =
+                    doGetTable(tenantIdBytes, schemaName, tableName, clientTimeStamp, null,
+                        request.getClientVersion(), false, skipAddingParentColumns, null);
+            if (loadedTable == null) {
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            }
+            getCoprocessorHost().preDropTable(Bytes.toString(tenantIdBytes),
+                    SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName),
+                    TableName.valueOf(loadedTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes()),
+                    getParentPhysicalTableName(loadedTable), pTableType, loadedTable.getIndexes());
+            List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+            try {
+                acquireLock(region, lockKey, locks);
+                if (parentLockKey != null) {
+                    acquireLock(region, parentLockKey, locks);
+                }
+
+                List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList = new ArrayList<ImmutableBytesPtr>();
+                result =
+                        doDropTable(lockKey, tenantIdBytes, schemaName, tableName, parentTableName,
+                            PTableType.fromSerializedValue(tableType), tableMetadata, childLinkMutations,
+                            invalidateList, tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete, isCascade, request.getClientVersion());
+                if (result.getMutationCode() != MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+                    done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                    return;
+                }
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                        GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+
+                List<Mutation> localMutations =
+                        Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(tableMetadata.size());
+                List<Mutation> remoteMutations = Lists.newArrayList();
+                separateLocalAndRemoteMutations(region, tableMetadata, localMutations, remoteMutations);
+                if (!remoteMutations.isEmpty()) {
+                    // while dropping a table all the mutations should be local
+                    String msg = "Found unexpected mutations while dropping table "+SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName);
+                    logger.error(msg);
+                    for (Mutation m : remoteMutations) {
+                        logger.debug("Mutation rowkey : " + Bytes.toStringBinary(m.getRow()));
+                        logger.debug("Mutation family cell map : " + m.getFamilyCellMap());
+                    }
+                    throw new IllegalStateException(msg);
+                }
+
+                // drop rows from catalog on this region
+                mutateRowsWithLocks(region, localMutations, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE,
+                        HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+
+                long currentTime = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+                for (ImmutableBytesPtr ckey : invalidateList) {
+                    metaDataCache.put(ckey, newDeletedTableMarker(currentTime));
+                }
+                if (parentLockKey != null) {
+                    ImmutableBytesPtr parentCacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(parentLockKey);
+                    metaDataCache.invalidate(parentCacheKey);
+                }
+
+                // after the view metadata is dropped drop parent->child link
+                MetaDataResponse response =
+                        processRemoteRegionMutations(
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CHILD_LINK_NAME_BYTES,
+                            childLinkMutations, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNABLE_TO_CREATE_CHILD_LINK);
+                if (response!=null) {
+                    done.run(response);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            } finally {
+                ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+          logger.error("dropTable failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException(SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName), t));
+        }
+    }
+    
+
+    private RowLock acquireLock(Region region, byte[] lockKey, List<RowLock> locks) throws IOException {
+        RowLock rowLock = region.getRowLock(lockKey, false);
+        if (rowLock == null) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to acquire lock on " + Bytes.toStringBinary(lockKey));
+        }
+        if (locks != null) {
+            locks.add(rowLock);
+        }
+        return rowLock;
+    }
+
+    private MetaDataResponse processRemoteRegionMutations(byte[] systemTableName,
+            List<Mutation> remoteMutations, MetaDataProtos.MutationCode mutationCode) throws IOException {
+        if (remoteMutations.isEmpty())
+            return null;
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        try (Table hTable =
+                ServerUtil.getHTableForCoprocessorScan(env,
+                    SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(systemTableName, env.getConfiguration()))) {
+            hTable.batch(remoteMutations, null);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("Unable to write mutations to " + Bytes.toString(systemTableName), t);
+            builder.setReturnCode(mutationCode);
+            builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+            return builder.build();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    
+    private MetaDataMutationResult doDropTable(byte[] key, byte[] tenantId, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName,
+            byte[] parentTableName, PTableType tableType, List<Mutation> catalogMutations,
+            List<Mutation> childLinkMutations, List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList, List<byte[]> tableNamesToDelete,
+            List<SharedTableState> sharedTablesToDelete, boolean isCascade, int clientVersion)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(catalogMutations);
+        ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(key);
+
+        PTable table = getTableFromCache(cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, clientVersion, true, true, null);
+
+        // We always cache the latest version - fault in if not in cache
+        if (table != null
+                || (table = buildTable(key, cacheKey, region, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, clientVersion, true, true, null)) != null) {
+            if (table.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                if (isTableDeleted(table) || tableType != table.getType()) {
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                }
+            } else {
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.NEWER_TABLE_FOUND,
+                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+            }
+        }
+        // We didn't find a table at the latest timestamp, so either there is no table or
+        // there was a table, but it's been deleted. In either case we want to return.
+        if (table == null) {
+            if (buildDeletedTable(key, cacheKey, region, clientTimeStamp) != null) {
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.NEWER_TABLE_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+            }
+            return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+        }
+        // Make sure we're not deleting the "wrong" child
+        if (parentTableName!=null && table.getParentTableName() != null && !Arrays.equals(parentTableName, table.getParentTableName().getBytes())) {
+            return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+        }
+        // Since we don't allow back in time DDL, we know if we have a table it's the one
+        // we want to delete. FIXME: we shouldn't need a scan here, but should be able to
+        // use the table to generate the Delete markers.
+        Scan scan = MetaDataUtil.newTableRowsScan(key, MIN_TABLE_TIMESTAMP, clientTimeStamp);
+        List<byte[]> indexNames = Lists.newArrayList();
+        List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+        try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan);) {
+            scanner.next(results);
+            if (results.isEmpty()) { // Should not be possible
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND,
+                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+            }
+
+            if (tableType == PTableType.TABLE || tableType == PTableType.VIEW || tableType == PTableType.SYSTEM) {
+                // check to see if the table has any child views
+                try (Table hTable =
+                        ServerUtil.getHTableForCoprocessorScan(env,
+                            SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CHILD_LINK_NAME_BYTES,
+                                env.getConfiguration()))) {
+                    boolean hasChildViews =
+                            ViewFinder.hasChildViews(hTable, tenantId, schemaName, tableName,
+                                clientTimeStamp);
+                    if (hasChildViews) {
+                        if (!isCascade) {
+                            // DROP without CASCADE on tables with child views is not permitted
+                            return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                    EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            PhoenixConnection conn = QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(env.getConfiguration()).unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+                            TaskRegionObserver.addTask(conn, PTable.TaskType.DROP_CHILD_VIEWS, Bytes.toString(tenantId),
+                                Bytes.toString(schemaName), Bytes.toString(tableName), this.accessCheckEnabled);
+                        } catch (Throwable t) {
+                            logger.error("Adding a task to drop child views failed!", t);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Add to list of HTables to delete, unless it's a view or its a shared index 
+            if (tableType == INDEX && table.getViewIndexId()!=null) {
+                sharedTablesToDelete.add(new SharedTableState(table));
+            }
+            else if (tableType != PTableType.VIEW) { 
+                tableNamesToDelete.add(table.getPhysicalName().getBytes());
+            }
+            invalidateList.add(cacheKey);
+            byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[5][];
+            do {
+                Cell kv = results.get(LINK_TYPE_INDEX);
+                int nColumns = getVarChars(kv.getRowArray(), kv.getRowOffset(), kv.getRowLength(), 0, rowKeyMetaData);
+                if (nColumns == 5
+                        && rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FAMILY_NAME_INDEX].length > 0
+                        && Bytes.compareTo(kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(), kv.getQualifierLength(),
+                                LINK_TYPE_BYTES, 0, LINK_TYPE_BYTES.length) == 0) {
+                        LinkType linkType = LinkType.fromSerializedValue(kv.getValueArray()[kv.getValueOffset()]);
+                        if (rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME_INDEX].length == 0 && linkType == LinkType.INDEX_TABLE) {
+                            indexNames.add(rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FAMILY_NAME_INDEX]);
+                        } else if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW && (linkType == LinkType.PARENT_TABLE || linkType == LinkType.PHYSICAL_TABLE)) {
+                            // delete parent->child link for views
+                            Cell parentTenantIdCell = MetaDataUtil.getCell(results, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PARENT_TENANT_ID_BYTES);
+                            PName parentTenantId = parentTenantIdCell!=null ? PNameFactory.newName(parentTenantIdCell.getValueArray(), parentTenantIdCell.getValueOffset(), parentTenantIdCell.getValueLength()) : null;
+                            byte[] linkKey = MetaDataUtil.getChildLinkKey(parentTenantId, table.getParentSchemaName(), table.getParentTableName(), table.getTenantId(), table.getName());
+                            Delete linkDelete = new Delete(linkKey, clientTimeStamp);
+                            childLinkMutations.add(linkDelete);
+                        }
+                }
+                Delete delete = new Delete(kv.getRowArray(), kv.getRowOffset(), kv.getRowLength(), clientTimeStamp);
+                catalogMutations.add(delete);
+                results.clear();
+                scanner.next(results);
+            } while (!results.isEmpty());
+        }
+
+        // Recursively delete indexes
+        for (byte[] indexName : indexNames) {
+            byte[] indexKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, indexName);
+            // FIXME: Remove when unintentionally deprecated method is fixed (HBASE-7870).
+            // FIXME: the version of the Delete constructor without the lock args was introduced
+            // in 0.94.4, thus if we try to use it here we can no longer use the 0.94.2 version
+            // of the client.
+            Delete delete = new Delete(indexKey, clientTimeStamp);
+            catalogMutations.add(delete);
+            MetaDataMutationResult result =
+                    doDropTable(indexKey, tenantId, schemaName, indexName, tableName, PTableType.INDEX,
+                        catalogMutations, childLinkMutations, invalidateList, tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete, false, clientVersion);
+            if (result.getMutationCode() != MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS,
+                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), table, tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete);
+    }
+
+    private static interface ColumnMutator {
+        MetaDataMutationResult updateMutation(PTable table, byte[][] rowKeyMetaData,
+                List<Mutation> tableMetadata, Region region, List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList,
+                List<RowLock> locks, long clientTimeStamp) throws IOException, SQLException;
+    }
+
+    private MetaDataMutationResult
+    mutateColumn(MutatateColumnType mutateColumnType, List<Mutation> tableMetadata, ColumnMutator mutator, int clientVersion) throws IOException {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[5][];
+        MetaDataUtil.getTenantIdAndSchemaAndTableName(tableMetadata, rowKeyMetaData);
+        byte[] tenantId = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+        byte[] schemaName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] key = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, tableName);
+        String fullTableName = SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName);
+        try {
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkTableKeyInRegion(key, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                return result;
+            }
+            List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+            try {
+                acquireLock(region, key, locks);
+                ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(key);
+                List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList = new ArrayList<ImmutableBytesPtr>();
+                invalidateList.add(cacheKey);
+                long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+                PTable table = getTableFromCache(cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, clientVersion, false, false, null);
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    if (table == null) {
+                        logger.debug("Table " + Bytes.toStringBinary(key)
+                                + " not found in cache. Will build through scan");
+                    } else {
+                        logger.debug("Table " + Bytes.toStringBinary(key)
+                                + " found in cache with timestamp " + table.getTimeStamp()
+                                + " seqNum " + table.getSequenceNumber());
+                    }
+                }
+                // Get client timeStamp from mutations
+                if (table == null
+                        && (table = buildTable(key, cacheKey, region, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, clientVersion, false, false, null)) == null) {
+                    // if not found then call newerTableExists and add delete marker for timestamp
+                    // found
+                    table = buildDeletedTable(key, cacheKey, region, clientTimeStamp);
+                    if (table != null) {
+                        logger.info("Found newer table deleted as of " + table.getTimeStamp() + " versus client timestamp of " + clientTimeStamp);
+                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.NEWER_TABLE_FOUND,
+                                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                    }
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND,
+                            EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                }
+                if (table.getTimeStamp() >= clientTimeStamp) {
+                    logger.info("Found newer table as of " + table.getTimeStamp() + " versus client timestamp of "
+                            + clientTimeStamp);
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.NEWER_TABLE_FOUND,
+                            EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), table);
+                } else if (isTableDeleted(table)) { return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND,
+                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null); }
+                long expectedSeqNum = MetaDataUtil.getSequenceNumber(tableMetadata) - 1; // lookup TABLE_SEQ_NUM in
+                                                                                         // tableMetaData
+
+                if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    logger.debug("For table " + Bytes.toStringBinary(key) + " expecting seqNum "
+                            + expectedSeqNum + " and found seqNum " + table.getSequenceNumber()
+                            + " with " + table.getColumns().size() + " columns: "
+                            + table.getColumns());
+                }
+                if (expectedSeqNum != table.getSequenceNumber()) {
+                    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                        logger.debug("For table " + Bytes.toStringBinary(key)
+                                + " returning CONCURRENT_TABLE_MUTATION due to unexpected seqNum");
+                    }
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.CONCURRENT_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                            EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), table);
+                }
+
+                PTableType type = table.getType();
+                if (type == PTableType.INDEX) {
+                    // Disallow mutation of an index table
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                            EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                } else {
+                    // server-side, except for indexing, we always expect the keyvalues to be standard KeyValues
+                    PTableType expectedType = MetaDataUtil.getTableType(tableMetadata, GenericKeyValueBuilder.INSTANCE,
+                            new ImmutableBytesWritable());
+                    // We said to drop a table, but found a view or visa versa
+                    if (type != expectedType) { return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND,
+                            EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null); }
+                }
+                result = mutator.updateMutation(table, rowKeyMetaData, tableMetadata, region,
+                            invalidateList, locks, clientTimeStamp);
+                // if the update mutation caused tables to be deleted, the mutation code returned
+                // will be MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS
+                if (result != null
+                        && result.getMutationCode() != MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                        GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+
+                // The mutations to add a column are written in the following order:
+                // 1. Update the encoded column qualifier for the parent table if its on a
+                // different region server (for tables that use column qualifier encoding)
+                // if the next step fails we end up wasting a few col qualifiers
+                // 2. Write the mutations to add the column
+
+                List<Mutation> localMutations =
+                        Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(tableMetadata.size());
+                List<Mutation> remoteMutations = Lists.newArrayList();
+                separateLocalAndRemoteMutations(region, tableMetadata, localMutations,
+                    remoteMutations);
+                if (!remoteMutations.isEmpty()) {
+                    // there should only be remote mutations if we are adding a column to a view that uses encoded column qualifiers
+                    // (the remote mutations are to update the encoded column qualifier counter on the parent table)
+                    if (mutateColumnType == MutatateColumnType.ADD_COLUMN && type == PTableType.VIEW && table
+                            .getEncodingScheme() != QualifierEncodingScheme.NON_ENCODED_QUALIFIERS) {
+                        processRemoteRegionMutations(
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES, remoteMutations,
+                            MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNABLE_TO_UPDATE_PARENT_TABLE);
+                        clearParentTableFromCache(clientTimeStamp,
+                            table.getParentSchemaName() != null
+                                    ? table.getParentSchemaName().getBytes()
+                                    : ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY,
+                            table.getParentTableName().getBytes());
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        String msg = "Found unexpected mutations while adding or dropping column to "+fullTableName;
+                        logger.error(msg);
+                        for (Mutation m : remoteMutations) {
+                            logger.debug("Mutation rowkey : " + Bytes.toStringBinary(m.getRow()));
+                            logger.debug("Mutation family cell map : " + m.getFamilyCellMap());
+                        }
+                        throw new IllegalStateException(msg);
+                    }
+                }
+                mutateRowsWithLocks(region, localMutations, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE, HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+                // Invalidate from cache
+                for (ImmutableBytesPtr invalidateKey : invalidateList) {
+                    metaDataCache.invalidate(invalidateKey);
+                }
+                // Get client timeStamp from mutations, since it may get updated by the
+                // mutateRowsWithLocks call
+                long currentTime = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+                // if the update mutation caused tables to be deleted just return the result which will contain the table to be deleted
+                if (result !=null) {
+                    return result;
+                } else {
+                    table = buildTable(key, cacheKey, region, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, clientVersion, false, false, null);
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS, currentTime, table);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            ServerUtil.throwIOException(fullTableName, t);
+            return null; // impossible
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the table from the server side cache
+     */
+    private void clearParentTableFromCache(long clientTimeStamp, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName) throws SQLException {
+        // remove the parent table from the metadata cache as we just mutated the table
+        Properties props = new Properties();
+        if (clientTimeStamp != HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+            props.setProperty("CurrentSCN", Long.toString(clientTimeStamp));
+        }
+        try (PhoenixConnection connection =
+                QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(props, env.getConfiguration())
+                        .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class)) {
+            ConnectionQueryServices queryServices = connection.getQueryServices();
+            queryServices.clearTableFromCache(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, schemaName, tableName,
+                clientTimeStamp);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean isDivergedView(PTable view) {
+        return view.getBaseColumnCount() == QueryConstants.DIVERGED_VIEW_BASE_COLUMN_COUNT;
+    }
+
+    private boolean switchAttribute(PTable table, boolean currAttribute, List<Mutation> tableMetaData, byte[] attrQualifier) {
+        for (Mutation m : tableMetaData) {
+            if (m instanceof Put) {
+                Put p = (Put)m;
+                List<Cell> cells = p.get(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, attrQualifier);
+                if (cells != null && cells.size() > 0) {
+                    Cell cell = cells.get(0);
+                    boolean newAttribute = (boolean)PBoolean.INSTANCE.toObject(cell.getValueArray(), cell.getValueOffset(), cell.getValueLength());
+                    return currAttribute != newAttribute;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    private class ColumnFinder extends StatelessTraverseAllExpressionVisitor<Void> {
+        private boolean columnFound;
+        private final Expression columnExpression;
+
+        public ColumnFinder(Expression columnExpression) {
+            this.columnExpression = columnExpression;
+            columnFound = false;
+        }
+
+        private Void process(Expression expression) {
+            if (expression.equals(columnExpression)) {
+                columnFound = true;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(KeyValueColumnExpression expression) {
+            return process(expression);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(RowKeyColumnExpression expression) {
+            return process(expression);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Void visit(ProjectedColumnExpression expression) {
+            return process(expression);
+        }
+
+        public boolean getColumnFound() {
+            return columnFound;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MetaDataMutationResult validateColumnForAddToBaseTable(PTable basePhysicalTable,
+            List<Mutation> tableMetadata, byte[][] rowKeyMetaData,
+            TableViewFinderResult childViewsResult, long clientTimeStamp, int clientVersion)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+        byte[] schemaName = rowKeyMetaData[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+        byte[] tableName = rowKeyMetaData[TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+        List<Put> columnPutsForBaseTable =
+                Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(tableMetadata.size());
+        boolean salted = basePhysicalTable.getBucketNum()!=null;
+        // Isolate the puts relevant to adding columns 
+        for (Mutation m : tableMetadata) {
+            if (m instanceof Put) {
+                byte[][] rkmd = new byte[5][];
+                int pkCount = getVarChars(m.getRow(), rkmd);
+                // check if this put is for adding a column
+                if (pkCount > COLUMN_NAME_INDEX && rkmd[COLUMN_NAME_INDEX] != null
+                        && rkmd[COLUMN_NAME_INDEX].length > 0
+                        && Bytes.compareTo(schemaName, rkmd[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX]) == 0
+                        && Bytes.compareTo(tableName, rkmd[TABLE_NAME_INDEX]) == 0) {
+                    columnPutsForBaseTable.add((Put)m);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (TableInfo viewInfo : childViewsResult.getLinks()) {
+            byte[] tenantId = viewInfo.getTenantId();
+            byte[] schema = viewInfo.getSchemaName();
+            byte[] table = viewInfo.getTableName();
+            PTable view =
+                    doGetTable(tenantId, schema, table, clientTimeStamp, null, clientVersion, true,
+                        true, null); 
+            // we don't need to include parent columns as we are only interested in the columns
+            // added by the view itself (also including parent columns will lead to a circular call
+            // which will deadlock)
+            // we also don't need to include indexes
+            if (view == null) {
+                logger.warn("Found invalid tenant view row in SYSTEM.CATALOG with tenantId:"
+                        + Bytes.toString(tenantId) + ", schema:" + Bytes.toString(schema)
+                        + ", table:" + Bytes.toString(table));
+                continue;
+            }
+            /*
+             * Disallow adding columns to a base table with APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA since this
+             * creates a gap in the column positions for every view (PHOENIX-4737).
+             */
+            if (!columnPutsForBaseTable.isEmpty() && view.isAppendOnlySchema()) {
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+            }
+            
+            // add the new columns to the child view
+            List<PColumn> viewPkCols = new ArrayList<>(view.getPKColumns());
+            // remove salted column
+            if (salted) {
+                viewPkCols.remove(0);
+            }
+            // remove pk columns that are present in the parent
+            viewPkCols.removeAll(basePhysicalTable.getPKColumns());
+            boolean addedPkColumn = false;
+            for (Put columnToBeAdded : columnPutsForBaseTable) {
+                PColumn existingViewColumn = null;
+                byte[][] rkmd = new byte[5][];
+                getVarChars(columnToBeAdded.getRow(), rkmd);
+                String columnName = Bytes.toString(rkmd[COLUMN_NAME_INDEX]);
+                String columnFamily =
+                        rkmd[FAMILY_NAME_INDEX] == null ? null
+                                : Bytes.toString(rkmd[FAMILY_NAME_INDEX]);
+                try {
+                    existingViewColumn =
+                            columnFamily == null ? view.getColumnForColumnName(columnName)
+                                    : view.getColumnFamily(columnFamily)
+                                            .getPColumnForColumnName(columnName);
+                } catch (ColumnFamilyNotFoundException e) {
+                    // ignore since it means that the column family is not present for the column to
+                    // be added.
+                } catch (ColumnNotFoundException e) {
+                    // ignore since it means the column is not present in the view
+                }
+
+                boolean isCurrColumnToBeAddPkCol = columnFamily == null;
+                addedPkColumn |= isCurrColumnToBeAddPkCol;
+                if (existingViewColumn != null) {
+                    if (EncodedColumnsUtil.usesEncodedColumnNames(basePhysicalTable)
+                            && !SchemaUtil.isPKColumn(existingViewColumn)) {
+                        /*
+                         * If the column already exists in a view, then we cannot add the column to
+                         * the base table. The reason is subtle and is as follows: consider the case
+                         * where a table has two views where both the views have the same key value
+                         * column KV. Now, we dole out encoded column qualifiers for key value
+                         * columns in views by using the counters stored in the base physical table.
+                         * So the KV column can have different column qualifiers for the two views.
+                         * For example, 11 for VIEW1 and 12 for VIEW2. This naturally extends to
+                         * rows being inserted using the two views having different column
+                         * qualifiers for the column named KV. Now, when an attempt is made to add
+                         * column KV to the base table, we cannot decide which column qualifier
+                         * should that column be assigned. It cannot be a number different than 11
+                         * or 12 since a query like SELECT KV FROM BASETABLE would return null for
+                         * KV which is incorrect since column KV is present in rows inserted from
+                         * the two views. We cannot use 11 or 12 either because we will then
+                         * incorrectly return value of KV column inserted using only one view.
+                         */
+                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+                    }
+                    // Validate data type is same
+                    int baseColumnDataType =
+                            getInteger(columnToBeAdded, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DATA_TYPE_BYTES);
+                    if (baseColumnDataType != existingViewColumn.getDataType().getSqlType()) {
+                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+                    }
+
+                    // Validate max length is same
+                    int maxLength =
+                            getInteger(columnToBeAdded, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, COLUMN_SIZE_BYTES);
+                    int existingMaxLength =
+                            existingViewColumn.getMaxLength() == null ? 0
+                                    : existingViewColumn.getMaxLength();
+                    if (maxLength != existingMaxLength) {
+                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+                    }
+
+                    // Validate scale is same
+                    int scale =
+                            getInteger(columnToBeAdded, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DECIMAL_DIGITS_BYTES);
+                    int existingScale =
+                            existingViewColumn.getScale() == null ? 0
+                                    : existingViewColumn.getScale();
+                    if (scale != existingScale) {
+                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+                    }
+
+                    // Validate sort order is same
+                    int sortOrder =
+                            getInteger(columnToBeAdded, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, SORT_ORDER_BYTES);
+                    if (sortOrder != existingViewColumn.getSortOrder().getSystemValue()) {
+                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+                    }
+
+                    // if the column to be added to the base table is a pk column, then we need to
+                    // validate that the key slot position is the same
+                    if (isCurrColumnToBeAddPkCol) {
+                        List<Cell> keySeqCells =
+                                columnToBeAdded.get(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                                    PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.KEY_SEQ_BYTES);
+                        if (keySeqCells != null && keySeqCells.size() > 0) {
+                            Cell cell = keySeqCells.get(0);
+                            int keySeq =
+                                    PSmallint.INSTANCE.getCodec().decodeInt(cell.getValueArray(),
+                                        cell.getValueOffset(), SortOrder.getDefault());
+                            // we need to take into account the columns inherited from the base table
+                            // if the table is salted we don't include the salted column (which is
+                            // present in getPKColumns())
+                            int pkPosition =
+                                    basePhysicalTable.getPKColumns().size()
+                                            + SchemaUtil.getPKPosition(view, existingViewColumn) + 1
+                                            - (salted ? 2 : 0); 
+                            if (pkPosition != keySeq) {
+                                return new MetaDataMutationResult(
+                                        MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(),
+                                        basePhysicalTable);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (existingViewColumn!=null && isCurrColumnToBeAddPkCol) {
+                    viewPkCols.remove(existingViewColumn);
+                }
+            }
+            /*
+             * Allow adding a pk columns to base table : 1. if all the view pk columns are exactly
+             * the same as the base table pk columns 2. if we are adding all the existing view pk
+             * columns to the base table
+             */
+            if (addedPkColumn && !viewPkCols.isEmpty()) {
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    
+    private MetaDataMutationResult dropViewIndexes(Region region, PTable basePhysicalTable,
+            List<RowLock> locks, List<Mutation> tableMetadata,
+            List<Mutation> mutationsForAddingColumnsToViews, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName,
+            List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList, long clientTimeStamp,
+            TableViewFinderResult childViewsResult, List<byte[]> tableNamesToDelete,
+            List<SharedTableState> sharedTablesToDelete, int clientVersion)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+        List<Delete> columnDeletesForBaseTable = new ArrayList<>(tableMetadata.size());
+        // Isolate the deletes relevant to dropping columns. Also figure out what kind of columns
+        // are being added.
+        for (Mutation m : tableMetadata) {
+            if (m instanceof Delete) {
+                byte[][] rkmd = new byte[5][];
+                int pkCount = getVarChars(m.getRow(), rkmd);
+                if (pkCount > COLUMN_NAME_INDEX
+                        && Bytes.compareTo(schemaName, rkmd[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX]) == 0
+                        && Bytes.compareTo(tableName, rkmd[TABLE_NAME_INDEX]) == 0) {
+                    columnDeletesForBaseTable.add((Delete) m);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (TableInfo viewInfo : childViewsResult.getLinks()) {
+            byte[] viewTenantId = viewInfo.getTenantId();
+            byte[] viewSchemaName = viewInfo.getSchemaName();
+            byte[] viewName = viewInfo.getTableName();
+            PTable view =
+                    doGetTable(viewTenantId, viewSchemaName,
+                        viewName, clientTimeStamp, null, clientVersion, false,
+                        false, basePhysicalTable);
+            for (Delete columnDeleteForBaseTable : columnDeletesForBaseTable) {
+                PColumn existingViewColumn = null;
+                byte[][] rkmd = new byte[5][];
+                getVarChars(columnDeleteForBaseTable.getRow(), rkmd);
+                String columnName = Bytes.toString(rkmd[COLUMN_NAME_INDEX]);
+                String columnFamily =
+                        rkmd[FAMILY_NAME_INDEX] == null ? null : Bytes
+                                .toString(rkmd[FAMILY_NAME_INDEX]);
+                try {   
+                    existingViewColumn =
+                            columnFamily == null ? view.getColumnForColumnName(columnName) : view
+                                    .getColumnFamily(columnFamily).getPColumnForColumnName(columnName);
+                } catch (ColumnFamilyNotFoundException e) {
+                    // ignore since it means that the column family is not present for the column to
+                    // be added.
+                } catch (ColumnNotFoundException e) {
+                    // ignore since it means the column is not present in the view
+                }
+
+                // check if the view where expression contains the column being dropped and prevent
+                // it
+                if (existingViewColumn != null && view.getViewStatement() != null) {
+                    ParseNode viewWhere =
+                            new SQLParser(view.getViewStatement()).parseQuery().getWhere();
+                    PhoenixConnection conn=null;
+                    try {
+                        conn = QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(env.getConfiguration()).unwrap(
+                            PhoenixConnection.class);
+                    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                    }
+                    PhoenixStatement statement = new PhoenixStatement(conn);
+                    TableRef baseTableRef = new TableRef(basePhysicalTable);
+                    ColumnResolver columnResolver = FromCompiler.getResolver(baseTableRef);
+                    StatementContext context = new StatementContext(statement, columnResolver);
+                    Expression whereExpression = WhereCompiler.compile(context, viewWhere);
+                    Expression colExpression =
+                            new ColumnRef(baseTableRef, existingViewColumn.getPosition())
+                                    .newColumnExpression();
+                    ColumnFinder columnFinder = new ColumnFinder(colExpression);
+                    whereExpression.accept(columnFinder);
+                    if (columnFinder.getColumnFound()) {
+                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), basePhysicalTable);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (existingViewColumn != null) {
+                    // drop any view indexes that need this column
+                    MetaDataMutationResult result =
+                            dropIndexes(view, region, invalidateList, locks, clientTimeStamp,
+                                view.getSchemaName().getBytes(), view.getTableName().getBytes(),
+                                mutationsForAddingColumnsToViews, existingViewColumn,
+                                tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete, clientVersion, basePhysicalTable);
+                    if (result != null) {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private int getInteger(Put p, byte[] family, byte[] qualifier) {
+        List<Cell> cells = p.get(family, qualifier);
+        if (cells != null && cells.size() > 0) {
+            Cell cell = cells.get(0);
+            return (Integer)PInteger.INSTANCE.toObject(cell.getValueArray(), cell.getValueOffset(), cell.getValueLength());
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    private enum MutatateColumnType {
+        ADD_COLUMN, DROP_COLUMN
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addColumn(RpcController controller, final AddColumnRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        try {
+            List<Mutation> tableMetaData = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = mutateColumn(MutatateColumnType.ADD_COLUMN, tableMetaData, new ColumnMutator() {
+                @Override
+                public MetaDataMutationResult updateMutation(PTable table, byte[][] rowKeyMetaData,
+                        List<Mutation> tableMetaData, Region region, List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList,
+                        List<RowLock> locks, long clientTimeStamp) throws IOException, SQLException {
+                    byte[] tenantId = rowKeyMetaData[TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+                    byte[] schemaName = rowKeyMetaData[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+                    byte[] tableName = rowKeyMetaData[TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+                    PTableType type = table.getType();
+                    byte[] tableHeaderRowKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId,
+                            schemaName, tableName);
+                    byte[] cPhysicalTableName=table.getPhysicalName().getBytes();
+                    getCoprocessorHost().preAlterTable(Bytes.toString(tenantId),
+                            SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName), TableName.valueOf(cPhysicalTableName),
+                            getParentPhysicalTableName(table),type);
+
+                    List<Mutation> additionalTableMetadataMutations = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(2);
+                    if (type == PTableType.TABLE || type == PTableType.SYSTEM) {
+                        TableViewFinderResult childViewsResult = new TableViewFinderResult();
+                        findAllChildViews(tenantId, table.getSchemaName().getBytes(), table.getTableName().getBytes(), childViewsResult);
+                        if (childViewsResult.hasLinks()) {
+                            // Dis-allow if:
+                            //
+                            // 1) The base column count is 0 which means that the metadata hasn't been upgraded yet or
+                            // the upgrade is currently in progress.
+                            //
+                            // 2) If the request is from a client that is older than 4.5 version of phoenix.
+                            // Starting from 4.5, metadata requests have the client version included in them.
+                            // We don't want to allow clients before 4.5 to add a column to the base table if it
+                            // has views.
+                            //
+                            // 3) Trying to switch tenancy of a table that has views
+                            //
+                            // 4) From 4.15 onwards we allow SYSTEM.CATALOG to split and no longer propagate parent
+                            // metadata changes to child views.
+                            // If the client is on a version older than 4.15 we have to block adding a column to a
+                            // parent able as we no longer lock the parent table on the server side while creating a
+                            // child view to prevent conflicting changes. This is handled on the client side from
+                            // 4.15 onwards.
+                            // Also if QueryServices.ALLOW_SPLITTABLE_SYSTEM_CATALOG_ROLLBACK is true, we block adding
+                            // a column to a parent table so that we can rollback the upgrade if required.
+                            if (table.getBaseColumnCount() == 0
+                                    || !request.hasClientVersion()
+                                    || switchAttribute(table, table.isMultiTenant(), tableMetaData, MULTI_TENANT_BYTES)) {
+                                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                            }
+                            else if (request.getClientVersion()< MIN_SPLITTABLE_SYSTEM_CATALOG ) {
+                                logger.error(
+                                    "Unable to add a column as the client is older than "
+                                            + MIN_SPLITTABLE_SYSTEM_CATALOG);
+                                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                            }
+                            else if (allowSystemCatalogRollback) {
+                                logger.error("Unable to add a column as the "
+                                        + QueryServices.ALLOW_SPLITTABLE_SYSTEM_CATALOG_ROLLBACK
+                                        + " config is set to true");
+                                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION,
+                                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                MetaDataMutationResult mutationResult =
+                                        validateColumnForAddToBaseTable(table,
+                                            tableMetaData, rowKeyMetaData, childViewsResult,
+                                            clientTimeStamp, request.getClientVersion());
+                                // return if validation was not successful
+                                if (mutationResult!=null)
+                                    return mutationResult;
+                            } 
+                        }
+                    } 
+                    boolean addingCol = false;
+                    for (Mutation m : tableMetaData) {
+                        byte[] key = m.getRow();
+                        boolean addingPKColumn = false;
+                        int pkCount = getVarChars(key, rowKeyMetaData);
+                        // this means we have are adding a column 
+                        if (pkCount > COLUMN_NAME_INDEX
+                                && Bytes.compareTo(schemaName, rowKeyMetaData[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX]) == 0
+                                && Bytes.compareTo(tableName, rowKeyMetaData[TABLE_NAME_INDEX]) == 0) {
+                            try {
+                                addingCol = true;
+                                byte[] familyName = null;
+                                byte[] colName = null;
+                                if (pkCount > FAMILY_NAME_INDEX) {
+                                    familyName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FAMILY_NAME_INDEX];
+                                }
+                                if (pkCount > COLUMN_NAME_INDEX) {
+                                    colName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME_INDEX];
+                                }
+                                if (table.getExcludedColumns().contains(
+                                    PColumnImpl.createExcludedColumn(newPName(familyName), newPName(colName), 0l))) {
+                                    // if this column was previously dropped in a view do not allow adding the column back
+                                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(
+                                            MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                                }
+                                if (familyName!=null && familyName.length > 0) {
+                                    PColumnFamily family =
+                                            table.getColumnFamily(familyName);
+                                            family.getPColumnForColumnNameBytes(colName);
+                                } else if (colName!=null && colName.length > 0) {
+                                    addingPKColumn = true;
+                                    table.getPKColumn(new String(colName));
+                                } else {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                return new MetaDataMutationResult(
+                                        MutationCode.COLUMN_ALREADY_EXISTS, EnvironmentEdgeManager
+                                        .currentTimeMillis(), table);
+                            } catch (ColumnFamilyNotFoundException e) {
+                                continue;
+                            } catch (ColumnNotFoundException e) {
+                                if (addingPKColumn) {
+                                    // We may be adding a DESC column, so if table is already
+                                    // able to be rowKeyOptimized, it should continue to be so.
+                                    if (table.rowKeyOrderOptimizable()) {
+                                        UpgradeUtil.addRowKeyOrderOptimizableCell(additionalTableMetadataMutations, tableHeaderRowKey, clientTimeStamp);
+                                    } else if (table.getType() == PTableType.VIEW){
+                                        // Don't allow view PK to diverge from table PK as our upgrade code
+                                        // does not handle this.
+                                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(
+                                                MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION, EnvironmentEdgeManager
+                                                .currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                                    }
+                                    // Add all indexes to invalidate list, as they will all be
+                                    // adding the same PK column. No need to lock them, as we
+                                    // have the parent table lock at this point.
+                                    for (PTable index : table.getIndexes()) {
+                                        invalidateList.add(new ImmutableBytesPtr(SchemaUtil
+                                                .getTableKey(tenantId, index.getSchemaName()
+                                                        .getBytes(), index.getTableName()
+                                                        .getBytes())));
+                                        // We may be adding a DESC column, so if index is already
+                                        // able to be rowKeyOptimized, it should continue to be so.
+                                        if (index.rowKeyOrderOptimizable()) {
+                                            byte[] indexHeaderRowKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(index.getTenantId() == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : index.getTenantId().getBytes(),
+                                                    index.getSchemaName().getBytes(), index.getTableName().getBytes());
+                                            UpgradeUtil.addRowKeyOrderOptimizableCell(additionalTableMetadataMutations, indexHeaderRowKey, clientTimeStamp);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                        } else if (pkCount == COLUMN_NAME_INDEX &&
+                                   ! (Bytes.compareTo(schemaName, rowKeyMetaData[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX]) == 0 &&
+                                      Bytes.compareTo(tableName, rowKeyMetaData[TABLE_NAME_INDEX]) == 0 ) ) {
+                            // Invalidate any table with mutations
+                            // TODO: this likely means we don't need the above logic that
+                            // loops through the indexes if adding a PK column, since we'd
+                            // always have header rows for those.
+                            invalidateList.add(new ImmutableBytesPtr(SchemaUtil
+                                    .getTableKey(tenantId,
+                                            rowKeyMetaData[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX],
+                                            rowKeyMetaData[TABLE_NAME_INDEX])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    tableMetaData.addAll(additionalTableMetadataMutations);
+                    if (type == PTableType.VIEW) {
+                        if (EncodedColumnsUtil.usesEncodedColumnNames(table) && addingCol
+                                && !table.isAppendOnlySchema()) {
+                            // When adding a column to a view that uses encoded column name
+                            // scheme, we need to modify the CQ counters stored in the view's
+                            // physical table. So to make sure clients get the latest PTable, we
+                            // need to invalidate the cache entry.
+                            // If the table uses APPEND_ONLY_SCHEMA we use the position of the
+                            // column as the encoded column qualifier and so we don't need to
+                            // update the CQ counter in the view physical table (see
+                            // PHOENIX-4737)
+                            invalidateList.add(new ImmutableBytesPtr(
+                                    MetaDataUtil.getPhysicalTableRowForView(table)));
+                        }
+                        // Pass in null as the parent PTable, since we always want to tag the cells
+                        // in this case, irrespective of the property values of the parent
+                        addTagsToPutsForViewAlteredProperties(tableMetaData, null);
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }, request.getClientVersion());
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            logger.error("Add column failed: ", e);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException("Error when adding column: ", e));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * See PHOENIX-4763. If we are modifying any table-level properties that are mutable on a view,
+     * we mark these cells in SYSTEM.CATALOG with tags to indicate that this view property should
+     * not be kept in-sync with the base table and so we shouldn't propagate the base table's
+     * property value when resolving the view
+     * @param tableMetaData list of mutations on the view
+     * @param parent PTable of the parent or null
+     */
+    private void addTagsToPutsForViewAlteredProperties(List<Mutation> tableMetaData,
+            PTable parent) {
+        byte[] parentUpdateCacheFreqBytes = null;
+        byte[] parentUseStatsForParallelizationBytes = null;
+        if (parent != null) {
+            parentUpdateCacheFreqBytes = new byte[PLong.INSTANCE.getByteSize()];
+            PLong.INSTANCE.getCodec().encodeLong(parent.getUpdateCacheFrequency(),
+                    parentUpdateCacheFreqBytes, 0);
+            if (parent.useStatsForParallelization() != null) {
+                parentUseStatsForParallelizationBytes =
+                        PBoolean.INSTANCE.toBytes(parent.useStatsForParallelization());
+            }
+        }
+        for (Mutation m: tableMetaData) {
+            if (m instanceof Put) {
+                MetaDataUtil.conditionallyAddTagsToPutCells((Put)m,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.UPDATE_CACHE_FREQUENCY_BYTES,
+                        ((ExtendedCellBuilder) env.getCellBuilder()),
+                        parentUpdateCacheFreqBytes,
+                        VIEW_MODIFIED_PROPERTY_BYTES);
+                MetaDataUtil.conditionallyAddTagsToPutCells((Put)m,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.USE_STATS_FOR_PARALLELIZATION_BYTES,
+                        ((ExtendedCellBuilder) env.getCellBuilder()),
+                        parentUseStatsForParallelizationBytes,
+                        VIEW_MODIFIED_PROPERTY_BYTES);
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private PTable doGetTable(byte[] tenantId, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName,
+            long clientTimeStamp, int clientVersion) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        return doGetTable(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, clientTimeStamp, null, clientVersion,
+            false, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Looks up the table locally if its present on this region, or else makes an rpc call
+     * to look up the region using PhoenixRuntime.getTable 
+     * @param lockedAncestorTable TODO
+     */
+    private PTable doGetTable(byte[] tenantId, byte[] schemaName, byte[] tableName,
+            long clientTimeStamp, RowLock rowLock, int clientVersion, boolean skipAddingIndexes,
+            boolean skipAddingParentColumns, PTable lockedAncestorTable) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        final byte[] key = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, tableName);
+        // if this region doesn't contain the metadata rows look up the table by using PhoenixRuntime.getTable
+        if (!region.getRegionInfo().containsRow(key)) {
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+            if (tenantId != null) {
+                props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB, Bytes.toString(tenantId));
+            }
+            if (clientTimeStamp != HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+                props.setProperty("CurrentSCN", Long.toString(clientTimeStamp));
+            }
+            try (PhoenixConnection connection =
+                    QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(props, env.getConfiguration())
+                            .unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class)) {
+                ConnectionQueryServices queryServices = connection.getQueryServices();
+                MetaDataMutationResult result =
+                        queryServices.getTable(PNameFactory.newName(tenantId), schemaName,
+                            tableName, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, clientTimeStamp,
+                            skipAddingIndexes, skipAddingParentColumns, lockedAncestorTable);
+                return result.getTable();
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            }
+        }
+        
+        ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(key);
+        // Ask Lars about the expense of this call - if we don't take the lock, we still won't get
+        // partial results
+        // get the co-processor environment
+        // TODO: check that key is within region.getStartKey() and region.getEndKey()
+        // and return special code to force client to lookup region from meta.
+        /*
+         * Lock directly on key, though it may be an index table. This will just prevent a table
+         * from getting rebuilt too often.
+         */
+        final boolean wasLocked = (rowLock != null);
+        try {
+            if (!wasLocked) {
+                rowLock = acquireLock(region, key, null);
+            }
+            PTable table =
+                    getTableFromCache(cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, clientVersion, skipAddingIndexes,
+                        skipAddingParentColumns, lockedAncestorTable);
+            // We only cache the latest, so we'll end up building the table with every call if the
+            // client connection has specified an SCN.
+            // TODO: If we indicate to the client that we're returning an older version, but there's a
+            // newer version available, the client
+            // can safely not call this, since we only allow modifications to the latest.
+            if (table != null && table.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                // Table on client is up-to-date with table on server, so just return
+                if (isTableDeleted(table)) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                return table;
+            }
+            // Query for the latest table first, since it's not cached
+            table =
+                    buildTable(key, cacheKey, region, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, clientVersion,
+                        skipAddingIndexes, skipAddingParentColumns, lockedAncestorTable);
+            if ((table != null && table.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) || 
+                    (blockWriteRebuildIndex && table.getIndexDisableTimestamp() > 0)) {
+                return table;
+            }
+            // Otherwise, query for an older version of the table - it won't be cached
+            table =
+                    buildTable(key, cacheKey, region, clientTimeStamp, clientVersion,
+                        skipAddingIndexes, skipAddingParentColumns, lockedAncestorTable);
+            return table;
+        } finally {
+            if (!wasLocked && rowLock!=null) rowLock.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<PFunction> doGetFunctions(List<byte[]> keys, long clientTimeStamp) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        Collections.sort(keys, new Comparator<byte[]>() {
+            @Override
+            public int compare(byte[] o1, byte[] o2) {
+                return Bytes.compareTo(o1, o2);
+            }
+        });
+        /*
+         * Lock directly on key, though it may be an index table. This will just prevent a table
+         * from getting rebuilt too often.
+         */
+        List<RowLock> rowLocks = new ArrayList<RowLock>(keys.size());;
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < keys.size(); i++) {
+                acquireLock(region, keys.get(i), rowLocks);
+            }
+
+            List<PFunction> functionsAvailable = new ArrayList<PFunction>(keys.size());
+            int numFunctions = keys.size();
+            Iterator<byte[]> iterator = keys.iterator();
+            while(iterator.hasNext()) {
+                byte[] key = iterator.next();
+                PFunction function = (PFunction)metaDataCache.getIfPresent(new FunctionBytesPtr(key));
+                if (function != null && function.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                    if (isFunctionDeleted(function)) {
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                    functionsAvailable.add(function);
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+            if(functionsAvailable.size() == numFunctions) return functionsAvailable;
+
+            // Query for the latest table first, since it's not cached
+            List<PFunction> buildFunctions =
+                    buildFunctions(keys, region, clientTimeStamp, false,
+                        Collections.<Mutation> emptyList());
+            if(buildFunctions == null || buildFunctions.isEmpty()) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            functionsAvailable.addAll(buildFunctions);
+            if(functionsAvailable.size() == numFunctions) return functionsAvailable;
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(rowLocks);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private PColumn getColumn(int pkCount, byte[][] rowKeyMetaData, PTable table) throws ColumnFamilyNotFoundException, ColumnNotFoundException {
+        PColumn col = null;
+        if (pkCount > FAMILY_NAME_INDEX
+            && rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FAMILY_NAME_INDEX].length > 0) {
+            PColumnFamily family =
+                table.getColumnFamily(rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FAMILY_NAME_INDEX]);
+            col =
+                family.getPColumnForColumnNameBytes(rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME_INDEX]);
+        } else if (pkCount > COLUMN_NAME_INDEX
+            && rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME_INDEX].length > 0) {
+            col = table.getPKColumn(new String(rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.COLUMN_NAME_INDEX]));
+        }
+        return col;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void dropColumn(RpcController controller, final DropColumnRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        List<Mutation> tableMetaData = null;
+        final List<byte[]> tableNamesToDelete = Lists.newArrayList();
+        final List<SharedTableState> sharedTablesToDelete = Lists.newArrayList();
+        try {
+            tableMetaData = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = mutateColumn(MutatateColumnType.DROP_COLUMN, tableMetaData, new ColumnMutator() {
+                @Override
+                public MetaDataMutationResult updateMutation(PTable table, byte[][] rowKeyMetaData,
+                        List<Mutation> tableMetaData, Region region,
+                        List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList, List<RowLock> locks, long clientTimeStamp)
+                        throws IOException, SQLException {
+
+                    byte[] tenantId = rowKeyMetaData[TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+                    byte[] schemaName = rowKeyMetaData[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+                    byte[] tableName = rowKeyMetaData[TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+                    boolean isView = table.getType() == PTableType.VIEW;
+                    boolean deletePKColumn = false;
+                    getCoprocessorHost().preAlterTable(Bytes.toString(tenantId),
+                            SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName),
+                            TableName.valueOf(table.getPhysicalName().getBytes()),
+                            getParentPhysicalTableName(table),table.getType());
+
+                    List<Mutation> additionalTableMetaData = Lists.newArrayList();
+                    PTableType type = table.getType();
+                    if (type == PTableType.TABLE || type == PTableType.SYSTEM) {
+                        TableViewFinderResult childViewsResult = new TableViewFinderResult();
+                        findAllChildViews(tenantId, table.getSchemaName().getBytes(), table.getTableName().getBytes(), childViewsResult);
+                        if (childViewsResult.hasLinks()) {
+                            MetaDataMutationResult mutationResult =
+                                    dropViewIndexes(region, table,
+                                        locks, tableMetaData, additionalTableMetaData,
+                                        schemaName, tableName, invalidateList,
+                                        clientTimeStamp, childViewsResult, tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete, request.getClientVersion());
+                            // return if we were not able to drop view indexes that need this column successfully
+                            if (mutationResult != null) return mutationResult;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ListIterator<Mutation> iterator = tableMetaData.listIterator();
+                    while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                        Mutation mutation = iterator.next();
+                        byte[] key = mutation.getRow();
+                        int pkCount = getVarChars(key, rowKeyMetaData);
+                        if (isView && mutation instanceof Put) {
+                            PColumn column = getColumn(pkCount, rowKeyMetaData, table);
+                            if (column == null)
+                                continue;
+                            // ignore any puts that modify the ordinal positions of columns
+                            iterator.remove();
+                        } 
+                        else if (mutation instanceof Delete) {
+                            if (pkCount > COLUMN_NAME_INDEX
+                                && Bytes.compareTo(schemaName, rowKeyMetaData[SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX]) == 0
+                                && Bytes.compareTo(tableName, rowKeyMetaData[TABLE_NAME_INDEX]) == 0) {
+                                PColumn columnToDelete = null;
+                                try {
+                                    columnToDelete = getColumn(pkCount, rowKeyMetaData, table);
+                                    if (columnToDelete == null)
+                                        continue;
+                                    deletePKColumn = columnToDelete.getFamilyName() == null;
+                                    if (isView) {
+                                        // if we are dropping a derived column add it to the excluded column list
+                                        if (columnToDelete.isDerived()) {
+                                            mutation = MetaDataUtil
+                                                .cloneDeleteToPutAndAddColumn((Delete) mutation, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, LINK_TYPE_BYTES, LinkType.EXCLUDED_COLUMN.getSerializedValueAsByteArray());
+                                            iterator.set(mutation);
+                                        }
+
+                                        if (table.getBaseColumnCount() != DIVERGED_VIEW_BASE_COLUMN_COUNT
+                                            && columnToDelete.isDerived()) {
+                                            /*
+                                             * If the column being dropped is inherited from the base table, then the
+                                             * view is about to diverge itself from the base table. The consequence of
+                                             * this divergence is that that any further meta-data changes made to the
+                                             * base table will not be propagated to the hierarchy of views where this
+                                             * view is the root.
+                                             */
+                                            byte[] viewKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, tableName);
+                                            Put updateBaseColumnCountPut = new Put(viewKey);
+                                            byte[] baseColumnCountPtr = new byte[PInteger.INSTANCE.getByteSize()];
+                                            PInteger.INSTANCE.getCodec().encodeInt(DIVERGED_VIEW_BASE_COLUMN_COUNT,
+                                                baseColumnCountPtr, 0);
+                                            updateBaseColumnCountPut.addColumn(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.BASE_COLUMN_COUNT_BYTES, clientTimeStamp,
+                                                baseColumnCountPtr);
+                                            additionalTableMetaData.add(updateBaseColumnCountPut);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    if (columnToDelete.isViewReferenced()) { // Disallow deletion of column referenced in WHERE clause of view
+                                        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), table, columnToDelete);
+                                    }
+                                    // drop any indexes that need the column that is going to be dropped
+                                    MetaDataMutationResult result = dropIndexes(table, region, invalidateList, locks,
+                                        clientTimeStamp, schemaName, tableName,
+                                        additionalTableMetaData, columnToDelete,
+                                        tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete, request.getClientVersion(), null);
+                                    if (result != null) {
+                                        return result;
+                                    }
+                                } catch (ColumnFamilyNotFoundException e) {
+                                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(
+                                        MutationCode.COLUMN_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager
+                                        .currentTimeMillis(), table, columnToDelete);
+                                } catch (ColumnNotFoundException e) {
+                                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(
+                                        MutationCode.COLUMN_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager
+                                        .currentTimeMillis(), table, columnToDelete);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                    if (deletePKColumn) {
+                        if (table.getPKColumns().size() == 1) {
+                            return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.NO_PK_COLUMNS,
+                                    EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    tableMetaData.addAll(additionalTableMetaData);
+                    long currentTime = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetaData);
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS, currentTime, null, tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete);
+                }
+            }, request.getClientVersion());
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            logger.error("Drop column failed: ", e);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException("Error when dropping column: ", e));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MetaDataMutationResult dropIndexes(PTable table, Region region, List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList,
+            List<RowLock> locks, long clientTimeStamp, byte[] schemaName,
+            byte[] tableName, List<Mutation> additionalTableMetaData, PColumn columnToDelete, 
+            List<byte[]> tableNamesToDelete, List<SharedTableState> sharedTablesToDelete, int clientVersion, PTable basePhysicalTable)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+        // Look for columnToDelete in any indexes. If found as PK column, get lock and drop the
+        // index and then invalidate it
+        // Covered columns are deleted from the index by the client
+        PhoenixConnection connection = null;
+        try {
+            connection = table.getIndexes().isEmpty() ? null : QueryUtil.getConnectionOnServer(
+                env.getConfiguration()).unwrap(PhoenixConnection.class);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+        }
+        for (PTable index : table.getIndexes()) {
+            byte[] tenantId = index.getTenantId() == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : index.getTenantId().getBytes();
+            IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer = index.getIndexMaintainer(table, connection);
+            byte[] indexKey =
+                    SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, index.getSchemaName().getBytes(), index
+                            .getTableName().getBytes());
+            Pair<String, String> columnToDeleteInfo = new Pair<>(columnToDelete.getFamilyName().getString(), columnToDelete.getName().getString());
+            ColumnReference colDropRef = new ColumnReference(columnToDelete.getFamilyName().getBytes(), columnToDelete.getColumnQualifierBytes());
+            boolean isColumnIndexed = indexMaintainer.getIndexedColumnInfo().contains(columnToDeleteInfo);
+            boolean isCoveredColumn = indexMaintainer.getCoveredColumns().contains(colDropRef);
+            // If index requires this column for its pk, then drop it
+            if (isColumnIndexed) {
+                // Drop the index table. The doDropTable will expand
+                // this to all of the table rows and invalidate the
+                // index table
+                Delete delete = new Delete(indexKey, clientTimeStamp);
+                byte[] linkKey =
+                        MetaDataUtil.getParentLinkKey(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, index
+                                .getTableName().getBytes());
+                // Drop the link between the parent table and the
+                // index table
+                Delete linkDelete = new Delete(linkKey, clientTimeStamp);
+                List<Mutation> tableMetaData = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(2);
+                Delete tableDelete = delete;
+                tableMetaData.add(tableDelete);
+                tableMetaData.add(linkDelete);
+                // if the index is not present on the current region make an rpc to drop it
+                if (!region.getRegionInfo().containsRow(indexKey)) {
+                    Properties props = new Properties();
+                    if (tenantId != null) {
+                        props.setProperty(PhoenixRuntime.TENANT_ID_ATTRIB, Bytes.toString(tenantId));
+                    }
+                    if (clientTimeStamp != HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP) {
+                        props.setProperty("CurrentSCN", Long.toString(clientTimeStamp));
+                    }
+                    ConnectionQueryServices queryServices = connection.getQueryServices();
+                    MetaDataMutationResult result =
+                            queryServices.dropTable(tableMetaData, PTableType.INDEX, false, true);
+                    if (result.getTableNamesToDelete()!=null && !result.getTableNamesToDelete().isEmpty())
+                        tableNamesToDelete.addAll(result.getTableNamesToDelete());
+                    if (result.getSharedTablesToDelete()!=null && !result.getSharedTablesToDelete().isEmpty())
+                        sharedTablesToDelete.addAll(result.getSharedTablesToDelete());
+                    if (result.getMutationCode() != MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+                        return result;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    // Since we're dropping the index, lock it to ensure
+                    // that a change in index state doesn't
+                    // occur while we're dropping it.
+                    acquireLock(region, indexKey, locks);
+                    additionalTableMetaData.addAll(tableMetaData);
+                    List<Mutation> childLinksMutations = Lists.newArrayList();
+                    doDropTable(indexKey, tenantId, index.getSchemaName().getBytes(),
+                        index.getTableName().getBytes(), tableName, index.getType(),
+                        additionalTableMetaData, childLinksMutations, invalidateList,
+                        tableNamesToDelete, sharedTablesToDelete, false, clientVersion);
+                    // there should be no child links to delete since we are just dropping an index
+                    assert(childLinksMutations.isEmpty());
+                    invalidateList.add(new ImmutableBytesPtr(indexKey));
+                }
+            }
+            // If the dropped column is a covered index column, invalidate the index
+            else if (isCoveredColumn){
+                invalidateList.add(new ImmutableBytesPtr(indexKey));
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearCache(RpcController controller, ClearCacheRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<ClearCacheResponse> done) {
+        GlobalCache cache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env);
+        Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+        metaDataCache.invalidateAll();
+        long unfreedBytes = cache.clearTenantCache();
+        ClearCacheResponse.Builder builder = ClearCacheResponse.newBuilder();
+        builder.setUnfreedBytes(unfreedBytes);
+        done.run(builder.build());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void getVersion(RpcController controller, GetVersionRequest request, RpcCallback<GetVersionResponse> done) {
+
+        GetVersionResponse.Builder builder = GetVersionResponse.newBuilder();
+        Configuration config = env.getConfiguration();
+        if (isTablesMappingEnabled
+                && MetaDataProtocol.MIN_NAMESPACE_MAPPED_PHOENIX_VERSION > request.getClientVersion()) {
+            logger.error("Old client is not compatible when" + " system tables are upgraded to map to namespace");
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                    ServerUtil.createIOException(
+                            SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES,
+                                    isTablesMappingEnabled).toString(),
+                    new DoNotRetryIOException(
+                            "Old client is not compatible when" + " system tables are upgraded to map to namespace")));
+        }
+        long version = MetaDataUtil.encodeVersion(env.getHBaseVersion(), config);
+
+        PTable systemCatalog = null;
+        try {
+            systemCatalog =
+                    doGetTable(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_SCHEMA_BYTES,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_TABLE_BYTES, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, null,
+                            request.getClientVersion(), false, false, null);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("loading system catalog table inside getVersion failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+              ServerUtil.createIOException(
+                SchemaUtil.getPhysicalTableName(PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SYSTEM_CATALOG_NAME_BYTES,
+                  isTablesMappingEnabled).toString(), t));
+        }
+        // In case this is the first connection, system catalog does not exist, and so we don't
+        // set the optional system catalog timestamp.
+        if (systemCatalog != null) {
+            builder.setSystemCatalogTimestamp(systemCatalog.getTimeStamp());
+        }
+        builder.setVersion(version);
+        done.run(builder.build());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateIndexState(RpcController controller, UpdateIndexStateRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        byte[] schemaName = null;
+        byte[] tableName = null;
+        try {
+            byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[3][];
+            List<Mutation> tableMetadata = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            MetaDataUtil.getTenantIdAndSchemaAndTableName(tableMetadata, rowKeyMetaData);
+            byte[] tenantId = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+            schemaName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.SCHEMA_NAME_INDEX];
+            tableName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TABLE_NAME_INDEX];
+            final byte[] key = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, tableName);
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkTableKeyInRegion(key, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            }
+            long timeStamp = HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP;
+            ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(key);
+            List<Cell> newKVs = tableMetadata.get(0).getFamilyCellMap().get(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES);
+            Cell newKV = null;
+            int disableTimeStampKVIndex = -1;
+            int indexStateKVIndex = 0;
+            int index = 0;
+            for(Cell cell : newKVs) {
+                if(Bytes.compareTo(cell.getQualifierArray(), cell.getQualifierOffset(), cell.getQualifierLength(),
+                      INDEX_STATE_BYTES, 0, INDEX_STATE_BYTES.length) == 0){
+                  newKV = cell;
+                  indexStateKVIndex = index;
+                  timeStamp = cell.getTimestamp();
+                } else if (Bytes.compareTo(cell.getQualifierArray(), cell.getQualifierOffset(), cell.getQualifierLength(),
+                  INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_BYTES, 0, INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_BYTES.length) == 0) {
+                  disableTimeStampKVIndex = index;
+                }
+                index++;
+            }
+            PIndexState newState =
+                    PIndexState.fromSerializedValue(newKV.getValueArray()[newKV.getValueOffset()]);
+            RowLock rowLock = acquireLock(region, key, null);
+            if (rowLock == null) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to acquire lock on " + Bytes.toStringBinary(key));
+            }
+            try {
+                Get get = new Get(key);
+                get.addColumn(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DATA_TABLE_NAME_BYTES);
+                get.addColumn(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, INDEX_STATE_BYTES);
+                get.addColumn(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_BYTES);
+                get.addColumn(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_BYTES);
+                Result currentResult = region.get(get);
+                if (currentResult.rawCells().length == 0) {
+                    builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                    builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                    done.run(builder.build());
+                    return;
+                }
+                Cell dataTableKV = currentResult.getColumnLatestCell(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, DATA_TABLE_NAME_BYTES);
+                Cell currentStateKV = currentResult.getColumnLatestCell(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, INDEX_STATE_BYTES);
+                Cell currentDisableTimeStamp = currentResult.getColumnLatestCell(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_BYTES);
+                boolean rowKeyOrderOptimizable = currentResult.getColumnLatestCell(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, ROW_KEY_ORDER_OPTIMIZABLE_BYTES) != null;
+
+                //check permission on data table
+                long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+                PTable loadedTable =
+                        doGetTable(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, clientTimeStamp, null,
+                            request.getClientVersion(), false, false, null);
+                if (loadedTable == null) {
+                    builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_FOUND);
+                    builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                    done.run(builder.build());
+                    return;
+                }
+                getCoprocessorHost().preIndexUpdate(Bytes.toString(tenantId),
+                        SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName),
+                        TableName.valueOf(loadedTable.getPhysicalName().getBytes()),
+                        getParentPhysicalTableName(loadedTable),
+                        newState);
+
+                PIndexState currentState =
+                        PIndexState.fromSerializedValue(currentStateKV.getValueArray()[currentStateKV
+                                .getValueOffset()]);
+                // Timestamp of INDEX_STATE gets updated with each call
+                long actualTimestamp = currentStateKV.getTimestamp();
+                long curTimeStampVal = 0;
+                long newDisableTimeStamp = 0;
+                if ((currentDisableTimeStamp != null && currentDisableTimeStamp.getValueLength() > 0)) {
+                    curTimeStampVal = (Long) PLong.INSTANCE.toObject(currentDisableTimeStamp.getValueArray(),
+                            currentDisableTimeStamp.getValueOffset(), currentDisableTimeStamp.getValueLength());
+                    // new DisableTimeStamp is passed in
+                    if (disableTimeStampKVIndex >= 0) {
+                        Cell newDisableTimeStampCell = newKVs.get(disableTimeStampKVIndex);
+                        long expectedTimestamp = newDisableTimeStampCell.getTimestamp();
+                        // If the index status has been updated after the upper bound of the scan we use
+                        // to partially rebuild the index, then we need to fail the rebuild because an
+                        // index write failed before the rebuild was complete.
+                        if (actualTimestamp > expectedTimestamp) {
+                            builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION);
+                            builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                            done.run(builder.build());
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        newDisableTimeStamp = (Long) PLong.INSTANCE.toObject(newDisableTimeStampCell.getValueArray(),
+                                newDisableTimeStampCell.getValueOffset(), newDisableTimeStampCell.getValueLength());
+                        // We use the sign of the INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP to differentiate the keep-index-active (negative)
+                        // from block-writes-to-data-table case. In either case, we want to keep the oldest timestamp to
+                        // drive the partial index rebuild rather than update it with each attempt to update the index
+                        // when a new data table write occurs.
+                        // We do legitimately move the INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP to be newer when we're rebuilding the
+                        // index in which case the state will be INACTIVE or PENDING_ACTIVE.
+                        if (curTimeStampVal != 0 
+                                && (newState == PIndexState.DISABLE || newState == PIndexState.PENDING_ACTIVE || newState == PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE)
+                                && Math.abs(curTimeStampVal) < Math.abs(newDisableTimeStamp)) {
+                            // do not reset disable timestamp as we want to keep the min
+                            newKVs.remove(disableTimeStampKVIndex);
+                            disableTimeStampKVIndex = -1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // Detect invalid transitions
+                if (currentState == PIndexState.BUILDING) {
+                    if (newState == PIndexState.USABLE) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                } else if (currentState == PIndexState.DISABLE) {
+                    // Index already disabled, so can't revert to PENDING_DISABLE
+                    if (newState == PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE) {
+                        // returning TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS here means the client doesn't throw an exception
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // Can't transition back to INACTIVE if INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP is 0
+                    if (newState != PIndexState.BUILDING && newState != PIndexState.DISABLE &&
+                        (newState != PIndexState.INACTIVE || curTimeStampVal == 0)) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.UNALLOWED_TABLE_MUTATION);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // Done building, but was disable before that, so that in disabled state
+                    if (newState == PIndexState.ACTIVE) {
+                        newState = PIndexState.DISABLE;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (newState == PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE && currentState != PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE) {
+                    // reset count for first PENDING_DISABLE
+                    newKVs.add(PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(key, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PENDING_DISABLE_COUNT_BYTES, timeStamp, Bytes.toBytes(0L)));
+                }
+                if (currentState == PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE) {
+                    if (newState == PIndexState.ACTIVE) {
+                        //before making index ACTIVE check if all clients succeed otherwise keep it PENDING_DISABLE
+                        byte[] count = region
+                                .get(new Get(key).addColumn(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PENDING_DISABLE_COUNT_BYTES))
+                                .getValue(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PENDING_DISABLE_COUNT_BYTES);
+                        if (count != null && Bytes.toLong(count) != 0) {
+                            newState = PIndexState.PENDING_DISABLE;
+                            newKVs.remove(disableTimeStampKVIndex);
+                            newKVs.set(indexStateKVIndex, PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(key, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                                INDEX_STATE_BYTES, timeStamp, Bytes.toBytes(newState.getSerializedValue())));
+                        } else if (disableTimeStampKVIndex == -1) { // clear disableTimestamp if client didn't pass it in
+                            newKVs.add(PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(key, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                                PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP_BYTES, timeStamp, PLong.INSTANCE.toBytes(0)));
+                            disableTimeStampKVIndex = newKVs.size() - 1;
+                        }
+                    } else if (newState == PIndexState.DISABLE) {
+                        //reset the counter for pending disable when transitioning from PENDING_DISABLE to DISABLE
+                        newKVs.add(PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(key, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                            PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PENDING_DISABLE_COUNT_BYTES, timeStamp, Bytes.toBytes(0L)));
+                    }
+
+                }
+                
+                if(newState == PIndexState.ACTIVE||newState == PIndexState.PENDING_ACTIVE||newState == PIndexState.DISABLE){
+                    newKVs.add(PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(key, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                        PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.PENDING_DISABLE_COUNT_BYTES, timeStamp, Bytes.toBytes(0L)));   
+                }
+                
+                if (currentState == PIndexState.BUILDING && newState != PIndexState.ACTIVE) {
+                    timeStamp = currentStateKV.getTimestamp();
+                }
+                if ((currentState == PIndexState.ACTIVE || currentState == PIndexState.PENDING_ACTIVE) && newState == PIndexState.UNUSABLE) {
+                    newState = PIndexState.INACTIVE;
+                    newKVs.set(indexStateKVIndex, PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(key, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                        INDEX_STATE_BYTES, timeStamp, Bytes.toBytes(newState.getSerializedValue())));
+                } else if ((currentState == PIndexState.INACTIVE || currentState == PIndexState.PENDING_ACTIVE) && newState == PIndexState.USABLE) {
+                    // Don't allow manual state change to USABLE (i.e. ACTIVE) if non zero INDEX_DISABLE_TIMESTAMP
+                    if (curTimeStampVal != 0) {
+                        newState = currentState;
+                    } else {
+                        newState = PIndexState.ACTIVE;
+                    }
+                    newKVs.set(indexStateKVIndex, PhoenixKeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(key, TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                        INDEX_STATE_BYTES, timeStamp, Bytes.toBytes(newState.getSerializedValue())));
+                }
+
+                PTable returnTable = null;
+                if (currentState != newState || disableTimeStampKVIndex != -1) {
+                    // make a copy of tableMetadata so we can add to it
+                    tableMetadata = new ArrayList<Mutation>(tableMetadata);
+                    // Always include the empty column value at latest timestamp so
+                    // that clients pull over update.
+                    Put emptyValue = new Put(key);
+                    emptyValue.addColumn(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES, 
+                            QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_BYTES, 
+                            HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, 
+                            QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_VALUE_BYTES);
+                    tableMetadata.add(emptyValue);
+                    byte[] dataTableKey = null;
+                    if (dataTableKV != null) {
+                        dataTableKey = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, CellUtil.cloneValue(dataTableKV));
+                        // insert an empty KV to trigger time stamp update on data table row
+                        Put p = new Put(dataTableKey);
+                        p.addColumn(TABLE_FAMILY_BYTES,
+                                QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_BYTES,
+                                HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP,
+                                QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_VALUE_BYTES);
+                        tableMetadata.add(p);
+                    }
+                    boolean setRowKeyOrderOptimizableCell = newState == PIndexState.BUILDING && !rowKeyOrderOptimizable;
+                    // We're starting a rebuild of the index, so add our rowKeyOrderOptimizable cell
+                    // so that the row keys get generated using the new row key format
+                    if (setRowKeyOrderOptimizableCell) {
+                        UpgradeUtil.addRowKeyOrderOptimizableCell(tableMetadata, key, timeStamp);
+                    }
+                    mutateRowsWithLocks(region, tableMetadata, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE,
+                        HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+                    // Invalidate from cache
+                    Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+                    metaDataCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+                    if(dataTableKey != null) {
+                        metaDataCache.invalidate(new ImmutableBytesPtr(dataTableKey));
+                    }
+                    if (setRowKeyOrderOptimizableCell || disableTimeStampKVIndex != -1
+                            || currentState == PIndexState.DISABLE || newState == PIndexState.BUILDING) {
+                        returnTable = doGetTable(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, rowLock, request.getClientVersion(), false, false, null);
+                    }
+                }
+                // Get client timeStamp from mutations, since it may get updated by the
+                // mutateRowsWithLocks call
+                long currentTime = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(tableMetadata);
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.TABLE_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+                builder.setMutationTime(currentTime);
+                if (returnTable != null) {
+                    builder.setTable(PTableImpl.toProto(returnTable));
+                }
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            } finally {
+                rowLock.release();
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+          logger.error("updateIndexState failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException(SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName), t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static MetaDataMutationResult checkKeyInRegion(byte[] key, Region region, MutationCode code) {
+        return ServerUtil.isKeyInRegion(key, region) ? null : 
+            new MetaDataMutationResult(code, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+    }
+
+    private static MetaDataMutationResult checkTableKeyInRegion(byte[] key, Region region) {
+        MetaDataMutationResult result = checkKeyInRegion(key, region, MutationCode.TABLE_NOT_IN_REGION);
+        if (result!=null) {
+            logger.error("Table rowkey " + Bytes.toStringBinary(key)
+            + " is not in the current region " + region.getRegionInfo());
+        }
+        return result;
+
+    }
+
+    private static MetaDataMutationResult checkFunctionKeyInRegion(byte[] key, Region region) {
+        return checkKeyInRegion(key, region, MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_IN_REGION);
+    }
+
+    private static MetaDataMutationResult checkSchemaKeyInRegion(byte[] key, Region region) {
+        return checkKeyInRegion(key, region, MutationCode.SCHEMA_NOT_IN_REGION);
+
+    }
+    
+    private static class ViewInfo {
+        private byte[] tenantId;
+        private byte[] schemaName;
+        private byte[] viewName;
+        
+        public ViewInfo(byte[] tenantId, byte[] schemaName, byte[] viewName) {
+            super();
+            this.tenantId = tenantId;
+            this.schemaName = schemaName;
+            this.viewName = viewName;
+        }
+
+        public byte[] getTenantId() {
+            return tenantId;
+        }
+
+        public byte[] getSchemaName() {
+            return schemaName;
+        }
+
+        public byte[] getViewName() {
+            return viewName;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearTableFromCache(RpcController controller, ClearTableFromCacheRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<ClearTableFromCacheResponse> done) {
+        byte[] schemaName = request.getSchemaName().toByteArray();
+        byte[] tableName = request.getTableName().toByteArray();
+        try {
+            byte[] tenantId = request.getTenantId().toByteArray();
+            byte[] key = SchemaUtil.getTableKey(tenantId, schemaName, tableName);
+            ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(key);
+            Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                    GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+            metaDataCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("clearTableFromCache failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException(SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName), t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void getSchema(RpcController controller, GetSchemaRequest request, RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        String schemaName = request.getSchemaName();
+        byte[] lockKey = SchemaUtil.getSchemaKey(schemaName);
+        MetaDataMutationResult result = checkSchemaKeyInRegion(lockKey, region);
+        if (result != null) {
+            done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+            return;
+        }
+        long clientTimeStamp = request.getClientTimestamp();
+        List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+        try {
+            getCoprocessorHost().preGetSchema(schemaName);
+            acquireLock(region, lockKey, locks);
+            // Get as of latest timestamp so we can detect if we have a
+            // newer schema that already
+            // exists without making an additional query
+            ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(lockKey);
+            PSchema schema = loadSchema(env, lockKey, cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, clientTimeStamp);
+            if (schema != null) {
+                if (schema.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                    if (!isSchemaDeleted(schema)) {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.SCHEMA_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        builder.setSchema(PSchema.toProto(schema));
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    } else {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.NEWER_SCHEMA_FOUND);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        builder.setSchema(PSchema.toProto(schema));
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            long currentTime = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis();
+            builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND);
+            builder.setMutationTime(currentTime);
+            done.run(builder.build());
+            return;
+        } finally {
+            ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void getFunctions(RpcController controller, GetFunctionsRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        byte[] tenantId = request.getTenantId().toByteArray();
+        List<String> functionNames = new ArrayList<>(request.getFunctionNamesCount());
+        try {
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            List<ByteString> functionNamesList = request.getFunctionNamesList();
+            List<Long> functionTimestampsList = request.getFunctionTimestampsList();
+            List<byte[]> keys = new ArrayList<byte[]>(request.getFunctionNamesCount());
+            List<Pair<byte[], Long>> functions = new ArrayList<Pair<byte[], Long>>(request.getFunctionNamesCount());
+            for(int i = 0; i< functionNamesList.size();i++) {
+                byte[] functionName = functionNamesList.get(i).toByteArray();
+                functionNames.add(Bytes.toString(functionName));
+                byte[] key = SchemaUtil.getFunctionKey(tenantId, functionName);
+                MetaDataMutationResult result = checkFunctionKeyInRegion(key, region);
+                if (result != null) {
+                    done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                    return;
+                }
+                functions.add(new Pair<byte[], Long>(functionName,functionTimestampsList.get(i)));
+                keys.add(key);
+            }
+
+            long currentTime = EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis();
+            List<PFunction> functionsAvailable = doGetFunctions(keys, request.getClientTimestamp());
+            if (functionsAvailable == null) {
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND);
+                builder.setMutationTime(currentTime);
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            }
+            builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.FUNCTION_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+            builder.setMutationTime(currentTime);
+
+            for (PFunction function : functionsAvailable) {
+                builder.addFunction(PFunction.toProto(function));
+            }
+            done.run(builder.build());
+            return;
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("getFunctions failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException(functionNames.toString(), t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void createFunction(RpcController controller, CreateFunctionRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[2][];
+        byte[] functionName = null;
+        try {
+            List<Mutation> functionMetaData = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            boolean temporaryFunction = request.getTemporary();
+            MetaDataUtil.getTenantIdAndFunctionName(functionMetaData, rowKeyMetaData);
+            byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+            functionName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FUNTION_NAME_INDEX];
+            byte[] lockKey = SchemaUtil.getFunctionKey(tenantIdBytes, functionName);
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkFunctionKeyInRegion(lockKey, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            }
+            List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+            long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(functionMetaData);
+            try {
+                acquireLock(region, lockKey, locks);
+                // Get as of latest timestamp so we can detect if we have a newer function that already
+                // exists without making an additional query
+                ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new FunctionBytesPtr(lockKey);
+                PFunction function =
+                        loadFunction(env, lockKey, cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, clientTimeStamp, request.getReplace(), functionMetaData);
+                if (function != null) {
+                    if (function.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                        // If the function is older than the client time stamp and it's deleted,
+                        // continue
+                        if (!isFunctionDeleted(function)) {
+                            builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.FUNCTION_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+                            builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                            builder.addFunction(PFunction.toProto(function));
+                            done.run(builder.build());
+                            if(!request.getReplace()) {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.NEWER_FUNCTION_FOUND);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        builder.addFunction(PFunction.toProto(function));
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                // Don't store function info for temporary functions.
+                if(!temporaryFunction) {
+                    mutateRowsWithLocks(region, functionMetaData, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE, HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+                }
+
+                // Invalidate the cache - the next getFunction call will add it
+                // TODO: consider loading the function that was just created here, patching up the parent function, and updating the cache
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+                metaDataCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+                // Get timeStamp from mutations - the above method sets it if it's unset
+                long currentTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(functionMetaData);
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND);
+                builder.setMutationTime(currentTimeStamp);
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            } finally {
+                ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+          logger.error("createFunction failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException(Bytes.toString(functionName), t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void dropFunction(RpcController controller, DropFunctionRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        byte[][] rowKeyMetaData = new byte[2][];
+        byte[] functionName = null;
+        try {
+            List<Mutation> functionMetaData = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            MetaDataUtil.getTenantIdAndFunctionName(functionMetaData, rowKeyMetaData);
+            byte[] tenantIdBytes = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.TENANT_ID_INDEX];
+            functionName = rowKeyMetaData[PhoenixDatabaseMetaData.FUNTION_NAME_INDEX];
+            byte[] lockKey = SchemaUtil.getFunctionKey(tenantIdBytes, functionName);
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkFunctionKeyInRegion(lockKey, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            }
+            List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+            long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(functionMetaData);
+            try {
+                acquireLock(region, lockKey, locks);
+                List<byte[]> keys = new ArrayList<byte[]>(1);
+                keys.add(lockKey);
+                List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList = new ArrayList<ImmutableBytesPtr>();
+
+                result = doDropFunction(clientTimeStamp, keys, functionMetaData, invalidateList);
+                if (result.getMutationCode() != MutationCode.FUNCTION_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+                    done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                    return;
+                }
+                mutateRowsWithLocks(region, functionMetaData, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE, HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr,PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+                long currentTime = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(functionMetaData);
+                for(ImmutableBytesPtr ptr: invalidateList) {
+                    metaDataCache.invalidate(ptr);
+                    metaDataCache.put(ptr, newDeletedFunctionMarker(currentTime));
+
+                }
+
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            } finally {
+                ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+          logger.error("dropFunction failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller,
+                ServerUtil.createIOException(Bytes.toString(functionName), t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MetaDataMutationResult doDropFunction(long clientTimeStamp, List<byte[]> keys, List<Mutation> functionMetaData, List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList)
+            throws IOException, SQLException {
+        List<byte[]> keysClone = new ArrayList<byte[]>(keys);
+        List<PFunction> functions = doGetFunctions(keysClone, clientTimeStamp);
+        // We didn't find a table at the latest timestamp, so either there is no table or
+        // there was a table, but it's been deleted. In either case we want to return.
+        if (functions == null || functions.isEmpty()) {
+            if (buildDeletedFunction(keys.get(0), new FunctionBytesPtr(keys.get(0)), env.getRegion(), clientTimeStamp) != null) {
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.FUNCTION_ALREADY_EXISTS, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+            }
+            return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+        }
+
+        if (functions != null && !functions.isEmpty()) {
+            if (functions.get(0).getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                // If the function is older than the client time stamp and it's deleted,
+                // continue
+                if (isFunctionDeleted(functions.get(0))) {
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND,
+                            EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                }
+                invalidateList.add(new FunctionBytesPtr(keys.get(0)));
+                Region region = env.getRegion();
+                Scan scan = MetaDataUtil.newTableRowsScan(keys.get(0), MIN_TABLE_TIMESTAMP, clientTimeStamp);
+                List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+                try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan);) {
+                  scanner.next(results);
+                  if (results.isEmpty()) { // Should not be possible
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                  }
+                  do {
+                    Cell kv = results.get(0);
+                    Delete delete = new Delete(kv.getRowArray(), kv.getRowOffset(), kv.getRowLength(), clientTimeStamp);
+                    functionMetaData.add(delete);
+                    results.clear();
+                    scanner.next(results);
+                  } while (!results.isEmpty());
+                }
+                return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.FUNCTION_ALREADY_EXISTS,
+                        EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), functions, true);
+            }
+        }
+        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.FUNCTION_NOT_FOUND,
+                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void createSchema(RpcController controller, CreateSchemaRequest request,
+            RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        MetaDataResponse.Builder builder = MetaDataResponse.newBuilder();
+        String schemaName = null;
+        try {
+            List<Mutation> schemaMutations = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            schemaName = request.getSchemaName();
+            Mutation m = MetaDataUtil.getPutOnlyTableHeaderRow(schemaMutations);
+
+            byte[] lockKey = m.getRow();
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkSchemaKeyInRegion(lockKey, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            }
+            List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+            long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(schemaMutations);
+            try {
+                acquireLock(region, lockKey, locks);
+                // Get as of latest timestamp so we can detect if we have a newer schema that already exists without
+                // making an additional query
+                ImmutableBytesPtr cacheKey = new ImmutableBytesPtr(lockKey);
+                PSchema schema = loadSchema(env, lockKey, cacheKey, clientTimeStamp, clientTimeStamp);
+                if (schema != null) {
+                    if (schema.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+                        if (!isSchemaDeleted(schema)) {
+                            builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.SCHEMA_ALREADY_EXISTS);
+                            builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                            builder.setSchema(PSchema.toProto(schema));
+                            done.run(builder.build());
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.NEWER_SCHEMA_FOUND);
+                        builder.setMutationTime(EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+                        builder.setSchema(PSchema.toProto(schema));
+                        done.run(builder.build());
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                mutateRowsWithLocks(region, schemaMutations, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE,
+                        HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+
+                // Invalidate the cache - the next getSchema call will add it
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache =
+                        GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env).getMetaDataCache();
+                if (cacheKey != null) {
+                    metaDataCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+                }
+
+                // Get timeStamp from mutations - the above method sets it if
+                // it's unset
+                long currentTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(schemaMutations);
+                builder.setReturnCode(MetaDataProtos.MutationCode.SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND);
+                builder.setMutationTime(currentTimeStamp);
+                done.run(builder.build());
+                return;
+            } finally {
+                ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("Creating the schema" + schemaName + "failed", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller, ServerUtil.createIOException(schemaName, t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void dropSchema(RpcController controller, DropSchemaRequest request, RpcCallback<MetaDataResponse> done) {
+        String schemaName = null;
+        try {
+            List<Mutation> schemaMetaData = ProtobufUtil.getMutations(request);
+            schemaName = request.getSchemaName();
+            getCoprocessorHost().preDropSchema(schemaName);
+            byte[] lockKey = SchemaUtil.getSchemaKey(schemaName);
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            MetaDataMutationResult result = checkSchemaKeyInRegion(lockKey, region);
+            if (result != null) {
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            }
+            List<RowLock> locks = Lists.newArrayList();
+            long clientTimeStamp = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(schemaMetaData);
+            try {
+                acquireLock(region, lockKey, locks);
+                List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList = new ArrayList<ImmutableBytesPtr>(1);
+                result = doDropSchema(clientTimeStamp, schemaName, lockKey, schemaMetaData, invalidateList);
+                if (result.getMutationCode() != MutationCode.SCHEMA_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
+                    done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                    return;
+                }
+                mutateRowsWithLocks(region, schemaMetaData, Collections.<byte[]> emptySet(), HConstants.NO_NONCE,
+                        HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+                Cache<ImmutableBytesPtr, PMetaDataEntity> metaDataCache = GlobalCache.getInstance(this.env)
+                        .getMetaDataCache();
+                long currentTime = MetaDataUtil.getClientTimeStamp(schemaMetaData);
+                for (ImmutableBytesPtr ptr : invalidateList) {
+                    metaDataCache.invalidate(ptr);
+                    metaDataCache.put(ptr, newDeletedSchemaMarker(currentTime));
+                }
+                done.run(MetaDataMutationResult.toProto(result));
+                return;
+            } finally {
+                ServerUtil.releaseRowLocks(locks);
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            logger.error("drop schema failed:", t);
+            ProtobufUtil.setControllerException(controller, ServerUtil.createIOException(schemaName, t));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private MetaDataMutationResult doDropSchema(long clientTimeStamp, String schemaName, byte[] key,
+            List<Mutation> schemaMutations, List<ImmutableBytesPtr> invalidateList) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        PSchema schema = loadSchema(env, key, new ImmutableBytesPtr(key), clientTimeStamp, clientTimeStamp);
+        boolean areTablesExists = false;
+        if (schema == null) { return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND,
+                EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null); }
+        if (schema.getTimeStamp() < clientTimeStamp) {
+            Region region = env.getRegion();
+            Scan scan = MetaDataUtil.newTableRowsScan(SchemaUtil.getKeyForSchema(null, schemaName), MIN_TABLE_TIMESTAMP,
+                    clientTimeStamp);
+            List<Cell> results = Lists.newArrayList();
+            try (RegionScanner scanner = region.getScanner(scan);) {
+                scanner.next(results);
+                if (results.isEmpty()) { // Should not be possible
+                    return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND,
+                            EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(), null);
+                }
+                do {
+                    Cell kv = results.get(0);
+                    if (Bytes.compareTo(kv.getRowArray(), kv.getRowOffset(), kv.getRowLength(), key, 0,
+                            key.length) != 0) {
+                        areTablesExists = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    results.clear();
+                    scanner.next(results);
+                } while (!results.isEmpty());
+            }
+            if (areTablesExists) { return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.TABLES_EXIST_ON_SCHEMA, schema,
+                    EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis()); }
+            invalidateList.add(new ImmutableBytesPtr(key));
+            return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.SCHEMA_ALREADY_EXISTS, schema,
+                    EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis());
+        }
+        return new MetaDataMutationResult(MutationCode.SCHEMA_NOT_FOUND, EnvironmentEdgeManager.currentTimeMillis(),
+                null);
+
+    }
+    
+    private void mutateRowsWithLocks(final Region region, final List<Mutation> mutations, final Set<byte[]> rowsToLock,
+            final long nonceGroup, final long nonce) throws IOException {
+        // we need to mutate SYSTEM.CATALOG with HBase/login user if access is enabled.
+        if (this.accessCheckEnabled) {
+            User.runAsLoginUser(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<Void>() {
+                @Override
+                public Void run() throws Exception {
+                    final RpcCall rpcContext = RpcUtil.getRpcContext();
+                    // Setting RPC context as null so that user can be resetted
+                    try {
+                        RpcUtil.setRpcContext(null);
+                        region.mutateRowsWithLocks(mutations, rowsToLock, nonceGroup, nonce);
+                    } catch (Throwable e) {
+                        throw new IOException(e);
+                    } finally {
+                        // Setting RPC context back to original context of the RPC
+                        RpcUtil.setRpcContext(rpcContext);
+                    }
+                    return null;
+                }
+            });
+        } else {
+            region.mutateRowsWithLocks(mutations, rowsToLock, nonceGroup, nonce);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private TableName getParentPhysicalTableName(PTable table) {
+        return table
+                .getType() == PTableType.VIEW
+                        ? TableName.valueOf(table.getPhysicalName().getBytes())
+                        : table.getType() == PTableType.INDEX
+                                ? TableName
+                                        .valueOf(SchemaUtil
+                                                .getPhysicalHBaseTableName(table.getParentSchemaName(),
+                                                        table.getParentTableName(), table.isNamespaceMapped())
+                                                .getBytes())
+                                : TableName
+                                        .valueOf(
+                                                SchemaUtil
+                                                        .getPhysicalHBaseTableName(table.getSchemaName(),
+                                                                table.getTableName(), table.isNamespaceMapped())
+                                                        .getBytes());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `table` last assigned on line 3712 could be null and is dereferenced at line 3715.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+PTable MetaDataEndpointImpl.doGetTable(byte[],byte[],byte[],long,Region$RowLock,int,boolean,boolean,PTable)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataEndpointImpl.doGetTable(byte[],byte[],byte[],long,org.apache..261ca9e7b99d6d037de89e123ba07ec1
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/coprocessor/MetaDataEndpointImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+MetaDataEndpointImpl.java|doGetTable|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cdbf63443b8814b40680bf539056419a
+
+### Hash:
+a62fc82bbc89482eb4591868891c9605
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6057/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6057/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62d0cc8c821892caca4de3a03c7a58041b886b3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6057/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 41
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.util;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.MetaDataProtocol.MetaDataMutationResult;
+import org.apache.phoenix.execute.MutationState;
+import org.apache.phoenix.jdbc.PhoenixConnection;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.PhoenixTransactionContext;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.PhoenixTransactionalTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.TephraTransactionTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.transaction.TransactionFactory;
+import org.apache.tephra.util.TxUtils;
+
+public class TransactionUtil {
+    private TransactionUtil() {
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean isTransactionalTimestamp(long ts) {
+        return !TxUtils.isPreExistingVersion(ts);
+    }
+    
+    public static boolean isDelete(Cell cell) {
+        return (CellUtil.matchingValue(cell, HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY));
+    }
+    
+    public static long convertToNanoseconds(long serverTimeStamp) {
+        return serverTimeStamp * TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().getMaxTransactionsPerSecond();
+    }
+    
+    public static long convertToMilliseconds(long serverTimeStamp) {
+        return serverTimeStamp / TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext().getMaxTransactionsPerSecond();
+    }
+    
+    public static PhoenixTransactionalTable getPhoenixTransactionTable(PhoenixTransactionContext phoenixTransactionContext, Table htable, PTable pTable) {
+        return new TephraTransactionTable(phoenixTransactionContext, htable, pTable);
+    }
+    
+    // we resolve transactional tables at the txn read pointer
+	public static long getResolvedTimestamp(PhoenixConnection connection, boolean isTransactional, long defaultResolvedTimestamp) {
+		MutationState mutationState = connection.getMutationState();
+		Long scn = connection.getSCN();
+	    return scn != null ?  scn : (isTransactional && mutationState.isTransactionStarted()) ? convertToMilliseconds(mutationState.getInitialWritePointer()) : defaultResolvedTimestamp;
+	}
+
+	public static long getResolvedTime(PhoenixConnection connection, MetaDataMutationResult result) {
+		PTable table = result.getTable();
+		boolean isTransactional = table!=null && table.isTransactional();
+		return getResolvedTimestamp(connection, isTransactional, result.getMutationTime());
+	}
+
+	public static long getResolvedTimestamp(PhoenixConnection connection, MetaDataMutationResult result) {
+		PTable table = result.getTable();
+		MutationState mutationState = connection.getMutationState();
+		boolean txInProgress = table != null && table.isTransactional() && mutationState.isTransactionStarted();
+		return  txInProgress ? convertToMilliseconds(mutationState.getInitialWritePointer()) : result.getMutationTime();
+	}
+
+	public static Long getTableTimestamp(PhoenixConnection connection, boolean transactional) throws SQLException {
+		Long timestamp = null;
+		if (!transactional) {
+			return timestamp;
+		}
+		MutationState mutationState = connection.getMutationState();
+		if (!mutationState.isTransactionStarted()) {
+			mutationState.startTransaction();
+		}
+		timestamp = convertToMilliseconds(mutationState.getInitialWritePointer());
+		return timestamp;
+	}
+	
+    // Convert HBase Delete into Put so that it can be undone if transaction is rolled back
+	public static Mutation convertIfDelete(Mutation mutation) throws IOException {
+        if (mutation instanceof Delete) {
+            Put deleteMarker = null;
+            for (byte[] family : mutation.getFamilyCellMap().keySet()) {
+                List<Cell> familyCells = mutation.getFamilyCellMap().get(family);
+                if (familyCells.size() == 1) {
+                    if (CellUtil.isDeleteFamily(familyCells.get(0))) {
+                        if (deleteMarker == null) {
+                            deleteMarker = new Put(mutation.getRow());
+                        }
+                        deleteMarker.add(TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().newDeleteFamilyMarker(
+                                deleteMarker.getRow(), 
+                                family, 
+                                familyCells.get(0).getTimestamp()));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    for (Cell cell : familyCells) {
+                        if (CellUtil.isDeleteColumns(cell)) {
+                            if (deleteMarker == null) {
+                                deleteMarker = new Put(mutation.getRow());
+                            }
+                            deleteMarker.add(TransactionFactory.getTransactionFactory().newDeleteColumnMarker(
+                                    deleteMarker.getRow(),
+                                    family,
+                                    CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell), 
+                                    cell.getTimestamp()));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (deleteMarker != null) {
+                    for (Map.Entry<String, byte[]> entry : mutation.getAttributesMap().entrySet()) {
+                        deleteMarker.setAttribute(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+                    }
+                    mutation = deleteMarker;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return mutation;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getTransactionFactory().getTransactionContext()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 55.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long TransactionUtil.convertToNanoseconds(long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.util.TransactionUtil.convertToNanoseconds(long):long.941fddb42b62795d232ab3e8a61abd7d
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/util/TransactionUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+TransactionUtil.java|convertToNanoseconds|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4e40cf4b057cfc6102ca2104f1fe79e1
+
+### Hash:
+7654f395878b9c1aafd045f685b60134
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6059/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6059/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
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+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.AGG_TIMESTAMP;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.SINGLE_COLUMN;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.UNGROUPED_AGG_ROW_KEY;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices.MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_ATTRIB;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServices.MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES_ATTRIB;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.schema.stats.StatisticsCollectionRunTracker.COMPACTION_UPDATE_STATS_ROW_COUNT;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.schema.stats.StatisticsCollectionRunTracker.CONCURRENT_UPDATE_STATS_ROW_COUNT;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.GuardedBy;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.DoNotRetryIOException;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HRegionInfo;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HTableDescriptor;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.ObserverContext;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.coprocessor.RegionCoprocessorEnvironment;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.InternalScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.Region;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.RegionScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.ScanType;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.regionserver.Store;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.security.User;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Pair;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableUtils;
+import org.apache.phoenix.cache.ServerCacheClient;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.PTableProtos;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.DataExceedsCapacityException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.execute.MutationState;
+import org.apache.phoenix.execute.TupleProjector;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.Expression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.ExpressionType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.aggregator.Aggregator;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.aggregator.Aggregators;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.aggregator.ServerAggregators;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.ValueGetter;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.covered.update.ColumnReference;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.GenericKeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.ImmutableBytesPtr;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.KeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.IndexMaintainer;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.PhoenixIndexCodec;
+import org.apache.phoenix.join.HashJoinInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryServicesOptions;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumn;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PRow;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.RowKeySchema;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ValueSchema.Field;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.stats.StatisticsCollectionRunTracker;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.stats.StatisticsCollector;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.stats.StatisticsCollectorFactory;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.tuple.MultiKeyValueTuple;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PBinary;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PChar;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PDouble;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PFloat;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PLong;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ByteUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.IndexUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.KeyValueUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.LogUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ScanUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ServerUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.TimeKeeper;
+import org.apache.tephra.TxConstants;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Throwables;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+
+
+/**
+ * Region observer that aggregates ungrouped rows(i.e. SQL query with aggregation function and no GROUP BY).
+ *
+ *
+ * @since 0.1
+ */
+public class UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver extends BaseScannerRegionObserver {
+    // TODO: move all constants into a single class
+    public static final String UNGROUPED_AGG = "UngroupedAgg";
+    public static final String DELETE_AGG = "DeleteAgg";
+    public static final String UPSERT_SELECT_TABLE = "UpsertSelectTable";
+    public static final String UPSERT_SELECT_EXPRS = "UpsertSelectExprs";
+    public static final String DELETE_CQ = "DeleteCQ";
+    public static final String DELETE_CF = "DeleteCF";
+    public static final String EMPTY_CF = "EmptyCF";
+    /**
+     * This lock used for synchronizing the state of
+     * {@link UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver#scansReferenceCount},
+     * {@link UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver#isRegionClosing} variables used to avoid possible
+     * dead lock situation in case below steps: 
+     * 1. We get read lock when we start writing local indexes, deletes etc.. 
+     * 2. when memstore reach threshold, flushes happen. Since they use read (shared) lock they 
+     * happen without any problem until someone tries to obtain write lock. 
+     * 3. at one moment we decide to split/bulkload/close and try to acquire write lock. 
+     * 4. Since that moment all attempts to get read lock will be blocked. I.e. no more 
+     * flushes will happen. But we continue to fill memstore with local index batches and 
+     * finally we get RTBE.
+     * 
+     * The solution to this is to not allow or delay operations acquire the write lock.
+     * 1) In case of split we just throw IOException so split won't happen but it will not cause any harm.
+     * 2) In case of bulkload failing it by throwing the exception. 
+     * 3) In case of region close by balancer/move wait before closing the reason and fail the query which 
+     * does write after reading. 
+     * 
+     * See PHOENIX-3111 for more info.
+     */
+
+    private final Object lock = new Object();
+    /**
+     * To maintain the number of scans used for create index, delete and upsert select operations
+     * which reads and writes to same region in coprocessors.
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("lock")
+    private int scansReferenceCount = 0;
+    @GuardedBy("lock")
+    private boolean isRegionClosing = false;
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.class);
+    private KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder;
+
+    @Override
+    public void start(CoprocessorEnvironment e) throws IOException {
+        super.start(e);
+        // Can't use ClientKeyValueBuilder on server-side because the memstore expects to
+        // be able to get a single backing buffer for a KeyValue.
+        this.kvBuilder = GenericKeyValueBuilder.INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    private void commitBatch(Region region, List<Mutation> mutations, byte[] indexUUID, long blockingMemstoreSize,
+            byte[] indexMaintainersPtr, byte[] txState) throws IOException {
+        if (indexMaintainersPtr != null) {
+            mutations.get(0).setAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_MD, indexMaintainersPtr);
+        }
+
+        if (txState != null) {
+            mutations.get(0).setAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.TX_STATE, txState);
+        }
+      if (indexUUID != null) {
+          for (Mutation m : mutations) {
+              m.setAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_UUID, indexUUID);
+          }
+      }
+      
+      Mutation[] mutationArray = new Mutation[mutations.size()];
+      // When memstore size reaches blockingMemstoreSize we are waiting 3 seconds for the
+      // flush happen which decrease the memstore size and then writes allowed on the region.
+      for (int i = 0; region.getMemstoreSize() > blockingMemstoreSize && i < 30; i++) {
+          try {
+              checkForRegionClosing();
+              Thread.sleep(100);
+          } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+              Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+              throw new IOException(e);
+          }
+      }
+      // TODO: should we use the one that is all or none?
+      logger.debug("Committing bactch of " + mutations.size() + " mutations for " + region.getRegionInfo().getTable().getNameAsString());
+      region.batchMutate(mutations.toArray(mutationArray), HConstants.NO_NONCE, HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * There is a chance that region might be closing while running balancer/move/merge. In this
+     * case if the memstore size reaches blockingMemstoreSize better to fail query because there is
+     * a high chance that flush might not proceed and memstore won't be freed up.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private void checkForRegionClosing() throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if(isRegionClosing) {
+                lock.notifyAll();
+                throw new IOException("Region is getting closed. Not allowing to write to avoid possible deadlock.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void serializeIntoScan(Scan scan) {
+        scan.setAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.UNGROUPED_AGG, QueryConstants.TRUE);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RegionScanner preScannerOpen(ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> e, Scan scan, RegionScanner s)
+            throws IOException {
+        s = super.preScannerOpen(e, scan, s);
+        if (ScanUtil.isAnalyzeTable(scan)) {
+//            if (!ScanUtil.isLocalIndex(scan)) {
+//                scan.getFamilyMap().clear();
+//            }
+//            scan.getFamilyMap().clear();
+            // We are setting the start row and stop row such that it covers the entire region. As part
+            // of Phonenix-1263 we are storing the guideposts against the physical table rather than
+            // individual tenant specific tables.
+            scan.setStartRow(HConstants.EMPTY_START_ROW);
+            scan.setStopRow(HConstants.EMPTY_END_ROW);
+            scan.setFilter(null);
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected RegionScanner doPostScannerOpen(final ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> c, final Scan scan, final RegionScanner s) throws IOException, SQLException {
+        RegionCoprocessorEnvironment env = c.getEnvironment();
+        Region region = env.getRegion();
+        long ts = scan.getTimeRange().getMax();
+        boolean localIndexScan = ScanUtil.isLocalIndex(scan);
+        if (ScanUtil.isAnalyzeTable(scan)) {
+            byte[] gp_width_bytes =
+                    scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.GUIDEPOST_WIDTH_BYTES);
+            byte[] gp_per_region_bytes =
+                    scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.GUIDEPOST_PER_REGION);
+            // Let this throw, as this scan is being done for the sole purpose of collecting stats
+            StatisticsCollector statsCollector = StatisticsCollectorFactory.createStatisticsCollector(
+                    env, region.getRegionInfo().getTable().getNameAsString(), ts,
+                    gp_width_bytes, gp_per_region_bytes);
+            return collectStats(s, statsCollector, region, scan, env.getConfiguration());
+        } else if (ScanUtil.isIndexRebuild(scan)) { return rebuildIndices(s, region, scan, env.getConfiguration()); }
+        int offsetToBe = 0;
+        if (localIndexScan) {
+            /*
+             * For local indexes, we need to set an offset on row key expressions to skip
+             * the region start key.
+             */
+            offsetToBe = region.getRegionInfo().getStartKey().length != 0 ? region.getRegionInfo().getStartKey().length :
+                region.getRegionInfo().getEndKey().length;
+            ScanUtil.setRowKeyOffset(scan, offsetToBe);
+        }
+        final int offset = offsetToBe;
+        
+        PTable projectedTable = null;
+        PTable writeToTable = null;
+        byte[][] values = null;
+        byte[] descRowKeyTableBytes = scan.getAttribute(UPGRADE_DESC_ROW_KEY);
+        boolean isDescRowKeyOrderUpgrade = descRowKeyTableBytes != null;
+        if (isDescRowKeyOrderUpgrade) {
+            logger.debug("Upgrading row key for " + region.getRegionInfo().getTable().getNameAsString());
+            projectedTable = deserializeTable(descRowKeyTableBytes);
+            try {
+                writeToTable = PTableImpl.makePTable(projectedTable, true);
+            } catch (SQLException e) {
+                ServerUtil.throwIOException("Upgrade failed", e); // Impossible
+            }
+            values = new byte[projectedTable.getPKColumns().size()][];
+        }
+        byte[] localIndexBytes = scan.getAttribute(LOCAL_INDEX_BUILD);
+        List<IndexMaintainer> indexMaintainers = localIndexBytes == null ? null : IndexMaintainer.deserialize(localIndexBytes);
+        List<Mutation> indexMutations = localIndexBytes == null ? Collections.<Mutation>emptyList() : Lists.<Mutation>newArrayListWithExpectedSize(1024);
+        
+        RegionScanner theScanner = s;
+        
+        byte[] indexUUID = scan.getAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_UUID);
+        byte[] txState = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.TX_STATE);
+        List<Expression> selectExpressions = null;
+        byte[] upsertSelectTable = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.UPSERT_SELECT_TABLE);
+        boolean isUpsert = false;
+        boolean isDelete = false;
+        byte[] deleteCQ = null;
+        byte[] deleteCF = null;
+        byte[] emptyCF = null;
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+        if (upsertSelectTable != null) {
+            isUpsert = true;
+            projectedTable = deserializeTable(upsertSelectTable);
+            selectExpressions = deserializeExpressions(scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.UPSERT_SELECT_EXPRS));
+            values = new byte[projectedTable.getPKColumns().size()][];
+            
+        } else {
+            byte[] isDeleteAgg = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.DELETE_AGG);
+            isDelete = isDeleteAgg != null && Bytes.compareTo(PDataType.TRUE_BYTES, isDeleteAgg) == 0;
+            if (!isDelete) {
+                deleteCF = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.DELETE_CF);
+                deleteCQ = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.DELETE_CQ);
+            }
+            emptyCF = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.EMPTY_CF);
+        }
+        TupleProjector tupleProjector = null;
+        byte[][] viewConstants = null;
+        ColumnReference[] dataColumns = IndexUtil.deserializeDataTableColumnsToJoin(scan);
+        final TupleProjector p = TupleProjector.deserializeProjectorFromScan(scan);
+        final HashJoinInfo j = HashJoinInfo.deserializeHashJoinFromScan(scan);
+        if ((localIndexScan && !isDelete && !isDescRowKeyOrderUpgrade) || (j == null && p != null)) {
+            if (dataColumns != null) {
+                tupleProjector = IndexUtil.getTupleProjector(scan, dataColumns);
+                viewConstants = IndexUtil.deserializeViewConstantsFromScan(scan);
+            }
+            ImmutableBytesWritable tempPtr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+            theScanner =
+                    getWrappedScanner(c, theScanner, offset, scan, dataColumns, tupleProjector, 
+                        region, indexMaintainers == null ? null : indexMaintainers.get(0), viewConstants, p, tempPtr);
+        } 
+        
+        if (j != null)  {
+            theScanner = new HashJoinRegionScanner(theScanner, p, j, ScanUtil.getTenantId(scan), env);
+        }
+        
+        int batchSize = 0;
+        long batchSizeBytes = 0L;
+        List<Mutation> mutations = Collections.emptyList();
+        boolean needToWrite = false;
+        Configuration conf = c.getEnvironment().getConfiguration();
+        long flushSize = region.getTableDesc().getMemStoreFlushSize();
+
+        if (flushSize <= 0) {
+            flushSize = conf.getLong(HConstants.HREGION_MEMSTORE_FLUSH_SIZE,
+                    HTableDescriptor.DEFAULT_MEMSTORE_FLUSH_SIZE);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Slow down the writes if the memstore size more than
+         * (hbase.hregion.memstore.block.multiplier - 1) times hbase.hregion.memstore.flush.size
+         * bytes. This avoids flush storm to hdfs for cases like index building where reads and
+         * write happen to all the table regions in the server.
+         */
+        final long blockingMemStoreSize = flushSize * (
+                conf.getLong(HConstants.HREGION_MEMSTORE_BLOCK_MULTIPLIER,
+                        HConstants.DEFAULT_HREGION_MEMSTORE_BLOCK_MULTIPLIER)-1) ;
+
+        boolean buildLocalIndex = indexMaintainers != null && dataColumns==null && !localIndexScan;
+        if (isDescRowKeyOrderUpgrade || isDelete || isUpsert || (deleteCQ != null && deleteCF != null) || emptyCF != null || buildLocalIndex) {
+            needToWrite = true;
+            // TODO: size better
+            mutations = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(1024);
+            batchSize = env.getConfiguration().getInt(MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_ATTRIB, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE);
+            batchSizeBytes = env.getConfiguration().getLong(MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES_ATTRIB,
+                QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES);
+        }
+        Aggregators aggregators = ServerAggregators.deserialize(
+                scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.AGGREGATORS), env.getConfiguration());
+        Aggregator[] rowAggregators = aggregators.getAggregators();
+        boolean hasMore;
+        boolean hasAny = false;
+        MultiKeyValueTuple result = new MultiKeyValueTuple();
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            logger.debug(LogUtil.addCustomAnnotations("Starting ungrouped coprocessor scan " + scan + " "+region.getRegionInfo(), ScanUtil.getCustomAnnotations(scan)));
+        }
+        long rowCount = 0;
+        final RegionScanner innerScanner = theScanner;
+        byte[] indexMaintainersPtr = scan.getAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_MD);
+        boolean acquiredLock = false;
+        try {
+            if(needToWrite) {
+                synchronized (lock) {
+                    scansReferenceCount++;
+                }
+            }
+            region.startRegionOperation();
+            acquiredLock = true;
+            synchronized (innerScanner) {
+                do {
+                    List<Cell> results = new ArrayList<Cell>();
+                    // Results are potentially returned even when the return value of s.next is false
+                    // since this is an indication of whether or not there are more values after the
+                    // ones returned
+                    hasMore = innerScanner.nextRaw(results);
+                    if (!results.isEmpty()) {
+                        rowCount++;
+                        result.setKeyValues(results);
+                        if (isDescRowKeyOrderUpgrade) {
+                            Arrays.fill(values, null);
+                            Cell firstKV = results.get(0);
+                            RowKeySchema schema = projectedTable.getRowKeySchema();
+                            int maxOffset = schema.iterator(firstKV.getRowArray(), firstKV.getRowOffset() + offset, firstKV.getRowLength(), ptr);
+                            for (int i = 0; i < schema.getFieldCount(); i++) {
+                                Boolean hasValue = schema.next(ptr, i, maxOffset);
+                                if (hasValue == null) {
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                Field field = schema.getField(i);
+                                if (field.getSortOrder() == SortOrder.DESC) {
+                                    // Special case for re-writing DESC ARRAY, as the actual byte value needs to change in this case
+                                    if (field.getDataType().isArrayType()) {
+                                        field.getDataType().coerceBytes(ptr, null, field.getDataType(),
+                                            field.getMaxLength(), field.getScale(), field.getSortOrder(), 
+                                            field.getMaxLength(), field.getScale(), field.getSortOrder(), true); // force to use correct separator byte
+                                    }
+                                    // Special case for re-writing DESC CHAR or DESC BINARY, to force the re-writing of trailing space characters
+                                    else if (field.getDataType() == PChar.INSTANCE || field.getDataType() == PBinary.INSTANCE) {
+                                        int len = ptr.getLength();
+                                        while (len > 0 && ptr.get()[ptr.getOffset() + len - 1] == StringUtil.SPACE_UTF8) {
+                                            len--;
+                                        }
+                                        ptr.set(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), len);
+                                        // Special case for re-writing DESC FLOAT and DOUBLE, as they're not inverted like they should be (PHOENIX-2171)
+                                    } else if (field.getDataType() == PFloat.INSTANCE || field.getDataType() == PDouble.INSTANCE) {
+                                        byte[] invertedBytes = SortOrder.invert(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), ptr.getLength());
+                                        ptr.set(invertedBytes);
+                                    }
+                                } else if (field.getDataType() == PBinary.INSTANCE) {
+                                    // Remove trailing space characters so that the setValues call below will replace them
+                                    // with the correct zero byte character. Note this is somewhat dangerous as these
+                                    // could be legit, but I don't know what the alternative is.
+                                    int len = ptr.getLength();
+                                    while (len > 0 && ptr.get()[ptr.getOffset() + len - 1] == StringUtil.SPACE_UTF8) {
+                                        len--;
+                                    }
+                                    ptr.set(ptr.get(), ptr.getOffset(), len);                                        
+                                }
+                                values[i] = ptr.copyBytes();
+                            }
+                            writeToTable.newKey(ptr, values);
+                            if (Bytes.compareTo(
+                                firstKV.getRowArray(), firstKV.getRowOffset() + offset, firstKV.getRowLength(), 
+                                ptr.get(),ptr.getOffset() + offset,ptr.getLength()) == 0) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            byte[] newRow = ByteUtil.copyKeyBytesIfNecessary(ptr);
+                            if (offset > 0) { // for local indexes (prepend region start key)
+                                byte[] newRowWithOffset = new byte[offset + newRow.length];
+                                System.arraycopy(firstKV.getRowArray(), firstKV.getRowOffset(), newRowWithOffset, 0, offset);;
+                                System.arraycopy(newRow, 0, newRowWithOffset, offset, newRow.length);
+                                newRow = newRowWithOffset;
+                            }
+                            byte[] oldRow = Bytes.copy(firstKV.getRowArray(), firstKV.getRowOffset(), firstKV.getRowLength());
+                            for (Cell cell : results) {
+                                // Copy existing cell but with new row key
+                                Cell newCell = new KeyValue(newRow, 0, newRow.length,
+                                    cell.getFamilyArray(), cell.getFamilyOffset(), cell.getFamilyLength(),
+                                    cell.getQualifierArray(), cell.getQualifierOffset(), cell.getQualifierLength(),
+                                    cell.getTimestamp(), KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte()),
+                                    cell.getValueArray(), cell.getValueOffset(), cell.getValueLength());
+                                switch (KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte())) {
+                                case Put:
+                                    // If Put, point delete old Put
+                                    Delete del = new Delete(oldRow);
+                                    del.addDeleteMarker(new KeyValue(cell.getRowArray(), cell.getRowOffset(), cell.getRowLength(),
+                                        cell.getFamilyArray(), cell.getFamilyOffset(), cell.getFamilyLength(),
+                                        cell.getQualifierArray(), cell.getQualifierOffset(),
+                                        cell.getQualifierLength(), cell.getTimestamp(), KeyValue.Type.Delete,
+                                        ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY, 0, 0));
+                                    mutations.add(del);
+
+                                    Put put = new Put(newRow);
+                                    put.add(newCell);
+                                    mutations.add(put);
+                                    break;
+                                case Delete:
+                                case DeleteColumn:
+                                case DeleteFamily:
+                                case DeleteFamilyVersion:
+                                    Delete delete = new Delete(newRow);
+                                    delete.addDeleteMarker(newCell);
+                                    mutations.add(delete);
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else if (buildLocalIndex) {
+                            for (IndexMaintainer maintainer : indexMaintainers) {
+                                if (!results.isEmpty()) {
+                                    result.getKey(ptr);
+                                    ValueGetter valueGetter =
+                                            maintainer.createGetterFromKeyValues(
+                                                ImmutableBytesPtr.copyBytesIfNecessary(ptr),
+                                                results);
+                                    Put put = maintainer.buildUpdateMutation(kvBuilder,
+                                        valueGetter, ptr, results.get(0).getTimestamp(),
+                                        env.getRegion().getRegionInfo().getStartKey(),
+                                        env.getRegion().getRegionInfo().getEndKey());
+                                    indexMutations.add(put);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            result.setKeyValues(results);
+                        } else if (isDelete) {
+                            // FIXME: the version of the Delete constructor without the lock
+                            // args was introduced in 0.94.4, thus if we try to use it here
+                            // we can no longer use the 0.94.2 version of the client.
+                            Cell firstKV = results.get(0);
+                            Delete delete = new Delete(firstKV.getRowArray(),
+                                firstKV.getRowOffset(), firstKV.getRowLength(),ts);
+                            mutations.add(delete);
+                            // force tephra to ignore this deletes
+                            delete.setAttribute(TxConstants.TX_ROLLBACK_ATTRIBUTE_KEY, new byte[0]);
+                        } else if (isUpsert) {
+                            Arrays.fill(values, null);
+                            int i = 0;
+                            List<PColumn> projectedColumns = projectedTable.getColumns();
+                            for (; i < projectedTable.getPKColumns().size(); i++) {
+                                Expression expression = selectExpressions.get(i);
+                                if (expression.evaluate(result, ptr)) {
+                                    values[i] = ptr.copyBytes();
+                                    // If SortOrder from expression in SELECT doesn't match the
+                                    // column being projected into then invert the bits.
+                                    if (expression.getSortOrder() !=
+                                            projectedColumns.get(i).getSortOrder()) {
+                                        SortOrder.invert(values[i], 0, values[i], 0,
+                                            values[i].length);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            projectedTable.newKey(ptr, values);
+                            PRow row = projectedTable.newRow(kvBuilder, ts, ptr, false);
+                            for (; i < projectedColumns.size(); i++) {
+                                Expression expression = selectExpressions.get(i);
+                                if (expression.evaluate(result, ptr)) {
+                                    PColumn column = projectedColumns.get(i);
+                                    if (!column.getDataType().isSizeCompatible(ptr, null,
+                                        expression.getDataType(), expression.getSortOrder(),
+                                        expression.getMaxLength(), expression.getScale(),
+                                        column.getMaxLength(), column.getScale())) {
+                                        throw new DataExceedsCapacityException(
+                                            column.getDataType(), column.getMaxLength(),
+                                            column.getScale(), column.getName().getString(), ptr);
+                                    }
+                                    column.getDataType().coerceBytes(ptr, null,
+                                        expression.getDataType(), expression.getMaxLength(),
+                                        expression.getScale(), expression.getSortOrder(), 
+                                        column.getMaxLength(), column.getScale(),
+                                        column.getSortOrder(), projectedTable.rowKeyOrderOptimizable());
+                                    byte[] bytes = ByteUtil.copyKeyBytesIfNecessary(ptr);
+                                    row.setValue(column, bytes);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            for (Mutation mutation : row.toRowMutations()) {
+                                mutations.add(mutation);
+                            }
+                            for (i = 0; i < selectExpressions.size(); i++) {
+                                selectExpressions.get(i).reset();
+                            }
+                        } else if (deleteCF != null && deleteCQ != null) {
+                            // No need to search for delete column, since we project only it
+                            // if no empty key value is being set
+                            if (emptyCF == null ||
+                                    result.getValue(deleteCF, deleteCQ) != null) {
+                                Delete delete = new Delete(results.get(0).getRowArray(),
+                                    results.get(0).getRowOffset(),
+                                    results.get(0).getRowLength());
+                                delete.deleteColumns(deleteCF,  deleteCQ, ts);
+                                // force tephra to ignore this deletes
+                                delete.setAttribute(TxConstants.TX_ROLLBACK_ATTRIBUTE_KEY, new byte[0]);
+                                mutations.add(delete);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (emptyCF != null) {
+                            /*
+                             * If we've specified an emptyCF, then we need to insert an empty
+                             * key value "retroactively" for any key value that is visible at
+                             * the timestamp that the DDL was issued. Key values that are not
+                             * visible at this timestamp will not ever be projected up to
+                             * scans past this timestamp, so don't need to be considered.
+                             * We insert one empty key value per row per timestamp.
+                             */
+                            Set<Long> timeStamps =
+                                    Sets.newHashSetWithExpectedSize(results.size());
+                            for (Cell kv : results) {
+                                long kvts = kv.getTimestamp();
+                                if (!timeStamps.contains(kvts)) {
+                                    Put put = new Put(kv.getRowArray(), kv.getRowOffset(),
+                                        kv.getRowLength());
+                                    put.add(emptyCF, QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_BYTES, kvts,
+                                        ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY);
+                                    mutations.add(put);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // Commit in batches based on UPSERT_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES_ATTRIB in config
+                            List<List<Mutation>> batchMutationList =
+                                MutationState.getMutationBatchList(batchSize, batchSizeBytes, mutations);
+                            for (List<Mutation> batchMutations : batchMutationList) {
+                                commitBatch(region, batchMutations, indexUUID, blockingMemStoreSize, indexMaintainersPtr,
+                                    txState);
+                                batchMutations.clear();
+                            }
+                            mutations.clear();
+                            // Commit in batches based on UPSERT_BATCH_SIZE_BYTES_ATTRIB in config
+                            List<List<Mutation>> batchIndexMutationList =
+                                MutationState.getMutationBatchList(batchSize, batchSizeBytes, indexMutations);
+                            for (List<Mutation> batchIndexMutations : batchIndexMutationList) {
+                                commitBatch(region, batchIndexMutations, null, blockingMemStoreSize, null, txState);
+                                batchIndexMutations.clear();
+                            }
+                            indexMutations.clear();
+                        }
+                        aggregators.aggregate(rowAggregators, result);
+                        hasAny = true;
+                    }
+                } while (hasMore);
+                if (!mutations.isEmpty()) {
+                    commitBatch(region, mutations, indexUUID, blockingMemStoreSize, indexMaintainersPtr, txState);
+                }
+
+                if (!indexMutations.isEmpty()) {
+                    commitBatch(region, indexMutations, null, blockingMemStoreSize, indexMaintainersPtr, txState);
+                    indexMutations.clear();
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if(needToWrite) {
+                synchronized (lock) {
+                    scansReferenceCount--;
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                innerScanner.close();
+            } finally {
+                if (acquiredLock) region.closeRegionOperation();
+            }
+        }
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            logger.debug(LogUtil.addCustomAnnotations("Finished scanning " + rowCount + " rows for ungrouped coprocessor scan " + scan, ScanUtil.getCustomAnnotations(scan)));
+        }
+
+        final boolean hadAny = hasAny;
+        KeyValue keyValue = null;
+        if (hadAny) {
+            byte[] value = aggregators.toBytes(rowAggregators);
+            keyValue = KeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(UNGROUPED_AGG_ROW_KEY, SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY, SINGLE_COLUMN, AGG_TIMESTAMP, value, 0, value.length);
+        }
+        final KeyValue aggKeyValue = keyValue;
+
+        RegionScanner scanner = new BaseRegionScanner(innerScanner) {
+            private boolean done = !hadAny;
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isFilterDone() {
+                return done;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean next(List<Cell> results) throws IOException {
+                if (done) return false;
+                done = true;
+                results.add(aggKeyValue);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public long getMaxResultSize() {
+                return scan.getMaxResultSize();
+            }
+        };
+        return scanner;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public InternalScanner preCompact(final ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> c, final Store store,
+            final InternalScanner scanner, final ScanType scanType) throws IOException {
+        // Compaction and split upcalls run with the effective user context of the requesting user.
+        // This will lead to failure of cross cluster RPC if the effective user is not
+        // the login user. Switch to the login user context to ensure we have the expected
+        // security context.
+        return User.runAsLoginUser(new PrivilegedExceptionAction<InternalScanner>() {
+            @Override
+            public InternalScanner run() throws Exception {
+                TableName table = c.getEnvironment().getRegion().getRegionInfo().getTable();
+                InternalScanner internalScanner = scanner;
+                if (scanType.equals(ScanType.COMPACT_DROP_DELETES)) {
+                    try {
+                        long clientTimeStamp = TimeKeeper.SYSTEM.getCurrentTime();
+                        StatisticsCollector stats = StatisticsCollectorFactory.createStatisticsCollector(
+                            c.getEnvironment(), table.getNameAsString(), clientTimeStamp,
+                            store.getFamily().getName());
+                        internalScanner = stats.createCompactionScanner(c.getEnvironment(), store, scanner);
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        // If we can't reach the stats table, don't interrupt the normal
+                      // compaction operation, just log a warning.
+                      if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
+                          logger.warn("Unable to collect stats for " + table, e);
+                      }
+                    }
+                }
+                return internalScanner;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private static PTable deserializeTable(byte[] b) {
+        try {
+            PTableProtos.PTable ptableProto = PTableProtos.PTable.parseFrom(b);
+            return PTableImpl.createFromProto(ptableProto);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private RegionScanner rebuildIndices(final RegionScanner innerScanner, final Region region, final Scan scan,
+            Configuration config) throws IOException {
+        byte[] indexMetaData = scan.getAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_MD);
+        boolean hasMore;
+        long rowCount = 0;
+        try {
+            int batchSize = config.getInt(MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE_ATTRIB, QueryServicesOptions.DEFAULT_MUTATE_BATCH_SIZE);
+            List<Mutation> mutations = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(batchSize);
+            region.startRegionOperation();
+            byte[] uuidValue = ServerCacheClient.generateId();
+            synchronized (innerScanner) {
+                do {
+                    List<Cell> results = new ArrayList<Cell>();
+                    hasMore = innerScanner.nextRaw(results);
+                    if (!results.isEmpty()) {
+                        Put put = null;
+                        Delete del = null;
+                        for (Cell cell : results) {
+
+                            if (KeyValue.Type.codeToType(cell.getTypeByte()) == KeyValue.Type.Put) {
+                                if (put == null) {
+                                    put = new Put(CellUtil.cloneRow(cell));
+                                    put.setAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_MD, indexMetaData);
+                                    put.setAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_UUID, uuidValue);
+                                    put.setAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.IGNORE_NEWER_MUTATIONS,
+                                            PDataType.TRUE_BYTES);
+                                    mutations.add(put);
+                                }
+                                put.add(cell);
+                            } else {
+                                if (del == null) {
+                                    del = new Delete(CellUtil.cloneRow(cell));
+                                    del.setAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_MD, indexMetaData);
+                                    del.setAttribute(PhoenixIndexCodec.INDEX_UUID, uuidValue);
+                                    del.setAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.IGNORE_NEWER_MUTATIONS,
+                                            PDataType.TRUE_BYTES);
+                                    mutations.add(del);
+                                }
+                                del.addDeleteMarker(cell);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (mutations.size() >= batchSize) {
+                            region.batchMutate(mutations.toArray(new Mutation[mutations.size()]), HConstants.NO_NONCE,
+                                    HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+                            uuidValue = ServerCacheClient.generateId();
+                            mutations.clear();
+                        }
+                        rowCount++;
+                    }
+                    
+                } while (hasMore);
+                if (!mutations.isEmpty()) {
+                    region.batchMutate(mutations.toArray(new Mutation[mutations.size()]), HConstants.NO_NONCE,
+                            HConstants.NO_NONCE);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.error("IOException during rebuilding: " + Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e));
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            region.closeRegionOperation();
+        }
+        byte[] rowCountBytes = PLong.INSTANCE.toBytes(Long.valueOf(rowCount));
+        final KeyValue aggKeyValue = KeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(UNGROUPED_AGG_ROW_KEY, SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY,
+                SINGLE_COLUMN, AGG_TIMESTAMP, rowCountBytes, 0, rowCountBytes.length);
+
+        RegionScanner scanner = new BaseRegionScanner(innerScanner) {
+            @Override
+            public HRegionInfo getRegionInfo() {
+                return region.getRegionInfo();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isFilterDone() {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() throws IOException {
+                // no-op because we want to manage closing of the inner scanner ourselves.
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean next(List<Cell> results) throws IOException {
+                results.add(aggKeyValue);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public long getMaxResultSize() {
+                return scan.getMaxResultSize();
+            }
+        };
+        return scanner;
+    }
+    
+    private RegionScanner collectStats(final RegionScanner innerScanner, StatisticsCollector stats,
+            final Region region, final Scan scan, Configuration config) throws IOException {
+        StatsCollectionCallable callable =
+                new StatsCollectionCallable(stats, region, innerScanner, config, scan);
+        byte[] asyncBytes = scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.RUN_UPDATE_STATS_ASYNC_ATTRIB);
+        boolean async = false;
+        if (asyncBytes != null) {
+            async = Bytes.toBoolean(asyncBytes);
+        }
+        long rowCount = 0; // in case of async, we report 0 as number of rows updated
+        StatisticsCollectionRunTracker statsRunTracker =
+                StatisticsCollectionRunTracker.getInstance(config);
+        boolean runUpdateStats = statsRunTracker.addUpdateStatsCommandRegion(region.getRegionInfo());
+        if (runUpdateStats) {
+            if (!async) {
+                rowCount = callable.call();
+            } else {
+                statsRunTracker.runTask(callable);
+            }
+        } else {
+            rowCount = CONCURRENT_UPDATE_STATS_ROW_COUNT;
+            logger.info("UPDATE STATISTICS didn't run because another UPDATE STATISTICS command was already running on the region "
+                    + region.getRegionInfo().getRegionNameAsString());
+        }
+        byte[] rowCountBytes = PLong.INSTANCE.toBytes(Long.valueOf(rowCount));
+        final KeyValue aggKeyValue =
+                KeyValueUtil.newKeyValue(UNGROUPED_AGG_ROW_KEY, SINGLE_COLUMN_FAMILY,
+                    SINGLE_COLUMN, AGG_TIMESTAMP, rowCountBytes, 0, rowCountBytes.length);
+        RegionScanner scanner = new BaseRegionScanner(innerScanner) {
+            @Override
+            public HRegionInfo getRegionInfo() {
+                return region.getRegionInfo();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean isFilterDone() {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void close() throws IOException {
+                // no-op because we want to manage closing of the inner scanner ourselves.
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean next(List<Cell> results) throws IOException {
+                results.add(aggKeyValue);
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public long getMaxResultSize() {
+                return scan.getMaxResultSize();
+            }
+        };
+        return scanner;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * Callable to encapsulate the collection of stats triggered by 
+     * UPDATE STATISTICS command.
+     *
+     * Package private for tests.
+     */
+    static class StatsCollectionCallable implements Callable<Long> {
+        private final StatisticsCollector stats;
+        private final Region region;
+        private final RegionScanner innerScanner;
+        private final Configuration config;
+        private final Scan scan;
+
+        StatsCollectionCallable(StatisticsCollector s, Region r, RegionScanner rs,
+                Configuration config, Scan scan) {
+            this.stats = s;
+            this.region = r;
+            this.innerScanner = rs;
+            this.config = config;
+            this.scan = scan;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Long call() throws IOException {
+            return collectStatsInternal();
+        }
+
+        private boolean areStatsBeingCollectedViaCompaction() {
+            return StatisticsCollectionRunTracker.getInstance(config)
+                    .areStatsBeingCollectedOnCompaction(region.getRegionInfo());
+        }
+
+        private long collectStatsInternal() throws IOException {
+            long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+            region.startRegionOperation();
+            boolean hasMore = false;
+            boolean noErrors = false;
+            boolean compactionRunning = areStatsBeingCollectedViaCompaction();
+            long rowCount = 0;
+            try {
+                if (!compactionRunning) {
+                    stats.init();
+                    synchronized (innerScanner) {
+                        do {
+                            List<Cell> results = new ArrayList<Cell>();
+                            hasMore = innerScanner.nextRaw(results);
+                            stats.collectStatistics(results);
+                            rowCount++;
+                            compactionRunning = areStatsBeingCollectedViaCompaction();
+                        } while (hasMore && !compactionRunning);
+                        noErrors = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                return compactionRunning ? COMPACTION_UPDATE_STATS_ROW_COUNT : rowCount;
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.error("IOException in update stats: " + Throwables.getStackTraceAsString(e));
+                throw e;
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    if (noErrors && !compactionRunning) {
+                        stats.updateStatistic(region, scan);
+                        logger.info("UPDATE STATISTICS finished successfully for scanner: "
+                                + innerScanner + ". Number of rows scanned: " + rowCount
+                                + ". Time: " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime));
+                    }
+                    if (compactionRunning) {
+                        logger.info("UPDATE STATISTICS stopped in between because major compaction was running for region "
+                                + region.getRegionInfo().getRegionNameAsString());
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        StatisticsCollectionRunTracker.getInstance(config).removeUpdateStatsCommandRegion(region.getRegionInfo());
+                        stats.close();
+                    } finally {
+                        try {
+                            innerScanner.close();
+                        } finally {
+                            region.closeRegionOperation();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static List<Expression> deserializeExpressions(byte[] b) {
+        ByteArrayInputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(b);
+        try {
+            DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(stream);
+            int size = WritableUtils.readVInt(input);
+            List<Expression> selectExpressions = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(size);
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                ExpressionType type = ExpressionType.values()[WritableUtils.readVInt(input)];
+                Expression selectExpression = type.newInstance();
+                selectExpression.readFields(input);
+                selectExpressions.add(selectExpression);
+            }
+            return selectExpressions;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                stream.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] serialize(PTable projectedTable) {
+        PTableProtos.PTable ptableProto = PTableImpl.toProto(projectedTable);
+        return ptableProto.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] serialize(List<Expression> selectExpressions) {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        try {
+            DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(stream);
+            WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, selectExpressions.size());
+            for (int i = 0; i < selectExpressions.size(); i++) {
+                Expression expression = selectExpressions.get(i);
+                WritableUtils.writeVInt(output, ExpressionType.valueOf(expression).ordinal());
+                expression.write(output);
+            }
+            return stream.toByteArray();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                stream.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void preSplit(ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> c, byte[] splitRow)
+            throws IOException {
+        // Don't allow splitting if operations need read and write to same region are going on in the
+        // the coprocessors to avoid dead lock scenario. See PHOENIX-3111.
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (scansReferenceCount != 0) {
+                throw new IOException("Operations like local index building/delete/upsert select"
+                        + " might be going on so not allowing to split.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void preBulkLoadHFile(ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> c,
+            List<Pair<byte[], String>> familyPaths) throws IOException {
+        // Don't allow bulkload if operations need read and write to same region are going on in the
+        // the coprocessors to avoid dead lock scenario. See PHOENIX-3111.
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (scansReferenceCount != 0) {
+                throw new DoNotRetryIOException("Operations like local index building/delete/upsert select"
+                        + " might be going on so not allowing to bulkload.");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void preClose(ObserverContext<RegionCoprocessorEnvironment> c, boolean abortRequested)
+            throws IOException {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            while (scansReferenceCount != 0) {
+                isRegionClosing = true;
+                try {
+                    lock.wait(1000);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected boolean isRegionObserverFor(Scan scan) {
+        return scan.getAttribute(BaseScannerRegionObserver.UNGROUPED_AGG) != null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.doPostScannerOpen` indirectly reads with synchronization from `types.PDataTypeFactory.org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PDataTypeFactory.INSTANCE`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.doPostScannerOpen(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RegionScanner UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.doPostScannerOpen(ObserverContext,Scan,RegionScanner)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.doPostScannerOpen(org.apache.hadoop..272dadab310788572d54d545fc6e61a2
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/coprocessor/UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.java
+
+### Key:
+UngroupedAggregateRegionObserver.java|doPostScannerOpen|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+97d34afe258e541fb39573eebec2eecb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6061/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6061/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..242314a9cbd3c2c05af6eaa628d0146304fab73e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6061/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1245 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.compile;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.SQLFeatureNotSupportedException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.CompareFilter.CompareOp;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.compile.GroupByCompiler.GroupBy;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.SQLExceptionCode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.exception.SQLExceptionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.AndExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.ArrayConstructorExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.CaseExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.CoerceExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.ComparisonExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DateAddExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DateSubtractExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DecimalAddExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DecimalDivideExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DecimalMultiplyExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DecimalSubtractExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DoubleAddExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DoubleDivideExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DoubleMultiplyExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.DoubleSubtractExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.Expression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.InListExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.IsNullExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LikeExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LiteralExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LongAddExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LongDivideExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LongMultiplyExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.LongSubtractExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.NotExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.OrExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.RowKeyColumnExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.RowValueConstructorExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.StringConcatExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.TimestampAddExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.expression.TimestampSubtractExpression;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.AddParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.AndParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.ArithmeticParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.ArrayConstructorNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.BindParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.CaseParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.CastParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.ColumnParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.ComparisonParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.DivideParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.FunctionParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.FunctionParseNode.BuiltInFunctionInfo;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.InListParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.IsNullParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.LikeParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.LiteralParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.MultiplyParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.NotParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.OrParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.ParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.RowValueConstructorParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.SequenceValueParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.StringConcatParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.SubtractParseNode;
+import org.apache.phoenix.parse.UnsupportedAllParseNodeVisitor;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnNotFoundException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.ColumnRef;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.DelegateDatum;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PArrayDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PColumn;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PDataType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PDatum;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTable;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableType;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.RowKeyValueAccessor;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.SortOrder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TableRef;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.TypeMismatchException;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.IndexUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil;
+
+
+public class ExpressionCompiler extends UnsupportedAllParseNodeVisitor<Expression> {
+    private boolean isAggregate;
+    protected ParseNode aggregateFunction;
+    protected final StatementContext context;
+    protected final GroupBy groupBy;
+    private int nodeCount;
+    private final boolean resolveViewConstants;
+    
+    ExpressionCompiler(StatementContext context) {
+        this(context,GroupBy.EMPTY_GROUP_BY, false);
+    }
+
+    ExpressionCompiler(StatementContext context, boolean resolveViewConstants) {
+        this(context,GroupBy.EMPTY_GROUP_BY, resolveViewConstants);
+    }
+
+    ExpressionCompiler(StatementContext context, GroupBy groupBy) {
+        this(context, groupBy, false);
+    }
+
+    ExpressionCompiler(StatementContext context, GroupBy groupBy, boolean resolveViewConstants) {
+        this.context = context;
+        this.groupBy = groupBy;
+        this.resolveViewConstants = resolveViewConstants;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isAggregate() {
+        return isAggregate;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isTopLevel() {
+        return nodeCount == 0;
+    }
+    
+    public void reset() {
+        this.isAggregate = false;
+        this.nodeCount = 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(ComparisonParseNode node) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    private void addBindParamMetaData(ParseNode lhsNode, ParseNode rhsNode, Expression lhsExpr, Expression rhsExpr) throws SQLException {
+        if (lhsNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)lhsNode, rhsExpr);
+        }
+        if (rhsNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)rhsNode, lhsExpr);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(ComparisonParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        ParseNode lhsNode = node.getChildren().get(0);
+        ParseNode rhsNode = node.getChildren().get(1);
+        Expression lhsExpr = children.get(0);
+        Expression rhsExpr = children.get(1);
+        CompareOp op = node.getFilterOp();
+        
+        if (lhsNode instanceof RowValueConstructorParseNode && rhsNode instanceof RowValueConstructorParseNode) {
+            int i = 0;
+            for (; i < Math.min(lhsExpr.getChildren().size(),rhsExpr.getChildren().size()); i++) {
+                addBindParamMetaData(lhsNode.getChildren().get(i), rhsNode.getChildren().get(i), lhsExpr.getChildren().get(i), rhsExpr.getChildren().get(i));
+            }
+            for (; i < lhsExpr.getChildren().size(); i++) {
+                addBindParamMetaData(lhsNode.getChildren().get(i), null, lhsExpr.getChildren().get(i), null);
+            }
+            for (; i < rhsExpr.getChildren().size(); i++) {
+                addBindParamMetaData(null, rhsNode.getChildren().get(i), null, rhsExpr.getChildren().get(i));
+            }
+        } else if (lhsExpr instanceof RowValueConstructorExpression) {
+            addBindParamMetaData(lhsNode.getChildren().get(0), rhsNode, lhsExpr.getChildren().get(0), rhsExpr);
+            for (int i = 1; i < lhsExpr.getChildren().size(); i++) {
+                addBindParamMetaData(lhsNode.getChildren().get(i), null, lhsExpr.getChildren().get(i), null);
+            }
+        } else if (rhsExpr instanceof RowValueConstructorExpression) {
+            addBindParamMetaData(lhsNode, rhsNode.getChildren().get(0), lhsExpr, rhsExpr.getChildren().get(0));
+            for (int i = 1; i < rhsExpr.getChildren().size(); i++) {
+                addBindParamMetaData(null, rhsNode.getChildren().get(i), null, rhsExpr.getChildren().get(i));
+            }
+        } else {
+            addBindParamMetaData(lhsNode, rhsNode, lhsExpr, rhsExpr);
+        }
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(ComparisonExpression.create(op, children, context.getTempPtr()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(AndParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(AndParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(AndExpression.create(children));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(OrParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private Expression orExpression(List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        Iterator<Expression> iterator = children.iterator();
+        boolean isDeterministic = true;
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            Expression child = iterator.next();
+            if (child.getDataType() != PDataType.BOOLEAN) {
+                throw TypeMismatchException.newException(PDataType.BOOLEAN, child.getDataType(), child.toString());
+            }
+            if (LiteralExpression.isFalse(child)) {
+                iterator.remove();
+            }
+            if (LiteralExpression.isTrue(child)) {
+                return child;
+            }
+            isDeterministic &= child.isDeterministic();
+        }
+        if (children.size() == 0) {
+            return LiteralExpression.newConstant(true, isDeterministic);
+        }
+        if (children.size() == 1) {
+            return children.get(0);
+        }
+        return new OrExpression(children);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(OrParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(orExpression(children));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(FunctionParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        // TODO: Oracle supports nested aggregate function while other DBs don't. Should we?
+        if (node.isAggregate()) {
+            if (aggregateFunction != null) {
+                throw new SQLFeatureNotSupportedException("Nested aggregate functions are not supported");
+            }
+            this.aggregateFunction = node;
+            this.isAggregate = true;
+
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private Expression wrapGroupByExpression(Expression expression) {
+        // If we're in an aggregate function, don't wrap a group by expression,
+        // since in that case we're aggregating over the regular/ungrouped
+        // column.
+        if (aggregateFunction == null) {
+            int index = groupBy.getExpressions().indexOf(expression);
+            if (index >= 0) {
+                isAggregate = true;
+                RowKeyValueAccessor accessor = new RowKeyValueAccessor(groupBy.getKeyExpressions(), index);
+                expression = new RowKeyColumnExpression(expression, accessor, groupBy.getKeyExpressions().get(index).getDataType());
+            }
+        }
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add expression to the expression manager, returning the same one if
+     * already used.
+     */
+    protected Expression addExpression(Expression expression) {
+        return context.getExpressionManager().addIfAbsent(expression);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    /**
+     * @param node a function expression node
+     * @param children the child expression arguments to the function expression node.
+     */
+    public Expression visitLeave(FunctionParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        children = node.validate(children, context);
+        Expression expression = node.create(children, context);
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+        if (node.isStateless()) {
+            Object value = null;
+            PDataType type = expression.getDataType();
+            if (expression.evaluate(null, ptr)) {
+                value = type.toObject(ptr);
+            }
+            return LiteralExpression.newConstant(value, type, expression.isDeterministic());
+        }
+        boolean isDeterministic = true;
+        BuiltInFunctionInfo info = node.getInfo();
+        for (int i = 0; i < info.getRequiredArgCount(); i++) { 
+            // Optimization to catch cases where a required argument is null resulting in the function
+            // returning null. We have to wait until after we create the function expression so that
+            // we can get the proper type to use.
+            if (node.evalToNullIfParamIsNull(context, i)) {
+                Expression child = children.get(i);
+                isDeterministic &= child.isDeterministic();
+                if (child.isStateless() && (!child.evaluate(null, ptr) || ptr.getLength() == 0)) {
+                    return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, expression.getDataType(), isDeterministic);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        expression = addExpression(expression);
+        expression = wrapGroupByExpression(expression);
+        if (aggregateFunction == node) {
+            aggregateFunction = null; // Turn back off on the way out
+        }
+        return expression;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called by visitor to resolve a column expression node into a column reference.
+     * Derived classes may use this as a hook to trap all column resolves.
+     * @param node a column expression node
+     * @return a resolved ColumnRef
+     * @throws SQLException if the column expression node does not refer to a known/unambiguous column
+     */
+    protected ColumnRef resolveColumn(ColumnParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        ColumnRef ref = context.getResolver().resolveColumn(node.getSchemaName(), node.getTableName(), node.getName());
+        PTable table = ref.getTable();
+        int pkPosition = ref.getPKSlotPosition();
+        // Disallow explicit reference to salting column, tenant ID column, and index ID column
+        if (pkPosition >= 0) {
+            boolean isSalted = table.getBucketNum() != null;
+            boolean isMultiTenant = context.getConnection().getTenantId() != null && table.isMultiTenant();
+            boolean isSharedViewIndex = table.getViewIndexId() != null;
+            int minPosition = (isSalted ? 1 : 0) + (isMultiTenant ? 1 : 0) + (isSharedViewIndex ? 1 : 0);
+            if (pkPosition < minPosition) {
+                throw new ColumnNotFoundException(table.getSchemaName().getString(), table.getTableName().getString(), null, ref.getColumn().getName().getString());
+            }
+        }
+        return ref;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visit(ColumnParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        ColumnRef ref = resolveColumn(node);
+        TableRef tableRef = ref.getTableRef();
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+        PColumn column = ref.getColumn();
+        // If we have an UPDATABLE view, then we compile those view constants (i.e. columns in equality constraints
+        // in the view) to constants. This allows the optimize to optimize out reference to them in various scenarios.
+        // If the column is matched in a WHERE clause against a constant not equal to it's constant, then the entire
+        // query would become degenerate.
+        if (!resolveViewConstants && IndexUtil.getViewConstantValue(column, ptr)) {
+            return LiteralExpression.newConstant(column.getDataType().toObject(ptr), column.getDataType());
+        }
+        if (tableRef.equals(context.getCurrentTable()) && !SchemaUtil.isPKColumn(column)) { // project only kv columns
+            context.getScan().addColumn(column.getFamilyName().getBytes(), column.getName().getBytes());
+        }
+        Expression expression = ref.newColumnExpression();
+        Expression wrappedExpression = wrapGroupByExpression(expression);
+        // If we're in an aggregate expression
+        // and we're not in the context of an aggregate function
+        // and we didn't just wrap our column reference
+        // then we're mixing aggregate and non aggregate expressions in the same expression.
+        // This catches cases like this: SELECT sum(a_integer) + a_integer FROM atable GROUP BY a_string
+        if (isAggregate && aggregateFunction == null && wrappedExpression == expression) {
+            throwNonAggExpressionInAggException(expression.toString());
+        }
+        return wrappedExpression;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visit(BindParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        Object value = context.getBindManager().getBindValue(node);
+        return LiteralExpression.newConstant(value, true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visit(LiteralParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return LiteralExpression.newConstant(node.getValue(), node.getType(), true);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Expression> newElementList(int size) {
+        nodeCount += size;
+        return new ArrayList<Expression>(size);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addElement(List<Expression> l, Expression element) {
+        nodeCount--;
+        l.add(element);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(CaseParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isDeterministic(List<Expression> l) {
+        for (Expression e : l) {
+            if (!e.isDeterministic()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(CaseParseNode node, List<Expression> l) throws SQLException {
+        final CaseExpression caseExpression = new CaseExpression(l);
+        for (int i = 0; i < node.getChildren().size(); i+=2) {
+            ParseNode childNode = node.getChildren().get(i);
+            if (childNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+                context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode, new DelegateDatum(caseExpression));
+            }
+        }
+        if (node.isStateless()) {
+            ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+            int index = caseExpression.evaluateIndexOf(null, ptr);
+            if (index < 0) {
+                return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, isDeterministic(l));
+            }
+            return caseExpression.getChildren().get(index);
+        }
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(caseExpression);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(LikeParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(LikeParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        ParseNode lhsNode = node.getChildren().get(0);
+        ParseNode rhsNode = node.getChildren().get(1);
+        Expression lhs = children.get(0);
+        Expression rhs = children.get(1);
+        if ( rhs.getDataType() != null && lhs.getDataType() != null && 
+                !lhs.getDataType().isCoercibleTo(rhs.getDataType())  && 
+                !rhs.getDataType().isCoercibleTo(lhs.getDataType())) {
+            throw TypeMismatchException.newException(lhs.getDataType(), rhs.getDataType(), node.toString());
+        }
+        if (lhsNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)lhsNode, rhs);
+        }
+        if (rhsNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)rhsNode, lhs);
+        }
+        if (rhs instanceof LiteralExpression) {
+            String pattern = (String)((LiteralExpression)rhs).getValue();
+            if (pattern == null || pattern.length() == 0) {
+                return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, rhs.isDeterministic());
+            }
+            // TODO: for pattern of '%' optimize to strlength(lhs) > 0
+            // We can't use lhs IS NOT NULL b/c if lhs is NULL we need
+            // to return NULL.
+            int index = LikeExpression.indexOfWildcard(pattern);
+            // Can't possibly be as long as the constant, then FALSE
+            Integer lhsMaxLength = lhs.getMaxLength();
+            if (lhsMaxLength != null && lhsMaxLength < index) {
+                return LiteralExpression.newConstant(false, rhs.isDeterministic());
+            }
+            if (index == -1) {
+                String rhsLiteral = LikeExpression.unescapeLike(pattern);
+                if (lhsMaxLength != null && lhsMaxLength != rhsLiteral.length()) {
+                    return LiteralExpression.newConstant(false, rhs.isDeterministic());
+                }
+                CompareOp op = node.isNegate() ? CompareOp.NOT_EQUAL : CompareOp.EQUAL;
+                if (pattern.equals(rhsLiteral)) {
+                    return new ComparisonExpression(op, children);
+                } else {
+                    rhs = LiteralExpression.newConstant(rhsLiteral, PDataType.CHAR, rhs.isDeterministic());
+                    return new ComparisonExpression(op, Arrays.asList(lhs,rhs));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Expression expression = new LikeExpression(children);
+        if (node.isStateless()) {
+            ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+            if (!expression.evaluate(null, ptr)) {
+                return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, expression.isDeterministic());
+            } else {
+                return LiteralExpression.newConstant(Boolean.TRUE.equals(PDataType.BOOLEAN.toObject(ptr)) ^ node.isNegate(), expression.isDeterministic());
+            }
+        }
+        if (node.isNegate()) {
+            expression = new NotExpression(expression);
+        }
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(expression);
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(NotParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(NotParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        ParseNode childNode = node.getChildren().get(0);
+        Expression child = children.get(0);
+        if (!PDataType.BOOLEAN.isCoercibleTo(child.getDataType())) {
+            throw TypeMismatchException.newException(PDataType.BOOLEAN, child.getDataType(), node.toString());
+        }
+        if (childNode instanceof BindParseNode) { // TODO: valid/possibe?
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode, child);
+        }
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(NotExpression.create(child, context.getTempPtr()));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(CastParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(CastParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        ParseNode childNode = node.getChildren().get(0);
+        PDataType targetDataType = node.getDataType();
+        Expression childExpr = children.get(0);
+        PDataType fromDataType = childExpr.getDataType();
+        
+        if (childNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode, childExpr);
+        }
+        
+        Expression expr = childExpr;
+        if(fromDataType != null) {
+            /*
+             * IndexStatementRewriter creates a CAST parse node when rewriting the query to use
+             * indexed columns. Without this check present we wrongly and unnecessarily
+             * end up creating a RoundExpression. 
+             */
+            if (context.getResolver().getTables().get(0).getTable().getType() != PTableType.INDEX) {
+                expr =  CastParseNode.convertToRoundExpressionIfNeeded(fromDataType, targetDataType, children);
+            }
+        }
+        return CoerceExpression.create(expr, targetDataType, SortOrder.getDefault(), expr.getMaxLength());  
+    }
+    
+   @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(InListParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(InListParseNode node, List<Expression> l) throws SQLException {
+        List<Expression> inChildren = l;
+        Expression firstChild = inChildren.get(0);
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+        PDataType firstChildType = firstChild.getDataType();
+        ParseNode firstChildNode = node.getChildren().get(0);
+        
+        if (firstChildNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+            PDatum datum = firstChild;
+            if (firstChildType == null) {
+                datum = inferBindDatum(inChildren);
+            }
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)firstChildNode, datum);
+        }
+        for (int i = 1; i < l.size(); i++) {
+            ParseNode childNode = node.getChildren().get(i);
+            if (childNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+                context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode, firstChild);
+            }
+        }
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(InListExpression.create(inChildren, node.isNegate(), ptr));
+    }
+
+    private static final PDatum DECIMAL_DATUM = new PDatum() {
+        @Override
+        public boolean isNullable() {
+            return true;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public PDataType getDataType() {
+            return PDataType.DECIMAL;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public Integer getMaxLength() {
+            return null;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public Integer getScale() {
+            return null;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+            return SortOrder.getDefault();
+        }        
+    };
+
+    private static PDatum inferBindDatum(List<Expression> children) {
+        boolean isChildTypeUnknown = false;
+        PDatum datum = children.get(1);
+        for (int i = 2; i < children.size(); i++) {
+            Expression child = children.get(i);
+            PDataType childType = child.getDataType();
+            if (childType == null) {
+                isChildTypeUnknown = true;
+            } else if (datum.getDataType() == null) {
+                datum = child;
+                isChildTypeUnknown = true;
+            } else if (datum.getDataType() == childType || childType.isCoercibleTo(datum.getDataType())) {
+                continue;
+            } else if (datum.getDataType().isCoercibleTo(childType)) {
+                datum = child;
+            }
+        }
+        // If we found an "unknown" child type and the return type is a number
+        // make the return type be the most general number type of DECIMAL.
+        // TODO: same for TIMESTAMP for DATE/TIME?
+        if (isChildTypeUnknown && datum.getDataType() != null && datum.getDataType().isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DECIMAL)) {
+            return DECIMAL_DATUM;
+        }
+        return datum;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(IsNullParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(IsNullParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        ParseNode childNode = node.getChildren().get(0);
+        Expression child = children.get(0);
+        if (childNode instanceof BindParseNode) { // TODO: valid/possibe?
+            context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode, child);
+        }
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(IsNullExpression.create(child, node.isNegate(), context.getTempPtr()));
+    }
+
+    private static interface ArithmeticExpressionFactory {
+        Expression create(ArithmeticParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException;
+    }
+
+    private static interface ArithmeticExpressionBinder {
+        PDatum getBindMetaData(int i, List<Expression> children, Expression expression);
+    }
+
+    private Expression visitLeave(ArithmeticParseNode node, List<Expression> children, ArithmeticExpressionBinder binder, ArithmeticExpressionFactory factory)
+            throws SQLException {
+
+        boolean isNull = false;
+        for (Expression child : children) {
+            boolean isChildLiteral = (child instanceof LiteralExpression);
+            isNull |= isChildLiteral && ((LiteralExpression)child).getValue() == null;
+        }
+
+        Expression expression = factory.create(node, children);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < node.getChildren().size(); i++) {
+            ParseNode childNode = node.getChildren().get(i);
+            if (childNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+                context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode, binder == null ? expression : binder.getBindMetaData(i, children, expression));
+            }
+        }
+
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+
+        // If all children are literals, just evaluate now
+        if (expression.isStateless()) {
+            if (!expression.evaluate(null,ptr) || ptr.getLength() == 0) {
+                return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, expression.getDataType(), expression.isDeterministic());
+            }
+            return LiteralExpression.newConstant(expression.getDataType().toObject(ptr), expression.getDataType(), expression.isDeterministic());
+        } else if (isNull) {
+            return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, expression.getDataType(), expression.isDeterministic());
+        }
+        // Otherwise create and return the expression
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(expression);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(SubtractParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(SubtractParseNode node,
+            List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        return visitLeave(node, children, new ArithmeticExpressionBinder() {
+            @Override
+            public PDatum getBindMetaData(int i, List<Expression> children,
+                    final Expression expression) {
+                final PDataType type;
+                // If we're binding the first parameter and the second parameter
+                // is a date
+                // we know that the first parameter must be a date type too.
+                if (i == 0 && (type = children.get(1).getDataType()) != null
+                        && type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE)) {
+                    return new PDatum() {
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean isNullable() {
+                            return expression.isNullable();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public PDataType getDataType() {
+                            return type;
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getMaxLength() {
+                            return expression.getMaxLength();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getScale() {
+                            return expression.getScale();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+                            return expression.getSortOrder();
+                        }                        
+                    };
+                } else if (expression.getDataType() != null
+                        && expression.getDataType().isCoercibleTo(
+                                PDataType.DATE)) {
+                    return new PDatum() { // Same as with addition
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean isNullable() {
+                            return expression.isNullable();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public PDataType getDataType() {
+                            return PDataType.DECIMAL;
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getMaxLength() {
+                            return expression.getMaxLength();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getScale() {
+                            return expression.getScale();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+                            return expression.getSortOrder();
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                // Otherwise just go with what was calculated for the expression
+                return expression;
+            }
+        }, new ArithmeticExpressionFactory() {
+            @Override
+            public Expression create(ArithmeticParseNode node,
+                    List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+                int i = 0;
+                PDataType theType = null;
+                Expression e1 = children.get(0);
+                Expression e2 = children.get(1);
+                boolean isDeterministic = e1.isDeterministic() && e2.isDeterministic();
+                PDataType type1 = e1.getDataType();
+                PDataType type2 = e2.getDataType();
+                // TODO: simplify this special case for DATE conversion
+                /**
+                 * For date1-date2, we want to coerce to a LONG because this
+                 * cannot be compared against another date. It has essentially
+                 * become a number. For date1-5, we want to preserve the DATE
+                 * type because this can still be compared against another date
+                 * and cannot be multiplied or divided. Any other time occurs is
+                 * an error. For example, 5-date1 is an error. The nulls occur if
+                 * we have bind variables.
+                 */
+                boolean isType1Date = 
+                        type1 != null 
+                        && type1 != PDataType.TIMESTAMP
+                        && type1 != PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP
+                        && type1.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE);
+                boolean isType2Date = 
+                        type2 != null
+                        && type2 != PDataType.TIMESTAMP
+                        && type2 != PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP
+                        && type2.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE);
+                if (isType1Date || isType2Date) {
+                    if (isType1Date && isType2Date) {
+                        i = 2;
+                        theType = PDataType.LONG;
+                    } else if (isType1Date && type2 != null
+                            && type2.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DECIMAL)) {
+                        i = 2;
+                        theType = PDataType.DATE;
+                    } else if (type1 == null || type2 == null) {
+                        /*
+                         * FIXME: Could be either a Date or BigDecimal, but we
+                         * don't know if we're comparing to a date or a number
+                         * which would be disambiguate it.
+                         */
+                        i = 2;
+                        theType = null;
+                    }
+                } else if(type1 == PDataType.TIMESTAMP || type2 == PDataType.TIMESTAMP) {
+                    i = 2;
+                    theType = PDataType.TIMESTAMP;
+                } else if(type1 == PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP || type2 == PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP) {
+                    i = 2;
+                    theType = PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP;
+                }
+                
+                for (; i < children.size(); i++) {
+                    // This logic finds the common type to which all child types are coercible
+                    // without losing precision.
+                    Expression e = children.get(i);
+                    isDeterministic &= e.isDeterministic();
+                    PDataType type = e.getDataType();
+                    if (type == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.LONG)) {
+                        if (theType == null) {
+                            theType = PDataType.LONG;
+                        }
+                    } else if (type == PDataType.DECIMAL) {
+                        // Coerce return type to DECIMAL from LONG or DOUBLE if DECIMAL child found,
+                        // unless we're doing date arithmetic.
+                        if (theType == null
+                                || !theType.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE)) {
+                            theType = PDataType.DECIMAL;
+                        }
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DOUBLE)) {
+                        // Coerce return type to DOUBLE from LONG if DOUBLE child found,
+                        // unless we're doing date arithmetic or we've found another child of type DECIMAL
+                        if (theType == null
+                                || (theType != PDataType.DECIMAL && !theType.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE) )) {
+                            theType = PDataType.DOUBLE;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        throw TypeMismatchException.newException(type, node.toString());
+                    }
+                }
+                if (theType == PDataType.DECIMAL) {
+                    return new DecimalSubtractExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType == PDataType.LONG) {
+                    return new LongSubtractExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType == PDataType.DOUBLE) {
+                    return new DoubleSubtractExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType == null) {
+                    return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, theType, isDeterministic);
+                } else if (theType == PDataType.TIMESTAMP || theType == PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP) {
+                    return new TimestampSubtractExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE)) {
+                    return new DateSubtractExpression(children);
+                } else {
+                    throw TypeMismatchException.newException(theType, node.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(AddParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(AddParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        return visitLeave(node, children,
+                new ArithmeticExpressionBinder() {
+            @Override
+            public PDatum getBindMetaData(int i, List<Expression> children, final Expression expression) {
+                PDataType type = expression.getDataType();
+                if (type != null && type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE)) {
+                    return new PDatum() {
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean isNullable() {
+                            return expression.isNullable();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public PDataType getDataType() {
+                            return PDataType.DECIMAL;
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getMaxLength() {
+                            return expression.getMaxLength();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public Integer getScale() {
+                            return expression.getScale();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public SortOrder getSortOrder() {
+                            return expression.getSortOrder();
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                return expression;
+            }
+        },
+        new ArithmeticExpressionFactory() {
+            @Override
+            public Expression create(ArithmeticParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+                boolean foundDate = false;
+                boolean isDeterministic = true;
+                PDataType theType = null;
+                for(int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
+                    Expression e = children.get(i);
+                    isDeterministic &= e.isDeterministic();
+                    PDataType type = e.getDataType();
+                    if (type == null) {
+                        continue; 
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.TIMESTAMP)) {
+                        if (foundDate) {
+                            throw TypeMismatchException.newException(type, node.toString());
+                        }
+                        if (theType == null || (theType != PDataType.TIMESTAMP && theType != PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP)) {
+                            theType = type;
+                        }
+                        foundDate = true;
+                    }else if (type == PDataType.DECIMAL) {
+                        if (theType == null || !theType.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.TIMESTAMP)) {
+                            theType = PDataType.DECIMAL;
+                        }
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.LONG)) {
+                        if (theType == null) {
+                            theType = PDataType.LONG;
+                        }
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DOUBLE)) {
+                        if (theType == null) {
+                            theType = PDataType.DOUBLE;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        throw TypeMismatchException.newException(type, node.toString());
+                    }
+                }
+                if (theType == PDataType.DECIMAL) {
+                    return new DecimalAddExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType == PDataType.LONG) {
+                    return new LongAddExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType == PDataType.DOUBLE) {
+                    return new DoubleAddExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType == null) {
+                    return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, theType, isDeterministic);
+                } else if (theType == PDataType.TIMESTAMP || theType == PDataType.UNSIGNED_TIMESTAMP) {
+                    return new TimestampAddExpression(children);
+                } else if (theType.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DATE)) {
+                    return new DateAddExpression(children);
+                } else {
+                    throw TypeMismatchException.newException(theType, node.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(MultiplyParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(MultiplyParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        return visitLeave(node, children, null, new ArithmeticExpressionFactory() {
+            @Override
+            public Expression create(ArithmeticParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+                PDataType theType = null;
+                boolean isDeterministic = true;
+                for(int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
+                    Expression e = children.get(i);
+                    isDeterministic &= e.isDeterministic();
+                    PDataType type = e.getDataType();
+                    if (type == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    } else if (type == PDataType.DECIMAL) {
+                        theType = PDataType.DECIMAL;
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.LONG)) {
+                        if (theType == null) {
+                            theType = PDataType.LONG;
+                        }
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DOUBLE)) {
+                        if (theType == null) {
+                            theType = PDataType.DOUBLE;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        throw TypeMismatchException.newException(type, node.toString());
+                    }
+                }
+                switch (theType) {
+                case DECIMAL:
+                    return new DecimalMultiplyExpression( children);
+                case LONG:
+                    return new LongMultiplyExpression( children);
+                case DOUBLE:
+                    return new DoubleMultiplyExpression( children);
+                default:
+                    return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, theType, isDeterministic);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(DivideParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(DivideParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        for (int i = 1; i < children.size(); i++) { // Compile time check for divide by zero and null
+            Expression child = children.get(i);
+                if (child.getDataType() != null && child instanceof LiteralExpression) {
+                    LiteralExpression literal = (LiteralExpression)child;
+                    if (literal.getDataType() == PDataType.DECIMAL) {
+                        if (PDataType.DECIMAL.compareTo(literal.getValue(), BigDecimal.ZERO) == 0) {
+                            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.DIVIDE_BY_ZERO).build().buildException();
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (literal.getDataType().compareTo(literal.getValue(), 0L, PDataType.LONG) == 0) {
+                            throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.DIVIDE_BY_ZERO).build().buildException();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+        }
+        return visitLeave(node, children, null, new ArithmeticExpressionFactory() {
+            @Override
+            public Expression create(ArithmeticParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+                PDataType theType = null;
+                boolean isDeterministic = true;
+                for(int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
+                    Expression e = children.get(i);
+                    isDeterministic &= e.isDeterministic();
+                    PDataType type = e.getDataType();
+                    if (type == null) {
+                        continue;
+                    } else if (type == PDataType.DECIMAL) {
+                        theType = PDataType.DECIMAL;
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.LONG)) {
+                        if (theType == null) {
+                            theType = PDataType.LONG;
+                        }
+                    } else if (type.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DOUBLE)) {
+                        if (theType == null) {
+                            theType = PDataType.DOUBLE;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        throw TypeMismatchException.newException(type, node.toString());
+                    }
+                }
+                switch (theType) {
+                case DECIMAL:
+                    return new DecimalDivideExpression( children);
+                case LONG:
+                    return new LongDivideExpression( children);
+                case DOUBLE:
+                    return new DoubleDivideExpression(children);
+                default:
+                    return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, theType, isDeterministic);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    public static void throwNonAggExpressionInAggException(String nonAggregateExpression) throws SQLException {
+        throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.AGGREGATE_WITH_NOT_GROUP_BY_COLUMN)
+        .setMessage(nonAggregateExpression).build().buildException();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(StringConcatParseNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        final StringConcatExpression expression=new StringConcatExpression(children);
+        for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
+            ParseNode childNode=node.getChildren().get(i);
+            if(childNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+                context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode,expression);
+            }
+            PDataType type=children.get(i).getDataType();
+            if(type==PDataType.VARBINARY){
+                throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED_FOR_OPERATOR)
+                .setMessage("Concatenation does not support "+ type +" in expression" + node).build().buildException();
+            }
+        }
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+        if (expression.isStateless()) {
+            if (!expression.evaluate(null,ptr) || ptr.getLength() == 0) {
+                return LiteralExpression.newConstant(null, expression.getDataType(), expression.isDeterministic());
+            }
+            return LiteralExpression.newConstant(expression.getDataType().toObject(ptr), expression.getDataType(), expression.isDeterministic());
+        }
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(expression);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(StringConcatParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(RowValueConstructorParseNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(RowValueConstructorParseNode node, List<Expression> l) throws SQLException {
+        // Don't trim trailing nulls here, as we'd potentially be dropping bind
+        // variables that aren't bound yet.
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(new RowValueConstructorExpression(l, node.isStateless()));
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	public Expression visit(SequenceValueParseNode node)
+			throws SQLException {
+	    // NEXT VALUE FOR is only supported in SELECT expressions and UPSERT VALUES
+        throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.INVALID_USE_OF_NEXT_VALUE_FOR)
+        .setSchemaName(node.getTableName().getSchemaName())
+        .setTableName(node.getTableName().getTableName()).build().buildException();
+	}
+
+    @Override
+    public Expression visitLeave(ArrayConstructorNode node, List<Expression> children) throws SQLException {
+        boolean isChildTypeUnknown = false;
+        Expression arrayElemChild = null;
+        PDataType arrayElemDataType = children.get(0).getDataType();
+        for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
+            Expression child = children.get(i);
+            PDataType childType = child.getDataType();
+            if (childType == null) {
+                isChildTypeUnknown = true;
+            } else if (arrayElemDataType == null) {
+                arrayElemDataType = childType;
+                isChildTypeUnknown = true;
+                arrayElemChild = child;
+            } else if (arrayElemDataType == childType || childType.isCoercibleTo(arrayElemDataType)) {
+                continue;
+            } else if (arrayElemDataType.isCoercibleTo(childType)) {
+                arrayElemChild = child;
+                arrayElemDataType = childType;
+            } else {
+                throw new SQLExceptionInfo.Builder(SQLExceptionCode.CANNOT_CONVERT_TYPE)
+                        .setMessage(
+                                "Case expressions must have common type: " + arrayElemDataType
+                                        + " cannot be coerced to " + childType).build().buildException();
+            }
+        }
+        // If we found an "unknown" child type and the return type is a number
+        // make the return type be the most general number type of DECIMAL.
+        if (isChildTypeUnknown && arrayElemDataType != null && arrayElemDataType.isCoercibleTo(PDataType.DECIMAL)) {
+            arrayElemDataType = PDataType.DECIMAL;
+        }
+        final PDataType theArrayElemDataType = arrayElemDataType;
+        for (int i = 0; i < node.getChildren().size(); i++) {
+            ParseNode childNode = node.getChildren().get(i);
+            if (childNode instanceof BindParseNode) {
+                context.getBindManager().addParamMetaData((BindParseNode)childNode,
+                        arrayElemDataType == arrayElemChild.getDataType() ? arrayElemChild :
+                            new DelegateDatum(arrayElemChild) {
+                    @Override
+                    public PDataType getDataType() {
+                        return theArrayElemDataType;
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        ImmutableBytesWritable ptr = context.getTempPtr();
+        Object[] elements = new Object[children.size()];
+        if (node.isStateless()) {
+            boolean isDeterministic = true;
+            for (int i = 0; i < children.size(); i++) {
+                Expression child = children.get(i);
+                isDeterministic &= child.isDeterministic();
+                child.evaluate(null, ptr);
+                Object value = arrayElemDataType.toObject(ptr, child.getDataType(), child.getSortOrder());
+                elements[i] = LiteralExpression.newConstant(value, child.getDataType(), child.isDeterministic()).getValue();
+            }
+            Object value = PArrayDataType.instantiatePhoenixArray(arrayElemDataType, elements);
+            return LiteralExpression.newConstant(value,
+                    PDataType.fromTypeId(arrayElemDataType.getSqlType() + PDataType.ARRAY_TYPE_BASE), isDeterministic);
+        }
+        
+        ArrayConstructorExpression arrayExpression = new ArrayConstructorExpression(children, arrayElemDataType);
+        return wrapGroupByExpression(arrayExpression);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean visitEnter(ArrayConstructorNode node) throws SQLException {
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `arrayElemDataType` last assigned on line 1107 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `instantiatePhoenixArray(...)` at line 1159.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Expression ExpressionCompiler.visitLeave(ArrayConstructorNode,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.compile.ExpressionCompiler.visitLeave(org.apache.phoenix.parse.ArrayConstructorNo.748bbfa1c3a05a1b6ecde5e8fdde5b0e
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/compile/ExpressionCompiler.java
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionCompiler.java|visitLeave|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+44db0e05afc6ced8a4648b049fe84022
+
+### Hash:
+8ea9a51114014474ef5d92844df28eff
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6068/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6068/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8118ccc37da8f2ff17f74a9115c2b38feaedf6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6068/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1037 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.schema;
+
+import static org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.KeyValueBuilder.addQuietly;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.KeyValueBuilder.deleteQuietly;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants.SEPARATOR_BYTE;
+import static org.apache.phoenix.schema.SaltingUtil.SALTING_COLUMN;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Durability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Mutation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+import org.apache.phoenix.coprocessor.generated.PTableProtos;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.ImmutableBytesPtr;
+import org.apache.phoenix.hbase.index.util.KeyValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.index.IndexMaintainer;
+import org.apache.phoenix.protobuf.ProtobufUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.query.QueryConstants;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.RowKeySchema.RowKeySchemaBuilder;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.stat.PTableStats;
+import org.apache.phoenix.schema.stat.PTableStatsImpl;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.ByteUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SchemaUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SizedUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.TrustedByteArrayOutputStream;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Objects;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.ArrayListMultimap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ListMultimap;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+import com.google.protobuf.HBaseZeroCopyByteString;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * Base class for PTable implementors.  Provides abstraction for
+ * storing data in a single column (ColumnLayout.SINGLE) or in
+ * multiple columns (ColumnLayout.MULTI).
+ *
+ * 
+ * @since 0.1
+ */
+public class PTableImpl implements PTable {
+    private static final Integer NO_SALTING = -1;
+    
+    private PTableKey key;
+    private PName name;
+    private PName schemaName;
+    private PName tableName;
+    private PName tenantId;
+    private PTableType type;
+    private PIndexState state;
+    private long sequenceNumber;
+    private long timeStamp;
+    // Have MultiMap for String->PColumn (may need family qualifier)
+    private List<PColumn> pkColumns;
+    private List<PColumn> allColumns;
+    private List<PColumnFamily> families;
+    private Map<byte[], PColumnFamily> familyByBytes;
+    private Map<String, PColumnFamily> familyByString;
+    private ListMultimap<String,PColumn> columnsByName;
+    private PName pkName;
+    private Integer bucketNum;
+    // Statistics associated with this table.
+    private PTableStats stats;
+    private RowKeySchema rowKeySchema;
+    // Indexes associated with this table.
+    private List<PTable> indexes;
+    // Data table name that the index is created on.
+    private PName parentName;
+    private PName parentTableName;
+    private List<PName> physicalNames;
+    private boolean isImmutableRows;
+    private IndexMaintainer indexMaintainer;
+    private ImmutableBytesWritable indexMaintainersPtr;
+    private PName defaultFamilyName;
+    private String viewStatement;
+    private boolean disableWAL;
+    private boolean multiTenant;
+    private ViewType viewType;
+    private Short viewIndexId;
+    private int estimatedSize;
+    
+    public PTableImpl() {
+    }
+
+    public PTableImpl(PName tenantId, String schemaName, String tableName, long timestamp, List<PColumnFamily> families) { // For base table of mapped VIEW
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(tenantId==null || tenantId.getBytes().length > 0); // tenantId should be null or not empty
+        this.tenantId = tenantId;
+        this.name = PNameFactory.newName(SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName, tableName));
+        this.key = new PTableKey(tenantId, name.getString());
+        this.schemaName = PNameFactory.newName(schemaName);
+        this.tableName = PNameFactory.newName(tableName);
+        this.type = PTableType.VIEW;
+        this.viewType = ViewType.MAPPED;
+        this.timeStamp = timestamp;
+        this.pkColumns = this.allColumns = Collections.emptyList();
+        this.rowKeySchema = RowKeySchema.EMPTY_SCHEMA;
+        this.indexes = Collections.emptyList();
+        this.familyByBytes = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(families.size());
+        this.familyByString = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(families.size());
+        for (PColumnFamily family : families) {
+            familyByBytes.put(family.getName().getBytes(), family);
+            familyByString.put(family.getName().getString(), family);
+        }
+        this.families = families;
+        this.physicalNames = Collections.emptyList();;
+    }
+
+    public PTableImpl(long timeStamp) { // For delete marker
+        this(timeStamp, false);
+    }
+
+    public PTableImpl(long timeStamp, boolean isIndex) { // For index delete marker
+        if (isIndex) {
+            this.type = PTableType.INDEX;
+            this.state = PIndexState.INACTIVE;
+        } else {
+            this.type = PTableType.TABLE;
+        }
+        this.timeStamp = timeStamp;
+        this.pkColumns = this.allColumns = Collections.emptyList();
+        this.families = Collections.emptyList();
+        this.familyByBytes = Collections.emptyMap();
+        this.familyByString = Collections.emptyMap();
+        this.rowKeySchema = RowKeySchema.EMPTY_SCHEMA;
+        this.indexes = Collections.emptyList();
+        this.physicalNames = Collections.emptyList();;
+    }
+
+    // When cloning table, ignore the salt column as it will be added back in the constructor
+    public static List<PColumn> getColumnsToClone(PTable table) {
+        return table.getBucketNum() == null ? table.getColumns() : table.getColumns().subList(1, table.getColumns().size());
+    }
+    
+    public static PTableImpl makePTable(PTable table, long timeStamp, List<PTable> indexes) throws SQLException {
+        return new PTableImpl(
+                table.getTenantId(), table.getSchemaName(), table.getTableName(), table.getType(), table.getIndexState(), timeStamp, 
+                table.getSequenceNumber() + 1, table.getPKName(), table.getBucketNum(), getColumnsToClone(table), table.getParentTableName(), indexes,
+                table.isImmutableRows(), table.getPhysicalNames(), table.getDefaultFamilyName(), table.getViewStatement(), table.isWALDisabled(), table.isMultiTenant(), table.getViewType(), table.getViewIndexId());
+    }
+
+    public static PTableImpl makePTable(PTable table, List<PColumn> columns) throws SQLException {
+        return new PTableImpl(
+                table.getTenantId(), table.getSchemaName(), table.getTableName(), table.getType(), table.getIndexState(), table.getTimeStamp(), 
+                table.getSequenceNumber(), table.getPKName(), table.getBucketNum(), columns, table.getParentTableName(), table.getIndexes(), table.isImmutableRows(),
+                table.getPhysicalNames(), table.getDefaultFamilyName(), table.getViewStatement(), table.isWALDisabled(), table.isMultiTenant(), table.getViewType(), table.getViewIndexId());
+    }
+
+    public static PTableImpl makePTable(PTable table, long timeStamp, long sequenceNumber, List<PColumn> columns) throws SQLException {
+        return new PTableImpl(
+                table.getTenantId(), table.getSchemaName(), table.getTableName(), table.getType(), table.getIndexState(), timeStamp, 
+                sequenceNumber, table.getPKName(), table.getBucketNum(), columns, table.getParentTableName(), table.getIndexes(), table.isImmutableRows(),
+                table.getPhysicalNames(), table.getDefaultFamilyName(), table.getViewStatement(), table.isWALDisabled(), table.isMultiTenant(), table.getViewType(), table.getViewIndexId());
+    }
+
+    public static PTableImpl makePTable(PTable table, long timeStamp, long sequenceNumber, List<PColumn> columns, boolean isImmutableRows) throws SQLException {
+        return new PTableImpl(
+                table.getTenantId(), table.getSchemaName(), table.getTableName(), table.getType(), table.getIndexState(), timeStamp, 
+                sequenceNumber, table.getPKName(), table.getBucketNum(), columns, table.getParentTableName(), table.getIndexes(),
+                isImmutableRows, table.getPhysicalNames(), table.getDefaultFamilyName(), table.getViewStatement(), table.isWALDisabled(), table.isMultiTenant(), table.getViewType(), table.getViewIndexId());
+    }
+
+    public static PTableImpl makePTable(PTable table, PIndexState state) throws SQLException {
+        return new PTableImpl(
+                table.getTenantId(), table.getSchemaName(), table.getTableName(), table.getType(), state, table.getTimeStamp(), 
+                table.getSequenceNumber(), table.getPKName(), table.getBucketNum(), getColumnsToClone(table), 
+                table.getParentTableName(), table.getIndexes(), table.isImmutableRows(),
+                table.getPhysicalNames(), table.getDefaultFamilyName(), table.getViewStatement(), table.isWALDisabled(), table.isMultiTenant(), table.getViewType(), table.getViewIndexId());
+    }
+
+    public static PTableImpl makePTable(PName tenantId, PName schemaName, PName tableName, PTableType type, PIndexState state, long timeStamp, long sequenceNumber,
+            PName pkName, Integer bucketNum, List<PColumn> columns, PName dataTableName, List<PTable> indexes, boolean isImmutableRows,
+            List<PName> physicalNames, PName defaultFamilyName, String viewExpression, boolean disableWAL, boolean multiTenant, ViewType viewType, Short viewIndexId) throws SQLException {
+        return new PTableImpl(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, type, state, timeStamp, sequenceNumber, pkName, bucketNum, columns, dataTableName,
+                indexes, isImmutableRows, physicalNames, defaultFamilyName, viewExpression, disableWAL, multiTenant, viewType, viewIndexId);
+    }
+
+    private PTableImpl(PName tenantId, PName schemaName, PName tableName, PTableType type, PIndexState state, long timeStamp, long sequenceNumber,
+            PName pkName, Integer bucketNum, List<PColumn> columns, PName dataTableName, List<PTable> indexes, boolean isImmutableRows,
+            List<PName> physicalNames, PName defaultFamilyName, String viewExpression, boolean disableWAL, boolean multiTenant, ViewType viewType, Short viewIndexId) throws SQLException {
+        init(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, type, state, timeStamp, sequenceNumber, pkName, bucketNum, columns,
+                new PTableStatsImpl(), dataTableName, indexes, isImmutableRows, physicalNames, defaultFamilyName, viewExpression, disableWAL, multiTenant, viewType, viewIndexId);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isMultiTenant() {
+        return multiTenant;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public ViewType getViewType() {
+        return viewType;
+    }
+    
+
+    @Override
+    public int getEstimatedSize() {
+        return estimatedSize;
+    }
+    
+    private void init(PName tenantId, PName schemaName, PName tableName, PTableType type, PIndexState state, long timeStamp, long sequenceNumber,
+            PName pkName, Integer bucketNum, List<PColumn> columns, PTableStats stats, PName parentTableName, List<PTable> indexes,
+            boolean isImmutableRows, List<PName> physicalNames, PName defaultFamilyName, String viewExpression, boolean disableWAL, boolean multiTenant,
+            ViewType viewType, Short viewIndexId) throws SQLException {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(schemaName);
+        Preconditions.checkArgument(tenantId==null || tenantId.getBytes().length > 0); // tenantId should be null or not empty
+        int estimatedSize = SizedUtil.OBJECT_SIZE * 2 + 23 * SizedUtil.POINTER_SIZE + 4 * SizedUtil.INT_SIZE + 2 * SizedUtil.LONG_SIZE + 2 * SizedUtil.INT_OBJECT_SIZE +
+              PNameFactory.getEstimatedSize(tenantId) + 
+              PNameFactory.getEstimatedSize(schemaName) + 
+              PNameFactory.getEstimatedSize(tableName) + 
+              PNameFactory.getEstimatedSize(pkName) +
+              PNameFactory.getEstimatedSize(parentTableName) +
+              PNameFactory.getEstimatedSize(defaultFamilyName);
+        this.tenantId = tenantId;
+        this.schemaName = schemaName;
+        this.tableName = tableName;
+        this.name = PNameFactory.newName(SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName.getString(), tableName.getString()));
+        this.key = new PTableKey(tenantId, name.getString());
+        this.type = type;
+        this.state = state;
+        this.timeStamp = timeStamp;
+        this.sequenceNumber = sequenceNumber;
+        this.pkName = pkName;
+        this.isImmutableRows = isImmutableRows;
+        this.defaultFamilyName = defaultFamilyName;
+        this.viewStatement = viewExpression;
+        this.disableWAL = disableWAL;
+        this.multiTenant = multiTenant;
+        this.viewType = viewType;
+        this.viewIndexId = viewIndexId;
+        List<PColumn> pkColumns;
+        PColumn[] allColumns;
+
+        this.columnsByName = ArrayListMultimap.create(columns.size(), 1);
+        if (bucketNum != null) {
+            // Add salt column to allColumns and pkColumns, but don't add to
+            // columnsByName, since it should not be addressable via name.
+            allColumns = new PColumn[columns.size()+1];
+            allColumns[SALTING_COLUMN.getPosition()] = SALTING_COLUMN;
+            pkColumns = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(columns.size()+1);
+            pkColumns.add(SALTING_COLUMN);
+        } else {
+            allColumns = new PColumn[columns.size()];
+            pkColumns = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(columns.size());
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < columns.size(); i++) {
+            PColumn column = columns.get(i);
+            allColumns[column.getPosition()] = column;
+            PName familyName = column.getFamilyName();
+            if (familyName == null) {
+                pkColumns.add(column);
+            }
+            String columnName = column.getName().getString();
+            if (columnsByName.put(columnName, column)) {
+                int count = 0;
+                for (PColumn dupColumn : columnsByName.get(columnName)) {
+                    if (Objects.equal(familyName, dupColumn.getFamilyName())) {
+                        count++;
+                        if (count > 1) {
+                            throw new ColumnAlreadyExistsException(null, name.getString(), columnName);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        estimatedSize += SizedUtil.sizeOfMap(allColumns.length, SizedUtil.POINTER_SIZE, SizedUtil.sizeOfArrayList(1)); // for multi-map
+        
+        this.bucketNum = bucketNum;
+        this.pkColumns = ImmutableList.copyOf(pkColumns);
+        this.allColumns = ImmutableList.copyOf(allColumns);
+        estimatedSize += SizedUtil.sizeOfMap(pkColumns.size()) + SizedUtil.sizeOfMap(allColumns.length);
+        
+        RowKeySchemaBuilder builder = new RowKeySchemaBuilder(pkColumns.size());
+        // Two pass so that column order in column families matches overall column order
+        // and to ensure that column family order is constant
+        int maxExpectedSize = allColumns.length - pkColumns.size();
+        // Maintain iteration order so that column families are ordered as they are listed
+        Map<PName, List<PColumn>> familyMap = Maps.newLinkedHashMap();
+        for (PColumn column : allColumns) {
+            PName familyName = column.getFamilyName();
+            if (familyName == null) {            	
+                estimatedSize += column.getEstimatedSize(); // PK columns
+                builder.addField(column, column.isNullable(), column.getSortOrder());
+            } else {
+                List<PColumn> columnsInFamily = familyMap.get(familyName);
+                if (columnsInFamily == null) {
+                    columnsInFamily = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(maxExpectedSize);
+                    familyMap.put(familyName, columnsInFamily);
+                }
+                columnsInFamily.add(column);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        this.rowKeySchema = builder.build();
+        estimatedSize += rowKeySchema.getEstimatedSize();
+        Iterator<Map.Entry<PName,List<PColumn>>> iterator = familyMap.entrySet().iterator();
+        PColumnFamily[] families = new PColumnFamily[familyMap.size()];
+        ImmutableMap.Builder<String, PColumnFamily> familyByString = ImmutableMap.builder();
+        ImmutableSortedMap.Builder<byte[], PColumnFamily> familyByBytes = ImmutableSortedMap.orderedBy(Bytes.BYTES_COMPARATOR);
+        for (int i = 0; i < families.length; i++) {
+            Map.Entry<PName,List<PColumn>> entry = iterator.next();
+            PColumnFamily family = new PColumnFamilyImpl(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+            families[i] = family;
+            familyByString.put(family.getName().getString(), family);
+            familyByBytes.put(family.getName().getBytes(), family);
+            estimatedSize += family.getEstimatedSize();
+        }
+        this.families = ImmutableList.copyOf(families);
+        this.familyByBytes = familyByBytes.build();
+        this.familyByString = familyByString.build();
+        estimatedSize += SizedUtil.sizeOfArrayList(families.length);
+        estimatedSize += SizedUtil.sizeOfMap(families.length) * 2;
+        
+        this.stats = stats;
+        this.indexes = indexes == null ? Collections.<PTable>emptyList() : indexes;
+        for (PTable index : this.indexes) {
+            estimatedSize += index.getEstimatedSize();
+        }
+        
+        this.parentTableName = parentTableName;
+        this.parentName = parentTableName == null ? null : PNameFactory.newName(SchemaUtil.getTableName(schemaName.getString(), parentTableName.getString()));
+        estimatedSize += PNameFactory.getEstimatedSize(this.parentName);
+        
+        this.physicalNames = physicalNames == null ? ImmutableList.<PName>of() : ImmutableList.copyOf(physicalNames);
+        for (PName name : this.physicalNames) {
+            estimatedSize += name.getEstimatedSize();
+        }
+
+        this.estimatedSize = estimatedSize;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isImmutableRows() {
+        return isImmutableRows;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return name.getString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<PColumn> getPKColumns() {
+        return pkColumns;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final PName getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final PName getSchemaName() {
+        return schemaName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final PName getTableName() {
+        return tableName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final PTableType getType() {
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final List<PColumnFamily> getColumnFamilies() {
+        return families;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int newKey(ImmutableBytesWritable key, byte[][] values) {
+        int nValues = values.length;
+        while (nValues > 0 && (values[nValues-1] == null || values[nValues-1].length == 0)) {
+            nValues--;
+        }
+        int i = 0;
+        TrustedByteArrayOutputStream os = new TrustedByteArrayOutputStream(SchemaUtil.estimateKeyLength(this));
+        try {
+            Integer bucketNum = this.getBucketNum();
+            if (bucketNum != null) {
+                // Write place holder for salt byte
+                i++;
+                os.write(QueryConstants.SEPARATOR_BYTE_ARRAY);
+            }
+            List<PColumn> columns = getPKColumns();
+            int nColumns = columns.size();
+            PDataType type = null;
+            while (i < nValues && i < nColumns) {
+                // Separate variable length column values in key with zero byte
+                if (type != null && !type.isFixedWidth()) {
+                    os.write(SEPARATOR_BYTE);
+                }
+                PColumn column = columns.get(i);
+                type = column.getDataType();
+                // This will throw if the value is null and the type doesn't allow null
+                byte[] byteValue = values[i++];
+                if (byteValue == null) {
+                    byteValue = ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
+                }
+                // An empty byte array return value means null. Do this,
+                // since a type may have muliple representations of null.
+                // For example, VARCHAR treats both null and an empty string
+                // as null. This way we don't need to leak that part of the
+                // implementation outside of PDataType by checking the value
+                // here.
+                if (byteValue.length == 0 && !column.isNullable()) { 
+                    throw new ConstraintViolationException(name.getString() + "." + column.getName().getString() + " may not be null");
+                }
+                Integer	maxLength = column.getMaxLength();
+                if (maxLength != null && type.isFixedWidth() && byteValue.length <= maxLength) {
+                    byteValue = StringUtil.padChar(byteValue, maxLength);
+                } else if (maxLength != null && byteValue.length > maxLength) {
+                    throw new ConstraintViolationException(name.getString() + "." + column.getName().getString() + " may not exceed " + maxLength + " bytes (" + SchemaUtil.toString(type, byteValue) + ")");
+                }
+                os.write(byteValue, 0, byteValue.length);
+            }
+            // If some non null pk values aren't set, then throw
+            if (i < nColumns) {
+                PColumn column = columns.get(i);
+                type = column.getDataType();
+                if (type.isFixedWidth() || !column.isNullable()) {
+                    throw new ConstraintViolationException(name.getString() + "." + column.getName().getString() + " may not be null");
+                }
+            }
+            byte[] buf = os.getBuffer();
+            int size = os.size();
+            if (bucketNum != null) {
+                buf[0] = SaltingUtil.getSaltingByte(buf, 1, size-1, bucketNum);
+            }
+            key.set(buf,0,size);
+            return i;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                os.close();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private PRow newRow(KeyValueBuilder builder, long ts, ImmutableBytesWritable key, int i, byte[]... values) {
+        PRow row = new PRowImpl(builder, key, ts, getBucketNum());
+        if (i < values.length) {
+            for (PColumnFamily family : getColumnFamilies()) {
+                for (PColumn column : family.getColumns()) {
+                    row.setValue(column, values[i++]);
+                    if (i == values.length)
+                        return row;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return row;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PRow newRow(KeyValueBuilder builder, long ts, ImmutableBytesWritable key,
+            byte[]... values) {
+        return newRow(builder, ts, key, 0, values);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PRow newRow(KeyValueBuilder builder, ImmutableBytesWritable key, byte[]... values) {
+        return newRow(builder, HConstants.LATEST_TIMESTAMP, key, values);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PColumn getColumn(String name) throws ColumnNotFoundException, AmbiguousColumnException {
+        List<PColumn> columns = columnsByName.get(name);
+        int size = columns.size();
+        if (size == 0) {
+            throw new ColumnNotFoundException(name);
+        }
+        if (size > 1) {
+            for (PColumn column : columns) {
+                if (column.getFamilyName() == null || QueryConstants.DEFAULT_COLUMN_FAMILY.equals(column.getFamilyName().getString())) {
+                    // Allow ambiguity with PK column or column in the default column family,
+                    // since a PK column cannot be prefixed and a user would not know how to
+                    // prefix a column in the default column family.
+                    return column;
+                }
+            }
+            throw new AmbiguousColumnException(name);
+        }
+        return columns.get(0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * PRow implementation for ColumnLayout.MULTI mode which stores column
+     * values across multiple hbase columns.
+     *
+     * 
+     * @since 0.1
+     */
+    private class PRowImpl implements PRow {
+        private final byte[] key;
+        private final ImmutableBytesWritable keyPtr;
+        // default to the generic builder, and only override when we know on the client
+        private final KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder;
+
+        private Put setValues;
+        private Delete unsetValues;
+        private Delete deleteRow;
+        private final long ts;
+
+        public PRowImpl(KeyValueBuilder kvBuilder, ImmutableBytesWritable key, long ts, Integer bucketNum) {
+            this.kvBuilder = kvBuilder;
+            this.ts = ts;
+            if (bucketNum != null) {
+                this.key = SaltingUtil.getSaltedKey(key, bucketNum);
+                this.keyPtr = new ImmutableBytesPtr(this.key);
+            } else {
+                this.keyPtr =  new ImmutableBytesPtr(key);
+                this.key = ByteUtil.copyKeyBytesIfNecessary(key);
+            }
+
+            newMutations();
+        }
+        
+        @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
+        private void newMutations() {
+            this.setValues = new Put(this.key);
+            this.unsetValues = new Delete(this.key);
+            this.setValues.setWriteToWAL(!isWALDisabled());
+            this.unsetValues.setWriteToWAL(!isWALDisabled());
+       }
+
+        @Override
+        public List<Mutation> toRowMutations() {
+            List<Mutation> mutations = new ArrayList<Mutation>(3);
+            if (deleteRow != null) {
+                // Include only deleteRow mutation if present because it takes precedence over all others
+                mutations.add(deleteRow);
+            } else {
+                // Because we cannot enforce a not null constraint on a KV column (since we don't know if the row exists when
+                // we upsert it), se instead add a KV that is always emtpy. This allows us to imitate SQL semantics given the
+                // way HBase works.
+                addQuietly(setValues, kvBuilder, kvBuilder.buildPut(keyPtr,
+                    SchemaUtil.getEmptyColumnFamilyPtr(PTableImpl.this),
+                    QueryConstants.EMPTY_COLUMN_BYTES_PTR, ts, ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY_PTR));
+                mutations.add(setValues);
+                if (!unsetValues.isEmpty()) {
+                    mutations.add(unsetValues);
+                }
+            }
+            return mutations;
+        }
+
+        private void removeIfPresent(Mutation m, byte[] family, byte[] qualifier) {
+            Map<byte[],List<Cell>> familyMap = m.getFamilyCellMap();
+            List<Cell> kvs = familyMap.get(family);
+            if (kvs != null) {
+                Iterator<Cell> iterator = kvs.iterator();
+                while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                    Cell kv = iterator.next();
+                    if (Bytes.compareTo(kv.getQualifierArray(), kv.getQualifierOffset(), kv.getQualifierLength(), 
+                          qualifier, 0, qualifier.length) == 0) {
+                        iterator.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void setValue(PColumn column, Object value) {
+            byte[] byteValue = value == null ? ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY : column.getDataType().toBytes(value);
+            setValue(column, byteValue);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void setValue(PColumn column, byte[] byteValue) {
+            deleteRow = null;
+            byte[] family = column.getFamilyName().getBytes();
+            byte[] qualifier = column.getName().getBytes();
+            PDataType type = column.getDataType();
+            // Check null, since some types have no byte representation for null
+            if (type.isNull(byteValue)) {
+                if (!column.isNullable()) { 
+                    throw new ConstraintViolationException(name.getString() + "." + column.getName().getString() + " may not be null");
+                }
+                removeIfPresent(setValues, family, qualifier);
+                deleteQuietly(unsetValues, kvBuilder, kvBuilder.buildDeleteColumns(keyPtr, column
+                        .getFamilyName().getBytesPtr(), column.getName().getBytesPtr(), ts));
+            } else {
+            	Integer	maxLength = column.getMaxLength();
+            	if (type.isFixedWidth() && maxLength != null) {
+    				if (byteValue.length <= maxLength) { 
+                        byteValue = StringUtil.padChar(byteValue, maxLength);
+                    } else if (byteValue.length > maxLength) {
+                        throw new ConstraintViolationException(name.getString() + "." + column.getName().getString() + " may not exceed " + maxLength + " bytes (" + type.toObject(byteValue) + ")");
+                    }
+            	}
+                removeIfPresent(unsetValues, family, qualifier);
+                addQuietly(setValues, kvBuilder, kvBuilder.buildPut(keyPtr, column.getFamilyName()
+                        .getBytesPtr(),
+                        column.getName().getBytesPtr(), ts, new ImmutableBytesPtr(byteValue)));
+            }
+        }
+        
+        @Override
+        public void delete() {
+            newMutations();
+            // FIXME: the version of the Delete constructor without the lock args was introduced
+            // in 0.94.4, thus if we try to use it here we can no longer use the 0.94.2 version
+            // of the client.
+            Delete delete = new Delete(key,ts);
+            deleteRow = delete;
+            // No need to write to the WAL for indexes
+            if (PTableImpl.this.getType() == PTableType.INDEX) {
+                deleteRow.setDurability(Durability.SKIP_WAL);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PColumnFamily getColumnFamily(String familyName) throws ColumnFamilyNotFoundException {
+        PColumnFamily family = familyByString.get(familyName);
+        if (family == null) {
+            throw new ColumnFamilyNotFoundException(familyName);
+        }
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PColumnFamily getColumnFamily(byte[] familyBytes) throws ColumnFamilyNotFoundException {
+        PColumnFamily family = familyByBytes.get(familyBytes);
+        if (family == null) {
+            String familyName = Bytes.toString(familyBytes);
+            throw new ColumnFamilyNotFoundException(familyName);
+        }
+        return family;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<PColumn> getColumns() {
+        return allColumns;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getSequenceNumber() {
+        return sequenceNumber;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getTimeStamp() {
+        return timeStamp;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PTableStats getTableStats() {
+        return stats;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PColumn getPKColumn(String name) throws ColumnNotFoundException {
+        List<PColumn> columns = columnsByName.get(name);
+        int size = columns.size();
+        if (size == 0) {
+            throw new ColumnNotFoundException(name);
+        }
+        if (size > 1) {
+            do {
+                PColumn column = columns.get(--size);
+                if (column.getFamilyName() == null) {
+                    return column;
+                }
+            } while (size > 0);
+            throw new ColumnNotFoundException(name);
+        }
+        return columns.get(0);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PName getPKName() {
+        return pkName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RowKeySchema getRowKeySchema() {
+        return rowKeySchema;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Integer getBucketNum() {
+        return bucketNum;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<PTable> getIndexes() {
+        return indexes;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PIndexState getIndexState() {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PName getParentTableName() {
+        return parentTableName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PName getParentName() {
+        return parentName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized IndexMaintainer getIndexMaintainer(PTable dataTable) {
+        if (indexMaintainer == null) {
+            indexMaintainer = IndexMaintainer.create(dataTable, this);
+        }
+        return indexMaintainer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void getIndexMaintainers(ImmutableBytesWritable ptr) {
+        if (indexMaintainersPtr == null) {
+            indexMaintainersPtr = new ImmutableBytesWritable();
+            if (indexes.isEmpty()) {
+                indexMaintainersPtr.set(ByteUtil.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY);
+            } else {
+                IndexMaintainer.serialize(this, indexMaintainersPtr);
+            }
+        }
+        ptr.set(indexMaintainersPtr.get(), indexMaintainersPtr.getOffset(), indexMaintainersPtr.getLength());
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public PName getPhysicalName() {
+        return physicalNames.isEmpty() ? getName() : physicalNames.get(0);
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public List<PName> getPhysicalNames() {
+        return physicalNames;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PName getDefaultFamilyName() {
+        return defaultFamilyName;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getViewStatement() {
+        return viewStatement;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isWALDisabled() {
+        return disableWAL;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Short getViewIndexId() {
+        return viewIndexId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PName getTenantId() {
+        return tenantId;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Construct a PTable instance from ProtoBuffered PTable instance
+     * @param table
+     */
+    public static PTable createFromProto(PTableProtos.PTable table) {
+      PName tenantId = null;
+      if(table.hasTenantId()){
+        tenantId = PNameFactory.newName(table.getTenantId().toByteArray());
+      }
+      PName schemaName = PNameFactory.newName(table.getSchemaNameBytes().toByteArray());
+      PName tableName = PNameFactory.newName(table.getTableNameBytes().toByteArray());
+      PTableType tableType = PTableType.values()[table.getTableType().ordinal()];
+      PIndexState indexState = null;    
+      if (table.hasIndexState()) {
+        indexState = PIndexState.fromSerializedValue(table.getIndexState());
+      }
+      Short viewIndexId = null;
+      if(table.hasViewIndexId()){
+    	  viewIndexId = (short)table.getViewIndexId();
+      }
+      long sequenceNumber = table.getSequenceNumber();
+      long timeStamp = table.getTimeStamp();
+      PName pkName = null;
+      if (table.hasPkNameBytes()) {
+        pkName = PNameFactory.newName(table.getPkNameBytes().toByteArray());
+      }
+      int bucketNum = table.getBucketNum();
+      List<PColumn> columns = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(table.getColumnsCount());
+      for (PTableProtos.PColumn curPColumnProto : table.getColumnsList()) {
+        columns.add(PColumnImpl.createFromProto(curPColumnProto));
+      }
+      List<PTable> indexes = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(table.getIndexesCount());
+      for (PTableProtos.PTable curPTableProto : table.getIndexesList()) {
+        indexes.add(createFromProto(curPTableProto));
+      }
+      boolean isImmutableRows = table.getIsImmutableRows();
+      Map<String, byte[][]> guidePosts = new HashMap<String, byte[][]>();
+      for (PTableProtos.PTableStats pTableStatsProto : table.getGuidePostsList()) {
+        byte[][] value = new byte[pTableStatsProto.getValuesCount()][];
+        for (int j = 0; j < pTableStatsProto.getValuesCount(); j++) {
+          value[j] = pTableStatsProto.getValues(j).toByteArray();
+        }
+        guidePosts.put(pTableStatsProto.getKey(), value);
+      }
+      PName dataTableName = null;
+      if (table.hasDataTableNameBytes()) {
+        dataTableName = PNameFactory.newName(table.getDataTableNameBytes().toByteArray());
+      }
+      PName defaultFamilyName = null;
+      if (table.hasDefaultFamilyName()) {
+        defaultFamilyName = PNameFactory.newName(table.getDefaultFamilyName().toByteArray());
+      }
+      boolean disableWAL = table.getDisableWAL();
+      boolean multiTenant = table.getMultiTenant();
+      ViewType viewType = null;
+      String viewStatement = null;
+      List<PName> physicalNames = Collections.emptyList();
+      if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW) {
+        viewType = ViewType.fromSerializedValue(table.getViewType().toByteArray()[0]);
+        if(table.hasViewStatement()){
+          viewStatement = (String)PDataType.VARCHAR.toObject(table.getViewStatement().toByteArray());
+        }
+      }
+      if (tableType == PTableType.VIEW || viewIndexId != null) {
+        physicalNames = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(table.getPhysicalNamesCount());
+        for(int i = 0; i < table.getPhysicalNamesCount(); i++){
+          physicalNames.add(PNameFactory.newName(table.getPhysicalNames(i).toByteArray()));
+        }
+      }
+      
+      PTableStats stats = new PTableStatsImpl(guidePosts);
+      try {
+        PTableImpl result = new PTableImpl();
+        result.init(tenantId, schemaName, tableName, tableType, indexState, timeStamp, sequenceNumber, pkName,
+          (bucketNum == NO_SALTING) ? null : bucketNum, columns, stats, dataTableName,indexes, isImmutableRows, 
+              physicalNames, defaultFamilyName, viewStatement, disableWAL, multiTenant, viewType, viewIndexId);
+        return result;
+      } catch (SQLException e) {
+        throw new RuntimeException(e); // Impossible
+      }
+    }
+
+    public static PTableProtos.PTable toProto(PTable table) {
+      PTableProtos.PTable.Builder builder = PTableProtos.PTable.newBuilder();
+      if(table.getTenantId() != null){
+        builder.setTenantId(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(table.getTenantId().getBytes()));
+      }
+      builder.setSchemaNameBytes(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(table.getSchemaName().getBytes()));
+      builder.setTableNameBytes(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(table.getTableName().getBytes()));
+      builder.setTableType(ProtobufUtil.toPTableTypeProto(table.getType()));
+      if (table.getType() == PTableType.INDEX) {
+    	if(table.getIndexState() != null) {
+    	  builder.setIndexState(table.getIndexState().getSerializedValue());
+    	}
+    	if(table.getViewIndexId() != null) {
+    	  builder.setViewIndexId(table.getViewIndexId());
+    	}
+      }
+      builder.setSequenceNumber(table.getSequenceNumber());
+      builder.setTimeStamp(table.getTimeStamp());
+      PName tmp = table.getPKName();
+      if (tmp != null) {
+        builder.setPkNameBytes(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(tmp.getBytes()));
+      }
+      Integer bucketNum = table.getBucketNum();
+      int offset = 0;
+      if(bucketNum == null){
+        builder.setBucketNum(NO_SALTING);
+      } else {
+        offset = 1;
+        builder.setBucketNum(bucketNum);
+      }
+      List<PColumn> columns = table.getColumns();
+      int columnSize = columns.size();
+      for (int i = offset; i < columnSize; i++) {
+        PColumn column = columns.get(i);
+        builder.addColumns(PColumnImpl.toProto(column));
+      }
+      List<PTable> indexes = table.getIndexes();
+      for (PTable curIndex : indexes) {
+        builder.addIndexes(toProto(curIndex));
+      }
+      builder.setIsImmutableRows(table.isImmutableRows());
+
+      // build stats
+      Map<String, byte[][]> statsMap = table.getTableStats().getGuidePosts();
+      if(statsMap != null) {
+        for (Entry<String, byte[][]> entry : statsMap.entrySet()) {
+          PTableProtos.PTableStats.Builder statsBuilder = PTableProtos.PTableStats.newBuilder();
+          statsBuilder.setKey(entry.getKey());
+          for (byte[] curVal : entry.getValue()) {
+            statsBuilder.addValues(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(curVal));
+          }
+          builder.addGuidePosts(statsBuilder.build());
+        }
+      }
+      if (table.getParentName() != null) {
+        builder.setDataTableNameBytes(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(table.getParentTableName().getBytes()));
+      }
+      if (table.getDefaultFamilyName()!= null) {
+        builder.setDefaultFamilyName(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(table.getDefaultFamilyName().getBytes()));
+      }
+      builder.setDisableWAL(table.isWALDisabled());
+      builder.setMultiTenant(table.isMultiTenant());
+      if(table.getType() == PTableType.VIEW){
+        builder.setViewType(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(new byte[]{table.getViewType().getSerializedValue()}));
+        builder.setViewStatement(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(PDataType.VARCHAR.toBytes(table.getViewStatement())));
+      }
+      if(table.getType() == PTableType.VIEW || table.getViewIndexId() != null){
+        for (int i = 0; i < table.getPhysicalNames().size(); i++) {
+          builder.addPhysicalNames(HBaseZeroCopyByteString.wrap(table.getPhysicalNames().get(i).getBytes()));
+        }
+      }
+
+      return builder.build();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PTableKey getKey() {
+        return key;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `buf` last assigned on line 463 could be null and is dereferenced at line 466.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int PTableImpl.newKey(ImmutableBytesWritable,byte[][])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.schema.PTableImpl.newKey(org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable,byte[].249c5e1d29bdb0af39c386d780e443e1
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/schema/PTableImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+PTableImpl.java|newKey|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+257f4a4b41a38684e91f9ad633599822
+
+### Hash:
+9922737abc71a24036d1d015ec3a0599
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6069/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6069/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f4ff5c372e34325b47a9803a3aef65f677c6d89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6069/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** phoenix
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.phoenix.schema.types;
+
+import java.sql.Array;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.phoenix.util.SQLCloseable;
+
+/**
+ * java.sql.Array implementation for Phoenix
+ */
+public class PhoenixArray implements Array,SQLCloseable {
+	private static final String TO_STRING_SEPARATOR = ", ";
+	private static final String TO_STRING_END = "]";
+	private static final String TO_STRING_BEGIN = "[";
+	
+	PDataType baseType;
+	Object array;
+	int numElements;
+	Integer maxLength;
+	protected int hashCode = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+
+	public PhoenixArray() {
+		// empty constructor
+	}
+	
+	public Integer getMaxLength() {
+	    return maxLength;
+	}
+
+    public boolean isPrimitiveType() {
+        return this.baseType.getCodec() != null;
+    }
+
+	private static Object[] coerceToNewLength(PDataType baseType, Object[] elements, int maxLength) {
+        Object[] resizedElements = new Object[elements.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < elements.length; i++) {
+            int length = baseType.getMaxLength(elements[i]);
+            if (length == maxLength) {
+                resizedElements[i] = elements[i];
+            } else {
+                resizedElements[i] = baseType.pad(elements[i],maxLength);
+            }
+        }
+        return resizedElements;
+	}
+	private static Object[] coerceToEqualLength(PDataType baseType, Object[] elements) {
+	    if (elements == null || elements.length == 0) {
+	        return elements;
+	    }
+	    Object element = elements[0];
+	    int maxLength = baseType.getMaxLength(element);
+	    boolean resizeElements = false;
+	    for (int i = 1; i < elements.length; i++) {
+	        int length = baseType.getMaxLength(elements[i]);
+	        if (length > maxLength) {
+	            maxLength = length;
+	            resizeElements = true;
+	        } else if (length < maxLength) {
+	            resizeElements = true;
+	        }
+	    }
+	    if (!resizeElements) {
+	        return elements;
+	    }
+	    return coerceToNewLength(baseType, elements, maxLength);
+	}
+	
+	public PhoenixArray(PDataType baseType, Object[] elements) {
+		// As we are dealing with primitive types and only the Boxed objects
+		this.baseType = baseType;
+		if (baseType.isFixedWidth()) {
+		    if (baseType.getByteSize() == null) {
+    		    elements = coerceToEqualLength(baseType, elements);
+    		    if (elements != null && elements.length > 0) {
+    		        this.maxLength = baseType.getMaxLength(elements[0]);
+    		    }
+		    } else {
+		        maxLength = baseType.getByteSize();
+		    }
+		}
+    this.array = convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(elements);
+		this.numElements = elements.length;
+	}
+	
+	public PhoenixArray(PhoenixArray pArr, Integer desiredMaxLength) {
+	    this.baseType = pArr.baseType;
+	    Object[] elements = (Object[])pArr.array;
+        if (baseType.isFixedWidth()) {
+            if (baseType.getByteSize() == null) {
+                elements = coerceToNewLength(baseType, (Object[])pArr.array, desiredMaxLength);
+                maxLength = desiredMaxLength;
+            } else {
+                maxLength = baseType.getByteSize();
+            }
+        }
+        this.array = convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(elements);
+        this.numElements = elements.length;
+    }
+
+  public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+    return elements;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void free() throws SQLException {
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Object getArray() throws SQLException {
+		return array;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void close() throws SQLException {
+		this.array = null;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Object getArray(Map<String, Class<?>> map) throws SQLException {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Currently not supported");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Object getArray(long index, int count) throws SQLException {
+		if(index < 1) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index cannot be less than 1");
+		}
+		// Get the set of elements from the given index to the specified count
+		Object[] intArr = (Object[]) array;
+		boundaryCheck(index, count, intArr);
+		Object[] newArr = new Object[count];
+		// Add checks() here.
+		int i = 0;
+		for (int j = (int) index; j < count; j++) {
+			newArr[i] = intArr[j];
+			i++;
+		}
+		return newArr;
+	}
+
+	private void boundaryCheck(long index, int count, Object[] arr) {
+		if ((--index) + count > arr.length) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("The array index is out of range of the total number of elements in the array " + arr.length);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Object getArray(long index, int count, Map<String, Class<?>> map)
+			throws SQLException {
+		if(map != null && !map.isEmpty()) {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Currently not supported");
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getBaseType() throws SQLException {
+		return baseType.getSqlType();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getBaseTypeName() throws SQLException {
+		return baseType.getSqlTypeName();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ResultSet getResultSet() throws SQLException {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Currently not supported");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ResultSet getResultSet(Map<String, Class<?>> arg0)
+			throws SQLException {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Currently not supported");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ResultSet getResultSet(long arg0, int arg1) throws SQLException {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Currently not supported");
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public ResultSet getResultSet(long arg0, int arg1,
+			Map<String, Class<?>> arg2) throws SQLException {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Currently not supported");
+	}
+
+  /**
+   * Return the value in position {@code index} from the underlying array. Used to work around
+   * casting and reflection while enabling primitive arrays.
+   */
+  public Object getElement(int index) {
+    return ((Object[]) array)[index];
+  }
+
+	public int getDimensions() {
+		return this.numElements;
+	}
+	
+	public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+	    if(((Object[])array)[pos] == null) {
+	        return 0;
+	    }
+		return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(((Object[])array)[pos]);
+	}
+	
+	public Integer getMaxLength(int pos) {
+	    return this.baseType.getMaxLength(((Object[])array)[pos]);
+	}
+	
+	public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+		return this.baseType.toBytes(((Object[])array)[pos]);
+	}
+	
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(TO_STRING_BEGIN);
+        boolean isFirst = true;
+        for (int i = 0; i < getDimensions(); i++) {
+            Object o = getElement(i);
+            if (isFirst) {
+                isFirst = false;
+            } else {
+                sb.append(TO_STRING_SEPARATOR);
+            }
+            sb.append(this.baseType.toStringLiteral(o));
+        }
+        sb.append(TO_STRING_END);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+	
+	public boolean isNull(int pos) {
+	    if(this.baseType.toBytes(((Object[])array)[pos]).length == 0) {
+	        return true;
+	    } else {
+	        return false;
+	    }
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    if (obj == null) return false;
+    if (this == obj) return true;
+    if (!(obj instanceof PhoenixArray)) return false;
+    PhoenixArray oArray = (PhoenixArray) obj;
+    if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+    if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+    return Arrays.deepEquals((Object[]) array, (Object[]) oArray.array);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int hashCode() {
+    // implementation based on commons.lang.HashCodeBuilder, except the hashcode is cached and
+    // reused for a given instance.
+    if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+    hashCode = 17;
+    hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+    hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+    hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.deepHashCode((Object[]) array);
+    return hashCode;
+	}
+
+	public static class PrimitiveIntPhoenixArray extends PhoenixArray {
+		private int[] intArr;
+		public PrimitiveIntPhoenixArray(PDataType dataType, Object[] elements) {
+			super(dataType, elements);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+        public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+            intArr = new int[elements.length];
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Object o : elements) {
+                if (o != null) {
+                    intArr[i] = (Integer) o;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+            return intArr;
+        }
+		
+		@Override
+        public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(intArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.toBytes(intArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return false;
+      if (this == obj) return true;
+      if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
+      PrimitiveIntPhoenixArray oArray = (PrimitiveIntPhoenixArray) obj;
+      if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+      if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+      return Arrays.equals((int[]) array, (int[]) oArray.array);
+		}
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+      hashCode = 17;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.hashCode((int[]) array);
+      return hashCode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getElement(int index) {
+      return ((int[]) array)[index];
+    }
+	}
+	
+	public static class PrimitiveShortPhoenixArray extends PhoenixArray {
+		private short[] shortArr;
+		public PrimitiveShortPhoenixArray(PDataType dataType, Object[] elements) {
+			super(dataType, elements);
+		}
+		@Override
+		public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+			shortArr = new short[elements.length];
+			int i = 0;
+            for(Object o : elements) {
+                if (o != null) {
+                    shortArr[i] = (Short)o;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+      return shortArr;
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(shortArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.toBytes(shortArr[pos]);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return false;
+      if (this == obj) return true;
+      if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
+      PrimitiveShortPhoenixArray oArray = (PrimitiveShortPhoenixArray) obj;
+      if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+      if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+      return Arrays.equals((short[]) array, (short[]) oArray.array);
+		}
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+      hashCode = 17;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.hashCode((short[]) array);
+      return hashCode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getElement(int index) {
+      return ((short[]) array)[index];
+    }
+  }
+	
+	public static class PrimitiveLongPhoenixArray extends PhoenixArray {
+		private long[] longArr;
+		public PrimitiveLongPhoenixArray(PDataType dataType, Object[] elements) {
+			super(dataType, elements);
+		}
+		@Override
+		public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+			longArr = new long[elements.length];
+			int i = 0;
+            for(Object o : elements) {
+                if (o != null) {
+                    longArr[i] = (Long)o;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+      return longArr;
+		}
+		@Override
+        public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(longArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.toBytes(longArr[pos]);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return false;
+      if (this == obj) return true;
+      if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
+      PrimitiveLongPhoenixArray oArray = (PrimitiveLongPhoenixArray) obj;
+      if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+      if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+      return Arrays.equals((long[]) array, (long[]) oArray.array);
+		}
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+      hashCode = 17;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.hashCode((long[]) array);
+      return hashCode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getElement(int index) {
+      return ((long[]) array)[index];
+    }
+	}
+	
+	public static class PrimitiveDoublePhoenixArray extends PhoenixArray {
+		private double[] doubleArr;
+		public PrimitiveDoublePhoenixArray(PDataType dataType, Object[] elements) {
+			super(dataType, elements);
+		}
+		@Override
+		public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+			doubleArr = new double[elements.length];
+			int i = 0;
+			for (Object o : elements) {
+			    if (o != null) {
+			        doubleArr[i] = (Double) o;
+			    }
+			    i++;
+			}
+      return doubleArr;
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(doubleArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.toBytes(doubleArr[pos]);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return false;
+      if (this == obj) return true;
+      if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
+      PrimitiveDoublePhoenixArray oArray = (PrimitiveDoublePhoenixArray) obj;
+      if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+      if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+      return Arrays.equals((double[]) array, (double[]) oArray.array);
+		}
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+      hashCode = 17;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.hashCode((double[]) array);
+      return hashCode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getElement(int index) {
+      return ((double[]) array)[index];
+    }
+	}
+	
+	public static class PrimitiveFloatPhoenixArray extends PhoenixArray {
+		private float[] floatArr;
+		public PrimitiveFloatPhoenixArray(PDataType dataType, Object[] elements) {
+			super(dataType, elements);
+		}
+		@Override
+		public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+			floatArr = new float[elements.length];
+			int i = 0;
+            for(Object o : elements) {
+                if (o != null) {
+                    floatArr[i] = (Float)o;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+      return floatArr;
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(floatArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.toBytes(floatArr[pos]);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return false;
+      if (this == obj) return true;
+      if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
+      PrimitiveFloatPhoenixArray oArray = (PrimitiveFloatPhoenixArray) obj;
+      if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+      if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+      return Arrays.equals((float[]) array, (float[]) oArray.array);
+		}
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+      hashCode = 17;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.hashCode((float[]) array);
+      return hashCode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getElement(int index) {
+      return ((float[]) array)[index];
+    }
+	}
+	
+	public static class PrimitiveBytePhoenixArray extends PhoenixArray {
+		private byte[] byteArr;
+		public PrimitiveBytePhoenixArray(PDataType dataType, Object[] elements) {
+			super(dataType, elements);
+		}
+		@Override
+		public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+			byteArr = new byte[elements.length];
+			int i = 0;
+            for(Object o : elements) {
+                if (o != null) {
+                    byteArr[i] = (Byte)o;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+      return byteArr;
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(byteArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.toBytes(byteArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return false;
+      if (this == obj) return true;
+      if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
+      PrimitiveBytePhoenixArray oArray = (PrimitiveBytePhoenixArray) obj;
+      if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+      if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+      return Arrays.equals((byte[]) array, (byte[]) oArray.array);
+		}
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+      hashCode = 17;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.hashCode((byte[]) array);
+      return hashCode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getElement(int index) {
+      return ((byte[]) array)[index];
+    }
+	}
+	
+	public static class PrimitiveBooleanPhoenixArray extends PhoenixArray {
+		private boolean[] booleanArr;
+		public PrimitiveBooleanPhoenixArray(PDataType dataType, Object[] elements) {
+			super(dataType, elements);
+		}
+
+		@Override
+		public boolean isPrimitiveType() {
+	        // boolean is primitive although PBoolean has no codec
+		    return true;
+		}
+		
+        @Override
+        public Object convertObjectArrayToPrimitiveArray(Object[] elements) {
+            booleanArr = new boolean[elements.length];
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Object o : elements) {
+                if (o != null) {
+                    booleanArr[i] = (Boolean) o;
+                }
+                i++;
+            }
+            return booleanArr;
+        }
+		
+		@Override
+        public int estimateByteSize(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.estimateByteSize(booleanArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+        public byte[] toBytes(int pos) {
+			return this.baseType.toBytes(booleanArr[pos]);
+		}
+		
+		@Override
+		public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+      if (obj == null) return false;
+      if (this == obj) return true;
+      if (this.getClass() != obj.getClass()) return false;
+      PrimitiveBooleanPhoenixArray oArray = (PrimitiveBooleanPhoenixArray) obj;
+      if (numElements != oArray.numElements) return false;
+      if (baseType.getSqlType() != oArray.baseType.getSqlType()) return false;
+      return Arrays.equals((boolean[]) array, (boolean[]) oArray.array);
+		}
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+      if (hashCode != Integer.MIN_VALUE) return hashCode;
+      hashCode = 17;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + numElements;
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + baseType.getSqlType();
+      hashCode = hashCode * 37 + Arrays.hashCode((boolean[]) array);
+      return hashCode;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getElement(int index) {
+      return ((boolean[]) array)[index];
+    }
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `baseType.getMaxLength(element)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 71.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+java.lang.Object[] PhoenixArray.coerceToEqualLength(PDataType,java.lang.Object[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PhoenixArray.coerceToEqualLength(org.apache.phoenix.schema.types.PDa.30a59fe799dd39c54163f318c67d9480
+
+### File:
+phoenix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/phoenix/schema/types/PhoenixArray.java
+
+### Key:
+PhoenixArray.java|coerceToEqualLength|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9048a86b97478a5a5da3051597184354
+
+### Hash:
+be1d14e5cfeb0834d40ad18e8fd7f585
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6094/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6094/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2ba6516616db66b72e4be88dcb1b3980c46f3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6094/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kayak
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 	This file is part of Kayak.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *	it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *	the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *	(at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *	GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *	along with Kayak.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package com.github.kayak.core;
+
+import java.awt.datatransfer.DataFlavor;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.Transferable;
+import java.awt.datatransfer.UnsupportedFlavorException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * URL class that absoulutely defines the connection parameters for a single bus
+ * that is provided by a socketcand
+ *
+ * @author Jan-Niklas Meier <dschanoeh@googlemail.com>
+ */
+public class BusURL implements Transferable {
+
+    public static Comparator<BusURL> nameComparator = new Comparator<BusURL>() {
+
+        @Override
+        public int compare(BusURL o1, BusURL o2) {
+            int i = o1.getHost().compareTo(o2.getHost());
+            if(i!=0) {
+                return i;
+            } else {
+                i = o1.getDescription().compareTo(o2.getDescription());
+                if(i!=0) {
+                    return i;
+                } else {
+                    i = o1.getBus().compareTo(o2.getBus());
+                    return i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(BusURL.class.getCanonicalName());
+
+    public static final DataFlavor DATA_FLAVOR = new DataFlavor(BusURL.class, "BusURL");
+    private String host;
+    private String bus;
+    private int port;
+    private String hostName;
+    private String description;
+    private long timestamp;
+
+    public String getDescription() {
+        return description;
+    }
+
+    public void setDescription(String description) {
+        this.description = description;
+    }
+
+    public String getHostName() {
+        return hostName;
+    }
+
+    public void setHostName(String hostName) {
+        this.hostName = hostName;
+    }
+
+    public long getTimestamp() {
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+
+    public void setTimestamp(long timestamp) {
+        this.timestamp = timestamp;
+    }
+
+    public String getHost() {
+        return host;
+    }
+
+    public void setHost(String host) {
+        this.host = host;
+    }
+
+    public String getBus() {
+        return bus;
+    }
+
+    public void setBus(String bus) {
+        this.bus = bus;
+    }
+
+    public int getPort() {
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    public void setPort(int port) {
+        this.port = port;
+    }
+
+
+    private BusURL() {
+    }
+
+    public BusURL(String host, int port, String bus) {
+        this.host = host;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.bus = bus;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build a new BusURL from a String. The String must have the following
+     * format: socket://bus\@host:port
+     * @param s The String that shall be parsed
+     * @return
+     */
+    public static BusURL fromString(String s) {
+        if(s.matches("^socket\\://[a-zA-Z0-9]+\\@[a-zA-Z0-9\\-\\.]+\\:[0-9]+?$")) {
+            BusURL b = new BusURL();
+            int portSeparator = s.lastIndexOf(':');
+            int at = s.indexOf("@");
+
+            b.setPort(Integer.parseInt(s.substring(portSeparator+1)));
+            b.setHost(s.substring(at +1, portSeparator));
+            b.setBus(s.substring(9,at));
+
+            return b;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if(this.hashCode() == obj.hashCode() && obj instanceof BusURL)
+            return true;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int hash = 7;
+        hash = 47 * hash + (this.host != null ? this.host.hashCode() : 0);
+        hash = 47 * hash + (this.bus != null ? this.bus.hashCode() : 0);
+        hash = 47 * hash + this.port;
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        String s = "";
+        if(bus != null)
+            s += bus;
+
+        if(hostName != null)
+            s += "@" + hostName;
+        else
+            s += "@" + host + ":" + Integer.toString(port);
+
+        if(description != null)
+            s += " (" + description + ")";
+
+        return s;
+    }
+
+    public String toURLString() {
+        return  "socket://" + bus + "@" + host + ":" + Integer.toString(port);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DataFlavor[] getTransferDataFlavors() {
+        return new DataFlavor[]{DATA_FLAVOR};
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isDataFlavorSupported(DataFlavor flavor) {
+        return flavor == DATA_FLAVOR;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getTransferData(DataFlavor flavor) throws UnsupportedFlavorException, IOException {
+        if(flavor == DATA_FLAVOR) {
+            return this;
+        } else {
+            throw new UnsupportedFlavorException(flavor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Boolean checkConnection() {
+        Socket socket = new Socket();
+        InetSocketAddress address = new InetSocketAddress(host, port);
+        InputStreamReader input = null;
+        try {
+            socket.setSoTimeout(10);
+            socket.connect(address, 50);
+
+            input = new InputStreamReader(
+                    socket.getInputStream());
+
+            String ret = "< hi >";
+
+            for(int i=0;i<6;i++) {
+                if(input.read() != ret.charAt(i)) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Could not connect to host");
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "Could not connect to host", ex);
+            return false;
+        }
+        finally {
+            if(input != null) {
+                    try {
+                    input.close();
+                } catch (IOException ex) {
+                    Logger.getLogger(BusURL.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.Socket` acquired to `socket` by call to `Socket()` at line 207 is not released after line 215.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Boolean BusURL.checkConnection()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kayak.core.BusURL.checkConnection():java.lang.Boolean.bc8467cc9db483225c81ffd402e5ec98
+
+### File:
+Kayak-core/src/main/java/com/github/kayak/core/BusURL.java
+
+### Key:
+BusURL.java|checkConnection|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+72f88840c952245bd7f22b7a71576659
+
+### Hash:
+8955b4a908319d4d5dd4a17e04fc6c18
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6095/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6095/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0b6fa9539f082906d889b0ea366aaceeebc40e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6095/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kayak
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 	This file is part of Kayak.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *	it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *	the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *	(at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *	GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *	along with Kayak.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+package com.github.kayak.core;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * A Subscription describes the relation between a class that acts as a frame
+ * source and a class that wants to receive frames. The receiver can subscribe
+ * or unsubscribe IDs and the source can check if a frame should be delivered
+ * to the receiver.
+ * @author Jan-Niklas Meier <dschanoeh@googlemail.com>
+ *
+ */
+public class Subscription {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(Subscription.class.getName());
+
+    private Set<Integer> ids = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<Integer>());
+    private Boolean muted;
+    private Boolean subscribeAll;
+    private FrameReceiver receiver;
+    private SubscriptionChangeReceiver changeReceiver;
+
+    private void logStatus() {
+        if(!subscribeAll)
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "[{0} | {1}] Subscribed IDs: {2}", new String[]{receiver.toString(), changeReceiver.toString(), ids.toString()});
+        else
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "[{0} | {1}] Subscribed IDs: ALL", new String[]{receiver.toString(), changeReceiver.toString()});
+
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new Subscription. The new Subscription is automatically
+     * registered at the {@link SubscriptionChangeReceiver}.
+     * @param receiver
+     * @param changeReceiver
+     */
+    public Subscription(FrameReceiver receiver, SubscriptionChangeReceiver changeReceiver) {
+        muted = false;
+        subscribeAll = false;
+        this.receiver = receiver;
+        this.changeReceiver = changeReceiver;
+
+        changeReceiver.addSubscription(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subscribe for a single identifier
+     * @param id identifier
+     */
+    public void subscribe(int id) {
+        synchronized(this) {
+            if (!ids.contains(id)) {
+                ids.add(id);
+                changeReceiver.subscribed(id, this);
+                logStatus();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Subscribe for a range of identifiers. Note that it is not recommended
+     * to do this for large ranges because it will need much time.
+     * @param from
+     * @param to
+     */
+    public void subscribeRange(int from, int to) {
+        synchronized(this) {
+            for (int i = from; i <= to; i++) {
+                if(!ids.contains(i)) {
+                    ids.add(i);
+                    changeReceiver.subscribed(i, this);
+                }
+            }
+            logStatus();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove all identifiers from the subscription.
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        Integer[] identifiers = new Integer[0];
+        synchronized(this) {
+            identifiers = ids.toArray(new Integer[ids.size()]);
+        }
+        for (int i=0;i<identifiers.length;i++) {
+            unsubscribe(identifiers[i]);
+        }
+        logStatus();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a single identifier from the subscription.
+     * @param id
+     */
+    public void unsubscribe(int id) {
+        synchronized(this) {
+            if(ids.contains(id)) {
+                ids.remove(id);
+                changeReceiver.unsubscribed(id, this);
+                logStatus();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a range of identifiers. Note that it is not recommended
+     * to do this for large ranges because it will need much time.
+     * @param from
+     * @param to
+     */
+    public void unsubscribeRange(int from, int to) {
+        synchronized(this) {
+            for (int i = from; i <= to; i++) {
+                if(ids.contains(i)) {
+                    ids.remove(i);
+                    changeReceiver.unsubscribed(i, this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        logStatus();
+    }
+
+    public Boolean isMuted() {
+        return muted;
+    }
+
+    public void setMuted(Boolean muted) {
+        this.muted = muted;
+    }
+
+    public boolean includes(int id) {
+        if (subscribeAll) {
+            return true;
+        } else if (ids.contains(id)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void deliverFrame(Frame frame, Bus bus) {
+        if (subscribeAll) {
+            receiver.newFrame(frame);
+        } else {
+            if (ids.contains(frame.getIdentifier())) {
+                receiver.newFrame(frame);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setSubscribeAll(Boolean subscribeAll) {
+        this.subscribeAll = subscribeAll;
+        changeReceiver.subscriptionAllChanged(subscribeAll, this);
+        logStatus();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if all IDs are subscribed by this Subscription
+     */
+    public Boolean getSubscribeAll() {
+        return subscribeAll;
+    }
+
+    public Set<Integer> getAllIdentifiers() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(ids);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Informs the {@link SubscriptionChangeReceiver} that the Subscription
+     * will not be used anymore and no more Frames shall be received.
+     */
+    public void Terminate() {
+        if(changeReceiver != null)
+            changeReceiver.subscriptionTerminated(this);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.kayak.core.Subscription.clear` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.kayak.core.Subscription.subscribeAll`. Potentially races with write in method `Subscription.setSubscribeAll(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Subscription.clear()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kayak.core.Subscription.clear():void.bef8cb35148b4790b89942e0741c281d
+
+### File:
+Kayak-core/src/main/java/com/github/kayak/core/Subscription.java
+
+### Key:
+Subscription.java|clear|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b8d4ecf3d20ad00289199ddeec27036d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6112/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6112/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8effd74b51831e2f9d4fcf1a456500e9674c6f56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6112/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kayak
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 	This file is part of Kayak.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *	it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *	the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *	(at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *	GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *	along with Kayak.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+package com.github.kayak.core;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream;
+
+/**
+ * Represents an already existing log file. On creation the file is parsed and
+ * the relevant content is available as properties.
+ * @author Jan-Niklas Meier <dschanoeh@googlemail.com>
+ */
+public class LogFile {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(LogFile.class.getCanonicalName());
+
+    private Boolean compressed;
+    private File file;
+    private InputStream inputStream;
+    private String description;
+    private String platform;
+    private HashMap<String, String> deviceAlias;
+    private long length;
+
+    public static final Pattern platformPattern = Pattern.compile("[A-Z0-9_]+");
+    public static final Pattern descriptionPattern = Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z0-9\\s]+");
+    public static final Pattern descriptionLinePattern = Pattern.compile("DESCRIPTION \"[a-zA-Z0-9\\s]+\"");
+    public static final Pattern platformLinePattern = Pattern.compile("PLATFORM [A-Z0-9_]+");
+    public static final Pattern deviceAliasLinePattern = Pattern.compile("DEVICE_ALIAS [A-Za-z0-9]+ [a-z0-9]{1,16}");
+
+    public long getLength() {
+        return length;
+    }
+
+    public long getSize() {
+        return file.length();
+    }
+
+    public File getFile() {
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    public String getAlias(String s) {
+        return deviceAlias.get(s);
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<String> getBusses() {
+        ArrayList<String> busNames = new ArrayList<String>();
+        Set<String> keys = deviceAlias.keySet();
+
+        for (String bus : keys) {
+            busNames.add(deviceAlias.get(bus));
+        }
+
+        return busNames;
+
+    }
+
+    public String getDescription() {
+        return description;
+    }
+
+    public String getPlatform() {
+        return platform;
+    }
+
+    public Boolean getCompressed() {
+        return compressed;
+    }
+
+    public String getFileName() {
+        return file.getName();
+    }
+
+    public void setPlatform(String platform) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if(!platformPattern.matcher(platform).matches())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Platform must match " + platformPattern.pattern());
+
+        File tempFile = new File(file.getAbsolutePath() + ".tmp");
+        BufferedReader br;
+        PrintWriter pw;
+
+        if(compressed) {
+            GZIPInputStream zipStream = new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(zipStream));
+            GZIPOutputStream outStream = new GZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(tempFile));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(outStream);
+        } else {
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file)));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(tempFile));
+        }
+
+        String line = null;
+        boolean written = false;
+
+        while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+            /* If line is found overwrite it */
+            if (!written && line.startsWith(("PLATFORM"))) {
+                pw.println("PLATFORM " + platform);
+                written = true;
+            /* If header has no such field add it */
+            } else if(!written && line.startsWith("(")) {
+                pw.println("PLATFORM " + platform);
+                pw.println(line);
+                written = true;
+            /* Write all other header lines */
+            } else {
+                pw.println(line);
+                pw.flush();
+            }
+        }
+
+        pw.close();
+        br.close();
+
+        if (!file.delete()) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not delete old file");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!tempFile.renameTo(file)) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not rename new file to old filename");
+        }
+
+        this.platform = platform;
+    }
+
+    public void setDescription(String description) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if(!descriptionPattern.matcher(description).matches())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Description must match " + descriptionPattern.pattern());
+
+        File tempFile = new File(file.getAbsolutePath() + ".tmp");
+        BufferedReader br;
+        PrintWriter pw;
+
+        if(compressed) {
+            GZIPInputStream zipStream = new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(zipStream));
+            GZIPOutputStream outStream = new GZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(tempFile));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(outStream);
+        } else {
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file)));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(tempFile));
+        }
+
+        String line = null;
+        boolean written = false;
+
+        while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+            /* If line is found overwrite it */
+            if (!written && line.startsWith(("DESCRIPTION"))) {
+                pw.println("DESCRIPTION \"" + description + "\"");
+                written = true;
+            /* If header has no such field add it */
+            } else if(!written && line.startsWith("(")) {
+                pw.println("DESCRIPTION \"" + description + "\"");
+                pw.println(line);
+                written = true;
+            /* Write all other header lines */
+            } else {
+                pw.println(line);
+                pw.flush();
+            }
+        }
+
+        pw.close();
+        br.close();
+
+        if (!file.delete()) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not delete old file");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!tempFile.renameTo(file)) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not rename new file to old filename");
+        }
+
+        this.description = description;
+    }
+
+    public LogFile(File file) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        this.file = file;
+        this.platform = "";
+        this.description = "";
+        deviceAlias = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        String filename = file.getPath();
+
+        if (filename.endsWith(".log.gz")) {
+            compressed = true;
+            inputStream = new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
+        } else {
+            compressed = false;
+            inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+        }
+
+        parseHeader();
+    }
+
+    private void parseHeader() {
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream));
+        try {
+            while (true) {
+                String line = reader.readLine();
+
+                if(descriptionLinePattern.matcher(line).matches()) {
+                    int start = line.indexOf('\"') + 1;
+                    int stop = line.lastIndexOf("\"");
+                    description = line.substring(start, stop);
+                } else if(platformLinePattern.matcher(line).matches()) {
+                    int start = line.indexOf(' ') + 1;
+                    platform = line.substring(start);
+                } else if (deviceAliasLinePattern.matcher(line).matches()) {
+                    int start = line.indexOf(' ') + 1;
+                    int stop = line.lastIndexOf(' ');
+                    String alias = line.substring(start, stop);
+                    String bus = line.substring(stop + 1);
+                    deviceAlias.put(bus, alias);
+                /*
+                 * All lines that are not recognized and not pure whitespace cause
+                 * the header parsing to abort.
+                 */
+                } else if (!line.matches("\\s")) {
+                        if (description.equals("")) {
+                            description = file.getName();
+                        }
+                        if (platform.equals("")) {
+                            platform = "No platform";
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "IOException while loading log file.", ex);
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                reader.close();
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not close reader.", ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* TODO: get length of file */
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final LogFile other = (LogFile) obj;
+        if(other.getFileName().equals(getFileName()))
+            return true;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return getFileName().hashCode();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 169 is not released after line 210.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 170
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LogFile.setDescription(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kayak.core.LogFile.setDescription(java.lang.String):void.aaa234dd29a81291a6ee5d3be75a441e
+
+### File:
+Kayak-core/src/main/java/com/github/kayak/core/LogFile.java
+
+### Key:
+LogFile.java|setDescription|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+82f06fb2a47de2da9ebc0f32e512cd09
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6115/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6115/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b780e9f1a67df87b20eed07e81d70f69ce8bb55e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6115/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Kayak
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 	This file is part of Kayak.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *	it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *	the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *	(at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *	Kayak is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *	GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *	along with Kayak.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+package com.github.kayak.core;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream;
+
+/**
+ * Represents an already existing log file. On creation the file is parsed and
+ * the relevant content is available as properties.
+ * @author Jan-Niklas Meier <dschanoeh@googlemail.com>
+ */
+public class LogFile {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(LogFile.class.getCanonicalName());
+
+    private Boolean compressed;
+    private File file;
+    private InputStream inputStream;
+    private String description;
+    private String platform;
+    private HashMap<String, String> deviceAlias;
+    private long length;
+
+    public static final Pattern platformPattern = Pattern.compile("[A-Z0-9_]+");
+    public static final Pattern descriptionPattern = Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z0-9\\s]+");
+    public static final Pattern descriptionLinePattern = Pattern.compile("DESCRIPTION \"[a-zA-Z0-9\\s]+\"");
+    public static final Pattern platformLinePattern = Pattern.compile("PLATFORM [A-Z0-9_]+");
+    public static final Pattern deviceAliasLinePattern = Pattern.compile("DEVICE_ALIAS [A-Za-z0-9]+ [a-z0-9]{1,16}");
+
+    public long getLength() {
+        return length;
+    }
+
+    public long getSize() {
+        return file.length();
+    }
+
+    public File getFile() {
+        return file;
+    }
+
+    public String getAlias(String s) {
+        return deviceAlias.get(s);
+    }
+
+    public ArrayList<String> getBusses() {
+        ArrayList<String> busNames = new ArrayList<String>();
+        Set<String> keys = deviceAlias.keySet();
+
+        for (String bus : keys) {
+            busNames.add(deviceAlias.get(bus));
+        }
+
+        return busNames;
+
+    }
+
+    public String getDescription() {
+        return description;
+    }
+
+    public String getPlatform() {
+        return platform;
+    }
+
+    public Boolean getCompressed() {
+        return compressed;
+    }
+
+    public String getFileName() {
+        return file.getName();
+    }
+
+    public void setPlatform(String platform) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if(!platformPattern.matcher(platform).matches())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Platform must match " + platformPattern.pattern());
+
+        File tempFile = new File(file.getAbsolutePath() + ".tmp");
+        BufferedReader br;
+        PrintWriter pw;
+
+        if(compressed) {
+            GZIPInputStream zipStream = new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(zipStream));
+            GZIPOutputStream outStream = new GZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(tempFile));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(outStream);
+        } else {
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file)));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(tempFile));
+        }
+
+        String line = null;
+        boolean written = false;
+
+        while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+            /* If line is found overwrite it */
+            if (!written && line.startsWith(("PLATFORM"))) {
+                pw.println("PLATFORM " + platform);
+                written = true;
+            /* If header has no such field add it */
+            } else if(!written && line.startsWith("(")) {
+                pw.println("PLATFORM " + platform);
+                pw.println(line);
+                written = true;
+            /* Write all other header lines */
+            } else {
+                pw.println(line);
+                pw.flush();
+            }
+        }
+
+        pw.close();
+        br.close();
+
+        if (!file.delete()) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not delete old file");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!tempFile.renameTo(file)) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not rename new file to old filename");
+        }
+
+        this.platform = platform;
+    }
+
+    public void setDescription(String description) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if(!descriptionPattern.matcher(description).matches())
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Description must match " + descriptionPattern.pattern());
+
+        File tempFile = new File(file.getAbsolutePath() + ".tmp");
+        BufferedReader br;
+        PrintWriter pw;
+
+        if(compressed) {
+            GZIPInputStream zipStream = new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(zipStream));
+            GZIPOutputStream outStream = new GZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(tempFile));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(outStream);
+        } else {
+            br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file)));
+            pw = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(tempFile));
+        }
+
+        String line = null;
+        boolean written = false;
+
+        while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+            /* If line is found overwrite it */
+            if (!written && line.startsWith(("DESCRIPTION"))) {
+                pw.println("DESCRIPTION \"" + description + "\"");
+                written = true;
+            /* If header has no such field add it */
+            } else if(!written && line.startsWith("(")) {
+                pw.println("DESCRIPTION \"" + description + "\"");
+                pw.println(line);
+                written = true;
+            /* Write all other header lines */
+            } else {
+                pw.println(line);
+                pw.flush();
+            }
+        }
+
+        pw.close();
+        br.close();
+
+        if (!file.delete()) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not delete old file");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!tempFile.renameTo(file)) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not rename new file to old filename");
+        }
+
+        this.description = description;
+    }
+
+    public LogFile(File file) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        this.file = file;
+        this.platform = "";
+        this.description = "";
+        deviceAlias = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        String filename = file.getPath();
+
+        if (filename.endsWith(".log.gz")) {
+            compressed = true;
+            inputStream = new GZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));
+        } else {
+            compressed = false;
+            inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
+        }
+
+        parseHeader();
+    }
+
+    private void parseHeader() {
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(inputStream));
+        try {
+            while (true) {
+                String line = reader.readLine();
+
+                if(descriptionLinePattern.matcher(line).matches()) {
+                    int start = line.indexOf('\"') + 1;
+                    int stop = line.lastIndexOf("\"");
+                    description = line.substring(start, stop);
+                } else if(platformLinePattern.matcher(line).matches()) {
+                    int start = line.indexOf(' ') + 1;
+                    platform = line.substring(start);
+                } else if (deviceAliasLinePattern.matcher(line).matches()) {
+                    int start = line.indexOf(' ') + 1;
+                    int stop = line.lastIndexOf(' ');
+                    String alias = line.substring(start, stop);
+                    String bus = line.substring(stop + 1);
+                    deviceAlias.put(bus, alias);
+                /*
+                 * All lines that are not recognized and not pure whitespace cause
+                 * the header parsing to abort.
+                 */
+                } else if (!line.matches("\\s")) {
+                        if (description.equals("")) {
+                            description = file.getName();
+                        }
+                        if (platform.equals("")) {
+                            platform = "No platform";
+                        }
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "IOException while loading log file.", ex);
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                reader.close();
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Could not close reader.", ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /* TODO: get length of file */
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (getClass() != obj.getClass()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final LogFile other = (LogFile) obj;
+        if(other.getFileName().equals(getFileName()))
+            return true;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return getFileName().hashCode();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 117 is not released after line 117.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LogFile.setPlatform(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.kayak.core.LogFile.setPlatform(java.lang.String):void.683e3ab770207e3486fe0a99eb96f654
+
+### File:
+Kayak-core/src/main/java/com/github/kayak/core/LogFile.java
+
+### Key:
+LogFile.java|setPlatform|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c7afdd3fc8e1cf9b1f4c6677e760bf08
+
+### Hash:
+922a05e909162eea6dd778133553d555
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6201/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6201/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e01c4d08d93d55e57aea4649b6c65f1d351700f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6201/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** storm-crawler
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to DigitalPebble Ltd under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * DigitalPebble licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.digitalpebble.stormcrawler.elasticsearch.persistence;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.cluster.shards.ClusterSearchShardsGroup;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.cluster.shards.ClusterSearchShardsRequest;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.admin.cluster.shards.ClusterSearchShardsResponse;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.search.SearchRequestBuilder;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.search.SearchResponse;
+import org.elasticsearch.action.search.SearchType;
+import org.elasticsearch.client.Client;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.query.QueryBuilder;
+import org.elasticsearch.index.query.QueryBuilders;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.SearchHit;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.aggregations.AggregationBuilders;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.aggregations.Aggregations;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.aggregations.bucket.terms.Terms;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.aggregations.bucket.terms.TermsBuilder;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.aggregations.metrics.min.MinBuilder;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.aggregations.metrics.tophits.TopHits;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.aggregations.metrics.tophits.TopHitsBuilder;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.sort.FieldSortBuilder;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.sort.SortBuilders;
+import org.elasticsearch.search.sort.SortOrder;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.digitalpebble.stormcrawler.Metadata;
+import com.digitalpebble.stormcrawler.elasticsearch.ElasticSearchConnection;
+import com.digitalpebble.stormcrawler.util.ConfUtils;
+
+import org.apache.storm.metric.api.IMetric;
+import org.apache.storm.metric.api.MultiCountMetric;
+import org.apache.storm.spout.SpoutOutputCollector;
+import org.apache.storm.task.TopologyContext;
+import org.apache.storm.topology.OutputFieldsDeclarer;
+import org.apache.storm.topology.base.BaseRichSpout;
+import org.apache.storm.tuple.Fields;
+import org.apache.storm.tuple.Values;
+
+/**
+ * Spout which pulls URL from an ES index. Use a single instance unless you use
+ * 'es.status.routing' with the StatusUpdaterBolt, in which case you need to
+ * have exactly the same number of spout instances as ES shards. Guarantees a
+ * good mix of URLs by aggregating them by an arbitrary field e.g.
+ * metadata.hostname.
+ **/
+@SuppressWarnings("serial")
+public class AggregationSpout extends BaseRichSpout {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory
+            .getLogger(AggregationSpout.class);
+
+    private static final String ESBoltType = "status";
+
+    private static final String ESStatusIndexNameParamName = "es.status.index.name";
+    private static final String ESStatusDocTypeParamName = "es.status.doc.type";
+
+    private static final String ESStatusRoutingFieldParamName = "es.status.routing.fieldname";
+
+    private static final String ESStatusMaxBucketParamName = "es.status.max.buckets";
+    private static final String ESStatusMaxURLsParamName = "es.status.max.urls.per.bucket";
+
+    /**
+     * Field name to use for sorting the URLs within a bucket, not used if empty
+     * or null.
+     **/
+    private static final String ESStatusBucketSortFieldParamName = "es.status.bucket.sort.field";
+
+    /**
+     * Field name to use for sorting the buckets, not used if empty or null.
+     **/
+    private static final String ESStatusGlobalSortFieldParamName = "es.status.global.sort.field";
+
+    /**
+     * Min time to allow between 2 successive queries to ES. Value in msecs,
+     * default 2000.
+     **/
+    private static final String ESStatusMinDelayParamName = "es.status.min.delay.queries";
+
+    protected String indexName;
+    protected String docType;
+
+    private SpoutOutputCollector _collector;
+
+    protected static Client client;
+
+    protected Set<String> beingProcessed = new HashSet<>();
+
+    protected Queue<Values> buffer = new LinkedList<>();
+
+    /** Field name used for field collapsing e.g. metadata.hostname **/
+    protected String partitionField;
+
+    protected int maxURLsPerBucket = 10;
+
+    protected int maxBucketNum = 10;
+
+    protected MultiCountMetric eventCounter;
+
+    private boolean active = true;
+
+    protected long minDelayBetweenQueries = 2000;
+
+    /**
+     * when using multiple instances - each one is in charge of a specific shard
+     * useful when sharding based on host or domain to guarantee a good mix of
+     * URLs
+     */
+    protected int shardID = -1;
+
+    private String bucketSortField = "";
+
+    private String totalSortField = "";
+
+    protected Date timePreviousQuery = null;
+
+    /** Used to distinguish between instances in the logs **/
+    protected String logIdprefix = "";
+
+    @Override
+    public void open(Map stormConf, TopologyContext context,
+            SpoutOutputCollector collector) {
+
+        indexName = ConfUtils.getString(stormConf, ESStatusIndexNameParamName,
+                "status");
+        docType = ConfUtils.getString(stormConf, ESStatusDocTypeParamName,
+                "status");
+
+        partitionField = ConfUtils.getString(stormConf,
+                ESStatusRoutingFieldParamName);
+
+        bucketSortField = ConfUtils.getString(stormConf,
+                ESStatusBucketSortFieldParamName, bucketSortField);
+
+        totalSortField = ConfUtils.getString(stormConf,
+                ESStatusGlobalSortFieldParamName);
+
+        maxURLsPerBucket = ConfUtils.getInt(stormConf,
+                ESStatusMaxURLsParamName, 1);
+        maxBucketNum = ConfUtils.getInt(stormConf, ESStatusMaxBucketParamName,
+                10);
+
+        minDelayBetweenQueries = ConfUtils.getLong(stormConf,
+                ESStatusMinDelayParamName, 2000);
+
+        // one ES client per JVM
+        synchronized (AggregationSpout.class) {
+            try {
+                if (client == null) {
+                    client = ElasticSearchConnection.getClient(stormConf,
+                            ESBoltType);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e1) {
+                LOG.error("Can't connect to ElasticSearch", e1);
+                throw new RuntimeException(e1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if more than one instance is used we expect their number to be the
+        // same as the number of shards
+        int totalTasks = context
+                .getComponentTasks(context.getThisComponentId()).size();
+        if (totalTasks > 1) {
+            logIdprefix = "[" + context.getThisComponentId() + " #"
+                    + context.getThisTaskIndex() + "] ";
+
+            // determine the number of shards so that we can restrict the
+            // search
+            ClusterSearchShardsRequest request = new ClusterSearchShardsRequest(
+                    indexName);
+            ClusterSearchShardsResponse shardresponse = client.admin()
+                    .cluster().searchShards(request).actionGet();
+            ClusterSearchShardsGroup[] shardgroups = shardresponse.getGroups();
+            if (totalTasks != shardgroups.length) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(
+                        "Number of ES spout instances should be the same as number of shards ("
+                                + shardgroups.length + ") but is " + totalTasks);
+            }
+            shardID = shardgroups[context.getThisTaskIndex()].getShardId();
+            LOG.info("{} assigned shard ID {}", logIdprefix, shardID);
+        }
+
+        _collector = collector;
+
+        this.eventCounter = context.registerMetric("counters",
+                new MultiCountMetric(), 10);
+
+        context.registerMetric("buffer_size", new IMetric() {
+            @Override
+            public Object getValueAndReset() {
+                return buffer.size();
+            }
+        }, 10);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        if (client != null)
+            client.close();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void declareOutputFields(OutputFieldsDeclarer declarer) {
+        declarer.declare(new Fields("url", "metadata"));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void nextTuple() {
+
+        // inactive?
+        if (active == false)
+            return;
+
+        // have anything in the buffer?
+        if (!buffer.isEmpty()) {
+            Values fields = buffer.remove();
+
+            String url = fields.get(0).toString();
+            beingProcessed.add(url);
+
+            this._collector.emit(fields, url);
+            eventCounter.scope("emitted").incrBy(1);
+
+            return;
+        }
+        // re-populate the buffer
+        populateBuffer();
+    }
+
+    /** run a query on ES to populate the internal buffer **/
+    protected void populateBuffer() {
+
+        Date now = new Date();
+
+        // check that we allowed some time between queries
+        if (timePreviousQuery != null) {
+            long difference = now.getTime() - timePreviousQuery.getTime();
+            if (difference < minDelayBetweenQueries) {
+                long sleepTime = minDelayBetweenQueries - difference;
+                LOG.info(
+                        "{} Not enough time elapsed since {} - sleeping for {}",
+                        logIdprefix, timePreviousQuery, sleepTime);
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    LOG.error("{} InterruptedException caught while waiting",
+                            logIdprefix);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        timePreviousQuery = now;
+
+        LOG.info("{} Populating buffer with nextFetchDate <= {}", logIdprefix,
+                now);
+
+        QueryBuilder rangeQueryBuilder = QueryBuilders.rangeQuery(
+                "nextFetchDate").lte(now);
+
+        SearchRequestBuilder srb = client.prepareSearch(indexName)
+                .setTypes(docType).setSearchType(SearchType.QUERY_THEN_FETCH)
+                .setQuery(rangeQueryBuilder).setFrom(0).setSize(0)
+                .setExplain(false);
+
+        TermsBuilder aggregations = AggregationBuilders.terms("partition")
+                .field("metadata." + partitionField).size(maxBucketNum);
+
+        TopHitsBuilder tophits = AggregationBuilders.topHits("docs")
+                .setSize(maxURLsPerBucket).setExplain(false);
+        // sort within a bucket
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(bucketSortField)) {
+            FieldSortBuilder sorter = SortBuilders.fieldSort(bucketSortField)
+                    .order(SortOrder.ASC);
+            tophits.addSort(sorter);
+        }
+
+        aggregations.subAggregation(tophits);
+
+        // sort between buckets
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(totalSortField)) {
+            MinBuilder minBuilder = AggregationBuilders.min("top_hit").field(
+                    totalSortField);
+            aggregations.subAggregation(minBuilder);
+            aggregations.order(Terms.Order.aggregation("top_hit", true));
+        }
+
+        srb.addAggregation(aggregations);
+
+        // https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/search-request-preference.html
+        // _shards:2,3
+        if (shardID != -1) {
+            srb.setPreference("_shards:" + shardID);
+        }
+
+        // dump query to log
+        LOG.debug("{} ES query {}", logIdprefix, srb.toString());
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        SearchResponse response = srb.execute().actionGet();
+        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        eventCounter.scope("ES_query_time_msec").incrBy(end - start);
+
+        Aggregations aggregs = response.getAggregations();
+
+        Terms agg = aggregs.get("partition");
+
+        int numhits = 0;
+        int numBuckets = 0;
+        int alreadyprocessed = 0;
+
+        // For each entry
+        for (Terms.Bucket entry : agg.getBuckets()) {
+            String key = (String) entry.getKey(); // bucket key
+            long docCount = entry.getDocCount(); // Doc count
+
+            int hitsForThisBucket = 0;
+
+            // filter results so that we don't include URLs we are already
+            // being processed
+            TopHits topHits = entry.getAggregations().get("docs");
+            for (SearchHit hit : topHits.getHits().getHits()) {
+                hitsForThisBucket++;
+
+                Map<String, Object> keyValues = hit.sourceAsMap();
+                String url = (String) keyValues.get("url");
+
+                LOG.debug("{} -> id [{}], _source [{}]", logIdprefix,
+                        hit.getId(), hit.getSourceAsString());
+
+                // is already being processed - skip it!
+                if (beingProcessed.contains(url)) {
+                    alreadyprocessed++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Metadata metadata = fromKeyValues(keyValues);
+                buffer.add(new Values(url, metadata));
+            }
+
+            if (hitsForThisBucket > 0)
+                numBuckets++;
+
+            numhits += hitsForThisBucket;
+
+            LOG.debug("{} key [{}], hits[{}], doc_count [{}]", logIdprefix,
+                    key, hitsForThisBucket, docCount, alreadyprocessed);
+        }
+
+        // Shuffle the URLs so that we don't get blocks of URLs from the same
+        // host or domain
+        Collections.shuffle((List) buffer);
+
+        LOG.info(
+                "{} ES query returned {} hits from {} buckets in {} msec with {} already being processed",
+                logIdprefix, numhits, numBuckets, end - start, alreadyprocessed);
+
+        eventCounter.scope("already_being_processed").incrBy(alreadyprocessed);
+        eventCounter.scope("ES_queries").incrBy(1);
+        eventCounter.scope("ES_docs").incrBy(numhits);
+    }
+
+    protected final Metadata fromKeyValues(Map<String, Object> keyValues) {
+        Map<String, List<String>> mdAsMap = (Map<String, List<String>>) keyValues
+                .get("metadata");
+        Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
+        if (mdAsMap != null) {
+            Iterator<Entry<String, List<String>>> mdIter = mdAsMap.entrySet()
+                    .iterator();
+            while (mdIter.hasNext()) {
+                Entry<String, List<String>> mdEntry = mdIter.next();
+                String key = mdEntry.getKey();
+                // periods are not allowed in ES2 - replace with %2E
+                key = key.replaceAll("%2E", "\\.");
+                Object mdValObj = mdEntry.getValue();
+                // single value
+                if (mdValObj instanceof String) {
+                    metadata.addValue(key, (String) mdValObj);
+                }
+                // multi valued
+                else {
+                    metadata.addValues(key, (List<String>) mdValObj);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return metadata;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void ack(Object msgId) {
+        LOG.debug("{}  Ack for {}", logIdprefix, msgId);
+        beingProcessed.remove(msgId);
+        eventCounter.scope("acked").incrBy(1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void fail(Object msgId) {
+        LOG.info("{}  Fail for {}", logIdprefix, msgId);
+        beingProcessed.remove(msgId);
+        eventCounter.scope("failed").incrBy(1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void activate() {
+        active = true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void deactivate() {
+        active = false;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.digitalpebble.stormcrawler.elasticsearch.persistence.AggregationSpout.open` writes to field `this.com.digitalpebble.stormcrawler.elasticsearch.persistence.AggregationSpout.totalSortField` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AggregationSpout.open(Map,TopologyContext,SpoutOutputCollector)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.digitalpebble.stormcrawler.elasticsearch.persistence.AggregationSpout.open(java.util.Map,org.apa.4e24f33940753cc6f8f13c11d18ede19
+
+### File:
+external/elasticsearch/src/main/java/com/digitalpebble/stormcrawler/elasticsearch/persistence/AggregationSpout.java
+
+### Key:
+AggregationSpout.java|open|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a59b2121b8fe97c4585d8b5eff9ec2fb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6206/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6206/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..66cdf7b6dd32388023318a507151b9c979f3c9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6206/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Discovery
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.example.zuul.impl;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Title: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Description: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Copyright: Copyright (c) 2017-2050</p>
+ * <p>Company: Nepxion</p>
+ * @author Haojun Ren
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.framework.adapter.PluginAdapter;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.adapter.DiscoveryEnabledStrategy;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.zuul.context.ZuulStrategyContextHolder;
+import com.netflix.loadbalancer.Server;
+
+// 实现了组合策略，版本路由策略+区域路由策略+IP和端口路由策略+自定义策略
+public class MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy implements DiscoveryEnabledStrategy {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ZuulStrategyContextHolder zuulStrategyContextHolder;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PluginAdapter pluginAdapter;
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean apply(Server server, Map<String, String> metadata) {
+        // 对Rest调用传来的Header参数（例如Token）做策略
+        return applyFromHeader(server, metadata);
+    }
+
+    // 根据Rest调用传来的Header参数（例如Token），选取执行调用请求的服务实例
+    private boolean applyFromHeader(Server server, Map<String, String> metadata) {
+        String token = zuulStrategyContextHolder.getHeader("token");
+        String serviceId = pluginAdapter.getServerServiceId(server);
+
+        LOG.info("Zuul端负载均衡用户定制触发：token={}, serviceId={}, metadata={}", token, serviceId, metadata);
+
+        String filterToken = "abc";
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(token) && token.contains(filterToken)) {
+            LOG.info("过滤条件：当Token含有'{}'的时候，不能被Ribbon负载均衡到", filterToken);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `token` last assigned on line 42 could be null and is dereferenced at line 48.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.applyFromHeader(Server,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.example.zuul.impl.MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.applyFromHeader(com.netfli.088930c3338e8ee619511b8c4b076257
+
+### File:
+discovery-springcloud-example-zuul/src/main/java/com/nepxion/discovery/plugin/example/zuul/impl/MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.java|applyFromHeader|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e4b22ed7a9dedac4f4f90048918948a2
+
+### Hash:
+46d03a8d83eb5c3e31a4d3b3c180d477
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6208/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6208/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d52cde56f9628feb3f7fac152a822698fce99fa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6208/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Discovery
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.example.gateway.impl;
+
+/**
+ * <p>Title: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Description: Nepxion Discovery</p>
+ * <p>Copyright: Copyright (c) 2017-2050</p>
+ * <p>Company: Nepxion</p>
+ * @author Haojun Ren
+ * @version 1.0
+ */
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.framework.adapter.PluginAdapter;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.adapter.DiscoveryEnabledStrategy;
+import com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.strategy.gateway.context.GatewayStrategyContextHolder;
+import com.netflix.loadbalancer.Server;
+
+// 实现了组合策略，版本路由策略+区域路由策略+IP和端口路由策略+自定义策略
+public class MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy implements DiscoveryEnabledStrategy {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private GatewayStrategyContextHolder gatewayStrategyContextHolder;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PluginAdapter pluginAdapter;
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean apply(Server server, Map<String, String> metadata) {
+        // 对Rest调用传来的Header参数（例如Token）做策略
+        return applyFromHeader(server, metadata);
+    }
+
+    // 根据Rest调用传来的Header参数（例如Token），选取执行调用请求的服务实例
+    private boolean applyFromHeader(Server server, Map<String, String> metadata) {
+        String token = gatewayStrategyContextHolder.getHeader("token");
+        String serviceId = pluginAdapter.getServerServiceId(server);
+
+        LOG.info("Gateway端负载均衡用户定制触发：token={}, serviceId={}, metadata={}", token, serviceId, metadata);
+
+        String filterToken = "abc";
+        if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(token) && token.contains(filterToken)) {
+            LOG.info("过滤条件：当Token含有'{}'的时候，不能被Ribbon负载均衡到", filterToken);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `token` last assigned on line 42  at line 48.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.applyFromHeader(Server,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.nepxion.discovery.plugin.example.gateway.impl.MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.applyFromHeader(com.net.daeb28541b8ae91ef318fd03da66810c
+
+### File:
+discovery-springcloud-example-gateway/src/main/java/com/nepxion/discovery/plugin/example/gateway/impl/MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+MyDiscoveryEnabledStrategy.java|applyFromHeader|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e4b22ed7a9dedac4f4f90048918948a2
+
+### Hash:
+c3a4c34c83666866b09ce55696002037
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6230/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6230/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bb97bc2f4e8fc037f1b62a1ff185345a879bdac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6230/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1096 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mysql-binlog-connector-java
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Stanley Shyiko
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog;
+
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.Event;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeader;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeaderV4;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.GtidEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.RotateEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.ChecksumType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.GtidEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.RotateEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.jmx.BinaryLogClientMXBean;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.AuthenticationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ClientCapabilities;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.DefaultSSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLMode;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ServerException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.TLSHostnameVerifier;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ErrorPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.GreetingPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.Packet;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ResultSetRowPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.AuthenticateCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.Command;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.PingCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.QueryCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.SSLRequestCommand;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL replication stream client.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:stanley.shyiko@gmail.com">Stanley Shyiko</a>
+ */
+public class BinaryLogClient implements BinaryLogClientMXBean {
+
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory() {
+
+        @Override
+        protected void initSSLContext(SSLContext sc) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            sc.init(null, new TrustManager[]{
+                new X509TrustManager() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                        return new X509Certificate[0];
+                    }
+                }
+            }, null);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory();
+
+    // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sending-more-than-16mbyte.html
+    private static final int MAX_PACKET_LENGTH = 16777215;
+
+    private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName());
+
+    private final String hostname;
+    private final int port;
+    private final String schema;
+    private final String username;
+    private final String password;
+
+    private boolean blocking = true;
+    private long serverId = 65535;
+    private volatile String binlogFilename;
+    private volatile long binlogPosition = 4;
+    private volatile long connectionId;
+    private SSLMode sslMode = SSLMode.DISABLED;
+
+    private GtidSet gtidSet;
+    private final Object gtidSetAccessLock = new Object();
+
+    private EventDeserializer eventDeserializer = new EventDeserializer();
+
+    private final List<EventListener> eventListeners = new LinkedList<EventListener>();
+    private final List<LifecycleListener> lifecycleListeners = new LinkedList<LifecycleListener>();
+
+    private SocketFactory socketFactory;
+    private SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory;
+
+    private PacketChannel channel;
+    private volatile boolean connected;
+
+    private ThreadFactory threadFactory;
+
+    private boolean keepAlive = true;
+    private long keepAliveInterval = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(1);
+    private long keepAliveConnectTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(3);
+
+    private volatile ExecutorService keepAliveThreadExecutor;
+    private long keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(6);
+
+    private final Lock shutdownLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient(hostname, port, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String username, String password) {
+        this(hostname, port, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param hostname mysql server hostname
+     * @param port mysql server port
+     * @param schema database name, nullable. Note that this parameter has nothing to do with event filtering. It's
+     * used only during the authentication.
+     * @param username login name
+     * @param password password
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.schema = schema;
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isBlocking() {
+        return blocking;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param blocking blocking mode. If set to false - BinaryLogClient will disconnect after the last event.
+     */
+    public void setBlocking(boolean blocking) {
+        this.blocking = blocking;
+    }
+
+    public SSLMode getSSLMode() {
+        return sslMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setSSLMode(SSLMode sslMode) {
+        if (sslMode == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SSL mode cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.sslMode = sslMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return server id (65535 by default)
+     * @see #setServerId(long)
+     */
+    public long getServerId() {
+        return serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param serverId server id (in the range from 1 to 2^32 - 1). This value MUST be unique across whole replication
+     * group (that is, different from any other server id being used by any master or slave). Keep in mind that each
+     * binary log client (mysql-binlog-connector-java/BinaryLogClient, mysqlbinlog, etc) should be treated as a
+     * simplified slave and thus MUST also use a different server id.
+     * @see #getServerId()
+     */
+    public void setServerId(long serverId) {
+        this.serverId = serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log filename, nullable (and null be default). Note that this value is automatically tracked by
+     * the client and thus is subject to change (in response to {@link EventType#ROTATE}, for example).
+     * @see #setBinlogFilename(String)
+     */
+    public String getBinlogFilename() {
+        return binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogFilename binary log filename.
+     * Special values are:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>null, which turns on automatic resolution (resulting in the last known binlog and position). This is what
+     * happens by default when you don't specify binary log filename explicitly.</li>
+     *   <li>"" (empty string), which instructs server to stream events starting from the oldest known binlog.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * @see #getBinlogFilename()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogFilename(String binlogFilename) {
+        this.binlogFilename = binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log position of the next event, 4 by default (which is a position of first event). Note that this
+     * value changes with each incoming event.
+     * @see #setBinlogPosition(long)
+     */
+    public long getBinlogPosition() {
+        return binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogPosition binary log position. Any value less than 4 gets automatically adjusted to 4 on connect.
+     * @see #getBinlogPosition()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogPosition(long binlogPosition) {
+        this.binlogPosition = binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return thread id
+     */
+    public long getConnectionId() {
+        return connectionId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return GTID set. Note that this value changes with each received GTID event (provided client is in GTID mode).
+     * @see #setGtidSet(String)
+     */
+    public String getGtidSet() {
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            return gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param gtidSet GTID set (can be an empty string).
+     * <p>NOTE #1: Any value but null will switch BinaryLogClient into a GTID mode (in which case GTID set will be
+     * updated with each incoming GTID event) as well as set binlogFilename to "" (empty string) (meaning
+     * BinaryLogClient will request events "outside of the set" <u>starting from the oldest known binlog</u>).
+     * <p>NOTE #2: {@link #setBinlogFilename(String)} and {@link #setBinlogPosition(long)} can be used to specify the
+     * exact position from which MySQL server should start streaming events (taking into account GTID set).
+     * @see #getGtidSet()
+     */
+    public void setGtidSet(String gtidSet) {
+        if (gtidSet != null && this.binlogFilename == null) {
+            this.binlogFilename = "";
+        }
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            this.gtidSet = gtidSet != null ? new GtidSet(gtidSet) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (default), false otherwise.
+     * @see #setKeepAlive(boolean)
+     */
+    public boolean isKeepAlive() {
+        return keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAlive true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (recommended and true by default),
+     * false otherwise.
+     * @see #isKeepAlive()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAlive(boolean keepAlive) {
+        this.keepAlive = keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" interval in milliseconds, 1 minute by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveInterval(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveInterval() {
+        return keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveInterval "keep alive" interval in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveInterval()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveInterval(long keepAliveInterval) {
+        this.keepAliveInterval = keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds, 3 seconds by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveConnectTimeout() {
+        return keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveConnectTimeout "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveConnectTimeout()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long keepAliveConnectTimeout) {
+        this.keepAliveConnectTimeout = keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param eventDeserializer custom event deserializer
+     */
+    public void setEventDeserializer(EventDeserializer eventDeserializer) {
+        if (eventDeserializer == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Event deserializer cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.eventDeserializer = eventDeserializer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param socketFactory custom socket factory. If not provided, socket will be created with "new Socket()".
+     */
+    public void setSocketFactory(SocketFactory socketFactory) {
+        this.socketFactory = socketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param sslSocketFactory custom ssl socket factory
+     */
+    public void setSslSocketFactory(SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory) {
+        this.sslSocketFactory = sslSocketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param threadFactory custom thread factory. If not provided, threads will be created using simple "new Thread()".
+     */
+    public void setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
+        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream. Note that this method blocks until disconnected.
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     */
+    public void connect() throws IOException {
+        if (connected) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient is already connected");
+        }
+        GreetingPacket greetingPacket;
+        try {
+            try {
+                Socket socket = socketFactory != null ? socketFactory.createSocket() : new Socket();
+                socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+                channel = new PacketChannel(socket);
+                if (channel.getInputStream().peek() == -1) {
+                    throw new EOFException();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to connect to MySQL on " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                    ". Please make sure it's running.", e);
+            }
+            greetingPacket = receiveGreeting();
+            authenticate(greetingPacket);
+            if (binlogFilename == null) {
+                fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition();
+            }
+            if (binlogPosition < 4) {
+                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                    logger.warning("Binary log position adjusted from " + binlogPosition + " to " + 4);
+                }
+                binlogPosition = 4;
+            }
+            ChecksumType checksumType = fetchBinlogChecksum();
+            if (checksumType != ChecksumType.NONE) {
+                confirmSupportOfChecksum(checksumType);
+            }
+            requestBinaryLogStream();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        connected = true;
+        connectionId = greetingPacket.getThreadId();
+        if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String position;
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                position = gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : binlogFilename + "/" + binlogPosition;
+            }
+            logger.info("Connected to " + hostname + ":" + port + " at " + position +
+                " (" + (blocking ? "sid:" + serverId + ", " : "") + "cid:" + connectionId + ")");
+        }
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                lifecycleListener.onConnect(this);
+            }
+        }
+        if (keepAlive && !isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            spawnKeepAliveThread();
+        }
+        ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.ROTATE, RotateEventDataDeserializer.class);
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.GTID, GtidEventDataDeserializer.class);
+            }
+        }
+        listenForEventPackets();
+    }
+
+    private GreetingPacket receiveGreeting() throws IOException {
+        byte[] initialHandshakePacket = channel.read();
+        if (initialHandshakePacket[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(initialHandshakePacket, 1, initialHandshakePacket.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        return new GreetingPacket(initialHandshakePacket);
+    }
+
+    private void requestBinaryLogStream() throws IOException {
+        long serverId = blocking ? this.serverId : 0; // http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=71178
+        Command dumpBinaryLogCommand;
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition, gtidSet);
+            } else {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition);
+            }
+        }
+        channel.write(dumpBinaryLogCommand);
+    }
+
+    private void ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType eventType,
+             Class<? extends EventDataDeserializer> eventDataDeserializerClass) {
+        EventDataDeserializer eventDataDeserializer = eventDeserializer.getEventDataDeserializer(eventType);
+        if (eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != eventDataDeserializerClass &&
+            eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer.class) {
+            EventDataDeserializer internalEventDataDeserializer;
+            try {
+                internalEventDataDeserializer = eventDataDeserializerClass.newInstance();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            eventDeserializer.setEventDataDeserializer(eventType,
+                new EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer(internalEventDataDeserializer,
+                    eventDataDeserializer));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void authenticate(GreetingPacket greetingPacket) throws IOException {
+        int collation = greetingPacket.getServerCollation();
+        int packetNumber = 1;
+        if (sslMode != SSLMode.DISABLED) {
+            boolean serverSupportsSSL = (greetingPacket.getServerCapabilities() & ClientCapabilities.SSL) != 0;
+            if (!serverSupportsSSL && (sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED || sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_CA ||
+                sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY)) {
+                throw new IOException("MySQL server does not support SSL");
+            }
+            if (serverSupportsSSL) {
+                SSLRequestCommand sslRequestCommand = new SSLRequestCommand();
+                sslRequestCommand.setCollation(collation);
+                channel.write(sslRequestCommand, packetNumber++);
+                SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = this.sslSocketFactory != null ? this.sslSocketFactory :
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED ? DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY :
+                        DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY;
+                channel.upgradeToSSL(sslSocketFactory,
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY ? new TLSHostnameVerifier() : null);
+            }
+        }
+        AuthenticateCommand authenticateCommand = new AuthenticateCommand(schema, username, password,
+            greetingPacket.getScramble());
+        authenticateCommand.setCollation(collation);
+        channel.write(authenticateCommand, packetNumber);
+        byte[] authenticationResult = channel.read();
+        if (authenticationResult[0] != (byte) 0x00 /* ok */) {
+            if (authenticationResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+                byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(authenticationResult, 1, authenticationResult.length);
+                ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+                throw new AuthenticationException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+            }
+            throw new AuthenticationException("Unexpected authentication result (" + authenticationResult[0] + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void spawnKeepAliveThread() {
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ThreadFactory() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable runnable) {
+                return newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-keepalive-" + hostname + ":" + port);
+            }
+        });
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(keepAliveInterval);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        // expected in case of disconnect
+                    }
+                    shutdownLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        if (keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            channel.write(new PingCommand());
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                                logger.info("Trying to restore lost connection to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+                            }
+                            try {
+                                if (isConnected()) {
+                                    disconnectChannel();
+                                }
+                                connect(keepAliveConnectTimeout);
+                            } catch (Exception ce) {
+                                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                                    logger.warning("Failed to restore connection to " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                                        ". Next attempt in " + keepAliveInterval + "ms");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        shutdownLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Thread newNamedThread(Runnable runnable, String threadName) {
+        Thread thread = threadFactory == null ? new Thread(runnable) : threadFactory.newThread(runnable);
+        thread.setName(threadName);
+        return thread;
+    }
+
+    boolean isKeepAliveThreadRunning() {
+        return keepAliveThreadExecutor != null && !keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream in a separate thread.
+     * @param timeoutInMilliseconds timeout in milliseconds
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if client was unable to connect within given time limit
+     */
+    public void connect(long timeoutInMilliseconds) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
+        final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AbstractLifecycleListener connectListener = new AbstractLifecycleListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) {
+                countDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        };
+        registerLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        final AtomicReference<IOException> exceptionReference = new AtomicReference<IOException>();
+        Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    connect();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    exceptionReference.set(e);
+                    countDownLatch.countDown(); // making sure we don't end up waiting whole "timeout"
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-" + hostname + ":" + port).start();
+        boolean started = false;
+        try {
+            started = countDownLatch.await(timeoutInMilliseconds, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        unregisterLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        if (exceptionReference.get() != null) {
+            throw exceptionReference.get();
+        }
+        if (!started) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("BinaryLogClient was unable to connect in " + timeoutInMilliseconds + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if client is connected, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return connected;
+    }
+
+    private void fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition() throws IOException {
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet;
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show master status"));
+        resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to determine binlog filename/position");
+        }
+        ResultSetRowPacket resultSetRow = resultSet[0];
+        binlogFilename = resultSetRow.getValue(0);
+        binlogPosition = Long.parseLong(resultSetRow.getValue(1));
+    }
+
+    private ChecksumType fetchBinlogChecksum() throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show global variables like 'binlog_checksum'"));
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            return ChecksumType.NONE;
+        }
+        return ChecksumType.valueOf(resultSet[0].getValue(1).toUpperCase());
+    }
+
+    private void confirmSupportOfChecksum(ChecksumType checksumType) throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("set @master_binlog_checksum= @@global.binlog_checksum"));
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        eventDeserializer.setChecksumType(checksumType);
+    }
+
+    private void listenForEventPackets() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = channel.getInputStream();
+        boolean completeShutdown = false;
+        try {
+            while (inputStream.peek() != -1) {
+                int packetLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+                inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+                int marker = inputStream.read();
+                if (marker == 0xFF) {
+                    ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(inputStream.read(packetLength - 1));
+                    throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                        errorPacket.getSqlState());
+                }
+                if (marker == 0xFE && !blocking) {
+                    completeShutdown = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                Event event;
+                try {
+                    event = eventDeserializer.nextEvent(packetLength == MAX_PACKET_LENGTH ?
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(readPacketSplitInChunks(inputStream, packetLength - 1)) :
+                        inputStream);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    Throwable cause = e instanceof EventDataDeserializationException ? e.getCause() : e;
+                    if (cause instanceof EOFException || cause instanceof SocketException) {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    if (isConnected()) {
+                        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                                lifecycleListener.onEventDeserializationFailure(this, e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (isConnected()) {
+                    notifyEventListeners(event);
+                    updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(event);
+                    updateGtidSet(event);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                    for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                        lifecycleListener.onCommunicationFailure(this, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                if (completeShutdown) {
+                    disconnect(); // initiate complete shutdown sequence (which includes keep alive thread)
+                } else {
+                    disconnectChannel();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private byte[] readPacketSplitInChunks(ByteArrayInputStream inputStream, int packetLength) throws IOException {
+        byte[] result = inputStream.read(packetLength);
+        int chunkLength;
+        do {
+            chunkLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+            inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+            result = Arrays.copyOf(result, result.length + chunkLength);
+            inputStream.fill(result, result.length - chunkLength, chunkLength);
+        } while (chunkLength == Packet.MAX_LENGTH);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        EventType eventType = eventHeader.getEventType();
+        if (eventType == EventType.ROTATE) {
+            EventData eventData = event.getData();
+            RotateEventData rotateEventData;
+            if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+            } else {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) eventData;
+            }
+            binlogFilename = rotateEventData.getBinlogFilename();
+            binlogPosition = rotateEventData.getBinlogPosition();
+        } else
+        // do not update binlogPosition on TABLE_MAP so that in case of reconnect (using a different instance of
+        // client) table mapping cache could be reconstructed before hitting row mutation event
+        if (eventType != EventType.TABLE_MAP && eventHeader instanceof EventHeaderV4) {
+            EventHeaderV4 trackableEventHeader = (EventHeaderV4) eventHeader;
+            long nextBinlogPosition = trackableEventHeader.getNextPosition();
+            if (nextBinlogPosition > 0) {
+                binlogPosition = nextBinlogPosition;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateGtidSet(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        if (eventHeader.getEventType() == EventType.GTID) {
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                if (gtidSet != null) {
+                    EventData eventData = event.getData();
+                    GtidEventData gtidEventData;
+                    if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+                    } else {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) eventData;
+                    }
+                    gtidSet.add(gtidEventData.getGtid());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ResultSetRowPacket[] readResultSet() throws IOException {
+        List<ResultSetRowPacket> resultSet = new LinkedList<ResultSetRowPacket>();
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        while ((channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */) { /* skip */ }
+        for (byte[] bytes; (bytes = channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */; ) {
+            resultSet.add(new ResultSetRowPacket(bytes));
+        }
+        return resultSet.toArray(new ResultSetRowPacket[resultSet.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered event listeners
+     */
+    public List<EventListener> getEventListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(eventListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register event listener. Note that multiple event listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.add(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all event listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(Class<? extends EventListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            Iterator<EventListener> iterator = eventListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                EventListener eventListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(eventListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single event listener.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyEventListeners(Event event) {
+        if (event.getData() instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+            event = new Event(event.getHeader(), ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) event.getData()).getExternal());
+        }
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            for (EventListener eventListener : eventListeners) {
+                try {
+                    eventListener.onEvent(event);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                        logger.log(Level.WARNING, eventListener + " choked on " + event, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered lifecycle listeners
+     */
+    public List<LifecycleListener> getLifecycleListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(lifecycleListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register lifecycle listener. Note that multiple lifecycle listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener lifecycleListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.add(lifecycleListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all lifecycle listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(Class<? extends LifecycleListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            Iterator<LifecycleListener> iterator = lifecycleListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                LifecycleListener lifecycleListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(lifecycleListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect from the replication stream.
+     * Note that this does not cause binlogFilename/binlogPosition to be cleared out.
+     * As the result following {@link #connect()} resumes client from where it left off.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() throws IOException {
+        shutdownLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+                keepAliveThreadExecutor.shutdownNow();
+            }
+            disconnectChannel();
+        } finally {
+            shutdownLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated() {
+        boolean terminated = false;
+        try {
+            terminated = keepAliveThreadExecutor.awaitTermination(keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout,
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        if (!terminated) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient was unable to shut keep alive thread down in " +
+                keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void disconnectChannel() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            connected = false;
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                    lifecycleListener.onDisconnect(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s event listener.
+     */
+    public interface EventListener {
+
+        void onEvent(Event event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public interface LifecycleListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called once client has successfully logged in but before started to receive binlog events.
+         */
+        void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+
+        /**
+         * It's guarantied to be called before {@link #onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient)}) in case of
+         * communication failure.
+         */
+        void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called in case of failed event deserialization. Note this type of error does NOT cause client to
+         * disconnect. If you wish to stop receiving events you'll need to fire client.disconnect() manually.
+         */
+        void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called upon disconnect (regardless of the reason).
+         */
+        void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default (no-op) implementation of {@link LifecycleListener}.
+     */
+    public static abstract class AbstractLifecycleListener implements LifecycleListener {
+
+        public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+        public void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect` writes to field `this.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.channel` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BinaryLogClient.connect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect():void.b46e0b85918f9e00aabc9fbe7138181c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/shyiko/mysql/binlog/BinaryLogClient.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryLogClient.java|connect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d846720e98eeb917abd26b4888e6eeb9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6237/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6237/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..869c93674bea15541a42a87dc7ed411c92123c8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6237/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1096 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mysql-binlog-connector-java
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Stanley Shyiko
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog;
+
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.Event;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeader;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeaderV4;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.GtidEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.RotateEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.ChecksumType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.GtidEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.RotateEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.jmx.BinaryLogClientMXBean;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.AuthenticationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ClientCapabilities;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.DefaultSSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLMode;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ServerException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.TLSHostnameVerifier;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ErrorPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.GreetingPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.Packet;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ResultSetRowPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.AuthenticateCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.Command;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.PingCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.QueryCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.SSLRequestCommand;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL replication stream client.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:stanley.shyiko@gmail.com">Stanley Shyiko</a>
+ */
+public class BinaryLogClient implements BinaryLogClientMXBean {
+
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory() {
+
+        @Override
+        protected void initSSLContext(SSLContext sc) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            sc.init(null, new TrustManager[]{
+                new X509TrustManager() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                        return new X509Certificate[0];
+                    }
+                }
+            }, null);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory();
+
+    // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sending-more-than-16mbyte.html
+    private static final int MAX_PACKET_LENGTH = 16777215;
+
+    private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName());
+
+    private final String hostname;
+    private final int port;
+    private final String schema;
+    private final String username;
+    private final String password;
+
+    private boolean blocking = true;
+    private long serverId = 65535;
+    private volatile String binlogFilename;
+    private volatile long binlogPosition = 4;
+    private volatile long connectionId;
+    private SSLMode sslMode = SSLMode.DISABLED;
+
+    private GtidSet gtidSet;
+    private final Object gtidSetAccessLock = new Object();
+
+    private EventDeserializer eventDeserializer = new EventDeserializer();
+
+    private final List<EventListener> eventListeners = new LinkedList<EventListener>();
+    private final List<LifecycleListener> lifecycleListeners = new LinkedList<LifecycleListener>();
+
+    private SocketFactory socketFactory;
+    private SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory;
+
+    private PacketChannel channel;
+    private volatile boolean connected;
+
+    private ThreadFactory threadFactory;
+
+    private boolean keepAlive = true;
+    private long keepAliveInterval = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(1);
+    private long keepAliveConnectTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(3);
+
+    private volatile ExecutorService keepAliveThreadExecutor;
+    private long keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(6);
+
+    private final Lock shutdownLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient(hostname, port, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String username, String password) {
+        this(hostname, port, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param hostname mysql server hostname
+     * @param port mysql server port
+     * @param schema database name, nullable. Note that this parameter has nothing to do with event filtering. It's
+     * used only during the authentication.
+     * @param username login name
+     * @param password password
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.schema = schema;
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isBlocking() {
+        return blocking;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param blocking blocking mode. If set to false - BinaryLogClient will disconnect after the last event.
+     */
+    public void setBlocking(boolean blocking) {
+        this.blocking = blocking;
+    }
+
+    public SSLMode getSSLMode() {
+        return sslMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setSSLMode(SSLMode sslMode) {
+        if (sslMode == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SSL mode cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.sslMode = sslMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return server id (65535 by default)
+     * @see #setServerId(long)
+     */
+    public long getServerId() {
+        return serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param serverId server id (in the range from 1 to 2^32 - 1). This value MUST be unique across whole replication
+     * group (that is, different from any other server id being used by any master or slave). Keep in mind that each
+     * binary log client (mysql-binlog-connector-java/BinaryLogClient, mysqlbinlog, etc) should be treated as a
+     * simplified slave and thus MUST also use a different server id.
+     * @see #getServerId()
+     */
+    public void setServerId(long serverId) {
+        this.serverId = serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log filename, nullable (and null be default). Note that this value is automatically tracked by
+     * the client and thus is subject to change (in response to {@link EventType#ROTATE}, for example).
+     * @see #setBinlogFilename(String)
+     */
+    public String getBinlogFilename() {
+        return binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogFilename binary log filename.
+     * Special values are:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>null, which turns on automatic resolution (resulting in the last known binlog and position). This is what
+     * happens by default when you don't specify binary log filename explicitly.</li>
+     *   <li>"" (empty string), which instructs server to stream events starting from the oldest known binlog.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * @see #getBinlogFilename()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogFilename(String binlogFilename) {
+        this.binlogFilename = binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log position of the next event, 4 by default (which is a position of first event). Note that this
+     * value changes with each incoming event.
+     * @see #setBinlogPosition(long)
+     */
+    public long getBinlogPosition() {
+        return binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogPosition binary log position. Any value less than 4 gets automatically adjusted to 4 on connect.
+     * @see #getBinlogPosition()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogPosition(long binlogPosition) {
+        this.binlogPosition = binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return thread id
+     */
+    public long getConnectionId() {
+        return connectionId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return GTID set. Note that this value changes with each received GTID event (provided client is in GTID mode).
+     * @see #setGtidSet(String)
+     */
+    public String getGtidSet() {
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            return gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param gtidSet GTID set (can be an empty string).
+     * <p>NOTE #1: Any value but null will switch BinaryLogClient into a GTID mode (in which case GTID set will be
+     * updated with each incoming GTID event) as well as set binlogFilename to "" (empty string) (meaning
+     * BinaryLogClient will request events "outside of the set" <u>starting from the oldest known binlog</u>).
+     * <p>NOTE #2: {@link #setBinlogFilename(String)} and {@link #setBinlogPosition(long)} can be used to specify the
+     * exact position from which MySQL server should start streaming events (taking into account GTID set).
+     * @see #getGtidSet()
+     */
+    public void setGtidSet(String gtidSet) {
+        if (gtidSet != null && this.binlogFilename == null) {
+            this.binlogFilename = "";
+        }
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            this.gtidSet = gtidSet != null ? new GtidSet(gtidSet) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (default), false otherwise.
+     * @see #setKeepAlive(boolean)
+     */
+    public boolean isKeepAlive() {
+        return keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAlive true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (recommended and true by default),
+     * false otherwise.
+     * @see #isKeepAlive()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAlive(boolean keepAlive) {
+        this.keepAlive = keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" interval in milliseconds, 1 minute by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveInterval(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveInterval() {
+        return keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveInterval "keep alive" interval in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveInterval()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveInterval(long keepAliveInterval) {
+        this.keepAliveInterval = keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds, 3 seconds by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveConnectTimeout() {
+        return keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveConnectTimeout "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveConnectTimeout()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long keepAliveConnectTimeout) {
+        this.keepAliveConnectTimeout = keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param eventDeserializer custom event deserializer
+     */
+    public void setEventDeserializer(EventDeserializer eventDeserializer) {
+        if (eventDeserializer == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Event deserializer cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.eventDeserializer = eventDeserializer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param socketFactory custom socket factory. If not provided, socket will be created with "new Socket()".
+     */
+    public void setSocketFactory(SocketFactory socketFactory) {
+        this.socketFactory = socketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param sslSocketFactory custom ssl socket factory
+     */
+    public void setSslSocketFactory(SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory) {
+        this.sslSocketFactory = sslSocketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param threadFactory custom thread factory. If not provided, threads will be created using simple "new Thread()".
+     */
+    public void setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
+        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream. Note that this method blocks until disconnected.
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     */
+    public void connect() throws IOException {
+        if (connected) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient is already connected");
+        }
+        GreetingPacket greetingPacket;
+        try {
+            try {
+                Socket socket = socketFactory != null ? socketFactory.createSocket() : new Socket();
+                socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+                channel = new PacketChannel(socket);
+                if (channel.getInputStream().peek() == -1) {
+                    throw new EOFException();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to connect to MySQL on " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                    ". Please make sure it's running.", e);
+            }
+            greetingPacket = receiveGreeting();
+            authenticate(greetingPacket);
+            if (binlogFilename == null) {
+                fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition();
+            }
+            if (binlogPosition < 4) {
+                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                    logger.warning("Binary log position adjusted from " + binlogPosition + " to " + 4);
+                }
+                binlogPosition = 4;
+            }
+            ChecksumType checksumType = fetchBinlogChecksum();
+            if (checksumType != ChecksumType.NONE) {
+                confirmSupportOfChecksum(checksumType);
+            }
+            requestBinaryLogStream();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        connected = true;
+        connectionId = greetingPacket.getThreadId();
+        if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String position;
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                position = gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : binlogFilename + "/" + binlogPosition;
+            }
+            logger.info("Connected to " + hostname + ":" + port + " at " + position +
+                " (" + (blocking ? "sid:" + serverId + ", " : "") + "cid:" + connectionId + ")");
+        }
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                lifecycleListener.onConnect(this);
+            }
+        }
+        if (keepAlive && !isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            spawnKeepAliveThread();
+        }
+        ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.ROTATE, RotateEventDataDeserializer.class);
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.GTID, GtidEventDataDeserializer.class);
+            }
+        }
+        listenForEventPackets();
+    }
+
+    private GreetingPacket receiveGreeting() throws IOException {
+        byte[] initialHandshakePacket = channel.read();
+        if (initialHandshakePacket[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(initialHandshakePacket, 1, initialHandshakePacket.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        return new GreetingPacket(initialHandshakePacket);
+    }
+
+    private void requestBinaryLogStream() throws IOException {
+        long serverId = blocking ? this.serverId : 0; // http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=71178
+        Command dumpBinaryLogCommand;
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition, gtidSet);
+            } else {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition);
+            }
+        }
+        channel.write(dumpBinaryLogCommand);
+    }
+
+    private void ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType eventType,
+             Class<? extends EventDataDeserializer> eventDataDeserializerClass) {
+        EventDataDeserializer eventDataDeserializer = eventDeserializer.getEventDataDeserializer(eventType);
+        if (eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != eventDataDeserializerClass &&
+            eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer.class) {
+            EventDataDeserializer internalEventDataDeserializer;
+            try {
+                internalEventDataDeserializer = eventDataDeserializerClass.newInstance();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            eventDeserializer.setEventDataDeserializer(eventType,
+                new EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer(internalEventDataDeserializer,
+                    eventDataDeserializer));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void authenticate(GreetingPacket greetingPacket) throws IOException {
+        int collation = greetingPacket.getServerCollation();
+        int packetNumber = 1;
+        if (sslMode != SSLMode.DISABLED) {
+            boolean serverSupportsSSL = (greetingPacket.getServerCapabilities() & ClientCapabilities.SSL) != 0;
+            if (!serverSupportsSSL && (sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED || sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_CA ||
+                sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY)) {
+                throw new IOException("MySQL server does not support SSL");
+            }
+            if (serverSupportsSSL) {
+                SSLRequestCommand sslRequestCommand = new SSLRequestCommand();
+                sslRequestCommand.setCollation(collation);
+                channel.write(sslRequestCommand, packetNumber++);
+                SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = this.sslSocketFactory != null ? this.sslSocketFactory :
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED ? DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY :
+                        DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY;
+                channel.upgradeToSSL(sslSocketFactory,
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY ? new TLSHostnameVerifier() : null);
+            }
+        }
+        AuthenticateCommand authenticateCommand = new AuthenticateCommand(schema, username, password,
+            greetingPacket.getScramble());
+        authenticateCommand.setCollation(collation);
+        channel.write(authenticateCommand, packetNumber);
+        byte[] authenticationResult = channel.read();
+        if (authenticationResult[0] != (byte) 0x00 /* ok */) {
+            if (authenticationResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+                byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(authenticationResult, 1, authenticationResult.length);
+                ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+                throw new AuthenticationException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+            }
+            throw new AuthenticationException("Unexpected authentication result (" + authenticationResult[0] + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void spawnKeepAliveThread() {
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ThreadFactory() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable runnable) {
+                return newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-keepalive-" + hostname + ":" + port);
+            }
+        });
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(keepAliveInterval);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        // expected in case of disconnect
+                    }
+                    shutdownLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        if (keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            channel.write(new PingCommand());
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                                logger.info("Trying to restore lost connection to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+                            }
+                            try {
+                                if (isConnected()) {
+                                    disconnectChannel();
+                                }
+                                connect(keepAliveConnectTimeout);
+                            } catch (Exception ce) {
+                                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                                    logger.warning("Failed to restore connection to " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                                        ". Next attempt in " + keepAliveInterval + "ms");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        shutdownLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Thread newNamedThread(Runnable runnable, String threadName) {
+        Thread thread = threadFactory == null ? new Thread(runnable) : threadFactory.newThread(runnable);
+        thread.setName(threadName);
+        return thread;
+    }
+
+    boolean isKeepAliveThreadRunning() {
+        return keepAliveThreadExecutor != null && !keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream in a separate thread.
+     * @param timeoutInMilliseconds timeout in milliseconds
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if client was unable to connect within given time limit
+     */
+    public void connect(long timeoutInMilliseconds) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
+        final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AbstractLifecycleListener connectListener = new AbstractLifecycleListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) {
+                countDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        };
+        registerLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        final AtomicReference<IOException> exceptionReference = new AtomicReference<IOException>();
+        Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    connect();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    exceptionReference.set(e);
+                    countDownLatch.countDown(); // making sure we don't end up waiting whole "timeout"
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-" + hostname + ":" + port).start();
+        boolean started = false;
+        try {
+            started = countDownLatch.await(timeoutInMilliseconds, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        unregisterLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        if (exceptionReference.get() != null) {
+            throw exceptionReference.get();
+        }
+        if (!started) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("BinaryLogClient was unable to connect in " + timeoutInMilliseconds + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if client is connected, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return connected;
+    }
+
+    private void fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition() throws IOException {
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet;
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show master status"));
+        resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to determine binlog filename/position");
+        }
+        ResultSetRowPacket resultSetRow = resultSet[0];
+        binlogFilename = resultSetRow.getValue(0);
+        binlogPosition = Long.parseLong(resultSetRow.getValue(1));
+    }
+
+    private ChecksumType fetchBinlogChecksum() throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show global variables like 'binlog_checksum'"));
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            return ChecksumType.NONE;
+        }
+        return ChecksumType.valueOf(resultSet[0].getValue(1).toUpperCase());
+    }
+
+    private void confirmSupportOfChecksum(ChecksumType checksumType) throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("set @master_binlog_checksum= @@global.binlog_checksum"));
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        eventDeserializer.setChecksumType(checksumType);
+    }
+
+    private void listenForEventPackets() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = channel.getInputStream();
+        boolean completeShutdown = false;
+        try {
+            while (inputStream.peek() != -1) {
+                int packetLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+                inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+                int marker = inputStream.read();
+                if (marker == 0xFF) {
+                    ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(inputStream.read(packetLength - 1));
+                    throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                        errorPacket.getSqlState());
+                }
+                if (marker == 0xFE && !blocking) {
+                    completeShutdown = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                Event event;
+                try {
+                    event = eventDeserializer.nextEvent(packetLength == MAX_PACKET_LENGTH ?
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(readPacketSplitInChunks(inputStream, packetLength - 1)) :
+                        inputStream);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    Throwable cause = e instanceof EventDataDeserializationException ? e.getCause() : e;
+                    if (cause instanceof EOFException || cause instanceof SocketException) {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    if (isConnected()) {
+                        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                                lifecycleListener.onEventDeserializationFailure(this, e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (isConnected()) {
+                    notifyEventListeners(event);
+                    updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(event);
+                    updateGtidSet(event);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                    for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                        lifecycleListener.onCommunicationFailure(this, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                if (completeShutdown) {
+                    disconnect(); // initiate complete shutdown sequence (which includes keep alive thread)
+                } else {
+                    disconnectChannel();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private byte[] readPacketSplitInChunks(ByteArrayInputStream inputStream, int packetLength) throws IOException {
+        byte[] result = inputStream.read(packetLength);
+        int chunkLength;
+        do {
+            chunkLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+            inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+            result = Arrays.copyOf(result, result.length + chunkLength);
+            inputStream.fill(result, result.length - chunkLength, chunkLength);
+        } while (chunkLength == Packet.MAX_LENGTH);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        EventType eventType = eventHeader.getEventType();
+        if (eventType == EventType.ROTATE) {
+            EventData eventData = event.getData();
+            RotateEventData rotateEventData;
+            if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+            } else {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) eventData;
+            }
+            binlogFilename = rotateEventData.getBinlogFilename();
+            binlogPosition = rotateEventData.getBinlogPosition();
+        } else
+        // do not update binlogPosition on TABLE_MAP so that in case of reconnect (using a different instance of
+        // client) table mapping cache could be reconstructed before hitting row mutation event
+        if (eventType != EventType.TABLE_MAP && eventHeader instanceof EventHeaderV4) {
+            EventHeaderV4 trackableEventHeader = (EventHeaderV4) eventHeader;
+            long nextBinlogPosition = trackableEventHeader.getNextPosition();
+            if (nextBinlogPosition > 0) {
+                binlogPosition = nextBinlogPosition;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateGtidSet(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        if (eventHeader.getEventType() == EventType.GTID) {
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                if (gtidSet != null) {
+                    EventData eventData = event.getData();
+                    GtidEventData gtidEventData;
+                    if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+                    } else {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) eventData;
+                    }
+                    gtidSet.add(gtidEventData.getGtid());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ResultSetRowPacket[] readResultSet() throws IOException {
+        List<ResultSetRowPacket> resultSet = new LinkedList<ResultSetRowPacket>();
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        while ((channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */) { /* skip */ }
+        for (byte[] bytes; (bytes = channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */; ) {
+            resultSet.add(new ResultSetRowPacket(bytes));
+        }
+        return resultSet.toArray(new ResultSetRowPacket[resultSet.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered event listeners
+     */
+    public List<EventListener> getEventListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(eventListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register event listener. Note that multiple event listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.add(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all event listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(Class<? extends EventListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            Iterator<EventListener> iterator = eventListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                EventListener eventListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(eventListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single event listener.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyEventListeners(Event event) {
+        if (event.getData() instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+            event = new Event(event.getHeader(), ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) event.getData()).getExternal());
+        }
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            for (EventListener eventListener : eventListeners) {
+                try {
+                    eventListener.onEvent(event);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                        logger.log(Level.WARNING, eventListener + " choked on " + event, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered lifecycle listeners
+     */
+    public List<LifecycleListener> getLifecycleListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(lifecycleListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register lifecycle listener. Note that multiple lifecycle listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener lifecycleListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.add(lifecycleListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all lifecycle listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(Class<? extends LifecycleListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            Iterator<LifecycleListener> iterator = lifecycleListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                LifecycleListener lifecycleListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(lifecycleListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect from the replication stream.
+     * Note that this does not cause binlogFilename/binlogPosition to be cleared out.
+     * As the result following {@link #connect()} resumes client from where it left off.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() throws IOException {
+        shutdownLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+                keepAliveThreadExecutor.shutdownNow();
+            }
+            disconnectChannel();
+        } finally {
+            shutdownLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated() {
+        boolean terminated = false;
+        try {
+            terminated = keepAliveThreadExecutor.awaitTermination(keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout,
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        if (!terminated) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient was unable to shut keep alive thread down in " +
+                keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void disconnectChannel() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            connected = false;
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                    lifecycleListener.onDisconnect(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s event listener.
+     */
+    public interface EventListener {
+
+        void onEvent(Event event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public interface LifecycleListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called once client has successfully logged in but before started to receive binlog events.
+         */
+        void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+
+        /**
+         * It's guarantied to be called before {@link #onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient)}) in case of
+         * communication failure.
+         */
+        void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called in case of failed event deserialization. Note this type of error does NOT cause client to
+         * disconnect. If you wish to stop receiving events you'll need to fire client.disconnect() manually.
+         */
+        void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called upon disconnect (regardless of the reason).
+         */
+        void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default (no-op) implementation of {@link LifecycleListener}.
+     */
+    public static abstract class AbstractLifecycleListener implements LifecycleListener {
+
+        public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+        public void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.keepAlive`. Potentially races with write in method `BinaryLogClient.setKeepAlive(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BinaryLogClient.connect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect():void.b46e0b85918f9e00aabc9fbe7138181c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/shyiko/mysql/binlog/BinaryLogClient.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryLogClient.java|connect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1a3ab1f15b57fa6b467de31c50e24069
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6239/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6239/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..112f8aec5816d2389c5439225680a9f504c14887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6239/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1098 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mysql-binlog-connector-java
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Stanley Shyiko
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog;
+
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.Event;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeader;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventHeaderV4;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.EventType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.GtidEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.RotateEventData;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.ChecksumType;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.EventDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.GtidEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.event.deserialization.RotateEventDataDeserializer;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.jmx.BinaryLogClientMXBean;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.AuthenticationException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ClientCapabilities;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.DefaultSSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLMode;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SSLSocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.ServerException;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.SocketFactory;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.TLSHostnameVerifier;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ErrorPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.GreetingPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.Packet;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.ResultSetRowPacket;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.AuthenticateCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.Command;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.PingCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.QueryCommand;
+import com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.command.SSLRequestCommand;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
+import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
+import java.io.EOFException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL replication stream client.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:stanley.shyiko@gmail.com">Stanley Shyiko</a>
+ */
+public class BinaryLogClient implements BinaryLogClientMXBean {
+
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory() {
+
+        @Override
+        protected void initSSLContext(SSLContext sc) throws GeneralSecurityException {
+            sc.init(null, new TrustManager[]{
+                new X509TrustManager() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] x509Certificates, String s)
+                        throws CertificateException { }
+
+                    @Override
+                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
+                        return new X509Certificate[0];
+                    }
+                }
+            }, null);
+        }
+    };
+    private static final SSLSocketFactory DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY = new DefaultSSLSocketFactory();
+
+    // https://dev.mysql.com/doc/internals/en/sending-more-than-16mbyte.html
+    private static final int MAX_PACKET_LENGTH = 16777215;
+
+    private final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(getClass().getName());
+
+    private final String hostname;
+    private final int port;
+    private final String schema;
+    private final String username;
+    private final String password;
+
+    private boolean blocking = true;
+    private long serverId = 65535;
+    private volatile String binlogFilename;
+    private volatile long binlogPosition = 4;
+    private volatile long connectionId;
+    private SSLMode sslMode = SSLMode.DISABLED;
+
+    private GtidSet gtidSet;
+    private final Object gtidSetAccessLock = new Object();
+
+    private EventDeserializer eventDeserializer = new EventDeserializer();
+
+    private final List<EventListener> eventListeners = new LinkedList<EventListener>();
+    private final List<LifecycleListener> lifecycleListeners = new LinkedList<LifecycleListener>();
+
+    private SocketFactory socketFactory;
+    private SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory;
+
+    private PacketChannel channel;
+    private volatile boolean connected;
+
+    private ThreadFactory threadFactory;
+
+    private boolean keepAlive = true;
+    private long keepAliveInterval = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(1);
+    private long keepAliveConnectTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(3);
+
+    private volatile ExecutorService keepAliveThreadExecutor;
+    private long keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(6);
+
+    private final Lock shutdownLock = new ReentrantLock();
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this("localhost", 3306, schema, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Alias for BinaryLogClient(hostname, port, &lt;no schema&gt; = null, username, password).
+     * @see BinaryLogClient#BinaryLogClient(String, int, String, String, String)
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String username, String password) {
+        this(hostname, port, null, username, password);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param hostname mysql server hostname
+     * @param port mysql server port
+     * @param schema database name, nullable. Note that this parameter has nothing to do with event filtering. It's
+     * used only during the authentication.
+     * @param username login name
+     * @param password password
+     */
+    public BinaryLogClient(String hostname, int port, String schema, String username, String password) {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+        this.port = port;
+        this.schema = schema;
+        this.username = username;
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isBlocking() {
+        return blocking;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param blocking blocking mode. If set to false - BinaryLogClient will disconnect after the last event.
+     */
+    public void setBlocking(boolean blocking) {
+        this.blocking = blocking;
+    }
+
+    public SSLMode getSSLMode() {
+        return sslMode;
+    }
+
+    public void setSSLMode(SSLMode sslMode) {
+        if (sslMode == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("SSL mode cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.sslMode = sslMode;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return server id (65535 by default)
+     * @see #setServerId(long)
+     */
+    public long getServerId() {
+        return serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param serverId server id (in the range from 1 to 2^32 - 1). This value MUST be unique across whole replication
+     * group (that is, different from any other server id being used by any master or slave). Keep in mind that each
+     * binary log client (mysql-binlog-connector-java/BinaryLogClient, mysqlbinlog, etc) should be treated as a
+     * simplified slave and thus MUST also use a different server id.
+     * @see #getServerId()
+     */
+    public void setServerId(long serverId) {
+        this.serverId = serverId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log filename, nullable (and null be default). Note that this value is automatically tracked by
+     * the client and thus is subject to change (in response to {@link EventType#ROTATE}, for example).
+     * @see #setBinlogFilename(String)
+     */
+    public String getBinlogFilename() {
+        return binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogFilename binary log filename.
+     * Special values are:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>null, which turns on automatic resolution (resulting in the last known binlog and position). This is what
+     * happens by default when you don't specify binary log filename explicitly.</li>
+     *   <li>"" (empty string), which instructs server to stream events starting from the oldest known binlog.</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * @see #getBinlogFilename()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogFilename(String binlogFilename) {
+        this.binlogFilename = binlogFilename;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return binary log position of the next event, 4 by default (which is a position of first event). Note that this
+     * value changes with each incoming event.
+     * @see #setBinlogPosition(long)
+     */
+    public long getBinlogPosition() {
+        return binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param binlogPosition binary log position. Any value less than 4 gets automatically adjusted to 4 on connect.
+     * @see #getBinlogPosition()
+     */
+    public void setBinlogPosition(long binlogPosition) {
+        this.binlogPosition = binlogPosition;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return thread id
+     */
+    public long getConnectionId() {
+        return connectionId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return GTID set. Note that this value changes with each received GTID event (provided client is in GTID mode).
+     * @see #setGtidSet(String)
+     */
+    public String getGtidSet() {
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            return gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param gtidSet GTID set (can be an empty string).
+     * <p>NOTE #1: Any value but null will switch BinaryLogClient into a GTID mode (in which case GTID set will be
+     * updated with each incoming GTID event) as well as set binlogFilename to "" (empty string) (meaning
+     * BinaryLogClient will request events "outside of the set" <u>starting from the oldest known binlog</u>).
+     * <p>NOTE #2: {@link #setBinlogFilename(String)} and {@link #setBinlogPosition(long)} can be used to specify the
+     * exact position from which MySQL server should start streaming events (taking into account GTID set).
+     * @see #getGtidSet()
+     */
+    public void setGtidSet(String gtidSet) {
+        if (gtidSet != null && this.binlogFilename == null) {
+            this.binlogFilename = "";
+        }
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            this.gtidSet = gtidSet != null ? new GtidSet(gtidSet) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (default), false otherwise.
+     * @see #setKeepAlive(boolean)
+     */
+    public boolean isKeepAlive() {
+        return keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAlive true if "keep alive" thread should be automatically started (recommended and true by default),
+     * false otherwise.
+     * @see #isKeepAlive()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAlive(boolean keepAlive) {
+        this.keepAlive = keepAlive;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" interval in milliseconds, 1 minute by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveInterval(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveInterval() {
+        return keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveInterval "keep alive" interval in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveInterval()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveInterval(long keepAliveInterval) {
+        this.keepAliveInterval = keepAliveInterval;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds, 3 seconds by default.
+     * @see #setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long)
+     */
+    public long getKeepAliveConnectTimeout() {
+        return keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param keepAliveConnectTimeout "keep alive" connect timeout in milliseconds.
+     * @see #getKeepAliveConnectTimeout()
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveConnectTimeout(long keepAliveConnectTimeout) {
+        this.keepAliveConnectTimeout = keepAliveConnectTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param eventDeserializer custom event deserializer
+     */
+    public void setEventDeserializer(EventDeserializer eventDeserializer) {
+        if (eventDeserializer == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Event deserializer cannot be NULL");
+        }
+        this.eventDeserializer = eventDeserializer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param socketFactory custom socket factory. If not provided, socket will be created with "new Socket()".
+     */
+    public void setSocketFactory(SocketFactory socketFactory) {
+        this.socketFactory = socketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param sslSocketFactory custom ssl socket factory
+     */
+    public void setSslSocketFactory(SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory) {
+        this.sslSocketFactory = sslSocketFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param threadFactory custom thread factory. If not provided, threads will be created using simple "new Thread()".
+     */
+    public void setThreadFactory(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
+        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream. Note that this method blocks until disconnected.
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     */
+    public void connect() throws IOException {
+        if (connected) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient is already connected");
+        }
+        GreetingPacket greetingPacket;
+        try {
+            try {
+                Socket socket = socketFactory != null ? socketFactory.createSocket() : new Socket();
+                socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(hostname, port));
+                channel = new PacketChannel(socket);
+                if (channel.getInputStream().peek() == -1) {
+                    throw new EOFException();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new IOException("Failed to connect to MySQL on " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                    ". Please make sure it's running.", e);
+            }
+            greetingPacket = receiveGreeting();
+            authenticate(greetingPacket);
+            if (binlogFilename == null) {
+                fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition();
+            }
+            if (binlogPosition < 4) {
+                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                    logger.warning("Binary log position adjusted from " + binlogPosition + " to " + 4);
+                }
+                binlogPosition = 4;
+            }
+            ChecksumType checksumType = fetchBinlogChecksum();
+            if (checksumType != ChecksumType.NONE) {
+                confirmSupportOfChecksum(checksumType);
+            }
+            requestBinaryLogStream();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+            throw e;
+        }
+        connected = true;
+        connectionId = greetingPacket.getThreadId();
+        if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+            String position;
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                position = gtidSet != null ? gtidSet.toString() : binlogFilename + "/" + binlogPosition;
+            }
+            logger.info("Connected to " + hostname + ":" + port + " at " + position +
+                " (" + (blocking ? "sid:" + serverId + ", " : "") + "cid:" + connectionId + ")");
+        }
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                lifecycleListener.onConnect(this);
+            }
+        }
+        if (keepAlive && !isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            spawnKeepAliveThread();
+        }
+        ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.ROTATE, RotateEventDataDeserializer.class);
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType.GTID, GtidEventDataDeserializer.class);
+            }
+        }
+        listenForEventPackets();
+    }
+
+    private GreetingPacket receiveGreeting() throws IOException {
+        byte[] initialHandshakePacket = channel.read();
+        if (initialHandshakePacket[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(initialHandshakePacket, 1, initialHandshakePacket.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        return new GreetingPacket(initialHandshakePacket);
+    }
+
+    private void requestBinaryLogStream() throws IOException {
+        long serverId = blocking ? this.serverId : 0; // http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=71178
+        Command dumpBinaryLogCommand;
+        synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+            if (gtidSet != null) {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogGtidCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition, gtidSet);
+            } else {
+                dumpBinaryLogCommand = new DumpBinaryLogCommand(serverId, binlogFilename, binlogPosition);
+            }
+        }
+        channel.write(dumpBinaryLogCommand);
+    }
+
+    private void ensureEventDataDeserializer(EventType eventType,
+             Class<? extends EventDataDeserializer> eventDataDeserializerClass) {
+        EventDataDeserializer eventDataDeserializer = eventDeserializer.getEventDataDeserializer(eventType);
+        if (eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != eventDataDeserializerClass &&
+            eventDataDeserializer.getClass() != EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer.class) {
+            EventDataDeserializer internalEventDataDeserializer;
+            try {
+                internalEventDataDeserializer = eventDataDeserializerClass.newInstance();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+            eventDeserializer.setEventDataDeserializer(eventType,
+                new EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper.Deserializer(internalEventDataDeserializer,
+                    eventDataDeserializer));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void authenticate(GreetingPacket greetingPacket) throws IOException {
+        int collation = greetingPacket.getServerCollation();
+        int packetNumber = 1;
+        if (sslMode != SSLMode.DISABLED) {
+            boolean serverSupportsSSL = (greetingPacket.getServerCapabilities() & ClientCapabilities.SSL) != 0;
+            if (!serverSupportsSSL && (sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED || sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_CA ||
+                sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY)) {
+                throw new IOException("MySQL server does not support SSL");
+            }
+            if (serverSupportsSSL) {
+                SSLRequestCommand sslRequestCommand = new SSLRequestCommand();
+                sslRequestCommand.setCollation(collation);
+                channel.write(sslRequestCommand, packetNumber++);
+                SSLSocketFactory sslSocketFactory = this.sslSocketFactory != null ? this.sslSocketFactory :
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.REQUIRED ? DEFAULT_REQUIRED_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY :
+                        DEFAULT_VERIFY_CA_SSL_MODE_SOCKET_FACTORY;
+                channel.upgradeToSSL(sslSocketFactory,
+                    sslMode == SSLMode.VERIFY_IDENTITY ? new TLSHostnameVerifier() : null);
+            }
+        }
+        AuthenticateCommand authenticateCommand = new AuthenticateCommand(schema, username, password,
+            greetingPacket.getScramble());
+        authenticateCommand.setCollation(collation);
+        channel.write(authenticateCommand, packetNumber);
+        byte[] authenticationResult = channel.read();
+        if (authenticationResult[0] != (byte) 0x00 /* ok */) {
+            if (authenticationResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+                byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(authenticationResult, 1, authenticationResult.length);
+                ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+                throw new AuthenticationException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+            }
+            throw new AuthenticationException("Unexpected authentication result (" + authenticationResult[0] + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void spawnKeepAliveThread() {
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(new ThreadFactory() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Thread newThread(Runnable runnable) {
+                return newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-keepalive-" + hostname + ":" + port);
+            }
+        });
+        keepAliveThreadExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                while (true) {
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(keepAliveInterval);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        // expected in case of disconnect
+                    }
+                    shutdownLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        if (keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            channel.write(new PingCommand());
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.INFO)) {
+                                logger.info("Trying to restore lost connection to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+                            }
+                            try {
+                                if (isConnected()) {
+                                    disconnectChannel();
+                                }
+                                connect(keepAliveConnectTimeout);
+                            } catch (Exception ce) {
+                                if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                                    logger.warning("Failed to restore connection to " + hostname + ":" + port +
+                                        ". Next attempt in " + keepAliveInterval + "ms");
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        shutdownLock.unlock();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Thread newNamedThread(Runnable runnable, String threadName) {
+        Thread thread = threadFactory == null ? new Thread(runnable) : threadFactory.newThread(runnable);
+        thread.setName(threadName);
+        return thread;
+    }
+
+    boolean isKeepAliveThreadRunning() {
+        return keepAliveThreadExecutor != null && !keepAliveThreadExecutor.isShutdown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connect to the replication stream in a separate thread.
+     * @param timeoutInMilliseconds timeout in milliseconds
+     * @throws AuthenticationException if authentication fails
+     * @throws ServerException if MySQL server responds with an error
+     * @throws IOException if anything goes wrong while trying to connect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if client was unable to connect within given time limit
+     */
+    public void connect(long timeoutInMilliseconds) throws IOException, TimeoutException {
+        final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        AbstractLifecycleListener connectListener = new AbstractLifecycleListener() {
+            @Override
+            public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) {
+                countDownLatch.countDown();
+            }
+        };
+        registerLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        final AtomicReference<IOException> exceptionReference = new AtomicReference<IOException>();
+        Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
+
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                try {
+                    connect();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    exceptionReference.set(e);
+                    countDownLatch.countDown(); // making sure we don't end up waiting whole "timeout"
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        newNamedThread(runnable, "blc-" + hostname + ":" + port).start();
+        boolean started = false;
+        try {
+            started = countDownLatch.await(timeoutInMilliseconds, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        unregisterLifecycleListener(connectListener);
+        if (exceptionReference.get() != null) {
+            throw exceptionReference.get();
+        }
+        if (!started) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("BinaryLogClient was unable to connect in " + timeoutInMilliseconds + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if client is connected, false otherwise
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return connected;
+    }
+
+    private void fetchBinlogFilenameAndPosition() throws IOException {
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet;
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show master status"));
+        resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            throw new IOException("Failed to determine binlog filename/position");
+        }
+        ResultSetRowPacket resultSetRow = resultSet[0];
+        binlogFilename = resultSetRow.getValue(0);
+        binlogPosition = Long.parseLong(resultSetRow.getValue(1));
+    }
+
+    private ChecksumType fetchBinlogChecksum() throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("show global variables like 'binlog_checksum'"));
+        ResultSetRowPacket[] resultSet = readResultSet();
+        if (resultSet.length == 0) {
+            return ChecksumType.NONE;
+        }
+        return ChecksumType.valueOf(resultSet[0].getValue(1).toUpperCase());
+    }
+
+    private void confirmSupportOfChecksum(ChecksumType checksumType) throws IOException {
+        channel.write(new QueryCommand("set @master_binlog_checksum= @@global.binlog_checksum"));
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        eventDeserializer.setChecksumType(checksumType);
+    }
+
+    private void listenForEventPackets() throws IOException {
+        ByteArrayInputStream inputStream = channel.getInputStream();
+        boolean completeShutdown = false;
+        try {
+            while (inputStream.peek() != -1) {
+                int packetLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+                inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+                int marker = inputStream.read();
+                if (marker == 0xFF) {
+                    ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(inputStream.read(packetLength - 1));
+                    throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                        errorPacket.getSqlState());
+                }
+                if (marker == 0xFE && !blocking) {
+                    completeShutdown = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                Event event;
+                try {
+                    event = eventDeserializer.nextEvent(packetLength == MAX_PACKET_LENGTH ?
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(readPacketSplitInChunks(inputStream, packetLength - 1)) :
+                        inputStream);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    Throwable cause = e instanceof EventDataDeserializationException ? e.getCause() : e;
+                    if (cause instanceof EOFException || cause instanceof SocketException) {
+                        throw e;
+                    }
+                    if (isConnected()) {
+                        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                            for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                                lifecycleListener.onEventDeserializationFailure(this, e);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (isConnected()) {
+                    notifyEventListeners(event);
+                    updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(event);
+                    updateGtidSet(event);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                    for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                        lifecycleListener.onCommunicationFailure(this, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isConnected()) {
+                if (completeShutdown) {
+                    disconnect(); // initiate complete shutdown sequence (which includes keep alive thread)
+                } else {
+                    disconnectChannel();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private byte[] readPacketSplitInChunks(ByteArrayInputStream inputStream, int packetLength) throws IOException {
+        byte[] result = inputStream.read(packetLength);
+        int chunkLength;
+        do {
+            chunkLength = inputStream.readInteger(3);
+            inputStream.skip(1); // 1 byte for sequence
+            result = Arrays.copyOf(result, result.length + chunkLength);
+            inputStream.fill(result, result.length - chunkLength, chunkLength);
+        } while (chunkLength == Packet.MAX_LENGTH);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private void updateClientBinlogFilenameAndPosition(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        EventType eventType = eventHeader.getEventType();
+        if (eventType == EventType.ROTATE) {
+            EventData eventData = event.getData();
+            RotateEventData rotateEventData;
+            if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+            } else {
+                rotateEventData = (RotateEventData) eventData;
+            }
+            binlogFilename = rotateEventData.getBinlogFilename();
+            binlogPosition = rotateEventData.getBinlogPosition();
+        } else
+        // do not update binlogPosition on TABLE_MAP so that in case of reconnect (using a different instance of
+        // client) table mapping cache could be reconstructed before hitting row mutation event
+        if (eventType != EventType.TABLE_MAP && eventHeader instanceof EventHeaderV4) {
+            EventHeaderV4 trackableEventHeader = (EventHeaderV4) eventHeader;
+            long nextBinlogPosition = trackableEventHeader.getNextPosition();
+            if (nextBinlogPosition > 0) {
+                binlogPosition = nextBinlogPosition;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateGtidSet(Event event) {
+        EventHeader eventHeader = event.getHeader();
+        if (eventHeader.getEventType() == EventType.GTID) {
+            synchronized (gtidSetAccessLock) {
+                if (gtidSet != null) {
+                    EventData eventData = event.getData();
+                    GtidEventData gtidEventData;
+                    if (eventData instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) eventData).getInternal();
+                    } else {
+                        gtidEventData = (GtidEventData) eventData;
+                    }
+                    gtidSet.add(gtidEventData.getGtid());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ResultSetRowPacket[] readResultSet() throws IOException {
+        List<ResultSetRowPacket> resultSet = new LinkedList<ResultSetRowPacket>();
+        byte[] statementResult = channel.read();
+        if (statementResult[0] == (byte) 0xFF /* error */) {
+            byte[] bytes = Arrays.copyOfRange(statementResult, 1, statementResult.length);
+            ErrorPacket errorPacket = new ErrorPacket(bytes);
+            throw new ServerException(errorPacket.getErrorMessage(), errorPacket.getErrorCode(),
+                    errorPacket.getSqlState());
+        }
+        while ((channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */) { /* skip */ }
+        for (byte[] bytes; (bytes = channel.read())[0] != (byte) 0xFE /* eof */; ) {
+            resultSet.add(new ResultSetRowPacket(bytes));
+        }
+        return resultSet.toArray(new ResultSetRowPacket[resultSet.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered event listeners
+     */
+    public List<EventListener> getEventListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(eventListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register event listener. Note that multiple event listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.add(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all event listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(Class<? extends EventListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            Iterator<EventListener> iterator = eventListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                EventListener eventListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(eventListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single event listener.
+     */
+    public void unregisterEventListener(EventListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            eventListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyEventListeners(Event event) {
+        if (event.getData() instanceof EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) {
+            event = new Event(event.getHeader(), ((EventDeserializer.EventDataWrapper) event.getData()).getExternal());
+        }
+        synchronized (eventListeners) {
+            for (EventListener eventListener : eventListeners) {
+                try {
+                    eventListener.onEvent(event);
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                        logger.log(Level.WARNING, eventListener + " choked on " + event, e);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return registered lifecycle listeners
+     */
+    public List<LifecycleListener> getLifecycleListeners() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(lifecycleListeners);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register lifecycle listener. Note that multiple lifecycle listeners will be called in order they
+     * where registered.
+     */
+    public void registerLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener lifecycleListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.add(lifecycleListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister all lifecycle listener of specific type.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(Class<? extends LifecycleListener> listenerClass) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            Iterator<LifecycleListener> iterator = lifecycleListeners.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                LifecycleListener lifecycleListener = iterator.next();
+                if (listenerClass.isInstance(lifecycleListener)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister single lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public synchronized void unregisterLifecycleListener(LifecycleListener eventListener) {
+        synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+            lifecycleListeners.remove(eventListener);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disconnect from the replication stream.
+     * Note that this does not cause binlogFilename/binlogPosition to be cleared out.
+     * As the result following {@link #connect()} resumes client from where it left off.
+     */
+    public void disconnect() throws IOException {
+        shutdownLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+                keepAliveThreadExecutor.shutdownNow();
+            }
+            disconnectChannel();
+        } finally {
+            shutdownLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (isKeepAliveThreadRunning()) {
+            waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void waitForKeepAliveThreadToBeTerminated() {
+        boolean terminated = false;
+        try {
+            terminated = keepAliveThreadExecutor.awaitTermination(keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout,
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if (logger.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+        if (!terminated) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("BinaryLogClient was unable to shut keep alive thread down in " +
+                keepAliveThreadShutdownTimeout + "ms");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void disconnectChannel() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            connected = false;
+            if (channel != null && channel.isOpen()) {
+                channel.close();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            synchronized (lifecycleListeners) {
+                for (LifecycleListener lifecycleListener : lifecycleListeners) {
+                    lifecycleListener.onDisconnect(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s event listener.
+     */
+    public interface EventListener {
+
+        void onEvent(Event event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@link BinaryLogClient}'s lifecycle listener.
+     */
+    public interface LifecycleListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called once client has successfully logged in but before started to receive binlog events.
+         */
+        void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+
+        /**
+         * It's guarantied to be called before {@link #onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient)}) in case of
+         * communication failure.
+         */
+        void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called in case of failed event deserialization. Note this type of error does NOT cause client to
+         * disconnect. If you wish to stop receiving events you'll need to fire client.disconnect() manually.
+         */
+        void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex);
+
+        /**
+         * Called upon disconnect (regardless of the reason).
+         */
+        void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default (no-op) implementation of {@link LifecycleListener}.
+     */
+    public static abstract class AbstractLifecycleListener implements LifecycleListener {
+
+        public void onConnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+        public void onCommunicationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onEventDeserializationFailure(BinaryLogClient client, Exception ex) { }
+
+        public void onDisconnect(BinaryLogClient client) { }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.channel.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel.inputStream.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream.peek`. Potentially races with write in method `BinaryLogClient.connect()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.channel has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.channel.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.network.protocol.PacketChannel.inputStream.com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.io.ByteArrayInputStream.peek might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BinaryLogClient.connect()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.shyiko.mysql.binlog.BinaryLogClient.connect():void.b46e0b85918f9e00aabc9fbe7138181c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/shyiko/mysql/binlog/BinaryLogClient.java
+
+### Key:
+BinaryLogClient.java|connect|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+321889fade97de1d461d22008dc8338b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6253/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6253/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb9c45b72848262251691df23634c737db1e492f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6253/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.AgentState;
+import org.asteriskjava.live.AsteriskAgent;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of the AsteriskAgent interface.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:patrick.breucking{@nospam}gonicus.de">Patrick Breucking</a>
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @since 0.1
+ */
+public class AsteriskAgentImpl extends AbstractLiveObject implements AsteriskAgent
+{
+    public String name;
+    public String agentId;
+    public AgentState status;
+
+    AsteriskAgentImpl(AsteriskServerImpl server, String name, String agentId, AgentState status)
+    {
+        super(server);
+        if (server == null || name == null || agentId == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Parameters passed to AsteriskAgentImpl() must not be null.");
+        }
+        this.name = name;
+        this.agentId = agentId;
+        this.status = status;
+    }
+
+    public String getName()
+    {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    public String getAgentId()
+    {
+        return agentId;
+    }
+
+    public AgentState getStatus()
+    {
+        return status;
+    }
+
+    synchronized void updateStatus(AgentState agentState)
+    {
+        final AgentState oldStatus = status;
+        this.status = agentState;
+        firePropertyChange(PROPERTY_STATUS, oldStatus, status);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer("AsteriskAgent[");
+        sb.append("agentId='").append(getAgentId()).append("',");
+        sb.append("name='").append(getName()).append("',");
+        sb.append("state=").append(getStatus()).append(",");
+        sb.append("systemHashcode=").append(System.identityHashCode(this));
+        sb.append("]");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskAgentImpl.toString` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskAgentImpl.status`. Potentially races with write in method `AsteriskAgentImpl.updateStatus(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String AsteriskAgentImpl.toString()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskAgentImpl.toString():java.lang.String.795eb01d1ba61f96c359b11924eeac6e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/AsteriskAgentImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+AsteriskAgentImpl.java|toString|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2f809cb9c75f4856ad08817cea0a8df1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6254/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6254/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e182dd210127b59c8417e37bd184ced5eb5597af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6254/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.manager.internal;
+
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.CONNECTED;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.CONNECTING;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.DISCONNECTING;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.INITIAL;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.RECONNECTING;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.AsteriskVersion;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.AuthenticationFailedException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.EventTimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.SendActionCallback;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.TimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChallengeAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.CommandAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.EventGeneratingAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LoginAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LogoffAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ManagerAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ConnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DisconnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ResponseEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ChallengeResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.CommandResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.SocketConnectionFacade;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.internal.SocketConnectionFacadeImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.UserEventAction;
+
+/**
+ * Internal implemention of the ManagerConnection interface.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @see org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionFactory
+ */
+public class ManagerConnectionImpl implements ManagerConnection, Dispatcher
+{
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1 = 50;
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2 = 5000;
+    private static final String DEFAULT_HOSTNAME = "localhost";
+    private static final int DEFAULT_PORT = 5038;
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_VERSION_INTERVAL = 500;
+    private static final int MAX_VERSION_ATTEMPTS = 4;
+
+    private static final AtomicLong idCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * Instance logger.
+     */
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    private final long id;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to construct the internalActionId.
+     */
+    private AtomicLong actionIdCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /* Config attributes */
+    /**
+     * Hostname of the Asterisk server to connect to.
+     */
+    private String hostname = DEFAULT_HOSTNAME;
+
+    /**
+     * TCP port to connect to.
+     */
+    private int port = DEFAULT_PORT;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> to use SSL for the connection, <code>false</code>
+     * for a plain text connection.
+     */
+    private boolean ssl = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The username to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String username;
+
+    /**
+     * The password to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String password;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for a ManagerResponse after sending a
+     * ManagerAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultResponseTimeout = 2000;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for the last ResponseEvent after sending an
+     * EventGeneratingAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultEventTimeout = 5000;
+
+    /**
+     * The timeout to use when connecting the the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private int socketTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the connection (and reconnects) if no input has been read for the given amount
+     * of milliseconds. A timeout of zero is interpreted as an infinite timeout. 
+     *
+     * @see Socket#setSoTimeout(int)
+     */
+    private int socketReadTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> to continue to reconnect after an authentication failure.
+     */
+    private boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The socket to use for TCP/IP communication with Asterisk.
+     */
+    private SocketConnectionFacade socket;
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that runs the reader.
+     */
+    private Thread readerThread;
+    private final AtomicLong readerThreadCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that performs reconnect.
+     */
+    private Thread reconnectThread;
+
+    private final AtomicLong reconnectThreadCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * The reader to use to receive events and responses from asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerReader reader;
+
+    /**
+     * The writer to use to send actions to asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerWriter writer;
+
+    /**
+     * The protocol identifer Asterisk sends on connect wrapped into an object
+     * to be used as mutex.
+     */
+    private final ProtocolIdentifierWrapper protocolIdentifier;
+
+    /**
+     * The version of the Asterisk server we are connected to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskVersion version;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the registered handlers that process the ManagerResponses.
+     * <p/>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding ResponseListener.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, SendActionCallback> responseListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that handle ResponseEvents for the
+     * sendEventGeneratingAction methods.
+     * <p/>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding EventHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerEventListener> responseEventListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that users registered.
+     */
+    private final List<ManagerEventListener> eventListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> while reconnecting.
+     */
+    private boolean reconnecting = false;
+
+    protected ManagerConnectionState state = INITIAL;
+
+    private String eventMask;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     */
+    public ManagerConnectionImpl()
+    {
+        this.id = idCounter.getAndIncrement();
+        this.responseListeners = new HashMap<String, SendActionCallback>();
+        this.responseEventListeners = new HashMap<String, ManagerEventListener>();
+        this.eventListeners = new ArrayList<ManagerEventListener>();
+        this.protocolIdentifier = new ProtocolIdentifierWrapper();
+    }
+
+    // the following two methods can be overriden when running test cases to
+    // return a mock object
+    protected ManagerReader createReader(Dispatcher dispatcher, Object source)
+    {
+        return new ManagerReaderImpl(dispatcher, source);
+    }
+
+    protected ManagerWriter createWriter()
+    {
+        return new ManagerWriterImpl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hostname of the asterisk server to connect to.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is <code>localhost</code>.
+     *
+     * @param hostname the hostname to connect to
+     */
+    public void setHostname(String hostname)
+    {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the port to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the port
+     * specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is 5038.
+     *
+     * @param port the port to connect to
+     */
+    public void setPort(int port)
+    {
+        if (port <= 0)
+        {
+            this.port = DEFAULT_PORT;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.port = port;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to use SSL.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is false.
+     *
+     * @param ssl <code>true</code> to use SSL for the connection,
+     *            <code>false</code> for a plain text connection.
+     * @since 0.3
+     */
+    public void setSsl(boolean ssl)
+    {
+        this.ssl = ssl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the username to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * username specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     *
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     */
+    public void setUsername(String username)
+    {
+        this.username = username;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the password to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * password specified in Asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     *
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public void setPassword(String password)
+    {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     *
+     * @param defaultResponseTimeout default response timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultResponseTimeout(long defaultResponseTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultResponseTimeout = defaultResponseTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction)} will wait for a
+     * response and the last response event before throwing a TimeoutException.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is 5000.
+     *
+     * @param defaultEventTimeout default event timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultEventTimeout(long defaultEventTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultEventTimeout = defaultEventTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve
+     * even if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is <code>true</code>.
+     *
+     * @param keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure
+     *         <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve
+     *         even if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException,
+     *         <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure(boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+    {
+        this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of ManagerConnection interface */
+
+    public String getUsername()
+    {
+        return username;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword()
+    {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public AsteriskVersion getVersion()
+    {
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    public String getHostname()
+    {
+        return hostname;
+    }
+
+    public int getPort()
+    {
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSsl()
+    {
+        return ssl;
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getLocalAddress()
+    {
+        return socket.getLocalAddress();
+    }
+
+    public int getLocalPort()
+    {
+        return socket.getLocalPort();
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getRemoteAddress()
+    {
+        return socket.getRemoteAddress();
+    }
+
+    public int getRemotePort()
+    {
+        return socket.getRemotePort();
+    }
+
+    public void registerUserEventClass(Class userEventClass)
+    {
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            reader = createReader(this, this);
+        }
+
+        reader.registerEventClass(userEventClass);
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketReadTimeout(int socketReadTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketReadTimeout = socketReadTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login() throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        login(null);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login(String eventMask) throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        if (state != INITIAL && state != DISCONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Login may only be perfomed when in state "
+                    + "INITIAL or DISCONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = CONNECTING;
+        this.eventMask = eventMask;
+        try
+        {
+            doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, eventMask);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (state != CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = DISCONNECTED;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the real login, following the steps outlined below.
+     * <p/>
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>Connects to the asterisk server by calling {@link #connect()} if not
+     * already connected
+     * <li>Waits until the protocol identifier is received but not longer than
+     * timeout ms.
+     * <li>Sends a {@link ChallengeAction} requesting a challenge for authType
+     * MD5.
+     * <li>When the {@link ChallengeResponse} is received a {@link LoginAction}
+     * is sent using the calculated key (MD5 hash of the password appended to
+     * the received challenge).
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param timeout   the maximum time to wait for the protocol identifier (in
+     *                  ms)
+     * @param eventMask the event mask. Set to "on" if all events should be
+     *                  send, "off" if not events should be sent or a combination of
+     *                  "system", "call" and "log" (separated by ',') to specify what
+     *                  kind of events should be sent.
+     * @throws IOException                   if there is an i/o problem.
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if username or password are
+     *                                       incorrect and the login action returns an error or if the MD5
+     *                                       hash cannot be computed. The connection is closed in this
+     *                                       case.
+     * @throws TimeoutException              if a timeout occurs while waiting for the
+     *                                       protocol identifier. The connection is closed in this case.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void doLogin(long timeout, String eventMask) throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException,
+            TimeoutException
+    {
+        ChallengeAction challengeAction;
+        ManagerResponse challengeResponse;
+        String challenge;
+        String key;
+        LoginAction loginAction;
+        ManagerResponse loginResponse;
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            connect();
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    protocolIdentifier.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException e) // NOPMD
+                {
+                    // swallow
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                disconnect();
+                if (reader != null && reader.getTerminationException() != null)
+                {
+                    throw reader.getTerminationException();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for protocol identifier");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        challengeAction = new ChallengeAction("MD5");
+        try
+        {
+            challengeResponse = sendAction(challengeAction);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send challenge action", e);
+        }
+
+        if (challengeResponse instanceof ChallengeResponse)
+        {
+            challenge = ((ChallengeResponse) challengeResponse).getChallenge();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to get challenge from Asterisk. ChallengeAction returned: "
+                    + challengeResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            MessageDigest md;
+
+            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+            if (challenge != null)
+            {
+                md.update(challenge.getBytes());
+            }
+            if (password != null)
+            {
+                md.update(password.getBytes());
+            }
+            key = ManagerUtil.toHexString(md.digest());
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to create login key using MD5 Message Digest", ex);
+        }
+
+        loginAction = new LoginAction(username, "MD5", key, eventMask);
+        try
+        {
+            loginResponse = sendAction(loginAction);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send login action", e);
+        }
+
+        if (loginResponse instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(loginResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        state = CONNECTED;
+
+        logger.info("Successfully logged in");
+
+        version = determineVersion();
+        writer.setTargetVersion(version);
+
+        logger.info("Determined Asterisk version: " + version);
+
+        // generate pseudo event indicating a successful login
+        ConnectEvent connectEvent = new ConnectEvent(this);
+        connectEvent.setProtocolIdentifier(getProtocolIdentifier());
+        connectEvent.setDateReceived(DateUtil.getDate());
+        // TODO could this cause a deadlock?
+        fireEvent(connectEvent);
+    }
+
+    protected AsteriskVersion determineVersion() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        int attempts = 0;
+        
+        if ("Asterisk Call Manager/1.1".equals(protocolIdentifier.value))
+        {
+            return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_6;
+        }
+
+        while (attempts++ < MAX_VERSION_ATTEMPTS)
+        {
+            final ManagerResponse showVersionFilesResponse;
+            final List<String> showVersionFilesResult;
+
+            // increase timeout as output is quite large
+            showVersionFilesResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version files pbx.c"), defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+            if (!(showVersionFilesResponse instanceof CommandResponse))
+            {
+                // return early in case of permission problems
+                // org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError:
+                // actionId='null'; message='Permission denied'; response='Error';
+                // uniqueId='null'; systemHashcode=15231583
+                break;
+            }
+
+            showVersionFilesResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionFilesResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionFilesResult != null && showVersionFilesResult.size() > 0)
+            {
+                final String line1;
+
+                line1 = showVersionFilesResult.get(0);
+                if (line1 != null && line1.startsWith("File"))
+                {
+                    final String rawVersion;
+
+                    rawVersion = getRawVersion();
+                    if (rawVersion != null && rawVersion.startsWith("Asterisk 1.4"))
+                    {
+                        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_4;
+                    }
+
+                    return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_2;
+                }
+                else if (line1 != null && line1.contains("No such command"))
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_VERSION_INTERVAL);
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception ex)
+                    {
+                        // ingnore
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // if it isn't the "no such command", break and return the lowest version immediately
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_0;
+    }
+
+    protected String getRawVersion()
+    {
+        final ManagerResponse showVersionResponse;
+
+        try
+        {
+            showVersionResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version"), defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (showVersionResponse instanceof CommandResponse)
+        {
+            final List<String> showVersionResult;
+
+            showVersionResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionResult != null && showVersionResult.size() > 0)
+            {
+                return showVersionResult.get(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void connect() throws IOException
+    {
+        logger.info("Connecting to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating reader for " + hostname + ":" + port);
+            reader = createReader(this, this);
+        }
+
+        if (writer == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating writer");
+            writer = createWriter();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Creating socket");
+        socket = createSocket();
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to reader");
+        reader.setSocket(socket);
+
+        if (readerThread == null || !readerThread.isAlive() || reader.isDead())
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating and starting reader thread");
+            readerThread = new Thread(reader);
+            readerThread.setName("Asterisk-Java ManagerConnection-" + id + "-Reader-"
+                    + readerThreadCounter.getAndIncrement());
+            readerThread.setDaemon(true);
+            readerThread.start();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to writer");
+        writer.setSocket(socket);
+    }
+
+    protected SocketConnectionFacade createSocket() throws IOException
+    {
+        return new SocketConnectionFacadeImpl(hostname, port, ssl, socketTimeout, socketReadTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void logoff() throws IllegalStateException
+    {
+        if (state != CONNECTED && state != RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Logoff may only be perfomed when in state "
+                    + "CONNECTED or RECONNECTING, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = DISCONNECTING;
+
+        if (socket != null && !reconnecting)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                sendAction(new LogoffAction());
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to send LogOff action", e);
+            }
+        }
+        cleanup();
+        state = DISCONNECTED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket connection.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void disconnect()
+    {
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Closing socket.");
+            try
+            {
+                socket.close();
+            }
+            catch (IOException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to close socket: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            socket = null;
+        }
+        protocolIdentifier.value = null;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action) throws IOException, TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendAction(action, defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Implements synchronous sending of "simple" actions.
+     */
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action, long timeout) throws IOException, TimeoutException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        SendActionCallback callbackHandler;
+
+        result = new ResponseHandlerResult();
+        callbackHandler = new DefaultSendActionCallback(result);
+
+        synchronized (result)
+        {
+            sendAction(action, callbackHandler);
+
+            // definitely return null for the response of user events
+            if (action instanceof UserEventAction)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // only wait if we did not yet receive the response.
+            // Responses may be returned really fast.
+            if (result.getResponse() == null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    result.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException ex)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for result");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // still no response?
+        if (result.getResponse() == null)
+        {
+            throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response to " + action.getAction()
+                    + (action.getActionId() == null ? "" : " (actionId: " + action.getActionId() + ")"));
+        }
+
+        return result.getResponse();
+    }
+
+    public void sendAction(ManagerAction action, SendActionCallback callback) throws IOException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        final String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+
+        // In general sending actions is only allowed while connected, though
+        // there are a few exceptions, these are handled here:
+        if ((state == CONNECTING || state == RECONNECTING)
+                && (action instanceof ChallengeAction || action instanceof LoginAction))
+        {
+            // when (re-)connecting challenge and login actions are ok.
+        } // NOPMD
+        else if (state == DISCONNECTING && action instanceof LogoffAction)
+        {
+            // when disconnecting logoff action is ok.
+        } // NOPMD
+        else if (state != CONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Actions may only be sent when in state "
+                    + "CONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send " + action.getAction() + " action: socket not connected.");
+        }
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // if the callbackHandler is null the user is obviously not interested
+        // in the response, thats fine.
+        if (callback != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, callback);
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action) throws IOException, EventTimeoutException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendEventGeneratingAction(action, defaultEventTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Implements synchronous sending of event generating actions.
+     */
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action, long timeout) throws IOException,
+            EventTimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        final ResponseEventsImpl responseEvents;
+        final ResponseEventHandler responseEventHandler;
+        final String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+        else if (action.getActionCompleteEventClass() == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass for "
+                    + action.getClass().getName() + " is null.");
+        }
+        else if (!ResponseEvent.class.isAssignableFrom(action.getActionCompleteEventClass()))
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass ("
+                    + action.getActionCompleteEventClass().getName() + ") for " + action.getClass().getName()
+                    + " is not a ResponseEvent.");
+        }
+
+        if (state != CONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Actions may only be sent when in state "
+                    + "CONNECTED but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        responseEvents = new ResponseEventsImpl();
+        responseEventHandler = new ResponseEventHandler(responseEvents, action.getActionCompleteEventClass());
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // register response handler...
+        synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        // ...and event handler.
+        synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseEventListeners.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (responseEvents)
+        {
+            writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+            // only wait if response has not yet arrived.
+            if ((responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents.isComplete()))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    responseEvents.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for response events.");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // still no response or not all events received and timed out?
+        if ((responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents.isComplete()))
+        {
+            // clean up
+            synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseEventListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+            }
+
+            throw new EventTimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response or response events to " + action.getAction()
+                    + (action.getActionId() == null ? "" : " (actionId: " + action.getActionId() + ")"), responseEvents);
+        }
+
+        // remove the event handler
+        // Note: The response handler has already been removed
+        // when the response was received
+        synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseEventListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+        }
+
+        return responseEvents;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new unique internal action id based on the hash code of this
+     * connection and a sequence.
+     *
+     * @return a new internal action id
+     * @see ManagerUtil#addInternalActionId(String,String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#getInternalActionId(String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#stripInternalActionId(String)
+     */
+    private String createInternalActionId()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(this.hashCode());
+        sb.append("_");
+        sb.append(actionIdCounter.getAndIncrement());
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void addEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            // only add it if its not already there
+            if (!this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.add(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            if (this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.remove(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getProtocolIdentifier()
+    {
+        return protocolIdentifier.value;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerConnectionState getState()
+    {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of Dispatcher: callbacks for ManagerReader */
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a {@link ManagerResponse} is
+     * received. The response is dispatched to the associated
+     * {@link SendActionCallback}.
+     *
+     * @param response the response received by the reader
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+    {
+        final String actionId;
+        String internalActionId;
+        SendActionCallback listener;
+
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (response == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null response. This should never happen. Please file a bug.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        actionId = response.getActionId();
+        internalActionId = null;
+        listener = null;
+
+        if (actionId != null)
+        {
+            internalActionId = ManagerUtil.getInternalActionId(actionId);
+            response.setActionId(ManagerUtil.stripInternalActionId(actionId));
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching response with internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "':\n" + response);
+
+        if (internalActionId != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                listener = responseListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                if (listener != null)
+                {
+                    this.responseListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // when using the async sendAction it's ok not to register a
+                    // callback so if we don't find a response handler thats ok
+                    logger.debug("No response listener registered for " + "internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "'");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to retrieve internalActionId from response: " + "actionId '" + actionId + "':\n" + response);
+        }
+
+        if (listener != null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                listener.onResponse(response);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unexpected exception in response listener " + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a ManagerEvent is received.
+     * The event is dispatched to all registered ManagerEventHandlers.
+     *
+     * @param event the event received by the reader
+     * @see #addEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see #removeEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (event == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null event. This should never happen. Please file a bug.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching event:\n" + event.toString());
+
+        // Some events need special treatment besides forwarding them to the
+        // registered eventListeners (clients)
+        // These events are handled here at first:
+
+        // Dispatch ResponseEvents to the appropriate responseEventListener
+        if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+        {
+            ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+            String internalActionId;
+
+            responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+            internalActionId = responseEvent.getInternalActionId();
+            if (internalActionId != null)
+            {
+                synchronized (responseEventListeners)
+                {
+                    ManagerEventListener listener;
+
+                    listener = responseEventListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                    if (listener != null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception e)
+                        {
+                            logger.warn("Unexpected exception in response event listener " + listener.getClass().getName(),
+                                    e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // ResponseEvent without internalActionId:
+                // this happens if the same event class is used as response
+                // event
+                // and as an event that is not triggered by a Manager command
+                // Example: QueueMemberStatusEvent.
+                // logger.debug("ResponseEvent without "
+                // + "internalActionId:\n" + responseEvent);
+            } // NOPMD
+        }
+        if (event instanceof DisconnectEvent)
+        {
+            // When we receive get disconnected while we are connected start
+            // a new reconnect thread and set the state to RECONNECTING.
+            if (state == CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = RECONNECTING;
+                // close socket if still open and remove reference to
+                // readerThread
+                // After sending the DisconnectThread that thread will die
+                // anyway.
+                cleanup();
+                reconnectThread = new Thread(new Runnable()
+                {
+                    public void run()
+                    {
+                        reconnect();
+                    }
+                });
+                reconnectThread.setName("Asterisk-Java ManagerConnection-" + id + "-Reconnect-"
+                        + reconnectThreadCounter.getAndIncrement());
+                reconnectThread.setDaemon(true);
+                reconnectThread.start();
+                // now the DisconnectEvent is dispatched to registered
+                // eventListeners
+                // (clients) and after that the ManagerReaderThread is gone.
+                // So effectively we replaced the reader thread by a
+                // ReconnectThread.
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // when we receive a DisconnectEvent while not connected we
+                // ignore it and do not send it to clients
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        if (event instanceof ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent)
+        {
+            ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+            String protocolIdentifier;
+
+            protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent = (ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent) event;
+            protocolIdentifier = protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent.getProtocolIdentifier();
+            setProtocolIdentifier(protocolIdentifier);
+            // no need to send this event to clients
+            return;
+        }
+
+        fireEvent(event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies all {@link ManagerEventListener}s registered by users.
+     *
+     * @param event the event to propagate
+     */
+    private void fireEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        synchronized (eventListeners)
+        {
+            for (ManagerEventListener listener : eventListeners)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                }
+                catch (RuntimeException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler " + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when a {@link ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent} is
+     * received from the reader. Having received a correct protocol identifier
+     * is the precodition for logging in.
+     *
+     * @param identifier the protocol version used by the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private void setProtocolIdentifier(final String identifier)
+    {
+        logger.info("Connected via " + identifier);
+
+        if (!"Asterisk Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier)
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.1".equals(identifier) // Asterisk 1.6 
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.2".equals(identifier) // bri stuffed
+                && !"OpenPBX Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier)
+                && !"CallWeaver Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier))
+        {
+            logger.warn("Unsupported protocol version '" + identifier + "'. Use at your own risk.");
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            protocolIdentifier.value = identifier;
+            protocolIdentifier.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconnects to the asterisk server when the connection is lost.
+     * <p/>
+     * While keepAlive is <code>true</code> we will try to reconnect.
+     * Reconnection attempts will be stopped when the {@link #logoff()} method
+     * is called or when the login after a successful reconnect results in an
+     * {@link AuthenticationFailedException} suggesting that the manager
+     * credentials have changed and keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is not
+     * set.
+     * <p/>
+     * This method is called when a {@link DisconnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader.
+     */
+    private void reconnect()
+    {
+        int numTries;
+
+        // try to reconnect
+        numTries = 0;
+        while (state == RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (numTries < 10)
+                {
+                    // try to reconnect quite fast for the firt 10 times
+                    // this succeeds if the server has just been restarted
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // slow down after 10 unsuccessful attempts asuming a
+                    // shutdown of the server
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e1)
+            {
+                // ignore
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                connect();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, eventMask);
+                    logger.info("Successfully reconnected.");
+                    // everything is ok again, so we leave
+                    // when successful doLogin set the state to CONNECTED so no
+                    // need to adjust it
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (AuthenticationFailedException e1)
+                {
+                    if (keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: " + e1.getMessage());
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: " + e1.getMessage() + ". Giving up.");
+                        state = DISCONNECTED;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (TimeoutException e1)
+                {
+                    // shouldn't happen - but happens!
+                    logger.error("TimeoutException while trying to log in " + "after reconnect.");
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                // server seems to be still down, just continue to attempt
+                // reconnection
+                logger.warn("Exception while trying to reconnect: " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+            numTries++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void cleanup()
+    {
+        disconnect();
+        this.readerThread = null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString()
+    {
+        StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer("ManagerConnection[");
+        sb.append("id='").append(id).append("',");
+        sb.append("hostname='").append(hostname).append("',");
+        sb.append("port=").append(port).append(",");
+        sb.append("systemHashcode=").append(System.identityHashCode(this)).append("]");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /* Helper classes */
+
+    /**
+     * A simple data object to store a ManagerResult.
+     */
+    private class ResponseHandlerResult implements Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7831097958568769220L;
+        private ManagerResponse response;
+
+        public ResponseHandlerResult()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public ManagerResponse getResponse()
+        {
+            return this.response;
+        }
+
+        public void setResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            this.response = response;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple response handler that stores the received response in a
+     * ResponseHandlerResult for further processing.
+     */
+    private class DefaultSendActionCallback implements SendActionCallback, Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseHandlerResult result;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         *
+         * @param result the result to store the response in
+         */
+        public DefaultSendActionCallback(ResponseHandlerResult result)
+        {
+            this.result = result;
+        }
+
+        public void onResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (result)
+            {
+                result.setResponse(response);
+                result.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A combinded event and response handler that adds received events and the
+     * response to a ResponseEvents object.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private class ResponseEventHandler implements ManagerEventListener, SendActionCallback, Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseEventsImpl events;
+        private final Class actionCompleteEventClass;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         *
+         * @param events                   the ResponseEventsImpl to store the events in
+         * @param actionCompleteEventClass the type of event that indicates that
+         *                                 all events have been received
+         */
+        public ResponseEventHandler(ResponseEventsImpl events, Class actionCompleteEventClass)
+        {
+            this.events = events;
+            this.actionCompleteEventClass = actionCompleteEventClass;
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                // should always be a ResponseEvent, anyway...
+                if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+                {
+                    ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+
+                    responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+                    events.addEvent(responseEvent);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                if (actionCompleteEventClass.isAssignableFrom(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                    // notify if action complete event and response have been
+                    // received
+                    if (events.getResponse() != null)
+                    {
+                        events.notify();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void onResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                events.setRepsonse(response);
+                if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                // notify if action complete event and response have been
+                // received
+                if (events.isComplete())
+                {
+                    events.notify();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ProtocolIdentifierWrapper
+    {
+        String value;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent` reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.reconnectThread`. Potentially races with write in method `ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event.31cbf4b974e849ee4d9e769de7f08222
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/manager/internal/ManagerConnectionImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ManagerConnectionImpl.java|dispatchEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c1957d85d4a88eaa32c0c5eb9cf82820
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6262/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6262/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c67fa47db33a0128f059a1d80a24990897476a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6262/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,959 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    private final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final String traceId;
+
+        channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+
+        if (SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR > 0)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+
+        traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || (name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))))
+        {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData;
+            callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+                try
+                {
+                    callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+                }
+                catch (Throwable t)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress.", t);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <p/>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored DialEvent for unknown destination channel " + event.getDestination() + " with unique id " + event.getDestUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent` indirectly writes to field `callbackData.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.OriginateCallbackData.channel` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewCallerIdEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event..3ba242170223df688089808214d13037
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewCallerIdEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7987cf2644de3c6753dbd7105126fb8d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6263/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6263/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9ad229216b349dd3255ed7811fb68d4c28662625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6263/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1332 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.manager;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.AsteriskVersion;
+import org.asteriskjava.io.SocketConnectionFacade;
+import org.asteriskjava.io.impl.SocketConnectionFacadeImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChallengeAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.CommandAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.EventGeneratingAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LoginAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LogoffAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ManagerAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ConnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DisconnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ResponseEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.ManagerReaderImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.ManagerWriterImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.ResponseEventsImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.Util;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ChallengeResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.CommandResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Default implemention of the ManagerConnection interface.<br>
+ * Generelly avoid direct use of this class. Use the ManagerConnectionFactory to
+ * obtain a ManagerConnection instead.<br>
+ * When using a dependency injection framework like Spring direct usage for
+ * wiring up beans that require a ManagerConnection property is fine though.<br>
+ * Note that the DefaultManagerConnection will create one new Thread
+ * for reading data from Asterisk on the first call to on of the login()
+ * methods.
+ * 
+ * @see org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionFactory
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id: DefaultManagerConnection.java,v 1.36 2006/01/10 23:09:11 srt Exp $
+ */
+public class DefaultManagerConnection implements ManagerConnection, Dispatcher
+{
+    /**
+     * Instance logger.
+     */
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * Used to construct the internalActionId.
+     */
+    private long actionIdCount = 0;
+
+    /* Config attributes */
+    /**
+     * The Asterisk server to connect to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskServer asteriskServer;
+
+    /**
+     * The username to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String username;
+
+    /**
+     * The password to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String password;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for a ManagerResponse after sending a
+     * ManagerAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultResponseTimeout = 2000;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for the last ResponseEvent after sending an
+     * EventGeneratingAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultEventTimeout = 5000;
+
+    /**
+     * The timeout to use when connecting the the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private int socketTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The time the calling thread is sleeping between checking if a reponse or
+     * the protocol identifer has been received.
+     */
+    private long sleepTime = 50;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we continue to reconnect after an authentication failure?
+     */
+    private boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The socket to use for TCP/IP communication with Asterisk.
+     */
+    private SocketConnectionFacade socket;
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that runs the reader.
+     */
+    private Thread readerThread;
+
+    /**
+     * The reader to use to receive events and responses from asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerReader reader;
+
+    /**
+     * The writer to use to send actions to asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerWriter writer;
+
+    /**
+     * The protocol identifer Asterisk sends on connect.
+     */
+    private String protocolIdentifier;
+    
+    /**
+     * The version of the Asterisk server we are connected to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskVersion version;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the registered handlers that process the ManagerResponses.<br>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding ResponseHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerResponseHandler> responseHandlers;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that handle ResponseEvents for the
+     * sendEventGeneratingAction methods.<br>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding EventHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerEventHandler> responseEventHandlers;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that users registered.
+     */
+    private final List<ManagerEventHandler> eventHandlers;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we attempt to reconnect when the connection is lost?<br>
+     * This is set to <code>true</code> after successful login and to
+     * <code>false</code> after logoff or after an authentication failure when
+     * keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is <code>false</code>.
+     */
+    protected boolean keepAlive = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     */
+    public DefaultManagerConnection()
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer = new AsteriskServer();
+
+        this.responseHandlers = new HashMap<String, ManagerResponseHandler>();
+        this.responseEventHandlers = new HashMap<String, ManagerEventHandler>();
+        this.eventHandlers = new ArrayList<ManagerEventHandler>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance with the given connection parameters.
+     * 
+     * @param hostname the hostname of the Asterisk server to connect to.
+     * @param port the port where Asterisk listens for incoming Manager API
+     *            connections, usually 5038.
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public DefaultManagerConnection(String hostname, int port, String username,
+            String password)
+    {
+        this();
+
+        setHostname(hostname);
+        setPort(port);
+        setUsername(username);
+        setPassword(password);
+    }
+
+    // the following two methods can be overriden when running test cases to
+    // return a mock object
+    protected ManagerReader createReader(Dispatcher dispatcher,
+            AsteriskServer server)
+    {
+        return new ManagerReaderImpl(dispatcher, server);
+    }
+
+    protected ManagerWriter createWriter()
+    {
+        return new ManagerWriterImpl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hostname of the asterisk server to connect to.<br>
+     * Default is <code>localhost</code>.
+     * 
+     * @param hostname the hostname to connect to
+     */
+    public void setHostname(String hostname)
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer.setHostname(hostname);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the port to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the port
+     * specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.<br>
+     * Default is 5038.
+     * 
+     * @param port the port to connect to
+     */
+    public void setPort(int port)
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer.setPort(port);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the username to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * username specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * 
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     */
+    public void setUsername(String username)
+    {
+        this.username = username;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the password to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * password specified in Asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * 
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public void setPassword(String password)
+    {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous sendAction methods
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultTimeout default timeout in milliseconds
+     * @deprecated use {@link #setDefaultResponseTimeout(long)} instead
+     */
+    public void setDefaultTimeout(long defaultTimeout)
+    {
+        setDefaultResponseTimeout(defaultTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultResponseTimeout default response timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultResponseTimeout(long defaultResponseTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultResponseTimeout = defaultResponseTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction)} will wait for a
+     * response and the last response event before throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 5000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultEventTimeout default event timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultEventTimeout(long defaultEventTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultEventTimeout = defaultEventTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous methods
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} and
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction, long)} will sleep between two checks
+     * for the arrival of a response. This value should be rather small.<br>
+     * The sleepTime attribute is also used when checking for the protocol
+     * identifer.<br>
+     * Default is 50.
+     * 
+     * @param sleepTime time in milliseconds to sleep between two checks for the
+     *            arrival of a response or the protocol identifier
+     * @deprecated this has been replaced by an interrupt based response
+     *             checking approach.
+     */
+    public void setSleepTime(long sleepTime)
+    {
+        this.sleepTime = sleepTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve
+     * even if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException.<br>
+     * Default is <code>false</code>.
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure(
+            boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+    {
+        this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of ManagerConnection interface */
+
+    public void registerUserEventClass(Class userEventClass)
+    {
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            reader = createReader(this, asteriskServer);
+        }
+
+        reader.registerEventClass(userEventClass);
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Logs in to the asterisk manager using asterisk's MD5 based
+     * challenge/response protocol. The login is delayed until the protocol
+     * identifier has been received by the reader.
+     * 
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if the username and/or password are
+     *             incorrect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if no response is received within the specified
+     *             timeout period
+     * @see ChallengeAction
+     * @see LoginAction
+     */
+    public void login() throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException,
+            TimeoutException
+    {
+        login(defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the real login, following the steps outlined below.<br>
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>Connects to the asterisk server by calling {@link #connect()} if not
+     * already connected
+     * <li>Waits until the protocol identifier is received. This is checked
+     * every {@link #sleepTime} ms but not longer than timeout ms in total.
+     * <li>Sends a {@link ChallengeAction} requesting a challenge for authType
+     * MD5.
+     * <li>When the {@link ChallengeResponse} is received a {@link LoginAction}
+     * is sent using the calculated key (MD5 hash of the password appended to
+     * the received challenge).
+     * </ol>
+     * 
+     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for the protocol identifier (in
+     *            ms)
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if username or password are
+     *             incorrect and the login action returns an error or if the MD5
+     *             hash cannot be computed. The connection is closed in this
+     *             case.
+     * @throws TimeoutException if a timeout occurs either while waiting for the
+     *             protocol identifier or when sending the challenge or login
+     *             action. The connection is closed in this case.
+     */
+    private void login(long timeout) throws IOException,
+            AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        long start;
+        long timeSpent;
+        ChallengeAction challengeAction;
+        ChallengeResponse challengeResponse;
+        String challenge;
+        String key;
+        LoginAction loginAction;
+        ManagerResponse loginResponse;
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            connect();
+        }
+
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        while (getProtocolIdentifier() == null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+            }
+
+            timeSpent = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            if (getProtocolIdentifier() == null && timeSpent > timeout)
+            {
+                disconnect();
+                throw new TimeoutException(
+                        "Timeout waiting for protocol identifier");
+            }
+        }
+
+        challengeAction = new ChallengeAction("MD5");
+        challengeResponse = (ChallengeResponse) sendAction(challengeAction);
+
+        challenge = challengeResponse.getChallenge();
+
+        try
+        {
+            MessageDigest md;
+
+            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+            if (challenge != null)
+            {
+                md.update(challenge.getBytes());
+            }
+            if (password != null)
+            {
+                md.update(password.getBytes());
+            }
+            key = Util.toHexString(md.digest());
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(
+                    "Unable to create login key using MD5 Message Digest", ex);
+        }
+
+        loginAction = new LoginAction(username, "MD5", key);
+        loginResponse = sendAction(loginAction);
+        if (loginResponse instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(loginResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        // successfully logged in so assure that we keep trying to reconnect
+        // when disconnected
+        this.keepAlive = true;
+
+        logger.info("Successfully logged in");
+        
+        this.version = determineVersion();
+        this.writer.setTargetVersion(version);
+        
+        logger.info("Determined Asterisk version: " + version);
+    }
+    
+    protected AsteriskVersion determineVersion() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse showVersionFilesResponse;
+
+        // increase timeout as output is quite large
+        showVersionFilesResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version files pbx.c"), 
+                defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+        if (showVersionFilesResponse instanceof CommandResponse)
+        {
+            List showVersionFilesResult;
+            
+            showVersionFilesResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionFilesResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionFilesResult != null && showVersionFilesResult.size() > 0)
+            {
+                String line1;
+                
+                line1 = (String) showVersionFilesResult.get(0); 
+                if (line1 != null && line1.startsWith("File"))
+                {
+                    return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_2;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_0;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void connect() throws IOException
+    {
+        logger.info("Connecting to " + asteriskServer.getHostname() + " port "
+                + asteriskServer.getPort());
+
+        if (this.reader == null)
+        {
+            this.reader = createReader(this, asteriskServer);
+        }
+
+        if (this.writer == null)
+        {
+            this.writer = createWriter();
+        }
+
+        this.socket = createSocket();
+
+        this.reader.setSocket(socket);
+        this.readerThread = new Thread(reader, "ManagerReader");
+        this.readerThread.setDaemon(true);
+        this.readerThread.start();
+
+        this.writer.setSocket(socket);
+    }
+
+    protected SocketConnectionFacade createSocket() throws IOException
+    {
+        return new SocketConnectionFacadeImpl(asteriskServer.getHostname(),
+                asteriskServer.getPort(), socketTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <code>true</code> if there is a socket connection to the
+     * asterisk server, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     * 
+     * @return <code>true</code> if there is a socket connection to the
+     *         asterisk server, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean isConnected()
+    {
+        return socket != null && socket.isConnected(); // JDK 1.4
+        // return socket != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a {@link LogoffAction} and disconnects from the server.
+     */
+    public synchronized void logoff() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        LogoffAction logoffAction;
+
+        // stop reconnecting when we got disconnected
+        this.keepAlive = false;
+
+        logoffAction = new LogoffAction();
+
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            sendAction(logoffAction);
+            disconnect();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket connection.
+     */
+    private synchronized void disconnect()
+    {
+        if (this.socket != null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Closing socket.");
+            try
+            {
+                this.socket.close();
+            }
+            catch (IOException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to close socket: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            this.socket = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action) throws IOException,
+            TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendAction(action, defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action, long timeout)
+            throws IOException, TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        long start;
+        long timeSpent;
+        ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        ManagerResponseHandler callbackHandler;
+
+        result = new ResponseHandlerResult();
+        callbackHandler = new DefaultResponseHandler(result, Thread
+                .currentThread());
+
+        sendAction(action, callbackHandler);
+
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        timeSpent = 0;
+        while (result.getResponse() == null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(timeout - timeSpent);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException ex)
+            {
+            }
+
+            // still no response and timed out?
+            timeSpent = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            if (result.getResponse() == null && timeSpent > timeout)
+            {
+                throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response to "
+                        + action.getAction());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result.getResponse();
+    }
+
+    public void sendAction(ManagerAction action,
+            ManagerResponseHandler callbackHandler) throws IOException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send "
+                    + action.getAction() + " action: not connected.");
+        }
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // if the callbackHandler is null the user is obviously not interested
+        // in the response, thats fine.
+        if (callbackHandler != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseHandlers)
+            {
+                this.responseHandlers.put(internalActionId, callbackHandler);
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action)
+            throws IOException, EventTimeoutException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendEventGeneratingAction(action, defaultEventTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(
+            EventGeneratingAction action, long timeout) throws IOException,
+            EventTimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        ResponseEventsImpl responseEvents;
+        ResponseEventHandler responseEventHandler;
+        String internalActionId;
+        long start;
+        long timeSpent;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+        else if (action.getActionCompleteEventClass() == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass is null.");
+        }
+        else if (!ResponseEvent.class.isAssignableFrom(action
+                .getActionCompleteEventClass()))
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass is not a ResponseEvent.");
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send "
+                    + action.getAction() + " action: not connected.");
+        }
+
+        responseEvents = new ResponseEventsImpl();
+        responseEventHandler = new ResponseEventHandler(responseEvents, action
+                .getActionCompleteEventClass(), Thread.currentThread());
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // register response handler...
+        synchronized (this.responseHandlers)
+        {
+            this.responseHandlers.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        // ...and event handler.
+        synchronized (this.responseEventHandlers)
+        {
+            this.responseEventHandlers.put(internalActionId,
+                    responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+
+        // let's wait to see what we get
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        timeSpent = 0;
+        while (responseEvents.getResponse() == null
+                || !responseEvents.isComplete())
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(timeout - timeSpent);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException ex)
+            {
+            }
+
+            // still no response or not all events received and timed out?
+            timeSpent = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            if ((responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents
+                    .isComplete())
+                    && timeSpent > timeout)
+            {
+                // clean up
+                synchronized (this.responseEventHandlers)
+                {
+                    this.responseEventHandlers.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+
+                throw new EventTimeoutException(
+                        "Timeout waiting for response or response events to "
+                                + action.getAction(), responseEvents);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // remove the event handler (note: the response handler is removed
+        // automatically when the response is received)
+        synchronized (this.responseEventHandlers)
+        {
+            this.responseEventHandlers.remove(internalActionId);
+        }
+
+        return responseEvents;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new unique internal action id based on the hash code of this
+     * connection and a sequence.
+     * 
+     * @see Util#addInternalActionId(String, String)
+     * @see Util#getInternalActionId(String)
+     * @see Util#stripInternalActionId(String)
+     */
+    private String createInternalActionId()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(this.hashCode());
+        sb.append("_");
+        sb.append(this.actionIdCount++);
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void addEventHandler(final ManagerEventHandler eventHandler)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventHandlers)
+        {
+            // only add it if its not already there
+            if (!this.eventHandlers.contains(eventHandler))
+            {
+                this.eventHandlers.add(eventHandler);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeEventHandler(final ManagerEventHandler eventHandler)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventHandlers)
+        {
+            if (this.eventHandlers.contains(eventHandler))
+            {
+                this.eventHandlers.remove(eventHandler);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getProtocolIdentifier()
+    {
+        return this.protocolIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    public AsteriskServer getAsteriskServer()
+    {
+        return asteriskServer;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of Dispatcher: callbacks for ManagerReader */
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a {@link ManagerResponse} is
+     * received. The response is dispatched to the associated
+     * {@link ManagerResponseHandler}.
+     * 
+     * @param response the response received by the reader
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+    {
+        final String actionId;
+        String internalActionId;
+        ManagerResponseHandler responseHandler;
+
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (response == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null response");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        actionId = response.getActionId();
+        internalActionId = null;
+        responseHandler = null;
+
+        if (actionId != null)
+        {
+            internalActionId = Util.getInternalActionId(actionId);
+            response.setActionId(Util.stripInternalActionId(actionId));
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching response with internalActionId '"
+                + internalActionId + "':\n" + response);
+
+        if (internalActionId != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseHandlers)
+            {
+                responseHandler = (ManagerResponseHandler) this.responseHandlers
+                        .get(internalActionId);
+                if (responseHandler != null)
+                {
+                    this.responseHandlers.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // when using the async sendAction it's ok not to register a
+                    // callback so if we don't find a response handler thats ok
+                    logger.debug("No response handler registered for "
+                            + "internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "'");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to retrieve internalActionId from response: "
+                    + "actionId '" + actionId + "':\n" + response);
+        }
+
+        if (responseHandler != null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                responseHandler.handleResponse(response);
+            }
+            catch (RuntimeException e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unexpected exception in responseHandler "
+                        + responseHandler.getClass().getName(), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a ManagerEvent is received.
+     * The event is dispatched to all registered ManagerEventHandlers.
+     * 
+     * @param event the event received by the reader
+     * @see #addEventHandler(ManagerEventHandler)
+     * @see #removeEventHandler(ManagerEventHandler)
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (event == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null event");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching event:\n" + event.toString());
+
+        // dispatch ResponseEvents to the appropriate responseEventHandler
+        if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+        {
+            ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+            String internalActionId;
+
+            responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+            internalActionId = responseEvent.getInternalActionId();
+            if (internalActionId != null)
+            {
+                synchronized (responseEventHandlers)
+                {
+                    ManagerEventHandler eventHandler;
+
+                    eventHandler = (ManagerEventHandler) responseEventHandlers
+                            .get(internalActionId);
+                    if (eventHandler != null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            eventHandler.handleEvent(event);
+                        }
+                        catch (RuntimeException e)
+                        {
+                            logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler "
+                                    + eventHandler.getClass().getName(), e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // ResponseEvent without internalActionId:
+                // this happens if the same event class is used as response event
+                // and as an event that is not triggered by a Manager command
+                // example: QueueMemberStatusEvent.
+                //logger.debug("ResponseEvent without "
+                //        + "internalActionId:\n" + responseEvent);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // dispatch to eventHandlers registered by users
+        synchronized (eventHandlers)
+        {
+            for (ManagerEventHandler eventHandler : eventHandlers)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    eventHandler.handleEvent(event);
+                }
+                catch (RuntimeException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler "
+                            + eventHandler.getClass().getName(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // process special events
+        if (event instanceof ConnectEvent)
+        {
+            ConnectEvent connectEvent;
+            String protocolIdentifier;
+
+            connectEvent = (ConnectEvent) event;
+            protocolIdentifier = connectEvent.getProtocolIdentifier();
+            setProtocolIdentifier(protocolIdentifier);
+        }
+        else if (event instanceof DisconnectEvent)
+        {
+            reconnect();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when a {@link ConnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader. Having received a correct protocol identifier is the precodition
+     * for logging in.
+     * 
+     * @param protocolIdentifier the protocol version used by the Asterisk
+     *            server.
+     */
+    private void setProtocolIdentifier(final String protocolIdentifier)
+    {
+        logger.info("Connected via " + protocolIdentifier);
+
+        if (!"Asterisk Call Manager/1.0".equals(protocolIdentifier) &&
+            !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.2".equals(protocolIdentifier))
+        {
+            logger.warn("Unsupported protocol version '" + protocolIdentifier
+                    + "'. Use at your own risk.");
+        }
+
+        this.protocolIdentifier = protocolIdentifier;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconnects to the asterisk server when the connection is lost.<br>
+     * While keepAlive is <code>true</code> we will try to reconnect.
+     * Reconnection attempts will be stopped when the {@link #logoff()} method
+     * is called or when the login after a successful reconnect results in an
+     * {@link AuthenticationFailedException} suggesting that the manager
+     * credentials have changed and keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is not
+     * set.<br>
+     * This method is called when a {@link DisconnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader.
+     */
+    private void reconnect()
+    {
+        int numTries;
+
+        // clean up at first
+        disconnect();
+
+        // try to reconnect
+        numTries = 0;
+        while (this.keepAlive)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (numTries < 10)
+                {
+                    // try to reconnect quite fast for the firt 10 times
+                    // this succeeds if the server has just been restarted
+                    Thread.sleep(50);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // slow down after 10 unsuccessful attempts asuming a
+                    // shutdown of the server
+                    Thread.sleep(5000);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e1)
+            {
+                // it's ok to wake us
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                connect();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    login();
+                    logger.info("Successfully reconnected.");
+                    // everything is ok again, so we leave
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (AuthenticationFailedException e1)
+                {
+                    if (this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect.");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect. "
+                                + "Giving up.");
+                        this.keepAlive = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (TimeoutException e1)
+                {
+                    // shouldn't happen
+                    logger.error("TimeoutException while trying to log in "
+                            + "after reconnect.");
+                    synchronized (this)
+                    {
+                        socket.close();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                // server seems to be still down, just continue to attempt
+                // reconnection
+                logger.warn("Exception while trying to reconnect: "
+                        + e.getMessage());
+            }
+            numTries++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Helper classes */
+
+    /**
+     * A simple data object to store a ManagerResult.
+     */
+    private class ResponseHandlerResult implements Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7831097958568769220L;
+        private ManagerResponse response;
+
+        public ResponseHandlerResult()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public ManagerResponse getResponse()
+        {
+            return this.response;
+        }
+
+        public void setResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            this.response = response;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple response handler that stores the received response in a
+     * ResponseHandlerResult for further processing.
+     */
+    private class DefaultResponseHandler
+            implements
+                ManagerResponseHandler,
+                Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        private final Thread thread;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         * 
+         * @param result the result to store the response in
+         * @param thread the thread to interrupt when the response has been
+         *            received
+         */
+        public DefaultResponseHandler(ResponseHandlerResult result,
+                Thread thread)
+        {
+            this.result = result;
+            this.thread = thread;
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            result.setResponse(response);
+            thread.interrupt();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A combinded event and response handler that adds received events and the
+     * response to a ResponseEvents object.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private class ResponseEventHandler
+            implements
+                ManagerEventHandler,
+                ManagerResponseHandler,
+                Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseEventsImpl events;
+        private final Class actionCompleteEventClass;
+        private final Thread thread;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         * 
+         * @param events the ResponseEventsImpl to store the events in
+         * @param actionCompleteEventClass the type of event that indicates that
+         *            all events have been received
+         * @param thread the thread to interrupt when the
+         *            actionCompleteEventClass has been received
+         */
+        public ResponseEventHandler(ResponseEventsImpl events,
+                Class actionCompleteEventClass, Thread thread)
+        {
+            this.events = events;
+            this.actionCompleteEventClass = actionCompleteEventClass;
+            this.thread = thread;
+        }
+
+        public void handleEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+        {
+            // should always be a ResponseEvent, anyway...
+            if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+            {
+                ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+
+                responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+                events.addEvent(responseEvent);
+            }
+
+            // finished?
+            if (actionCompleteEventClass.isAssignableFrom(event.getClass()))
+            {
+                synchronized (events)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                    if (events.getResponse() != null)
+                    {
+                        thread.interrupt();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                events.setRepsonse(response);
+                if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                if (events.isComplete())
+                {
+                    thread.interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.manager.DefaultManagerConnection.sendAction` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.manager.DefaultManagerConnection.socket`. Potentially races with write in method `DefaultManagerConnection.logoff()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ManagerResponse DefaultManagerConnection.sendAction(ManagerAction,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.manager.DefaultManagerConnection.sendAction(org.asteriskjava.manager.action.Manager.0822e582a751826797757c84f7bcf5d5
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/manager/DefaultManagerConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultManagerConnection.java|sendAction|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+32145a047d187d30eb04beef3c38a00c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6264/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6264/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3292b103a7844b9dcecf0ca766db5ab20fba8428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6264/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.manager.internal;
+
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.CONNECTED;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.CONNECTING;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.DISCONNECTED;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.DISCONNECTING;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.INITIAL;
+import static org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState.RECONNECTING;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.AsteriskVersion;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.AuthenticationFailedException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.EventTimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionState;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.SendActionCallback;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.TimeoutException;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChallengeAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.CommandAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.EventGeneratingAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LoginAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LogoffAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ManagerAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ConnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DisconnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ResponseEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ChallengeResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.CommandResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.SocketConnectionFacade;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.internal.SocketConnectionFacadeImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.UserEventAction;
+
+/**
+ * Internal implemention of the ManagerConnection interface.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ * @see org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionFactory
+ */
+public class ManagerConnectionImpl implements ManagerConnection, Dispatcher
+{
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1 = 50;
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2 = 5000;
+    private static final String DEFAULT_HOSTNAME = "localhost";
+    private static final int DEFAULT_PORT = 5038;
+    private static final int RECONNECTION_VERSION_INTERVAL = 500;
+    private static final int MAX_VERSION_ATTEMPTS = 4;
+
+    private static final AtomicLong idCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * Instance logger.
+     */
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    private final long id;
+
+    /**
+     * Used to construct the internalActionId.
+     */
+    private AtomicLong actionIdCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /* Config attributes */
+    /**
+     * Hostname of the Asterisk server to connect to.
+     */
+    private String hostname = DEFAULT_HOSTNAME;
+
+    /**
+     * TCP port to connect to.
+     */
+    private int port = DEFAULT_PORT;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> to use SSL for the connection, <code>false</code>
+     * for a plain text connection.
+     */
+    private boolean ssl = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The username to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String username;
+
+    /**
+     * The password to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String password;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for a ManagerResponse after sending a
+     * ManagerAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultResponseTimeout = 2000;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for the last ResponseEvent after sending an
+     * EventGeneratingAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultEventTimeout = 5000;
+
+    /**
+     * The timeout to use when connecting the the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private int socketTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the connection (and reconnects) if no input has been read for the given amount
+     * of milliseconds. A timeout of zero is interpreted as an infinite timeout. 
+     *
+     * @see Socket#setSoTimeout(int)
+     */
+    private int socketReadTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> to continue to reconnect after an authentication failure.
+     */
+    private boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = true;
+
+    /**
+     * The socket to use for TCP/IP communication with Asterisk.
+     */
+    private SocketConnectionFacade socket;
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that runs the reader.
+     */
+    private Thread readerThread;
+    private final AtomicLong readerThreadCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that performs reconnect.
+     */
+    private Thread reconnectThread;
+
+    private final AtomicLong reconnectThreadCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
+
+    /**
+     * The reader to use to receive events and responses from asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerReader reader;
+
+    /**
+     * The writer to use to send actions to asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerWriter writer;
+
+    /**
+     * The protocol identifer Asterisk sends on connect wrapped into an object
+     * to be used as mutex.
+     */
+    private final ProtocolIdentifierWrapper protocolIdentifier;
+
+    /**
+     * The version of the Asterisk server we are connected to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskVersion version;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the registered handlers that process the ManagerResponses.
+     * <p/>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding ResponseListener.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, SendActionCallback> responseListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that handle ResponseEvents for the
+     * sendEventGeneratingAction methods.
+     * <p/>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding EventHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerEventListener> responseEventListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that users registered.
+     */
+    private final List<ManagerEventListener> eventListeners;
+
+    /**
+     * <code>true</code> while reconnecting.
+     */
+    private boolean reconnecting = false;
+
+    protected ManagerConnectionState state = INITIAL;
+
+    private String eventMask;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     */
+    public ManagerConnectionImpl()
+    {
+        this.id = idCounter.getAndIncrement();
+        this.responseListeners = new HashMap<String, SendActionCallback>();
+        this.responseEventListeners = new HashMap<String, ManagerEventListener>();
+        this.eventListeners = new ArrayList<ManagerEventListener>();
+        this.protocolIdentifier = new ProtocolIdentifierWrapper();
+    }
+
+    // the following two methods can be overriden when running test cases to
+    // return a mock object
+    protected ManagerReader createReader(Dispatcher dispatcher, Object source)
+    {
+        return new ManagerReaderImpl(dispatcher, source);
+    }
+
+    protected ManagerWriter createWriter()
+    {
+        return new ManagerWriterImpl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hostname of the asterisk server to connect to.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is <code>localhost</code>.
+     *
+     * @param hostname the hostname to connect to
+     */
+    public void setHostname(String hostname)
+    {
+        this.hostname = hostname;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the port to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the port
+     * specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is 5038.
+     *
+     * @param port the port to connect to
+     */
+    public void setPort(int port)
+    {
+        if (port <= 0)
+        {
+            this.port = DEFAULT_PORT;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this.port = port;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets whether to use SSL.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is false.
+     *
+     * @param ssl <code>true</code> to use SSL for the connection,
+     *            <code>false</code> for a plain text connection.
+     * @since 0.3
+     */
+    public void setSsl(boolean ssl)
+    {
+        this.ssl = ssl;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the username to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * username specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     *
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     */
+    public void setUsername(String username)
+    {
+        this.username = username;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the password to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * password specified in Asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     *
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public void setPassword(String password)
+    {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     *
+     * @param defaultResponseTimeout default response timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultResponseTimeout(long defaultResponseTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultResponseTimeout = defaultResponseTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction)} will wait for a
+     * response and the last response event before throwing a TimeoutException.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is 5000.
+     *
+     * @param defaultEventTimeout default event timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultEventTimeout(long defaultEventTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultEventTimeout = defaultEventTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve
+     * even if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException.
+     * <p/>
+     * Default is <code>true</code>.
+     *
+     * @param keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure
+     *         <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve
+     *         even if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException,
+     *         <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure(boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+    {
+        this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of ManagerConnection interface */
+
+    public String getUsername()
+    {
+        return username;
+    }
+
+    public String getPassword()
+    {
+        return password;
+    }
+
+    public AsteriskVersion getVersion()
+    {
+        return version;
+    }
+
+    public String getHostname()
+    {
+        return hostname;
+    }
+
+    public int getPort()
+    {
+        return port;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSsl()
+    {
+        return ssl;
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getLocalAddress()
+    {
+        return socket.getLocalAddress();
+    }
+
+    public int getLocalPort()
+    {
+        return socket.getLocalPort();
+    }
+
+    public InetAddress getRemoteAddress()
+    {
+        return socket.getRemoteAddress();
+    }
+
+    public int getRemotePort()
+    {
+        return socket.getRemotePort();
+    }
+
+    public void registerUserEventClass(Class userEventClass)
+    {
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            reader = createReader(this, this);
+        }
+
+        reader.registerEventClass(userEventClass);
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketReadTimeout(int socketReadTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketReadTimeout = socketReadTimeout;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login() throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        login(null);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void login(String eventMask) throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        if (state != INITIAL && state != DISCONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Login may only be perfomed when in state "
+                    + "INITIAL or DISCONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = CONNECTING;
+        this.eventMask = eventMask;
+        try
+        {
+            doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, eventMask);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            if (state != CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = DISCONNECTED;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the real login, following the steps outlined below.
+     * <p/>
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>Connects to the asterisk server by calling {@link #connect()} if not
+     * already connected
+     * <li>Waits until the protocol identifier is received but not longer than
+     * timeout ms.
+     * <li>Sends a {@link ChallengeAction} requesting a challenge for authType
+     * MD5.
+     * <li>When the {@link ChallengeResponse} is received a {@link LoginAction}
+     * is sent using the calculated key (MD5 hash of the password appended to
+     * the received challenge).
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @param timeout   the maximum time to wait for the protocol identifier (in
+     *                  ms)
+     * @param eventMask the event mask. Set to "on" if all events should be
+     *                  send, "off" if not events should be sent or a combination of
+     *                  "system", "call" and "log" (separated by ',') to specify what
+     *                  kind of events should be sent.
+     * @throws IOException                   if there is an i/o problem.
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if username or password are
+     *                                       incorrect and the login action returns an error or if the MD5
+     *                                       hash cannot be computed. The connection is closed in this
+     *                                       case.
+     * @throws TimeoutException              if a timeout occurs while waiting for the
+     *                                       protocol identifier. The connection is closed in this case.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void doLogin(long timeout, String eventMask) throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException,
+            TimeoutException
+    {
+        ChallengeAction challengeAction;
+        ManagerResponse challengeResponse;
+        String challenge;
+        String key;
+        LoginAction loginAction;
+        ManagerResponse loginResponse;
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            connect();
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    protocolIdentifier.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException e) // NOPMD
+                {
+                    // swallow
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (protocolIdentifier.value == null)
+            {
+                disconnect();
+                if (reader != null && reader.getTerminationException() != null)
+                {
+                    throw reader.getTerminationException();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for protocol identifier");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        challengeAction = new ChallengeAction("MD5");
+        try
+        {
+            challengeResponse = sendAction(challengeAction);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send challenge action", e);
+        }
+
+        if (challengeResponse instanceof ChallengeResponse)
+        {
+            challenge = ((ChallengeResponse) challengeResponse).getChallenge();
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to get challenge from Asterisk. ChallengeAction returned: "
+                    + challengeResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            MessageDigest md;
+
+            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+            if (challenge != null)
+            {
+                md.update(challenge.getBytes());
+            }
+            if (password != null)
+            {
+                md.update(password.getBytes());
+            }
+            key = ManagerUtil.toHexString(md.digest());
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to create login key using MD5 Message Digest", ex);
+        }
+
+        loginAction = new LoginAction(username, "MD5", key, eventMask);
+        try
+        {
+            loginResponse = sendAction(loginAction);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException("Unable to send login action", e);
+        }
+
+        if (loginResponse instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(loginResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        state = CONNECTED;
+
+        logger.info("Successfully logged in");
+
+        version = determineVersion();
+        writer.setTargetVersion(version);
+
+        logger.info("Determined Asterisk version: " + version);
+
+        // generate pseudo event indicating a successful login
+        ConnectEvent connectEvent = new ConnectEvent(this);
+        connectEvent.setProtocolIdentifier(getProtocolIdentifier());
+        connectEvent.setDateReceived(DateUtil.getDate());
+        // TODO could this cause a deadlock?
+        fireEvent(connectEvent);
+    }
+
+    protected AsteriskVersion determineVersion() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        int attempts = 0;
+        
+        if ("Asterisk Call Manager/1.1".equals(protocolIdentifier.value))
+        {
+            return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_6;
+        }
+
+        while (attempts++ < MAX_VERSION_ATTEMPTS)
+        {
+            final ManagerResponse showVersionFilesResponse;
+            final List<String> showVersionFilesResult;
+
+            // increase timeout as output is quite large
+            showVersionFilesResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version files pbx.c"), defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+            if (!(showVersionFilesResponse instanceof CommandResponse))
+            {
+                // return early in case of permission problems
+                // org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError:
+                // actionId='null'; message='Permission denied'; response='Error';
+                // uniqueId='null'; systemHashcode=15231583
+                break;
+            }
+
+            showVersionFilesResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionFilesResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionFilesResult != null && showVersionFilesResult.size() > 0)
+            {
+                final String line1;
+
+                line1 = showVersionFilesResult.get(0);
+                if (line1 != null && line1.startsWith("File"))
+                {
+                    final String rawVersion;
+
+                    rawVersion = getRawVersion();
+                    if (rawVersion != null && rawVersion.startsWith("Asterisk 1.4"))
+                    {
+                        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_4;
+                    }
+
+                    return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_2;
+                }
+                else if (line1 != null && line1.contains("No such command"))
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_VERSION_INTERVAL);
+                    }
+                    catch (Exception ex)
+                    {
+                        // ingnore
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // if it isn't the "no such command", break and return the lowest version immediately
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_0;
+    }
+
+    protected String getRawVersion()
+    {
+        final ManagerResponse showVersionResponse;
+
+        try
+        {
+            showVersionResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version"), defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (showVersionResponse instanceof CommandResponse)
+        {
+            final List<String> showVersionResult;
+
+            showVersionResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionResult != null && showVersionResult.size() > 0)
+            {
+                return showVersionResult.get(0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void connect() throws IOException
+    {
+        logger.info("Connecting to " + hostname + ":" + port);
+
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating reader for " + hostname + ":" + port);
+            reader = createReader(this, this);
+        }
+
+        if (writer == null)
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating writer");
+            writer = createWriter();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Creating socket");
+        socket = createSocket();
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to reader");
+        reader.setSocket(socket);
+
+        if (readerThread == null || !readerThread.isAlive() || reader.isDead())
+        {
+            logger.debug("Creating and starting reader thread");
+            readerThread = new Thread(reader);
+            readerThread.setName("Asterisk-Java ManagerConnection-" + id + "-Reader-"
+                    + readerThreadCounter.getAndIncrement());
+            readerThread.setDaemon(true);
+            readerThread.start();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Passing socket to writer");
+        writer.setSocket(socket);
+    }
+
+    protected SocketConnectionFacade createSocket() throws IOException
+    {
+        return new SocketConnectionFacadeImpl(hostname, port, ssl, socketTimeout, socketReadTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void logoff() throws IllegalStateException
+    {
+        if (state != CONNECTED && state != RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Logoff may only be perfomed when in state "
+                    + "CONNECTED or RECONNECTING, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        state = DISCONNECTING;
+
+        if (socket != null && !reconnecting)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                sendAction(new LogoffAction());
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to send LogOff action", e);
+            }
+        }
+        cleanup();
+        state = DISCONNECTED;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket connection.
+     */
+    protected synchronized void disconnect()
+    {
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Closing socket.");
+            try
+            {
+                socket.close();
+            }
+            catch (IOException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to close socket: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            socket = null;
+        }
+        protocolIdentifier.value = null;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action) throws IOException, TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendAction(action, defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Implements synchronous sending of "simple" actions.
+     */
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action, long timeout) throws IOException, TimeoutException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        SendActionCallback callbackHandler;
+
+        result = new ResponseHandlerResult();
+        callbackHandler = new DefaultSendActionCallback(result);
+
+        synchronized (result)
+        {
+            sendAction(action, callbackHandler);
+
+            // definitely return null for the response of user events
+            if (action instanceof UserEventAction)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // only wait if we did not yet receive the response.
+            // Responses may be returned really fast.
+            if (result.getResponse() == null)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    result.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException ex)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for result");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // still no response?
+        if (result.getResponse() == null)
+        {
+            throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response to " + action.getAction()
+                    + (action.getActionId() == null ? "" : " (actionId: " + action.getActionId() + ")"));
+        }
+
+        return result.getResponse();
+    }
+
+    public void sendAction(ManagerAction action, SendActionCallback callback) throws IOException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        final String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+
+        // In general sending actions is only allowed while connected, though
+        // there are a few exceptions, these are handled here:
+        if ((state == CONNECTING || state == RECONNECTING)
+                && (action instanceof ChallengeAction || action instanceof LoginAction))
+        {
+            // when (re-)connecting challenge and login actions are ok.
+        } // NOPMD
+        else if (state == DISCONNECTING && action instanceof LogoffAction)
+        {
+            // when disconnecting logoff action is ok.
+        } // NOPMD
+        else if (state != CONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Actions may only be sent when in state "
+                    + "CONNECTED, but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send " + action.getAction() + " action: socket not connected.");
+        }
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // if the callbackHandler is null the user is obviously not interested
+        // in the response, thats fine.
+        if (callback != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, callback);
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action) throws IOException, EventTimeoutException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendEventGeneratingAction(action, defaultEventTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Implements synchronous sending of event generating actions.
+     */
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action, long timeout) throws IOException,
+            EventTimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        final ResponseEventsImpl responseEvents;
+        final ResponseEventHandler responseEventHandler;
+        final String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+        else if (action.getActionCompleteEventClass() == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass for "
+                    + action.getClass().getName() + " is null.");
+        }
+        else if (!ResponseEvent.class.isAssignableFrom(action.getActionCompleteEventClass()))
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass ("
+                    + action.getActionCompleteEventClass().getName() + ") for " + action.getClass().getName()
+                    + " is not a ResponseEvent.");
+        }
+
+        if (state != CONNECTED)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Actions may only be sent when in state "
+                    + "CONNECTED but connection is in state " + state);
+        }
+
+        responseEvents = new ResponseEventsImpl();
+        responseEventHandler = new ResponseEventHandler(responseEvents, action.getActionCompleteEventClass());
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // register response handler...
+        synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseListeners.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        // ...and event handler.
+        synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseEventListeners.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (responseEvents)
+        {
+            writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+            // only wait if response has not yet arrived.
+            if ((responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents.isComplete()))
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    responseEvents.wait(timeout);
+                }
+                catch (InterruptedException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Interrupted while waiting for response events.");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // still no response or not all events received and timed out?
+        if ((responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents.isComplete()))
+        {
+            // clean up
+            synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+            {
+                this.responseEventListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+            }
+
+            throw new EventTimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response or response events to " + action.getAction()
+                    + (action.getActionId() == null ? "" : " (actionId: " + action.getActionId() + ")"), responseEvents);
+        }
+
+        // remove the event handler
+        // Note: The response handler has already been removed
+        // when the response was received
+        synchronized (this.responseEventListeners)
+        {
+            this.responseEventListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+        }
+
+        return responseEvents;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new unique internal action id based on the hash code of this
+     * connection and a sequence.
+     *
+     * @return a new internal action id
+     * @see ManagerUtil#addInternalActionId(String,String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#getInternalActionId(String)
+     * @see ManagerUtil#stripInternalActionId(String)
+     */
+    private String createInternalActionId()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(this.hashCode());
+        sb.append("_");
+        sb.append(actionIdCounter.getAndIncrement());
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void addEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            // only add it if its not already there
+            if (!this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.add(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeEventListener(final ManagerEventListener listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventListeners)
+        {
+            if (this.eventListeners.contains(listener))
+            {
+                this.eventListeners.remove(listener);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getProtocolIdentifier()
+    {
+        return protocolIdentifier.value;
+    }
+
+    public ManagerConnectionState getState()
+    {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of Dispatcher: callbacks for ManagerReader */
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a {@link ManagerResponse} is
+     * received. The response is dispatched to the associated
+     * {@link SendActionCallback}.
+     *
+     * @param response the response received by the reader
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+    {
+        final String actionId;
+        String internalActionId;
+        SendActionCallback listener;
+
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (response == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null response. This should never happen. Please file a bug.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        actionId = response.getActionId();
+        internalActionId = null;
+        listener = null;
+
+        if (actionId != null)
+        {
+            internalActionId = ManagerUtil.getInternalActionId(actionId);
+            response.setActionId(ManagerUtil.stripInternalActionId(actionId));
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching response with internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "':\n" + response);
+
+        if (internalActionId != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseListeners)
+            {
+                listener = responseListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                if (listener != null)
+                {
+                    this.responseListeners.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // when using the async sendAction it's ok not to register a
+                    // callback so if we don't find a response handler thats ok
+                    logger.debug("No response listener registered for " + "internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "'");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to retrieve internalActionId from response: " + "actionId '" + actionId + "':\n" + response);
+        }
+
+        if (listener != null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                listener.onResponse(response);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unexpected exception in response listener " + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a ManagerEvent is received.
+     * The event is dispatched to all registered ManagerEventHandlers.
+     *
+     * @param event the event received by the reader
+     * @see #addEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see #removeEventListener(ManagerEventListener)
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (event == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null event. This should never happen. Please file a bug.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching event:\n" + event.toString());
+
+        // Some events need special treatment besides forwarding them to the
+        // registered eventListeners (clients)
+        // These events are handled here at first:
+
+        // Dispatch ResponseEvents to the appropriate responseEventListener
+        if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+        {
+            ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+            String internalActionId;
+
+            responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+            internalActionId = responseEvent.getInternalActionId();
+            if (internalActionId != null)
+            {
+                synchronized (responseEventListeners)
+                {
+                    ManagerEventListener listener;
+
+                    listener = responseEventListeners.get(internalActionId);
+                    if (listener != null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                        }
+                        catch (Exception e)
+                        {
+                            logger.warn("Unexpected exception in response event listener " + listener.getClass().getName(),
+                                    e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // ResponseEvent without internalActionId:
+                // this happens if the same event class is used as response
+                // event
+                // and as an event that is not triggered by a Manager command
+                // Example: QueueMemberStatusEvent.
+                // logger.debug("ResponseEvent without "
+                // + "internalActionId:\n" + responseEvent);
+            } // NOPMD
+        }
+        if (event instanceof DisconnectEvent)
+        {
+            // When we receive get disconnected while we are connected start
+            // a new reconnect thread and set the state to RECONNECTING.
+            if (state == CONNECTED)
+            {
+                state = RECONNECTING;
+                // close socket if still open and remove reference to
+                // readerThread
+                // After sending the DisconnectThread that thread will die
+                // anyway.
+                cleanup();
+                reconnectThread = new Thread(new Runnable()
+                {
+                    public void run()
+                    {
+                        reconnect();
+                    }
+                });
+                reconnectThread.setName("Asterisk-Java ManagerConnection-" + id + "-Reconnect-"
+                        + reconnectThreadCounter.getAndIncrement());
+                reconnectThread.setDaemon(true);
+                reconnectThread.start();
+                // now the DisconnectEvent is dispatched to registered
+                // eventListeners
+                // (clients) and after that the ManagerReaderThread is gone.
+                // So effectively we replaced the reader thread by a
+                // ReconnectThread.
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // when we receive a DisconnectEvent while not connected we
+                // ignore it and do not send it to clients
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        if (event instanceof ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent)
+        {
+            ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent;
+            String protocolIdentifier;
+
+            protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent = (ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent) event;
+            protocolIdentifier = protocolIdentifierReceivedEvent.getProtocolIdentifier();
+            setProtocolIdentifier(protocolIdentifier);
+            // no need to send this event to clients
+            return;
+        }
+
+        fireEvent(event);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies all {@link ManagerEventListener}s registered by users.
+     *
+     * @param event the event to propagate
+     */
+    private void fireEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        synchronized (eventListeners)
+        {
+            for (ManagerEventListener listener : eventListeners)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                }
+                catch (RuntimeException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler " + listener.getClass().getName(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when a {@link ProtocolIdentifierReceivedEvent} is
+     * received from the reader. Having received a correct protocol identifier
+     * is the precodition for logging in.
+     *
+     * @param identifier the protocol version used by the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private void setProtocolIdentifier(final String identifier)
+    {
+        logger.info("Connected via " + identifier);
+
+        if (!"Asterisk Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier)
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.1".equals(identifier) // Asterisk 1.6 
+                && !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.2".equals(identifier) // bri stuffed
+                && !"OpenPBX Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier)
+                && !"CallWeaver Call Manager/1.0".equals(identifier))
+        {
+            logger.warn("Unsupported protocol version '" + identifier + "'. Use at your own risk.");
+        }
+
+        synchronized (protocolIdentifier)
+        {
+            protocolIdentifier.value = identifier;
+            protocolIdentifier.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconnects to the asterisk server when the connection is lost.
+     * <p/>
+     * While keepAlive is <code>true</code> we will try to reconnect.
+     * Reconnection attempts will be stopped when the {@link #logoff()} method
+     * is called or when the login after a successful reconnect results in an
+     * {@link AuthenticationFailedException} suggesting that the manager
+     * credentials have changed and keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is not
+     * set.
+     * <p/>
+     * This method is called when a {@link DisconnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader.
+     */
+    private void reconnect()
+    {
+        int numTries;
+
+        // try to reconnect
+        numTries = 0;
+        while (state == RECONNECTING)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (numTries < 10)
+                {
+                    // try to reconnect quite fast for the firt 10 times
+                    // this succeeds if the server has just been restarted
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_1);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // slow down after 10 unsuccessful attempts asuming a
+                    // shutdown of the server
+                    Thread.sleep(RECONNECTION_INTERVAL_2);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e1)
+            {
+                // ignore
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                connect();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    doLogin(defaultResponseTimeout, eventMask);
+                    logger.info("Successfully reconnected.");
+                    // everything is ok again, so we leave
+                    // when successful doLogin set the state to CONNECTED so no
+                    // need to adjust it
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (AuthenticationFailedException e1)
+                {
+                    if (keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: " + e1.getMessage());
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect: " + e1.getMessage() + ". Giving up.");
+                        state = DISCONNECTED;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (TimeoutException e1)
+                {
+                    // shouldn't happen - but happens!
+                    logger.error("TimeoutException while trying to log in " + "after reconnect.");
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                // server seems to be still down, just continue to attempt
+                // reconnection
+                logger.warn("Exception while trying to reconnect: " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+            numTries++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void cleanup()
+    {
+        disconnect();
+        this.readerThread = null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString()
+    {
+        StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer("ManagerConnection[");
+        sb.append("id='").append(id).append("',");
+        sb.append("hostname='").append(hostname).append("',");
+        sb.append("port=").append(port).append(",");
+        sb.append("systemHashcode=").append(System.identityHashCode(this)).append("]");
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    /* Helper classes */
+
+    /**
+     * A simple data object to store a ManagerResult.
+     */
+    private class ResponseHandlerResult implements Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7831097958568769220L;
+        private ManagerResponse response;
+
+        public ResponseHandlerResult()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public ManagerResponse getResponse()
+        {
+            return this.response;
+        }
+
+        public void setResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            this.response = response;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple response handler that stores the received response in a
+     * ResponseHandlerResult for further processing.
+     */
+    private class DefaultSendActionCallback implements SendActionCallback, Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseHandlerResult result;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         *
+         * @param result the result to store the response in
+         */
+        public DefaultSendActionCallback(ResponseHandlerResult result)
+        {
+            this.result = result;
+        }
+
+        public void onResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (result)
+            {
+                result.setResponse(response);
+                result.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A combinded event and response handler that adds received events and the
+     * response to a ResponseEvents object.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private class ResponseEventHandler implements ManagerEventListener, SendActionCallback, Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier.
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseEventsImpl events;
+        private final Class actionCompleteEventClass;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         *
+         * @param events                   the ResponseEventsImpl to store the events in
+         * @param actionCompleteEventClass the type of event that indicates that
+         *                                 all events have been received
+         */
+        public ResponseEventHandler(ResponseEventsImpl events, Class actionCompleteEventClass)
+        {
+            this.events = events;
+            this.actionCompleteEventClass = actionCompleteEventClass;
+        }
+
+        public void onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                // should always be a ResponseEvent, anyway...
+                if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+                {
+                    ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+
+                    responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+                    events.addEvent(responseEvent);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                if (actionCompleteEventClass.isAssignableFrom(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                    // notify if action complete event and response have been
+                    // received
+                    if (events.getResponse() != null)
+                    {
+                        events.notify();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void onResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                events.setRepsonse(response);
+                if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                // notify if action complete event and response have been
+                // received
+                if (events.isComplete())
+                {
+                    events.notify();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ProtocolIdentifierWrapper
+    {
+        String value;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent` writes to field `this.org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.reconnectThread` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.manager.internal.ManagerConnectionImpl.dispatchEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event.31cbf4b974e849ee4d9e769de7f08222
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/manager/internal/ManagerConnectionImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+ManagerConnectionImpl.java|dispatchEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+bbeedb4e138f57f4676638bb413b5676
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6290/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6290/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cae1b1876d3b466524d0a2d0d9c1f12b4105229b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6290/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 47
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnection;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerEventListener;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.BridgeEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.LinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.asterisk.wrap.events.UnlinkEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.eventQueue.EventLifeMonitor;
+import org.asteriskjava.pbx.util.LogTime;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides a method of accepting, queueing and delivering manager
+ * events. Asterisk is very sensitive to delays in receiving events. This class
+ * ensures that events are received and queued rapidly. A separate thread
+ * dequeues them and delivers them to the manager listener. Used this queue as
+ * follows: manager.addEventListener(new
+ * CoherentManagerEventQueue(originalListener)); This affectively daisy changes
+ * the originalListener via our queue.
+ * 
+ * @author bsutton
+ */
+class CoherentManagerEventQueue implements ManagerEventListener, Runnable
+{
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(CoherentManagerEventQueue.class);
+
+    private final ListenerManager listeners = new ListenerManager();
+
+    private boolean _stop = false;
+    private final Thread _th;
+    private final BlockingQueue<EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>> _eventQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
+
+    private int _queueMaxSize;
+
+    private long _queueSum;
+
+    private long _queueCount;
+
+    private HashSet<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> globalEvents = new HashSet<>();
+
+    public CoherentManagerEventQueue(String name, ManagerConnection connection)
+    {
+
+        connection.addEventListener(this);
+
+        this._th = new Thread(this);
+        this._th.setName("EventQueue: " + name);//$NON-NLS-1$
+        this._th.setDaemon(true);
+        this._th.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * handles manager events passed to us in our role as a listener. We queue
+     * the event so that it can be read, by the run method of this class, and
+     * subsequently passed on to the original listener.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void onManagerEvent(final org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+
+        // logger.error(event);
+        boolean wanted = false;
+        /**
+         * Dump any events we arn't interested in ASAP to minimise the
+         * processing overhead of these events.
+         */
+        // Only enqueue the events that are of interest to one of our listeners.
+        synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+        {
+            Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> shadowEvent = CoherentEventFactory.getShadowEvent(event);
+            if (this.globalEvents.contains(shadowEvent))
+            {
+                wanted = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (wanted)
+        {
+
+            // We don't support all events.
+            this._eventQueue.add(new EventLifeMonitor<>(event));
+            final int queueSize = this._eventQueue.size();
+            if (this._queueMaxSize < queueSize)
+            {
+                this._queueMaxSize = queueSize;
+            }
+            this._queueSum += queueSize;
+            this._queueCount++;
+
+            if (CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.isDebugEnabled())
+            {
+                if (this._eventQueue.size() > ((this._queueMaxSize + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)) / 2))
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.debug("queue gtr max avg: size=" + queueSize + " max:" //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                            + this._queueMaxSize + " avg:" + (this._queueSum / this._queueCount)); //$NON-NLS-1$
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void run()
+    {
+
+        while (!this._stop)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                final EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent> elm = this._eventQueue.poll(2,
+                        TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+                if (elm != null)
+                {
+                    // A poison queue event means its time to shutdown.
+                    if (elm.getEvent().getClass() == PoisonQueueEvent.class)
+                        break;
+
+                    final ManagerEvent iEvent = CoherentEventFactory.build(elm.getEvent());
+                    if (iEvent != null)
+                    {
+                        dispatchEvent(iEvent);
+                        elm.assessAge();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (final Exception e)
+            {
+                /**
+                 * If an exception is thrown whilst we are shutting down then we
+                 * don't care. If it is thrown when we aren't shutting down then
+                 * we have a problem and we need to log it.
+                 */
+                if (!this._stop)
+                {
+                    CoherentManagerEventQueue.logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class PoisonQueueEvent extends org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent
+    {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+        public PoisonQueueEvent()
+        {
+            super("PoisonQueueEvent"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void stop()
+    {
+        this._stop = true;
+        try
+        {
+            this._eventQueue.put(new EventLifeMonitor<org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent>(new PoisonQueueEvent()));
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            logger.error(e, e);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: make this multi threaded
+    private final ExecutorService executors = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1);
+
+    /**
+     * Events are sent here from the CoherentManagerEventQueue after being
+     * converted from a ManagerEvent to an ManagerEvent. This method is called
+     * from a dedicated thread attached to the event queue which it uses for
+     * dispatching events.
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(final ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        if (logger.isDebugEnabled())
+        {
+            logger.debug("dispatch=" + event.toString()); //$NON-NLS-1$
+        }
+
+        // take a copy of the listeners so they can be modified whilst we
+        // iterate over them
+        // The iteration may call some long running processes.
+        final List<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> listenerCopy;
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            listenerCopy = this.listeners.getCopyAsList();
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            final LogTime totalTime = new LogTime();
+
+            CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(listenerCopy.size());
+
+            for (final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter : listenerCopy)
+            {
+                if (filter.requiredEvents.contains(event.getClass()))
+                {
+                    dispatchEventOnThread(event, filter, latch);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // this listener didn't want the event, so just decrease the
+                    // countdown
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            latch.await();
+
+            if (totalTime.timeTaken() > 500)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + totalTime.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+            }
+        }
+        catch (InterruptedException e)
+        {
+            Thread.interrupted();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void dispatchEventOnThread(final ManagerEvent event, final FilteredManagerListenerWrapper filter,
+            final CountDownLatch latch)
+    {
+        Runnable runner = new Runnable()
+        {
+            @Override
+            public void run()
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    final LogTime time = new LogTime();
+
+                    filter._listener.onManagerEvent(event);
+                    if (time.timeTaken() > 500)
+                    {
+                        logger.warn("ManagerListener :" + filter._listener.getName() //$NON-NLS-1$
+                                + " is taken too long to process event " + event + " time taken: " + time.timeTaken()); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (Exception e)
+                {
+                    logger.error(e, e);
+                }
+                finally
+                {
+                    latch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        executors.execute(runner);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a listener which will be sent all events that its filterEvent
+     * handler will accept. All events are dispatch by way of a shared queue
+     * which is read via a thread which is shared by all listeners. Whilst poor
+     * performance of you listener can affect other listeners you can't affect
+     * the read thread which takes events from asterisk and enqueues them.
+     * 
+     * @param listener
+     */
+    public void addListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> listener)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            this.listeners.addListener(listener);
+            synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+            {
+                Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents = expandEvents(listener.requiredEvents());
+                this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug("listener  added " + listener);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * in order to get Bridge Events, we must subscribe to Link and Unlink
+     * events for asterisk 1.4, so we automatically add them if the Bridge Event
+     * is required
+     * 
+     * @param events
+     * @return
+     */
+    Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> expandEvents(Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> events)
+    {
+        Collection<Class< ? extends ManagerEvent>> requiredEvents = new HashSet<>();
+        for (Class< ? extends ManagerEvent> event : events)
+        {
+            requiredEvents.add(event);
+            if (event.equals(BridgeEvent.class))
+            {
+                requiredEvents.add(UnlinkEvent.class);
+                requiredEvents.add(LinkEvent.class);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return requiredEvents;
+    }
+
+    public void removeListener(final FilteredManagerListener<ManagerEvent> melf)
+    {
+        if (melf != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.listeners)
+            {
+                this.listeners.removeListener(melf);
+
+                // When we remove a listener we must unfortunately
+                // completely
+                // recalculate the set of required events.
+                synchronized (this.globalEvents)
+                {
+                    this.globalEvents.clear();
+                    Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = this.listeners.iterator();
+                    while (itr.hasNext())
+                    {
+                        FilteredManagerListenerWrapper readdContainer = itr.next();
+                        this.globalEvents.addAll(expandEvents(readdContainer._listener.requiredEvents()));
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * transfers the listeners from one queue to another.
+     * 
+     * @param eventQueue
+     */
+    public void transferListeners(CoherentManagerEventQueue eventQueue)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.listeners)
+        {
+            synchronized (eventQueue.listeners)
+            {
+                Iterator<FilteredManagerListenerWrapper> itr = eventQueue.listeners.iterator();
+                while (itr.hasNext())
+                {
+                    FilteredManagerListenerWrapper listener = itr.next();
+
+                    this.addListener(listener._listener);
+                }
+                eventQueue.listeners.clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent` writes to field `this.org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue._queueCount` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(ManagerEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.pbx.internal.core.CoherentManagerEventQueue.onManagerEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.2569a749c3962e5d14fd71002b69f730
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/pbx/internal/core/CoherentManagerEventQueue.java
+
+### Key:
+CoherentManagerEventQueue.java|onManagerEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b98f4ca80f9a75457fd756d368fc541f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6291/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6291/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6ad3c56691a8dbbc021ead90ca613fee7011d3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6291/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1332 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.manager;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.AsteriskVersion;
+import org.asteriskjava.io.SocketConnectionFacade;
+import org.asteriskjava.io.impl.SocketConnectionFacadeImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ChallengeAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.CommandAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.EventGeneratingAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LoginAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.LogoffAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.ManagerAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ConnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.DisconnectEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ManagerEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.ResponseEvent;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.ManagerReaderImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.ManagerWriterImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.ResponseEventsImpl;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.impl.Util;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ChallengeResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.CommandResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerError;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.response.ManagerResponse;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Default implemention of the ManagerConnection interface.<br>
+ * Generelly avoid direct use of this class. Use the ManagerConnectionFactory to
+ * obtain a ManagerConnection instead.<br>
+ * When using a dependency injection framework like Spring direct usage for
+ * wiring up beans that require a ManagerConnection property is fine though.<br>
+ * Note that the DefaultManagerConnection will create one new Thread
+ * for reading data from Asterisk on the first call to on of the login()
+ * methods.
+ * 
+ * @see org.asteriskjava.manager.ManagerConnectionFactory
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id: DefaultManagerConnection.java,v 1.36 2006/01/10 23:09:11 srt Exp $
+ */
+public class DefaultManagerConnection implements ManagerConnection, Dispatcher
+{
+    /**
+     * Instance logger.
+     */
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * Used to construct the internalActionId.
+     */
+    private long actionIdCount = 0;
+
+    /* Config attributes */
+    /**
+     * The Asterisk server to connect to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskServer asteriskServer;
+
+    /**
+     * The username to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String username;
+
+    /**
+     * The password to use for login as defined in Asterisk's
+     * <code>manager.conf</code>.
+     */
+    protected String password;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for a ManagerResponse after sending a
+     * ManagerAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultResponseTimeout = 2000;
+
+    /**
+     * The default timeout to wait for the last ResponseEvent after sending an
+     * EventGeneratingAction.
+     */
+    private long defaultEventTimeout = 5000;
+
+    /**
+     * The timeout to use when connecting the the Asterisk server.
+     */
+    private int socketTimeout = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The time the calling thread is sleeping between checking if a reponse or
+     * the protocol identifer has been received.
+     */
+    private long sleepTime = 50;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we continue to reconnect after an authentication failure?
+     */
+    private boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = false;
+
+    /**
+     * The socket to use for TCP/IP communication with Asterisk.
+     */
+    private SocketConnectionFacade socket;
+
+    /**
+     * The thread that runs the reader.
+     */
+    private Thread readerThread;
+
+    /**
+     * The reader to use to receive events and responses from asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerReader reader;
+
+    /**
+     * The writer to use to send actions to asterisk.
+     */
+    private ManagerWriter writer;
+
+    /**
+     * The protocol identifer Asterisk sends on connect.
+     */
+    private String protocolIdentifier;
+    
+    /**
+     * The version of the Asterisk server we are connected to.
+     */
+    private AsteriskVersion version;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the registered handlers that process the ManagerResponses.<br>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding ResponseHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerResponseHandler> responseHandlers;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that handle ResponseEvents for the
+     * sendEventGeneratingAction methods.<br>
+     * Key is the internalActionId of the Action sent and value the
+     * corresponding EventHandler.
+     */
+    private final Map<String, ManagerEventHandler> responseEventHandlers;
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the event handlers that users registered.
+     */
+    private final List<ManagerEventHandler> eventHandlers;
+
+    /**
+     * Should we attempt to reconnect when the connection is lost?<br>
+     * This is set to <code>true</code> after successful login and to
+     * <code>false</code> after logoff or after an authentication failure when
+     * keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is <code>false</code>.
+     */
+    protected boolean keepAlive = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     */
+    public DefaultManagerConnection()
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer = new AsteriskServer();
+
+        this.responseHandlers = new HashMap<String, ManagerResponseHandler>();
+        this.responseEventHandlers = new HashMap<String, ManagerEventHandler>();
+        this.eventHandlers = new ArrayList<ManagerEventHandler>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance with the given connection parameters.
+     * 
+     * @param hostname the hostname of the Asterisk server to connect to.
+     * @param port the port where Asterisk listens for incoming Manager API
+     *            connections, usually 5038.
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public DefaultManagerConnection(String hostname, int port, String username,
+            String password)
+    {
+        this();
+
+        setHostname(hostname);
+        setPort(port);
+        setUsername(username);
+        setPassword(password);
+    }
+
+    // the following two methods can be overriden when running test cases to
+    // return a mock object
+    protected ManagerReader createReader(Dispatcher dispatcher,
+            AsteriskServer server)
+    {
+        return new ManagerReaderImpl(dispatcher, server);
+    }
+
+    protected ManagerWriter createWriter()
+    {
+        return new ManagerWriterImpl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the hostname of the asterisk server to connect to.<br>
+     * Default is <code>localhost</code>.
+     * 
+     * @param hostname the hostname to connect to
+     */
+    public void setHostname(String hostname)
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer.setHostname(hostname);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the port to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the port
+     * specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.<br>
+     * Default is 5038.
+     * 
+     * @param port the port to connect to
+     */
+    public void setPort(int port)
+    {
+        this.asteriskServer.setPort(port);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the username to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * username specified in asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * 
+     * @param username the username to use for login
+     */
+    public void setUsername(String username)
+    {
+        this.username = username;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the password to use to connect to the asterisk server. This is the
+     * password specified in Asterisk's <code>manager.conf</code> file.
+     * 
+     * @param password the password to use for login
+     */
+    public void setPassword(String password)
+    {
+        this.password = password;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous sendAction methods
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultTimeout default timeout in milliseconds
+     * @deprecated use {@link #setDefaultResponseTimeout(long)} instead
+     */
+    public void setDefaultTimeout(long defaultTimeout)
+    {
+        setDefaultResponseTimeout(defaultTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} will wait for a response before
+     * throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 2000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultResponseTimeout default response timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultResponseTimeout(long defaultResponseTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultResponseTimeout = defaultResponseTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous method
+     * {@link #sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction)} will wait for a
+     * response and the last response event before throwing a TimeoutException.<br>
+     * Default is 5000.
+     * 
+     * @param defaultEventTimeout default event timeout in milliseconds
+     * @since 0.2
+     */
+    public void setDefaultEventTimeout(long defaultEventTimeout)
+    {
+        this.defaultEventTimeout = defaultEventTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the time in milliseconds the synchronous methods
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction)} and
+     * {@link #sendAction(ManagerAction, long)} will sleep between two checks
+     * for the arrival of a response. This value should be rather small.<br>
+     * The sleepTime attribute is also used when checking for the protocol
+     * identifer.<br>
+     * Default is 50.
+     * 
+     * @param sleepTime time in milliseconds to sleep between two checks for the
+     *            arrival of a response or the protocol identifier
+     * @deprecated this has been replaced by an interrupt based response
+     *             checking approach.
+     */
+    public void setSleepTime(long sleepTime)
+    {
+        this.sleepTime = sleepTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to <code>true</code> to try reconnecting to ther asterisk serve
+     * even if the reconnection attempt threw an AuthenticationFailedException.<br>
+     * Default is <code>false</code>.
+     */
+    public void setKeepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure(
+            boolean keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+    {
+        this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure = keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of ManagerConnection interface */
+
+    public void registerUserEventClass(Class userEventClass)
+    {
+        if (reader == null)
+        {
+            reader = createReader(this, asteriskServer);
+        }
+
+        reader.registerEventClass(userEventClass);
+    }
+
+    public void setSocketTimeout(int socketTimeout)
+    {
+        this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Logs in to the asterisk manager using asterisk's MD5 based
+     * challenge/response protocol. The login is delayed until the protocol
+     * identifier has been received by the reader.
+     * 
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if the username and/or password are
+     *             incorrect
+     * @throws TimeoutException if no response is received within the specified
+     *             timeout period
+     * @see ChallengeAction
+     * @see LoginAction
+     */
+    public void login() throws IOException, AuthenticationFailedException,
+            TimeoutException
+    {
+        login(defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does the real login, following the steps outlined below.<br>
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>Connects to the asterisk server by calling {@link #connect()} if not
+     * already connected
+     * <li>Waits until the protocol identifier is received. This is checked
+     * every {@link #sleepTime} ms but not longer than timeout ms in total.
+     * <li>Sends a {@link ChallengeAction} requesting a challenge for authType
+     * MD5.
+     * <li>When the {@link ChallengeResponse} is received a {@link LoginAction}
+     * is sent using the calculated key (MD5 hash of the password appended to
+     * the received challenge).
+     * </ol>
+     * 
+     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait for the protocol identifier (in
+     *            ms)
+     * @throws AuthenticationFailedException if username or password are
+     *             incorrect and the login action returns an error or if the MD5
+     *             hash cannot be computed. The connection is closed in this
+     *             case.
+     * @throws TimeoutException if a timeout occurs either while waiting for the
+     *             protocol identifier or when sending the challenge or login
+     *             action. The connection is closed in this case.
+     */
+    private void login(long timeout) throws IOException,
+            AuthenticationFailedException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        long start;
+        long timeSpent;
+        ChallengeAction challengeAction;
+        ChallengeResponse challengeResponse;
+        String challenge;
+        String key;
+        LoginAction loginAction;
+        ManagerResponse loginResponse;
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            connect();
+        }
+
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        while (getProtocolIdentifier() == null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(sleepTime);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e)
+            {
+            }
+
+            timeSpent = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            if (getProtocolIdentifier() == null && timeSpent > timeout)
+            {
+                disconnect();
+                throw new TimeoutException(
+                        "Timeout waiting for protocol identifier");
+            }
+        }
+
+        challengeAction = new ChallengeAction("MD5");
+        challengeResponse = (ChallengeResponse) sendAction(challengeAction);
+
+        challenge = challengeResponse.getChallenge();
+
+        try
+        {
+            MessageDigest md;
+
+            md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
+            if (challenge != null)
+            {
+                md.update(challenge.getBytes());
+            }
+            if (password != null)
+            {
+                md.update(password.getBytes());
+            }
+            key = Util.toHexString(md.digest());
+        }
+        catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException ex)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(
+                    "Unable to create login key using MD5 Message Digest", ex);
+        }
+
+        loginAction = new LoginAction(username, "MD5", key);
+        loginResponse = sendAction(loginAction);
+        if (loginResponse instanceof ManagerError)
+        {
+            disconnect();
+            throw new AuthenticationFailedException(loginResponse.getMessage());
+        }
+
+        // successfully logged in so assure that we keep trying to reconnect
+        // when disconnected
+        this.keepAlive = true;
+
+        logger.info("Successfully logged in");
+        
+        this.version = determineVersion();
+        this.writer.setTargetVersion(version);
+        
+        logger.info("Determined Asterisk version: " + version);
+    }
+    
+    protected AsteriskVersion determineVersion() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        ManagerResponse showVersionFilesResponse;
+
+        // increase timeout as output is quite large
+        showVersionFilesResponse = sendAction(new CommandAction("show version files pbx.c"), 
+                defaultResponseTimeout * 2);
+        if (showVersionFilesResponse instanceof CommandResponse)
+        {
+            List showVersionFilesResult;
+            
+            showVersionFilesResult = ((CommandResponse) showVersionFilesResponse).getResult();
+            if (showVersionFilesResult != null && showVersionFilesResult.size() > 0)
+            {
+                String line1;
+                
+                line1 = (String) showVersionFilesResult.get(0); 
+                if (line1 != null && line1.startsWith("File"))
+                {
+                    return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_2;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return AsteriskVersion.ASTERISK_1_0;
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void connect() throws IOException
+    {
+        logger.info("Connecting to " + asteriskServer.getHostname() + " port "
+                + asteriskServer.getPort());
+
+        if (this.reader == null)
+        {
+            this.reader = createReader(this, asteriskServer);
+        }
+
+        if (this.writer == null)
+        {
+            this.writer = createWriter();
+        }
+
+        this.socket = createSocket();
+
+        this.reader.setSocket(socket);
+        this.readerThread = new Thread(reader, "ManagerReader");
+        this.readerThread.setDaemon(true);
+        this.readerThread.start();
+
+        this.writer.setSocket(socket);
+    }
+
+    protected SocketConnectionFacade createSocket() throws IOException
+    {
+        return new SocketConnectionFacadeImpl(asteriskServer.getHostname(),
+                asteriskServer.getPort(), socketTimeout);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns <code>true</code> if there is a socket connection to the
+     * asterisk server, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     * 
+     * @return <code>true</code> if there is a socket connection to the
+     *         asterisk server, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean isConnected()
+    {
+        return socket != null && socket.isConnected(); // JDK 1.4
+        // return socket != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a {@link LogoffAction} and disconnects from the server.
+     */
+    public synchronized void logoff() throws IOException, TimeoutException
+    {
+        LogoffAction logoffAction;
+
+        // stop reconnecting when we got disconnected
+        this.keepAlive = false;
+
+        logoffAction = new LogoffAction();
+
+        if (socket != null)
+        {
+            sendAction(logoffAction);
+            disconnect();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Closes the socket connection.
+     */
+    private synchronized void disconnect()
+    {
+        if (this.socket != null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Closing socket.");
+            try
+            {
+                this.socket.close();
+            }
+            catch (IOException ex)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unable to close socket: " + ex.getMessage());
+            }
+            this.socket = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action) throws IOException,
+            TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendAction(action, defaultResponseTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public ManagerResponse sendAction(ManagerAction action, long timeout)
+            throws IOException, TimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        long start;
+        long timeSpent;
+        ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        ManagerResponseHandler callbackHandler;
+
+        result = new ResponseHandlerResult();
+        callbackHandler = new DefaultResponseHandler(result, Thread
+                .currentThread());
+
+        sendAction(action, callbackHandler);
+
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        timeSpent = 0;
+        while (result.getResponse() == null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(timeout - timeSpent);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException ex)
+            {
+            }
+
+            // still no response and timed out?
+            timeSpent = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            if (result.getResponse() == null && timeSpent > timeout)
+            {
+                throw new TimeoutException("Timeout waiting for response to "
+                        + action.getAction());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result.getResponse();
+    }
+
+    public void sendAction(ManagerAction action,
+            ManagerResponseHandler callbackHandler) throws IOException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        String internalActionId;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send "
+                    + action.getAction() + " action: not connected.");
+        }
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // if the callbackHandler is null the user is obviously not interested
+        // in the response, thats fine.
+        if (callbackHandler != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseHandlers)
+            {
+                this.responseHandlers.put(internalActionId, callbackHandler);
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction action)
+            throws IOException, EventTimeoutException,
+            IllegalArgumentException, IllegalStateException
+    {
+        return sendEventGeneratingAction(action, defaultEventTimeout);
+    }
+
+    public ResponseEvents sendEventGeneratingAction(
+            EventGeneratingAction action, long timeout) throws IOException,
+            EventTimeoutException, IllegalArgumentException,
+            IllegalStateException
+    {
+        ResponseEventsImpl responseEvents;
+        ResponseEventHandler responseEventHandler;
+        String internalActionId;
+        long start;
+        long timeSpent;
+
+        if (action == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: action is null.");
+        }
+        else if (action.getActionCompleteEventClass() == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass is null.");
+        }
+        else if (!ResponseEvent.class.isAssignableFrom(action
+                .getActionCompleteEventClass()))
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Unable to send action: actionCompleteEventClass is not a ResponseEvent.");
+        }
+
+        if (socket == null)
+        {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to send "
+                    + action.getAction() + " action: not connected.");
+        }
+
+        responseEvents = new ResponseEventsImpl();
+        responseEventHandler = new ResponseEventHandler(responseEvents, action
+                .getActionCompleteEventClass(), Thread.currentThread());
+
+        internalActionId = createInternalActionId();
+
+        // register response handler...
+        synchronized (this.responseHandlers)
+        {
+            this.responseHandlers.put(internalActionId, responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        // ...and event handler.
+        synchronized (this.responseEventHandlers)
+        {
+            this.responseEventHandlers.put(internalActionId,
+                    responseEventHandler);
+        }
+
+        writer.sendAction(action, internalActionId);
+
+        // let's wait to see what we get
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        timeSpent = 0;
+        while (responseEvents.getResponse() == null
+                || !responseEvents.isComplete())
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                Thread.sleep(timeout - timeSpent);
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException ex)
+            {
+            }
+
+            // still no response or not all events received and timed out?
+            timeSpent = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+            if ((responseEvents.getResponse() == null || !responseEvents
+                    .isComplete())
+                    && timeSpent > timeout)
+            {
+                // clean up
+                synchronized (this.responseEventHandlers)
+                {
+                    this.responseEventHandlers.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+
+                throw new EventTimeoutException(
+                        "Timeout waiting for response or response events to "
+                                + action.getAction(), responseEvents);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // remove the event handler (note: the response handler is removed
+        // automatically when the response is received)
+        synchronized (this.responseEventHandlers)
+        {
+            this.responseEventHandlers.remove(internalActionId);
+        }
+
+        return responseEvents;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new unique internal action id based on the hash code of this
+     * connection and a sequence.
+     * 
+     * @see Util#addInternalActionId(String, String)
+     * @see Util#getInternalActionId(String)
+     * @see Util#stripInternalActionId(String)
+     */
+    private String createInternalActionId()
+    {
+        final StringBuffer sb;
+
+        sb = new StringBuffer();
+        sb.append(this.hashCode());
+        sb.append("_");
+        sb.append(this.actionIdCount++);
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public void addEventHandler(final ManagerEventHandler eventHandler)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventHandlers)
+        {
+            // only add it if its not already there
+            if (!this.eventHandlers.contains(eventHandler))
+            {
+                this.eventHandlers.add(eventHandler);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void removeEventHandler(final ManagerEventHandler eventHandler)
+    {
+        synchronized (this.eventHandlers)
+        {
+            if (this.eventHandlers.contains(eventHandler))
+            {
+                this.eventHandlers.remove(eventHandler);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getProtocolIdentifier()
+    {
+        return this.protocolIdentifier;
+    }
+
+    public AsteriskServer getAsteriskServer()
+    {
+        return asteriskServer;
+    }
+
+    /* Implementation of Dispatcher: callbacks for ManagerReader */
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a {@link ManagerResponse} is
+     * received. The response is dispatched to the associated
+     * {@link ManagerResponseHandler}.
+     * 
+     * @param response the response received by the reader
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+    {
+        final String actionId;
+        String internalActionId;
+        ManagerResponseHandler responseHandler;
+
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (response == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null response");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        actionId = response.getActionId();
+        internalActionId = null;
+        responseHandler = null;
+
+        if (actionId != null)
+        {
+            internalActionId = Util.getInternalActionId(actionId);
+            response.setActionId(Util.stripInternalActionId(actionId));
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching response with internalActionId '"
+                + internalActionId + "':\n" + response);
+
+        if (internalActionId != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (this.responseHandlers)
+            {
+                responseHandler = (ManagerResponseHandler) this.responseHandlers
+                        .get(internalActionId);
+                if (responseHandler != null)
+                {
+                    this.responseHandlers.remove(internalActionId);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // when using the async sendAction it's ok not to register a
+                    // callback so if we don't find a response handler thats ok
+                    logger.debug("No response handler registered for "
+                            + "internalActionId '" + internalActionId + "'");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to retrieve internalActionId from response: "
+                    + "actionId '" + actionId + "':\n" + response);
+        }
+
+        if (responseHandler != null)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                responseHandler.handleResponse(response);
+            }
+            catch (RuntimeException e)
+            {
+                logger.warn("Unexpected exception in responseHandler "
+                        + responseHandler.getClass().getName(), e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called by the reader whenever a ManagerEvent is received.
+     * The event is dispatched to all registered ManagerEventHandlers.
+     * 
+     * @param event the event received by the reader
+     * @see #addEventHandler(ManagerEventHandler)
+     * @see #removeEventHandler(ManagerEventHandler)
+     * @see ManagerReader
+     */
+    public void dispatchEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+    {
+        // shouldn't happen
+        if (event == null)
+        {
+            logger.error("Unable to dispatch null event");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Dispatching event:\n" + event.toString());
+
+        // dispatch ResponseEvents to the appropriate responseEventHandler
+        if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+        {
+            ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+            String internalActionId;
+
+            responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+            internalActionId = responseEvent.getInternalActionId();
+            if (internalActionId != null)
+            {
+                synchronized (responseEventHandlers)
+                {
+                    ManagerEventHandler eventHandler;
+
+                    eventHandler = (ManagerEventHandler) responseEventHandlers
+                            .get(internalActionId);
+                    if (eventHandler != null)
+                    {
+                        try
+                        {
+                            eventHandler.handleEvent(event);
+                        }
+                        catch (RuntimeException e)
+                        {
+                            logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler "
+                                    + eventHandler.getClass().getName(), e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // ResponseEvent without internalActionId:
+                // this happens if the same event class is used as response event
+                // and as an event that is not triggered by a Manager command
+                // example: QueueMemberStatusEvent.
+                //logger.debug("ResponseEvent without "
+                //        + "internalActionId:\n" + responseEvent);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // dispatch to eventHandlers registered by users
+        synchronized (eventHandlers)
+        {
+            for (ManagerEventHandler eventHandler : eventHandlers)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    eventHandler.handleEvent(event);
+                }
+                catch (RuntimeException e)
+                {
+                    logger.warn("Unexpected exception in eventHandler "
+                            + eventHandler.getClass().getName(), e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // process special events
+        if (event instanceof ConnectEvent)
+        {
+            ConnectEvent connectEvent;
+            String protocolIdentifier;
+
+            connectEvent = (ConnectEvent) event;
+            protocolIdentifier = connectEvent.getProtocolIdentifier();
+            setProtocolIdentifier(protocolIdentifier);
+        }
+        else if (event instanceof DisconnectEvent)
+        {
+            reconnect();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called when a {@link ConnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader. Having received a correct protocol identifier is the precodition
+     * for logging in.
+     * 
+     * @param protocolIdentifier the protocol version used by the Asterisk
+     *            server.
+     */
+    private void setProtocolIdentifier(final String protocolIdentifier)
+    {
+        logger.info("Connected via " + protocolIdentifier);
+
+        if (!"Asterisk Call Manager/1.0".equals(protocolIdentifier) &&
+            !"Asterisk Call Manager/1.2".equals(protocolIdentifier))
+        {
+            logger.warn("Unsupported protocol version '" + protocolIdentifier
+                    + "'. Use at your own risk.");
+        }
+
+        this.protocolIdentifier = protocolIdentifier;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reconnects to the asterisk server when the connection is lost.<br>
+     * While keepAlive is <code>true</code> we will try to reconnect.
+     * Reconnection attempts will be stopped when the {@link #logoff()} method
+     * is called or when the login after a successful reconnect results in an
+     * {@link AuthenticationFailedException} suggesting that the manager
+     * credentials have changed and keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure is not
+     * set.<br>
+     * This method is called when a {@link DisconnectEvent} is received from the
+     * reader.
+     */
+    private void reconnect()
+    {
+        int numTries;
+
+        // clean up at first
+        disconnect();
+
+        // try to reconnect
+        numTries = 0;
+        while (this.keepAlive)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                if (numTries < 10)
+                {
+                    // try to reconnect quite fast for the firt 10 times
+                    // this succeeds if the server has just been restarted
+                    Thread.sleep(50);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    // slow down after 10 unsuccessful attempts asuming a
+                    // shutdown of the server
+                    Thread.sleep(5000);
+                }
+            }
+            catch (InterruptedException e1)
+            {
+                // it's ok to wake us
+            }
+
+            try
+            {
+                connect();
+
+                try
+                {
+                    login();
+                    logger.info("Successfully reconnected.");
+                    // everything is ok again, so we leave
+                    break;
+                }
+                catch (AuthenticationFailedException e1)
+                {
+                    if (this.keepAliveAfterAuthenticationFailure)
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect.");
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        logger.error("Unable to log in after reconnect. "
+                                + "Giving up.");
+                        this.keepAlive = false;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (TimeoutException e1)
+                {
+                    // shouldn't happen
+                    logger.error("TimeoutException while trying to log in "
+                            + "after reconnect.");
+                    synchronized (this)
+                    {
+                        socket.close();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            catch (IOException e)
+            {
+                // server seems to be still down, just continue to attempt
+                // reconnection
+                logger.warn("Exception while trying to reconnect: "
+                        + e.getMessage());
+            }
+            numTries++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Helper classes */
+
+    /**
+     * A simple data object to store a ManagerResult.
+     */
+    private class ResponseHandlerResult implements Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7831097958568769220L;
+        private ManagerResponse response;
+
+        public ResponseHandlerResult()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public ManagerResponse getResponse()
+        {
+            return this.response;
+        }
+
+        public void setResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            this.response = response;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A simple response handler that stores the received response in a
+     * ResponseHandlerResult for further processing.
+     */
+    private class DefaultResponseHandler
+            implements
+                ManagerResponseHandler,
+                Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private ResponseHandlerResult result;
+        private final Thread thread;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         * 
+         * @param result the result to store the response in
+         * @param thread the thread to interrupt when the response has been
+         *            received
+         */
+        public DefaultResponseHandler(ResponseHandlerResult result,
+                Thread thread)
+        {
+            this.result = result;
+            this.thread = thread;
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            result.setResponse(response);
+            thread.interrupt();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A combinded event and response handler that adds received events and the
+     * response to a ResponseEvents object.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private class ResponseEventHandler
+            implements
+                ManagerEventHandler,
+                ManagerResponseHandler,
+                Serializable
+    {
+        /**
+         * Serializable version identifier
+         */
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2926598671855316803L;
+        private final ResponseEventsImpl events;
+        private final Class actionCompleteEventClass;
+        private final Thread thread;
+
+        /**
+         * Creates a new instance.
+         * 
+         * @param events the ResponseEventsImpl to store the events in
+         * @param actionCompleteEventClass the type of event that indicates that
+         *            all events have been received
+         * @param thread the thread to interrupt when the
+         *            actionCompleteEventClass has been received
+         */
+        public ResponseEventHandler(ResponseEventsImpl events,
+                Class actionCompleteEventClass, Thread thread)
+        {
+            this.events = events;
+            this.actionCompleteEventClass = actionCompleteEventClass;
+            this.thread = thread;
+        }
+
+        public void handleEvent(ManagerEvent event)
+        {
+            // should always be a ResponseEvent, anyway...
+            if (event instanceof ResponseEvent)
+            {
+                ResponseEvent responseEvent;
+
+                responseEvent = (ResponseEvent) event;
+                events.addEvent(responseEvent);
+            }
+
+            // finished?
+            if (actionCompleteEventClass.isAssignableFrom(event.getClass()))
+            {
+                synchronized (events)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                    if (events.getResponse() != null)
+                    {
+                        thread.interrupt();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(ManagerResponse response)
+        {
+            synchronized (events)
+            {
+                events.setRepsonse(response);
+                if (response instanceof ManagerError)
+                {
+                    events.setComplete(true);
+                }
+
+                // finished?
+                if (events.isComplete())
+                {
+                    thread.interrupt();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.manager.DefaultManagerConnection.sendEventGeneratingAction` reads without synchronization from `this.org.asteriskjava.manager.DefaultManagerConnection.writer`. Potentially races with write in method `DefaultManagerConnection.login()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ResponseEvents DefaultManagerConnection.sendEventGeneratingAction(EventGeneratingAction,long)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.manager.DefaultManagerConnection.sendEventGeneratingAction(org.asteriskjava.manager.ae4b0751a716c6fc973d0e44aeb61482
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/manager/DefaultManagerConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultManagerConnection.java|sendEventGeneratingAction|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+323a6e852ad43effb60576079db50e65
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6296/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6296/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cac0ebeb36822fa018ff17a75e9e5e16a8e18d78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6296/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1014 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** asterisk-java
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2004-2006 Stefan Reuter
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.asteriskjava.live.internal;
+
+import org.asteriskjava.live.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.ResponseEvents;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.action.StatusAction;
+import org.asteriskjava.manager.event.*;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DaemonThreadFactory;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.DateUtil;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.Log;
+import org.asteriskjava.util.LogFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Manages channel events on behalf of an AsteriskServer.
+ *
+ * @author srt
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+class ChannelManager
+{
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+
+    /**
+     * How long we wait before we remove hung up channels from memory (in milliseconds).
+     */
+    private static final long REMOVAL_THRESHOLD = 15 * 60 * 1000L; // 15 minutes
+    private static final long SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR = 50L;
+
+    private final AsteriskServerImpl server;
+
+    /**
+     * A map of all active channel by their unique id.
+     */
+    final Set<AsteriskChannelImpl> channels;
+
+
+		ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor traceScheduledExecutorService;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param server the server this channel manager belongs to.
+     */
+    ChannelManager(AsteriskServerImpl server)
+    {
+        this.server = server;
+        this.channels = new HashSet<AsteriskChannelImpl>();
+    }
+
+    void initialize() throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        initialize(null);
+    }
+
+    void initialize(List<String> variables) throws ManagerCommunicationException
+    {
+        ResponseEvents re;
+
+        disconnected();
+
+	      traceScheduledExecutorService = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(1, new DaemonThreadFactory());//Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor
+
+        StatusAction sa = new StatusAction();
+        sa.setVariables(variables);
+        re = server.sendEventGeneratingAction(sa);
+        for (ManagerEvent event : re.getEvents())
+        {
+            if (event instanceof StatusEvent)
+            {
+                handleStatusEvent((StatusEvent) event);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void disconnected()
+    {
+	      if (traceScheduledExecutorService != null) {
+	        traceScheduledExecutorService.shutdown();
+	      }
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.clear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     *
+     * @return a collection of all active AsteriskChannels.
+     */
+    Collection<AsteriskChannel> getChannels()
+    {
+        Collection<AsteriskChannel> copy;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            copy = new ArrayList<AsteriskChannel>(channels.size() + 2);
+            for (AsteriskChannel channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (channel.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    copy.add(channel);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return copy;
+    }
+
+    private void addChannel(AsteriskChannelImpl channel)
+    {
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            channels.add(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes channels that have been hung more than {@link #REMOVAL_THRESHOLD} milliseconds.
+     */
+    private void removeOldChannels()
+    {
+        Iterator<AsteriskChannelImpl> i;
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            i = channels.iterator();
+            while (i.hasNext())
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannel channel = i.next();
+                final Date dateOfRemoval = channel.getDateOfRemoval();
+                if (channel.getState() == ChannelState.HUNGUP && dateOfRemoval != null)
+                {
+                    final long diff = DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - dateOfRemoval.getTime();
+                    if (diff >= REMOVAL_THRESHOLD)
+                    {
+                        i.remove();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AsteriskChannelImpl addNewChannel(String uniqueId, final String name,
+                                              Date dateOfCreation, String callerIdNumber, String callerIdName,
+                                              ChannelState state, String account)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, name, uniqueId, dateOfCreation);
+        channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(callerIdName, callerIdNumber));
+        channel.setAccount(account);
+        channel.stateChanged(dateOfCreation, state);
+        logger.info("Adding channel " + channel.getName() + "(" + channel.getId() + ")");
+        addChannel(channel);
+
+	    //todo getChannelImplById -> LinkedHashMap, callbacks order
+	    traceScheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable(){
+		    @Override public void run () {
+			    final String traceId = getTraceId(channel);
+	        channel.setTraceId(traceId);
+
+	        if (traceId != null && (!name.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("local/") || name.endsWith(",1") || name.endsWith(";1"))) {
+            final OriginateCallbackData callbackData = server.getOriginateCallbackDataByTraceId(traceId);
+
+            if (callbackData != null && callbackData.getChannel() == null) {
+              callbackData.setChannel(channel);
+              try {
+                callbackData.getCallback().onDialing(channel);
+              } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.warn("Exception dispatching originate progress. "+ channel, t);
+              }//t
+            }//i
+          }//i
+		    }}, SLEEP_TIME_BEFORE_GET_VAR, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+
+        server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        return channel;
+    }//addNewChannel
+
+
+    void handleStatusEvent(StatusEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+        boolean isNew = false;
+        Map<String, String> variables = event.getVariables();
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            Date dateOfCreation;
+
+            if (event.getSeconds() != null)
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = new Date(DateUtil.getDate().getTime() - (event.getSeconds() * 1000L));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                dateOfCreation = DateUtil.getDate();
+            }
+            channel = new AsteriskChannelImpl(server, event.getChannel(), event.getUniqueId(), dateOfCreation);
+            isNew = true;
+            if (variables != null)
+            {
+                for (String variable : variables.keySet())
+                {
+                    channel.updateVariable(variable, variables.get(variable));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getContext() == null && event.getExtension() == null
+                && event.getPriority() == null)
+        {
+            extension = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            extension = new Extension(event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+            channel.setAccount(event.getAccountCode());
+            if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+
+            if (event.getBridgedChannel() != null)
+            {
+                final AsteriskChannelImpl linkedChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getBridgedChannel());
+                if (linkedChannel != null)
+                {
+                    // the date used here is not correct!
+                    channel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), linkedChannel);
+                    synchronized (linkedChannel)
+                    {
+                        linkedChannel.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            logger.info("Adding new channel " + channel.getName());
+            addChannel(channel);
+            server.fireNewAsteriskChannel(channel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name
+     * If multiple channels are found, returns the most recently CREATED one.
+     * If two channels with the very same date exist, avoid HUNGUP ones.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the (most recent) channel if found, in any state, or null if none found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByName(String name)
+    {
+        Date dateOfCreation = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name))
+                {
+                    // return the most recent channel or when dates are similar, the active one
+                    if (dateOfCreation == null ||
+                            tmp.getDateOfCreation().after(dateOfCreation) ||
+                            (tmp.getDateOfCreation().equals(dateOfCreation) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP))
+                    {
+                        channel = tmp;
+                        dateOfCreation = channel.getDateOfCreation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a NON-HUNGUP channel from the ChannelManager's cache with the given name.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the requested channel.
+     * @return the NON-HUNGUP channel if found, or null if none is found.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplByNameAndActive(String name)
+    {
+
+        // In non bristuffed AST 1.2, we don't have uniqueid header to match the channel
+        // So we must use the channel name
+        // Channel name is unique at any give moment in the  * server
+        // But asterisk-java keeps Hungup channels for a while.
+        // We don't want to retrieve hungup channels.
+
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = null;
+
+        if (name == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl tmp : channels)
+            {
+                if (tmp.getName() != null && tmp.getName().equals(name) && tmp.getState() != ChannelState.HUNGUP)
+                {
+                    channel = tmp;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getChannelImplById(String id)
+    {
+        if (id == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channels)
+        {
+            for (AsteriskChannelImpl channel : channels)
+            {
+                if (id.equals(channel.getId()))
+                {
+                    return channel;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the other side of a local channel.
+     * <br>
+     * Local channels consist of two sides, like
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5,2" (for Asterisk 1.4) or
+     * "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;1" and "Local/1234@from-local-60b5;2" (for Asterisk 1.6)
+     * this method returns the other side.
+     *
+     * @param localChannel one side
+     * @return the other side, or <code>null</code> if not available or if the given channel
+     *         is not a local channel.
+     */
+    AsteriskChannelImpl getOtherSideOfLocalChannel(AsteriskChannel localChannel)
+    {
+        final String name;
+        final char num;
+
+        if (localChannel == null)
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        name = localChannel.getName();
+        if (name == null || !name.startsWith("Local/") || (name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ',' && name.charAt(name.length() - 2) != ';'))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        num = name.charAt(name.length() - 1);
+
+        if (num == '1')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "2");
+        }
+        else if (num == '2')
+        {
+            return getChannelImplByName(name.substring(0, name.length() - 1) + "1");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewChannelEvent(NewChannelEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            if (event.getChannel() == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Ignored NewChannelEvent with empty channel name (uniqueId=" + event.getUniqueId() + ")");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), event.getAccountCode());
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // channel had already been created probably by a NewCallerIdEvent
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewExtenEvent(NewExtenEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel;
+        final Extension extension;
+
+        channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleNewExtenEvent: Ignored NewExtenEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        extension = new Extension(
+                event.getContext(), event.getExtension(), event.getPriority(),
+                event.getApplication(), event.getAppData());
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.extensionVisited(event.getDateReceived(), extension);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewStateEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Creating new channel due to NewStateEvent '" + event.getChannel() + "' unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+                // NewStateEvent can occur instead of a NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()), null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NewStateEvent can provide a new CallerIdNum or CallerIdName not previously received through a
+        // NewCallerIdEvent. This happens at least on outgoing legs from the queue application to agents.
+        if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null || event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+        {
+            String cidnum = "";
+            String cidname = "";
+            CallerId currentCallerId = channel.getCallerId();
+
+            if (currentCallerId != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = currentCallerId.getNumber();
+                cidname = currentCallerId.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdNum() != null)
+            {
+                cidnum = event.getCallerIdNum();
+            }
+
+            if (event.getCallerIdName() != null)
+            {
+                cidname = event.getCallerIdName();
+            }
+
+            CallerId newCallerId = new CallerId(cidname, cidnum);
+            logger.debug("Updating CallerId (following NewStateEvent) to: " + newCallerId.toString());
+            channel.setCallerId(newCallerId);
+
+            // Also, NewStateEvent can return a new channel name for the same channel uniqueid, indicating the channel has been
+            // renamed but no related RenameEvent has been received.
+            // This happens with mISDN channels (see AJ-153)
+            if (event.getChannel() != null && !event.getChannel().equals(channel.getName()))
+            {
+                logger.info("Renaming channel (following NewStateEvent) '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getChannel() + "'");
+                synchronized (channel)
+                {
+                    channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getChannel());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.getChannelState() != null)
+        {
+            synchronized (channel)
+            {
+                channel.stateChanged(event.getDateReceived(), ChannelState.valueOf(event.getChannelState()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleNewCallerIdEvent(NewCallerIdEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            // NewCallerIdEvent can occur for an existing channel that now has a different unique id (originate with Local/)
+            channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+            if (channel != null)
+            {
+                logger.info("Changing unique id for '" + channel.getName() + "' from " + channel.getId() + " to " + event.getUniqueId());
+                channel.idChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getUniqueId());
+            }
+
+            if (channel == null)
+            {
+                // NewCallerIdEvent can occur before NewChannelEvent
+                channel = addNewChannel(
+                        event.getUniqueId(), event.getChannel(), event.getDateReceived(),
+                        event.getCallerIdNum(), event.getCallerIdName(),
+                        ChannelState.DOWN, null /* account code not available */);
+            }
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setCallerId(new CallerId(event.getCallerIdName(), event.getCallerIdNum()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleHangupEvent(HangupEvent event)
+    {
+        HangupCause cause = null;
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleHangupEvent: Ignored HangupEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getCause() != null)
+        {
+            cause = HangupCause.getByCode(event.getCause());
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.hungup(event.getDateReceived(), cause, event.getCauseTxt());
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Removing channel " + channel.getName() + " due to hangup (" + cause + ")");
+        removeOldChannels();
+    }
+
+    void handleDialEvent(DialEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl sourceChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplById(event.getDestUniqueId());
+
+        if (sourceChannel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown source channel " + event.getChannel() + " with unique id " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (destinationChannel == null) {
+	        if (DialEvent.SUBEVENT_END.equalsIgnoreCase(event.getSubEvent())) {
+		        sourceChannel.updateVariable(AsteriskChannel.VAR_AJ_DIAL_STATUS, event.getDialStatus());
+	          logger.info("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+	        } else {
+						logger.warn("handleDialEvent: Ignored DialEvent for unknown dst channel "+ event.getDestination() +" with unique_id "+ event.getDestUniqueId());
+					}
+          return;
+        }//i
+
+        logger.info(sourceChannel.getName() + " dialed " + destinationChannel.getName());
+        getTraceId(sourceChannel);
+        getTraceId(destinationChannel);
+        synchronized (sourceChannel)
+        {
+            sourceChannel.channelDialed(event.getDateReceived(), destinationChannel);
+        }
+        synchronized (destinationChannel)
+        {
+            destinationChannel.channelDialing(event.getDateReceived(), sourceChannel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleBridgeEvent(BridgeEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel1 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId1());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel2 = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId2());
+
+        if (channel1 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel1());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (channel2 == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleBridgeEvent: Ignored BridgeEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel2());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.isLink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Linking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel2);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelLinked(event.getDateReceived(), channel1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (event.isUnlink())
+        {
+            logger.info("Unlinking channels " + channel1.getName() + " and " + channel2.getName());
+            synchronized (channel1)
+            {
+                channel1.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+
+            synchronized (channel2)
+            {
+                channel2.channelUnlinked(event.getDateReceived());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleRenameEvent(RenameEvent event)
+    {
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.warn("handleRenameEvent: Ignored RenameEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logger.info("Renaming channel '" + channel.getName() + "' to '" + event.getNewname() + "', uniqueId is " + event.getUniqueId());
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.nameChanged(event.getDateReceived(), event.getNewname());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleCdrEvent(CdrEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl destinationChannel = getChannelImplByName(event.getDestinationChannel());
+        final CallDetailRecordImpl cdr;
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored CdrEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        cdr = new CallDetailRecordImpl(channel, destinationChannel, event);
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.callDetailRecordReceived(event.getDateReceived(), cdr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getTraceId(AsteriskChannel channel)
+    {
+        String traceId;
+
+        try
+        {
+            traceId = channel.getVariable(Constants.VARIABLE_TRACE_ID);
+        }
+        catch (Exception e)
+        {
+            traceId = null;
+        }
+        //logger.info("TraceId for channel " + channel.getName() + " is " + traceId);
+        return traceId;
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallEvent(ParkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            // todo The context should be "parkedcalls" or whatever has been configured in features.conf
+            // unfortunately we don't get the context in the ParkedCallEvent so for now we'll set it to null.
+            Extension ext = new Extension(null, event.getExten(), 1);
+            channel.setParkedAt(ext);
+            logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is parked at " + channel.getParkedAt().getExtension());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallGiveUpEvent(ParkedCallGiveUpEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent for unknown channel "
+                    + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallGiveUpEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (GiveUp) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleParkedCallTimeOutEvent(ParkedCallTimeOutEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored ParkedCallTimeOutEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (Timeout) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleUnparkedCallEvent(UnparkedCallEvent event)
+    {
+        // Only bristuffed versions: AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Extension wasParkedAt = channel.getParkedAt();
+
+        if (wasParkedAt == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored UnparkedCallEvent as the channel was not parked");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setParkedAt(null);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is unparked (moved away) from " + wasParkedAt.getExtension());
+    }
+
+    void handleVarSetEvent(VarSetEvent event)
+    {
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored VarSetEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.updateVariable(event.getVariable(), event.getValue());
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleDtmfEvent(DtmfEvent event)
+    {
+        // we are only intrested in END events
+        if (event.isBegin())
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (event.getUniqueId() == null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplById(event.getUniqueId());
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored DtmfEvent for unknown channel with uniqueId " + event.getUniqueId());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final Character dtmfDigit;
+        if (event.getDigit() == null || event.getDigit().length() < 1)
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = null;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dtmfDigit = event.getDigit().charAt(0);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            if (event.isReceived())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfReceived(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+            if (event.isSent())
+            {
+                channel.dtmfSent(dtmfDigit);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStartEvent(MonitorStartEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == true)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStartEvent as the channel was already monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(true);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is monitored");
+    }
+
+    void handleMonitorStopEvent(MonitorStopEvent event)
+    {
+        final AsteriskChannelImpl channel = getChannelImplByNameAndActive(event.getChannel());
+
+        if (channel == null)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent for unknown channel " + event.getChannel());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isMonitored = channel.isMonitored();
+
+        if (isMonitored == false)
+        {
+            logger.info("Ignored MonitorStopEvent as the channel was not monitored");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (channel)
+        {
+            channel.setMonitored(false);
+        }
+        logger.info("Channel " + channel.getName() + " is not monitored");
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent` indirectly reads without synchronization from `channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id`. Potentially races with write in method `ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path channel has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on channel.org.asteriskjava.live.internal.AsteriskChannelImpl.id might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent(NewStateEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.asteriskjava.live.internal.ChannelManager.handleNewStateEvent(org.asteriskjava.manager.event.New.e832027d4e3e99d617cd3cb8e82ae307
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/asteriskjava/live/internal/ChannelManager.java
+
+### Key:
+ChannelManager.java|handleNewStateEvent|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2cbc0d0e33d8d20bd291772c59586e7d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6297/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6297/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0cb3935ffb421d95620e21e15b77760a2369e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6297/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** guice
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.inject.servlet;
+
+import junit.framework.AssertionFailedError;
+import static org.easymock.EasyMock.createMock;
+import static org.easymock.EasyMock.expect;
+import static org.easymock.EasyMock.replay;
+import static org.easymock.EasyMock.verify;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+
+public class ContinuingHttpServletRequestTest extends TestCase {
+
+  private static final String TEST_VALUE_1 = "testValue1";
+  private static final String TEST_VALUE_2 = "testValue2";
+  private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_AGE = new Cookie("", "").getMaxAge();
+
+  public void testReturnNullCookiesIfDelegateHasNoNull() {
+    HttpServletRequest delegate = createMock(HttpServletRequest.class);
+    expect(delegate.getCookies()).andStubReturn(null);
+
+    replay(delegate);
+
+    assertNull(new ContinuingHttpServletRequest(delegate).getCookies());
+
+    verify(delegate);
+  }
+  
+  public void testReturnDelegateCookies() {
+    Cookie[] cookies = new Cookie[]{
+        new Cookie("testName1", TEST_VALUE_1),
+        new Cookie("testName2", "testValue2")
+    };
+    HttpServletRequest delegate = createMock(HttpServletRequest.class);
+    expect(delegate.getCookies()).andStubReturn(cookies);
+
+    replay(delegate);
+
+    ContinuingHttpServletRequest continuingRequest = new ContinuingHttpServletRequest(
+        delegate);
+
+    assertCookieArraysEqual(cookies, continuingRequest.getCookies());
+
+    // Now mutate the original cookies, this shouldnt be reflected in the continued request.
+    cookies[0].setValue("INVALID");
+    cookies[1].setValue("INVALID");
+    cookies[1].setMaxAge(123);
+
+    try {
+      assertCookieArraysEqual(cookies, continuingRequest.getCookies());
+      fail();
+    } catch (AssertionFailedError e) {
+      // Expected.
+    }
+
+    // Verify that they remain equal to the original values.
+    assertEquals(TEST_VALUE_1, continuingRequest.getCookies()[0].getValue());
+    assertEquals(TEST_VALUE_2, continuingRequest.getCookies()[1].getValue());
+    assertEquals(DEFAULT_MAX_AGE, continuingRequest.getCookies()[1].getMaxAge());
+
+    // Perform a snapshot of the snapshot.
+    ContinuingHttpServletRequest furtherContinuingRequest = new ContinuingHttpServletRequest(
+        continuingRequest);
+
+    // The cookies should be fixed.
+    assertCookieArraysEqual(continuingRequest.getCookies(), furtherContinuingRequest.getCookies());
+
+    verify(delegate);
+  }
+
+  private static void assertCookieArraysEqual(Cookie[] one, Cookie[] two) {
+    assertEquals(one.length, two.length);
+    for (int i = 0; i < one.length; i++) {
+      Cookie cookie = one[i];
+      assertCookieEquality(cookie, two[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static void assertCookieEquality(Cookie one, Cookie two) {
+    assertEquals(one.getName(), two.getName());
+    assertEquals(one.getComment(), two.getComment());
+    assertEquals(one.getDomain(), two.getDomain());
+    assertEquals(one.getPath(), two.getPath());
+    assertEquals(one.getValue(), two.getValue());
+    assertEquals(one.getMaxAge(), two.getMaxAge());
+    assertEquals(one.getSecure(), two.getSecure());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `continuingRequest.getCookies()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 74.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ContinuingHttpServletRequestTest.testReturnDelegateCookies()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.inject.servlet.ContinuingHttpServletRequestTest.testReturnDelegateCookies():void.433cd8503bdd580626025845e2076dff
+
+### File:
+extensions/servlet/test/com/google/inject/servlet/ContinuingHttpServletRequestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ContinuingHttpServletRequestTest.java|testReturnDelegateCookies|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e0c7db053e227028f54d97fbbea0c105
+
+### Hash:
+5b06bb07323b9236dc51afddaed53212
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6298/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6298/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..faba43ff5600e2bb526c8272437cd53499b6aad6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6298/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** guice
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2006 Google Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.google.inject;
+
+import com.google.inject.ContainerImpl.Injector;
+import com.google.inject.Key.AnnotationStrategy;
+import static com.google.inject.Scopes.CONTAINER;
+import com.google.inject.matcher.Matcher;
+import com.google.inject.spi.Message;
+import com.google.inject.spi.SourceConsumer;
+import static com.google.inject.util.Objects.nonNull;
+import com.google.inject.util.Stopwatch;
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Member;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import org.aopalliance.intercept.MethodInterceptor;
+
+/**
+ * Builds a dependency injection {@link Container}. Binds {@link Key}s to
+ * implementations.
+ *
+ * <p>Creates several bindings by default:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>A {@code Locator<T>} for each binding of type {@code T}
+ * <li>The {@link Container} iself
+ * <li>The {@link Logger} for the class being injected
+ * <li>The {@link Stage} passed to the builder's constructor
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * @author crazybob@google.com (Bob Lee)
+ */
+public final class BinderImpl extends SourceConsumer implements Binder {
+
+  private static final Logger logger
+      = Logger.getLogger(BinderImpl.class.getName());
+
+  final List<BindingBuilderImpl<?>> bindingBuilders
+      = new ArrayList<BindingBuilderImpl<?>>();
+  final List<ConstantBindingBuilderImpl> constantBindingBuilders
+      = new ArrayList<ConstantBindingBuilderImpl>();
+  final List<LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<?>> linkedBindingBuilders
+      = new ArrayList<LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<?>>();
+  final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Scope> scopes =
+      new HashMap<Class<? extends Annotation>, Scope>();
+
+  final List<StaticInjection> staticInjections
+      = new ArrayList<StaticInjection>();
+
+  ContainerImpl container;
+
+  final Stage stage;
+
+  /**
+   * Keeps error messages in order and prevents duplicates.
+   */
+  final Collection<Message> errorMessages = new ArrayList<Message>();
+
+  private static final InternalFactory<Container> CONTAINER_FACTORY
+      = new InternalFactory<Container>() {
+    public Container get(InternalContext context) {
+      return context.getContainerImpl();
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+      return "Locator<Container>";
+    }
+  };
+
+  private static final InternalFactory<Logger> LOGGER_FACTORY
+      = new InternalFactory<Logger>() {
+    // not test-covered?
+    public Logger get(InternalContext context) {
+      Member member = context.getExternalContext().getMember();
+      return member == null
+          ? Logger.getAnonymousLogger()
+          : Logger.getLogger(member.getDeclaringClass().getName());
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+      return "Locator<Logger>";
+    }
+  };
+
+  static final String UNKNOWN_SOURCE = "[unknown source]";
+
+  final ProxyFactoryBuilder proxyFactoryBuilder;
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a new builder.
+   *
+   * @param stage we're running in. If the stage is {@link Stage#PRODUCTION},
+   *  we will eagerly load container-scoped objects.
+   */
+  public BinderImpl(Stage stage) {
+    bindScope(ContainerScoped.class, CONTAINER);
+
+    bind(Container.class).to(CONTAINER_FACTORY);
+    bind(Logger.class).to(LOGGER_FACTORY);
+    bind(Stage.class).to(stage);
+
+    this.proxyFactoryBuilder = new ProxyFactoryBuilder();
+
+    this.stage = stage;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a new builder for a development environment (see
+   * {@link Stage#DEVELOPMENT}).
+   */
+  public BinderImpl() {
+    this(Stage.DEVELOPMENT);
+  }
+
+  final List<CreationListener> creationListeners
+      = new ArrayList<CreationListener>();
+
+  interface CreationListener {
+    void notify(ContainerImpl container);
+  }
+
+  public void bindInterceptor(Matcher<? super Class<?>> classMatcher,
+      Matcher<? super Method> methodMatcher, MethodInterceptor... interceptors) {
+    ensureNotCreated();
+    proxyFactoryBuilder.intercept(classMatcher, methodMatcher, interceptors);
+  }
+
+  public void bindScope(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType,
+      Scope scope) {
+    ensureNotCreated();
+    Scope existing = scopes.get(nonNull(annotationType, "annotation type"));
+    if (existing != null) {
+      addError(source(), ErrorMessages.DUPLICATE_SCOPES, existing,
+          annotationType, scope);
+    }
+    else {
+      scopes.put(annotationType, nonNull(scope, "scope"));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public <T> BindingBuilderImpl<T> bind(Key<T> key) {
+    ensureNotCreated();
+    BindingBuilderImpl<T> builder = new BindingBuilderImpl<T>(this, key, source());
+    bindingBuilders.add(builder);
+    return builder;
+  }
+
+  public <T> BindingBuilderImpl<T> bind(TypeLiteral<T> typeLiteral) {
+    return bind(Key.get(typeLiteral));
+  }
+
+  public <T> BindingBuilderImpl<T> bind(Class<T> clazz) {
+    return bind(Key.get(clazz));
+  }
+
+  public <T> LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<T> link(Key<T> key) {
+    ensureNotCreated();
+    LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<T> builder =
+        new LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<T>(this, key).from(source());
+    linkedBindingBuilders.add(builder);
+    return builder;
+  }
+
+  // Next three methods not test-covered?
+
+  public <T> LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<T> link(Class<T> type) {
+    return link(Key.get(type));
+  }
+
+  public <T> LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<T> link(TypeLiteral<T> type) {
+    return link(Key.get(type));
+  }
+
+  public ConstantBindingBuilderImpl bindConstant(Annotation annotation) {
+    ensureNotCreated();
+    return bind(source(), Key.strategyFor(annotation));
+  }
+
+  public ConstantBindingBuilderImpl bindConstant(
+      Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType) {
+    ensureNotCreated();
+    return bind(source(), Key.strategyFor(annotationType));
+  }
+
+  private ConstantBindingBuilderImpl bind(Object source,
+      AnnotationStrategy annotationStrategy) {
+    ConstantBindingBuilderImpl builder =
+        new ConstantBindingBuilderImpl(this, annotationStrategy).from(source);
+    constantBindingBuilders.add(builder);
+    return builder;
+  }
+
+  public void requestStaticInjection(Class<?>... types) {
+    staticInjections.add(new StaticInjection(source(), types));
+  }
+
+  public void install(Module module) {
+    module.configure(this);
+  }
+
+  void addError(Object source, String message, Object... arguments) {
+    configurationErrorHandler.handle(source, message, arguments);
+  }
+
+  void addError(Object source, String message) {
+    configurationErrorHandler.handle(source, message);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds an error message to be reported at creation time.
+   */
+  void add(Message errorMessage) {
+    errorMessages.add(errorMessage);
+  }
+
+  final Stopwatch stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a {@link Container} instance. Injects static members for classes
+   * which were registered using {@link #requestStaticInjection(Class...)}.
+   *
+   * @throws CreationException if configuration errors are found. The
+   *     expectation is that the application will log this exception and exit.
+   * @throws IllegalStateException if called more than once
+   */
+  public synchronized Container createContainer()
+      throws CreationException {
+    stopwatch.resetAndLog(logger, "Configuration");
+
+    // Create the container.
+    ensureNotCreated();
+    Map<Key<?>, Binding<?>> bindings = new HashMap<Key<?>, Binding<?>>();
+    container = new ContainerImpl(
+        proxyFactoryBuilder.create(), bindings, scopes);
+    container.setErrorHandler(configurationErrorHandler);
+
+    createConstantBindings();
+
+    // Commands to execute before returning the Container instance.
+    final List<ContextualCallable<Void>> preloaders
+        = new ArrayList<ContextualCallable<Void>>();
+
+    createBindings(preloaders);
+    createLinkedBindings();
+
+    stopwatch.resetAndLog(logger, "Binding creation");
+
+    container.index();
+
+    stopwatch.resetAndLog(logger, "Binding indexing");
+
+    for (CreationListener creationListener : creationListeners) {
+      creationListener.notify(container);
+    }
+
+    stopwatch.resetAndLog(logger, "Validation");
+
+    for (StaticInjection staticInjection : staticInjections) {
+      staticInjection.createInjectors(container);
+    }
+
+    stopwatch.resetAndLog(logger, "Static validation");
+
+    // Blow up if we encountered errors.
+    if (!errorMessages.isEmpty()) {
+      throw new CreationException(errorMessages);
+    }
+
+    // Switch to runtime error handling.
+    container.setErrorHandler(new RuntimeErrorHandler());
+
+    // Inject static members.
+    for (StaticInjection staticInjection : staticInjections) {
+      staticInjection.runInjectors(container);
+    }
+
+    stopwatch.resetAndLog(logger, "Static member injection");
+
+    // Run preloading commands.
+    runPreloaders(container, preloaders);
+
+    stopwatch.resetAndLog(logger, "Preloading");
+
+    return container;
+  }
+
+  private void runPreloaders(ContainerImpl container,
+      final List<ContextualCallable<Void>> preloaders) {
+    container.callInContext(new ContextualCallable<Void>() {
+      public Void call(InternalContext context) {
+        for (ContextualCallable<Void> preloader : preloaders) {
+          preloader.call(context);
+        }
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  private void createLinkedBindings() {
+    for (LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<?> builder : linkedBindingBuilders) {
+      createLinkedBinding(builder);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private <T> void createLinkedBinding(LinkedBindingBuilderImpl<T> builder) {
+    // TODO: Support linking to a later-declared link?
+    Key<? extends T> destinationKey = builder.getDestination();
+    if (destinationKey == null) {
+      addError(builder.getSource(), ErrorMessages.MISSING_LINK_DESTINATION);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    Binding<? extends T> destination = container.getBinding(destinationKey);
+    if (destination == null) {
+      addError(builder.getSource(), ErrorMessages.LINK_DESTINATION_NOT_FOUND,
+          destinationKey);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    Binding<?> binding = Binding.newInstance(container, builder.getKey(),
+        builder.getSource(), destination.getInternalFactory());
+
+    putBinding(binding);
+  }
+
+  private void createBindings(List<ContextualCallable<Void>> preloaders) {
+    for (BindingBuilderImpl<?> builder : bindingBuilders) {
+      createBinding(builder, preloaders);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private <T> void createBinding(BindingBuilderImpl<T> builder,
+      List<ContextualCallable<Void>> preloaders) {
+    final Key<T> key = builder.getKey();
+    final InternalFactory<? extends T> factory
+        = builder.getInternalFactory(container);
+    Binding<?> binding
+        = Binding.newInstance(container, key, builder.getSource(), factory);
+
+    putBinding(binding);
+
+    // Register to preload if necessary.
+    boolean preload = stage == Stage.PRODUCTION;
+    if (builder.isContainerScoped()) {
+      if (preload || builder.shouldPreload()) {
+        preloaders.add(new BindingPreloader(key, factory));
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      if (builder.shouldPreload()) {
+        addError(builder.getSource(), ErrorMessages.PRELOAD_NOT_ALLOWED);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void createConstantBindings() {
+    for (ConstantBindingBuilderImpl builder : constantBindingBuilders) {
+      createConstantBinding(builder);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void createConstantBinding(ConstantBindingBuilderImpl builder) {
+    if (builder.hasValue()) {
+      putBinding(builder.createBinding(container));
+    }
+    else {
+      addError(builder.getSource(), ErrorMessages.MISSING_CONSTANT_VALUE);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void putBinding(Binding<?> binding) {
+    Key<?> key = binding.getKey();
+    Map<Key<?>, Binding<?>> bindings = container.internalBindings();
+    Binding<?> original = bindings.get(key);
+
+    // Binding to Locator<?> is not allowed.
+    if (key.getRawType().equals(Locator.class)) {
+      addError(binding.getSource(), ErrorMessages.CANNOT_BIND_TO_LOCATOR);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (bindings.containsKey(key)) {
+      addError(binding.getSource(), ErrorMessages.BINDING_ALREADY_SET, key,
+          original.getSource());
+    }
+    else {
+      bindings.put(key, binding);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Currently we only support creating one Container instance per builder. If
+   * we want to support creating more than one container per builder, we should
+   * move to a "factory factory" model where we create a factory instance per
+   * Container. Right now, one factory instance would be shared across all the
+   * containers, which means container-scoped objects would be shared, etc.
+   */
+  private void ensureNotCreated() {
+    if (container != null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Container already created.");
+    }
+  }
+
+  ErrorHandler configurationErrorHandler = new AbstractErrorHandler() {
+
+    public void handle(Object source, String message) {
+      add(new Message(source, message));
+    }
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Handles errors after the container is created.
+   */
+  static class RuntimeErrorHandler extends AbstractErrorHandler {
+
+    static ErrorHandler INSTANCE = new RuntimeErrorHandler();
+
+    public void handle(Object source, String message) {
+      throw new ConfigurationException("Error at " + source + " " + message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A requested static injection.
+   */
+  class StaticInjection {
+
+    final Object source;
+    final Class<?>[] types;
+    final List<Injector> injectors = new ArrayList<Injector>();
+
+    public StaticInjection(Object source, Class<?>[] types) {
+      this.source = source;
+      this.types = types;
+    }
+
+    void createInjectors(final ContainerImpl container) {
+      container.withDefaultSource(source,
+          new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+              for (Class<?> clazz : types) {
+                container.addInjectorsForFields(
+                    clazz.getDeclaredFields(), true, injectors);
+                container.addInjectorsForMethods(
+                    clazz.getDeclaredMethods(), true, injectors);
+              }
+            }
+          });
+    }
+
+    void runInjectors(ContainerImpl container) {
+      container.callInContext(new ContextualCallable<Void>() {
+        public Void call(InternalContext context) {
+          for (Injector injector : injectors) {
+            injector.inject(context, null);
+          }
+          return null;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  static class BindingPreloader implements ContextualCallable<Void> {
+
+    private final Key<?> key;
+    private final InternalFactory<?> factory;
+
+    public BindingPreloader(Key<?> key, InternalFactory<?> factory) {
+      this.key = key;
+      this.factory = factory;
+    }
+
+    public Void call(InternalContext context) {
+      ExternalContext<?> externalContext
+          = ExternalContext.newInstance(null, key, context.getContainerImpl());
+      context.setExternalContext(externalContext);
+      try {
+        factory.get(context);
+        return null;
+      }
+      finally {
+        context.setExternalContext(null);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.google.inject.BinderImpl.bindConstant` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.google.inject.BinderImpl.container`. Potentially races with write in method `BinderImpl.createContainer()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ConstantBindingBuilderImpl BinderImpl.bindConstant(Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.inject.BinderImpl.bindConstant(java.lang.Class):com.google.inject.ConstantBindingBuilderI.36ba46a91e85c080a6676c19a45031a8
+
+### File:
+src/com/google/inject/BinderImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+BinderImpl.java|bindConstant|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f0e9398a1419a7d55d36d67708160807
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6318/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6318/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..022dee4d78c53ad37ce47c633ac77d4e6359f076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6318/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2550 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xenon
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2015 VMware, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License.  You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
+ * under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, without warranties or
+ * conditions of any kind, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.vmware.dcp.services.common;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.CommandLineArgumentParser;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.Operation;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.Service;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.Service.Action;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.Service.ServiceOption;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceDocument;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceDocumentDescription;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceDocumentDescription.PropertyDescription;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceDocumentDescription.PropertyIndexingOption;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceDocumentDescription.PropertyUsageOption;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceDocumentDescription.TypeName;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceDocumentQueryResult;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceErrorResponse;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceHost.ServiceNotFoundException;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceStats;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.ServiceStats.ServiceStat;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.TaskState;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.TaskState.TaskStage;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.UriUtils;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.Utils;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.test.MinimalTestServiceState;
+import com.vmware.dcp.common.test.VerificationHost;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.ExampleService.ExampleServiceState;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.QueryTask.NumericRange;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.QueryTask.Query;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.QueryTask.Query.Occurance;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.QueryTask.QuerySpecification;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.QueryTask.QuerySpecification.QueryOption;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.QueryTask.QueryTerm.MatchType;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.QueryValidationTestService.QueryValidationServiceState;
+import com.vmware.dcp.services.common.TenantService.TenantState;
+
+public class TestQueryTaskService {
+    private static final String TEXT_VALUE = "the decentralized control plane is a nice framework for queries";
+    private static final String SERVICE_LINK_VALUE = "provisioning/dhcp-subnets/192.4.0.0/16";
+    private static final double DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET = 123.0;
+    public static int DCP_SERVICE_COUNT = 100;
+
+    public int serviceCount = DCP_SERVICE_COUNT;
+    private VerificationHost host;
+
+    private void setUpHost() throws Throwable {
+        this.host = VerificationHost.create(0, null);
+        CommandLineArgumentParser.parseFromProperties(this.host);
+        CommandLineArgumentParser.parseFromProperties(this);
+        try {
+            this.host.setMaintenanceIntervalMicros(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS
+                    .toMicros(VerificationHost.FAST_MAINT_INTERVAL_MILLIS));
+            this.host.start();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            throw new Exception(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        if (this.host == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            this.host.logServiceStats(this.host.getDocumentIndexServiceUri());
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            this.host.log("Error logging stats: %s", e.toString());
+        }
+        this.host.tearDownInProcessPeers();
+        this.host.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void complexDocumentReflection() {
+        PropertyDescription pd;
+        ServiceDocumentDescription.Builder b = ServiceDocumentDescription.Builder.create();
+
+        QueryValidationServiceState s = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+        ServiceDocumentDescription sdd = b.buildDescription(s.getClass(),
+                EnumSet.of(ServiceOption.PERSISTENCE));
+
+        final int expectedCustomFields = 28;
+        final int expectedBuiltInFields = 10;
+        // Verify the reflection of the root document
+        assertTrue(sdd.propertyDescriptions != null && !sdd.propertyDescriptions.isEmpty());
+        assertTrue(sdd.propertyDescriptions.size() == expectedCustomFields + expectedBuiltInFields);
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SOURCE_LINK);
+        assertTrue(pd.exampleValue == null);
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_OWNER);
+        assertTrue(pd.exampleValue == null);
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_AUTH_PRINCIPAL_LINK);
+        assertTrue(pd.exampleValue == null);
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_TRANSACTION_ID);
+        assertTrue(pd.exampleValue == null);
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_EPOCH);
+        assertTrue(pd.exampleValue == null);
+
+        assertTrue(sdd.serviceCapabilities.contains(ServiceOption.PERSISTENCE));
+        Map<ServiceDocumentDescription.TypeName, Long> descriptionsPerType = countReflectedFieldTypes(
+                sdd);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.BOOLEAN) == 1L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.MAP) == 8L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.LONG) == 1L + 4L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.PODO) == 3L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.COLLECTION) == 4L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.ARRAY) == 3L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.STRING) == 5L + 5L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.DATE) == 1L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.DOUBLE) == 1L);
+        assertTrue(descriptionsPerType.get(TypeName.BYTES) == 1L);
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("exampleValue");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.PODO));
+        assertTrue(pd.fieldDescriptions != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.fieldDescriptions.size() == 3 + expectedBuiltInFields);
+        assertTrue(pd.fieldDescriptions.get("keyValues") != null);
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("nestedComplexValue");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.PODO));
+        assertTrue(pd.fieldDescriptions != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.fieldDescriptions.size() == 3);
+        assertTrue(pd.fieldDescriptions.get("link") != null);
+
+        // Verify the reflection of generic types
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("listOfStrings");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.COLLECTION));
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription.typeName.equals(TypeName.STRING));
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("listOfNestedValues");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.COLLECTION));
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription.typeName.equals(TypeName.PODO));
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("listOfExampleValues");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.COLLECTION));
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.of(PropertyUsageOption.OPTIONAL), pd.usageOptions);
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription.typeName.equals(TypeName.PODO));
+        // make sure annotation doesn't recurse to elements
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.noneOf(PropertyUsageOption.class), pd.elementDescription.usageOptions);
+
+        // Verify the reflection of array types
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("arrayOfStrings");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.ARRAY));
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription.typeName.equals(TypeName.STRING));
+
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("arrayOfExampleValues");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.ARRAY));
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.elementDescription.typeName.equals(TypeName.PODO));
+
+        // Verify the reflection of a composite type
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("compositeTypeValue");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.COLLECTION));
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.noneOf(PropertyIndexingOption.class), pd.indexingOptions);
+        pd = pd.elementDescription;
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.MAP));
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.of(PropertyIndexingOption.EXPAND), pd.indexingOptions);
+        pd = pd.elementDescription;
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.COLLECTION));
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.of(PropertyIndexingOption.EXPAND), pd.indexingOptions);
+        pd = pd.elementDescription;
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.PODO));
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.of(PropertyIndexingOption.EXPAND), pd.indexingOptions);
+        pd = pd.fieldDescriptions.get("link");
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.of(PropertyUsageOption.LINK), pd.usageOptions);
+        assertEquals("some/service", pd.exampleValue);
+
+        // Verify Documentation annotation
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("longValue");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.LONG));
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.of(PropertyUsageOption.OPTIONAL), pd.usageOptions);
+        assertEquals("a Long value", pd.propertyDocumentation);
+
+        // Verify multiple Usage annotations are processed correctly
+        pd = sdd.propertyDescriptions.get("serviceLink");
+        assertTrue(pd != null);
+        assertTrue(pd.typeName.equals(TypeName.STRING));
+        assertEquals(EnumSet.of(PropertyUsageOption.OPTIONAL, PropertyUsageOption.LINK),
+                pd.usageOptions);
+        assertEquals("some/service", pd.exampleValue);
+    }
+
+    private Map<ServiceDocumentDescription.TypeName, Long> countReflectedFieldTypes(
+            ServiceDocumentDescription sdd) {
+        Map<ServiceDocumentDescription.TypeName, Long> descriptionsPerType = new HashMap<>();
+        for (Entry<String, PropertyDescription> e : sdd.propertyDescriptions.entrySet()) {
+            PropertyDescription pd = e.getValue();
+            Long count = descriptionsPerType.get(pd.typeName);
+            if (count == null) {
+                count = 0L;
+            }
+            count++;
+            descriptionsPerType.put(pd.typeName, count);
+        }
+        return descriptionsPerType;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void continuousQueryTask() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+
+        Throwable[] failure = new Throwable[1];
+
+        int servicesWithExpirationCount = Math.min(3, this.serviceCount);
+        // we expect an update for initial state indexed as part of POST to the factory,
+        // then another for the PUT we do on each service, and another for the DELETE.
+        // For services with expiration there will be one more PATCH to set expiration.
+        int totalCount = this.serviceCount * 3 + servicesWithExpirationCount;
+        CountDownLatch stateUpdates = new CountDownLatch(totalCount);
+
+        // create the continuous task monitoring updates across the index
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = createContinuousQueryTasks(failure, stateUpdates);
+
+        this.host.log("Query task is active in index service");
+        long start = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc();
+
+        // start services
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(this.serviceCount, newState);
+
+        // reserve a couple of services to test notification of expiration induced deletes
+        Set<URI> servicesWithExpiration = new HashSet<>();
+        for (URI u : services) {
+            servicesWithExpiration.add(u);
+            if (servicesWithExpiration.size() >= servicesWithExpirationCount) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // update services
+        newState = putSimpleStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, newState);
+
+        // send DELETEs, wait for DELETE notifications
+        this.host.testStart(services.size() - servicesWithExpirationCount);
+        for (URI service : services) {
+            if (servicesWithExpiration.contains(service)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            Operation delete = Operation.createDelete(service).setCompletion(
+                    this.host.getCompletion());
+            this.host.send(delete);
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        // issue a PATCH to a sub set of the services and expect notifications for both the PATCH
+        // and the expiration induced DELETE
+        this.host.testStart(servicesWithExpirationCount);
+        for (URI service : servicesWithExpiration) {
+            QueryValidationServiceState patchBody = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+            patchBody.documentExpirationTimeMicros = 1;
+            Operation patchExpiration = Operation.createPatch(service)
+                    .setBody(patchBody)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion());
+            this.host.send(patchExpiration);
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        if (!stateUpdates.await(this.host.getOperationTimeoutMicros(), TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS)) {
+            throw new TimeoutException("Notifications never received");
+        }
+
+        if (failure[0] != null) {
+            throw failure[0];
+        }
+
+        long end = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc();
+
+        double thpt = totalCount / ((end - start) / 1000000.0);
+        this.host.log("Update notification throughput (updates/sec): %f, update count: %d", thpt,
+                totalCount);
+    }
+
+    private QueryValidationServiceState createContinuousQueryTasks(Throwable[] failure,
+            CountDownLatch stateUpdates)
+            throws Throwable, InterruptedException {
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+        final String stringValue = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        Query query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addFieldClause("stringValue", stringValue)
+                .build();
+        newState.stringValue = stringValue;
+
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.Builder.create()
+                .addOptions(EnumSet.of(QueryOption.CONTINUOUS, QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT))
+                .setQuery(query)
+                .build();
+        URI updateQueryTask = this.host.createQueryTaskService(
+                UriUtils.buildUri(this.host.getUri(), ServiceUriPaths.CORE_QUERY_TASKS),
+                task, false, false, task, null);
+
+        newState.stringValue = stringValue;
+
+        this.host.testStart(1);
+        Operation post = Operation.createPost(updateQueryTask)
+                .setReferer(this.host.getReferer())
+                .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion());
+
+        // subscribe to state update query task
+        this.host.startSubscriptionService(
+                post,
+                (notifyOp) -> {
+                    try {
+                        QueryTask body = notifyOp.getBody(QueryTask.class);
+                        if (body.results == null || body.results.documentLinks.isEmpty()) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        for (Object doc : body.results.documents.values()) {
+                            QueryValidationServiceState state = Utils.fromJson(doc,
+                                    QueryValidationServiceState.class);
+
+                            if (!stringValue.equals(state.stringValue)) {
+                                failure[0] = new IllegalStateException(
+                                        "Unexpected document:" + Utils.toJsonHtml(state));
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } catch (Throwable e) {
+                        failure[0] = e;
+                    } finally {
+                        stateUpdates.countDown();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        // wait for subscription to go through before we start issuing updates
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        // wait for filter to be active in the index service, which happens asynchronously
+        // in relation to query task creation, before issuing updates.
+
+        Date exp = this.host.getTestExpiration();
+        while (new Date().before(exp)) {
+            ServiceStats indexStats = this.host.getServiceState(null, ServiceStats.class,
+                    UriUtils.buildStatsUri(this.host.getDocumentIndexServiceUri()));
+            ServiceStat activeQueryStat = indexStats.entries.get(
+                    LuceneDocumentIndexService.STAT_NAME_ACTIVE_QUERY_FILTERS);
+            if (activeQueryStat == null || activeQueryStat.latestValue < 1.0) {
+                Thread.sleep(250);
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        return newState;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void simpleDocumentIndexingThroughput() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(this.serviceCount);
+
+        // start two different types of services, creating two sets of documents
+        // first start the query validation service instances, setting the id
+        // field
+        // to the same value
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+
+        // test search performance using a single version per service, single match
+        newState = putSimpleStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, newState);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery("id", newState.id, services.size(), 1);
+        }
+
+        // all expected as results
+        newState.stringValue = "hello";
+        newState = putSimpleStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, newState);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery("stringValue", newState.stringValue,
+                    services.size(),
+                    services.size());
+        }
+
+        // make sure throughput is not degraded when multiple versions are added per service
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            newState = putSimpleStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, newState);
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery("id", newState.id, services.size(), 1);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void complexDocumentIndexingAndQueryThroughput() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+
+        int serviceCount = this.host.isStressTest() ? 100000 : 100;
+
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(serviceCount);
+
+        // start two different types of services, creating two sets of documents
+        // first start the query validation service instances, setting the id
+        // field
+        // to the same value
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = VerificationHost.buildQueryValidationState();
+        newState.nestedComplexValue.link = TestQueryTaskService.SERVICE_LINK_VALUE;
+
+        // first pass, we test search performance using a single version per service
+        newState = putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, 1,
+                newState);
+        doComplexStateQueries(services, 1, newState);
+
+        // second pass, we measure perf with multiple versions per service
+        int versionCount = 1;
+        newState = putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, versionCount,
+                newState);
+        doComplexStateQueries(services, versionCount + 1, newState);
+    }
+
+    private void doComplexStateQueries(List<URI> services, int versionCount,
+            QueryValidationServiceState newState)
+            throws Throwable {
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            this.host.log("%d", i);
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName("exampleValue", "name"),
+                    newState.exampleValue.name, services.size(), 1);
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName("nestedComplexValue", "id"),
+                    newState.nestedComplexValue.id, services.size(), services.size());
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName("listOfExampleValues", "item",
+                            "name"),
+                    newState.listOfExampleValues.get(0).name, services.size(), services.size());
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName("arrayOfExampleValues", "item",
+                            "name"),
+                    newState.arrayOfExampleValues[0].name, services.size(), services.size());
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCollectionItemName("listOfStrings"),
+                    newState.listOfStrings.get(0), services.size(), services.size());
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCollectionItemName("arrayOfStrings"),
+                    newState.arrayOfStrings[1], services.size(), services.size());
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    "id",
+                    newState.id, services.size(), 1);
+
+            doInQuery("id",
+                    newState.id, services.size(), 1);
+            doInCollectionQuery("listOfStrings", newState.listOfStrings,
+                    services.size(), services.size());
+
+            doMapQuery("mapOfBooleans", newState.mapOfBooleans, services.size(), services.size());
+            doMapQuery("mapOfBytesArray", newState.mapOfBytesArrays, services.size(), 0);
+            doMapQuery("mapOfStrings", newState.mapOfStrings, services.size(), services.size());
+            doMapQuery("mapOfUris", newState.mapOfUris, services.size(), services.size());
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName("mapOfNestedTypes", "nested", "id"),
+                    newState.mapOfNestedTypes.get("nested").id, services.size(), services.size());
+
+            // query for a field that SHOULD be ignored. We should get zero links back
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    "ignoredStringValue",
+                    newState.ignoredStringValue, services.size(), 0);
+
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCollectionItemName("ignoredArrayOfStrings"),
+                    newState.ignoredArrayOfStrings[1], services.size(), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes" })
+    private void doMapQuery(String mapName, Map map, long documentCount, long expectedResultCount)
+            throws Throwable {
+        for (Object o : map.entrySet()) {
+            Entry e = (Entry) o;
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(
+                    QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName(mapName, (String) e.getKey()),
+                    e.getValue().toString(), documentCount, expectedResultCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doInQuery(String fieldName, String fieldValue, long documentCount,
+            long expectedResultCount) throws Throwable {
+        QuerySpecification spec = new QuerySpecification();
+        spec.query = Query.Builder.create().addInClause(
+                fieldName,
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        UUID.randomUUID().toString(),
+                        fieldValue,
+                        UUID.randomUUID().toString()))
+                .build();
+        this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec,
+                documentCount, expectedResultCount);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes" })
+    private void doInCollectionQuery(String collName, Collection coll, long documentCount,
+            long expectedResultCount)
+            throws Throwable {
+        for (Object val : coll) {
+            QuerySpecification spec = new QuerySpecification();
+            spec.query = Query.Builder.create().addInCollectionItemClause(
+                    collName,
+                    Arrays.asList(
+                            UUID.randomUUID().toString(),
+                            (String) val,
+                            UUID.randomUUID().toString()))
+                    .build();
+            this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec,
+                    documentCount, expectedResultCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void kindMatch() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        long sc = this.host.isStressTest ? 100000 : DCP_SERVICE_COUNT;
+        long vc = 10;
+        doKindMatchTest(sc, vc, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void kindMatchRemote() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        doKindMatchTest(DCP_SERVICE_COUNT, 2, true);
+    }
+
+    public void doKindMatchTest(long serviceCount, long versionCount, boolean forceRemote)
+            throws Throwable {
+
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices((int) (serviceCount / 2));
+
+        // start two different types of services, creating two sets of documents
+        // first start the query validation service instances, setting the id
+        // field
+        // to the same value
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+        newState.id = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        newState = putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, (int) versionCount,
+                newState);
+
+        // start some unrelated service that also happens to have an id field,
+        // also set to the same value
+        MinimalTestServiceState mtss = new MinimalTestServiceState();
+        mtss.id = newState.id;
+        List<Service> mt = this.host.doThroughputServiceStart(serviceCount / 2,
+                MinimalTestService.class, mtss, EnumSet.of(ServiceOption.PERSISTENCE), null);
+        List<URI> minimalTestServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Service s : mt) {
+            minimalTestServices.add(s.getUri());
+        }
+
+        // issue a query that matches kind for the query validation service
+        Query query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(QueryValidationServiceState.class)
+                .build();
+        QueryTask queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask((int) versionCount, services, queryTask.querySpec,
+                forceRemote);
+
+        // same as above, but ask for COUNT only, no links
+        queryTask.querySpec.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.COUNT,
+                QueryOption.INCLUDE_ALL_VERSIONS);
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask((int) versionCount, services, queryTask.querySpec,
+                forceRemote);
+
+        // now make sure expand works. Issue same query, but enable expand
+        queryTask.querySpec.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT);
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(versionCount, services, queryTask.querySpec, forceRemote);
+
+        // now for the minimal test service
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(MinimalTestServiceState.class)
+                .build();
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(versionCount, minimalTestServices, queryTask.querySpec,
+                forceRemote);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void singleFieldQuery() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+
+        long c = this.host.computeIterationsFromMemory(10);
+        doSelfLinkTest((int) c, 10, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void replicatedQueryTasksOnExampleStates() throws Throwable {
+
+        setUpHost();
+        this.host.setPeerSynchronizationEnabled(false);
+        int nodeCount = 3;
+        this.host.setUpPeerHosts(nodeCount);
+        this.host.joinNodesAndVerifyConvergence(nodeCount);
+        int serviceCount = 100;
+
+        // pick one host to send the POSTs through, DCP will forward to peers
+        VerificationHost targetHost = this.host.getPeerHost();
+        URI exampleFactoryURI = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost, ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK);
+
+        List<URI> exampleServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.host.testStart(serviceCount);
+        for (int i = 0; i < serviceCount; i++) {
+            ExampleServiceState s = new ExampleServiceState();
+            s.name = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+            s.documentSelfLink = s.name;
+
+            exampleServices.add(UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost.getUri(),
+                    ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK, s.documentSelfLink));
+
+            this.host.send(Operation.createPost(exampleFactoryURI)
+                    .setBody(s)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        this.host.testStart(serviceCount);
+        // issue a PATCH to each example service so we can query on the modified state
+        for (URI exampleService : exampleServices) {
+            ExampleServiceState newState = new ExampleServiceState();
+            newState.name = TaskState.TaskStage.STARTED.toString();
+            this.host.send(Operation.createPatch(exampleService).setBody(newState)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        this.host.testStart(serviceCount);
+        for (URI exampleService : exampleServices) {
+            ExampleServiceState newState = new ExampleServiceState();
+            newState.name = TaskState.TaskStage.FINISHED.toString();
+            this.host.send(Operation.createPatch(exampleService).setBody(newState)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        Set<String> owners = new HashSet<>();
+        Map<URI, ExampleServiceState> exampleStates = this.host.getServiceState(null,
+                ExampleServiceState.class, exampleServices);
+        for (ExampleServiceState st : exampleStates.values()) {
+            assertTrue(st.name.equals(TaskState.TaskStage.FINISHED.toString()));
+            owners.add(st.documentOwner);
+        }
+
+        this.host.log("owners:%s", owners);
+        assertTrue(owners.size() > 1);
+
+        owners.clear();
+        exampleStates = this.host.getServiceState(null,
+                ExampleServiceState.class, exampleServices);
+        for (ExampleServiceState st : exampleStates.values()) {
+            assertTrue(st.name.equals(TaskState.TaskStage.FINISHED.toString()));
+            owners.add(st.documentOwner);
+        }
+
+        this.host.log("owners:%s", owners);
+        assertTrue(owners.size() > 1);
+
+        Query kindClause = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(ExampleServiceState.class)
+                .build();
+
+        Query nameClause = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addFieldClause("name", TaskState.TaskStage.FINISHED.toString())
+                .build();
+
+        Query query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .addClause(nameClause)
+                .build();
+
+        Date exp = this.host.getTestExpiration();
+        while (new Date().before(exp)) {
+            // create N direct query tasks. Direct tasks complete in the context of the POST to the
+            // query task factory
+            int count = 100;
+            URI factoryUri = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost,
+                    LuceneQueryTaskFactoryService.class);
+            this.host.testStart(count);
+
+            Map<URI, QueryTask> taskResults = new ConcurrentSkipListMap<>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                QueryTask qt = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+                qt.taskInfo.isDirect = true;
+                qt.documentSelfLink = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+                Operation startPost = Operation
+                        .createPost(factoryUri)
+                        .setBody(qt)
+                        .setCompletion(
+                                (o, e) -> {
+                                    if (e != null) {
+                                        this.host.failIteration(e);
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+
+                                    QueryTask rsp = o.getBody(QueryTask.class);
+                                    qt.results = rsp.results;
+                                    qt.documentOwner = rsp.documentOwner;
+                                    taskResults.put(
+                                            UriUtils.extendUri(factoryUri, rsp.documentSelfLink),
+                                            qt);
+                                    this.host.completeIteration();
+                                });
+
+                this.host.send(startPost);
+            }
+            this.host.testWait();
+            this.host.logThroughput();
+
+            owners.clear();
+            boolean isConverged = true;
+            for (QueryTask qt : taskResults.values()) {
+                owners.add(qt.documentOwner);
+                if (qt.results == null || qt.results.documentLinks == null) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Missing results");
+                }
+                if (qt.results.documentLinks.size() != serviceCount) {
+                    this.host.log("Task did not return all services: %s", Utils.toJsonHtml(qt));
+                    isConverged = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isConverged) {
+                break;
+            }
+            Thread.sleep(250);
+        }
+
+        if (new Date().after(exp)) {
+            throw new TimeoutException();
+        }
+
+        this.host.log("owners:%s", owners);
+        assertTrue(owners.size() > 1);
+
+        // induce synchronization during the query to verify it does not interfere (due to state updates)
+        this.host.scheduleSynchronizationIfAutoSyncDisabled();
+
+        exp = this.host.getTestExpiration();
+        while (new Date().before(exp)) {
+            boolean isConverged = true;
+            // verify no query tasks exist on any host
+            // pick one host to send the POSTs through, DCP will forward to peers
+            for (VerificationHost host : this.host.getInProcessHostMap().values()) {
+                URI queryFactoryUri = UriUtils.buildExpandLinksQueryUri(UriUtils.buildUri(
+                        targetHost,
+                        ServiceUriPaths.CORE_QUERY_TASKS));
+                ServiceDocumentQueryResult r = host.getFactoryState(queryFactoryUri);
+                if (!r.documentLinks.isEmpty()) {
+                    host.log("%s", Utils.toJsonHtml(r));
+                    isConverged = false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!isConverged) {
+                Thread.sleep(250);
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+        exp = this.host.getTestExpiration();
+
+        while (new Date().before(exp)) {
+            // issue a paginated task query on one of the nodes. Then use the next page links verifying th elinks
+            // are forwarded to the node that executed the query
+            QueryTask remoteTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+            remoteTask.documentExpirationTimeMicros = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc()
+                    + TimeUnit.DAYS.toMicros(1);
+            int pageSize = exampleStates.size() / 10;
+            remoteTask.querySpec.resultLimit = pageSize;
+            QueryTask results = QueryTask.Builder.create().build();
+
+            URI taskUri = this.host.createQueryTaskService(null, remoteTask, false, false, results,
+                    null);
+
+            results = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(remoteTask.querySpec,
+                    exampleStates.size(),
+                    1, taskUri,
+                    false, false);
+
+            assertTrue(results.results.nextPageLink != null);
+            URI nextLink = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost, results.results.nextPageLink);
+            QueryTask resultsFirstPage = this.host.getServiceState(null,
+                    QueryTask.class, nextLink);
+
+            assertEquals(resultsFirstPage.results.documentLinks.size(), pageSize);
+            assertEquals(resultsFirstPage.results.prevPageLink, null);
+
+            QueryTask resultsFirstPageSecondTime = this.host.getServiceState(null, QueryTask.class,
+                    nextLink);
+
+            // if synchronization kicks in, the results might be affected, so we might need to repeat the query task
+            // until results settle
+            if (resultsFirstPage.results.documentLinks.size() != resultsFirstPageSecondTime.results.documentLinks
+                    .size()) {
+                this.host.log("Query links not converged yet");
+                Thread.sleep(250);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (resultsFirstPage.results.documentCount != resultsFirstPageSecondTime.results.documentCount) {
+                this.host.log("Query result count not converged yet");
+                Thread.sleep(250);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            assertEquals(resultsFirstPage.results.prevPageLink, null);
+
+            // verify that using the next page link and prev page link on each host works
+            for (VerificationHost h : this.host.getInProcessHostMap().values()) {
+                URI nextLinkUri = UriUtils.buildUri(h, resultsFirstPage.results.nextPageLink);
+                QueryTask resultNextLink = this.host.getServiceState(null,
+                        QueryTask.class, nextLinkUri);
+
+                URI prevLinkUri = UriUtils.buildUri(h, resultNextLink.results.prevPageLink);
+                QueryTask resultPrevLink = this.host.getServiceState(null,
+                        QueryTask.class, prevLinkUri);
+
+                assertEquals(pageSize, resultPrevLink.results.documentLinks.size());
+            }
+
+            // everything converged, all done
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (new Date().after(exp)) {
+            throw new TimeoutException();
+        }
+
+        // verify that example states did not change due to the induced synchronization
+        Map<URI, ExampleServiceState> exampleStatesAfter = this.host.getServiceState(null,
+                ExampleServiceState.class, exampleServices);
+        for (Entry<URI, ExampleServiceState> afterEntry : exampleStatesAfter.entrySet()) {
+            ExampleServiceState beforeState = exampleStates.get(afterEntry.getKey());
+            ExampleServiceState afterState = afterEntry.getValue();
+            assertEquals(beforeState.documentVersion, afterState.documentVersion);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void broadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates () throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+
+        int nodeCount = 3;
+        this.host.setUpPeerHosts(nodeCount);
+        this.host.joinNodesAndVerifyConvergence(nodeCount);
+
+        verifyOnlySupportSortOnSelfLinkInBroadcast();
+        verifyNotAllowDirectQueryInBroadcast();
+        nonpaginatedBroadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates();
+        paginatedbroadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyOnlySupportSortOnSelfLinkInBroadcast() throws Throwable {
+        VerificationHost targetHost = this.host.getPeerHost();
+
+        QuerySpecification q = new QuerySpecification();
+        Query kindClause = new Query();
+        kindClause.setTermPropertyName(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_KIND)
+                .setTermMatchValue(Utils.buildKind(ExampleServiceState.class));
+        q.query = kindClause;
+        q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT, QueryOption.SORT, QueryOption.BROADCAST);
+        q.sortTerm = new QueryTask.QueryTerm();
+        q.sortTerm.propertyType = TypeName.STRING;
+        q.sortTerm.propertyName = ExampleServiceState.FIELD_NAME_NAME;
+
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q);
+
+        targetHost.testStart(1);
+
+        URI factoryUri = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost, ServiceUriPaths.CORE_QUERY_TASKS);
+        Operation startPost = Operation
+                .createPost(factoryUri)
+                .setBody(task)
+                .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                    assertNotNull(e);
+                    assertTrue(e.getMessage().contains("broadcasted query only supports sorting on [" +
+                            ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SELF_LINK + "]"));
+
+                    targetHost.completeIteration();
+                });
+        targetHost.send(startPost);
+
+        targetHost.testWait();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyNotAllowDirectQueryInBroadcast() throws Throwable {
+        VerificationHost targetHost = this.host.getPeerHost();
+
+        QuerySpecification q = new QuerySpecification();
+        Query kindClause = new Query();
+        kindClause.setTermPropertyName(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_KIND)
+                .setTermMatchValue(Utils.buildKind(ExampleServiceState.class));
+        q.query = kindClause;
+        q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.BROADCAST);
+
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q);
+        task.setDirect(true);
+
+        targetHost.testStart(1);
+
+        URI factoryUri = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost, ServiceUriPaths.CORE_QUERY_TASKS);
+        Operation startPost = Operation
+                .createPost(factoryUri)
+                .setBody(task)
+                .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                    assertNotNull(e);
+                    assertTrue(e.getMessage().contains("Direct query is not supported in broadcast"));
+
+                    targetHost.completeIteration();
+                });
+        targetHost.send(startPost);
+
+        targetHost.testWait();
+    }
+
+    private void nonpaginatedBroadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates() throws Throwable {
+
+        VerificationHost targetHost = this.host.getPeerHost();
+        URI exampleFactoryURI = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost, ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK);
+
+        int serviceCount = 100;
+        this.host.testStart(serviceCount);
+        List<URI> exampleServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < serviceCount; i++) {
+            ExampleServiceState s = new ExampleServiceState();
+            s.name = "document" + i;
+            s.documentSelfLink = s.name;
+
+            exampleServices.add(UriUtils.buildUri(this.host.getUri(),
+                    ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK, s.documentSelfLink));
+
+            this.host.send(Operation.createPost(exampleFactoryURI)
+                    .setBody(s)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        QuerySpecification q = new QuerySpecification();
+        Query kindClause = new Query();
+        kindClause.setTermPropertyName(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_KIND)
+                .setTermMatchValue(Utils.buildKind(ExampleServiceState.class));
+        q.query = kindClause;
+        q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT, QueryOption.BROADCAST);
+
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q);
+
+        URI taskUri = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false, task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+        task = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(task.querySpec, 0, 0, taskUri, false, false);
+
+        targetHost.testStart(1);
+        Operation startGet = Operation
+                .createGet(taskUri)
+                .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                    if (e != null) {
+                        targetHost.failIteration(e);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    QueryTask rsp = o.getBody(QueryTask.class);
+                    assertTrue(serviceCount == rsp.results.documentCount);
+
+                    targetHost.completeIteration();
+                });
+        targetHost.send(startGet);
+        targetHost.testWait();
+    }
+
+    private void paginatedbroadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates () throws Throwable {
+
+        VerificationHost targetHost = this.host.getPeerHost();
+        URI exampleFactoryURI = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost, ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK);
+
+        int serviceCount = 100;
+        int resultLimit = 30;
+        this.host.testStart(serviceCount);
+        List<URI> exampleServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < serviceCount; i++) {
+            ExampleServiceState s = new ExampleServiceState();
+            s.name = "document" + i;
+            s.documentSelfLink = s.name;
+
+            exampleServices.add(UriUtils.buildUri(this.host.getUri(),
+                    ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK, s.documentSelfLink));
+
+            this.host.send(Operation.createPost(exampleFactoryURI)
+                    .setBody(s)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        QuerySpecification q = new QuerySpecification();
+        Query kindClause = new Query();
+        kindClause.setTermPropertyName(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_KIND)
+                .setTermMatchValue(Utils.buildKind(ExampleServiceState.class));
+        q.query = kindClause;
+        q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT, QueryOption.BROADCAST);
+        q.resultLimit = resultLimit;
+
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q);
+
+        URI taskUri = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false, task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+        task = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(task.querySpec, 0, 0, taskUri, false, false);
+
+        targetHost.testStart(1);
+        Operation startGet = Operation
+                .createGet(taskUri)
+                .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                    if (e != null) {
+                        targetHost.failIteration(e);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    QueryTask rsp = o.getBody(QueryTask.class);
+                    assertTrue(0 == rsp.results.documentCount);
+                    assertTrue(rsp.results.nextPageLink.contains(UriUtils.buildUriPath(ServiceUriPaths.CORE,
+                            BroadcastQueryPageService.SELF_LINK_PREFIX)));
+
+                    targetHost.completeIteration();
+                });
+        targetHost.send(startGet);
+        targetHost.testWait();
+
+        String nextPageLink = task.results.nextPageLink;
+        Set<String> documentLinks = new HashSet<>();
+        while (nextPageLink != null) {
+            List<String> pageLinks = new ArrayList<>();
+            URI u = UriUtils.buildUri(targetHost, nextPageLink);
+
+            targetHost.testStart(1);
+            Operation get = Operation
+                    .createGet(u)
+                    .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                        if (e != null) {
+                            targetHost.failIteration(e);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        QueryTask rsp = o.getBody(QueryTask.class);
+                        pageLinks.add(rsp.results.nextPageLink);
+                        documentLinks.addAll(rsp.results.documentLinks);
+
+                        targetHost.completeIteration();
+                    });
+
+            targetHost.send(get);
+            targetHost.testWait();
+
+            nextPageLink = pageLinks.isEmpty() ? null : pageLinks.get(0);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(serviceCount, documentLinks.size());
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < serviceCount; i++) {
+            assertTrue(documentLinks.contains(ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK + "/document" + i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void sortTestOnExampleStates() throws Throwable {
+        doSortTestOnExampleStates(false);
+        doSortTestOnExampleStates(true);
+    }
+
+    public void doSortTestOnExampleStates(boolean isDirect) throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int serviceCount = 100;
+        URI exampleFactoryURI = UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK);
+        List<URI> exampleServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.host.testStart(serviceCount);
+        for (int i = 0; i < serviceCount; i++) {
+            ExampleServiceState s = new ExampleServiceState();
+            s.name = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+            s.documentSelfLink = s.name;
+            exampleServices.add(UriUtils.buildUri(this.host.getUri(),
+                    ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK, s.documentSelfLink));
+            this.host.send(Operation.createPost(exampleFactoryURI)
+                    .setBody(s)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+        Query kindClause = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(ExampleServiceState.class)
+                .build();
+
+        QueryTask.Builder queryTaskBuilder = isDirect ? QueryTask.Builder.createDirectTask()
+                : QueryTask.Builder.create();
+        QueryTask task = queryTaskBuilder
+                .setQuery(kindClause)
+                .orderAscending(ExampleServiceState.FIELD_NAME_NAME, TypeName.STRING)
+                .build();
+
+        if (task.documentExpirationTimeMicros != 0) {
+            // the value was set as an interval by the calling test. Make absolute here so
+            // account for service creation above
+            task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc()
+                    + task.documentExpirationTimeMicros;
+        }
+
+        this.host.logThroughput();
+        URI taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false,
+                task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+
+        if (!task.taskInfo.isDirect) {
+            task = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(task.querySpec, 0, 0,
+                    taskURI, false, false);
+        }
+
+        List<String> documentLinks = task.results.documentLinks;
+        validateSortedList(documentLinks);
+
+        this.host.testStart(exampleServices.size());
+        for (URI u : exampleServices) {
+            this.host.send(Operation.createDelete(u)
+                    .setBody(new ServiceDocument())
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+    }
+
+    private void validateSortedList(List<String> documentLinks) {
+        int i;
+        /*
+        Since name and documentLink are the same,
+        validate that the documentLinks are in order
+         */
+        String prevLink = documentLinks.get(0);
+        for (i = 1; i < documentLinks.size(); i++) {
+            String currentLink = documentLinks.get(i);
+            assertTrue("Sort Test Failed", currentLink.compareTo(prevLink) > 0);
+            prevLink = currentLink;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void getNextPageResults(String nextPageLink, int resultLimit,
+            final int[] numberOfDocumentLinks, final List<URI> toDelete,
+            List<ExampleServiceState> documents, List<URI> pageLinks) {
+
+        URI u = UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, nextPageLink);
+        toDelete.add(u);
+        pageLinks.add(u);
+
+        Operation get = Operation
+                .createGet(u)
+                .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                    if (e != null) {
+                        this.host.failIteration(e);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    QueryTask page = o.getBody(QueryTask.class);
+                    int nlinks = page.results.documentLinks.size();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < nlinks; i++) {
+                        ExampleServiceState document = Utils.fromJson(
+                                page.results.documents.get(page.results.documentLinks.get(i)),
+                                ExampleServiceState.class);
+                        documents.add(document);
+                    }
+                    assertTrue(nlinks <= resultLimit);
+                    verifyLinks(nextPageLink, pageLinks, page);
+
+                    numberOfDocumentLinks[0] += nlinks;
+                    if (page.results.nextPageLink == null || nlinks == 0) {
+                        this.host.completeIteration();
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    getNextPageResults(page.results.nextPageLink,
+                            resultLimit, numberOfDocumentLinks, toDelete, documents, pageLinks);
+                });
+
+        this.host.send(get);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void paginatedSortOnLongAndSelfLink() throws Throwable {
+        doPaginatedSortTestOnExampleStates(false);
+        doPaginatedSortTestOnExampleStates(true);
+    }
+
+    public void doPaginatedSortTestOnExampleStates(boolean isDirect) throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int serviceCount = 25;
+        int resultLimit = 10;
+        URI exampleFactoryURI = UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK);
+        List<URI> exampleServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.host.testStart(serviceCount);
+        Random r = new Random();
+        for (int i = 0; i < serviceCount; i++) {
+            ExampleServiceState s = new ExampleServiceState();
+            s.name = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+            s.counter = new Long(Math.abs(r.nextLong()));
+            s.documentSelfLink = s.name;
+
+            exampleServices.add(UriUtils.buildUri(this.host.getUri(),
+                    ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK, s.documentSelfLink));
+
+            this.host.send(Operation.createPost(exampleFactoryURI)
+                    .setBody(s)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        Query kindClause = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(ExampleServiceState.class)
+                .build();
+
+        QueryTask.Builder queryTaskBuilder = isDirect ? QueryTask.Builder.createDirectTask()
+                : QueryTask.Builder.create();
+        queryTaskBuilder
+                .setQuery(kindClause)
+                .orderDescending(ExampleServiceState.FIELD_NAME_COUNTER, TypeName.LONG)
+                .addOption(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT)
+                .setResultLimit(resultLimit);
+
+        QueryTask task = queryTaskBuilder.build();
+
+        if (task.documentExpirationTimeMicros != 0) {
+            // the value was set as an interval by the calling test. Make absolute here so
+            // account for service creation above
+            task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc()
+                    + task.documentExpirationTimeMicros;
+        }
+
+        this.host.logThroughput();
+        URI taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false,
+                task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+
+        if (!task.taskInfo.isDirect) {
+            task = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(task.querySpec, 0, 0,
+                    taskURI, false, false);
+        }
+
+        String nextPageLink = task.results.nextPageLink;
+        assertNotNull(nextPageLink);
+
+        List<ExampleServiceState> documents = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>());
+        final int[] numberOfDocumentLinks = { task.results.documentLinks.size() };
+        assertTrue(numberOfDocumentLinks[0] == 0);
+
+        List<URI> toDelete = new ArrayList<>(exampleServices);
+        List<URI> pageLinks = new ArrayList<>();
+        this.host.testStart(1);
+        getNextPageResults(nextPageLink, resultLimit, numberOfDocumentLinks, toDelete, documents,
+                pageLinks);
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        assertEquals(serviceCount, numberOfDocumentLinks[0]);
+        validateSortedResults(documents, ExampleServiceState.FIELD_NAME_COUNTER);
+
+        // do another query but sort on self links
+        numberOfDocumentLinks[0] = 0;
+
+        queryTaskBuilder = isDirect ? QueryTask.Builder.createDirectTask() : QueryTask.Builder
+                .create();
+        queryTaskBuilder
+                .setQuery(kindClause)
+                .orderAscending(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SELF_LINK, TypeName.STRING)
+                .addOption(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT)
+                .setResultLimit(resultLimit);
+        task = queryTaskBuilder.build();
+        taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false,
+                task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+        if (!task.taskInfo.isDirect) {
+            task = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(task.querySpec, 0, 0,
+                    taskURI, false, false);
+        }
+
+        nextPageLink = task.results.nextPageLink;
+        assertNotNull(nextPageLink);
+
+        documents = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<>());
+
+        toDelete = new ArrayList<>(exampleServices);
+        pageLinks.clear();
+        this.host.testStart(1);
+        getNextPageResults(nextPageLink, resultLimit, numberOfDocumentLinks, toDelete, documents,
+                pageLinks);
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        assertEquals(serviceCount, numberOfDocumentLinks[0]);
+        validateSortedResults(documents, ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SELF_LINK);
+
+        this.host.testStart(toDelete.size());
+        for (URI u : toDelete) {
+            this.host.send(Operation.createDelete(u)
+                    .setBody(new ServiceDocument())
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+    }
+
+    private void validateSortedResults(List<ExampleServiceState> documents, String fieldName) {
+        ExampleServiceState prevDoc = documents.get(0);
+
+        for (int i = 1; i < documents.size(); i++) {
+            ExampleServiceState currentDoc = documents.get(i);
+            this.host.log("%s", currentDoc.documentSelfLink);
+            if (fieldName.equals(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SELF_LINK)) {
+                int r = currentDoc.documentSelfLink.compareTo(prevDoc.documentSelfLink);
+                assertTrue("Sort by self link failed", r > 0);
+            } else {
+                assertTrue("Sort Test Failed", currentDoc.counter < prevDoc.counter);
+            }
+            prevDoc = currentDoc;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void doSelfLinkTest(int serviceCount, int versionCount, boolean forceRemote)
+            throws Throwable {
+
+        String prefix = "testPrefix";
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(serviceCount);
+
+        // start two different types of services, creating two sets of documents
+        // first start the query validation service instances, setting the id
+        // field
+        // to the same value
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+        newState.id = prefix + UUID.randomUUID().toString();
+        newState = putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, versionCount,
+                newState);
+
+        // issue a query that matches a specific link. This is essentially a primary key query
+        Query query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addFieldClause(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SELF_LINK, services.get(0).getPath())
+                .build();
+
+        QueryTask queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+        URI u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask, forceRemote);
+        QueryTask finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                services.size(), versionCount, u, forceRemote, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == 1);
+
+        // now make sure expand works. Issue same query, but enable expand
+        queryTask.querySpec.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT);
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask, forceRemote);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                services.size(), versionCount, u, forceRemote, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == 1);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documents.size() == 1);
+
+        // test EXPAND with include deleted: Delete one service
+        this.host.testStart(1);
+        Operation delete = Operation.createDelete(services.remove(0))
+                .setBody(new ServiceDocument())
+                .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion());
+        this.host.send(delete);
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        // search for the deleted services, we should get nothing back
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addFieldClause(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SELF_LINK, delete.getUri().getPath())
+                .build();
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create()
+                .addOption(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT)
+                .setQuery(query)
+                .build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask, forceRemote);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                services.size(), 1, u, forceRemote, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documents.size() == 0);
+
+        // add INCLUDE_DELETED and try again, we should get back one entry
+        queryTask.querySpec.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT,
+                QueryOption.INCLUDE_DELETED);
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask, forceRemote);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                services.size(), 1, u, forceRemote, true);
+        // the results will contain a "deleted" document
+        assertEquals(1, finishedTaskState.results.documents.size());
+        QueryValidationServiceState deletedState = Utils.fromJson(
+                finishedTaskState.results.documents.values().iterator().next(),
+                QueryValidationServiceState.class);
+
+        assertEquals(Action.DELETE.toString(), deletedState.documentUpdateAction);
+        // now request all versions
+        queryTask.querySpec.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT,
+                QueryOption.INCLUDE_ALL_VERSIONS,
+                QueryOption.INCLUDE_DELETED);
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask, forceRemote);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                services.size(), 1, u, forceRemote, true);
+        // delete increments version, and initial service create counts as another.
+        assertEquals(versionCount + 2, finishedTaskState.results.documents.size());
+
+        // Verify that we maintain the lucene ordering
+        EnumSet<QueryOption> currentOptions = queryTask.querySpec.options;
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addFieldClause(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_SELF_LINK, services.get(0).getPath())
+                .build();
+
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().addOptions(currentOptions).setQuery(query).build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask, forceRemote);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                services.size(), 1, u, forceRemote, true);
+
+        int ordinal = finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size();
+        // we are taking advantage of the fact that they come in descending order
+        // and _end with_ the document version in the refLink!
+        Iterator<String> iter = finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.iterator();
+        while (iter.hasNext()) {
+            String s = iter.next();
+            assertTrue(s.endsWith(Integer.toString(--ordinal)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void numericRangeQueries() throws Throwable {
+        doNumericRangeQueries("longValue", "doubleValue");
+        doNumericRangeQueries(QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName("mapOfLongs", "long"),
+                QuerySpecification.buildCompositeFieldName("mapOfDoubles", "double"));
+    }
+
+    private void doNumericRangeQueries(String longFieldName, String doubleFieldName)
+            throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int sc = DCP_SERVICE_COUNT;
+        int versionCount = 2;
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(sc);
+        // the PUT will increment the long field, so we will do queries over its
+        // range
+        putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, versionCount);
+
+        // now issue a query that does an exact match on the String value using
+        // the complete phrase
+        long offset = 10;
+        QueryTask.QuerySpecification q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName(longFieldName)
+                .setNumericRange(
+                        NumericRange.createLongRange(offset, sc - offset,
+                                false, false));
+        q.query.term.range.precisionStep = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        URI u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q), false);
+        QueryTask finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q,
+                services.size(), versionCount, u, false, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks != null);
+        this.host
+                .log("results %d, expected %d",
+                        finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size(), sc - offset
+                                * 2 - 1);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == sc - offset
+                * 2 - 1);
+
+        // do inclusive range search
+        q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName(longFieldName).setNumericRange(
+                NumericRange.createLongRange(0L, (long) (sc - 1), true, true));
+        q.query.term.range.precisionStep = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q));
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, services.size(),
+                versionCount, u, false, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == sc);
+
+        // do min side open range search
+        q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName(longFieldName).setNumericRange(
+                NumericRange.createLongRange(null, (long) (sc - 1), true, true));
+        q.query.term.range.precisionStep = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q));
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, services.size(),
+                versionCount, u, false, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == sc);
+
+        // do max side open range search
+        q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName(longFieldName).setNumericRange(
+                NumericRange.createLongRange(0L, null, true, true));
+        q.query.term.range.precisionStep = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q));
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, services.size(),
+                versionCount, u, false, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == sc);
+
+        // double fields are 1 / 10 of the long fields
+        // do double inclusive range search
+        q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName(doubleFieldName).setNumericRange(
+                NumericRange.createDoubleRange(DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET, DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET + sc * 0.1,
+                        true, true));
+        q.query.term.range.precisionStep = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q));
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, services.size(),
+                versionCount, u, false, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == sc);
+
+        // do double range search with min inclusive
+        q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName(doubleFieldName).setNumericRange(
+                NumericRange.createDoubleRange(DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET, DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET + sc * 0.05,
+                        true, false));
+        q.query.term.range.precisionStep = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q));
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, services.size(),
+                versionCount, u, false, true);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks != null);
+        assertTrue(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size() == sc / 2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTextMatch() throws Throwable {
+        doTextMatchTest(false, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTextMatchRemote() throws Throwable {
+        doTextMatchTest(true, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTextMatchRemoteDirect() throws Throwable {
+        doTextMatchTest(true, true);
+    }
+
+    public void doTextMatchTest(boolean forceRemote, boolean isDirect) throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int sc = DCP_SERVICE_COUNT;
+        int versionCount = 2;
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(sc);
+
+        // PUT a new state on all services, with one field set to the same
+        // value;
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = putStateOnQueryTargetServices(
+                services, versionCount);
+
+        // now issue a query that does an exact match on the String value using
+        // the complete phrase
+        QueryTask.QuerySpecification q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT);
+
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName("stringValue")
+                .setTermMatchValue(newState.stringValue)
+                .setTermMatchType(MatchType.PHRASE);
+
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(versionCount, services, q, forceRemote, isDirect);
+
+        // now do a "contains" search on terms using wild cards, although this
+        // will be much slower
+        String term = newState.stringValue.split(" ")[1];
+        term = term.substring(1, term.length() - 2);
+        term = UriUtils.URI_WILDCARD_CHAR + term + UriUtils.URI_WILDCARD_CHAR;
+
+        q.query = new QueryTask.Query();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName("stringValue").setTermMatchValue(term)
+                .setTermMatchType(MatchType.WILDCARD);
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(versionCount, services, q, forceRemote);
+        // now do a "contains" search without using wild cards, just a plain
+        // term. This only
+        // works if the string is a phrase that can be tokenized with the
+        // default tokenizers
+        String word = TEXT_VALUE.split(" ")[1];
+
+        q.query = new QueryTask.Query();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName("stringValue").setTermMatchValue(word)
+                .setTermMatchType(MatchType.TERM);
+
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(versionCount, services, q, forceRemote);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void booleanQueries() throws Throwable {
+        int versionCount = 2;
+        int serviceCount = DCP_SERVICE_COUNT;
+        setUpHost();
+
+        // Create pre-canned query terms
+        Query kindClause = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(QueryValidationServiceState.class)
+                .build();
+
+        Query termClause = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addFieldClause("stringValue", TEXT_VALUE.split(" ")[1])
+                .build();
+
+        // Create and populate services using another test
+        doKindMatchTest(serviceCount, versionCount, false);
+
+        // Start with a simple, two clause boolean query
+        Query query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .addClause(termClause)
+                .build();
+
+        QueryTask queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+        URI u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask);
+        QueryTask finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                serviceCount, versionCount, u, false, false);
+
+        // We filtered by kind, which prunes half the services we created
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(serviceCount / 2, finishedTaskState);
+
+        // Test that cloning works; expect same results.
+        // Use an empty query spec to make sure its the source query that is used for the clone
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask, false,
+                finishedTaskState.documentSelfLink);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                serviceCount, versionCount, u, false, true);
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(serviceCount / 2, finishedTaskState);
+
+        // Run boolean query with just a single clause
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .build();
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                serviceCount, versionCount, u, false, true);
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(serviceCount / 2, finishedTaskState);
+
+        // Run query with both a boolean clause and a term; expect failure
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .build();
+        query.setTermPropertyName(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_KIND)
+                .setTermMatchValue(Utils.buildKind(QueryValidationServiceState.class));
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                serviceCount, versionCount, u, false, true, false);
+        assertEquals(TaskState.TaskStage.FAILED, finishedTaskState.taskInfo.stage);
+
+        // Another two clause boolean query with kind and string match
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .addFieldClause("serviceLink", SERVICE_LINK_VALUE)
+                .build();
+
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create()
+                .addOption(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT)
+                .setQuery(query)
+                .build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                serviceCount, versionCount, u, false, true);
+
+        // We filtered by kind, which prunes half the services we created
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(serviceCount / 2, finishedTaskState);
+
+        // Run a double range query
+        Query doubleMatchClause = Query.Builder
+                .create()
+                .addRangeClause("doubleValue",
+                        NumericRange.createDoubleRange(DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET + 0.2,
+                                DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET + 0.21, true, false))
+                .build();
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .addClause(doubleMatchClause)
+                .build();
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec, serviceCount,
+                versionCount, u,
+                false, true);
+
+        // Only one service should have doubleValue == 0.2
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(1, finishedTaskState);
+
+        // Now created a nested boolean query with two boolean queries under a left and right branch
+        Query leftParentClause = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .addClause(termClause)
+                .build();
+
+        // Make the right clause a NOT, so the results should be leftClauseResultCount - 1)
+        Query rightParentClause = Query.Builder.create(Occurance.MUST_NOT_OCCUR)
+                .addClause(doubleMatchClause)
+                .addClause(kindClause)
+                .build();
+
+        query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addClause(leftParentClause)
+                .addClause(rightParentClause)
+                .build();
+
+        queryTask = QueryTask.Builder.create().setQuery(query).build();
+        u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(queryTask);
+        finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(queryTask.querySpec,
+                serviceCount, versionCount, u, false, true);
+
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(serviceCount / 2 - 1, finishedTaskState);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void taskStateFieldQueries() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int sc = DCP_SERVICE_COUNT;
+        int versionCount = 1;
+        boolean includeAllVersions = false;
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(sc);
+
+        TaskStage stage = TaskState.TaskStage.CREATED;
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = doTaskStageQuery(sc, 1, services, stage,
+                includeAllVersions);
+        versionCount++;
+
+        stage = TaskState.TaskStage.FINISHED;
+        newState = doTaskStageQuery(sc, 1, services, stage, includeAllVersions);
+
+        // now verify that if we ask for a stage that was set in an older version, we get zero
+        // results back
+        stage = TaskState.TaskStage.CREATED;
+        int expectedResultCount = 0;
+        newState = doTaskStageQuery(expectedResultCount, 1, services, stage,
+                includeAllVersions);
+
+        // now AGAIN, but include history (older versions)
+        stage = TaskState.TaskStage.CREATED;
+        expectedResultCount = sc;
+        includeAllVersions = true;
+        newState = doTaskStageQuery(expectedResultCount, versionCount, services, stage,
+                includeAllVersions);
+
+        // test that we can query on failure message
+        newState.taskInfo.failure = new ServiceErrorResponse();
+        newState.taskInfo.failure.message = "ERROR: Test failure";
+        putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, versionCount, newState);
+
+        versionCount++;
+        // now issue a query that does a match on the taskInfo.failure member
+        QueryTask.QuerySpecification q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName("taskInfo.failure.message")
+                .setTermMatchValue("ERROR: Test failure");
+
+        URI u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q));
+        QueryTask finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q,
+                sc, versionCount, u, false, true);
+
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(sc, finishedTaskState);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void expireQueryTask() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+
+        // Create a query task with isDirect=false, testing that LuceneQueryTaskService
+        // expires the task and sends a DELETE request.
+        QueryTask.QuerySpecification q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName("stringValue")
+                .setTermMatchValue(TEXT_VALUE)
+                .setTermMatchType(MatchType.PHRASE);
+
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q);
+        task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMicros(1);
+
+        URI taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false, false, task, null);
+        this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, 0, 0, taskURI, false, false);
+
+        verifyTaskAutoExpiration(taskURI);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void expectedResultCountQuery() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int expectedCount = DCP_SERVICE_COUNT;
+        int batches = 2;
+        int versions = 2;
+        int sc = expectedCount / batches;
+
+        Runnable createServices = () -> {
+            try {
+                List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(sc);
+
+                putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, versions);
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        };
+
+        QueryTask.QuerySpecification q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+
+        q.expectedResultCount = Long.valueOf(expectedCount);
+
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName("stringValue")
+                .setTermMatchValue(TEXT_VALUE)
+                .setTermMatchType(MatchType.PHRASE);
+
+        long exp = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMicros(30);
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q);
+        task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = exp;
+
+        // Query results at this point will == 0, so query will be retried
+        URI taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false,
+                false, task, null);
+
+        // Create services in batches so query retries will have results,
+        // but at least 1 query with < expectedResultCount so the query will be retried
+        for (int i = 1; i <= batches; i++) {
+            // Would prefer: host.schedule(createServices, 100*i, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            // but can't have concurrent testWait()'s
+            Thread.sleep(100 * i);
+            createServices.run();
+        }
+
+        QueryTask taskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, expectedCount, 0,
+                taskURI, false, false);
+
+        assertEquals(expectedCount, taskState.results.documentLinks.size());
+
+        // Test that expectedResultCount works with QueryOption.COUNT
+        q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.COUNT, QueryOption.INCLUDE_ALL_VERSIONS);
+        task = QueryTask.create(q);
+        task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = exp;
+        taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false,
+                false, task, null);
+        taskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, expectedCount, 0,
+                taskURI, false, false);
+        assertEquals(Long.valueOf(expectedCount * versions), taskState.results.documentCount);
+        assertEquals(0, taskState.results.documentLinks.size());
+
+        // Increase expectedResultCount, should timeout and PATCH task state to FAILED
+        q.expectedResultCount *= versions * 2;
+        task = QueryTask.create(q);
+        task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMicros(1);
+
+        taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false,
+                false, task, null);
+
+        verifyTaskAutoExpiration(taskURI);
+        this.host.log("Query task has expired: %s", taskURI.getPath());
+    }
+
+    private URI doPaginatedQueryTest(QueryTask task, int sc, int resultLimit,
+            List<URI> queryPageURIs, List<URI> targetServiceURIs) throws Throwable {
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(sc);
+        if (targetServiceURIs == null) {
+            targetServiceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        }
+
+        targetServiceURIs.addAll(services);
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = putStateOnQueryTargetServices(
+                services, 1);
+
+        task.querySpec.resultLimit = resultLimit;
+
+        task.querySpec.query.setTermPropertyName("stringValue")
+                .setTermMatchValue(newState.stringValue)
+                .setTermMatchType(MatchType.PHRASE);
+
+        if (task.documentExpirationTimeMicros != 0) {
+            // the value was set as an interval by the calling test. Make absolute here so
+            // account for service creation above
+            task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc()
+                    + task.documentExpirationTimeMicros;
+
+        }
+
+        URI taskURI = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false,
+                task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+
+        if (!task.taskInfo.isDirect) {
+            task = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(task.querySpec, 0, 0,
+                    taskURI, false, false);
+        }
+
+        String nextPageLink = task.results.nextPageLink;
+        assertNotNull(nextPageLink);
+        assertEquals(null, task.results.prevPageLink);
+
+        assertNotNull(task.results);
+        assertNotNull(task.results.documentLinks);
+
+        final int[] numberOfDocumentLinks = { task.results.documentLinks.size() };
+
+        assertEquals(0, numberOfDocumentLinks[0]);
+
+        // update the index after the paginated query has been created to verify that its
+        // stable while index searchers are updated
+        services = startQueryTargetServices(10);
+        targetServiceURIs.addAll(services);
+        newState = putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, 1);
+
+        int numberOfPages = sc / resultLimit;
+        this.host.testStart(Math.max(1, numberOfPages));
+
+        getNextPageLinks(nextPageLink, resultLimit, numberOfDocumentLinks, queryPageURIs);
+
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        assertEquals(sc, numberOfDocumentLinks[0]);
+
+        return taskURI;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void paginatedQueries() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int sc = this.serviceCount;
+        int numberOfPages = 2;
+        int resultLimit = sc / numberOfPages;
+
+        // indirect query, many results expected
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(new QuerySpecification()).setDirect(false);
+
+        List<URI> pageServiceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<URI> targetServiceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        doPaginatedQueryTest(task, sc, resultLimit, pageServiceURIs, targetServiceURIs);
+
+        // delete target services before doing next query to verify deleted documents are excluded
+        this.host.testStart(targetServiceURIs.size());
+        for (URI u : targetServiceURIs) {
+            this.host.send(Operation.createDelete(u)
+                    .setBody(new ServiceDocument())
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        sc = 1;
+        // direct query, single result expected, plus verify all previously deleted and created
+        // documents are ignored
+        task = QueryTask.create(new QuerySpecification()).setDirect(true);
+        pageServiceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        targetServiceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        doPaginatedQueryTest(task, sc, resultLimit, pageServiceURIs, targetServiceURIs);
+        String nextPageLink = task.results.nextPageLink;
+        assertNotNull(nextPageLink);
+
+        // delete target services before doing next query to verify deleted documents are excluded
+        this.host.testStart(targetServiceURIs.size());
+        for (URI u : targetServiceURIs) {
+            this.host.send(Operation.createDelete(u)
+                    .setBody(new ServiceDocument())
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion()));
+        }
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        sc = 0;
+
+        // direct query, no results expected,
+        task = QueryTask.create(new QuerySpecification()).setDirect(true);
+        pageServiceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        targetServiceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        doPaginatedQueryTest(task, sc, resultLimit, pageServiceURIs, targetServiceURIs);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void paginatedQueriesWithExpirationValidation() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int sc = this.serviceCount;
+        int numberOfPages = 5;
+        int resultLimit = sc / numberOfPages;
+
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(new QuerySpecification()).setDirect(true);
+        List<URI> serviceURIs = new ArrayList<>();
+        long timeoutMillis = 3000;
+        task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMicros(timeoutMillis);
+        URI taskURI = doPaginatedQueryTest(task, sc, resultLimit, serviceURIs, null);
+
+        // Test that task has expired
+        verifyTaskAutoExpiration(taskURI);
+        this.host.log("Starting page link expiration test");
+
+        // Test that page services have expired and been deleted
+        Date exp = this.host.getTestExpiration();
+        while (new Date().before(exp)) {
+            this.host.testStart(serviceURIs.size());
+            AtomicInteger remaining = new AtomicInteger(serviceURIs.size());
+
+            for (URI u : serviceURIs) {
+                Operation get = Operation.createGet(u).setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                    if (e != null && (e instanceof ServiceNotFoundException)) {
+                        remaining.decrementAndGet();
+                    }
+                    this.host.completeIteration();
+                });
+
+                this.host.send(get);
+            }
+
+            this.host.testWait();
+            if (remaining.get() == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Thread.sleep(timeoutMillis / 8);
+        }
+
+        throw new TimeoutException("Next page services should have expired");
+    }
+
+    private void getNextPageLinks(String nextPageLink, int resultLimit,
+            final int[] numberOfDocumentLinks, final List<URI> serviceURIs) {
+
+        URI u = UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, nextPageLink);
+        serviceURIs.add(u);
+
+        Operation get = Operation
+                .createGet(u)
+                .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                    try {
+                        if (e != null) {
+                            this.host.failIteration(e);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        QueryTask page = o.getBody(QueryTask.class);
+                        int nlinks = page.results.documentLinks.size();
+                        assertTrue(nlinks <= resultLimit);
+                        verifyLinks(nextPageLink, serviceURIs, page);
+
+                        numberOfDocumentLinks[0] += nlinks;
+
+                        if (page.results.nextPageLink == null || nlinks == 0) {
+                            if (numberOfDocumentLinks[0] == 0) {
+                                this.host.completeIteration();
+                            }
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        this.host.completeIteration();
+                        getNextPageLinks(page.results.nextPageLink,
+                                resultLimit, numberOfDocumentLinks, serviceURIs);
+                    } catch (Throwable e1) {
+                        this.host.failIteration(e1);
+                    }
+                });
+
+        this.host.send(get);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyLinks(String nextPageLink, List<URI> serviceURIs, QueryTask page) {
+        assertEquals(LuceneQueryPageService.KIND, page.documentKind);
+        assertNotEquals(nextPageLink, page.results.nextPageLink);
+        assertNotEquals(nextPageLink, page.results.prevPageLink);
+
+        if (serviceURIs.size() >= 1) {
+            URI currentPageForwardUri = UriUtils.buildForwardToPeerUri(
+                    UriUtils.buildUri(page.documentSelfLink), this.host.getId(),
+                    ServiceUriPaths.DEFAULT_NODE_SELECTOR,
+                    EnumSet.noneOf(ServiceOption.class));
+
+            String currentPageLink = currentPageForwardUri.getPath()
+                    + UriUtils.URI_QUERY_CHAR + currentPageForwardUri.getQuery();
+
+            assertEquals(serviceURIs.get(serviceURIs.size() - 1), UriUtils.buildUri(this.host,
+                    currentPageLink));
+        }
+
+        if (serviceURIs.size() >= 2) {
+            assertEquals(serviceURIs.get(serviceURIs.size() - 2), UriUtils.buildUri(this.host,
+                    page.results.prevPageLink));
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(null, page.results.prevPageLink);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public QueryValidationServiceState doTaskStageQuery(int sc, int versionCount,
+            List<URI> services, TaskStage stage, boolean includeAllVersions) throws Throwable {
+        // test that we can query on task stage
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+        newState.taskInfo = new TaskState();
+        newState.taskInfo.stage = stage;
+        if (sc > 0) {
+            putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, 1, newState);
+        }
+
+        // now issue a query that does a match on the taskInfo.stage member
+        QueryTask.QuerySpecification q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+
+        if (includeAllVersions) {
+            q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.INCLUDE_ALL_VERSIONS);
+        }
+
+        q.query.setTermPropertyName("taskInfo.stage")
+                .setTermMatchValue(newState.taskInfo.stage.toString());
+
+        URI u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(QueryTask.create(q));
+        QueryTask finishedTaskState = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q,
+                sc, versionCount, u, false, true);
+
+        this.host.log("Result count : %d", finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size());
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(includeAllVersions ? sc * versionCount : sc, finishedTaskState);
+        return newState;
+    }
+
+    private void createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(long versionCount,
+            List<URI> services, QueryTask.QuerySpecification q, boolean forceRemote)
+            throws Throwable {
+        createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(versionCount, services, q, forceRemote, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void doNotRefreshSearcherTest() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        int sc = 10;
+        int iter = 10;
+        List<URI> services = startQueryTargetServices(sc);
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+        double currentStat;
+        double newStat;
+        int counter = 0;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+            newState.stringValue = "current";
+            newState = putSimpleStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, newState);
+            QueryTask.QuerySpecification q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+            Query kindClause = new Query();
+            kindClause.setTermPropertyName(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_KIND)
+                    .setTermMatchValue(Utils.buildKind(QueryValidationServiceState.class));
+            q.query = kindClause;
+            QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q);
+            task.setDirect(true);
+            this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false, task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+            newState.stringValue = "new";
+            newState = putSimpleStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, newState);
+
+            URI luceneStatsUri = UriUtils.buildStatsUri(this.host.getDocumentIndexServiceUri());
+            ServiceStats stats = this.host
+                    .getServiceState(null, ServiceStats.class, luceneStatsUri);
+            ServiceStat searcherUpdateBeforeQuery = stats.entries
+                    .get(LuceneDocumentIndexService.STAT_NAME_SEARCHER_UPDATE_COUNT);
+            currentStat = searcherUpdateBeforeQuery.latestValue;
+
+            q = new QueryTask.QuerySpecification();
+            kindClause = new Query();
+            kindClause.setTermPropertyName(ServiceDocument.FIELD_NAME_KIND)
+                    .setTermMatchValue(Utils.buildKind(QueryValidationServiceState.class));
+            q.query = kindClause;
+            q.options = EnumSet.of(QueryOption.DO_NOT_REFRESH);
+            task = QueryTask.create(q);
+            task.setDirect(true);
+            this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, false, task.taskInfo.isDirect, task, null);
+
+            stats = this.host.getServiceState(null, ServiceStats.class, luceneStatsUri);
+            ServiceStat searcherUpdateAfterQuery = stats.entries
+                    .get(LuceneDocumentIndexService.STAT_NAME_SEARCHER_UPDATE_COUNT);
+            newStat = searcherUpdateAfterQuery.latestValue;
+            if (currentStat == newStat) {
+                counter++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(String.format("Could not re-use index searcher in %d attempts", iter),
+                counter > 0);
+    }
+
+    private void createWaitAndValidateQueryTask(long versionCount,
+            List<URI> services, QueryTask.QuerySpecification q, boolean forceRemote,
+            boolean isDirect)
+            throws Throwable {
+        QueryTask task = QueryTask.create(q).setDirect(isDirect);
+        if (isDirect) {
+            task.documentExpirationTimeMicros = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc()
+                    + TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMicros(100);
+        }
+        URI u = this.host.createQueryTaskService(task, forceRemote,
+                isDirect, task, null);
+        if (!isDirect) {
+            task = this.host.waitForQueryTaskCompletion(q, services.size(), (int) versionCount, u,
+                    forceRemote, true);
+        }
+
+        if (q.options != null && q.options.contains(QueryOption.COUNT)) {
+            assertTrue(task.results.documentCount != null);
+            assertTrue(task.results.documentCount == services.size() * (versionCount + 1));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        validateFinishedQueryTask(services, task);
+
+        if (isDirect) {
+            verifyTaskAutoExpiration(u);
+        }
+
+        if (q.options == null
+                || !q.options.contains(QueryOption.EXPAND_CONTENT)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        assertTrue(task.results.documentLinks.size() == task.results.documents
+                .size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void toMatchValue() throws Throwable {
+        final String str = "aaa";
+        final Enum<?> enumV = TaskStage.CANCELLED;
+        final String uriStr = "http://about.drekware.com";
+        final URI uriV = URI.create(uriStr);
+
+        // Object-based calls
+        assertNull(QuerySpecification.toMatchValue((Object) null));
+        assertEquals(str, QuerySpecification.toMatchValue(str));
+        assertEquals("CANCELLED", QuerySpecification.toMatchValue((Object) enumV));
+        assertEquals(uriStr, QuerySpecification.toMatchValue((Object) uriV));
+        assertEquals("2345", QuerySpecification.toMatchValue(2345L));
+        assertEquals("true", QuerySpecification.toMatchValue((Object) true));
+        assertEquals("false", QuerySpecification.toMatchValue((Object) false));
+
+        // Boolean-specific calls
+        assertEquals("true", QuerySpecification.toMatchValue(true));
+        assertEquals("false", QuerySpecification.toMatchValue(false));
+
+        // Enum-specific calls
+        assertNull(QuerySpecification.toMatchValue((Enum<?>) null));
+        assertEquals("CANCELLED", QuerySpecification.toMatchValue(enumV));
+
+        // URI-specific calls
+        assertNull(QuerySpecification.toMatchValue((URI) null));
+        assertEquals(uriStr, QuerySpecification.toMatchValue(uriV));
+    }
+
+    private void verifyTaskAutoExpiration(URI u) throws Throwable {
+        // test task expiration
+        Date exp = this.host.getTestExpiration();
+        while (new Date().before(exp)) {
+            Thread.sleep(100);
+            ServiceDocumentQueryResult r = this.host.getServiceState(null,
+                    ServiceDocumentQueryResult.class,
+                    UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, LuceneQueryTaskFactoryService.class));
+
+            if (r.documentLinks != null) {
+                boolean taskExists = false;
+
+                for (String link : r.documentLinks) {
+                    if (u.getPath().equals(link)) {
+                        taskExists = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (!taskExists) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new TimeoutException("Task should have expired");
+    }
+
+    private void validateFinishedQueryTask(List<URI> services,
+            QueryTask finishedTaskState) {
+        validateSelfLinkResultCount(services.size(), finishedTaskState);
+    }
+
+    private void validateSelfLinkResultCount(int expectedLinks, QueryTask finishedTaskState) {
+        assertNotNull(finishedTaskState.results);
+        assertNotNull(finishedTaskState.taskInfo.durationMicros);
+        assertNotNull(finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks);
+        assertEquals(expectedLinks, finishedTaskState.results.documentLinks.size());
+    }
+
+    private QueryValidationServiceState putStateOnQueryTargetServices(
+            List<URI> services, int versionsPerService) throws Throwable {
+        QueryValidationServiceState newState = new QueryValidationServiceState();
+        newState.stringValue = TEXT_VALUE;
+        return putStateOnQueryTargetServices(services, versionsPerService,
+                newState);
+    }
+
+    private QueryValidationServiceState putStateOnQueryTargetServices(
+            List<URI> services, int versionsPerService,
+            QueryValidationServiceState templateState) throws Throwable {
+
+        this.host.testStart(services.size() * versionsPerService);
+        Random r = new Random();
+        long k = 0;
+        templateState.mapOfLongs = new HashMap<>();
+        templateState.mapOfDoubles = new HashMap<>();
+        for (URI u : services) {
+            templateState.longValue = k;
+            templateState.doubleValue = (double) k++;
+            templateState.doubleValue *= 0.1;
+            templateState.doubleValue += DOUBLE_MIN_OFFSET;
+            templateState.mapOfLongs.put("long", templateState.longValue);
+            templateState.mapOfDoubles.put("double", templateState.doubleValue);
+            templateState.stringValue = TEXT_VALUE;
+            templateState.serviceLink = SERVICE_LINK_VALUE;
+            for (int i = 0; i < versionsPerService; i++) {
+                // change all other fields, per service
+                templateState.booleanValue = r.nextBoolean();
+                templateState.id = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc() + "";
+                templateState.dateValue = new Date(System.nanoTime() / 1000);
+
+                if (templateState.exampleValue != null) {
+                    templateState.exampleValue.name = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc() + "";
+                }
+
+                Operation put = Operation.createPut(u).setBody(templateState)
+                        .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion());
+                this.host.send(put);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.host.testWait();
+        this.host.logThroughput();
+        return templateState;
+    }
+
+    private QueryValidationServiceState putSimpleStateOnQueryTargetServices(
+            List<URI> services,
+            QueryValidationServiceState templateState) throws Throwable {
+
+        this.host.testStart(services.size());
+        for (URI u : services) {
+            templateState.id = Utils.getNowMicrosUtc() + "";
+            Operation put = Operation.createPut(u).setBody(templateState)
+                    .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion());
+            this.host.send(put);
+        }
+
+        this.host.testWait();
+        this.host.logThroughput();
+        return templateState;
+    }
+
+    private List<URI> startQueryTargetServices(int serviceCount)
+            throws Throwable {
+        return startQueryTargetServices(serviceCount, new QueryValidationServiceState());
+    }
+
+    private List<URI> startQueryTargetServices(int serviceCount,
+            QueryValidationServiceState initState)
+            throws Throwable {
+        List<URI> queryValidationServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Service> services = this.host.doThroughputServiceStart(
+                serviceCount, QueryValidationTestService.class,
+                initState,
+                null, null);
+
+        for (Service s : services) {
+            queryValidationServices.add(s.getUri());
+        }
+        return queryValidationServices;
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryBuilderShouldOccur() throws Throwable {
+        setUpHost();
+        URI exampleFactoryUri = UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, ExampleFactoryService.SELF_LINK);
+        URI tenantFactoryUri = UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, TenantFactoryService.SELF_LINK);
+        this.host.testStart(2);
+
+        ExampleServiceState exampleServiceState = new ExampleServiceState();
+        exampleServiceState.name = "Foo";
+        exampleServiceState.counter = 5L;
+        exampleServiceState.keyValues.put("exampleKey", "exampleValue");
+        Operation postExample = Operation.createPost(exampleFactoryUri)
+                .setBody(exampleServiceState)
+                .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion());
+        this.host.send(postExample);
+
+        TenantState tenantState = new TenantState();
+        tenantState.name = "Pepsi";
+        Operation postTenant = Operation.createPost(tenantFactoryUri)
+                .setBody(tenantState)
+                .setCompletion(this.host.getCompletion());
+        this.host.send(postTenant);
+
+        this.host.testWait();
+
+        QuerySpecification spec = new QuerySpecification();
+        spec.query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(TenantState.class, Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .addKindFieldClause(ExampleServiceState.class, Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .build();
+        this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec, 2, 2);
+
+        spec.query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addKindFieldClause(TenantState.class, Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .build();
+        this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec, 2, 1);
+
+        spec.query = Query.Builder.create()
+                .addFieldClause("name", "Pepsi", Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .addKindFieldClause(ExampleServiceState.class, Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .build();
+        this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec, 2, 2);
+
+        spec.query = Query.Builder
+                .create()
+                .addCompositeFieldClause(ExampleServiceState.FIELD_NAME_KEY_VALUES, "exampleKey",
+                        "exampleValue",
+                        Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .addKindFieldClause(TenantState.class, Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .build();
+        this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec, 2, 2);
+
+        spec.query = Query.Builder
+                .create()
+                .addCompositeFieldClause(ExampleServiceState.FIELD_NAME_KEY_VALUES, "exampleKey",
+                        "exampleValue",
+                        Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .addKindFieldClause(TenantState.class, Occurance.MUST_OCCUR)
+                .build();
+        this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec, 2, 1);
+
+        spec.query = Query.Builder
+                .create()
+                .addRangeClause(ExampleServiceState.FIELD_NAME_COUNTER,
+                        NumericRange.createEqualRange(exampleServiceState.counter),
+                        Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .addKindFieldClause(TenantState.class, Occurance.SHOULD_OCCUR)
+                .build();
+        this.host.createAndWaitSimpleDirectQuery(spec, 2, 2);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `targetHost` last assigned on line 1037 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `buildUri(...)` at line 1038.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestQueryTaskService.paginatedbroadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.vmware.dcp.services.common.TestQueryTaskService.paginatedbroadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates():vo.842b77723d2da217e545536dbd952aed
+
+### File:
+dcp-common/src/test/java/com/vmware/dcp/services/common/TestQueryTaskService.java
+
+### Key:
+TestQueryTaskService.java|paginatedbroadcastQueryTasksOnExampleStates|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7582f5374eb54b8c149d11fdfcbbbd92
+
+### Hash:
+0766c931f07cfa4e5296861fea854d2d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6320/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6320/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..534105f0855b4447a47a717d00a2c868b4182405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6320/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xenon
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2014-2015 VMware, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License.  You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
+ * under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, without warranties or
+ * conditions of any kind, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.vmware.xenon.common.http.netty;
+
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.concurrent.CancellationException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+
+import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
+import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;
+import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaderNames;
+import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaderValues;
+import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpMethod;
+import io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpVersion;
+import io.netty.handler.codec.http.cookie.ClientCookieDecoder;
+import io.netty.handler.codec.http.cookie.Cookie;
+
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.Operation;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.Operation.AuthorizationContext;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.Operation.CompletionHandler;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.Service.Action;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.ServiceClient;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.ServiceErrorResponse;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.ServiceErrorResponse.ErrorDetail;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.ServiceHost;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.UriUtils;
+import com.vmware.xenon.common.Utils;
+import com.vmware.xenon.services.common.ServiceUriPaths;
+
+/**
+ * Asynchronous request / response client with concurrent connection management
+ */
+public class NettyHttpServiceClient implements ServiceClient {
+    /**
+     * Number of maximum parallel connections to a remote host. Idle connections are groomed but if
+     * this limit is set too high, and we are talking to many remote hosts, we can possibly exceed
+     * the process file descriptor limit
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST = 128;
+
+    /**
+     * Netty defaults to allowing 2^32 concurrent streams, which feels likea  bit much.
+     * We set it to a smaller amount: we'll tune it as we get experience with it. It may
+     * be reasonable to make it much larger than 1024.
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_HTTP2_STREAMS_PER_HOST = 1024;
+
+    public static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(ServiceClient.class
+            .getName());
+    private static final String ENV_VAR_NAME_HTTP_PROXY = "http_proxy";
+
+    private static final int DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_THREAD_COUNT = 2;
+
+    private URI httpProxy;
+    private String userAgent;
+
+    private NettyChannelPool sslChannelPool;
+    private NettyChannelPool channelPool;
+    private NettyChannelPool http2ChannelPool;
+
+    private ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutor;
+    private ExecutorService executor;
+
+    private SSLContext sslContext;
+
+    private ServiceHost host;
+
+    private HttpRequestCallbackService callbackService;
+
+    CookieJar cookieJar = new CookieJar();
+
+    private boolean isStarted;
+
+    public static ServiceClient create(String userAgent,
+            ExecutorService executor,
+            ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutor) throws URISyntaxException {
+        return create(userAgent, executor, scheduledExecutor, null);
+    }
+
+    public static ServiceClient create(String userAgent,
+            ExecutorService executor,
+            ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutor,
+            ServiceHost host) throws URISyntaxException {
+        NettyHttpServiceClient sc = new NettyHttpServiceClient();
+        sc.userAgent = userAgent;
+        sc.executor = executor;
+        sc.scheduledExecutor = scheduledExecutor;
+        sc.host = host;
+        sc.channelPool = new NettyChannelPool(executor);
+        sc.http2ChannelPool = new NettyChannelPool(executor);
+        String proxy = System.getenv(ENV_VAR_NAME_HTTP_PROXY);
+        if (proxy != null) {
+            sc.setHttpProxy(new URI(proxy));
+        }
+
+        return sc.setConnectionLimitPerHost(DEFAULT_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST);
+    }
+
+    private String buildThreadTag() {
+        if (this.host != null) {
+            return UriUtils.extendUri(this.host.getUri(), "netty-client").toString();
+        }
+        return getClass().getSimpleName() + ":" + Utils.getNowMicrosUtc();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void start() {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (this.isStarted) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.isStarted = true;
+        }
+
+        this.channelPool.setThreadTag(buildThreadTag());
+        this.channelPool.setThreadCount(DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_THREAD_COUNT);
+        this.channelPool.start();
+
+        // We make a separate pool for HTTP/2. We want to have only one connection per host
+        // when using HTTP/2 since HTTP/2 multiplexes streams on a single connection.
+        this.http2ChannelPool.setThreadTag(buildThreadTag());
+        this.http2ChannelPool.setThreadCount(DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_THREAD_COUNT);
+        this.http2ChannelPool.setConnectionLimitPerHost(DEFAULT_HTTP2_STREAMS_PER_HOST);
+        this.http2ChannelPool.setHttp2Only();
+        this.http2ChannelPool.start();
+
+        if (this.sslContext != null) {
+            this.sslChannelPool = new NettyChannelPool(this.executor);
+            this.sslChannelPool.setThreadTag(buildThreadTag());
+            this.sslChannelPool.setThreadCount(DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_THREAD_COUNT);
+            this.sslChannelPool.setSSLContext(this.sslContext);
+            this.sslChannelPool.start();
+        }
+
+        if (this.host != null) {
+            Operation startCallbackPost = Operation
+                    .createPost(UriUtils.buildUri(this.host, ServiceUriPaths.CORE_CALLBACKS))
+                    .setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                        if (e != null) {
+                            this.host.log(Level.WARNING, "Failed to start %s: %s",
+                                    ServiceUriPaths.CORE_CALLBACKS,
+                                    e.toString());
+                        }
+                    });
+            this.callbackService = new HttpRequestCallbackService();
+            this.host.startService(startCallbackPost, this.callbackService);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop() {
+        this.channelPool.stop();
+        if (this.sslChannelPool != null) {
+            this.sslChannelPool.stop();
+        }
+        if (this.http2ChannelPool != null) {
+            this.http2ChannelPool.stop();
+        }
+        this.isStarted = false;
+
+        if (this.host != null) {
+            this.host.stopService(this.callbackService);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ServiceClient setHttpProxy(URI proxy) {
+        this.httpProxy = proxy;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void send(Operation op) {
+        sendSingleRequest(op);
+    }
+
+    private void sendSingleRequest(Operation op) {
+        Operation clone = clone(op);
+        if (clone == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        setCookies(clone);
+
+        // Try to deliver operation to in-process service host
+        if (!op.isRemote()) {
+            if (this.host != null && this.host.handleRequest(clone)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        addAuthorizationContextHeader(clone);
+
+        sendRemote(clone);
+    }
+
+    private void addAuthorizationContextHeader(Operation op) {
+        AuthorizationContext ctx = op.getAuthorizationContext();
+        if (ctx == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String token = ctx.getToken();
+        if (token == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        op.addRequestHeader(Operation.REQUEST_AUTH_TOKEN_HEADER, token);
+    }
+
+    private void sendRemote(Operation op) {
+        connect(op);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a request using the asynchronous HTTP pattern, allowing greater connection re-use. The
+     * send method creates a lightweight service that serves as the callback URI for receiving the
+     * completion status from the remote node. The callback URI is set as a header on the out bound
+     * request.
+     *
+     * The remote node, if it detects the presence of the callback location header, will create a
+     * new, local request, send it to the local service, and when that local request completes, it
+     * will issues a PATCH to the callback service on this node. The original request will then be
+     * completed and the client will see the response.
+     *
+     * The end result is that a TCP connection is not "blocked" while we wait for the remote node to
+     * return a response (similar to the benefits of the asynchronous REST pattern for services that
+     * implement it)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void sendWithCallback(Operation op) {
+        sendWithCallbackSingleRequest(op);
+    }
+
+    private void sendWithCallbackSingleRequest(Operation req) {
+        if (req.getExpirationMicrosUtc() == 0) {
+            req.setExpiration(Utils.getNowMicrosUtc()
+                    + this.host.getOperationTimeoutMicros());
+        }
+
+        Operation op = clone(req);
+        if (op == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!req.isRemote() && this.host != null && this.host.handleRequest(op)) {
+            // request was accepted by an in-process service host
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Queue operation, then send it to remote target. At some point later the remote host will
+        // send a PATCH
+        // to the callback service to complete this pending operation
+        URI u = this.callbackService.queueUntilCallback(op);
+        Operation remoteOp = op.clone();
+        remoteOp.setRequestCallbackLocation(u);
+        remoteOp.setCompletion((o, e) -> {
+            if (e != null) {
+                // we do not remove the operation from the callback service, it will be removed on
+                // next maintenance
+                op.setExpiration(0).fail(e);
+                return;
+            }
+            // release reference to body, not needed
+            op.setBody(null);
+        });
+        sendRemote(remoteOp);
+    }
+
+    private void setCookies(Operation clone) {
+        // Extract cookies into cookie jar, regardless of where this operation ends up being
+        // handled.
+        clone.nestCompletion((o, e) -> {
+            if (e != null) {
+                clone.fail(e);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            handleSetCookieHeaders(clone);
+            clone.complete();
+        });
+
+        if (this.cookieJar.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Set cookies for outbound request
+        clone.setCookies(this.cookieJar.list(clone.getUri()));
+    }
+
+    private void handleSetCookieHeaders(Operation op) {
+        String value = op.getResponseHeader(Operation.SET_COOKIE_HEADER);
+        if (value == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Cookie cookie = ClientCookieDecoder.LAX.decode(value);
+        if (cookie == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        this.cookieJar.add(op.getUri(), cookie);
+    }
+
+    private void connect(Operation op) {
+        final Object originalBody = op.getBodyRaw();
+
+        // We know the URI is not null, because it was checked in clone()
+        if (op.getUri().getHost() == null) {
+            op.setRetryCount(0);
+            fail(new IllegalArgumentException("Missing host in URI"),
+                    op, originalBody);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        URI uri = this.httpProxy == null ? op.getUri() : this.httpProxy;
+        if (op.getUri().getHost().equals(ServiceHost.LOCAL_HOST)) {
+            uri = op.getUri();
+        }
+
+        op.nestCompletion((o, e) -> {
+            if (e != null) {
+                op.setBody(ServiceErrorResponse.create(e, Operation.STATUS_CODE_BAD_REQUEST,
+                        EnumSet.of(ErrorDetail.SHOULD_RETRY)));
+                fail(e, op, originalBody);
+                return;
+            }
+            sendRequest(op);
+        });
+
+        int port = uri.getPort();
+        NettyChannelPool pool = this.channelPool;
+
+        if (op.hasPragmaDirective(Operation.PRAGMA_DIRECTIVE_USE_HTTP2)) {
+            pool = this.http2ChannelPool;
+        }
+
+        if (uri.getScheme().equals(UriUtils.HTTP_SCHEME)) {
+            if (port == -1) {
+                port = UriUtils.HTTP_DEFAULT_PORT;
+            }
+        } else if (uri.getScheme().equals(UriUtils.HTTPS_SCHEME)) {
+            if (port == -1) {
+                port = UriUtils.HTTPS_DEFAULT_PORT;
+            }
+            pool = this.sslChannelPool;
+
+            if (this.getSSLContext() == null || pool == null) {
+                op.setRetryCount(0);
+                fail(new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "HTTPS not enabled, set SSL context before starting client:"
+                                + op.getUri().getScheme()),
+                        op, originalBody);
+                return;
+            }
+        } else {
+            op.setRetryCount(0);
+            fail(new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Scheme is not supported: " + op.getUri().getScheme()), op, originalBody);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        pool.connectOrReuse(uri.getHost(), port, op);
+    }
+
+    private void sendRequest(Operation op) {
+        final Object originalBody = op.getBodyRaw();
+        try {
+            byte[] body = Utils.encodeBody(op);
+            String pathAndQuery;
+            String path = op.getUri().getPath();
+            String query = op.getUri().getQuery();
+            path = path == null || path.isEmpty() ? "/" : path;
+            if (query != null) {
+                pathAndQuery = path + "?" + query;
+            } else {
+                pathAndQuery = path;
+            }
+
+            if (this.httpProxy != null) {
+                pathAndQuery = op.getUri().toString();
+            }
+
+            NettyFullHttpRequest request = null;
+            HttpMethod method = HttpMethod.valueOf(op.getAction().toString());
+            boolean useHttp2 = op.hasPragmaDirective(Operation.PRAGMA_DIRECTIVE_USE_HTTP2);
+
+            if (body == null || body.length == 0) {
+                request = new NettyFullHttpRequest(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, method, pathAndQuery);
+            } else {
+                ByteBuf content = Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(body);
+                request = new NettyFullHttpRequest(HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1, method, pathAndQuery,
+                        content, false);
+            }
+
+            if (useHttp2) {
+                // The fact that we use HTTP2 is an internal detail, not to share on the wire.
+                // We use a pragma instead of exposing an API (e.g. setHttp2()) on the Operation
+                // because it's an implementation detail not normally needed by clients.
+                op.removePragmaDirective(Operation.PRAGMA_DIRECTIVE_USE_HTTP2);
+
+                // We set the operation so that once a streamId is assigned, we can record
+                // the correspondence between the streamId and operation: this will let us
+                // handle responses properly later.
+                request.setOperation(op);
+            }
+
+            for (Entry<String, String> nameValue : op.getRequestHeaders().entrySet()) {
+                request.headers().set(nameValue.getKey(), nameValue.getValue());
+            }
+
+            request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.CONTENT_LENGTH,
+                    Long.toString(op.getContentLength()));
+            request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.CONTENT_TYPE, op.getContentType());
+            request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.CONNECTION, HttpHeaderValues.KEEP_ALIVE);
+
+            if (op.getContextId() != null) {
+                request.headers().set(Operation.CONTEXT_ID_HEADER, op.getContextId());
+            }
+
+            if (op.getReferer() != null) {
+                request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.REFERER, op.getReferer().toString());
+            }
+
+            if (op.getCookies() != null) {
+                String header = CookieJar.encodeCookies(op.getCookies());
+                request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.COOKIE, header);
+            }
+
+            request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.USER_AGENT, this.userAgent);
+            if (!op.getRequestHeaders().containsKey(Operation.ACCEPT_HEADER)) {
+                request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.ACCEPT,
+                        Operation.MEDIA_TYPE_EVERYTHING_WILDCARDS);
+            }
+
+            request.headers().set(HttpHeaderNames.HOST, op.getUri().getHost());
+
+            // The Netty HTTP/2 code uses the URI to create the :scheme pseudo-header.
+            if (useHttp2) {
+                request.setUri(op.getUri().toString());
+            }
+
+            op.nestCompletion((o, e) -> {
+                if (e != null) {
+                    fail(e, op, originalBody);
+                    return;
+                }
+                // After request is sent control is transferred to the
+                // NettyHttpServerResponseHandler. The response handler will nest completions
+                // and call complete() when response is received, which will invoke this completion
+                op.complete();
+            });
+
+            op.getSocketContext().writeHttpRequest(request);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            op.setBody(ServiceErrorResponse.create(e, Operation.STATUS_CODE_BAD_REQUEST,
+                    EnumSet.of(ErrorDetail.SHOULD_RETRY)));
+            fail(e, op, originalBody);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void fail(Throwable e, Operation op, Object originalBody) {
+
+        NettyChannelContext ctx = (NettyChannelContext) op.getSocketContext();
+        NettyChannelPool pool = this.channelPool;
+
+        if (this.sslChannelPool != null && this.sslChannelPool.isContextInUse(ctx)) {
+            pool = this.sslChannelPool;
+        }
+
+        if (ctx != null && ctx.getProtocol() == NettyChannelContext.Protocol.HTTP2) {
+            // For HTTP/2, we multiple streams so we don't close the connection.
+            pool = this.http2ChannelPool;
+            pool.returnOrClose(ctx, false);
+        } else {
+            // for HTTP/1.1, we close the stream to ensure we don't use a bad connection
+            op.setSocketContext(null);
+            pool.returnOrClose(ctx, !op.isKeepAlive());
+        }
+
+        if (this.scheduledExecutor.isShutdown()) {
+            op.fail(new CancellationException());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean isRetryRequested = op.getRetryCount() > 0 && op.decrementRetriesRemaining() >= 0;
+
+        if (isRetryRequested) {
+            if (op.getStatusCode() >= Operation.STATUS_CODE_SERVER_FAILURE_THRESHOLD) {
+                isRetryRequested = false;
+            }
+
+            if (op.getStatusCode() == Operation.STATUS_CODE_CONFLICT) {
+                isRetryRequested = false;
+            }
+
+            if (op.getStatusCode() == Operation.STATUS_CODE_UNAUTHORIZED) {
+                isRetryRequested = false;
+            }
+
+            if (op.getStatusCode() == Operation.STATUS_CODE_NOT_FOUND) {
+                isRetryRequested = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!isRetryRequested) {
+            LOGGER.warning(String.format("(%d) Send of %d, from %s to %s failed with %s",
+                    pool.getPendingRequestCount(op), op.getId(), op.getReferer(), op.getUri(),
+                    e.toString()));
+            op.fail(e);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LOGGER.info(String.format("(%d) Retry %d of request %d from %s to %s due to %s",
+                pool.getPendingRequestCount(op), op.getRetryCount() - op.getRetriesRemaining(),
+                op.getId(),
+                op.getReferer(), op.getUri(), e.toString()));
+
+        int delaySeconds = op.getRetryCount() - op.getRetriesRemaining();
+
+        // restore status code and body, then restart send state machine
+        // (connect, encode, write to channel)
+        op.setStatusCode(Operation.STATUS_CODE_OK).setBodyNoCloning(originalBody);
+
+        this.scheduledExecutor.schedule(() -> {
+            connect(op);
+        } , delaySeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    private static Operation clone(Operation op) {
+
+        Throwable e = null;
+        if (op == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Operation is required");
+        }
+
+        CompletionHandler c = op.getCompletion();
+
+        if (op.getUri() == null) {
+            e = new IllegalArgumentException("Uri is required");
+        }
+
+        if (op.getAction() == null) {
+            e = new IllegalArgumentException("Action is required");
+        }
+
+        if (op.getReferer() == null) {
+            e = new IllegalArgumentException("Referer is required");
+        }
+
+        boolean needsBody = op.getAction() != Action.GET && op.getAction() != Action.DELETE &&
+                op.getAction() != Action.POST && op.getAction() != Action.OPTIONS;
+
+        if (!op.hasBody() && needsBody) {
+            e = new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "Body is required");
+        }
+
+        if (e != null) {
+            if (c != null) {
+                c.handle(op, e);
+                return null;
+            } else {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        return op.clone();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handleMaintenance(Operation op) {
+        if (this.sslChannelPool != null) {
+            this.sslChannelPool.handleMaintenance(Operation.createPost(op.getUri()));
+        }
+        if (this.http2ChannelPool != null) {
+            this.http2ChannelPool.handleMaintenance(Operation.createPost(op.getUri()));
+        }
+        this.channelPool.handleMaintenance(op);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the maximum number of connections per host
+     *
+     * Note that you could have up to 2x+1 connections per host:
+     * - max-connections for HTTP
+     * - max-connections for HTTPS
+     * - 1 for HTTP/2 (this can't be changed)
+     *
+     * In practice, it's likely to only use one channel pool per host, so this probably won't happen
+     * in the wild.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public ServiceClient setConnectionLimitPerHost(int limit) {
+        this.channelPool.setConnectionLimitPerHost(limit);
+        if (this.sslChannelPool != null) {
+            this.sslChannelPool.setConnectionLimitPerHost(limit);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getConnectionLimitPerHost() {
+        return this.channelPool.getConnectionLimitPerHost();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ServiceClient setSSLContext(SSLContext context) {
+        this.sslContext = context;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SSLContext getSSLContext() {
+        return this.sslContext;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find the HTTP/2 context that is currently being used to talk to a given host.
+     * This is intended for infrastructure test purposes.
+     */
+    public NettyChannelContext getCurrentHttp2Context(String host, int port) {
+        if (this.http2ChannelPool == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Internal error: no HTTP/2 channel pool");
+        }
+        return this.http2ChannelPool.getFirstValidHttp2Context(host, port);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Count how many HTTP/2 contexts we have. There may be more than one if we have
+     * an exhausted connection that hasn't been cleaned up yet.
+     * This is intended for infrastructure test purposes.
+     */
+    public int countHttp2Contexts(String host, int port) {
+        if (this.http2ChannelPool == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Internal error: no HTTP/2 channel pool");
+        }
+        return this.http2ChannelPool.getHttp2ActiveContextCount(host, port);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Infrastructure testing use only: do not use this in production
+     */
+    public void clearCookieJar() {
+        this.cookieJar = new CookieJar();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.vmware.xenon.common.http.netty.NettyHttpServiceClient.stop` reads without synchronization from `this.com.vmware.xenon.common.http.netty.NettyHttpServiceClient.callbackService`. Potentially races with write in method `NettyHttpServiceClient.start()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NettyHttpServiceClient.stop()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.vmware.xenon.common.http.netty.NettyHttpServiceClient.stop():void.0691e706b4e8076999a7f9f53cac2974
+
+### File:
+xenon-common/src/main/java/com/vmware/xenon/common/http/netty/NettyHttpServiceClient.java
+
+### Key:
+NettyHttpServiceClient.java|stop|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c368ef265a39586ce3f9e08dbe4311c4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6327/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6327/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c2587316329927c6419ef60bd48b447a05ecc34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6327/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** quilt
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.interledger.link.http;
+
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.AUTH_TYPE;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.ILP_OVER_HTTP;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.INCOMING;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.OUTGOING;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.SHARED_SECRET;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.TOKEN_AUDIENCE;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.TOKEN_EXPIRY;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.TOKEN_ISSUER;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.TOKEN_SUBJECT;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.URL;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IncomingLinkSettings.HTTP_INCOMING_AUTH_TYPE;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IncomingLinkSettings.HTTP_INCOMING_SHARED_SECRET;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IncomingLinkSettings.HTTP_INCOMING_TOKEN_AUDIENCE;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.IncomingLinkSettings.HTTP_INCOMING_TOKEN_ISSUER;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.OutgoingLinkSettings.HTTP_OUTGOING_AUTH_TYPE;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.OutgoingLinkSettings.HTTP_OUTGOING_SHARED_SECRET;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.OutgoingLinkSettings.HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_AUDIENCE;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.OutgoingLinkSettings.HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_EXPIRY;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.OutgoingLinkSettings.HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_ISSUER;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.OutgoingLinkSettings.HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_SUBJECT;
+import static org.interledger.link.http.OutgoingLinkSettings.HTTP_OUTGOING_URL;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public abstract class AbstractHttpLinkSettingsTest {
+
+  protected Map<String, Object> customSettingsFlat() {
+    return ImmutableMap.<String, Object>builder()
+        .put(HTTP_INCOMING_AUTH_TYPE, IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.AuthType.JWT_HS_256.name())
+        .put(HTTP_INCOMING_TOKEN_ISSUER, "https://incoming-issuer.example.com/")
+        .put(HTTP_INCOMING_SHARED_SECRET, "incoming-credential")
+        .put(HTTP_INCOMING_TOKEN_AUDIENCE, "https://incoming-audience.example.com/")
+
+        .put(HTTP_OUTGOING_AUTH_TYPE, IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.AuthType.SIMPLE.name())
+        .put(HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_SUBJECT, "outgoing-subject")
+        .put(HTTP_OUTGOING_SHARED_SECRET, "outgoing-credential")
+        .put(HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_ISSUER, "https://outgoing-issuer.example.com/")
+        .put(HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_AUDIENCE, "https://outgoing-audience.example.com/")
+        .put(HTTP_OUTGOING_TOKEN_EXPIRY, Duration.ofDays(1).toString())
+        .put(HTTP_OUTGOING_URL, "https://outgoing.example.com")
+
+        .build();
+  }
+
+  protected Map<String, Object> customSettingsHeirarchical() {
+    final Map<String, Object> incomingMap = new HashMap<>();
+    incomingMap.put(AUTH_TYPE, IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.AuthType.JWT_HS_256.name());
+    incomingMap.put(TOKEN_SUBJECT, "incoming-subject");
+    incomingMap.put(SHARED_SECRET, "incoming-credential");
+    incomingMap.put(TOKEN_ISSUER, "https://incoming-issuer.example.com/");
+    incomingMap.put(TOKEN_AUDIENCE, "https://incoming-audience.example.com/");
+
+    final Map<String, Object> outgoingMap = new HashMap<>();
+    outgoingMap.put(AUTH_TYPE, IlpOverHttpLinkSettings.AuthType.SIMPLE.name());
+    outgoingMap.put(TOKEN_SUBJECT, "outgoing-subject");
+    outgoingMap.put(SHARED_SECRET, "outgoing-credential");
+    outgoingMap.put(TOKEN_ISSUER, "https://outgoing-issuer.example.com/");
+    outgoingMap.put(TOKEN_AUDIENCE, "https://outgoing-audience.example.com/");
+    outgoingMap.put(TOKEN_EXPIRY, Duration.ofDays(2).toString());
+    outgoingMap.put(URL, "https://outgoing.example.com/");
+
+    final Map<String, Object> httpMap = new HashMap<>();
+    httpMap.put(INCOMING, incomingMap);
+    httpMap.put(OUTGOING, outgoingMap);
+
+    final Map<String, Object> customSettings = new HashMap<>();
+    customSettings.put(ILP_OVER_HTTP, httpMap);
+
+    return customSettings;
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+CHECKERS_IMMUTABLE_CAST
+
+### Qualifier:
+Method customSettingsFlat() returns class com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap but the return type is class java.util.Map. Make sure that users of this method do not try to modify the collection.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map AbstractHttpLinkSettingsTest.customSettingsFlat()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.interledger.link.http.AbstractHttpLinkSettingsTest.customSettingsFlat():java.util.Map.d4bd741c9e2c5f762f045c542bc00b86
+
+### File:
+link-parent/link-ilp-over-http/src/test/java/org/interledger/link/http/AbstractHttpLinkSettingsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractHttpLinkSettingsTest.java|customSettingsFlat|CHECKERS_IMMUTABLE_CAST
+
+### Node Key:
+a6910ae797b71d863caed85a9357701b
+
+### Hash:
+97290c4fcaf8d331931a49b8fd96fd05
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Checkers Immutable Cast
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6329/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6329/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3dfc67a2318832a63718a1ae6b0c709b3475eb11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6329/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jstylo
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.generics;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.jgaap.generics.Document;
+
+import edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.featureProcessing.Chunker;
+import edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.featureProcessing.CumulativeFeatureDriver;
+import edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.featureProcessing.LocalParallelFeatureExtractionAPI;
+import edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.featureProcessing.StringDocument;
+import edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.machineLearning.Analyzer;
+import edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.machineLearning.Verifier;
+import edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.machineLearning.weka.WekaAnalyzer;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * JStylo fullAPI Version 1.0<br>
+ * 
+ * A simple API for the inner JStylo functionality.<br>
+ * Provides four constructors at the moment (eventually more) <br>
+ * After the fullAPI is constructed, users need only call prepareInstances(),
+ * (sometimes, depending on constructor) prepareAnalyzer(), and run().<br>
+ * After fetch the relevant information with the correct get method<br>
+ * @author Travis Dutko
+ */
+
+public class FullAPI {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(FullAPI.class);
+    
+	/**
+	 * Builder for the fullAPI class. <br>
+	 *
+	 * You must specify at least one of each of the following pairs:<br>
+	 * psXMLPath and probSet<br>
+	 * cfdXMLPath and cfd<br>
+	 * classifierPath  and classifier<br>
+	 * 
+	 * All other parameters have the following default values:<br>
+	 * numThreads = 4<br>
+	 * numFolds = 10<br>
+	 * type = analysisType.CROSS_VALIDATION<br>
+	 * useDocTitles = false<br>
+	 */
+	public static class Builder{
+		private String psXMLPath;
+		private ProblemSet probSet;
+		private String cfdXMLPath;
+		private String verifierName;
+		private CumulativeFeatureDriver cfd;
+		private Analyzer analyzer;
+		private int numFolds = 10;
+		private analysisType type = analysisType.CROSS_VALIDATION;
+		private boolean loadDocContents = false;
+		private Preferences p = null;
+		private boolean useCache = false;
+		private boolean chunkDocs = false;
+		
+		public Builder(){
+			
+		}
+		
+		public Builder preferences(Preferences pref){
+			p = pref;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder psPath(String psXML){
+			psXMLPath = psXML;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder cfdPath(String cfdXML){
+			cfdXMLPath = cfdXML;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder setAnalyzer(Analyzer analyzer){
+		    this.analyzer = analyzer;
+		    return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder ps(ProblemSet ps){
+			probSet = ps;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder cfd(CumulativeFeatureDriver cFeatDriver){
+			cfd = cFeatDriver;
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		public Builder numThreads(int nt){
+			if (p == null){
+				p = Preferences.buildDefaultPreferences();
+			}
+			p.setPreference("numCalcThreads",""+nt);
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder numFolds(int nf){
+			numFolds = nf;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder analysisType(analysisType at){
+			type = at;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder useCache(boolean uc) {
+			useCache = uc;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder chunkDocs(boolean ch){
+		    chunkDocs = ch;
+		    return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder loadDocContents(boolean ldc){
+			loadDocContents = ldc;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public Builder verifierName(String v){
+			verifierName = v;
+			return this;
+		}
+		
+		public FullAPI build(){
+			return new FullAPI(this);
+		}
+		
+	}
+	
+	///////////////////////////////// Data
+	
+	//which evaluation to perform enumeration
+	public static enum analysisType {CROSS_VALIDATION,TRAIN_TEST_UNKNOWN,TRAIN_TEST_KNOWN};
+	
+	//Persistant/necessary data
+	LocalParallelFeatureExtractionAPI ib; //does the feature extraction
+	String classifierPath; //creates analyzer
+	Analyzer analysisDriver; //does the train/test/crossVal
+	analysisType selected; //type of evaluation
+	int numFolds; //folds for cross val (defaults to 10)
+	String verifierName; //verifier to use (can't create it right away as most need parameters
+	Verifier verifier; //the verifier object
+	
+	
+	//Result Data
+	ExperimentResults experimentResults;
+	
+	///////////////////////////////// Constructor
+	/**
+	 * Constructor; the fullAPI can be built solely via a Builder.
+	 * @param b the builder
+	 */
+	private FullAPI(Builder b){
+		ib = new LocalParallelFeatureExtractionAPI();
+		
+		if (b.p == null){
+			ib.setPreferences(Preferences.buildDefaultPreferences());
+		} else {
+			ib.setPreferences(b.p);
+		}
+		
+		if (b.psXMLPath==null)
+			ib.setProblemSet(b.probSet);
+		else 
+			ib.setProblemSet(new ProblemSet(b.psXMLPath,
+					b.loadDocContents));
+		
+		if (b.cfdXMLPath==null)
+			ib.setCumulativeFeatureDriver(b.cfd);
+		else {
+			try {
+				ib.setCumulativeFeatureDriver(new CumulativeFeatureDriver(b.cfdXMLPath));
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				LOG.error("Failed to build cfd from xml path: "+b.cfdXMLPath,e);
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+		}
+		
+		ib.setUseCache(b.useCache);
+		ib.setLoadDocContents(b.loadDocContents);
+		ib.setChunkDocs(b.chunkDocs);
+		verifierName = b.verifierName;
+		selected = b.type;
+		numFolds = b.numFolds;
+		analysisDriver = b.analyzer;
+	}
+	
+	///////////////////////////////// Methods
+	
+	/**
+	 * Prepares the instances objects (stored within the InstancesBuilder)
+	 */
+	public void prepareInstances() {
+
+		try {
+			if (ib.isUsingCache())
+				ib.validateCFDCache();
+			if (ib.isChunkingDocs())
+			    Chunker.chunkAllTrainDocs(ib.getProblemSet());
+			ib.extractEventsThreaded(); //extracts events from documents
+			ib.initializeRelevantEvents(); //creates the List<EventSet> to pay attention to
+			ib.initializeFeatureSet(); //creates the attribute list to base the Instances on
+			ib.createTrainingDataMapThreaded(); //creates train Instances
+			ib.createTestingDataMapThreaded(); //creates test Instances (if present)
+			ib.killThreads();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			System.out.println("Failed to prepare instances");
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Calculates and stores the infoGain for future use
+	 */
+	public void calcInfoGain(){
+		try {
+			ib.calculateInfoGain(); //delegate to underlying Instances Builder
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			LOG.error("Failed to calculate infoGain",e);
+		} 
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Applies infoGain to the training and testing instances
+	 * @param n the number of features/attributes to keep
+	 */
+	public void applyInfoGain(int n){
+		try {
+			ib.applyInfoGain(n);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			System.out.println("Failed to apply infoGain");
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Perform the actual analysis
+	 */
+	public void run(){
+		
+		//switch based on the enum
+		switch (selected) {
+	
+		//do a cross val
+		case CROSS_VALIDATION:
+			experimentResults = analysisDriver.runCrossValidation(ib.getTrainingDataMap(), numFolds, 0);
+			break;
+
+		// do a train/test
+		case TRAIN_TEST_UNKNOWN:
+		    experimentResults = analysisDriver.classify(ib.getTrainingDataMap(), ib.getTestDataMap(), ib.getProblemSet().getAllTestDocs());
+			break;
+
+		//do a train/test where we know the answer and just want statistics
+		case TRAIN_TEST_KNOWN:
+			ib.getProblemSet().removeAuthor("_Unknown_");
+			try {
+				DataMap train = ib.getTrainingDataMap();
+				DataMap test = ib.getTestDataMap();
+				experimentResults = analysisDriver.getTrainTestEval(train,test);
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				LOG.error("Failed to build trainTest Evaluation",e);
+			}
+			break;
+		
+		//should not occur
+		default:
+			System.out.println("Unreachable. Something went wrong somewhere.");
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Runs verification with the extracted instances
+	 * right now both verifiers only need a single double arg, so this parameter works out.
+	 * Might need to adjust this to add more verifiers, however.
+	 */
+	//TODO this'll need to be redone to not use Weka classes
+	/*
+	public void verify(double arg){
+		if (verifierName.equalsIgnoreCase("ThresholdVerifier")){
+			List<String> authors = new ArrayList<String>();
+			for (String s : ib.getProblemSet().getAuthors()){
+				authors.add(s);
+			}
+			Instances tests = WekaAnalyzer.instancesFromDataMap(ib.getTestDataMap());
+			for (int i = 0; i < tests.numInstances(); i++){
+				Instance inst = tests.instance(i);
+				verifier = new ThresholdVerifier(analysisDriver.getClassifier(),inst,arg,authors);
+			}
+		} else if (verifierName.equalsIgnoreCase("Distractorless")) {
+			verifier = new DistractorlessVerifier(WekaAnalyzer.instancesFromDataMap(ib.getTrainingDataMap()),WekaAnalyzer.instancesFromDataMap(ib.getTestDataMap()),true,arg);
+		}
+		verifier.verify();
+	}
+	*/
+	
+	///////////////////////////////// Setters/Getters
+	
+	/**
+	 * Spits back the verification result string
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public String getVerificationResultString(){
+		return verifier.getResultString();
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * @param useCache boolean value. Whether or not to use the cache for feature extraction.
+	 */
+	public void setUseCache(boolean useCache) {
+		ib.setUseCache(useCache);
+	}
+	
+	public void setProblemSet(ProblemSet probSet){
+		ib.setProblemSet(probSet);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets the training Instances object
+	 * @param insts the Instances object to use as training data
+	 */
+	public void setTrainingDataMap(DataMap train){
+		ib.setTrainingDataMap(train);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets the testing Instances object
+	 * @param insts the Instances object to use as testing data
+	 */
+	public void setTestingDataMap(DataMap test){
+		ib.setTestingDataMap(test);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets the type of experiment to run
+	 * @param type enum value of either CROSS_VALIDATION, TRAIN_TEST_UNKNOWN, or TRAIN_TEST_KNOWN
+	 */
+	public void setExperimentType(analysisType type){
+		selected = type;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Change the number of folds to use in cross validation
+	 * @param n number of folds to use from now on
+	 */
+	public void setNumFolds(int n){
+		numFolds = n;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Sets the number of calculation threads to use
+	 * @param nt the number of calculation threads to use
+	 */
+	public void setNumThreads(int nt){
+		ib.setNumThreads(nt);
+	}
+	
+	public boolean isUsingCache() {
+		return ib.isUsingCache();
+	}
+	
+	public Analyzer getUnderlyingAnalyzer(){
+		return analysisDriver;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @return the Instances object describing the training documents
+	 */
+	public DataMap getTrainingDataMap(){
+		return ib.getTrainingDataMap();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @return the Instances object describing the test documents
+	 */
+	public DataMap getTestingDataMap(){
+		return ib.getTestDataMap();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @return the infoGain data (not in human readable form lists indices and usefulness)
+	 */
+	public double[][] getInfoGain(){
+		return ib.getInfoGain();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @return the problem set being evaluated
+	 */
+	public ProblemSet getProblemSet(){
+		return ib.getProblemSet();
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @return the InstancesBuilder which is responsible for the feature extraction
+	 */
+	public LocalParallelFeatureExtractionAPI getUnderlyingInstancesBuilder(){
+		return ib;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns a string of features, in order of most to least useful, with their infogain values<br>
+	 * @param showZeroes whether or not to show features that have a 0 as their infoGain value
+	 * @return the string representing the infoGain
+	 */
+	public String getReadableInfoGain(boolean showZeroes){
+		
+		//initialize the string and infoGain
+		String infoString = ">-----InfoGain information: \n\n";
+		DataMap trainingDataMap = ib.getTrainingDataMap();
+		double[][] infoGain = ib.getInfoGain();
+		
+		for (int i = 0; i<infoGain.length; i++){
+			if (!showZeroes && (infoGain[i][0]==0))
+				break;
+			
+			//match the index to the name and add it to the string
+			infoString+=String.format("> %-50s   %f\n",
+					trainingDataMap.getFeatures().get((int)infoGain[i][1]),
+					infoGain[i][0]);
+		}
+		
+		//return the result
+		return infoString;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @return the evaluation object containing the classification data
+	 */
+	public ExperimentResults getResults(){
+		return experimentResults;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * @return String containing accuracy, metrics, and confusion matrix from the evaluation
+	 */
+    public String getStatString() {
+        ExperimentResults eval = getResults();
+        String resultsString = "";
+        //change the experiment header
+        if (selected.equals(analysisType.CROSS_VALIDATION))
+            resultsString+="[[Showing results for Cross Validation Experiment]]\n";
+        else if (selected.equals(analysisType.TRAIN_TEST_KNOWN)) {
+            resultsString+="[[Showing results for a Train-Test with Known Authors Experiment]]\n";
+        } else if (selected.equals(analysisType.TRAIN_TEST_UNKNOWN)){
+            resultsString+="[[Showing results for a Train-Test with Unknown Authors Experiment]]\n";
+            resultsString+=eval.getAllDocumentResults(false);
+            return resultsString; //return this one early as we don't want to add the stat string to it since it'd be misleading
+        } else {
+            resultsString+="[[Showing results for an unidentifiable experiment... how did you get here?]]\n";
+        }
+            
+        resultsString += eval.getStatisticsString() + "\n";
+        if (selected.equals(analysisType.CROSS_VALIDATION))
+            resultsString += eval.getConfusionMatrixString();
+        else
+            resultsString += eval.getAllDocumentResults(true) + "\n";
+        return resultsString;
+	}
+
+    
+	/**
+	 * @return The accuracy of the given test in percentage format
+	 */
+	public String getClassificationAccuracy(){
+		String results = "";
+		ExperimentResults eval = getResults();
+		results+= eval.getTruePositiveRate();
+		
+		return results;
+	}
+	
+	public CumulativeFeatureDriver getCFD(){
+		return ib.getCFD();
+	}
+	
+	///////////////////////////////// Main method for testing purposes
+	//FIXME
+	/*
+	 * So right now there's 1 mild bug
+	 * 
+	 * 1: Crossvalidation--weka seems to shuffle instances when cross-validating. 
+	 *     This causes document titles to be improperly tracked throughout the whole process.
+	 *     
+	 *     Fix idea--do cross validation "manually"--randomly determine which docs to use as testing ourselves,
+	 *     keeping track of it as we go. Use the source instances to break apart and create new train test and accumulate
+	 *     results manually.
+	 *     Note: this is purely incorrect in terms of labels. The overall statistics produced is correct, just the wrong doc titles are being assigned.
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public static void main(String[] args){
+	    
+	    FullAPI test = null;
+	    
+	    ProblemSet ps = new ProblemSet();
+	    File parent = new File("/Users/tdutko200/git/jstylo/jsan_resources/corpora/drexel_1");
+        try {
+            for (File author : parent.listFiles()) {
+                if (!author.getName().equalsIgnoreCase(".DS_Store")) {
+                    for (File document : author.listFiles()) {
+                        if (!document.getName().equalsIgnoreCase(".DS_Store")) {
+                            Document doc = new StringDocument(toDeleteGetStringFromFile(document), author.getName(),document.getName());
+                            doc.load();
+                            ps.addTrainDoc(author.getName(), doc);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Womp womp.",e);
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+	    
+        try {
+            test = new FullAPI.Builder()
+                    .cfdPath("jsan_resources/feature_sets/writeprints_feature_set_limited.xml")
+                    .ps(ps)
+                    .setAnalyzer(new WekaAnalyzer())
+                    .numThreads(1).analysisType(analysisType.CROSS_VALIDATION).useCache(false).chunkDocs(false)
+                    .loadDocContents(true)
+                    .build();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.err.println("Failed to intialize API, exiting...");
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+
+		test.prepareInstances();
+		test.calcInfoGain();
+		//test.applyInfoGain(5);
+		test.run();
+		System.out.println(test.getStatString());
+		System.out.println(test.getReadableInfoGain(false));
+		System.out.println(test.getResults().toJson().toString());
+		//System.out.println(test.getClassificationAccuracy());
+		//System.out.println(test.getStatString());
+	}
+	
+	private static String toDeleteGetStringFromFile(File f) throws Exception{
+	    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(f));
+	    String results = "";
+	    while (br.ready())
+	        results+=br.readLine()+"\n";
+	    br.close();
+	    return results;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `parent.listFiles()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 513.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FullAPI.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.drexel.psal.jstylo.generics.FullAPI.main(java.lang.String[]):void.6a5e1d59a8defcc2001b3118cf7d416e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/edu/drexel/psal/jstylo/generics/FullAPI.java
+
+### Key:
+FullAPI.java|main|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+24ee14a57e8a90ab88fc833015223ecd
+
+### Hash:
+b2c11f1a77e43e189789d613e695afe9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6402/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6402/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a33cb602771c97367d64f1c271c03ccf87af413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6402/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,921 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 132
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.BOMInputStream;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore("CSV-107")
+    public void testBOM() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(url, null, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBOMInputStream() throws IOException {
+        URL url = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().getResource("CSVFileParser/bom.csv");
+        Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(new BOMInputStream(url.openStream()), "UTF-8");
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(reader, CSVFormat.EXCEL.withHeader());
+        try {
+            for (CSVRecord record : parser) {
+                final String string = record.get("Date");
+                Assert.assertNotNull(string);
+                //System.out.println("date: " + record.get("Date"));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            parser.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parse(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser(null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test // TODO this may lead to strange behavior, throw an exception if iterator() has already been called?
+    public void testMultipleIterators() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c" + CR + "d,e,f", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr1 = parser.iterator();
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> itr2 = parser.iterator();
+
+        final CSVRecord first = itr1.next();
+        assertEquals("a", first.get(0));
+        assertEquals("b", first.get(1));
+        assertEquals("c", first.get(2));
+
+        final CSVRecord second = itr2.next();
+        assertEquals("d", second.get(0));
+        assertEquals("e", second.get(1));
+        assertEquals("f", second.get(2));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserNullReaderFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testNewCSVParserReaderNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        new CSVParser(new StringReader(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        Assert.assertNull(parser.getHeaderMap());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseFileNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(new File(""), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullFileFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((File) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullStringFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse((String) null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseNullUrlCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse(null, Charset.defaultCharset(), CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParserUrlNullCharsetFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), null, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        parser.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseStringNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        CSVParser.parse("csv data", null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testParseUrlCharsetNullFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse(new URL("http://commons.apache.org"), Charset.defaultCharset(), null);
+        parser.close();        
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parse(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parse("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParser` acquired by call to `parse(...)` at line 670 is not released after line 680.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 680
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testMultipleIterators()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testMultipleIterators():void.2e5016424e3827f4618722cf3750d47b
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testMultipleIterators|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+24ae6f170d625e18d33bb0779a6f88fd
+
+### Hash:
+2a99da40d7fc03295951437dc1edec3e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6404/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6404/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e957fdf409327d48d399607d8684754fa30226c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6404/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 92
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(CSVINPUT, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = NoSuchElementException.class)
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        records.next();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVParser.parseString(input, CSVFormat.DEFAULT)) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+            // expected
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipSetHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("a", "b", "c").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSkipAutoHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("a"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("b"));
+        assertEquals("3", record.get("c"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeaderAuto() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("a"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("b"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("c"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").withSkipHeaderRecord(true)
+                .parse(in).iterator();
+        CSVRecord record;
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat).close();
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVParser.parseString("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `parseString(...)` at line 123 is not released after line 124.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testExcelFormat2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testExcelFormat2():void.12aab634a132fdbc1bae2f1ee1f0f4fe
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testExcelFormat2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+3ad9f83b2682d74b65a9236805fea968
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6405/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6405/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8d743b23bab2369d39d77aea272eb66f8a6ccba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6405/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 66
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVPrinterTest {
+
+    public static String printable(final String s) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            final char ch = s.charAt(i);
+            if (ch <= ' ' || ch >= 128) {
+                sb.append("(").append((int) ch).append(")");
+            } else {
+                sb.append(ch);
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    String recordSeparator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getRecordSeparator();
+
+    public void doOneRandom(final CSVFormat format) throws Exception {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int nLines = r.nextInt(4) + 1;
+        final int nCol = r.nextInt(3) + 1;
+        // nLines=1;nCol=2;
+        final String[][] lines = new String[nLines][];
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            final String[] line = new String[nCol];
+            lines[i] = line;
+            for (int j = 0; j < nCol; j++) {
+                line[j] = randStr();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, format);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            // for (int j=0; j<lines[i].length; j++) System.out.println("### VALUE=:" + printable(lines[i][j]));
+            printer.printRecord((Object[])lines[i]);
+        }
+
+        printer.flush();
+        printer.close();
+        final String result = sw.toString();
+        // System.out.println("### :" + printable(result));
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(result, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> parseResult = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Printer output :" + printable(result), lines, parseResult);
+    }
+
+    public void doRandom(final CSVFormat format, final int iter) throws Exception {
+        for (int i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+            doOneRandom(format);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String randStr() {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int sz = r.nextInt(20);
+        // sz = r.nextInt(3);
+        final char[] buf = new char[sz];
+        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
+            // stick in special chars with greater frequency
+            char ch;
+            final int what = r.nextInt(20);
+            switch (what) {
+                case 0:
+                    ch = '\r';
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    ch = '\n';
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    ch = '\t';
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    ch = '\f';
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    ch = ' ';
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    ch = ',';
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    ch = '"';
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    ch = '\'';
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    ch = '\\';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    ch = (char) r.nextInt(300);
+                    break;
+                // default: ch = 'a'; break;
+            }
+            buf[i] = ch;
+        }
+        return new String(buf);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDisabledComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }), Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }),
+                Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJdbcPrinter() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
+        final Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:mem:my_test;", "sa", "");
+        try {
+            final Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
+            stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(1, 'r1')");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(2, 'r2')");
+            final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            printer.printRecords(stmt.executeQuery("select ID, NAME from TEST"));
+            assertEquals("1,r1" + recordSeparator + "2,r2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+        } finally {
+            connection.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment\non multiple lines");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator + "# on multiple lines" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter3() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a, b", "b ");
+        assertEquals("\"a, b\",\"b \"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter4() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\"c");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\"\"c\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter5() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter6() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\r\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\r\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter7() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\\c");
+        assertEquals("a,b\\c" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrintNullValues() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", null, "b");
+        assertEquals("a,,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteAll() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", "d");
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",\"d\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteNonNumeric() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.NON_NUMERIC).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", Integer.valueOf(1));
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",1" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRandom() throws Exception {
+        final int iter = 10000;
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.DEFAULT, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.EXCEL, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.MYSQL, iter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinter` acquired to `printer` by call to `new()` at line 288 is not released after line 289.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVPrinterTest.testPrintNullValues()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinterTest.testPrintNullValues():void.d400685d4226516f7a92bb7e0bb45374
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVPrinterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVPrinterTest.java|testPrintNullValues|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0fb8a1c0ca4d50e67c93620b0e0bccf7
+
+### Hash:
+6a55a76629b404ac978aed12636a2649
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6432/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6432/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..057f606d24cd45ef4d61fb4300104a9904dc8c23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6432/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,643 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest extends TestCase {
+
+    /**
+     * TestCSVParser.
+     */
+    class TestCSVParser extends CSVParser {
+        /**
+         * Test parser to investigate the type of the internal Token.
+         *
+         * @param in a Reader
+         */
+        TestCSVParser(Reader in) {
+            super(in);
+        }
+
+        TestCSVParser(Reader in, CSVFormat format) {
+            super(in, format);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Calls super.nextToken() and prints out a String representation of token
+         * type and content.
+         *
+         * @return String representation of token type and content
+         * @throws IOException like {@link CSVParser#nextToken()}
+         */
+        public String testNextToken() throws IOException {
+            Token t = super.nextToken();
+            return Integer.toString(t.type) + ";" + t.content + ";";
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ======================================================
+    //   lexer tests
+    // ======================================================
+
+    // Single line (without comment)
+    public void testNextToken1() throws IOException {
+        String code = "abc,def, hijk,  lmnop,   qrst,uv ,wxy   ,z , ,";
+        TestCSVParser parser = new TestCSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";abc;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";def;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";hijk;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";lmnop;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";qrst;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";uv;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";wxy;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";z;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EOF + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+    }
+
+    // multiline including comments (and empty lines)
+    public void testNextToken2() throws IOException {
+        /*   file:   1,2,3,
+        *           a,b x,c
+        *
+        *           # this is a comment
+        *           d,e,
+        *
+        */
+        String code = "1,2,3,\na,b x,c\n#foo\n\nd,e,\n\n";
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        
+        TestCSVParser parser = new TestCSVParser(new StringReader(code), format);
+
+
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";1;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";2;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";3;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";b x;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";c;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";d;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";e;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EOF + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EOF + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+
+    }
+
+    // simple token with escaping
+    public void testNextToken3() throws IOException {
+        /* file: a,\,,b
+        *       \,,
+        */
+        String code = "a,\\,,b\n\\,,";
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        TestCSVParser parser = new TestCSVParser(new StringReader(code), format);
+
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        // an unquoted single backslash is not an escape char
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";\\;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";b;", parser.testNextToken());
+        // an unquoted single backslash is not an escape char
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";\\;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EOF + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+    }
+
+    // encapsulator tokenizer (sinle line)
+    public void testNextToken4() throws IOException {
+        /* file:  a,"foo",b
+        *        a,   " foo",b
+        *        a,"foo "   ,b     // whitespace after closing encapsulator
+        *        a,  " foo " ,b
+        */
+        String code =
+                "a,\"foo\",b\na,   \" foo\",b\na,\"foo \"  ,b\na,  \" foo \"  ,b";
+        TestCSVParser parser = new TestCSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";foo;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";b;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + "; foo;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";b;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";foo ;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";b;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + "; foo ;", parser.testNextToken());
+//     assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";b;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EOF + ";b;", parser.testNextToken());
+    }
+
+    // encapsulator tokenizer (multi line, delimiter in string)
+    public void testNextToken5() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "a,\"foo\n\",b\n\"foo\n  baar ,,,\"\n\"\n\t \n\"";
+        TestCSVParser parser = new TestCSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";foo\n;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";b;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";foo\n  baar ,,,;",
+                parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EOF + ";\n\t \n;", parser.testNextToken());
+
+    }
+
+    // change delimiters, comment, encapsulater
+    public void testNextToken6() throws IOException {
+        /* file: a;'b and \' more
+        *       '
+        *       !comment;;;;
+        *       ;;
+        */
+        String code = "a;'b and '' more\n'\n!comment;;;;\n;;";
+        TestCSVParser parser = new TestCSVParser(new StringReader(code), new CSVFormat(';', '\'', '!'));
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";a;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(
+                CSVParser.TT_EORECORD + ";b and ' more\n;",
+                parser.testNextToken());
+    }
+
+
+    // ======================================================
+    //   parser tests
+    // ======================================================
+
+    String code =
+            "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+    String[][] res = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[] tmp = null;
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            tmp = parser.getLine();
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp));
+        }
+        tmp = parser.getLine();
+        assertTrue(tmp == null);
+    }
+
+    public void testGetAllValues() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        String code;
+        for (int codeIndex = 0; codeIndex < codes.length; codeIndex++) {
+            code = codes[codeIndex];
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        String code;
+        for (int codeIndex = 0; codeIndex < codes.length; codeIndex++) {
+            code = codes[codeIndex];
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        String code;
+        for (int codeIndex = 0; codeIndex < codes.length; codeIndex++) {
+            code = codes[codeIndex];
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        String code;
+        for (int codeIndex = 0; codeIndex < codes.length; codeIndex++) {
+            code = codes[codeIndex];
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void OLDtestBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" \" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',', '\'', CSVFormat.COMMENTS_DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true);
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},         // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},         //3
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',', CSVFormat.ENCAPSULATOR_DISABLED, CSVFormat.COMMENTS_DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true);
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+
+        String code = ""
+                + "a,b\n"            // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \"\n"   // 2)
+                + "\"\",#\n"   // 2)
+                ;
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {"", "#"},
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertEquals(CSVFormat.COMMENTS_DISABLED, format.getCommentStart());
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+
+        String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {""},
+        };
+
+        format = new CSVFormat(',', '"', '#');
+        parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), format);
+        tmp = parser.getAllValues();
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res_comments, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public void testUnicodeEscape() throws IOException {
+        String code = "abc,\\u0070\\u0075\\u0062\\u006C\\u0069\\u0063";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code), CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withUnicodeEscapesInterpreted(true));
+        String[] data = parser.getLine();
+        assertEquals(2, data.length);
+        assertEquals("abc", data[0]);
+        assertEquals("public", data[1]);
+    }
+
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getAllValues();
+        assertEquals(3, data.length);
+    }
+
+    // From SANDBOX-153
+    public void testDelimiterIsWhitespace() throws IOException {
+        String code = "one\ttwo\t\tfour \t five\t six";
+        TestCSVParser parser = new TestCSVParser(new StringReader(code), CSVFormat.TDF);
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";one;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";two;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";four;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_TOKEN + ";five;", parser.testNextToken());
+        assertEquals(CSVParser.TT_EOF + ";six;", parser.testNextToken());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `CSVParser(...)` at line 211 is not released after line 217.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 217
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testGetLine()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testGetLine():void.0598a7ba4469a807e284291e4e67440a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testGetLine|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+128d4aafbf2f5a058c85673861f95621
+
+### Hash:
+47814aa7bc5e79484e0122bd0ed473c1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6433/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6433/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d00efa04d7a980d7e3e0f9f64195fbadc5287d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6433/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 142
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.END_OF_STREAM;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.UNDEFINED;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ *
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class ExtendedBufferedReaderTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyInput() throws Exception {
+        final ExtendedBufferedReader br = getBufferedReader("");
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.getLastChar());
+        assertNull(br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(0, br.read(new char[10], 0, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLookahead1() throws Exception {
+        final ExtendedBufferedReader br = getBufferedReader("1\n2\r3\n");
+        assertEquals(0, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('1', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(UNDEFINED, br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(0, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('1', br.read()); // Start line 1
+        assertEquals('1', br.getLastChar());
+
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('1', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+        assertEquals('2', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('2', br.read()); // Start line 2
+        assertEquals(2, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('2', br.getLastChar());
+
+        assertEquals('\r', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(2, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('2', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals('\r', br.read());
+        assertEquals('\r', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(2, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+        assertEquals('3', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals('\r', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals('3', br.read()); // Start line 3
+        assertEquals('3', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+        assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('3', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.getLastChar());
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+        assertEquals(END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLookahead2() throws Exception {
+        final char[] ref = new char[5];
+        final char[] res = new char[5];
+
+        final ExtendedBufferedReader br = getBufferedReader("abcdefg");
+        ref[0] = 'a';
+        ref[1] = 'b';
+        ref[2] = 'c';
+        assertEquals(3, br.read(res, 0, 3));
+        assertArrayEquals(ref, res);
+        assertEquals('c', br.getLastChar());
+
+        assertEquals('d', br.lookAhead());
+        ref[4] = 'd';
+        assertEquals(1, br.read(res, 4, 1));
+        assertArrayEquals(ref, res);
+        assertEquals('d', br.getLastChar());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadLine() throws Exception {
+        ExtendedBufferedReader br = getBufferedReader("");
+        assertNull(br.readLine());
+
+        br = getBufferedReader("\n");
+        assertEquals("",br.readLine());
+        assertNull(br.readLine());
+
+        br = getBufferedReader("foo\n\nhello");
+        assertEquals(0, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals("foo",br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals("",br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(2, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals("hello",br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+        br = getBufferedReader("foo\n\nhello");
+        assertEquals('f', br.read());
+        assertEquals('o', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals("oo",br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals("",br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(2, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('h', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals("hello",br.readLine());
+        assertNull(br.readLine());
+        assertEquals(3, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+
+        br = getBufferedReader("foo\rbaar\r\nfoo");
+        assertEquals("foo",br.readLine());
+        assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals("baar",br.readLine());
+        assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals("foo",br.readLine());
+        assertNull(br.readLine());
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Test to illustrate  https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CSV-75
+     *
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadChar() throws Exception {
+        final String LF="\n"; final String CR="\r"; final String CRLF=CR+LF; final String LFCR=LF+CR;// easier to read the string below
+        final String test="a" + LF + "b" + CR + "c" + LF + LF + "d" + CR + CR + "e" + LFCR + "f "+ CRLF;
+        //                EOL        eol        EOL  EOL        eol  eol        EOL+CR        EOL
+        final int EOLeolct = 9;
+        ExtendedBufferedReader br;
+
+        br = getBufferedReader(test);
+        assertEquals(0, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        while (br.readLine() != null) {
+            // consume all
+        }
+        assertEquals(EOLeolct, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+        br = getBufferedReader(test);
+        assertEquals(0, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        while (br.read() != -1) {
+            // consume all
+        }
+        assertEquals(EOLeolct, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+
+        br = getBufferedReader(test);
+        assertEquals(0, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        final char[] buff = new char[10];
+        while (br.read(buff, 0, 3) != -1) {
+            // consume all
+        }
+        assertEquals(EOLeolct, br.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+    private ExtendedBufferedReader getBufferedReader(final String s) {
+        return new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(s));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired to `br` by call to `getBufferedReader(...)` at line 130 is not released after line 132.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testReadLine()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testReadLine():void.e38b90399370c04e7bcace6e540a3af8
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java|testReadLine|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+d9e228eabc73257ac0060a4b3c304987
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6434/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6434/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..697ee258b0362de4cda95527f5ac892e967431e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6434/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+/**
+ * ExtendedBufferedReaderTest
+ *
+ */
+public class ExtendedBufferedReaderTest extends TestCase {
+
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader br = null;
+  
+  /**
+   * Constructor for ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.
+   * @param arg0
+   */
+  public ExtendedBufferedReaderTest(String arg0) {
+    super(arg0);
+  }
+
+  public static Test suite() {
+    return new TestSuite(ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.class);
+  }
+  
+  // ======================================================
+  //   the test cases
+  // ======================================================
+ 
+  public void testConstructors() {
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""));
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""), 10); 
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLookahead1() throws Exception {
+   
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, getEBR("").read());
+    br = getEBR("1\n2\r3\n");
+    assertEquals('1', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.UNDEFINED, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('1', br.read());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());
+
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals('2', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('2', br.read());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\r', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.read());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('3', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('3', br.read());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+ 
+  }
+  
+
+  public void testReadLookahead2() throws Exception {
+    char[] ref = new char[5];
+    char[] res = new char[5];  
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.read(res, 0, 0));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref)); 
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    ref[0] = 'a';
+    ref[1] = 'b';
+    ref[2] = 'c';
+    assertEquals(3, br.read(res, 0, 3));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('c', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('d', br.lookAhead());
+    ref[4] = 'd';
+    assertEquals(1, br.read(res, 4, 1));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('d', br.readAgain());
+ 
+  }
+  
+  public void testMarkSupported() {
+    assertFalse(getEBR("foo").markSupported());
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLine() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("\n");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals('f', br.read());
+    assertEquals('o', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("oo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('h', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+ 
+    br = getEBR("foo\rbaar\r\nfoo");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("baar"));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkip0() throws Exception {
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.skip(1));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('b', br.read());
+    assertEquals(3, br.skip(3));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(2, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("12345");
+    assertEquals(5, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue (br.lookAhead() == ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkipUntil() throws Exception {   
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(';'));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF,GHL,,MN");
+    assertEquals(6, br.skipUntil(','));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(3, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(2, br.skipUntil(','));
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadUntil() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF;GHL;;MN");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("ABCDEF"));
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').length() == 0);
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("GHL"));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(',').equals("MN"));
+  }
+  
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader getEBR(String s) {
+    return new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(s));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired to `ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.br` by call to `getEBR(...)` at line 180 is not released after line 184.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testSkip0()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testSkip0():void.a6d525eca883524b22a1646a76b2ad3b
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/csv/ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java|testSkip0|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b9259adff1ec639216ba3e0d69beaf83
+
+### Hash:
+d030fd73a029ec9ec1912838b22198ea
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6435/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6435/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..085398b1983788be1bcd03b6b33846dd4d6f8cc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6435/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    String code = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+    String[][] res = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        for (String[] re : res) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(re, parser.getRecord()));
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue(parser.getRecord() == null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+            assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, tmp.length);
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" \" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',', '\'', CSVFormat.DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true, "\r\n");
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], tmp[i]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',',  CSVFormat.DISABLED,  CSVFormat.DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true, "\r\n");
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+
+        String code = ""
+                + "a,b\n"            // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \"\n"   // 2)
+                + "\"\",#\n"   // 2)
+                ;
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {"", "#"},
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertEquals(CSVFormat.DISABLED, format.getCommentStart());
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        String[][] tmp = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(tmp.length > 0);
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+
+        String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {""},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        tmp = parser.getRecords();
+
+        if (!CSVPrinterTest.equals(res_comments, tmp)) {
+            assertTrue(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnicodeEscape() throws Exception {
+        String code = "abc,\\u0070\\u0075\\u0062\\u006C\\u0069\\u0063";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withUnicodeEscapesInterpreted(true));
+        final Iterator<String[]> iterator = parser.iterator();
+        String[] data = iterator.next();
+        assertEquals(2, data.length);
+        assertEquals("abc", data[0]);
+        assertEquals("public", data[1]);
+        assertFalse("Should not have any more records", iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnicodeEscapeMySQL() throws Exception {
+        String code = "abc\t\\u0070\\u0075\\u0062\\u006C\\u0069\\u0063";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.MYSQL.withUnicodeEscapesInterpreted(true));
+        final Iterator<String[]> iterator = parser.iterator();
+        String[] data = iterator.next();
+        assertEquals(2, data.length);
+        assertEquals("abc", data[0]);
+        assertEquals("public", data[1]);
+        assertFalse("Should not have any more records", iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        String[][] data = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, data.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() {
+        List<String[]> records = new ArrayList<String[]>();
+        
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        
+        for (String[] record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+        
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0)));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1)));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() {
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        
+        Iterator<String[]> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+        
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next()));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next()));
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next()));
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+        
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `tmp` last assigned on line 189 could be null and is dereferenced at line 190.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel():void.757cd11721cfc0bf14fbbae2a896ab0b
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3346d3ea0e49eab19c00811be912e063
+
+### Hash:
+49cf39d862bfd8e868d6b0d4a254f53f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6450/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6450/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0ce1104e16edd48162a508e775e9e83b62c1300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6450/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+/**
+ * ExtendedBufferedReaderTest
+ *
+ */
+public class ExtendedBufferedReaderTest extends TestCase {
+
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader br = null;
+  
+  /**
+   * Constructor for ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.
+   * @param arg0
+   */
+  public ExtendedBufferedReaderTest(String arg0) {
+    super(arg0);
+  }
+
+  public static Test suite() {
+    return new TestSuite(ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.class);
+  }
+  
+  // ======================================================
+  //   the test cases
+  // ======================================================
+ 
+  public void testConstructors() {
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""));
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""), 10); 
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLookahead1() throws Exception {
+   
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, getEBR("").read());
+    br = getEBR("1\n2\r3\n");
+    assertEquals('1', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.UNDEFINED, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('1', br.read());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());
+
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals('2', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('2', br.read());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\r', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.read());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('3', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('3', br.read());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+ 
+  }
+  
+
+  public void testReadLookahead2() throws Exception {
+    char[] ref = new char[5];
+    char[] res = new char[5];  
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.read(res, 0, 0));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref)); 
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    ref[0] = 'a';
+    ref[1] = 'b';
+    ref[2] = 'c';
+    assertEquals(3, br.read(res, 0, 3));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('c', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('d', br.lookAhead());
+    ref[4] = 'd';
+    assertEquals(1, br.read(res, 4, 1));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('d', br.readAgain());
+ 
+  }
+  
+  public void testMarkSupported() {
+    assertFalse(getEBR("foo").markSupported());
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLine() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("\n");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals('f', br.read());
+    assertEquals('o', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("oo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('h', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+ 
+    br = getEBR("foo\rbaar\r\nfoo");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("baar"));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkip0() throws Exception {
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.skip(1));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('b', br.read());
+    assertEquals(3, br.skip(3));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(2, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("12345");
+    assertEquals(5, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue (br.lookAhead() == ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkipUntil() throws Exception {   
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(';'));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF,GHL,,MN");
+    assertEquals(6, br.skipUntil(','));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(3, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(2, br.skipUntil(','));
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadUntil() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF;GHL;;MN");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("ABCDEF"));
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').length() == 0);
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("GHL"));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(',').equals("MN"));
+  }
+  
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader getEBR(String s) {
+    return new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(s));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.br.readLine()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 146.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testReadLine()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testReadLine():void.e38b90399370c04e7bcace6e540a3af8
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/csv/ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java|testReadLine|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b36a47f8c37a83daf33a009ca0f8c797
+
+### Hash:
+38a01e63d6d76a4f9f0878f859840eb5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6457/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6457/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57f8a77e99a0fa24f4d19dc2c66c8b0e67cff1db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6457/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ExtendedBufferedReaderTest
+ */
+public class ExtendedBufferedReaderTest extends TestCase {
+
+    public void testReadLookahead1() throws Exception {
+
+        assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, getEBR("").read());
+        ExtendedBufferedReader br = getEBR("1\n2\r3\n");
+        assertEquals('1', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.UNDEFINED, br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals('1', br.read());
+        assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());
+
+        assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+
+        assertEquals('2', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('2', br.read());
+        assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+
+        assertEquals('\r', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals('\r', br.read());
+        assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+
+        assertEquals('3', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals('3', br.read());
+        assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+
+        assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+        assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+
+        assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+        assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.readAgain());
+        assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+        assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+
+    }
+
+
+    public void testReadLookahead2() throws Exception {
+        char[] ref = new char[5];
+        char[] res = new char[5];
+
+        ExtendedBufferedReader br = getEBR("");
+        assertEquals(0, br.read(res, 0, 0));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+
+        br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+        ref[0] = 'a';
+        ref[1] = 'b';
+        ref[2] = 'c';
+        assertEquals(3, br.read(res, 0, 3));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+        assertEquals('c', br.readAgain());
+
+        assertEquals('d', br.lookAhead());
+        ref[4] = 'd';
+        assertEquals(1, br.read(res, 4, 1));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+        assertEquals('d', br.readAgain());
+
+    }
+
+    public void testReadLine() throws Exception {
+        ExtendedBufferedReader br = getEBR("");
+        assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+
+        br = getEBR("\n");
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+        assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+
+        br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+        assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+        assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+        assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+        assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+        assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+
+        br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+        assertEquals('f', br.read());
+        assertEquals('o', br.lookAhead());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("oo"));
+        assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+        assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+        assertEquals('h', br.lookAhead());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+        assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+        assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+
+
+        br = getEBR("foo\rbaar\r\nfoo");
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+        assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("baar"));
+        assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+        assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+        assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    }
+
+    private ExtendedBufferedReader getEBR(String s) {
+        return new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(s));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired to `br` by call to `getEBR(...)` at line 90 is not released after line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testReadLookahead2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testReadLookahead2():void.aef09eba5e3b80240f70f5fa67a985a3
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java|testReadLookahead2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+032299521a58ea574b18a1357a739565
+
+### Hash:
+98c644b78aed62fab8e84df32e6de727
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6459/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6459/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7cead129ac6ed36a6c8d7b79b717e117e8511559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6459/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import junit.framework.Test;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import junit.framework.TestSuite;
+
+/**
+ * ExtendedBufferedReaderTest
+ *
+ */
+public class ExtendedBufferedReaderTest extends TestCase {
+
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader br = null;
+  
+  /**
+   * Constructor for ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.
+   * @param arg0
+   */
+  public ExtendedBufferedReaderTest(String arg0) {
+    super(arg0);
+  }
+
+  public static Test suite() {
+    return new TestSuite(ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.class);
+  }
+  
+  // ======================================================
+  //   the test cases
+  // ======================================================
+ 
+  public void testConstructors() {
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""));
+    br = new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(""), 10); 
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLookahead1() throws Exception {
+   
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, getEBR("").read());
+    br = getEBR("1\n2\r3\n");
+    assertEquals('1', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.UNDEFINED, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('1', br.read());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());
+
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('1', br.readAgain());    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals('2', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('2', br.read());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\r', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('2', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.read());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('3', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\r', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('3', br.read());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('3', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.read());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.readAgain());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.read());
+    assertEquals(ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM, br.lookAhead());
+ 
+  }
+  
+
+  public void testReadLookahead2() throws Exception {
+    char[] ref = new char[5];
+    char[] res = new char[5];  
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.read(res, 0, 0));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref)); 
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    ref[0] = 'a';
+    ref[1] = 'b';
+    ref[2] = 'c';
+    assertEquals(3, br.read(res, 0, 3));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('c', br.readAgain());
+    
+    assertEquals('d', br.lookAhead());
+    ref[4] = 'd';
+    assertEquals(1, br.read(res, 4, 1));
+    assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res, ref));
+    assertEquals('d', br.readAgain());
+ 
+  }
+  
+  public void testMarkSupported() {
+    assertFalse(getEBR("foo").markSupported());
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadLine() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("\n");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals(0, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+    br = getEBR("foo\n\nhello");
+    assertEquals('f', br.read());
+    assertEquals('o', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("oo"));
+    assertEquals(1, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('\n', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals(""));
+    assertEquals(2, br.getLineNumber());
+    assertEquals('h', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("hello"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    assertEquals(3, br.getLineNumber());
+    
+ 
+    br = getEBR("foo\rbaar\r\nfoo");
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("baar"));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertTrue(br.readLine().equals("foo"));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkip0() throws Exception {
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(1));
+    
+    br = getEBR("abcdefg");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(0, br.skip(0));
+    assertEquals('a', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(1, br.skip(1));
+    assertEquals('b', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals('b', br.read());
+    assertEquals(3, br.skip(3));
+    assertEquals('f', br.lookAhead());
+    assertEquals(2, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue(br.readLine() == null);
+    
+    br = getEBR("12345");
+    assertEquals(5, br.skip(5));
+    assertTrue (br.lookAhead() == ExtendedBufferedReader.END_OF_STREAM);
+  }
+  
+  public void testSkipUntil() throws Exception {   
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(';'));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF,GHL,,MN");
+    assertEquals(6, br.skipUntil(','));
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(3, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(0, br.skipUntil(','));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertEquals(2, br.skipUntil(','));
+  }
+  
+  public void testReadUntil() throws Exception {
+    br = getEBR("");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br = getEBR("ABCDEF;GHL;;MN");
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("ABCDEF"));
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').length() == 0);
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals("GHL"));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(';').equals(""));
+    br.skip(1);
+    assertTrue(br.readUntil(',').equals("MN"));
+  }
+  
+  private ExtendedBufferedReader getEBR(String s) {
+    return new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(s));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired to `ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.br` by call to `getEBR(...)` at line 184 is not released after line 187.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testSkip0()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.testSkip0():void.a6d525eca883524b22a1646a76b2ad3b
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/csv/ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExtendedBufferedReaderTest.java|testSkip0|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b9259adff1ec639216ba3e0d69beaf83
+
+### Hash:
+d030fd73a029ec9ec1912838b22198ea
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6461/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6461/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e2847fd07a96af46bad806ea9ab9dd713912c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6461/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 75
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(CSVINPUT), CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(CSVINPUT), CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        assertNull(records.next());
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        assertNull(records.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(new StringReader(input))) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        // header record
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("a", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("b", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("c", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat);
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `CSVParser(...)` at line 178 is not released after line 179.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV():void.a69f6d39a195e5ef26bc9a38154716b2
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+abf778a0fb58a097b72f1ea16dfb9fcd
+
+### Hash:
+50bc0011bbf02a58f05545b5ea71d801
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6466/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6466/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..964cc05f5fecea633ad31819539d7d9ba5847f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6466/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 72
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CR;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.CRLF;
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Constants.LF;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ *
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    private static final String CSVINPUT = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+
+    private static final String[][] RESULT = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(CSVINPUT), CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        for (final String[] re : RESULT) {
+            assertArrayEquals(re, parser.nextRecord().values());
+        }
+
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(CSVINPUT), CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withIgnoreSurroundingSpaces(true));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(RESULT.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < RESULT.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(RESULT[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        final String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        final String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (final String code : codes) {
+            final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyFile() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCSV57() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("", CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final List<CSVRecord> list = parser.getRecords();
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(0, list.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertArrayEquals(res[i], records.get(i).values());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" /\" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',').withQuoteChar('\'')
+                               .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Records do not match expected result", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        final String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        final CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.newFormat(',')
+                .withRecordSeparator(CRLF).withEscape('/').withIgnoreEmptyLines(true);
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("", res, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        final String code = ""
+                + "a,b#\n"           // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \",#\n"   // 2)
+                + "#,\"\"\n"         // 3)
+                + "# Final comment\n"// 4)
+                ;
+        final String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+                {"#", ""},
+                {"# Final comment"}
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isCommentingEnabled());
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse without comments", res, records);
+
+        final String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b#"},
+                {"\n", " ", "#"},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Failed to parse with comments", res_comments, records);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        final CSVParser parser = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in);
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        parser.close();
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        assertNull(records.next());
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+        assertNull(records.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        final List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRoundtrip() throws Exception {
+        final StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(out, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        final String input = "a,b,c\r\n1,2,3\r\nx,y,z\r\n";
+        for (final CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(new StringReader(input))) {
+            printer.printRecord(record);
+        }
+        assertEquals(input, out.toString());
+        printer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (final UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values());
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (final NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderComment() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("# comment\na,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+            assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+            assertFalse(record.isMapped("NOT MAPPED"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMappedButNotSetAsOutlook2007ContactExport() throws Exception {
+        final Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2\nx,y,z");
+
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        // header record
+        assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+        CSVRecord record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("a", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("b", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("c", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 1st record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("1", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("2", record.get("B"));
+        assertFalse(record.isConsistent());
+
+        // 2nd record
+        record = records.next();
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isMapped("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("A"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("B"));
+        assertTrue(record.isSet("C"));
+        assertEquals("x", record.get("A"));
+        assertEquals("y", record.get("B"));
+        assertEquals("z", record.get("C"));
+        assertTrue(record.isConsistent());
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetHeaderMap() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C"));
+        final Map<String, Integer> headerMap = parser.getHeaderMap();
+        final Iterator<String> columnNames = headerMap.keySet().iterator();
+        // Headers are iterated in column order.
+        Assert.assertEquals("A", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("B", columnNames.next());
+        Assert.assertEquals("C", columnNames.next());
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> records = parser.iterator();
+
+        // Parse to make sure getHeaderMap did not have a side-effect.
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            final CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLineNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateLineNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(LF));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordWithMultiiLineValues() throws Exception {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("\"a\r\n1\",\"a\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"b\r\n1\",\"b\r\n2\"" + CRLF + "\"c\r\n1\",\"c\r\n2\"",
+                CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(CRLF));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(6, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(8, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCRLF() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(CRLF);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecordNumberWithCR() throws Exception {
+        this.validateRecordNumbers(String.valueOf(CR));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+    public void testInvalidFormat() throws Exception {
+        final CSVFormat invalidFormat = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(CR);
+        new CSVParser((Reader) null, invalidFormat);
+    }
+
+    private void validateRecordNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        CSVRecord record;
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNotNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, record.getRecordNumber());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+        assertNull(record = parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(3, parser.getRecordNumber());
+    }
+
+    private void validateLineNumbers(final String lineSeparator) throws IOException {
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser("a" + lineSeparator + "b" + lineSeparator + "c", CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withRecordSeparator(lineSeparator));
+        assertEquals(0, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(1, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNotNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+        assertNull(parser.nextRecord());
+        // Still 2 because the last line is does not have EOL chars
+        assertEquals(2, parser.getCurrentLineNumber());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `CSVParser(...)` at line 104 is not released after line 105.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testExcelFormat1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testExcelFormat1():void.ca2cec26c6c5b8775d458bb9bde1dc84
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testExcelFormat1|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+abf778a0fb58a097b72f1ea16dfb9fcd
+
+### Hash:
+6e7f6cd705efa8d3fa967a4690244a7d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6468/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6468/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83582737270dde0be29ea5a8a2a6120671395d79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6468/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.csv.Token.Type.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class CSVLexerTest {
+    
+    private Lexer getLexer(String input, CSVFormat format) {
+        return new CSVLexer(format, new ExtendedBufferedReader(new StringReader(input)));
+    }
+
+    private void assertTokenEquals(Token.Type expectedType, String expectedContent, Token token) {
+        assertEquals("Token type", expectedType, token.type);
+        assertEquals("Token content", expectedContent, token.content.toString());
+    }
+    
+    // Single line (without comment)
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken1() throws IOException {
+        String code = "abc,def, hijk,  lmnop,   qrst,uv ,wxy   ,z , ,";
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withSurroundingSpacesIgnored(true));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "abc", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "def", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "hijk", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "lmnop", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "qrst", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "uv", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "wxy", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "z", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+    }
+
+    // multiline including comments (and empty lines)
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken2() throws IOException {
+        final String code = 
+                "1,2,3,\n"+                // 1
+                "\n"+
+                "\n"+
+                "a,b x,c#no-comment\n"+    // 2
+                "\n"+
+                "\n"+
+                "#foo\n"+                  // 3
+                "\n"+                      // 4
+                "d,e,#no-comment\n"+       // 5
+                "\n"+
+                "\n"+
+                "# penultimate comment\n"+ // 6
+                "\n"+
+                "\n"+
+                "# Final comment\n";       // 7
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        assertTrue("Should ignore empty lines", format.isEmptyLinesIgnored());
+        
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, format);
+
+
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "1", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "2", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "3", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 1
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "b x", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "c#no-comment", parser.nextToken(new Token())); // 2
+        assertTokenEquals(COMMENT, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));              // 3
+        // 4 empty line, ignored                                                    // 4
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "d", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "e", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "#no-comment", parser.nextToken(new Token()));  // 5
+        assertTokenEquals(COMMENT, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));              // 6
+        assertTokenEquals(COMMENT, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));              // 7
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+
+    }
+
+    // multiline including comments (and empty lines)
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken2EmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        final String code = 
+                "1,2,3,\n"+                // 1
+                "\n"+                      // 1b
+                "\n"+                      // 1c
+                "a,b x,c#no-comment\n"+    // 2
+                "#foo\n"+                  // 3
+                "\n"+                      // 4
+                "\n"+                      // 4b
+                "d,e,#no-comment\n"+       // 5
+                "\n"+                      // 5b
+                "\n"+                      // 5c
+                "# penultimate comment\n"+ // 6
+                "\n"+                      // 6b
+                "\n"+                      // 6c
+                "# Final comment\n";       // 7
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#').withEmptyLinesIgnored(false);
+        assertFalse("Should not ignore empty lines", format.isEmptyLinesIgnored());
+        
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, format);
+
+
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "1", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "2", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "3", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 1
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 1b
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 1c
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "b x", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "c#no-comment", parser.nextToken(new Token())); // 2
+        assertTokenEquals(COMMENT, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));              // 3
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 4
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 4b
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "d", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "e", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "#no-comment", parser.nextToken(new Token()));  // 5
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 5b
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 5c
+        assertTokenEquals(COMMENT, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));              // 6
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 6b
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));             // 6c
+        assertTokenEquals(COMMENT, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));              // 7
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+
+    }
+
+    // simple token with escaping not enabled
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken3() throws IOException {
+        /* file: a,\,,b
+        *       \,,
+        */
+        String code = "a,\\,,b\\\n\\,,";
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertFalse(format.isEscaping());
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, format);
+
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        // an unquoted single backslash is not an escape char
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "\\", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b\\", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        // an unquoted single backslash is not an escape char
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "\\", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+    }
+
+    // simple token with escaping enabled
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken3Escaping() throws IOException {
+        /* file: a,\,,b
+        *       \,,
+        */
+        String code = "a,\\,,b\\\\\n\\,,\\\nc,d\\\n";
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withEscape('\\');
+        assertTrue(format.isEscaping());
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, format);
+
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, ",", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b\\", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, ",", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "\nc", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "d\n", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+    }
+
+    // simple token with escaping enabled
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken3BadEscaping() throws IOException {
+        String code = "a,b,c\\";
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withEscape('\\');
+        assertTrue(format.isEscaping());
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, format);
+
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "b", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        try {
+            Token tkn = parser.nextToken(new Token());
+            fail("Expected IOE, found "+tkn);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    // encapsulator tokenizer (single line)
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken4() throws IOException {
+        /* file:  a,"foo",b
+        *        a,   " foo",b
+        *        a,"foo "   ,b     // whitespace after closing encapsulator
+        *        a,  " foo " ,b
+        */
+        String code = "a,\"foo\",b\na,   \" foo\",b\na,\"foo \"  ,b\na,  \" foo \"  ,b";
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withSurroundingSpacesIgnored(true));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "foo", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, " foo", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "foo ", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, " foo ", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+//      assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "b", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+    }
+
+    // encapsulator tokenizer (multi line, delimiter in string)
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken5() throws IOException {
+        String code = "a,\"foo\n\",b\n\"foo\n  baar ,,,\"\n\"\n\t \n\"";
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "foo\n", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "foo\n  baar ,,,", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "\n\t \n", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+
+    }
+
+    // change delimiters, comment, encapsulater
+    @Test
+    public void testNextToken6() throws IOException {
+        /* file: a;'b and \' more
+        *       '
+        *       !comment;;;;
+        *       ;;
+        */
+        String code = "a;'b and '' more\n'\n!comment;;;;\n;;";
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withDelimiter(';').withEncapsulator('\'').withCommentStart('!');
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, format);
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "a", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EORECORD, "b and ' more\n", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+    }
+
+    // From CSV-1
+    @Test
+    public void testDelimiterIsWhitespace() throws IOException {
+        String code = "one\ttwo\t\tfour \t five\t six";
+        Lexer parser = getLexer(code, CSVFormat.TDF);
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "one", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "two", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "four", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(TOKEN, "five", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+        assertTokenEquals(EOF, "six", parser.nextToken(new Token()));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.ExtendedBufferedReader` acquired by call to `getLexer(...)` at line 181 is not released after line 189.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVLexerTest.testNextToken3Escaping()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVLexerTest.testNextToken3Escaping():void.2aaf449b9dabdb78057193b428c290e7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVLexerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVLexerTest.java|testNextToken3Escaping|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7a10da8b4e13d0f73a85b910e94df544
+
+### Hash:
+79eb1874698801f20e6aa1dc716bb0cc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6492/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6492/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d163d4e446d98a5cfb4a24f78cafaa49004e39a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6492/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * CSVParserTest
+ *
+ * The test are organized in three different sections:
+ * The 'setter/getter' section, the lexer section and finally the parser
+ * section. In case a test fails, you should follow a top-down approach for
+ * fixing a potential bug (its likely that the parser itself fails if the lexer
+ * has problems...).
+ */
+public class CSVParserTest {
+
+    String code = "a,b,c,d\n"
+                    + " a , b , 1 2 \n"
+                    + "\"foo baar\", b,\n"
+                    // + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\\\"\",d,e\n";
+                    + "   \"foo\n,,\n\"\",,\n\"\"\",d,e\n";   // changed to use standard CSV escaping
+    String[][] res = {
+            {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+            {"a", "b", "1 2"},
+            {"foo baar", "b", ""},
+            {"foo\n,,\n\",,\n\"", "d", "e"}
+    };
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLine() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        for (String[] re : res) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(re, parser.getRecord().values()));
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue(parser.getRecord() == null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() throws IOException {
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat1() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "value1,value2,value3,value4\r\na,b,c,d\r\n  x,,,"
+                        + "\r\n\r\n\"\"\"hello\"\"\",\"  \"\"world\"\"\",\"abc\ndef\",\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"value1", "value2", "value3", "value4"},
+                {"a", "b", "c", "d"},
+                {"  x", "", "", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"\"hello\"", "  \"world\"", "abc\ndef", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelFormat2() throws Exception {
+        String code = "foo,baar\r\n\r\nhello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"foo", "baar"},
+                {""},
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEndOfFileBehaviorCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\r\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\"\n",
+                "hello,\r\n\r\nworld,\"\""
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+                {"world", ""}
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourExcel() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""},
+                {""},  // Excel format does not ignore empty lines
+                {""}
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+            List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEmptyLineBehaviourCSV() throws Exception {
+        String[] codes = {
+                "hello,\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\n\n\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\r\n\r\n\r\n",
+                "hello,\"\"\n\n\n"
+        };
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"hello", ""}  // CSV format ignores empty lines
+        };
+        for (String code : codes) {
+            CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+            List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+            assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+            assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+                assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testBackslashEscapingOld() throws IOException {
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n"
+                        + "on\\\"e,two\n"
+                        + "on\"e,two\n"
+                        + "one,\"tw\\\"o\"\n"
+                        + "one,\"t\\,wo\"\n"
+                        + "one,two,\"th,ree\"\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\\"\n"
+                        + "a\\,b\n"
+                        + "\"a\\\\,b\"";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"},
+                {"on\\\"e", "two"},
+                {"on\"e", "two"},
+                {"one", "tw\"o"},
+                {"one", "t\\,wo"},  // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"one", "two", "th,ree"},
+                {"a\\\\"},     // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+                {"a\\", "b"},  // a backslash must be returnd
+                {"a\\\\,b"}    // backslash in quotes only escapes a delimiter (",")
+        };
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(res.length, records.size());
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code =
+                "one,two,three\n" // 0
+                        + "'',''\n"       // 1) empty encapsulators
+                        + "/',/'\n"       // 2) single encapsulators
+                        + "'/'','/''\n"   // 3) single encapsulators encapsulated via escape
+                        + "'''',''''\n"   // 4) single encapsulators encapsulated via doubling
+                        + "/,,/,\n"       // 5) separator escaped
+                        + "//,//\n"       // 6) escape escaped
+                        + "'//','//'\n"   // 7) escape escaped in encapsulation
+                        + "   8   ,   \"quoted \"\" /\" // string\"   \n"     // don't eat spaces
+                        + "9,   /\n   \n"  // escaped newline
+                        + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"one", "two", "three"}, // 0
+                {"", ""},                // 1
+                {"'", "'"},              // 2
+                {"'", "'"},              // 3
+                {"'", "'"},              // 4
+                {",", ","},              // 5
+                {"/", "/"},              // 6
+                {"/", "/"},              // 7
+                {"   8   ", "   \"quoted \"\" \" / string\"   "},
+                {"9", "   \n   "},
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',', '\'', CSVFormat.DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true, "\r\n", null);
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+            assertTrue(Arrays.equals(res[i], records.get(i).values()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBackslashEscaping2() throws IOException {
+
+        // To avoid confusion over the need for escaping chars in java code,
+        // We will test with a forward slash as the escape char, and a single
+        // quote as the encapsulator.
+
+        String code = ""
+                + " , , \n"           // 1)
+                + " \t ,  , \n"       // 2)
+                + " // , /, , /,\n"   // 3)
+                + "";
+        String[][] res = {
+                {" ", " ", " "},         // 1
+                {" \t ", "  ", " "},     // 2
+                {" / ", " , ", " ,"},    // 3
+        };
+
+
+        CSVFormat format = new CSVFormat(',',  CSVFormat.DISABLED,  CSVFormat.DISABLED, '/', false, false, true, true, "\r\n", null);
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        assertTrue(CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, records));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultFormat() throws IOException {
+        String code = ""
+                + "a,b\n"            // 1)
+                + "\"\n\",\" \"\n"   // 2)
+                + "\"\",#\n"   // 2)
+                ;
+        String[][] res = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {"", "#"},
+        };
+
+        CSVFormat format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT;
+        assertEquals(CSVFormat.DISABLED, format.getCommentStart());
+
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertTrue(records.size() > 0);
+
+        assertTrue(CSVPrinterTest.equals(res, records));
+
+        String[][] res_comments = {
+                {"a", "b"},
+                {"\n", " "},
+                {""},
+        };
+
+        format = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withCommentStart('#');
+        parser = new CSVParser(code, format);
+        records = parser.getRecords();
+        
+        assertTrue(CSVPrinterTest.equals(res_comments, records));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnicodeEscape() throws Exception {
+        String code = "abc,\\u0070\\u0075\\u0062\\u006C\\u0069\\u0063";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withUnicodeEscapesInterpreted(true));
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = parser.iterator();
+        CSVRecord record = iterator.next();
+        assertEquals(2, record.size());
+        assertEquals("abc", record.get(0));
+        assertEquals("public", record.get(1));
+        assertFalse("Should not have any more records", iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUnicodeEscapeMySQL() throws Exception {
+        String code = "abc\t\\u0070\\u0075\\u0062\\u006C\\u0069\\u0063";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(code, CSVFormat.MYSQL.withUnicodeEscapesInterpreted(true));
+        final Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = parser.iterator();
+        CSVRecord record = iterator.next();
+        assertEquals(2, record.size());
+        assertEquals("abc", record.get(0));
+        assertEquals("public", record.get(1));
+        assertFalse("Should not have any more records", iterator.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\r\nbaar,\r\nhello,world\r\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCarriageReturnEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\rbaar,\rhello,world\r,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLineFeedEndings() throws IOException {
+        String code = "foo\nbaar,\nhello,world\n,kanu";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(4, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIgnoreEmptyLines() throws IOException {
+        String code = "\nfoo,baar\n\r\n,\n\n,world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "world\r\n\n";
+        //String code = "foo;baar\r\n\r\nhello;\r\n\r\nworld;\r\n";
+        CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(new StringReader(code));
+        List<CSVRecord> records = parser.getRecords();
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testForEach() throws Exception {
+        List<CSVRecord> records = new ArrayList<CSVRecord>();
+        
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        
+        for (CSVRecord record : CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in)) {
+            records.add(record);
+        }
+        
+        assertEquals(3, records.size());
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, records.get(0).values()));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, records.get(1).values()));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, records.get(2).values()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIterator() throws Exception {
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+        
+        Iterator<CSVRecord> iterator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.parse(in).iterator();
+        
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        try {
+            iterator.remove();
+            fail("expected UnsupportedOperationException");
+        } catch (UnsupportedOperationException expected) {
+        }
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"a", "b", "c"}, iterator.next().values()));
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"1", "2", "3"}, iterator.next().values()));
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(iterator.hasNext());
+        assertTrue(Arrays.equals(new String[]{"x", "y", "z"}, iterator.next().values()));
+        assertFalse(iterator.hasNext());
+        
+        try {
+            iterator.next();
+            fail("NoSuchElementException expected");
+        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
+            // expected
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testHeader() throws Exception {
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader().parse(in).iterator();
+        
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("a"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("b"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("c"));
+        }
+        
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testProvidedHeader() throws Exception {
+        Reader in = new StringReader("a,b,c\n1,2,3\nx,y,z");
+
+        Iterator<CSVRecord> records = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.withHeader("A", "B", "C").parse(in).iterator();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertTrue(records.hasNext());
+            CSVRecord record = records.next();
+            assertEquals(record.get(0), record.get("A"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(1), record.get("B"));
+            assertEquals(record.get(2), record.get("C"));
+        }
+
+        assertFalse(records.hasNext());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `CSVParser(...)` at line 288 is not released after line 289.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVParserTest.testBackslashEscaping()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVParserTest.testBackslashEscaping():void.c105326833bff6f2bc02e764fd5d5d02
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVParserTest.java|testBackslashEscaping|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+33000401f6262e752173a59caca64d9f
+
+### Hash:
+afbe45ec7a60151efea59127eed267ac
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6495/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6495/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46870e4a8fb5ece58afc5a99119861bec39db66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6495/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-csv
+**Bug ID:** 52
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.commons.csv;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.DriverManager;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @version $Id$
+ */
+public class CSVPrinterTest {
+
+    public static String printable(final String s) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            final char ch = s.charAt(i);
+            if (ch <= ' ' || ch >= 128) {
+                sb.append("(").append((int) ch).append(")");
+            } else {
+                sb.append(ch);
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    String recordSeparator = CSVFormat.DEFAULT.getRecordSeparator();
+
+    public void doOneRandom(final CSVFormat format) throws Exception {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int nLines = r.nextInt(4) + 1;
+        final int nCol = r.nextInt(3) + 1;
+        // nLines=1;nCol=2;
+        final String[][] lines = new String[nLines][];
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            final String[] line = new String[nCol];
+            lines[i] = line;
+            for (int j = 0; j < nCol; j++) {
+                line[j] = randStr();
+            }
+        }
+
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, format);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nLines; i++) {
+            // for (int j=0; j<lines[i].length; j++) System.out.println("### VALUE=:" + printable(lines[i][j]));
+            printer.printRecord((Object[])lines[i]);
+        }
+
+        printer.flush();
+        printer.close();
+        final String result = sw.toString();
+        // System.out.println("### :" + printable(result));
+
+        final CSVParser parser = new CSVParser(result, format);
+        final List<CSVRecord> parseResult = parser.getRecords();
+
+        Utils.compare("Printer output :" + printable(result), lines, parseResult);
+    }
+
+    public void doRandom(final CSVFormat format, final int iter) throws Exception {
+        for (int i = 0; i < iter; i++) {
+            doOneRandom(format);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String randStr() {
+        final Random r = new Random();
+
+        final int sz = r.nextInt(20);
+        // sz = r.nextInt(3);
+        final char[] buf = new char[sz];
+        for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
+            // stick in special chars with greater frequency
+            char ch;
+            final int what = r.nextInt(20);
+            switch (what) {
+                case 0:
+                    ch = '\r';
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    ch = '\n';
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    ch = '\t';
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    ch = '\f';
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    ch = ' ';
+                    break;
+                case 5:
+                    ch = ',';
+                    break;
+                case 6:
+                    ch = '"';
+                    break;
+                case 7:
+                    ch = '\'';
+                    break;
+                case 8:
+                    ch = '\\';
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    ch = (char) r.nextInt(300);
+                    break;
+                // default: ch = 'a'; break;
+            }
+            buf[i] = ch;
+        }
+        return new String(buf);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDisabledComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("", sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }), Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) });
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfArrays() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new String[][] { { "r1c1", "r1c2" }, { "r2c1", "r2c2" } }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrintAllIterableOfLists() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecords(Arrays.asList(new List[] { Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r1c1", "r1c2" }),
+                Arrays.asList(new String[] { "r2c1", "r2c2" }) }));
+        assertEquals("r1c1,r1c2" + recordSeparator + "r2c1,r2c2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExcelPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.EXCEL);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJdbcPrinter() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        Class.forName("org.h2.Driver");
+        final Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:h2:mem:my_test;", "sa", "");
+        try {
+            final Statement stmt = connection.createStatement();
+            stmt.execute("CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(1, 'r1')");
+            stmt.execute("insert into TEST values(2, 'r2')");
+            final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+            printer.printRecords(stmt.executeQuery("select ID, NAME from TEST"));
+            assertEquals("1,r1" + recordSeparator + "2,r2" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+        } finally {
+            connection.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment\non multiple lines");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator + "# on multiple lines" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter1() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b");
+        assertEquals("a,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter2() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a,b", "b");
+        assertEquals("\"a,b\",b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter3() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a, b", "b ");
+        assertEquals("\"a, b\",\"b \"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter4() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\"c");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\"\"c\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter5() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter6() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\r\nc");
+        assertEquals("a,\"b\r\nc\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrinter7() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\\c");
+        assertEquals("a,b\\c" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPrintNullValues() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.DEFAULT);
+        printer.printRecord("a", null, "b");
+        assertEquals("a,,b" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteAll() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.ALL).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", "d");
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",\"d\"" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQuoteNonNumeric() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withQuotePolicy(Quote.NON_NUMERIC).build());
+        printer.printRecord("a", "b\nc", Integer.valueOf(1));
+        assertEquals("\"a\",\"b\nc\",1" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRandom() throws Exception {
+        final int iter = 10000;
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.DEFAULT, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.EXCEL, iter);
+        doRandom(CSVFormat.MYSQL, iter);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSingleLineComment() throws IOException {
+        final StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+        final CSVPrinter printer = new CSVPrinter(sw, CSVFormat.newBuilder().withCommentStart('#').build());
+        printer.printComment("This is a comment");
+
+        assertEquals("# This is a comment" + recordSeparator, sw.toString());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinter` acquired to `printer` by call to `new()` at line 164 is not released after line 165.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CSVPrinterTest.testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.csv.CSVPrinterTest.testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists():void.6077a512c7953b3e525e45d38dbb8a8a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apache/commons/csv/CSVPrinterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CSVPrinterTest.java|testExcelPrintAllArrayOfLists|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+24b323abf09399c888b6f1033b8f1206
+
+### Hash:
+27f33beae53139e387c8ad3a9c708e41
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6549/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6549/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc75646bee9ebea61a7f0ad1db2e7b219bfb57f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6549/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** curator
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *
+ *  Copyright 2011 Netflix, Inc.
+ *
+ *     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *     limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package com.netflix.curator.framework.imps;
+
+import com.netflix.curator.framework.CuratorFramework;
+import com.netflix.curator.framework.CuratorFrameworkFactory;
+import com.netflix.curator.framework.api.BackgroundCallback;
+import com.netflix.curator.framework.api.CuratorEvent;
+import com.netflix.curator.framework.api.CuratorEventType;
+import com.netflix.curator.framework.api.CuratorListener;
+import com.netflix.curator.retry.RetryOneTime;
+import com.netflix.curator.utils.EnsurePath;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+import org.testng.Assert;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class TestFramework extends BaseClassForTests
+{
+    @Test
+    public void     testNamespaceInBackground() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFrameworkFactory.Builder builder = CuratorFrameworkFactory.builder();
+        CuratorFramework client = builder.connectString(server.getConnectString()).namespace("aisa").retryPolicy(new RetryOneTime(1)).build();
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            final SynchronousQueue<String>  queue = new SynchronousQueue<String>();
+            CuratorListener                 listener = new CuratorListener()
+            {
+                @Override
+                public void eventReceived(CuratorFramework client, CuratorEvent event) throws Exception
+                {
+                    if ( event.getType() == CuratorEventType.EXISTS )
+                    {
+                        queue.put(event.getPath());
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            client.getCuratorListenable().addListener(listener);
+            client.create().forPath("/base", new byte[0]);
+            client.checkExists().inBackground().forPath("/base");
+
+            String      path = queue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            Assert.assertEquals(path, "/base");
+
+            client.getCuratorListenable().removeListener(listener);
+
+            BackgroundCallback      callback = new BackgroundCallback()
+            {
+                @Override
+                public void processResult(CuratorFramework client, CuratorEvent event) throws Exception
+                {
+                    queue.put(event.getPath());
+                }
+            };
+            client.getChildren().inBackground(callback).forPath("/base");
+            path = queue.poll(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+            Assert.assertEquals(path, "/base");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void     testNamespaceWithWatcher() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFrameworkFactory.Builder builder = CuratorFrameworkFactory.builder();
+        CuratorFramework client = builder.connectString(server.getConnectString()).namespace("aisa").retryPolicy(new RetryOneTime(1)).build();
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            final SynchronousQueue<String>  queue = new SynchronousQueue<String>();
+            Watcher                         watcher = new Watcher()
+            {
+                @Override
+                public void process(WatchedEvent event)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        queue.put(event.getPath());
+                    }
+                    catch ( InterruptedException e )
+                    {
+                        throw new Error(e);
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            client.create().forPath("/base", new byte[0]);
+            client.getChildren().usingWatcher(watcher).forPath("/base");
+            client.create().forPath("/base/child", new byte[0]);
+
+            String      path = queue.take();
+            Assert.assertEquals(path, "/base");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testCreateACL() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFrameworkFactory.Builder builder = CuratorFrameworkFactory.builder();
+        CuratorFramework client = builder.connectString(server.getConnectString()).authorization("digest", "me:pass".getBytes()).retryPolicy(new RetryOneTime(1)).build();
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            client.create().withACL(ZooDefs.Ids.CREATOR_ALL_ACL).forPath("/test", new byte[0]);
+
+            client.setData().forPath("/test", "test".getBytes());
+
+            client.close();
+            client = builder.connectString(server.getConnectString()).authorization("digest", "someone:else".getBytes()).retryPolicy(new RetryOneTime(1)).build();
+            client.start();
+            try
+            {
+                client.setData().forPath("/test", "test".getBytes());
+                Assert.fail("Should be prohibited due to auth");
+            }
+            catch ( KeeperException.NoAuthException e )
+            {
+                // expected
+            }
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testCreateParents() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFrameworkFactory.Builder      builder = CuratorFrameworkFactory.builder();
+        CuratorFramework client = builder.connectString(server.getConnectString()).retryPolicy(new RetryOneTime(1)).build();
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            client.create().creatingParentsIfNeeded().forPath("/one/two/three", "foo".getBytes());
+            byte[]      data = client.getData().forPath("/one/two/three");
+            Assert.assertEquals(data, "foo".getBytes());
+
+            client.create().creatingParentsIfNeeded().forPath("/one/two/another", "bar".getBytes());
+            data = client.getData().forPath("/one/two/another");
+            Assert.assertEquals(data, "bar".getBytes());
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testEnsurePathWithNamespace() throws Exception
+    {
+        final String namespace = "jz";
+
+        CuratorFrameworkFactory.Builder      builder = CuratorFrameworkFactory.builder();
+        CuratorFramework client = builder.connectString(server.getConnectString()).retryPolicy(new RetryOneTime(1)).namespace(namespace).build();
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            EnsurePath ensurePath = new EnsurePath("/pity/the/fool");
+            ensurePath.ensure(client.getZookeeperClient());
+            Assert.assertNull(client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper().exists("/jz/pity/the/fool", false));
+
+            ensurePath = client.newNamespaceAwareEnsurePath("/pity/the/fool");
+            ensurePath.ensure(client.getZookeeperClient());
+            Assert.assertNotNull(client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper().exists("/jz/pity/the/fool", false));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testNamespace() throws Exception
+    {
+        final String namespace = "TestNamespace";
+        
+        CuratorFrameworkFactory.Builder      builder = CuratorFrameworkFactory.builder();
+        CuratorFramework client = builder.connectString(server.getConnectString()).retryPolicy(new RetryOneTime(1)).namespace(namespace).build();
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            String      actualPath = client.create().forPath("/test", new byte[0]);
+            Assert.assertEquals(actualPath, "/test");
+            Assert.assertNotNull(client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper().exists("/" + namespace + "/test", false));
+            Assert.assertNull(client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper().exists("/test", false));
+
+            actualPath = client.nonNamespaceView().create().forPath("/non", new byte[0]);
+            Assert.assertEquals(actualPath, "/non");
+            Assert.assertNotNull(client.getZookeeperClient().getZooKeeper().exists("/non", false));
+
+            client.create().forPath("/test/child", "hey".getBytes());
+            byte[]      bytes = client.getData().forPath("/test/child");
+            Assert.assertEquals(bytes, "hey".getBytes());
+
+            bytes = client.nonNamespaceView().getData().forPath("/" + namespace + "/test/child");
+            Assert.assertEquals(bytes, "hey".getBytes());
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testCustomCallback() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            final CountDownLatch    latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            BackgroundCallback      callback = new BackgroundCallback()
+            {
+                @Override
+                public void processResult(CuratorFramework client, CuratorEvent event) throws Exception
+                {
+                    if ( event.getType() == CuratorEventType.CREATE )
+                    {
+                        if ( event.getPath().equals("/head") )
+                        {
+                            latch.countDown();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            client.create().inBackground(callback).forPath("/head", new byte[0]);
+            Assert.assertTrue(latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testSync() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            client.getCuratorListenable().addListener
+            (
+                new CuratorListener()
+                {
+                    @Override
+                    public void eventReceived(CuratorFramework client, CuratorEvent event) throws Exception
+                    {
+                        if ( event.getType() == CuratorEventType.SYNC )
+                        {
+                            Assert.assertEquals(event.getPath(), "/head");
+                            ((CountDownLatch)event.getContext()).countDown();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            );
+
+            client.create().forPath("/head", new byte[0]);
+            Assert.assertNotNull(client.checkExists().forPath("/head"));
+
+            CountDownLatch      latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            client.sync("/head", latch);
+            Assert.assertTrue(latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testBackgroundDelete() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            client.getCuratorListenable().addListener
+            (
+                new CuratorListener()
+                {
+                    @Override
+                    public void eventReceived(CuratorFramework client, CuratorEvent event) throws Exception
+                    {
+                        if ( event.getType() == CuratorEventType.DELETE )
+                        {
+                            Assert.assertEquals(event.getPath(), "/head");
+                            ((CountDownLatch)event.getContext()).countDown();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            );
+
+            client.create().forPath("/head", new byte[0]);
+            Assert.assertNotNull(client.checkExists().forPath("/head"));
+
+            CountDownLatch      latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            client.delete().inBackground(latch).forPath("/head");
+            Assert.assertTrue(latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            Assert.assertNull(client.checkExists().forPath("/head"));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testDelete() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            client.create().forPath("/head", new byte[0]);
+            Assert.assertNotNull(client.checkExists().forPath("/head"));
+            client.delete().forPath("/head");
+            Assert.assertNull(client.checkExists().forPath("/head"));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testGetSequentialChildren() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            client.create().forPath("/head", new byte[0]);
+
+            for ( int i = 0; i < 10; ++i )
+            {
+                client.create().withMode(CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL).forPath("/head/child", new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            List<String>        children = client.getChildren().forPath("/head");
+            Assert.assertEquals(children.size(), 10);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testBackgroundGetDataWithWatch() throws Exception
+    {
+        final byte[]        data1 = {1, 2, 3};
+        final byte[]        data2 = {4, 5, 6, 7};
+
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            final CountDownLatch          watchedLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            client.getCuratorListenable().addListener
+            (
+                new CuratorListener()
+                {
+                    @Override
+                    public void eventReceived(CuratorFramework client, CuratorEvent event) throws Exception
+                    {
+                        if ( event.getType() == CuratorEventType.GET_DATA )
+                        {
+                            Assert.assertEquals(event.getPath(), "/test");
+                            Assert.assertEquals(event.getData(), data1);
+                            ((CountDownLatch)event.getContext()).countDown();
+                        }
+                        else if ( event.getType() == CuratorEventType.WATCHED )
+                        {
+                            if ( event.getWatchedEvent().getType() == Watcher.Event.EventType.NodeDataChanged )
+                            {
+                                Assert.assertEquals(event.getPath(), "/test");
+                                watchedLatch.countDown();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            );
+
+            client.create().forPath("/test", data1);
+
+            CountDownLatch      backgroundLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            client.getData().watched().inBackground(backgroundLatch).forPath("/test");
+            Assert.assertTrue(backgroundLatch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+
+            client.setData().forPath("/test", data2);
+            Assert.assertTrue(watchedLatch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+            byte[]      checkData = client.getData().forPath("/test");
+            Assert.assertEquals(checkData, data2);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testBackgroundCreate() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            client.getCuratorListenable().addListener
+            (
+                new CuratorListener()
+                {
+                    @Override
+                    public void eventReceived(CuratorFramework client, CuratorEvent event) throws Exception
+                    {
+                        if ( event.getType() == CuratorEventType.CREATE )
+                        {
+                            Assert.assertEquals(event.getPath(), "/test");
+                            ((CountDownLatch)event.getContext()).countDown();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            );
+
+            CountDownLatch     latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            client.create().inBackground(latch).forPath("/test", new byte[]{1, 2, 3});
+            Assert.assertTrue(latch.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testCreateModes() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            byte[]  writtenBytes = {1, 2, 3};
+            client.create().forPath("/test", writtenBytes); // should be persistent
+
+            client.close();
+            client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+            client.start();
+
+            byte[]  readBytes = client.getData().forPath("/test");
+            Assert.assertEquals(writtenBytes, readBytes);
+
+            client.create().withMode(CreateMode.EPHEMERAL).forPath("/ghost", writtenBytes);
+
+            client.close();
+            client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+            client.start();
+
+            readBytes = client.getData().forPath("/test");
+            Assert.assertEquals(writtenBytes, readBytes);
+            Stat    stat = client.checkExists().forPath("/ghost");
+            Assert.assertNull(stat);
+
+            String  realPath = client.create().withMode(CreateMode.PERSISTENT_SEQUENTIAL).forPath("/pseq", writtenBytes);
+            Assert.assertNotSame(realPath, "/pseq");
+
+            client.close();
+            client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+            client.start();
+
+            readBytes = client.getData().forPath(realPath);
+            Assert.assertEquals(writtenBytes, readBytes);
+
+            realPath = client.create().withMode(CreateMode.EPHEMERAL_SEQUENTIAL).forPath("/eseq", writtenBytes);
+            Assert.assertNotSame(realPath, "/eseq");
+
+            client.close();
+            client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+            client.start();
+
+            stat = client.checkExists().forPath(realPath);
+            Assert.assertNull(stat);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void     testSimple() throws Exception
+    {
+        CuratorFramework client = CuratorFrameworkFactory.newClient(server.getConnectString(), new RetryOneTime(1));
+        client.start();
+        try
+        {
+            String    path = client.create().withMode(CreateMode.PERSISTENT).forPath("/test", new byte[]{1, 2, 3});
+            Assert.assertEquals(path, "/test");
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            client.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.netflix.curator.framework.imps.CuratorFrameworkImpl` acquired by call to `build()` at line 211 is not released after line 235.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 212
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestFramework.testNamespace()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.netflix.curator.framework.imps.TestFramework.testNamespace():void.2b47f9e7f12b83ad84575ec264bbff91
+
+### File:
+curator-framework/src/test/java/com/netflix/curator/framework/imps/TestFramework.java
+
+### Key:
+TestFramework.java|testNamespace|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+05155b05cf94bcf4443701b9938fd03c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6571/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6571/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b626794cff47cd1c05d21422be3dff5feeb44c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6571/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** parity
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jvirtanen.parity.ticker;
+
+import static org.jvirtanen.parity.util.Applications.*;
+
+import com.typesafe.config.Config;
+import com.typesafe.config.ConfigException;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.NetworkInterface;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.jvirtanen.config.Configs;
+
+class StockTicker {
+
+    private static final String USAGE = "parity-ticker [-t] <configuration-file>";
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        if (args.length != 1 && args.length != 2)
+            usage(USAGE);
+
+        boolean taq = false;
+
+        if (args.length == 2) {
+            if (!args[0].equals("-t"))
+                usage(USAGE);
+
+            taq = true;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            main(config(args[taq ? 1 : 0]), taq);
+        } catch (ConfigException | FileNotFoundException e) {
+            error(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            fatal(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void main(Config config, boolean taq) throws IOException {
+        NetworkInterface multicastInterface = Configs.getNetworkInterface(config, "market-data.multicast-interface");
+        InetAddress      multicastGroup     = Configs.getInetAddress(config, "market-data.multicast-group");
+        int              multicastPort      = Configs.getPort(config, "market-data.multicast-port");
+        InetAddress      requestAddress     = Configs.getInetAddress(config, "market-data.request-address");
+        int              requestPort        = Configs.getPort(config, "market-data.request-port");
+
+        List<String> instruments = config.getStringList("instruments");
+
+        MarketDataListener listener = taq ? new TAQFormat() : new DisplayFormat(instruments);
+
+        MarketDataClient client = MarketDataClient.open(multicastInterface,
+                new InetSocketAddress(multicastGroup, multicastPort),
+                new InetSocketAddress(requestAddress, requestPort),
+                instruments, listener);
+
+        while (true)
+            client.receive();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintWriter` acquired by call to `TAQFormat()` at line 50 is not released after line 52.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StockTicker.main(Config,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jvirtanen.parity.ticker.StockTicker.main(com.typesafe.config.Config,boolean):void.0fb00404391d1bf1e18b0be97be28db1
+
+### File:
+parity-ticker/src/main/java/org/jvirtanen/parity/ticker/StockTicker.java
+
+### Key:
+StockTicker.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+330673c82fabd3837b9807c9fdecab20
+
+### Hash:
+6f0e4b380fbc562ca770be862a6b3989
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6576/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6576/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ca1be59e9f9e1dd76104d111b1c611dd1be88a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6576/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** parity
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jvirtanen.parity.system;
+
+import static org.jvirtanen.parity.util.Applications.*;
+
+import com.typesafe.config.Config;
+import com.typesafe.config.ConfigException;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.jvirtanen.config.Configs;
+
+class TradingSystem {
+
+    public static final long EPOCH_MILLIS = LocalDate.now().atStartOfDay(ZoneId.systemDefault())
+        .toInstant().toEpochMilli();
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+        if (args.length != 1)
+            usage("parity-system <configuration-file>");
+
+        try {
+            main(config(args[0]));
+        } catch (ConfigException | FileNotFoundException e) {
+            error(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void main(Config config) throws IOException {
+        MarketData marketData = marketData(config);
+
+        MarketReportServer marketReport = marketReport(config);
+
+        List<String> instruments = config.getStringList("instruments");
+
+        MatchingEngine engine = new MatchingEngine(instruments, marketData, marketReport);
+
+        OrderEntryServer orderEntry = orderEntry(config, engine);
+
+        marketData.version();
+
+        new Events(marketData, marketReport, orderEntry).run();
+    }
+
+    private static MarketData marketData(Config config) throws IOException {
+        String      session        = config.getString("market-data.session");
+        InetAddress multicastGroup = Configs.getInetAddress(config, "market-data.multicast-group");
+        int         multicastPort  = Configs.getPort(config, "market-data.multicast-port");
+        int         requestPort    = Configs.getPort(config, "market-data.request-port");
+
+        return MarketData.open(session, new InetSocketAddress(multicastGroup, multicastPort),
+                requestPort);
+    }
+
+    private static MarketReportServer marketReport(Config config) throws IOException {
+        String      session        = config.getString("market-report.session");
+        InetAddress multicastGroup = Configs.getInetAddress(config, "market-report.multicast-group");
+        int         multicastPort  = Configs.getPort(config, "market-report.multicast-port");
+        int         requestPort    = Configs.getPort(config, "market-report.request-port");
+
+        return MarketReportServer.create(session, new InetSocketAddress(multicastGroup, multicastPort),
+                requestPort);
+    }
+
+    private static OrderEntryServer orderEntry(Config config, MatchingEngine engine) throws IOException {
+        int port = Configs.getPort(config, "order-entry.port");
+
+        return OrderEntryServer.create(port, engine);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.jvirtanen.nassau.moldudp64.MoldUDP64Server` acquired by call to `marketReport(...)` at line 35 is not released after line 45.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TradingSystem.main(Config)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jvirtanen.parity.system.TradingSystem.main(com.typesafe.config.Config):void.7e51f29f537a94d22054362492c4778f
+
+### File:
+parity-system/src/main/java/org/jvirtanen/parity/system/TradingSystem.java
+
+### Key:
+TradingSystem.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dba07d4a60c6c0eb1cef483e81a53e1d
+
+### Hash:
+cf1d2d54d3c7d854d3d6b5dba2e27d68
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6582/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6582/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6414aafbf08f42266de5072be5d1ca7d29fd76a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6582/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ofexport2
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ Copyright 2014 Paul Sidnell
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.psidnell.omnifocus.expr;
+
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
+
+/**
+ * @author psidnell
+ *
+ * A utility base class that provides methods that simplify using OGNL expressions
+ * in command line options, for example creating Date objects from strings to allow
+ * filters to be expressed more easily.
+ */
+public class ExpressionFunctions {
+
+    private static final int MONTHS_IN_YEAR = 12;
+
+    private static final int DAYS_IN_WEEK = 7;
+
+    public static final SimpleDateFormat YYYYMMDD = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
+
+    protected static final long DAY = 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;
+
+    public Date date(String dateStr) throws ParseException {
+        Calendar today = new GregorianCalendar();
+        return date(dateStr, today);
+    }
+
+    public Date date(String dateStr, Calendar today) throws ParseException {
+        roundToDay(today);
+        dateStr = dateStr.trim().toLowerCase();
+
+        Date result = parseDateByName(dateStr, today);
+
+        if (dateStr.equals("today")) {
+            return days(0, today);
+        }
+
+        if (dateStr.equals("yesterday")) {
+            return days(-1, today);
+        }
+
+        if (dateStr.equals("tomorrow")) {
+            return days(1, today);
+        }
+
+        if (result == null) {
+            result = parseDateByByDayOfMonth(dateStr, today);
+        }
+
+        if (result == null) {
+            result = parseDateByUnit(dateStr, today);
+        }
+
+        if (result == null) {
+            result = roundToDay(YYYYMMDD.parse(dateStr));
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private Date parseDateByByDayOfMonth(String dateStr, Calendar today) {
+
+        StringBuilder numStr = new StringBuilder();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < dateStr.length() && Character.isDigit(dateStr.charAt(i)); i++) {
+            numStr.append(dateStr.charAt(i));
+        }
+        if (i == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        int num = Integer.parseInt(numStr.toString());
+        dateStr = dateStr.substring(i);
+
+        switch (dateStr) {
+            case "st":
+            case "th":
+            case "nd":
+                roundToDay(today);
+                today.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, num);
+                return today.getTime();
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Date parseDateByUnit(String dateStr, Calendar today) {
+        int direction = 1;
+        if (dateStr.startsWith("+")) {
+            dateStr = dateStr.replaceFirst("\\+", "").trim();
+        } else if (dateStr.startsWith("-")) {
+            direction = -1;
+            dateStr = dateStr.replaceFirst("-", "").trim();
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder numStr = new StringBuilder();
+        int i = 0;
+        for (i = 0; i < dateStr.length() && Character.isDigit(dateStr.charAt(i)); i++) {
+            numStr.append(dateStr.charAt(i));
+        }
+        if (i == 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        int num = Integer.parseInt(numStr.toString());
+        dateStr = dateStr.substring(i);
+
+        switch (dateStr) {
+            case "d":
+            case "day":
+            case "days":
+                return days(direction * num, today);
+            case "w":
+            case "week":
+            case "weeks":
+                return days(direction * DAYS_IN_WEEK * num, today);
+            case "m":
+            case "month":
+            case "months":
+                roundToDay(today);
+                today.set(Calendar.MONTH, today.get(Calendar.MONTH) + direction * num);
+                return today.getTime();
+            case "y":
+            case "year":
+            case "years":
+                roundToDay(today);
+                today.set(Calendar.YEAR, today.get(Calendar.YEAR) + direction * num);
+                return today.getTime();
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Date parseDateByName(String dateStr, Calendar today) {
+        int direction = 1;
+        int offset = 0;
+        if (dateStr.startsWith("this")) {
+            direction = 1;
+            offset = 0;
+            dateStr = dateStr.replaceFirst("this", "").trim();
+        } else if (dateStr.startsWith("+")) {
+            direction = 1;
+            offset = 1;
+            dateStr = dateStr.replaceFirst("\\+", "").trim();
+        } else if (dateStr.startsWith("-")) {
+            direction = -1;
+            offset = 1;
+            dateStr = dateStr.replaceFirst("-", "").trim();
+        }
+
+        switch (dateStr) {
+            case "mon":
+            case "monday":
+                return findDay(Calendar.MONDAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "tue":
+            case "tuesday":
+                return findDay(Calendar.TUESDAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "wed":
+            case "wednesday":
+                return findDay(Calendar.WEDNESDAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "thu":
+            case "thursday":
+                return findDay(Calendar.THURSDAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "fri":
+            case "friday":
+                return findDay(Calendar.FRIDAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "sat":
+            case "saturday":
+                return findDay(Calendar.SATURDAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "sun":
+            case "sunday":
+                return findDay(Calendar.SUNDAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "jan":
+            case "january":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.JANUARY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "feb":
+            case "february":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.FEBRUARY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "mar":
+            case "march":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.MARCH, direction, offset, today);
+            case "apr":
+            case "april":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.APRIL, direction, offset, today);
+            case "may":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.MAY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "jun":
+            case "june":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.JUNE, direction, offset, today);
+            case "jul":
+            case "july":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.JULY, direction, offset, today);
+            case "aug":
+            case "august":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.AUGUST, direction, offset, today);
+            case "sep":
+            case "september":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.SEPTEMBER, direction, offset, today);
+            case "oct":
+            case "october":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.OCTOBER, direction, offset, today);
+            case "nov":
+            case "november":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.NOVEMBER, direction, offset, today);
+            case "dec":
+            case "december":
+                return findMonth(Calendar.DECEMBER, direction, offset, today);
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    protected Date findDay(int target, int direction, int unitOffset, Calendar cal) {
+        int day = adjustStartOfWeek(cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+        int diff = adjustStartOfWeek(target) - day;
+        int off = direction * unitOffset * DAYS_IN_WEEK + diff;
+        cal.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, cal.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) + off);
+        return cal.getTime();
+    }
+
+    protected Date findMonth(int target, int direction, int unitOffset, Calendar cal) {
+        int month = cal.get(Calendar.MONTH);
+        int diff = target - month;
+        int off = direction * unitOffset * MONTHS_IN_YEAR + diff;
+        cal.set(Calendar.MONTH, cal.get(Calendar.MONTH) + off);
+        cal.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+        roundToDay(cal);
+        return cal.getTime();
+    }
+
+    private int adjustStartOfWeek(int dow) {
+        // DOW starts on Sunday but want Monday
+        if (dow == Calendar.SUNDAY) {
+            return DAYS_IN_WEEK;
+        } else {
+            return dow - Calendar.SUNDAY;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Date days(int days, Calendar today) {
+        today.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, today.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH) + days);
+        return today.getTime();
+    }
+
+    public boolean within(Date date, String lower, String upper) throws ParseException {
+        Date lowerDate = date(lower);
+        Date upperDate = date(upper);
+        return date != null && date.getTime() >= lowerDate.getTime() && date.getTime() <= upperDate.getTime();
+    }
+
+    public static void roundToDay(Calendar today) {
+        today.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 0);
+        today.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 0);
+        today.set(Calendar.SECOND, 0);
+        today.set(Calendar.MILLISECOND, 0);
+    }
+
+    public static Date roundToDay(Date d) {
+        return d == null ? null : new Date(DAY * (d.getTime() / DAY));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `lowerDate` last assigned on line 265 could be null and is dereferenced at line 267.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ExpressionFunctions.within(Date,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.psidnell.omnifocus.expr.ExpressionFunctions.within(java.util.Date,java.lang.String,java.lang.Str.9055e1e3671486a0556da200a8ee7d6e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/psidnell/omnifocus/expr/ExpressionFunctions.java
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionFunctions.java|within|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f9f3a406a670c0aa947d90550a5afa34
+
+### Hash:
+08cfba073712687439a2e8ee501496af
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6585/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6585/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59adead9278ef4d3b61b36f990708692549caa5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6585/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** elasticsearch-sql
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nlpcn.es4sql;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+import org.elasticsearch.client.Client;
+import org.elasticsearch.client.transport.TransportClient;
+import org.elasticsearch.common.transport.InetSocketTransportAddress;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+
+public class TestImportTest {
+	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+		Client client = new TransportClient().addTransportAddress(new InetSocketTransportAddress("localhost", 9300));
+		BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(new File("/home/ansj/temp/20140421.txt"))));
+		String temp = null;
+
+		while ((temp = br.readLine()) != null) {
+			
+System.out.println("in");
+			try {
+				JSONObject job = JSON.parseObject(br.readLine());
+				client.prepareIndex().setIndex("testdoc").setType("testdoc").setSource(job).execute().actionGet();
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 19 is not released after line 32.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 22
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestImportTest.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nlpcn.es4sql.TestImportTest.main(java.lang.String[]):void.59fa14142873b55ea2f7c8d68309266d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/nlpcn/es4sql/TestImportTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TestImportTest.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+95ced91ca0473a6646194f1eb482b307
+
+### Hash:
+8b5b2371a60183f7c378f211899aee2e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6600/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6600/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46ff1b2c1ca96cf78711395dc674970bb39e0a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6600/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PlayJumpJumpWithMouse
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.company.playJumpJumpWithMouse;
+
+import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+public class AdbCaller {
+
+    private static String adbPath = Constants.ADB_PATH;
+
+    private static String screenshotLocation = Constants.SCREENSHOT_LOCATION;
+
+    private static Boolean error = null;
+
+    public static void setAdbPath(String adbPath) {
+        AdbCaller.adbPath = adbPath;
+    }
+
+    public static void setScreenshotLocation(String screenshotLocation) {
+        AdbCaller.screenshotLocation = screenshotLocation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 调用adb长按屏幕
+     *
+     * @param timeMilli
+     */
+    public static void longPress(double timeMilli, BufferedImage image) {
+        try {
+            int width = image.getWidth() / 3 + (int) (Math.random() * image.getWidth() / 3);
+            int height = image.getHeight() - 300 + (int) (Math.random() * 200);
+            Process process = Runtime.getRuntime()
+                    .exec(adbPath + " shell input touchscreen swipe " + width + " " + height + " " + width + " " + height + " " + (int) timeMilli);
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(process.getErrorStream()));
+            String s;
+            while ((s = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
+                System.out.println(s);
+            process.waitFor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 改进的截图方法<br>
+     * 感谢 hxzqlh
+     * 当改进的截图方法不能正常执行时降级为常规方法
+     */
+    public static void printScreen() {
+        if (error != null && error) {
+            printScreenWithOld();
+        } else {
+            try {
+                String[] args = new String[]{"bash", "-c", adbPath + " exec-out screencap -p > " + screenshotLocation};
+                String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
+                if (os.toLowerCase().startsWith("win")) {
+                    args[0] = "cmd";
+                    args[1] = "/c";
+                }
+                Process p1 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args);
+                BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p1.getErrorStream()));
+                String s;
+                while ((s = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
+                    System.out.println(s);
+                p1.waitFor();
+                checkScreenSuccess();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+                error = true;
+                printScreenWithOld();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkScreenSuccess() throws IOException {
+        if (error == null) {
+            BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(new File(screenshotLocation));
+            if (image == null) {
+                throw new IOException("cann't read file \"" + screenshotLocation + "\" into image object");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void printScreenWithOld() {
+        try {
+            Process p1 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(adbPath + " shell screencap -p /sdcard/screenshot.png");
+            p1.waitFor();
+            Process p2 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(adbPath + " pull /sdcard/screenshot.png " + screenshotLocation);
+            p2.waitFor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static int getSize() {
+        try {
+            Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("adb shell wm density");
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
+            String line = bufferedReader.readLine();
+            String[] splis = line.split(" ");
+            return Integer.valueOf(splis[splis.length - 1]);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return 480;
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println(getSize());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `os` last assigned on line 60 could be null and is dereferenced at line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AdbCaller.printScreen()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.company.playJumpJumpWithMouse.AdbCaller.printScreen():void.02c1872f8f58e392b8a8b519fc39e6c3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/company/playJumpJumpWithMouse/AdbCaller.java
+
+### Key:
+AdbCaller.java|printScreen|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+c35d40a525b011fbcfd2fcafb4a2ba73
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6601/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6601/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12a0070125f89107e3e82807291064ada06656b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6601/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** PlayJumpJumpWithMouse
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.company.playJumpJumpWithMouse;
+
+import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+public class AdbCaller {
+
+    private static String adbPath = Constants.ADB_PATH;
+
+    private static String screenshotLocation = Constants.SCREENSHOT_LOCATION;
+
+    private static Boolean error = null;
+
+    public static void setAdbPath(String adbPath) {
+        AdbCaller.adbPath = adbPath;
+    }
+
+    public static void setScreenshotLocation(String screenshotLocation) {
+        AdbCaller.screenshotLocation = screenshotLocation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 调用adb长按屏幕
+     *
+     * @param timeMilli
+     */
+    public static void longPress(double timeMilli, BufferedImage image) {
+        try {
+            int width = image.getWidth() / 3 + (int) (Math.random() * image.getWidth() / 3);
+            int height = image.getHeight() - 300 + (int) (Math.random() * 200);
+            Process process = Runtime.getRuntime()
+                    .exec(adbPath + " shell input touchscreen swipe " + width + " " + height + " " + width + " " + height + " " + (int) timeMilli);
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(process.getErrorStream()));
+            String s;
+            while ((s = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
+                System.out.println(s);
+            process.waitFor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 改进的截图方法<br>
+     * 感谢 hxzqlh
+     * 当改进的截图方法不能正常执行时降级为常规方法
+     */
+    public static void printScreen() {
+        if (error != null && error) {
+            printScreenWithOld();
+        } else {
+            try {
+                String[] args = new String[]{"bash", "-c", adbPath + " exec-out screencap -p > " + screenshotLocation};
+                String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
+                if (os.toLowerCase().startsWith("win")) {
+                    args[0] = "cmd";
+                    args[1] = "/c";
+                }
+                Process p1 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args);
+                BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p1.getErrorStream()));
+                String s;
+                while ((s = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null)
+                    System.out.println(s);
+                p1.waitFor();
+                checkScreenSuccess();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+                error = true;
+                printScreenWithOld();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkScreenSuccess() throws IOException {
+        if (error == null) {
+            BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(new File(screenshotLocation));
+            if (image == null) {
+                throw new IOException("cann't read file \"" + screenshotLocation + "\" into image object");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void printScreenWithOld() {
+        try {
+            Process p1 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(adbPath + " shell screencap -p /sdcard/screenshot.png");
+            p1.waitFor();
+            Process p2 = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(adbPath + " pull /sdcard/screenshot.png " + screenshotLocation);
+            p2.waitFor();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static int getSize() {
+        try {
+            Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("adb shell wm density");
+            BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));
+            String line = bufferedReader.readLine();
+            String[] splis = line.split(" ");
+            return Integer.valueOf(splis[splis.length - 1]);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+        return 480;
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println(getSize());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 66 is not released after line 72.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 68
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AdbCaller.printScreen()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.company.playJumpJumpWithMouse.AdbCaller.printScreen():void.02c1872f8f58e392b8a8b519fc39e6c3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/company/playJumpJumpWithMouse/AdbCaller.java
+
+### Key:
+AdbCaller.java|printScreen|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+ab3bf8a4ce8a0955183f446dc715ebdb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6606/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6606/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..850d9abbb9b4c7f3f947761e0c19b60035b81535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6606/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.vertxup.rbac.api;
+
+import cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.daos.RRolePermDao;
+import cn.vertxup.rbac.service.business.PermStub;
+import io.vertx.core.Future;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonArray;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
+import io.vertx.tp.ke.cv.KeField;
+import io.vertx.tp.rbac.cv.Addr;
+import io.vertx.tp.rbac.refine.Sc;
+import io.vertx.up.annotations.Address;
+import io.vertx.up.annotations.Queue;
+import io.vertx.up.commune.config.XHeader;
+import io.vertx.up.unity.Ux;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="http://www.origin-x.cn">lang</a>
+ */
+@Queue
+public class PermActor {
+
+    @Inject
+    private transient PermStub stub;
+
+    /*
+     * Calculate Permission Groups
+     */
+    @Address(Addr.Authority.PERMISSION_GROUP)
+    public Future<JsonArray> calculate(final XHeader header) {
+        return this.stub.groupAsync(header.getSigma());
+    }
+
+    @Address(Addr.Authority.PERMISSION_SAVING)
+    public Future<JsonObject> savingPerm(final JsonObject processed,
+                                         final XHeader header) {
+        final String sigma = header.getSigma();
+        Sc.infoWeb(this.getClass(), "Permission Update: {0}, sigma = {1}",
+                processed.encode(), sigma);
+        /*
+         * Two steps, the input json is:
+         * Action Part:
+         * {
+         *     "removed": [
+         *         "action1",
+         *         "action2"
+         *     ],
+         *     "relation":{
+         *         "action3": "permission1",
+         *         "action4": "permission2"
+         *     }
+         * }
+         * Permission Part:
+         * {
+         *     "group": "xxxx",
+         *     "data": [
+         *     ]
+         * }
+         *
+         * The steps is as following:
+         *
+         * 1. Permission Sync ( Removed, Add New, Update )
+         * 2. Action Sync ( Add New, Relation Processing )
+         */
+        // Permission Data
+        final JsonArray permissions = Ut.sureJArray(processed.getJsonArray(KeField.DATA));
+        final String group = processed.getString("group");
+        // Action Data
+        final JsonArray removed = Ut.sureJArray(processed.getJsonArray("removed"));
+        final JsonObject relation = Ut.sureJObject(processed.getJsonObject("relation"));
+
+        return this.stub.syncPerm(permissions, group, sigma)                // Permission Process
+                .compose(nil -> this.stub.savingPerm(removed, relation))    // Action Process
+                .compose(nil -> Ux.future(relation));
+    }
+
+    @Address(Addr.Authority.PERMISSION_BY_ROLE)
+    public Future<JsonArray> fetchAsync(final String roleId) {
+        if (Ut.notNil(roleId)) {
+            return Ux.Jooq.on(RRolePermDao.class)
+                    .fetchAsync(KeField.ROLE_ID, roleId)
+                    .compose(Ux::fnJArray);
+        } else return Ux.futureJArray();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `on(cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.daos.RRolePermDao)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 83.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Future PermActor.fetchAsync(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.vertxup.rbac.api.PermActor.fetchAsync(java.lang.String):io.vertx.core.Future.eae7b226488d76ba7cb6a0f1b59551d8
+
+### File:
+vertx-pin/zero-rbac/src/main/java/cn/vertxup/rbac/api/PermActor.java
+
+### Key:
+PermActor.java|fetchAsync|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+e59d4f13a13a32109c447461abe95ea0
+
+### Hash:
+8031a0b38793953339df179c4fc76e41
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6607/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6607/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..296b9cf28f40530886b25e8f4b5dc76f864c348a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6607/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package cn.vertxup.rbac.service.business;
+
+import cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.daos.RRolePermDao;
+import cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.daos.SActionDao;
+import cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.daos.SPermissionDao;
+import cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.pojos.SAction;
+import cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.pojos.SPermission;
+import io.vertx.core.Future;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonArray;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
+import io.vertx.tp.ke.cv.KeField;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.jooq.UxJooq;
+import io.vertx.up.unity.Ux;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="http://www.origin-x.cn">lang</a>
+ */
+public class PermService implements PermStub {
+    @Override
+    public Future<JsonArray> groupAsync(final String sigma) {
+        /*
+         * Build condition of `sigma`
+         */
+        final JsonObject condition = new JsonObject();
+        condition.put(KeField.SIGMA, sigma);
+        /*
+         * Permission Groups processing
+         */
+        return Ux.Jooq.on(SPermissionDao.class)
+                .countByAsync(condition, "group", "identifier");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Future<JsonArray> syncPerm(final JsonArray permissions, final String group, final String sigma) {
+        /*
+         * Fetch all permissions from database and calculated removed list
+         */
+        final JsonObject condition = new JsonObject();
+        condition.put(KeField.GROUP, group);
+        condition.put(KeField.SIGMA, sigma);
+        final UxJooq permDao = Ux.Jooq.on(SPermissionDao.class);
+        return permDao.<SPermission>fetchAndAsync(condition).compose(existing -> {
+            /*
+             * Process filter to get removed
+             */
+            final List<SPermission> saved = Ux.fromJson(permissions, SPermission.class);
+            final Set<String> keeped = saved.stream().map(SPermission::getKey).collect(Collectors.toSet());
+            final List<String> removedKeys = existing.stream()
+                    .filter(item -> !keeped.contains(item.getKey()))
+                    .map(SPermission::getKey).collect(Collectors.toList());
+            return this.removeAsync(removedKeys, sigma).compose(nil -> {
+                /*
+                 * Save Action for SPermission by `key` only
+                 */
+                final List<Future<SPermission>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
+                Ut.itList(saved).map(permission -> permDao.<SPermission>fetchByIdAsync(permission.getKey())
+                        .compose(queired -> {
+                            if (Objects.isNull(queired)) {
+                                /*
+                                 * Insert entity object into database
+                                 */
+                                return permDao.insertAsync(permission);
+                            } else {
+                                /*
+                                 * Update the `key` hitted object into database
+                                 */
+                                return permDao.updateAsync(permission.getKey(), permission);
+                            }
+                        })).forEach(futures::add);
+                return Ux.thenCombineT(futures).compose(Ux::futureA);
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    private Future<Boolean> removeAsync(final List<String> removedKeys, final String sigma) {
+        /*
+         * 1. Remove permission records
+         */
+        final Future<Boolean> removedFuture;
+        if (removedKeys.isEmpty()) {
+            return Ux.future(Boolean.TRUE);
+        } else {
+            final String[] ids = removedKeys.toArray(new String[]{});
+            return Ux.Jooq.on(SPermissionDao.class).deleteByIdAsync(ids).compose(permTrue -> {
+                /*
+                 * 2. Remove permission role records
+                 */
+                final JsonObject condition = new JsonObject();
+                condition.put("permId,i", Ut.toJArray(removedKeys));
+                return Ux.Jooq.on(RRolePermDao.class).deleteByAsync(condition).compose(relationTrue -> {
+                    /*
+                     * 3. Update all SAction of permission that set to null
+                     */
+                    final JsonObject condAction = new JsonObject();
+                    condAction.put("permissionId,i", Ut.toJArray(removedKeys));
+                    condAction.put(KeField.SIGMA, sigma);
+                    final UxJooq actionDao = Ux.Jooq.on(SActionDao.class);
+                    return actionDao.<SAction>fetchAndAsync(condAction).compose(actions -> {
+                        actions.forEach(action -> action.setPermissionId(null));
+                        return actionDao.updateAsync(actions);
+                    });
+                });
+            }).compose(nil -> Ux.future(Boolean.TRUE));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Future<JsonObject> savingPerm(final JsonArray removed, final JsonObject relation) {
+        /*
+         * Removed Permission Id from S_ACTION
+         * Update all the action permissionId = null by key
+         */
+        final List<Future<SAction>> entities = new ArrayList<>();
+        final UxJooq jooq = Ux.Jooq.on(SActionDao.class);
+        Ut.itJString(removed).map(key -> jooq.<SAction>fetchByIdAsync(key)
+                /*
+                 * Set all queried permissionId of each action to null
+                 * Here should remove permissionId to set resource to freedom
+                 */
+                .compose(action -> {
+                    action.setPermissionId(null);
+                    return Ux.future(action);
+                })
+                .compose(jooq::updateAsync)
+        ).forEach(entities::add);
+        return Ux.thenCombineT(entities).compose(actions -> {
+            /*
+             * Build relation between actionId -> permissionId
+             */
+            final List<Future<SAction>> actionList = new ArrayList<>();
+            Ut.<String>itJObject(relation, (permissionId, actionId) -> actionList.add(
+                    jooq.<SAction>fetchByIdAsync(actionId).compose(action -> {
+                        action.setPermissionId(permissionId);
+                        return Ux.future(action);
+                    }).compose(jooq::updateAsync)
+            ));
+            return Ux.thenCombineT(actionList);
+        }).compose(nil -> Ux.future(relation));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `on(cn.vertxup.rbac.domain.tables.daos.SPermissionDao)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 37.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Future PermService.groupAsync(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+cn.vertxup.rbac.service.business.PermService.groupAsync(java.lang.String):io.vertx.core.Future.fd3c36e043a867dc17f7ce13c3be43d2
+
+### File:
+vertx-pin/zero-rbac/src/main/java/cn/vertxup/rbac/service/business/PermService.java
+
+### Key:
+PermService.java|groupAsync|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cbef0c8d39c9a33fa59a1eb380dea694
+
+### Hash:
+b76ad0e87e6632446cc8d5c9cb2d177a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6608/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6608/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..af9630df85943eeb777216a91b1f97a5337fa13a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6608/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** vertx-zero
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.vertx.up.uca.rs.router;
+
+import io.vertx.core.Vertx;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
+import io.vertx.ext.web.Router;
+import io.vertx.up.eon.Values;
+import io.vertx.up.extension.PlugRouter;
+import io.vertx.up.fn.Fn;
+import io.vertx.up.log.Annal;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.rs.Axis;
+import io.vertx.up.runtime.ZeroAmbient;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.yaml.Node;
+import io.vertx.up.uca.yaml.ZeroUniform;
+import io.vertx.up.util.Ut;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class DynamicAxis implements Axis<Router> {
+
+    private static final String KEY_ROUTER = "router";
+    private static final Annal LOGGER = Annal.get(DynamicAxis.class);
+    private static final AtomicInteger LOG_FLAG_START = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    private static final AtomicInteger LOG_FLAG_END = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    private static final transient String NAME = DynamicAxis.class.getSimpleName();
+    private transient final Node<JsonObject> uniform = Ut.singleton(ZeroUniform.class);
+    private transient Vertx vertxRef;
+
+    @Override
+    public void mount(final Router router) {
+        final Class<?> clazz = ZeroAmbient.getPlugin(KEY_ROUTER);
+        if (Values.ZERO == LOG_FLAG_START.getAndIncrement()) {
+            LOGGER.info(Info.DY_DETECT, NAME);
+        }
+        if (null != clazz && Ut.isImplement(clazz, PlugRouter.class)) {
+            final JsonObject config = uniform.read();
+            final JsonObject routerConfig = Fn.getNull(new JsonObject(), () -> config.getJsonObject(KEY_ROUTER), config);
+            if (Values.ONE == LOG_FLAG_END.getAndIncrement()) {
+                LOGGER.info(Info.DY_FOUND, NAME, clazz.getName(), routerConfig.encode());
+            }
+            // Mount dynamic router
+            final PlugRouter plugRouter = Fn.poolThread(Pool.PLUGS,
+                    () -> Ut.instance(clazz));
+            plugRouter.bind(vertxRef);
+            plugRouter.mount(router, routerConfig);
+        } else {
+            if (Values.ONE == LOG_FLAG_END.getAndIncrement()) {
+                LOGGER.info(Info.DY_SKIP, NAME,
+                        Fn.getNull(null, () -> null == clazz ? null : clazz.getName(), clazz));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Axis<Router> bind(final Vertx vertx) {
+        vertxRef = vertx;
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `plugRouter` last assigned on line 44 could be null and is dereferenced at line 46.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DynamicAxis.mount(Router)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.vertx.up.uca.rs.router.DynamicAxis.mount(io.vertx.ext.web.Router):void.69e5dfcb84fd3f14c38c95cd04cc1685
+
+### File:
+vertx-gaia/vertx-up/src/main/java/io/vertx/up/uca/rs/router/DynamicAxis.java
+
+### Key:
+DynamicAxis.java|mount|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+de1a7db7ceadff9b2292b10885dfbd37
+
+### Hash:
+739182572ebcd342f0fe75e41074d102
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6630/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6630/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b11d635ec77c6a89a76f9bd764f6bfd368c36cca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6630/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** super-csv
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * SuperCSV is Copyright 2007, Kasper B. Graversen Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,
+ * either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the
+ * License.
+ */
+package org.supercsv.io;
+
+import static org.circulartests.CircularData.columnsToWrite;
+import static org.circulartests.CircularData.expectedReadResultsFromColumnToWrite;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.supercsv.prefs.CsvPreference;
+
+/**
+ * @author Kasper B. Graversen
+ */
+public class AbstractCSVWriterTest {
+	
+	/**
+	 * implement abstract class in order to test it
+	 * 
+	 * @author Kasper B. Graversen
+	 */
+	static class TestClass extends AbstractCsvWriter {
+		TestClass(final Writer stream, final CsvPreference preference) {
+			super(stream, preference);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void should_escape() {
+		final TestClass absWriter = new TestClass(new StringWriter(), CsvPreference.EXCEL_PREFERENCE);
+		
+		assertThat(columnsToWrite.length, is(expectedReadResultsFromColumnToWrite.length));
+		for( int i = 0; i < columnsToWrite.length; i++ ) {
+			Assert.assertEquals(expectedReadResultsFromColumnToWrite[i], absWriter.escapeString(columnsToWrite[i]));
+			// assertThat(absWriter.escapeString(columnsToWrite[i]), is(expectedOutput[i]));
+		}
+		
+	}
+	// @Test
+	// public void should_escape_comma_outside_quote() throws IOException {
+	// StringWriter out = new StringWriter();
+	// TestClass writer = new TestClass(out, CsvPreference.EXCEL_PREFERENCE);
+	// String[] columnsToWrite = { "comma, outside quote", "\"comma, inside quotes\"", // commas
+	// "\"quote\" outside quotes", "\"quote \"inside\" quotes\"", // quotes
+	// "newline\noutside quotes", "\"newline\ninside quotes\"", // newline
+	// "normal text" // normal
+	// };
+	//
+	// // exercise
+	// writer.write(columnsToWrite);
+	// writer.close();
+	//
+	// // test
+	// Assert.assertEquals("comma \",\" outside quote, \"comma, inside quotes\", " + // commas
+	// "" + // quotes
+	// "" + // newline
+	// "", // normal
+	// out.getBuffer().toString());
+	// }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.BufferedWriter` acquired by call to `AbstractCSVWriterTest$TestClass(...)` at line 41 is not released after line 49.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractCSVWriterTest.should_escape()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.supercsv.io.AbstractCSVWriterTest.should_escape():void.41b925b9949138516f14416df2f36177
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/supercsv/io/AbstractCSVWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractCSVWriterTest.java|should_escape|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7c73363917d2e6f6f4a96f4fdb2cc617
+
+### Hash:
+9f54359d8363fddead3d95c9c94ccb98
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6636/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6636/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91be03a251a07116048bbc793b08cefe8b353a95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6636/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dubbo-admin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller;
+
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.dto.BaseDTO;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.dto.RouteDTO;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.governance.service.ProviderService;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.governance.service.RouteService;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.registry.common.domain.Route;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.util.MD5Util;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/api/{env}/rules/route")
+public class RoutesController {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RouteService routeService;
+    @Autowired
+    private ProviderService providerService;
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
+    public boolean createRule(@RequestBody RouteDTO routeDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        String serviceName = routeDTO.getService();
+        String app = routeDTO.getApp();
+        if (serviceName == null && app == null) {
+
+        }
+        if (serviceName != null) {
+            //2.6
+            String version = null;
+            String service = serviceName;
+            if (serviceName.contains(":") && !serviceName.endsWith(":")) {
+                version = serviceName.split(":")[1];
+                service = serviceName.split(":")[0];
+            }
+
+            String[] conditions = routeDTO.getConditions();
+            String rule = parseCondition(conditions);
+            Route route = new Route();
+            route.setService(service);
+            route.setVersion(version);
+            route.setEnabled(routeDTO.isEnabled()); route.setForce(routeDTO.isForce());
+            route.setGroup(routeDTO.getGroup());
+            route.setDynamic(routeDTO.isDynamic());
+            route.setRuntime(routeDTO.isRuntime());
+            route.setPriority(routeDTO.getPriority());
+            route.setRule(rule);
+            routeService.createRoute(route);
+
+        } else {
+            //new feature in 2.7
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean updateRule(@PathVariable String id, @RequestBody RouteDTO routeDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Route route = routeService.findRoute(id);
+        if (route == null) {
+            //TODO Exception
+        }
+        String[] conditions = routeDTO.getConditions();
+        String rule = parseCondition(conditions);
+        Route newRoute = new Route();
+        newRoute.setService(route.getService());
+        newRoute.setVersion(route.getVersion());
+        newRoute.setEnabled(routeDTO.isEnabled());
+        newRoute.setForce(routeDTO.isForce());
+        newRoute.setGroup(routeDTO.getGroup());
+        newRoute.setDynamic(routeDTO.isDynamic());
+        newRoute.setRuntime(routeDTO.isRuntime());
+        newRoute.setPriority(routeDTO.getPriority());
+        newRoute.setRule(rule);
+        routeService.updateRoute(newRoute);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public List<RouteDTO> searchRoutes(@RequestParam(required = false) String app,
+                                    @RequestParam(required = false) String service, @PathVariable String env) {
+        List<Route> routes;
+        if (app != null) {
+           // app scope in 2.7
+        }
+        if (service != null) {
+            routes = routeService.findByService(service);
+        } else {
+            routes = routeService.findAll();
+        }
+        List<RouteDTO> routeDTOS = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Route route : routes) {
+            RouteDTO routeDTO = new RouteDTO();
+            routeDTO.setDynamic(route.isDynamic());
+            routeDTO.setConditions(new String[]{route.getRule()});
+            routeDTO.setEnabled(route.isEnabled());
+            routeDTO.setForce(route.isForce());
+            routeDTO.setGroup(route.getGroup());
+            routeDTO.setPriority(route.getPriority());
+            routeDTO.setRuntime(route.isRuntime());
+            routeDTO.setService(route.getService());
+            routeDTO.setId(route.getHash());
+            routeDTOS.add(routeDTO);
+        }
+        return routeDTOS;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public RouteDTO detailRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Route route = routeService.findRoute(id);
+        if (route == null) {
+            // TODO throw exception
+        }
+        RouteDTO routeDTO = new RouteDTO();
+        routeDTO.setDynamic(route.isDynamic());
+        routeDTO.setConditions(new String[]{route.getRule()});
+        routeDTO.setEnabled(route.isEnabled());
+        routeDTO.setForce(route.isForce());
+        routeDTO.setGroup(route.getGroup());
+        routeDTO.setPriority(route.getPriority());
+        routeDTO.setRuntime(route.isRuntime());
+        routeDTO.setService(route.getService());
+        routeDTO.setId(route.getHash());
+        return routeDTO;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
+    public boolean deleteRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        routeService.deleteRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/enable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean enableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        routeService.enableRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/disable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean disableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        routeService.disableRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private String parseCondition(String[] conditions) {
+        StringBuilder when = new StringBuilder();
+        StringBuilder then = new StringBuilder();
+        for (String condition : conditions) {
+            condition = condition.trim();
+            if (condition.contains("=>") && !condition.endsWith("=>")) {
+                String consumer = condition.split("=>")[0].trim();
+                String provider = condition.split("=>")[1].trim();
+                if (when.length() != 0) {
+                    when.append(" & ").append(consumer);
+                } else {
+                    when.append(consumer);
+                }
+
+                if (then.length() != 0) {
+                    then.append(" & ").append(provider);
+                } else {
+                    then.append(provider);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return (when.append(" => ").append(then)).toString();
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        String a = "fwjiojie =>";
+        a.split("=>", 2);
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `route` last assigned on line 129 could be null and is dereferenced at line 134.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RouteDTO RoutesController.detailRoute(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller.RoutesController.detailRoute(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):or.592e7d81d063c67e1dfa3ed416a29f15
+
+### File:
+dubbo-admin-backend/src/main/java/org/apache/dubbo/admin/controller/RoutesController.java
+
+### Key:
+RoutesController.java|detailRoute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+69c9f7a67f66a7ee0376d56b8fad0d7a
+
+### Hash:
+2ab50670bc58bee928f1e433ac9546da
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6637/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6637/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2b6690ead0759b9705de63652c181555d67713e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6637/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dubbo-admin
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller;
+
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.dto.RouteDTO;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.governance.service.ProviderService;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.governance.service.RouteService;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.registry.common.domain.Route;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/api/{env}/rules/route")
+public class RoutesController {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RouteService routeService;
+    @Autowired
+    private ProviderService providerService;
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
+    public boolean createRule(@RequestBody RouteDTO routeDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        String serviceName = routeDTO.getService();
+        String app = routeDTO.getApp();
+        if (serviceName == null && app == null) {
+
+        }
+        if (serviceName != null) {
+            //2.6
+            String version = null;
+            String service = serviceName;
+            if (serviceName.contains(":") && !serviceName.endsWith(":")) {
+                version = serviceName.split(":")[1];
+                service = serviceName.split(":")[0];
+                routeDTO.setService(service);
+                routeDTO.setVersion(version);
+            }
+
+            Route route = convertRouteDTOtoRoute(routeDTO, null);
+            routeService.createRoute(route);
+
+        } else {
+            //new feature in 2.7
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean updateRule(@PathVariable String id, @RequestBody RouteDTO routeDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Route route = routeService.findRoute(id);
+        if (route == null) {
+            //TODO Exception
+        }
+        routeDTO.setVersion(route.getVersion());
+        routeDTO.setService(route.getService());
+        Route newRoute = convertRouteDTOtoRoute(routeDTO, id);
+        routeService.updateRoute(newRoute);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public List<RouteDTO> searchRoutes(@RequestParam(required = false) String app,
+                                    @RequestParam(required = false) String service, @PathVariable String env) {
+        List<Route> routes;
+        if (app != null) {
+           // app scope in 2.7
+        }
+        if (service != null) {
+            routes = routeService.findByService(service);
+        } else {
+            routes = routeService.findAll();
+        }
+        List<RouteDTO> routeDTOS = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Route route : routes) {
+            RouteDTO routeDTO = convertRoutetoRouteDTO(route, route.getHash());
+            routeDTOS.add(routeDTO);
+        }
+        return routeDTOS;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public RouteDTO detailRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Route route = routeService.findRoute(id);
+        if (route == null) {
+            // TODO throw exception
+        }
+        RouteDTO routeDTO = convertRoutetoRouteDTO(route, id);
+        return routeDTO;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
+    public boolean deleteRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        routeService.deleteRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/enable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean enableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        routeService.enableRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/disable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean disableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        routeService.disableRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private String parseCondition(String[] conditions) {
+        StringBuilder when = new StringBuilder();
+        StringBuilder then = new StringBuilder();
+        for (String condition : conditions) {
+            condition = condition.trim();
+            if (condition.contains("=>")) {
+                String[] array = condition.split("=>", 2);
+                String consumer = array[0].trim();
+                String provider = array[1].trim();
+                if (consumer != "") {
+                    if (when.length() != 0) {
+                        when.append(" & ").append(consumer);
+                    } else {
+                        when.append(consumer);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (provider != "") {
+                    if (then.length() != 0) {
+                        then.append(" & ").append(provider);
+                    } else {
+                        then.append(provider);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return (when.append(" => ").append(then)).toString();
+    }
+
+    private Route convertRouteDTOtoRoute(RouteDTO routeDTO, String id) {
+        Route route = new Route();
+        String[] conditions = routeDTO.getConditions();
+        String rule = parseCondition(conditions);
+        route.setService(routeDTO.getService());
+        route.setVersion(routeDTO.getVersion());
+        route.setEnabled(routeDTO.isEnabled());
+        route.setForce(routeDTO.isForce());
+        route.setGroup(routeDTO.getGroup());
+        route.setDynamic(routeDTO.isDynamic());
+        route.setRuntime(routeDTO.isRuntime());
+        route.setPriority(routeDTO.getPriority());
+        route.setRule(rule);
+        if(id != null) {
+            route.setHash(id);
+        }
+        return route;
+    }
+
+    private RouteDTO convertRoutetoRouteDTO(Route route, String id) {
+        RouteDTO routeDTO = new RouteDTO();
+        routeDTO.setDynamic(route.isDynamic());
+        routeDTO.setConditions(new String[]{route.getRule()});
+        routeDTO.setEnabled(route.isEnabled());
+        routeDTO.setForce(route.isForce());
+        routeDTO.setGroup(route.getGroup());
+        routeDTO.setPriority(route.getPriority());
+        routeDTO.setRuntime(route.isRuntime());
+        routeDTO.setService(route.getService());
+        routeDTO.setVersion(route.getVersion());
+        if (id != null) {
+            routeDTO.setId(route.getHash());
+        }
+        return routeDTO;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `route` last assigned on line 101 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `convertRoutetoRouteDTO(...)` at line 105.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RouteDTO RoutesController.detailRoute(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller.RoutesController.detailRoute(java.lang.String,java.lang.String):or.592e7d81d063c67e1dfa3ed416a29f15
+
+### File:
+dubbo-admin-backend/src/main/java/org/apache/dubbo/admin/controller/RoutesController.java
+
+### Key:
+RoutesController.java|detailRoute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9ef5f7691235a915de315200ce0b0ac4
+
+### Hash:
+7df3e58f14fd1c5bd0b52422b23619db
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6638/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6638/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4256ebca09839b37ae818f26d821fdf32d950487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6638/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dubbo-admin
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller;
+
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.dto.RouteDTO;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.governance.service.ProviderService;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.governance.service.RouteService;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.registry.common.domain.Route;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/api/{env}/rules/route")
+public class RoutesController {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RouteService routeService;
+    @Autowired
+    private ProviderService providerService;
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
+    public boolean createRule(@RequestBody RouteDTO routeDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        String serviceName = routeDTO.getService();
+        String app = routeDTO.getApp();
+        if (serviceName == null && app == null) {
+
+        }
+        if (serviceName != null) {
+            //2.6
+            String version = null;
+            String service = serviceName;
+            if (serviceName.contains(":") && !serviceName.endsWith(":")) {
+                version = serviceName.split(":")[1];
+                service = serviceName.split(":")[0];
+                routeDTO.setService(service);
+                routeDTO.setVersion(version);
+            }
+
+            Route route = convertRouteDTOtoRoute(routeDTO, null);
+            routeService.createRoute(route);
+
+        } else {
+            //new feature in 2.7
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean updateRule(@PathVariable String id, @RequestBody RouteDTO routeDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Route route = routeService.findRoute(id);
+        if (route == null) {
+            //TODO Exception
+        }
+        routeDTO.setVersion(route.getVersion());
+        routeDTO.setService(route.getService());
+        Route newRoute = convertRouteDTOtoRoute(routeDTO, id);
+        routeService.updateRoute(newRoute);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public List<RouteDTO> searchRoutes(@RequestParam(required = false) String app,
+                                    @RequestParam(required = false) String service, @PathVariable String env) {
+        List<Route> routes;
+        if (app != null) {
+           // app scope in 2.7
+        }
+        if (service != null) {
+            routes = routeService.findByService(service);
+        } else {
+            routes = routeService.findAll();
+        }
+        List<RouteDTO> routeDTOS = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Route route : routes) {
+            RouteDTO routeDTO = convertRoutetoRouteDTO(route, route.getHash());
+            routeDTOS.add(routeDTO);
+        }
+        return routeDTOS;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public RouteDTO detailRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Route route = routeService.findRoute(id);
+        if (route == null) {
+            // TODO throw exception
+        }
+        RouteDTO routeDTO = convertRoutetoRouteDTO(route, id);
+        return routeDTO;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
+    public boolean deleteRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        routeService.deleteRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/enable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean enableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        routeService.enableRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/disable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean disableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        routeService.disableRoute(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private String parseCondition(String[] conditions) {
+        StringBuilder when = new StringBuilder();
+        StringBuilder then = new StringBuilder();
+        for (String condition : conditions) {
+            condition = condition.trim();
+            if (condition.contains("=>")) {
+                String[] array = condition.split("=>", 2);
+                String consumer = array[0].trim();
+                String provider = array[1].trim();
+                if (consumer != "") {
+                    if (when.length() != 0) {
+                        when.append(" & ").append(consumer);
+                    } else {
+                        when.append(consumer);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (provider != "") {
+                    if (then.length() != 0) {
+                        then.append(" & ").append(provider);
+                    } else {
+                        then.append(provider);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return (when.append(" => ").append(then)).toString();
+    }
+
+    private Route convertRouteDTOtoRoute(RouteDTO routeDTO, String id) {
+        Route route = new Route();
+        String[] conditions = routeDTO.getConditions();
+        String rule = parseCondition(conditions);
+        route.setService(routeDTO.getService());
+        route.setVersion(routeDTO.getVersion());
+        route.setEnabled(routeDTO.isEnabled());
+        route.setForce(routeDTO.isForce());
+        route.setGroup(routeDTO.getGroup());
+        route.setDynamic(routeDTO.isDynamic());
+        route.setRuntime(routeDTO.isRuntime());
+        route.setPriority(routeDTO.getPriority());
+        route.setRule(rule);
+        if(id != null) {
+            route.setHash(id);
+        }
+        return route;
+    }
+
+    private RouteDTO convertRoutetoRouteDTO(Route route, String id) {
+        RouteDTO routeDTO = new RouteDTO();
+        routeDTO.setDynamic(route.isDynamic());
+        routeDTO.setConditions(new String[]{route.getRule()});
+        routeDTO.setEnabled(route.isEnabled());
+        routeDTO.setForce(route.isForce());
+        routeDTO.setGroup(route.getGroup());
+        routeDTO.setPriority(route.getPriority());
+        routeDTO.setRuntime(route.isRuntime());
+        routeDTO.setService(route.getService());
+        routeDTO.setVersion(route.getVersion());
+        if (id != null) {
+            routeDTO.setId(route.getHash());
+        }
+        return routeDTO;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `route` last assigned on line 68 could be null and is dereferenced at line 72.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean RoutesController.updateRule(String,RouteDTO,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller.RoutesController.updateRule(java.lang.String,org.apache.dubbo.admi.80ddf3dc3a9f43c398c1383c18697941
+
+### File:
+dubbo-admin-backend/src/main/java/org/apache/dubbo/admin/controller/RoutesController.java
+
+### Key:
+RoutesController.java|updateRule|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ef43877a5bd3ebfaedc2f5c9d7e7ab2d
+
+### Hash:
+6f3c5d91554e021c503ff6f8875d2a3d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6639/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6639/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..993e263afd36bf3a601e73d2f756377284967e12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6639/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dubbo-admin
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller;
+
+import com.alibaba.dubbo.common.URL;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.dto.OverrideDTO;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.governance.service.OverrideService;
+import org.apache.dubbo.admin.registry.common.domain.Override;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/api/{env}/rules/override")
+public class OverridesController {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private OverrideService overrideService;
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)
+    public boolean createOverride(@RequestBody OverrideDTO overrideDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        String serviceName = overrideDTO.getService();
+        if (serviceName == null || serviceName.length() == 0) {
+            //TODO throw exception
+        }
+        Override override = new Override();
+        override.setService(serviceName);
+        override.setApplication(overrideDTO.getApp());
+        override.setAddress(overrideDTO.getAddress());
+        override.setEnabled(overrideDTO.isEnabled());
+        overrideDTOToParams(override, overrideDTO);
+        overrideService.saveOverride(override);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean updateOverride(@PathVariable String id, @RequestBody OverrideDTO overrideDTO, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Override old = overrideService.findById(id);
+        if (old == null) {
+            //TODO handle exception
+        }
+        Override override = new Override();
+        override.setService(overrideDTO.getService());
+        override.setApplication(overrideDTO.getApp());
+        override.setAddress(overrideDTO.getAddress());
+        override.setEnabled(overrideDTO.isEnabled());
+        overrideDTOToParams(override, overrideDTO);
+        override.setHash(id);
+        overrideService.updateOverride(override);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public List<OverrideDTO> searchOverride(@RequestParam(required = false) String service, @PathVariable String env) {
+        List<Override> overrides;
+        if (service == null || service.length() == 0) {
+           overrides = overrideService.findAll();
+        }
+        overrides = overrideService.findByService(service);
+        List<OverrideDTO> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Override override : overrides) {
+            OverrideDTO overrideDTO = new OverrideDTO();
+            overrideDTO.setAddress(override.getAddress());
+            overrideDTO.setApp(override.getApplication());
+            overrideDTO.setEnabled(override.isEnabled());
+            overrideDTO.setService(override.getService());
+            overrideDTO.setId(override.getHash());
+            paramsToOverrideDTO(override, overrideDTO);
+            result.add(overrideDTO);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
+    public OverrideDTO detailOverride(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        Override override = overrideService.findById(id);
+        if (override == null) {
+            //TODO throw exception
+        }
+        OverrideDTO overrideDTO = new OverrideDTO();
+        overrideDTO.setAddress(override.getAddress());
+        overrideDTO.setApp(override.getApplication());
+        overrideDTO.setEnabled(override.isEnabled());
+        overrideDTO.setService(override.getService());
+        paramsToOverrideDTO(override, overrideDTO);
+        return overrideDTO;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value  = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
+    public boolean deleteOverride(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+        overrideService.deleteOverride(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/enable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean enableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        overrideService.enableOverride(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @RequestMapping(value = "/disable/{id}", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
+    public boolean disableRoute(@PathVariable String id, @PathVariable String env) {
+
+        overrideService.disableOverride(id);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void overrideDTOToParams(Override override, OverrideDTO overrideDTO) {
+        Map<Object, String>[] mocks = overrideDTO.getMock();
+        Map<String, Object>[] parameters = overrideDTO.getParameters();
+        StringBuilder params = new StringBuilder();
+        if (mocks != null) {
+            for (Map<Object, String> mock : mocks) {
+                for (Map.Entry<Object, String> entry : mock.entrySet()) {
+                    String key;
+                    if (entry.getKey().equals("0")) {
+                        key = "mock";
+                    } else {
+                        key = entry.getKey() + ".mock";
+                    }
+                    String value = key + "=" + URL.encode(entry.getValue());
+                    params.append(value).append("&");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (parameters != null) {
+            for (Map<String, Object> param : parameters) {
+                for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : param.entrySet()) {
+                    String value = entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue();
+                    params.append(value).append("&");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        int length = params.length();
+        if (params.charAt(length - 1) == '&') {
+            params.deleteCharAt(length - 1);
+        }
+        override.setParams(params.toString());
+    }
+
+    private void paramsToOverrideDTO(Override override, OverrideDTO overrideDTO) {
+        String params = override.getParams();
+        List<Map<Object, String>> mock = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> parameters = new ArrayList<>();
+        String[] pair = params.split("&");
+        for (String p : pair) {
+            String key = p.split("=")[0];
+            if (key.contains("mock")) {
+                //mock
+                String value = URL.decode(p.split("=")[1]);
+                Map<Object, String> item = new HashMap<>();
+                if (key.contains(".")) {
+                    //single method mock
+                    key = key.split("\\.")[0];
+                    item.put(key, value);
+                } else {
+                    item.put(0, value);
+                }
+                mock.add(item);
+            } else {
+                //parameter
+                String value = p.split("=")[1];
+                Map<String, Object> item = new HashMap<>();
+                item.put(key, value);
+                parameters.add(item);
+            }
+        }
+        Map<Object, String>[] mockArray = new Map[mock.size()];
+        overrideDTO.setMock(mock.toArray(mockArray));
+        Map<String, Object>[] paramArray = new Map[parameters.size()];
+        overrideDTO.setParameters(parameters.toArray(paramArray));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `override` last assigned on line 95 could be null and is dereferenced at line 100.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+OverrideDTO OverridesController.detailOverride(String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.dubbo.admin.controller.OverridesController.detailOverride(java.lang.String,java.lang.Stri.b669d0fa772a7c2aef44909f69a077d0
+
+### File:
+dubbo-admin-backend/src/main/java/org/apache/dubbo/admin/controller/OverridesController.java
+
+### Key:
+OverridesController.java|detailOverride|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+69c9f7a67f66a7ee0376d56b8fad0d7a
+
+### Hash:
+0f44299477533ff932efe9accafd71aa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6653/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6653/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed81da4e6443cdac86be108af85f63ca3b21ced2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6653/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** unirest-java
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright for portions of OpenUnirest/uniresr-java are held by Mashape (c) 2013 as part of Kong/unirest-java.
+All other copyright for OpenUnirest/unirest-java are held by OpenUnirest (c) 2018.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package io.github.openunirest.http;
+
+import io.github.openunirest.http.async.Callback;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.options.Options;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.body.MultipartBody;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.GetRequest;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.HttpRequest;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.client.HttpAsyncClientBuilder;
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.junit.*;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class UnirestTest {
+
+	private CountDownLatch lock;
+	private boolean status;
+
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void suiteSetUp(){
+		MockServer.start();
+	}
+
+	@AfterClass
+	public static void suiteTearDown(){
+		MockServer.shutdown();
+	}
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() {
+		MockServer.reset();
+		lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
+		status = false;
+	}
+
+	private String findAvailableIpAddress() throws IOException {
+		for (int i = 100; i <= 255; i++) {
+			String ip = "192.168.1." + i;
+			if (!InetAddress.getByName(ip).isReachable(1000)) {
+				return ip;
+			}
+		}
+
+		throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find an available IP address in the range of 192.168.0.100-255");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void postFormReturnJson() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		MockServer.captureAndReturnRequest();
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POSTJSON)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.field("param1", "value1")
+				.field("param2", "bye")
+				.asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		FormCapture json = TestUtils.read(jsonResponse, FormCapture.class);
+		json.assertHeader("Accept", "application/json");
+		json.assertQuery("param1", "value1");
+		json.assertQuery("param2", "bye");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void canPassQueryParamsOnStringOrWithForm() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		MockServer.captureAndReturnRequest();
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON + "?name=mark")
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.asJson();
+
+		FormCapture json = TestUtils.read(response, FormCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("name", "mark");
+
+		response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.queryString("name", "mark2")
+				.asJson();
+
+		json = TestUtils.read(response, FormCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("name", "mark2");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetUTF8() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("param3", "こんにちは").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("param3"), "こんにちは");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostUTF8() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "こんにちは").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"), "こんにちは");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostBinaryUTF8() throws URISyntaxException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "こんにちは").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+		assertEquals("こんにちは", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostRawBody() {
+		String sourceString = "'\"@こんにちは-test-123-" + Math.random();
+		byte[] sentBytes = sourceString.getBytes();
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").body(sentBytes).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(sourceString, response.getBody().getObject().getString("data"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testCustomUserAgent() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=mark").header("user-agent", "hello-world").asJson();
+		assertEquals("hello-world", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("User-Agent"));
+
+		GetRequest getRequest = Unirest.get("http");
+		for (Object current : Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2)) {
+			getRequest.queryString("name", current);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetMultiple() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
+			HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get?try=" + i).asJson();
+			assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("try"), ((Integer) i).toString());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetFields() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "mark").queryString("nick", "thefosk").asJson();
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "mark");
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("nick"), "thefosk");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetFields2() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("email", "hello@hello.com").asJson();
+		assertEquals("hello@hello.com", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("email"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testQueryStringEncoding() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		String testKey = "email2=someKey&email";
+		String testValue = "hello@hello.com";
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString(testKey, testValue).asJson();
+		assertEquals(testValue, response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString(testKey));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDelete() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").asJson();
+		assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+		response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").field("name", "mark").asJson();
+		assertEquals("mark", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDeleteBody() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		String body = "{\"jsonString\":{\"members\":\"members1\"}}";
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").body(body).asJson();
+		assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(body, response.getBody().getObject().getString("data"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testBasicAuth() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").basicAuth("user", "test").asJson();
+		assertEquals("Basic dXNlcjp0ZXN0", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Authorization"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+		Future<HttpResponse<JsonNode>> future = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").field("param1", "value1").field("param2", "bye").asJsonAsync();
+
+		assertNotNull(future);
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = future.get();
+
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCallback() throws JSONException, InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").field("param1", "value1").field("param2", "bye").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("value1", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param1"));
+				assertEquals("bye", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param2"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipart() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()), "image/jpeg").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file").contains("data:image/jpeg"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartInputStreamContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+		MultipartBody request = Unirest.post(MockServer.HOST + "/post")
+            .header("accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString())
+			.field("name", "Mark")
+			.field("file", stream, ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "image.jpg");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = request
+			.asJson();
+
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		JSONObject object = json.getObject();
+		assertNotNull(object);
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(object.getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("type").contains("application/octet-stream"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartInputStreamContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())), ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "test").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartByteContentType() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+		final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+		final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+		stream.read(bytes);
+		stream.close();
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", bytes, "image.jpg").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file").contains("data:application/octet-stream"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartByteContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+		final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()));
+		final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+		stream.read(bytes);
+		stream.close();
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", bytes, "test").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGzip() throws JSONException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/gzip").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getBoolean("gzipped"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGzipAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/gzip").asJsonAsync().get();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getBoolean("gzipped"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDefaultHeaders() throws JSONException {
+		Unirest.setDefaultHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+		Unirest.setDefaultHeader("user-agent", "foobar");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertEquals("hello", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("User-Agent"));
+		assertEquals("foobar", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("User-Agent"));
+
+		jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertEquals("hello", jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("X-Custom-Header"));
+
+		Unirest.clearDefaultHeaders();
+
+		jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testSetTimeouts() throws IOException {
+		String address = "http://" + findAvailableIpAddress() + "/";
+		long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > Options.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + 100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+				fail();
+			}
+		}
+		Unirest.setTimeouts(2000, 10000);
+		start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > 2100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+				fail();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPathParameters() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "get").queryString("name", "Mark").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "Mark");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testQueryAndBodyParameters() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "post").queryString("name", "Mark").field("wot", "wat").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "Mark");
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("wot"), "wat");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPathParameters2() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.patch("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "patch").field("name", "Mark").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals("OK", jsonResponse.getStatusText());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"), "Mark");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMissingPathParameter() {
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method222", "get").queryString("name", "Mark").asJson();
+			fail();
+		} catch (RuntimeException e) {
+			// OK
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parallelTest() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.setConcurrency(10, 5);
+
+		long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		makeParallelRequests();
+		long smallerConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+		Unirest.setConcurrency(200, 20);
+		start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		makeParallelRequests();
+		long higherConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+		assertTrue(higherConcurrencyTime < smallerConcurrencyTime);
+	}
+
+	private void makeParallelRequests() throws InterruptedException {
+		ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+		final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
+		for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+			newFixedThreadPool.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/get").queryString("index", counter.incrementAndGet()).asString();
+                } catch (UnirestException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            });
+		}
+
+		newFixedThreadPool.shutdown();
+		newFixedThreadPool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCustomContentType() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body("{\"hello\":\"world\"}").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertEquals("{\"hello\":\"world\"}", json.getObject().getString("data"));
+				assertEquals("application/json", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCustomContentTypeAndFormParams() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded").field("name", "Mark").field("hello", "world").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+				assertEquals("world", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("hello"));
+
+				assertEquals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetQuerystringArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "Mark").queryString("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostMultipleFiles() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "wot").field("file1", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).field("file2", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+		JSONObject names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file1"));
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file2"));
+
+		assertEquals("wot", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostCollection() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testCaseInsensitiveHeaders() {
+		GetRequest request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco");
+		assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+		JSONObject headers = request.asJson().getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers");
+		assertEquals("Marco", headers.getString("Name"));
+
+		request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco").header("Name", "John");
+		assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(1));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(1));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setTimeoutsAndCustomClient() {
+		try {
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			fail();
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			fail();
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+			fail();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			// Ok
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setHttpClient(HttpClientBuilder.create().build());
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+			fail();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			// Ok
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testObjectMapperRead() {
+		Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+		GetResponse getResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+		getResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/get");
+
+		HttpResponse<GetResponse> getResponse = Unirest.get(getResponseMock.getUrl()).asObject(GetResponse.class);
+
+		assertEquals(200, getResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(getResponse.getBody().getUrl(), getResponseMock.getUrl());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testObjectMapperWrite() {
+		Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+		GetResponse postResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+		postResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/post");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> postResponse = Unirest.post(postResponseMock.getUrl()).header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body(postResponseMock).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, postResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(postResponse.getBody().getObject().getString("data"), "{\"url\":\"http://httpbin.org/post\"}");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostProvidesSortedParams() throws IOException {
+		// Verify that fields are encoded into the body in sorted order.
+		HttpRequest httpRequest = Unirest.post("test").field("z", "Z").field("y", "Y").field("x", "X").getHttpRequest();
+
+		InputStream content = httpRequest.getBody().getEntity().getContent();
+		String body = IOUtils.toString(content, "UTF-8");
+		assertEquals("x=X&y=Y&z=Z", body);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testHeaderNamesCaseSensitive() {
+		// Verify that header names are the same as server (case sensitive)
+		final Headers headers = new Headers();
+		headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("cOnTeNt-TyPe"));
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("content-type"));
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", "application/json", headers.getFirst("Content-Type"));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `response.getBody()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 136.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnirestTest.testPostUTF8()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.openunirest.http.UnirestTest.testPostUTF8():void.c93a79edc316a7e9a5ffe07874dd10a0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/io/github/openunirest/http/UnirestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UnirestTest.java|testPostUTF8|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+720ba035e76c8c0525cfed8c876c06e8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6654/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6654/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d58aecb7a60987fa03bdcf061363be34d091ce6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6654/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,904 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** unirest-java
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright for portions of OpenUnirest/uniresr-java are held by Mashape (c) 2013 as part of Kong/unirest-java.
+All other copyright for OpenUnirest/unirest-java are held by OpenUnirest (c) 2018.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package io.github.openunirest.http;
+
+import io.github.openunirest.http.async.Callback;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.options.Options;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.GetRequest;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.HttpRequest;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.client.HttpAsyncClientBuilder;
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.junit.*;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static io.github.openunirest.http.TestUtils.read;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class UnirestTest {
+
+    private CountDownLatch lock;
+    private boolean status;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void suiteSetUp() {
+        MockServer.start();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void suiteTearDown() {
+        MockServer.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockServer.reset();
+        lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        status = false;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void postFormReturnJson() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(jsonResponse);
+        json.assertHeader("Accept", "application/json");
+        json.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+        json.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canPassQueryParamsOnStringOrWithForm() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?name=mark")
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "mark");
+
+        response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("name", "mark2")
+                .asJson();
+
+        json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "mark2");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void multipleParams() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?name=ringo")
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("name", "paul")
+                .queryString("name", "john")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "ringo");
+        json.assertParam("name", "paul");
+        json.assertParam("name", "john");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetUTF8() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostUTF8() {
+        HttpResponse response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostBinaryUTF8() throws URISyntaxException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.getMimeType())
+                .field("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+        json.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostRawBody() {
+        String sourceString = "'\"@こんにちは-test-123-" + Math.random();
+        byte[] sentBytes = sourceString.getBytes();
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .body(sentBytes)
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.asserBody(sourceString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCustomUserAgent() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("user-agent", "hello-world")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertHeader("User-Agent", "hello-world");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultiple() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
+            HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?try=" + i).asJson();
+            parse(response).assertParam("try", String.valueOf(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetFields() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString("name", "mark")
+                .queryString("nick", "thefosk")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+        parse.assertParam("name", "mark");
+        parse.assertParam("nick", "thefosk");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetFields2() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString("email", "hello@hello.com")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertParam("email", "hello@hello.com");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryStringEncoding() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        String testKey = "email2=someKey&email";
+        String testValue = "hello@hello.com";
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString(testKey, testValue)
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertParam(testKey, testValue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelete() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE).asJson();
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+        response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE)
+                .field("name", "mark")
+                .field("foo", "bar")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+        parse.assertParam("name", "mark");
+        parse.assertParam("foo", "bar");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteBody() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        String body = "{\"jsonString\":{\"members\":\"members1\"}}";
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE)
+                .body(body)
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+        parse(response).asserBody(body);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicAuth() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .basicAuth("user", "test")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertHeader("Authorization", "Basic dXNlcjp0ZXN0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+        Future<HttpResponse<JsonNode>> future = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJsonAsync();
+
+        assertNotNull(future);
+
+        RequestCapture req = parse(future.get());
+        req.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+        req.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCallback() throws JSONException, InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                        RequestCapture req = parse(jsonResponse);
+                        req.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+                        req.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipart() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture res = parse(jsonResponse);
+        res.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+        res.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+
+        res.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()), "image/jpeg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture res = parse(jsonResponse);
+        res.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("image/jpeg");
+        res.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartInputStreamContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+        FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> request = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString())
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", stream, ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "image.jpg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, request.getStatus());
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(request);
+        json.assertHeader("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString());
+        json.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+        json.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartInputStreamContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())), ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "test")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+                        json.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+                        json.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartByteContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+        final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+        stream.read(bytes);
+        stream.close();
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", bytes, "image.jpg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(jsonResponse);
+        parse.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartByteContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+        final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()));
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+        stream.read(bytes);
+        stream.close();
+
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", bytes, "test")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+                        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+                        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGzip() throws JSONException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GZIP)
+                .queryString("zipme", "up")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse).assertParam("zipme", "up");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGzipAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GZIP)
+                .queryString("zipme", "up")
+                .asJsonAsync()
+                .get();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse).assertParam("zipme", "up");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultHeaders() throws JSONException {
+        Unirest.setDefaultHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        Unirest.setDefaultHeader("user-agent", "foobar");
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        r.assertHeader("User-Agent", "foobar");
+
+        jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+        r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        r.assertHeader("User-Agent", "foobar");
+
+        Unirest.clearDefaultHeaders();
+
+        jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+        r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertNoHeader("X-Custom-Header");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetTimeouts() throws IOException {
+        String address = "http://" + findAvailableIpAddress() + "/";
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > Options.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + 100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+                fail();
+            }
+        }
+        Unirest.setTimeouts(2000, 10000);
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > 2100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+                fail();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPathParameters() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "get")
+                .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryAndBodyParameters() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "post")
+                .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                .field("wot", "wat")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark")
+                .assertParam("wot", "wat");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPathParameters2() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.patch(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "patch")
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMissingPathParameter() {
+        try {
+            Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                    .routeParam("method222", "get")
+                    .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                    .asJson();
+
+            fail();
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            assertEquals("Can't find route parameter name \"method222\"", e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parallelTest() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.setConcurrency(10, 5);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        makeParallelRequests();
+        long smallerConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+        Unirest.setConcurrency(200, 20);
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        makeParallelRequests();
+        long higherConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+        assertTrue(higherConcurrencyTime < smallerConcurrencyTime);
+    }
+
+    private void makeParallelRequests() throws InterruptedException {
+        ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+        final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+            newFixedThreadPool.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/get").queryString("index", counter.incrementAndGet()).asString();
+                } catch (UnirestException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        newFixedThreadPool.shutdown();
+        newFixedThreadPool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCustomContentType() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body("{\"hello\":\"world\"}").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+            public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                fail();
+            }
+
+            public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+                assertEquals("{\"hello\":\"world\"}", json.getObject().getString("data"));
+                assertEquals("application/json", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+                status = true;
+                lock.countDown();
+            }
+
+            public void cancelled() {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCustomContentTypeAndFormParams() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded").field("name", "Mark").field("hello", "world").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+            public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                fail();
+            }
+
+            public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+                assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+                assertEquals("world", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("hello"));
+
+                assertEquals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+                status = true;
+                lock.countDown();
+            }
+
+            public void cancelled() {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetQuerystringArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "Mark").queryString("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostMultipleFiles() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "wot").field("file1", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).field("file2", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+        JSONObject names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file1"));
+        assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file2"));
+
+        assertEquals("wot", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostCollection() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaseInsensitiveHeaders() {
+        GetRequest request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco");
+        assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+        JSONObject headers = request.asJson().getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers");
+        assertEquals("Marco", headers.getString("Name"));
+
+        request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco").header("Name", "John");
+        assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(1));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(1));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setTimeoutsAndCustomClient() {
+        try {
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Ok
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setHttpClient(HttpClientBuilder.create().build());
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Ok
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectMapperRead() {
+        Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+        GetResponse getResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+        getResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/get");
+
+        HttpResponse<GetResponse> getResponse = Unirest.get(getResponseMock.getUrl()).asObject(GetResponse.class);
+
+        assertEquals(200, getResponse.getStatus());
+        assertEquals(getResponse.getBody().getUrl(), getResponseMock.getUrl());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectMapperWrite() {
+        Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+        GetResponse postResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+        postResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/post");
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> postResponse = Unirest.post(postResponseMock.getUrl()).header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body(postResponseMock).asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, postResponse.getStatus());
+        assertEquals(postResponse.getBody().getObject().getString("data"), "{\"url\":\"http://httpbin.org/post\"}");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostProvidesSortedParams() throws IOException {
+        // Verify that fields are encoded into the body in sorted order.
+        HttpRequest httpRequest = Unirest.post("test").field("z", "Z").field("y", "Y").field("x", "X").getHttpRequest();
+
+        InputStream content = httpRequest.getBody().getEntity().getContent();
+        String body = IOUtils.toString(content, "UTF-8");
+        assertEquals("x=X&y=Y&z=Z", body);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderNamesCaseSensitive() {
+        // Verify that header names are the same as server (case sensitive)
+        final Headers headers = new Headers();
+        headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("cOnTeNt-TyPe"));
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("content-type"));
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", "application/json", headers.getFirst("Content-Type"));
+    }
+
+
+    private String findAvailableIpAddress() throws IOException {
+        for (int i = 100; i <= 255; i++) {
+            String ip = "192.168.1." + i;
+            if (!InetAddress.getByName(ip).isReachable(1000)) {
+                return ip;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find an available IP address in the range of 192.168.0.100-255");
+    }
+
+    private RequestCapture parse(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+        return read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `response.getBody()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 663.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnirestTest.testGetQuerystringArray()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.openunirest.http.UnirestTest.testGetQuerystringArray():void.8e6f8815602b1d68532ef379e28481e9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/io/github/openunirest/http/UnirestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UnirestTest.java|testGetQuerystringArray|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+814fc0da3433b35d1c4521d94767ddfc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6662/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6662/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35e451d09c030398d981e8535af897edbb8a64f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6662/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,934 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** unirest-java
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright for portions of OpenUnirest/uniresr-java are held by Mashape (c) 2013 as part of Kong/unirest-java.
+All other copyright for OpenUnirest/unirest-java are held by OpenUnirest (c) 2018.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package io.github.openunirest.http;
+
+import io.github.openunirest.http.async.Callback;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.options.Options;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.body.MultipartBody;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.GetRequest;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.HttpRequest;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.client.HttpAsyncClientBuilder;
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.junit.*;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class UnirestTest {
+
+	private CountDownLatch lock;
+	private boolean status;
+
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void suiteSetUp(){
+		MockServer.start();
+	}
+
+	@AfterClass
+	public static void suiteTearDown(){
+		MockServer.shutdown();
+	}
+
+	@Before
+	public void setUp() {
+		MockServer.reset();
+		lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
+		status = false;
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void postFormReturnJson() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.field("param1", "value1")
+				.field("param2", "bye")
+				.asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		RequestCapture json = TestUtils.read(jsonResponse, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertHeader("Accept", "application/json");
+		json.assertQuery("param1", "value1");
+		json.assertQuery("param2", "bye");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void canPassQueryParamsOnStringOrWithForm() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON + "?name=mark")
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.asJson();
+
+		RequestCapture json = TestUtils.read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("name", "mark");
+
+		response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.queryString("name", "mark2")
+				.asJson();
+
+		json = TestUtils.read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("name", "mark2");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void multipleParams() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON + "?name=ringo")
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.queryString("name", "paul")
+				.queryString("name", "john")
+				.asJson();
+
+		RequestCapture json = TestUtils.read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("name", "ringo");
+		json.assertQuery("name", "paul");
+		json.assertQuery("name", "john");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetUTF8() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GETJSON)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.queryString("param3", "こんにちは")
+				.asJson();
+
+		RequestCapture json = TestUtils.read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("param3", "こんにちは");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostUTF8() {
+		HttpResponse response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+				.header("accept", "application/json")
+				.field("param3", "こんにちは")
+				.asJson();
+
+		RequestCapture json = TestUtils.read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("param3", "こんにちは");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostBinaryUTF8() throws URISyntaxException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+				.header("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.getMimeType())
+				.field("param3", "こんにちは")
+				.field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+				.asJson();
+
+		RequestCapture json = TestUtils.read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertQuery("param3", "こんにちは");
+		json.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostRawBody() {
+		String sourceString = "'\"@こんにちは-test-123-" + Math.random();
+		byte[] sentBytes = sourceString.getBytes();
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").body(sentBytes).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(sourceString, response.getBody().getObject().getString("data"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testCustomUserAgent() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=mark").header("user-agent", "hello-world").asJson();
+		assertEquals("hello-world", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("User-Agent"));
+
+		GetRequest getRequest = Unirest.get("http");
+		for (Object current : Arrays.asList(0, 1, 2)) {
+			getRequest.queryString("name", current);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetMultiple() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
+			HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get?try=" + i).asJson();
+			assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("try"), ((Integer) i).toString());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetFields() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "mark").queryString("nick", "thefosk").asJson();
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "mark");
+		assertEquals(response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("nick"), "thefosk");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetFields2() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("email", "hello@hello.com").asJson();
+		assertEquals("hello@hello.com", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("email"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testQueryStringEncoding() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		String testKey = "email2=someKey&email";
+		String testValue = "hello@hello.com";
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString(testKey, testValue).asJson();
+		assertEquals(testValue, response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString(testKey));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDelete() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").asJson();
+		assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+		response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").field("name", "mark").asJson();
+		assertEquals("mark", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDeleteBody() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		String body = "{\"jsonString\":{\"members\":\"members1\"}}";
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete").body(body).asJson();
+		assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(body, response.getBody().getObject().getString("data"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testBasicAuth() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").basicAuth("user", "test").asJson();
+		assertEquals("Basic dXNlcjp0ZXN0", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Authorization"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+		Future<HttpResponse<JsonNode>> future = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").field("param1", "value1").field("param2", "bye").asJsonAsync();
+
+		assertNotNull(future);
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = future.get();
+
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCallback() throws JSONException, InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").field("param1", "value1").field("param2", "bye").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("value1", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param1"));
+				assertEquals("bye", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param2"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipart() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()), "image/jpeg").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file").contains("data:image/jpeg"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartInputStreamContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+		MultipartBody request = Unirest.post(MockServer.HOST + "/post")
+            .header("accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString())
+			.field("name", "Mark")
+			.field("file", stream, ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "image.jpg");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = request
+			.asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		RequestCapture json = TestUtils.read(jsonResponse, RequestCapture.class);
+		json.assertHeader("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString());
+		json.assertQuery("name", "Mark");
+		assertEquals("application/octet-stream", json.getFile("image.jpg").type);
+
+
+//		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("type").contains("application/octet-stream"));
+//		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartInputStreamContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())), ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "test").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartByteContentType() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+		final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+		final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+		stream.read(bytes);
+		stream.close();
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", bytes, "image.jpg").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+		assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+		assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+		assertNotNull(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files"));
+
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file").contains("data:application/octet-stream"));
+		assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartByteContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+		final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()));
+		final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+		stream.read(bytes);
+		stream.close();
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", bytes, "test").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMultipartAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+				assertTrue(response.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+				assertTrue(response.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+				assertFalse(response.getRawBody() == null);
+				assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+				JsonNode json = response.getBody();
+				assertFalse(json.isArray());
+				assertNotNull(json.getObject());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray());
+				assertEquals(1, json.getArray().length());
+				assertNotNull(json.getArray().get(0));
+
+				assertEquals("This is a test file", json.getObject().getJSONObject("files").getString("file"));
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGzip() throws JSONException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/gzip").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getBoolean("gzipped"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGzipAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/gzip").asJsonAsync().get();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(json.getObject().getBoolean("gzipped"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testDefaultHeaders() throws JSONException {
+		Unirest.setDefaultHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+		Unirest.setDefaultHeader("user-agent", "foobar");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getHeaders().size() > 0);
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().toString().length() > 0);
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getRawBody() == null);
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+		JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+		assertFalse(json.isArray());
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertEquals("hello", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("User-Agent"));
+		assertEquals("foobar", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("User-Agent"));
+
+		jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertTrue(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+		assertEquals("hello", jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("X-Custom-Header"));
+
+		Unirest.clearDefaultHeaders();
+
+		jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").asJson();
+		assertFalse(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers").has("X-Custom-Header"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testSetTimeouts() throws IOException {
+		String address = "http://" + findAvailableIpAddress() + "/";
+		long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > Options.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + 100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+				fail();
+			}
+		}
+		Unirest.setTimeouts(2000, 10000);
+		start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > 2100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+				fail();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPathParameters() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "get").queryString("name", "Mark").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "Mark");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testQueryAndBodyParameters() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "post").queryString("name", "Mark").field("wot", "wat").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getString("name"), "Mark");
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("wot"), "wat");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPathParameters2() {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.patch("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method", "patch").field("name", "Mark").asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals("OK", jsonResponse.getStatusText());
+		assertEquals(jsonResponse.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"), "Mark");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testMissingPathParameter() {
+		try {
+			Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/{method}").routeParam("method222", "get").queryString("name", "Mark").asJson();
+			fail();
+		} catch (RuntimeException e) {
+			// OK
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void parallelTest() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.setConcurrency(10, 5);
+
+		long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		makeParallelRequests();
+		long smallerConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+		Unirest.setConcurrency(200, 20);
+		start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		makeParallelRequests();
+		long higherConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+		assertTrue(higherConcurrencyTime < smallerConcurrencyTime);
+	}
+
+	private void makeParallelRequests() throws InterruptedException {
+		ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+		final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
+		for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+			newFixedThreadPool.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/get").queryString("index", counter.incrementAndGet()).asString();
+                } catch (UnirestException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            });
+		}
+
+		newFixedThreadPool.shutdown();
+		newFixedThreadPool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCustomContentType() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body("{\"hello\":\"world\"}").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertEquals("{\"hello\":\"world\"}", json.getObject().getString("data"));
+				assertEquals("application/json", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAsyncCustomContentTypeAndFormParams() throws InterruptedException {
+		Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded").field("name", "Mark").field("hello", "world").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+			public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+				fail();
+			}
+
+			public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+				JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+				assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+				assertEquals("world", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("hello"));
+
+				assertEquals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+				status = true;
+				lock.countDown();
+			}
+
+			public void cancelled() {
+				fail();
+			}
+		});
+
+		lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+		assertTrue(status);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetQuerystringArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "Mark").queryString("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostMultipleFiles() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "wot").field("file1", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).field("file2", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+		JSONObject names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file1"));
+		assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file2"));
+
+		assertEquals("wot", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testGetArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostCollection() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+		JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+		assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+		assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+		assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testCaseInsensitiveHeaders() {
+		GetRequest request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco");
+		assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+		JSONObject headers = request.asJson().getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers");
+		assertEquals("Marco", headers.getString("Name"));
+
+		request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco").header("Name", "John");
+		assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(1));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(1));
+		assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+		assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(1));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setTimeoutsAndCustomClient() {
+		try {
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			fail();
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			fail();
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+			fail();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			// Ok
+		}
+
+		try {
+			Unirest.setHttpClient(HttpClientBuilder.create().build());
+			Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+			fail();
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			// Ok
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testObjectMapperRead() {
+		Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+		GetResponse getResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+		getResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/get");
+
+		HttpResponse<GetResponse> getResponse = Unirest.get(getResponseMock.getUrl()).asObject(GetResponse.class);
+
+		assertEquals(200, getResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(getResponse.getBody().getUrl(), getResponseMock.getUrl());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testObjectMapperWrite() {
+		Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+		GetResponse postResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+		postResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/post");
+
+		HttpResponse<JsonNode> postResponse = Unirest.post(postResponseMock.getUrl()).header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body(postResponseMock).asJson();
+
+		assertEquals(200, postResponse.getStatus());
+		assertEquals(postResponse.getBody().getObject().getString("data"), "{\"url\":\"http://httpbin.org/post\"}");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testPostProvidesSortedParams() throws IOException {
+		// Verify that fields are encoded into the body in sorted order.
+		HttpRequest httpRequest = Unirest.post("test").field("z", "Z").field("y", "Y").field("x", "X").getHttpRequest();
+
+		InputStream content = httpRequest.getBody().getEntity().getContent();
+		String body = IOUtils.toString(content, "UTF-8");
+		assertEquals("x=X&y=Y&z=Z", body);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testHeaderNamesCaseSensitive() {
+		// Verify that header names are the same as server (case sensitive)
+		final Headers headers = new Headers();
+		headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("cOnTeNt-TyPe"));
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("content-type"));
+		assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", "application/json", headers.getFirst("Content-Type"));
+	}
+
+
+	private String findAvailableIpAddress() throws IOException {
+		for (int i = 100; i <= 255; i++) {
+			String ip = "192.168.1." + i;
+			if (!InetAddress.getByName(ip).isReachable(1000)) {
+				return ip;
+			}
+		}
+
+		throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find an available IP address in the range of 192.168.0.100-255");
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `response.getBody()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 185.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnirestTest.testGetMultiple()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.openunirest.http.UnirestTest.testGetMultiple():void.2090a55cd5a915a3a1694226502e40c0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/io/github/openunirest/http/UnirestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UnirestTest.java|testGetMultiple|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+ed440a61007a525fdffdb456f8f9342c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6665/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6665/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..02757a28ccd2bc98ce545ecf837c882e6b5d6942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6665/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,904 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** unirest-java
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright for portions of OpenUnirest/uniresr-java are held by Mashape (c) 2013 as part of Kong/unirest-java.
+All other copyright for OpenUnirest/unirest-java are held by OpenUnirest (c) 2018.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package io.github.openunirest.http;
+
+import io.github.openunirest.http.async.Callback;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.options.Options;
+import io.github.openunirest.http.exceptions.UnirestException;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.GetRequest;
+import io.github.openunirest.request.HttpRequest;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.nio.client.HttpAsyncClientBuilder;
+import org.json.JSONArray;
+import org.json.JSONException;
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+import org.junit.*;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static io.github.openunirest.http.TestUtils.read;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class UnirestTest {
+
+    private CountDownLatch lock;
+    private boolean status;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void suiteSetUp() {
+        MockServer.start();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void suiteTearDown() {
+        MockServer.shutdown();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        MockServer.reset();
+        lock = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        status = false;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void postFormReturnJson() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, jsonResponse.getStatus());
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(jsonResponse);
+        json.assertHeader("Accept", "application/json");
+        json.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+        json.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void canPassQueryParamsOnStringOrWithForm() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?name=mark")
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "mark");
+
+        response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("name", "mark2")
+                .asJson();
+
+        json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "mark2");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void multipleParams() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?name=ringo")
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("name", "paul")
+                .queryString("name", "john")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("name", "ringo");
+        json.assertParam("name", "paul");
+        json.assertParam("name", "john");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetUTF8() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .queryString("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostUTF8() {
+        HttpResponse response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostBinaryUTF8() throws URISyntaxException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.getMimeType())
+                .field("param3", "こんにちは")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertParam("param3", "こんにちは");
+        json.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostRawBody() {
+        String sourceString = "'\"@こんにちは-test-123-" + Math.random();
+        byte[] sentBytes = sourceString.getBytes();
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .body(sentBytes)
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.asserBody(sourceString);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCustomUserAgent() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .header("user-agent", "hello-world")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+        json.assertHeader("User-Agent", "hello-world");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultiple() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
+            HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET + "?try=" + i).asJson();
+            parse(response).assertParam("try", String.valueOf(i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetFields() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString("name", "mark")
+                .queryString("nick", "thefosk")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+        parse.assertParam("name", "mark");
+        parse.assertParam("nick", "thefosk");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetFields2() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString("email", "hello@hello.com")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertParam("email", "hello@hello.com");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryStringEncoding() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        String testKey = "email2=someKey&email";
+        String testValue = "hello@hello.com";
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .queryString(testKey, testValue)
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertParam(testKey, testValue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDelete() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE).asJson();
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+
+        response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE)
+                .field("name", "mark")
+                .field("foo", "bar")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+        parse.assertParam("name", "mark");
+        parse.assertParam("foo", "bar");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDeleteBody() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        String body = "{\"jsonString\":{\"members\":\"members1\"}}";
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.delete(MockServer.DELETE)
+                .body(body)
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+        parse(response).asserBody(body);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBasicAuth() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET)
+                .basicAuth("user", "test")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(response).assertHeader("Authorization", "Basic dXNlcjp0ZXN0");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+        Future<HttpResponse<JsonNode>> future = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJsonAsync();
+
+        assertNotNull(future);
+
+        RequestCapture req = parse(future.get());
+        req.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+        req.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCallback() throws JSONException, InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", "application/json")
+                .field("param1", "value1")
+                .field("param2", "bye")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                        RequestCapture req = parse(jsonResponse);
+                        req.assertParam("param1", "value1");
+                        req.assertParam("param2", "bye");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipart() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture res = parse(jsonResponse);
+        res.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+        res.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+
+        res.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()), "image/jpeg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture res = parse(jsonResponse);
+        res.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("image/jpeg");
+        res.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartInputStreamContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+        FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> request = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .header("accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString())
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", stream, ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "image.jpg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, request.getStatus());
+
+        RequestCapture json = parse(request);
+        json.assertHeader("Accept", ContentType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA.toString());
+        json.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+        json.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartInputStreamContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, URISyntaxException, FileNotFoundException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())), ContentType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, "test")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture json = parse(response);
+                        json.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+                        json.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartByteContentType() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+        final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/image.jpg").toURI()));
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+        stream.read(bytes);
+        stream.close();
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", bytes, "image.jpg")
+                .asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture parse = parse(jsonResponse);
+        parse.getFile("image.jpg").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartByteContentTypeAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, IOException {
+        final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()));
+        final byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.available()];
+        stream.read(bytes);
+        stream.close();
+
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", bytes, "test")
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+                        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultipartAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException, URISyntaxException, UnirestException {
+        Unirest.post(MockServer.POST)
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .field("file", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI()))
+                .asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+                    public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                    public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+                        RequestCapture parse = parse(response);
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertFileType("application/octet-stream");
+                        parse.getFile("test").assertBody("This is a test file");
+                        parse.assertParam("name", "Mark");
+
+                        status = true;
+                        lock.countDown();
+                    }
+
+                    public void cancelled() {
+                        fail();
+                    }
+
+                });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGzip() throws JSONException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GZIP)
+                .queryString("zipme", "up")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse).assertParam("zipme", "up");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGzipAsync() throws JSONException, InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GZIP)
+                .queryString("zipme", "up")
+                .asJsonAsync()
+                .get();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse).assertParam("zipme", "up");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testDefaultHeaders() throws JSONException {
+        Unirest.setDefaultHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        Unirest.setDefaultHeader("user-agent", "foobar");
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+
+        RequestCapture r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        r.assertHeader("User-Agent", "foobar");
+
+        jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+        r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertHeader("X-Custom-Header", "hello");
+        r.assertHeader("User-Agent", "foobar");
+
+        Unirest.clearDefaultHeaders();
+
+        jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.GET).asJson();
+        r = parse(jsonResponse);
+        r.assertNoHeader("X-Custom-Header");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetTimeouts() throws IOException {
+        String address = "http://" + findAvailableIpAddress() + "/";
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > Options.CONNECTION_TIMEOUT + 100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+                fail();
+            }
+        }
+        Unirest.setTimeouts(2000, 10000);
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            Unirest.get("http://" + address + "/").asString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            if (System.currentTimeMillis() - start > 2100) { // Add 100ms for code execution
+                fail();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPathParameters() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "get")
+                .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testQueryAndBodyParameters() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.post(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "post")
+                .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                .field("wot", "wat")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark")
+                .assertParam("wot", "wat");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPathParameters2() {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse = Unirest.patch(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                .routeParam("method", "patch")
+                .field("name", "Mark")
+                .asJson();
+
+        parse(jsonResponse)
+                .assertParam("name", "Mark");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMissingPathParameter() {
+        try {
+            Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/{method}")
+                    .routeParam("method222", "get")
+                    .queryString("name", "Mark")
+                    .asJson();
+
+            fail();
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            assertEquals("Can't find route parameter name \"method222\"", e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void parallelTest() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.setConcurrency(10, 5);
+
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        makeParallelRequests();
+        long smallerConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+        Unirest.setConcurrency(200, 20);
+        start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        makeParallelRequests();
+        long higherConcurrencyTime = (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
+
+        assertTrue(higherConcurrencyTime < smallerConcurrencyTime);
+    }
+
+    private void makeParallelRequests() throws InterruptedException {
+        ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
+        final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 200; i++) {
+            newFixedThreadPool.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    Unirest.get(MockServer.HOST + "/get").queryString("index", counter.incrementAndGet()).asString();
+                } catch (UnirestException e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        newFixedThreadPool.shutdown();
+        newFixedThreadPool.awaitTermination(10, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCustomContentType() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body("{\"hello\":\"world\"}").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+            public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                fail();
+            }
+
+            public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+                assertEquals("{\"hello\":\"world\"}", json.getObject().getString("data"));
+                assertEquals("application/json", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+                status = true;
+                lock.countDown();
+            }
+
+            public void cancelled() {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAsyncCustomContentTypeAndFormParams() throws InterruptedException {
+        Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded").field("name", "Mark").field("hello", "world").asJsonAsync(new Callback<JsonNode>() {
+
+            public void failed(UnirestException e) {
+                fail();
+            }
+
+            public void completed(HttpResponse<JsonNode> jsonResponse) {
+                JsonNode json = jsonResponse.getBody();
+                assertEquals("Mark", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("name"));
+                assertEquals("world", json.getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("hello"));
+
+                assertEquals("application/x-www-form-urlencoded", json.getObject().getJSONObject("headers").getString("Content-Type"));
+
+                status = true;
+                lock.countDown();
+            }
+
+            public void cancelled() {
+                fail();
+            }
+        });
+
+        lock.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        assertTrue(status);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetQuerystringArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", "Mark").queryString("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostMultipleFiles() throws JSONException, URISyntaxException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("param3", "wot").field("file1", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).field("file2", new File(getClass().getResource("/test").toURI())).asJson();
+
+        JSONObject names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("files");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file1"));
+        assertEquals("This is a test file", names.getString("file2"));
+
+        assertEquals("wot", response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getString("param3"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/get").queryString("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("args").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostArray() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", "Mark").field("name", "Tom").asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostCollection() throws JSONException, UnirestException {
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> response = Unirest.post("http://httpbin.org/post").field("name", Arrays.asList("Mark", "Tom")).asJson();
+
+        JSONArray names = response.getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("form").getJSONArray("name");
+        assertEquals(2, names.length());
+
+        assertEquals("Mark", names.getString(0));
+        assertEquals("Tom", names.getString(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCaseInsensitiveHeaders() {
+        GetRequest request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco");
+        assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+        JSONObject headers = request.asJson().getBody().getObject().getJSONObject("headers");
+        assertEquals("Marco", headers.getString("Name"));
+
+        request = Unirest.get("http://httpbin.org/headers").header("Name", "Marco").header("Name", "John");
+        assertEquals(1, request.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("name").get(1));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("NAme").get(1));
+        assertEquals("Marco", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(0));
+        assertEquals("John", request.getHeaders().get("Name").get(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void setTimeoutsAndCustomClient() {
+        try {
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            fail();
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setAsyncHttpClient(HttpAsyncClientBuilder.create().build());
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Ok
+        }
+
+        try {
+            Unirest.setHttpClient(HttpClientBuilder.create().build());
+            Unirest.setTimeouts(1000, 2000);
+            fail();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Ok
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectMapperRead() {
+        Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+        GetResponse getResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+        getResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/get");
+
+        HttpResponse<GetResponse> getResponse = Unirest.get(getResponseMock.getUrl()).asObject(GetResponse.class);
+
+        assertEquals(200, getResponse.getStatus());
+        assertEquals(getResponse.getBody().getUrl(), getResponseMock.getUrl());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectMapperWrite() {
+        Unirest.setObjectMapper(new JacksonObjectMapper());
+
+        GetResponse postResponseMock = new GetResponse();
+        postResponseMock.setUrl("http://httpbin.org/post");
+
+        HttpResponse<JsonNode> postResponse = Unirest.post(postResponseMock.getUrl()).header("accept", "application/json").header("Content-Type", "application/json").body(postResponseMock).asJson();
+
+        assertEquals(200, postResponse.getStatus());
+        assertEquals(postResponse.getBody().getObject().getString("data"), "{\"url\":\"http://httpbin.org/post\"}");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testPostProvidesSortedParams() throws IOException {
+        // Verify that fields are encoded into the body in sorted order.
+        HttpRequest httpRequest = Unirest.post("test").field("z", "Z").field("y", "Y").field("x", "X").getHttpRequest();
+
+        InputStream content = httpRequest.getBody().getEntity().getContent();
+        String body = IOUtils.toString(content, "UTF-8");
+        assertEquals("x=X&y=Y&z=Z", body);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHeaderNamesCaseSensitive() {
+        // Verify that header names are the same as server (case sensitive)
+        final Headers headers = new Headers();
+        headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("cOnTeNt-TyPe"));
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", null, headers.getFirst("content-type"));
+        assertEquals("Only header \"Content-Type\" should exist", "application/json", headers.getFirst("Content-Type"));
+    }
+
+
+    private String findAvailableIpAddress() throws IOException {
+        for (int i = 100; i <= 255; i++) {
+            String ip = "192.168.1." + i;
+            if (!InetAddress.getByName(ip).isReachable(1000)) {
+                return ip;
+            }
+        }
+
+        throw new RuntimeException("Couldn't find an available IP address in the range of 192.168.0.100-255");
+    }
+
+    private RequestCapture parse(HttpResponse<JsonNode> response) {
+        assertEquals(200, response.getStatus());
+        return read(response, RequestCapture.class);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `response.getBody()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 674.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UnirestTest.testPostMultipleFiles()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.openunirest.http.UnirestTest.testPostMultipleFiles():void.a83ebf025ebf7fbdeb012c3813d6f968
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/io/github/openunirest/http/UnirestTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UnirestTest.java|testPostMultipleFiles|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dc678d91476904c7b1b2af11d980af71
+
+### Hash:
+bb2ae9c75c4aea9294257e66d3354063
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6691/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6691/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f701eae36c8f7b15ceabd77f2de22f79fa41925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6691/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mina-sshd
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.sshd.common.file.nativefs;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.LinkOption;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.FileTime;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.GroupPrincipal;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermission;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.UserPrincipal;
+import java.nio.file.attribute.UserPrincipalLookupService;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+
+import org.apache.sshd.common.file.SshFile;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * <strong>Internal class, do not use directly.</strong>
+ * 
+ * This class wraps native file object.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="http://mina.apache.org">Apache MINA Project</a>
+ */
+public class NativeSshFile implements SshFile {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(NativeSshFile.class);
+
+    // the file name with respect to the user root.
+    // The path separator character will be '/' and
+    // it will always begin with '/'.
+    private String fileName;
+
+    private File file;
+
+    private String userName;
+
+	private final NativeFileSystemView nativeFileSystemView;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor, internal do not use directly.
+     * @param nativeFileSystemView 
+     */
+    protected NativeSshFile(final NativeFileSystemView nativeFileSystemView, final String fileName, final File file,
+            final String userName) {
+        this.nativeFileSystemView = nativeFileSystemView;
+        if (fileName == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fileName can not be null");
+        }
+        if (file == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("file can not be null");
+        }
+
+        if (fileName.length() == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fileName can not be empty");
+        } else if (fileName.charAt(0) != '/') {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("fileName must be an absolute path");
+        }
+
+        this.fileName = fileName;
+        this.file = file;
+        this.userName = userName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get full name.
+     */
+    public String getAbsolutePath() {
+
+        // strip the last '/' if necessary
+        String fullName = fileName;
+        int filelen = fullName.length();
+        if ((filelen != 1) && (fullName.charAt(filelen - 1) == '/')) {
+            fullName = fullName.substring(0, filelen - 1);
+        }
+
+        return fullName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get short name.
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+
+        // root - the short name will be '/'
+        if (fileName.equals("/")) {
+            return "/";
+        }
+
+        // strip the last '/'
+        String shortName = fileName;
+        int filelen = fileName.length();
+        if (shortName.charAt(filelen - 1) == '/') {
+            shortName = shortName.substring(0, filelen - 1);
+        }
+
+        // return from the last '/'
+        int slashIndex = shortName.lastIndexOf('/');
+        if (slashIndex != -1) {
+            shortName = shortName.substring(slashIndex + 1);
+        }
+        return shortName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get owner name
+     */
+    public String getOwner() {
+        return userName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is it a directory?
+     */
+    public boolean isDirectory() {
+        return file.isDirectory();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is it a file?
+     */
+    public boolean isFile() {
+        return file.isFile();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does this file exists?
+     */
+    public boolean doesExist() {
+        return file.exists();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get file size.
+     */
+    public long getSize() {
+        return file.length();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get last modified time.
+     */
+    public long getLastModified() {
+        return file.lastModified();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public boolean setLastModified(long time) {
+        return file.setLastModified(time);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check read permission.
+     */
+    public boolean isReadable() {
+        return file.canRead();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check file write permission.
+     */
+    public boolean isWritable() {
+        LOG.debug("Checking if file exists");
+        if (file.exists()) {
+            LOG.debug("Checking can write: " + file.canWrite());
+            return file.canWrite();
+        }
+
+        LOG.debug("Authorized");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * File.canExecute() method is only available on JDK 1.6
+     */
+    private static final Method CAN_EXECUTE_METHOD;
+    static {
+        Method method = null;
+        try {
+           method = File.class.getMethod("canExecute");
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+        }
+        CAN_EXECUTE_METHOD = method;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check file exec permission.
+     */
+    public boolean isExecutable() {
+        if (CAN_EXECUTE_METHOD != null) {
+            try {
+                return (Boolean) CAN_EXECUTE_METHOD.invoke(file);
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+        }
+        // Default directories to being executable
+        // as on unix systems to allow listing their contents.
+        return file.isDirectory();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Has delete permission.
+     */
+    public boolean isRemovable() {
+
+        // root cannot be deleted
+        if ("/".equals(fileName)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /* Added 12/08/2008: in the case that the permission is not explicitly denied for this file
+         * we will check if the parent file has write permission as most systems consider that a file can
+         * be deleted when their parent directory is writable.
+        */
+        String fullName = getAbsolutePath();
+
+        // we check FTPServer's write permission for this file.
+//        if (user.authorize(new WriteRequest(fullName)) == null) {
+//            return false;
+//        }
+
+        // In order to maintain consistency, when possible we delete the last '/' character in the String
+        int indexOfSlash = fullName.lastIndexOf('/');
+        String parentFullName;
+        if (indexOfSlash == 0) {
+            parentFullName = "/";
+        } else {
+            parentFullName = fullName.substring(0, indexOfSlash);
+        }
+
+        // we check if the parent FileObject is writable.
+        NativeSshFile parentObject = nativeFileSystemView.createNativeSshFile(parentFullName, file
+                .getAbsoluteFile().getParentFile(), userName);
+        return parentObject.isWritable();
+    }
+
+    public SshFile getParentFile() {
+        int indexOfSlash = getAbsolutePath().lastIndexOf('/');
+        String parentFullName;
+        if (indexOfSlash == 0) {
+            parentFullName = "/";
+        } else {
+            parentFullName = getAbsolutePath().substring(0, indexOfSlash);
+        }
+
+        // we check if the parent FileObject is writable.
+        return nativeFileSystemView.createNativeSshFile(parentFullName, file
+                .getAbsoluteFile().getParentFile(), userName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete file.
+     */
+    public boolean delete() {
+        boolean retVal = false;
+        if (isRemovable()) {
+            retVal = file.delete();
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new file
+     */
+    public boolean create() throws IOException {
+        return file.createNewFile();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Truncate file to length 0.
+     */
+    public void truncate() throws IOException{
+        RandomAccessFile tempFile = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw");
+        try {
+            tempFile.setLength(0);
+        } finally {
+            tempFile.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Move file object.
+     */
+    public boolean move(final SshFile dest) {
+        boolean retVal = false;
+        if (dest.isWritable() && isReadable()) {
+            File destFile = ((NativeSshFile) dest).file;
+
+            if (destFile.exists()) {
+                // renameTo behaves differently on different platforms
+                // this check verifies that if the destination already exists,
+                // we fail
+                retVal = false;
+            } else {
+                retVal = file.renameTo(destFile);
+            }
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create directory.
+     */
+    public boolean mkdir() {
+        boolean retVal = false;
+        if (isWritable()) {
+            retVal = file.mkdir();
+        }
+        return retVal;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * List files. If not a directory or does not exist, null will be returned.
+     */
+    public List<SshFile> listSshFiles() {
+
+        // is a directory
+        if (!file.isDirectory()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // directory - return all the files
+        File[] files = file.listFiles();
+        if (files == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // make sure the files are returned in order
+        Arrays.sort(files, new Comparator<File>() {
+            public int compare(File f1, File f2) {
+                return f1.getName().compareTo(f2.getName());
+            }
+        });
+
+        // get the virtual name of the base directory
+        String virtualFileStr = getAbsolutePath();
+        if (virtualFileStr.charAt(virtualFileStr.length() - 1) != '/') {
+            virtualFileStr += '/';
+        }
+
+        // now return all the files under the directory
+        SshFile[] virtualFiles = new SshFile[files.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < files.length; ++i) {
+            File fileObj = files[i];
+            String fileName = virtualFileStr + fileObj.getName();
+            virtualFiles[i] = nativeFileSystemView.createNativeSshFile(fileName, fileObj, userName);
+        }
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(virtualFiles));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create output stream for writing.
+     */
+    public OutputStream createOutputStream(final long offset)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        // permission check
+        if (!isWritable()) {
+            throw new IOException("No write permission : " + file.getName());
+        }
+
+        // move to the appropriate offset and create output stream
+        final RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "rw");
+        try {
+            raf.setLength(offset);
+            raf.seek(offset);
+
+            // The IBM jre needs to have both the stream and the random access file
+            // objects closed to actually close the file
+            return new FileOutputStream(raf.getFD()) {
+                public void close() throws IOException {
+                    super.close();
+                    raf.close();
+                }
+            };
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            raf.close();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create input stream for reading.
+     */
+    public InputStream createInputStream(final long offset) throws IOException {
+
+        // permission check
+        if (!isReadable()) {
+            throw new IOException("No read permission : " + file.getName());
+        }
+
+        // move to the appropriate offset and create input stream
+        final RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r");
+        try {
+            raf.seek(offset);
+
+            // The IBM jre needs to have both the stream and the random access file
+            // objects closed to actually close the file
+            return new FileInputStream(raf.getFD()) {
+                public void close() throws IOException {
+                    super.close();
+                    raf.close();
+                }
+            };
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            raf.close();
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleClose() {
+        // Noop
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Normalize separate character. Separate character should be '/' always.
+     */
+    public final static String normalizeSeparateChar(final String pathName) {
+        String normalizedPathName = pathName.replace(File.separatorChar, '/');
+        normalizedPathName = normalizedPathName.replace('\\', '/');
+        return normalizedPathName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the physical canonical file name. It works like
+     * File.getCanonicalPath().
+     * 
+     * @param rootDir
+     *            The root directory.
+     * @param currDir
+     *            The current directory. It will always be with respect to the
+     *            root directory.
+     * @param fileName
+     *            The input file name.
+     * @return The return string will always begin with the root directory. It
+     *         will never be null.
+     */
+    public final static String getPhysicalName(final String rootDir,
+            final String currDir, final String fileName) {
+        return getPhysicalName(rootDir, currDir, fileName, false);
+    }
+
+    public final static String getPhysicalName(final String rootDir,
+            final String currDir, final String fileName,
+            final boolean caseInsensitive) {
+
+        // get the starting directory
+        String normalizedRootDir = normalizeSeparateChar(rootDir);
+        if (normalizedRootDir.charAt(normalizedRootDir.length() - 1) != '/') {
+            normalizedRootDir += '/';
+        }
+
+        String normalizedFileName = normalizeSeparateChar(fileName);
+        String resArg;
+        String normalizedCurrDir = currDir;
+        if (normalizedFileName.charAt(0) != '/') {
+            if (normalizedCurrDir == null) {
+                normalizedCurrDir = "/";
+            }
+            if (normalizedCurrDir.length() == 0) {
+                normalizedCurrDir = "/";
+            }
+
+            normalizedCurrDir = normalizeSeparateChar(normalizedCurrDir);
+
+            if (normalizedCurrDir.charAt(0) != '/') {
+                normalizedCurrDir = '/' + normalizedCurrDir;
+            }
+            if (normalizedCurrDir.charAt(normalizedCurrDir.length() - 1) != '/') {
+                normalizedCurrDir += '/';
+            }
+
+            resArg = normalizedRootDir + normalizedCurrDir.substring(1);
+        } else {
+            resArg = normalizedRootDir;
+        }
+
+        // strip last '/'
+        if (resArg.charAt(resArg.length() - 1) == '/') {
+            resArg = resArg.substring(0, resArg.length() - 1);
+        }
+
+        // replace ., ~ and ..
+        // in this loop resArg will never end with '/'
+        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(normalizedFileName, "/");
+        while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
+            String tok = st.nextToken();
+
+            // . => current directory
+            if (tok.equals(".")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // .. => parent directory (if not root)
+            if (tok.equals("..")) {
+                if (resArg.startsWith(normalizedRootDir)) {
+                    int slashIndex = resArg.lastIndexOf('/');
+                    if (slashIndex != -1) {
+                        resArg = resArg.substring(0, slashIndex);
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // ~ => home directory (in this case the root directory)
+            if (tok.equals("~")) {
+                resArg = normalizedRootDir.substring(0, normalizedRootDir
+                        .length() - 1);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (caseInsensitive) {
+                File[] matches = new File(resArg)
+                        .listFiles(new NameEqualsFileFilter(tok, true));
+
+                if (matches != null && matches.length > 0) {
+                    tok = matches[0].getName();
+                }
+            }
+
+            resArg = resArg + '/' + tok;
+        }
+
+        // add last slash if necessary
+        if ((resArg.length()) + 1 == normalizedRootDir.length()) {
+            resArg += '/';
+        }
+
+        // final check
+        if (!resArg.regionMatches(0, normalizedRootDir, 0, normalizedRootDir
+                .length())) {
+            resArg = normalizedRootDir;
+        }
+
+        return resArg;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (obj != null && obj instanceof NativeSshFile) {
+            File thisCanonicalFile;
+            File otherCanonicalFile;
+            try {
+                thisCanonicalFile = this.file.getCanonicalFile();
+                otherCanonicalFile = ((NativeSshFile) obj).file
+                        .getCanonicalFile();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to get the canonical path", e);
+            }
+
+            return thisCanonicalFile.equals(otherCanonicalFile);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Returns the according physical file. Needed for logging, monitoring, event handling, etc.
+     * 
+     * @return The according physical file.
+     */
+    public File getPhysicalFile() {
+    	return file;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return fileName;
+    }
+
+    public Map<Attribute, Object> getAttributes(boolean followLinks) throws IOException {
+        Map<String, Object> a = Files.readAttributes(
+                file.toPath(),
+                "unix:size,uid,owner,gid,group,isDirectory,isRegularFile,isSymbolicLink,permissions,creationTime,lastModifiedTime,lastAccessTime",
+                followLinks ? new LinkOption[0] : new LinkOption[] { LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS });
+        Map<Attribute, Object> map = new HashMap<Attribute, Object>();
+        map.put(Attribute.Size, a.get("size"));
+        map.put(Attribute.Uid, a.get("uid"));
+        map.put(Attribute.Owner, ((UserPrincipal) a.get("owner")).getName());
+        map.put(Attribute.Gid, a.get("gid"));
+        map.put(Attribute.Group, ((GroupPrincipal) a.get("group")).getName());
+        map.put(Attribute.IsDirectory, a.get("isDirectory"));
+        map.put(Attribute.IsRegularFile, a.get("isRegularFile"));
+        map.put(Attribute.IsSymbolicLink, a.get("isSymbolicLink"));
+        map.put(Attribute.CreationTime, ((FileTime) a.get("creationTime")).toMillis());
+        map.put(Attribute.LastModifiedTime, ((FileTime) a.get("lastModifiedTime")).toMillis());
+        map.put(Attribute.LastAccessTime, ((FileTime) a.get("lastAccessTime")).toMillis());
+        map.put(Attribute.Permissions, fromPerms((Set<PosixFilePermission>) a.get("permissions")));
+        return map;
+    }
+
+    private EnumSet<Permission> fromPerms(Set<PosixFilePermission> perms) {
+        EnumSet<Permission> p = EnumSet.noneOf(Permission.class);
+        for (PosixFilePermission perm : perms) {
+            switch (perm) {
+                case OWNER_READ:     p.add(Permission.UserRead); break;
+                case OWNER_WRITE:    p.add(Permission.UserWrite); break;
+                case OWNER_EXECUTE:  p.add(Permission.UserExecute); break;
+                case GROUP_READ:     p.add(Permission.GroupRead); break;
+                case GROUP_WRITE:    p.add(Permission.GroupWrite); break;
+                case GROUP_EXECUTE:  p.add(Permission.GroupExecute); break;
+                case OTHERS_READ:    p.add(Permission.OthersRead); break;
+                case OTHERS_WRITE:   p.add(Permission.OthersWrite); break;
+                case OTHERS_EXECUTE: p.add(Permission.OthersExecute); break;
+            }
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+
+    public void setAttributes(Map<Attribute, Object> attributes) throws IOException {
+        for (Attribute attribute : attributes.keySet()) {
+            String name = null;
+            Object value = attributes.get(attribute);
+            switch (attribute) {    
+                case Uid:              name = "unix:uid"; break;
+                case Owner:            name = "unix:owner"; value = toUser((String) value); break;
+                case Gid:              name = "unix:gid"; break;
+                case Group:            name = "unix:group"; value = toGroup((String) value); break;
+                case CreationTime:     name = "unix:creationTime"; value = FileTime.fromMillis((Long) value); break;
+                case LastModifiedTime: name = "unix:lastModifiedTime"; value = FileTime.fromMillis((Long) value); break;
+                case LastAccessTime:   name = "unix:lastAccessTime"; value = FileTime.fromMillis((Long) value); break;
+                case Permissions:      name = "unix:permissions"; value = toPerms((EnumSet<Permission>) value); break;
+            }
+            if (name != null && value != null) {
+                Files.setAttribute(file.toPath(), name, value, LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private GroupPrincipal toGroup(String name) throws IOException {
+        UserPrincipalLookupService lookupService = file.toPath().getFileSystem().getUserPrincipalLookupService();
+        return lookupService.lookupPrincipalByGroupName(name);
+    }
+
+    private UserPrincipal toUser(String name) throws IOException {
+        UserPrincipalLookupService lookupService = file.toPath().getFileSystem().getUserPrincipalLookupService();
+        return lookupService.lookupPrincipalByName(name);
+    }
+
+    private Set<PosixFilePermission> toPerms(EnumSet<Permission> perms) {
+        Set<PosixFilePermission> set = new HashSet<PosixFilePermission>();
+        for (Permission p : perms) {
+            switch (p) {
+                case UserRead:      set.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_READ); break;
+                case UserWrite:     set.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_WRITE); break;
+                case UserExecute:   set.add(PosixFilePermission.OWNER_EXECUTE); break;
+                case GroupRead:     set.add(PosixFilePermission.GROUP_READ); break;
+                case GroupWrite:    set.add(PosixFilePermission.GROUP_WRITE); break;
+                case GroupExecute:  set.add(PosixFilePermission.GROUP_EXECUTE); break;
+                case OthersRead:    set.add(PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_READ); break;
+                case OthersWrite:   set.add(PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_WRITE); break;
+                case OthersExecute: set.add(PosixFilePermission.OTHERS_EXECUTE); break;
+            }
+        }
+        return set;
+    }
+
+    public Object getAttribute(Attribute attribute, boolean followLinks) throws IOException {
+        return getAttributes(followLinks).get(attribute);
+    }
+
+    public void setAttribute(Attribute attribute, Object value) throws IOException {
+        Map<Attribute, Object> map = new HashMap<Attribute, Object>();
+        map.put(attribute, value);
+        setAttributes(map);
+    }
+
+    public String readSymbolicLink() throws IOException {
+        Path path = file.toPath();
+        Path link = Files.readSymbolicLink(path);
+        return link.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `value` last assigned on line 650 could be null and is dereferenced at line 656.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NativeSshFile.setAttributes(HashMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.sshd.common.file.nativefs.NativeSshFile.setAttributes(java.util.HashMap):void.958b903c1b0c1b6d48d9f007ddd346c7
+
+### File:
+sshd-core/src/main/java/org/apache/sshd/common/file/nativefs/NativeSshFile.java
+
+### Key:
+NativeSshFile.java|setAttributes|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ba204a112288c43c1fe414a34ff0c71e
+
+### Hash:
+bf3a75c4a270f6c26e437efcc2c41279
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6696/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6696/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2efd90ea23d9382fd2a01ced9c882e50f35703eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6696/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1020 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mina-sshd
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sshd.common.session;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import org.apache.sshd.common.util.Buffer;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.util.BufferUtils;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.util.IoUtils;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.FactoryManager;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.Random;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.KeyExchange;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.Cipher;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.Mac;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.Compression;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.Channel;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.NamedFactory;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.SshConstants;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.Digest;
+import org.apache.sshd.common.SshException;
+import org.apache.mina.common.ByteBuffer;
+import org.apache.mina.common.IoSession;
+import org.apache.mina.common.WriteFuture;
+import org.apache.mina.common.CloseFuture;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * The AbstractSession handles all the basic SSH protocol such as key exchange, authentication,
+ * encoding and decoding. Both server side and client side sessions should inherit from this
+ * abstract class. Some basic packet processing methods are defined but the actual call to these
+ * methods should be done from the {@link #handleMessage(org.apache.sshd.common.util.Buffer)}
+ * method, which is dependant on the state and side of this session.
+ *
+ * TODO: if there is any very big packet, decoderBuffer and uncompressBuffer will get quite big
+ *        and they won't be resized down at any time. Though the packet size is really limited
+ *        by the channel max packet size
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:dev@mina.apache.org">Apache MINA SSHD Project</a>
+ * @version $Rev$, $Date$
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractSession implements Closeable {
+
+    /**
+     * Name of the property where this session is stored in the attributes of the
+     * underlying MINA session. See {@link #getSession(org.apache.mina.common.IoSession, boolean)}
+     * and {@link #attachSession(org.apache.mina.common.IoSession, AbstractSession)}.
+     */
+    public static final String SESSION = "com.google.code.sshd.session";
+    /** Our logger */
+    protected final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
+    /** The factory manager used to retrieve factories of Ciphers, Macs and other objects */
+    protected final FactoryManager factoryManager;
+    /** The underlying MINA session */
+    protected final IoSession ioSession;
+    /** The pseudo random generator */
+    protected final Random random;
+    /** Lock object for this session state */
+    protected final Object lock = new Object();
+    /** Boolean indicating if this session has been closed or not */
+    protected boolean closed;
+    /** Boolean indicating if this session has been authenticated or not */
+    protected boolean authed;
+    /** Map of channels keyed by the identifier */
+    protected final Map<Integer, Channel> channels = new ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, Channel>();
+    /** Next channel identifier */
+    protected int nextChannelId;
+
+    //
+    // Key exchange support
+    //
+    protected byte[] sessionId;
+    protected String serverVersion;
+    protected String clientVersion;
+    protected String[] serverProposal;
+    protected String[] clientProposal;
+    protected String[] negociated;
+    protected byte[] I_C; // the payload of the client's SSH_MSG_KEXINIT
+    protected byte[] I_S; // the payload of the factoryManager's SSH_MSG_KEXINIT
+    protected KeyExchange kex;
+
+    //
+    // SSH packets encoding / decoding support
+    //
+    protected Cipher outCipher;
+    protected Cipher inCipher;
+    protected int outCipherSize = 8;
+    protected int inCipherSize = 8;
+    protected Mac outMac;
+    protected Mac inMac;
+    protected byte[] inMacResult;
+    protected Compression outCompression;
+    protected Compression inCompression;
+    protected int seqi;
+    protected int seqo;
+    protected Buffer decoderBuffer = new Buffer();
+    protected Buffer uncompressBuffer;
+    protected int decoderState;
+    protected int decoderLength;
+    protected final Object encodeLock = new Object();
+    protected final Object decodeLock = new Object();
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new session.
+     *
+     * @param factoryManager the factory manager
+     * @param ioSession the underlying MINA session
+     */
+    public AbstractSession(FactoryManager factoryManager, IoSession ioSession) {
+        this.factoryManager = factoryManager;
+        this.ioSession = ioSession;
+        this.random = factoryManager.getRandomFactory().create();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the session from the MINA session.
+     * If the session has not been attached, an IllegalStateException
+     * will be thrown
+     *
+     * @param ioSession the MINA session
+     * @return the session attached to the MINA session
+     */
+    public static final AbstractSession getSession(IoSession ioSession) {
+        return getSession(ioSession, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the session from the MINA session.
+     * If the session has not been attached and allowNull is <code>false</code>,
+     * an IllegalStateException will be thrown, else a <code>null</code> will
+     * be returned
+     *
+     * @param ioSession the MINA session
+     * @param allowNull if <code>true</code>, a <code>null</code> value may be
+     *        returned if no session is attached
+     * @return the session attached to the MINA session or <code>null</code>
+     */
+    public static final AbstractSession getSession(IoSession ioSession, boolean allowNull) {
+        AbstractSession session = (AbstractSession) ioSession.getAttribute(SESSION);
+        if (!allowNull && session == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("No session available");
+        }
+        return session;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Attach a session to the MINA session
+     *
+     * @param ioSession the MINA session
+     * @param session the session to attach
+     */
+    public static final void attachSession(IoSession ioSession, AbstractSession session) {
+        ioSession.setAttribute(SESSION, session);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the factory manager
+     *
+     * @return the factory manager for this session
+     */
+    public FactoryManager getFactoryManager() {
+        return factoryManager;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Main input point for the MINA framework.
+     *
+     * This method will be called each time new data is received on
+     * the socket and will append it to the input buffer before
+     * calling the {@link #decode()} method.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the new buffer received
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs while decoding or handling the data
+     */
+    public void messageReceived(ByteBuffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        synchronized (decodeLock) {
+            decoderBuffer.putBuffer(buffer);
+            // One of those property will be set by the constructor and the other
+            // one should be set by the readIdentification method
+            if (clientVersion == null || serverVersion == null) {
+                if (readIdentification(decoderBuffer)) {
+                    decoderBuffer.compact();
+                } else {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            decode();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract method for processing incoming decoded packets.
+     * The given buffer will hold the decoded packet, starting from
+     * the command byte at the read position.
+     * Packets must be processed within this call or be copied because
+     * the given buffer is meant to be changed and updated when this
+     * method returns.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the packet
+     * @throws Exception if an exeption occurs while handling this packet.
+     */
+    protected abstract void handleMessage(Buffer buffer) throws Exception;
+
+    /**
+     * Handle any exceptions that occured on this session.
+     * The session will be closed and a disconnect packet will be
+     * sent before if the given exception is an
+     * {@link org.apache.sshd.common.SshException}.
+     * 
+     * @param t the exception to process
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public void exceptionCaught(Throwable t) {
+        log.warn("Exception caught", t);
+        try {
+            if (t instanceof SshException) {
+                int code = ((SshException) t).getDisconnectCode();
+                if (code > 0) {
+                    disconnect(code, t.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable t2) {
+            // Ignore
+        }
+        close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close this session.
+     * This method will close all channels, then close the underlying MINA session.
+     * The call will block until the mina session is actually closed.
+     */
+    public void close() {
+        if (!closed) {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                if (!closed) {
+                    try {
+                        log.info("Closing session");
+                        Channel[] channelToClose = channels.values().toArray(new Channel[0]);
+                        for (Channel channel : channelToClose) {
+                            log.debug("Closing channel {}", channel.getId());
+                            IoUtils.closeQuietly(channel);
+                        }
+                        log.debug("Closing IoSession");
+                        CloseFuture future = ioSession.close();
+                        log.debug("Waiting for IoSession to be closed");
+                        future.join();
+                        log.debug("IoSession closed");
+                    } catch (Throwable t) {
+                        log.warn("Error closing session", t);
+                    }
+                    closed = true;
+                    lock.notifyAll();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encode and send the given buffer.
+     * The buffer has to have 5 bytes free at the beginning to allow the encoding to take place.
+     * Also, the write position of the buffer has to be set to the position of the last byte to write.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer to encode and send
+     * @return a future that can be used to check when the packet has actually been sent
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if an error occured when encoding sending the packet
+     */
+    public WriteFuture writePacket(Buffer buffer) throws IOException {
+        // Synchronize all write requests as needed by the encoding algorithm
+        // and also queue the write request in this synchronized block to ensure
+        // packets are sent in the correct order
+        synchronized (encodeLock) {
+            encode(buffer);
+            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer.array(), buffer.rpos(), buffer.available());
+            return ioSession.write(bb);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new buffer for the specified SSH packet and reserve the needed space
+     * (5 bytes) for the packet header.
+     *
+     * @param cmd the SSH command
+     * @return a new buffer ready for write
+     */
+    public Buffer createBuffer(SshConstants.Message cmd) {
+        Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+        buffer.rpos(5);
+        buffer.wpos(5);
+        buffer.putByte(cmd.toByte());
+        return buffer;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encode a buffer into the SSH protocol.
+     * This method need to be called into a synchronized block around encodeLock
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer to encode
+     * @throws IOException if an exception occurs during the encoding process
+     */
+    private void encode(Buffer buffer) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Check that the packet has some free space for the header
+            if (buffer.rpos() < 5) {
+                log.warn("Performance cost: when sending a packet, ensure that "
+                           + "5 bytes are available in front of the buffer");
+                Buffer nb = new Buffer();
+                nb.wpos(5);
+                nb.putBuffer(buffer);
+                buffer = nb;
+            }
+            // Grab the length of the packet (excluding the 5 header bytes)
+            int len = buffer.available();
+            int off = buffer.rpos() - 5;
+            // Debug log the packet
+            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                log.trace("Sending packet #{}: {}", seqo, buffer.printHex());
+            }
+            // Compress the packet if needed
+            if (outCompression != null && (authed || !outCompression.isDelayed())) {
+                outCompression.compress(buffer);
+                len = buffer.available();
+            }
+            // Compute padding length
+            int bsize = outCipherSize;
+            int oldLen = len;
+            len += 5;
+            int pad = (-len) & (bsize - 1);
+            if (pad < bsize) {
+                pad += bsize;
+            }
+            len = len + pad - 4;
+            // Write 5 header bytes
+            buffer.wpos(off);
+            buffer.putInt(len);
+            buffer.putByte((byte) pad);
+            // Fill padding
+            buffer.wpos(off + oldLen + 5 + pad);
+            random.fill(buffer.array(), buffer.wpos() - pad, pad);
+            // Compute mac
+            if (outMac != null) {
+                int macSize = outMac != null ? outMac.getBlockSize() : 0;
+                int l = buffer.wpos();
+                buffer.wpos(l + macSize);
+                outMac.update(seqo);
+                outMac.update(buffer.array(), off, l);
+                outMac.doFinal(buffer.array(), l);
+            }
+            // Encrypt packet, excluding mac
+            if (outCipher != null) {
+                outCipher.update(buffer.array(), off, len + 4);
+            }
+            // Increment packet id
+            seqo++;
+            // Make buffer ready to be read
+            buffer.rpos(off);
+        } catch (SshException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new SshException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decode the incoming buffer and handle packets as needed.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    protected void decode() throws Exception {
+        // Decoding loop
+        for (;;) {
+            // Wait for beginning of packet
+            if (decoderState == 0) {
+                // The read position should always be 0 at this point because we have compacted this buffer
+                assert decoderBuffer.rpos() == 0;
+                // If we have received enough bytes, start processing those
+                if (decoderBuffer.available() > inCipherSize) {
+                    // Decrypt the first bytes
+                    if (inCipher != null) {
+                        inCipher.update(decoderBuffer.array(), 0, inCipherSize);
+                    }
+                    // Read packet length
+                    decoderLength = decoderBuffer.getInt();
+                    // Check packet length validity
+                    if (decoderLength < 5 || decoderLength > 32768 - 4) {
+                        log.info("Error decoding packet (invalid length) {}", decoderBuffer.printHex());
+                        throw new SshException(SshConstants.SSH2_DISCONNECT_PROTOCOL_ERROR,
+                                               "Invalid packet length: " + decoderLength);
+                    }
+                    // Ok, that's good, we can go to the next step
+                    decoderState = 1;
+                } else {
+                    // need more data
+                    break;
+                }
+            // We have received the beinning of the packet
+            } else if (decoderState == 1) {
+                // The read position should always be 4 at this point
+                assert decoderBuffer.rpos() == 4;
+                int macSize = inMac != null ? inMac.getBlockSize() : 0;
+                // Check if the packet has been fully received
+                if (decoderBuffer.available() >= decoderLength + macSize) {
+                    byte[] data = decoderBuffer.array();
+                    // Decrypt the remaining of the packet
+                    if (inCipher != null){
+                        inCipher.update(data, inCipherSize, decoderLength + 4 - inCipherSize);
+                    }
+                    // Check the mac of the packet
+                    if (inMac != null) {
+                        // Update mac with packet id
+                        inMac.update(seqi);
+                        // Update mac with packet data
+                        inMac.update(data, 0, decoderLength + 4);
+                        // Compute mac result
+                        inMac.doFinal(inMacResult, 0);
+                        // Check the computed result with the received mac (just after the packet data)
+                        if (!BufferUtils.equals(inMacResult, 0, data, decoderLength + 4, macSize)) {
+                            throw new SshException(SshConstants.SSH2_DISCONNECT_MAC_ERROR,
+                                                   "MAC Error");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // Increment incoming packet sequence number
+                    seqi++;
+                    // Get padding
+                    byte pad = decoderBuffer.getByte();
+                    Buffer buf;
+                    int wpos = decoderBuffer.wpos();
+                    // Decompress if needed
+                    if (inCompression != null && (authed || !inCompression.isDelayed())) {
+                        if (uncompressBuffer == null) {
+                            uncompressBuffer = new Buffer();
+                        } else {
+                            uncompressBuffer.clear();
+                        }
+                        decoderBuffer.wpos(decoderBuffer.rpos() + decoderLength - 1 - pad);
+                        inCompression.uncompress(decoderBuffer, uncompressBuffer);
+                        buf = uncompressBuffer;
+                    } else {
+                        decoderBuffer.wpos(decoderLength + 4 - pad);
+                        buf = decoderBuffer;
+                    }
+                    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                        log.trace("Received packet #{}: {}", seqi, buf.printHex());
+                    }
+                    // Process decoded packet
+                    handleMessage(buf);
+                    // Set ready to handle next packet
+                    decoderBuffer.rpos(decoderLength + 4 + macSize);
+                    decoderBuffer.wpos(wpos);
+                    decoderBuffer.compact();
+                    decoderState = 0;
+                } else {
+                    // need more data
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send our identification.
+     *
+     * @param ident our identification to send
+     */
+    protected void sendIdentification(String ident) {
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(32);
+        buffer.setAutoExpand(true);
+        buffer.put((ident + "\r\n").getBytes());
+        buffer.flip();
+        ioSession.write(buffer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read the other side identification.
+     * This method is specific to the client or server side, but both should call
+     * {@link #doReadIdentification(org.apache.sshd.common.util.Buffer)} and
+     * store the result in the needed property.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the remote identification
+     * @return <code>true</code> if the identification has been fully read or
+     *         <code>false</code> if more data is needed
+     * @throws IOException if an error occurs such as a bad protocol version
+     */
+    protected abstract boolean readIdentification(Buffer buffer) throws IOException;
+
+    /**
+     * Read the remote identification from this buffer.
+     * If more data is needed, the buffer will be reset to its original state
+     * and a <code>null</code> value will be returned.  Else the identification
+     * string will be returned and the data read will be consumed from the buffer.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the identification string
+     * @return the remote identification or <code>null</code> if more data is needed
+     */
+    protected String doReadIdentification(Buffer buffer) {
+        byte[] data = new byte[256];
+        for (;;) {
+            int rpos = buffer.rpos();
+            int pos = 0;
+            boolean needLf = false;
+            for (;;) {
+                if (buffer.available() == 0) {
+                    // Need more data, so undo reading and return null
+                    buffer.rpos(rpos);
+                    return null;
+                }
+                byte b = buffer.getByte();
+                if (b == '\r') {
+                    needLf = true;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (b == '\n') {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (needLf) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Incorrect identification: bad line ending");
+                }
+                if (pos >= data.length) {
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Incorrect identification: line too long");
+                }
+                data[pos++] = b;
+            }
+            String str = new String(data, 0, pos);
+            if (str.startsWith("SSH-")) {
+                return str;
+            }
+            if (buffer.rpos() > 16 * 1024) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Incorrect identification: too many header lines");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create our proposal for SSH negociation
+     *
+     * @param hostKeyTypes the list of supported host key types
+     * @return an array of 10 strings holding this proposal
+     */
+    protected String[] createProposal(String hostKeyTypes) {
+        return new String[] {
+                NamedFactory.Utils.getNames(factoryManager.getKeyExchangeFactories()),
+                hostKeyTypes,
+                NamedFactory.Utils.getNames(factoryManager.getCipherFactories()),
+                NamedFactory.Utils.getNames(factoryManager.getCipherFactories()),
+                NamedFactory.Utils.getNames(factoryManager.getMacFactories()),
+                NamedFactory.Utils.getNames(factoryManager.getMacFactories()),
+                NamedFactory.Utils.getNames(factoryManager.getCompressionFactories()),
+                NamedFactory.Utils.getNames(factoryManager.getCompressionFactories()),
+                "",
+                ""
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send the key exchange initialization packet.
+     * This packet contains random data along with our proposal.
+     *
+     * @param proposal our proposal for key exchange negociation
+     * @return the sent packet which must be kept for later use
+     * @throws IOException if an error occured sending the packet
+     */
+    protected byte[] sendKexInit(String[] proposal) throws IOException {
+        Buffer buffer = createBuffer(SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_KEXINIT);
+        int p = buffer.wpos();
+        buffer.wpos(p + 16);
+        random.fill(buffer.array(), p, 16);
+        for (String s : proposal) {
+            buffer.putString(s);
+        }
+        buffer.putByte((byte) 0);
+        buffer.putInt(0);
+        byte[] data = buffer.getCompactData();
+        writePacket(buffer);
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Receive the remote key exchange init message.
+     * The packet data is returned for later use.
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the key exchange init packet
+     * @param proposal the remote proposal to fill
+     * @return the packet data
+     */
+    protected byte[] receiveKexInit(Buffer buffer, String[] proposal) {
+        // Recreate the packet payload which will be needed at a later time
+        byte[] d = buffer.array();
+        byte[] data = new byte[buffer.available() + 1];
+        data[0] = SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_KEXINIT.toByte();
+        System.arraycopy(d, buffer.rpos(), data, 1, data.length - 1);
+        // Skip 16 bytes of random data
+        buffer.rpos(buffer.rpos() + 16);
+        // Read proposal
+        for (int i = 0; i < proposal.length; i++) {
+            proposal[i] = buffer.getString();
+        }
+        // Skip 5 bytes
+        buffer.getByte();
+        buffer.getInt();
+        // Return data
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a message to put new keys into use.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException if an error occurs sending the message
+     */
+    protected void sendNewKeys() throws IOException {
+        log.info("Send SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS");
+        Buffer buffer = createBuffer(SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_NEWKEYS);
+        writePacket(buffer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Put new keys into use.
+     * This method will intialize the ciphers, digests, macs and compression
+     * according to the negociated server and client proposals.
+     *
+     * @param isServer boolean indicating if this session is on the server or the client side
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void receiveNewKeys(boolean isServer) throws Exception {
+        byte[] IVc2s;
+        byte[] IVs2c;
+        byte[] Ec2s;
+        byte[] Es2c;
+        byte[] MACc2s;
+        byte[] MACs2c;
+        byte[] K = kex.getK();
+        byte[] H = kex.getH();
+        Digest hash = kex.getHash();
+        Cipher s2ccipher;
+        Cipher c2scipher;
+        Mac s2cmac;
+        Mac c2smac;
+        Compression s2ccomp;
+        Compression c2scomp;
+
+        if (sessionId == null) {
+            sessionId = new byte[H.length];
+            System.arraycopy(H, 0, sessionId, 0, H.length);
+        }
+
+        Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+        buffer.putMPInt(K);
+        buffer.putRawBytes(H);
+        buffer.putByte((byte) 0x41);
+        buffer.putRawBytes(sessionId);
+        int pos = buffer.available();
+        byte[] buf = buffer.array();
+        hash.update(buf, 0, pos);
+        IVc2s = hash.digest();
+
+        int j = pos - sessionId.length - 1;
+
+        buf[j]++;
+        hash.update(buf, 0, pos);
+        IVs2c = hash.digest();
+
+        buf[j]++;
+        hash.update(buf, 0, pos);
+        Ec2s = hash.digest();
+
+        buf[j]++;
+        hash.update(buf, 0, pos);
+        Es2c = hash.digest();
+
+        buf[j]++;
+        hash.update(buf, 0, pos);
+        MACc2s = hash.digest();
+
+        buf[j]++;
+        hash.update(buf, 0, pos);
+        MACs2c = hash.digest();
+
+        s2ccipher = NamedFactory.Utils.create(factoryManager.getCipherFactories(), negociated[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_STOC]);
+        Es2c = resizeKey(Es2c, s2ccipher.getBlockSize(), hash, K, H);
+        s2ccipher.init(isServer ? Cipher.Mode.Encrypt : Cipher.Mode.Decrypt, Es2c, IVs2c);
+
+        s2cmac = NamedFactory.Utils.create(factoryManager.getMacFactories(), negociated[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_MAC_ALGS_STOC]);
+        s2cmac.init(MACs2c);
+
+        c2scipher = NamedFactory.Utils.create(factoryManager.getCipherFactories(), negociated[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_ENC_ALGS_CTOS]);
+        Ec2s = resizeKey(Ec2s, c2scipher.getBlockSize(), hash, K, H);
+        c2scipher.init(isServer ? Cipher.Mode.Decrypt : Cipher.Mode.Encrypt, Ec2s, IVc2s);
+
+        c2smac = NamedFactory.Utils.create(factoryManager.getMacFactories(), negociated[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_MAC_ALGS_CTOS]);
+        c2smac.init(MACc2s);
+
+        s2ccomp = NamedFactory.Utils.create(factoryManager.getCompressionFactories(), negociated[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_COMP_ALGS_STOC]);
+        c2scomp = NamedFactory.Utils.create(factoryManager.getCompressionFactories(), negociated[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_COMP_ALGS_CTOS]);
+
+        if (isServer) {
+            outCipher = s2ccipher;
+            outMac = s2cmac;
+            outCompression = s2ccomp;
+            inCipher = c2scipher;
+            inMac = c2smac;
+            inCompression = c2scomp;
+        } else {
+            outCipher = c2scipher;
+            outMac = c2smac;
+            outCompression = c2scomp;
+            inCipher = s2ccipher;
+            inMac = s2cmac;
+            inCompression = s2ccomp;
+        }
+        outCipherSize = outCipher.getIVSize();
+        if (outCompression != null) {
+            outCompression.init(Compression.Type.Deflater, -1);
+        }
+        inCipherSize = inCipher.getIVSize();
+        inMacResult = new byte[inMac.getBlockSize()];
+        if (inCompression != null) {
+            inCompression.init(Compression.Type.Inflater, -1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Private method used while putting new keys into use that will resize the key used to
+     * initialize the cipher to the needed length.
+     *
+     * @param E the key to resize
+     * @param blockSize the cipher block size
+     * @param hash the hash algorithm
+     * @param K the key exchange K parameter
+     * @param H the key exchange H parameter
+     * @return the resize key
+     * @throws Exception if a problem occur while resizing the key
+     */
+    private byte[] resizeKey(byte[] E, int blockSize, Digest hash, byte[] K, byte[] H) throws Exception {
+        while (blockSize > E.length) {
+            Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+            buffer.putMPInt(K);
+            buffer.putRawBytes(H);
+            buffer.putRawBytes(E);
+            hash.update(buffer.array(), 0, buffer.available());
+            byte[] foo = hash.digest();
+            byte[] bar = new byte[E.length + foo.length];
+            System.arraycopy(E, 0, bar, 0, E.length);
+            System.arraycopy(foo, 0, bar, E.length, foo.length);
+            E = bar;
+        }
+        return E;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a disconnect packet with the given reason and message
+     *
+     * @param reason the reason code for this disconnect
+     * @param msg the text message
+     * @throws IOException if an error occured sending the packet
+     */
+    public void disconnect(int reason, String msg) throws IOException {
+        Buffer buffer = createBuffer(SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_DISCONNECT);
+        buffer.putInt(reason);
+        buffer.putString(msg);
+        buffer.putString("");
+        WriteFuture f = writePacket(buffer);
+        f.join();
+        close();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send an unimplemented packet.  This packet should contain the
+     * sequence id of the usupported packet: this number is assumed to
+     * be the last packet received.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException if an error occured sending the packet
+     */
+    protected void notImplemented() throws IOException {
+        Buffer buffer = createBuffer(SshConstants.Message.SSH_MSG_UNIMPLEMENTED);
+        buffer.putInt(seqi - 1);
+        writePacket(buffer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute the negociated proposals by merging the client and
+     * server proposal.  The negocatiated proposal will be stored in
+     * the {@link #negociated} property.
+     */
+    protected void negociate() {
+        String[] guess = new String[SshConstants.PROPOSAL_MAX];
+        for (int i = 0; i < SshConstants.PROPOSAL_MAX; i++) {
+            String[] c = clientProposal[i].split(",");
+            String[] s = serverProposal[i].split(",");
+            for (String ci : c) {
+                for (String si : s) {
+                    if (ci.equals(si)) {
+                        guess[i] = ci;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (guess[i] != null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (guess[i] == null) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Unable to negociate");
+            }
+        }
+        negociated = guess;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process incoming data on a channel
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the data
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void channelData(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        Channel channel = getChannel(buffer);
+        channel.handleData(buffer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process incoming extended data on a channel
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the data
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void channelExtendedData(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        Channel channel = getChannel(buffer);
+        channel.handleExtendedData(buffer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process a window adjust packet on a channel
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the window adjustement parameters
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void channelWindowAdjust(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            Channel channel = getChannel(buffer);
+            channel.handleWindowAdjust(buffer);
+        } catch (SshException e) {
+            log.info(e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process end of file on a channel
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the packet
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void channelEof(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        Channel channel = getChannel(buffer);
+        channel.handleEof();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Close a channel due to a close packet received
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the packet
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void channelClose(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        Channel channel = getChannel(buffer);
+        channel.close();
+        channels.remove(channel.getId());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Service a request on a channel
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the request
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void channelRequest(Buffer buffer) throws IOException {
+        Channel channel = getChannel(buffer);
+        channel.handleRequest(buffer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process a failure on a channel
+     *
+     * @param buffer the buffer containing the packet
+     * @throws Exception if an error occurs
+     */
+    protected void channelFailure(Buffer buffer) throws Exception {
+        Channel channel = getChannel(buffer);
+        channel.handleFailure();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve the channel designated by the given packet
+     *
+     * @param buffer the incoming packet
+     * @return the target channel
+     * @throws IOException if the channel does not exists
+     */
+    protected Channel getChannel(Buffer buffer) throws IOException {
+        int recipient = buffer.getInt();
+        Channel channel = channels.get(recipient);
+        if (channel == null) {
+            buffer.rpos(buffer.rpos() - 5);
+            SshConstants.Message cmd = buffer.getCommand();
+            throw new SshException("Received " + cmd + " on unknown channel " + recipient);
+        }
+        return channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve a configuration property as an integer
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the property
+     * @param defaultValue the default value
+     * @return the value of the configuration property or the default value if not found
+     */
+    public int getIntProperty(String name, int defaultValue) {
+        try {
+            String v = factoryManager.getProperties().get(name);
+            if (v != null) {
+                return Integer.parseInt(v);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Ignore
+        }
+        return defaultValue;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.sshd.common.session.AbstractSession.exceptionCaught` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.sshd.common.session.AbstractSession.closed`. Potentially races with write in method `AbstractSession.close()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractSession.exceptionCaught(Throwable)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.sshd.common.session.AbstractSession.exceptionCaught(java.lang.Throwable):void.99ecaa19866bf9115052017fec6b3e83
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/sshd/common/session/AbstractSession.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractSession.java|exceptionCaught|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+d639469698be5a1e4a5fd58292a33641
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6698/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6698/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95a124d833bb6a05fdec5876a7760e6165681670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6698/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mina-sshd
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.sshd.server.keyprovider;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.security.KeyPair;
+
+import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMReader;
+import org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMWriter;
+
+/**
+ * TODO Add javadoc
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:dev@mina.apache.org">Apache MINA SSHD Project</a>
+ */
+public class PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider extends AbstractGeneratorHostKeyProvider {
+
+    public PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider() {
+    }
+
+    public PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider(String path) {
+        super(path);
+    }
+
+    public PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider(String path, String algorithm) {
+        super(path, algorithm);
+    }
+
+    public PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider(String path, String algorithm, int keySize) {
+        super(path, algorithm, keySize);
+    }
+
+    protected KeyPair doReadKeyPair(InputStream is) throws Exception {
+        PEMReader r = new PEMReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
+        return (KeyPair) r.readObject();
+    }
+
+    protected void doWriteKeyPair(KeyPair kp, OutputStream os) throws Exception {
+        PEMWriter w = new PEMWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(os));
+        w.writeObject(kp);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.bouncycastle.openssl.PEMWriter` acquired to `w` by call to `new()` at line 58 is not released after line 59.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider.doWriteKeyPair(KeyPair,OutputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.sshd.server.keyprovider.PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider.doWriteKeyPair(java.security.KeyPair,.fcc218db71e313461b6419bd97e405cf
+
+### File:
+sshd-core/src/main/java/org/apache/sshd/server/keyprovider/PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider.java
+
+### Key:
+PEMGeneratorHostKeyProvider.java|doWriteKeyPair|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f3e05835b2e0d3828d170cbdd6a93256
+
+### Hash:
+b93f4be37eb4e50f681a5f1b858a5c30
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6743/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6743/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19e8593febbdc6a3dfead238a9cab70229155055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6743/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-dbutils
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.dbutils.BaseTestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.dbutils.ResultSetHandler;
+
+/**
+ * ArrayListHandlerTest
+ */
+public class ArrayListHandlerTest extends BaseTestCase {
+
+	public void testHandle() throws SQLException {
+		ResultSetHandler h = new ArrayListHandler();
+		List results = (List) h.handle(this.rs);
+
+		assertNotNull(results);
+		assertEquals(ROWS, results.size());
+
+		Iterator iter = results.iterator();
+		Object[] row = null;
+		while (iter.hasNext()) {
+			row = (Object[]) iter.next();
+			assertEquals(COLS, row.length);
+		}
+
+		assertEquals("4", row[0]);
+		assertEquals("5", row[1]);
+		assertEquals("6", row[2]);
+	}
+
+	public void testEmptyResultSetHandle() throws SQLException {
+		ResultSetHandler h = new ArrayListHandler();
+		List results = (List) h.handle(this.emptyResultSet);
+
+		assertNotNull(results);
+		assertTrue(results.isEmpty());
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `row` last assigned on line 39 could be null and is dereferenced at line 45.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ArrayListHandlerTest.testHandle()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.dbutils.handlers.ArrayListHandlerTest.testHandle():void.369c8d865d77763361dbf4b4cafbf9ab
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/dbutils/handlers/ArrayListHandlerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ArrayListHandlerTest.java|testHandle|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b878349a5b6e1894a1fa501df351eabe
+
+### Hash:
+dff7120da5e5e0ab30b181b81f961a60
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6744/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6744/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae1039daf99db375548ccdb203c2a66716aa3484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6744/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-dbutils
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.dbutils;
+
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.text.DateFormat;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Test the BasicRowProcessor class.
+ */
+public class BasicRowProcessorTest extends BaseTestCase {
+
+    private static final RowProcessor processor = new BasicRowProcessor();
+    
+    /**
+     * Format that matches Date.toString().
+     * Sun Mar 14 15:19:15 MST 2004
+     */ 
+    private static final DateFormat datef =
+        new SimpleDateFormat("EEE MMM dd HH:mm:ss zzz yyyy", Locale.US);
+
+    public void testToArray() throws SQLException {
+
+        int rowCount = 0;
+        Object[] a = null;
+        while (this.rs.next()) {
+            a = processor.toArray(this.rs);
+            assertEquals(COLS, a.length);
+            rowCount++;
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(ROWS, rowCount);
+        assertEquals("4", a[0]);
+        assertEquals("5", a[1]);
+        assertEquals("6", a[2]);
+    }
+
+    public void testToBean() throws SQLException, ParseException {
+
+        int rowCount = 0;
+        TestBean b = null;
+        while (this.rs.next()) {
+            b = (TestBean) processor.toBean(this.rs, TestBean.class);
+            assertNotNull(b);
+            rowCount++;
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(ROWS, rowCount);
+        assertEquals("4", b.getOne());
+        assertEquals("5", b.getTwo());
+        assertEquals("6", b.getThree());
+        assertEquals("not set", b.getDoNotSet());
+        assertEquals(3, b.getIntTest());
+        assertEquals(new Integer(4), b.getIntegerTest());
+        assertEquals(null, b.getNullObjectTest());
+        assertEquals(0, b.getNullPrimitiveTest());
+        // test date -> string handling
+        assertNotNull(b.getNotDate());
+        assertTrue(!"not a date".equals(b.getNotDate()));
+        datef.parse(b.getNotDate());
+    }
+
+    public void testToBeanList() throws SQLException, ParseException {
+
+        List list = processor.toBeanList(this.rs, TestBean.class);
+        assertNotNull(list);
+        assertEquals(ROWS, list.size());
+
+        TestBean b = (TestBean) list.get(1);
+
+        assertEquals("4", b.getOne());
+        assertEquals("5", b.getTwo());
+        assertEquals("6", b.getThree());
+        assertEquals("not set", b.getDoNotSet());
+        assertEquals(3, b.getIntTest());
+        assertEquals(new Integer(4), b.getIntegerTest());
+        assertEquals(null, b.getNullObjectTest());
+        assertEquals(0, b.getNullPrimitiveTest());
+        // test date -> string handling
+        assertNotNull(b.getNotDate());
+        assertTrue(!"not a date".equals(b.getNotDate()));
+        datef.parse(b.getNotDate());
+    }
+
+    public void testToMap() throws SQLException {
+
+        int rowCount = 0;
+        Map m = null;
+        while (this.rs.next()) {
+            m = processor.toMap(this.rs);
+            assertNotNull(m);
+            assertEquals(COLS, m.keySet().size());
+            rowCount++;
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(ROWS, rowCount);
+        assertEquals("4", m.get("One")); // case shouldn't matter
+        assertEquals("5", m.get("two"));
+        assertEquals("6", m.get("THREE"));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `a` last assigned on line 44 could be null and is dereferenced at line 52.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BasicRowProcessorTest.testToArray()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.dbutils.BasicRowProcessorTest.testToArray():void.ad91c6d38ed215c5e2c1ed72e1807326
+
+### File:
+src/test/org/apache/commons/dbutils/BasicRowProcessorTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BasicRowProcessorTest.java|testToArray|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+35b50a7013fa349bde4458095c040c1b
+
+### Hash:
+a0c3ed8e5080981700815cad98c51937
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6788/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6788/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f1e31a05a074768728dce788267b242e1de00571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6788/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** gecco
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.geccocrawler.gecco.downloader;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.SocketTimeoutException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.http.Header;
+import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
+import org.apache.http.HttpHost;
+import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpRequestRetryHandler;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
+import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpEntityEnclosingRequestBase;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpRequestBase;
+import org.apache.http.client.protocol.HttpClientContext;
+import org.apache.http.config.Registry;
+import org.apache.http.config.RegistryBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.conn.ConnectTimeoutException;
+import org.apache.http.conn.socket.ConnectionSocketFactory;
+import org.apache.http.conn.socket.PlainConnectionSocketFactory;
+import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.BasicCookieStore;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClientBuilder;
+import org.apache.http.impl.conn.PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager;
+import org.apache.http.impl.cookie.BasicClientCookie;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
+import org.apache.http.protocol.HttpContext;
+import org.apache.http.ssl.SSLContexts;
+import org.apache.http.ssl.TrustStrategy;
+import org.apache.http.util.CharArrayBuffer;
+
+import com.geccocrawler.gecco.downloader.proxy.Proxys;
+import com.geccocrawler.gecco.downloader.proxy.ProxysContext;
+import com.geccocrawler.gecco.request.HttpPostRequest;
+import com.geccocrawler.gecco.request.HttpRequest;
+import com.geccocrawler.gecco.response.HttpResponse;
+import com.geccocrawler.gecco.spider.SpiderThreadLocal;
+import com.geccocrawler.gecco.utils.UrlUtils;
+
+/**
+ * 利用httpclient下载
+ *  
+ * @author huchengyi
+ *
+ */
+@com.geccocrawler.gecco.annotation.Downloader("httpClientDownloader")
+public class HttpClientDownloader extends AbstractDownloader {
+	
+	private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(HttpClientDownloader.class);
+	
+	private CloseableHttpClient httpClient;
+	
+	private HttpClientContext cookieContext;
+	
+	public HttpClientDownloader() {
+		
+		cookieContext = HttpClientContext.create();
+		cookieContext.setCookieStore(new BasicCookieStore());
+		
+		Registry<ConnectionSocketFactory> socketFactoryRegistry = null;
+		try {
+			//构造一个信任所有ssl证书的httpclient
+			SSLContext sslContext = SSLContexts.custom().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy() {
+				@Override
+				public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType) throws CertificateException {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}).build();
+			SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext);
+			socketFactoryRegistry = RegistryBuilder.<ConnectionSocketFactory>create()
+			           .register("http", PlainConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory())  
+			           .register("https", sslsf)  
+			           .build();
+		} catch(Exception ex) {
+			socketFactoryRegistry = RegistryBuilder.<ConnectionSocketFactory>create()
+            .register("http", PlainConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory())
+            .register("https", SSLConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory())
+            .build();
+		}
+		RequestConfig clientConfig = RequestConfig.custom().setRedirectsEnabled(false).build();
+		PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager syncConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(socketFactoryRegistry);
+		syncConnectionManager.setMaxTotal(1000);
+		syncConnectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(50);
+		httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create()
+				.setDefaultRequestConfig(clientConfig)
+				.setConnectionManager(syncConnectionManager)
+				.setRetryHandler(new HttpRequestRetryHandler() {
+					@Override
+					public boolean retryRequest(IOException exception, int executionCount, HttpContext context) {
+						int retryCount = SpiderThreadLocal.get().getEngine().getRetry();
+						boolean retry = (executionCount <= retryCount);
+						if(log.isDebugEnabled() && retry) {
+							log.debug("retry : " + executionCount);
+						}
+						return retry;
+					}
+				}).build();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public HttpResponse download(HttpRequest request, int timeout) throws DownloadException {
+		if(log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			log.debug("downloading..." + request.getUrl());
+		}
+		HttpRequestBase reqObj = null;
+		if(request instanceof HttpPostRequest) {//post
+			HttpPostRequest post = (HttpPostRequest)request;
+			reqObj = new HttpPost(post.getUrl());
+			//post fields
+			List<NameValuePair> fields = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
+			for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : post.getFields().entrySet()) {
+				NameValuePair nvp = new BasicNameValuePair(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+				fields.add(nvp);
+			}
+			try {
+				HttpEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(fields, "UTF-8");
+				((HttpEntityEnclosingRequestBase) reqObj).setEntity(entity);
+			} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+		} else {//get
+			reqObj = new HttpGet(request.getUrl());
+		}
+		//header
+		boolean isMobile = SpiderThreadLocal.get().getEngine().isMobile();
+		reqObj.addHeader("User-Agent", UserAgent.getUserAgent(isMobile));
+		for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : request.getHeaders().entrySet()) {
+			reqObj.setHeader(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+		}
+		//request config
+		RequestConfig.Builder builder = RequestConfig.custom()
+		.setConnectionRequestTimeout(1000)//从连接池获取连接的超时时间
+		.setSocketTimeout(timeout)//获取内容的超时时间
+		.setConnectTimeout(timeout)//建立socket连接的超时时间
+		.setRedirectsEnabled(false);
+		//proxy
+		HttpHost proxy = null;
+		Proxys proxys = ProxysContext.get();
+		boolean isProxy = ProxysContext.isEnableProxy();
+		if(proxys != null && isProxy) {
+			proxy = proxys.getProxy();
+			if(proxy != null) {
+				log.debug("proxy:" + proxy.getHostName()+":"+proxy.getPort());
+				builder.setProxy(proxy);
+				builder.setConnectTimeout(1000);//如果走代理，连接超时时间固定为1s
+			}
+		}
+		reqObj.setConfig(builder.build());
+		//request and response
+		try {
+			for(Map.Entry<String, String> entry : request.getCookies().entrySet()) {
+				BasicClientCookie cookie = new BasicClientCookie(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+				cookie.setPath("/");
+				cookie.setDomain(reqObj.getURI().getHost());
+				cookieContext.getCookieStore().addCookie(cookie);
+			}
+			org.apache.http.HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(reqObj, cookieContext);
+			int status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
+			HttpResponse resp = new HttpResponse();
+			resp.setStatus(status);
+			if(status == 302 || status == 301) {
+				String redirectUrl = response.getFirstHeader("Location").getValue();
+				resp.setContent(UrlUtils.relative2Absolute(request.getUrl(), redirectUrl));
+			} else if(status == 200) {
+				HttpEntity responseEntity = response.getEntity();
+				ByteArrayInputStream raw = toByteInputStream(responseEntity.getContent());
+				resp.setRaw(raw);
+				String contentType = null;
+				Header contentTypeHeader = responseEntity.getContentType();
+				if(contentTypeHeader != null) {
+					contentType = contentTypeHeader.getValue();
+				}
+				resp.setContentType(contentType);
+				if(!isImage(contentType)) { 
+					String charset = request.isForceUseCharset() ? request.getCharset():getCharset(request.getCharset(), contentType);
+					resp.setCharset(charset);
+					//String content = EntityUtils.toString(responseEntity, charset);
+					String content = getContent(raw, responseEntity.getContentLength(), charset);
+					resp.setContent(content);
+				}
+			} else {
+				//404，500等
+				if(proxy != null) {
+					proxys.failure(proxy.getHostName(), proxy.getPort());
+				}
+				throw new DownloadServerException("" + status);
+			}
+			if(proxy != null) {
+				proxys.success(proxy.getHostName(), proxy.getPort());
+			}
+			return resp;
+		} catch(ConnectTimeoutException | SocketTimeoutException e) {
+			if(proxy != null) {
+				proxys.failure(proxy.getHostName(), proxy.getPort());
+			}
+			throw new DownloadTimeoutException(e);
+		} catch(IOException e) {
+			if(proxy != null) {
+				proxys.failure(proxy.getHostName(), proxy.getPort());
+			}
+			throw new DownloadException(e);
+		} finally {
+			reqObj.releaseConnection();
+		}
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public void shutdown() {
+		try {
+			httpClient.close();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			httpClient = null;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public String getContent(InputStream instream, long contentLength, String charset) throws IOException {
+		try {
+			if (instream == null) {
+	            return null;
+	        }
+	        int i = (int)contentLength;
+	        if (i < 0) {
+	            i = 4096;
+	        }
+	        Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(instream, charset);
+	        CharArrayBuffer buffer = new CharArrayBuffer(i);
+	        char[] tmp = new char[1024];
+	        int l;
+	        while((l = reader.read(tmp)) != -1) {
+	            buffer.append(tmp, 0, l);
+	        }
+	        return buffer.toString();
+		} finally {
+			instream.reset();
+		}
+        
+    }
+	
+	private boolean isImage(String contentType) {
+		if(contentType == null) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		if(contentType.toLowerCase().startsWith("image")) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 242 is not released after line 249.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String HttpClientDownloader.getContent(InputStream,long,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.geccocrawler.gecco.downloader.HttpClientDownloader.getContent(java.io.InputStream,long,java.lang.349b7173600a8dd513734e293e3cebad
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/geccocrawler/gecco/downloader/HttpClientDownloader.java
+
+### Key:
+HttpClientDownloader.java|getContent|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c3a0f41ebe4e1f490ccd067c600659db
+
+### Hash:
+4d33fe0bc61aa785a5715b7b5fcbaa1f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6806/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6806/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5164b15b08d2af325255a3618f33d03b33252090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6806/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rrd4j
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.rrd4j.core;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+/**
+ * This class should be used to synchronize access to RRD files
+ * in a multithreaded environment. This class should be also used to prevent opening of
+ * too many RRD files at the same time (thus avoiding operating system limits).
+ * <p>
+ * It's much more scalable than the previous pool
+ */
+public class RrdDbPool {
+    private static class RrdDbPoolSingletonHolder {
+        static final RrdDbPool instance = new RrdDbPool();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initial capacity of the pool i.e. maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files. The pool will
+     * never open too many RRD files at the same time.
+     */
+    public static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY = 200;
+
+    static private class RrdEntry {
+        RrdDb rrdDb = null;
+        int count = 0;
+        final CountDownLatch waitempty;
+        final CountDownLatch inuse;
+        final boolean placeholder;
+        final String canonicalPath;
+        RrdEntry(boolean placeholder, String canonicalPath) {
+            this.placeholder = placeholder;
+            this.canonicalPath = canonicalPath;
+            if( placeholder) {
+                inuse = new CountDownLatch(1);
+                waitempty = null;
+            } else {
+                inuse = null;
+                waitempty = new CountDownLatch(1);
+            }
+        }
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return placeholder + "@" + canonicalPath;
+        }        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a single instance of the class on the first call,
+     * or returns already existing one. Uses Initialization On Demand Holder idiom.
+     *
+     * @return Single instance of this class
+     * @throws java.lang.RuntimeException Thrown if the default RRD backend is not derived from the {@link org.rrd4j.core.RrdFileBackendFactory}
+     */
+    public static RrdDbPool getInstance() {
+        return RrdDbPoolSingletonHolder.instance;
+    }
+
+    private final AtomicInteger usage = new AtomicInteger(0);
+    private final ReentrantLock countLock = new ReentrantLock();
+    private final Condition full = countLock.newCondition();
+    private int maxCapacity = INITIAL_CAPACITY;
+
+    private final ConcurrentMap<String, RrdEntry> pool = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, RrdEntry>(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor for RrdDbPool.
+     * 
+     * Not private, used by junit tests
+     */
+    RrdDbPool() {
+        if (!(RrdBackendFactory.getDefaultFactory() instanceof RrdFileBackendFactory)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot create instance of " + getClass().getName() + " with " +
+                    "a default backend factory not derived from RrdFileBackendFactory");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of open RRD files.
+     *
+     * @return Number of currently open RRD files held in the pool.
+     */
+    public int getOpenFileCount() {
+        return usage.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of open file names.
+     *
+     * @return Array with canonical paths to open RRD files held in the pool.
+     */
+    public String[] getOpenFiles() {
+        //Direct toarray from keySet can fail
+        Set<String> files = new HashSet<String>();
+        files.addAll(pool.keySet());
+        return files.toArray(new String[0]);
+    }
+
+    private RrdEntry getEntry(String path, boolean cancreate) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        String canonicalPath = Util.getCanonicalPath(path);
+        RrdEntry ref = null;
+        do {
+            ref = pool.get(canonicalPath);
+            if(ref == null) {
+                //Slot empty
+                //If still absent put a place holder, and create the entry to return
+                ref = pool.putIfAbsent(canonicalPath, new RrdEntry(true, canonicalPath));
+                if(ref == null) {
+                    ref = cancreate ? new RrdEntry(false, canonicalPath) : null;                    
+                }               
+            } else if(! ref.placeholder) {
+                // Real entry, try to put a place holder if some one did'nt get it meanwhile
+                pool.replace(canonicalPath, ref, new RrdEntry(true, canonicalPath));
+            } else {
+                // a place holder, wait for the using task to finish
+                ref.inuse.await();
+            }
+        } while(ref != null && ref.placeholder);
+        return ref;
+    }
+
+    private boolean tryGetSlot() throws InterruptedException {
+        boolean incremented = false;
+        countLock.lockInterruptibly();
+        if(usage.get() < maxCapacity) {
+            usage.incrementAndGet();
+            incremented = true;
+        }
+        countLock.unlock();
+        return incremented;
+    }
+
+    private enum ACTION {
+        SWAP, DROP;
+    };
+
+    private void passNext(ACTION a, RrdEntry e) {
+        RrdEntry o = null;
+        switch (a) {
+        case SWAP:
+            o = pool.put(e.canonicalPath, e);
+            break;
+        case DROP:
+            o = pool.remove(e.canonicalPath);
+            break;
+        }
+        //task finished, waiting on a place holder can go on
+        if(o != null) {
+            o.inuse.countDown();
+        }  
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Releases RrdDb reference previously obtained from the pool. When a reference is released, its usage
+     * count is decremented by one. If usage count drops to zero, the underlying RRD file will be closed.
+     *
+     * @param rrdDb RrdDb reference to be returned to the pool
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public void release(RrdDb rrdDb) throws IOException {
+        // null pointer should not kill the thread, just ignore it
+        if (rrdDb == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        RrdEntry ref;
+        try {
+            ref = getEntry(rrdDb.getPath(), false);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("release interrupted for " + rrdDb, e);
+        }
+        if(ref == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (ref.count <= 0) {
+            passNext(ACTION.DROP, ref);
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Could not release [" + rrdDb.getPath() + "], the file was never requested");
+        }
+        if (--ref.count == 0) {
+            if(ref.rrdDb == null) {
+                passNext(ACTION.DROP, ref);
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Could not release [" + rrdDb.getPath() + "], pool corruption");                    
+            }
+            ref.rrdDb.close();
+            usage.decrementAndGet();
+            try {
+                countLock.lockInterruptibly();
+                if(usage.get() < maxCapacity) {
+                    full.signal();
+                }
+                countLock.unlock();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("release interrupted for " + rrdDb, e);
+            } finally {
+                passNext(ACTION.DROP, ref);                
+            }
+            //If someone is waiting for an empty entry, signal it
+            ref.waitempty.countDown();
+        } else {
+            passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests a RrdDb reference for the given RRD file path.<p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the file is already open, previously returned RrdDb reference will be returned. Its usage count
+     * will be incremented by one.
+     * <li>If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is less than
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the file will be open and a new RrdDb reference will be returned.
+     * If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is equal to
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the method blocks until some RRD file is closed.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param path Path to existing RRD file
+     * @return reference for the give RRD file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public RrdDb requestRrdDb(String path) throws IOException {
+
+        RrdEntry ref = null;
+        try {
+            ref = getEntry(path, true);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("request interrupted for " + path, e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            //Wait until the pool is not full and 
+            //Don't lock on anything
+            while(ref.count == 0 && ! tryGetSlot()) {
+                passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);
+                countLock.lockInterruptibly();
+                full.await();
+                countLock.unlock();                        
+                ref = getEntry(path, true);
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            passNext(ACTION.DROP, ref);
+            throw new RuntimeException("request interrupted for " + path, e);
+        } finally {
+            if(countLock.isHeldByCurrentThread()) {
+                countLock.unlock();                        
+            }
+        }
+        //Someone might have already open it, rechecks
+        if(ref.count == 0) {
+            try {
+                ref.rrdDb = new RrdDb(path);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                //Don't forget to release the slot reserved earlier
+                usage.decrementAndGet();
+                passNext(ACTION.DROP, ref);
+                throw e;
+            }                
+        }
+        ref.count++;
+        passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);
+        return ref.rrdDb;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wait for a empty reference with no usage
+     * @param path
+     * @return an reference with no usage 
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     */
+    private RrdEntry waitEmpty(String path) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        RrdEntry ref = getEntry(path, true);
+        try {
+            while(ref.count != 0) {
+                //Not empty, give it back, but wait for signal
+                passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);                
+                ref.waitempty.await();
+                ref = getEntry(path, true);
+            }
+            return ref;
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            passNext(ACTION.DROP, ref);                
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Got an empty reference, use it only if slots are available
+     * But don't hold any lock waiting for it
+     * @param path
+     * @return an reference with no usage 
+     * @throws InterruptedException
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private RrdEntry requestEmpty(String path) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        RrdEntry ref = null;
+        try {
+            ref = waitEmpty(path);
+            while( ! tryGetSlot()) {
+                passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);
+                countLock.lockInterruptibly();
+                full.await();
+                countLock.unlock();                        
+                ref = waitEmpty(path);
+            }
+            ref.count = 1;
+            return ref;
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            if(ref != null) {
+                passNext(ACTION.DROP, ref);                                
+            }
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            if(countLock.isHeldByCurrentThread()) {
+                countLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests a RrdDb reference for the given RRD file definition object.<p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the file with the path specified in the RrdDef object is already open,
+     * the method blocks until the file is closed.
+     * <li>If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is less than
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, a new RRD file will be created and a its RrdDb reference will be returned.
+     * If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is equal to
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the method blocks until some RRD file is closed.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param rrdDef Definition of the RRD file to be created
+     * @return Reference to the newly created RRD file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public RrdDb requestRrdDb(RrdDef rrdDef) throws IOException {
+        RrdEntry ref = null;
+        try {
+            ref = requestEmpty(rrdDef.getPath());
+            ref.rrdDb = new RrdDb(rrdDef);
+            return ref.rrdDb;
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("request interrupted for new rrdDef " + rrdDef.getPath(), e);
+        } finally {
+            if(ref != null) {
+                passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);                                            
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requests a RrdDb reference for the given path. The file will be created from
+     * external data (from XML dump, RRD file or RRDTool's binary RRD file).<p>
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>If the file with the path specified is already open,
+     * the method blocks until the file is closed.
+     * <li>If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is less than
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, a new RRD file will be created and a its RrdDb reference will be returned.
+     * If the file is not already open and the number of already open RRD files is equal to
+     * {@link #INITIAL_CAPACITY}, the method blocks until some RRD file is closed.
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param path       Path to RRD file which should be created
+     * @param sourcePath Path to external data which is to be converted to Rrd4j's native RRD file format
+     * @return Reference to the newly created RRD file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException Thrown in case of I/O error
+     */
+    public RrdDb requestRrdDb(String path, String sourcePath)
+            throws IOException {
+
+        RrdEntry ref = null;
+        try {
+            ref = requestEmpty(path);
+            ref.rrdDb = new RrdDb(path, sourcePath);
+            return ref.rrdDb;
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("request interrupted for new rrd " + path, e);
+        } finally {
+            if(ref != null) {
+                passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);                                            
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files.
+     *
+     * @param newCapacity Maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files.
+     */
+    public void setCapacity(int newCapacity) {
+        int oldUsage = usage.getAndSet(maxCapacity);
+        try {
+            if (oldUsage != 0) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Can only be done on a empty pool");
+            }
+        } finally {
+            usage.set(oldUsage);        
+        }
+        maxCapacity = newCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files.
+     *
+     * @return maximum number of simultaneously open RRD files
+     */
+    public int getCapacity() {
+        return maxCapacity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of usage for a RRD.
+     *
+     * @param rrdDb RrdDb reference for which informations is needed.
+     * @return the number of request for this rrd
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public int getOpenCount(RrdDb rrdDb) throws IOException {
+        return getOpenCount(rrdDb.getPath());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of usage for a RRD.
+     *
+     * @param path RRD file for which informations is needed.
+     * @return the number of request for this file
+     * @throws java.io.IOException if any.
+     */
+    public int getOpenCount(String path) throws IOException {
+        RrdEntry ref = null;
+        try {
+            ref = getEntry(path, false);
+            if(ref == null)
+                return 0;
+            else {
+                return ref.count;
+            }
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("getOpenCount interrupted", e);
+        } finally {
+            if(ref != null) {
+                passNext(ACTION.SWAP, ref);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.rrd4j.core.RrdDbPool.requestRrdDb` reads without synchronization from `ref.org.rrd4j.core.RrdDbPool$RrdEntry.count`. Potentially races with write in method `RrdDbPool.requestRrdDb(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path ref has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on ref.org.rrd4j.core.RrdDbPool$RrdEntry.count might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RrdDb RrdDbPool.requestRrdDb(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.rrd4j.core.RrdDbPool.requestRrdDb(java.lang.String):org.rrd4j.core.RrdDb.7646ea4e8c3475c93fb080010a27358d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/rrd4j/core/RrdDbPool.java
+
+### Key:
+RrdDbPool.java|requestRrdDb|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+573da57ab93bf53e4fe3764bb198d8e3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6830/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6830/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f483d6f1f89d0a9bfb90a73faf2bdc31243eab0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6830/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jenkins-gitlab-merge-request-builder-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.gitlab;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.gitlab.api.GitlabAPI;
+import org.gitlab.api.models.*;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+public class GitlabMergeRequestWrapper {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(GitlabMergeRequestWrapper.class.getName());
+    private final Integer id;
+    private Integer iid;
+    private final String author;
+    private String description;
+    private GitlabProject sourceProject;
+    private String sourceBranch;
+    private String targetBranch;
+
+    private boolean shouldRun = false;
+
+    private GitlabMergeRequestStatus mergeRequestStatus;
+
+    transient private GitlabProject project;
+    transient private GitlabMergeRequestBuilder builder;
+
+
+    GitlabMergeRequestWrapper(GitlabMergeRequest mergeRequest, GitlabMergeRequestBuilder builder, GitlabProject project) {
+        this.id = mergeRequest.getId();
+        this.iid = mergeRequest.getIid();
+        this.author = mergeRequest.getAuthor().getUsername();
+        this.description = mergeRequest.getDescription();
+        this.sourceBranch = mergeRequest.getSourceBranch();
+
+        try {
+            this.sourceProject = getSourceProject(mergeRequest, builder.getGitlab().get());
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+        	LOGGER.throwing("GitlabMergeRequestWrapper", "constructor", ex);
+        }
+        this.targetBranch = mergeRequest.getTargetBranch();
+        this.project = project;
+        this.builder = builder;
+        this.mergeRequestStatus = new GitlabMergeRequestStatus();
+    }
+
+    public void init(GitlabMergeRequestBuilder builder, GitlabProject project) {
+        this.project = project;
+        this.builder = builder;
+    }
+
+    public void setLatestCommitOfMergeRequest(String _requestId,
+                                         String latestCommit) {
+        mergeRequestStatus.setLatestCommitOfMergeRequest(_requestId, latestCommit);
+    }
+
+    public void check(GitlabMergeRequest gitlabMergeRequest) {
+
+        if (mergeRequestStatus == null) {
+            mergeRequestStatus = new GitlabMergeRequestStatus();
+        }
+
+        if (iid == null) {
+            iid = gitlabMergeRequest.getIid();
+        }
+
+        if (targetBranch == null || targetBranch.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            targetBranch = gitlabMergeRequest.getTargetBranch();
+        }
+
+        if (sourceBranch == null || sourceBranch.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            sourceBranch = gitlabMergeRequest.getSourceBranch();
+        }
+
+        if (description == null || description.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            description = gitlabMergeRequest.getDescription();
+            
+            if (description == null) { description = ""; }
+        }
+
+        if (sourceProject == null || sourceProject.getId() == null || sourceProject.getName() == null) {
+            try {
+                GitlabAPI api = builder.getGitlab().get();
+                sourceProject = getSourceProject(gitlabMergeRequest, api);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to get source project for Merge request " + gitlabMergeRequest.getId() + " :\n" + e.getMessage());
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        try {
+            GitlabAPI api = builder.getGitlab().get();
+            GitlabCommit latestCommit = getLatestCommit(gitlabMergeRequest, api);
+            
+            Map<String, String> customParameters = getSpecifiedCustomParameters(gitlabMergeRequest, api);
+            build(customParameters, latestCommit.getId(), gitlabMergeRequest);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to fetch commits for Merge Request " + gitlabMergeRequest.getId());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<GitlabNote> getNotes(GitlabMergeRequest gitlabMergeRequest, GitlabAPI api) throws IOException {
+        List<GitlabNote> notes = api.getAllNotes(gitlabMergeRequest);
+
+        Collections.sort(notes, new Comparator<GitlabNote>() {
+            public int compare(GitlabNote o1, GitlabNote o2) {
+                return o1.getCreatedAt().compareTo(o2.getCreatedAt());
+            }
+        });
+        return notes;
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, String> getSpecifiedCustomParameters(GitlabMergeRequest gitlabMergeRequest, GitlabAPI api) throws IOException {
+        String botUsername = GitlabBuildTrigger.getDesc().getBotUsername();
+        // Mention the botUserName in the text using @[botUserName] to indicate a command to the bot. If that is followed by a semicolon and one of the two commands:
+        //  USE-PARAMETER for specifying a parameter using the format Key=Value
+        // or REMOVE-PARAMETER for removing a parameter with the given Key
+        Pattern searchPattern = Pattern.compile("@" + botUsername + "\\s*:\\s*(USE|REMOVE)-PARAMETER\\s*:\\s*(\\w+)\\s*(?:=\\s*(.*))?", Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
+
+        Map<String, String> customParams = new HashMap<>();
+        for (GitlabNote note : getNotes(gitlabMergeRequest, api)) {
+            Matcher m = searchPattern.matcher(note.getBody());
+            // the command to the @botUserName can be given anywhere in the text
+            if (m.find()) {
+                if (m.group(1).equalsIgnoreCase("USE")) {
+                    customParams.put(m.group(2), m.group(3));
+                } else {
+                    customParams.remove(m.group(2));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return customParams;
+    }
+
+    private GitlabCommit getLatestCommit(GitlabMergeRequest gitlabMergeRequest, GitlabAPI api) throws IOException {
+        List<GitlabCommit> commits = api.getCommits(gitlabMergeRequest);
+        Collections.sort(commits, new Comparator<GitlabCommit>() {
+            public int compare(GitlabCommit o1, GitlabCommit o2) {
+                return o2.getCreatedAt().compareTo(o1.getCreatedAt());
+            }
+        });
+
+        if (commits.isEmpty()) {
+            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Merge Request without commits.");
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return commits.get(0);
+    }
+
+    private GitlabProject getSourceProject(GitlabMergeRequest gitlabMergeRequest, GitlabAPI api) throws IOException {
+        return api.getProject(gitlabMergeRequest.getSourceProjectId());
+    }
+
+    public Integer getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public Integer getIid() {
+        return iid;
+    }
+
+    public String getAuthor() {
+        return author;
+    }
+
+    public String getDescription() {
+        return description;
+    }
+
+    public String getSourceName() {
+        return sourceProject.getPathWithNamespace();
+    }
+
+    public String getSourceRepository() {
+        if (builder.getTrigger().getUseHttpUrl()) {
+            return sourceProject.getHttpUrl();
+        } else {
+            return sourceProject.getSshUrl();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getSourceBranch() {
+        return sourceBranch;
+    }
+
+    public String getTargetBranch() {
+        return targetBranch;
+    }
+    
+	public GitlabNote createNote(String message, boolean shouldClose, boolean shouldMerge) {
+        GitlabMergeRequest mergeRequest = new GitlabMergeRequest();
+        mergeRequest.setId(id);
+        mergeRequest.setIid(iid);
+        mergeRequest.setProjectId(project.getId());
+
+        try {
+            if (shouldClose || shouldMerge) {
+                String tailUrl = "";
+                if (shouldClose) {
+                    tailUrl = GitlabProject.URL + "/" + project.getId() + "/merge_request/" + id + "?state_event=close";
+                }
+                if (shouldMerge) {
+                    tailUrl = GitlabProject.URL + "/" + project.getId() + "/merge_request/" + id + "/merge";
+                }
+                builder.getGitlab().get().retrieve().method("PUT").to(tailUrl, Void.class);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to automatically merge/close the merge request " + id, e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return builder.getGitlab().get().createNote(mergeRequest, message);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to create note for merge request " + id, e);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public GitlabCommitStatus changeCommitStatus(String commitHash, String commitStatus, String targetUrl) {
+
+        try {
+            GitlabAPI api = builder.getGitlab().get();
+            GitlabMergeRequest mergeRequest = api.getMergeRequest(project, id);
+
+            return builder.getGitlab().changeCommitStatus(project.getId(), mergeRequest.getSourceBranch(), commitHash, commitStatus, targetUrl);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Failed to change status for merge request commit " + commitHash, e);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void build(Map<String, String> customParameters, String commitHash, GitlabMergeRequest mergeRequest) {
+        shouldRun = false;
+        
+        GitlabCause cause = new GitlabCause(
+        		this.getId(),
+        		this.getIid(),
+        		this.getSourceName(),
+        		this.getSourceRepository(),
+        		this.getSourceBranch(),
+        		this.getTargetBranch(),
+                customParameters,
+                this.getDescription(),
+                this.sourceProject.getId(),
+                project.getId(),
+                commitHash);
+        
+		try {
+			String message = builder.getBuilds().build(cause, customParameters, project, mergeRequest);
+			
+			if (builder.isEnableBuildTriggeredMessage()) {
+	            createNote(message, false, false);
+	            LOGGER.log(Level.INFO, message);
+	        }
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `latestCommit` last assigned on line 97 could be null and is dereferenced at line 100.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GitlabMergeRequestWrapper.check(GitlabMergeRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.gitlab.GitlabMergeRequestWrapper.check(org.gitlab.api.models.GitlabMergeReques.deba0790a7637c053a740854b63546ee
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/gitlab/GitlabMergeRequestWrapper.java
+
+### Key:
+GitlabMergeRequestWrapper.java|check|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8fff6bd5495db67a181e70fb3f8cdb66
+
+### Hash:
+bbea28001a03380bc1163747a45f01fb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6837/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6837/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ab06edb09d4e6b8155f7318db030689da43c87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6837/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sockslib
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015-2025 the original author or authors.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+ * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
+ * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+package fucksocks.test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.UnknownHostException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import fucksocks.client.Socks5;
+import fucksocks.client.SocksProxy;
+import fucksocks.client.SocksSocket;
+import fucksocks.common.SocksException;
+import fucksocks.common.UsernamePasswordCredentials;
+
+/**
+ * 
+ * <code>TestSocks5Connect</code> is a test class. It use SOCKS5's CONNECT command to query WHOIS
+ * from a WHOIS server.
+ * 
+ * @author Youchao Feng
+ * @date Mar 24, 2015 10:22:42 PM
+ * @version 1.0
+ *
+ */
+public class TestSocks5ProxyChainConnect {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+    SocksProxy proxy1 = new Socks5(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 1080));
+    proxy1.setCredentials(new UsernamePasswordCredentials("socks", "1234"));
+    SocksProxy proxy2 = new Socks5(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 1081));
+    proxy2.setCredentials(new UsernamePasswordCredentials("socks", "1234"));
+
+    SocksProxy proxy3 = new Socks5(new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 1082));
+    proxy3.setCredentials(new UsernamePasswordCredentials("socks", "1234"));
+
+    proxy1.setChainProxy(proxy2.setChainProxy(proxy3.setChainProxy(proxy1.copy().setChainProxy(
+        proxy2.copy()))));
+    try {
+
+      @SuppressWarnings("resource")
+      Socket socket = new SocksSocket(proxy1);
+      socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress("whois.internic.net", 43));
+
+      InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
+      OutputStream outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
+      PrintWriter printWriter = new PrintWriter(outputStream);
+      printWriter.print("domain google.com\r\n");
+      printWriter.flush();
+
+      byte[] whoisrecords = new byte[2048];
+      java.util.List<Byte> bytelist = new ArrayList<>(1024 * 6);
+      int size = 0;
+      while ((size = inputStream.read(whoisrecords)) > 0) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+          bytelist.add(whoisrecords[i]);
+        }
+      }
+      System.out.println("size:" + bytelist.size());
+      byte[] resultbyte = new byte[bytelist.size()];
+      for (int i = 0; i < resultbyte.length; i++) {
+        resultbyte[i] = bytelist.get(i);
+      }
+      String string = new String(resultbyte);
+      System.out.println(string);
+    } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } catch (SocksException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      e.printStackTrace();
+    }
+
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStream` acquired by call to `SocksSocket(...)` at line 59 is not released after line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestSocks5ProxyChainConnect.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fucksocks.test.TestSocks5ProxyChainConnect.main(java.lang.String[]):void.0d1d0ea783d14fdd6ec6159b2e726ac9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/fucksocks/test/TestSocks5ProxyChainConnect.java
+
+### Key:
+TestSocks5ProxyChainConnect.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4ca352405b7b88367bd1ea08956d3411
+
+### Hash:
+35ad9c6f185d7c206f1d8a12646e3c8f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6839/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6839/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..535db22f9b29899ca5123942052d198854f79442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6839/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sockslib
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015-2025 the original author or authors.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+ * in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License
+ * is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+package fucksocks.server;
+
+import fucksocks.client.SocksProxy;
+import fucksocks.common.methods.SocksMethod;
+import fucksocks.common.net.MonitorSocketWrapper;
+import fucksocks.common.net.NetworkMonitor;
+import fucksocks.server.filters.SessionFilter;
+import fucksocks.server.filters.SessionFilterChain;
+import fucksocks.server.filters.SocksCommandFilter;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+
+import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
+
+/**
+ * The class <code>BasicSocksProxyServer</code> is a implementation of {@link SocksProxyServer}
+ * .<br>
+ * You can build a SOCKS5 server easily by following codes:<br>
+ * <pre>
+ * ProxyServer proxyServer = new BasicSocksProxyServer(Socks5Handler.class);
+ * proxyServer.start(); // Create a SOCKS5 server bind at 1080.
+ * </pre>
+ * <p>
+ * If you want change the port, you can using following codes:
+ * </p>
+ * <pre>
+ * proxyServer.start(9999);
+ * </pre>
+ *
+ * @author Youchao Feng
+ * @version 1.0
+ * @date Apr 19, 2015 1:10:17 PM
+ */
+public class BasicSocksProxyServer implements SocksProxyServer, Runnable {
+
+  protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BasicSocksProxyServer.class);
+
+  /**
+   * Number of threads in thread pool.
+   */
+  protected static final int THREAD_NUMBER = 100;
+
+  /**
+   * Thread pool used to process each connection.
+   */
+  private ExecutorService executorService;
+
+  /**
+   * The next session's ID.
+   */
+  private long nextSessionId = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * Server socket.
+   */
+  private ServerSocket serverSocket;
+
+  /**
+   * SOCKS socket handler class.
+   */
+  private Class<? extends SocksHandler> socksHandlerClass;
+
+  /**
+   * Sessions that server managed.
+   */
+  private Map<Long, Session> sessions;
+
+  /**
+   * A flag.
+   */
+  private boolean stop = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Thread that start the server.
+   */
+  private Thread thread;
+
+  /**
+   * Session filter chain.
+   */
+  private SessionFilterChain sessionFilterChain = new SessionFilterChain();
+
+  /**
+   * Timeout for a session.
+   */
+  private int timeout = 10000;
+
+  private boolean daemon = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Method selector.
+   */
+  private MethodSelector methodSelector = new SocksMethodSelector();
+
+  /**
+   * Buffer size.
+   */
+  private int bufferSize = 1024 * 1024 * 5;
+
+  /**
+   * SOCKS listeners.
+   */
+  private List<SocksCommandFilter> socksListeners;
+
+  private int bindPort = DEFAULT_SOCKS_PORT;
+
+  private SocksProxy proxy;
+
+  private NetworkMonitor networkMonitor = new NetworkMonitor();
+
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a {@link BasicSocksProxyServer} by a {@link SocksHandler} class. The bind port is
+   * 1080.
+   *
+   * @param socketHandlerClass {@link SocksHandler} class.
+   */
+  public BasicSocksProxyServer(Class<? extends SocksHandler> socketHandlerClass) {
+    this(socketHandlerClass, DEFAULT_SOCKS_PORT, Executors.newFixedThreadPool(THREAD_NUMBER));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a {@link BasicSocksProxyServer} by a {@link SocksHandler} class and a port.
+   *
+   * @param socketHandlerClass {@link SocksHandler} class.
+   * @param port               The port that SOCKS server will listen.
+   */
+  public BasicSocksProxyServer(Class<? extends SocksHandler> socketHandlerClass, int port) {
+    this(socketHandlerClass, port, Executors.newFixedThreadPool(THREAD_NUMBER));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a {@link BasicSocksProxyServer} by a {@link SocksHandler} class and a
+   * ExecutorService.
+   *
+   * @param socketHandlerClass {@link SocksHandler} class.
+   * @param executorService    Thread pool.
+   */
+  public BasicSocksProxyServer(Class<? extends SocksHandler> socketHandlerClass, ExecutorService
+      executorService) {
+    this(socketHandlerClass, DEFAULT_SOCKS_PORT, executorService);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructs a {@link BasicSocksProxyServer} by a {@link SocksHandler} class , a port and a
+   * ExecutorService.
+   *
+   * @param socketHandlerClass {@link SocksHandler} class.
+   * @param port               The port that SOCKS server will listen.
+   * @param executorService    Thread pool.
+   */
+  public BasicSocksProxyServer(Class<? extends SocksHandler> socketHandlerClass, int port,
+                               ExecutorService executorService) {
+    this.socksHandlerClass =
+        checkNotNull(socketHandlerClass, "Argument [socksHandlerClass] may not be null");
+    this.executorService =
+        checkNotNull(executorService, "Argument [executorService] may not be null");
+    this.bindPort = port;
+    sessions = new HashMap<>();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void run() {
+    logger.info("Start proxy server at port:{}", bindPort);
+    while (!stop) {
+      try {
+        Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
+        socket = processSocketBeforeUse(socket);
+        socket.setSoTimeout(timeout);
+        Session session = new SocksSession(getNextSessionId(), socket, sessions);
+        sessions.put(session.getId(), session);
+        logger.info("Create SESSION[{}] for {}", session.getId(), session.getClientAddress());
+
+        try {
+          sessionFilterChain.doFilterChain(session);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+          session.close();
+          logger.info(e.getMessage());
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        SocksHandler socksHandler = createSocksHandler();
+
+        /* initialize socks handler */
+        socksHandler.setSession(session);
+        initializeSocksHandler(socksHandler);
+
+        executorService.execute(socksHandler);
+
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        // Catches the exception that cause by shutdown method.
+        if (e.getMessage().equals("Socket closed") && stop) {
+          logger.debug("Server shutdown");
+          return;
+        }
+        logger.debug(e.getMessage(), e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void shutdown() {
+    stop = true;
+    executorService.shutdown();
+    if (thread != null) {
+      thread.interrupt();
+    }
+    try {
+      closeAllSession();
+      if (serverSocket != null && serverSocket.isBound()) {
+        serverSocket.close();
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void start() throws IOException {
+    serverSocket = createServerSocket(bindPort);
+    thread = new Thread(this);
+    thread.setName("fs-thread");
+    thread.setDaemon(daemon);
+    thread.start();
+  }
+
+  protected ServerSocket createServerSocket(int bindPort) throws IOException {
+    return new ServerSocket(bindPort);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public SocksHandler createSocksHandler() {
+    try {
+      return socksHandlerClass.newInstance();
+    } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+      logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void initializeSocksHandler(SocksHandler socksHandler) {
+    socksHandler.setMethodSelector(methodSelector);
+    socksHandler.setBufferSize(bufferSize);
+    socksHandler.setSocksCommandFilters(socksListeners);
+    socksHandler.setProxy(proxy);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Closes all sessions.
+   */
+  protected void closeAllSession() {
+    for (long key : sessions.keySet()) {
+      sessions.get(key).close();
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  public ExecutorService getExecutorService() {
+    return executorService;
+  }
+
+  public void setExecutorService(ExecutorService executorService) {
+    this.executorService = executorService;
+  }
+
+  private synchronized long getNextSessionId() {
+    nextSessionId++;
+    return nextSessionId;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Map<Long, Session> getManagedSessions() {
+    return sessions;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setSupportMethods(SocksMethod... methods) {
+    methodSelector.setSupportMethod(methods);
+
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int getTimeout() {
+    return timeout;
+  }
+
+
+  @Override
+  public void setTimeout(int timeout) {
+    this.timeout = timeout;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int getBufferSize() {
+    return bufferSize;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setBufferSize(int bufferSize) {
+    this.bufferSize = bufferSize;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addSocksCommandFilter(SocksCommandFilter socksListener) {
+    if (socksListeners == null) {
+      socksListeners = new ArrayList<>();
+    }
+    socksListeners.add(socksListener);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void removeSocksCommandFilter(SocksCommandFilter socksListener) {
+    if (socksListener == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    socksListeners.remove(socksListener);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void addSessionFilter(SessionFilter sessionFilter) {
+    sessionFilterChain.addFilter(sessionFilter);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void removeSessionFilter(SessionFilter sessionFilter) {
+    sessionFilterChain.remoteFilter(sessionFilter);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public SocksProxy getProxy() {
+    return proxy;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setProxy(SocksProxy proxy) {
+    this.proxy = proxy;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int getBindPort() {
+    return bindPort;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setBindPort(int bindPort) {
+    this.bindPort = bindPort;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isDaemon() {
+    return daemon;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void setDaemon(boolean daemon) {
+    this.daemon = daemon;
+  }
+
+  public SessionFilterChain getSessionFilterChain() {
+    return sessionFilterChain;
+  }
+
+  public void setSessionFilterChain(SessionFilterChain sessionFilterChain) {
+    this.sessionFilterChain = sessionFilterChain;
+  }
+
+  public Thread getServerThread() {
+    return thread;
+  }
+
+  public NetworkMonitor getNetworkMonitor() {
+    return networkMonitor;
+  }
+
+  public void setNetworkMonitor(NetworkMonitor networkMonitor) {
+    this.networkMonitor = checkNotNull(networkMonitor);
+  }
+
+  protected Socket processSocketBeforeUse(Socket socket) {
+    return new MonitorSocketWrapper(socket, networkMonitor);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStream` acquired by call to `accept()` at line 191 is not released after line 201.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 199
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BasicSocksProxyServer.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+fucksocks.server.BasicSocksProxyServer.run():void.8af232339a0444a8074fe4da36e1135f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/fucksocks/server/BasicSocksProxyServer.java
+
+### Key:
+BasicSocksProxyServer.java|run|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+5aca16f4905ed8a604b17a95d9409de0
+
+### Hash:
+3d7c19a94ebcedbd3b4b3278e7e34322
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6852/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6852/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9d4ed3f5f7db655f8e6314c3b0d684477c15361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6852/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Ektorp
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.ektorp.impl.changes;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+import org.ektorp.StreamingChangesResult;
+import org.ektorp.changes.DocumentChange;
+import org.ektorp.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.ektorp.impl.ResponseOnFileStub;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.notNullValue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.junit.matchers.JUnitMatchers.hasItems;
+
+public class StdDocumentChangeTest {
+
+	ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+
+	@Test
+	public void test_normal_message() throws IOException {
+		StdDocumentChange m = new StdDocumentChange(load("change_message.json"));
+		assertMandatoryFields(m);
+		assertNull(m.getDoc());
+		assertTrue(m.getDocAsNode().isMissingNode());
+		assertFalse(m.isDeleted());
+	}
+
+	private void assertMandatoryFields(StdDocumentChange m) {
+		assertEquals(21, m.getSequence());
+		assertEquals("doc_id", m.getId());
+		assertEquals("doc_rev", m.getRevision());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void test_deleted_doc_message() throws IOException {
+		StdDocumentChange m = new StdDocumentChange(load("change_message_w_deleted_doc.json"));
+		assertMandatoryFields(m);
+		assertTrue(m.isDeleted());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void test_message_with_included_doc() throws IOException {
+		StdDocumentChange m = new StdDocumentChange(load("change_message_w_included_doc.json"));
+		assertMandatoryFields(m);
+		assertNotNull(m.getDoc());
+		assertFalse(m.getDocAsNode().isMissingNode());
+		assertNotNull(m.getDocAsNode().findValue("_id"));
+		assertNotNull(m.getDocAsNode().findValue("_rev"));
+	}
+
+    @Test
+    public void getRevision_should_return_the_first_revision_when_there_are_multiple_changes() throws IOException
+    {
+        StdDocumentChange objectUnderTest = new StdDocumentChange(load("change_message_w_multiple_revs.json"));
+        assertThat(objectUnderTest.getId(), is("doc_id"));
+        assertThat(objectUnderTest.getRevision(), is("rev-first"));
+        assertNull(objectUnderTest.getDoc());
+        assertTrue(objectUnderTest.getDocAsNode().isMissingNode());
+        assertFalse(objectUnderTest.isDeleted());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getRevisions_should_return_a_List_of_all_the_changes() throws IOException
+    {
+        StdDocumentChange objectUnderTest = new StdDocumentChange(load("change_message_w_multiple_revs.json"));
+        assertThat(objectUnderTest.getId(), is("doc_id"));
+        assertThat(objectUnderTest.getRevision(), is("rev-first"));
+        assertThat(objectUnderTest.getRevisions(), notNullValue());
+        assertThat(objectUnderTest.getRevisions(), hasItems("rev-first", "rev-second", "rev-third"));
+        assertThat(objectUnderTest.getRevisions().size(), is(3));
+        assertNull(objectUnderTest.getDoc());
+        assertTrue(objectUnderTest.getDocAsNode().isMissingNode());
+        assertFalse(objectUnderTest.isDeleted());
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void test_streaming_changes() throws IOException {
+	    HttpResponse httpResponse = ResponseOnFileStub.newInstance(200, "changes/changes_full.json");
+	    
+	    StreamingChangesResult changes = new StreamingChangesResult(new ObjectMapper(),
+                httpResponse);
+	    int i = 0;
+        for (DocumentChange documentChange : changes) {
+            Assert.assertEquals(++i, documentChange.getSequence());
+        }
+        Assert.assertEquals(5, changes.getLastSeq());
+    }
+
+	private JsonNode load(String id) throws IOException {
+		return mapper.readTree(getClass().getResourceAsStream(id));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.ektorp.StreamingChangesResult` acquired to `changes` by call to `new()` at line 85 is not released after line 92.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 88
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StdDocumentChangeTest.test_streaming_changes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.ektorp.impl.changes.StdDocumentChangeTest.test_streaming_changes():void.0af683e9ec913e1736d9a48e4ae9ae4a
+
+### File:
+org.ektorp/src/test/java/org/ektorp/impl/changes/StdDocumentChangeTest.java
+
+### Key:
+StdDocumentChangeTest.java|test_streaming_changes|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+577d3137935e998aa4284499dca01ed8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6853/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6853/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b3a8d12ff5194b695c8f329152a555bb030753b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6853/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webcam-capture
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer;
+
+import static com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDriver.FORMAT_MJPEG;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.bridj.Platform;
+import org.gstreamer.Caps;
+import org.gstreamer.Element;
+import org.gstreamer.ElementFactory;
+import org.gstreamer.Pad;
+import org.gstreamer.Pipeline;
+import org.gstreamer.State;
+import org.gstreamer.Structure;
+import org.gstreamer.elements.RGBDataSink;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamDevice;
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamResolution;
+
+
+public class GStreamerDevice implements WebcamDevice, RGBDataSink.Listener, WebcamDevice.FPSSource {
+
+	/**
+	 * Logger.
+	 */
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GStreamerDevice.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit the lateness of frames to no more than 20ms (half a frame at 25fps)
+	 */
+	private static final long LATENESS = 20; // ms
+
+	/**
+	 * Video format to capture.
+	 */
+	private String format;
+
+	/**
+	 * All possible resolutions - populated while initialization phase.
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] resolutions = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Windows platform.
+	 */
+	private final String name;
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Linux platform.
+	 */
+	private final File vfile;
+
+	private final GStreamerDriver driver;
+
+	/* gstreamer stuff */
+
+	private Pipeline pipe = null;
+	private Element source = null;
+	private Element filter = null;
+	private Element jpegpar = null;
+	private Element jpegdec = null;
+	private Element[] elements = null;
+	private RGBDataSink sink = null;
+
+	private Caps caps = null;
+
+	/* logic */
+
+	private AtomicBoolean open = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean disposed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean starting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean initialized = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private Dimension resolution = WebcamResolution.VGA.getSize();
+	private BufferedImage image = null;
+
+	/* used to calculate fps */
+
+	private long t1 = -1;
+	private long t2 = -1;
+
+	private volatile double fps = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create GStreamer webcam device.
+	 *
+	 * @param name the name of webcam device
+	 */
+	protected GStreamerDevice(GStreamerDriver driver, String name) {
+		this.driver = driver;
+		this.name = name;
+		this.vfile = null;
+	}
+
+	protected GStreamerDevice(GStreamerDriver driver, File vfile) {
+		this.driver = driver;
+		this.name = null;
+		this.vfile = vfile;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize webcam device.
+	 */
+	private synchronized void init() {
+
+		if (!initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("GStreamer webcam device initialization");
+
+		pipe = new Pipeline(name);
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("dshowvideosrc", "dshowvideosrc");
+			source.set("device-name", name);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("v4l2src", "v4l2src");
+			source.set("device", vfile.getAbsolutePath());
+		}
+
+		sink = new RGBDataSink(name, this);
+		sink.setPassDirectBuffer(true);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setMaximumLateness(LATENESS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setQOSEnabled(true);
+
+		filter = ElementFactory.make("capsfilter", "capsfilter");
+
+		jpegpar = ElementFactory.make("jpegparse", "jpegparse");
+		jpegdec = ElementFactory.make("jpegdec", "jpegdec");
+
+		// if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+		pipelineReady();
+		// }
+
+		resolutions = parseResolutions(source.getPads().get(0));
+
+		// if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+		pipelineStop();
+		// }
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Use GStreamer to get all possible resolutions.
+	 *
+	 * @param pad the pad to get resolutions from
+	 * @return Array of resolutions supported by device connected with pad
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] parseResolutions(Pad pad) {
+
+		Caps caps = pad.getCaps();
+
+		format = findPreferredFormat(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Best format is {}", format);
+
+		Dimension r = null;
+		Structure s = null;
+		String mime = null;
+
+		final int n = caps.size();
+		int i = 0;
+
+		Map<String, Dimension> map = new HashMap<String, Dimension>();
+
+		do {
+
+			s = caps.getStructure(i++);
+
+			LOG.debug("Found format structure {}", s);
+
+			mime = s.getName();
+
+			if (mime.equals(format)) {
+				if ((r = capStructToResolution(s)) != null) {
+					map.put(r.width + "x" + r.height, r);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} while (i < n);
+
+		final Dimension[] resolutions = new ArrayList<Dimension>(map.values()).toArray(new Dimension[0]);
+
+		if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			for (Dimension d : resolutions) {
+				LOG.debug("Resolution detected {} with format {}", d, format);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	private String findPreferredFormat(Caps caps) {
+		for (String f : driver.getPreferredFormats()) {
+			for (int i = 0, n = caps.size(); i < n; i++) {
+				if (f.equals(caps.getStructure(i).getName())) {
+					return f;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static Dimension capStructToResolution(Structure structure) {
+
+		int w = -1;
+		int h = -1;
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			w = structure.getRange("width").getMinInt();
+			h = structure.getRange("height").getMinInt();
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			w = structure.getInteger("width");
+			h = structure.getInteger("height");
+		}
+
+		if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+			return new Dimension(w, h);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getName() {
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			return name;
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			return vfile.getAbsolutePath();
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Platform not supported by GStreamer capture driver");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension[] getResolutions() {
+		init();
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension getResolution() {
+		return resolution;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResolution(Dimension size) {
+		this.resolution = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BufferedImage getImage() {
+		return image;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void open() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Opening GStreamer device");
+
+		init();
+
+		starting.set(true);
+
+		Dimension size = getResolution();
+
+		image = new BufferedImage(size.width, size.height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		image.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		image.flush();
+
+		if (caps != null) {
+			caps.dispose();
+		}
+
+		caps = Caps.fromString(String.format("%s,framerate=30/1,width=%d,height=%d", format, size.width, size.height));
+		filter.setCaps(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Using filter caps: {}", caps);
+
+		pipelinePlay();
+
+		LOG.debug("Wait for device to be ready");
+
+		// wait max 20s for image to appear
+		synchronized (this) {
+			try {
+				this.wait(20000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineElementsReset() {
+		elements = null;
+	}
+
+	private Element[] pipelineElementsPrepare() {
+		if (elements == null) {
+			if (FORMAT_MJPEG.equals(format)) {
+				elements = new Element[] { source, filter, jpegpar, jpegdec, sink };
+			} else {
+				elements = new Element[] { source, filter, sink };
+			}
+		}
+		return elements;
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineElementsLink() {
+		final Element[] elements = pipelineElementsPrepare();
+		pipe.addMany(elements);
+		if (!Element.linkMany(elements)) {
+			LOG.warn("Some elements were not successfully linked!");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineElementsUnlink() {
+		final Element[] elements = pipelineElementsPrepare();
+		Element.unlinkMany(elements);
+		pipe.removeMany(elements);
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineReady() {
+		pipelineElementsLink();
+		pipe.setState(State.READY);
+	}
+
+	private void pipelinePlay() {
+		pipelineElementsReset();
+		pipelineElementsLink();
+		pipe.setState(State.PLAYING);
+	}
+
+	private void pipelineStop() {
+		pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+		pipelineElementsUnlink();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Closing GStreamer device");
+
+		pipelineStop();
+
+		image = null;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void dispose() {
+
+		if (!disposed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Disposing GStreamer device");
+
+		close();
+
+		source.dispose();
+		filter.dispose();
+		jpegpar.dispose();
+		jpegdec.dispose();
+		caps.dispose();
+		sink.dispose();
+		pipe.dispose();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isOpen() {
+		return open.get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void rgbFrame(boolean preroll, int width, int height, IntBuffer rgb) {
+
+		LOG.trace("New RGB frame");
+
+		if (t1 == -1 || t2 == -1) {
+			t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		tmp.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		rgb.get(((DataBufferInt) tmp.getRaster().getDataBuffer()).getData(), 0, width * height);
+		tmp.flush();
+
+		image = tmp;
+
+		if (starting.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+
+			synchronized (this) {
+				this.notifyAll();
+			}
+
+			LOG.debug("GStreamer device ready");
+		}
+
+		t1 = t2;
+		t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+		fps = (4 * fps + 1000 / (t2 - t1 + 1)) / 5;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double getFPS() {
+		return fps;
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline getPipe() {
+		return pipe;
+	}
+
+	public Element getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	public Element getFilter() {
+		return filter;
+	}
+
+	public RGBDataSink getSink() {
+		return sink;
+	}
+
+	public Caps getCaps() {
+		return caps;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.dispose` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.jpegpar`. Potentially races with write in method `GStreamerDevice.open()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GStreamerDevice.dispose()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.dispose():void.664cce93066d1f38fb38544c1fbfc122
+
+### File:
+webcam-capture-drivers/driver-gstreamer/src/main/java/com/github/sarxos/webcam/ds/gstreamer/GStreamerDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+GStreamerDevice.java|dispose|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+6c8841c0ca637918fdd65aa93e228f2c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6854/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6854/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5da8fe4a5f8cd0d86d2cba94e9172ce76fc29b8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6854/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webcam-capture
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.bridj.Platform;
+import org.gstreamer.Caps;
+import org.gstreamer.Element;
+import org.gstreamer.ElementFactory;
+import org.gstreamer.Pad;
+import org.gstreamer.Pipeline;
+import org.gstreamer.State;
+import org.gstreamer.Structure;
+import org.gstreamer.elements.RGBDataSink;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamDevice;
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamResolution;
+
+
+public class GStreamerDevice implements WebcamDevice, RGBDataSink.Listener, WebcamDevice.FPSSource {
+
+	/**
+	 * Logger.
+	 */
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GStreamerDevice.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit the lateness of frames to no more than 20ms (half a frame at 25fps)
+	 */
+	private static final long LATENESS = 20; // ms
+
+	/**
+	 * First formats are better. For example video/x-raw-rgb gives 30 FPS on HD720p where
+	 * video/x-raw-yuv only 10 FPS on the same resolution. The goal is to use these "better" formats
+	 * first, and then fallback to less efficient when not available.
+	 */
+	private static final String[] BEST_FORMATS = {
+		"video/x-raw-rgb",
+		"video/x-raw-yuv",
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * Video format to capture.
+	 */
+	private String format;
+
+	/**
+	 * All possible resolutions - populated while initialization phase.
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] resolutions = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Windows platform.
+	 */
+	private final String name;
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Linux platform.
+	 */
+	private final File vfile;
+
+	/* gstreamer stuff */
+
+	private Pipeline pipe = null;
+	private Element source = null;
+	private Element filter = null;
+	private RGBDataSink sink = null;
+
+	private Caps caps = null;
+
+	/* logic */
+
+	private AtomicBoolean open = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean disposed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean starting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean initialized = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private Dimension resolution = WebcamResolution.VGA.getSize();
+	private BufferedImage image = null;
+
+	/* used to calculate fps */
+
+	private long t1 = -1;
+	private long t2 = -1;
+
+	private volatile double fps = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create GStreamer webcam device.
+	 *
+	 * @param name the name of webcam device
+	 */
+	protected GStreamerDevice(String name) {
+		this.name = name;
+		this.vfile = null;
+	}
+
+	protected GStreamerDevice(File vfile) {
+		this.name = null;
+		this.vfile = vfile;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize webcam device.
+	 */
+	private synchronized void init() {
+
+		if (!initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("GStreamer webcam device initialization");
+
+		pipe = new Pipeline(name);
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("dshowvideosrc", "source");
+			source.set("device-name", name);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("v4l2src", "source");
+			source.set("device", vfile.getAbsolutePath());
+		}
+
+		sink = new RGBDataSink(name, this);
+		sink.setPassDirectBuffer(true);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setMaximumLateness(LATENESS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setQOSEnabled(true);
+
+		filter = ElementFactory.make("capsfilter", "filter");
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+			Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.setState(State.READY);
+		}
+
+		resolutions = parseResolutions(source.getPads().get(0));
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+			Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Use GStreamer to get all possible resolutions.
+	 *
+	 * @param pad the pad to get resolutions from
+	 * @return Array of resolutions supported by device connected with pad
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] parseResolutions(Pad pad) {
+
+		Caps caps = pad.getCaps();
+
+		format = findBestFormat(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Best format is {}", format);
+
+		Dimension r = null;
+		Structure s = null;
+		String mime = null;
+
+		int n = caps.size();
+		int i = 0;
+
+		Map<String, Dimension> map = new HashMap<String, Dimension>();
+
+		do {
+
+			s = caps.getStructure(i++);
+
+			LOG.debug("Found format structure {}", s);
+
+			mime = s.getName();
+
+			if (mime.equals(format)) {
+				if ((r = capStructToResolution(s)) != null) {
+					map.put(r.width + "x" + r.height, r);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} while (i < n);
+
+		Dimension[] resolutions = new ArrayList<Dimension>(map.values()).toArray(new Dimension[map.size()]);
+
+		if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			for (Dimension d : resolutions) {
+				LOG.debug("Resolution detected {}", d);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	private static String findBestFormat(Caps caps) {
+		for (String f : BEST_FORMATS) {
+			for (int i = 0, n = caps.size(); i < n; i++) {
+				if (f.equals(caps.getStructure(i).getName())) {
+					return f;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static Dimension capStructToResolution(Structure structure) {
+
+		int w = -1;
+		int h = -1;
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			w = structure.getRange("width").getMinInt();
+			h = structure.getRange("height").getMinInt();
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			w = structure.getInteger("width");
+			h = structure.getInteger("height");
+		}
+
+		if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+			return new Dimension(w, h);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getName() {
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			return name;
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			return vfile.getAbsolutePath();
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Platform not supported by GStreamer capture driver");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension[] getResolutions() {
+		init();
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension getResolution() {
+		return resolution;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResolution(Dimension size) {
+		this.resolution = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BufferedImage getImage() {
+		return image;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void open() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Opening GStreamer device");
+
+		init();
+
+		starting.set(true);
+
+		Dimension size = getResolution();
+
+		image = new BufferedImage(size.width, size.height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		image.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		image.flush();
+
+		if (caps != null) {
+			caps.dispose();
+		}
+
+		caps = Caps.fromString(String.format("%s,width=%d,height=%d", format, size.width, size.height));
+
+		filter.setCaps(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Link elements");
+
+		pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+		Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.setState(State.PLAYING);
+
+		// wait max 20s for image to appear
+		synchronized (this) {
+			LOG.debug("Wait for device to be ready");
+			try {
+				this.wait(20000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Closing GStreamer device");
+
+		image = null;
+
+		LOG.debug("Unlink elements");
+
+		pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+		Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void dispose() {
+
+		if (!disposed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Disposing GStreamer device");
+
+		close();
+
+		filter.dispose();
+		source.dispose();
+		sink.dispose();
+		pipe.dispose();
+		caps.dispose();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isOpen() {
+		return open.get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void rgbFrame(boolean preroll, int width, int height, IntBuffer rgb) {
+
+		LOG.trace("New RGB frame");
+
+		if (t1 == -1 || t2 == -1) {
+			t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		tmp.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		rgb.get(((DataBufferInt) tmp.getRaster().getDataBuffer()).getData(), 0, width * height);
+		tmp.flush();
+
+		image = tmp;
+
+		if (starting.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+
+			synchronized (this) {
+				this.notifyAll();
+			}
+
+			LOG.debug("GStreamer device ready");
+		}
+
+		t1 = t2;
+		t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+		fps = (4 * fps + 1000 / (t2 - t1 + 1)) / 5;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double getFPS() {
+		return fps;
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline getPipe() {
+		return pipe;
+	}
+
+	public Element getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	public Element getFilter() {
+		return filter;
+	}
+
+	public RGBDataSink getSink() {
+		return sink;
+	}
+
+	public Caps getCaps() {
+		return caps;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.close` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.filter`. Potentially races with write in method `GStreamerDevice.open()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GStreamerDevice.close()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.close():void.06c796fdc32f28ee1e1a47cf0df054f7
+
+### File:
+webcam-capture-drivers/driver-gstreamer/src/main/java/com/github/sarxos/webcam/ds/gstreamer/GStreamerDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+GStreamerDevice.java|close|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9a51a58f965909d0fd50c18302c467a1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6855/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6855/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9fea9362b314c5776126ba62871e8608235da64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6855/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webcam-capture
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.bridj.Platform;
+import org.gstreamer.Caps;
+import org.gstreamer.Element;
+import org.gstreamer.ElementFactory;
+import org.gstreamer.Pad;
+import org.gstreamer.Pipeline;
+import org.gstreamer.State;
+import org.gstreamer.Structure;
+import org.gstreamer.elements.RGBDataSink;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamDevice;
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamResolution;
+
+
+public class GStreamerDevice implements WebcamDevice, RGBDataSink.Listener, WebcamDevice.FPSSource {
+
+	/**
+	 * Logger.
+	 */
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GStreamerDevice.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit the lateness of frames to no more than 20ms (half a frame at 25fps)
+	 */
+	private static final long LATENESS = 20; // ms
+
+	/**
+	 * First formats are better. For example video/x-raw-rgb gives 30 FPS on HD720p where
+	 * video/x-raw-yuv only 10 FPS on the same resolution. The goal is to use these "better" formats
+	 * first, and then fallback to less efficient when not available.
+	 */
+	private static final String[] BEST_FORMATS = {
+		"video/x-raw-rgb",
+		"video/x-raw-yuv",
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * Video format to capture.
+	 */
+	private String format;
+
+	/**
+	 * All possible resolutions - populated while initialization phase.
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] resolutions = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Windows platform.
+	 */
+	private final String name;
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Linux platform.
+	 */
+	private final File vfile;
+
+	/* gstreamer stuff */
+
+	private Pipeline pipe = null;
+	private Element source = null;
+	private Element filter = null;
+	private RGBDataSink sink = null;
+
+	private Caps caps = null;
+
+	/* logic */
+
+	private AtomicBoolean open = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean disposed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean starting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean initialized = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private Dimension resolution = WebcamResolution.VGA.getSize();
+	private BufferedImage image = null;
+
+	/* used to calculate fps */
+
+	private long t1 = -1;
+	private long t2 = -1;
+
+	private volatile double fps = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create GStreamer webcam device.
+	 *
+	 * @param name the name of webcam device
+	 */
+	protected GStreamerDevice(String name) {
+		this.name = name;
+		this.vfile = null;
+	}
+
+	protected GStreamerDevice(File vfile) {
+		this.name = null;
+		this.vfile = vfile;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize webcam device.
+	 */
+	private synchronized void init() {
+
+		if (!initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("GStreamer webcam device initialization");
+
+		pipe = new Pipeline(name);
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("dshowvideosrc", "source");
+			source.set("device-name", name);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("v4l2src", "source");
+			source.set("device", vfile.getAbsolutePath());
+		}
+
+		sink = new RGBDataSink(name, this);
+		sink.setPassDirectBuffer(true);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setMaximumLateness(LATENESS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setQOSEnabled(true);
+
+		filter = ElementFactory.make("capsfilter", "filter");
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+			Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.setState(State.READY);
+		}
+
+		resolutions = parseResolutions(source.getPads().get(0));
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+			Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Use GStreamer to get all possible resolutions.
+	 *
+	 * @param pad the pad to get resolutions from
+	 * @return Array of resolutions supported by device connected with pad
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] parseResolutions(Pad pad) {
+
+		Caps caps = pad.getCaps();
+
+		format = findBestFormat(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Best format is {}", format);
+
+		Dimension r = null;
+		Structure s = null;
+		String mime = null;
+
+		int n = caps.size();
+		int i = 0;
+
+		Map<String, Dimension> map = new HashMap<String, Dimension>();
+
+		do {
+
+			s = caps.getStructure(i++);
+
+			LOG.debug("Found format structure {}", s);
+
+			mime = s.getName();
+
+			if (mime.equals(format)) {
+				if ((r = capStructToResolution(s)) != null) {
+					map.put(r.width + "x" + r.height, r);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} while (i < n);
+
+		Dimension[] resolutions = new ArrayList<Dimension>(map.values()).toArray(new Dimension[map.size()]);
+
+		if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			for (Dimension d : resolutions) {
+				LOG.debug("Resolution detected {}", d);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	private static String findBestFormat(Caps caps) {
+		for (String f : BEST_FORMATS) {
+			for (int i = 0, n = caps.size(); i < n; i++) {
+				if (f.equals(caps.getStructure(i).getName())) {
+					return f;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static Dimension capStructToResolution(Structure structure) {
+
+		int w = -1;
+		int h = -1;
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			w = structure.getRange("width").getMinInt();
+			h = structure.getRange("height").getMinInt();
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			w = structure.getInteger("width");
+			h = structure.getInteger("height");
+		}
+
+		if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+			return new Dimension(w, h);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getName() {
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			return name;
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			return vfile.getAbsolutePath();
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Platform not supported by GStreamer capture driver");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension[] getResolutions() {
+		init();
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension getResolution() {
+		return resolution;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResolution(Dimension size) {
+		this.resolution = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BufferedImage getImage() {
+		return image;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void open() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Opening GStreamer device");
+
+		init();
+
+		starting.set(true);
+
+		Dimension size = getResolution();
+
+		image = new BufferedImage(size.width, size.height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		image.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		image.flush();
+
+		if (caps != null) {
+			caps.dispose();
+		}
+
+		caps = Caps.fromString(String.format("%s,width=%d,height=%d", format, size.width, size.height));
+
+		filter.setCaps(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Link elements");
+
+		pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+		Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.setState(State.PLAYING);
+
+		// wait max 20s for image to appear
+		synchronized (this) {
+			LOG.debug("Wait for device to be ready");
+			try {
+				this.wait(20000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Closing GStreamer device");
+
+		image = null;
+
+		LOG.debug("Unlink elements");
+
+		pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+		Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void dispose() {
+
+		if (!disposed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Disposing GStreamer device");
+
+		close();
+
+		filter.dispose();
+		source.dispose();
+		sink.dispose();
+		pipe.dispose();
+		caps.dispose();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isOpen() {
+		return open.get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void rgbFrame(boolean preroll, int width, int height, IntBuffer rgb) {
+
+		LOG.trace("New RGB frame");
+
+		if (t1 == -1 || t2 == -1) {
+			t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		tmp.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		rgb.get(((DataBufferInt) tmp.getRaster().getDataBuffer()).getData(), 0, width * height);
+		tmp.flush();
+
+		image = tmp;
+
+		if (starting.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+
+			synchronized (this) {
+				this.notifyAll();
+			}
+
+			LOG.debug("GStreamer device ready");
+		}
+
+		t1 = t2;
+		t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+		fps = (4 * fps + 1000 / (t2 - t1 + 1)) / 5;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double getFPS() {
+		return fps;
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline getPipe() {
+		return pipe;
+	}
+
+	public Element getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	public Element getFilter() {
+		return filter;
+	}
+
+	public RGBDataSink getSink() {
+		return sink;
+	}
+
+	public Caps getCaps() {
+		return caps;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.close` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.sink`. Potentially races with write in method `GStreamerDevice.open()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GStreamerDevice.close()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.close():void.06c796fdc32f28ee1e1a47cf0df054f7
+
+### File:
+webcam-capture-drivers/driver-gstreamer/src/main/java/com/github/sarxos/webcam/ds/gstreamer/GStreamerDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+GStreamerDevice.java|close|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7521709bffbda3ab3a78b4dce8dcab1e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6862/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6862/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c191a142c955c5ceb4445f112fa155cd3d6b956a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6862/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** webcam-capture
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer;
+
+import java.awt.Dimension;
+import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
+import java.awt.image.DataBufferInt;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+
+import org.bridj.Platform;
+import org.gstreamer.Caps;
+import org.gstreamer.Element;
+import org.gstreamer.ElementFactory;
+import org.gstreamer.Pad;
+import org.gstreamer.Pipeline;
+import org.gstreamer.State;
+import org.gstreamer.Structure;
+import org.gstreamer.elements.RGBDataSink;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamDevice;
+import com.github.sarxos.webcam.WebcamResolution;
+
+
+public class GStreamerDevice implements WebcamDevice, RGBDataSink.Listener, WebcamDevice.FPSSource {
+
+	/**
+	 * Logger.
+	 */
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GStreamerDevice.class);
+
+	/**
+	 * Limit the lateness of frames to no more than 20ms (half a frame at 25fps)
+	 */
+	private static final long LATENESS = 20; // ms
+
+	/**
+	 * First formats are better. For example video/x-raw-rgb gives 30 FPS on HD720p where
+	 * video/x-raw-yuv only 10 FPS on the same resolution. The goal is to use these "better" formats
+	 * first, and then fallback to less efficient when not available.
+	 */
+	private static final String[] BEST_FORMATS = {
+		"video/x-raw-rgb",
+		"video/x-raw-yuv",
+	};
+
+	/**
+	 * Video format to capture.
+	 */
+	private String format;
+
+	/**
+	 * All possible resolutions - populated while initialization phase.
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] resolutions = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Windows platform.
+	 */
+	private final String name;
+	/**
+	 * Device name, immutable. Used only on Linux platform.
+	 */
+	private final File vfile;
+
+	/* gstreamer stuff */
+
+	private Pipeline pipe = null;
+	private Element source = null;
+	private Element filter = null;
+	private RGBDataSink sink = null;
+
+	private Caps caps = null;
+
+	/* logic */
+
+	private AtomicBoolean open = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean disposed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean starting = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private AtomicBoolean initialized = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+	private Dimension resolution = WebcamResolution.VGA.getSize();
+	private BufferedImage image = null;
+
+	/* used to calculate fps */
+
+	private long t1 = -1;
+	private long t2 = -1;
+
+	private volatile double fps = 0;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create GStreamer webcam device.
+	 *
+	 * @param name the name of webcam device
+	 */
+	protected GStreamerDevice(String name) {
+		this.name = name;
+		this.vfile = null;
+	}
+
+	protected GStreamerDevice(File vfile) {
+		this.name = null;
+		this.vfile = vfile;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize webcam device.
+	 */
+	private synchronized void init() {
+
+		if (!initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("GStreamer webcam device initialization");
+
+		pipe = new Pipeline(name);
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("dshowvideosrc", "source");
+			source.set("device-name", name);
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			source = ElementFactory.make("v4l2src", "source");
+			source.set("device", vfile.getAbsolutePath());
+		}
+
+		sink = new RGBDataSink(name, this);
+		sink.setPassDirectBuffer(true);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setMaximumLateness(LATENESS, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+		sink.getSinkElement().setQOSEnabled(true);
+
+		filter = ElementFactory.make("capsfilter", "filter");
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+			Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.setState(State.READY);
+		}
+
+		resolutions = parseResolutions(source.getPads().get(0));
+
+		if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+			Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+			pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Use GStreamer to get all possible resolutions.
+	 *
+	 * @param pad the pad to get resolutions from
+	 * @return Array of resolutions supported by device connected with pad
+	 */
+	private Dimension[] parseResolutions(Pad pad) {
+
+		Caps caps = pad.getCaps();
+
+		format = findBestFormat(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Best format is {}", format);
+
+		Dimension r = null;
+		Structure s = null;
+		String mime = null;
+
+		int n = caps.size();
+		int i = 0;
+
+		Map<String, Dimension> map = new HashMap<String, Dimension>();
+
+		do {
+
+			s = caps.getStructure(i++);
+
+			LOG.debug("Found format structure {}", s);
+
+			mime = s.getName();
+
+			if (mime.equals(format)) {
+				if ((r = capStructToResolution(s)) != null) {
+					map.put(r.width + "x" + r.height, r);
+				}
+			}
+
+		} while (i < n);
+
+		Dimension[] resolutions = new ArrayList<Dimension>(map.values()).toArray(new Dimension[map.size()]);
+
+		if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			for (Dimension d : resolutions) {
+				LOG.debug("Resolution detected {}", d);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	private static String findBestFormat(Caps caps) {
+		for (String f : BEST_FORMATS) {
+			for (int i = 0, n = caps.size(); i < n; i++) {
+				if (f.equals(caps.getStructure(i).getName())) {
+					return f;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static Dimension capStructToResolution(Structure structure) {
+
+		int w = -1;
+		int h = -1;
+
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			w = structure.getRange("width").getMinInt();
+			h = structure.getRange("height").getMinInt();
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			w = structure.getInteger("width");
+			h = structure.getInteger("height");
+		}
+
+		if (w > 0 && h > 0) {
+			return new Dimension(w, h);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String getName() {
+		if (Platform.isWindows()) {
+			return name;
+		} else if (Platform.isLinux()) {
+			return vfile.getAbsolutePath();
+		} else {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Platform not supported by GStreamer capture driver");
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension[] getResolutions() {
+		init();
+		return resolutions;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Dimension getResolution() {
+		return resolution;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void setResolution(Dimension size) {
+		this.resolution = size;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BufferedImage getImage() {
+		return image;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void open() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Opening GStreamer device");
+
+		init();
+
+		starting.set(true);
+
+		Dimension size = getResolution();
+
+		image = new BufferedImage(size.width, size.height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		image.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		image.flush();
+
+		if (caps != null) {
+			caps.dispose();
+		}
+
+		caps = Caps.fromString(String.format("%s,width=%d,height=%d", format, size.width, size.height));
+
+		filter.setCaps(caps);
+
+		LOG.debug("Link elements");
+
+		pipe.addMany(source, filter, sink);
+		Element.linkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.setState(State.PLAYING);
+
+		// wait max 20s for image to appear
+		synchronized (this) {
+			LOG.debug("Wait for device to be ready");
+			try {
+				this.wait(20000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+
+		if (!open.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Closing GStreamer device");
+
+		image = null;
+
+		LOG.debug("Unlink elements");
+
+		pipe.setState(State.NULL);
+		Element.unlinkMany(source, filter, sink);
+		pipe.removeMany(source, filter, sink);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void dispose() {
+
+		if (!disposed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		LOG.debug("Disposing GStreamer device");
+
+		close();
+
+		filter.dispose();
+		source.dispose();
+		sink.dispose();
+		pipe.dispose();
+		caps.dispose();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isOpen() {
+		return open.get();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void rgbFrame(boolean preroll, int width, int height, IntBuffer rgb) {
+
+		LOG.trace("New RGB frame");
+
+		if (t1 == -1 || t2 == -1) {
+			t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+			t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		}
+
+		BufferedImage tmp = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
+		tmp.setAccelerationPriority(0);
+		rgb.get(((DataBufferInt) tmp.getRaster().getDataBuffer()).getData(), 0, width * height);
+		tmp.flush();
+
+		image = tmp;
+
+		if (starting.compareAndSet(true, false)) {
+
+			synchronized (this) {
+				this.notifyAll();
+			}
+
+			LOG.debug("GStreamer device ready");
+		}
+
+		t1 = t2;
+		t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+		fps = (4 * fps + 1000 / (t2 - t1 + 1)) / 5;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public double getFPS() {
+		return fps;
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline getPipe() {
+		return pipe;
+	}
+
+	public Element getSource() {
+		return source;
+	}
+
+	public Element getFilter() {
+		return filter;
+	}
+
+	public RGBDataSink getSink() {
+		return sink;
+	}
+
+	public Caps getCaps() {
+		return caps;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.close` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.pipe`. Potentially races with write in method `GStreamerDevice.open()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GStreamerDevice.close()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.sarxos.webcam.ds.gstreamer.GStreamerDevice.close():void.06c796fdc32f28ee1e1a47cf0df054f7
+
+### File:
+webcam-capture-drivers/driver-gstreamer/src/main/java/com/github/sarxos/webcam/ds/gstreamer/GStreamerDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+GStreamerDevice.java|close|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+89a68037803a7b6ddd8788dd9b5cc585
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6865/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6865/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3df0fa5a2b807e01141500c209a278895e4e19f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6865/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-retry
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.springframework.retry.annotation;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import org.aopalliance.intercept.MethodInterceptor;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import org.springframework.aop.support.AopUtils;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
+import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
+import org.springframework.retry.backoff.Sleeper;
+import org.springframework.retry.interceptor.RetryInterceptorBuilder;
+
+/**
+ * @author Dave Syer
+ * @author Artem Bilan
+ * @since 1.1
+ */
+public class EnableRetryTests {
+
+	@Test
+	public void vanilla() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
+				TestConfiguration.class);
+		Service service = context.getBean(Service.class);
+		service.service();
+		assertEquals(3, service.getCount());
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void proxyTargetClass() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
+				TestProxyConfiguration.class);
+		Service service = context.getBean(Service.class);
+		assertTrue(AopUtils.isCglibProxy(service));
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void marker() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
+				TestConfiguration.class);
+		Service service = context.getBean(Service.class);
+		assertTrue(AopUtils.isCglibProxy(service));
+		assertTrue(service instanceof org.springframework.retry.interceptor.Retryable);
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void recovery() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
+				TestConfiguration.class);
+		RecoverableService service = context.getBean(RecoverableService.class);
+		service.service();
+		assertEquals(3, service.getCount());
+		assertNotNull(service.getCause());
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void type() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
+				TestConfiguration.class);
+		RetryableService service = context.getBean(RetryableService.class);
+		service.service();
+		assertEquals(3, service.getCount());
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void excludes() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
+				TestConfiguration.class);
+		ExcludesService service = context.getBean(ExcludesService.class);
+		try {
+			service.service();
+			fail("Expected IllegalStateException");
+		}
+		catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+		}
+		assertEquals(1, service.getCount());
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void stateful() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(
+				TestConfiguration.class);
+		StatefulService service = context.getBean(StatefulService.class);
+		for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+			try {
+				service.service(1);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e) {
+				assertEquals("Planned", e.getMessage());
+			}
+		}
+		assertEquals(3, service.getCount());
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testExternalInterceptor() {
+		AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class);
+		InterceptableService service = context.getBean(InterceptableService.class);
+		service.service();
+		assertEquals(5, service.getCount());
+		context.close();
+	}
+
+	@Configuration
+	@EnableRetry(proxyTargetClass = true)
+	protected static class TestProxyConfiguration {
+
+		@Bean
+		public Service service() {
+			return new Service();
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	@Configuration
+	@EnableRetry
+	protected static class TestConfiguration {
+
+		@Bean
+		public Sleeper sleper() {
+			return new Sleeper() {
+				@Override
+				public void sleep(long period) throws InterruptedException {
+				}
+			};
+		}
+
+		@Bean
+		public Service service() {
+			return new Service();
+		}
+
+		@Bean
+		public RecoverableService recoverable() {
+			return new RecoverableService();
+		}
+
+		@Bean
+		public RetryableService retryable() {
+			return new RetryableService();
+		}
+
+		@Bean
+		public StatefulService stateful() {
+			return new StatefulService();
+		}
+
+		@Bean
+		public ExcludesService excludes() {
+			return new ExcludesService();
+		}
+
+		@Bean
+		public MethodInterceptor retryInterceptor() {
+			return RetryInterceptorBuilder.stateless()
+					.maxAttempts(5)
+					.build();
+		}
+
+		@Bean
+		public InterceptableService serviceWithExternalInterceptor() {
+			return new InterceptableService();
+		}
+	}
+
+	protected static class Service {
+
+		private int count = 0;
+
+		@Retryable(RuntimeException.class)
+		public void service() {
+			if (count++ < 2) {
+				throw new RuntimeException("Planned");
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int getCount() {
+			return count;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	protected static class RecoverableService {
+
+		private int count = 0;
+
+		private Throwable cause;
+
+		@Retryable(RuntimeException.class)
+		public void service() {
+			count++;
+			throw new RuntimeException("Planned");
+		}
+
+		@Recover
+		public void recover(Throwable cause) {
+			this.cause = cause;
+		}
+
+		public Throwable getCause() {
+			return cause;
+		}
+
+		public int getCount() {
+			return count;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	@Retryable(RuntimeException.class)
+	protected static class RetryableService {
+
+		private int count = 0;
+
+		public void service() {
+			if (count++ < 2) {
+				throw new RuntimeException("Planned");
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int getCount() {
+			return count;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	protected static class ExcludesService {
+
+		private int count = 0;
+
+		@Retryable(include = RuntimeException.class, exclude = IllegalStateException.class)
+		public void service() {
+			if (count++ < 2) {
+				throw new IllegalStateException("Planned");
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int getCount() {
+			return count;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	protected static class StatefulService {
+
+		private int count = 0;
+
+		@Retryable(stateful = true)
+		public void service(int value) {
+			if (count++ < 2) {
+				throw new RuntimeException("Planned");
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int getCount() {
+			return count;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	private static class InterceptableService {
+
+		private int count = 0;
+
+		@Retryable(interceptor = "retryInterceptor")
+		public void service() {
+			if (count++ < 4) {
+				throw new RuntimeException("Planned");
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int getCount() {
+			return count;
+		}
+
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext` acquired to `context` by call to `new()` at line 43 is not released after line 49.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 46
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void EnableRetryTests.vanilla()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.springframework.retry.annotation.EnableRetryTests.vanilla():void.d7d8b6e32f343e1c56411850da24071c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/springframework/retry/annotation/EnableRetryTests.java
+
+### Key:
+EnableRetryTests.java|vanilla|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+5312342162378dfb70f20843fb1836bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6890/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6890/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c760a512fe52548d3c778f4ea75632acf5745591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6890/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openpojo
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Osman Shoukry
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied.
+ *
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.openpojo.reflection.impl;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.openpojo.business.annotation.BusinessKey;
+import com.openpojo.random.RandomFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoClass;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.construct.InstanceFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.exception.ReflectionException;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.annotation.SomeAnnotation;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithSyntheticField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.ClassWithGenericTypes;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.PojoFieldImplClass;
+import com.openpojo.validation.affirm.Affirm;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @author oshoukry
+ */
+public class PojoFieldImplTest {
+  private PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(PojoFieldImplClass.class);
+  private Object pojoClassInstance;
+
+  /**
+   * @throws java.lang.Exception
+   */
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws Exception {
+    pojoClassInstance = InstanceFactory.getInstance(pojoClass);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for: {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#get(java.lang.Object)}.
+   * {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#set(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testSetAndGet() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (!pojoField.isFinal() && !pojoField.isPrimitive()) {
+        Affirm.affirmNull(String.format("Field=[%s] should have null default value", pojoField),
+            pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance));
+        Object randomValue = RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType());
+        pojoField.set(pojoClassInstance, randomValue);
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("PojoField.get() result=[%s] different from what was set=[%s] for " +
+            "PojoFieldImpl=[%s]", pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance), randomValue, pojoField), randomValue, pojoField.get
+            (pojoClassInstance));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getPrivateStringField() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("privateString")) {
+        return pojoField;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail("Field with name 'privateString' removed from class" + pojoClass.getName());
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.set(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.get(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeSetter(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeGetter(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldGetParameterizedType() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(ClassWithGenericTypes.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed?!", 4, pojoClass.getPojoFields().size());
+
+    int affirmChecks = 0;
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedChildren")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Not Generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Wrong Parameterization!?", pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(ClassWithGenericTypes.class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonparameterizedList") || pojoField.getName().equals("nonParameterizedString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmFalse("Turned generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("Returned non-empty list for nonParameterized type!? [" + pojoField.getParameterTypes() + "]", 0,
+            pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedMap")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("MultipTypeGeneric failed!!", 2, pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", String.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(String
+            .class));
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", Integer.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(Integer
+            .class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed/renamed? expected 4 checks!!", 4, affirmChecks);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void annotationlessShouldNotReturnNull() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonAnnotatedField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmNotNull("getAnnotations should not return null.", pojoField.getAnnotations());
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("nonAnnotatedField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void multipleAnnotationsShouldBeReturned() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("multipleAnnotationField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("Annotations added/removed from field=[%s]", pojoField), 2, pojoField.getAnnotations
+            ().size());
+        List<Class<?>> expectedAnnotations = new LinkedList<Class<?>>();
+        expectedAnnotations.add(SomeAnnotation.class);
+        expectedAnnotations.add(BusinessKey.class);
+        for (Annotation annotation : pojoField.getAnnotations()) {
+          Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Expected annotations [%s] not found, instead found [%s]", expectedAnnotations,
+              annotation.annotationType()), expectedAnnotations.contains(annotation.annotationType()));
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("multipleAnnotationField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isPrimitive()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrimitive() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("primitive")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isPrimitive() check on primitive field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField
+            .isPrimitive());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isStatic()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsStatic() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("static")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isStatic() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isStatic());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsTransient() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("transientString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isTransient() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isTransient
+            ());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsVolatile() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("volatileString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isVolatile() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isVolatile());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrivate() {
+    String prefix = "private";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isPackagePrivate() {
+    String prefix = "packagePrivate";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsProtected() {
+    String prefix = "protected";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPublic() {
+    String prefix = "public";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getFieldStartingWith(String prefix) {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields())
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith(prefix))
+        return pojoField;
+    throw ReflectionException.getInstance("Request field with prefix [" + prefix + "} not found.");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsSynthetic() {
+    PojoClass classWithSyntheticField = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithSyntheticField.SyntheticFieldContainer.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Failed to find field in class[" + classWithSyntheticField + "]", 1, classWithSyntheticField
+        .getPojoFields().size());
+    PojoField pojoField = classWithSyntheticField.getPojoFields().get(0);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("Failed to check isSynthetic + [" + pojoField + "]", pojoField.isSynthetic());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `pojoField` last assigned on line 86 could be null and is dereferenced at line 87.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailSet()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailSet():void.043b958a2cad1209c4192e26775c6aff
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/openpojo/reflection/impl/PojoFieldImplTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PojoFieldImplTest.java|shouldFailSet|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+6377c7a4ca32993e45d83b7c3d66fa8f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6891/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6891/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c155ae5690f41d16125a251a15b7a976fed3cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6891/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openpojo
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Osman Shoukry
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied.
+ *
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.openpojo.reflection.impl;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.openpojo.business.annotation.BusinessKey;
+import com.openpojo.random.RandomFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoClass;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.construct.InstanceFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.exception.ReflectionException;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.annotation.SomeAnnotation;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithSyntheticField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.ClassWithGenericTypes;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.PojoFieldImplClass;
+import com.openpojo.validation.affirm.Affirm;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @author oshoukry
+ */
+public class PojoFieldImplTest {
+  private PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(PojoFieldImplClass.class);
+  private Object pojoClassInstance;
+
+  /**
+   * @throws java.lang.Exception
+   */
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws Exception {
+    pojoClassInstance = InstanceFactory.getInstance(pojoClass);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for: {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#get(java.lang.Object)}.
+   * {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#set(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testSetAndGet() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (!pojoField.isFinal() && !pojoField.isPrimitive()) {
+        Affirm.affirmNull(String.format("Field=[%s] should have null default value", pojoField),
+            pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance));
+        Object randomValue = RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType());
+        pojoField.set(pojoClassInstance, randomValue);
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("PojoField.get() result=[%s] different from what was set=[%s] for " +
+            "PojoFieldImpl=[%s]", pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance), randomValue, pojoField), randomValue, pojoField.get
+            (pojoClassInstance));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getPrivateStringField() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("privateString")) {
+        return pojoField;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail("Field with name 'privateString' removed from class" + pojoClass.getName());
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.set(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.get(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeSetter(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeGetter(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldGetParameterizedType() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(ClassWithGenericTypes.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed?!", 4, pojoClass.getPojoFields().size());
+
+    int affirmChecks = 0;
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedChildren")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Not Generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Wrong Parameterization!?", pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(ClassWithGenericTypes.class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonparameterizedList") || pojoField.getName().equals("nonParameterizedString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmFalse("Turned generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("Returned non-empty list for nonParameterized type!? [" + pojoField.getParameterTypes() + "]", 0,
+            pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedMap")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("MultipTypeGeneric failed!!", 2, pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", String.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(String
+            .class));
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", Integer.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(Integer
+            .class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed/renamed? expected 4 checks!!", 4, affirmChecks);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void annotationlessShouldNotReturnNull() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonAnnotatedField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmNotNull("getAnnotations should not return null.", pojoField.getAnnotations());
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("nonAnnotatedField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void multipleAnnotationsShouldBeReturned() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("multipleAnnotationField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("Annotations added/removed from field=[%s]", pojoField), 2, pojoField.getAnnotations
+            ().size());
+        List<Class<?>> expectedAnnotations = new LinkedList<Class<?>>();
+        expectedAnnotations.add(SomeAnnotation.class);
+        expectedAnnotations.add(BusinessKey.class);
+        for (Annotation annotation : pojoField.getAnnotations()) {
+          Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Expected annotations [%s] not found, instead found [%s]", expectedAnnotations,
+              annotation.annotationType()), expectedAnnotations.contains(annotation.annotationType()));
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("multipleAnnotationField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isPrimitive()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrimitive() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("primitive")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isPrimitive() check on primitive field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField
+            .isPrimitive());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isStatic()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsStatic() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("static")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isStatic() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isStatic());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsTransient() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("transientString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isTransient() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isTransient
+            ());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsVolatile() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("volatileString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isVolatile() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isVolatile());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrivate() {
+    String prefix = "private";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isPackagePrivate() {
+    String prefix = "packagePrivate";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsProtected() {
+    String prefix = "protected";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPublic() {
+    String prefix = "public";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getFieldStartingWith(String prefix) {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields())
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith(prefix))
+        return pojoField;
+    throw ReflectionException.getInstance("Request field with prefix [" + prefix + "} not found.");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsSynthetic() {
+    PojoClass classWithSyntheticField = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithSyntheticField.SyntheticFieldContainer.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Failed to find field in class[" + classWithSyntheticField + "]", 1, classWithSyntheticField
+        .getPojoFields().size());
+    PojoField pojoField = classWithSyntheticField.getPojoFields().get(0);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("Failed to check isSynthetic + [" + pojoField + "]", pojoField.isSynthetic());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `pojoField` last assigned on line 98 could be null and is dereferenced at line 99.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailSetter()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailSetter():void.1ddbbc8b9c5f8b5c742fd208a5220c44
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/openpojo/reflection/impl/PojoFieldImplTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PojoFieldImplTest.java|shouldFailSetter|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+e479ec51cecd97e411116917769daf64
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6896/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6896/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b74ae924c3f381f2e4a80e4559a73fbd7e8ee282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6896/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openpojo
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2015 Osman Shoukry
+ *
+ *    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License or any
+ *    later version.
+ *
+ *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package com.openpojo.registry;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import com.openpojo.random.RandomGenerator;
+import com.openpojo.random.service.RandomGeneratorService;
+import com.openpojo.validation.affirm.Affirm;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class ServiceRegistrarTest {
+
+    private final String[] expectedDefaultTypeNames = new String[] {
+            // @formatter:off
+            "java.lang.Boolean"
+            ,"java.lang.Byte"
+            ,"java.lang.Character"
+            ,"java.lang.Class"
+            ,"java.lang.Double"
+            ,"java.lang.Float"
+            ,"java.lang.Integer"
+            ,"java.lang.Long"
+            ,"java.lang.Object"
+            ,"java.lang.Short"
+
+            ,"java.lang.String"
+            ,"java.math.BigDecimal"
+            ,"java.math.BigInteger"
+            ,"java.sql.Timestamp"
+            ,"java.util.AbstractCollection"
+            ,"java.util.AbstractList"
+            ,"java.util.AbstractMap"
+            ,"java.util.AbstractSequentialList"
+            ,"java.util.AbstractSet"
+            ,"java.lang.Enum"
+
+            ,"java.util.ArrayDeque" // jdk6 only
+            ,"java.util.ArrayList"
+            ,"java.util.Calendar"
+            ,"java.util.Collection"
+            ,"java.util.Date"
+            ,"java.util.EnumSet"
+            ,"java.util.HashMap"
+            ,"java.util.HashSet"
+            ,"java.util.Hashtable"
+            ,"java.util.IdentityHashMap"
+
+            ,"java.util.LinkedHashMap"
+            ,"java.util.LinkedHashSet"
+            ,"java.util.LinkedList"
+            ,"java.util.List"
+            ,"java.util.Collection"
+            ,"java.util.Map"
+            ,"java.util.NavigableSet" // jdk6 only
+            ,"java.util.Queue"
+            ,"java.util.Set"
+            ,"java.util.SortedMap"
+            ,"java.util.SortedSet"
+
+            ,"java.util.TreeMap"
+            ,"java.util.TreeSet"
+            ,"java.util.WeakHashMap"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.DelayQueue"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue"
+            ,"java.util.PriorityQueue"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.PriorityBlockingQueue"
+            ,"java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue"
+    };
+    // @formatter:on
+
+    private int expectedTypes;
+
+    private Set<Class<?>> expectedDefaultTypes;
+    private RandomGeneratorService randomGeneratorService;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() {
+        expectedDefaultTypes = new HashSet<Class<?>>();
+
+        // Add the primitives
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(boolean.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(byte.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(char.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(double.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(float.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(int.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(long.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(short.class);
+        expectedDefaultTypes.add(void.class);
+
+        for (final String type : expectedDefaultTypeNames) {
+            try {
+                expectedDefaultTypes.add(Class.forName(type));
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                System.out.println("Failed for: " + e.getMessage());
+            }
+        }
+
+        ServiceRegistrar.getInstance().initializeRandomGeneratorService();
+        randomGeneratorService = ServiceRegistrar.getInstance().getRandomGeneratorService();
+
+//        "java.util.AbstractMap"
+//        "java.util.NavigableSet"
+//        "java.util.AbstractList"
+//        "java.util.SortedSet"
+//        "java.util.AbstractSequentialList"
+//        "java.util.AbstractSet"
+//        "java.util.AbstractCollection"
+//        "java.util.SortedMap"
+        expectedTypes = expectedDefaultTypes.size() - 8;
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void defaultRandomGeneratorServicePrePopulated() {
+        // JDK 5 only supports 42 of the 44 possible types. (java.util.ArrayDeque does not exist in JDK5).
+        String javaVersion = System.getProperty("java.version");
+        if (javaVersion.startsWith("1.6") || javaVersion.startsWith("1.7") || javaVersion.startsWith("1.8")) {
+            System.out.println("Found that many types: " + expectedDefaultTypes.size());
+            for (Class<?> expectedEntry : expectedDefaultTypes) {
+                boolean found = false;
+                for (Class<?> foundEntry : randomGeneratorService.getRegisteredTypes()) {
+                    if (expectedEntry == foundEntry) found = true;
+                }
+                if (!found) System.out.println("\"" + expectedEntry.getName() + "\"");
+            }
+            System.out.println("Registered and not in the expected list!!");
+            for (Class<?> foundEntry : randomGeneratorService.getRegisteredTypes()) {
+                boolean found = false;
+                for (Class<?> expectedEntry : expectedDefaultTypes) {
+                    if (expectedEntry == foundEntry) found = true;
+                }
+                if (!found) System.out.println("\"" + foundEntry.getName() + "\"");
+            }
+            Affirm.affirmEquals("Types added / removed?", expectedTypes, randomGeneratorService.getRegisteredTypes().size());
+        } else {
+            if (javaVersion.startsWith("1.5")) {
+                Affirm.affirmEquals("Types added / removed?", expectedTypes - 1, // (java.util.ArrayDeque does not exist
+                        // in JDK5),
+                        randomGeneratorService.getRegisteredTypes().size());
+            } else {
+                Affirm.fail("Unknown java version found " + System.getProperty("java.version") + " please check the " +
+                        "correct number of expected registered classes and register type here - (found " + randomGeneratorService
+                        .getRegisteredTypes().size() + ")");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void RandomGeneratedValue() {
+        final RandomGenerator defaultRandomGenerator = randomGeneratorService.getDefaultRandomGenerator();
+        for (final Class<?> type : expectedDefaultTypes) {
+            Affirm.affirmFalse(String.format("Error default random generator returned when expected a registered " + "type [%s]", type),
+                    defaultRandomGenerator.equals(randomGeneratorService.getRandomGeneratorByType(type)));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `javaVersion` last assigned on line 139 could be null and is dereferenced at line 140.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServiceRegistrarTest.defaultRandomGeneratorServicePrePopulated()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.openpojo.registry.ServiceRegistrarTest.defaultRandomGeneratorServicePrePopulated():void.f120e4ebb48061dacee0c77ea750a502
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/openpojo/registry/ServiceRegistrarTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceRegistrarTest.java|defaultRandomGeneratorServicePrePopulated|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+965bbf0a29188a78e25245c992eef045
+
+### Hash:
+d2da5c910a6aa3cb830ea2bc4243a48b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6898/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6898/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4a591ff6b8a386b9bf8dafc29fc586bfb3949895
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6898/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openpojo
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Osman Shoukry
+ *
+ *   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *   it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *   (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *   GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ *   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package com.openpojo.random.dynamic;
+
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoClass;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoMethod;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoClassFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author oshoukry
+ */
+public final class EnumRandomGenerator {
+    private static final Random RANDOM = new Random(new Date().getTime());
+
+    public static EnumRandomGenerator getInstance() {
+        return Instance.INSTANCE;
+    }
+
+    public Object doGenerate(final Class<?> type) {
+        PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(type);
+
+        PojoMethod valuesPojoMethod = null;
+        for (PojoMethod pojoMethod : pojoClass.getPojoMethods()) {
+            if (pojoMethod.getName().equals("values")) {
+                valuesPojoMethod = pojoMethod;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        Enum<?>[] values = (Enum<?>[]) valuesPojoMethod.invoke(null, (Object[]) null);
+        return values[RANDOM.nextInt(values.length)];
+    }
+
+    private static class Instance {
+        private static final EnumRandomGenerator INSTANCE = new EnumRandomGenerator();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `valuesPojoMethod` last assigned on line 39 could be null and is dereferenced at line 46.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object EnumRandomGenerator.doGenerate(Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.openpojo.random.dynamic.EnumRandomGenerator.doGenerate(java.lang.Class):java.lang.Object.10e2abccb6f89afc844c44acbbafdd85
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/openpojo/random/dynamic/EnumRandomGenerator.java
+
+### Key:
+EnumRandomGenerator.java|doGenerate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ba75420eaa3111a801337deecb3b90b6
+
+### Hash:
+d0a2309f33eb1c1c363b8975b5d3c368
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6899/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6899/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00a3ccd2f7f4477e846af4e1bff963b0b80e6698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6899/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openpojo
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010-2016 Osman Shoukry
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express
+ * or implied.
+ *
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.openpojo.reflection.impl;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.openpojo.business.annotation.BusinessKey;
+import com.openpojo.random.RandomFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoClass;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.PojoField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.construct.InstanceFactory;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.exception.ReflectionException;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.annotation.SomeAnnotation;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithSyntheticField;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.ClassWithGenericTypes;
+import com.openpojo.reflection.impl.sample.classes.PojoFieldImplClass;
+import com.openpojo.validation.affirm.Affirm;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * @author oshoukry
+ */
+public class PojoFieldImplTest {
+  private PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(PojoFieldImplClass.class);
+  private Object pojoClassInstance;
+
+  /**
+   * @throws java.lang.Exception
+   */
+  @Before
+  public void setUp() throws Exception {
+    pojoClassInstance = InstanceFactory.getInstance(pojoClass);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for: {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#get(java.lang.Object)}.
+   * {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#set(java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object)}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testSetAndGet() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (!pojoField.isFinal() && !pojoField.isPrimitive()) {
+        Affirm.affirmNull(String.format("Field=[%s] should have null default value", pojoField),
+            pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance));
+        Object randomValue = RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType());
+        pojoField.set(pojoClassInstance, randomValue);
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("PojoField.get() result=[%s] different from what was set=[%s] for " +
+            "PojoFieldImpl=[%s]", pojoField.get(pojoClassInstance), randomValue, pojoField), randomValue, pojoField.get
+            (pojoClassInstance));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getPrivateStringField() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("privateString")) {
+        return pojoField;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail("Field with name 'privateString' removed from class" + pojoClass.getName());
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.set(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGet() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.get(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailSetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeSetter(null, RandomFactory.getRandomValue(pojoField.getType()));
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = ReflectionException.class)
+  public void shouldFailGetter() {
+    PojoField pojoField = getPrivateStringField();
+    pojoField.invokeGetter(null);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void shouldGetParameterizedType() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(ClassWithGenericTypes.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed?!", 4, pojoClass.getPojoFields().size());
+
+    int affirmChecks = 0;
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedChildren")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Not Generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue("Wrong Parameterization!?", pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(ClassWithGenericTypes.class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonparameterizedList") || pojoField.getName().equals("nonParameterizedString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmFalse("Turned generic?!", pojoField.isParameterized());
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("Returned non-empty list for nonParameterized type!? [" + pojoField.getParameterTypes() + "]", 0,
+            pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("parameterizedMap")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals("MultipTypeGeneric failed!!", 2, pojoField.getParameterTypes().size());
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", String.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(String
+            .class));
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Type not found [%s]", Integer.class), pojoField.getParameterTypes().contains(Integer
+            .class));
+        affirmChecks++;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Fields added/removed/renamed? expected 4 checks!!", 4, affirmChecks);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void annotationlessShouldNotReturnNull() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("nonAnnotatedField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmNotNull("getAnnotations should not return null.", pojoField.getAnnotations());
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("nonAnnotatedField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void multipleAnnotationsShouldBeReturned() {
+    PojoClass pojoClass = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithVariousAnnotatedFields.class);
+    List<PojoField> allFields = pojoClass.getPojoFields();
+
+    for (PojoField pojoField : allFields) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("multipleAnnotationField")) {
+        Affirm.affirmEquals(String.format("Annotations added/removed from field=[%s]", pojoField), 2, pojoField.getAnnotations
+            ().size());
+        List<Class<?>> expectedAnnotations = new LinkedList<Class<?>>();
+        expectedAnnotations.add(SomeAnnotation.class);
+        expectedAnnotations.add(BusinessKey.class);
+        for (Annotation annotation : pojoField.getAnnotations()) {
+          Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("Expected annotations [%s] not found, instead found [%s]", expectedAnnotations,
+              annotation.annotationType()), expectedAnnotations.contains(annotation.annotationType()));
+        }
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    Affirm.fail(String.format("multipleAnnotationField renamed? expected in [%s]", pojoClass));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isPrimitive()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrimitive() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("primitive")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isPrimitive() check on primitive field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField
+            .isPrimitive());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test method for {@link com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImpl#isStatic()}.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testIsStatic() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith("static")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isStatic() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isStatic());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsTransient() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("transientString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isTransient() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isTransient
+            ());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsVolatile() {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields()) {
+      if (pojoField.getName().equals("volatileString")) {
+        Affirm.affirmTrue(String.format("isVolatile() check on field=[%s] returned false!!", pojoField), pojoField.isVolatile());
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPrivate() {
+    String prefix = "private";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void isPackagePrivate() {
+    String prefix = "packagePrivate";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsProtected() {
+    String prefix = "protected";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsPublic() {
+    String prefix = "public";
+    PojoField pojoField = getFieldStartingWith(prefix);
+    Affirm.affirmNotNull("Field not found [" + prefix + "]", pojoField);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("isPublic() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned false!!", pojoField.isPublic());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isPackagePrivate() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isPackagePrivate());
+    Affirm.affirmFalse("isProtected() check on field=[" + pojoField + "] returned true!!", pojoField.isProtected());
+  }
+
+  private PojoField getFieldStartingWith(String prefix) {
+    for (PojoField pojoField : pojoClass.getPojoFields())
+      if (pojoField.getName().startsWith(prefix))
+        return pojoField;
+    throw ReflectionException.getInstance("Request field with prefix [" + prefix + "} not found.");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsSynthetic() {
+    PojoClass classWithSyntheticField = PojoClassFactory.getPojoClass(AClassWithSyntheticField.SyntheticFieldContainer.class);
+    Affirm.affirmEquals("Failed to find field in class[" + classWithSyntheticField + "]", 1, classWithSyntheticField
+        .getPojoFields().size());
+    PojoField pojoField = classWithSyntheticField.getPojoFields().get(0);
+    Affirm.affirmTrue("Failed to check isSynthetic + [" + pojoField + "]", pojoField.isSynthetic());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `pojoField` last assigned on line 104 could be null and is dereferenced at line 105.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailGetter()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.openpojo.reflection.impl.PojoFieldImplTest.shouldFailGetter():void.2604681a6a7afea6de893ad2672b52c0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/openpojo/reflection/impl/PojoFieldImplTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PojoFieldImplTest.java|shouldFailGetter|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9afcdcc9d4253c36267a0d34b98c337d
+
+### Hash:
+fed4968ee8467a44af2915f1f2947775
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6911/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6911/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f01ecda792fd77d04055ca3f88884a1c5d88f8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6911/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jboot
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019, Michael Yang 杨福海 (fuhai999@gmail.com).
+ * <p>
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * <p>
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * <p>
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.jboot.components.cache.interceptor;
+
+import com.jfinal.log.Log;
+import com.jfinal.template.Engine;
+import io.jboot.Jboot;
+import io.jboot.components.cache.JbootCache;
+import io.jboot.components.cache.JbootCacheConfig;
+import io.jboot.components.cache.JbootCacheManager;
+import io.jboot.components.cache.annotation.CacheEvict;
+import io.jboot.exception.JbootException;
+import io.jboot.utils.AnnotationUtil;
+import io.jboot.utils.ArrayUtil;
+import io.jboot.utils.ClassUtil;
+import io.jboot.utils.StrUtil;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Parameter;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+class Utils {
+
+
+    static final Log LOG = Log.getLog(Utils.class);
+    static final Engine ENGINE = new Engine("JbootCacheRender");
+
+    /**
+     * use jfinal engine render text
+     *
+     * @param template
+     * @param method
+     * @param arguments
+     * @return
+     */
+    static String engineRender(String template, Method method, Object[] arguments) {
+        Map<String, Object> datas = new HashMap();
+        int x = 0;
+        for (Parameter p : method.getParameters()) {
+            if (!p.isNamePresent()) {
+                // 必须通过添加 -parameters 进行编译，才可以获取 Parameter 的编译前的名字
+                throw new RuntimeException(" Maven or IDE config is error. see http://www.jfinal.com/doc/3-3 ");
+            }
+            datas.put(p.getName(), arguments[x++]);
+        }
+
+        return ENGINE.getTemplateByString(template).renderToString(datas);
+
+    }
+
+    static String buildCacheKey(String key, Class clazz, Method method, Object[] arguments) {
+
+        clazz = ClassUtil.getUsefulClass(clazz);
+
+        if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(key)) {
+            return renderKey(key, method, arguments);
+        }
+
+        StringBuilder keyBuilder = new StringBuilder(clazz.getName());
+        keyBuilder.append("#").append(method.getName());
+
+        if (ArrayUtil.isNullOrEmpty(arguments)) {
+            return keyBuilder.toString();
+        }
+
+        Class[] paramTypes = method.getParameterTypes();
+        int index = 0;
+        for (Object argument : arguments) {
+            String argStr = converteToString(argument);
+            ensureArgumentNotNull(argStr, clazz, method);
+            keyBuilder
+                    .append(paramTypes[index++].getClass().getName())
+                    .append(":")
+                    .append(argStr)
+                    .append("-");
+        }
+
+        //remove last chat '-'
+        return keyBuilder.deleteCharAt(keyBuilder.length() - 1).toString();
+
+    }
+
+    private static String renderKey(String key, Method method, Object[] arguments) {
+        if (!key.contains("#(") || !key.contains(")")) {
+            return key;
+        }
+
+        return engineRender(key, method, arguments);
+    }
+
+    public static void ensureArgumentNotNull(String argument, Class clazz, Method method) {
+        if (argument == null) {
+            throw new JbootException("not support empty key for annotation @Cacheable, @CacheEvict or @CachePut " +
+                    "at method[" + ClassUtil.buildMethodString(method) + "], " +
+                    "please config key properties in @Cacheable, @CacheEvict or @CachePut annotation.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void ensureCachenameAvailable(Method method, Class targetClass, String cacheName) {
+        if (StrUtil.isBlank(cacheName)) {
+            throw new JbootException(String.format("CacheEvict.name() must not empty in method [%s].",
+                    ClassUtil.buildMethodString(method)));
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    static boolean isPrimitive(Class clazz) {
+        return clazz == String.class
+                || clazz == Integer.class
+                || clazz == int.class
+                || clazz == Long.class
+                || clazz == long.class
+                || clazz == Double.class
+                || clazz == double.class
+                || clazz == Float.class
+                || clazz == float.class
+                || clazz == Boolean.class
+                || clazz == boolean.class
+                || clazz == BigDecimal.class
+                || clazz == BigInteger.class
+                || clazz == java.util.Date.class
+                || clazz == java.sql.Date.class
+                || clazz == java.sql.Timestamp.class
+                || clazz == java.sql.Time.class;
+
+    }
+
+    static String converteToString(Object object) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return "null";
+        }
+        if (!isPrimitive(object.getClass())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (object instanceof java.util.Date) {
+            return String.valueOf(((java.util.Date) object).getTime());
+        }
+
+        return String.valueOf(object);
+    }
+
+
+    static boolean isUnless(String unlessString, Method method, Object[] arguments) {
+
+        if (StrUtil.isBlank(unlessString)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String template = new StringBuilder("#(")
+                .append(unlessString)
+                .append(")")
+                .toString();
+
+        return "true".equals(engineRender(template,method, arguments));
+    }
+
+
+    static void doCacheEvict(Object[] arguments, Class targetClass, Method method, CacheEvict evict) {
+        String unless = AnnotationUtil.get(evict.unless());
+        if (Utils.isUnless(unless, method, arguments)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String cacheName = AnnotationUtil.get(evict.name());
+        if (StrUtil.isBlank(cacheName)) {
+            throw new JbootException(String.format("CacheEvict.name()  must not empty in method [%s].",
+                    ClassUtil.buildMethodString(method)));
+        }
+
+        String cacheKey = AnnotationUtil.get(evict.key());
+
+        if (StrUtil.isBlank(cacheKey) || "*".equals(cacheKey)) {
+            getAopCache().removeAll(cacheName);
+        } else {
+            cacheKey = Utils.buildCacheKey(cacheKey, targetClass, method, arguments);
+            getAopCache().remove(cacheName, cacheKey);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final JbootCacheConfig CONFIG = Jboot.config(JbootCacheConfig.class);
+
+    static void putDataToCache(int liveSeconds, String cacheName, String cacheKey, Object data) {
+         liveSeconds = liveSeconds > 0
+                ? liveSeconds
+                : CONFIG.getAopCacheLiveSeconds();
+        if (liveSeconds > 0) {
+            getAopCache().put(cacheName, cacheKey, data, liveSeconds);
+        } else {
+            getAopCache().put(cacheName, cacheKey, data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static JbootCache aopCache;
+    static JbootCache getAopCache(){
+        if (aopCache == null){
+            synchronized (Utils.class){
+                if (aopCache == null){
+                    aopCache = JbootCacheManager.me().getCache(CONFIG.getAopCacheType());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return aopCache;
+    }
+
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+        Map<String, Object> datas = new HashMap();
+        datas.put("key", "value");
+
+        String template = "#(key)";
+
+        long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++) {
+            ENGINE.getTemplateByString(template).renderToString(datas);
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("time : " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - time));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `io.jboot.components.cache.interceptor.Utils.doCacheEvict` indirectly writes to field `config.Utils.io.jboot.app.config.Utils.rootClassPath` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Utils.doCacheEvict(java.lang.Object[],Class,Method,CacheEvict)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.jboot.components.cache.interceptor.Utils.doCacheEvict(java.lang.Object[],java.lang.Class,java.lan.0347736f0f1e81d86cc56902e9bfcb94
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/jboot/components/cache/interceptor/Utils.java
+
+### Key:
+Utils.java|doCacheEvict|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2786c3314125c7f0cfb252b4895f90a0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6916/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6916/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b98dd296a535255ce2b147e819d4b30757617e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6916/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jboot
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2017, Michael Yang 杨福海 (fuhai999@gmail.com).
+ * <p>
+ * Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) ,Version 3.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * <p>
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+ * <p>
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.jboot.core.rpc.motan;
+
+import com.weibo.api.motan.codec.Serialization;
+import com.weibo.api.motan.core.extension.SpiMeta;
+import io.jboot.Jboot;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+
+@SpiMeta(name = "jboot")
+public class JbootMotanSerialization implements Serialization {
+    @Override
+    public byte[] serialize(Object obj) throws IOException {
+        return Jboot.me().getSerializer().serialize(obj);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> T deserialize(byte[] bytes, Class<T> clz) throws IOException {
+        return (T) Jboot.me().getSerializer().deserialize(bytes);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `me().getSerializer()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 29.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] JbootMotanSerialization.serialize(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.jboot.core.rpc.motan.JbootMotanSerialization.serialize(java.lang.Object):byte[].45dbd714ebf62f67a25e331bf78b78a3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/jboot/core/rpc/motan/JbootMotanSerialization.java
+
+### Key:
+JbootMotanSerialization.java|serialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+71bbd039293bbda847a7c7191bb8b301
+
+### Hash:
+d7c6c4cef4cb784ee1406fd7fcb90228
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-6929/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-6929/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f34d0c974c2d6fc2da634375c38947b22bc8479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-6929/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jboot
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2017, Michael Yang 杨福海 (fuhai999@gmail.com).
+ * <p>
+ * Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) ,Version 3.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * <p>
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.txt
+ * <p>
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package io.jboot.web.session;
+
+import io.jboot.Jboot;
+import io.jboot.utils.StringUtils;
+import io.jboot.web.RequestManager;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
+import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionContext;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+
+public class JbootHttpSessionWapper implements HttpSession {
+
+    private static final long SESSION_TIME = TimeUnit.DAYS.toSeconds(2);
+    private static final String SESSION_CACHE_NAME = "SESSION";
+
+    @Override
+    public long getCreationTime() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getId() {
+        return getOrCreatSessionId();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getLastAccessedTime() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ServletContext getServletContext() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setMaxInactiveInterval(int interval) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getMaxInactiveInterval() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public HttpSessionContext getSessionContext() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("getSessionContext method not finished.");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getAttribute(String name) {
+        return Jboot.getJbootCache().get(SESSION_CACHE_NAME, buildKey(name));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object getValue(String name) {
+        return Jboot.getJbootCache().get(SESSION_CACHE_NAME, buildKey(name));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Enumeration<String> getAttributeNames() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("getAttributeNames method not finished.");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String[] getValueNames() {
+        throw new RuntimeException("getValueNames method not finished.");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setAttribute(String name, Object value) {
+        Jboot.getJbootCache().put(SESSION_CACHE_NAME, buildKey(name), value);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void putValue(String name, Object value) {
+        Jboot.getJbootCache().put(SESSION_CACHE_NAME, buildKey(name), value);
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeAttribute(String name) {
+        Jboot.getJbootCache().remove(SESSION_CACHE_NAME, buildKey(name));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeValue(String name) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void invalidate() {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isNew() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+
+    private Object buildKey(String name) {
+        return String.format("%s:%s", getOrCreatSessionId(), name);
+    }
+
+    private String getOrCreatSessionId() {
+        String sessionid = ("JSESSIONID");
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(sessionid)) {
+            return sessionid;
+        }
+
+        sessionid = UUID.randomUUID().toString().replace("-", "");
+        setCookie("JSESSIONID", sessionid, (int) SESSION_TIME);
+        return sessionid;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get cookie value by cookie name.
+     */
+    private String getCookie(String name) {
+        Cookie cookie = getCookieObject(name);
+        return cookie != null ? cookie.getValue() : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get cookie object by cookie name.
+     */
+    private Cookie getCookieObject(String name) {
+        Cookie[] cookies = RequestManager.me().getRequest().getCookies();
+        if (cookies != null)
+            for (Cookie cookie : cookies)
+                if (cookie.getName().equals(name))
+                    return cookie;
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param name
+     * @param value
+     * @param maxAgeInSeconds
+     */
+    private void setCookie(String name, String value, int maxAgeInSeconds) {
+        Cookie cookie = new Cookie(name, value);
+        cookie.setMaxAge(maxAgeInSeconds);
+        cookie.setPath("/");
+        cookie.setHttpOnly(true);
+        RequestManager.me().getResponse().addCookie(cookie);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getJbootCache()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 104.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JbootHttpSessionWapper.removeAttribute(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.jboot.web.session.JbootHttpSessionWapper.removeAttribute(java.lang.String):void.428eedef6b03ff1cfa35df1600d897b7
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/io/jboot/web/session/JbootHttpSessionWapper.java
+
+### Key:
+JbootHttpSessionWapper.java|removeAttribute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+347fa73353724c6492972600ff422a93
+
+### Hash:
+4992e9a7ca33f99cc83db53568988ea5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7034/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7034/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e41835b842e6416f38fe28b1b6f548966afdb7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7034/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jillegal
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * @author SERKAN OZAL
+ *         
+ *         E-Mail: <a href="mailto:serkanozal86@hotmail.com">serkanozal86@hotmail.com</a>
+ *         GitHub: <a>https://github.com/serkan-ozal</a>
+ */
+
+package tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.impl;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.domain.model.pool.NonPrimitiveFieldAllocationConfigType;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.domain.model.pool.ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.exception.ObjectInUseException;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.memory.DirectMemoryService;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.DeeplyForkableObjectOffHeapPool;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.LimitedObjectOffHeapPool;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.ObjectOffHeapPool;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.RandomlyReadableOffHeapPool;
+import tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.util.JvmUtil;
+
+public class EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool<T> extends BaseObjectOffHeapPool<T, ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T>> 
+		implements 	ObjectOffHeapPool<T, ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T>>,
+					LimitedObjectOffHeapPool<T, ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T>>,
+					RandomlyReadableOffHeapPool<T, ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T>>,
+					DeeplyForkableObjectOffHeapPool<T, ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T>> {
+
+	protected long arraySize;
+	protected T[] sampleArray;
+	protected T[] objectArray;
+	
+	public EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool(ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T> parameter) {
+		this(parameter.getElementType(), parameter.getObjectCount(), 
+				parameter.getAllocateNonPrimitiveFieldsAtOffHeapConfigType(), 
+				parameter.getDirectMemoryService());
+	}
+	
+	public EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool(Class<T> elementType, long objectCount, 
+			NonPrimitiveFieldAllocationConfigType allocateNonPrimitiveFieldsAtOffHeapConfigType, 
+			DirectMemoryService directMemoryService) {
+		super(elementType, directMemoryService);
+		if (objectCount <= 0) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("\"objectCount\" must be positive !");
+		}
+		init(elementType, objectCount, allocateNonPrimitiveFieldsAtOffHeapConfigType, directMemoryService);
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	@Override
+	protected void init() {
+		super.init();
+		
+		int arrayHeaderSize = JvmUtil.getArrayHeaderSize();
+		int arrayIndexScale = JvmUtil.arrayIndexScale(elementType);
+		long arrayIndexStartAddress = allocationStartAddress + JvmUtil.arrayBaseOffset(elementType);
+		
+		objectsStartAddress = allocationStartAddress + JvmUtil.sizeOfArray(elementType, objectCount);
+		// Allocated objects must start aligned as address size from start address of allocated address
+		long diffBetweenArrayAndObjectStartAddresses = objectsStartAddress - allocationStartAddress;
+		long addressMod = diffBetweenArrayAndObjectStartAddresses % JvmUtil.OBJECT_ADDRESS_SENSIVITY;
+		if (addressMod != 0) {
+			objectsStartAddress += (JvmUtil.OBJECT_ADDRESS_SENSIVITY - addressMod);
+		}
+		objectsEndAddress = objectsStartAddress + (objectCount * objectSize);
+		
+		// Copy sample array header to object pool array header
+		for (int i = 0; i < arrayHeaderSize; i++) {
+			directMemoryService.putByte(
+					allocationStartAddress + i, 
+					directMemoryService.getByte(sampleArray, i));
+		}
+
+		// Set length of array object pool array
+		JvmUtil.setArrayLength(allocationStartAddress, elementType, (int) objectCount);
+		
+		// All index is object pool array header point to allocated objects 
+		for (long l = 0; l < objectCount; l++) {
+			directMemoryService.putLong(
+					arrayIndexStartAddress + (l * arrayIndexScale), 
+					JvmUtil.toJvmAddress((objectsStartAddress + (l * objectSize))));
+		}
+
+		long sourceAddress = offHeapSampleObjectAddress + 4;
+		long copySize = objectSize - 4;
+		// Copy sample object to allocated memory region for each object
+		for (long l = 0; l < objectCount; l++) {
+			long targetAddress = objectsStartAddress + (l * objectSize);
+			directMemoryService.putInt(targetAddress, 0);
+			directMemoryService.copyMemory(sourceAddress, targetAddress + 4, copySize);
+		}
+
+		this.objectArray = (T[]) directMemoryService.getObject(allocationStartAddress);
+	}
+	
+	public long getObjectCount() {
+		return objectCount;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public synchronized T get() {
+		checkAvailability();
+		if (!nextAvailable()) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		// Address of class could be changed by GC at "Compact" phase.
+		//updateClassPointerOfObject(currentAddress);
+		return takeObject(objectArray[(int) currentIndex]);
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public synchronized long getAsAddress() {
+		checkAvailability();
+		if (!nextAvailable()) {
+			return JvmUtil.NULL;
+		}
+		long address = objectsStartAddress + (currentIndex * objectSize);
+		// Address of class could be changed by GC at "Compact" phase.
+		//updateClassPointerOfObject(address);
+		return takeObjectAsAddress(address);
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public T getAt(int index) {
+		checkAvailability();
+		if (index < 0 || index >= objectCount) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid index: " + index);
+		}	
+		if (getInUseFromObjectIndex(index) != OBJECT_IS_AVAILABLE) {
+			throw new ObjectInUseException(index);
+		}
+		// Address of class could be changed by GC at "Compact" phase.
+		//long address = objectsStartAddress + (index * objectSize);
+		//updateClassPointerOfObject(address);
+		return takeObject(objectArray[index]);
+	}
+	
+	public T[] getObjectArray() {
+		checkAvailability();
+		return objectArray;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public long getElementCount() {
+		return objectCount;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean hasMoreElement() {
+		checkAvailability();
+		return currentIndex < objectCount;
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void reset() {
+		init();
+		makeAvaiable();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public synchronized boolean free(T obj) {
+		checkAvailability();
+		if (obj == null) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		return releaseObject(directMemoryService.addressOf(obj));
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public synchronized boolean freeFromAddress(long objAddress) {
+		checkAvailability();
+		return releaseObject(objAddress);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void init(ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T> parameter) {
+		init(parameter.getElementType(), parameter.getObjectCount(), 
+				parameter.getAllocateNonPrimitiveFieldsAtOffHeapConfigType(), 
+				parameter.getDirectMemoryService());
+	}
+	
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	protected void init(Class<T> elementType, long objectCount, 
+			NonPrimitiveFieldAllocationConfigType allocateNonPrimitiveFieldsAtOffHeapConfigType, 
+			DirectMemoryService directMemoryService) {
+		if (objectCount > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+			throw 
+				new IllegalArgumentException(
+						"Maximum " + Integer.MAX_VALUE + " object are alloved for " + 
+						"EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool");
+		}
+		super.init(elementType, objectCount, allocateNonPrimitiveFieldsAtOffHeapConfigType, directMemoryService);
+		this.arraySize = JvmUtil.sizeOfArray(elementType, objectCount);
+		this.allocationSize = 
+				arraySize + (objectCount * objectSize) + JvmUtil.OBJECT_ADDRESS_SENSIVITY; // Extra memory for possible aligning;
+		this.allocationStartAddress = directMemoryService.allocateMemory(allocationSize); 
+		this.allocationEndAddress = allocationStartAddress + (objectCount * objectSize) - objectSize;;
+		this.sampleArray = (T[]) Array.newInstance(elementType, 0);
+		init();
+		
+		makeAvaiable();
+	}
+	
+	@Override
+	public DeeplyForkableObjectOffHeapPool<T, ObjectOffHeapPoolCreateParameter<T>> fork() {
+		return 
+			new EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool<T>(
+						getElementType(), 
+						(int)getElementCount(), 
+						allocateNonPrimitiveFieldsAtOffHeapConfigType,
+						getDirectMemoryService());
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.impl.EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool.init` reads without synchronization from `this.tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.impl.BaseOffHeapPool.allocationStartAddress`. Potentially races with write in method `EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool.init(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool.init()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+tr.com.serkanozal.jillegal.offheap.pool.impl.EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool.init():void.2df3a185dc5aa869468e860e4db82f6f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/tr/com/serkanozal/jillegal/offheap/pool/impl/EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool.java
+
+### Key:
+EagerReferencedObjectOffHeapPool.java|init|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dedf37ee7aeeed8664f194fcacf2fff3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7112/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7112/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0eb53c9843386438ece7e75dd4462af05e7574cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7112/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rapidoid
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.rapidoid.net.impl;
+
+/*
+ * #%L
+ * rapidoid-net
+ * %%
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 - 2015 Nikolche Mihajlovski
+ * %%
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * #L%
+ */
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.nio.channels.ClosedChannelException;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.Queue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+
+import org.rapidoid.annotation.Authors;
+import org.rapidoid.annotation.Since;
+import org.rapidoid.buffer.BufGroup;
+import org.rapidoid.buffer.IncompleteReadException;
+import org.rapidoid.config.Conf;
+import org.rapidoid.log.Log;
+import org.rapidoid.net.Protocol;
+import org.rapidoid.pool.ArrayPool;
+import org.rapidoid.pool.Pool;
+import org.rapidoid.util.AppCtx;
+import org.rapidoid.util.SimpleList;
+import org.rapidoid.util.U;
+
+@Authors("Nikolche Mihajlovski")
+@Since("2.0.0")
+public class RapidoidWorker extends AbstractEventLoop<RapidoidWorker> {
+
+	private final Queue<RapidoidConnection> restarting;
+
+	private final Queue<ConnectionTarget> connecting;
+
+	private final Queue<RapidoidChannel> connected;
+
+	private final SimpleList<RapidoidConnection> done;
+
+	private final Pool<RapidoidConnection> connections;
+
+	private final int maxPipelineSize;
+
+	final Protocol serverProtocol;
+
+	final RapidoidHelper helper;
+
+	private final int bufSize;
+
+	private final boolean noDelay;
+
+	private final BufGroup bufs;
+
+	private volatile long messagesProcessed;
+
+	public RapidoidWorker(String name, final BufGroup bufs, final Protocol protocol, final RapidoidHelper helper,
+			int bufSizeKB, boolean noNelay) {
+		super(name);
+		this.bufs = bufs;
+
+		this.serverProtocol = protocol;
+		this.helper = helper;
+		this.maxPipelineSize = Conf.option("pipeline-max", Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+
+		final int queueSize = Conf.micro() ? 1000 : 1000000;
+		final int growFactor = Conf.micro() ? 2 : 10;
+
+		this.restarting = new ArrayBlockingQueue<RapidoidConnection>(queueSize);
+		this.connecting = new ArrayBlockingQueue<ConnectionTarget>(queueSize);
+		this.connected = new ArrayBlockingQueue<RapidoidChannel>(queueSize);
+		this.done = new SimpleList<RapidoidConnection>(queueSize / 10, growFactor);
+
+		connections = new ArrayPool<RapidoidConnection>(new Callable<RapidoidConnection>() {
+			@Override
+			public RapidoidConnection call() throws Exception {
+				return newConnection();
+			}
+		}, 100000);
+
+		this.bufSize = bufSizeKB * 1024;
+		this.noDelay = noNelay;
+	}
+
+	public void accept(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws IOException {
+
+		configureSocket(socketChannel);
+
+		connected.add(new RapidoidChannel(socketChannel, false, serverProtocol));
+		selector.wakeup();
+	}
+
+	public void connect(ConnectionTarget target) throws IOException {
+
+		configureSocket(target.socketChannel);
+
+		connecting.add(target);
+
+		if (target.socketChannel.connect(target.addr)) {
+			Log.debug("Opened socket, connected", "address", target.addr);
+		} else {
+			Log.debug("Opened socket, connecting...", "address", target.addr);
+		}
+
+		selector.wakeup();
+	}
+
+	private void configureSocket(SocketChannel socketChannel) throws IOException, SocketException {
+		socketChannel.configureBlocking(false);
+
+		Socket socket = socketChannel.socket();
+		socket.setTcpNoDelay(noDelay);
+		socket.setReceiveBufferSize(bufSize);
+		socket.setSendBufferSize(bufSize);
+		socket.setReuseAddress(true);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void connectOP(SelectionKey key) throws IOException {
+		U.must(key.isConnectable());
+
+		SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+		if (!socketChannel.isConnectionPending()) {
+			// not ready to retrieve the connection status
+			return;
+		}
+
+		ConnectionTarget target = (ConnectionTarget) key.attachment();
+
+		boolean ready;
+		try {
+			ready = socketChannel.finishConnect();
+			U.rteIf(!ready, "Expected an established connection!");
+			connected.add(new RapidoidChannel(socketChannel, true, target.protocol));
+		} catch (ConnectException e) {
+			retryConnecting(target);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void retryConnecting(ConnectionTarget target) throws IOException {
+		Log.debug("Reconnecting...", "address", target.addr);
+		target.socketChannel = SocketChannel.open();
+		target.retryAfter = U.time() + 1000;
+		connect(target);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void readOP(SelectionKey key) throws IOException {
+		SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+		RapidoidConnection conn = (RapidoidConnection) key.attachment();
+
+		int read;
+		try {
+			read = conn.input.append(socketChannel);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			read = -1;
+		}
+
+		if (read == -1) {
+			// the other end closed the connection
+			Log.debug("The other end closed the connection!");
+
+			if (conn.isClient()) {
+				InetSocketAddress addr = conn.getAddress();
+				close(key);
+				retryConnecting(new ConnectionTarget(null, addr, conn.getProtocol()));
+			} else {
+				close(key);
+			}
+
+			return;
+		}
+
+		process(conn);
+	}
+
+	public void process(RapidoidConnection conn) {
+		messagesProcessed += processMsgs(conn);
+
+		conn.completedInputPos = conn.input.position();
+	}
+
+	private long processMsgs(RapidoidConnection conn) {
+		long reqN = 0;
+
+		while (reqN < maxPipelineSize && conn.input().hasRemaining() && processNext(conn, false)) {
+			reqN++;
+		}
+
+		return reqN;
+	}
+
+	private boolean processNext(RapidoidConnection conn, boolean initial) {
+
+		conn.log(initial ? "<< INIT >>" : "<< PROCESS >>");
+
+		U.must(initial || conn.input().hasRemaining());
+
+		int pos = conn.input().position();
+		int limit = conn.input().limit();
+		int osize = conn.output().size();
+
+		ConnState state = conn.state();
+		long stateN = state.n;
+		Object stateObj = state.obj;
+
+		try {
+			conn.done = false;
+
+			if (AppCtx.hasContext()) {
+				AppCtx.delExchange();
+				AppCtx.delUser();
+			}
+
+			conn.getProtocol().process(conn);
+
+			if (AppCtx.hasContext()) {
+				AppCtx.delExchange();
+				AppCtx.delUser();
+			}
+
+			if (!conn.closed && !conn.isAsync()) {
+				conn.done();
+			}
+
+			Log.debug("Completed message processing");
+			return true;
+
+		} catch (IncompleteReadException e) {
+
+			Log.debug("Incomplete message");
+			conn.log("<< ROLLBACK >>");
+
+			// input not complete, so rollback
+			conn.input().position(pos);
+			conn.input().limit(limit);
+
+			conn.output().deleteAfter(osize);
+
+			state.n = stateN;
+			state.obj = stateObj;
+
+		} catch (ProtocolException e) {
+
+			conn.log("<< PROTOCOL ERROR >>");
+			Log.warn("Protocol error", "error", e);
+			conn.output().deleteAfter(osize);
+			conn.write(U.or(e.getMessage(), "Protocol error!"));
+			conn.error();
+			conn.close(true);
+
+		} catch (Throwable e) {
+
+			conn.log("<< ERROR >>");
+			Log.error("Failed to process message!", e);
+			conn.close(true);
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	public void close(RapidoidConnection conn) {
+		close(conn.key);
+	}
+
+	private void close(SelectionKey key) {
+		try {
+			Object attachment = key.attachment();
+
+			clearKey(key);
+
+			if (attachment instanceof RapidoidConnection) {
+				RapidoidConnection conn = (RapidoidConnection) attachment;
+
+				if (conn != null) {
+					if (!conn.closed) {
+						Log.trace("Closing connection", "connection", conn);
+						assert conn.key == key;
+						conn.reset();
+						connections.release(conn);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void clearKey(SelectionKey key) throws IOException {
+		if (key.isValid()) {
+			SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+			socketChannel.close();
+			key.attach(null);
+			key.cancel();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void writeOP(SelectionKey key) throws IOException {
+		RapidoidConnection conn = (RapidoidConnection) key.attachment();
+		SocketChannel socketChannel = (SocketChannel) key.channel();
+
+		checkOnSameThread();
+
+		try {
+			int wrote = conn.output.writeTo(socketChannel);
+			conn.output.deleteBefore(wrote);
+
+			boolean complete = conn.output.size() == 0;
+
+			if (conn.closeAfterWrite() && complete) {
+				close(conn);
+			} else {
+				if (complete) {
+					key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+				} else {
+					key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_READ + SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+				}
+				conn.wrote(complete);
+			}
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			close(conn);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void wantToWrite(RapidoidConnection conn) {
+		if (onSameThread()) {
+			conn.key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+		} else {
+			wantToWriteAsync(conn);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void wantToWriteAsync(RapidoidConnection conn) {
+		synchronized (done) {
+			done.add(conn);
+		}
+
+		selector.wakeup();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void doProcessing() {
+
+		long now = U.time();
+		int connectingN = connecting.size();
+
+		for (int i = 0; i < connectingN; i++) {
+			ConnectionTarget target = connecting.poll();
+			assert target != null;
+
+			if (target.retryAfter < now) {
+				Log.debug("connecting", "address", target.addr);
+
+				try {
+					SelectionKey newKey = target.socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_CONNECT);
+					newKey.attach(target);
+				} catch (ClosedChannelException e) {
+					Log.warn("Closed channel", e);
+				}
+			} else {
+				connecting.add(target);
+			}
+		}
+
+		RapidoidChannel channel;
+
+		while ((channel = connected.poll()) != null) {
+
+			SocketChannel socketChannel = channel.socketChannel;
+			Log.debug("connected", "address", socketChannel.socket().getRemoteSocketAddress());
+
+			try {
+				SelectionKey newKey = socketChannel.register(selector, SelectionKey.OP_READ);
+				RapidoidConnection conn = attachConn(newKey, channel.protocol);
+				conn.setClient(channel.isClient);
+
+				try {
+					processNext(conn, true);
+				} finally {
+					conn.setInitial(false);
+				}
+
+			} catch (ClosedChannelException e) {
+				Log.warn("Closed channel", e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		RapidoidConnection restartedConn;
+		while ((restartedConn = restarting.poll()) != null) {
+			Log.debug("restarting", "connection", restartedConn);
+
+			processNext(restartedConn, true);
+		}
+
+		synchronized (done) {
+			for (int i = 0; i < done.size(); i++) {
+				RapidoidConnection conn = done.get(i);
+				if (conn.key != null && conn.key.isValid()) {
+					conn.key.interestOps(SelectionKey.OP_WRITE);
+				}
+			}
+			done.clear();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private RapidoidConnection attachConn(SelectionKey key, Protocol protocol) {
+		Object attachment = key.attachment();
+		assert attachment == null || attachment instanceof ConnectionTarget;
+
+		RapidoidConnection conn = connections.get();
+
+		// the connection is reset when closed
+		// but a protocol can modify the connection after closing it
+		// so it is reset again before reuse
+		conn.reset();
+
+		U.must(conn.closed);
+		conn.closed = false;
+
+		conn.key = key;
+		conn.setProtocol(protocol);
+
+		if (protocol instanceof CtxListener) {
+			conn.setListener((CtxListener) protocol);
+		}
+
+		key.attach(conn);
+
+		return conn;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void failedOP(SelectionKey key, Throwable e) {
+		Log.error("Network error", e);
+		close(key);
+	}
+
+	public void restart(RapidoidConnection conn) {
+		restarting.add(conn);
+	}
+
+	public RapidoidConnection newConnection() {
+		return new RapidoidConnection(RapidoidWorker.this, bufs);
+	}
+
+	public long getMessagesProcessed() {
+		return messagesProcessed;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `conn.protocol` last assigned on line 395 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `processNext(...)` at line 399.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RapidoidWorker.doProcessing()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.rapidoid.net.impl.RapidoidWorker.doProcessing():void.17fcdbd4a24262c1a1745ba5f8c7ff65
+
+### File:
+rapidoid-net/src/main/java/org/rapidoid/net/impl/RapidoidWorker.java
+
+### Key:
+RapidoidWorker.java|doProcessing|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+db2fd08a6ab5595b4130d0f14f3e4469
+
+### Hash:
+bf4f3ba133e281ea69c100da1f86548d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7115/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7115/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f16b67e53458c3debc41b040ed696e281cee6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7115/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** miaosha
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.geekq.miaosha.service;
+
+import com.geekq.miaosha.controller.RegisterController;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.dao.MiaoShaUserDao;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.domain.MiaoshaUser;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.exception.GlobleException;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.redis.MiaoShaUserKey;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.redis.RedisService;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.utils.MD5Utils;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.utils.UUIDUtil;
+import com.geekq.miaosha.vo.LoginVo;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import static com.geekq.miaosha.common.enums.ResultStatus.*;
+
+@Service
+public class MiaoShaUserService {
+
+    public static final String COOKIE_NAME_TOKEN = "token" ;
+    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MiaoShaUserService.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private MiaoShaUserDao miaoShaUserDao ;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private RedisService redisService ;
+
+
+    public MiaoshaUser getByToken(HttpServletResponse response , String token) {
+
+        if(StringUtils.isEmpty(token)){
+            return null ;
+        }
+        MiaoshaUser user =redisService.get(MiaoShaUserKey.token,token,MiaoshaUser.class) ;
+        if(user!=null) {
+            addCookie(response, token, user);
+        }
+        return user ;
+
+    }
+
+    public MiaoshaUser getByNickName(String nickName) {
+        //取缓存
+        MiaoshaUser user = redisService.get(MiaoShaUserKey.getByNickName, ""+nickName, MiaoshaUser.class);
+        if(user != null) {
+            return user;
+        }
+        //取数据库
+        user = miaoShaUserDao.getByNickname(nickName);
+        if(user != null) {
+            redisService.set(MiaoShaUserKey.getByNickName, ""+nickName, user);
+        }
+        return user;
+    }
+
+
+    // http://blog.csdn.net/tTU1EvLDeLFq5btqiK/article/details/78693323
+    public boolean updatePassword(String token, String nickName, String formPass) {
+        //取user
+        MiaoshaUser user = getByNickName(nickName);
+        if(user == null) {
+            throw new GlobleException(MOBILE_NOT_EXIST);
+        }
+        //更新数据库
+        MiaoshaUser toBeUpdate = new MiaoshaUser();
+        toBeUpdate.setNickname(nickName);
+        toBeUpdate.setPassword(MD5Utils.formPassToDBPass(formPass, user.getSalt()));
+        miaoShaUserDao.update(toBeUpdate);
+        //处理缓存
+        redisService.delete(MiaoShaUserKey.getByNickName, ""+nickName);
+        user.setPassword(toBeUpdate.getPassword());
+        redisService.set(MiaoShaUserKey.token, token, user);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+
+    public boolean register(HttpServletResponse response , String userName , String passWord , String salt) {
+        MiaoshaUser miaoShaUser =  new MiaoshaUser();
+        miaoShaUser.setNickname(userName);
+        String DBPassWord =  MD5Utils.formPassToDBPass(passWord , salt);
+        miaoShaUser.setPassword(DBPassWord);
+        miaoShaUser.setRegisterDate(new Date());
+        miaoShaUser.setSalt(salt);
+        miaoShaUser.setNickname(userName);
+        try {
+            miaoShaUserDao.insertMiaoShaUser(miaoShaUser);
+            MiaoshaUser user = miaoShaUserDao.getById(miaoShaUser.getId());
+            if(user == null){
+                return false;
+            }
+            //生成cookie 将session返回游览器 分布式session
+            String token= UUIDUtil.uuid();
+            addCookie(response, token, user);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("注册失败",e);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    public boolean login(HttpServletResponse response , LoginVo loginVo) {
+        if(loginVo ==null){
+            throw  new GlobleException(SYSTEM_ERROR);
+        }
+
+        String mobile =loginVo.getMobile();
+        String password =loginVo.getPassword();
+        MiaoshaUser user = getByNickName(mobile);
+        if(user == null) {
+            throw new GlobleException(MOBILE_NOT_EXIST);
+        }
+
+        String dbPass = user.getPassword();
+        String saltDb = user.getSalt();
+        String calcPass = MD5Utils.formPassToDBPass(password,saltDb);
+        if(!calcPass.equals(dbPass)){
+            throw new GlobleException(PASSWORD_ERROR);
+        }
+        //生成cookie 将session返回游览器 分布式session
+        String token= UUIDUtil.uuid();
+        addCookie(response, token, user);
+        return true ;
+    }
+
+
+
+
+    public String createToken(HttpServletResponse response , LoginVo loginVo) {
+        if(loginVo ==null){
+            throw  new GlobleException(SYSTEM_ERROR);
+        }
+
+        String mobile =loginVo.getMobile();
+        String password =loginVo.getPassword();
+        MiaoshaUser user = getByNickName(mobile);
+        if(user == null) {
+            throw new GlobleException(MOBILE_NOT_EXIST);
+        }
+
+        String dbPass = user.getPassword();
+        String saltDb = user.getSalt();
+        String calcPass = MD5Utils.formPassToDBPass(password,saltDb);
+        if(!calcPass.equals(dbPass)){
+            throw new GlobleException(PASSWORD_ERROR);
+        }
+        //生成cookie 将session返回游览器 分布式session
+        String token= UUIDUtil.uuid();
+        addCookie(response, token, user);
+        return token ;
+    }
+    private void addCookie(HttpServletResponse response, String token, MiaoshaUser user) {
+        redisService.set(MiaoShaUserKey.token, token, user);
+        Cookie cookie = new Cookie(COOKIE_NAME_TOKEN, token);
+        //设置有效期
+        cookie.setMaxAge(MiaoShaUserKey.token.expireSeconds());
+        cookie.setPath("/");
+        response.addCookie(cookie);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `miaoShaUser.getId()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 96.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean MiaoShaUserService.register(HttpServletResponse,String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.geekq.miaosha.service.MiaoShaUserService.register(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse,java.la.a007d13575363fcd441fb4a8d58e1acf
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/geekq/miaosha/service/MiaoShaUserService.java
+
+### Key:
+MiaoShaUserService.java|register|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+27717c43d680cf27d05c54c89f83eee4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7124/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7124/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f87be3fd13e4f5f319b228d2b5a04362d8cf232
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7124/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.replication;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerManager;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerManagerFactory;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.replication.ReplicationException.BKAuditException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.test.MultiLedgerManagerTestCase;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Tests verifies bookie vs ledger mapping generating by the BookieLedgerIndexer
+ */
+public class BookieLedgerIndexTest extends MultiLedgerManagerTestCase {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory
+            .getLogger(BookieLedgerIndexTest.class);
+
+    private byte[] ledgerPassword = "admin".getBytes();
+    private Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    private ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    private DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieLedgerIndexTest(String ledgerManagerFactory) {
+        super(3);
+        LOG.info("Running test case using ledger manager : "
+                + ledgerManagerFactory);
+        this.digestType = DigestType.CRC32;
+        // set ledger manager name
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify the bookie-ledger mapping with minimum number of bookies and few
+     * ledgers
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSimpleBookieLedgerMapping() throws Exception {
+        LedgerManagerFactory newLedgerManagerFactory = LedgerManagerFactory
+                .newLedgerManagerFactory(baseConf, zkc);
+        LedgerManager ledgerManager = newLedgerManagerFactory
+                .newLedgerManager();
+
+        List<Long> ledgerList = new ArrayList<Long>(3);
+        LedgerHandle lh = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+        lh.close();
+        ledgerList.add(lh.getId());
+
+        lh = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+        lh.close();
+        ledgerList.add(lh.getId());
+
+        lh = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+        lh.close();
+        ledgerList.add(lh.getId());
+
+        BookieLedgerIndexer bookieLedgerIndex = new BookieLedgerIndexer(
+                ledgerManager);
+
+        Map<String, Set<Long>> bookieToLedgerIndex = bookieLedgerIndex
+                .getBookieToLedgerIndex();
+
+        assertEquals("Missed few bookies in the bookie-ledger mapping!", 3,
+                bookieToLedgerIndex.size());
+        Collection<Set<Long>> bk2ledgerEntry = bookieToLedgerIndex.values();
+        for (Set<Long> ledgers : bk2ledgerEntry) {
+            assertEquals("Missed few ledgers in the bookie-ledger mapping!", 3,
+                    ledgers.size());
+            for (Long ledgerId : ledgers) {
+                assertTrue("Unknown ledger-bookie mapping", ledgerList
+                        .contains(ledgerId));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify ledger index with failed bookies and throws exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testWithoutZookeeper() throws Exception {
+        LedgerManagerFactory newLedgerManagerFactory = LedgerManagerFactory
+                .newLedgerManagerFactory(baseConf, zkc);
+        LedgerManager ledgerManager = newLedgerManagerFactory
+                .newLedgerManager();
+
+        List<Long> ledgerList = new ArrayList<Long>(3);
+        LedgerHandle lh = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+        lh.close();
+        ledgerList.add(lh.getId());
+
+        lh = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+        lh.close();
+        ledgerList.add(lh.getId());
+
+        lh = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+        lh.close();
+        ledgerList.add(lh.getId());
+
+        BookieLedgerIndexer bookieLedgerIndex = new BookieLedgerIndexer(
+                ledgerManager);
+        stopZKCluster();
+        try {
+            bookieLedgerIndex.getBookieToLedgerIndex();
+            fail("Must throw exception as bookies are not running!");
+        } catch (BKAuditException bkAuditException) {
+            // expected behaviour
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verify indexing with multiple ensemble reformation
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEnsembleReformation() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            LedgerManagerFactory newLedgerManagerFactory = LedgerManagerFactory
+                    .newLedgerManagerFactory(baseConf, zkc);
+            LedgerManager ledgerManager = newLedgerManagerFactory
+                    .newLedgerManager();
+
+            List<Long> ledgerList = new ArrayList<Long>(3);
+            LedgerHandle lh1 = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+            ledgerList.add(lh1.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lh2 = createAndAddEntriesToLedger();
+            ledgerList.add(lh2.getId());
+
+            startNewBookie();
+            shutdownBookie(bs.size() - 2);
+
+            // add few more entries after ensemble reformation
+            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh1.addEntry(entry.array());
+                lh2.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            BookieLedgerIndexer bookieLedgerIndex = new BookieLedgerIndexer(
+                    ledgerManager);
+
+            Map<String, Set<Long>> bookieToLedgerIndex = bookieLedgerIndex
+                    .getBookieToLedgerIndex();
+            assertEquals("Missed few bookies in the bookie-ledger mapping!", 4,
+                    bookieToLedgerIndex.size());
+            Collection<Set<Long>> bk2ledgerEntry = bookieToLedgerIndex.values();
+            for (Set<Long> ledgers : bk2ledgerEntry) {
+                assertEquals(
+                        "Missed few ledgers in the bookie-ledger mapping!", 2,
+                        ledgers.size());
+                for (Long ledgerNode : ledgers) {
+                    assertTrue("Unknown ledger-bookie mapping", ledgerList
+                            .contains(ledgerNode));
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void shutdownBookie(int bkShutdownIndex) throws IOException {
+        bs.remove(bkShutdownIndex).shutdown();
+        File f = tmpDirs.remove(bkShutdownIndex);
+        FileUtils.deleteDirectory(f);
+    }
+
+    private LedgerHandle createAndAddEntriesToLedger() throws BKException,
+            InterruptedException {
+        int numEntriesToWrite = 20;
+        // Create a ledger
+        LedgerHandle lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+        for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+        }
+        return lh;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.FlatLedgerManager` acquired by call to `newLedgerManager()` at line 86 is not released after line 105.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 105
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieLedgerIndexTest.testSimpleBookieLedgerMapping()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.replication.BookieLedgerIndexTest.testSimpleBookieLedgerMapping():void.0c6fd39143416b77a4b7cff948299a77
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/replication/BookieLedgerIndexTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieLedgerIndexTest.java|testSimpleBookieLedgerMapping|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c9deda297ca620e1c62c0c1ea8763701
+
+### Hash:
+8478e2c9fb18b6c8f855f154ec549595
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7146/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7146/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..492fdb76a1b21846130546763f3b0f4a18b68ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7146/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NoSuchFieldException;
+import java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerInputStream;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerOutputStream;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieReadWriteTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback, ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieReadWriteTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieReadWriteTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(3);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+    // Synchronization
+    SyncObj sync;
+    Set<Object> syncObjs;
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        long lastConfirmed;
+        volatile int counter;
+        boolean value;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            lastConfirmed = LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            value = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenException() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try {
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(0, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            fail("Haven't thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Successfully thrown and caught exception:", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * test the streaming api for reading and writing
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testStreamingClients() throws IOException, BKException, InterruptedException {
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        // write a string so that we cna
+        // create a buffer of a single bytes
+        // and check for corner cases
+        String toWrite = "we need to check for this string to match " + "and for the record mahadev is the best";
+        LedgerOutputStream lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] b = toWrite.getBytes();
+        lout.write(b);
+        lout.close();
+        long lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        // check for sanity
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LedgerInputStream lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] bread = new byte[b.length];
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+
+        String newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should same", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+        // create another ledger to write one byte at a time
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh);
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
+            lout.write(b[i]);
+        }
+        lout.close();
+        lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh);
+        bread = new byte[b.length];
+        read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+        newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should be same ", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that the add api with offset and length work correctly.
+     * First try varying the offset. Then the length with a fixed non-zero
+     * offset.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteRangeAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            byte bytes[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
+
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length, this, sync);
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, 4, this, sync); // abcd
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, 4, this, sync); // defg
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, (bytes.length-3), this, sync); // defghi
+            int numEntries = 4;
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntries) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length+1, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length+2, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset "
+                     + "with that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset & length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written",
+                       lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntries - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntries - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] expected = null;
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                switch (i) {
+                case 0:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, 4);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+4);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+(bytes.length-3));
+                    break;
+                }
+                assertNotNull("There are more checks than writes", expected);
+
+                String message = "Checking entry " + i + " for equality ["
+                                 + new String(entry, "UTF-8") + ","
+                                 + new String(expected, "UTF-8") + "]";
+                assertTrue(message, Arrays.equals(entry, expected));
+
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntries);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrottleTestCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        int throttle;
+
+        ThrottleTestCallback(int threshold) {
+            this.throttle = threshold;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+            }
+
+            ls = seq;
+            synchronized(sync) {
+                sync.counter += throttle;
+                sync.notify();
+            }
+            LOG.info("Current counter: " + sync.counter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Method for obtaining the available permits of a ledger handle
+     * using reflection to avoid adding a new public method to the
+     * class.
+     *
+     * @param lh
+     * @return
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    int getAvailablePermits(LedgerHandle lh) throws
+        NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException
+    {
+        Field field = LedgerHandle.class.getDeclaredField("opCounterSem");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        return ((Semaphore)field.get(lh)).availablePermits();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClientThrottle() throws
+        IOException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+        try {
+
+            Integer throttle = 100;
+            ThrottleTestCallback tcb = new ThrottleTestCallback(throttle);
+            // Create a ledger
+            bkc.getConf().setThrottleValue(throttle);
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+
+            numEntriesToWrite = 8000;
+            for (int i = 0; i < (numEntriesToWrite - 2000); i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            sync.counter = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i+=throttle) {
+                lh.asyncReadEntries(i, i + throttle - 1, tcb, sync);
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.info("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("TEST READ WRITE STRINGS MIXED SINGLE CLIENT");
+        String charset = "utf-8";
+        LOG.debug("Default charset: " + Charset.defaultCharset());
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                int randomInt = rng.nextInt(maxInt);
+                byte[] entry = new String(Integer.toString(randomInt)).getBytes(charset);
+                entries.add(entry);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry, this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** ASYNC WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETED // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** SYNC READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] origEntryBytes = entries.get(i++);
+                byte[] retrEntryBytes = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                LOG.debug("Original byte entry size: " + origEntryBytes.length);
+                LOG.debug("Saved byte entry size: " + retrEntryBytes.length);
+
+                String origEntry = new String(origEntryBytes, charset);
+                String retrEntry = new String(retrEntryBytes, charset);
+
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteSyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i++));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteZero() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Write a non-zero entry
+             */
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            long ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            long ledgerId2 = lh2.getId();
+
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID 1: " + lh.getId() + ", Ledger ID 2: " + lh2.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+                lh2.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh2.close();
+
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ", " + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh (" + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh2 (" + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh2
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            ls = lh2.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh2.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncLength() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            long length = numEntriesToWrite * 4;
+            assertTrue("Ledger length before closing: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            assertTrue("Ledger length after opening: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if(i == numEntriesToWrite/2) {
+                    LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+                    // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+                    lhOpen.close();
+                }
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == -1) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerOpenOnce() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if (i == numEntriesToWrite / 2) {
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is
+                    // less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+
+                    long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+                    assertTrue(readLastConfirmed != 0);
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerZeroAndOne() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            /*
+             * We haven't written anything, so it should be empty.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is empty");
+            long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed has the wrong value",
+                       readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Writing one entry.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Going to write one entry");
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            /*
+             * The hint should still indicate that there is no confirmed
+             * add.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is still empty even after writing one entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Adding one more, and this time we should expect to
+             * see one entry.
+             */
+            entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            LOG.info("Checking that it has an entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == 0L);
+
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLastConfirmedAdd() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        SyncObj x = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized (x) {
+            x.counter++;
+            x.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        ls = seq;
+
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized(sync) {
+            sync.lastConfirmed = lastConfirmed;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        sync = new SyncObj(); // initialize the synchronization data structure
+
+    }
+
+    /* Clean up a directory recursively */
+    protected boolean cleanUpDir(File dir) {
+        if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+            LOG.info("Cleaning up " + dir.getName());
+            String[] children = dir.list();
+            for (String string : children) {
+                boolean success = cleanUpDir(new File(dir, string));
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // The directory is now empty so delete it
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    /* User for testing purposes, void */
+    class emptyWatcher implements Watcher {
+        @Override
+        public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.ls`. Potentially races with write in method `BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient():void.6679f098748ca8245d03352878999fe6
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieReadWriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieReadWriteTest.java|testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f7b07873053e58fb83ea89c4e75df6cc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7147/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7147/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..261e7250ba5b441c3c6e137f5661c7d017ce9a5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7147/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 54
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.meta.LedgerManager;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.conf.ServerConfiguration;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookKeeperClusterTestCase;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.TestUtils;
+
+import org.apache.zookeeper.AsyncCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerMetadata;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.GenericCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookkeeperInternalCallbacks.Processor;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.versioning.Version;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This class tests the entry log compaction functionality.
+ */
+public class CompactionTest extends BookKeeperClusterTestCase {
+    private final static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(CompactionTest.class);
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    static int ENTRY_SIZE = 1024;
+    static int NUM_BOOKIES = 1;
+
+    int numEntries;
+    int gcWaitTime;
+    double minorCompactionThreshold;
+    double majorCompactionThreshold;
+    long minorCompactionInterval;
+    long majorCompactionInterval;
+
+    String msg;
+
+    public CompactionTest() {
+        super(NUM_BOOKIES);
+
+        this.digestType = DigestType.CRC32;
+
+        numEntries = 100;
+        gcWaitTime = 1000;
+        minorCompactionThreshold = 0.1f;
+        majorCompactionThreshold = 0.5f;
+        minorCompactionInterval = 2 * gcWaitTime / 1000;
+        majorCompactionInterval = 4 * gcWaitTime / 1000;
+
+        // a dummy message
+        StringBuilder msgSB = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < ENTRY_SIZE; i++) {
+            msgSB.append("a");
+        }
+        msg = msgSB.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    @Override
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        // Set up the configuration properties needed.
+        baseConf.setEntryLogSizeLimit(numEntries * ENTRY_SIZE);
+        baseConf.setGcWaitTime(gcWaitTime);
+        baseConf.setMinorCompactionThreshold(minorCompactionThreshold);
+        baseConf.setMajorCompactionThreshold(majorCompactionThreshold);
+        baseConf.setMinorCompactionInterval(minorCompactionInterval);
+        baseConf.setMajorCompactionInterval(majorCompactionInterval);
+
+        super.setUp();
+    }
+
+    LedgerHandle[] prepareData(int numEntryLogs, boolean changeNum)
+        throws Exception {
+        // since an entry log file can hold at most 100 entries
+        // first ledger write 2 entries, which is less than low water mark
+        int num1 = 2;
+        // third ledger write more than high water mark entries
+        int num3 = (int)(numEntries * 0.7f);
+        // second ledger write remaining entries, which is higher than low water mark
+        // and less than high water mark
+        int num2 = numEntries - num3 - num1;
+
+        LedgerHandle[] lhs = new LedgerHandle[3];
+        for (int i=0; i<3; ++i) {
+            lhs[i] = bkc.createLedger(NUM_BOOKIES, NUM_BOOKIES, digestType, "".getBytes());
+        }
+
+        for (int n = 0; n < numEntryLogs; n++) {
+            for (int k = 0; k < num1; k++) {
+                lhs[0].addEntry(msg.getBytes());
+            }
+            for (int k = 0; k < num2; k++) {
+                lhs[1].addEntry(msg.getBytes());
+            }
+            for (int k = 0; k < num3; k++) {
+                lhs[2].addEntry(msg.getBytes());
+            }
+            if (changeNum) {
+                --num2;
+                ++num3;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return lhs;
+    }
+
+    private void verifyLedger(long lid, long startEntryId, long endEntryId) throws Exception {
+        LedgerHandle lh = bkc.openLedger(lid, digestType, "".getBytes());
+        Enumeration<LedgerEntry> entries = lh.readEntries(startEntryId, endEntryId);
+        while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
+            LedgerEntry entry = entries.nextElement();
+            assertEquals(msg, new String(entry.getEntry()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testDisableCompaction() throws Exception {
+        // prepare data
+        LedgerHandle[] lhs = prepareData(3, false);
+
+        // disable compaction
+        baseConf.setMinorCompactionThreshold(0.0f);
+        baseConf.setMajorCompactionThreshold(0.0f);
+
+        // restart bookies
+        restartBookies(baseConf);
+
+        // remove ledger2 and ledger3
+        // so entry log 1 and 2 would have ledger1 entries left
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[1].getId());
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[2].getId());
+        LOG.info("Finished deleting the ledgers contains most entries.");
+        Thread.sleep(baseConf.getMajorCompactionInterval() * 1000
+                   + baseConf.getGcWaitTime());
+
+        // entry logs ([0,1].log) should not be compacted.
+        for (File ledgerDirectory : tmpDirs) {
+            assertTrue("Not Found entry log file ([0,1].log that should have been compacted in ledgerDirectory: "
+                            + ledgerDirectory, TestUtils.hasLogFiles(ledgerDirectory, false, 0, 1));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testMinorCompaction() throws Exception {
+        // prepare data
+        LedgerHandle[] lhs = prepareData(3, false);
+
+        for (LedgerHandle lh : lhs) {
+            lh.close();
+        }
+
+        // disable major compaction
+        baseConf.setMajorCompactionThreshold(0.0f);
+
+        // restart bookies
+        restartBookies(baseConf);
+
+        // remove ledger2 and ledger3
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[1].getId());
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[2].getId());
+
+        LOG.info("Finished deleting the ledgers contains most entries.");
+        Thread.sleep(baseConf.getMinorCompactionInterval() * 1000
+                   + baseConf.getGcWaitTime());
+
+        // entry logs ([0,1,2].log) should be compacted.
+        for (File ledgerDirectory : tmpDirs) {
+            assertFalse("Found entry log file ([0,1,2].log that should have not been compacted in ledgerDirectory: " 
+                            + ledgerDirectory, TestUtils.hasLogFiles(ledgerDirectory, true, 0, 1, 2));
+        }
+
+        // even entry log files are removed, we still can access entries for ledger1
+        // since those entries has been compacted to new entry log
+        verifyLedger(lhs[0].getId(), 0, lhs[0].getLastAddConfirmed());
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testMajorCompaction() throws Exception {
+
+        // prepare data
+        LedgerHandle[] lhs = prepareData(3, true);
+
+        for (LedgerHandle lh : lhs) {
+            lh.close();
+        }
+
+        // disable minor compaction
+        baseConf.setMinorCompactionThreshold(0.0f);
+
+        // restart bookies
+        restartBookies(baseConf);
+
+        // remove ledger1 and ledger3
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[0].getId());
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[2].getId());
+        LOG.info("Finished deleting the ledgers contains most entries.");
+
+        Thread.sleep(baseConf.getMajorCompactionInterval() * 1000
+                   + baseConf.getGcWaitTime());
+
+        // entry logs ([0,1,2].log) should be compacted
+        for (File ledgerDirectory : tmpDirs) {
+            assertFalse("Found entry log file ([0,1,2].log that should have not been compacted in ledgerDirectory: "
+                      + ledgerDirectory, TestUtils.hasLogFiles(ledgerDirectory, true, 0, 1, 2));
+        }
+
+        // even entry log files are removed, we still can access entries for ledger2
+        // since those entries has been compacted to new entry log
+        verifyLedger(lhs[1].getId(), 0, lhs[1].getLastAddConfirmed());
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testMajorCompactionAboveThreshold() throws Exception {
+        // prepare data
+        LedgerHandle[] lhs = prepareData(3, false);
+
+        for (LedgerHandle lh : lhs) {
+            lh.close();
+        }
+
+        // remove ledger1 and ledger2
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[0].getId());
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[1].getId());
+        LOG.info("Finished deleting the ledgers contains less entries.");
+        Thread.sleep(baseConf.getMajorCompactionInterval() * 1000
+                   + baseConf.getGcWaitTime());
+
+        // entry logs ([0,1,2].log) should not be compacted
+        for (File ledgerDirectory : tmpDirs) {
+            assertTrue("Not Found entry log file ([1,2].log that should have been compacted in ledgerDirectory: "
+                     + ledgerDirectory, TestUtils.hasLogFiles(ledgerDirectory, false, 0, 1, 2));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testCompactionSmallEntryLogs() throws Exception {
+
+        // create a ledger to write a few entries
+        LedgerHandle alh = bkc.createLedger(NUM_BOOKIES, NUM_BOOKIES, digestType, "".getBytes());
+        for (int i=0; i<3; i++) {
+           alh.addEntry(msg.getBytes());
+        }
+        alh.close();
+
+        // restart bookie to roll entry log files
+        restartBookies();
+
+        // prepare data
+        LedgerHandle[] lhs = prepareData(3, false);
+
+        for (LedgerHandle lh : lhs) {
+            lh.close();
+        }
+
+        // remove ledger2 and ledger3
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[1].getId());
+        bkc.deleteLedger(lhs[2].getId());
+        LOG.info("Finished deleting the ledgers contains most entries.");
+        // restart bookies again to roll entry log files.
+        restartBookies();
+        Thread.sleep(baseConf.getMajorCompactionInterval() * 1000
+                   + baseConf.getGcWaitTime());
+
+        // entry logs (0.log) should not be compacted
+        // entry logs ([1,2,3].log) should be compacted.
+        for (File ledgerDirectory : tmpDirs) {
+            assertTrue("Not Found entry log file ([0].log that should have been compacted in ledgerDirectory: "
+                     + ledgerDirectory, TestUtils.hasLogFiles(ledgerDirectory, true, 0));
+            assertFalse("Found entry log file ([1,2,3].log that should have not been compacted in ledgerDirectory: "
+                      + ledgerDirectory, TestUtils.hasLogFiles(ledgerDirectory, true, 1, 2, 3));
+        }
+
+        // even entry log files are removed, we still can access entries for ledger1
+        // since those entries has been compacted to new entry log
+        verifyLedger(lhs[0].getId(), 0, lhs[0].getLastAddConfirmed());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that compaction doesnt add to index without having persisted
+     * entrylog first. This is needed because compaction doesn't go through the journal.
+     * {@see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/BOOKKEEPER-530}
+     * {@see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/BOOKKEEPER-664}
+     */
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testCompactionSafety() throws Exception {
+        tearDown(); // I dont want the test infrastructure
+        ServerConfiguration conf = new ServerConfiguration();
+        final Set<Long> ledgers = Collections.newSetFromMap(new ConcurrentHashMap<Long, Boolean>());
+        LedgerManager manager = getLedgerManager(ledgers);
+
+        File tmpDir = File.createTempFile("bkTest", ".dir");
+        tmpDir.delete();
+        tmpDir.mkdir();
+        File curDir = Bookie.getCurrentDirectory(tmpDir);
+        Bookie.checkDirectoryStructure(curDir);
+        conf.setLedgerDirNames(new String[] {tmpDir.toString()});
+
+        conf.setEntryLogSizeLimit(EntryLogger.LOGFILE_HEADER_SIZE + 3 * (4+ENTRY_SIZE));
+        conf.setGcWaitTime(100);
+        conf.setMinorCompactionThreshold(0.7f);
+        conf.setMajorCompactionThreshold(0.0f);
+        conf.setMinorCompactionInterval(1);
+        conf.setMajorCompactionInterval(10);
+        conf.setPageLimit(1);
+
+        CheckpointSource checkpointSource = new CheckpointSource() {
+                AtomicInteger idGen = new AtomicInteger(0);
+                class MyCheckpoint implements CheckpointSource.Checkpoint {
+                    int id = idGen.incrementAndGet();
+                    @Override
+                    public int compareTo(CheckpointSource.Checkpoint o) {
+                        if (o == CheckpointSource.Checkpoint.MAX) {
+                            return -1;
+                        } else if (o == CheckpointSource.Checkpoint.MIN) {
+                            return 1;
+                        }
+                        return id - ((MyCheckpoint)o).id;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public CheckpointSource.Checkpoint newCheckpoint() {
+                    return new MyCheckpoint();
+                }
+
+                public void checkpointComplete(CheckpointSource.Checkpoint checkpoint, boolean compact)
+                        throws IOException {
+                }
+            };
+        final byte[] KEY = "foobar".getBytes();
+        File log0 = new File(curDir, "0.log");
+        LedgerDirsManager dirs = new LedgerDirsManager(conf);
+        assertFalse("Log shouldnt exist", log0.exists());
+        InterleavedLedgerStorage storage = new InterleavedLedgerStorage(conf, manager,
+                                                                        dirs, checkpointSource);
+        ledgers.add(1l);
+        ledgers.add(2l);
+        ledgers.add(3l);
+        storage.setMasterKey(1, KEY);
+        storage.setMasterKey(2, KEY);
+        storage.setMasterKey(3, KEY);
+        storage.addEntry(genEntry(1, 1, ENTRY_SIZE));
+        storage.addEntry(genEntry(2, 1, ENTRY_SIZE));
+        storage.addEntry(genEntry(2, 2, ENTRY_SIZE));
+        storage.addEntry(genEntry(3, 2, ENTRY_SIZE));
+        storage.flush();
+        storage.shutdown();
+
+        assertTrue("Log should exist", log0.exists());
+        ledgers.remove(2l);
+        ledgers.remove(3l);
+
+        storage = new InterleavedLedgerStorage(conf, manager, dirs, checkpointSource);
+        storage.start();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+            if (!log0.exists()) {
+                break;
+            }
+            Thread.sleep(1000);
+            storage.entryLogger.flush(); // simulate sync thread
+        }
+        assertFalse("Log shouldnt exist", log0.exists());
+
+        ledgers.add(4l);
+        storage.setMasterKey(4, KEY);
+        storage.addEntry(genEntry(4, 1, ENTRY_SIZE)); // force ledger 1 page to flush
+
+        storage = new InterleavedLedgerStorage(conf, manager, dirs, checkpointSource);
+        storage.getEntry(1, 1); // entry should exist
+    }
+
+    private LedgerManager getLedgerManager(final Set<Long> ledgers) {
+        LedgerManager manager = new LedgerManager() {
+                @Override
+                public void createLedger(LedgerMetadata metadata, GenericCallback<Long> cb) {
+                    unsupported();
+                }
+                @Override
+                public void removeLedgerMetadata(long ledgerId, Version version,
+                                                 GenericCallback<Void> vb) {
+                    unsupported();
+                }
+                @Override
+                public void readLedgerMetadata(long ledgerId, GenericCallback<LedgerMetadata> readCb) {
+                    unsupported();
+                }
+                @Override
+                public void writeLedgerMetadata(long ledgerId, LedgerMetadata metadata,
+                        GenericCallback<Void> cb) {
+                    unsupported();
+                }
+                @Override
+                public void asyncProcessLedgers(Processor<Long> processor,
+                                                AsyncCallback.VoidCallback finalCb,
+                        Object context, int successRc, int failureRc) {
+                    unsupported();
+                }
+                @Override
+                public void close() throws IOException {}
+
+                void unsupported() {
+                    LOG.error("Unsupported operation called", new Exception());
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported op");
+                }
+                @Override
+                public LedgerRangeIterator getLedgerRanges() {
+                    final AtomicBoolean hasnext = new AtomicBoolean(true);
+                    return new LedgerManager.LedgerRangeIterator() {
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean hasNext() throws IOException {
+                            return hasnext.get();
+                        }
+                        @Override
+                        public LedgerManager.LedgerRange next() throws IOException {
+                            hasnext.set(false);
+                            return new LedgerManager.LedgerRange(ledgers);
+                        }
+                    };
+                 }
+            };
+        return manager;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that compaction should execute silently when there is no entry logs
+     * to compact. {@see https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/BOOKKEEPER-700}
+     */
+    @Test(timeout = 60000)
+    public void testWhenNoLogsToCompact() throws Exception {
+        tearDown(); // I dont want the test infrastructure
+        ServerConfiguration conf = new ServerConfiguration();
+        File tmpDir = File.createTempFile("bkTest", ".dir");
+        tmpDir.delete();
+        tmpDir.mkdir();
+        File curDir = Bookie.getCurrentDirectory(tmpDir);
+        Bookie.checkDirectoryStructure(curDir);
+        conf.setLedgerDirNames(new String[] { tmpDir.toString() });
+
+        LedgerDirsManager dirs = new LedgerDirsManager(conf);
+        final Set<Long> ledgers = Collections
+                .newSetFromMap(new ConcurrentHashMap<Long, Boolean>());
+        LedgerManager manager = getLedgerManager(ledgers);
+        CheckpointSource checkpointSource = new CheckpointSource() {
+
+            @Override
+            public Checkpoint newCheckpoint() {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void checkpointComplete(Checkpoint checkpoint,
+                    boolean compact) throws IOException {
+            }
+        };
+        InterleavedLedgerStorage storage = new InterleavedLedgerStorage(conf,
+                manager, dirs, checkpointSource);
+
+        double threshold = 0.1;
+        // shouldn't throw exception
+        storage.gcThread.doCompactEntryLogs(threshold);
+    }
+
+    private ByteBuffer genEntry(long ledger, long entry, int size) {
+        ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(new byte[size]);
+        bb.putLong(ledger);
+        bb.putLong(entry);
+        while (bb.hasRemaining()) {
+            bb.put((byte)0xFF);
+        }
+        bb.flip();
+        return bb;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.CompactionTest$2` acquired by call to `getLedgerManager(...)` at line 476 is not released after line 489.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CompactionTest.testWhenNoLogsToCompact()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.bookie.CompactionTest.testWhenNoLogsToCompact():void.5a4b79a060e37a14d6ebfb1f88ccde38
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/bookie/CompactionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CompactionTest.java|testWhenNoLogsToCompact|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7c32f80e973993448f391916a5fa56e4
+
+### Hash:
+6599f13e33f5f22d0eb1b041bbd127ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7148/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7148/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb92ba1c855b4fd28a6523c3310d4fd0200424e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7148/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1113 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NoSuchFieldException;
+import java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerInputStream;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerOutputStream;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieReadWriteTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback, ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieReadWriteTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieReadWriteTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(3);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        long lastConfirmed;
+        volatile int counter;
+        boolean value;
+        AtomicInteger rc = new AtomicInteger(BKException.Code.OK);
+        Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls = null;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            lastConfirmed = LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            value = false;
+        }
+
+        void setReturnCode(int rc) {
+            this.rc.compareAndSet(BKException.Code.OK, rc);
+        }
+
+        int getReturnCode() {
+            return rc.get();
+        }
+
+        void setLedgerEntries(Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls) {
+            this.ls = ls;
+        }
+
+        Enumeration<LedgerEntry> getLedgerEntries() {
+            return ls;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testOpenException() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try {
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(0, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            fail("Haven't thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Successfully thrown and caught exception:", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * test the streaming api for reading and writing
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testStreamingClients() throws IOException, BKException, InterruptedException {
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        // write a string so that we cna
+        // create a buffer of a single bytes
+        // and check for corner cases
+        String toWrite = "we need to check for this string to match " + "and for the record mahadev is the best";
+        LedgerOutputStream lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] b = toWrite.getBytes();
+        lout.write(b);
+        lout.close();
+        long lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        // check for sanity
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LedgerInputStream lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] bread = new byte[b.length];
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+
+        String newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should same", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+        // create another ledger to write one byte at a time
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh);
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
+            lout.write(b[i]);
+        }
+        lout.close();
+        lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh);
+        bread = new byte[b.length];
+        read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+        newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should be same ", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error adding", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error reading", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls = sync.getLedgerEntries();
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that the add api with offset and length work correctly.
+     * First try varying the offset. Then the length with a fixed non-zero
+     * offset.
+     */
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadWriteRangeAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            byte bytes[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
+
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length, this, sync);
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, 4, this, sync); // abcd
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, 4, this, sync); // defg
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, (bytes.length-3), this, sync); // defghi
+            int numEntries = 4;
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntries) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error adding", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length+1, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length+2, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset "
+                     + "with that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset & length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written",
+                       lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntries - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntries - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error reading", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls = sync.getLedgerEntries();
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] expected = null;
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                switch (i) {
+                case 0:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, 4);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+4);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+(bytes.length-3));
+                    break;
+                }
+                assertNotNull("There are more checks than writes", expected);
+
+                String message = "Checking entry " + i + " for equality ["
+                                 + new String(entry, "UTF-8") + ","
+                                 + new String(expected, "UTF-8") + "]";
+                assertTrue(message, Arrays.equals(entry, expected));
+
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntries);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrottleTestCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        int throttle;
+
+        ThrottleTestCallback(int threshold) {
+            this.throttle = threshold;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            SyncObj sync = (SyncObj)ctx;
+            sync.setLedgerEntries(seq);
+            sync.setReturnCode(rc);
+            synchronized(sync) {
+                sync.counter += throttle;
+                sync.notify();
+            }
+            LOG.info("Current counter: " + sync.counter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+        LOG.info("TEST READ WRITE STRINGS MIXED SINGLE CLIENT");
+        String charset = "utf-8";
+        LOG.debug("Default charset: " + Charset.defaultCharset());
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                int randomInt = rng.nextInt(maxInt);
+                byte[] entry = new String(Integer.toString(randomInt)).getBytes(charset);
+                entries.add(entry);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry, this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error adding", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** ASYNC WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETED // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** SYNC READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] origEntryBytes = entries.get(i++);
+                byte[] retrEntryBytes = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                LOG.debug("Original byte entry size: " + origEntryBytes.length);
+                LOG.debug("Saved byte entry size: " + retrEntryBytes.length);
+
+                String origEntry = new String(origEntryBytes, charset);
+                String retrEntry = new String(retrEntryBytes, charset);
+
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadWriteSyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i++));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadWriteZero() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Write a non-zero entry
+             */
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testMultiLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            long ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            long ledgerId2 = lh2.getId();
+
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID 1: " + lh.getId() + ", Ledger ID 2: " + lh2.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+                lh2.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh2.close();
+
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ", " + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh (" + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh2 (" + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh2
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            ls = lh2.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh2.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncLength() throws IOException {
+        SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error adding", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+            long length = numEntriesToWrite * 4;
+            assertTrue("Ledger length before closing: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            assertTrue("Ledger length after opening: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if(i == numEntriesToWrite/2) {
+                    LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+                    // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+                    lhOpen.close();
+                }
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == -1) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error reading", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerOpenOnce() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if (i == numEntriesToWrite / 2) {
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is
+                    // less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+
+                    long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+                    assertTrue(readLastConfirmed != 0);
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerZeroAndOne() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            /*
+             * We haven't written anything, so it should be empty.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is empty");
+            long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed has the wrong value",
+                       readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Writing one entry.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Going to write one entry");
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            /*
+             * The hint should still indicate that there is no confirmed
+             * add.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is still empty even after writing one entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Adding one more, and this time we should expect to
+             * see one entry.
+             */
+            entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            LOG.info("Checking that it has an entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == 0L);
+
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test(timeout=60000)
+    public void testLastConfirmedAdd() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+                assertEquals("Error reading", BKException.Code.OK, sync.getReturnCode());
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+        sync.setReturnCode(rc);
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.counter++;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+        sync.setLedgerEntries(seq);
+        sync.setReturnCode(rc);
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+        sync.setReturnCode(rc);
+        synchronized(sync) {
+            sync.lastConfirmed = lastConfirmed;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+    }
+
+    /* Clean up a directory recursively */
+    protected boolean cleanUpDir(File dir) {
+        if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+            LOG.info("Cleaning up " + dir.getName());
+            String[] children = dir.list();
+            for (String string : children) {
+                boolean success = cleanUpDir(new File(dir, string));
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // The directory is now empty so delete it
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    /* User for testing purposes, void */
+    class emptyWatcher implements Watcher {
+        @Override
+        public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testLastConfirmedAdd` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.entriesSize`. Potentially races with write in method `BookieReadWriteTest.setUp()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieReadWriteTest.testLastConfirmedAdd()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testLastConfirmedAdd():void.916e4be23ad65a9ee13f63120c465a37
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieReadWriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieReadWriteTest.java|testLastConfirmedAdd|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f95a15a311901ba3c2e31d4899253394
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7149/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7149/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7ad2506f63f518a60453ccdbd1c3873a4308195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7149/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NoSuchFieldException;
+import java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerInputStream;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerOutputStream;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieReadWriteTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback, ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieReadWriteTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieReadWriteTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(3);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+    // Synchronization
+    SyncObj sync;
+    Set<Object> syncObjs;
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        long lastConfirmed;
+        volatile int counter;
+        boolean value;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            lastConfirmed = LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            value = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenException() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try {
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(0, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            fail("Haven't thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Successfully thrown and caught exception:", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * test the streaming api for reading and writing
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testStreamingClients() throws IOException, BKException, InterruptedException {
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        // write a string so that we cna
+        // create a buffer of a single bytes
+        // and check for corner cases
+        String toWrite = "we need to check for this string to match " + "and for the record mahadev is the best";
+        LedgerOutputStream lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] b = toWrite.getBytes();
+        lout.write(b);
+        lout.close();
+        long lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        // check for sanity
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LedgerInputStream lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] bread = new byte[b.length];
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+
+        String newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should same", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+        // create another ledger to write one byte at a time
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh);
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
+            lout.write(b[i]);
+        }
+        lout.close();
+        lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh);
+        bread = new byte[b.length];
+        read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+        newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should be same ", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that the add api with offset and length work correctly.
+     * First try varying the offset. Then the length with a fixed non-zero
+     * offset.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteRangeAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            byte bytes[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
+
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length, this, sync);
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, 4, this, sync); // abcd
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, 4, this, sync); // defg
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, (bytes.length-3), this, sync); // defghi
+            int numEntries = 4;
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntries) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length+1, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length+2, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset "
+                     + "with that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset & length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written",
+                       lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntries - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntries - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] expected = null;
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                switch (i) {
+                case 0:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, 4);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+4);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+(bytes.length-3));
+                    break;
+                }
+                assertNotNull("There are more checks than writes", expected);
+
+                String message = "Checking entry " + i + " for equality ["
+                                 + new String(entry, "UTF-8") + ","
+                                 + new String(expected, "UTF-8") + "]";
+                assertTrue(message, Arrays.equals(entry, expected));
+
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntries);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrottleTestCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        int throttle;
+
+        ThrottleTestCallback(int threshold) {
+            this.throttle = threshold;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+            }
+
+            ls = seq;
+            synchronized(sync) {
+                sync.counter += throttle;
+                sync.notify();
+            }
+            LOG.info("Current counter: " + sync.counter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Method for obtaining the available permits of a ledger handle
+     * using reflection to avoid adding a new public method to the
+     * class.
+     *
+     * @param lh
+     * @return
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    int getAvailablePermits(LedgerHandle lh) throws
+        NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException
+    {
+        Field field = LedgerHandle.class.getDeclaredField("opCounterSem");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        return ((Semaphore)field.get(lh)).availablePermits();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClientThrottle() throws
+        IOException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+        try {
+
+            Integer throttle = 100;
+            ThrottleTestCallback tcb = new ThrottleTestCallback(throttle);
+            // Create a ledger
+            bkc.getConf().setThrottleValue(throttle);
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+
+            numEntriesToWrite = 8000;
+            for (int i = 0; i < (numEntriesToWrite - 2000); i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            sync.counter = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i+=throttle) {
+                lh.asyncReadEntries(i, i + throttle - 1, tcb, sync);
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.info("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("TEST READ WRITE STRINGS MIXED SINGLE CLIENT");
+        String charset = "utf-8";
+        LOG.debug("Default charset: " + Charset.defaultCharset());
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                int randomInt = rng.nextInt(maxInt);
+                byte[] entry = new String(Integer.toString(randomInt)).getBytes(charset);
+                entries.add(entry);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry, this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** ASYNC WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETED // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** SYNC READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] origEntryBytes = entries.get(i++);
+                byte[] retrEntryBytes = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                LOG.debug("Original byte entry size: " + origEntryBytes.length);
+                LOG.debug("Saved byte entry size: " + retrEntryBytes.length);
+
+                String origEntry = new String(origEntryBytes, charset);
+                String retrEntry = new String(retrEntryBytes, charset);
+
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteSyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i++));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteZero() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Write a non-zero entry
+             */
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            long ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            long ledgerId2 = lh2.getId();
+
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID 1: " + lh.getId() + ", Ledger ID 2: " + lh2.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+                lh2.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh2.close();
+
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ", " + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh (" + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh2 (" + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh2
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            ls = lh2.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh2.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncLength() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            long length = numEntriesToWrite * 4;
+            assertTrue("Ledger length before closing: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            assertTrue("Ledger length after opening: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if(i == numEntriesToWrite/2) {
+                    LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+                    // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+                    lhOpen.close();
+                }
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == -1) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerOpenOnce() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if (i == numEntriesToWrite / 2) {
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is
+                    // less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+
+                    long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+                    assertTrue(readLastConfirmed != 0);
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerZeroAndOne() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            /*
+             * We haven't written anything, so it should be empty.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is empty");
+            long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed has the wrong value",
+                       readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Writing one entry.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Going to write one entry");
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            /*
+             * The hint should still indicate that there is no confirmed
+             * add.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is still empty even after writing one entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Adding one more, and this time we should expect to
+             * see one entry.
+             */
+            entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            LOG.info("Checking that it has an entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == 0L);
+
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLastConfirmedAdd() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        SyncObj x = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized (x) {
+            x.counter++;
+            x.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        ls = seq;
+
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized(sync) {
+            sync.lastConfirmed = lastConfirmed;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        sync = new SyncObj(); // initialize the synchronization data structure
+
+    }
+
+    /* Clean up a directory recursively */
+    protected boolean cleanUpDir(File dir) {
+        if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+            LOG.info("Cleaning up " + dir.getName());
+            String[] children = dir.list();
+            for (String string : children) {
+                boolean success = cleanUpDir(new File(dir, string));
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // The directory is now empty so delete it
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    /* User for testing purposes, void */
+    class emptyWatcher implements Watcher {
+        @Override
+        public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient` writes to field `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.ls` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient():void.6679f098748ca8245d03352878999fe6
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieReadWriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieReadWriteTest.java|testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+01b91c6e6ec783e54386db8708aaeaaf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7170/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7170/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b88b18fb3e5ca5bab7fd7d2e26cecc9c2671390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7170/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.replication;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.conf.ServerConfiguration;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.proto.BookieServer;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.replication.ReplicationException.UnavailableException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookKeeperClusterTestCase;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.util.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * This test verifies the auditor bookie scenarios which will be monitoring the
+ * bookie failures
+ */
+public class AuditorBookieTest extends BookKeeperClusterTestCase {
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    private final static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory
+            .getLogger(AuditorBookieTest.class);
+    private String electionPath;
+    private HashMap<String, AuditorElector> auditorElectors = new HashMap<String, AuditorElector>();
+
+    public AuditorBookieTest() {
+        super(6);
+        electionPath = baseConf.getZkLedgersRootPath()
+                + "/underreplication/auditorelection";
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        startAuditorElectors();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void tearDown() throws Exception {
+        stopAuditorElectors();
+        super.tearDown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test should ensure only one should act as Auditor. Starting/shutdown
+     * other than auditor bookie shouldn't initiate re-election and multiple
+     * auditors.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testEnsureOnlySingleAuditor() throws Exception {
+        BookieServer auditor = verifyAuditor();
+
+        // shutdown bookie which is not an auditor
+        int indexOf = bs.indexOf(auditor);
+        int bkIndexDownBookie;
+        if (indexOf < bs.size() - 1) {
+            bkIndexDownBookie = indexOf + 1;
+        } else {
+            bkIndexDownBookie = indexOf - 1;
+        }
+        shudownBookie(bs.get(bkIndexDownBookie));
+
+        startNewBookie();
+        startNewBookie();
+        // grace period for the auditor re-election if any
+        BookieServer newAuditor = waitForNewAuditor(auditor);
+        Assert.assertSame(
+                "Auditor re-election is not happened for auditor failure!",
+                auditor, newAuditor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test Auditor crashes should trigger re-election and another bookie should
+     * take over the auditor ship
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSuccessiveAuditorCrashes() throws Exception {
+        BookieServer auditor = verifyAuditor();
+        shudownBookie(auditor);
+
+        BookieServer newAuditor1 = waitForNewAuditor(auditor);
+        bs.remove(auditor);
+
+        shudownBookie(newAuditor1);
+        BookieServer newAuditor2 = waitForNewAuditor(newAuditor1);
+        Assert.assertNotSame(
+                "Auditor re-election is not happened for auditor failure!",
+                auditor, newAuditor2);
+        bs.remove(newAuditor1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test restarting the entire bookie cluster. It shouldn't create multiple
+     * bookie auditors
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testBookieClusterRestart() throws Exception {
+        BookieServer auditor = verifyAuditor();
+        for (AuditorElector auditorElector : auditorElectors.values()) {
+            assertTrue("Auditor elector is not running!", auditorElector
+                    .isRunning());
+        }
+        stopBKCluster();
+        stopAuditorElectors();
+
+        startBKCluster();
+        startAuditorElectors();
+        BookieServer newAuditor = waitForNewAuditor(auditor);
+        Assert.assertNotSame(
+                "Auditor re-election is not happened for auditor failure!",
+                auditor, newAuditor);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test the vote is deleting from the ZooKeeper during shutdown.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testShutdown() throws Exception {
+        BookieServer auditor = verifyAuditor();
+        shudownBookie(auditor);
+
+        // waiting for new auditor
+        BookieServer newAuditor = waitForNewAuditor(auditor);
+        Assert.assertNotSame(
+                "Auditor re-election is not happened for auditor failure!",
+                auditor, newAuditor);
+        int indexOfDownBookie = bs.indexOf(auditor);
+        bs.remove(indexOfDownBookie);
+        bsConfs.remove(indexOfDownBookie);
+        tmpDirs.remove(indexOfDownBookie);
+        List<String> children = zkc.getChildren(electionPath, false);
+        for (String child : children) {
+            byte[] data = zkc.getData(electionPath + '/' + child, false, null);
+            String bookieIP = new String(data);
+            StringBuilder addr = new StringBuilder();
+            StringUtils.addrToString(addr, auditor.getLocalAddress());
+            Assert.assertFalse("AuditorElection cleanup fails", bookieIP
+                    .contains(addr));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test restart of the previous Auditor bookie shouldn't initiate
+     * re-election and should create new vote after restarting.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRestartAuditorBookieAfterCrashing() throws Exception {
+        BookieServer auditor = verifyAuditor();
+
+        shudownBookie(auditor);
+
+        // restarting Bookie with same configurations.
+        int indexOfDownBookie = bs.indexOf(auditor);
+        ServerConfiguration serverConfiguration = bsConfs
+                .get(indexOfDownBookie);
+        bs.remove(indexOfDownBookie);
+        bsConfs.remove(indexOfDownBookie);
+        tmpDirs.remove(indexOfDownBookie);
+        startBookie(serverConfiguration);
+        // starting corresponding auditor elector
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        StringUtils.addrToString(sb, auditor.getLocalAddress());
+        LOG.debug("Performing Auditor Election:" + sb.toString());
+        auditorElectors.get(sb.toString()).doElection();
+
+        // waiting for new auditor to come
+        BookieServer newAuditor = waitForNewAuditor(auditor);
+        Assert.assertNotSame(
+                "Auditor re-election is not happened for auditor failure!",
+                auditor, newAuditor);
+        Assert.assertFalse("No relection after old auditor rejoins", auditor
+                .getLocalAddress().getPort() == newAuditor.getLocalAddress()
+                .getPort());
+    }
+
+    private void startAuditorElectors() throws UnavailableException {
+        for (BookieServer bserver : bs) {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            StringBuilder addr = StringUtils.addrToString(sb, bserver
+                    .getLocalAddress());
+            AuditorElector auditorElector = new AuditorElector(addr.toString(),
+                    baseClientConf, zkc);
+            auditorElectors.put(addr.toString(), auditorElector);
+            auditorElector.doElection();
+            LOG.debug("Starting Auditor Elector");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void stopAuditorElectors() {
+        for (AuditorElector auditorElector : auditorElectors.values()) {
+            auditorElector.shutdown();
+            LOG.debug("Stopping Auditor Elector!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private BookieServer verifyAuditor() throws KeeperException,
+            InterruptedException {
+        List<BookieServer> auditors = getAuditorBookie();
+        Assert.assertEquals("Multiple Bookies acting as Auditor!", 1, auditors
+                .size());
+        LOG.debug("Bookie running as Auditor:" + auditors.get(0));
+        return auditors.get(0);
+    }
+
+    private List<BookieServer> getAuditorBookie() throws KeeperException,
+            InterruptedException {
+        List<BookieServer> auditors = new LinkedList<BookieServer>();
+        byte[] data = zkc.getData(electionPath, false, null);
+        Assert.assertNotNull("Auditor election failed", data);
+        for (BookieServer bks : bs) {
+            if (new String(data).contains(bks.getLocalAddress().getPort() + "")) {
+                auditors.add(bks);
+            }
+        }
+        return auditors;
+    }
+
+    private void shudownBookie(BookieServer bkServer) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        StringUtils.addrToString(sb, bkServer.getLocalAddress());
+        LOG.debug("Shutting down bookie:" + sb.toString());
+
+        // shutdown bookie which is an auditor
+        bkServer.shutdown();
+        // stopping corresponding auditor elector
+        auditorElectors.get(sb.toString()).shutdown();
+    }
+
+    private BookieServer waitForNewAuditor(BookieServer auditor)
+            throws InterruptedException, KeeperException {
+        BookieServer newAuditor = null;
+        int retryCount = 8;
+        while (retryCount > 0) {
+            List<BookieServer> auditors = getAuditorBookie();
+            if (auditors.size() > 0) {
+                newAuditor = auditors.get(0);
+                if (auditor == newAuditor) {
+                    Thread.sleep(500);
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            retryCount--;
+        }
+        Assert.assertNotNull(
+                "New Auditor is not reelected after auditor crashes",
+                newAuditor);
+        verifyAuditor();
+        return newAuditor;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `AuditorBookieTest.auditorElectors.get(sb.toString())` could be null and is dereferenced at line 190.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AuditorBookieTest.testRestartAuditorBookieAfterCrashing()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.replication.AuditorBookieTest.testRestartAuditorBookieAfterCrashing():void.56fae11d97b33ca301605fd6d2c77f0b
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/replication/AuditorBookieTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AuditorBookieTest.java|testRestartAuditorBookieAfterCrashing|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+637b0e8145ff67c34377422008cde0e8
+
+### Hash:
+1fca0cae4ae7863285975a377aa2a1b1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7171/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7171/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40463d5c2c5e8356bc91263f22b315bdb4167feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7171/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1202 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bookkeeper
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.bookkeeper.test;
+
+/*
+ *
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.NoSuchFieldException;
+import java.lang.IllegalAccessException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+
+
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.AddCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.AsyncCallback.ReadLastConfirmedCallback;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BKException;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerEntry;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.LedgerHandle;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.client.BookKeeper.DigestType;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerInputStream;
+import org.apache.bookkeeper.streaming.LedgerOutputStream;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * This test tests read and write, synchronous and asynchronous, strings and
+ * integers for a BookKeeper client. The test deployment uses a ZooKeeper server
+ * and three BookKeepers.
+ *
+ */
+
+public class BookieReadWriteTest extends MultiLedgerManagerMultiDigestTestCase
+    implements AddCallback, ReadCallback, ReadLastConfirmedCallback {
+
+    // Depending on the taste, select the amount of logging
+    // by decommenting one of the two lines below
+    // static Logger LOG = Logger.getRootLogger();
+    static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BookieReadWriteTest.class);
+
+    byte[] ledgerPassword = "aaa".getBytes();
+    LedgerHandle lh, lh2;
+    long ledgerId;
+    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls;
+
+    // test related variables
+    int numEntriesToWrite = 200;
+    int maxInt = 2147483647;
+    Random rng; // Random Number Generator
+    ArrayList<byte[]> entries; // generated entries
+    ArrayList<Integer> entriesSize;
+
+    DigestType digestType;
+
+    public BookieReadWriteTest(String ledgerManagerFactory, DigestType digestType) {
+        super(3);
+        this.digestType = digestType;
+        // set ledger manager
+        baseConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+        baseClientConf.setLedgerManagerFactoryClassName(ledgerManagerFactory);
+    }
+    // Synchronization
+    SyncObj sync;
+    Set<Object> syncObjs;
+
+    class SyncObj {
+        long lastConfirmed;
+        volatile int counter;
+        boolean value;
+
+        public SyncObj() {
+            counter = 0;
+            lastConfirmed = LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID;
+            value = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOpenException() throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        try {
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(0, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            fail("Haven't thrown exception");
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.warn("Successfully thrown and caught exception:", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * test the streaming api for reading and writing
+     *
+     * @throws {@link IOException}
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testStreamingClients() throws IOException, BKException, InterruptedException {
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        // write a string so that we cna
+        // create a buffer of a single bytes
+        // and check for corner cases
+        String toWrite = "we need to check for this string to match " + "and for the record mahadev is the best";
+        LedgerOutputStream lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] b = toWrite.getBytes();
+        lout.write(b);
+        lout.close();
+        long lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        // check for sanity
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        LedgerInputStream lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh, 1);
+        byte[] bread = new byte[b.length];
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+
+        String newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should same", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+        // create another ledger to write one byte at a time
+        lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lout = new LedgerOutputStream(lh);
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++) {
+            lout.write(b[i]);
+        }
+        lout.close();
+        lId = lh.getId();
+        lh.close();
+        lh = bkc.openLedger(lId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+        lin = new LedgerInputStream(lh);
+        bread = new byte[b.length];
+        read = 0;
+        while (read < b.length) {
+            read = read + lin.read(bread, read, b.length);
+        }
+        newString = new String(bread);
+        assertTrue("these two should be same ", toWrite.equals(newString));
+        lin.close();
+        lh.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(entry);
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for size", entry.length == entriesSize.get(i).intValue());
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check that the add api with offset and length work correctly.
+     * First try varying the offset. Then the length with a fixed non-zero
+     * offset.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteRangeAsyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            byte bytes[] = {'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i'};
+
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length, this, sync);
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, 4, this, sync); // abcd
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, 4, this, sync); // defg
+            lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 3, (bytes.length-3), this, sync); // defghi
+            int numEntries = 4;
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntries) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 0, bytes.length+1, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -1, bytes.length+2, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset "
+                     + "with that much length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, 4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+            try {
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(bytes, -4, -3, this, sync);
+                fail("Shouldn't be able to use negative offset & length");
+            } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException aiob) {
+                // expected
+            }
+
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written",
+                       lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntries - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            lh.asyncReadEntries(0, numEntries - 1, this, sync);
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.value == false) {
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] expected = null;
+                byte[] entry = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                switch (i) {
+                case 0:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 0, 4);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+4);
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    expected = Arrays.copyOfRange(bytes, 3, 3+(bytes.length-3));
+                    break;
+                }
+                assertNotNull("There are more checks than writes", expected);
+
+                String message = "Checking entry " + i + " for equality ["
+                                 + new String(entry, "UTF-8") + ","
+                                 + new String(expected, "UTF-8") + "]";
+                assertTrue(message, Arrays.equals(entry, expected));
+
+                i++;
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntries);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class ThrottleTestCallback implements ReadCallback {
+        int throttle;
+
+        ThrottleTestCallback(int threshold) {
+            this.throttle = threshold;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+            if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) {
+                fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+            }
+
+            ls = seq;
+            synchronized(sync) {
+                sync.counter += throttle;
+                sync.notify();
+            }
+            LOG.info("Current counter: " + sync.counter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Method for obtaining the available permits of a ledger handle
+     * using reflection to avoid adding a new public method to the
+     * class.
+     *
+     * @param lh
+     * @return
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    int getAvailablePermits(LedgerHandle lh) throws
+        NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException
+    {
+        Field field = LedgerHandle.class.getDeclaredField("opCounterSem");
+        field.setAccessible(true);
+        return ((Semaphore)field.get(lh)).availablePermits();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncSingleClientThrottle() throws
+        IOException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
+        try {
+
+            Integer throttle = 100;
+            ThrottleTestCallback tcb = new ThrottleTestCallback(throttle);
+            // Create a ledger
+            bkc.getConf().setThrottleValue(throttle);
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+
+            numEntriesToWrite = 8000;
+            for (int i = 0; i < (numEntriesToWrite - 2000); i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+
+                /*
+                 * Check that the difference is no larger than the throttling threshold
+                 */
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            sync.counter = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i+=throttle) {
+                lh.asyncReadEntries(i, i + throttle - 1, tcb, sync);
+                int testValue = getAvailablePermits(lh);
+                assertTrue("Difference is incorrect : " + i + ", " + sync.counter + ", " + testValue, testValue <= throttle);
+            }
+
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.info("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        LOG.info("TEST READ WRITE STRINGS MIXED SINGLE CLIENT");
+        String charset = "utf-8";
+        LOG.debug("Default charset: " + Charset.defaultCharset());
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                int randomInt = rng.nextInt(maxInt);
+                byte[] entry = new String(Integer.toString(randomInt)).getBytes(charset);
+                entries.add(entry);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry, this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("*** ASYNC WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETED // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + (lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            // read entries
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** SYNC READ COMPLETE ***");
+
+            // at this point, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> ls is filled with the returned
+            // values
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                byte[] origEntryBytes = entries.get(i++);
+                byte[] retrEntryBytes = ls.nextElement().getEntry();
+
+                LOG.debug("Original byte entry size: " + origEntryBytes.length);
+                LOG.debug("Saved byte entry size: " + retrEntryBytes.length);
+
+                String origEntry = new String(origEntryBytes, charset);
+                String retrEntry = new String(retrEntryBytes, charset);
+
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            assertTrue("Checking number of read entries", i == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteSyncSingleClient() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer origbb = ByteBuffer.wrap(entries.get(i++));
+                Integer origEntry = origbb.getInt();
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+                LOG.debug("Original entry: " + origEntry);
+
+                Integer retrEntry = result.getInt();
+                LOG.debug("Retrieved entry: " + retrEntry);
+                assertTrue("Checking entry " + i + " for equality", origEntry.equals(retrEntry));
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteZero() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Write a non-zero entry
+             */
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written", lh.getLastAddConfirmed() == numEntriesToWrite);
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMultiLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            long ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            long ledgerId2 = lh2.getId();
+
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID 1: " + lh.getId() + ", Ledger ID 2: " + lh2.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                lh.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+                lh2.addEntry(new byte[0]);
+            }
+
+            lh.close();
+            lh2.close();
+
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            lh2 = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId2, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            LOG.debug("Number of entries written: " + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ", " + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed());
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh (" + lh.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+            assertTrue("Verifying number of entries written lh2 (" + lh2.getLastAddConfirmed() + ")", lh2
+                       .getLastAddConfirmed() == (numEntriesToWrite - 1));
+
+            ls = lh.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            int i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh.close();
+            ls = lh2.readEntries(0, numEntriesToWrite - 1);
+            i = 0;
+            while (ls.hasMoreElements()) {
+                ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.wrap(ls.nextElement().getEntry());
+                LOG.debug("Length of result: " + result.capacity());
+
+                assertTrue("Checking if entry " + i + " has zero bytes", result.capacity() == 0);
+            }
+            lh2.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadWriteAsyncLength() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.asyncAddEntry(entry.array(), this, sync);
+            }
+
+            // wait for all entries to be acknowledged
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.counter < numEntriesToWrite) {
+                    LOG.debug("Entries counter = " + sync.counter);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            long length = numEntriesToWrite * 4;
+            assertTrue("Ledger length before closing: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+
+            // *** WRITING PART COMPLETE // READ PART BEGINS ***
+
+            // open ledger
+            lh = bkc.openLedger(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            assertTrue("Ledger length after opening: " + lh.getLength(), lh.getLength() == length);
+
+
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedger() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if(i == numEntriesToWrite/2) {
+                    LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+                    // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+                    lhOpen.close();
+                }
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == -1) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerOpenOnce() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+                if (i == numEntriesToWrite / 2) {
+                    // no recovery opened ledger 's last confirmed entry id is
+                    // less than written
+                    // and it just can read until (i-1)
+                    int toRead = i - 1;
+
+                    long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+                    assertTrue(readLastConfirmed != 0);
+                    Enumeration<LedgerEntry> readEntry = lhOpen.readEntries(toRead, toRead);
+                    assertTrue("Enumeration of ledger entries has no element", readEntry.hasMoreElements() == true);
+                    LedgerEntry e = readEntry.nextElement();
+                    assertEquals(toRead, e.getEntryId());
+                    Assert.assertArrayEquals(entries.get(toRead), e.getEntry());
+                    // should not written to a read only ledger
+                    try {
+                        lhOpen.addEntry(entry.array());
+                        fail("Should have thrown an exception here");
+                    } catch (BKException.BKIllegalOpException bkioe) {
+                        // this is the correct response
+                    } catch (Exception ex) {
+                        LOG.error("Unexpected exception", ex);
+                        fail("Unexpected exception");
+                    }
+
+                }
+            }
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReadFromOpenLedgerZeroAndOne() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            LedgerHandle lhOpen = bkc.openLedgerNoRecovery(ledgerId, digestType, ledgerPassword);
+
+            /*
+             * We haven't written anything, so it should be empty.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is empty");
+            long readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed has the wrong value",
+                       readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Writing one entry.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Going to write one entry");
+            ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            /*
+             * The hint should still indicate that there is no confirmed
+             * add.
+             */
+            LOG.debug("Checking that it is still empty even after writing one entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID);
+
+            /*
+             * Adding one more, and this time we should expect to
+             * see one entry.
+             */
+            entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+            entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+            entry.position(0);
+
+            entries.add(entry.array());
+            entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+            lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+
+            LOG.info("Checking that it has an entry");
+            readLastConfirmed = lhOpen.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue(readLastConfirmed == 0L);
+
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            // close read only ledger should not change metadata
+            lhOpen.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLastConfirmedAdd() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            // Create a ledger
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+            long last = lh.readLastConfirmed();
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + last, last == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+            /*
+             * Asynchronous call to read last confirmed entry
+             */
+            lh = bkc.createLedger(digestType, ledgerPassword);
+            // bkc.initMessageDigest("SHA1");
+            ledgerId = lh.getId();
+            LOG.info("Ledger ID: " + lh.getId());
+            for (int i = 0; i < numEntriesToWrite; i++) {
+                ByteBuffer entry = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
+                entry.putInt(rng.nextInt(maxInt));
+                entry.position(0);
+
+                entries.add(entry.array());
+                entriesSize.add(entry.array().length);
+                lh.addEntry(entry.array());
+            }
+
+
+            SyncObj sync = new SyncObj();
+            lh.asyncReadLastConfirmed(this, sync);
+
+            // Wait for for last confirmed
+            synchronized (sync) {
+                while (sync.lastConfirmed == LedgerHandle.INVALID_ENTRY_ID) {
+                    LOG.debug("Counter = " + sync.lastConfirmed);
+                    sync.wait();
+                }
+            }
+
+            assertTrue("Last confirmed add: " + sync.lastConfirmed, sync.lastConfirmed == (numEntriesToWrite - 2));
+
+            LOG.debug("*** WRITE COMPLETE ***");
+            // close ledger
+            lh.close();
+        } catch (BKException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to BookKeeper exception");
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            LOG.error("Test failed", e);
+            fail("Test failed due to interruption");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void addComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, long entryId, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        SyncObj x = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized (x) {
+            x.counter++;
+            x.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readComplete(int rc, LedgerHandle lh, Enumeration<LedgerEntry> seq, Object ctx) {
+        if(rc != BKException.Code.OK) fail("Return code is not OK: " + rc);
+
+        ls = seq;
+
+        synchronized (sync) {
+            sync.value = true;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readLastConfirmedComplete(int rc, long lastConfirmed, Object ctx) {
+        SyncObj sync = (SyncObj) ctx;
+
+        synchronized(sync) {
+            sync.lastConfirmed = lastConfirmed;
+            sync.notify();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        rng = new Random(System.currentTimeMillis()); // Initialize the Random
+        // Number Generator
+        entries = new ArrayList<byte[]>(); // initialize the entries list
+        entriesSize = new ArrayList<Integer>();
+        sync = new SyncObj(); // initialize the synchronization data structure
+
+    }
+
+    /* Clean up a directory recursively */
+    protected boolean cleanUpDir(File dir) {
+        if (dir.isDirectory()) {
+            LOG.info("Cleaning up " + dir.getName());
+            String[] children = dir.list();
+            for (String string : children) {
+                boolean success = cleanUpDir(new File(dir, string));
+                if (!success)
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+        // The directory is now empty so delete it
+        return dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    /* User for testing purposes, void */
+    class emptyWatcher implements Watcher {
+        @Override
+        public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.ls`. Potentially races with write in method `BookieReadWriteTest.testSyncReadAsyncWriteStringsSingleClient()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BookieReadWriteTest.testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.bookkeeper.test.BookieReadWriteTest.testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient():void.a7566ee16ee15b4f69c01953fb632f9e
+
+### File:
+bookkeeper-server/src/test/java/org/apache/bookkeeper/test/BookieReadWriteTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BookieReadWriteTest.java|testReadWriteAsyncSingleClient|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+14b7533cc99b2d667eac0a3f25581e60
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7176/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7176/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b53387a1e80114069088ed1fb5e921acb98141eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7176/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.WorkflowSchedulerService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for WorkflowSchedulerService
+ * 
+ * This test verifies if the inDue methods workItemInDue() and addWorkDays()
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestWorkflowScheduler {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() throws PluginException {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This test the date compare base on $lastProcessingDate in days
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ProcessingErrorException
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testDaysOnLastProcess() throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+
+		ItemCollection doc = new ItemCollection();
+		ItemCollection activity = new ItemCollection();
+
+		// delay unit = days
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyActivityDelayUnit", "3");
+		// compare type = last process
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyScheduledBaseObject", "1");
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 10);
+
+		Calendar workitemCal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertTrue(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 15);
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertFalse(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+	}
+
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Monday to Fiday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+	
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+	
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 8).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 14).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		// friday - 5
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `addWorkDays(startDate,10)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 128.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromFriday()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromFriday():void.f3946d1d8dd1b4884aa4ba3e4607a10f
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/TestWorkflowScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWorkflowScheduler.java|testAddWorkdaysFromFriday|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+a96467d7da5ac6e5c04280986619de16
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7178/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7178/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..448657faf242a0f7e7372dfe4803cde38b6d5586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7178/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 51
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.WorkflowSchedulerService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for WorkflowSchedulerService
+ * 
+ * This test verifies if the inDue methods workItemInDue() and addWorkDays()
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestWorkflowScheduler {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() throws PluginException {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This test the date compare base on $lastProcessingDate in days
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ProcessingErrorException
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testDaysOnLastProcess() throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+
+		ItemCollection doc = new ItemCollection();
+		ItemCollection activity = new ItemCollection();
+
+		// delay unit = days
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyActivityDelayUnit", "3");
+		// compare type = last process
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyScheduledBaseObject", "1");
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 10);
+
+		Calendar workitemCal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertTrue(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 15);
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertFalse(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+	}
+
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Monday to Fiday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+	
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+	
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 8).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 14).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		// friday - 5
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `addWorkDays(startDate,4)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 268.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromSunday()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromSunday():void.900835c6e532cdd4c8e6ee3ff783f4bc
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/TestWorkflowScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWorkflowScheduler.java|testAddWorkdaysFromSunday|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+16e82b94bb363e5814d5f61b7df36623
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7182/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7182/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..180553e27261eae440caee967e81d9b8803524a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7182/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.WorkflowSchedulerService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for WorkflowSchedulerService
+ * 
+ * This test verifies if the inDue methods workItemInDue() and addWorkDays()
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestWorkflowScheduler {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() throws PluginException {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This test the date compare base on $lastProcessingDate in days
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ProcessingErrorException
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testDaysOnLastProcess() throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+
+		ItemCollection doc = new ItemCollection();
+		ItemCollection activity = new ItemCollection();
+
+		// delay unit = days
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyActivityDelayUnit", "3");
+		// compare type = last process
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyScheduledBaseObject", "1");
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 10);
+
+		Calendar workitemCal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertTrue(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 15);
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertFalse(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+	}
+
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Monday to Fiday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+	
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+	
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 8).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 14).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		// friday - 5
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `addWorkDays(startDate,2)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 122.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromFriday()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromFriday():void.f3946d1d8dd1b4884aa4ba3e4607a10f
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/TestWorkflowScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWorkflowScheduler.java|testAddWorkdaysFromFriday|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+082fcc48c5e8ddf5a9b08ab67cd96e41
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7183/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7183/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85d09ccc2f6ff04f087a6cd4641930c979f9b641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7183/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.xml;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext;
+import javax.xml.bind.JAXBException;
+import javax.xml.bind.Marshaller;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.xml.DocumentCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.xml.XMLItemCollectionAdapter;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class reads the "/document-example.xml" file via the
+ * XMLItemCollectionAdapter and verifies the content. Than the test case writes
+ * the data back into a new file "/document-example.xml" on the same file
+ * system.
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestReadWriteXMLData {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() {
+
+	}
+
+	@After
+	public void teardown() {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Read /document-example.xml
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testRead() {
+		List<ItemCollection> col = null;
+
+		try {
+			col = XMLItemCollectionAdapter
+					.readCollectionFromInputStream(getClass().getResourceAsStream("/document-example.xml"));
+		} catch (JAXBException e) {
+			Assert.fail();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			Assert.fail();
+		}
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(2, col.size());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * reads /document-example.xml input file and writes the jaxb object back into a new xml file
+	 */
+	@Test
+	// @Ignore
+	public void testWrite() {
+		List<ItemCollection> col = null;
+		// read default content
+		try {
+			col = XMLItemCollectionAdapter
+					.readCollectionFromInputStream(getClass().getResourceAsStream("/document-example.xml"));
+		} catch (JAXBException e) {
+			Assert.fail();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			Assert.fail();
+		}
+
+		// create JAXB object
+		DocumentCollection xmlCol = null;
+		try {
+			xmlCol = XMLItemCollectionAdapter.putCollection(col);
+		} catch (Exception e1) {
+
+			e1.printStackTrace();
+			Assert.fail();
+		}
+
+		// now write back to file
+		File file = null;
+		try {
+
+			file = new File("src/test/resources/export-test.xml");
+			JAXBContext jaxbContext = JAXBContext.newInstance(DocumentCollection.class);
+			Marshaller jaxbMarshaller = jaxbContext.createMarshaller();
+
+			// output pretty printed
+			jaxbMarshaller.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_FORMATTED_OUTPUT, true);
+
+			jaxbMarshaller.marshal(xmlCol, file);
+			jaxbMarshaller.marshal(xmlCol, System.out);
+
+		} catch (JAXBException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+			Assert.fail();
+		}
+		Assert.assertNotNull(file);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `col` last assigned on line 70 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `putCollection(...)` at line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestReadWriteXMLData.testWrite()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.xml.TestReadWriteXMLData.testWrite():void.1d35f74dcaf501b74b9cd862cbc81e3f
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-core/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/xml/TestReadWriteXMLData.java
+
+### Key:
+TestReadWriteXMLData.java|testWrite|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9ca68865e1bef8dbd11622a838783dcc
+
+### Hash:
+fde1c42299aee7458e42573692d51ab6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7185/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7185/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc9151d88598263c9df20311c8e0ae4b2d0e4d69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7185/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1203 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ *  Imixs Workflow 
+ *  Copyright (C) 2001, 2011 Imixs Software Solutions GmbH,  
+ *  http://www.imixs.com
+ *  
+ *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or 
+ *  modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License 
+ *  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 
+ *  of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *  
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU 
+ *  General Public License for more details.
+ *  
+ *  You can receive a copy of the GNU General Public
+ *  License at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *  
+ *  Project: 
+ *  	http://www.imixs.org
+ *  	http://java.net/projects/imixs-workflow
+ *  
+ *  Contributors:  
+ *  	Imixs Software Solutions GmbH - initial API and implementation
+ *  	Ralph Soika - Software Developer
+ *******************************************************************************/
+
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.Vector;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.annotation.Resource;
+import javax.annotation.security.DeclareRoles;
+import javax.annotation.security.RolesAllowed;
+import javax.ejb.EJB;
+import javax.ejb.LocalBean;
+import javax.ejb.SessionContext;
+import javax.ejb.Stateless;
+import javax.ejb.TransactionAttribute;
+import javax.ejb.TransactionAttributeType;
+import javax.enterprise.event.Event;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
+import javax.persistence.FlushModeType;
+import javax.persistence.PersistenceContext;
+import javax.persistence.Query;
+
+import org.apache.lucene.search.Sort;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.SortField;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.SortField.Type;
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.WorkflowKernel;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.jpa.Document;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.lucene.LuceneSearchService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.lucene.LuceneUpdateService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.InvalidAccessException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.QueryException;
+
+/**
+ * The DocumentService is used to save and load instances of ItemCollections
+ * into a Database. The DocumentService throws an AccessDeniedException if the
+ * CallerPrincipal is not allowed to save or read a specific Document from the
+ * database. So the DocumentService can be used to save business objects into a
+ * database with individual read- or writeAccess restrictions.
+ * <p>
+ * The Bean holds an instance of an EntityPersistenceManager for the persistence
+ * unit 'org.imixs.workflow.jpa' to manage the Document entity bean class. The
+ * Document entity bean is used to store the attributes of a ItemCollection into
+ * the connected database.
+ * <p>
+ * The save() method persists any instance of an ItemCollection. If a
+ * ItemCollection is saved the first time the DocumentService generates the
+ * attribute $uniqueid which will be included in the ItemCollection returned by
+ * this method. If a ItemCollection was saved before the method updates the
+ * corresponding Document Object.
+ * <p>
+ * The load() and find() methods are used to read ItemCollections from the
+ * database. The remove() method deletes a saved ItemCollection from the
+ * database.
+ * <p>
+ * All methods expect and return Instances of the object
+ * org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection which is no entity EJB. So these objects
+ * are not managed by any instance of an EntityPersistenceManager.
+ * <p>
+ * A collection of ItemCollections can be read using the find() method using EQL
+ * syntax.
+ * <p>
+ * 
+ * Additional to the basic functionality to save and load instances of the
+ * object org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection the method also manages the read-
+ * and writeAccess for each instance of an ItemCollection. Therefore the save()
+ * method scans an ItemCollection for the attributes '$ReadAccess' and
+ * '$WriteAccess'. The DocumentService verifies in each call of the save()
+ * load(), remove() and find() methods if the current callerPrincipal is granted
+ * to the affected entities. If an ItemCollection was saved with read- or
+ * writeAccess the access to an Instance of a saved ItemCollection will be
+ * protected for a callerPrincipal with missing read- or writeAccess.
+ * <p>
+ * 
+ * @see org.imixs.workflow.engine.jpa.Document
+ * @author rsoika
+ * @version 1.0
+ * 
+ */
+
+@DeclareRoles({ "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.NOACCESS", "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.READERACCESS",
+		"org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHORACCESS", "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.EDITORACCESS",
+		"org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.MANAGERACCESS" })
+@RolesAllowed({ "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.NOACCESS", "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.READERACCESS",
+		"org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHORACCESS", "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.EDITORACCESS",
+		"org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.MANAGERACCESS" })
+@Stateless
+@LocalBean
+public class DocumentService {
+
+	public static final String ACCESSLEVEL_NOACCESS = "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.NOACCESS";
+
+	public static final String ACCESSLEVEL_READERACCESS = "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.READERACCESS";
+
+	public static final String ACCESSLEVEL_AUTHORACCESS = "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHORACCESS";
+
+	public static final String ACCESSLEVEL_EDITORACCESS = "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.EDITORACCESS";
+
+	public static final String ACCESSLEVEL_MANAGERACCESS = "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.MANAGERACCESS";
+
+	public static final String READACCESS = "$readaccess";
+	public static final String WRITEACCESS = "$writeaccess";
+	public static final String ISAUTHOR = "$isAuthor";
+	public static final String NOINDEX = "$noindex";
+	public static final String IMMUTABLE = "$immutable";
+
+	public static final String USER_GROUP_LIST = "org.imixs.USER.GROUPLIST";
+
+	private final static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(DocumentService.class.getName());
+
+	public static final String OPERATION_NOTALLOWED = "OPERATION_NOTALLOWED";
+	public static final String INVALID_PARAMETER = "INVALID_PARAMETER";
+	public static final String INVALID_UNIQUEID = "INVALID_UNIQUEID";
+
+	@Resource
+	SessionContext ctx;
+
+	@Resource(name = "ACCESS_ROLES")
+	private String accessRoles = "";
+
+	@Resource(name = "DISABLE_OPTIMISTIC_LOCKING")
+	private Boolean disableOptimisticLocking = false;
+
+	@PersistenceContext(unitName = "org.imixs.workflow.jpa")
+	private EntityManager manager;
+
+	@EJB
+	private LuceneUpdateService luceneUpdateService;
+
+	@EJB
+	private LuceneSearchService luceneSearchService;
+
+	@Inject
+	protected Event<DocumentEvent> events;
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a comma separated list of additional Access-Roles defined for this
+	 * service
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public String getAccessRoles() {
+		return accessRoles;
+	}
+
+	public void setAccessRoles(String accessRoles) {
+		this.accessRoles = accessRoles;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * returns the disable optimistic locking status
+	 * 
+	 * @return - true if optimistic locking is disabled
+	 */
+	public void setDisableOptimisticLocking(Boolean disableOptimisticLocking) {
+		this.disableOptimisticLocking = disableOptimisticLocking;
+	}
+
+	public Boolean getDisableOptimisticLocking() {
+		return disableOptimisticLocking;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns a list of user names, roles and application groups the
+	 * user belongs to.
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public List<String> getUserNameList() {
+
+		List<String> userNameList = new Vector<String>();
+
+		// Begin with the username
+		userNameList.add(ctx.getCallerPrincipal().getName().toString());
+		// now construct role list
+		String roleList = "org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.READERACCESS,org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHORACCESS,org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.EDITORACCESS,org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.MANAGERACCESS,"
+				+ accessRoles;
+		// and add each role the user is in to the list
+		StringTokenizer roleListTokens = new StringTokenizer(roleList, ",");
+		while (roleListTokens.hasMoreTokens()) {
+			try {
+				String testRole = roleListTokens.nextToken().trim();
+				if (!"".equals(testRole) && ctx.isCallerInRole(testRole))
+					userNameList.add(testRole);
+			} catch (Exception e) {
+				// no operation - Role simply not defined
+				// this could be an configuration/test issue and need not to be
+				// handled as an error
+			}
+		}
+
+		// read dynamic user roles from the ContextData (if provided) and add
+		// them to the query....
+		String[] applicationGroups = getUserGroupList();
+		if (applicationGroups != null)
+			for (String auserRole : applicationGroups)
+				userNameList.add(auserRole);
+
+		return userNameList;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns true, if at least one element of the current UserNameList
+	 * is contained in a given name list. The comparison is case sensitive!
+	 * 
+	 * @param nameList
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public boolean isUserContained(List<String> nameList) {
+		if (nameList == null) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		List<String> userNameList = getUserNameList();
+		// check each element of the given nameList
+		for (String aName : nameList) {
+			if (aName != null && !aName.isEmpty()) {
+				if (userNameList.stream().anyMatch(aName::equals)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		// not found
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test if the caller has a given security role.
+	 * 
+	 * @param rolename
+	 * @return true if user is in role
+	 */
+	public boolean isUserInRole(String rolename) {
+		try {
+			return ctx.isCallerInRole(rolename);
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			// avoid a exception for a role request which is not defined
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This Method saves an ItemCollection into the database. If the ItemCollection
+	 * is saved the first time the method generates a uniqueID ('$uniqueid') which
+	 * can be used to identify the ItemCollection by its ID. If the ItemCollection
+	 * was saved before, the method updates the existing ItemCollection stored in
+	 * the database.
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * The Method returns an updated instance of the ItemCollection containing the
+	 * attributes $modified, $created, and $uniqueId
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * The method throws an AccessDeniedException if the CallerPrincipal is not
+	 * allowed to save or update the ItemCollection in the database. The
+	 * CallerPrincipial should have at least the access Role
+	 * org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHORACCESS
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * The method adds/updates the document into the lucene index.
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * The method returns a itemCollection without the $VersionNumber from the
+	 * persisted entity. (see issue #226)
+	 * <p>
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * issue #230:
+	 * 
+	 * The document will be marked as 'saved' so that the methods load() and
+	 * getDocumentsByQuery() can evaluate this flag. Depending on the state, the
+	 * methods can decide the correct behavior. In general we detach a document in
+	 * the load() and getDocumentsByQuery() method. This is for performance reasons
+	 * and the fact, that a ItemCollection can hold byte arrays which will be copied
+	 * by reference. In cases where these methods are called after a document was
+	 * saved (document is now managed), in one single transaction, the detach call
+	 * will discard the changes made by the save() method. For that reason we flag
+	 * the entity and evaluate this flag in the load method evaluates the save
+	 * status.
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @param ItemCollection
+	 *            to be saved
+	 * @return updated ItemCollection
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 */
+	public ItemCollection save(ItemCollection document) throws AccessDeniedException {
+		long lSaveTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		logger.finest("......save - ID=" + document.getUniqueID() + ", provided version="
+				+ document.getItemValueInteger("$version"));
+		Document persistedDocument = null;
+		// Now set flush Mode to COMMIT
+		manager.setFlushMode(FlushModeType.COMMIT);
+
+		// check if a $uniqueid is available
+		String sID = document.getItemValueString(WorkflowKernel.UNIQUEID);
+		if (!sID.isEmpty()) {
+			// yes so we can try to find the Entity by its primary key
+			persistedDocument = manager.find(Document.class, sID);
+			if (persistedDocument == null) {
+				logger.finest("......Document '" + sID + "' not found!");
+			}
+		}
+
+		// did the document exist?
+		if (persistedDocument == null) {
+			// entity not found in database, create a new instance using the
+			// provided id. Test if user is allowed to create Entities....
+			if (!(ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_MANAGERACCESS) || ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_EDITORACCESS)
+					|| ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_AUTHORACCESS))) {
+				throw new AccessDeniedException(OPERATION_NOTALLOWED, "You are not allowed to perform this operation");
+			}
+			// create new one with the provided id
+			persistedDocument = new Document(sID);
+			// if $Created is provided than overtake this information
+			Date datCreated = document.getItemValueDate("$created");
+			if (datCreated != null) {
+				Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
+				cal.setTime(datCreated);
+				// Overwrite Creation Date
+				persistedDocument.setCreated(cal);
+			}
+			// now persist the new EntityBean!
+			logger.finest("......persist activeEntity");
+			manager.persist(persistedDocument);
+
+		} else {
+			// activeEntity exists - verify if current user has write- and
+			// readaccess
+			if (!isCallerAuthor(persistedDocument) || !isCallerReader(persistedDocument)) {
+				throw new AccessDeniedException(OPERATION_NOTALLOWED, "You are not allowed to perform this operation");
+			}
+
+			// test if persistedDocument is IMMUTABLE
+			if (ItemCollection.createByReference(persistedDocument.getData()).getItemValueBoolean(IMMUTABLE)) {
+				throw new AccessDeniedException(OPERATION_NOTALLOWED, "Operation not allowed, document is immutable!");
+			}
+			// there is no need to merge the persistedDocument because it is
+			// already managed by JPA!
+		}
+
+		// after all the persistedDocument is now managed through JPA!
+		logger.finest(
+				"......save - ID=" + document.getUniqueID() + " managed version=" + persistedDocument.getVersion());
+
+		// remove the property $isauthor
+		document.removeItem("$isauthor");
+
+		// verify type attribute
+		String aType = document.getItemValueString("type");
+		if ("".equals(aType)) {
+			aType = "document";
+			document.replaceItemValue("type", aType);
+		}
+		// update type attribute
+		persistedDocument.setType(aType);
+
+		// update the standard attributes $modified $created and $uniqueID
+		document.replaceItemValue("$uniqueid", persistedDocument.getId());
+		document.replaceItemValue("$created", persistedDocument.getCreated().getTime());
+		// synchronize Document.modified and $modified
+		Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		persistedDocument.setModified(cal);
+		document.replaceItemValue("$modified", cal.getTime());
+
+		// Finally we fire the DocumentEvent ON_DOCUMENT_SAVE
+		if (events != null) {
+			events.fire(new DocumentEvent(document, DocumentEvent.ON_DOCUMENT_SAVE));
+		} else {
+			logger.warning("Missing CDI support for Event<DocumentEvent> !");
+		}
+		// check consistency of $uniqueid and $created after event was processed.
+		if ((!persistedDocument.getId().equals(document.getUniqueID()))
+				|| (!persistedDocument.getCreated().getTime().equals(document.getItemValueDate("$created")))) {
+			throw new InvalidAccessException(InvalidAccessException.INVALID_ID,
+					"Invalid data after DocumentEvent 'ON_DOCUMENT_SAVE'.");
+		}
+
+		// Now prepare document for persisting......
+
+		// update current version number into managed entity!
+		if (disableOptimisticLocking) {
+			// in case of optimistic locking is disabled we remove $version
+			document.removeItem("$Version");
+		}
+		if (!disableOptimisticLocking && document.hasItem("$Version") && document.getItemValueInteger("$Version") > 0) {
+			// if $version is provided we update the version number of
+			// the managaed document to ensure that optimisticLock exception is
+			// handled the right way!
+			int version = document.getItemValueInteger("$Version");
+			persistedDocument.setVersion(version);
+		}
+
+		// finally update the data field by cloning the map object (deep copy)
+		ItemCollection clone = (ItemCollection) document.clone();
+		persistedDocument.setData(clone.getAllItems());
+
+		/*
+		 * Issue #220
+		 * 
+		 * No em.flush() call - see issue #226
+		 **/
+
+		/*
+		 * issue #226
+		 * 
+		 * No em.flush(), em.detach() or em.clear() is needed here. Finally we remove
+		 * the $version property from the ItemCollection returned to the client. This is
+		 * important for the case that the method is called multiple times in one single
+		 * transaction.
+		 */
+
+		// remove $version from ItemCollection
+		document.removeItem("$version");
+
+		// update the $isauthor flag
+		document.replaceItemValue("$isauthor", isCallerAuthor(persistedDocument));
+
+		// add/update document into lucene index
+		if (!document.getItemValueBoolean(NOINDEX)) {
+			luceneUpdateService.updateDocument(document);
+		} else {
+			// remove from index
+			luceneUpdateService.removeDocument(document.getUniqueID());
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * issue #230
+		 * 
+		 * flag this entity which is still managed
+		 */
+		persistedDocument.setPending(true);
+
+		logger.fine("...'" + document.getUniqueID() + "' saved in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - lSaveTime) + "ms");
+		// return the updated document
+		return document;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method saves a workitem in a new transaction. The method can be used by
+	 * plugins to isolate a save request from the current transaction context.
+	 * 
+	 * To call this method a EJB session context is necessary: <code>
+	 * 		workitem= sessionContext.getBusinessObject(EntityService.class)
+						.saveByNewTransaction(workitem);
+	 * </code>
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemcol
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 */
+	@TransactionAttribute(value = TransactionAttributeType.REQUIRES_NEW)
+	public ItemCollection saveByNewTransaction(ItemCollection itemcol) throws AccessDeniedException {
+		return save(itemcol);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method loads an ItemCollection from the Database. The method expects a
+	 * valid $uniqueID to identify the Document entity saved before into the
+	 * database. The method returns null if no Document with the corresponding ID
+	 * exists.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The method checks if the CallerPrincipal has read access to Document stored
+	 * in the database. If not, the method returns null.
+	 * <p>
+	 * <strong>Note:</strong> The method dose not throw an AccessDeniedException if
+	 * the user is not allowed to read the entity to prevent a aggressor with
+	 * informations about the existence of that specific Document.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The CallerPrincipial need to have at least the access level
+	 * org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.READACCESS
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * issue #230
+	 * 
+	 * In case a document is not flagged (not saved during same transaction), we
+	 * detach the loaded entity. In case a document is flagged (saved during save
+	 * transaction) we may not detach it, but make a deepCopy (clone) of the
+	 * document instance. This will avoid the effect, that data written to a
+	 * document get lost in a long running transaction with save and load calls.
+	 * 
+	 * @param id
+	 *            - the $uniqueid of the ItemCollection to be loaded
+	 * @return ItemCollection object or null if the Document dose not exist or the
+	 *         CallerPrincipal hat insufficient read access.
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public ItemCollection load(String id) {
+		long lLoadTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		Document persistedDocument = null;
+		
+		if (id==null || id.isEmpty()) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		persistedDocument = manager.find(Document.class, id);
+
+		// create instance of ItemCollection
+		if (persistedDocument != null && isCallerReader(persistedDocument)) {
+
+			ItemCollection result = null;// new ItemCollection();
+			if (persistedDocument.isPending()) {
+				// we clone but do not detach
+				logger.finest("......clone manged entity '" + id + "' pending status=" + persistedDocument.isPending());
+				result = new ItemCollection(persistedDocument.getData());
+			} else {
+				// the document is not managed, so we detach it
+				result = new ItemCollection();
+				result.setAllItems(persistedDocument.getData());
+				manager.detach(persistedDocument);
+			}
+
+			// if disable Optimistic Locking is TRUE we do not add the version
+			// number
+			if (disableOptimisticLocking) {
+				result.removeItem("$Version");
+			} else {
+				result.replaceItemValue("$Version", persistedDocument.getVersion());
+			}
+
+			// update the $isauthor flag
+			result.replaceItemValue("$isauthor", isCallerAuthor(persistedDocument));
+
+			// fire event
+			if (events != null) {
+				events.fire(new DocumentEvent(result, DocumentEvent.ON_DOCUMENT_LOAD));
+			} else {
+				logger.warning("Missing CDI support for Event<DocumentEvent> !");
+			}
+			logger.fine(
+					"...'" + result.getUniqueID() + "' loaded in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - lLoadTime) + "ms");
+			return result;
+		} else
+			return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method removes an ItemCollection from the database. If the
+	 * CallerPrincipal is not allowed to access the ItemColleciton the method throws
+	 * an AccessDeniedException.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The CallerPrincipial should have at least the access Role
+	 * org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHORACCESS
+	 * <p>
+	 * Also the method removes the document form the lucene index.
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @param ItemCollection
+	 *            to be removed
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 */
+	public void remove(ItemCollection document) throws AccessDeniedException {
+		if (document==null) {
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		Document persistedDocument = null;
+		String sID = document.getItemValueString("$uniqueid");
+		persistedDocument = manager.find(Document.class, sID);
+
+		if (persistedDocument != null) {
+			if (!isCallerReader(persistedDocument) || !isCallerAuthor(persistedDocument))
+				throw new AccessDeniedException(OPERATION_NOTALLOWED,
+						"remove - You are not allowed to perform this operation");
+
+			// fire event
+			if (events != null) {
+				events.fire(new DocumentEvent(document, DocumentEvent.ON_DOCUMENT_DELETE));
+			} else {
+				logger.warning("Missing CDI support for Event<DocumentEvent> !");
+			}
+			
+			// remove document...
+			manager.remove(persistedDocument);
+			// remove document form index - @see issue #412
+			if (!document.getItemValueBoolean(NOINDEX)) {
+				luceneUpdateService.removeDocument(document.getUniqueID());
+			}
+			
+			
+		} else
+			throw new AccessDeniedException(INVALID_UNIQUEID, "remove - invalid $uniqueid");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the total hits for a given search query. The provided search term
+	 * will be extended with a users roles to test the read access level of each
+	 * workitem matching the search term. The usernames and user roles will be
+	 * search lowercase!
+	 * 
+	 * @see search(String, int, int, Sort, Operator)
+	 * 
+	 * @param sSearchTerm
+	 * @return total hits of search result
+	 * @throws QueryException
+	 *             in case the searchterm is not understandable.
+	 */
+	public int count(String searchTerm) throws QueryException {
+		return count(searchTerm, 0);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the total hits for a given search query. The provided search term
+	 * will be extended with a users roles to test the read access level of each
+	 * workitem matching the search term. The usernames and user roles will be
+	 * search lowercase!
+	 * 
+	 * The optional param 'maxResult' can be set to overwrite the
+	 * DEFAULT_MAX_SEARCH_RESULT.
+	 * 
+	 * @see search(String, int, int, Sort, Operator)
+	 * 
+	 * @param sSearchTerm
+	 * @param maxResult
+	 *            - max search result
+	 * @param defaultOperator
+	 *            - optional to change the default search operator
+	 * 
+	 * @return total hits of search result
+	 * @throws QueryException
+	 *             in case the searchterm is not understandable.
+	 */
+	public int count(String sSearchTerm, int maxResult) throws QueryException {
+		return luceneSearchService.getTotalHits(sSearchTerm, maxResult, null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the total pages for a given search term and a given page size.
+	 * 
+	 * @see count(String sSearchTerm)
+	 * 
+	 * @param searchTerm
+	 * @param pageSize
+	 * @return total pages of search result
+	 * @throws QueryException
+	 *             in case the searchterm is not understandable.
+	 */
+	public int countPages(String searchTerm, int pageSize) throws QueryException {
+		double pages = 1;
+		double count = count(searchTerm);
+		if (count > 0) {
+			pages = Math.ceil(count / pageSize);
+		}
+		return ((int) pages);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The method returns a list of ItemCollections by calling the
+	 * LuceneSearchService. The method expects an valid Lucene search term.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The method returns only ItemCollections which are readable by the
+	 * CallerPrincipal. With the pageSize and pageNumber it is possible to paginate.
+	 * 
+	 * @param searchTerm
+	 *            - Lucene search term
+	 * @param pageSize
+	 *            - total docs per page
+	 * @param pageIndex
+	 *            - number of page to start (default = 0)
+	 * @return list of ItemCollection elements
+	 * @throws QueryException
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.imixs.workflow.engine.lucene.LuceneSearchService
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> find(String searchTerm, int pageSize, int pageIndex) throws QueryException {
+		return find(searchTerm, pageSize, pageIndex, null, false);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The method returns a sorted list of ItemCollections by calling the
+	 * LuceneSearchService. The result list can be sorted by a sortField and a sort
+	 * direction.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The method expects an valid Lucene search term. The method returns only
+	 * ItemCollections which are readable by the CallerPrincipal. With the pageSize
+	 * and pageNumber it is possible to paginate.
+	 * 
+	 * @param searchTerm
+	 *            - Lucene search term
+	 * @param pageSize
+	 *            - total docs per page
+	 * @param pageIndex
+	 *            - number of page to start (default = 0)
+	 * 
+	 * @param sortBy
+	 *            -optional field to sort the result
+	 * @param sortReverse
+	 *            - optional sort direction
+	 * 
+	 * @return list of ItemCollection elements
+	 * @throws QueryException
+	 * 
+	 * @see org.imixs.workflow.engine.lucene.LuceneSearchService
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> find(String searchTerm, int pageSize, int pageIndex, String sortBy, boolean sortReverse)
+			throws QueryException {
+		logger.finest("......find - SearchTerm=" + searchTerm + "  , pageSize=" + pageSize + " pageNumber=" + pageIndex
+				+ " , sortBy=" + sortBy + " reverse=" + sortReverse);
+
+		// create sort object
+		Sort sortOrder = null;
+		if (sortBy != null && !sortBy.isEmpty()) {
+			// we do not support multi values here - see
+			// LuceneUpdateService.addItemValues
+			// it would be possible if we use a SortedSetSortField class here
+			sortOrder = new Sort(new SortField[] { new SortField(sortBy, Type.STRING, sortReverse) });
+		}
+
+		return luceneSearchService.search(searchTerm, pageSize, pageIndex, sortOrder, null);
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The method returns a collection of ItemCollections referred by a $uniqueid.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The method returns only ItemCollections which are readable by the
+	 * CallerPrincipal. With the pageSize and pageNumber it is possible to paginate.
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @param uniqueIdRef
+	 *            - $uniqueId to be referred by the collected documents
+	 * @param pageSize
+	 *            - total docs per page
+	 * @param pageIndex
+	 *            - number of page to start (default = 0)
+	 * @return resultset
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> findDocumentsByRef(String uniqueIdRef, int start, int count) {
+		String searchTerm = "(" + "$uniqueidref:\"" + uniqueIdRef + "\")";
+		try {
+			return find(searchTerm, start, count);
+		} catch (QueryException e) {
+			logger.severe("findDocumentsByRef - invalid query: " + e.getMessage());
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an unordered list of all documents of a specific type. The method
+	 * throws an InvalidAccessException in case no type attribute is defined.
+	 * 
+	 * @param type
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws InvalidAccessException
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> getDocumentsByType(String type) {
+		if (type == null || type.isEmpty()) {
+			throw new InvalidAccessException(INVALID_PARAMETER, "undefined type attribute");
+		}
+
+		String query = "SELECT document FROM Document AS document ";
+		query += " WHERE document.type = '" + type + "'";
+		query += " ORDER BY document.created DESC";
+		return getDocumentsByQuery(query);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all documents of by JPQL statement
+	 * 
+	 * @param query
+	 *            - JPQL statement
+	 * @return
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> getDocumentsByQuery(String query) {
+		return getDocumentsByQuery(query, -1);
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all documents of by JPQL statement.
+	 * 
+	 * @param query
+	 *            - JPQL statement
+	 * @param maxResult
+	 *            - maximum result set
+	 * @return
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> getDocumentsByQuery(String query, int maxResult) {
+		return getDocumentsByQuery(query, 0, maxResult);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns all documents of by JPQL statement.
+	 * 
+	 * @param query
+	 *            - JPQL statement
+	 * @param maxResult
+	 *            - maximum result set
+	 * @return
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public List<ItemCollection> getDocumentsByQuery(String query, int firstResult, int maxResult) {
+		List<ItemCollection> result = new ArrayList<ItemCollection>();
+		Query q = manager.createQuery(query);
+
+		// setMaxResults ?
+		if (maxResult > 0) {
+			q.setMaxResults(maxResult);
+		}
+
+		if (firstResult > 0) {
+			q.setFirstResult(firstResult);
+		}
+
+		long l = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+		Collection<Document> documentList = q.getResultList();
+
+		if (documentList == null) {
+			logger.finest("......getDocumentsByQuery - no ducuments found.");
+			return result;
+		}
+
+		// filter result set by read access
+		for (Document doc : documentList) {
+			if (isCallerReader(doc)) {
+
+				ItemCollection _tmp = null;
+
+				if (doc.isPending()) {
+					// we clone but do not detach
+					logger.finest("......clone manged entity '" + doc.getId() + "' pending status=" + doc.isPending());
+					_tmp = new ItemCollection(doc.getData());
+				} else {
+					// the document is not managed, so we detach it
+					_tmp = new ItemCollection();
+					_tmp.setAllItems(doc.getData());
+					manager.detach(doc);
+				}
+
+				// if disable Optimistic Locking is TRUE we do not add the
+				// version number
+				if (disableOptimisticLocking) {
+					_tmp.removeItem("$Version");
+				} else {
+					_tmp.replaceItemValue("$Version", doc.getVersion());
+				}
+
+				// update the $isauthor flag
+				_tmp.replaceItemValue("$isauthor", isCallerAuthor(doc));
+
+				result.add(_tmp);
+			}
+		}
+
+		logger.fine("...getDocumentsByQuery - found " + documentList.size() + " documents in "
+				+ (System.currentTimeMillis() - l) + " ms");
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method creates a backup of the result set form a Lucene search query.
+	 * The document list will be stored into the file system. The method stores the
+	 * Map from the ItemCollection to be independent from version upgrades. To
+	 * manage large dataSets the method reads the documents in smaller blocks
+	 * 
+	 * @param entities
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @throws QueryException
+	 */
+	public void backup(String query, String filePath) throws IOException, QueryException {
+		boolean hasMoreData = true;
+		int JUNK_SIZE = 100;
+		long totalcount = 0;
+		int pageIndex = 0;
+		int icount = 0;
+
+		logger.info("backup - starting...");
+		logger.info("backup - query=" + query);
+		logger.info("backup - target=" + filePath);
+
+		if (filePath == null || filePath.isEmpty()) {
+			logger.severe("Invalid FilePath!");
+			return;
+		}
+
+		FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(filePath);
+		ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
+		while (hasMoreData) {
+			// read a junk....
+
+			Collection<ItemCollection> col = find(query, JUNK_SIZE, pageIndex);
+			totalcount = totalcount + col.size();
+			logger.info("backup - processing...... " + col.size() + " documents read....");
+
+			if (col.size() < JUNK_SIZE) {
+				hasMoreData = false;
+				logger.finest("......all data read.");
+			} else {
+				pageIndex++;
+				logger.finest("......next page...");
+			}
+
+			for (ItemCollection aworkitem : col) {
+				// get serialized data
+				Map<?, ?> hmap = aworkitem.getAllItems();
+				// write object
+				out.writeObject(hmap);
+				icount++;
+			}
+		}
+		out.close();
+		logger.info("backup - finished: " + icount + " documents read totaly.");
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method restores a backup from the file system and imports the Documents
+	 * into the database.
+	 * 
+	 * @param filepath
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+	public void restore(String filePath) throws IOException {
+		int JUNK_SIZE = 100;
+		long totalcount = 0;
+		long errorCount = 0;
+		int icount = 0;
+
+		FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(filePath);
+		ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(fis);
+		logger.info("...starting restor form file " + filePath + "...");
+		long l = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		while (true) {
+			try {
+				// read one more object
+				Map hmap = (Map) in.readObject();
+				ItemCollection itemCol = new ItemCollection(hmap);
+				// remove the $version property!
+				itemCol.removeItem("$Version");
+				// now save imported data
+				// issue #407 - call new transaction context...
+				itemCol = ctx.getBusinessObject(DocumentService.class).saveByNewTransaction(itemCol);
+
+				totalcount++;
+				icount++;
+				if (icount >= JUNK_SIZE) {
+					icount = 0;
+					logger.info("...restored " + totalcount + " document in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - l)
+							+ "ms....");
+					l = System.currentTimeMillis();
+				}
+
+			} catch (java.io.EOFException eofe) {
+				break;
+			} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+				errorCount++;
+				logger.warning("...error importing workitem at position " + (totalcount + errorCount) + " Error: "
+						+ e.getMessage());
+			} catch (AccessDeniedException e) {
+				errorCount++;
+				logger.warning("...error importing workitem at position " + (totalcount + errorCount) + " Error: "
+						+ e.getMessage());
+			}
+		}
+		in.close();
+
+		String loginfo = "Import successfull! " + totalcount + " Entities imported. " + errorCount
+				+ " Errors.  Import FileName:" + filePath;
+
+		logger.info(loginfo);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method checks if the Caller Principal has read access for the document.
+	 * 
+	 * @return true if user has readaccess
+	 */
+	private boolean isCallerReader(Document document) {
+
+		ItemCollection itemcol = ItemCollection.createByReference(document.getData());
+
+		@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+		List<String> readAccessList = itemcol.getItemValue(READACCESS);
+
+		/**
+		 * 1.) org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.NOACCESS
+		 * 
+		 * always = false -> no access
+		 */
+
+		if (ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_NOACCESS))
+			return false;
+
+		/**
+		 * 2.) org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.MANAGERACCESS
+		 * 
+		 * always = true -> grant access.
+		 */
+
+		if (ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_MANAGERACCESS))
+			return true;
+
+		/**
+		 * 2.) org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.EDITOR org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHOR
+		 * ACCESSLEVEL.READER
+		 * 
+		 * check read access
+		 */
+		if (isEmptyList(readAccessList) || isUserContained(readAccessList)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Verifies if the caller has write access to the current document
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private boolean isCallerAuthor(Document document) {
+
+		ItemCollection itemcol = ItemCollection.createByReference(document.getData());
+
+		@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+		List<String> writeAccessList = itemcol.getItemValue(WRITEACCESS);
+
+		/**
+		 * 1.) org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.NOACCESS allways false - now write access!
+		 */
+		if (ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_NOACCESS))
+			return false;
+
+		/**
+		 * 2.) org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.MANAGERACCESS or org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.EDITOR
+		 * Always true - grant writeaccess.
+		 */
+		if (ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_MANAGERACCESS) || ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_EDITORACCESS))
+			return true;
+
+		/**
+		 * 2.) org.imixs.ACCESSLEVEL.AUTHOR
+		 * 
+		 * check write access in detail
+		 */
+
+		if (ctx.isCallerInRole(ACCESSLEVEL_AUTHORACCESS)) {
+			if (isUserContained(writeAccessList)) {
+				// user role known - grant access
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method returns true if the given list is empty or contains only null or
+	 * '' values.
+	 * 
+	 * @param aList
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private boolean isEmptyList(List<String> aList) {
+		if (aList == null || aList.size() == 0) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		// check each element
+		for (String aEntry : aList) {
+			if (aEntry != null && !aEntry.isEmpty()) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method read the param USER_GROUP_LIST from the EJB ContextData. This
+	 * context data object can provide a string array with application specific
+	 * dynamic user groups. These groups are used to grant access to an entity
+	 * independent from the static User-Role settings. The method returns null if no
+	 * ContextData is set
+	 * 
+	 * @return - list of user group names or null if not USER_GROUP_LIST is defined
+	 */
+	private String[] getUserGroupList() {
+		// read dynamic user roles from the ContextData (if provided) ....
+		String[] applicationUserGroupList = (String[]) ctx.getContextData().get(USER_GROUP_LIST);
+
+		if (applicationUserGroupList != null)
+			// trim entries....
+			for (int i = 0; i < applicationUserGroupList.length; i++) {
+				applicationUserGroupList[i] = applicationUserGroupList[i].trim();
+			}
+
+		return applicationUserGroupList;
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result.hash` last assigned on line 546 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getUniqueID()` at line 568.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ItemCollection DocumentService.load(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.DocumentService.load(java.lang.String):org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection.5c39c78a59abb589dc2e5d1e437f898d
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/main/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/DocumentService.java
+
+### Key:
+DocumentService.java|load|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+024271e00d4c0fef7d4ca48d262a2721
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7201/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7201/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de8f9c4ecf8956998526cd202c4f005d694d85d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7201/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1653 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*******************************************************************************
+ *  Imixs Workflow 
+ *  Copyright (C) 2001, 2011 Imixs Software Solutions GmbH,  
+ *  http://www.imixs.com
+ *  
+ *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or 
+ *  modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License 
+ *  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 
+ *  of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *  
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU 
+ *  General Public License for more details.
+ *  
+ *  You can receive a copy of the GNU General Public
+ *  License at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *  
+ *  Project: 
+ *  	http://www.imixs.org
+ *  	http://java.net/projects/imixs-workflow
+ *  
+ *  Contributors:  
+ *  	Imixs Software Solutions GmbH - initial API and implementation
+ *  	Ralph Soika - Software Developer
+ *******************************************************************************/
+
+package org.imixs.workflow;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.InvalidAccessException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.xml.XMLDocument;
+import org.imixs.workflow.xml.XMLItem;
+
+/**
+ * This Class defines a ValueObject to be used to exchange data structures used
+ * by the org.imixs.workflow Framework. Most components of this framework use
+ * this wrapper class to easy transport workflow data between the different
+ * workflow modules. ValueObjects, particular in J2EE Applications, have the
+ * advantage to improve performance of remote method calls. The Imixs
+ * ItemCcollection enables a very flexibly and easy to use data structure.
+ * 
+ * A ItemCollection contains various Items (attributes). Every Item exist of a
+ * Name (String) and a list of values (List of Object). Internal every Value is
+ * stored inside a Vector Class. All values are stored internally in a Map
+ * containing key values pairs.
+ * 
+ * NOTE: An ItemCollection is not serializable and can not be stored into
+ * another ItemCollection. To serialize a ItemCollection use the
+ * XMLItemCollection. @see XMLItemCollectionAdapter.
+ * 
+ * 
+ * @author Ralph Soika
+ * @version 2.1
+ * @see org.imixs.workflow.WorkflowManager
+ */
+
+public class ItemCollection implements Cloneable {
+	// NOTE: ItemCollection is not serializable
+
+	private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(ItemCollection.class.getName());
+
+	private Map<String, List<Object>> hash = new Hashtable<String, List<Object>>();
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new empty ItemCollection
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public ItemCollection() {
+		super();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new ItemCollection and makes a deep copy from a given value Map
+	 * 
+	 * @param map - with item values
+	 */
+	public ItemCollection(Map<String, List<Object>> map) {
+		super();
+		this.replaceAllItems(map);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new ItemCollection and makes a deep copy from a given
+	 * ItemCollection
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemCol - ItemCollection with values
+	 */
+	public ItemCollection(ItemCollection itemCol) {
+		super();
+		this.replaceAllItems(itemCol.hash);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new ItemCollection by a reference to a given value Map. This method
+	 * does not make a deep copy of the given map and sets the value map by
+	 * reference. This method can be used in cases where values are only read. In
+	 * all other cases, the constructor method 'ItemCollection(Map<String,
+	 * List<Object>> map)' should be used.
+	 * 
+	 * @param map - reference with item values
+	 */
+	public static ItemCollection createByReference(final Map<String, List<Object>> map) {
+		ItemCollection reference = new ItemCollection();
+		reference.hash = map;
+		return reference;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method clones the current ItemCollection. The method makes a deep copy
+	 * of the current instance.
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public Object clone() {
+		ItemCollection clone = new ItemCollection(this);
+		return clone;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method clones the current ItemCollection with a subset of items. The
+	 * method makes a deep copy of the current instance and removes items not
+	 * defined by the list of itemNames.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemNames - list of properties to be copied into the clone
+	 * @return new ItemCollection
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public ItemCollection clone(final List<String> itemNames) {
+		ItemCollection clone = (ItemCollection) this.clone();
+		// remove all undefined items
+		if (itemNames != null && itemNames.size() > 0) {
+			Iterator<?> it = hash.entrySet().iterator();
+			while (it.hasNext()) {
+				Map.Entry<String, List<Object>> entry = (Map.Entry<String, List<Object>>) it.next();
+				if (!itemNames.contains(entry.getKey())) {
+					clone.removeItem(entry.getKey());
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return clone;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method compares the values of two item collections by comparing the hash
+	 * maps. This did not garantie that also embedded arrays are equal.
+	 */
+	public boolean equals(Object o) {
+		if (!(o instanceof ItemCollection))
+			return false;
+		return hash.equals(((ItemCollection) o).hash);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Set the value of an item. If the ItemCollection does not contain an item with
+	 * the specified name, the method creates a new item and adds it to the
+	 * ItemCollection. The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the
+	 * existence of an item. All item names will be lower cased.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Each item can contain a list of values (multivalue item). If a single value
+	 * is provided the method creates a List with one single value (singlevalue
+	 * item).
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the value is null the method will remove the item. This is equal to the
+	 * method call removeItem()
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the ItemValue is not serializable the item will be removed.
+	 * <p>
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName  The name of the item or items you want to replace.
+	 * @param itemValue The value of the new item. The data type of the item depends
+	 *                  upon the data type of value, and does not need to match the
+	 *                  data type of the old item.
+	 */
+
+	public ItemCollection setItemValue(String itemName, Object itemValue) {
+		setItemValue(itemName, itemValue, false);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Appends a value to an existing item. If the ItemCollection does not contain
+	 * an item with the specified name, the method creates a new item and adds it to
+	 * the ItemCollection. The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify
+	 * the existence of an item. All item names will be lower cased.
+	 * 
+	 * If a value list is provided the method appends each single value.
+	 * 
+	 * If the value is null the method will remove the item. This is equal to the
+	 * method call removeItem()
+	 * 
+	 * If the ItemValue is not serializable the item will be removed.
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName  The name of the item or items you want to replace.
+	 * @param itemValue The value of the new item. The data type of the item depends
+	 *                  upon the data type of value, and does not need to match the
+	 *                  data type of the old item.
+	 */
+	public ItemCollection appendItemValue(String itemName, Object itemValue) {
+		setItemValue(itemName, itemValue, true);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the value list for the specified Item. The returned list is untyped
+	 * and the values contained in the list are not converted to a specific type.
+	 * The values have the same object type as set by calling the method
+	 * <code>setItemValue(String itemName, Object itemValue)</code>. To get a typed
+	 * value list, see the method
+	 * <code>getItemValue(String itemName, Class<T> itemType)</code> .
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the item does not exist or has no values, the method returns an empty
+	 * List.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return an untyped list of values contained by the item.
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+	public List getItemValue(String itemName) {
+		if (itemName == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		itemName = itemName.toLowerCase().trim();
+		List<?> o = hash.get(itemName);
+		if (o == null)
+			return new ArrayList<>();
+		else {
+			// remove null values
+			o.removeAll(Collections.singleton(null));
+			return o;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved item value of the specified type. The method converts
+	 * the value to the specified type if possible, otherwise the method returns
+	 * null. If the item has multiple values, this method returns the first value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the item isn't present in the itemCollection the method returns null.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the specified type is int, float, long, double, Integer, Float, Long or
+	 * Double, the method returns 0 instead of null
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the item contains no value with the specified type, the method returns
+	 * null. The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence
+	 * of an item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The item Name.
+	 * @param itemType The type into which the resolve item value should get
+	 *                 converted
+	 * @return the resolved item value as an object of the requested type.
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T> T getItemValue(String itemName, Class<T> itemType) {
+		List<?> values = getItemValue(itemName);
+		if (values == null || values.size() == 0) {
+
+			// test for Integer
+			if (itemType == Integer.class || itemType == int.class) {
+				return (T) new Integer(0);
+			}
+			// test for Float
+			if (itemType == Float.class || itemType == float.class) {
+				return (T) new Float(0);
+			}
+
+			// test for Long
+			if (itemType == Long.class || itemType == long.class) {
+				return (T) new Long(0);
+			}
+
+			// test for Double
+			if (itemType == Double.class || itemType == double.class) {
+				return (T) new Double(0);
+			}
+
+			return null;
+		}
+		// find first value of specified type
+		return convertValue(values.get(0), itemType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved list of item values of the specified type. The method
+	 * converts the values of the list to the specified type if possible.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the item isn't present in the itemCollection the method returns an empty
+	 * list.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The item Name.
+	 * @param itemType The type into which the resolved item values should get
+	 *                 converted
+	 * @return the resolved list of item values of the requested type.
+	 */
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public <T> List<T> getItemValueList(String itemName, Class<T> itemType) {
+		List<?> values = getItemValue(itemName);
+		// convert values...
+		values.replaceAll(s -> convertValue(s, itemType));
+		return (List<T>) values;
+		// @see details here:
+		// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51937821/how-to-define-a-generic-list-of-types-in-java?noredirect=1#comment90825856_51937821
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * removes a attribute from the item collection
+	 * 
+	 * @param name
+	 */
+	public void removeItem(String name) {
+		if (name != null) {
+			name = name.toLowerCase().trim();
+			this.hash.remove(name);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Indicates whether an item exists in the document.
+	 * 
+	 * @param aName The name of an item.
+	 * @return true if an item with name exists in the document, false if no item
+	 *         with name exists in the document
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public boolean hasItem(String aName) {
+		if (aName == null) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		aName = aName.toLowerCase().trim();
+		return (hash.get(aName) != null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if the value of an item with a single numeric value is from type
+	 * 'Integer'
+	 * 
+	 * @param aName
+	 * @return boolean true if object is from type Double
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public boolean isItemValueInteger(String aName) {
+		List<?> v = getItemValue(aName);
+		if (v.size() == 0)
+			return false;
+		else {
+			// test for object type...
+			Object o = v.get(0);
+			return (o instanceof Integer);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if the value of an item with a single numeric value is from type
+	 * 'Long'
+	 * 
+	 * @param aName
+	 * @return boolean true if object is from type Double
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public boolean isItemValueLong(String aName) {
+		List<?> v = getItemValue(aName);
+		if (v.size() == 0)
+			return false;
+		else {
+			// test for object type...
+			Object o = v.get(0);
+			return (o instanceof Long);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if the value of an item with a single numeric value is from type
+	 * 'Double'
+	 * 
+	 * @param aName
+	 * @return boolean true if object is from type Double
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public boolean isItemValueDouble(String aName) {
+		List<?> v = getItemValue(aName);
+		if (v.size() == 0)
+			return false;
+		else {
+			// test for object type...
+			Object o = v.get(0);
+			return (o instanceof Double);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if the value of an item with a single numeric value is from type
+	 * 'Float'
+	 * 
+	 * @param aName
+	 * @return boolean true if object is from type Double
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public boolean isItemValueFloat(String aName) {
+		List<?> v = getItemValue(aName);
+		if (v.size() == 0)
+			return false;
+		else {
+			// test for object type...
+			Object o = v.get(0);
+			return (o instanceof Float);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns true if the value of an item is from type 'Date'
+	 * 
+	 * @param aName
+	 * @return boolean true if object is from type Double
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public boolean isItemValueDate(String aName) {
+		List<?> v = getItemValue(aName);
+		if (v.size() == 0)
+			return false;
+		else {
+			// test for object type...
+			Object o = v.get(0);
+			return (o instanceof Date);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * returns all Items of the Collection as a Map
+	 * 
+	 * @return Map with all Items
+	 */
+	public Map<String, List<Object>> getAllItems() {
+		return hash;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * replaces the current map object. In different to the method replaceAllItems
+	 * this method overwrites the hash object and did not copy the values
+	 * 
+	 * @param aHash
+	 */
+	public void setAllItems(Map<String, List<Object>> aHash) {
+		hash = aHash;
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a sorted list of all item names stored in the current ItemCollection.
+	 * 
+	 * @return sorted list of item names
+	 */
+	public List<String> getItemNames() {
+		List<String> result = new ArrayList<String>();
+		result.addAll(hash.keySet());
+		// sort result
+		Collections.sort(result);
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Replaces the value of an item. If the ItemCollection does not contain an item
+	 * with the specified name, the method creates a new item and adds it to the
+	 * ItemCollection. The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the
+	 * existence of an item. All item names will be lower cased.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Each item can contain a list of values (multivalue item). If a single value
+	 * is provided the method creates a List with one single value (singlevalue
+	 * item).
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the value is null the method will remove the item. This is equal to the
+	 * method call removeItem()
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the ItemValue is not serializable the item will be removed. This method is
+	 * deprecated and should be replaced by the method setItemvValue.
+	 * 
+	 * @see method setItemValue.
+	 * @param itemName  The name of the item or items you want to replace.
+	 * @param itemValue The value of the new item. The data type of the item depends
+	 *                  upon the data type of value, and does not need to match the
+	 *                  data type of the old item.
+	 */
+	public void replaceItemValue(String itemName, Object itemValue) {
+		setItemValue(itemName, itemValue, false);
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved String value of the specified item. The method converts
+	 * the stored value to a String. If the item has no value, the method returns an
+	 * empty String. If the item has multiple values, this method returns the first
+	 * value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return the String value of the item
+	 * 
+	 */
+	public String getItemValueString(String itemName) {
+		List<?> v = (List<?>) getItemValue(itemName);
+		if (v.size() == 0) {
+			return "";
+		} else {
+			// verify if value is null
+			Object o = v.get(0);
+			if (o == null) {
+				return "";
+			} else {
+				return o.toString();
+			}
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved Integer value of the specified item. The method converts
+	 * the stored value to an Integer. If the item has no value or the value is not
+	 * convertible to an Integer, the method returns 0. If the item has multiple
+	 * values, this method returns the first value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return the integer value of the item
+	 */
+	public int getItemValueInteger(String itemName) {
+		try {
+			List<?> v = getItemValue(itemName);
+			if (v.size() == 0) {
+				return 0;
+			}
+			String sValue = v.get(0).toString();
+			return new Double(sValue).intValue();
+		} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+			return 0;
+		} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved Long value of the specified item. The method converts
+	 * the stored value to long. If the item has no value or the value is not
+	 * convertible to a Long, the method returns 0. If the item has multiple values,
+	 * this method returns the first value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return the Long value of the item
+	 */
+	public long getItemValueLong(String itemName) {
+		try {
+			List<?> v = getItemValue(itemName);
+			if (v.size() == 0) {
+				return 0;
+			}
+			String sValue = v.get(0).toString();
+			return new Long(sValue).longValue();
+		} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+			return 0;
+		} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved Date value of the specified item. If the item has no
+	 * value or the value is not of the type Date, the method returns null. If the
+	 * item has multiple values, this method returns the first value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return the Date value of the item
+	 */
+	public Date getItemValueDate(String aName) {
+		try {
+			List<?> v = getItemValue(aName);
+			if (v.size() == 0) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			Object o = v.get(0);
+			if (!(o instanceof Date)) {
+				return null;
+			}
+			return (Date) o;
+		} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved Double value of the specified item. The method converts
+	 * the stored value to double. If the item has no value or the value is not
+	 * convertible to a Double, the method returns 0.0. If the item has multiple
+	 * values, this method returns the first value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return the double value of the item
+	 */
+	public double getItemValueDouble(String itemName) {
+		try {
+			List<?> v = getItemValue(itemName);
+			if (v.size() == 0)
+				return 0.0;
+			else {
+				// test for object type...
+				Object o = v.get(0);
+				if (o instanceof Double)
+					return (Double) o;
+
+				if (o instanceof Float)
+					return (Float) o;
+
+				if (o instanceof Long)
+					return (Long) o;
+
+				if (o instanceof Integer)
+					return (Integer) o;
+
+				// try to parse string.....
+				try {
+					return Double.valueOf(v.get(0).toString());
+				} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+					return 0;
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+			return 0.0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved Float value of the specified item. The method converts
+	 * the stored value to float. If the item has no value or the value is not
+	 * convertible to a Float, the method returns 0.0. If the item has multiple
+	 * values, this method returns the first value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return the float value of the item
+	 */
+	public float getItemValueFloat(String itemName) {
+		try {
+			List<?> v = getItemValue(itemName);
+			if (v.size() == 0)
+				return (float) 0.0;
+			else {
+				// test for object type...
+				Object o = v.get(0);
+
+				if (o instanceof Float)
+					return (Float) o;
+
+				if (o instanceof Double) {
+					Double d = (Double) o;
+					return (float) d.doubleValue();
+				}
+
+				if (o instanceof Long)
+					return (Long) o;
+
+				if (o instanceof Integer)
+					return (Integer) o;
+
+				// try to parse string.....
+				try {
+					return Float.valueOf(v.get(0).toString());
+				} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+					return 0;
+				}
+
+			}
+		} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+			return (float) 0.0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the resolved Boolean value of the specified item. The method converts
+	 * the stored value to Boolean. If the item has no value or the value is not
+	 * convertible to a Boolean, the method returns false. If the item has multiple
+	 * values, this method returns the first value.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The ItemName is not case sensitive. Use hasItem to verify the existence of an
+	 * item.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName The name of an item.
+	 * @return the boolean value of the item
+	 */
+	public boolean getItemValueBoolean(String itemName) {
+		try {
+			List<?> v = getItemValue(itemName);
+			if (v.size() == 0) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			Object sValue = v.get(0);
+			return Boolean.valueOf(sValue.toString());
+		} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Replaces all items specified in the map with new items, which are assigned to
+	 * the specified values inside the map.
+	 * 
+	 * The method makes a deep copy of the source map using serialization. This is
+	 * to make sure, that no object reference is copied. Other wise for example
+	 * embedded arrays are not cloned. This is also important for JPA to avoid
+	 * changes of attached entity beans with references in the data of an
+	 * ItemCollection.
+	 * 
+	 * @see deepCopyOfMap
+	 * @param map
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public void replaceAllItems(Map<String, List<Object>> map) {
+		// make a deep copy of the map
+		Map<String, List<Object>> clonedMap = (Map<String, List<Object>>) deepCopyOfMap(map);
+		Iterator<?> it = clonedMap.entrySet().iterator();
+		while (it.hasNext()) {
+			Map.Entry<String, List<Object>> entry = (Map.Entry<String, List<Object>>) it.next();
+			replaceItemValue(entry.getKey().toString(), entry.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method adds a fileData object to the ItemCollection. filesData object
+	 * will be stored into the property $file.
+	 * 
+	 * @param filedata - a file data object
+	 */
+	public void addFileData(FileData filedata) {
+		this.addFile(filedata.content, filedata.name, filedata.contentType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method adds a single file to the ItemCollection. files will be stored
+	 * into the property $file.
+	 * 
+	 * @param data        - byte array with file data
+	 * @param fileName    - name of the file attachment
+	 * @param contentType - the contenttype (e.g. 'Text/HTML')
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public void addFile(byte[] data, String fileName, String contentType) {
+		if (data != null) {
+			List<Object> vectorFileInfo = null;
+
+			// IE includes '\' characters! so remove all these characters....
+			if (fileName.indexOf('\\') > -1)
+				fileName = fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf('\\') + 1);
+			if (fileName.indexOf('/') > -1)
+				fileName = fileName.substring(fileName.lastIndexOf('/') + 1);
+
+			if (contentType == null || "".equals(contentType))
+				contentType = "application/unknown";
+
+			// Store files using a map....
+			Map<String, List<Object>> mapFiles = null;
+			List<?> vFiles = getItemValue("$file");
+			if (vFiles != null && vFiles.size() > 0)
+				mapFiles = (Map<String, List<Object>>) vFiles.get(0);
+			else
+				mapFiles = new LinkedHashMap<String, List<Object>>();
+
+			// existing file will be overridden!
+			vectorFileInfo = new ArrayList<Object>();
+			// put file in a vector containing the byte array and also the
+			// content type
+			vectorFileInfo.add(contentType);
+			vectorFileInfo.add(data);
+			mapFiles.put(fileName, vectorFileInfo);
+			replaceItemValue("$file", mapFiles);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a data object for an attached file. The data object is a list
+	 * containing the contentType (String) and the content (byte[])
+	 * 
+	 * @param filename
+	 * @return file data contentType (String) and the content (byte[])
+	 */
+	public List<Object> getFile(String filename) {
+		Map<String, List<Object>> files = this.getFiles();
+		if (files != null) {
+			return files.get(filename);
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a FileData object for an attached file.
+	 * 
+	 * @param filename
+	 * @return FileData object
+	 */
+	public FileData getFileData(String filename) {
+		List<Object> content = getFile(filename);
+		if (content != null) {
+			return new FileData(filename, (byte[]) content.get(1), content.get(0).toString());
+		} else {
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a list of all FileData objects.
+	 * 
+	 *
+	 * @return list of FileData objects
+	 */
+	public List<FileData> getFileData() {
+		List<FileData> result = new ArrayList<FileData>();
+		List<String> fileNames = this.getFileNames();
+		for (String filename : fileNames) {
+			result.add(this.getFileData(filename));
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method removes a single file attachment from the workitem
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public void removeFile(String aFilename) {
+		/* delete attachment */
+		Map<String, List<Object>> mapFiles = null;
+		List<?> vFiles = getItemValue("$file");
+		if (vFiles != null && vFiles.size() > 0) {
+			mapFiles = (Map<String, List<Object>>) vFiles.get(0);
+			mapFiles.remove(aFilename);
+			replaceItemValue("$file", mapFiles);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns files stored in the property '$file'. The files are returned in a Map
+	 * interface where the key is the filename and the value is a list with two
+	 * elements - the ContenType and the file content (byte[]). s Files can be added
+	 * into a ItemCollection using the method addFile().
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public Map<String, List<Object>> getFiles() {
+		List<?> vFiles = getItemValue("$file");
+		if (vFiles != null && vFiles.size() > 0) {
+			// test if the value part is a List or an Object[]. In case its an
+			// Object[] we convert the array to a List
+
+			Map<String, ?> testContent = (Map<String, ?>) vFiles.get(0);
+			Map<String, List<Object>> mapFiles = new LinkedHashMap<String, List<Object>>();
+			for (Entry<String, ?> entry : testContent.entrySet()) {
+				String sFileName = entry.getKey();
+				Object obj = entry.getValue();
+				if (obj instanceof List) {
+					mapFiles.put(sFileName, (List<Object>) obj);
+				} else {
+					// convert array to List
+					mapFiles.put(sFileName, Arrays.asList(obj));
+				}
+			}
+			return mapFiles;
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns a list of file names attached to the current workitem. File
+	 * Attachments can be added using the method addFile().
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	public List<String> getFileNames() {
+		// File attachments...
+		List<String> files = new ArrayList<String>();
+
+		Map<String, List<Object>> mapFiles = null;
+		List<?> vFiles = getItemValue("$file");
+		if (vFiles != null && vFiles.size() > 0) {
+			mapFiles = (Map<String, List<Object>>) vFiles.get(0);
+			// files = new String[mapFiles.entrySet().size()];
+			Iterator<?> iter = mapFiles.entrySet().iterator();
+			while (iter.hasNext()) {
+				Map.Entry<String, List<Object>> mapEntry = (Map.Entry<String, List<Object>>) iter.next();
+				String aFileName = mapEntry.getKey().toString();
+				files.add(aFileName);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return files;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an ItemAdapter for this instance.
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public Map<String, ?> getItem() {
+		return new ItemAdapter(this);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an ItemListAdapter for this instance.
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public Map<String, ?> getItemList() {
+		return new ItemListAdapter(this);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an ItemListArrayAdapter for this instance.
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public Map<String, ?> getItemListArray() {
+		return new ItemListArrayAdapter(this);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return current type
+	 */
+	public String getType() {
+		return getItemValueString(WorkflowKernel.TYPE);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return current $TaskID
+	 */
+	public int getTaskID() {
+		int result = getItemValueInteger(WorkflowKernel.TASKID);
+		// test for deprecated version
+		if (result == 0 && hasItem("$processid") && getItemValueInteger("$processid") != 0) {
+			// see issue #384
+			/*
+			 * logger.
+			 * warning("The field $processid is deprecated. Please use $taskid instead. " +
+			 * "Processing a workitem with an deprecated $processid is still supported.");
+			 */
+			result = getItemValueInteger("$processid");
+			// update missing taskID
+			replaceItemValue(WorkflowKernel.TASKID, result);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * set $taskID
+	 * 
+	 * @param taskID
+	 */
+	public void setTaskID(int taskID) {
+		replaceItemValue(WorkflowKernel.TASKID, taskID);
+		// deprecated processID is still supported for a long period. See issue #384
+		replaceItemValue("$processid", taskID);
+	}
+
+	public ItemCollection task(int taskID) {
+		setTaskID(taskID);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return current $EventID
+	 */
+	public int getEventID() {
+		// test for deprecated version
+		int result = getItemValueInteger(WorkflowKernel.EVENTID);
+		if (result == 0 && hasItem("$activityid") && getItemValueInteger("$activityid") != 0) {
+			logger.warning("The field $activityid is deprecated. Please use $eventid instead. "
+					+ "Processing a workitem with an deprecated $activityid is still supported.");
+			result = getItemValueInteger("$activityid");
+			// update eventID
+			replaceItemValue(WorkflowKernel.EVENTID, result);
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * set $eventID
+	 * 
+	 * @param eventID
+	 */
+	public void setEventID(int eventID) {
+		replaceItemValue(WorkflowKernel.EVENTID, eventID);
+
+		// if deprectaed ActivityID exists we must still support it
+		if (hasItem("$activityid")) {
+			replaceItemValue("$activityid", eventID);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public ItemCollection event(int eventID) {
+		setEventID(eventID);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return current $ModelVersion
+	 */
+	public String getModelVersion() {
+		return getItemValueString(WorkflowKernel.MODELVERSION);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * set the $ModelVersion
+	 */
+	public void setModelVersion(String modelversion) {
+		replaceItemValue(WorkflowKernel.MODELVERSION, modelversion);
+	}
+
+	public ItemCollection model(String modelversion) {
+		setModelVersion(modelversion);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return current $ModelVersion
+	 */
+	public String getWorkflowGroup() {
+		return getItemValueString(WorkflowKernel.WORKFLOWGROUP);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * set the $ModelVersion
+	 */
+	public void setWorkflowGroup(String group) {
+		replaceItemValue(WorkflowKernel.WORKFLOWGROUP, group);
+	}
+
+	public ItemCollection workflowGroup(String group) {
+		setWorkflowGroup(group);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return $UniqueID
+	 */
+	public String getUniqueID() {
+		return getItemValueString(WorkflowKernel.UNIQUEID);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is deprecated. Use instead getTaskID()
+	 * 
+	 * @return current $processID
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public int getProcessID() {
+		int result = getItemValueInteger(WorkflowKernel.PROCESSID);
+		if (result == 0 && hasItem("$taskid")) {
+			result = getTaskID();
+		}
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method is deprecated. Use instead getEventID()
+	 * 
+	 * @return current $ActivityID
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public int getActivityID() {
+		return getEventID();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * set $ActivityID. This method is deprecated. Use instead setEventID()
+	 * 
+	 * @param activityID
+	 */
+	@Deprecated
+	public void setActivityID(int activityID) {
+		replaceItemValue("$activityid", activityID);
+		// set new field $eventID
+		setEventID(activityID);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method converts the raw java types String, int, long, float and double.
+	 * 
+	 * The method returns null if the type is no raw type.
+	 * 
+	 * @param value
+	 * @param type
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	private <T> T convertValue(Object value, Type type) {
+
+		// test String
+		if (type == String.class) {
+			if (value == null) {
+				// return empty if not present
+				return (T) "";
+			} else {
+				return (T) value.toString();
+			}
+		}
+
+		// test Integer/int
+		if (type == Integer.class || type == int.class) {
+			try {
+				if (value == null) {
+					// return 0 if not present
+					return (T) Integer.valueOf(0);
+				}
+				int intvalue = new Double(value.toString()).intValue();
+				return (T) Integer.valueOf(intvalue);
+			} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+				return (T) Integer.valueOf(0);
+			} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+				return (T) Integer.valueOf(0);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// test Long/long
+		if (type == Long.class || type == long.class) {
+			try {
+				if (value == null) {
+					// return 0 if not present
+					return (T) Long.valueOf(0);
+				}
+				long longvalue = new Long(value.toString()).longValue();
+				return (T) Long.valueOf(longvalue);
+			} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+				return (T) Long.valueOf(0);
+			} catch (ClassCastException e) {
+				return (T) Long.valueOf(0);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Helper method to replace an ItemValue.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemName  - name of the value
+	 * @param itemValue - value
+	 * @param append    - true if the value should be appended to an existing list
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+	private void setItemValue(String itemName, Object itemValue, boolean append) {
+		List<Object> itemValueList = null;
+
+		if (itemName == null)
+			return;
+		// lower case itemname
+		itemName = itemName.toLowerCase().trim();
+
+		// test if value is null
+		if (itemValue == null) {
+			// remove the item?
+			if (!append) {
+				this.removeItem(itemName);
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// test if value is ItemCollection
+		if (itemValue instanceof ItemCollection) {
+			// just warn - do not remove
+			logger.warning("replaceItemValue '" + itemName
+					+ "': ItemCollection can not be stored into an existing ItemCollection - use XMLItemCollection instead.");
+		}
+
+		// test if value is serializable
+		if (!(itemValue instanceof java.io.Serializable)) {
+			logger.warning("replaceItemValue '" + itemName + "': object is not serializable!");
+			this.removeItem(itemName);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// test if value is a list and remove null values
+		if (itemValue instanceof List) {
+			itemValueList = (List<Object>) itemValue;
+			itemValueList.removeAll(Collections.singleton(null));
+			// scan List for null values and remove them
+			for (int i = 0; i < itemValueList.size(); i++) {
+				// test if ItemCollection
+				if (itemValueList.get(i) instanceof ItemCollection) {
+					// just warn - do not remove
+					logger.warning("replaceItemValue '" + itemName
+							+ "': ItemCollection can not be stored into an existing ItemCollection - use XMLItemCollection instead.");
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			// create an instance of an ArrayList
+			itemValueList = new ArrayList<Object>();
+			itemValueList.add(itemValue);
+		}
+
+		// now itemValue is of instance List
+		if (!validateItemValue(itemValueList)) {
+			String message = "setItemValue failed for item '" + itemName
+					+ "', the value is a non supported object type: " + itemValueList;
+			logger.warning(message);
+			throw new InvalidAccessException(message);
+		}
+
+		// replace item value?
+		if (append) {
+			// append item value
+			List<Object> oldValueList = (List<Object>) getItemValue(itemName);
+
+			oldValueList.addAll(itemValueList);
+
+			hash.put(itemName, (List<Object>) oldValueList);
+		} else
+			hash.put(itemName, itemValueList);
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method validates of a itemValue is acceptable for the ItemCollection.
+	 * Only basic types are supported.
+	 * 
+	 * @param itemValue
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+	private boolean validateItemValue(Object itemValue) {
+
+		// convert Calendar instance into Date! issue #52
+		if (itemValue instanceof Calendar) {
+			itemValue = ((Calendar) itemValue).getTime();
+		}
+
+		// first we test if basic type?
+		if (isBasicType(itemValue)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// list?
+		if ((itemValue instanceof List)) {
+			for (Object singleValue : (List) itemValue) {
+				if (!validateItemValue(singleValue)) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		} else
+
+		// array?
+		if (itemValue != null && itemValue.getClass().isArray()) {
+			for (int i = 0; i < Array.getLength(itemValue); i++) {
+				Object singleValue = Array.get(itemValue, i);
+				if (!validateItemValue(singleValue)) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		} else
+
+		// map?
+		if ((itemValue instanceof Map)) {
+			Map map = (Map) itemValue;
+			for (Object value : map.values()) {
+				if (!validateItemValue(value)) {
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// unknown type
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This helper method test if an object is a basic type which can be stored in
+	 * an ItemCollection.
+	 * 
+	 * Validate for raw objects and class types java.lang.*, java.math.*
+	 * 
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+	private static boolean isBasicType(java.lang.Object o) {
+
+		if (o == null) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		// test raw array types first
+		if (o instanceof byte[] || o instanceof boolean[] || o instanceof short[] || o instanceof char[]
+				|| o instanceof int[] || o instanceof long[] || o instanceof float[] || o instanceof double[]
+				|| o instanceof XMLItem[] || o instanceof XMLDocument[]) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// test package name
+		Class c = o.getClass();
+		String name = c.getName();
+		if (name.startsWith("java.lang.") || name.startsWith("java.math.") || "java.util.Date".equals(name)
+				|| "org.imixs.workflow.xml.XMLItem".equals(name) || "org.imixs.workflow.xml.XMLDocument".equals(name)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// no basic type
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This helper method makes a deep copy of a map by serializing and
+	 * deserializing.
+	 * 
+	 * It is assumed that all elements in the object's source graph are
+	 * serializable.
+	 * 
+	 * @see http://www.javaworld.com/article/2077578/learn-java/java-tip-76--an-alternative-to-the-deep-copy-technique.html
+	 * @param map
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	private Object deepCopyOfMap(Map<String, List<Object>> map) {
+		try {
+			ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+			ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(bos);
+			// serialize and pass the object
+			oos.writeObject(map);
+			oos.flush();
+			ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bos.toByteArray());
+			ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(bais);
+			return ois.readObject();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			logger.warning("Unable to clone values of ItemCollection - " + e);
+			return null;
+		} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+			logger.warning("Unable to clone values of ItemCollection - " + e);
+			return null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This class helps to adapt the behavior of a single value item to be used in a
+	 * jsf page using a expression language like this:
+	 * 
+	 * #{mybean.item['txtMyItem']}
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @author rsoika
+	 * 
+	 */
+	class ItemAdapter implements Map<String, Object> {
+		ItemCollection itemCollection;
+
+		public ItemAdapter() {
+			itemCollection = new ItemCollection();
+		}
+
+		public ItemAdapter(ItemCollection acol) {
+			itemCollection = acol;
+		}
+
+		public void setItemCollection(ItemCollection acol) {
+			itemCollection = acol;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * returns a single value out of the ItemCollection if the key does not exist
+		 * the method will create a value automatically
+		 */
+		public Object get(Object key) {
+			// check if a value for this key is available...
+			// if not create a new empty value
+			if (!itemCollection.hasItem(key.toString()))
+				itemCollection.replaceItemValue(key.toString(), "");
+
+			// return first value from vector if size >0
+			List<?> v = itemCollection.getItemValue(key.toString());
+			if (v.size() > 0)
+				return v.get(0);
+			else
+				// otherwise return null
+				return null;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * puts a single value into the ItemCollection
+		 */
+		public Object put(String key, Object value) {
+			if (key == null)
+				return null;
+			itemCollection.replaceItemValue(key.toString(), value);
+			return value;
+		}
+
+		/* ############### Default methods ################# */
+
+		public void clear() {
+			itemCollection.getAllItems().clear();
+		}
+
+		public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().containsKey(key);
+		}
+
+		public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().containsValue(value);
+		}
+
+		@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+		public Set entrySet() {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().entrySet();
+		}
+
+		public boolean isEmpty() {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().isEmpty();
+		}
+
+		@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+		public Set keySet() {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().keySet();
+		}
+
+		@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+		public void putAll(Map m) {
+			itemCollection.getAllItems().putAll(m);
+
+		}
+
+		public Object remove(Object key) {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().remove(key);
+		}
+
+		public int size() {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().size();
+		}
+
+		@SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+		public Collection values() {
+			return itemCollection.getAllItems().values();
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This class helps to addapt the behavior of a multivalue item to be used in a
+	 * jsf page using a expression language like this:
+	 * 
+	 * #{mybean.item['txtMyList']}
+	 * 
+	 * 
+	 * @author rsoika
+	 * 
+	 */
+	class ItemListAdapter extends ItemAdapter {
+
+		public ItemListAdapter(ItemCollection acol) {
+			itemCollection = acol;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * returns a multi value out of the ItemCollection if the key dos not exist the
+		 * method will create a value automatical
+		 */
+		public Object get(Object key) {
+			// check if a value for this key is available...
+			// if not create a new empty value
+			if (!itemCollection.hasItem(key.toString()))
+				itemCollection.replaceItemValue(key.toString(), "");
+
+			return itemCollection.getItemValue(key.toString());
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	class ItemListArrayAdapter extends ItemAdapter {
+
+		public ItemListArrayAdapter(ItemCollection acol) {
+			itemCollection = acol;
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * returns a multi value out of the ItemCollection if the key dos not exist the
+		 * method will create a value automatical
+		 */
+		@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")
+		public Object get(Object key) {
+			// check if a value for this key is available...
+			// if not create a new empty value
+			if (!itemCollection.hasItem(key.toString()))
+				itemCollection.replaceItemValue(key.toString(), "");
+			// return new ArrayList Object containing values from vector
+			ArrayList<Object> aList = new ArrayList<Object>();
+			Collection col = itemCollection.getItemValue(key.toString());
+			for (Object aEntryValue : col) {
+				aList.add(aEntryValue);
+			}
+			return aList;
+
+		}
+
+		/**
+		 * puts a arraylist value into the ItemCollection
+		 */
+		@SuppressWarnings({ "rawtypes", "unchecked" })
+		public Object put(String key, Object value) {
+			if (key == null)
+				return null;
+
+			// skipp null values
+			if (value == null) {
+				itemCollection.replaceItemValue(key.toString(), new ArrayList());
+				return null;
+			}
+			// convert List into Vector object
+			if (value instanceof List || value instanceof Object[]) {
+				List v = new ArrayList();
+				// check type of list (array and list are supported but need
+				// to be read in different ways
+				if (value instanceof List)
+					for (Object aEntryValue : (List) value) {
+						v.add(aEntryValue);
+					}
+				else if (value instanceof Object[])
+					for (Object aEntryValue : (Object[]) value) {
+						v.add(aEntryValue);
+					}
+				itemCollection.replaceItemValue(key.toString(), v);
+			} else
+				// non convertable object!
+				itemCollection.replaceItemValue(key.toString(), value);
+
+			return value;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `clonedMap` last assigned on line 761 could be null and is dereferenced at line 762.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ItemCollection.replaceAllItems(Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection.replaceAllItems(java.util.Map):void.e976a12a53d0fcdcc617c02b381e681c
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-core/src/main/java/org/imixs/workflow/ItemCollection.java
+
+### Key:
+ItemCollection.java|replaceAllItems|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+5ce06468f276db04db50ccf49e999445
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7206/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7206/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee28d5c184e4c7aba6220257d0c6ccafd4b9f41d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7206/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** imixs-workflow
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.imixs.workflow.engine;
+
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+
+import org.imixs.workflow.ItemCollection;
+import org.imixs.workflow.engine.WorkflowSchedulerService;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.AccessDeniedException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.PluginException;
+import org.imixs.workflow.exceptions.ProcessingErrorException;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for WorkflowSchedulerService
+ * 
+ * This test verifies if the inDue methods workItemInDue() and addWorkDays()
+ * 
+ * @author rsoika
+ */
+public class TestWorkflowScheduler {
+
+	@Before
+	public void setup() throws PluginException {
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This test the date compare base on $lastProcessingDate in days
+	 * 
+	 * @throws ProcessingErrorException
+	 * @throws AccessDeniedException
+	 * 
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testDaysOnLastProcess() throws AccessDeniedException, ProcessingErrorException, PluginException {
+
+		ItemCollection doc = new ItemCollection();
+		ItemCollection activity = new ItemCollection();
+
+		// delay unit = days
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyActivityDelayUnit", "3");
+		// compare type = last process
+		activity.replaceItemValue("keyScheduledBaseObject", "1");
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 10);
+
+		Calendar workitemCal = Calendar.getInstance();
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertTrue(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+		// delay
+		activity.replaceItemValue("numActivityDelay", 15);
+		workitemCal.setTime(new Date());
+		// adjust -14
+		workitemCal.add(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, -14);
+		// prepare doc
+		doc.replaceItemValue("$lastProcessingDate", workitemCal.getTime());
+		Assert.assertFalse(WorkflowSchedulerService.workItemInDue(doc, activity));
+
+	}
+
+	
+	
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Monday to Fiday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+	
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+	
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 8).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 14).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromFriday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.FRIDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.WEDNESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		// friday - 5
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -9).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -10).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * Friday back to Monday
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromMonday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to FRIDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.MONDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -3 Workdays -> THUSEDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -2).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SATURDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSaturday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SATURDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY backwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testMinusWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> THURSDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.THURSDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, -5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * This method tests the addWorkDays function in a weekday movement from
+	 * SUNDAY forwards
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void testAddWorkdaysFromSunday() {
+
+		Calendar startDate = Calendar.getInstance();
+		// adjust to SATURDAY
+		startDate.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK, Calendar.SUNDAY);
+		System.out.println("Startdate=" + startDate.getTime());
+
+		// adjust -1 Workdays -> TUESDAY
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.TUESDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 1).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+	
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.FRIDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 4).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(Calendar.MONDAY,
+				WorkflowSchedulerService.addWorkDays(startDate, 5).get(Calendar.DAY_OF_WEEK));
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `addWorkDays(startDate,5)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 94.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromMonday()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.imixs.workflow.engine.TestWorkflowScheduler.testAddWorkdaysFromMonday():void.3b341ae0a16ef84212734955fa5d807d
+
+### File:
+imixs-workflow-engine/src/test/java/org/imixs/workflow/engine/TestWorkflowScheduler.java
+
+### Key:
+TestWorkflowScheduler.java|testAddWorkdaysFromMonday|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+15891b12c6ce50257e480adc810587ae
+
+### Hash:
+a1b312e7b320d3f5eb565fe39c611ed7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7239/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7239/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bae93f91df6201e47e8fe1e34649e9a1986a1deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7239/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** awaitility
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2008 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.awaitility.reflect;
+
+import org.awaitility.reflect.exception.FieldNotFoundException;
+import org.awaitility.reflect.exception.TooManyFieldsFoundException;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+
+/**
+ * Various utilities for accessing internals of a class. Basically a simplified
+ * reflection utility. Copied with permission from PowerMock project.
+ */
+public class WhiteboxImpl {
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of a field using reflection. This method will iterate
+     * through the entire class hierarchy and return the value of the first
+     * field named <tt>fieldName</tt>. If you want to get a specific field value
+     * at specific place in the class hierarchy please refer to
+     *
+     * @param <T>       the generic type
+     * @param object    the object to modify
+     * @param fieldName the name of the field
+     * @return the internal state.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T getInternalState(Object object, String fieldName) {
+        Field foundField = findFieldInHierarchy(object, fieldName);
+        try {
+            return (T) foundField.get(object);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Internal error: Failed to get field in method getInternalState.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find field in hierarchy.
+     *
+     * @param object    the object
+     * @param fieldName the field name
+     * @return the field
+     */
+    private static Field findFieldInHierarchy(Object object, String fieldName) {
+        return findFieldInHierarchy(object, new FieldNameMatcherStrategy(fieldName));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find field in hierarchy.
+     *
+     * @param object   the object
+     * @param strategy the strategy
+     * @return the field
+     */
+    private static Field findFieldInHierarchy(Object object, FieldMatcherStrategy strategy) {
+        assertObjectInGetInternalStateIsNotNull(object);
+        return findSingleFieldUsingStrategy(strategy, object, true, getType(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert object in get internal state is not null.
+     *
+     * @param object the object
+     */
+    private static void assertObjectInGetInternalStateIsNotNull(Object object) {
+        if (object == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("The object containing the field cannot be null");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find single field using strategy.
+     *
+     * @param strategy       the strategy
+     * @param object         the object
+     * @param checkHierarchy the check hierarchy
+     * @param startClass     the start class
+     * @return the field
+     */
+    private static Field findSingleFieldUsingStrategy(FieldMatcherStrategy strategy, Object object,
+                                                      boolean checkHierarchy, Class<?> startClass) {
+        assertObjectInGetInternalStateIsNotNull(object);
+        Field foundField = null;
+        final Class<?> originalStartClass = startClass;
+        while (startClass != null) {
+            final Field[] declaredFields = startClass.getDeclaredFields();
+            for (Field field : declaredFields) {
+                if (strategy.matches(field) && hasFieldProperModifier(object, field)) {
+                    if (foundField != null) {
+                        throw new TooManyFieldsFoundException("Two or more fields matching " + strategy + ".");
+                    }
+                    foundField = field;
+                }
+            }
+            if (foundField != null) {
+                break;
+            } else if (checkHierarchy == false) {
+                break;
+            }
+            startClass = startClass.getSuperclass();
+        }
+        if (foundField == null) {
+            strategy.notFound(originalStartClass, !isClass(object));
+        }
+        foundField.setAccessible(true);
+        return foundField;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks for field proper modifier.
+     *
+     * @param object the object
+     * @param field  the field
+     * @return true, if successful
+     */
+    private static boolean hasFieldProperModifier(Object object, Field field) {
+        return ((object instanceof Class<?> && Modifier.isStatic(field.getModifiers())) || ((object instanceof Class<?> == false && Modifier
+                .isStatic(field.getModifiers()) == false)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value of a field using reflection. This method will traverse the
+     * super class hierarchy until the first field of type <tt>fieldType</tt> is
+     * found. The value of this field will be returned.
+     *
+     * @param <T>       the generic type
+     * @param object    the object to modify
+     * @param fieldType the type of the field
+     * @return the internal state
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T getInternalState(Object object, Class<T> fieldType) {
+        Field foundField = findFieldInHierarchy(object, new AssignableToFieldTypeMatcherStrategy(fieldType));
+        try {
+            return (T) foundField.get(object);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Internal error: Failed to get field in method getInternalState.", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Throw exception if field was not found.
+     *
+     * @param type      the type
+     * @param fieldName the field name
+     * @param fieldName the field name
+     * @param field     the field
+     */
+    public static void throwExceptionIfFieldWasNotFound(Class<?> type, String fieldName, Field field) {
+        if (field == null) {
+            throw new FieldNotFoundException("No field was found with name '" + fieldName + "' in class "
+                    + type.getName() + ".");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the type.
+     *
+     * @param object the object
+     * @return The type of the of an object.
+     */
+    public static Class<?> getType(Object object) {
+        Class<?> type = null;
+        if (isClass(object)) {
+            type = (Class<?>) object;
+        } else if (object != null) {
+            type = object.getClass();
+        }
+        return type;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get field annotated with a particular annotation. This method traverses
+     * the class hierarchy when checking for the annotation.
+     *
+     * @param object         The object to look for annotations. Note that if're you're
+     *                       passing an object only instance fields are checked, passing a
+     *                       class will only check static fields.
+     * @param annotationType The annotation types to look for
+     * @return A set of all fields containing the particular annotation(s).
+     * @since 1.3
+     */
+    public static Field getFieldAnnotatedWith(Object object, Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType) {
+        return findSingleFieldUsingStrategy(new FieldAnnotationMatcherStrategy(annotationType), object, true,
+                getType(object));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if is class.
+     *
+     * @param argument the argument
+     * @return a boolean.
+     */
+    public static boolean isClass(Object argument) {
+        return argument instanceof Class<?>;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * <p>getByNameAndType.</p>
+     *
+     * @param object a {@link java.lang.Object} object.
+     * @param fieldName a {@link java.lang.String} object.
+     * @param expectedFieldType a {@link java.lang.Class} object.
+     * @param <T> a T object.
+     * @return a T object.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T getByNameAndType(Object object, String fieldName, Class<T> expectedFieldType) {
+        Field foundField = findSingleFieldUsingStrategy(new FieldNameAndTypeMatcherStrategy(fieldName,
+                expectedFieldType), object, true, getType(object));
+        try {
+            return (T) foundField.get(object);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Internal error: Failed to get field in method getInternalState.", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `foundField` last assigned on line 98 could be null and is dereferenced at line 120.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Field WhiteboxImpl.findSingleFieldUsingStrategy(FieldAnnotationMatcherStrategy,Object,boolean,Class)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.awaitility.reflect.WhiteboxImpl.findSingleFieldUsingStrategy(org.awaitility.reflect.FieldAnnotat.6ab57b924f400747d652f79880d86435
+
+### File:
+awaitility/src/main/java/org/awaitility/reflect/WhiteboxImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+WhiteboxImpl.java|findSingleFieldUsingStrategy|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2f14b397cd09e1d1e827be1d7b09512a
+
+### Hash:
+8b5101fbca33ee91bafa1eb9430e7229
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7311/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7311/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a7ae6ad5b5769286117a8d29ad68241830a9921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7311/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ninja
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2012-2017 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ninja;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import java.util.Map;
+import ninja.params.Param;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.nullValue;
+
+public class RouteParameterTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void parse() {
+        Map<String,RouteParameter> params;
+        RouteParameter param;
+        
+        // no named parameters is null
+        params = RouteParameter.parse("/user");
+        assertThat(params, is(nullValue()));
+        
+        params = RouteParameter.parse("/user/{id}/{email: [0-9]+}");
+        
+        param = params.get("id");
+        assertThat(param.getName(), is("id"));
+        assertThat(param.getToken(), is("{id}"));
+        assertThat(param.getRegex(), is(nullValue()));
+        
+        param = params.get("email");
+        assertThat(param.getName(), is("email"));
+        assertThat(param.getToken(), is("{email: [0-9]+}"));
+        assertThat(param.getRegex(), is("[0-9]+"));
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `params` last assigned on line 37 could be null and is dereferenced at line 39.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RouteParameterTest.parse()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ninja.RouteParameterTest.parse():void.b4a82516e4767b949ac64bf5ec8fc980
+
+### File:
+ninja-core/src/test/java/ninja/RouteParameterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+RouteParameterTest.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cb258cd51cbaa0dce206b7a1c03fec88
+
+### Hash:
+e5732fdfb3ac4e5aa1667fece234da3a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7316/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7316/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21d58c6c5be0b1ff35e951aa44b92d2a1ad572fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7316/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ninja
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2012-2015 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ninja.utils;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import ninja.NinjaTest;
+
+import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.HttpVersion;
+import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
+import org.apache.http.cookie.Cookie;
+import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
+import org.apache.http.entity.mime.HttpMultipartMode;
+import org.apache.http.entity.mime.MultipartEntity;
+import org.apache.http.entity.mime.content.FileBody;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
+import org.apache.http.params.CoreProtocolPNames;
+import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat.xml.XmlMapper;
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+public class NinjaTestBrowser {
+
+    private DefaultHttpClient httpClient;
+
+    public NinjaTestBrowser() {
+        httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The raw HttpClient. You can use it to fire your own requests.
+     * 
+     * Note 1: This HttpClient will save the state by reusing cookies. You can
+     * do login / logout cycles using this class.
+     * 
+     * Note 2: Will be shut down when calling the shutdown method. This is
+     * generally done by another test helper (like {@link NinjaTest}) that
+     * encapsulates this class.
+     * 
+     * @return The HttpClient. Ready and there to be used.
+     */
+    public HttpClient getHttpClient() {
+
+        return this.httpClient;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return all cookies saved by this TestBrowser.
+     */
+    public List<Cookie> getCookies() {
+        return httpClient.getCookieStore().getCookies();
+    }
+
+    public Cookie getCookieWithName(String name) {
+
+        List<Cookie> cookies = getCookies();
+
+        // skip through cookies and return cookie you want
+        for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
+            if (cookie.getName().equals(name)) {
+                return cookie;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public HttpResponse makeRequestAndGetResponse(String url,
+                                                  Map<String, String> headers) {
+
+        HttpResponse response = null;
+
+        try {
+
+            HttpGet getRequest = new HttpGet(url);
+
+            // add all headers
+            for (Entry<String, String> header : headers.entrySet()) {
+                getRequest.addHeader(header.getKey(), header.getValue());
+            }
+
+            response = httpClient.execute(getRequest);
+            getRequest.reset();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+
+        return response;
+
+    }
+
+    public String makeRequest(String url) {
+        return makeRequest(url, null);
+    }
+
+    public String makeRequest(String url, Map<String, String> headers) {
+
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        try {
+
+            HttpGet getRequest = new HttpGet(url);
+
+            if (headers != null) {
+                // add all headers
+                for (Entry<String, String> header : headers.entrySet()) {
+                    getRequest.addHeader(header.getKey(), header.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+
+            HttpResponse response;
+
+            response = httpClient.execute(getRequest);
+
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
+                    response.getEntity().getContent(), "UTF-8"));
+
+            String output;
+            while ((output = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                sb.append(output);
+            }
+
+            getRequest.releaseConnection();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+
+        return sb.toString();
+
+    }
+
+    public String makePostRequestWithFormParameters(String url,
+                                                    Map<String, String> headers,
+                                                    Map<String, String> formParameters) {
+
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+
+        try {
+
+            HttpPost postRequest = new HttpPost(url);
+
+            if (headers != null) {
+                // add all headers
+                for (Entry<String, String> header : headers.entrySet()) {
+                    postRequest.addHeader(header.getKey(), header.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+
+            // add form parameters:
+            List<BasicNameValuePair> formparams = new ArrayList<BasicNameValuePair>();
+            if (formParameters != null) {
+
+                for (Entry<String, String> parameter : formParameters
+                        .entrySet()) {
+
+                    formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair(parameter.getKey(),
+                            parameter.getValue()));
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            // encode form parameters and add
+            UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams);
+            postRequest.setEntity(entity);
+
+            HttpResponse response;
+
+            response = httpClient.execute(postRequest);
+
+            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
+                    response.getEntity().getContent(), "UTF-8"));
+
+            String output;
+            while ((output = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                sb.append(output);
+            }
+
+            postRequest.releaseConnection();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+
+        return sb.toString();
+
+    }
+
+    public String uploadFile(String url, String paramName, File fileToUpload) {
+
+        String response = null;
+
+        try {
+
+            httpClient.getParams().setParameter(
+                    CoreProtocolPNames.PROTOCOL_VERSION, HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1);
+
+            HttpPost post = new HttpPost(url);
+
+            MultipartEntity entity = new MultipartEntity(
+                    HttpMultipartMode.BROWSER_COMPATIBLE);
+
+            // For File parameters
+            entity.addPart(paramName, new FileBody((File) fileToUpload));
+
+            post.setEntity(entity);
+
+            // Here we go!
+            response = EntityUtils.toString(httpClient.execute(post)
+                    .getEntity(), "UTF-8");
+            post.releaseConnection();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+
+        return response;
+
+    }
+
+    public String makeJsonRequest(String url) {
+
+        Map<String, String> headers = Maps.newHashMap();
+        headers.put("accept", "application/json; charset=utf-8");
+
+        return makeRequest(url, headers);
+
+    }
+    
+    public String makeXmlRequest(String url) {
+
+        Map<String, String> headers = Maps.newHashMap();
+        headers.put("accept", "application/xml; charset=utf-8");
+
+        return makeRequest(url, headers);
+
+    }
+
+    public String postJson(String url, Object object) {
+
+        try {
+            httpClient.getParams().setParameter(
+                    CoreProtocolPNames.PROTOCOL_VERSION, HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1);
+
+            HttpPost post = new HttpPost(url);
+            StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(
+                    new ObjectMapper().writeValueAsString(object), "utf-8");
+            entity.setContentType("application/json; charset=utf-8");
+            post.setEntity(entity);
+            post.releaseConnection();
+
+            // Here we go!
+            return EntityUtils.toString(httpClient.execute(post).getEntity(),
+                    "UTF-8");
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public String postXml(String url, Object object) {
+
+        try {
+            httpClient.getParams().setParameter(
+                    CoreProtocolPNames.PROTOCOL_VERSION, HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1);
+
+            HttpPost post = new HttpPost(url);
+            StringEntity entity = new StringEntity(
+                    new XmlMapper().writeValueAsString(object), "utf-8");
+            entity.setContentType("application/xml; charset=utf-8");
+            post.setEntity(entity);
+            post.releaseConnection();
+
+            // Here we go!
+            return EntityUtils.toString(httpClient.execute(post).getEntity(),
+                    "UTF-8");
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        httpClient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 200 is not released after line 209.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 203
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String NinjaTestBrowser.makePostRequestWithFormParameters(String,Map,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ninja.utils.NinjaTestBrowser.makePostRequestWithFormParameters(java.lang.String,java.util.Map,java.u.657c274f56539340607da29ae0636c41
+
+### File:
+ninja-test-utilities/src/main/java/ninja/utils/NinjaTestBrowser.java
+
+### Key:
+NinjaTestBrowser.java|makePostRequestWithFormParameters|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+85d5b5e8d6ad7dc6cf9646bfe1ca2d97
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7318/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7318/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6978096b392c83b1364ae5c4b75b92462e3515cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7318/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ninja
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ninja;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.util.AbstractMap;
+import java.util.AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+import ch.qos.logback.core.db.dialect.MySQLDialect;
+
+public class ResultTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT);
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, result.getStatusCode());
+        assertEquals(0, result.getCookies().size());
+        assertEquals(0, result.getHeaders().keySet().size());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRenderable() {
+
+        TestObject testObject = new TestObject();
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(testObject);
+        assertEquals(testObject, result.getRenderable());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetContentType() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.contentType("text/my-funky-content-type");
+        assertEquals("text/my-funky-content-type", result.getContentType());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAndAddHeaders() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+
+        result.addHeader("header1", "value1");
+        result.addHeader("header2", "value2");
+
+        assertEquals(2, result.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("value1", result.getHeaders().get("header1"));
+        assertEquals("value2", result.getHeaders().get("header2"));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAndAddCookies() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.addCookie(Cookie.builder("cookie1", "value1").build());
+        result.addCookie(Cookie.builder("cookie2", "value2").build());
+
+        assertEquals(2, result.getCookies().size());
+        assertEquals("value1", result.getCookies().get(0).getValue());
+        assertEquals("value2", result.getCookies().get(1).getValue());
+
+    }
+
+    public void testUnsetCookie() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.unsetCookie("Cookie-to-be-unset");
+
+        assertEquals(1, result.getCookies().size());
+
+        assertEquals("Cookie-to-be-unset", result.getCookies().get(0).getName());
+        assertEquals(null, result.getCookies().get(0).getValue());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAndGetStatus() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+
+        // set the status:
+        result.status(Result.SC_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+
+        // and verify that we retrieve the correct one:
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, result.getStatusCode());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAndGetTemplate() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+
+        // set the status:
+        result.template("/my/custom/template.ftl.html");
+
+        // and verify that we retrieve the correct one:
+        assertEquals("/my/custom/template.ftl.html", result.getTemplate());
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_200_OK, result.getStatusCode());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRedirect() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.redirect("http://example.com");
+
+        // assert that headers are set:
+        assertEquals(1, result.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("http://example.com", result.getHeaders().get(Result.LOCATION));
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_303_SEE_OTHER, result.getStatusCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRedirectTemporary() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.redirectTemporary("http://example.com");
+
+        // assert that headers are set:
+        assertEquals(1, result.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("http://example.com", result.getHeaders().get(Result.LOCATION));
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, result.getStatusCode());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHtml() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.html();
+
+        assertEquals(Result.TEXT_HTML, result.getContentType());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJson() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.json();
+
+        assertEquals(Result.APPLICATON_JSON, result.getContentType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUtf8IsUsedAsDefaultCharset() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+
+        assertEquals("utf-8", result.getCharset());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSettingOfCharsetWorks() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.charset("iso-7777");
+
+        assertEquals("iso-7777", result.getCharset());
+    }
+
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderRenderable() {  
+        
+        Renderable renderable = new Renderable() {
+            
+            @Override
+            public void render(Context context, Result result) throws Exception {
+                // do nothing
+                
+            }
+        };
+        
+        // step 1: normal operation
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(renderable);
+        
+        assertEquals(renderable, result.getRenderable());
+        
+        // step 2: now we expect an illegal argument exception:
+        boolean gotException = true;
+        try {            
+            result.render(new TestObject());
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue(gotException);  
+        
+    }
+    
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderSingleObject() {  
+        
+        TestObject testObject = new TestObject();
+        
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(testObject);
+        
+        assertEquals(testObject, result.getRenderable());
+        
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderMultipleObjects() {  
+        
+        TestObject testObject = new TestObject();
+        
+        // step 1: add one object.
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(testObject);
+        
+        
+        assertEquals(testObject, result.getRenderable());
+
+        // step 2: add a second object (string is just a dummy)
+        // => we expect to get a map from the result now...
+        String string = new String("test");
+        
+        result.render(string);
+        
+        assertTrue(result.getRenderable() instanceof Map);
+        Map<String, Object> resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();
+        assertEquals(string, resultMap.get("string"));
+        assertEquals(testObject, resultMap.get("testObject"));
+        
+        // step 3: add same object => we expect an illegal argument exception as the map
+        // cannot handle that case:
+        TestObject anotherObject = new TestObject();
+        boolean gotException = false;
+        try {
+            result.render(anotherObject);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+        
+        
+        // step 4: add an entry
+        Entry<String, Object> entry = new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Object>("anotherObject", anotherObject);
+        result.render(entry);
+        resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();
+        assertEquals(3, resultMap.size());
+        assertEquals(anotherObject, resultMap.get("anotherObject"));
+        
+        
+        // step 5: add another map and check that conversion works:
+        Map<String, Object> mapToRender = Maps.newHashMap();
+        
+        String anotherString = new String("anotherString");
+        TestObject anotherTestObject = new TestObject();
+        mapToRender.put("anotherString", anotherString);
+        mapToRender.put("anotherTestObject", anotherTestObject);
+        result.render(mapToRender);
+        
+       
+        resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();
+        assertEquals(5, resultMap.size());
+        assertEquals(anotherString, resultMap.get("anotherString"));
+        assertEquals(anotherTestObject, resultMap.get("anotherTestObject"));
+        
+        
+        
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderEntryAndMakeSureMapIsCreated() {  
+        String stringy = new String("stringy");
+        
+        Entry<String, Object> entry 
+            = new SimpleImmutableEntry("stringy", stringy);
+        
+        // step 1: add one object.
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(entry);
+        Map<String, Object> resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();       
+        
+        assertEquals(stringy, resultMap.get("stringy"));
+      
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderingOfStringObjectPairsWorks() {  
+        String object1 = new String("stringy1");
+        String object2 = new String("stringy2");
+        
+        // step 1: add one object.
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render("object1", object1);
+        result.render("object2", object2);
+        Map<String, Object> resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();       
+        
+        assertEquals(object1, resultMap.get("object1"));
+        assertEquals(object2, resultMap.get("object2"));
+        
+        
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // check that empty render throws exception
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        boolean gotException = false;
+        try {
+            
+            // will throw exception
+            result.render();
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+                
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+        
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // check that too many arguments in render(...) throws exception
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        gotException = false;
+        try {
+            
+            // will throw exception
+            result.render(object1, object2, new String("three"));
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+                
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+        
+        
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // check that "correct" two string render throws exception
+        // when first parameter is not a string
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        gotException = false;
+        try {
+            
+            // will throw exception
+            result.render(new TestObject(), object2);
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+                
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+      
+    }
+    
+    
+    /**
+     * Simple helper to test if objects get copied to result.
+     * 
+     */
+    public class TestObject {
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resultMap` last assigned on line 252 could be null and is dereferenced at line 253.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ResultTest.testRenderMultipleObjects()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ninja.ResultTest.testRenderMultipleObjects():void.edf08da53153259377f0a8231eb9ea2f
+
+### File:
+ninja-core/src/test/java/ninja/ResultTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ResultTest.java|testRenderMultipleObjects|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+93644ec69cbfe39e33422caaa4675eaa
+
+### Hash:
+35189e3c745d867529c7ffd829791428
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7320/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7320/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..837ce43bc45ccf9c7f3cc8f07ea657aa415bf0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7320/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ninja
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package ninja;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.util.AbstractMap;
+import java.util.AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+import ch.qos.logback.core.db.dialect.MySQLDialect;
+
+public class ResultTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConstructor() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT);
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, result.getStatusCode());
+        assertEquals(0, result.getCookies().size());
+        assertEquals(0, result.getHeaders().keySet().size());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRenderable() {
+
+        TestObject testObject = new TestObject();
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(testObject);
+        assertEquals(testObject, result.getRenderable());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetContentType() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.contentType("text/my-funky-content-type");
+        assertEquals("text/my-funky-content-type", result.getContentType());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAndAddHeaders() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+
+        result.addHeader("header1", "value1");
+        result.addHeader("header2", "value2");
+
+        assertEquals(2, result.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("value1", result.getHeaders().get("header1"));
+        assertEquals("value2", result.getHeaders().get("header2"));
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAndAddCookies() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.addCookie(Cookie.builder("cookie1", "value1").build());
+        result.addCookie(Cookie.builder("cookie2", "value2").build());
+
+        assertEquals(2, result.getCookies().size());
+        assertEquals("value1", result.getCookies().get(0).getValue());
+        assertEquals("value2", result.getCookies().get(1).getValue());
+
+    }
+
+    public void testUnsetCookie() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.unsetCookie("Cookie-to-be-unset");
+
+        assertEquals(1, result.getCookies().size());
+
+        assertEquals("Cookie-to-be-unset", result.getCookies().get(0).getName());
+        assertEquals(null, result.getCookies().get(0).getValue());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAndGetStatus() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+
+        // set the status:
+        result.status(Result.SC_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED);
+
+        // and verify that we retrieve the correct one:
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, result.getStatusCode());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetAndGetTemplate() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+
+        // set the status:
+        result.template("/my/custom/template.ftl.html");
+
+        // and verify that we retrieve the correct one:
+        assertEquals("/my/custom/template.ftl.html", result.getTemplate());
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_200_OK, result.getStatusCode());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRedirect() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.redirect("http://example.com");
+
+        // assert that headers are set:
+        assertEquals(1, result.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("http://example.com", result.getHeaders().get(Result.LOCATION));
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_303_SEE_OTHER, result.getStatusCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRedirectTemporary() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.redirectTemporary("http://example.com");
+
+        // assert that headers are set:
+        assertEquals(1, result.getHeaders().size());
+        assertEquals("http://example.com", result.getHeaders().get(Result.LOCATION));
+        assertEquals(Result.SC_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, result.getStatusCode());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHtml() {
+
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.html();
+
+        assertEquals(Result.TEXT_HTML, result.getContentType());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJson() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.json();
+
+        assertEquals(Result.APPLICATON_JSON, result.getContentType());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUtf8IsUsedAsDefaultCharset() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+
+        assertEquals("utf-8", result.getCharset());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSettingOfCharsetWorks() {
+        Result result = new Result(Result.SC_200_OK);
+        result.charset("iso-7777");
+
+        assertEquals("iso-7777", result.getCharset());
+    }
+
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderRenderable() {  
+        
+        Renderable renderable = new Renderable() {
+            
+            @Override
+            public void render(Context context, Result result) throws Exception {
+                // do nothing
+                
+            }
+        };
+        
+        // step 1: normal operation
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(renderable);
+        
+        assertEquals(renderable, result.getRenderable());
+        
+        // step 2: now we expect an illegal argument exception:
+        boolean gotException = true;
+        try {            
+            result.render(new TestObject());
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue(gotException);  
+        
+    }
+    
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderSingleObject() {  
+        
+        TestObject testObject = new TestObject();
+        
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(testObject);
+        
+        assertEquals(testObject, result.getRenderable());
+        
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderMultipleObjects() {  
+        
+        TestObject testObject = new TestObject();
+        
+        // step 1: add one object.
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(testObject);
+        
+        
+        assertEquals(testObject, result.getRenderable());
+
+        // step 2: add a second object (string is just a dummy)
+        // => we expect to get a map from the result now...
+        String string = new String("test");
+        
+        result.render(string);
+        
+        assertTrue(result.getRenderable() instanceof Map);
+        Map<String, Object> resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();
+        assertEquals(string, resultMap.get("string"));
+        assertEquals(testObject, resultMap.get("testObject"));
+        
+        // step 3: add same object => we expect an illegal argument exception as the map
+        // cannot handle that case:
+        TestObject anotherObject = new TestObject();
+        boolean gotException = false;
+        try {
+            result.render(anotherObject);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+        
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+        
+        
+        // step 4: add an entry
+        Entry<String, Object> entry = new AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry<String, Object>("anotherObject", anotherObject);
+        result.render(entry);
+        resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();
+        assertEquals(3, resultMap.size());
+        assertEquals(anotherObject, resultMap.get("anotherObject"));
+        
+        
+        // step 5: add another map and check that conversion works:
+        Map<String, Object> mapToRender = Maps.newHashMap();
+        
+        String anotherString = new String("anotherString");
+        TestObject anotherTestObject = new TestObject();
+        mapToRender.put("anotherString", anotherString);
+        mapToRender.put("anotherTestObject", anotherTestObject);
+        result.render(mapToRender);
+        
+       
+        resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();
+        assertEquals(5, resultMap.size());
+        assertEquals(anotherString, resultMap.get("anotherString"));
+        assertEquals(anotherTestObject, resultMap.get("anotherTestObject"));
+        
+        
+        
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderEntryAndMakeSureMapIsCreated() {  
+        String stringy = new String("stringy");
+        
+        Entry<String, Object> entry 
+            = new SimpleImmutableEntry("stringy", stringy);
+        
+        // step 1: add one object.
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render(entry);
+        Map<String, Object> resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();       
+        
+        assertEquals(stringy, resultMap.get("stringy"));
+      
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testRenderingOfStringObjectPairsWorks() {  
+        String object1 = new String("stringy1");
+        String object2 = new String("stringy2");
+        
+        // step 1: add one object.
+        Result result = new Result(200);
+        result.render("object1", object1);
+        result.render("object2", object2);
+        Map<String, Object> resultMap = (Map) result.getRenderable();       
+        
+        assertEquals(object1, resultMap.get("object1"));
+        assertEquals(object2, resultMap.get("object2"));
+        
+        
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // check that empty render throws exception
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        boolean gotException = false;
+        try {
+            
+            // will throw exception
+            result.render();
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+                
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+        
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // check that too many arguments in render(...) throws exception
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        gotException = false;
+        try {
+            
+            // will throw exception
+            result.render(object1, object2, new String("three"));
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+                
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+        
+        
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        // check that "correct" two string render throws exception
+        // when first parameter is not a string
+        ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        gotException = false;
+        try {
+            
+            // will throw exception
+            result.render(new TestObject(), object2);
+            
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            gotException = true;
+        }
+                
+        assertTrue(gotException);
+      
+    }
+    
+    
+    /**
+     * Simple helper to test if objects get copied to result.
+     * 
+     */
+    public class TestObject {
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resultMap` last assigned on line 321 could be null and is dereferenced at line 323.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ResultTest.testRenderingOfStringObjectPairsWorks()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ninja.ResultTest.testRenderingOfStringObjectPairsWorks():void.b461fb4e488d882a8e9cf45c66d00f8f
+
+### File:
+ninja-core/src/test/java/ninja/ResultTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ResultTest.java|testRenderingOfStringObjectPairsWorks|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+93644ec69cbfe39e33422caaa4675eaa
+
+### Hash:
+91b47123216474a8578ec3c2962c8ccb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7327/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7327/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5349b064ef3631f327d62f1c1e474597c83408ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7327/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-lemon
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import javax.mail.MessagingException;
+import javax.validation.Valid;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.exception.ExceptionUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.hibernate.validator.constraints.Email;
+import org.hibernate.validator.constraints.NotBlank;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.context.event.ContextRefreshedEvent;
+import org.springframework.context.event.EventListener;
+import org.springframework.security.access.prepost.PreAuthorize;
+import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
+import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;
+import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
+import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated;
+
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.domain.AbstractUser;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.domain.AbstractUser.Role;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.domain.AbstractUser.SignUpValidation;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.domain.AbstractUserRepository;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.domain.ChangePasswordForm;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.mail.MailSender;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.util.LemonUtil;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.validation.Password;
+
+@Validated
+@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.SUPPORTS, readOnly=true)
+public abstract class LemonService
+	<U extends AbstractUser<U,ID>, ID extends Serializable> {
+
+    private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(LemonService.class);
+    
+	@Autowired
+	private LemonProperties properties;
+
+	@Autowired
+	private PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder;
+
+	@Autowired
+    private MailSender mailSender;
+
+    @Autowired
+	private AbstractUserRepository<U, ID> userRepository;
+    
+    @Autowired
+	private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;   
+    
+    /**
+     * This method needs to be public; otherwise Spring screams
+     * 
+     * @param event
+     */
+    @EventListener
+    public void afterContextRefreshed(ContextRefreshedEvent event) {
+    	
+    	log.info("Starting up Spring Lemon ...");
+    	onStartup();
+    	log.info("Spring Lemon started");
+    	
+    }
+    
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new ADMIN user, if not found.
+	 * Override if needed.
+	 */
+	@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED, readOnly=false)
+    public void onStartup() {
+    	
+		try {
+			userDetailsService
+				.loadUserByUsername(properties.getAdmin().getLogin());
+		} catch (UsernameNotFoundException e) {
+	    	U user = createAdminUser();
+	    	userRepository.save(user);			
+		}
+	}
+
+	
+	/**
+	 * Override this if you have more fields to set,
+	 * or if the email field if not your loginId
+	 */
+    protected U createAdminUser() {
+		
+    	String adminEmail = properties.getAdmin().getLogin();
+    	
+    	log.info("Creating the first admin user: " + adminEmail);
+
+    	U user = newUser();
+		user.setEmail(adminEmail);
+		user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode(
+			properties.getAdmin().getPassword()));
+		user.getRoles().add(Role.ADMIN);
+		
+		return user;
+
+	}
+
+	abstract protected U newUser();
+
+	@Autowired
+	private LemonProperties lemonProperties;
+	
+	/**
+	 * Returns the context data to be sent to the client,
+	 * i.e. <em>reCaptchaSiteKey</em> and all the properties
+	 * prefixed with <em>lemon.shared</em>.
+	 * 
+	 * To send custom properties, put those in your application
+	 * properties in the format <em>lemon.shared.fooBar</em>.
+	 * 
+	 * You can also override this method.
+	 */
+	public Map<String, Object> getContext() {
+		
+		Map<String, Object> context = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
+		context.put("reCaptchaSiteKey", properties.getRecaptcha().getSitekey());
+		context.put("shared", properties.getShared());
+		
+		log.debug("Returning context: " + context);
+
+		return context;		
+	}
+	
+	@PreAuthorize("isAnonymous()")
+	@Validated(SignUpValidation.class)
+	@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED, readOnly=false)
+	public void signup(@Valid U user) {
+		
+		log.debug("Signing up user: " + user);
+
+		initUser(user);
+		userRepository.save(user);
+		
+		LemonUtil.afterCommit(() -> {
+		
+			LemonUtil.logInUser(user);
+			sendVerificationMail(user);
+			log.debug("Signed up user: " + user);
+		});
+	}
+	
+	protected U initUser(U user) {
+		
+		log.debug("Initializing user: " + user);
+
+		user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode(user.getPassword()));
+		makeUnverified(user);
+		
+		return user;
+	}
+	
+	protected void makeUnverified(U user) {
+		user.getRoles().add(Role.UNVERIFIED);
+		user.setVerificationCode(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+	}
+	
+	protected void makeVerified(U user) {
+		user.getRoles().remove(Role.UNVERIFIED);
+		user.setVerificationCode(null);
+	}
+	
+	protected void sendVerificationMail(final U user) {
+		try {
+			
+			log.debug("Sending verification mail to: " + user);
+
+			String verifyLink = properties.getApplicationUrl()
+				+ "/users/" + user.getVerificationCode() + "/verify";
+			
+			mailSender.send(user.getEmail(),
+				LemonUtil.getMessage("com.naturalprogrammer.spring.verifySubject"),
+				LemonUtil.getMessage(
+					"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.verifyEmail",	verifyLink));
+			
+			log.debug("Verification mail to " + user.getEmail() + " queued.");
+			
+		} catch (MessagingException e) {
+			log.error(ExceptionUtils.getStackTrace(e));
+		}
+	}	
+	
+	/**
+	 * Resends verification mail to user
+	 * See here for details
+	 * @param user
+	 */
+	@PreAuthorize("hasPermission(#user, 'edit')")
+	public void resendVerificationMail(U user) {
+
+		LemonUtil.check("id", user != null,
+				"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.userNotFound").go();
+		
+		LemonUtil.check(user.getRoles().contains(Role.UNVERIFIED),
+				"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.alreadyVerified").go();	
+
+		sendVerificationMail(user);
+	}
+
+	public U fetchUser(@Valid @Email @NotBlank String email) {
+		
+		log.debug("Fetching user by email: " + email);
+
+		U user = userRepository.findByEmail(email);
+		LemonUtil.check("email", user != null,
+			"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.userNotFound").go();
+		
+		user.decorate().hideConfidentialFields();
+		
+		log.debug("Returning user: " + user);		
+
+		return user;
+	}
+
+	
+	public U fetchUser(U user) {
+		
+		log.debug("Fetching user: " + user);
+
+		LemonUtil.check("id", user != null,
+			"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.userNotFound").go();
+		
+		user.decorate().hideConfidentialFields();
+		
+		return user;
+	}
+	
+	@PreAuthorize("isAuthenticated()")
+	@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED, readOnly=false)
+	public void verifyUser(@Valid @NotBlank String verificationCode) {
+		
+		log.debug("Verifying user ...");
+
+		U currentUser = LemonUtil.getUser();
+		
+		U user = userRepository.findOne(currentUser.getId());
+		
+		LemonUtil.check(user.getRoles().contains(Role.UNVERIFIED),
+				"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.alreadyVerified").go();	
+		
+		LemonUtil.check(verificationCode.equals(user.getVerificationCode()),
+				"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.wrong.verificationCode").go();
+		
+		makeVerified(user);
+		userRepository.save(user);
+		
+		LemonUtil.afterCommit(() -> {
+			
+			currentUser.getRoles().remove(Role.UNVERIFIED);
+			currentUser.decorate(currentUser);
+			log.debug("Removed UNVERIFIED role from current user.");		
+		});
+		
+		log.debug("Verified user: " + user);		
+	}
+
+	@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED, readOnly=false)
+	public void forgotPassword(@Valid @Email @NotBlank String email) {
+		
+		log.debug("Processing forgot password for email: " + email);
+		final U user = userRepository.findByEmail(email);
+
+		LemonUtil.check(user != null, "com.naturalprogrammer.spring.userNotFound").go();
+		
+		user.setForgotPasswordCode(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+		userRepository.save(user);
+
+		LemonUtil.afterCommit(() -> {
+		    mailForgotPasswordLink(user);
+		});
+		
+	}
+	
+	private void mailForgotPasswordLink(U user) {
+		
+		try {
+			
+			log.debug("Mailing forgot password link to user: " + user);
+
+			String forgotPasswordLink = 
+					properties.getApplicationUrl() + "/reset-password/" +
+					user.getForgotPasswordCode();
+			mailSender.send(user.getEmail(),
+					LemonUtil.getMessage("com.naturalprogrammer.spring.forgotPasswordSubject"),
+					LemonUtil.getMessage("com.naturalprogrammer.spring.forgotPasswordEmail", forgotPasswordLink));
+			
+			log.debug("Forgot password link mail queued.");
+			
+		} catch (MessagingException e) {
+			log.error(ExceptionUtils.getStackTrace(e));
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	
+	@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED, readOnly=false)
+	public void resetPassword(String forgotPasswordCode, @Valid @Password String newPassword) {
+		
+		log.debug("Resetting password ...");
+
+		U user = userRepository.findByForgotPasswordCode(forgotPasswordCode);
+		LemonUtil.check(user != null, "com.naturalprogrammer.spring.invalidLink").go();
+		
+		user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode(newPassword));
+		user.setForgotPasswordCode(null);
+		
+		userRepository.save(user);
+		
+		log.debug("Password reset.");	
+		
+	}
+
+	@PreAuthorize("hasPermission(#user, 'edit')")
+	@Validated(AbstractUser.UpdateValidation.class)
+	@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED, readOnly=false)
+	public void updateUser(U user, @Valid U updatedUser) {
+		
+		log.debug("Updating user: " + user);
+
+		LemonUtil.check("id", user != null, "com.naturalprogrammer.spring.userNotFound").go();
+		LemonUtil.validateVersion(user, updatedUser);
+
+		U currentUser = LemonUtil.getUser();
+
+		updateUserFields(user, updatedUser, currentUser);
+		
+		userRepository.save(user);
+		
+		log.debug("Updated user: " + user);		
+	}
+	
+	@PreAuthorize("hasPermission(#user, 'edit')")
+	@Transactional(propagation=Propagation.REQUIRED, readOnly=false)
+	public void changePassword(U user, @Valid ChangePasswordForm changePasswordForm) {
+		
+		log.debug("Changing password for user: " + user);
+
+		LemonUtil.check("id", user != null, "com.naturalprogrammer.spring.userNotFound").go();
+		LemonUtil.check("changePasswordForm.oldPassword",
+			passwordEncoder.matches(changePasswordForm.getOldPassword(), user.getPassword()),
+			"com.naturalprogrammer.spring.wrong.password").go();
+		
+		user.setPassword(passwordEncoder.encode(changePasswordForm.getPassword()));
+		userRepository.save(user);
+		
+		LemonUtil.afterCommit(() -> {
+
+			U currentUser = LemonUtil.getUser();
+			
+			if (currentUser.equals(user)) {
+				
+				log.debug("Setting password for logged in user.");
+				currentUser.setPassword(user.getPassword());				
+			}
+		});
+		
+		log.debug("Changed password for user: " + user);
+	}
+
+
+	/**
+	 * Override this if you have more fields
+	 * 
+	 * @param user
+	 * @param updatedUser
+	 * @param currentUser
+	 */
+	protected void updateUserFields(U user, U updatedUser, U currentUser) {
+
+		log.debug("Updating user fields for user: " + user);
+
+		if (user.isRolesEditable()) {
+			
+			log.debug("Updating roles for user: " + user);
+
+			Set<String> roles = user.getRoles();
+			
+			if (updatedUser.isUnverified()) {
+				
+				if (!user.hasRole(Role.UNVERIFIED)) {
+					makeUnverified(user); // make user unverified
+					LemonUtil.afterCommit(() -> {
+						sendVerificationMail(user); // send a verification mail to the user
+					});
+				}
+			} else {
+				
+				if (user.hasRole(Role.UNVERIFIED))
+					makeVerified(user); // make user verified
+			}
+			
+			if (updatedUser.isAdmin())
+				roles.add(Role.ADMIN);
+			else
+				roles.remove(Role.ADMIN);
+			
+			if (updatedUser.isBlocked())
+				roles.add(Role.BLOCKED);
+			else
+				roles.remove(Role.BLOCKED);
+		}
+		
+// This is not needed, because the logged in user can't update his own role
+//		LemonUtil.afterCommit(() -> {
+//			if (currentUser.equals(user)) {
+//				
+//				log.debug("Setting roles for logged in user.");
+//				currentUser.setRoles(user.getRoles());
+//			}
+//		});
+
+	}
+
+	public U userForClient() {
+		return userForClient(LemonUtil.getUser());
+	}
+
+	
+	/**
+	 * Override this if you have more fields
+	 * 
+	 * @param currentUser
+	 */
+	protected U userForClient(U currentUser) {
+		
+		if (currentUser == null)
+			return null;
+		
+		U user = newUser();
+		user.setIdForClient(currentUser.getId());
+		user.setEmail(currentUser.getEmail());
+		user.setRoles(currentUser.getRoles());
+		user.decorate(currentUser);
+		
+		log.debug("Returning user for client: " + user);
+		
+		return user;
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `user` last assigned on line 272 could be null and is dereferenced at line 276.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LemonService.forgotPassword(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.naturalprogrammer.spring.lemon.LemonService.forgotPassword(java.lang.String):void.edae80f957e9b4478b0b09e32e3bab13
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/naturalprogrammer/spring/lemon/LemonService.java
+
+### Key:
+LemonService.java|forgotPassword|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+387e7943c4cbff764ceb17f3a60633c5
+
+### Hash:
+033aa78ba80a9a61216850169d95d446
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7329/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7329/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3acd3d205b158604902da02bbfa98abae0d2ffd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7329/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spring-lemon
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.naturalprogrammer.spring.boot.security;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.security.core.Authentication;
+import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.SimpleUrlAuthenticationSuccessHandler;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.naturalprogrammer.spring.boot.SaUtil;
+
+@Component
+public class AuthSuccess extends SimpleUrlAuthenticationSuccessHandler {
+	
+	private Log log = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());
+	
+    @Autowired
+    private ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+    
+	public void onAuthenticationSuccess(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
+            Authentication authentication) throws IOException, ServletException {
+
+        // instead of this, the statement below is introduced: handle(request, response, authentication);
+    	response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_OK);
+    	response.getOutputStream().print(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(SaUtil.getSessionUser().getUserDto()));
+        clearAuthenticationAttributes(request);
+        log.info("AuthenticationSuccess: " + SaUtil.getSessionUser().getUserDto());
+        
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getSessionUser()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 34.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AuthSuccess.onAuthenticationSuccess(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,Authentication)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.naturalprogrammer.spring.boot.security.AuthSuccess.onAuthenticationSuccess(javax.servlet.http.Ht.c083eea7f4bdaae238d1f950b42db622
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/naturalprogrammer/spring/boot/security/AuthSuccess.java
+
+### Key:
+AuthSuccess.java|onAuthenticationSuccess|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dff3d69ef5eaddd960b19d94e4bc5ca3
+
+### Hash:
+854259485ebd5ebe2e23bc3181039b18
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7342/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7342/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4442a05cb2e9f79db27c7a99313c8dc7e6bf7555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7342/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wro4j
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ro.isdc.wro.http.support;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.servlet.Filter;
+import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
+import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import ro.isdc.wro.WroRuntimeException;
+import ro.isdc.wro.config.Context;
+import ro.isdc.wro.http.WroFilter;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.group.processor.Injector;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.group.processor.InjectorBuilder;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.processor.ResourcePreProcessor;
+import ro.isdc.wro.util.StopWatch;
+
+/**
+ * Allows configuration of a list of processors to be applied on the    
+ * 
+ * @author Alex Objelean
+ * @since 1.4.5
+ * @created 17 Mar 2012
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractProcessorFilter
+    implements Filter {
+  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WroFilter.class);
+  private FilterConfig filterConfig;
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  public final void init(final FilterConfig config)
+    throws ServletException {
+    this.filterConfig = config;
+    doInit(config);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Allows custom initialization.
+   */
+  protected void doInit(final FilterConfig config) {
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  public void doFilter(final ServletRequest req, final ServletResponse res, final FilterChain chain)
+      throws IOException, ServletException {
+    final HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) req;
+    final HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) res;
+    try {
+      // add request, response & servletContext to thread local
+      Context.set(Context.webContext(request, response, filterConfig));
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      HttpServletResponse wrappedResponse = new RedirectedStreamServletResponseWrapper(os, response);
+      
+      chain.doFilter(req, wrappedResponse);
+      final Reader reader = new StringReader(new String(os.toByteArray(), Context.get().getConfig().getEncoding()));
+      doProcess(reader, response.getWriter());
+      response.flushBuffer();
+    } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
+      onRuntimeException(e, response, chain);
+    } finally { 
+      Context.unset();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Applies configured processor on the intercepted stream.
+   */
+  private void doProcess(final Reader reader, final Writer writer)
+      throws IOException {
+    Reader input = reader;
+    Writer output = null;
+    try {
+      final StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
+      Injector injector = new InjectorBuilder().build();
+      for (final ResourcePreProcessor processor : processorsList()) {
+        stopWatch.start("Using " + processor.getClass().getSimpleName());
+        // inject all required properites
+        injector.inject(processor);
+        
+        output = new StringWriter();
+        processor.process(null, input, output);
+        
+        input = new StringReader(output.toString());
+        stopWatch.stop();
+      }
+      LOG.debug(stopWatch.prettyPrint());
+      writer.write(output.toString());
+    } finally {
+      reader.close();
+      writer.close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Invoked when a {@link RuntimeException} is thrown. Allows custom exception handling. The default implementation
+   * redirects to 404 for a specific {@link WroRuntimeException} exception when in DEPLOYMENT mode.
+   *
+   * @param e {@link RuntimeException} thrown during request processing.
+   */
+  protected void onRuntimeException(final RuntimeException e, final HttpServletResponse response,
+    final FilterChain chain) {
+    LOG.debug("RuntimeException occured", e);
+    try {
+      LOG.debug("Cannot process. Proceeding with chain execution.");
+      chain.doFilter(Context.get().getRequest(), response);
+    } catch (final Exception ex) {
+      // should never happen
+      LOG.error("Error while chaining the request: " + HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return a list of processors to apply for this filter.
+   */
+  protected abstract List<ResourcePreProcessor> processorsList();
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  public void destroy() {
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ro.isdc.wro.http.support.DelegatingServletOutputStream` acquired by call to `RedirectedStreamServletResponseWrapper(...)` at line 69 is not released after line 71.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractProcessorFilter.doFilter(ServletRequest,ServletResponse,FilterChain)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.isdc.wro.http.support.AbstractProcessorFilter.doFilter(javax.servlet.ServletRequest,javax.servlet.a690d51f8b2f79d389396eef26f69145
+
+### File:
+wro4j-core/src/main/java/ro/isdc/wro/http/support/AbstractProcessorFilter.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractProcessorFilter.java|doFilter|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a4ec0b23975b07f090710c0790f1c297
+
+### Hash:
+f25c8b569d3695e4b8b850556adf937c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7343/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7343/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..875af12b736e41f7c2cdbc542eda0920fe07a204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7343/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wro4j
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.locator.wildcard;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.locator.ClasspathUriLocator;
+
+
+/**
+ * Resolves classpath resources looking for wildcard patterns in both file system and in JAR files.
+ * <p>
+ * The {@link #locateStream(String, File)} overrides the default strategy defined in
+ * {@link DefaultWildcardStreamLocator} and it tries to open the provided file as a JAR. If that's successfully opened
+ * all entries inside this container will be verified against the wildcard pattern. If the JAR-lookup strategy fails,
+ * default strategy is invoked.
+ * </p>
+ * <p>
+ * For the moment this {@link WildcardStreamLocator} only supports a single wildcard.
+ * </p>
+ * 
+ * @author Matias Mirabelli <matias.mirabelli@globant.com>
+ * @since 1.3.6
+ */
+public class JarWildcardStreamLocator
+    extends DefaultWildcardStreamLocator {
+  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JarWildcardStreamLocator.class);
+  /**
+   * A {@link List} of file extensions including the final dot. Valid examples are: .jar, .war. By default it only
+   * supports .jar extension.
+   */
+  private static final List<String> SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS = Arrays.asList(".jar");
+  
+  /**
+   * Finds the specified URI pattern inside a JAR file. If the specified file isn't a valid JAR default strategy will be
+   * used instead.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public InputStream locateStream(final String uri, final File folder)
+      throws IOException {
+    final File jarPath = getJarFile(folder);
+    LOG.debug("jarPath: {}", jarPath);
+    for (final String supportedExtension : SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS) {
+      if (jarPath.getPath().endsWith(supportedExtension)) {
+        return locateStreamFromJar(uri, jarPath);
+      }
+    }
+    return super.locateStream(uri, folder);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * @return the File corresponding to the folder from inside the jar.
+   */
+  private File getJarFile(final File folder) {
+    return new File(StringUtils.substringAfter(StringUtils.substringBeforeLast(folder.getPath(), "!"),
+        "file:"));
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Validates an entry against a wildcard and determines whether the pattern matches or not. If the entry is accepted
+   * this will be included in the result {@link InputStream}.
+   * 
+   * @param entry
+   *          Entry to evaluate. It cannot be null.
+   * @param wildcard
+   *          Wildcard to match. It cannot be null or empty.
+   * @return <code>true</code> if the expression matches, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  private boolean accept(final JarEntry entry, final String wildcard) {
+    return FilenameUtils.wildcardMatch(entry.getName(), wildcard);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Opens the specified JAR file and returns a valid handle.
+   * 
+   * @param jarFile
+   *          Location of the valid JAR file to read. It cannot be null.
+   * @return A valid {@link JarFile} to read resources.
+   * @throws IllegalArgumentException
+   *           If the file cannot be opened because an {@link IOException}.
+   *  @VisibleForTestOnly
+   */
+  JarFile open(final File jarFile) {
+    try {
+      Validate.isTrue(jarFile.exists(), "The JAR file must exists.");
+      return new JarFile(jarFile);
+    } catch (final IOException ex) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot read the JAR file: " + jarFile, ex);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * Finds the specified wildcard-URI resource(s) inside a JAR file and returns an {@link InputStream} to read a bundle
+   * of matching resources.
+   * 
+   * @param uri
+   *          Resource(s) URI to match. It cannot be null or empty.
+   * @param jarPath
+   *          A valid JAR file. It cannot be null.
+   * @return A valid {@link InputStream} to read the bundle. Clients are responsible of closing this {@link InputStream}
+   * @throws IOException
+   *           If there's any error reading the JAR file.
+   */
+  private InputStream locateStreamFromJar(final String uri, final File jarPath)
+      throws IOException {
+    LOG.debug("\t\tLocating stream from jar");
+    String classPath = FilenameUtils.getPath(uri);
+    final String wildcard = FilenameUtils.getName(uri);
+    
+    if (classPath.startsWith(ClasspathUriLocator.PREFIX)) {
+      classPath = StringUtils.substringAfter(classPath, ClasspathUriLocator.PREFIX);
+    }
+    
+    final JarFile file = open(jarPath);
+    List<JarEntry> jarEntryList = Collections.list(file.entries());
+    
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    
+    for (JarEntry entry : jarEntryList) {
+      if (entry.getName().startsWith(classPath) && accept(entry, wildcard)) {
+        final InputStream is = file.getInputStream(entry);
+        IOUtils.copy(is, out);
+        is.close();
+      }      
+    }
+    return new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(out.toByteArray()));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.jar.JarFile` acquired to `file` by call to `open(...)` at line 129 is not released after line 141.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 138
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+InputStream JarWildcardStreamLocator.locateStreamFromJar(String,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.locator.wildcard.JarWildcardStreamLocator.locateStreamFromJar(java.lang.S.7a363e1a8d717ba84ac80a419a9a1bcb
+
+### File:
+wro4j-core/src/main/java/ro/isdc/wro/model/resource/locator/wildcard/JarWildcardStreamLocator.java
+
+### Key:
+JarWildcardStreamLocator.java|locateStreamFromJar|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+e64422fee6ff39859731d269ffaf0cab
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7344/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7344/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d5d8a556e1025f576da08d4c257446ea6d4f2af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7344/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wro4j
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2008. All rights reserved.
+ */
+package ro.isdc.wro.extensions.processor.js;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.Writer;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.mozilla.javascript.ErrorReporter;
+import org.mozilla.javascript.EvaluatorException;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.group.processor.Minimize;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.Resource;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.ResourceType;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.SupportedResourceType;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.processor.ResourcePostProcessor;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.resource.processor.ResourcePreProcessor;
+import ro.isdc.wro.util.StopWatch;
+
+import com.yahoo.platform.yui.compressor.JavaScriptCompressor;
+
+
+/**
+ * YUIJsCompressorProcessor - an adapter for YUI js compression utility for processing js resources.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Objelean
+ * @created Created on Dec 4, 2008
+ */
+@Minimize
+@SupportedResourceType(ResourceType.JS)
+public class YUIJsCompressorProcessor
+  implements ResourcePostProcessor, ResourcePreProcessor {
+  /**
+   * Logger for this class.
+   */
+  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(YUIJsCompressorProcessor.class);
+  /**
+   * Error reporter.
+   */
+  private static final class YUIErrorReporter
+    implements ErrorReporter {
+    public void warning(final String message, final String sourceName, final int line, final String lineSource,
+      final int lineOffset) {
+      if (line < 0) {
+        LOG.warn("\n[WARNING] " + message);
+      } else {
+        LOG.warn("\n[WARNING] " + line + ':' + lineOffset + ':' + message);
+      }
+    }
+
+
+    public void error(final String message, final String sourceName, final int line, final String lineSource,
+      final int lineOffset) {
+      if (line < 0) {
+        LOG.error("\n[ERROR] " + message);
+      } else {
+        LOG.error("\n[ERROR] " + line + ':' + lineOffset + ':' + message);
+      }
+    }
+
+
+    public EvaluatorException runtimeError(final String message, final String sourceName, final int line,
+      final String lineSource, final int lineOffset) {
+      error(message, sourceName, line, lineSource, lineOffset);
+      return new EvaluatorException(message);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // options of YUI compressor
+  private final int linebreakpos = -1;
+  /**
+   * Renames variables.
+   */
+  boolean munge = false;
+  boolean verbose = false;
+  boolean preserveAllSemiColons = true;
+  boolean disableOptimizations = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Allows creation of compressor specifying if the munge should apply or not.
+   * @param munge
+   */
+  private YUIJsCompressorProcessor(final boolean munge) {
+    this.munge = munge;
+  }
+
+  public static YUIJsCompressorProcessor doMungeCompressor() {
+    return new YUIJsCompressorProcessor(true);
+  }
+
+  public static YUIJsCompressorProcessor noMungeCompressor() {
+    return new YUIJsCompressorProcessor(false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  public void process(final Resource resource, final Reader reader, final Writer writer)
+    throws IOException {
+    process(reader, writer);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  public void process(final Reader reader, final Writer writer)
+    throws IOException {
+    final StopWatch watch = new StopWatch();
+    watch.start("pack");
+    final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(IOUtils.toByteArray(reader));
+    try {
+      final JavaScriptCompressor compressor = new JavaScriptCompressor(new InputStreamReader(is), new YUIErrorReporter());
+      compressor.compress(writer, linebreakpos, munge, verbose, preserveAllSemiColons, disableOptimizations);
+    } catch (final RuntimeException e) {
+      LOG.error("Problem while applying YUI compressor", e);
+      //keep js unchanged if it contains errors -> this should be configurable
+      LOG.debug("Leave resource unchanged...");
+      is.reset();
+      IOUtils.copy(is, writer);
+      //throw new WroRuntimeException("Problem while applying YUI compressor", e);
+    } finally {
+      is.close();
+      reader.close();
+      writer.close();
+      watch.stop();
+      LOG.debug(watch.prettyPrint());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 119 is not released after line 119.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void YUIJsCompressorProcessor.process(Reader,Writer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.isdc.wro.extensions.processor.js.YUIJsCompressorProcessor.process(java.io.Reader,java.io.Writer):.7b78c548885a4002895156d740bd7eae
+
+### File:
+wro4j-extensions/src/main/java/ro/isdc/wro/extensions/processor/js/YUIJsCompressorProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+YUIJsCompressorProcessor.java|process|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8d04e4fc2644f1354bccbe415b57f8c2
+
+### Hash:
+6f90434325ff6b608397b900e81d20cc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7345/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7345/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21530af5c32dac838a6de1980a60429bb6db572d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7345/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** wro4j
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2008. All rights reserved.
+ */
+package ro.isdc.wro.model.impl;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.xml.XMLConstants;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
+import javax.xml.transform.Source;
+import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
+import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamSource;
+import javax.xml.validation.Schema;
+import javax.xml.validation.SchemaFactory;
+import javax.xml.validation.Validator;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import ro.isdc.wro.exception.RecursiveGroupDefinitionException;
+import ro.isdc.wro.exception.WroRuntimeException;
+import ro.isdc.wro.http.Context;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.Group;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.WroModel;
+import ro.isdc.wro.model.WroModelFactory;
+import ro.isdc.wro.resource.Resource;
+import ro.isdc.wro.resource.ResourceType;
+
+
+/**
+ * Model factory implementation. Creates a WroModel object, based on an xml. This xml contains the description of all
+ * groups.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Objelean
+ * @created Created on Nov 3, 2008
+ */
+public class XmlModelFactory
+  implements WroModelFactory {
+  /**
+   * Logger for this class.
+   */
+  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(XmlModelFactory.class);
+
+  /**
+   * Default xml to parse.
+   */
+  protected static final String XML_CONFIG_FILE = "wro.xml";
+
+  /**
+   * Default xml to parse.
+   */
+  private static final String XML_SCHEMA_FILE = "ro/isdc/wro/wro.xsd";
+
+  /**
+   * Group tag used in xml.
+   */
+  private static final String TAG_GROUP = "group";
+
+  /**
+   * CSS tag used in xml.
+   */
+  private static final String TAG_CSS = "css";
+
+  /**
+   * JS tag used in xml.
+   */
+  private static final String TAG_JS = "js";
+
+  /**
+   * GroupRef tag used in xml.
+   */
+  private static final String TAG_GROUP_REF = "group-ref";
+
+  /**
+   * Group name attribute used in xml.
+   */
+  private static final String ATTR_GROUP_NAME = "name";
+
+  /**
+   * Map between the group name and corresponding element. Hold the map<GroupName, Element> of all group nodes to access
+   * any element.
+   */
+  final Map<String, Element> allGroupElements = new HashMap<String, Element>();
+
+  /**
+   * List of groups which are currently processing and are partially parsed. This list is useful in order to catch
+   * infinite recurse group reference.
+   */
+  final Collection<String> processingGroups = new HashSet<String>();
+
+  /**
+   * Reference to cached model instance. Using volatile keyword fix the problem with double-checked locking in JDK 1.5.
+   */
+  private volatile WroModel model;
+
+  /**
+   * Scheduled executors service, used to refresh the WroModel.
+   */
+  private ScheduledExecutorService executorService;
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  public synchronized WroModel getInstance() {
+    initExecutor();
+    // use double-check locking
+    if (model == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (model == null) {
+          model = newModel();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return model;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize executor service & start the thread responsible for updating the model. Updates the model each minute in
+   * DEVELOPMENT mode and each half an hour in DEPLOYMENT mode.
+   */
+  private void initExecutor() {
+    if (executorService == null) {
+      executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
+      //TODO make timing configurable depending on some configuration
+      final long period = Context.get().isDevelopmentMode() ? 5 : 5;
+      //Run a scheduled task which updates the model
+      executorService.scheduleAtFixedRate(new Runnable() {
+        public void run() {
+					try {
+						model = newModel();
+						LOG.info("WroModel updated!");
+					} catch (final Exception e) {
+        		LOG.error("Exception occured", e);
+        	}
+        }
+      }, 0, period, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Build model from scratch after xml is parsed.
+   *
+   * @return new instance of model.
+   */
+  private WroModel newModel() {
+    // TODO return a single instance based on some configuration?
+    Document document = null;
+    try {
+      final DocumentBuilderFactory factory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+      factory.setNamespaceAware(true);
+      // factory.setSchema(getSchema());
+      // factory.setValidating(true);
+      final InputStream configResource = getConfigResourceAsStream();
+      if (configResource == null) {
+        throw new WroRuntimeException("Could not locate config resource (wro.xml)!");
+      }
+      document = factory.newDocumentBuilder().parse(configResource);
+      validate(document);
+      document.getDocumentElement().normalize();
+    } catch (final IOException e) {
+      throw new WroRuntimeException("Cannot find XML to parse", e);
+    } catch (final SAXException e) {
+      throw new WroRuntimeException("The wro configuration file contains errors: " + e.getMessage());
+    } catch (final ParserConfigurationException e) {
+      throw new WroRuntimeException("Parsing error", e);
+    }
+    initGroupMap(document);
+    // TODO cache model based on application Mode (DEPLOYMENT, DEVELOPMENT)
+    final WroModel model = createModel();
+    return model;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * @return Schema
+   */
+  private Schema getSchema()
+    throws IOException, SAXException {
+    // create a SchemaFactory capable of understanding WXS schemas
+    final SchemaFactory factory = SchemaFactory.newInstance(XMLConstants.W3C_XML_SCHEMA_NS_URI);
+
+    // load a WXS schema, represented by a Schema instance
+    final Source schemaFile = new StreamSource(getResourceAsStream(XML_SCHEMA_FILE));
+    final Schema schema = factory.newSchema(schemaFile);
+    return schema;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Override this method, in order to provide different xml definition file name.
+   *
+   * @return name of the xml file containing group & resource definition.
+   * @throws IOException if the stream couldn't be read.
+   */
+  protected InputStream getConfigResourceAsStream()
+    throws IOException {
+    return getResourceAsStream(XML_CONFIG_FILE);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize the map
+   */
+  private void initGroupMap(final Document document) {
+    final NodeList groupNodeList = document.getElementsByTagName(TAG_GROUP);
+    for (int i = 0; i < groupNodeList.getLength(); i++) {
+      final Element groupElement = (Element)groupNodeList.item(i);
+      final String name = groupElement.getAttribute(ATTR_GROUP_NAME);
+      allGroupElements.put(name, groupElement);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Parse the document and creates the model.
+   *
+   * @param document to parse.
+   * @return {@link WroModel} object.
+   */
+  private synchronized WroModel createModel() {
+    final WroModel model = new WroModel();
+    final Set<Group> groups = new HashSet<Group>();
+    for (final Element element : allGroupElements.values()) {
+      parseGroup(element, groups);
+    }
+    model.setGroups(groups);
+    return model;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Recursive method. Add the parsed element group to the group collection. If the group contains group-ref element,
+   * parse recursively this group.
+   *
+   * @param element Group Element to parse.
+   * @param groups list of parsed groups where the parsed group is added..
+   * @return list of resources associated with this resource
+   */
+  private Collection<Resource> parseGroup(final Element element, final Collection<Group> groups) {
+    final String name = element.getAttribute(ATTR_GROUP_NAME);
+    if (processingGroups.contains(name)) {
+      throw new RecursiveGroupDefinitionException("Infinite Recursion detected for the group: " + name
+        + ". Recursion path: " + processingGroups);
+    }
+    processingGroups.add(name);
+    LOG.debug("\tgroupName=" + name);
+    // skip if this group is already parsed
+    final Group parsedGroup = getGroupByName(name, groups);
+    if (parsedGroup != null) {
+      // remove before returning
+      // this group is parsed, remove from unparsed groups collection
+      processingGroups.remove(name);
+      return parsedGroup.getResources();
+    }
+    final Group group = new Group();
+    group.setName(name);
+    final List<Resource> resources = new ArrayList<Resource>();
+    final NodeList resourceNodeList = element.getChildNodes();
+    for (int i = 0; i < resourceNodeList.getLength(); i++) {
+      final Node node = resourceNodeList.item(i);
+      if (node instanceof Element) {
+        final Element resourceElement = (Element)node;
+        parseResource(resourceElement, resources, groups);
+      }
+    }
+    group.setResources(resources);
+    // this group is parsed, remove from unparsed collection
+    processingGroups.remove(name);
+    groups.add(group);
+    return resources;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Check if the group with name <code>name</code> was already parsed and returns Group object with it's resources
+   * initialized.
+   *
+   * @param name the group to check.
+   * @param groups list of parsed groups.
+   * @return parsed Group by it's name.
+   */
+  private static Group getGroupByName(final String name, final Collection<Group> groups) {
+    for (final Group group : groups) {
+      if (name.equals(group.getName())) {
+        return group;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a resource from a given resourceElement. It can be css, js. If resource tag name is group-ref, the method
+   * will start a recursive computation.
+   *
+   * @param resourceElement
+   * @param resources list of parsed resources where the parsed resource is added.
+   */
+  private void parseResource(final Element resourceElement, final Collection<Resource> resources, final Collection<Group> groups) {
+    ResourceType type = null;
+    final String tagName = resourceElement.getTagName();
+    final String uri = resourceElement.getTextContent();
+    //LOG.debug("\ttagName=" + tagName);
+    //LOG.debug("\turi=" + uri);
+    if (TAG_JS.equals(tagName)) {
+      type = ResourceType.JS;
+    } else if (TAG_CSS.equals(tagName)) {
+      type = ResourceType.CSS;
+    } else if (TAG_GROUP_REF.equals(tagName)) {
+      // uri in this case is the group name
+      final Element groupElement = allGroupElements.get(uri);
+      //LOG.debug("\tparse groupRef: " + uri + ": " + groupElement);
+      resources.addAll(parseGroup(groupElement, groups));
+    } else {
+      // should not ever happen due to validation of xml.
+      throw new WroRuntimeException("Usupported resource type: " + tagName);
+    }
+    //LOG.debug("\ttype=" + type);
+    if (type != null) {
+      resources.add(Resource.create(uri, type));
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * @return InputStream of the local resource from classpath.
+   */
+  protected static InputStream getResourceAsStream(final String fileName) {
+    return Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(fileName);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if xml structure is valid.
+   *
+   * @param document xml document to validate.
+   */
+  private void validate(final Document document)
+    throws IOException, SAXException {
+    final Schema schema = getSchema();
+    // create a Validator instance, which can be used to validate an instance
+    // document
+    final Validator validator = schema.newValidator();
+    // validate the DOM tree
+    validator.validate(new DOMSource(document));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * {@inheritDoc}
+   */
+  public void destroy() {
+    //kill running threads
+    executorService.shutdownNow();
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `ro.isdc.wro.model.impl.XmlModelFactory.destroy` reads without synchronization from `this.ro.isdc.wro.model.impl.XmlModelFactory.executorService`. Potentially races with write in method `XmlModelFactory.getInstance()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void XmlModelFactory.destroy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.isdc.wro.model.impl.XmlModelFactory.destroy():void.bb30287c866c719005ff8d465150a907
+
+### File:
+wro4j-core/src/main/java/ro/isdc/wro/model/impl/XmlModelFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+XmlModelFactory.java|destroy|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a4a14c04017882c35467148d4afde138
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7374/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7374/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a8217e7b3783064ddba3cd91886daf0d007ebe8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7374/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,710 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ghprb-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 15
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Joiner;
+
+import hudson.model.AbstractBuild;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHCommitPointer;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHIssue;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHIssueComment;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequest;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequestCommitDetail;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHUser;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GitUser;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * Maintains state about a Pull Request for a particular Jenkins job. This is what understands the current state of a PR
+ * for a particular job.
+ *
+ * @author Honza Brázdil <jbrazdil@redhat.com>
+ */
+public class GhprbPullRequest {
+
+    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GhprbPullRequest.class.getName());
+
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient GHUser author;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String title;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String reponame;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient URL url;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String description;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String target;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String source;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient String authorRepoGitUrl;
+    @Deprecated
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private transient Boolean changed = true;
+
+    private transient String authorEmail;
+    private transient Ghprb helper; // will be refreshed each time GhprbRepository.init() is called
+    private transient GhprbRepository repo; // will be refreshed each time GhprbRepository.init() is called
+
+    private transient GHPullRequest pr;
+
+    private transient GHUser triggerSender; // Only needed for a single build
+    private transient GitUser commitAuthor; // Only needed for a single build
+    private transient String commentBody;
+
+    private transient boolean shouldRun = false; // Declares if we should run the build this time.
+    private transient boolean triggered = false; // Only lets us know if the trigger phrase was used for this run
+    private transient boolean mergeable = false; // Only works as an easy way to pass the value around for the start of
+                                                 // this build
+
+    private final int id;
+    private Date updated; // Needed to track when the PR was updated
+    private String head;
+    private String base;
+    private boolean accepted = false; // Needed to see if the PR has been added to the accepted list
+    private String lastBuildId;
+
+    private void setUpdated(Date lastUpdateTime) {
+        updated = lastUpdateTime;
+    }
+
+    private void setHead(String newHead) {
+        this.head = StringUtils.isEmpty(newHead) ? head : newHead;
+    }
+
+    private void setBase(String newBase) {
+        this.base = StringUtils.isEmpty(newBase) ? base : newBase;
+    }
+
+    private void setAccepted(boolean shouldRun) {
+        accepted = true;
+        this.shouldRun = shouldRun;
+    }
+
+    public GhprbPullRequest(GHPullRequest pr,
+                            Ghprb ghprb,
+                            GhprbRepository repo,
+                            boolean isNew) {
+
+        id = pr.getNumber();
+        setPullRequest(pr);
+
+        this.helper = ghprb;
+
+        this.repo = repo;
+
+        GHUser author = pr.getUser();
+        String reponame = repo.getName();
+
+        try {
+            if (ghprb.isWhitelisted(getPullRequestAuthor())) {
+                setAccepted(true);
+            } else {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                           "Author of #{0} {1} on {2} not in whitelist!",
+                           new Object[] { id, author.getLogin(), reponame });
+                repo.addComment(id, GhprbTrigger.getDscp().getRequestForTestingPhrase());
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get pull request author", e);
+        }
+
+        logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                   "Created Pull Request #{0} on {1} by {2} ({3}) updated at: {4} SHA: {5}",
+                   new Object[] { id, reponame, author.getLogin(), getAuthorEmail(), updated, this.head });
+    }
+
+    public void init(Ghprb helper,
+                     GhprbRepository repo) {
+        this.helper = helper;
+        this.repo = repo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks this Pull Request representation against a GitHub version of the Pull Request, and triggers a build if
+     * necessary.
+     *
+     * @param ghpr
+     */
+    public void check(GHPullRequest ghpr) {
+        setPullRequest(ghpr);
+        if (helper.isProjectDisabled()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINE, "Project is disabled, ignoring pull request");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            getPullRequest(false);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get the latest copy of the PR from github", e);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        updatePR(pr, pr.getUser());
+
+        checkSkipBuild(pr);
+        tryBuild();
+    }
+
+    private void checkSkipBuild(GHIssue issue) {
+        String skipBuildPhrase = helper.checkSkipBuild(issue);
+        if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(skipBuildPhrase)) {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                       "Pull request commented with {0} skipBuildPhrase. Hence skipping the build.",
+                       skipBuildPhrase);
+            shouldRun = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void check(GHIssueComment comment) {
+        if (helper.isProjectDisabled()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINE, "Project is disabled, ignoring comment");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            try {
+                checkComment(comment);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't check comment #" + comment.getId(), ex);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                GHUser user = null;
+                try {
+                    user = comment.getUser();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't get the user that made the comment", e);
+                }
+                updatePR(getPullRequest(true), user);
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get a new copy of the pull request!");
+            }
+
+            checkSkipBuild(comment.getParent());
+            tryBuild();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updatePR(GHPullRequest pr,
+                          GHUser user) {
+        setPullRequest(pr);
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            Date lastUpdateTime = updated;
+            if (isUpdated(pr)) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                           "Pull request #{0} was updated on {1} at {2} by {3}",
+                           new Object[] { id, repo.getName(), updated, user });
+
+                // the author of the PR could have been whitelisted since its creation
+                if (!accepted && helper.isWhitelisted(pr.getUser())) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Pull request #{0}'s author has been whitelisted", new Object[] { id });
+                    setAccepted(false);
+                }
+
+                int commentsChecked = checkComments(pr, lastUpdateTime);
+                boolean newCommit = checkCommit(pr);
+
+                if (!newCommit && commentsChecked == 0) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO,
+                               "Pull request #{0} was updated on repo {1} but there aren''t any new comments nor commits; "
+                                           + "that may mean that commit status was updated.",
+                               new Object[] { id, repo.getName() });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isWhiteListedTargetBranch() {
+        List<GhprbBranch> branches = helper.getWhiteListTargetBranches();
+        if (branches.isEmpty() || (branches.size() == 1 && branches.get(0).getBranch().equals(""))) {
+            // no branches in white list means we should test all
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        String target = getTarget();
+        for (GhprbBranch b : branches) {
+            if (b.matches(target)) {
+                // the target branch is in the whitelist!
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        logger.log(Level.FINEST,
+                   "PR #{0} target branch: {1} isn''t in our whitelist of target branches: {2}",
+                   new Object[] { id, target, Joiner.on(',').skipNulls().join(branches) });
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isUpdated(GHPullRequest pr) {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            Date lastUpdated = new Date();
+            boolean ret = false;
+            try {
+                lastUpdated = pr.getUpdatedAt();
+                ret = updated.compareTo(lastUpdated) < 0;
+                setUpdated(lastUpdated);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unable to update last updated date", e);
+            }
+            GHCommitPointer pointer = pr.getHead();
+            String pointerSha = pointer.getSha();
+            ret |= !pointerSha.equals(head);
+
+            pointer = pr.getBase();
+            pointerSha = pointer.getSha();
+            ret |= !pointerSha.equals(base);
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void tryBuild() {
+        if (helper.isProjectDisabled()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Project is disabled, not trying to build");
+            shouldRun = false;
+            triggered = false;
+        }
+        if (helper.ifOnlyTriggerPhrase() && !triggered) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Trigger only phrase but we are not triggered");
+            shouldRun = false;
+        }
+        triggered = false; // Once we have decided that we are triggered then the flag should be set to false.
+
+        if (!isWhiteListedTargetBranch()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Branch is not whitelisted, skipping the build");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (shouldRun) {
+            shouldRun = false; // Change the shouldRun flag as soon as we decide to build.
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Running the build");
+
+            if (pr != null) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "PR is not null, checking if mergable");
+                checkMergeable();
+                try {
+                    for (GHPullRequestCommitDetail commitDetails : pr.listCommits()) {
+                        if (commitDetails.getSha().equals(getHead())) {
+                            commitAuthor = commitDetails.getCommit().getCommitter();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception ex) {
+                    logger.log(Level.INFO, "Unable to get PR commits: ", ex);
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Running build...");
+            build();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void build() {
+        GhprbBuilds builder = helper.getBuilds();
+        builder.build(this, triggerSender, commentBody);
+    }
+
+    // returns false if no new commit
+    private boolean checkCommit(GHPullRequest pr) {
+        GHCommitPointer head = pr.getHead();
+        GHCommitPointer base = pr.getBase();
+
+        String headSha = head.getSha();
+        String baseSha = base.getSha();
+
+        if (StringUtils.equals(headSha, this.head) && StringUtils.equals(baseSha, this.base)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        logger.log(Level.FINE,
+                   "New commit. Sha: Head[{0} => {1}] Base[{2} => {3}]",
+                   new Object[] { this.head, headSha, this.base, baseSha });
+
+        setHead(headSha);
+        setBase(baseSha);
+
+        if (accepted) {
+            shouldRun = true;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void checkComment(GHIssueComment comment) throws IOException {
+        GHUser sender = comment.getUser();
+        String body = comment.getBody();
+
+        logger.log(Level.FINEST, "[{0}] Added comment: {1}", new Object[] { sender.getName(), body });
+
+        // Disabled until more advanced configs get set up
+        // ignore comments from bot user, this fixes an issue where the bot would auto-whitelist
+        // a user or trigger a build when the 'request for testing' phrase contains the
+        // whitelist/trigger phrase and the bot is a member of a whitelisted organisation
+        // if (helper.isBotUser(sender)) {
+        // logger.log(Level.INFO, "Comment from bot user {0} ignored.", sender);
+        // return;
+        // }
+
+        if (helper.isWhitelistPhrase(body) && helper.isAdmin(sender)) { // add to whitelist
+            GHIssue parent = comment.getParent();
+            GHUser author = parent.getUser();
+            if (!helper.isWhitelisted(author)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Author {0} not whitelisted, adding to whitelist.", author);
+                helper.addWhitelist(author.getLogin());
+            }
+            setAccepted(true);
+        } else if (helper.isOktotestPhrase(body) && helper.isAdmin(sender)) { // ok to test
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Admin {0} gave OK to test", sender);
+            setAccepted(true);
+        } else if (helper.isRetestPhrase(body)) { // test this please
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Retest phrase");
+            if (helper.isAdmin(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Admin {0} gave retest phrase", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+            } else if (accepted && helper.isWhitelisted(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Retest accepted and user {0} is whitelisted", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+            }
+        } else if (helper.isTriggerPhrase(body)) { // trigger phrase
+            logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Trigger phrase");
+            if (helper.isAdmin(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Admin {0} ran trigger phrase", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+                triggered = true;
+            } else if (accepted && helper.isWhitelisted(sender)) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Trigger accepted and user {0} is whitelisted", sender);
+                shouldRun = true;
+                triggered = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (shouldRun) {
+            triggerSender = sender;
+            commentBody = body;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int checkComments(GHPullRequest ghpr,
+                              Date lastUpdatedTime) {
+        int count = 0;
+        logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Checking for comments after: {0}", lastUpdatedTime);
+        try {
+            for (GHIssueComment comment : ghpr.getComments()) {
+                logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Comment was made at: {0}", comment.getUpdatedAt());
+                if (lastUpdatedTime.compareTo(comment.getUpdatedAt()) < 0) {
+                    logger.log(Level.FINEST, "Comment was made after last update time, {0}", comment.getBody());
+                    count++;
+                    try {
+                        checkComment(comment);
+                    } catch (IOException ex) {
+                        logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't check comment #" + comment.getId(), ex);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't obtain comments.", e);
+        }
+        return count;
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkMergeable() {
+        try {
+            getPullRequest(false);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to get a copy of the PR from github", e);
+            return mergeable;
+        }
+        try {
+            int r = 5;
+            Boolean isMergeable = pr.getMergeable();
+            while (isMergeable == null && r-- > 0) {
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(1000);
+                } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                isMergeable = pr.getMergeable();
+            }
+            mergeable = isMergeable != null && isMergeable;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't obtain mergeable status.", e);
+        }
+        return mergeable;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+        if (!(obj instanceof GhprbPullRequest)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        GhprbPullRequest o = (GhprbPullRequest) obj;
+        return o.id == id;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        int hash = 7;
+        hash = 89 * hash + this.id;
+        return hash;
+    }
+
+    public int getId() {
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    public String getHead() {
+        return head;
+    }
+
+    public String getAuthorRepoGitUrl() {
+        GHCommitPointer prHead = pr.getHead();
+        String authorRepoGitUrl = "";
+
+        if (prHead != null && prHead.getRepository() != null) {
+            authorRepoGitUrl = prHead.getRepository().gitHttpTransportUrl();
+        }
+        return authorRepoGitUrl;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isMergeable() {
+        return mergeable;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Base and Ref are part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getTarget() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getBase().getRef();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Head and Ref are part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getSource() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getHead().getRef();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Title is part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getTitle() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getTitle();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the URL to the Github Pull Request.
+     * This URL is part of the pull request object
+     *
+     * @return the Github Pull Request URL
+     */
+    public URL getUrl() throws IOException {
+        return getPullRequest(false).getHtmlUrl();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The description body is part of the PullRequest object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getDescription() {
+        try {
+            return getPullRequest(false).getBody();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return "UNKNOWN";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public GitUser getCommitAuthor() {
+        return commitAuthor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Author is part of the PullRequest Object
+     * 
+     * @return
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public GHUser getPullRequestAuthor() throws IOException {
+        return getPullRequest(false).getUser();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the PullRequest object for this PR
+     * 
+     * @param force - forces the code to go get the PullRequest from GitHub now
+     * @return
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public GHPullRequest getPullRequest(boolean force) throws IOException {
+        if (this.pr == null || force) {
+            setPullRequest(repo.getActualPullRequest(this.id));
+        }
+        return pr;
+    }
+
+    private void setPullRequest(GHPullRequest pr) {
+        if (pr == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            this.pr = pr;
+
+            try {
+                if (updated == null) {
+                    setUpdated(pr.getCreatedAt());
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unable to get date for new PR", e);
+                setUpdated(new Date());
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(this.head)) {
+                GHCommitPointer prHead = pr.getHead();
+                setHead(prHead.getSha());
+            }
+
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(this.base)) {
+                GHCommitPointer prBase = pr.getBase();
+                setBase(prBase.getSha());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Email address is collected from GitHub as extra information, so lets cache it.
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getAuthorEmail() {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(authorEmail)) {
+            try {
+                GHUser user = getPullRequestAuthor();
+                authorEmail = user.getEmail();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to fetch author info for " + id);
+            }
+        }
+        authorEmail = StringUtils.isEmpty(authorEmail) ? "" : authorEmail;
+        return authorEmail;
+    }
+
+    public void setBuild(AbstractBuild<?, ?> build) {
+        lastBuildId = build.getId();
+    }
+
+    public String getLastBuildId() {
+        return lastBuildId;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbPullRequest.check` indirectly reads with synchronization from `n$4.org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbTrigger$DescriptorImpl.githubAuth`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `GhprbPullRequest.check(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$4 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$4.org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbTrigger$DescriptorImpl.githubAuth might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GhprbPullRequest.check(GHPullRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbPullRequest.check(org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequest):void.8ed19a4f18a2c1190eba73d0c5c47050
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/ghprb/GhprbPullRequest.java
+
+### Key:
+GhprbPullRequest.java|check|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+667f7717efa5ad4d8c874c8d2f2ef9d3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7375/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7375/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ce9bf80f5c07b86955ed14929bb130ddcff3e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7375/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ghprb-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb;
+
+import hudson.model.AbstractBuild;
+import hudson.model.queue.QueueTaskFuture;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import jenkins.model.Jenkins;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHCommitState;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHIssueState;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequest;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHRepository;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GitHub;
+
+/**
+ * @author Honza Brázdil <jbrazdil@redhat.com>
+ */
+public class GhprbRepo {
+	private GhprbTrigger trigger;
+	private GitHub gh;
+	private GHRepository repo;
+	private Pattern retestPhrasePattern;
+	private Pattern whitelistPhrasePattern;
+	private Pattern oktotestPhrasePattern;
+	private String reponame;
+
+	private HashSet<GhprbBuild> builds;
+
+	public GhprbRepo(GhprbTrigger trigger, String githubServer, String user, String repository){
+		this.trigger = trigger;
+		reponame = user + "/" + repository;
+
+		String accessToken = trigger.getDescriptor().getAccessToken();
+		if(accessToken != null && !accessToken.isEmpty()) {
+			try {
+				gh = GitHub.connectUsingOAuth(githubServer, accessToken);
+			} catch(IOException e) {
+				Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "can't connect using oauth", e);
+			}
+		} else {
+			//TODO: when (if) the github api supports sending in a server w/o a token set it here...
+			//gh = GitHub.connect(githubServer, trigger.getDescriptor().getUsername(), null, trigger.getDescriptor().getPassword());
+			gh = GitHub.connect(trigger.getDescriptor().getUsername(), null, trigger.getDescriptor().getPassword());
+		}
+
+		retestPhrasePattern = Pattern.compile(trigger.getDescriptor().getRetestPhrase());
+		whitelistPhrasePattern = Pattern.compile(trigger.getDescriptor().getWhitelistPhrase());
+		oktotestPhrasePattern = Pattern.compile(trigger.getDescriptor().getOkToTestPhrase());
+		builds = new HashSet<GhprbBuild>();
+	}
+	
+	public void check(Map<Integer,GhprbPullRequest> pulls){
+		if(repo == null) try {
+				repo = gh.getRepository(reponame);
+				if(repo == null){
+					Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not retrieve repo named {0} (Do you have properly set 'GitHub project' field in job configuration?)", reponame);
+				}
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not retrieve repo named " + reponame + " (Do you have properly set 'GitHub project' field in job configuration?)", ex);
+		}
+		List<GHPullRequest> prs;
+		try {
+			prs = repo.getPullRequests(GHIssueState.OPEN);
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not retrieve pull requests.", ex);
+			return;
+		}
+		Set<Integer> closedPulls = new HashSet<Integer>(pulls.keySet());
+
+		for(GHPullRequest pr : prs){
+			Integer id = pr.getNumber();
+			GhprbPullRequest pull;
+			if(pulls.containsKey(id)){
+				pull = pulls.get(id);
+			}else{
+				pull = new GhprbPullRequest(pr, this);
+				pulls.put(id, pull);
+			}
+			try {
+				pull.check(pr,this);
+			} catch (IOException ex) {
+				Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't check pull request #" + id, ex);
+			}
+			closedPulls.remove(id);
+		}
+		
+		removeClosed(closedPulls, pulls);
+		checkBuilds();
+	}
+	
+	private void removeClosed(Set<Integer> closedPulls, Map<Integer,GhprbPullRequest> pulls) {
+		if(closedPulls.isEmpty()) return;
+		
+		for(Integer id : closedPulls){
+			pulls.remove(id);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void checkBuilds(){
+		Iterator<GhprbBuild> it = builds.iterator();
+		while(it.hasNext()){
+			GhprbBuild build = it.next();
+			build.check();
+			if(build.isFinished()){
+				it.remove();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void createCommitStatus(AbstractBuild<?,?> build, GHCommitState state, String message){
+		String sha1 = build.getCause(GhprbCause.class).getCommit();
+		createCommitStatus(sha1, state, Jenkins.getInstance().getRootUrl() + build.getUrl(), message);
+	}
+
+	public void createCommitStatus(String sha1, GHCommitState state, String url, String message) {
+		Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.INFO, "Setting status of {0} to {1} with url {2} and mesage: {3}", new Object[]{sha1, state, url, message});
+		try {
+			repo.createCommitStatus(sha1, state, url, message);
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not update commit status of the Pull Request on Github.", ex);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public boolean cancelBuild(int id) {
+		Iterator<GhprbBuild> it = builds.iterator();
+		while(it.hasNext()){
+			GhprbBuild build  = it.next();
+			if (build.getPullID() == id) {
+				if (build.cancel()) {
+					it.remove();
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+	
+	public boolean isWhitelisted(String username){
+		return trigger.whitelisted.contains(username) || trigger.admins.contains(username);
+	}
+	
+	public boolean isAdmin(String username){
+		return trigger.admins.contains(username);
+	}
+	
+	public boolean isRetestPhrase(String comment){
+		return retestPhrasePattern.matcher(comment).matches();
+	}
+	
+	public boolean isWhitelistPhrase(String comment){
+		return whitelistPhrasePattern.matcher(comment).matches();
+	}
+	
+	public boolean isOktotestPhrase(String comment){
+		return oktotestPhrasePattern.matcher(comment).matches();
+	}
+
+	public void addComment(int id, String comment) {
+		try {
+			repo.getPullRequest(id).comment(comment);
+		} catch (IOException ex) {
+			Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't add comment to pullrequest #" + id + ": '" + comment + "'", ex);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void addWhitelist(String author) {
+		trigger.whitelist = trigger.whitelist + " " + author;
+		trigger.whitelisted.add(author);
+		trigger.changed = true;
+	}
+
+	public boolean isMe(String username){
+		return trigger.getDescriptor().getUsername().equals(username);
+	}
+
+	public void startJob(int id, String commit, boolean merged){
+		QueueTaskFuture<?> build = trigger.startJob(new GhprbCause(commit, id, merged));
+		if(build == null){
+			Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepo.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Job didn't started");
+			return;
+		}
+		builds.add(new GhprbBuild(this, id, build, true));
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `GhprbRepo.repo` last assigned on line 60 could be null and is dereferenced at line 69.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GhprbRepo.check(Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbRepo.check(java.util.Map):void.a1ded4ee28317a9e1118c85c791d5033
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/ghprb/GhprbRepo.java
+
+### Key:
+GhprbRepo.java|check|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cc21be5ec9047b64330410ad1d1e61fa
+
+### Hash:
+c43bfb1950f52e3ae1a523f05d00cb1e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7381/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7381/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f69e68dde25c57a1c30336b069ddb893c70cf8cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7381/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ghprb-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb;
+
+import hudson.BulkChange;
+import hudson.XmlFile;
+import hudson.model.AbstractBuild;
+import hudson.model.AbstractProject;
+import hudson.model.Items;
+import hudson.model.Saveable;
+import hudson.model.TaskListener;
+import hudson.model.listeners.SaveableListener;
+import hudson.util.Secret;
+import jenkins.model.Jenkins;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.extensions.GhprbCommentAppender;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.extensions.GhprbCommitStatusException;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.extensions.GhprbExtension;
+import org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.extensions.comments.GhprbBuildStatus;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHCommitState;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHEvent;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHEventPayload.IssueComment;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHEventPayload.PullRequest;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHHook;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHIssueState;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHPullRequest;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GHRepository;
+import org.kohsuke.github.GitHub;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * @author Honza Brázdil jbrazdil@redhat.com
+ */
+public class GhprbRepository implements Saveable{
+
+    private static final transient Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(GhprbRepository.class.getName());
+    private static final transient EnumSet<GHEvent> HOOK_EVENTS = EnumSet.of(GHEvent.ISSUE_COMMENT, GHEvent.PULL_REQUEST);
+
+    private final String reponame;
+    private final Map<Integer, GhprbPullRequest> pullRequests;
+
+    private transient GHRepository ghRepository;
+    private transient GhprbTrigger trigger;
+
+    public GhprbRepository(String reponame, GhprbTrigger trigger) {
+        this.pullRequests = new ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, GhprbPullRequest>();
+        this.reponame = reponame;
+        this.trigger = trigger;
+    }
+    
+    public void addPullRequests(Map<Integer, GhprbPullRequest> prs) {
+        pullRequests.putAll(prs);
+    }
+    
+    public void init() {
+        for (Entry<Integer, GhprbPullRequest> next : pullRequests.entrySet()) {
+            GhprbPullRequest pull = next.getValue();
+            pull.init(trigger.getHelper(), this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean initGhRepository() {
+        if (ghRepository != null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        
+        GitHub gitHub = null;
+        
+        try {
+            gitHub = trigger.getGitHub();
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error while accessing rate limit API", ex);
+            return false;
+        }
+        
+        if (gitHub == null) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "No connection returned to GitHub server!");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (gitHub.getRateLimit().remaining == 0) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "Exceeded rate limit for repository");
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, "Rate limit API not found.");
+            return false;
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error while accessing rate limit API", ex);
+            return false;
+        }
+        
+
+        try {
+            ghRepository = gitHub.getRepository(reponame);
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not retrieve GitHub repository named " + reponame + " (Do you have properly set 'GitHub project' field in job configuration?)", ex);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // This method is used when not running with webhooks.  We pull in the
+    // active PRs for the repo associated with the trigger and check the
+    // comments/hashes that have been added since the last time we checked.
+    public void check() {
+        
+        if (!trigger.isActive()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINE, "Project is not active, not checking github state");
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        if (!initGhRepository()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        GHRepository repo = getGitHubRepo();
+
+        List<GHPullRequest> openPulls;
+        try {
+            openPulls = repo.getPullRequests(GHIssueState.OPEN);
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not retrieve open pull requests.", ex);
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        
+        Set<Integer> closedPulls = new HashSet<Integer>(pullRequests.keySet());
+
+        for (GHPullRequest pr : openPulls) {
+            if (pr.getHead() == null) { // Not sure if we need this, but leaving it for now.
+                try {
+                    pr = getActualPullRequest(pr.getNumber());
+                } catch (IOException ex) {
+                    logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not retrieve pr " + pr.getNumber(), ex);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            check(pr);
+            closedPulls.remove(pr.getNumber());
+        }
+        
+
+        // remove closed pulls so we don't check them again
+        for (Integer id : closedPulls) {
+            pullRequests.remove(id);
+        }
+        try {
+            this.save();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+           logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to save repository!", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void check(GHPullRequest pr) {
+        int number = pr.getNumber();
+        try {
+            GhprbPullRequest pull = getPullRequest(null, number);
+            pull.check(pr, false);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to check pr: " + number, e);
+        }
+        try {
+            this.save();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+           logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to save repository!", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void commentOnFailure(AbstractBuild<?, ?> build, TaskListener listener, GhprbCommitStatusException ex) {
+        PrintStream stream = null;
+        if (listener != null) {
+            stream = listener.getLogger();
+        }
+        GHCommitState state = ex.getState();
+        Exception baseException = ex.getException();
+        String newMessage;
+        if (baseException instanceof FileNotFoundException) {
+            newMessage = "FileNotFoundException means that the credentials Jenkins is using is probably wrong. Or the user account does not have write access to the repo.";
+        } else {
+            newMessage = "Could not update commit status of the Pull Request on GitHub.";
+        }
+        if (stream != null) {
+            stream.println(newMessage);
+            baseException.printStackTrace(stream);
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.INFO, newMessage, baseException);
+        }
+        if (GhprbTrigger.getDscp().getUseComments()) {
+
+            StringBuilder msg = new StringBuilder(ex.getMessage());
+
+            if (build != null) {
+                msg.append("\n");
+                GhprbTrigger trigger = Ghprb.extractTrigger(build);
+                for (GhprbExtension ext : Ghprb.matchesAll(trigger.getExtensions(), GhprbBuildStatus.class)) {
+                    if (ext instanceof GhprbCommentAppender) {
+                        msg.append(((GhprbCommentAppender) ext).postBuildComment(build, null));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (GhprbTrigger.getDscp().getUseDetailedComments() || (state == GHCommitState.SUCCESS || state == GHCommitState.FAILURE)) {
+                logger.log(Level.INFO, "Trying to send comment.", baseException);
+                addComment(ex.getId(), msg.toString());
+            }
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Could not update commit status of the Pull Request on GitHub.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return reponame;
+    }
+
+    public void addComment(int id, String comment) {
+        addComment(id, comment, null, null);
+    }
+
+    public void addComment(int id, String comment, AbstractBuild<?, ?> build, TaskListener listener) {
+        if (comment.trim().isEmpty())
+            return;
+
+        if (build != null && listener != null) {
+            try {
+                comment = build.getEnvironment(listener).expand(comment);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            GHRepository repo = getGitHubRepo();
+            GHPullRequest pr = repo.getPullRequest(id);
+            pr.comment(comment);
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't add comment to pull request #" + id + ": '" + comment + "'", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void closePullRequest(int id) {
+        try {
+            GHRepository repo = getGitHubRepo();
+            GHPullRequest pr = repo.getPullRequest(id);
+            pr.close();
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn't close the pull request #" + id + ": '", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean hookExist() throws IOException {
+        GHRepository ghRepository = getGitHubRepo();
+        for (GHHook h : ghRepository.getHooks()) {
+            if (!"web".equals(h.getName())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!getHookUrl().equals(h.getConfig().get("url"))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    public static Object createHookLock = new Object();
+
+    public boolean createHook() {
+        try {
+            // Avoid a race to update the hooks in a repo (we could end up with
+            // multiple hooks).  Lock on before we try this
+            synchronized (createHookLock) {
+                if (hookExist()) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                Map<String, String> config = new HashMap<String, String>();
+                String secret = getSecret();
+                config.put("url", new URL(getHookUrl()).toExternalForm());
+                config.put("insecure_ssl", "1");
+                if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(secret)) {
+                 config.put("secret",secret);
+                }
+                getGitHubRepo().createHook("web", config, HOOK_EVENTS, true);
+                return true;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Couldn''t create web hook for repository {0}. Does the user (from global configuration) have admin rights to the repository?", reponame);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getSecret() {
+        Secret secret = trigger.getGitHubApiAuth().getSecret();
+        return secret == null ? "" : secret.getPlainText();
+    }
+
+    private String getHookUrl() {
+        String baseUrl = trigger.getGitHubApiAuth().getJenkinsUrl();
+        if (baseUrl == null) {
+          baseUrl = Jenkins.getInstance().getRootUrl();
+        }
+        return baseUrl + GhprbRootAction.URL + "/";
+    }
+
+    public GhprbPullRequest getPullRequest(int id) {
+        return pullRequests.get(id);
+    }
+    
+    public GHPullRequest getActualPullRequest(int id) throws IOException {
+        return getGitHubRepo().getPullRequest(id);
+    }
+
+    void onIssueCommentHook(IssueComment issueComment) throws IOException {
+        if (!trigger.isActive()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINE, "Not checking comments since build is disabled");
+            return;
+        }
+        int number = issueComment.getIssue().getNumber();
+        logger.log(Level.FINER, "Comment on issue #{0} from {1}: {2}",
+                new Object[] { number, issueComment.getComment().getUser(), issueComment.getComment().getBody() });
+        
+        if (!"created".equals(issueComment.getAction())) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        GhprbPullRequest pull = getPullRequest(null, number);
+        pull.check(issueComment.getComment());
+        try {
+            this.save();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+           logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to save repository!", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private GhprbPullRequest getPullRequest(GHPullRequest ghpr, Integer number) throws IOException {
+        if (number == null) {
+            number = ghpr.getNumber();
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            GhprbPullRequest pr = pullRequests.get(number);
+            if (pr == null) {
+                if (ghpr == null) {
+                    GHRepository repo = getGitHubRepo();
+                    ghpr = repo.getPullRequest(number);
+                }
+                pr = new GhprbPullRequest(ghpr, trigger.getHelper(), this);
+                pullRequests.put(number, pr);
+            }
+            
+            return pr;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void onPullRequestHook(PullRequest pr) throws IOException {
+        GHPullRequest ghpr = pr.getPullRequest();
+        int number = pr.getNumber();
+        String action = pr.getAction();
+
+        boolean doSave = false;
+        if ("closed".equals(action)) {
+            pullRequests.remove(number);
+            doSave = true;
+        } else if (!trigger.isActive()) {
+            logger.log(Level.FINE, "Not processing Pull request since the build is disabled");
+        } else if ("edited".equals(action) || "opened".equals(action) || "reopened".equals(action) || "synchronize".equals(action)) {
+            GhprbPullRequest pull = getPullRequest(ghpr, number);
+            pull.check(ghpr, true);
+            doSave = true;
+        } else {
+            logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unknown Pull Request hook action: {0}", action);
+        }
+        if (doSave) {
+            try {
+                this.save();
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+               logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Unable to save repository!", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public GHRepository getGitHubRepo() {
+        if (ghRepository == null) {
+            initGhRepository();
+        }
+        return ghRepository;
+    }
+
+    public void load() throws IOException {
+        XmlFile xml = getConfigXml(trigger.getActualProject());
+        if(xml.exists()){
+            xml.unmarshal(this);
+        }
+        save();
+    }
+
+    public void save() throws IOException {
+        if(BulkChange.contains(this)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        XmlFile config = getConfigXml(trigger.getActualProject());
+        config.write(this);
+        SaveableListener.fireOnChange(this, config);
+    }
+
+    protected XmlFile getConfigXml(AbstractProject<?, ?> project) throws IOException {
+        try {
+            String escapedRepoName = URLEncoder.encode(reponame, "UTF8");
+            File file = new File(project.getBuildDir() + "/pullrequests", escapedRepoName);
+            return Items.getConfigFile(file);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            throw new IOException(e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `ghRepository` last assigned on line 269 could be null and is dereferenced at line 270.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean GhprbRepository.hookExist()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jenkinsci.plugins.ghprb.GhprbRepository.hookExist():boolean.238633001fa31dfef70e9a312411b5ca
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jenkinsci/plugins/ghprb/GhprbRepository.java
+
+### Key:
+GhprbRepository.java|hookExist|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+3f31bab4f137349ea95648b936694108
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7386/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7386/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9d627868a687bfd5936e26c560891efe9a26526
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7386/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** goodsKill
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.seckill;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * 服务启动类
+ * Created by ZhangShuzheng on 2017/2/3.
+ */
+public class GoodsKillRpcServiceApplication {
+    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GoodsKillRpcServiceApplication.class);
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+        logger.info(">>>>> goodsKill-rpc-service 正在启动 <<<<<");
+        ClassPathXmlApplicationContext context= new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
+                "classpath*:META-INF/spring/spring-*.xml");
+        context.start();
+        System.in.read();
+        logger.info(">>>>> goodsKill-rpc-service 启动完成 <<<<<");
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext` acquired to `context` by call to `new()` at line 18 is not released after line 20.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GoodsKillRpcServiceApplication.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.seckill.GoodsKillRpcServiceApplication.main(java.lang.String[]):void.96f32e50af3b5a28e6cc51d919ccabda
+
+### File:
+goodsKill-service/src/main/java/org/seckill/GoodsKillRpcServiceApplication.java
+
+### Key:
+GoodsKillRpcServiceApplication.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4bfb231f882557a0850188dc04902a2d
+
+### Hash:
+4dba7ba33f54dfc91fe2f712fba24fa0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7388/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7388/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cada336bc2ed019cb3e5d0a13188c1c0f74c2a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7388/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** red5-client
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.red5.client;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.red5.client.net.rtmp.ClientExceptionHandler;
+import org.red5.client.net.rtmp.RTMPClient;
+import org.red5.io.utils.ObjectMap;
+import org.red5.server.api.event.IEvent;
+import org.red5.server.api.event.IEventDispatcher;
+import org.red5.server.api.service.IPendingServiceCall;
+import org.red5.server.api.service.IPendingServiceCallback;
+import org.red5.server.net.rtmp.Channel;
+import org.red5.server.net.rtmp.RTMPConnection;
+import org.red5.server.net.rtmp.event.Notify;
+import org.red5.server.net.rtmp.event.Ping;
+import org.red5.server.net.rtmp.message.Header;
+import org.red5.server.net.rtmp.status.StatusCodes;
+
+public class ClientTest extends RTMPClient {
+
+    private String server = "localhost";
+
+    private int port = 1935;
+
+    private String application = "oflaDemo";
+
+    //private String application = "live";
+
+    private String filename = "Avengers2.mp4";
+
+    // live stream (true) or vod stream (false)
+    private boolean live;
+
+    private static boolean finished = false;
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
+
+        final ClientTest player = new ClientTest();
+        player.setConnectionClosedHandler(new Runnable() {
+            public void run() {
+                System.out.println("Connection closed");
+            }
+        });
+        // decide whether or not the source is live or vod
+        //player.setLive(true);
+        // connect
+        player.connect();
+
+        synchronized (ClientTest.class) {
+            if (!finished) {
+                ClientTest.class.wait();
+            }
+        }
+
+        System.out.println("Ended");
+    }
+
+    public void connect() {
+        setExceptionHandler(new ClientExceptionHandler() {
+            @Override
+            public void handleException(Throwable throwable) {
+                throwable.printStackTrace();
+            }
+        });
+        setStreamEventDispatcher(streamEventDispatcher);
+        connect(server, port, application, connectCallback);
+    }
+
+    private IEventDispatcher streamEventDispatcher = new IEventDispatcher() {
+        public void dispatchEvent(IEvent event) {
+            System.out.println("ClientStream.dispachEvent()" + event.toString());
+        }
+    };
+
+    private IPendingServiceCallback methodCallCallback = new IPendingServiceCallback() {
+        public void resultReceived(IPendingServiceCall call) {
+            System.out.println("methodCallCallback");
+            Map<?, ?> map = (Map<?, ?>) call.getResult();
+            System.out.printf("Response %s\n", map);
+        }
+    };
+
+    public void getFlvList() {
+        invoke("demoService.getListOfAvailableFLVs", new Object[] {}, methodCallCallback);
+    }
+
+    public void test() {
+        new Thread() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+                    getFlvList();
+                }
+            }
+        }.start();
+    }
+
+    private IPendingServiceCallback connectCallback = new IPendingServiceCallback() {
+        public void resultReceived(IPendingServiceCall call) {
+            System.out.println("connectCallback");
+            ObjectMap<?, ?> map = (ObjectMap<?, ?>) call.getResult();
+            String code = (String) map.get("code");
+            System.out.printf("Response code: %s\n", code);
+            if ("NetConnection.Connect.Rejected".equals(code)) {
+                System.out.printf("Rejected: %s\n", map.get("description"));
+                disconnect();
+                synchronized (ClientTest.class) {
+                    finished = true;
+                    ClientTest.class.notifyAll();
+                }
+            } else if ("NetConnection.Connect.Success".equals(code)) {
+                test();
+                createStream(createStreamCallback);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    private IPendingServiceCallback createStreamCallback = new IPendingServiceCallback() {
+        public void resultReceived(IPendingServiceCall call) {
+            int streamId = (Integer) call.getResult();
+            /*
+             NetStream.play(name, start, length, reset)
+             - start An optional numeric parameter that specifies the start time, in seconds. This parameter can also be used to indicate whether the stream is live or recorded.
+            	The default value for start is -2, which means that Flash Player first tries to play the live stream specified in name. If a live stream of that name is not found,
+            	Flash Player plays the recorded stream specified in name. If neither a live nor a recorded stream is found, Flash Player opens a live stream named name, even 
+            	though no one is publishing on it. When someone does begin publishing on that stream, Flash Player begins playing it.
+            	If you pass -1 for start, Flash Player plays only the live stream specified in name. If no live stream is found, Flash Player waits for it indefinitely 
+            	if len is set to -1; if len is set to a different value, Flash Player waits for len seconds before it begins playing the next item in the playlist.
+            	If you pass 0 or a positive number for start, Flash Player plays only a recorded stream named name, beginning start seconds from the beginning of the stream.
+            	If no recorded stream is found, Flash Player begins playing the next item in the playlist immediately.
+            	If you pass a negative number other than -1 or -2 for start, Flash Player interprets the value as if it were -2.
+            	
+            - len An optional numeric parameter that specifies the duration of the playback, in seconds.
+            	The default value for len is -1, which means that Flash Player plays a live stream until it is no longer available or plays a recorded stream until it ends.
+            	If you pass 0 for len, Flash Player plays the single frame that is start seconds from the beginning of a recorded stream (assuming that start is equal to or greater than 0).
+            	If you pass a positive number for len, Flash Player plays a live stream for len seconds after it becomes available, or plays a recorded stream for len seconds.
+            	(If a stream ends before len seconds, playback ends when the stream ends.)
+            	If you pass a negative number other than -1 for len, Flash Player interprets the value as if it were -1.
+            
+            - reset An optional Boolean value or number that specifies whether to flush any previous playlist. If reset is false (0), name is added (queued) in the current playlist;
+              that is, name plays only after previous streams finish playing. You can use this technique to create a dynamic playlist. If reset is true (1), any previous play calls 
+              are cleared and name is played immediately. By default, the value is true.
+            	You can also specify a value of 2 or 3 for the reset parameter, which is useful when playing recorded stream files that contain message data. These values are analogous to 
+            	passing false (0) and true (1), respectively: a value of 2 maintains a playlist, and a value of 3 resets the playlist. However, the difference is that specifying 2 or 3 for 
+            	reset causes Flash Media Server to return all messages in the recorded stream file at once, rather than at the intervals at which the messages were originally recorded
+            	(the default behavior).
+             */
+            // live buffer 0.5s / vod buffer 4s
+            if (live) {
+                conn.ping(new Ping(Ping.CLIENT_BUFFER, streamId, 500));
+                play(streamId, filename, -1, -1);
+            } else {
+                conn.ping(new Ping(Ping.CLIENT_BUFFER, streamId, 4000));
+                play(streamId, filename, 0, -1);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    protected void onCommand(RTMPConnection conn, Channel channel, Header header, Notify notify) {
+        super.onCommand(conn, channel, header, notify);
+        System.out.println("onInvoke, header = " + header.toString());
+        System.out.println("onInvoke, notify = " + notify.toString());
+        Object obj = notify.getCall().getArguments().length > 0 ? notify.getCall().getArguments()[0] : null;
+        if (obj instanceof Map) {
+            Map<String, String> map = (Map<String, String>) obj;
+            String code = map.get("code");
+            if (StatusCodes.NS_PLAY_STOP.equals(code)) {
+                synchronized (ClientTest.class) {
+                    finished = true;
+                    ClientTest.class.notifyAll();
+                }
+                disconnect();
+                System.out.println("Disconnected");
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the live
+     */
+    public boolean isLive() {
+        return live;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param live
+     *            the live to set
+     */
+    public void setLive(boolean live) {
+        this.live = live;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.red5.client.ClientTest.onCommand` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.red5.client.net.rtmp.BaseRTMPClientHandler.connectionParams`. Potentially races with write in method `ClientTest.connect()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClientTest.onCommand(RTMPConnection,Channel,Header,Notify)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.red5.client.ClientTest.onCommand(org.red5.server.net.rtmp.RTMPConnection,org.red5.server.net.rtm.7852968e6746ea2a2ff12bc62cfc138e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/red5/client/ClientTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClientTest.java|onCommand|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+64a3497622f0ec5779347780bfe77c1e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7389/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7389/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..178d1e60ff243c98c5d25163b3350524a85e1740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7389/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** greenmail
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+import javax.mail.MessagingException;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.junit.GreenMailRule;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.pop3.commands.AuthCommand;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.user.UserException;
+import com.icegreen.greenmail.util.ServerSetupTest;
+
+public class POP3CommandTest {
+    private static final String CRLF = "\r\n";
+
+    @Rule
+    public final GreenMailRule greenMail = new GreenMailRule(ServerSetupTest.POP3);
+
+    private int port;
+    private String hostAddress;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        hostAddress = greenMail.getPop3().getBindTo();
+        port = greenMail.getPop3().getPort();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlain() throws IOException, MessagingException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            // No such user
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("-ERR Authentication failed: User <test> doesn't exist");
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            // Invalid pwd
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwY" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(
+                    "-ERR Authentication failed, expected base64 encoding : Last unit does not have enough valid bits");
+
+            // Successful auth
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authPlainWithContinuation() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().createUser("test@localhost", "test", "testpass");
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("AUTH PLAIN" + CRLF /* test / test / testpass */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo(AuthCommand.CONTINUATION);
+            printStream.print("dGVzdAB0ZXN0AHRlc3RwYXNz" + CRLF /* test / test / <invalid> */);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authDisabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(false);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void authEnabled() throws IOException, UserException {
+        try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostAddress, port)) {
+            assertThat(socket.isConnected()).isTrue();
+            PrintStream printStream = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
+            final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+
+            greenMail.getManagers().getUserManager().setAuthRequired(true);
+
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).startsWith("+OK POP3 GreenMail Server v");
+            printStream.print("USER blar@blar.com" + CRLF);
+            assertThat(reader.readLine()).isNotEqualTo("+OK");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired to `printStream` by call to `new()` at line 66 is not released after line 64.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 70
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void POP3CommandTest.authPlainWithContinuation()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.icegreen.greenmail.test.commands.POP3CommandTest.authPlainWithContinuation():void.62d274c2b8e98064f3182a1de032a38e
+
+### File:
+greenmail-core/src/test/java/com/icegreen/greenmail/test/commands/POP3CommandTest.java
+
+### Key:
+POP3CommandTest.java|authPlainWithContinuation|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f645aafdf4c7de4e5a37ff7e8f2268a3
+
+### Hash:
+67c6ceeefedf60c7f7685597080054ed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7457/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7457/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9e75130b8d36cb7a48f65e91f1b380afbe62035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7457/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,672 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jacop
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Linear.java
+ * This file is part of JaCoP.
+ * <p>
+ * JaCoP is a Java Constraint Programming solver.
+ * <p>
+ * Copyright (C) 2000-2008 Krzysztof Kuchcinski and Radoslaw Szymanek
+ * <p>
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * <p>
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ * <p>
+ * Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, the copyright
+ * owners of this work supplement the terms of this License with terms
+ * prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of this work and requiring
+ * that modified versions of this work be marked in reasonable ways as
+ * different from the original version. This supplement of the license
+ * terms is in accordance with Section 7 of GNU Affero General Public
+ * License version 3.
+ * <p>
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package org.jacop.floats.constraints.linear;
+
+import org.jacop.api.UsesQueueVariable;
+import org.jacop.constraints.PrimitiveConstraint;
+import org.jacop.core.*;
+import org.jacop.floats.core.FloatDomain;
+import org.jacop.floats.core.FloatInterval;
+import org.jacop.floats.core.FloatVar;
+import org.jacop.util.SimpleHashSet;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.stream.DoubleStream;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+/**
+ * Linear constraint implements the weighted summation over several
+ * Variable's . It provides the weighted sum from all Variable's on the list.
+ * The weights must be positive integers.
+ *
+ * @author Krzysztof Kuchcinski
+ * @version 4.4
+ */
+
+public class Linear extends PrimitiveConstraint implements UsesQueueVariable {
+
+    Store store;
+
+    static AtomicInteger idNumber = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+    /**
+     * Defines relations
+     */
+    public final static byte eq = 0, lt = 1, le = 2, ne = 3, gt = 4, ge = 5;
+
+    /**
+     * Defines negated relations
+     */
+    final static byte[] negRel = {ne, //eq=0,
+        ge, //lt=1,
+        gt, //le=2,
+        eq, //ne=3,
+        le, //gt=4,
+        lt  //ge=5;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * It specifies what relations is used by this constraint
+     */
+
+    public byte relationType;
+
+    /**
+     * It specifies a list of variables being summed.
+     */
+    public FloatVar list[];
+
+    /**
+     * It specifies a list of weights associated with the variables being summed.
+     */
+    public double weights[];
+
+    /**
+     * It specifies variable for the overall sum.
+     */
+    public double sum;
+
+    HashMap<FloatVar, VariableNode> varMap = new HashMap<FloatVar, VariableNode>();
+
+    // LinkedHashSet<FloatVar> variableQueue = new LinkedHashSet<FloatVar>();
+    SimpleHashSet<FloatVar> variableQueue = new SimpleHashSet<FloatVar>();
+
+    boolean reified = true;
+
+    BTree linearTree;
+
+    VariableNode[] sortedVarNodes;
+
+    TimeStamp<Boolean> noSat;
+
+    /**
+     * @param store   current store
+     * @param list    variables which are being multiplied by weights.
+     * @param weights weight for each variable.
+     * @param rel     the relation, one of "==", "{@literal <}", "{@literal >}", "{@literal <=}", "{@literal >=}", "{@literal !=}"
+     * @param sum     the sum of weighted variables.
+     */
+    public Linear(Store store, FloatVar[] list, double[] weights, String rel, double sum) {
+        commonInitialization(store, list, weights, rel, sum);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * @param store   current store
+     * @param list    variables which are being multiplied by weights.
+     * @param weights weight for each variable.
+     * @param rel     the relation, one of "==", "{@literal <}", "{@literal >}", "{@literal <=}", "{@literal >=}", "{@literal !=}"
+     * @param sum     variable containing the sum of weighted variables.
+     */
+    public Linear(Store store, FloatVar[] list, double[] weights, String rel, FloatVar sum) {
+
+        checkInputForNullness(new String[] {"list", "weights", "rel", "sum"}, new Object[][] {list, {weights}, {rel}, {sum}});
+
+        commonInitialization(store, Stream.concat(Arrays.stream(list), Stream.of(sum)).toArray(FloatVar[]::new),
+            DoubleStream.concat(Arrays.stream(weights), DoubleStream.of(-1)).toArray(), rel, 0);
+    }
+
+    private void commonInitialization(Store store, FloatVar[] list, double[] weights, String rel, double sum) {
+
+        this.relationType = relation(rel);
+        this.store = store;
+        queueIndex = 1;
+
+        if (list.length != weights.length)
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Constraint Linear has parameters list and weights of different length.");
+
+        numberId = idNumber.incrementAndGet();
+
+        this.sum = sum;
+
+        noSat = new TimeStamp<Boolean>(store, false);
+
+        HashMap<FloatVar, Double> parameters = new HashMap<FloatVar, Double>();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+            if (weights[i] != 0) {
+                // This causes problem for several examples...
+                // if (list[i].singleton())
+                if (list[i].min() == list[i].max())
+                    this.sum -= (list[i].value() * weights[i]);
+                else if (parameters.get(list[i]) != null) {
+                    // variable ordered in the scope of the Linear constraint.
+                    Double coeff = parameters.get(list[i]);
+                    Double sumOfCoeff = coeff + weights[i];
+                    parameters.put(list[i], sumOfCoeff);
+                } else
+                    parameters.put(list[i], weights[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.list = new FloatVar[parameters.size()];
+        this.weights = new double[parameters.size()];
+
+        int k = 0;
+        for (Map.Entry<FloatVar, Double> e : parameters.entrySet()) {
+            this.list[k] = e.getKey();
+            this.weights[k] = e.getValue();
+            k++;
+        }
+
+
+        if (this.list.length == 0) {
+
+            this.list = new FloatVar[2];
+            this.weights = new double[2];
+            this.list[0] = new FloatVar(store, 0, 0);
+            this.weights[0] = 1;
+            this.list[1] = new FloatVar(store, 0, 0);
+            this.weights[1] = 1;
+
+            if (Math.abs(this.sum) < FloatDomain.precision())
+                this.sum = 0;
+
+        }
+
+        if (this.list.length == 1) {
+            // System.out.println("% Warrning: List of length 1 in LinearFloat(["+this.list[0].id()+"], ["+this.weights[0] +"], "+rel2String()+", " + this.sum+")");
+
+            FloatVar v = this.list[0];
+            double w = this.weights[0];
+            this.list = new FloatVar[2];
+            this.weights = new double[2];
+            this.list[0] = v;
+            this.weights[0] = w;
+            this.list[1] = new FloatVar(store, 0, 0);
+            this.weights[1] = 1;
+
+        }
+
+        VariableNode[] leafNodes = new VariableNode[this.list.length];
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < this.list.length; i++) {
+
+            if (this.weights[i] == 1)
+                leafNodes[i] = new VarNode(store, this.list[i]);
+            else
+                leafNodes[i] = new VarWeightNode(store, this.list[i], this.weights[i]);
+            leafNodes[i].rel = relationType;
+
+            varMap.put(this.list[i], leafNodes[i]);
+
+        }
+
+        java.util.Arrays.sort(leafNodes, new VarWeightComparator<VariableNode>());
+        sortedVarNodes = leafNodes;
+        // System.out.println (java.util.Arrays.asList(leafNodes));
+
+
+        RootBNode root = buildBinaryTree(leafNodes);
+        linearTree = new BTree(root);
+
+        // System.out.println(this);
+        // System.out.println (linearTree);
+
+        setScope(list);
+
+        checkForOverflow();
+
+    }
+
+    RootBNode buildBinaryTree(BinaryNode[] nodes) {
+
+        BinaryNode[] nextLevelNodes = new BinaryNode[nodes.length / 2 + nodes.length % 2];
+        // System.out.println ("next level length = " + nextLevelNodes.length);
+
+        if (nodes.length > 1) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length - 1; i += 2) {
+                BinaryNode parent;
+
+                if (nodes.length == 2)
+                    parent = new RootBNode(store, FloatDomain.MinFloat, FloatDomain.MaxFloat);
+                else
+                    parent = new BNode(store, FloatDomain.MinFloat, FloatDomain.MaxFloat);
+
+                parent.left = nodes[i];
+                parent.right = nodes[i + 1];
+
+                // currently sibling not used
+                // nodes[i].sibling = nodes[i + 1];
+                // nodes[i + 1].sibling = nodes[i];
+
+                nodes[i].parent = parent;
+                nodes[i + 1].parent = parent;
+
+                nextLevelNodes[i / 2] = parent;
+
+            }
+            if (nodes.length % 2 == 1) {
+                nextLevelNodes[nextLevelNodes.length - 1] = nextLevelNodes[0];
+                nextLevelNodes[0] = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
+            }
+
+            return buildBinaryTree(nextLevelNodes);
+        } else {
+            // root node
+            ((RootBNode) nodes[0]).val = this.sum;
+            ((RootBNode) nodes[0]).rel = relationType;
+
+            return (RootBNode) nodes[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * It constructs the constraint Linear.
+     *
+     * @param store     current store
+     * @param variables variables which are being multiplied by weights.
+     * @param weights   weight for each variable.
+     * @param rel       the relation, one of "==", "{@literal <}", "{@literal >}", "{@literal <=}", "{@literal >=}"
+     * @param sum       variable containing the sum of weighted variables.
+     */
+    public Linear(Store store, List<? extends FloatVar> variables, List<Double> weights, String rel, double sum) {
+
+        checkInputForNullness(new String[] {"variables", "weights", "rel"}, new Object[] {variables, weights, rel});
+        commonInitialization(store, variables.toArray(new FloatVar[variables.size()]), weights.stream().mapToDouble(i -> i).toArray(), rel,
+            sum);
+    }
+
+    @Override public void consistency(Store store) {
+
+        // compute for original relation
+        linearTree.root.rel = relationType;
+
+        pruneRelation();
+
+        if (relationType != eq)
+            if (satisfied())
+                removeConstraint();
+
+    }
+
+    @Override public void notConsistency(Store store) {
+
+        // compute for negated original relation
+        linearTree.root.rel = negRel[relationType];
+
+        pruneRelation();
+
+        if (negRel[relationType] != eq)
+            if (notSatisfied())
+                removeConstraint();
+
+    }
+
+    private void pruneRelation() {
+
+        while (!variableQueue.isEmpty()) {
+            // propagate changes in FDV's and prune
+
+            FloatVar v = variableQueue.removeFirst();
+            VariableNode n = varMap.get(v);
+
+            n.propagateAndPrune();
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    void propagate(SimpleHashSet<FloatVar> fdvs) {
+
+        while (!fdvs.isEmpty()) {
+
+            FloatVar v = fdvs.removeFirst();
+            VariableNode n = varMap.get(v);
+
+            n.propagate();
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override public int getDefaultConsistencyPruningEvent() {
+        return IntDomain.BOUND;
+    }
+
+    @Override protected int getDefaultNestedNotConsistencyPruningEvent() {
+        return IntDomain.BOUND;
+    }
+
+    @Override protected int getDefaultNestedConsistencyPruningEvent() {
+        return IntDomain.BOUND;
+    }
+
+    @Override protected int getDefaultNotConsistencyPruningEvent() {
+        return IntDomain.BOUND;
+    }
+
+    @Override public void impose(Store store) {
+
+        reified = false;
+        super.impose(store);
+
+        for (Var v : list)
+            queueVariable(store.level, v);
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Override public void queueVariable(int level, Var var) {
+        variableQueue.add((FloatVar) var);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override public void removeConstraint() {
+        for (Var v : list)
+            v.removeConstraint(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override public boolean satisfied() {
+
+        if (reified) {
+
+            // check whether constraint has been already diagnosed as not satisfied at this level
+            if (noSat.stamp() < store.level)
+                noSat.update(false);
+            else if (noSat.stamp() == store.level && noSat.value() == true)
+                return false;
+            // ==========
+
+            try {
+                propagate(variableQueue);
+            } catch (FailException e) {
+                noSat.update(true);
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return entailed(relationType);
+    }
+
+    @Override public boolean notSatisfied() {
+
+        if (reified) {
+
+            // check whether constraint has been already diagnosed as not satisfied at this level
+            if (noSat.stamp() < store.level)
+                noSat.update(false);
+            else if (noSat.stamp() == store.level && noSat.value() == true)
+                return true;
+            // ==========
+
+            try {
+                propagate(variableQueue);
+            } catch (FailException e) {
+                noSat.update(true);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return entailed(negRel[relationType]);
+    }
+
+    private boolean entailed(byte rel) {
+
+        BoundsVarValue b = (BoundsVarValue) linearTree.root.bound.value();
+
+        switch (rel) {
+            case eq:
+                FloatInterval rootInterval = new FloatInterval(b.lb, b.ub);
+
+                if (rootInterval.singleton() && b.lb <= sum && sum <= b.ub)
+                    return true;
+                break;
+            case lt:
+                if (b.ub < sum)
+                    return true;
+                break;
+            case le:
+                if (b.ub <= sum)
+                    return true;
+                break;
+            case ne:
+                if (b.lb > sum || b.ub < sum)
+                    return true;
+                break;
+            case gt:
+                if (b.lb > sum)
+                    return true;
+                break;
+            case ge:
+                if (b.lb >= sum)
+                    return true;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void checkForOverflow() {
+
+        double sumMin = 0, sumMax = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+            double n1 = list[i].min() * weights[i];
+            double n2 = list[i].max() * weights[i];
+            if (Double.isInfinite(n1) || Double.isInfinite(n2))
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow occurred in floating point operations");
+
+            if (n1 <= n2) {
+                sumMin += n1;
+                sumMax += n2;
+            } else {
+                sumMin += n2;
+                sumMax += n1;
+            }
+
+            if (Double.isInfinite(sumMin) || Double.isInfinite(sumMax))
+                throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow occurred in floating point operations");
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    public byte relation(String r) {
+        if (r.equals("=="))
+            return eq;
+        else if (r.equals("="))
+            return eq;
+        else if (r.equals("<"))
+            return lt;
+        else if (r.equals("<="))
+            return le;
+        else if (r.equals("=<"))
+            return le;
+        else if (r.equals("!="))
+            return ne;
+        else if (r.equals(">"))
+            return gt;
+        else if (r.equals(">="))
+            return ge;
+        else if (r.equals("=>"))
+            return ge;
+        else {
+            System.err.println("Wrong relation symbol in Linear constraint " + r + "; assumed ==");
+            return eq;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String rel2String() {
+        switch (relationType) {
+            case eq:
+                return "==";
+            case lt:
+                return "<";
+            case le:
+                return "<=";
+            case ne:
+                return "!=";
+            case gt:
+                return ">";
+            case ge:
+                return ">=";
+        }
+
+        return "?";
+    }
+
+
+    @Override public String toString() {
+
+        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer(id());
+        result.append(" : Linear( [ ");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
+            result.append(list[i]);
+            if (i < list.length - 1)
+                result.append(", ");
+        }
+        result.append("], [");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < weights.length; i++) {
+            result.append(weights[i]);
+            if (i < weights.length - 1)
+                result.append(", ");
+        }
+
+        result.append("], ").append(rel2String()).append(", ").append(sum).append(" )");
+
+        return result.toString();
+
+    }
+
+    /*
+    // uncomment registration in commonInitialization
+    @Override
+    public void removeLevelLate(int level) {
+	// System.out.println ("Backtrack, queue = " + variableQueue);
+
+	// variableQueue.clear();
+
+	if (variableQueue.size() > 0)
+	    variableQueue = new SimpleHashSet<IntVar>();
+
+    }
+    */
+
+
+    static class VarWeightComparator<T extends VariableNode> implements java.util.Comparator<T>, java.io.Serializable {
+
+        VarWeightComparator() {
+        }
+
+        public int compare(T o1, T o2) {
+            double diff_o1 = 0, diff_o2 = 0;
+
+            if (o1 instanceof VarNode)
+                diff_o1 = o1.max() - o1.min();
+            else
+                diff_o1 = (o1.max() - o1.min()) * ((VarWeightNode) o1).weight;
+
+            if (o2 instanceof VarNode)
+                diff_o2 = o2.max() - o2.min();
+            else
+                diff_o2 = (o2.max() - o2.min()) * ((VarWeightNode) o2).weight;
+
+            return Double.compare(diff_o1, diff_o2);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `n` last assigned on line 345 could be null and is dereferenced at line 347.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Linear.propagate(SimpleHashSet)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jacop.floats.constraints.linear.Linear.propagate(org.jacop.util.SimpleHashSet):void.b24011f17f0e08fd5c2a73b8352b958a
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jacop/floats/constraints/linear/Linear.java
+
+### Key:
+Linear.java|propagate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6f4117c4d61019c13a84586dcf875c7a
+
+### Hash:
+21cc20663b398e07fa62e0894e8b0ea9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7468/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7468/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81bba656635060e79be8f4cf9d88c1f5e0b56932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7468/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jacop
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *  LexOrder.java 
+ *  This file is part of JaCoP.
+ *
+ *  JaCoP is a Java Constraint Programming solver. 
+ *	
+ *	Copyright (C) 2000-2010 Krzysztof Kuchcinski and Radoslaw Szymanek
+ *
+ *  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *  
+ *  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, the copyright
+ *  owners of this work supplement the terms of this License with terms
+ *  prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of this work and requiring
+ *  that modified versions of this work be marked in reasonable ways as
+ *  different from the original version. This supplement of the license
+ *  terms is in accordance with Section 7 of GNU Affero General Public
+ *  License version 3.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ *  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.jacop.constraints;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+import org.jacop.core.Var;
+import org.jacop.core.IntVar;
+import org.jacop.core.IntDomain;
+import org.jacop.core.IntervalDomain;
+import org.jacop.core.Store;
+import org.jacop.util.SimpleHashSet;
+// import org.jacop.core.TimeStamp;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * It constructs a LexOrder (lexicographical order) constraint. 
+ * 
+ * The algorithm is based on paper
+ *
+ * "Propagation algorithms for lexicographic ordering constraints" by
+ * Alan M. Frisch, Brahim Hnich, Zeynep Kiziltan, Ian Miguel, and Toby Walsh ,
+ * Artificial Intelligence 170 (2006) 803–834.
+ *
+ * @author Krzysztof Kuchcinski and Radoslaw Szymanek
+ * @version 4.2
+ */
+
+public class LexOrder extends Constraint {
+
+    final static boolean debug = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Two vectors that have to be lexicographically ordered.
+     */
+    public IntVar[] x;
+    public IntVar[] y;
+
+    /**
+     * Is Lex enforcing "{@literal <}" relationship?
+     */
+    public boolean lexLT;
+
+    /**
+     * size of the longest vector
+     */
+    int n;
+
+    boolean satisfied;
+
+    private Store store;
+
+    // private TimeStamp<Integer> alpha;	
+    // private TimeStamp<Integer> beta;	
+    private int alpha;
+    private int beta;
+
+    SimpleHashSet<Integer> indexQueue = new SimpleHashSet<Integer>();
+    HashMap<IntVar, Integer> varToIndex = new HashMap<IntVar, Integer>();
+
+    /**
+     * It creates a lexicographical order for vectors x and y, 
+     *
+     * vectors x and y does not need to be of the same size.
+     * boolean lt defines if we require strict order, Lex_{{@literal <}} (lt = true) or Lex_{{@literal =<}} (lt = false)
+     *
+     * @param x first vector constrained by LexOrder constraint. 
+     * @param y second vector constrained by LexOrder constraint. 
+     */
+    public LexOrder(IntVar[] x, IntVar[] y) {
+
+	this(x, y, true);
+		
+    }
+
+    public LexOrder(IntVar[] x, IntVar[] y, boolean lt) {
+		
+	assert (x != null) : "x list is null.";
+	assert (y != null) : "y list is null.";
+
+	queueIndex = 1;
+
+	lexLT = lt;
+		
+        this.x = x;
+        this.y = y;
+		
+	if (x.length < y.length) {
+	    lexLT = false;
+	    this.n = x.length;
+	}
+	else
+	    this.n = y.length;
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ArrayList<Var> arguments() {
+
+	ArrayList<Var> variables = new ArrayList<Var>(3);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) 
+	    variables.add(x[i]);
+	for (int i = 0; i < y.length; i++) 
+	    variables.add(y[i]);
+
+	return variables;
+	
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void impose(Store store) {
+
+	this.store = store;
+
+	// alpha = new TimeStamp<Integer>(store, 0);
+	// beta = new TimeStamp<Integer>(store, 0);
+	alpha = 0;
+	beta = 0;
+
+	store.registerRemoveLevelLateListener(this);
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	    Integer varPosition = varToIndex.put(x[i], i);
+	    if (!x[i].singleton() && varPosition != null) {
+		System.err.println("ERROR: Constraint " + toString() + " must have different non ground variables on the list");
+		System.exit(0);
+	    }
+	    x[i].putModelConstraint(this, getConsistencyPruningEvent(x[i]));
+	}
+	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	    Integer varPosition = varToIndex.put(y[i], i);
+	    if (!x[i].singleton() && varPosition != null) {
+		System.err.println("ERROR: Constraint " + toString() + " must have different non ground variables on the list");
+		System.exit(0);
+	    }
+	    y[i].putModelConstraint(this, getConsistencyPruningEvent(y[i]));
+	}
+
+	store.addChanged(this);
+	store.countConstraint();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getConsistencyPruningEvent(Var var) {
+
+	if (consistencyPruningEvents != null) {
+	    Integer possibleEvent = consistencyPruningEvents.get(var);
+	    if (possibleEvent != null)
+		return possibleEvent;
+	}
+	return IntDomain.BOUND;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void consistency(Store store) {
+
+	satisfied = false;
+
+	establishGACInit();
+
+	do {
+
+	    store.propagationHasOccurred = false;
+
+	    SimpleHashSet<Integer> index = indexQueue;
+	    indexQueue = new SimpleHashSet<Integer>();
+
+	    while (!index.isEmpty()) {
+		int i = index.removeFirst();
+
+		// if ( !( i >= beta.value() || satisfied) )
+		if ( !( i >= beta || satisfied) )
+		    reestablishGAC(i);
+	    }
+
+	} while (store.propagationHasOccurred);
+
+	// if (satisfied()) 
+	if (satisfied) 
+	    removeConstraint();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean satisfied() {
+
+	    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
+		if (x[i].max() < y[i].min())
+		    return true;
+		else
+		    if (x[i].max() > y[i].min())
+			return false;
+		    else
+			if (eqSingletons(x[i], y[i])) 
+			    if (lexLT) // <
+				return false;
+			    else // <=
+				if (i == n-1)
+				    return true;
+				else
+				    continue;
+			else
+			    return false;
+
+	return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeConstraint() {
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
+	    x[i].removeConstraint(this);
+	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
+	    y[i].removeConstraint(this);
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public void increaseWeight() {
+	if (increaseWeight) {
+
+	    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
+		x[i].weight++;
+	    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
+		y[i].weight++;
+
+	}
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void queueVariable(int level, Var var) {
+
+	int i = varToIndex.get(var);
+
+	indexQueue.add(i);
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeLevelLate(int level) {
+
+	indexQueue.clear();
+
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+
+	StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
+	result.append(id());
+	result.append(" : LexOrder(");
+
+	result.append("[");
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+	    result.append(x[i]);
+	    if (i < x.length - 1)
+		result.append(", ");
+	}
+		
+	result.append("], [");
+		
+	for (int i = 0; i < y.length; i++) {
+	    result.append(y[i]);
+	    if (i < y.length - 1)
+		result.append(", ");
+	}
+	if (lexLT)
+	    result.append("], <");
+	else
+	    result.append("], <=");
+
+	result.append(");");
+
+	return result.toString();
+
+    }
+
+    protected void establishGACInit() {
+
+	satisfied = false;
+        int a=0, b=0;
+
+        while (a < n && eqSingletons(x[a], y[a])) 
+            a++;
+
+	if (debug)
+	    System.out.println ("INIT entry: a = " + a);
+
+        if (a == n) {
+            if (! lexLT) {
+		// alpha.update(a);
+		// beta.update(n+1);
+		alpha = a;
+		beta = n + 1;
+		satisfied = true;
+		return; // satisfied already for le
+	    }
+            else 
+                throw Store.failException; // fail for lt;
+	}
+	else {
+	    int i = a;
+            b = -1;
+            while (i != n && x[i].min() <= y[i].max()) {
+                if (x[i].min() == y[i].max()) {
+                    if (b == -1)
+                        b = i;
+		}
+		else 
+                    b = -1;
+
+                i++;
+            }
+
+	    if (! lexLT) {
+		if (i == n) 
+		    b = n + 1; //IntDomain.MaxInt;
+		else if (b == -1) 
+		    b = i;
+	    }
+	    else
+		if (b == -1)
+		    b = i;
+
+            if (a >= b) 
+                throw Store.failException; // fail
+
+            // alpha.update(a);
+            // beta.update(b);
+	    alpha = a;
+	    beta = b;
+
+	    reestablishGAC(a);
+        }
+
+	if (debug)
+	    System.out.println ("INIT exit: a = " + a + ", b = " + b);
+    }
+
+    void reestablishGAC(int i) {
+
+        // int a = alpha.value();
+        // int b = beta.value();
+        int a = alpha;
+        int b = beta;
+
+	if (debug) {
+	    System.out.println ("reestablishGAC entry for " + i + ", alpha = " + a + ", beta = " + b);
+	    System.out.println(this);
+	}
+
+	if ( a > b || satisfied)
+	    return;
+
+        if (i == a && (i + 1) == b) 
+	    forceLT(i);
+
+        if (i == a && (i + 1) < b) {
+            forceLE(i);
+            if (eqSingletons(x[i], y[i])) 
+                updateAlpha();
+        }
+
+        if (a < i && i < b) 
+            if ((i == (b - 1) && x[i].min() == y[i].max()) || x[i].min() > y[i].max())
+                updateBeta(i - 1);
+
+	if (debug) {
+	    System.out.println ("reestablishGAC exit for " + i + ", alpha = " + a + ", beta = " + b);
+	    System.out.println(this);
+	}
+    }
+
+    public void updateAlpha() {
+
+	// int a = alpha.value() + 1;
+	// int b = beta.value();
+	int a = alpha + 1;
+	int b = beta;
+
+	if (debug)
+	    System.out.println("updateAlpha entry: a = " + a + ", b = " + b);
+
+        if (a == n) 
+            if (lexLT) 
+                throw Store.failException; // fail
+            else {
+		// alpha.update(a);
+		alpha = a;
+                satisfied = true;
+		return;
+	    }
+
+        if (a == b) 
+            throw Store.failException; // fail
+
+        if (! eqSingletons(x[a], y[a])) {
+            // alpha.update(a);
+            alpha = a;
+            reestablishGAC(a);
+        }
+	else {
+	    // alpha.update(a);
+	    alpha = a;
+            updateAlpha();
+        }
+
+	if (debug)
+	    System.out.println("updateAlfa exit: a = " + a + ", b = " + b);
+    }
+
+    public void updateBeta(int i) {
+
+	// int a = alpha.value();
+	// int b = i + 1;
+	// beta.update(b);
+	int a = alpha;
+	int b = i + 1;
+	beta = b;
+
+	if (debug)
+	    System.out.println("updateBeta entry: a = " + a + ", b = " + b);
+
+        if ( a == b) 
+	    throw Store.failException; // fail
+
+        if (x[i].min() < y[i].max()) {
+            if (i == a) 
+                forceLT(i);
+        } 
+	else // if (x[i].min() == y[i].max()) // ???
+            updateBeta(i - 1);
+
+	if (debug)
+	    System.out.println("updateBeta exit: a = " + a + ", b = " + b);
+    }
+
+    private boolean eqSingletons(IntVar x, IntVar y) {
+        return x.singleton() && y.singleton() && x.value() == y.value();
+    }
+
+    private void forceLT(int i) {
+
+	x[i].domain.inMax(store.level, x[i], y[i].max() - 1);
+	y[i].domain.inMin(store.level, y[i], x[i].min() + 1);
+
+    }
+
+    private void forceLE(int i) {
+
+	x[i].domain.inMax(store.level, x[i], y[i].max());
+	y[i].domain.inMin(store.level, y[i], x[i].min());
+
+    }
+
+    // private boolean ground(IntVar[] v) {
+    // 	boolean single = true;
+
+    // 	int i = 0;
+    // 	while (single && i < v.length) {
+    // 	    single = v[i].singleton();
+    // 	    i++;
+    // 	}
+
+    // 	return single;
+    // }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `LexOrder.varToIndex.get(var)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 263.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LexOrder.queueVariable(int,Var)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jacop.constraints.LexOrder.queueVariable(int,org.jacop.core.Var):void.9c8d6f96486ad48a3eda61585fcd2d4e
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jacop/constraints/LexOrder.java
+
+### Key:
+LexOrder.java|queueVariable|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fd6ec04217def808cfcc21f4aadc6e27
+
+### Hash:
+6ecf3b42ac720ead7ff68a1cc9f7265f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7512/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7512/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb16967e596c2cceace206f51515e3f844de0417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7512/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.neo4j.ogm.autoindex;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.junit.Assume.*;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.MetaData;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.config.Configuration;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.config.Components;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.testutil.MultiDriverTestClass;
+
+/**
+ * Make sure this tests works across all drivers supporting Neo4j 3.x and above.
+ *
+ * @author Mark Angrish
+ */
+public class AutoIndexManagerTest extends MultiDriverTestClass {
+
+	private MetaData metaData = new MetaData("org.neo4j.ogm.domain.forum");
+
+	private static final String CREATE_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER = "CREATE CONSTRAINT ON ( login:Login ) ASSERT login.userName IS UNIQUE";
+	private static final String DROP_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER = "DROP CONSTRAINT ON (login:Login) ASSERT login.userName IS UNIQUE";
+
+
+	@After
+	public void cleanUp() {
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("none");
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldPreserveConfiguration() {
+		Configuration configuration = Components.getConfiguration();
+		configuration.setAutoIndex("validate");
+		Components.configure(configuration);
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.VALIDATE.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldBeAbleToCreateAndDropConstraintsOnSameDatabaseInstance() {
+		createLoginConstraint();
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIndexesAreSuccessfullyValidated() {
+
+		createLoginConstraint();
+
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("validate");
+		AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.VALIDATE.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+		assertEquals(1, indexManager.getIndexes().size());
+		indexManager.build();
+
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = MissingIndexException.class)
+	public void testIndexesAreFailValidation() {
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("validate");
+		AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.VALIDATE.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+		indexManager.build();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIndexDumpMatchesDatabaseIndexes() throws IOException {
+
+		createLoginConstraint();
+
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("dump");
+		Components.getConfiguration().setDumpDir(".");
+		Components.getConfiguration().setDumpFilename("test.cql");
+
+		File file = new File("./test.cql");
+
+		try {
+			AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+			assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.DUMP.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+			assertEquals(1, indexManager.getIndexes().size());
+			indexManager.build();
+			assertTrue(file.exists());
+			assertTrue(file.length() > 0);
+			BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+			String actual = reader.readLine();
+			assertEquals(CREATE_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER, actual);
+			reader.close();
+		} finally {
+			file.delete();
+		}
+
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testIndexesAreSuccessfullyAsserted() {
+
+		createLoginConstraint();
+
+		Components.getConfiguration().setAutoIndex("assert");
+
+		AutoIndexManager indexManager = new AutoIndexManager(metaData, Components.driver());
+		assertEquals(AutoIndexMode.ASSERT.getName(), Components.getConfiguration().getAutoIndex());
+		assertEquals(1, indexManager.getIndexes().size());
+		indexManager.build();
+
+		dropLoginConstraint();
+	}
+
+	private void createLoginConstraint() {
+		getGraphDatabaseService().execute(CREATE_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER);
+	}
+
+	private void dropLoginConstraint() {
+		getGraphDatabaseService().execute(DROP_LOGIN_CONSTRAINT_CYPHER);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `indexManager.getIndexes()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 87.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AutoIndexManagerTest.testIndexDumpMatchesDatabaseIndexes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.autoindex.AutoIndexManagerTest.testIndexDumpMatchesDatabaseIndexes():void.cde4028f554b289e86a748beda981e0b
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/org/neo4j/ogm/autoindex/AutoIndexManagerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AutoIndexManagerTest.java|testIndexDumpMatchesDatabaseIndexes|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+bfd621f906a6e54c5b9915fc507173ee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7514/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7514/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..331355868dea6e1cc9ce015a5f19219a7cbbd299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7514/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,750 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 38
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2016 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.annotations;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.ClassUtils;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.EndNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Property;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Relationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.StartNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.context.DirectedRelationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.context.DirectedRelationshipForType;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.AnnotationInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MethodInfo;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of {@link EntityAccessStrategy} that looks up information from {@link ClassInfo} in the following order.
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>Annotated Method (getter/setter)</li>
+ * <li>Annotated Field</li>
+ * <li>Plain Method (getter/setter)</li>
+ * <li>Plain Field</li>
+ * </ol>
+ * The rationale is simply that we want annotations, whether on fields or on methods, to always take precedence, and we want to
+ * use methods in preference to field access, because in many cases hydrating an object means more than just assigning values to
+ * fields.
+ *
+ * @author Adam George
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ */
+public class DefaultEntityAccessStrategy implements EntityAccessStrategy {
+
+    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.class);
+
+    //TODO make these LRU caches with configurable size
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationship,RelationalReader>> relationalReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalWriter>> relationalWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalWriter>> iterableWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalReader>> iterableReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<Class, RelationalWriter>> relationshipEntityWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<String, EntityAccess>> propertyWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<String, PropertyReader>> propertyReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Collection<PropertyReader>> propertyReaders = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, PropertyReader> identityPropertyReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Collection<RelationalReader>> relationalReaders = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private final boolean STRICT_MODE = true; //strict mode for matching readers and writers, will only look for explicit annotations
+    private final boolean INFERRED_MODE = false; //inferred mode for matching readers and writers, will infer the relationship type from the getter/setter
+
+
+
+    /** Used internally to hide differences in object construction from strategy algorithm. */
+    private static interface AccessorFactory<T> {
+        T makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo);
+        T makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public EntityAccess getPropertyWriter(final ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+        if(propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            propertyWriterCache.put(classInfo,new HashMap<String, EntityAccess>());
+        }
+        EntityAccess writer = propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(propertyName);
+        if(writer != null) {
+            return writer;
+        }
+
+        MethodInfo setterInfo = classInfo.propertySetter(propertyName);
+        EntityAccess propertyWriter = determinePropertyAccessor(classInfo, propertyName, setterInfo, new AccessorFactory<EntityAccess>() {
+            @Override
+            public EntityAccess makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo) {
+                return new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public EntityAccess makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+                return new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        });
+        propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(propertyName, propertyWriter);
+        return propertyWriter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PropertyReader getPropertyReader(final ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+        if(propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            propertyReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<String, PropertyReader>());
+        }
+        PropertyReader reader =  propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(propertyName);
+        if(reader != null) {
+            return reader;
+        }
+
+        MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.propertyGetter(propertyName);
+        PropertyReader propertyReader =  determinePropertyAccessor(classInfo, propertyName, getterInfo, new AccessorFactory<PropertyReader>() {
+            @Override
+            public PropertyReader makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo) {
+                return new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public PropertyReader makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+                return new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        });
+        propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(propertyName, propertyReader);
+        return propertyReader;
+    }
+
+    private <T> T determinePropertyAccessor(ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName, MethodInfo accessorMethodInfo,
+                                            AccessorFactory<T> factory) {
+        if (accessorMethodInfo != null) {
+            if (!accessorMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Property.CLASS)) {
+                // if there's an annotated field then we should prefer that over the non-annotated method
+                FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+                if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                    return factory.makeFieldAccessor(fieldInfo);
+                }
+            }
+            return factory.makeMethodAccessor(accessorMethodInfo);
+        }
+
+        // fall back to the field if method cannot be found
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            return factory.makeFieldAccessor(fieldInfo);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getRelationalWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, Object scalarValue) {
+        if (relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationalWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationship = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, scalarValue.getClass());
+        if (relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationship)) {
+            return relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationship);
+        }
+        // 1st, try to find a scalar method which is explicitly annotated with the relationship type and direction
+        for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE)) {
+            if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+
+                if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2nd, try to find a scalar or vector field explicitly annotated as the neo4j relationship type and direction
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE)) {
+            if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                    FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                    return fieldWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        //If the direction is INCOMING, then the annotation should have been present and we should have found a match already.
+        //If it's outgoing, then proceed to find other matches
+        if (!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            // 3rd, try to find a scalar method annotated with the relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+
+                    if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                        return methodWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 4th, try to find a scalar or vector field annotated as the neo4j relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                    if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                        return fieldWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 5th, try to find a "setXYZ" method where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (methodInfo != null) {
+                    if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                        return methodWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 6th, try to find a "XYZ" field name where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                        return fieldWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 7th, try to find a unique setter method that takes the parameter
+            List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findSetters(scalarValue.getClass());
+            if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+                MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+                if (!candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.UNDIRECTED).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, candidateMethodInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 8th, try to find a unique field that has the same type as the parameter
+            List<FieldInfo> fieldInfos = classInfo.findFields(scalarValue.getClass());
+            if (fieldInfos.size() == 1) {
+                FieldInfo candidateFieldInfo = fieldInfos.iterator().next();
+                if (!candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.UNDIRECTED).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                    FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, candidateFieldInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                    return fieldWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getRelationalReader(ClassInfo classInfo, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationalReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationship, RelationalReader>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationship directedRelationship = new DirectedRelationship(relationshipType,relationshipDirection);
+        if(relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationship)) {
+            return relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationship);
+        }
+
+        // 1st, try to find a method explicitly annotated with the relationship type and direction.
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = classInfo.relationshipGetter(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+            MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+            return methodReader;
+        }
+
+        // 2nd, try to find a field explicitly annotated with the neo4j relationship type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.relationshipField(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+            FieldReader fieldReader =  new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+            return fieldReader;
+        }
+
+        //If the direction is INCOMING, then the annotation should have been present and we should have found a match already.
+        //If it's outgoing, then proceed to find other matches
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+
+            // 3rd, try to find a method  annotated with the relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            methodInfo = classInfo.relationshipGetter(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            // 4th, try to find a field  annotated with the neo4j relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            fieldInfo = classInfo.relationshipField(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+
+
+            // 5th, try to find a "getXYZ" method where XYZ is derived from the given relationship type
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodReader methodReader =  new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            // 6th, try to find a "XYZ" field name where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader =  new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+        }
+        relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<PropertyReader> getPropertyReaders(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        // do we care about "implicit" fields?  i.e., setX/getX with no matching X field
+        if(propertyReaders.get(classInfo) != null) {
+            return propertyReaders.get(classInfo);
+        }
+        Collection<PropertyReader> readers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.propertyFields()) {
+            MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.propertyGetter(fieldInfo.property());
+            if (getterInfo != null) { //if we have a getter
+                if (getterInfo.hasAnnotation(Property.CLASS) || fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) { //and the getter is annotated with @Property OR the field is not annotated
+                    readers.add(new MethodReader(classInfo, getterInfo)); //use the getter
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            readers.add(new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo)); //otherwise use the field
+        }
+        propertyReaders.put(classInfo, readers);
+        return readers;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<RelationalReader> getRelationalReaders(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        if(relationalReaders.get(classInfo) != null) {
+            return relationalReaders.get(classInfo);
+        }
+        Collection<RelationalReader> readers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.methodsInfo().get(inferGetterName(fieldInfo));
+            if (getterInfo != null) {
+                if (getterInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS) || !fieldInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                    readers.add(new MethodReader(classInfo, getterInfo));
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            readers.add(new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo));
+        }
+        relationalReaders.put(classInfo, readers);
+        return readers;
+    }
+
+    private static String inferGetterName(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+        StringBuilder getterNameBuilder = new StringBuilder(fieldInfo.getName());
+        getterNameBuilder.setCharAt(0, Character.toUpperCase(fieldInfo.getName().charAt(0)));
+        return getterNameBuilder.insert(0, "get").toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getIterableWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            iterableWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, parameterType);
+        if(iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationshipForType)) {
+            return iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationshipForType);
+        }
+
+        //1st find a method annotated with type and direction
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = getIterableSetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            MethodWriter methodWriter =  new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            cacheIterableMethodWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, methodInfo, methodWriter);
+            return methodWriter;
+        }
+
+        //2nd find a field annotated with type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            cacheIterableFieldWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, fieldInfo, fieldWriter);
+            return fieldWriter;
+        }
+
+        //If relationshipDirection=INCOMING, we should have found an annotated field already
+
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            //3rd find a method with implied type and direction
+            methodInfo = getIterableSetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                cacheIterableMethodWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, methodInfo, methodWriter);
+                return methodWriter;
+            }
+
+            //4th find a field with implied type and direction
+            fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                cacheIterableFieldWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, fieldInfo, fieldWriter);
+                return fieldWriter;
+            }
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getIterableReader(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            iterableReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalReader>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, parameterType);
+        if(iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationshipForType)) {
+            return iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationshipForType);
+        }
+
+        //1st find a method annotated with type and direction
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = getIterableGetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            MethodReader methodReader =  new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodReader);
+            return methodReader;
+        }
+
+        //2nd find a field annotated with type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldReader);
+            return fieldReader;
+        }
+
+        //If relationshipDirection=INCOMING, we should have found an annotated field already
+
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            //3rd find a method with implied type and direction
+            methodInfo = getIterableGetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            //4th find a field with implied type and direction
+            fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+        }
+        iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PropertyReader getIdentityPropertyReader(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        PropertyReader propertyReader = identityPropertyReaderCache.get(classInfo);
+        if (propertyReader != null) {
+            return propertyReader;
+        }
+        propertyReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, classInfo.identityField());
+        identityPropertyReaderCache.put(classInfo, propertyReader);
+        return propertyReader;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getEndNodeReader(ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : relationshipEntityClassInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(EndNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                return new FieldReader(relationshipEntityClassInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.warn("Failed to find an @EndNode on {}", relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getStartNodeReader(ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : relationshipEntityClassInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(StartNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                return new FieldReader(relationshipEntityClassInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.warn("Failed to find an @StartNode on {}", relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getRelationalEntityWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class entityAnnotation) {
+        if (entityAnnotation.getName() == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(entityAnnotation.getSimpleName() + " is not defined on " + classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        if (relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationshipEntityWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<Class, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        if (relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(entityAnnotation)) {
+            return relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(entityAnnotation);
+        }
+
+        //Find annotated field
+        FieldInfo field = null;
+        for(FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if(fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(entityAnnotation.getName()) != null) {
+                field = fieldInfo;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if(field != null) {
+            String setter = "set" + field.getName().substring(0,1).toUpperCase() + field.getName().substring(1);
+            //Preferably find a setter for the field
+            for(MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.relationshipSetters()) {
+                if (methodInfo.getName().equals(setter)) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                    relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+
+            }
+            //Otherwise use the field
+            FieldWriter fieldWriter =  new FieldWriter(classInfo,field);
+            relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation,fieldWriter);
+            return fieldWriter;
+        }
+        relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation,null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private MethodInfo getIterableSetterMethodInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableSetters(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableSetters(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+            MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+            //If the method is annotated, then the relationship type must match
+            if (candidateMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateMethodInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (methodInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}. More than one potential matching setter found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private MethodInfo getIterableGetterMethodInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableGetters(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if(methodInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableGetters(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+            MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+            if (candidateMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateMethodInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (methodInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}.  More than one potential matching getter found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private FieldInfo getIterableFieldInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<FieldInfo> fieldInfos = classInfo.findIterableFields(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if(fieldInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                fieldInfos = classInfo.findIterableFields(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (fieldInfos.size() == 1) {
+            FieldInfo candidateFieldInfo = fieldInfos.iterator().next();
+            if (candidateFieldInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateFieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateFieldInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateFieldInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateFieldInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateFieldInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (fieldInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}. More than one potential matching field found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void cacheIterableFieldWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType, FieldInfo fieldInfo, FieldWriter fieldWriter) {
+        if(fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(parameterType)) {
+            //Cache the writer for the superclass used in the type param
+            directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, ClassUtils.getType(fieldInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor()));
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldWriter);
+    }
+
+    private void cacheIterableMethodWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType, MethodInfo methodInfo, MethodWriter methodWriter) {
+        if(methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(parameterType)) {
+            //Cache the writer for the superclass used in the type param
+            directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, ClassUtils.getType(methodInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor()));
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodWriter);
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `org.neo4j.ogm.annotations.DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 439.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RelationalReader DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.getIterableReader(ClassInfo,Class,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.annotations.DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.getIterableReader(org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.Class.a0c972be8f752931960f54025e0f94c5
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/annotations/DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.java|getIterableReader|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3afbefd37e743c57d3eb45b5bdcc0516
+
+### Hash:
+e6e2576dd5c81d77fbfe32fa510a6ed9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7515/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7515/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9937a5aa087c7f171b65d4e888dbb40350c6901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7515/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,750 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2016 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.annotations;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.ClassUtils;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.EndNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Property;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Relationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.StartNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.context.DirectedRelationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.context.DirectedRelationshipForType;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.AnnotationInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MethodInfo;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of {@link EntityAccessStrategy} that looks up information from {@link ClassInfo} in the following order.
+ * <ol>
+ * <li>Annotated Method (getter/setter)</li>
+ * <li>Annotated Field</li>
+ * <li>Plain Method (getter/setter)</li>
+ * <li>Plain Field</li>
+ * </ol>
+ * The rationale is simply that we want annotations, whether on fields or on methods, to always take precedence, and we want to
+ * use methods in preference to field access, because in many cases hydrating an object means more than just assigning values to
+ * fields.
+ *
+ * @author Adam George
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ */
+public class DefaultEntityAccessStrategy implements EntityAccessStrategy {
+
+    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.class);
+
+    //TODO make these LRU caches with configurable size
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationship,RelationalReader>> relationalReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalWriter>> relationalWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalWriter>> iterableWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<DirectedRelationshipForType,RelationalReader>> iterableReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<Class, RelationalWriter>> relationshipEntityWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<String, EntityAccess>> propertyWriterCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Map<String, PropertyReader>> propertyReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Collection<PropertyReader>> propertyReaders = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, PropertyReader> identityPropertyReaderCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<ClassInfo, Collection<RelationalReader>> relationalReaders = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private final boolean STRICT_MODE = true; //strict mode for matching readers and writers, will only look for explicit annotations
+    private final boolean INFERRED_MODE = false; //inferred mode for matching readers and writers, will infer the relationship type from the getter/setter
+
+
+
+    /** Used internally to hide differences in object construction from strategy algorithm. */
+    private static interface AccessorFactory<T> {
+        T makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo);
+        T makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public EntityAccess getPropertyWriter(final ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+        if(propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            propertyWriterCache.put(classInfo,new HashMap<String, EntityAccess>());
+        }
+        EntityAccess writer = propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(propertyName);
+        if(writer != null) {
+            return writer;
+        }
+
+        MethodInfo setterInfo = classInfo.propertySetter(propertyName);
+        EntityAccess propertyWriter = determinePropertyAccessor(classInfo, propertyName, setterInfo, new AccessorFactory<EntityAccess>() {
+            @Override
+            public EntityAccess makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo) {
+                return new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public EntityAccess makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+                return new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        });
+        propertyWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(propertyName, propertyWriter);
+        return propertyWriter;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PropertyReader getPropertyReader(final ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName) {
+        if(propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            propertyReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<String, PropertyReader>());
+        }
+        PropertyReader reader =  propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(propertyName);
+        if(reader != null) {
+            return reader;
+        }
+
+        MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.propertyGetter(propertyName);
+        PropertyReader propertyReader =  determinePropertyAccessor(classInfo, propertyName, getterInfo, new AccessorFactory<PropertyReader>() {
+            @Override
+            public PropertyReader makeMethodAccessor(MethodInfo methodInfo) {
+                return new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public PropertyReader makeFieldAccessor(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+                return new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        });
+        propertyReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(propertyName, propertyReader);
+        return propertyReader;
+    }
+
+    private <T> T determinePropertyAccessor(ClassInfo classInfo, String propertyName, MethodInfo accessorMethodInfo,
+                                            AccessorFactory<T> factory) {
+        if (accessorMethodInfo != null) {
+            if (!accessorMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Property.CLASS)) {
+                // if there's an annotated field then we should prefer that over the non-annotated method
+                FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+                if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                    return factory.makeFieldAccessor(fieldInfo);
+                }
+            }
+            return factory.makeMethodAccessor(accessorMethodInfo);
+        }
+
+        // fall back to the field if method cannot be found
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.propertyField(propertyName);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            return factory.makeFieldAccessor(fieldInfo);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getRelationalWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, Object scalarValue) {
+        if (relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationalWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationship = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, scalarValue.getClass());
+        if (relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationship)) {
+            return relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationship);
+        }
+        // 1st, try to find a scalar method which is explicitly annotated with the relationship type and direction
+        for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE)) {
+            if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+
+                if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2nd, try to find a scalar or vector field explicitly annotated as the neo4j relationship type and direction
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE)) {
+            if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                        fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                    FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                    return fieldWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        //If the direction is INCOMING, then the annotation should have been present and we should have found a match already.
+        //If it's outgoing, then proceed to find other matches
+        if (!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            // 3rd, try to find a scalar method annotated with the relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+
+                    if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                        return methodWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 4th, try to find a scalar or vector field annotated as the neo4j relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                    if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                        return fieldWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 5th, try to find a "setXYZ" method where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            for (MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipSetters(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (methodInfo != null) {
+                    if (methodInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            methodInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                        return methodWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 6th, try to find a "XYZ" field name where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.candidateRelationshipFields(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE)) {
+                if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                    if (fieldInfo.isTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(scalarValue.getClass()) ||
+                            fieldInfo.isArrayOf(scalarValue.getClass())) {
+                        FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                        return fieldWriter;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 7th, try to find a unique setter method that takes the parameter
+            List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findSetters(scalarValue.getClass());
+            if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+                MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+                if (!candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.UNDIRECTED).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, candidateMethodInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // 8th, try to find a unique field that has the same type as the parameter
+            List<FieldInfo> fieldInfos = classInfo.findFields(scalarValue.getClass());
+            if (fieldInfos.size() == 1) {
+                FieldInfo candidateFieldInfo = fieldInfos.iterator().next();
+                if (!candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.UNDIRECTED).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                    FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, candidateFieldInfo);
+                    relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldWriter);
+                    return fieldWriter;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        relationalWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getRelationalReader(ClassInfo classInfo, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationalReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationship, RelationalReader>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationship directedRelationship = new DirectedRelationship(relationshipType,relationshipDirection);
+        if(relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationship)) {
+            return relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationship);
+        }
+
+        // 1st, try to find a method explicitly annotated with the relationship type and direction.
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = classInfo.relationshipGetter(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+            MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+            return methodReader;
+        }
+
+        // 2nd, try to find a field explicitly annotated with the neo4j relationship type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.relationshipField(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+            FieldReader fieldReader =  new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+            return fieldReader;
+        }
+
+        //If the direction is INCOMING, then the annotation should have been present and we should have found a match already.
+        //If it's outgoing, then proceed to find other matches
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+
+            // 3rd, try to find a method  annotated with the relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            methodInfo = classInfo.relationshipGetter(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null && !methodInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            // 4th, try to find a field  annotated with the neo4j relationship type and direction, allowing for implied relationships
+            fieldInfo = classInfo.relationshipField(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null && !fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+
+
+            // 5th, try to find a "getXYZ" method where XYZ is derived from the given relationship type
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodReader methodReader =  new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            // 6th, try to find a "XYZ" field name where XYZ is derived from the relationship type
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader =  new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+        }
+        relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationship, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<PropertyReader> getPropertyReaders(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        // do we care about "implicit" fields?  i.e., setX/getX with no matching X field
+        if(propertyReaders.get(classInfo) != null) {
+            return propertyReaders.get(classInfo);
+        }
+        Collection<PropertyReader> readers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.propertyFields()) {
+            MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.propertyGetter(fieldInfo.property());
+            if (getterInfo != null) { //if we have a getter
+                if (getterInfo.hasAnnotation(Property.CLASS) || fieldInfo.getAnnotations().isEmpty()) { //and the getter is annotated with @Property OR the field is not annotated
+                    readers.add(new MethodReader(classInfo, getterInfo)); //use the getter
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            readers.add(new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo)); //otherwise use the field
+        }
+        propertyReaders.put(classInfo, readers);
+        return readers;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<RelationalReader> getRelationalReaders(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        if(relationalReaders.get(classInfo) != null) {
+            return relationalReaders.get(classInfo);
+        }
+        Collection<RelationalReader> readers = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            MethodInfo getterInfo = classInfo.methodsInfo().get(inferGetterName(fieldInfo));
+            if (getterInfo != null) {
+                if (getterInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS) || !fieldInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                    readers.add(new MethodReader(classInfo, getterInfo));
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            readers.add(new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo));
+        }
+        relationalReaders.put(classInfo, readers);
+        return readers;
+    }
+
+    private static String inferGetterName(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+        StringBuilder getterNameBuilder = new StringBuilder(fieldInfo.getName());
+        getterNameBuilder.setCharAt(0, Character.toUpperCase(fieldInfo.getName().charAt(0)));
+        return getterNameBuilder.insert(0, "get").toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getIterableWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            iterableWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, parameterType);
+        if(iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationshipForType)) {
+            return iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationshipForType);
+        }
+
+        //1st find a method annotated with type and direction
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = getIterableSetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            MethodWriter methodWriter =  new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            cacheIterableMethodWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, methodInfo, methodWriter);
+            return methodWriter;
+        }
+
+        //2nd find a field annotated with type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            cacheIterableFieldWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, fieldInfo, fieldWriter);
+            return fieldWriter;
+        }
+
+        //If relationshipDirection=INCOMING, we should have found an annotated field already
+
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            //3rd find a method with implied type and direction
+            methodInfo = getIterableSetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                cacheIterableMethodWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, methodInfo, methodWriter);
+                return methodWriter;
+            }
+
+            //4th find a field with implied type and direction
+            fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldWriter fieldWriter = new FieldWriter(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                cacheIterableFieldWriter(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, directedRelationshipForType, fieldInfo, fieldWriter);
+                return fieldWriter;
+            }
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getIterableReader(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection) {
+        if(iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            iterableReaderCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<DirectedRelationshipForType, RelationalReader>());
+        }
+        DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, parameterType);
+        if(iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(directedRelationshipForType)) {
+            return iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).get(directedRelationshipForType);
+        }
+
+        //1st find a method annotated with type and direction
+        MethodInfo methodInfo = getIterableGetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (methodInfo != null) {
+            MethodReader methodReader =  new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+            iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodReader);
+            return methodReader;
+        }
+
+        //2nd find a field annotated with type and direction
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, STRICT_MODE);
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+            iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldReader);
+            return fieldReader;
+        }
+
+        //If relationshipDirection=INCOMING, we should have found an annotated field already
+
+        if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+            //3rd find a method with implied type and direction
+            methodInfo = getIterableGetterMethodInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (methodInfo != null) {
+                MethodReader methodReader = new MethodReader(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodReader);
+                return methodReader;
+            }
+
+            //4th find a field with implied type and direction
+            fieldInfo = getIterableFieldInfo(classInfo, parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, INFERRED_MODE);
+            if (fieldInfo != null) {
+                FieldReader fieldReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, fieldInfo);
+                iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldReader);
+                return fieldReader;
+            }
+        }
+        iterableReaderCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PropertyReader getIdentityPropertyReader(ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        PropertyReader propertyReader = identityPropertyReaderCache.get(classInfo);
+        if (propertyReader != null) {
+            return propertyReader;
+        }
+        propertyReader = new FieldReader(classInfo, classInfo.identityField());
+        identityPropertyReaderCache.put(classInfo, propertyReader);
+        return propertyReader;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getEndNodeReader(ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : relationshipEntityClassInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(EndNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                return new FieldReader(relationshipEntityClassInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.warn("Failed to find an @EndNode on {}", relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalReader getStartNodeReader(ClassInfo relationshipEntityClassInfo) {
+        for (FieldInfo fieldInfo : relationshipEntityClassInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(StartNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                return new FieldReader(relationshipEntityClassInfo, fieldInfo);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.warn("Failed to find an @StartNode on {}", relationshipEntityClassInfo);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RelationalWriter getRelationalEntityWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class entityAnnotation) {
+        if (entityAnnotation.getName() == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(entityAnnotation.getSimpleName() + " is not defined on " + classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        if (relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo) == null) {
+            relationshipEntityWriterCache.put(classInfo, new HashMap<Class, RelationalWriter>());
+        }
+        if (relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).containsKey(entityAnnotation)) {
+            return relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).get(entityAnnotation);
+        }
+
+        //Find annotated field
+        FieldInfo field = null;
+        for(FieldInfo fieldInfo : classInfo.relationshipFields()) {
+            if(fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(entityAnnotation.getName()) != null) {
+                field = fieldInfo;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if(field != null) {
+            String setter = "set" + field.getName().substring(0,1).toUpperCase() + field.getName().substring(1);
+            //Preferably find a setter for the field
+            for(MethodInfo methodInfo : classInfo.relationshipSetters()) {
+                if (methodInfo.getName().equals(setter)) {
+                    MethodWriter methodWriter = new MethodWriter(classInfo, methodInfo);
+                    relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation, methodWriter);
+                    return methodWriter;
+                }
+
+            }
+            //Otherwise use the field
+            FieldWriter fieldWriter =  new FieldWriter(classInfo,field);
+            relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation,fieldWriter);
+            return fieldWriter;
+        }
+        relationshipEntityWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(entityAnnotation,null);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private MethodInfo getIterableSetterMethodInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableSetters(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableSetters(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+            MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+            //If the method is annotated, then the relationship type must match
+            if (candidateMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateMethodInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (methodInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}. More than one potential matching setter found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private MethodInfo getIterableGetterMethodInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<MethodInfo> methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableGetters(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if(methodInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                methodInfos = classInfo.findIterableGetters(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (methodInfos.size() == 1) {
+            MethodInfo candidateMethodInfo = methodInfos.iterator().next();
+            if (candidateMethodInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateMethodInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateMethodInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateMethodInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateMethodInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (methodInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}.  More than one potential matching getter found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private FieldInfo getIterableFieldInfo(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, boolean strict) {
+        List<FieldInfo> fieldInfos = classInfo.findIterableFields(parameterType, relationshipType, relationshipDirection, strict);
+        if(fieldInfos.size() == 0) {
+            if(!strict) {
+                fieldInfos = classInfo.findIterableFields(parameterType);
+            }
+        }
+        if (fieldInfos.size() == 1) {
+            FieldInfo candidateFieldInfo = fieldInfos.iterator().next();
+            if (candidateFieldInfo.hasAnnotation(Relationship.CLASS)) {
+                AnnotationInfo relationshipAnnotation = candidateFieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+                if(!relationshipType.equals(relationshipAnnotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, null))) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is incoming and the candidateFieldInfo is also incoming or undirected
+            if(relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) &&
+                    (candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) ||
+                    (candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.UNDIRECTED))) {
+                return candidateFieldInfo;
+            }
+            //If the relationshipDirection is not incoming and the candidateFieldInfo is not incoming
+            if(!relationshipDirection.equals(Relationship.INCOMING) && !candidateFieldInfo.relationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING).equals(Relationship.INCOMING)) {
+                return candidateFieldInfo;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (fieldInfos.size() > 0) {
+            logger.warn("Cannot map iterable of {} to instance of {}. More than one potential matching field found.",
+                    parameterType, classInfo.name());
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void cacheIterableFieldWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType, FieldInfo fieldInfo, FieldWriter fieldWriter) {
+        if(fieldInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(parameterType)) {
+            //Cache the writer for the superclass used in the type param
+            directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType,relationshipDirection, ClassUtils.getType(fieldInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor()));
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, fieldWriter);
+    }
+
+    private void cacheIterableMethodWriter(ClassInfo classInfo, Class<?> parameterType, String relationshipType, String relationshipDirection, DirectedRelationshipForType directedRelationshipForType, MethodInfo methodInfo, MethodWriter methodWriter) {
+        if(methodInfo.isParameterisedTypeOf(parameterType)) {
+            //Cache the writer for the superclass used in the type param
+            directedRelationshipForType = new DirectedRelationshipForType(relationshipType, relationshipDirection, ClassUtils.getType(methodInfo.getTypeParameterDescriptor()));
+        }
+        iterableWriterCache.get(classInfo).put(directedRelationshipForType, methodWriter);
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `org.neo4j.ogm.annotations.DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.relationalReaderCache.get(classInfo)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 275.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RelationalReader DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.getRelationalReader(ClassInfo,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.annotations.DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.getRelationalReader(org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.Cla.3505edf5fe6ff3de010fb7ddddc1b0f0
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/annotations/DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultEntityAccessStrategy.java|getRelationalReader|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3afbefd37e743c57d3eb45b5bdcc0516
+
+### Hash:
+dfd6b39df2dfc68170ff7d0e29b1503b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7522/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7522/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..30ceaca20b4ace0e295e4ce816dd31fa33684316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7522/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 52
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2017 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.context;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.*;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MetaData;
+
+/**
+ * The MappingContext maintains a map of all the objects created during the hydration
+ * of an object map (domain hierarchy). The MappingContext lifetime is concurrent
+ * with a session lifetime.
+ *
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ * @author Mark Angrish
+ */
+public class MappingContext {
+
+    /**
+     * register of all mapped entities of a specific type (including supertypes)
+     */
+    private final TypeRegister typeRegister;
+
+    private final Map<Long, Object> nodeEntityRegister;
+
+    private final Map<Object, Object> primaryIndexNodeRegister;
+
+    private final Map<Long, Object> relationshipEntityRegister;
+
+    private final Set<MappedRelationship> relationshipRegister;
+
+    private final Map<Long, LabelHistory> labelHistoryRegister;
+
+    private final IdentityMap identityMap;
+
+    private final MetaData metaData;
+
+
+    public MappingContext(MetaData metaData) {
+        this.metaData = metaData;
+        this.identityMap = new IdentityMap(metaData);
+        this.typeRegister = new TypeRegister();
+        this.nodeEntityRegister = new HashMap<>();
+        this.primaryIndexNodeRegister = new HashMap<>();
+        this.relationshipEntityRegister = new HashMap<>();
+        this.relationshipRegister = new HashSet<>();
+        this.labelHistoryRegister = new HashMap<>();
+    }
+
+    public Object getNodeEntity(Object id) {
+
+        Object result = null;
+
+        if (id instanceof Long) {
+            result = nodeEntityRegister.get(id);
+        }
+
+        if (result == null) {
+            result = primaryIndexNodeRegister.get(id);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public Object addNodeEntity(Object entity, Long id) {
+
+        if (nodeEntityRegister.putIfAbsent(id, entity) == null) {
+            entity = nodeEntityRegister.get(id);
+            addType(entity.getClass(), entity, id);
+            remember(entity);
+            collectLabelHistory(entity);
+            final ClassInfo primaryIndexClassInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+            final FieldInfo primaryIndexField = primaryIndexClassInfo.primaryIndexField(); // also need to add the class to key to prevent collisions.
+            if (primaryIndexField != null) {
+                final Object primaryIndexValue = primaryIndexField.read(entity);
+                primaryIndexNodeRegister.putIfAbsent(primaryIndexValue, entity);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return entity;
+    }
+
+    boolean removeRelationship(MappedRelationship mappedRelationship) {
+        return relationshipRegister.remove(mappedRelationship);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * De-registers an object from the mapping context
+     * - removes the object instance from the typeRegister(s)
+     * - removes the object id from the nodeEntityRegister
+     * - removes any relationship entities from relationshipEntityRegister if they have this object either as start or end node
+     *
+     * @param entity the object to deregister
+     * @param id the id of the object in Neo4j
+     */
+    void removeNodeEntity(Object entity, Long id) {
+        removeType(entity.getClass(), id);
+        nodeEntityRegister.remove(id);
+        final ClassInfo primaryIndexClassInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        final FieldInfo primaryIndexField = primaryIndexClassInfo.primaryIndexField(); // also need to add the class to key to prevent collisions.
+        if (primaryIndexField != null) {
+            final Object primaryIndexValue = primaryIndexField.read(entity);
+            primaryIndexNodeRegister.remove(primaryIndexValue);
+        }
+
+        deregisterDependentRelationshipEntity(entity);
+    }
+
+    public void replaceNodeEntity(Object entity, Long id) {
+        nodeEntityRegister.remove(id);
+        final ClassInfo primaryIndexClassInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        final FieldInfo primaryIndexField = primaryIndexClassInfo.primaryIndexField(); // also need to add the class to key to prevent collisions.
+        if (primaryIndexField != null) {
+            final Object primaryIndexValue = primaryIndexField.read(entity);
+            primaryIndexNodeRegister.remove(primaryIndexValue);
+        }
+        addNodeEntity(entity, id);
+    }
+
+    public void replaceRelationshipEntity(Object entity, Long id) {
+        relationshipEntityRegister.remove(id);
+        addRelationshipEntity(entity, id);
+    }
+
+    Collection<Object> getEntities(Class<?> type) {
+        return typeRegister.get(type).values();
+    }
+
+    LabelHistory labelHistory(Long identity) {
+        return labelHistoryRegister.computeIfAbsent(identity, k -> new LabelHistory());
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDirty(Object entity) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        Object id = classInfo.identityField().readProperty(entity);
+        return !identityMap.remembered((Long) id, entity, classInfo);
+    }
+
+    public boolean containsRelationship(MappedRelationship relationship) {
+        return relationshipRegister.contains(relationship);
+    }
+
+    public Set<MappedRelationship> getRelationships() {
+        return relationshipRegister;
+    }
+
+    public void addRelationship(MappedRelationship relationship) {
+        if (relationship.getRelationshipId() != null && relationshipEntityRegister.get(relationship.getRelationshipId()) == null) {
+            relationship.setRelationshipId(null); //We're only interested in id's of relationship entities
+        }
+        relationshipRegister.add(relationship);
+    }
+
+    public void clear() {
+        identityMap.clear();
+        relationshipRegister.clear();
+        nodeEntityRegister.clear();
+        primaryIndexNodeRegister.clear();
+        typeRegister.clear();
+        relationshipEntityRegister.clear();
+        labelHistoryRegister.clear();
+    }
+
+    public Object getRelationshipEntity(Long relationshipId) {
+        return relationshipEntityRegister.get(relationshipId);
+    }
+
+    public Object addRelationshipEntity(Object relationshipEntity, Long id) {
+        if (relationshipEntityRegister.putIfAbsent(id, relationshipEntity) == null) {
+            relationshipEntity = relationshipEntityRegister.get(id);
+            addType(relationshipEntity.getClass(), relationshipEntity, id);
+            remember(relationshipEntity);
+        }
+        return relationshipEntity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * purges all information about objects of the supplied type
+     * from the mapping context. If the type is an interface, purges all implementing classes
+     * in the interface hierarchy
+     *
+     * @param type the type whose object references and relationship mappings we want to purge
+     */
+    public void removeType(Class<?> type) {
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(type.getName());
+
+        if (classInfo.isInterface()) {
+            List<ClassInfo> implementingClasses = metaData.getImplementingClassInfos(classInfo.name());
+            for (ClassInfo implementingClass : implementingClasses) {
+                try {
+                    removeType(classInfo.getUnderlyingClass());
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            FieldInfo identityReader = classInfo.identityField();
+            removeType(type, identityReader);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /*
+     * purges all information about a node entity with this id
+     */
+    public boolean detachNodeEntity(Object id) {
+        Object objectToDetach = getNodeEntity(id);
+        if (objectToDetach != null) {
+            removeEntity(objectToDetach);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * purges all information about a relationship entity with this id
+     */
+    public boolean detachRelationshipEntity(Long id) {
+        Object objectToDetach = relationshipEntityRegister.get(id);
+        if (objectToDetach != null) {
+            removeEntity(objectToDetach);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * removes all information about this object from the mapping context
+     *
+     * @param entity the instance whose references and relationship mappings we want to purge
+     */
+    void removeEntity(Object entity) {
+        Class<?> type = entity.getClass();
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(type.getName());
+        FieldInfo identityReader = classInfo.identityField();
+        Long id = (Long) identityReader.readProperty(entity);
+
+        purge(entity, identityReader, type);
+
+        if (id != null) {
+            typeRegister.remove(metaData, type, id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * purges all information about this object from the mapping context
+     * and also sets its id to null. Should be called for new objects that have had their
+     * id assigned as part of a long-running transaction, if that transaction is subsequently
+     * rolled back.
+     *
+     * @param entity the instance whose references and relationship mappings we want to reset
+     */
+    public void reset(Object entity) {
+        removeEntity(entity);
+        Class<?> type = entity.getClass();
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(type.getName());
+        Field identityField = classInfo.getField(classInfo.identityField());
+        FieldInfo.write(identityField, entity, null);
+    }
+
+
+    public Set<Object> neighbours(Object entity) {
+
+        Set<Object> neighbours = new HashSet<>();
+
+        Class<?> type = entity.getClass();
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(type.getName());
+        FieldInfo identityReader = classInfo.identityField();
+
+        Long id = (Long) identityReader.readProperty(entity);
+
+        if (id != null) {
+            if (!metaData.isRelationshipEntity(type.getName())) {
+                if (nodeEntityRegister.containsKey(id)) {
+                    // todo: this will be very slow for many objects
+                    // todo: refactor to create a list of mappedRelationships from a nodeEntity id.
+                    for (MappedRelationship mappedRelationship : relationshipRegister) {
+                        if (mappedRelationship.getStartNodeId() == id || mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId() == id) {
+                            Object affectedObject = mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId() == id ? nodeEntityRegister.get(mappedRelationship.getStartNodeId()) : nodeEntityRegister.get(mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId());
+                            if (affectedObject != null) {
+                                neighbours.add(affectedObject);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (relationshipEntityRegister.containsKey(id)) {
+                FieldInfo startNodeReader = classInfo.getStartNodeReader();
+                FieldInfo endNodeReader = classInfo.getEndNodeReader();
+                neighbours.add(startNodeReader.read(entity));
+                neighbours.add(endNodeReader.read(entity));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return neighbours;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deregister a relationship entity if it has either start or end node equal to the supplied startOrEndEntity
+     *
+     * @param startOrEndEntity the entity that might be the start or end node of a relationship entity
+     */
+    private void deregisterDependentRelationshipEntity(Object startOrEndEntity) {
+        Iterator<Long> relationshipEntityIdIterator = relationshipEntityRegister.keySet().iterator();
+        while (relationshipEntityIdIterator.hasNext()) {
+            Long relationshipEntityId = relationshipEntityIdIterator.next();
+            Object relationshipEntity = relationshipEntityRegister.get(relationshipEntityId);
+            final ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(relationshipEntity);
+            FieldInfo startNodeReader = classInfo.getStartNodeReader();
+            FieldInfo endNodeReader = classInfo.getEndNodeReader();
+            if (startOrEndEntity == startNodeReader.read(relationshipEntity) || startOrEndEntity == endNodeReader.read(relationshipEntity)) {
+                relationshipEntityIdIterator.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void removeType(Class<?> type, FieldInfo identityReader) {
+
+        for (Object entity : getEntities(type)) {
+            purge(entity, identityReader, type);
+        }
+        typeRegister.delete(type);
+    }
+
+
+    private void purge(Object entity, FieldInfo fieldInfo, Class type) {
+        Long id = (Long) fieldInfo.readProperty(entity);
+        Set<Object> relEntitiesToPurge = new HashSet<>();
+        if (id != null) {
+            // remove a NodeEntity
+            if (!metaData.isRelationshipEntity(type.getName())) {
+                if (nodeEntityRegister.containsKey(id)) {
+                    // remove the object from the node register
+                    nodeEntityRegister.remove(id);
+                    // remove all relationship mappings to/from this object
+                    Iterator<MappedRelationship> mappedRelationshipIterator = relationshipRegister.iterator();
+                    while (mappedRelationshipIterator.hasNext()) {
+                        MappedRelationship mappedRelationship = mappedRelationshipIterator.next();
+                        if (mappedRelationship.getStartNodeId() == id || mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId() == id) {
+
+                            // first purge any RE mappings (if its a RE)
+                            if (mappedRelationship.getRelationshipId() != null) {
+                                Object relEntity = relationshipEntityRegister.get(mappedRelationship.getRelationshipId());
+                                if (relEntity != null) {
+                                    relEntitiesToPurge.add(relEntity);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // finally remove the mapped relationship
+                            mappedRelationshipIterator.remove();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // remove a RelationshipEntity
+                if (relationshipEntityRegister.containsKey(id)) {
+                    relationshipEntityRegister.remove(id);
+                    final ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+                    FieldInfo startNodeReader = classInfo.getStartNodeReader();
+                    Object startNode = startNodeReader.read(entity);
+                    removeEntity(startNode);
+                    FieldInfo endNodeReader = classInfo.getEndNodeReader();
+                    Object endNode = endNodeReader.read(entity);
+                    removeEntity(endNode);
+                }
+            }
+            for (Object relEntity : relEntitiesToPurge) {
+                ClassInfo relClassInfo = metaData.classInfo(relEntity);
+                FieldInfo relIdentityReader = relClassInfo.identityField();
+                purge(relEntity, relIdentityReader, relClassInfo.getUnderlyingClass());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addType(Class type, Object entity, Object id) {
+        typeRegister.add(metaData, type, entity, id);
+    }
+
+    private void removeType(Class type, Object id) {
+        typeRegister.remove(metaData, type, id);
+    }
+
+    private void remember(Object entity) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        Long id = (Long) classInfo.identityField().readProperty(entity);
+        identityMap.remember(id, entity, classInfo);
+    }
+
+    private void collectLabelHistory(Object entity) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.labelFieldOrNull();
+        if (fieldInfo != null) {
+            Collection<String> labels = (Collection<String>) fieldInfo.read(entity);
+            Long id = (Long) classInfo.identityField().readProperty(entity);
+            labelHistory(id).push(labels);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `classInfo` last assigned on line 250 could be null and is dereferenced at line 251.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MappingContext.removeEntity(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.context.MappingContext.removeEntity(java.lang.Object):void.98598afb0b896fd93ce56ac737b6f16b
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/context/MappingContext.java
+
+### Key:
+MappingContext.java|removeEntity|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+555eb4653f57a9c18c7378b53476017b
+
+### Hash:
+3a18b1eed6331e222e548f63baf1dd45
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7523/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7523/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8ee851363b0b4e62cb2cab2bf3459943de87e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7523/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 55
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2018 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ *  conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package org.neo4j.ogm.context;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.exception.core.MappingException;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.id.IdStrategy;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.id.InternalIdStrategy;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.id.UuidStrategy;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.MetaData;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.utils.EntityUtils;
+
+/**
+ * The MappingContext maintains a map of all the objects created during the hydration
+ * of an object map (domain hierarchy). The MappingContext lifetime is concurrent
+ * with a session lifetime.
+ *
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ * @author Mark Angrish
+ */
+public class MappingContext {
+
+    // map Neo4j id -> entity
+    private final Map<Long, Object> nodeEntityRegister;
+
+    // map primary index value -> entity
+    private final Map<LabelPrimaryId, Object> primaryIndexNodeRegister;
+
+    // LabelPrimaryId - > native id (contains both nodes and relationship entities)
+    private final Map<LabelPrimaryId, Long> primaryIdToNativeId;
+
+    private final Map<Long, Object> relationshipEntityRegister;
+
+    private final Map<LabelPrimaryId, Object> primaryIdToRelationship;
+
+    private final Set<MappedRelationship> relationshipRegister;
+
+    private final IdentityMap identityMap;
+
+    private final MetaData metaData;
+
+    public MappingContext(MetaData metaData) {
+        this.metaData = metaData;
+        this.identityMap = new IdentityMap(metaData);
+        this.nodeEntityRegister = new HashMap<>();
+        this.primaryIndexNodeRegister = new HashMap<>();
+        this.primaryIdToNativeId = new HashMap<>();
+        this.relationshipEntityRegister = new HashMap<>();
+        this.primaryIdToRelationship = new HashMap<>();
+        this.relationshipRegister = new HashSet<>();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a node entity from the MappingContext by its graph id.
+     * NOTE: to get entity by field with @Id use {@link #getNodeEntityById(ClassInfo, Object)} - you also need to check if such id
+     * exists and is of correct type
+     *
+     * @param graphId The graph id to look for.
+     * @return The entity or null if not found.
+     */
+    public Object getNodeEntity(Long graphId) {
+        return nodeEntityRegister.get(graphId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a node entity from the MappingContext by its primary id
+     *
+     * @param classInfo class info of the entity (this must be provided because id itself is not unique)
+     * @param id        primary id of the entity
+     * @return the entity or null if not found
+     */
+    public Object getNodeEntityById(ClassInfo classInfo, Object id) {
+        return primaryIndexNodeRegister.get(new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, id));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an entity to the MappingContext.
+     *
+     * @param entity The object to add.
+     * @return The object added, never null.
+     */
+    public Object addNodeEntity(Object entity) {
+        return addNodeEntity(entity, nativeId(entity));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds an entity to the MappingContext.
+     *
+     * @param entity The object to add.
+     * @param id
+     * @return The object added, never null.
+     */
+    public Object addNodeEntity(Object entity, Long id) {
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+
+        if (nodeEntityRegister.putIfAbsent(id, entity) == null) {
+            remember(entity);
+            final FieldInfo primaryIndexField = classInfo
+                .primaryIndexField(); // also need to add the class to key to prevent collisions.
+            if (primaryIndexField != null) {
+                final Object primaryIndexValue = primaryIndexField.read(entity);
+                if (primaryIndexValue != null) {
+                    LabelPrimaryId key = new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, primaryIndexValue);
+                    primaryIndexNodeRegister.putIfAbsent(key, entity);
+                    primaryIdToNativeId.put(key, id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return entity;
+    }
+
+    boolean removeRelationship(MappedRelationship mappedRelationship) {
+        return relationshipRegister.remove(mappedRelationship);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * De-registers an object from the mapping context
+     * - removes the object instance from the typeRegister(s)
+     * - removes the object id from the nodeEntityRegister
+     * - removes any relationship entities from relationshipEntityRegister if they have this object either as start or end node
+     *
+     * @param entity the object to deregister
+     */
+    void removeNodeEntity(Object entity, boolean deregisterDependentRelationshipEntity) {
+
+        Long id = nativeId(entity);
+
+        nodeEntityRegister.remove(id);
+        final ClassInfo primaryIndexClassInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        final FieldInfo primaryIndexField = primaryIndexClassInfo
+            .primaryIndexField(); // also need to add the class to key to prevent collisions.
+        if (primaryIndexField != null) {
+            final Object primaryIndexValue = primaryIndexField.read(entity);
+            if (primaryIndexValue != null) {
+                primaryIndexNodeRegister.remove(new LabelPrimaryId(primaryIndexClassInfo, primaryIndexValue));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (deregisterDependentRelationshipEntity) {
+            deregisterDependentRelationshipEntity(entity);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void replaceNodeEntity(Object entity, Long identity) {
+        removeNodeEntity(entity, false);
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        if (classInfo.hasPrimaryIndexField()) {
+            LabelPrimaryId key = new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, classInfo.primaryIndexField().readProperty(entity));
+            primaryIdToNativeId.put(key, identity);
+        }
+
+        addNodeEntity(entity, identity);
+        deregisterDependentRelationshipEntity(entity);
+    }
+
+    public void replaceRelationshipEntity(Object entity, Long id) {
+        relationshipEntityRegister.remove(id);
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        FieldInfo primaryIndexField = classInfo.primaryIndexField();
+        if (primaryIndexField != null) {
+            Object primaryId = primaryIndexField.read(entity);
+            LabelPrimaryId labelPrimaryId = new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, primaryId);
+            primaryIdToRelationship.remove(labelPrimaryId);
+            primaryIdToNativeId.remove(labelPrimaryId);
+        }
+        addRelationshipEntity(entity, id);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a collection of entities or relationships registered in the current context.
+     *
+     * @param type The base type to search for.
+     * @return The entities found. Note that the collection will contain the concrete type given as a parameter,
+     * but also all entities that are assignable to it (sub types)
+     */
+    Collection<Object> getEntities(Class<?> type) {
+        Collection<Object> result;
+        if (metaData.isRelationshipEntity(type.getName())) {
+            result = relationshipEntityRegister.values().stream()
+                .filter((c) -> c.getClass().isAssignableFrom(type))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+        } else {
+            result = nodeEntityRegister.values().stream()
+                .filter((c) -> c.getClass().isAssignableFrom(type))
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return dynamic label information about the entity (@Labels). History contains a snapshot of labels the entity had
+     * when registered in the context, and the current labels.
+     *
+     * @param entity The entity to inspect
+     * @return The label information
+     */
+    LabelHistory labelHistory(Object entity) {
+        return identityMap.labelHistory(entity, nativeId(entity));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if the entity has been modified by comparing its current state to the state it had when registered.
+     * TBD : describe how the hash is computed. Not sure if it is a real deep hash.
+     *
+     * @param entity The entity to check
+     * @return true if the entity was changed, false otherwise.
+     */
+    public boolean isDirty(Object entity) {
+        Long graphId = nativeId(entity);
+        return !identityMap.remembered(entity, graphId);
+    }
+
+    public boolean containsRelationship(MappedRelationship relationship) {
+        return relationshipRegister.contains(relationship);
+    }
+
+    public Set<MappedRelationship> getRelationships() {
+        return relationshipRegister;
+    }
+
+    public void addRelationship(MappedRelationship relationship) {
+        if (relationship.getRelationshipId() != null
+            && relationshipEntityRegister.get(relationship.getRelationshipId()) == null) {
+            relationship.setRelationshipId(null); //We're only interested in id's of relationship entities
+        }
+        relationshipRegister.add(relationship);
+    }
+
+    public void clear() {
+        identityMap.clear();
+        relationshipRegister.clear();
+        primaryIdToRelationship.clear();
+        nodeEntityRegister.clear();
+        primaryIndexNodeRegister.clear();
+        relationshipEntityRegister.clear();
+    }
+
+    public Object getRelationshipEntity(Long relationshipId) {
+        return relationshipEntityRegister.get(relationshipId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a relationship entity from MappingContext by primary id
+     *
+     * @param classInfo classInfo of the relationship entity (it is needed to because primary id may not be unique
+     *                  across all relationship types)
+     * @param id        primary id of the entity
+     * @return relationship entity
+     */
+    public Object getRelationshipEntityById(ClassInfo classInfo, Object id) {
+        return primaryIdToRelationship.get(new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, id));
+    }
+
+    public Object addRelationshipEntity(Object relationshipEntity, Long id) {
+
+        if (relationshipEntityRegister.putIfAbsent(id, relationshipEntity) == null) {
+            relationshipEntity = relationshipEntityRegister.get(id);
+            remember(relationshipEntity);
+
+            ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(relationshipEntity);
+            FieldInfo primaryIdField = classInfo.primaryIndexField();
+            if (primaryIdField != null) {
+                Object primaryId = primaryIdField.read(relationshipEntity);
+                primaryIdToRelationship.put(new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, primaryId), relationshipEntity);
+                primaryIdToNativeId.put(new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, primaryId), id);
+            }
+        }
+        return relationshipEntity;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * purges all information about objects of the supplied type
+     * from the mapping context. If the type is an interface, purges all implementing classes
+     * in the interface hierarchy
+     *
+     * @param type the type whose object references and relationship mappings we want to purge
+     */
+    public void removeType(Class<?> type) {
+
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(type.getName());
+
+        if (classInfo.isInterface()) {
+            List<ClassInfo> implementingClasses = metaData.getImplementingClassInfos(classInfo.name());
+            for (ClassInfo implementingClass : implementingClasses) {
+                try {
+                    removeType(classInfo.getUnderlyingClass());
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (Object entity : getEntities(type)) {
+                purge(entity, type);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * purges all information about a node entity with this id
+     */
+    public boolean detachNodeEntity(Long id) {
+        Object objectToDetach = getNodeEntity(id);
+        if (objectToDetach != null) {
+            removeEntity(objectToDetach);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * purges all information about a relationship entity with this id
+     */
+    public boolean detachRelationshipEntity(Long id) {
+        Object objectToDetach = relationshipEntityRegister.get(id);
+        if (objectToDetach != null) {
+            removeEntity(objectToDetach);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * removes all information about this object from the mapping context
+     *
+     * @param entity the instance whose references and relationship mappings we want to purge
+     */
+    void removeEntity(Object entity) {
+        Class<?> type = entity.getClass();
+        purge(entity, type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * purges all information about this object from the mapping context
+     * and also sets its id to null. Should be called for new objects that have had their
+     * id assigned as part of a long-running transaction, if that transaction is subsequently
+     * rolled back.
+     *
+     * @param entity the instance whose references and relationship mappings we want to reset
+     */
+    public void reset(Object entity) {
+        removeEntity(entity);
+        EntityUtils.setIdentity(entity, null, metaData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get related objects of an entity / relationship. Used in deletion scenarios.
+     *
+     * @param entity The entity to look neighbours for.
+     * @return If entity is a relationship, end and start nodes. If entity is a node, the relations pointing to it.
+     */
+    public Set<Object> neighbours(Object entity) {
+
+        Set<Object> neighbours = new HashSet<>();
+
+        Class<?> type = entity.getClass();
+        Long id = nativeId(entity);
+
+        if (id >= 0) {
+            if (!metaData.isRelationshipEntity(type.getName())) {
+                if (getNodeEntity(id) != null) {
+                    // todo: this will be very slow for many objects
+                    // todo: refactor to create a list of mappedRelationships from a nodeEntity id.
+                    for (MappedRelationship mappedRelationship : relationshipRegister) {
+                        if (mappedRelationship.getStartNodeId() == id || mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId() == id) {
+                            Object affectedObject = mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId() == id ?
+                                getNodeEntity(mappedRelationship.getStartNodeId()) :
+                                getNodeEntity(mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId());
+                            if (affectedObject != null) {
+                                neighbours.add(affectedObject);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (relationshipEntityRegister.containsKey(id)) {
+                ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(type.getName());
+                FieldInfo startNodeReader = classInfo.getStartNodeReader();
+                FieldInfo endNodeReader = classInfo.getEndNodeReader();
+                neighbours.add(startNodeReader.read(entity));
+                neighbours.add(endNodeReader.read(entity));
+            }
+        }
+
+        return neighbours;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deregister a relationship entity if it has either start or end node equal to the supplied startOrEndEntity
+     *
+     * @param startOrEndEntity the entity that might be the start or end node of a relationship entity
+     */
+    private void deregisterDependentRelationshipEntity(Object startOrEndEntity) {
+        Iterator<Long> relationshipEntityIdIterator = relationshipEntityRegister.keySet().iterator();
+        while (relationshipEntityIdIterator.hasNext()) {
+            Long relationshipEntityId = relationshipEntityIdIterator.next();
+            Object relationshipEntity = relationshipEntityRegister.get(relationshipEntityId);
+            final ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(relationshipEntity);
+            FieldInfo startNodeReader = classInfo.getStartNodeReader();
+            FieldInfo endNodeReader = classInfo.getEndNodeReader();
+            if (startOrEndEntity == startNodeReader.read(relationshipEntity) || startOrEndEntity == endNodeReader
+                .read(relationshipEntity)) {
+                relationshipEntityIdIterator.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void purge(Object entity, Class type) {
+        Long id = nativeId(entity);
+        Set<Object> relEntitiesToPurge = new HashSet<>();
+        if (id >= 0) {
+            // remove a NodeEntity
+            if (!metaData.isRelationshipEntity(type.getName())) {
+                if (getNodeEntity(id) != null) {
+                    // remove the object from the node register
+                    removeNodeEntity(entity, false);
+                    // remove all relationship mappings to/from this object
+                    Iterator<MappedRelationship> mappedRelationshipIterator = relationshipRegister.iterator();
+                    while (mappedRelationshipIterator.hasNext()) {
+                        MappedRelationship mappedRelationship = mappedRelationshipIterator.next();
+                        if (mappedRelationship.getStartNodeId() == id || mappedRelationship.getEndNodeId() == id) {
+
+                            // first purge any RE mappings (if its a RE)
+                            if (mappedRelationship.getRelationshipId() != null) {
+                                Object relEntity = relationshipEntityRegister
+                                    .get(mappedRelationship.getRelationshipId());
+                                if (relEntity != null) {
+                                    // TODO : extract the "remove a RelationshipEntity" block below in a method
+                                    // and call it here instead of going recursive ?
+                                    relEntitiesToPurge.add(relEntity);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // finally remove the mapped relationship
+                            mappedRelationshipIterator.remove();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // remove a RelationshipEntity
+                if (relationshipEntityRegister.containsKey(id)) {
+                    relationshipEntityRegister.remove(id);
+                    final ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+                    FieldInfo startNodeReader = classInfo.getStartNodeReader();
+                    Object startNode = startNodeReader.read(entity);
+                    removeEntity(startNode);
+                    FieldInfo endNodeReader = classInfo.getEndNodeReader();
+                    Object endNode = endNodeReader.read(entity);
+                    removeEntity(endNode);
+                }
+            }
+            for (Object relEntity : relEntitiesToPurge) {
+                ClassInfo relClassInfo = metaData.classInfo(relEntity);
+                purge(relEntity, relClassInfo.getUnderlyingClass());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void remember(Object entity) {
+        identityMap.remember(entity, nativeId(entity));
+    }
+
+    public Long nativeId(Object entity) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = metaData.classInfo(entity);
+        generateIdIfNecessary(entity, classInfo);
+
+        if (classInfo.hasIdentityField()) {
+            return EntityUtils.identity(entity, metaData);
+        } else {
+            FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.primaryIndexField();
+            Object primaryId = fieldInfo.readProperty(entity);
+
+            if (primaryId == null) {
+                throw new MappingException("Field with primary id is null for entity " + entity);
+            }
+            LabelPrimaryId key = new LabelPrimaryId(classInfo, primaryId);
+            Long graphId = primaryIdToNativeId.get(key);
+            if (graphId == null) {
+                graphId = EntityUtils.nextRef();
+                primaryIdToNativeId.put(key, graphId);
+            }
+            return graphId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateIdIfNecessary(Object entity, ClassInfo classInfo) {
+        if (classInfo.idStrategyClass() == null || InternalIdStrategy.class.equals(classInfo.idStrategyClass())) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (classInfo.idStrategy() == null) {
+            throw new MappingException("Id strategy " + classInfo.idStrategyClass() + " could not be instantiated " +
+                "and wasn't registered. Either provide no argument constructor or register instance " +
+                "with SessionFactory");
+        }
+        FieldInfo primaryIndexField = classInfo.primaryIndexField();
+        Object existingUuid = primaryIndexField.read(entity);
+        if (existingUuid == null) {
+            IdStrategy strategy = classInfo.idStrategy();
+            Object id = strategy.generateId(entity);
+            if (strategy instanceof UuidStrategy && primaryIndexField.isTypeOf(String.class)) {
+                id = id.toString();
+            }
+            primaryIndexField.writeDirect(entity, id);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `classInfo` last assigned on line 486 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `generateIdIfNecessary(...)` at line 487.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Long MappingContext.nativeId(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.context.MappingContext.nativeId(java.lang.Object):java.lang.Long.c3b0148f165fe39b1485c6abc0be4ddf
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/context/MappingContext.java
+
+### Key:
+MappingContext.java|nativeId|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+73de30fea4653b91a4d7a2d7dfd112ac
+
+### Hash:
+f59b53ffffad77bc6fc9743162d2b21a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7540/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7540/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a081eb4c7ace33a6c33963f57a5fedb3b6d57144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7540/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** neo4j-ogm
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2015 "Neo Technology,"
+ * Network Engine for Objects in Lund AB [http://neotechnology.com]
+ *
+ * This product is licensed to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License").
+ * You may not use this product except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This product may include a number of subcomponents with
+ * separate copyright notices and license terms. Your use of the source
+ * code for these subcomponents is subject to the terms and
+ * conditions of the subcomponent's license, as noted in the LICENSE file.
+ *
+ */
+package org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates;
+
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.EndNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Property;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.Relationship;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.annotation.StartNode;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.Filter;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.Filters;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.GraphRowModelQuery;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.Pagination;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.Query;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.query.SortOrder;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.RelationshipUtils;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.info.AnnotationInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.info.ClassInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.metadata.info.FieldInfo;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.model.GraphModel;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.Capability;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.Neo4jSession;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.request.strategy.QueryStatements;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.response.Neo4jResponse;
+import org.neo4j.ogm.session.result.GraphRowModel;
+
+import java.util.Collection;
+
+/**
+ * @author Vince Bickers
+ * @author Luanne Misquitta
+ */
+public class LoadByTypeDelegate implements Capability.LoadByType {
+
+    private final Neo4jSession session;
+
+    public LoadByTypeDelegate(Neo4jSession session) {
+        this.session = session;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination, int depth) {
+
+        String url = session.ensureTransaction().url();
+        String entityType = session.entityType(type.getName());
+        QueryStatements queryStatements = session.queryStatementsFor(type);
+
+        // all this business about selecting which type of model/response to handle is horribly hacky
+        // it should be possible for the response handler to select based on the model implementation
+        // and we should have a single method loadAll(...). Filters should not be a special case
+        // though they are at the moment because of the problems with "graph" response format.
+        if (filters.isEmpty()) {
+
+            Query qry = queryStatements.findByType(entityType, depth)
+                    .setSortOrder(sortOrder)
+                    .setPagination(pagination);
+
+            try (Neo4jResponse<GraphModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute(qry, url)) {
+                return session.responseHandler().loadAll(type, response);
+            }
+        } else {
+
+            filters = resolvePropertyAnnotations(type, filters);
+
+            Query qry = queryStatements.findByProperties(entityType, filters, depth)
+                    .setSortOrder(sortOrder)
+                    .setPagination(pagination);
+
+            if (depth != 0) {
+                try (Neo4jResponse<GraphRowModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute((GraphRowModelQuery) qry, url)) {
+                    return session.responseHandler().loadByProperty(type, response);
+                }
+            } else {
+                try (Neo4jResponse<GraphModel> response = session.requestHandler().execute(qry, url)) {
+                    return session.responseHandler().loadAll(type, response);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters(), new SortOrder(), null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters(), new SortOrder(), null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), new SortOrder(), null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), new SortOrder(), null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter, SortOrder sortOrder) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), sortOrder, null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter, SortOrder sortOrder, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), sortOrder, null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter, Pagination pagination) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), new SortOrder(), pagination, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter, Pagination pagination, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), new SortOrder(), pagination, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), sortOrder, pagination, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filter filter, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters().add(filter), sortOrder, pagination, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters) {
+        return loadAll(type, filters, new SortOrder(), null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, filters, new SortOrder(), null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters, SortOrder sortOrder) {
+        return loadAll(type, filters, sortOrder, null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters, SortOrder sortOrder, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, filters, sortOrder, null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters, Pagination pagination) {
+        return loadAll(type, filters, new SortOrder(), pagination, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters, Pagination pagination, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, filters, new SortOrder(), pagination, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Filters filters, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination) {
+        return loadAll(type, filters, sortOrder, pagination, 1);
+    }
+
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, SortOrder sortOrder) {
+       return loadAll(type, new Filters(), sortOrder, null, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, SortOrder sortOrder, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters(), sortOrder, null, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Pagination paging) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters(), new SortOrder(), paging, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, Pagination paging, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters(), new SortOrder(), paging, depth);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters(), sortOrder, pagination, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public <T> Collection<T> loadAll(Class<T> type, SortOrder sortOrder, Pagination pagination, int depth) {
+        return loadAll(type, new Filters(), sortOrder, pagination, depth);
+    }
+
+    private Filters resolvePropertyAnnotations(Class entityType, Filters filters) {
+        for(Filter filter : filters) {
+            if(filter.getOwnerEntityType() == null) {
+                filter.setOwnerEntityType(entityType);
+            }
+            filter.setPropertyName(resolvePropertyName(filter.getOwnerEntityType(), filter.getPropertyName()));
+            if(filter.isNested()) {
+                resolveRelationshipType(filter);
+                ClassInfo nestedClassInfo = session.metaData().classInfo(filter.getNestedPropertyType().getName());
+                filter.setNestedEntityTypeLabel(session.entityType(nestedClassInfo.name()));
+                if(session.metaData().isRelationshipEntity(nestedClassInfo.name())) {
+                    filter.setNestedRelationshipEntity(true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return filters;
+    }
+
+    private String resolvePropertyName(Class entityType, String propertyName) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = session.metaData().classInfo(entityType.getName());
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.propertyFieldByName(propertyName);
+        if (fieldInfo != null && fieldInfo.getAnnotations() != null) {
+            AnnotationInfo annotation = fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(Property.CLASS);
+            if (annotation != null) {
+                return annotation.get(Property.NAME, propertyName);
+            }
+        }
+        return propertyName;
+    }
+
+    private void resolveRelationshipType(Filter parameter) {
+        ClassInfo classInfo = session.metaData().classInfo(parameter.getOwnerEntityType().getName());
+        FieldInfo fieldInfo = classInfo.relationshipFieldByName(parameter.getNestedPropertyName());
+
+        String defaultRelationshipType = RelationshipUtils.inferRelationshipType(parameter.getNestedPropertyName());
+        parameter.setRelationshipType(defaultRelationshipType);
+        parameter.setRelationshipDirection(Relationship.UNDIRECTED);
+        if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations() != null) {
+            AnnotationInfo annotation = fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(Relationship.CLASS);
+            if (annotation != null) {
+                parameter.setRelationshipType(annotation.get(Relationship.TYPE, defaultRelationshipType));
+                parameter.setRelationshipDirection(annotation.get(Relationship.DIRECTION, Relationship.UNDIRECTED));
+            }
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(StartNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                parameter.setRelationshipDirection(Relationship.OUTGOING);
+            }
+            if (fieldInfo.getAnnotations().get(EndNode.CLASS) != null) {
+                parameter.setRelationshipDirection(Relationship.INCOMING);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.neo4j.ogm.session.transaction.SimpleTransaction` acquired by call to `ensureTransaction()` at line 54 is not released after line 54.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Collection LoadByTypeDelegate.loadAll(Class,Filters,SortOrder,Pagination,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.neo4j.ogm.session.delegates.LoadByTypeDelegate.loadAll(java.lang.Class,org.neo4j.ogm.cypher.Filt.9f690167ee685e0ae1ca655ee678e0ba
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/neo4j/ogm/session/delegates/LoadByTypeDelegate.java
+
+### Key:
+LoadByTypeDelegate.java|loadAll|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2a20cac300e37d62dcc25fd73609c68e
+
+### Hash:
+55076920857dae8d437501cebd170a7e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7547/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7547/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b34f2c36345b29e3a8bf85bfa546c50be5c228d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7547/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nCoAP
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils;
+
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.application.client.CoapClientApplication;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.CoapResponse;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import java.util.SortedMap;
+import java.util.SortedSet;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+//import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.core.CoapExecutorService;
+
+
+/**
+ * A CoapClientApplication for testing purposes.
+ * To send a request use the inherited writeCoapRequest() method.
+ * Received responses are stored and can be accessed using getReceivedResponses().
+ * 
+ * @author Oliver Kleine, Stefan Hueske
+ */
+public class CoapTestClient extends CoapClientApplication {
+
+    //private static CoapTestClient instance = new CoapTestClient();
+
+    private Logger log = Logger.getLogger(this.getClass().getName());
+
+    private SortedMap<Long, CoapResponse> receivedResponses = new TreeMap<Long, CoapResponse>();
+    private SortedSet<Long> emptyAckNotificationTimes = new TreeSet<Long>();
+    private SortedSet<Long> timeoutNotificationTimes = new TreeSet<Long>();
+
+    private boolean receiveEnabled = true;
+    
+//    public static CoapTestClient getInstance(){
+//        return instance;
+//    }
+//
+//    private CoapTestClient(){}
+
+    @Override
+    public void receiveResponse(CoapResponse coapResponse) {
+        if (receiveEnabled)  {
+            receivedResponses.put(System.currentTimeMillis(), coapResponse);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void receiveEmptyACK(){
+        if(receiveEnabled && !emptyAckNotificationTimes.add(System.currentTimeMillis())){
+            log.error("Could not add notification time for empty ACK.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handleRetransmissionTimout() {
+        if(receiveEnabled && !timeoutNotificationTimes.add(System.currentTimeMillis())){
+            log.error("Could not add notification time for retransmission timeout.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public SortedSet<Long> getEmptyAckNotificationTimes() {
+        return emptyAckNotificationTimes;
+    }
+
+    public SortedSet<Long> getTimeoutNotificationTimes() {
+        return timeoutNotificationTimes;
+    }
+
+    public SortedMap<Long, CoapResponse> getReceivedResponses() {
+        return receivedResponses;
+    }
+    
+//    public void reset() {
+//        receivedResponses.clear();
+//        setReceiveEnabled(true);
+//
+//        //CoapExecutorService.cancelAll();
+//
+//        datagramChannel.close().awaitUninterruptibly();
+////        datagramChannel.getFactory().releaseExternalResources();
+//        CoapClientDatagramChannelFactory.resetInstance();
+//        datagramChannel = CoapClientDatagramChannelFactory.getInstance().getChannel();
+//
+//    }
+    
+    public synchronized void setReceiveEnabled(boolean receiveEnabled) {
+        this.receiveEnabled = receiveEnabled;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils.CoapTestClient.receiveEmptyACK` reads without synchronization from `this.de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils.CoapTestClient.receiveEnabled`. Potentially races with write in method `CoapTestClient.setReceiveEnabled(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CoapTestClient.receiveEmptyACK()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.utils.CoapTestClient.receiveEmptyACK():void.25a8e73455500f6561aa60bc980e850c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/de/uniluebeck/itm/spitfire/nCoap/communication/utils/CoapTestClient.java
+
+### Key:
+CoapTestClient.java|receiveEmptyACK|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+3c736aefb1dd474462f08304f72c9ecf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7549/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7549/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdc641a4df1876a0325a3ed75c12ff47977cd6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7549/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nCoAP
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.blockwise;
+
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.CoapMessage;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.CoapRequest;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.CoapResponse;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.MessageDoesNotAllowPayloadException;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.header.InvalidHeaderException;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.options.InvalidOptionException;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.options.ToManyOptionsException;
+import de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.toolbox.ByteArrayWrapper;
+import org.jboss.netty.buffer.ChannelBuffer;
+import org.jboss.netty.buffer.ChannelBuffers;
+import org.jboss.netty.channel.*;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+import static de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.message.options.OptionRegistry.OptionName.BLOCK_2;
+
+/**
+ * Created with IntelliJ IDEA.
+ * User: olli
+ * Date: 12.09.12
+ * Time: 17:50
+ * To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
+ */
+public class BlockwiseTransferHandler extends SimpleChannelHandler{
+
+    private static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BlockwiseTransferHandler.class.getName());
+
+    private Object incompleteResponseMonitor = new Object();
+    private Object incompleteRequestMonitor = new Object();
+
+    private HashMap<ByteArrayWrapper, BlockwiseTransfer> incompleteResponsePayload =
+            new HashMap<ByteArrayWrapper, BlockwiseTransfer>();
+
+    private HashMap<ByteArrayWrapper, ChannelBuffer> incompleteRequestPayload =
+            new HashMap<ByteArrayWrapper, ChannelBuffer>();
+
+    private static BlockwiseTransferHandler instance = new BlockwiseTransferHandler();
+
+    private BlockwiseTransferHandler(){
+
+    }
+
+    public static BlockwiseTransferHandler getInstance(){
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void writeRequested(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageEvent me){
+        if(!(me.getMessage() instanceof CoapMessage)){
+            ctx.sendDownstream(me);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if(me.getMessage() instanceof CoapRequest){
+            CoapRequest request = (CoapRequest) me.getMessage();
+            byte[] token = request.getToken();
+
+            //There was no ResponseCallback attached to the response and thus there is no token
+            if(token.length == 0){
+                ctx.sendDownstream(me);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            BlockwiseTransfer transfer =
+                    new BlockwiseTransfer(request, ChannelBuffers.dynamicBuffer());
+
+            synchronized (incompleteResponseMonitor){
+                incompleteResponsePayload.put(new ByteArrayWrapper(token), transfer);
+            }
+
+            ctx.sendDownstream(me);
+
+            //TODO handle blockwise transfer for outgoing requests with payload
+
+        }
+        else{
+            //TODO handle blockwise transfer for outgoing responses with payload
+            ctx.sendDownstream(me);
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, MessageEvent me){
+        if(!(me.getMessage() instanceof CoapMessage)){
+            ctx.sendUpstream(me);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if(me.getMessage() instanceof CoapResponse){
+            CoapResponse response = (CoapResponse) me.getMessage();
+
+            if(response.getMaxBlocksizeForResponse() != null){
+                final byte[] token = response.getToken();
+
+                //Add latest received payload to already received payload
+                BlockwiseTransfer transfer;
+                synchronized (incompleteResponseMonitor){
+                    transfer = incompleteResponsePayload.get(new ByteArrayWrapper(token));
+
+                    try {
+                        if(response.getBlockNumber(BLOCK_2) == transfer.getNextBlockNumber()){
+                            log.debug("Received response (Token: " + (new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString()) +
+                                      " , Block: " + response.getBlockNumber(BLOCK_2) + "), ");
+
+                            //Copy Payload
+                            ChannelBuffer payloadCopy = ChannelBuffers.copiedBuffer(response.getPayload());
+                            byte[] bytes = new byte[payloadCopy.readableBytes()];
+                            payloadCopy.getBytes(0, bytes);
+                            log.debug("Payload Hex: " + new ByteArrayWrapper(bytes).toHexString());
+                            //**********************************************
+
+                            transfer.getPartialPayload()
+                                    .writeBytes(response.getPayload(), 0, response.getPayload().readableBytes());
+                            transfer.setNextBlockNumber(transfer.getNextBlockNumber() + 1);
+                        }
+                        else{
+                            log.debug("Received duplicate response (Token: " + (new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString()) +
+                                    " , Block: " + response.getBlockNumber(BLOCK_2) + "). IGNORE!");
+
+                            me.getFuture().setSuccess();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch (InvalidOptionException e) {
+                        log.error("This should never happen!", e);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                //Check whether payload of the response is complete
+                try {
+                    if(response.isLastBlock(BLOCK_2)){
+
+                        //Send response with complete payload to application
+                        log.debug("Block " + response.getBlockNumber(BLOCK_2) + " for response with token " +
+                                new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString() +
+                                "  received. Payload complete. Forward to client application.");
+
+                        response.getOptionList().removeAllOptions(BLOCK_2);
+
+                        response.setPayload(transfer.getPartialPayload());
+                        MessageEvent event = new UpstreamMessageEvent(me.getChannel(), response, me.getRemoteAddress());
+                        ctx.sendUpstream(event);
+
+                        synchronized (incompleteResponseMonitor){
+                            if(incompleteResponsePayload.remove(new ByteArrayWrapper(token)) == null){
+                                log.error("This should never happen! No incomplete payload found for token " +
+                                    new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString());
+                            }
+                            else{
+                                log.debug("Deleted not anymore incomplete payload for token " +
+                                        new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString() + " from list");
+                            }
+                        }
+                        //End the original ChannelFuture
+                        me.getFuture().isSuccess();
+                        return;
+
+                    }
+                    else{
+                        final long receivedBlockNumber = response.getBlockNumber(BLOCK_2);
+
+                        log.debug("Block " + receivedBlockNumber + " for response with token " +
+                                new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString() +
+                                "  received. Payload (still) incomplete.");
+
+                        CoapRequest nextCoapRequest = (CoapRequest) transfer.getCoapMessage();
+                        nextCoapRequest.setMessageID(-1);
+                        nextCoapRequest.setBlockOption(BLOCK_2, receivedBlockNumber + 1,
+                                                       false, response.getMaxBlocksizeForResponse());
+
+
+                        ChannelFuture future = Channels.future(me.getChannel());
+
+                        future.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
+                            @Override
+                            public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
+                                log.debug("Request for block " + (receivedBlockNumber + 1) + " for token " +
+                                    new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString() + " sent succesfully.");
+
+                            }
+                        });
+                        MessageEvent event = new DownstreamMessageEvent(me.getChannel(),
+                                future, nextCoapRequest, me.getRemoteAddress());
+
+                        log.debug("Send request for block " + (receivedBlockNumber + 1) + " for token " +
+                                new ByteArrayWrapper(token).toHexString() + ".");
+
+                        ctx.sendDownstream(event);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (InvalidOptionException e) {
+                    log.error("This should never happen!", e);
+                }
+                catch (MessageDoesNotAllowPayloadException e) {
+                    log.error("This should never happen!", e);
+                }
+                catch (ToManyOptionsException e) {
+                    log.error("This should never happen!", e);
+                } catch (InvalidHeaderException e) {
+                    log.error("This should never happen!", e);
+                }
+            }
+            ctx.sendUpstream(me);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+
+    private class BlockwiseTransfer {
+
+        private CoapMessage coapMessage;
+        private ChannelBuffer partialPayload;
+        private int nextBlockNumber = 0;
+
+        public BlockwiseTransfer(CoapMessage coapMessage, ChannelBuffer partialPayload){
+           this.coapMessage = coapMessage;
+           this.partialPayload = partialPayload;
+        }
+
+        public CoapMessage getCoapMessage() throws InvalidHeaderException {
+            return coapMessage;
+        }
+
+        public ChannelBuffer getPartialPayload() {
+            return partialPayload;
+        }
+
+        public void setNextBlockNumber(int nextBlockNumber){
+            this.nextBlockNumber = nextBlockNumber;
+        }
+
+        public int getNextBlockNumber(){
+            return this.nextBlockNumber;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `transfer` last assigned on line 104 could be null and is dereferenced at line 107.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BlockwiseTransferHandler.messageReceived(ChannelHandlerContext,MessageEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.uniluebeck.itm.spitfire.nCoap.communication.blockwise.BlockwiseTransferHandler.messageReceived(or.34a7450d3fa81d4a967b1800e6cae7ad
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/uniluebeck/itm/spitfire/nCoap/communication/blockwise/BlockwiseTransferHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+BlockwiseTransferHandler.java|messageReceived|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2073bc02e1434f0a0e059ade12692e33
+
+### Hash:
+e2b969547167a6b4de1f07afb08970be
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7571/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7571/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0c63853c539852b7a4379c399effb5fbbf47096
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7571/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cassandra-lucene-index
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015, Stratio.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema;
+
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.IndexException;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.analysis.PreBuiltAnalyzers;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.analysis.SnowballAnalyzerBuilder.SnowballAnalyzer;
+import com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.mapping.*;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.Analyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer;
+import org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import static com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.SchemaBuilders.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+/**
+ * @author Andres de la Pena {@literal <adelapena@stratio.com>}
+ */
+public class SchemaBuilderTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testBuild() throws Exception {
+        Schema schema = schema().defaultAnalyzer("custom")
+                                .analyzer("custom", classpathAnalyzer("org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer"))
+                                .analyzer("snowball", snowballAnalyzer("English", "the,at"))
+                                .mapper("big_int", bigIntegerMapper().digits(10))
+                                .mapper("big_dec", bigDecimalMapper().indexed(false).sorted(true))
+                                .mapper("bitemporal", bitemporalMapper("vt_from", "vt_to", "tt_from", "tt_to"))
+                                .mapper("blob", blobMapper())
+                                .mapper("bool", booleanMapper())
+                                .mapper("date", dateMapper())
+                                .mapper("date_range", dateRangeMapper("from", "to"))
+                                .mapper("double", doubleMapper())
+                                .mapper("float", floatMapper())
+                                .mapper("geo", geoPointMapper("lat", "lon"))
+                                .mapper("inet", inetMapper())
+                                .mapper("int", integerMapper().boost(0.3f))
+                                .mapper("long", longMapper())
+                                .mapper("string", stringMapper())
+                                .mapper("text", textMapper())
+                                .mapper("uuid", uuidMapper())
+                                .build();
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", EnglishAnalyzer.class, schema.getDefaultAnalyzer().getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", EnglishAnalyzer.class, schema.getAnalyzer("custom").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", SnowballAnalyzer.class, schema.getAnalyzer("snowball").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", BigIntegerMapper.class, schema.getMapper("big_int").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", BigDecimalMapper.class, schema.getMapper("big_dec").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", BitemporalMapper.class, schema.getMapper("bitemporal").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", BlobMapper.class, schema.getMapper("blob").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", BooleanMapper.class, schema.getMapper("bool").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", DateMapper.class, schema.getMapper("date").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", DateRangeMapper.class, schema.getMapper("date_range").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", DoubleMapper.class, schema.getMapper("double").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", FloatMapper.class, schema.getMapper("float").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", GeoPointMapper.class, schema.getMapper("geo").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", InetMapper.class, schema.getMapper("inet").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", IntegerMapper.class, schema.getMapper("int").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", LongMapper.class, schema.getMapper("long").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", StringMapper.class, schema.getMapper("string").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", TextMapper.class, schema.getMapper("text").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema building", UUIDMapper.class, schema.getMapper("uuid").getClass());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testToJson() throws IOException {
+        String json = schema().defaultAnalyzer("custom")
+                              .analyzer("custom", classpathAnalyzer("org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer"))
+                              .analyzer("snowball", snowballAnalyzer("English", "the,at"))
+                              .mapper("big_int", bigIntegerMapper().digits(10))
+                              .mapper("big_dec", bigDecimalMapper().indexed(false).sorted(true))
+                              .mapper("bitemporal", bitemporalMapper("vtFrom", "vtTo", "ttFrom", "ttTo"))
+                              .mapper("blob", blobMapper())
+                              .mapper("bool", booleanMapper())
+                              .mapper("date", dateMapper())
+                              .mapper("date_range", dateRangeMapper("from", "to"))
+                              .mapper("double", doubleMapper())
+                              .mapper("float", floatMapper())
+                              .mapper("geo", geoPointMapper("lat", "lon"))
+                              .mapper("inet", inetMapper())
+                              .mapper("int", integerMapper().boost(0.3f))
+                              .mapper("long", longMapper())
+                              .mapper("string", stringMapper())
+                              .mapper("text", textMapper())
+                              .mapper("uuid", uuidMapper())
+                              .toJson();
+        String expectedJson = "{default_analyzer:\"custom\"," +
+                              "analyzers:{" +
+                              "custom:{type:\"classpath\",class:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                              "snowball:{type:\"snowball\",language:\"English\",stopwords:\"the,at\"}}," +
+                              "fields:" +
+                              "{big_int:{type:\"bigint\",digits:10}," +
+                              "big_dec:{type:\"bigdec\",indexed:false,sorted:true}," +
+                              "bitemporal:{type:\"bitemporal\"," +
+                              "vt_from:\"vtFrom\",vt_to:\"vtTo\",tt_from:\"ttFrom\",tt_to:\"ttTo\"}," +
+                              "blob:{type:\"bytes\"}," +
+                              "bool:{type:\"boolean\"}," +
+                              "date:{type:\"date\"}," +
+                              "date_range:{type:\"date_range\",from:\"from\",to:\"to\"}," +
+                              "double:{type:\"double\"}," +
+                              "float:{type:\"float\"}," +
+                              "geo:{type:\"geo_point\",latitude:\"lat\",longitude:\"lon\"}," +
+                              "inet:{type:\"inet\"}," +
+                              "int:{type:\"integer\",boost:0.3}," +
+                              "long:{type:\"long\"}," +
+                              "string:{type:\"string\"}," +
+                              "text:{type:\"text\"}," +
+                              "uuid:{type:\"uuid\"}}}";
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON serialization", expectedJson, json);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFromJson() throws IOException {
+        String json = "{analyzers:{" +
+                      "custom:{type:\"classpath\",class:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "snowball:{type:\"snowball\",language:\"English\",stopwords:\"the,at\"}}," +
+                      "default_analyzer:\"custom\"," +
+                      "fields:" +
+                      "{big_int:{type:\"bigint\",digits:10}," +
+                      "big_dec:{type:\"bigdec\",indexed:false,sorted:true}," +
+                      "bitemporal:{type:\"bitemporal\",vt_from:\"vtFrom\",vt_to:\"vtTo\",tt_from:\"ttFrom\",tt_to:\"ttTo\"}," +
+                      "blob:{type:\"bytes\"}," +
+                      "bool:{type:\"boolean\"}," +
+                      "date:{type:\"date\"}," +
+                      "date_range:{type:\"date_range\",from:\"from\",to:\"to\"}," +
+                      "double:{type:\"double\"}," +
+                      "float:{type:\"float\"}," +
+                      "geo:{type:\"geo_point\",latitude:\"lat\",longitude:\"lon\"}," +
+                      "inet:{type:\"inet\"}," +
+                      "int:{type:\"integer\",boost:0.3}," +
+                      "long:{type:\"long\"}," +
+                      "string:{type:\"string\"}," +
+                      "text:{type:\"text\"}," +
+                      "uuid:{type:\"uuid\"}}}";
+        Schema schema = SchemaBuilder.fromJson(json).build();
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", EnglishAnalyzer.class, schema.getDefaultAnalyzer().getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", EnglishAnalyzer.class, schema.getAnalyzer("custom").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", SnowballAnalyzer.class, schema.getAnalyzer("snowball").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", BigIntegerMapper.class, schema.getMapper("big_int").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", BigDecimalMapper.class, schema.getMapper("big_dec").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", BitemporalMapper.class, schema.getMapper("bitemporal").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", BlobMapper.class, schema.getMapper("blob").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", BooleanMapper.class, schema.getMapper("bool").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", DateMapper.class, schema.getMapper("date").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", DateRangeMapper.class, schema.getMapper("date_range").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", DoubleMapper.class, schema.getMapper("double").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", FloatMapper.class, schema.getMapper("float").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", GeoPointMapper.class, schema.getMapper("geo").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", InetMapper.class, schema.getMapper("inet").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", IntegerMapper.class, schema.getMapper("int").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", LongMapper.class, schema.getMapper("long").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", StringMapper.class, schema.getMapper("string").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", TextMapper.class, schema.getMapper("text").getClass());
+        assertEquals("Failed schema JSON parsing", UUIDMapper.class, schema.getMapper("uuid").getClass());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFromJSONWithNullAnalyzers() throws IOException {
+
+        String json = "{" +
+                      "  default_analyzer : \"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"," +
+                      "  fields : {" +
+                      "    id : {type : \"integer\"}," +
+                      "    spanish_text : {" +
+                      "      type:\"text\", " +
+                      "      analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_text : {" +
+                      "      type:\"text\", " +
+                      "      analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    default_text : { type:\"text\"}" +
+                      "  }" +
+                      " }'";
+
+        Schema schema = SchemaBuilder.fromJson(json).build();
+
+        Analyzer defaultAnalyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertTrue("Expected english analyzer", defaultAnalyzer instanceof EnglishAnalyzer);
+
+        Mapper idMapper = schema.getMapper("id");
+        assertTrue("Expected IntegerMapper", idMapper instanceof IntegerMapper);
+
+        Mapper spanishMapper = schema.getMapper("spanish_text");
+        assertTrue("Expected TextMapper", spanishMapper instanceof TextMapper);
+        assertEquals("Expected spanish analyzer", SpanishAnalyzer.class.getName(), spanishMapper.analyzer);
+
+        Mapper snowballMapper = schema.getMapper("snowball_text");
+        assertTrue("Expected TextMapper", snowballMapper instanceof TextMapper);
+        assertEquals("Expected english analyzer", EnglishAnalyzer.class.getName(), snowballMapper.analyzer);
+
+        Mapper defaultMapper = schema.getMapper("default_text");
+        assertTrue("Expected TextMapper", defaultMapper instanceof TextMapper);
+        assertEquals("Expected english analyzer", EnglishAnalyzer.class.getName(), snowballMapper.analyzer);
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFromJSONWithEmptyAnalyzers() throws IOException {
+
+        String json = "{" +
+                      "  analyzers:{}, " +
+                      "  default_analyzer : \"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"," +
+                      "  fields : {" +
+                      "    id : {type : \"integer\"}," +
+                      "    spanish_text : {type:\"text\", " +
+                      "                    analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_text : {type:\"text\", " +
+                      "                     analyzer:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.en.EnglishAnalyzer\"}" +
+                      "  }" +
+                      " }'";
+        Schema schema = SchemaBuilder.fromJson(json).build();
+
+        Analyzer defaultAnalyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertTrue("Expected EnglishAnalyzer", defaultAnalyzer instanceof EnglishAnalyzer);
+
+        Mapper idMapper = schema.getMapper("id");
+        assertEquals("Expected IntegerMapper", IntegerMapper.class, idMapper.getClass());
+
+        Mapper spanishMapper = schema.getMapper("spanish_text");
+        assertTrue(spanishMapper instanceof TextMapper);
+        assertEquals("Expected SpanishAnalyzer", SpanishAnalyzer.class.getName(), spanishMapper.analyzer);
+
+        Mapper snowballMapper = schema.getMapper("snowball_text");
+        assertTrue(snowballMapper instanceof TextMapper);
+        assertEquals("Expected EnglishAnalyzer", EnglishAnalyzer.class.getName(), snowballMapper.analyzer);
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParseJSONWithNullDefaultAnalyzer() throws IOException {
+
+        String json = "{" +
+                      "  analyzers:{" +
+                      "    spanish_analyzer : {" +
+                      "      type:\"classpath\", " +
+                      "      class:\"org.apache.lucene.analysis.es.SpanishAnalyzer\"}," +
+                      "    snowball_analyzer : {" +
+                      "      type:\"snowball\", " +
+                      "      language:\"Spanish\", " +
+                      "      stopwords : \"el,la,lo,lo,as,las,a,ante,con,contra\"}" +
+                      "  }," +
+                      "  fields : { id : {type : \"integer\"} }" +
+                      " }'";
+        Schema schema = SchemaBuilder.fromJson(json).build();
+
+        Analyzer defaultAnalyzer = schema.getDefaultAnalyzer();
+        assertEquals("Expected default analyzer",
+                     PreBuiltAnalyzers.DEFAULT.get().getClass(),
+                     defaultAnalyzer.getClass());
+
+        Analyzer spanishAnalyzer = schema.getAnalyzer("spanish_analyzer");
+        assertTrue("Expected SpanishAnalyzer", spanishAnalyzer instanceof SpanishAnalyzer);
+
+        schema.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IndexException.class)
+    public void testParseJSONWithFailingDefaultAnalyzer() throws IOException {
+        String json = "{default_analyzer : \"xyz\", fields : { id : {type : \"integer\"} } }'";
+        SchemaBuilder.fromJson(json).build();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `schema.getDefaultAnalyzer()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SchemaBuilderTest.testBuild()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.stratio.cassandra.lucene.schema.SchemaBuilderTest.testBuild():void.019c533abf661daf7b1688510ac1165c
+
+### File:
+plugin/src/test/java/com/stratio/cassandra/lucene/schema/SchemaBuilderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SchemaBuilderTest.java|testBuild|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+aa66545b443e053e1949db82c636558b
+
+### Hash:
+28d85c6c33e3e4522d0149ae447b4a20
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7576/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7576/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4876f70f26ebda00cf12c3b189f4e8155b69c26f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7576/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TLS-Attacker
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * TLS-Attacker - A Modular Penetration Testing Framework for TLS
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014-2016 Ruhr University Bochum / Hackmanit GmbH
+ *
+ * Licensed under Apache License 2.0 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ */
+package de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.config.delegate;
+
+import com.beust.jcommander.Parameter;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.exceptions.ConfigurationException;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.util.WorkflowTraceSerializer;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.TlsConfig;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.WorkflowTrace;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import javax.xml.bind.JAXBException;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Robert Merget - robert.merget@rub.de
+ */
+public class WorkflowInputDelegate extends Delegate {
+
+    private static final org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger LOGGER = LogManager.getLogger(WorkflowInputDelegate.class);
+
+    @Parameter(names = "-workflow_input", description = "This parameter allows you to load the whole workflow trace from the specified XML configuration file")
+    private String workflowInput;
+
+    public WorkflowInputDelegate() {
+    }
+
+    public String getWorkflowInput() {
+        return workflowInput;
+    }
+
+    public void setWorkflowInput(String workflowInput) {
+        this.workflowInput = workflowInput;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void applyDelegate(TlsConfig config) {
+        FileInputStream fis = null;
+        try {
+            config.setWorkflowInput(workflowInput);
+            if (workflowInput != null) {
+                fis = new FileInputStream(workflowInput);
+                WorkflowTrace workflowTrace = WorkflowTraceSerializer.read(fis);
+                config.setWorkflowTrace(workflowTrace);
+            }
+        } catch (JAXBException | XMLStreamException | IOException ex) {
+            throw new ConfigurationException("Could not read WorkflowTrace from " + workflowInput, ex);
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                fis.close();
+            } catch (IOException ex) {
+                throw new ConfigurationException("Could not read WorkflowTrace from " + workflowInput, ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `fis` last assigned on line 46 could be null and is dereferenced at line 58.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WorkflowInputDelegate.applyDelegate(TlsConfig)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.config.delegate.WorkflowInputDelegate.applyDelegate(de.rub.nds.tlsattacke.bd11d7c79ef4bd5f309f7ea0471f6db9
+
+### File:
+TLS-Core/src/main/java/de/rub/nds/tlsattacker/tls/config/delegate/WorkflowInputDelegate.java
+
+### Key:
+WorkflowInputDelegate.java|applyDelegate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+f6c08bfdf2043223f7f1aef512c7bf78
+
+### Hash:
+023ccd5fda0303e77297322bdd7b8666
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7578/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7578/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e99d1b8692a2670502b84389941cc3780d0bf3d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7578/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TLS-Attacker
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * TLS-Attacker - A Modular Penetration Testing Framework for TLS
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014-2016 Ruhr University Bochum / Hackmanit GmbH
+ *
+ * Licensed under Apache License 2.0
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ */
+package de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.modifiablevariable.biginteger;
+
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.modifiablevariable.FileConfigurationException;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.modifiablevariable.VariableModification;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.modifiablevariable.integer.IntegerModificationFactory;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.util.RandomHelper;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+/**
+ * @author
+ */
+final public class BigIntegerModificationFactory {
+
+    private static final int MODIFICATION_COUNT = 7;
+
+    private static final int MAX_MODIFICATION_VALUE = 320000;
+
+    private static final int MAX_MODIFICATION_SHIFT_VALUE = 50;
+    
+    private static List<VariableModification<BigInteger>> modificationsFromFile;
+
+    private BigIntegerModificationFactory() {
+    }
+
+    public static BigIntegerAddModification add(final String summand) {
+	return add(new BigInteger(summand));
+    }
+
+    public static BigIntegerAddModification add(final BigInteger summand) {
+	return new BigIntegerAddModification(summand);
+    }
+
+    public static BigIntegerShiftLeftModification shiftLeft(final String shift) {
+	return shiftLeft(new Integer(shift));
+    }
+
+    public static BigIntegerShiftLeftModification shiftLeft(final Integer shift) {
+	return new BigIntegerShiftLeftModification(shift);
+    }
+
+    public static BigIntegerShiftRightModification shiftRight(final String shift) {
+	return shiftRight(new Integer(shift));
+    }
+
+    public static BigIntegerShiftRightModification shiftRight(final Integer shift) {
+	return new BigIntegerShiftRightModification(shift);
+    }
+
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> sub(final String subtrahend) {
+	return sub(new BigInteger(subtrahend));
+    }
+
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> sub(final BigInteger subtrahend) {
+	return new BigIntegerSubtractModification(subtrahend);
+    }
+
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> xor(final String xor) {
+	return xor(new BigInteger(xor));
+    }
+
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> xor(final BigInteger xor) {
+	return new BigIntegerXorModification(xor);
+    }
+
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> explicitValue(final String value) {
+	return explicitValue(new BigInteger(value));
+    }
+
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> explicitValue(final BigInteger value) {
+	return new BigIntegerExplicitValueModification(value);
+    }
+    
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> explicitValueFromFile(int value) {
+        List<VariableModification<BigInteger>> modifications = modificationsFromFile();
+        int pos = value % modifications.size();
+        return modifications.get(pos);
+    }
+
+    public static List<VariableModification<BigInteger>> modificationsFromFile() {
+        try {
+            if (modificationsFromFile == null) {
+                modificationsFromFile = new LinkedList<>();
+                ClassLoader classLoader = IntegerModificationFactory.class.getClassLoader();
+                File file = new File(classLoader.getResource(IntegerModificationFactory.FILE_NAME).getFile());
+                BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+                String line;
+                while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+                    String value = line.trim().split(" ")[0];
+                    modificationsFromFile.add(explicitValue(value));
+                }
+            }
+            return modificationsFromFile;
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new FileConfigurationException("Modifiable variable file name could not have been found.", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static VariableModification<BigInteger> createRandomModification() {
+	Random random = RandomHelper.getRandom();
+	int r = random.nextInt(MODIFICATION_COUNT);
+	BigInteger modification = BigInteger.valueOf(random.nextInt(MAX_MODIFICATION_VALUE));
+	int shiftModification = random.nextInt(MAX_MODIFICATION_SHIFT_VALUE);
+	VariableModification<BigInteger> vm = null;
+	switch (r) {
+	    case 0:
+		vm = new BigIntegerAddModification(modification);
+		return vm;
+	    case 1:
+		vm = new BigIntegerSubtractModification(modification);
+		return vm;
+	    case 2:
+		vm = new BigIntegerXorModification(modification);
+		return vm;
+	    case 3:
+		vm = new BigIntegerExplicitValueModification(modification);
+		return vm;
+	    case 4:
+		vm = new BigIntegerShiftLeftModification(shiftModification);
+		return vm;
+	    case 5:
+		vm = new BigIntegerShiftRightModification(shiftModification);
+		return vm;
+            case 6:
+                vm = explicitValueFromFile(MAX_MODIFICATION_VALUE);
+                return vm;
+	}
+	return vm;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 100 is not released after line 108.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 102
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List BigIntegerModificationFactory.modificationsFromFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.modifiablevariable.biginteger.BigIntegerModificationFactory.modificationsFrom.baf4ccc4c1863ddd7749de46359778d5
+
+### File:
+ModifiableVariable/src/main/java/de/rub/nds/tlsattacker/modifiablevariable/biginteger/BigIntegerModificationFactory.java
+
+### Key:
+BigIntegerModificationFactory.java|modificationsFromFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+dfbe9231fbd2a159776a714ce314a71f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7582/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7582/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8ecc15f9d82bb2af56b00c3ea2f5e71d07d6a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7582/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** TLS-Attacker
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * TLS-Attacker - A Modular Penetration Testing Framework for TLS
+ *
+ * Copyright 2014-2016 Ruhr University Bochum / Hackmanit GmbH
+ *
+ * Licensed under Apache License 2.0 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ */
+package Executor;
+
+import Mutator.Mutator;
+import Agents.AgentFactory;
+import Agents.Agent;
+import Config.EvolutionaryFuzzerConfig;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.config.WorkflowTraceSerializer;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.WorkflowTrace;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import Server.ServerManager;
+import Server.TLSServer;
+import TestVector.TestVector;
+import TestVector.TestVectorSerializer;
+import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ThreadFactoryBuilder;
+import de.rub.nds.tlsattacker.tls.workflow.action.TLSAction;
+import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * This ThreadPool manages the Threads for the different Executors and is
+ * responsible for the continious exectution of new Fuzzingvectors.
+ * 
+ * @author Robert Merget - robert.merget@rub.de
+ */
+public class ExecutorThreadPool implements Runnable {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ExecutorThreadPool.class.getName());
+
+    // Number of Threads which execute FuzzingVectors
+    private final int poolSize;
+    //
+    private final ThreadPoolExecutor executor;
+    // The Mutator used by the ExecutorPool to fetch new Tasks
+    private final Mutator mutator;
+    // The Executor thread pool will continuasly fetch and execute new Tasks
+    // while this is false
+    private boolean stopped = true;
+    // Counts the number of executed Tasks for statisticall purposes.
+    private long runs = 0;
+    // List of Workflowtraces that should be executed before we start generating
+    // new Workflows
+    private final List<TestVector> list;
+    // The Config the ExecutorThreadPool uses
+    private final EvolutionaryFuzzerConfig config;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor for the ExecutorThreadPool
+     * 
+     * @param poolSize
+     *            Number of Threads the pool Manages
+     * @param mutator
+     *            Mutator which is used for the Generation of new
+     *            FuzzingVectors.
+     */
+    public ExecutorThreadPool(int poolSize, Mutator mutator, EvolutionaryFuzzerConfig config) {
+	this.config = config;
+	this.poolSize = poolSize;
+	this.mutator = mutator;
+	BlockingQueue workQueue = new ArrayBlockingQueue<>(poolSize * 5);
+
+	ThreadFactory threadFactory = new ThreadFactoryBuilder().setNameFormat("Executor-%d").setDaemon(false).build();
+
+	executor = new BlockingThreadPoolExecutor(poolSize, poolSize, config.getTimeout(), TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS,
+		workQueue, threadFactory);
+
+	LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Reading Archive Vectors in:");
+
+	File f = new File(config.getArchiveFolder());
+	list = TestVectorSerializer.readFolder(f);
+	LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Loaded Archive Vectors:{0}", list.size());
+	// We need to fix Server responses before we can use the workflowtraces
+	// for mutation
+	LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Preparing Vectors:{0}", list.size());
+	for (TestVector vector : list) {
+	    vector.getTrace().makeGeneric();
+	}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Number of executed FuzzingVectors
+     * 
+     * @return Number of executed FuzzingVectors
+     */
+    public long getRuns() {
+	return runs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the Thread which manages the other Threads
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void run() {
+	stopped = false;
+	// Dont save old results
+	config.setSerialize(false);
+	if (!config.isNoOld()) {
+	    for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+		TLSServer server = null;
+		try {
+		    if (!stopped) {
+			server = ServerManager.getInstance().getFreeServer();
+			Agent agent = AgentFactory.generateAgent(config, list.get(i).getServerKeyCert());
+			Runnable worker = new TLSExecutor(list.get(i), server, agent);
+                        for (TLSAction action : list.get(i).getTrace().getTLSActions()) {
+                            action.reset();
+                        }
+                        list.get(i).getModificationList().clear();
+			executor.submit(worker);
+			runs++;
+		    } else {
+			i--;
+			try {
+			    Thread.sleep(1000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+			    Logger.getLogger(ExecutorThreadPool.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE,
+				    "Thread interruiped while the ThreadPool is paused.", ex);
+			}
+		    }
+		} catch (Throwable E) {
+		    E.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    // Save new results
+	    config.setSerialize(true);
+	    while (true) {
+		TLSServer server = null;
+		try {
+		    if (!stopped) {
+			server = ServerManager.getInstance().getFreeServer();
+			TestVector vector = mutator.getNewMutation();
+			Agent agent = AgentFactory.generateAgent(config, vector.getServerKeyCert());
+			Runnable worker = new TLSExecutor(vector, server, agent);
+			executor.submit(worker);
+			runs++;
+
+		    } else {
+			try {
+			    Thread.sleep(1000);
+			} catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+			    Logger.getLogger(ExecutorThreadPool.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE,
+				    "Thread interruiped while the ThreadPool is paused.", ex);
+			}
+		    }
+		} catch (Throwable ex) {
+		    ex.printStackTrace();
+                    server.release();
+		}
+
+	    }
+	    /*
+	     * executor.shutdown(); while (!executor.isTerminated()) { }
+	     * System.out.println('ExecutorThread Pool Shutdown');
+	     */
+	}
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns if the ThreadPool is currently stopped.
+     * 
+     * @return if the ThreadPool is currently stopped
+     */
+    public synchronized boolean isStopped() {
+	return stopped;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts or stops the Threadpool
+     * 
+     * @param stopped
+     */
+    public synchronized void setStopped(boolean stopped) {
+	this.stopped = stopped;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized boolean hasRunningThreads() {
+	return executor.getActiveCount() == 0;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `server` last assigned on line 140 could be null and is dereferenced at line 160.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExecutorThreadPool.run()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+Executor.ExecutorThreadPool.run():void.215ee8851f088e933f0a7fa4b3f4a78b
+
+### File:
+EvolutionaryFuzzer/src/main/java/Executor/ExecutorThreadPool.java
+
+### Key:
+ExecutorThreadPool.java|run|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3447acce043243961c64d6de38403f8f
+
+### Hash:
+21ebe7c8e91492e555b095a75030b104
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7662/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7662/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..994be9cb63f41820458a35116cb7a3fb3643400e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7662/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** siddhi
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright (c) 2016, WSO2 Inc. (http://www.wso2.org) All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ *  WSO2 Inc. licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
+ *  Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+ *  in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ *  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ *  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ *  KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ *  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ *  under the License.
+ */
+package org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.input.stream.join;
+
+
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.ComplexEvent;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.ComplexEventChunk;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.state.StateEvent;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.state.StateEventPool;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.stream.StreamEvent;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.processor.Processor;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.processor.stream.window.FindableProcessor;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.selector.QuerySelector;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.util.collection.operator.Finder;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+
+/**
+ * Created on 12/8/14.
+ */
+public class JoinProcessor implements Processor {
+    protected boolean trigger;
+    protected boolean leftJoinProcessor = false;
+    private boolean preJoinProcessor = false;
+    protected boolean outerJoinProcessor = false;
+    protected int matchingStreamIndex;
+    protected Lock joinLock;
+
+    private StateEventPool stateEventPool;
+    protected Finder finder;
+    protected FindableProcessor findableProcessor;
+    protected Processor nextProcessor;
+    protected QuerySelector selector;
+
+    public JoinProcessor(boolean leftJoinProcessor, boolean preJoinProcessor, boolean outerJoinProcessor, int matchingStreamIndex) {
+        this.leftJoinProcessor = leftJoinProcessor;
+        this.preJoinProcessor = preJoinProcessor;
+        this.outerJoinProcessor = outerJoinProcessor;
+        this.matchingStreamIndex = matchingStreamIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the handed StreamEvent
+     *
+     * @param complexEventChunk event chunk to be processed
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void process(ComplexEventChunk complexEventChunk) {
+        if (trigger) {
+            ComplexEventChunk<StateEvent> returnEventChunk = new ComplexEventChunk<StateEvent>(true);
+            StateEvent joinStateEvent = new StateEvent(2, 0);
+            StreamEvent nextEvent = (StreamEvent) complexEventChunk.getFirst();
+            complexEventChunk.clear();
+            while (nextEvent != null) {
+
+                StreamEvent streamEvent = nextEvent;
+                nextEvent = streamEvent.getNext();
+                streamEvent.setNext(null);
+                joinLock.lock();
+                try {
+                    if (streamEvent.getType() == ComplexEvent.Type.TIMER) {
+                        if (preJoinProcessor) {
+                            complexEventChunk.add(streamEvent);
+                            nextProcessor.process(complexEventChunk);
+                            complexEventChunk.clear();
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    } else if (streamEvent.getType() == ComplexEvent.Type.CURRENT) {
+                        if (!preJoinProcessor) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    } else if (streamEvent.getType() == ComplexEvent.Type.EXPIRED) {
+                        if (preJoinProcessor) {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                    } else if (streamEvent.getType() == ComplexEvent.Type.RESET) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    joinStateEvent.setEvent(matchingStreamIndex, streamEvent);
+                    StreamEvent foundStreamEvent = findableProcessor.find(joinStateEvent, finder);
+                    joinStateEvent.setEvent(matchingStreamIndex, null);
+                    if (foundStreamEvent == null) {
+                        if (outerJoinProcessor && !leftJoinProcessor) {
+                            returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(foundStreamEvent, streamEvent));
+                        } else if (outerJoinProcessor && leftJoinProcessor) {
+                            returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(streamEvent, foundStreamEvent));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        while (foundStreamEvent != null) {
+                            if (!leftJoinProcessor) {
+                                returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(foundStreamEvent, streamEvent));
+                            } else {
+                                returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(streamEvent, foundStreamEvent));
+                            }
+                            foundStreamEvent = foundStreamEvent.getNext();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (preJoinProcessor) {
+                        complexEventChunk.add(streamEvent);
+                        nextProcessor.process(complexEventChunk);
+                        complexEventChunk.clear();
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    joinLock.unlock();
+                }
+                if (returnEventChunk.getFirst() != null) {
+                    selector.process(returnEventChunk);
+                    returnEventChunk.clear();
+                }
+
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (preJoinProcessor) {
+                joinLock.lock();
+                try {
+                    nextProcessor.process(complexEventChunk);
+                } finally {
+                    joinLock.unlock();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get next processor element in the processor chain. Processed event should be sent to next processor
+     *
+     * @return Next Processor
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Processor getNextProcessor() {
+        return nextProcessor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set next processor element in processor chain
+     *
+     * @param processor Processor to be set as next element of processor chain
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setNextProcessor(Processor processor) {
+        nextProcessor = processor;
+    }
+
+    public void setJoinLock(Lock joinLock) {
+        this.joinLock = joinLock;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set as the last element of the processor chain
+     *
+     * @param processor Last processor in the chain
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setToLast(Processor processor) {
+        if (nextProcessor == null) {
+            this.nextProcessor = processor;
+        } else {
+            this.nextProcessor.setToLast(processor);
+        }
+        if (processor instanceof QuerySelector) {
+            selector = (QuerySelector) processor;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone a copy of processor
+     *
+     * @param key partition key
+     * @return Cloned Processor
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Processor cloneProcessor(String key) {
+        JoinProcessor joinProcessor = new JoinProcessor(leftJoinProcessor, preJoinProcessor, outerJoinProcessor, matchingStreamIndex);
+        joinProcessor.setTrigger(trigger);
+        if (trigger) {
+            joinProcessor.setFinder(finder.cloneFinder(key));
+        }
+        return joinProcessor;
+    }
+
+    public void setFindableProcessor(FindableProcessor findableProcessor) {
+        this.findableProcessor = findableProcessor;
+    }
+
+    public void setFinder(Finder finder) {
+        this.finder = finder;
+    }
+
+    public void setTrigger(boolean trigger) {
+        this.trigger = trigger;
+    }
+
+    public void setStateEventPool(StateEventPool stateEventPool) {
+        this.stateEventPool = stateEventPool;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Join the given two event streams
+     *
+     * @param leftStream  event left stream
+     * @param rightStream event right stream
+     * @return StateEvent state event
+     */
+    public StateEvent joinEventBuilder(StreamEvent leftStream, StreamEvent rightStream) {
+        StateEvent returnEvent = stateEventPool.borrowEvent();
+        returnEvent.setEvent(0, leftStream);
+        returnEvent.setEvent(1, rightStream);
+        if (preJoinProcessor) {
+            returnEvent.setType(ComplexEvent.Type.CURRENT);
+        } else {
+            returnEvent.setType(ComplexEvent.Type.EXPIRED);
+        }
+        if (!leftJoinProcessor) {
+            returnEvent.setTimestamp(rightStream.getTimestamp());
+        } else {
+            returnEvent.setTimestamp(leftStream.getTimestamp());
+        }
+        return returnEvent;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.input.stream.join.JoinProcessor.process` indirectly reads with synchronization from `complexEventChunk.org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.ComplexEventChunk.last`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `JoinProcessor.process(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JoinProcessor.process(ComplexEventChunk)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.input.stream.join.JoinProcessor.process(org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.Comple.a358928438188c1ff54a5245af552238
+
+### File:
+modules/siddhi-core/src/main/java/org/wso2/siddhi/core/query/input/stream/join/JoinProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+JoinProcessor.java|process|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+37a76196a29dfa6c8129453d2e1337a9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7665/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7665/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48c13f0e30b64a9dbf694d16e67741492c34b6f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7665/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** siddhi
+**Bug ID:** 39
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright (c) 2016, WSO2 Inc. (http://www.wso2.org) All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ *  WSO2 Inc. licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
+ *  Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except
+ *  in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ *  software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ *  "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ *  KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ *  specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ *  under the License.
+ */
+package org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.input.stream.join;
+
+
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.ComplexEvent;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.ComplexEventChunk;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.state.StateEvent;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.state.StateEventPool;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.stream.StreamEvent;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.processor.Processor;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.processor.stream.window.FindableProcessor;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.selector.QuerySelector;
+import org.wso2.siddhi.core.util.collection.operator.Finder;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+
+/**
+ * Created on 12/8/14.
+ */
+public class JoinProcessor implements Processor {
+    private boolean trigger;
+    private boolean leftJoinProcessor = false;
+    private boolean preJoinProcessor = false;
+    private boolean outerJoinProcessor = false;
+    private int matchingStreamIndex;
+    private Lock joinLock;
+
+    private StateEventPool stateEventPool;
+    private Finder finder;
+    private FindableProcessor findableProcessor;
+    private Processor nextProcessor;
+    private QuerySelector selector;
+
+    public JoinProcessor(boolean leftJoinProcessor, boolean preJoinProcessor, boolean outerJoinProcessor, int matchingStreamIndex) {
+        this.leftJoinProcessor = leftJoinProcessor;
+        this.preJoinProcessor = preJoinProcessor;
+        this.outerJoinProcessor = outerJoinProcessor;
+        this.matchingStreamIndex = matchingStreamIndex;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Process the handed StreamEvent
+     *
+     * @param complexEventChunk event chunk to be processed
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void process(ComplexEventChunk complexEventChunk) {
+        if (trigger) {
+            ComplexEventChunk<StateEvent> returnEventChunk = new ComplexEventChunk<StateEvent>(true);
+            StateEvent joinStateEvent = new StateEvent(2, 0);
+            StreamEvent nextEvent = (StreamEvent) complexEventChunk.getFirst();
+            complexEventChunk.clear();
+            while (nextEvent != null) {
+
+                StreamEvent streamEvent = nextEvent;
+                nextEvent = streamEvent.getNext();
+                streamEvent.setNext(null);
+                joinLock.lock();
+                try {
+                    ComplexEvent.Type eventType = streamEvent.getType();
+                    if (eventType == ComplexEvent.Type.TIMER) {
+                        continue;
+                    } else if (eventType == ComplexEvent.Type.RESET) {
+                        if (outerJoinProcessor && !leftJoinProcessor) {
+                            returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(null, streamEvent, eventType));
+                        } else if (outerJoinProcessor && leftJoinProcessor) {
+                            returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(streamEvent, null, eventType));
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        joinStateEvent.setEvent(matchingStreamIndex, streamEvent);
+                        StreamEvent foundStreamEvent = findableProcessor.find(joinStateEvent, finder);
+                        joinStateEvent.setEvent(matchingStreamIndex, null);
+                        if (foundStreamEvent == null) {
+                            if (outerJoinProcessor && !leftJoinProcessor) {
+                                returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(foundStreamEvent, streamEvent, eventType));
+                            } else if (outerJoinProcessor && leftJoinProcessor) {
+                                returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(streamEvent, foundStreamEvent, eventType));
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            while (foundStreamEvent != null) {
+                                if (!leftJoinProcessor) {
+                                    returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(foundStreamEvent, streamEvent, eventType));
+                                } else {
+                                    returnEventChunk.add(joinEventBuilder(streamEvent, foundStreamEvent, eventType));
+                                }
+                                foundStreamEvent = foundStreamEvent.getNext();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    joinLock.unlock();
+                }
+                if (returnEventChunk.getFirst() != null) {
+                    selector.process(returnEventChunk);
+                    returnEventChunk.clear();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (preJoinProcessor) {
+                joinLock.lock();
+                try {
+                    nextProcessor.process(complexEventChunk);
+                } finally {
+                    joinLock.unlock();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get next processor element in the processor chain. Processed event should be sent to next processor
+     *
+     * @return Next Processor
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Processor getNextProcessor() {
+        return nextProcessor;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set next processor element in processor chain
+     *
+     * @param processor Processor to be set as next element of processor chain
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setNextProcessor(Processor processor) {
+        nextProcessor = processor;
+    }
+
+    public void setJoinLock(Lock joinLock) {
+        this.joinLock = joinLock;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set as the last element of the processor chain
+     *
+     * @param processor Last processor in the chain
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void setToLast(Processor processor) {
+        if (nextProcessor == null) {
+            this.nextProcessor = processor;
+        } else {
+            this.nextProcessor.setToLast(processor);
+        }
+        if (processor instanceof QuerySelector) {
+            selector = (QuerySelector) processor;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone a copy of processor
+     *
+     * @param key partition key
+     * @return Cloned Processor
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Processor cloneProcessor(String key) {
+        JoinProcessor joinProcessor = new JoinProcessor(leftJoinProcessor, preJoinProcessor, outerJoinProcessor, matchingStreamIndex);
+        joinProcessor.setTrigger(trigger);
+        if (trigger) {
+            joinProcessor.setFinder(finder.cloneFinder(key));
+        }
+        return joinProcessor;
+    }
+
+    public void setFindableProcessor(FindableProcessor findableProcessor) {
+        this.findableProcessor = findableProcessor;
+    }
+
+    public void setFinder(Finder finder) {
+        this.finder = finder;
+    }
+
+    public void setTrigger(boolean trigger) {
+        this.trigger = trigger;
+    }
+
+    public void setStateEventPool(StateEventPool stateEventPool) {
+        this.stateEventPool = stateEventPool;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Join the given two event streams
+     *
+     * @param leftStream  event left stream
+     * @param rightStream event right stream
+     * @return StateEvent state event
+     */
+    public StateEvent joinEventBuilder(StreamEvent leftStream, StreamEvent rightStream, ComplexEvent.Type type) {
+        StateEvent returnEvent = stateEventPool.borrowEvent();
+        returnEvent.setEvent(0, leftStream);
+        returnEvent.setEvent(1, rightStream);
+        returnEvent.setType(type);
+        if (!leftJoinProcessor) {
+            returnEvent.setTimestamp(rightStream.getTimestamp());
+        } else {
+            returnEvent.setTimestamp(leftStream.getTimestamp());
+        }
+        return returnEvent;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.input.stream.join.JoinProcessor.process` indirectly reads without synchronization from `complexEventChunk.org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.ComplexEventChunk.first`. Potentially races with write in method `JoinProcessor.process(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JoinProcessor.process(ComplexEventChunk)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.wso2.siddhi.core.query.input.stream.join.JoinProcessor.process(org.wso2.siddhi.core.event.Comple.a358928438188c1ff54a5245af552238
+
+### File:
+modules/siddhi-core/src/main/java/org/wso2/siddhi/core/query/input/stream/join/JoinProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+JoinProcessor.java|process|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+ffff79f7971f903c3f3a64349e4f5fe1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7691/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7691/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1bd094b8288b8b9c3195fbe418a2627ba69a15e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7691/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NettyGameServer
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server;
+
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.BOEnum;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.GlobalConstants;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.Loggers;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.ServiceName;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.util.FileUtil;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.util.JdomUtils;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.IService;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.RpcConnectManager;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.impl.DbRpcConnnectManngeer;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.impl.GameRpcConnecetMananger;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.impl.WorldRpcConnectManager;
+import org.jdom2.Element;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Created by jwp on 2017/3/8.
+ * rpc的服务发现
+ */
+@Service
+public class RpcServiceDiscovery implements IService {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Loggers.rpcLogger;
+
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+
+    protected List<SdServer> sdWorldServers;
+    protected List<SdServer> sdGameServers;
+    protected List<SdServer> sdDbServers;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private WorldRpcConnectManager worldRpcConnectManager;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private GameRpcConnecetMananger gameRpcConnecetMananger;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private DbRpcConnnectManngeer dbRpcConnnectManngeer;
+
+    private SdRpcServiceProvider sdRpcServiceProvider;
+
+    public void initWorldConnectedServer() throws Exception {
+        worldRpcConnectManager.initManager();
+        worldRpcConnectManager.initServers(sdWorldServers);
+    }
+
+    public void initGameConnectedServer() throws Exception {
+        gameRpcConnecetMananger.initManager();
+        gameRpcConnecetMananger.initServers(sdGameServers);
+    }
+
+    public void initDbConnectServer() throws Exception{
+        dbRpcConnnectManngeer.initManager();
+        dbRpcConnnectManngeer.initServers(sdDbServers);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getId() {
+        return ServiceName.RpcServiceDiscovery;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startup() throws Exception {
+        init();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() throws Exception {
+        worldRpcConnectManager.stop();
+        gameRpcConnecetMananger.stop();
+        dbRpcConnnectManngeer.stop();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void init() throws Exception {
+
+        Element rootElement = JdomUtils.getRootElemet(FileUtil.getConfigURL(GlobalConstants.ConfigFile.RPC_SERVER_CONFIG).getFile());
+
+        Map<Integer, SdServer> serverMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+        List<SdServer> sdWorldServers = new ArrayList<SdServer>();
+        Element element = rootElement.getChild(BOEnum.WORLD.toString().toLowerCase());
+        List<Element> childrenElements = element.getChildren("server");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            SdServer sdServer = new SdServer();
+            sdServer.load(childElement);
+            sdWorldServers.add(sdServer);
+        }
+
+        List<SdServer> sdGameServers = new ArrayList<SdServer>();
+        element = rootElement.getChild(BOEnum.GAME.toString().toLowerCase());
+        childrenElements = element.getChildren("server");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            SdServer sdServer = new SdServer();
+            sdServer.load(childElement);
+            sdGameServers.add(sdServer);
+        }
+
+        List<SdServer> sdDbServers = new ArrayList<SdServer>();
+        element = rootElement.getChild(BOEnum.DB.toString().toLowerCase());
+        childrenElements = element.getChildren("server");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            SdServer sdServer = new SdServer();
+            sdServer.load(childElement);
+            sdDbServers.add(sdServer);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this.lock) {
+            this.sdWorldServers = sdWorldServers;
+            this.sdGameServers = sdGameServers;
+            this.sdDbServers = sdDbServers;
+        }
+
+        initWorldConnectedServer();
+        initGameConnectedServer();
+        initDbConnectServer();
+
+
+        SdRpcServiceProvider sdRpcServiceProvider = new SdRpcServiceProvider();
+        rootElement = JdomUtils.getRootElemet(FileUtil.getConfigURL(GlobalConstants.ConfigFile.RPC_SERVEICE_CONFIG).getFile());
+        childrenElements = rootElement.getChildren("service");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            sdRpcServiceProvider.load(childElement);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this.lock) {
+            this.sdRpcServiceProvider = sdRpcServiceProvider;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public RpcConnectManager getRpcConnectMannger(BOEnum boEnum){
+        RpcConnectManager rpcConnectManager = worldRpcConnectManager;
+        if(boEnum.equals(BOEnum.GAME)){
+            rpcConnectManager = gameRpcConnecetMananger;
+        }else if (boEnum.equals(BOEnum.DB)){
+            rpcConnectManager = dbRpcConnnectManngeer;
+        }
+        return worldRpcConnectManager;
+    }
+
+    public SdRpcServiceProvider getSdRpcServiceProvider() {
+        return sdRpcServiceProvider;
+    }
+
+    public void setSdRpcServiceProvider(SdRpcServiceProvider sdRpcServiceProvider) {
+        this.sdRpcServiceProvider = sdRpcServiceProvider;
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server.RpcServiceDiscovery.initDbConnectServer` indirectly writes to field `this.com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server.RpcServiceDiscovery.dbRpcConnnectManngeer.com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.RpcConnectManager.threadPoolExecutor` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RpcServiceDiscovery.initDbConnectServer()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server.RpcServiceDiscovery.initDbConnectServer():void.67ae69e668ada1210a0d1551dc4bb235
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/wolf/shoot/service/rpc/server/RpcServiceDiscovery.java
+
+### Key:
+RpcServiceDiscovery.java|initDbConnectServer|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+4a414e57cd6872e6ef49513373320fa3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7696/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7696/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9f2d0f51b9e181efc08d294efd94d2208ce3f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7696/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** NettyGameServer
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server;
+
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.BOEnum;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.GlobalConstants;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.Loggers;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.constant.ServiceName;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.util.FileUtil;
+import com.wolf.shoot.common.util.JdomUtils;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.IService;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.RpcConnectManager;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.impl.DbRpcConnnectManngeer;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.impl.GameRpcConnecetMananger;
+import com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.client.impl.WorldRpcConnectManager;
+import org.jdom2.Element;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Created by jwp on 2017/3/8.
+ * rpc的服务发现
+ */
+@Service
+public class RpcServiceDiscovery implements IService {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Loggers.rpcLogger;
+
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+
+    protected List<SdServer> sdWorldServers;
+    protected List<SdServer> sdGameServers;
+    protected List<SdServer> sdDbServers;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private WorldRpcConnectManager worldRpcConnectManager;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private GameRpcConnecetMananger gameRpcConnecetMananger;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private DbRpcConnnectManngeer dbRpcConnnectManngeer;
+
+    private SdRpcServiceProvider sdRpcServiceProvider;
+
+    public void initWorldConnectedServer() throws Exception {
+        worldRpcConnectManager.initManager();
+        worldRpcConnectManager.initServers(sdWorldServers);
+    }
+
+    public void initGameConnectedServer() throws Exception {
+        gameRpcConnecetMananger.initManager();
+        gameRpcConnecetMananger.initServers(sdGameServers);
+    }
+
+    public void initDbConnectServer() throws Exception{
+        dbRpcConnnectManngeer.initManager();
+        dbRpcConnnectManngeer.initServers(sdDbServers);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getId() {
+        return ServiceName.RpcServiceDiscovery;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startup() throws Exception {
+        init();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() throws Exception {
+        worldRpcConnectManager.stop();
+        gameRpcConnecetMananger.stop();
+        dbRpcConnnectManngeer.stop();
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public void init() throws Exception {
+
+        Element rootElement = JdomUtils.getRootElemet(FileUtil.getConfigURL(GlobalConstants.ConfigFile.RPC_SERVER_CONFIG).getFile());
+
+        Map<Integer, SdServer> serverMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+        List<SdServer> sdWorldServers = new ArrayList<SdServer>();
+        Element element = rootElement.getChild(BOEnum.WORLD.toString().toLowerCase());
+        List<Element> childrenElements = element.getChildren("server");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            SdServer sdServer = new SdServer();
+            sdServer.load(childElement);
+            sdWorldServers.add(sdServer);
+        }
+
+        List<SdServer> sdGameServers = new ArrayList<SdServer>();
+        element = rootElement.getChild(BOEnum.GAME.toString().toLowerCase());
+        childrenElements = element.getChildren("server");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            SdServer sdServer = new SdServer();
+            sdServer.load(childElement);
+            sdGameServers.add(sdServer);
+        }
+
+        List<SdServer> sdDbServers = new ArrayList<SdServer>();
+        element = rootElement.getChild(BOEnum.DB.toString().toLowerCase());
+        childrenElements = element.getChildren("server");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            SdServer sdServer = new SdServer();
+            sdServer.load(childElement);
+            sdDbServers.add(sdServer);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this.lock) {
+            this.sdWorldServers = sdWorldServers;
+            this.sdGameServers = sdGameServers;
+            this.sdDbServers = sdDbServers;
+        }
+
+        initWorldConnectedServer();
+        initGameConnectedServer();
+        initDbConnectServer();
+
+
+        SdRpcServiceProvider sdRpcServiceProvider = new SdRpcServiceProvider();
+        rootElement = JdomUtils.getRootElemet(FileUtil.getConfigURL(GlobalConstants.ConfigFile.RPC_SERVEICE_CONFIG).getFile());
+        childrenElements = rootElement.getChildren("service");
+        for (Element childElement : childrenElements) {
+            sdRpcServiceProvider.load(childElement);
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this.lock) {
+            this.sdRpcServiceProvider = sdRpcServiceProvider;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    public RpcConnectManager getRpcConnectMannger(BOEnum boEnum){
+        RpcConnectManager rpcConnectManager = worldRpcConnectManager;
+        if(boEnum.equals(BOEnum.GAME)){
+            rpcConnectManager = gameRpcConnecetMananger;
+        }else if (boEnum.equals(BOEnum.DB)){
+            rpcConnectManager = dbRpcConnnectManngeer;
+        }
+        return worldRpcConnectManager;
+    }
+
+    public SdRpcServiceProvider getSdRpcServiceProvider() {
+        return sdRpcServiceProvider;
+    }
+
+    public void setSdRpcServiceProvider(SdRpcServiceProvider sdRpcServiceProvider) {
+        this.sdRpcServiceProvider = sdRpcServiceProvider;
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server.RpcServiceDiscovery.initDbConnectServer` reads without synchronization from `this.com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server.RpcServiceDiscovery.sdDbServers`. Potentially races with write in method `RpcServiceDiscovery.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RpcServiceDiscovery.initDbConnectServer()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.wolf.shoot.service.rpc.server.RpcServiceDiscovery.initDbConnectServer():void.67ae69e668ada1210a0d1551dc4bb235
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/wolf/shoot/service/rpc/server/RpcServiceDiscovery.java
+
+### Key:
+RpcServiceDiscovery.java|initDbConnectServer|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2a323395228c59e0568e567ba7854542
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7710/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7710/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cc0357b577622f522392a48c40fb1794b80590cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7710/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.SoundTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.SoundType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+
+/**
+ * Generates my own vCard.
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class MyVCard {
+	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		StructuredNameType n = new StructuredNameType();
+		n.setFamily("Angstadt");
+		n.setGiven("Michael");
+		n.addPrefix("Mr");
+		vcard.setStructuredName(n);
+
+		vcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt"));
+
+		NicknameType nickname = new NicknameType();
+		nickname.addValue("Mike");
+		vcard.setNickname(nickname);
+
+		vcard.addTitle(new TitleType("Software Engineer"));
+
+		EmailType email = new EmailType("mike.angstadt@gmail.com");
+		vcard.addEmail(email);
+
+		UrlType url = new UrlType("http://mikeangstadt.name");
+		vcard.addUrl(url);
+
+		CategoriesType categories = new CategoriesType();
+		categories.addValue("Java software engineer");
+		categories.addValue("vCard expert");
+		categories.addValue("Nice guy!!");
+		vcard.setCategories(categories);
+
+		vcard.setGeo(new GeoType(39.95, -75.1667));
+
+		vcard.setTimezone(new TimezoneType(-5, 0, "America/New_York"));
+
+		byte portrait[] = getFileBytes("portrait.jpg");
+		PhotoType photo = new PhotoType(portrait, ImageTypeParameter.JPEG);
+		vcard.addPhoto(photo);
+
+		byte pronunciation[] = getFileBytes("pronunciation.ogg");
+		SoundType sound = new SoundType(pronunciation, SoundTypeParameter.OGG);
+		vcard.addSound(sound);
+
+		//vcard.setUid(UidType.random());
+		vcard.setUid(new UidType("urn:uuid:dd418720-c754-4631-a869-db89d02b831b"));
+
+		vcard.addSource(new SourceType("http://mikeangstadt.name/mike-angstadt.vcf"));
+
+		vcard.setRevision(new RevisionType(new Date()));
+
+		//write vCard to file
+		Writer writer = new FileWriter("mike-angstadt.vcf");
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(writer, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		List<String> warnings = vcw.getWarnings();
+		System.out.println("Completed with " + warnings.size() + " warnings.");
+		for (String warning : warnings) {
+			System.out.println("* " + warning);
+		}
+		writer.close();
+	}
+
+	private static byte[] getFileBytes(String path) throws IOException {
+		File file = new File(path);
+		byte data[] = new byte[(int) file.length()];
+		InputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
+		in.read(data);
+		in.close();
+		return data;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ezvcard.io.FoldedLineWriter` acquired by call to `VCardWriter(...)` at line 86 is not released after line 88.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MyVCard.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.MyVCard.main(java.lang.String[]):void.0a54d14cb90a2c2267e93745681d58f5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/MyVCard.java
+
+### Key:
+MyVCard.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+440a2ac18d3e8319bfc8d78b5f377e5b
+
+### Hash:
+dcb8620dbea208936e6c2ca62be74e38
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7711/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7711/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0df6fa1e15da99798813f0efa4237ddcf5eba5da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7711/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2946 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static ezvcard.util.TestUtils.assertIntEquals;
+import static ezvcard.util.VCardStringUtils.NEWLINE;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE;x-size=8:The note\r\n" +
+		"ADR;HOME;WORK:;;;;\r\n" + //nameless parameters
+		"LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel:\r\n" + //repeated parameter name
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, note.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().first("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().first("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, label.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(2, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void type_parameter_enclosed_in_double_quotes() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:4.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom,home,work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",\"home\",\"work\":;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=\"dom\",home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=dom,home,work:;;;;\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(2);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(3);
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getSubTypes().size());
+		assertEquals(3, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n" +
+		" USA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n" +
+		" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n" +
+		" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n" +
+		" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n" +
+		" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n" +
+		" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n" +
+		" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n" +
+		" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n" +
+		" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-GENDER:ma\\,le\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:22\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test(expected = RuntimeException.class)
+	public void registerExtendedType_no_default_constructor() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader("");
+		reader.registerExtendedType(BadType.class);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:Jane Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\r\n" +
+			"AGENT:\r\n" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+				"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\r\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard_missing_vcard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getAgent().getVCard());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"AGENT:" +
+			"BEGIN:VCARD\\n" +
+			"VERSION:3.0\\n" +
+			"FN:Agent 007\\n" +
+			"AGENT:" +
+				"BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n" +
+				"VERSION:3.0\\\\n" +
+				"FN:Agent 009\\\\n" +
+				"END:VCARD\\\\n" +
+			"END:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n" +
+		"LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + NEWLINE + "Austin, TX 91827" + NEWLINE + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + NEWLINE + "New York, NY 12345" + NEWLINE + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n" +
+		"X-LUCKY-NUM:13\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getProperties(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_line() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.1\r\n" +
+		"bad-line\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void invalid_version() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:invalid\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion()); //default to 2.1
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void skip_non_vcard_components() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		String str =
+		"BEGIN:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:2.0\r\n" +
+		"PRODID:-//Company//Application//EN" +
+		"END:VCALENDAR\r\n" +
+		"BEGIN:VCARD\r\n" +
+		"VERSION:3.0\r\n" +
+		"FN:John Doe\r\n" +
+		"END:VCARD\r\n";
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(str);
+
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		assertNull(vcard.getProdId());
+
+		assertEquals(0, reader.getWarnings().size());
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getText());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().first("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + NEWLINE + "555-asd" + NEWLINE + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + NEWLINE + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + NEWLINE + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + NEWLINE + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + NEWLINE + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + NEWLINE + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + NEWLINE + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + NEWLINE + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + NEWLINE + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + NEWLINE + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + NEWLINE + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + NEWLINE + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + NEWLINE + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + NEWLINE + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + NEWLINE + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + NEWLINE + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertIntEquals(1, f.getHourOffset());
+			assertIntEquals(0, f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + NEWLINE + "New York, NewYork," + NEWLINE + "South Crecent Drive," + NEWLINE + "Building 5, floor 3," + NEWLINE + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getText());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + NEWLINE + "Building 6" + NEWLINE + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + NEWLINE + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLabel", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf"));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getText());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getText());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + NEWLINE + "Second Line" + NEWLINE + NEWLINE + "Fourth Line" + NEWLINE + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedProperties("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		return vcard.getExtendedProperties().size();
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `VCardReader(...)` at line 1021 is not released after line 1022.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.gmailSingle()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.gmailSingle():void.4df3f8291d31b45cac901d234c590cda
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|gmailSingle|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dfe17392a7a960e94a27d58804297f95
+
+### Hash:
+2376e932d9d15c55dcb8d418675095da
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7718/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7718/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d9a30d80bead0e6d7d63a3707ef7acf43bf7e91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7718/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2780 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.VCardType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	private static final String newline = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE;x-size=8: The note\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;HOME;WORK: ;;;;\r\n"); //nameless parameters
+		sb.append("LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel: \r\n"); //repeated parameter name
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().getFirst("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE: The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n");
+		sb.append(" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n");
+		sb.append(" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n");
+		sb.append(" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n");
+		sb.append(" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n");
+		sb.append(" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-GENDER: ma\\,le\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 22\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedType("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: Jane Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT: ");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT: ");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\\\\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + newline + "Austin, TX 91827" + newline + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + newline + "New York, NY 12345" + newline + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 13\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.EVOLUTION);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getValue());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + newline + "555-asd" + newline + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + newline + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + newline + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + newline + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + newline + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.I_PHONE);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + newline + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + newline + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + newline + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + newline + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + newline + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + newline + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + newline + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + newline + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + newline + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + newline + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + newline + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(1), f.getHourOffset());
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + newline + "New York, NewYork," + newline + "South Crecent Drive," + newline + "Building 5, floor 3," + newline + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MS_OUTLOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + newline + "Second Line" + newline + newline + "Fourth Line" + newline + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		int count = 0;
+		for (List<VCardType> list : vcard.getExtendedTypes().values()) {
+			count += list.size();
+		}
+		return count;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 2020 is not released after line 2022.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.macAddressBookVCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.macAddressBookVCard():void.07cde8668438bba139277594c0ba9ced
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|macAddressBookVCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+440a2ac18d3e8319bfc8d78b5f377e5b
+
+### Hash:
+d00fa3e3d482834707a4079a5fd0ae1e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7719/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7719/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b93d3ca1780c59457032583743be30f2bfe66c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7719/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.AgentType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardWriterTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it contains the BEGIN, VERSION, and END types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void generalStructure() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId_overwrites_existing_prodId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		ProdIdType prodId = new ProdIdType("Acme Co.");
+		vcard.setProdId(prodId);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 2.1 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;WORK;DOM:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 3.0 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;TYPE=work,dom:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void typeParameter() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;PARCEL;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,parcel,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals sub types correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void subTypes() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one sub type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		//make sure it properly escapes sub type values that have special chars
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("TEXT", "123 \"Main\" St\r\nAustin, ;TX; 12345");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure the folding scheme functionality works.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void foldingScheme() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.");
+		vcard.addNote(note);
+		FoldingScheme fs = new FoldingScheme(50, "  ");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, fs);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provide\r\n");
+		sb.append("  s support for representing other important infor\r\n");
+		sb.append("  mation about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ctory entry. For instance\\, the date of birth of \r\n");
+		sb.append("  the person\\; an audio clip describing the pronun\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ciation of the name associated with the director\r\n");
+		sb.append("  y entry\\, or some other application of the digit\r\n");
+		sb.append("  al sound\\; longitude and latitude geo-positionin\r\n");
+		sb.append("  g information related to the person associated w\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ith the directory entry\\; date and time that the \r\n");
+		sb.append("  directory information was last updated\\; annotat\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ions often written on a business card\\; Uniform \r\n");
+		sb.append("  Resource Locators (URL) for a website\\; public k\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ey information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it uses whatever newline string you want it to.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void newline() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, FoldingScheme.MIME_DIR, "*");
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD*");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1*");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe*");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD*");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it marshals groups correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void groups() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		fn.setGroup("group1");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("group1.FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard."));
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT."));
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part \r\n");
+				sb.append(" of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT.\r\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested \r\n");
+			sb.append(" AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard.\r\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("Bonne soir�e, 007.");
+		note.setLanguage("fr");
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		note = new NoteType("Good evening, 009.");
+		note.setLanguage("en");
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE\\\\\\;LANGUAGE=en:Good evening\\\\\\\\\\\\\\, 009.\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\\\\n\\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE\\;LANGUAGE=fr:Bonne soir�e\\\\\\, 007.\\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\\n\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals LABELs correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void labels() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//address with label
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("123 Main St.");
+		adr.setLocality("Austin");
+		adr.setRegion("TX");
+		adr.setPostalCode("12345");
+		adr.setLabel("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 12345");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.HOME);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//address without label
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("222 Broadway");
+		adr.setLocality("New York");
+		adr.setRegion("NY");
+		adr.setPostalCode("99999");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//orphaned label
+		LabelType label = new LabelType("22 Spruce Ln.\r\nChicago, IL 11111");
+		label.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addOrphanedLabel(label);
+
+		//3.0
+		//LABEL types should be used
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 12345\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=parcel:22 Spruce Ln.\\nChicago\\, IL 11111\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//4.0
+		//LABEL parameters should be used
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:4.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LABEL=\"123 Main St.\\nAustin, TX 12345\";TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's marshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be marshalled.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//add N property so a warning isn't generated (2.1 requires N to be present)
+		StructuredNameType n = new StructuredNameType();
+		vcard.setStructuredName(n);
+
+		LuckyNumType num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 24;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		//should be skipped
+		num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 13;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+
+		assertEquals(vcw.getWarnings().toString(), 1, vcw.getWarnings().size());
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("N:;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ezvcard.io.VCardWriter` acquired to `vcw` by call to `VCardWriter(...)` at line 563 is not released after line 565.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardWriterTest.labels()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardWriterTest.labels():void.aac436778f6871016c9285e0befbb2f0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardWriterTest.java|labels|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9679d0031cbf241d8f95408180f5f907
+
+### Hash:
+474cd380ad1be21f7890404ab62a53e5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7720/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7720/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c09bf563206c044466833169a873dce6ce7adfac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7720/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.SoundTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.SoundType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+
+/**
+ * Generates my own vCard.
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class MyVCard {
+	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		StructuredNameType n = new StructuredNameType();
+		n.setFamily("Angstadt");
+		n.setGiven("Michael");
+		n.addPrefix("Mr");
+		vcard.setStructuredName(n);
+
+		vcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt"));
+
+		NicknameType nickname = new NicknameType();
+		nickname.addValue("Mike");
+		vcard.setNickname(nickname);
+
+		vcard.addTitle(new TitleType("Software Engineer"));
+
+		EmailType email = new EmailType("mike.angstadt@gmail.com");
+		vcard.addEmail(email);
+
+		UrlType url = new UrlType("http://mikeangstadt.name");
+		vcard.addUrl(url);
+
+		CategoriesType categories = new CategoriesType();
+		categories.addValue("Java software engineer");
+		categories.addValue("vCard expert");
+		categories.addValue("Nice guy!!");
+		vcard.setCategories(categories);
+
+		vcard.setGeo(new GeoType(39.95, -75.1667));
+
+		vcard.setTimezone(new TimezoneType(-5, 0, "America/New_York"));
+
+		byte portrait[] = getFileBytes("portrait.jpg");
+		PhotoType photo = new PhotoType(portrait, ImageTypeParameter.JPEG);
+		vcard.addPhoto(photo);
+
+		byte pronunciation[] = getFileBytes("pronunciation.ogg");
+		SoundType sound = new SoundType(pronunciation, SoundTypeParameter.OGG);
+		vcard.addSound(sound);
+
+		//vcard.setUid(UidType.random());
+		vcard.setUid(new UidType("urn:uuid:dd418720-c754-4631-a869-db89d02b831b"));
+
+		vcard.addSource(new SourceType("http://mikeangstadt.name/mike-angstadt.vcf"));
+
+		vcard.setRevision(new RevisionType(new Date()));
+
+		//write vCard to file
+		Writer writer = new FileWriter("mike-angstadt.vcf");
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(writer, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		List<String> warnings = vcw.getWarnings();
+		System.out.println("Completed with " + warnings.size() + " warnings.");
+		for (String warning : warnings) {
+			System.out.println("* " + warning);
+		}
+		writer.close();
+	}
+
+	private static byte[] getFileBytes(String path) throws IOException {
+		File file = new File(path);
+		byte data[] = new byte[(int) file.length()];
+		InputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
+		in.read(data);
+		in.close();
+		return data;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileWriter` acquired by call to `new()` at line 85 is not released after line 94.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 86
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MyVCard.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.MyVCard.main(java.lang.String[]):void.0a54d14cb90a2c2267e93745681d58f5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/MyVCard.java
+
+### Key:
+MyVCard.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+dbc17352427ec47448b21b6d859dc2c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7721/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7721/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..57523ffc6a9ba5aec0acd7bbf64c73a3f3b16221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7721/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2780 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.StringReader;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.EmailTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.ImageTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.KeyTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.parameters.TelephoneTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.BirthdayType;
+import ezvcard.types.CategoriesType;
+import ezvcard.types.ClassificationType;
+import ezvcard.types.EmailType;
+import ezvcard.types.FbUrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.GeoType;
+import ezvcard.types.KeyType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.MailerType;
+import ezvcard.types.NicknameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.OrganizationType;
+import ezvcard.types.PhotoType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProfileType;
+import ezvcard.types.RawType;
+import ezvcard.types.RevisionType;
+import ezvcard.types.RoleType;
+import ezvcard.types.SortStringType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceDisplayTextType;
+import ezvcard.types.SourceType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.TelephoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TimezoneType;
+import ezvcard.types.TitleType;
+import ezvcard.types.UidType;
+import ezvcard.types.UrlType;
+import ezvcard.types.VCardType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardReaderTest {
+	private static final String newline = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read sub types properly
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void getSubTypes() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE;x-size=8: The note\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;HOME;WORK: ;;;;\r\n"); //nameless parameters
+		sb.append("LABEL;type=dOm;TyPE=parcel: \r\n"); //repeated parameter name
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		NoteType note = vcard.getNotes().get(0);
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-SIZE"));
+		assertEquals("8", note.getSubTypes().getFirst("x-size"));
+		assertNull(note.getSubTypes().getFirst("non-existant"));
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.DOM));
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * All "quoted-printable" values should be decoded by the VCardReader.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void decodeQuotedPrintable() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;HOME;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:123 Main St.=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" Austin, TX 91827=0D=0A\r\n");
+		sb.append(" USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 91827\r\nUSA", label.getValue());
+		assertNull(label.getSubTypes().getEncoding()); //ENCODING sub type should be removed
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can unfold folded lines.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void unfold() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE: The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for represent\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ing other important information about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ctory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person\\; an audio clip \r\n");
+		sb.append(" describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory en\r\n");
+		sb.append(" try, or some other application of the digital sound\\; longitude and latitu\r\n");
+		sb.append(" de geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the \r\n");
+		sb.append(" directory entry\\; date and time that the directory information was last up\r\n");
+		sb.append(" dated\\; annotations often written on a business card\\; Uniform Resource Loc\r\n");
+		sb.append(" ators (URL) for a website\\; public key information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		String expected = "The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.";
+		String actual = vcard.getNotes().get(0).getValue();
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read extended types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readExtendedType() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-GENDER: ma\\,le\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 22\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//read a type that has a type class
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(2, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+		assertEquals(22, luckyNumTypes.get(1).luckyNum);
+		assertTrue(vcard.getExtendedType("X-LUCKY-NUM").isEmpty());
+
+		//read a type without a type class
+		List<RawType> genderTypes = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENDER");
+		assertEquals(1, genderTypes.size());
+		assertEquals("ma\\,le", genderTypes.get(0).getValue()); //raw type values are not unescaped
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it can read multiple vCards from the same stream.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readMultiple() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: Jane Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard;
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+		assertEquals("Jane Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e. AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT: ");
+			sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT: ");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END: VCARD\\\\n");
+			sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals("John Doe", vcard.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent1 = vcard.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 007", agent1.getFormattedName().getValue());
+		VCard agent2 = agent1.getAgent().getVCard();
+		assertEquals("Agent 009", agent2.getFormattedName().getValue());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * LABEL types should be assigned to an ADR and stored in the
+	 * "AddressType.getLabel()" field. LABELs that could not be assigned to an
+	 * ADR should go in "VCard.getOrphanedLabels()".
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void readLabel() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;91827;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 91827\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work,parcel:;;200 Broadway;New York;NY;12345;USA\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=work:200 Broadway\\nNew York\\, NY 12345\\nUSA\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(2, vcard.getAddresses().size());
+
+		AddressType adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(0);
+		assertEquals(1, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+		assertEquals("123 Main St." + newline + "Austin, TX 91827" + newline + "USA", adr.getLabel());
+
+		adr = vcard.getAddresses().get(1);
+		assertEquals(2, adr.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+		assertTrue(adr.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+		assertNull(adr.getLabel());
+
+		assertEquals(1, vcard.getOrphanedLabels().size());
+		LabelType label = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().get(0);
+		assertEquals("200 Broadway" + newline + "New York, NY 12345" + newline + "USA", label.getValue());
+		assertEquals(1, label.getTypes().size());
+		assertTrue(label.getTypes().contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's unmarshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be added to the {@link VCard} object.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 24\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM: 13\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: VCARD\r\n");
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new StringReader(sb.toString()));
+		reader.registerExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		assertEquals(1, reader.getWarnings().size());
+
+		List<LuckyNumType> luckyNumTypes = vcard.getExtendedType(LuckyNumType.class);
+		assertEquals(1, luckyNumTypes.size());
+		assertEquals(24, luckyNumTypes.get(0).luckyNum);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void evolutionVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_EVOLUTION.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.EVOLUTION);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("0abc9b8d-0845-47d0-9a91-3db5bb74620d", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", t.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertEquals("c2fa1caa-2926-4087-8971-609cfc7354ce", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", t.getValue());
+			types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertEquals("fbfb2722-4fd8-4dbf-9abd-eeb24072fd8e", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType t = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("477343c8e6bf375a9bac1f96a5000837", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType t = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", t.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", t.getGiven());
+			List<String> list = t.getAdditional();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), list);
+			list = t.getPrefixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), list);
+			list = t.getSuffixes();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), list);
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType t = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", t.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType t = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType t = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting", "Dungeon"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", t.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			CategoriesType t = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("VIP"), t.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+			NoteType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", t.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work"))); //non-standard type
+			assertEquals("83a75a5d-2777-45aa-bab5-76a4bd972490", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("ASB-123", t.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, t.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("15 Crescent moon drive", t.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", t.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", t.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", t.getPostalCode());
+			//the space between "United" and "States" is lost because it was included with the folding character and ignored (see .vcf file)
+			assertEquals("UnitedStates of America", t.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = t.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType t = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			Date expected = c.getTime();
+			assertEquals(expected, t.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType t = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 32);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 54);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), t.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(7, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			Iterator<RawType> it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS").iterator();
+			RawType t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-COUCHDB-APPLICATION-ANNOTATIONS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("{\"Evolution\":{\"revision\":\"2012-03-05T13:32:54Z\"}}", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-AIM").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-AIM", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johnny5@aol.com", t.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", t.getSubTypes().getType());
+			assertEquals("cb9e11fc-bb97-4222-9cd8-99820c1de454", t.getSubTypes().getFirst("X-COUCHDB-UUID"));
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Doe\\, John", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Maria", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Little Red", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+
+			it = vcard.getExtendedType("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY").iterator();
+			t = it.next();
+			assertEquals("X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY", t.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1980-03-22", t.getValue());
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_GMAIL.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter, James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter, James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("home")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("Crescent moon drive" + newline + "555-asd" + newline + "Nice Area, Albaney, New York12345" + newline + "United States of America", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1975-03-01", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * This vCard was generated when selecting a list of contacts and exporting
+	 * them as a vCard.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void gmailList() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-list.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Arnold Smith", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Smith", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Arnold", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("asmithk@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Chris Beatle", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Beatle", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Chris", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("chrisy55d@yahoo.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Doug White", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("White", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Doug", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("dwhite@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		assertNull(reader.readNext());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void gmailSingle() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("gmail-single.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.GMAIL);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Greg Dartmouth", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Dartmouth", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Greg", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("gdartmouth@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555 555 1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("555 555 2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Home St" + newline + "Home City, HM 12345", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("321 Custom St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Custom City", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1960);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://TheProfile.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertTrue(types.isEmpty());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is GMail's note field." + newline + "It should be added as a NOTE type." + newline + "ACustomField: CustomField", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(12, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Grregg", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dart-mowth", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ICQ").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ICQ", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("123456789", f.getValue());
+
+			Iterator<RawType> abLabelIt = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").iterator();
+			{
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("GRAND_CENTRAL", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomAdrType", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("PROFILE", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Anniversary>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("_$!<Spouse>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+				f = abLabelIt.next();
+				assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+				assertEquals("CustomRelationship", f.getValue());
+
+				assertFalse(abLabelIt.hasNext());
+			}
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABDATE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABDATE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1970-06-02", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MySpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item6", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("MyCustom", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void iPhoneVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_IPHONE.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.I_PHONE);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//iOS 5.0.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(32531, f.getData().length);
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<AssistantPhone>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\n Floor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void lotusNotesVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_LOTUS_NOTES.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//PRODID
+		{
+			ProdIdType f = vcard.getProdId();
+			assertEquals("-//Apple Inc.//Address Book 6.1//EN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("I"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Doe John I Johny", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny,JayJay"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "SUN"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Generic Accountant", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("billy_bob@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("WORK")));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("+1 (212) 204-34456", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("00-1-212-555-7777", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("25334" + newline + "South cresent drive, Building 5, 3rd floo r", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("NYC887", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("U.S.A.", f.getCountry());
+			assertNull(f.getLabel());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"" + newline + "AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO , THE" + newline + "IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR P URPOSE" + newline + "ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTOR S BE" + newline + "LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR" + newline + "CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF" + newline + " SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS " + newline + "INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN" + newline + " CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)" + newline + "A RISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE" + newline + " POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.sun.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MAY);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(7957, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//UID
+		{
+			UidType f = vcard.getUid();
+			assertEquals("0e7602cc-443e-4b82-b4b1-90f62f99a199", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//GEO
+		{
+			GeoType f = vcard.getGeo();
+			assertEquals(-2.6, f.getLatitude(), .01);
+			assertEquals(3.4, f.getLongitude(), .01);
+		}
+
+		//CLASS
+		{
+			ClassificationType f = vcard.getClassification();
+			assertEquals("Public", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//PROFILE
+		{
+			ProfileType f = vcard.getProfile();
+			assertEquals("VCard", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//TZ
+		{
+			TimezoneType f = vcard.getTimezone();
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(1), f.getHourOffset());
+			assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(0), f.getMinuteOffset());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			Iterator<LabelType> it = vcard.getOrphanedLabels().iterator();
+
+			LabelType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("John Doe" + newline + "New York, NewYork," + newline + "South Crecent Drive," + newline + "Building 5, floor 3," + newline + "USA", f.getValue());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SORT-STRING
+		{
+			SortStringType f = vcard.getSortString();
+			assertEquals("JOHN", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//SOURCE
+		{
+			Iterator<SourceType> it = vcard.getSources().iterator();
+
+			SourceType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Whatever", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//MAILER
+		{
+			MailerType f = vcard.getMailer();
+			assertEquals("Mozilla Thunderbird", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NAME
+		{
+			SourceDisplayTextType f = vcard.getSourceDisplayText();
+			assertEquals("VCard for John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(4, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("0E7602CC-443E-4B82-B4B1-90F62F99A199:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-GENERATOR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-GENERATOR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Cardme Generator", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-LONG-STRING").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-LONG-STRING", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void msOutlookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MS_OUTLOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MS_OUTLOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter", "James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY GEORGE EL-HADDAD ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL GEORGE EL-HADDAD OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(905) 555-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(905) 666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Albaney", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Cresent moon drive\r\nAlbaney, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,\r\nNew York, New York  12345", f.getLabel());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Counting Money", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 22);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.cm", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(860, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 13);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 19);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 33);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(6, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20110113", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("johny5@aol.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Big Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2007VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2007.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("en-us", f.getSubTypes().getLanguage());
+			assertEquals("Angstadt", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("Michael", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Jr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. Michael Angstadt Jr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mike"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheCompany", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheJobTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the NOTE field	\r\nI assume it encodes this text inside a NOTE vCard type.\r\nBut I'm not sure because there's text formatting going on here.\r\nIt does not preserve the formatting", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("us-ascii", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("99999", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway\r\nNew York, NY 99999\r\nUSA", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("HOME"));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://mikeangstadt.name", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1922);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 10);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(514, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("mike.angstadt@gmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(2324, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			//a 4.0 property in a 2.1 vCard...
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://website.com/mycal", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.AUGUST);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 1);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 18);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 46);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 31);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(8, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-TEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-TEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("(111) 555-4444", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("VOICE"));
+			assertTrue(types.contains("CALLBACK"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DEFAULT-POSTAL-ADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("2", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("20120801", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-IMADDRESS").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-IMADDRESS", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("im@aim.com", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-OL-DESIGN").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-OL-DESIGN", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("<card xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/outlook/12/electronicbusinesscards\" ver=\"1.0\" layout=\"left\" bgcolor=\"ffffff\"><img xmlns=\"\" align=\"tleft\" area=\"32\" use=\"photo\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"name\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"b\" color=\"000000\" size=\"10\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"org\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"title\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"dept\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Work</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telcell\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Mobile</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"telhome\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"><label align=\"right\" color=\"626262\">Home</label></fld><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"email\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"addrwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"webwork\" align=\"left\" dir=\"ltr\" color=\"000000\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/><fld xmlns=\"\" prop=\"blank\" size=\"8\"/></card>", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("utf-8", f.getSubTypes().getCharset());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-MANAGER").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-MANAGER", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheManagerName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-ASSISTANT").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-ASSISTANT", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheAssistantName", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-MS-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-MS-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void macAddressBookVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("John_Doe_MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Richter,James"), f.getAdditional());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Sr."), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("Mr. John Richter,James Doe Sr.", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("IBM", "Accounting"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("Money Counter", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("john.doe@ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(3, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(new EmailTypeParameter("work")));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-777-1234", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-666-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-555-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-888-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-999-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-111-1234", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("905-222-1234", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(0, types.size());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley 5,", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Street4" + newline + "Building 6" + newline + "Floor 8", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals(null, f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE." + newline + "Favotire Color: Blue", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+			assertEquals("http://www.ibm.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.JUNE);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 6);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(18242, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(9, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jon", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Dow", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("AssistantPhone", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item1", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Silicon Alley", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item2", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABADR").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABADR", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Street 4, Building 6,\\nFloor 8\\nNew York\\nUSA", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item3", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(1);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("_$!<HomePage>!$_", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item4", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABRELATEDNAMES").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABRELATEDNAMES", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Jenny", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("pref"));
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABLABEL").get(2);
+			assertEquals("X-ABLABEL", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("Spouse", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("item5", f.getGroup());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ABUID").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ABUID", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("6B29A774-D124-4822-B8D0-2780EC117F60\\:ABPerson", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void outlook2003VCard() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("outlook-2003.vcf")));
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V2_1, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Mr."), f.getPrefixes());
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("III"), f.getSuffixes());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe III", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Joey"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Company, The", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("The Job Title", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the note field!!\r\nSecond line\r\n\r\nThird line is empty\r\n", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+
+			assertEquals("BusinessPhone", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("HomePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("MobilePhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("BusinessFaxPhone", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("United States of America", f.getCountry());
+			assertEquals("TheOffice\r\n123 Main St\r\nAustin, TX 12345\r\nUnited States of America", f.getLabel());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//LABEL
+		{
+			assertTrue(vcard.getOrphanedLabels().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://web-page-address.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<String> types = f.getSubTypes().getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains("WORK"));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//ROLE
+		{
+			Iterator<RoleType> it = vcard.getRoles().iterator();
+
+			RoleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheProfession", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1980);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.MARCH);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//KEY
+		{
+			Iterator<KeyType> it = vcard.getKeys().iterator();
+
+			KeyType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(KeyTypeParameter.X509, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(805, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("jdoe@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//FBURL
+		{
+			Iterator<FbUrlType> it = vcard.getFbUrls().iterator();
+
+			//Outlook 2003 apparently doesn't output FBURL correctly:
+			//http://help.lockergnome.com/office/BUG-Outlook-2003-exports-FBURL-vCard-incorrectly--ftopict423660.html
+			FbUrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("????????????????s????????????" + (char) 12, f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//REV
+		{
+			RevisionType f = vcard.getRevision();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(TimeZone.getTimeZone("UTC"));
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2012);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.OCTOBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 12);
+			c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 21);
+			c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 5);
+			c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 25);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getTimestamp());
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void thunderbird() throws Exception {
+		VCardReader reader = new VCardReader(new InputStreamReader(getClass().getResourceAsStream("thunderbird-MoreFunctionsForAddressBook-extension.vcf")));
+		reader.setCompatibilityMode(CompatibilityMode.MAC_ADDRESS_BOOK);
+		VCard vcard = reader.readNext();
+
+		//VERSION
+		assertEquals(VCardVersion.V3_0, vcard.getVersion());
+
+		//N
+		{
+			StructuredNameType f = vcard.getStructuredName();
+			assertEquals("Doe", f.getFamily());
+			assertEquals("John", f.getGiven());
+			assertTrue(f.getAdditional().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getPrefixes().isEmpty());
+			assertTrue(f.getSuffixes().isEmpty());
+		}
+
+		//FN
+		{
+			FormattedNameType f = vcard.getFormattedName();
+			assertEquals("John Doe", f.getValue());
+		}
+
+		//ORG
+		{
+			OrganizationType f = vcard.getOrganization();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("TheOrganization", "TheDepartment"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//NICKNAME
+		{
+			NicknameType f = vcard.getNickname();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("Johnny"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//ADR
+		{
+			Iterator<AddressType> it = vcard.getAddresses().iterator();
+
+			AddressType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("222 Broadway", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Suite 100", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("New York", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("NY", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("98765", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+			Set<AddressTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(null, f.getPoBox());
+			assertEquals("123 Main St", f.getExtendedAddress());
+			assertEquals("Apt 10", f.getStreetAddress());
+			assertEquals("Austin", f.getLocality());
+			assertEquals("TX", f.getRegion());
+			assertEquals("12345", f.getPostalCode());
+			assertEquals("USA", f.getCountry());
+
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(AddressTypeParameter.POSTAL));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TEL
+		{
+			Iterator<TelephoneType> it = vcard.getTelephoneNumbers().iterator();
+
+			TelephoneType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-1111", f.getValue());
+			Set<TelephoneTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.WORK));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-2222", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.HOME));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-5555", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.CELL));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.VOICE));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-3333", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.FAX));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("555-555-4444", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(TelephoneTypeParameter.PAGER));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//EMAIL
+		{
+			Iterator<EmailType> it = vcard.getEmails().iterator();
+
+			EmailType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("doe.john@hotmail.com", f.getValue());
+			Set<EmailTypeParameter> types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(2, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.PREF));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email1@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email2@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("additional-email3@company.com", f.getValue());
+			types = f.getTypes();
+			assertEquals(1, types.size());
+			assertTrue(types.contains(EmailTypeParameter.INTERNET));
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//URL
+		{
+			Iterator<UrlType> it = vcard.getUrls().iterator();
+
+			UrlType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.private-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("HOME", f.getType());
+
+			f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("http://www.work-webpage.com", f.getValue());
+			assertEquals("WORK", f.getType());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//TITLE
+		{
+			Iterator<TitleType> it = vcard.getTitles().iterator();
+
+			TitleType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("TheTitle", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//CATEGORIES
+		{
+			//commas are incorrectly escaped, so there is only 1 item
+			CategoriesType f = vcard.getCategories();
+			assertEquals(Arrays.asList("category1, category2, category3"), f.getValues());
+		}
+
+		//BDAY
+		{
+			BirthdayType f = vcard.getBirthday();
+			Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();
+			c.clear();
+			c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 1970);
+			c.set(Calendar.MONTH, Calendar.SEPTEMBER);
+			c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 21);
+			assertEquals(c.getTime(), f.getDate());
+		}
+
+		//NOTE
+		{
+			Iterator<NoteType> it = vcard.getNotes().iterator();
+
+			NoteType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals("This is the notes field." + newline + "Second Line" + newline + newline + "Fourth Line" + newline + "You can put anything in the \"note\" field; even curse words.", f.getValue());
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//PHOTO
+		{
+			Iterator<PhotoType> it = vcard.getPhotos().iterator();
+
+			PhotoType f = it.next();
+			assertEquals(ImageTypeParameter.JPEG, f.getContentType());
+			assertEquals(8940, f.getData().length);
+
+			assertFalse(it.hasNext());
+		}
+
+		//extended types
+		{
+			assertEquals(2, countExtTypes(vcard));
+
+			RawType f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-SPOUSE").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-SPOUSE", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("TheSpouse", f.getValue());
+
+			f = vcard.getExtendedType("X-ANNIVERSARY").get(0);
+			assertEquals("X-ANNIVERSARY", f.getTypeName());
+			assertEquals("1990-04-30", f.getValue());
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Counts the number of extended types in a vCard.
+	 * @param vcard the vCard
+	 * @return the number of extended types
+	 */
+	private int countExtTypes(VCard vcard) {
+		int count = 0;
+		for (List<VCardType> list : vcard.getExtendedTypes().values()) {
+			count += list.size();
+		}
+		return count;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 2469 is not released after line 2471.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardReaderTest.thunderbird()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardReaderTest.thunderbird():void.d6f785feb75d11db1d92db5c880081a5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardReaderTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardReaderTest.java|thunderbird|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+440a2ac18d3e8319bfc8d78b5f377e5b
+
+### Hash:
+c5904a8ec7c9a4d199e58a172ac76c98
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7726/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7726/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80781c0bd7a3892da2d84059e246167007d7b1c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7726/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.util;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2013, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Manages objects that are like enums in that they are constant, but unlike
+ * enums in that new instances can be created during runtime. This class ensures
+ * that all instances of a class are unique, so they can be safely compared
+ * using "==" (provided their constructors are private). It mimics the
+ * "case class" feature in Scala.
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ * 
+ * @param <T> the class
+ * @param <V> the value that the class holds (e.g. String)
+ */
+public abstract class CaseClasses<T, V> {
+	protected final Class<T> clazz;
+	protected Collection<T> preDefined = null;
+	protected Collection<T> runtimeDefined = null;
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new case class collection.
+	 * @param clazz the case class
+	 */
+	public CaseClasses(Class<T> clazz) {
+		this.clazz = clazz;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Creates a new instance of the case class.
+	 * @param value the value to give the instance
+	 * @return the new instance
+	 */
+	protected abstract T create(V value);
+
+	/**
+	 * Determines if a value is associated with a case object.
+	 * @param object the object
+	 * @param value the value
+	 * @return true if it matches, false if not
+	 */
+	protected abstract boolean matches(T object, V value);
+
+	/**
+	 * Searches for a case object by value, only looking at the case class'
+	 * static constants (does not include runtime-defined objects).
+	 * @param value the value
+	 * @return the object or null if one wasn't found
+	 */
+	public T find(V value) {
+		return find(value, false, false);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Searches for a case object by value, creating a new object if one cannot
+	 * be found.
+	 * @param value the value
+	 * @return the object
+	 */
+	public T get(V value) {
+		return find(value, true, true);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Searches for a case object by value.
+	 * @param value the value
+	 * @param createIfNotFound true to create a new instance of the object if it
+	 * can't be found, false to return "null" if not found
+	 * @param searchRuntimeDefined true to include the runtime-defined objects
+	 * in the search, false not to
+	 * @return the object
+	 */
+	protected T find(V value, boolean createIfNotFound, boolean searchRuntimeDefined) {
+		checkInit();
+
+		for (T obj : preDefined) {
+			if (matches(obj, value)) {
+				return obj;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (searchRuntimeDefined) {
+			synchronized (this) {
+				for (T obj : runtimeDefined) {
+					if (matches(obj, value)) {
+						return obj;
+					}
+				}
+				if (createIfNotFound) {
+					T created = create(value);
+					runtimeDefined.add(created);
+					return created;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets all the static constants of the case class.
+	 * @return all static constants
+	 */
+	public Collection<T> all() {
+		checkInit();
+		return preDefined;
+	}
+
+	private void checkInit() {
+		if (preDefined == null) {
+			synchronized (this) {
+				if (preDefined == null) { //duplicate if condition needed for concurrency purposes
+					init();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void init() {
+		Collection<T> preDefined = new ArrayList<T>();
+		for (Field field : clazz.getFields()) {
+			int modifiers = field.getModifiers();
+			//@formatter:off
+			if (Modifier.isStatic(modifiers) &&
+				Modifier.isPublic(modifiers) &&
+				field.getDeclaringClass() == clazz &&
+				field.getType() == clazz) {
+				//@formatter:on
+				try {
+					Object obj = field.get(null);
+					if (obj != null) {
+						T c = clazz.cast(obj);
+						preDefined.add(c);
+					}
+				} catch (Exception ex) {
+					//reflection error
+					//should never be thrown because we check for "public static" and the correct type
+					throw new RuntimeException(ex);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		runtimeDefined = new ArrayList<T>(0);
+		this.preDefined = Collections.unmodifiableCollection(preDefined);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `ezvcard.util.CaseClasses.find` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.ezvcard.util.CaseClasses.preDefined`. Potentially races with write in method `CaseClasses.find(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object CaseClasses.find(Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.util.CaseClasses.find(java.lang.Object):java.lang.Object.6b067091c1e67cd783c4954ec7bbef44
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/ezvcard/util/CaseClasses.java
+
+### Key:
+CaseClasses.java|find|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+63cbbd4f84ab7f57c01231fcd99c72eb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7727/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7727/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e6367216e99343758e938ed0e9ee46b7f32e9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7727/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.AgentType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardWriterTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it contains the BEGIN, VERSION, and END types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void generalStructure() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId_overwrites_existing_prodId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		ProdIdType prodId = new ProdIdType("Acme Co.");
+		vcard.setProdId(prodId);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 2.1 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;WORK;DOM:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 3.0 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;TYPE=work,dom:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void typeParameter() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;PARCEL;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,parcel,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals sub types correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void subTypes() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one sub type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		//make sure it properly escapes sub type values that have special chars
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("TEXT", "123 \"Main\" St\r\nAustin, ;TX; 12345");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure the folding scheme functionality works.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void foldingScheme() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.");
+		vcard.addNote(note);
+		FoldingScheme fs = new FoldingScheme(50, "  ");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, fs);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provide\r\n");
+		sb.append("  s support for representing other important infor\r\n");
+		sb.append("  mation about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ctory entry. For instance\\, the date of birth of \r\n");
+		sb.append("  the person\\; an audio clip describing the pronun\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ciation of the name associated with the director\r\n");
+		sb.append("  y entry\\, or some other application of the digit\r\n");
+		sb.append("  al sound\\; longitude and latitude geo-positionin\r\n");
+		sb.append("  g information related to the person associated w\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ith the directory entry\\; date and time that the \r\n");
+		sb.append("  directory information was last updated\\; annotat\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ions often written on a business card\\; Uniform \r\n");
+		sb.append("  Resource Locators (URL) for a website\\; public k\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ey information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it uses whatever newline string you want it to.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void newline() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, FoldingScheme.MIME_DIR, "*");
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD*");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1*");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe*");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD*");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it marshals groups correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void groups() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		fn.setGroup("group1");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("group1.FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard."));
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT."));
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part \r\n");
+				sb.append(" of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT.\r\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested \r\n");
+			sb.append(" AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard.\r\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("Bonne soir�e, 007.");
+		note.setLanguage("fr");
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		note = new NoteType("Good evening, 009.");
+		note.setLanguage("en");
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE\\\\\\;LANGUAGE=en:Good evening\\\\\\\\\\\\\\, 009.\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\\\\n\\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE\\;LANGUAGE=fr:Bonne soir�e\\\\\\, 007.\\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\\n\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals LABELs correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void labels() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//address with label
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("123 Main St.");
+		adr.setLocality("Austin");
+		adr.setRegion("TX");
+		adr.setPostalCode("12345");
+		adr.setLabel("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 12345");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.HOME);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//address without label
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("222 Broadway");
+		adr.setLocality("New York");
+		adr.setRegion("NY");
+		adr.setPostalCode("99999");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//orphaned label
+		LabelType label = new LabelType("22 Spruce Ln.\r\nChicago, IL 11111");
+		label.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addOrphanedLabel(label);
+
+		//3.0
+		//LABEL types should be used
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 12345\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=parcel:22 Spruce Ln.\\nChicago\\, IL 11111\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//4.0
+		//LABEL parameters should be used
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:4.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LABEL=\"123 Main St.\\nAustin, TX 12345\";TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's marshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be marshalled.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//add N property so a warning isn't generated (2.1 requires N to be present)
+		StructuredNameType n = new StructuredNameType();
+		vcard.setStructuredName(n);
+
+		LuckyNumType num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 24;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		//should be skipped
+		num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 13;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+
+		assertEquals(vcw.getWarnings().toString(), 1, vcw.getWarnings().size());
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("N:;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ezvcard.io.VCardWriter` acquired to `vcw` by call to `VCardWriter(...)` at line 479 is not released after line 481.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardWriterTest.embeddedVCard()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardWriterTest.embeddedVCard():void.729c03f7acca17591c017a3877733d6a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardWriterTest.java|embeddedVCard|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9679d0031cbf241d8f95408180f5f907
+
+### Hash:
+f6a363379790ed1798822cf51d96cb2c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7728/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7728/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f2870f9b323d9a79de26de20744d2a82e7af364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7728/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.AgentType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.LabelType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+import ezvcard.types.ProdIdType;
+import ezvcard.types.StructuredNameType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardWriterTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it contains the BEGIN, VERSION, and END types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void generalStructure() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//with PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without X-PRODID (2.1)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nX-PRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (3.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+
+		//without PRODID (4.0)
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:"));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void setAddProdId_overwrites_existing_prodId() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		ProdIdType prodId = new ProdIdType("Acme Co.");
+		vcard.setProdId(prodId);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(true);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("\r\nPRODID:Acme Co."));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 2.1 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;WORK;DOM:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 3.0 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;TYPE=work,dom:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void typeParameter() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;DOM;PARCEL;WORK:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=dom,parcel,work:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals sub types correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void subTypes() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one sub type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		//make sure it properly escapes sub type values that have special chars
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("TEXT", "123 \"Main\" St\r\nAustin, ;TX; 12345");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR;LANGUAGE=es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LANGUAGE=FR,es;TEXT=\"123 \\\"Main\\\" St\\nAustin, ;TX; 12345\";X-DOORMAN=true:;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure the folding scheme functionality works.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void foldingScheme() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.");
+		vcard.addNote(note);
+		FoldingScheme fs = new FoldingScheme(50, "  ");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, fs);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE:The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provide\r\n");
+		sb.append("  s support for representing other important infor\r\n");
+		sb.append("  mation about the person associated with the dire\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ctory entry. For instance\\, the date of birth of \r\n");
+		sb.append("  the person\\; an audio clip describing the pronun\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ciation of the name associated with the director\r\n");
+		sb.append("  y entry\\, or some other application of the digit\r\n");
+		sb.append("  al sound\\; longitude and latitude geo-positionin\r\n");
+		sb.append("  g information related to the person associated w\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ith the directory entry\\; date and time that the \r\n");
+		sb.append("  directory information was last updated\\; annotat\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ions often written on a business card\\; Uniform \r\n");
+		sb.append("  Resource Locators (URL) for a website\\; public k\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ey information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it uses whatever newline string you want it to.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void newline() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, FoldingScheme.MIME_DIR, "*");
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD*");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1*");
+		sb.append("FN:John Doe*");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD*");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it marshals groups correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void groups() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		fn.setGroup("group1");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("group1.FN:John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with nested vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 2.1.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard."));
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT."));
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:\r\n"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:\r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part \r\n");
+				sb.append(" of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT.\r\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE:Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested \r\n");
+			sb.append(" AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard.\r\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests types with embedded vCards (i.e AGENT type) in version 3.0.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void embeddedVCard() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("Bonne soir�e, 007.");
+		note.setLanguage("fr");
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		note = new NoteType("Good evening, 009.");
+		note.setLanguage("en");
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(note);
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN:Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT:"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\n");
+			sb.append("FN:Agent 007\\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT:");
+				sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\\\\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION:3.0\\\\n");
+				sb.append("FN:Agent 009\\\\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE\\\\\\;LANGUAGE=en:Good evening\\\\\\\\\\\\\\, 009.\\\\n");
+				sb.append("END:VCARD\\\\n\\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE\\;LANGUAGE=fr:Bonne soir�e\\\\\\, 007.\\n");
+			sb.append("END:VCARD\\n\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals LABELs correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void labels() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//address with label
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("123 Main St.");
+		adr.setLocality("Austin");
+		adr.setRegion("TX");
+		adr.setPostalCode("12345");
+		adr.setLabel("123 Main St.\r\nAustin, TX 12345");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.HOME);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//address without label
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.setStreetAddress("222 Broadway");
+		adr.setLocality("New York");
+		adr.setRegion("NY");
+		adr.setPostalCode("99999");
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//orphaned label
+		LabelType label = new LabelType("22 Spruce Ln.\r\nChicago, IL 11111");
+		label.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addOrphanedLabel(label);
+
+		//3.0
+		//LABEL types should be used
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=home:123 Main St.\\nAustin\\, TX 12345\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("LABEL;TYPE=parcel:22 Spruce Ln.\\nChicago\\, IL 11111\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//4.0
+		//LABEL parameters should be used
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V4_0, null);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:4.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;LABEL=\"123 Main St.\\nAustin, TX 12345\";TYPE=home:;;123 Main St.;Austin;TX;12345;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work:;;222 Broadway;New York;NY;99999;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If the type's marshal method throws a {@link SkipMeException}, then a
+	 * warning should be added to the warnings list and the type object should
+	 * NOT be marshalled.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void skipMeException() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//add N property so a warning isn't generated (2.1 requires N to be present)
+		StructuredNameType n = new StructuredNameType();
+		vcard.setStructuredName(n);
+
+		LuckyNumType num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 24;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		//should be skipped
+		num = new LuckyNumType();
+		num.luckyNum = 13;
+		vcard.addExtendedType(num);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddProdId(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+
+		assertEquals(vcw.getWarnings().toString(), 1, vcw.getWarnings().size());
+
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN:VCARD\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION:2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("N:;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-LUCKY-NUM:24\r\n");
+		sb.append("END:VCARD\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ezvcard.io.VCardWriter` acquired to `vcw` by call to `VCardWriter(...)` at line 288 is not released after line 290.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardWriterTest.subTypes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardWriterTest.subTypes():void.e1098f7fe9a04c493f3ea16a95b333d9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardWriterTest.java|subTypes|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9679d0031cbf241d8f95408180f5f907
+
+### Hash:
+4f16836746f158c9a78dc22a841f0f14
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7729/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7729/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59a1aa1e5af32a7a17c483e18164218ea852d79f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7729/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ez-vcard
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package ezvcard.io;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import ezvcard.VCard;
+import ezvcard.VCardVersion;
+import ezvcard.parameters.AddressTypeParameter;
+import ezvcard.types.AddressType;
+import ezvcard.types.AgentType;
+import ezvcard.types.FormattedNameType;
+import ezvcard.types.NoteType;
+
+/*
+ Copyright (c) 2012, Michael Angstadt
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+ The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those
+ of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, 
+ either expressed or implied, of the FreeBSD Project.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @author Michael Angstadt
+ */
+public class VCardWriterTest {
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it contains the BEGIN, VERSION, and END types.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void generalStructure() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Make sure it does not print out the X-GENERATOR type if you don't want it
+	 * to.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void setAddGenerated() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		//with X-GENERATOR
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertTrue(sw.toString().contains("X-GENERATOR:"));
+
+		//without X-GENERATOR
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		assertFalse(sw.toString().contains("X-GENERATOR:"));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 2.1 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;WORK;DOM:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * The TYPE sub types for 3.0 vCards should look like this:
+	 * <p>
+	 * <code>ADR;TYPE=work,dom:</code>
+	 * </p>
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void typeParameter() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.WORK);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.DOM);
+		adr.addType(AddressTypeParameter.PARCEL);
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;WORK: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;WORK;DOM: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;WORK;PARCEL;DOM: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work,dom: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;TYPE=work,parcel,dom: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it marshals sub types correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void subTypes() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		//one sub type
+		AddressType adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//two types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//three types
+		adr = new AddressType();
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-DOORMAN", "true");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "FR");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("LANGUAGE", "es");
+		adr.getSubTypes().put("X-PARKING", "10");
+		vcard.addAddress(adr);
+
+		//2.1
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true;LANGUAGE=es;LANGUAGE=FR: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true;LANGUAGE=es;LANGUAGE=FR;X-PARKING=10: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+
+		//3.0
+		sw = new StringWriter();
+		vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V3_0);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		actual = sw.toString();
+
+		sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 3.0\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true;LANGUAGE=es,FR: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("ADR;X-DOORMAN=true;LANGUAGE=es,FR;X-PARKING=10: ;;;;;;\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure the folding scheme functionality works.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void foldingScheme() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		NoteType note = new NoteType("The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provides support for representing other important information about the person associated with the directory entry. For instance, the date of birth of the person; an audio clip describing the pronunciation of the name associated with the directory entry, or some other application of the digital sound; longitude and latitude geo-positioning information related to the person associated with the directory entry; date and time that the directory information was last updated; annotations often written on a business card; Uniform Resource Locators (URL) for a website; public key information.");
+		vcard.addNote(note);
+		FoldingScheme fs = new FoldingScheme(50, "  ");
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, fs);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("NOTE: The vCard MIME Directory Profile also provid\r\n");
+		sb.append("  es support for representing other important info\r\n");
+		sb.append("  rmation about the person associated with the dir\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ectory entry. For instance\\, the date of birth o\r\n");
+		sb.append("  f the person\\; an audio clip describing the pron\r\n");
+		sb.append("  unciation of the name associated with the direct\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ory entry\\, or some other application of the dig\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ital sound\\; longitude and latitude geo-position\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ing information related to the person associated \r\n");
+		sb.append("  with the directory entry\\; date and time that th\r\n");
+		sb.append("  e directory information was last updated\\; annot\r\n");
+		sb.append("  ations often written on a business card\\; Unifor\r\n");
+		sb.append("  m Resource Locators (URL) for a website\\; public \r\n");
+		sb.append("  key information.\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test to make sure it uses whatever newline string you want it to.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void newline() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1, FoldingScheme.MIME_DIR, "*");
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard*");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1*");
+		sb.append("FN: John Doe*");
+		sb.append("END: vcard*");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests to make sure it marshals groups correctly.
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void groups() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("John Doe");
+		fn.setGroup("group1");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.setAddGenerator(false);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("group1.FN: John Doe\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+
+		assertEquals(actual, expected);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Tests the AGENT types for 2.1 vCards (they are nested).
+	 */
+	@Test
+	public void nestedAgent() throws Exception {
+		VCard vcard = new VCard();
+
+		FormattedNameType fn = new FormattedNameType("Michael Angstadt");
+		vcard.setFormattedName(fn);
+
+		VCard agentVcard = new VCard();
+		agentVcard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 007"));
+		agentVcard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a nested AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard."));
+		AgentType agent = new AgentType(agentVcard);
+		vcard.setAgent(agent);
+
+		//i herd u liek AGENTs...
+		VCard secondAgentVCard = new VCard();
+		secondAgentVCard.setFormattedName(new FormattedNameType("Agent 009"));
+		secondAgentVCard.getNotes().add(new NoteType("Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's part of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT."));
+		AgentType secondAgent = new AgentType(secondAgentVCard);
+		agentVcard.setAgent(secondAgent);
+
+		StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+		VCardWriter vcw = new VCardWriter(sw, VCardVersion.V2_1);
+		vcw.write(vcard);
+		String actual = sw.toString();
+
+		//FIXME this test may fail on other machines because Class.getDeclaredFields() returns the fields in no particular order
+		//@formatter:off
+		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+		sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+		sb.append("FN: Michael Angstadt\r\n");
+		sb.append("AGENT: \r\n"); //nested types should not have X-GENERATOR
+			sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+			sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+			sb.append("FN: Agent 007\r\n");
+			sb.append("AGENT: \r\n");
+				sb.append("BEGIN: vcard\r\n");
+				sb.append("VERSION: 2.1\r\n");
+				sb.append("FN: Agent 009\r\n");
+				sb.append("NOTE: Make sure that it ALSO properly folds THIS long line because it's par\r\n");
+				sb.append(" t of an AGENT that's inside of an AGENT.\r\n");
+				sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+			sb.append("NOTE: Make sure that it properly folds long lines which are part of a neste\r\n");
+			sb.append(" d AGENT type in a version 2.1 vCard.\r\n");
+			sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("X-GENERATOR: EZ vCard v0.1 http://code.google.com/p/ez-vcard\r\n");
+		sb.append("END: vcard\r\n");
+		String expected = sb.toString();
+		//@formatter:on
+
+		assertEquals(expected, actual);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `ezvcard.io.FoldedLineWriter` acquired by call to `VCardWriter(...)` at line 218 is not released after line 220.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void VCardWriterTest.subTypes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ezvcard.io.VCardWriterTest.subTypes():void.e1098f7fe9a04c493f3ea16a95b333d9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/ezvcard/io/VCardWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+VCardWriterTest.java|subTypes|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9679d0031cbf241d8f95408180f5f907
+
+### Hash:
+171e954a3f8f15e46ef110c7dc709b0a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7743/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7743/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c85b93f1bf6b29976311b6dc0d08866c56fd236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7743/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.helper;
+
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Document;
+import org.jsoup.nodes.Element;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/**
+ * Internal static utilities for handling data.
+ *
+ */
+public class DataUtil {
+    private static final Pattern charsetPattern = Pattern.compile("(?i)\\bcharset=([^\\s;]*)");
+    static final String defaultCharset = "UTF-8"; // used if not found in header or meta charset
+    private static final int bufferSize = 0x20000; // ~130K.
+
+    private DataUtil() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Loads a file to a String.
+     * @param in
+     * @param charsetName
+     * @return
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public static Document load(File in, String charsetName, String baseUri) throws IOException {
+        InputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(in);
+        ByteBuffer byteData = readToByteBuffer(inStream);
+        Document doc = parseByteData(byteData, charsetName, baseUri);
+        inStream.close();
+        return doc;
+    }
+
+    // reads bytes first into a buffer, then decodes with the appropriate charset. done this way to support
+    // switching the chartset midstream when a meta http-equiv tag defines the charset.
+    static Document parseByteData(ByteBuffer byteData, String charsetName, String baseUri) {
+        String docData;
+        Document doc = null;
+        if (charsetName == null) { // determine from meta. safe parse as UTF-8
+            // look for <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=gb2312"> or HTML5 <meta charset="gb2312">
+            docData = Charset.forName(defaultCharset).decode(byteData).toString();
+            doc = Jsoup.parse(docData, baseUri);
+            Element meta = doc.select("meta[http-equiv=content-type], meta[charset]").first();
+            if (meta != null) { // if not found, will keep utf-8 as best attempt
+                String foundCharset = meta.hasAttr("http-equiv") ? getCharsetFromContentType(meta.attr("content")) : meta.attr("charset");
+                if (foundCharset != null && !foundCharset.equals(defaultCharset)) { // need to re-decode
+                    charsetName = foundCharset;
+                    byteData.rewind();
+                    docData = Charset.forName(foundCharset).decode(byteData).toString();
+                    doc = null;
+                }
+            }
+        } else { // specified by content type header (or by user on file load)
+            Validate.notEmpty(charsetName, "Must set charset arg to character set of file to parse. Set to null to attempt to detect from HTML");
+            docData = Charset.forName(charsetName).decode(byteData).toString();
+        }
+        if (doc == null) {
+            doc = Jsoup.parse(docData, baseUri);
+            doc.outputSettings().charset(charsetName);
+        }
+        return doc;
+    }
+
+    static ByteBuffer readToByteBuffer(InputStream inStream) throws IOException {
+        byte[] buffer = new byte[bufferSize];
+        ByteArrayOutputStream outStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream(bufferSize);
+        int read;
+        while(true) {
+            read  = inStream.read(buffer);
+            if (read == -1) break;
+            outStream.write(buffer, 0, read);
+        }
+        ByteBuffer byteData = ByteBuffer.wrap(outStream.toByteArray());
+        return byteData;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse out a charset from a content type header.
+     * @param contentType e.g. "text/html; charset=EUC-JP"
+     * @return "EUC-JP", or null if not found. Charset is trimmed and uppercased.
+     */
+    static String getCharsetFromContentType(String contentType) {
+        if (contentType == null) return null;
+        
+        Matcher m = charsetPattern.matcher(contentType);
+        if (m.find()) {
+            return m.group(1).trim().toUpperCase();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 32 is not released after line 36.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 34
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Document DataUtil.load(File,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.helper.DataUtil.load(java.io.File,java.lang.String,java.lang.String):org.jsoup.nodes.Docum.b9c7f331245d6bfe72e406962f8739c6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jsoup/helper/DataUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+DataUtil.java|load|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+43be81e1201555693b5942d0722ac9e7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7744/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7744/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6983ac12a882d6bd4868d017dcf3ef4ddeb25af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7744/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.nodes;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.Validate;
+import org.jsoup.parser.Tag;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;
+
+/**
+ A HTML Document.
+
+ @author Jonathan Hedley, jonathan@hedley.net */
+public class Document extends Element {
+    private OutputSettings outputSettings = new OutputSettings();
+
+    /**
+     Create a new, empty Document.
+     @param baseUri base URI of document
+     @see org.jsoup.Jsoup#parse
+     @see #createShell
+     */
+    public Document(String baseUri) {
+        super(Tag.valueOf("#root"), baseUri);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Create a valid, empty shell of a document, suitable for adding more elements to.
+     @param baseUri baseUri of document
+     @return document with html, head, and body elements.
+     */
+    static public Document createShell(String baseUri) {
+        Validate.notNull(baseUri);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(baseUri);
+        Element html = doc.appendElement("html");
+        html.appendElement("head");
+        html.appendElement("body");
+
+        return doc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Accessor to the document's {@code head} element.
+     @return {@code head}
+     */
+    public Element head() {
+        return getElementsByTag("head").first();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Accessor to the document's {@code body} element.
+     @return {@code body}
+     */
+    public Element body() {
+        return getElementsByTag("body").first();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get the string contents of the document's {@code title} element.
+     @return Trimed title, or empty string if none set.
+     */
+    public String title() {
+        Element titleEl = getElementsByTag("title").first();
+        return titleEl != null ? titleEl.text().trim() : "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Set the document's {@code title} element. Updates the existing element, or adds {@code title} to {@code head} if
+     not present
+     @param title string to set as title
+     */
+    public void title(String title) {
+        Validate.notNull(title);
+        Element titleEl = getElementsByTag("title").first();
+        if (titleEl == null) { // add to head
+            head().appendElement("title").text(title);
+        } else {
+            titleEl.text(title);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Create a new Element, with this document's base uri. Does not make the new element a child of this document.
+     @param tagName element tag name (e.g. {@code a})
+     @return new element
+     */
+    public Element createElement(String tagName) {
+        return new Element(Tag.valueOf(tagName), this.baseUri());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Normalise the document. This happens after the parse phase so generally does not need to be called.
+     Moves any text content that is not in the body element into the body.
+     @return this document after normalisation
+     */
+    public Document normalise() {
+        if (select("html").isEmpty())
+            appendElement("html");
+        if (head() == null)
+            select("html").first().prependElement("head");
+        if (body() == null)
+            select("html").first().appendElement("body");
+
+        // pull text nodes out of root, html, and head els, and push into body. non-text nodes are already taken care
+        // of. do in inverse order to maintain text order.
+        normalise(head());
+        normalise(select("html").first());
+        normalise(this);        
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    // does not recurse.
+    private void normalise(Element element) {
+        List<Node> toMove = new ArrayList<Node>();
+        for (Node node: element.childNodes) {
+            if (node instanceof TextNode) {
+                TextNode tn = (TextNode) node;
+                if (!tn.isBlank())
+                    toMove.add(tn);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i = toMove.size()-1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            Node node = toMove.get(i);
+            element.removeChild(node);
+            body().prependChild(new TextNode(" ", ""));
+            body().prependChild(node);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String outerHtml() {
+        return super.html(); // no outer wrapper tag
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Set the text of the {@code body} of this document. Any existing nodes within the body will be cleared.
+     @param text unencoded text
+     @return this document
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Element text(String text) {
+        body().text(text); // overridden to not nuke doc structure
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String nodeName() {
+        return "#document";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A Document's output settings control the form of the text() and html() methods.
+     */
+    public class OutputSettings {
+        private Entities.EscapeMode escapeMode = Entities.EscapeMode.base;
+        private Charset charset = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
+        private CharsetEncoder charsetEncoder = charset.newEncoder();
+
+        public OutputSettings() {}
+
+        /**
+         * Get the document's current HTML escape mode: <code>base</code>, which provides a limited set of named HTML
+         * entities and escapes other characters as numbered entities for maximum compatibility; or <code>extended</code>,
+         * which uses the complete set of HTML named entities.
+         * <p>
+         * The default escape mode is <code>base</code>.
+         * @return the document's current escape mode
+         */
+        public Entities.EscapeMode escapeMode() {
+            return escapeMode;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Set the document's escape mode
+         * @param escapeMode the new escape mode to use
+         * @return the document's output settings, for chaining
+         */
+        public OutputSettings escapeMode(Entities.EscapeMode escapeMode) {
+            this.escapeMode = escapeMode;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get the document's current output charset, which is used to control which characters are escaped when
+         * generating HTML (via the <code>html()</code> methods), and which are kept intact.
+         * <p>
+         * Where possible (when parsing from a URL or File), the document's output charset is automatically set to the
+         * input charset. Otherwise, it defaults to UTF-8.
+         * @return the document's current charset.
+         */
+        public Charset charset() {
+            return charset;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Update the document's output charset.
+         * @param charset the new charset to use.
+         * @return the document's output settings, for chaining
+         */
+        public OutputSettings charset(Charset charset) {
+            // todo: this should probably update the doc's meta charset
+            this.charset = charset;
+            charsetEncoder = charset.newEncoder();
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Update the document's output charset.
+         * @param charset the new charset (by name) to use.
+         * @return the document's output settings, for chaining
+         */
+        public OutputSettings charset(String charset) {
+            charset(Charset.forName(charset));
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        CharsetEncoder encoder() {
+            return charsetEncoder;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the document's current output settings.
+     * @return the document's current output settings.
+     */
+    public OutputSettings outputSettings() {
+        return outputSettings;
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `head()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `normalise(...)` at line 108.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Document Document.normalise()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.nodes.Document.normalise():org.jsoup.nodes.Document.6a2798ee78f5417260d63064e57b7044
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jsoup/nodes/Document.java
+
+### Key:
+Document.java|normalise|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6e6d0a3d364d785094c156c49f389288
+
+### Hash:
+4cf7a0bce85e6f91bbe627782e6748f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7772/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7772/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d840a753fac117b79de9d57a94662f76a752ffd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7772/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.nodes;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.Validate;
+import org.jsoup.parser.Tag;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ A HTML Document.
+
+ @author Jonathan Hedley, jonathan@hedley.net */
+public class Document extends Element {
+
+    /**
+     Create a new, empty Document.
+     @param baseUri base URI of document
+     @see org.jsoup.Jsoup#parse
+     @see #createShell
+     */
+    public Document(String baseUri) {
+        super(Tag.valueOf("#root"), baseUri);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Create a valid, empty shell of a document, suitable for adding more elements to.
+     @param baseUri baseUri of document
+     @return document with html, head, and body elements.
+     */
+    static public Document createShell(String baseUri) {
+        Validate.notNull(baseUri);
+
+        Document doc = new Document(baseUri);
+        Element html = doc.appendElement("html");
+        html.appendElement("head");
+        html.appendElement("body");
+
+        return doc;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Accessor to the document's {@code head} element.
+     @return {@code head}
+     */
+    public Element head() {
+        return getElementsByTag("head").first();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Accessor to the document's {@code body} element.
+     @return {@code body}
+     */
+    public Element body() {
+        return getElementsByTag("body").first();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Get the string contents of the document's {@code title} element.
+     @return Trimed title, or empty string if none set.
+     */
+    public String title() {
+        Element titleEl = getElementsByTag("title").first();
+        return titleEl != null ? titleEl.text().trim() : "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Set the document's {@code title} element. Updates the existing element, or adds {@code title} to {@code head} if
+     not present
+     @param title string to set as title
+     */
+    public void title(String title) {
+        Validate.notNull(title);
+        Element titleEl = getElementsByTag("title").first();
+        if (titleEl == null) { // add to head
+            head().appendElement("title").text(title);
+        } else {
+            titleEl.text(title);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Create a new Element, with this document's base uri. Does not make the new element a child of this document.
+     @param tagName element tag name (e.g. {@code a})
+     @return new element
+     */
+    public Element createElement(String tagName) {
+        return new Element(Tag.valueOf(tagName), this.baseUri());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Normalise the document. This happens after the parse phase so generally does not need to be called.
+     Moves any text content that is not in the body element into the body.
+     @return this document after normalisation
+     */
+    public Document normalise() {
+        if (select("html").isEmpty())
+            appendElement("html");
+        if (head() == null)
+            select("html").first().prependElement("head");
+        if (body() == null)
+            select("html").first().appendElement("body");
+
+        normalise(this);
+        normalise(select("html").first());
+        normalise(head());
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    // does not recurse. the result order isn't great here (not intuitive); they are in the body though.
+    private void normalise(Element element) {
+        List<Node> toMove = new ArrayList<Node>();
+        for (Node node: element.childNodes) {
+            if (node instanceof TextNode) {
+                TextNode tn = (TextNode) node;
+                if (!tn.isBlank())
+                    toMove.add(tn);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (Node node: toMove) {
+            element.removeChild(node);
+            body().appendChild(new TextNode(" ", ""));
+            body().appendChild(node);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String outerHtml() {
+        return super.html(); // no outer wrapper tag
+    }
+
+    /**
+     Set the text of the {@code body} of this document. Any existing nodes within the body will be cleared.
+     @param text unencoded text
+     @return this document
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Element text(String text) {
+        body().text(text); // overridden to not nuke doc structure
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String nodeName() {
+        return "#document";
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `select("html").first()` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `normalise(...)` at line 104.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Document Document.normalise()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.nodes.Document.normalise():org.jsoup.nodes.Document.6a2798ee78f5417260d63064e57b7044
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jsoup/nodes/Document.java
+
+### Key:
+Document.java|normalise|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6e6d0a3d364d785094c156c49f389288
+
+### Hash:
+9fc8dd6abf7585e42912349e32b55208
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7775/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7775/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e94e596a8a8f63a52b484b23c7cec9566f686552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7775/instruction.md
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+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jsoup
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.jsoup.nodes;
+
+import org.jsoup.Jsoup;
+import org.jsoup.TextUtil;
+import org.jsoup.parser.Tag;
+import org.jsoup.select.Elements;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.not;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for Element (DOM stuff mostly).
+ *
+ * @author Jonathan Hedley
+ */
+public class ElementTest {
+    private String reference = "<div id=div1><p>Hello</p><p>Another <b>element</b></p><div id=div2><img src=foo.png></div></div>";
+
+    @Test public void getElementsByTagName() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(reference);
+        List<Element> divs = doc.getElementsByTag("div");
+        assertEquals(2, divs.size());
+        assertEquals("div1", divs.get(0).id());
+        assertEquals("div2", divs.get(1).id());
+
+        List<Element> ps = doc.getElementsByTag("p");
+        assertEquals(2, ps.size());
+        assertEquals("Hello", ((TextNode) ps.get(0).childNode(0)).getWholeText());
+        assertEquals("Another ", ((TextNode) ps.get(1).childNode(0)).getWholeText());
+        List<Element> ps2 = doc.getElementsByTag("P");
+        assertEquals(ps, ps2);
+
+        List<Element> imgs = doc.getElementsByTag("img");
+        assertEquals("foo.png", imgs.get(0).attr("src"));
+
+        List<Element> empty = doc.getElementsByTag("wtf");
+        assertEquals(0, empty.size());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void getNamespacedElementsByTag() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><abc:def id=1>Hello</abc:def></div>");
+        Elements els = doc.getElementsByTag("abc:def");
+        assertEquals(1, els.size());
+        assertEquals("1", els.first().id());
+        assertEquals("abc:def", els.first().tagName());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetElementById() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(reference);
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("div1");
+        assertEquals("div1", div.id());
+        assertNull(doc.getElementById("none"));
+
+        Document doc2 = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><div id=2><p>Hello <span id=2>world!</span></p></div></div>");
+        Element div2 = doc2.getElementById("2");
+        assertEquals("div", div2.tagName()); // not the span
+        Element span = div2.child(0).getElementById("2"); // called from <p> context should be span
+        assertEquals("span", span.tagName());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testGetText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(reference);
+        assertEquals("Hello Another element", doc.text());
+        assertEquals("Another element", doc.getElementsByTag("p").get(1).text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetChildText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>Hello <b>there</b> now");
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+        assertEquals("Hello there now", p.text());
+        assertEquals("Hello now", p.ownText());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testNormalisesText() {
+        String h = "<p>Hello<p>There.</p> \n <p>Here <b>is</b> \n s<b>om</b>e text.";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        String text = doc.text();
+        assertEquals("Hello There. Here is some text.", text);
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testKeepsPreText() {
+        String h = "<p>Hello \n \n there.</p> <div><pre>  What's \n\n  that?</pre>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        assertEquals("Hello there.   What's \n\n  that?", doc.text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testKeepsPreTextInCode() {
+        String h = "<pre><code>code\n\ncode</code></pre>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        assertEquals("code\n\ncode", doc.text());
+        assertEquals("<pre><code>code\n\ncode</code></pre>", doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testBrHasSpace() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>Hello<br>there</p>");
+        assertEquals("Hello there", doc.text());
+        assertEquals("Hello there", doc.select("p").first().ownText());
+
+        doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>Hello <br> there</p>");
+        assertEquals("Hello there", doc.text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetSiblings() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello<p id=1>there<p>this<p>is<p>an<p id=last>element</div>");
+        Element p = doc.getElementById("1");
+        assertEquals("there", p.text());
+        assertEquals("Hello", p.previousElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("this", p.nextElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("Hello", p.firstElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("element", p.lastElementSibling().text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetSiblingsWithDuplicateContent() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello<p id=1>there<p>this<p>this<p>is<p>an<p id=last>element</div>");
+        Element p = doc.getElementById("1");
+        assertEquals("there", p.text());
+        assertEquals("Hello", p.previousElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("this", p.nextElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("this", p.nextElementSibling().nextElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("is", p.nextElementSibling().nextElementSibling().nextElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("Hello", p.firstElementSibling().text());
+        assertEquals("element", p.lastElementSibling().text());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetParents() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello <span>there</span></div>");
+        Element span = doc.select("span").first();
+        Elements parents = span.parents();
+
+        assertEquals(4, parents.size());
+        assertEquals("p", parents.get(0).tagName());
+        assertEquals("div", parents.get(1).tagName());
+        assertEquals("body", parents.get(2).tagName());
+        assertEquals("html", parents.get(3).tagName());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testElementSiblingIndex() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>One</p>...<p>Two</p>...<p>Three</p>");
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        assertTrue(0 == ps.get(0).elementSiblingIndex());
+        assertTrue(1 == ps.get(1).elementSiblingIndex());
+        assertTrue(2 == ps.get(2).elementSiblingIndex());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testElementSiblingIndexSameContent() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>One</p>...<p>One</p>...<p>One</p>");
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        assertTrue(0 == ps.get(0).elementSiblingIndex());
+        assertTrue(1 == ps.get(1).elementSiblingIndex());
+        assertTrue(2 == ps.get(2).elementSiblingIndex());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetElementsWithClass() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div class='mellow yellow'><span class=mellow>Hello <b class='yellow'>Yellow!</b></span><p>Empty</p></div>");
+
+        List<Element> els = doc.getElementsByClass("mellow");
+        assertEquals(2, els.size());
+        assertEquals("div", els.get(0).tagName());
+        assertEquals("span", els.get(1).tagName());
+
+        List<Element> els2 = doc.getElementsByClass("yellow");
+        assertEquals(2, els2.size());
+        assertEquals("div", els2.get(0).tagName());
+        assertEquals("b", els2.get(1).tagName());
+
+        List<Element> none = doc.getElementsByClass("solo");
+        assertEquals(0, none.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetElementsWithAttribute() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div style='bold'><p title=qux><p><b style></b></p></div>");
+        List<Element> els = doc.getElementsByAttribute("style");
+        assertEquals(2, els.size());
+        assertEquals("div", els.get(0).tagName());
+        assertEquals("b", els.get(1).tagName());
+
+        List<Element> none = doc.getElementsByAttribute("class");
+        assertEquals(0, none.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetElementsWithAttributeDash() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<meta http-equiv=content-type value=utf8 id=1> <meta name=foo content=bar id=2> <div http-equiv=content-type value=utf8 id=3>");
+        Elements meta = doc.select("meta[http-equiv=content-type], meta[charset]");
+        assertEquals(1, meta.size());
+        assertEquals("1", meta.first().id());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetElementsWithAttributeValue() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div style='bold'><p><p><b style></b></p></div>");
+        List<Element> els = doc.getElementsByAttributeValue("style", "bold");
+        assertEquals(1, els.size());
+        assertEquals("div", els.get(0).tagName());
+
+        List<Element> none = doc.getElementsByAttributeValue("style", "none");
+        assertEquals(0, none.size());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testClassDomMethods() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><span class=' mellow yellow '>Hello <b>Yellow</b></span></div>");
+        List<Element> els = doc.getElementsByAttribute("class");
+        Element span = els.get(0);
+        assertEquals("mellow yellow", span.className());
+        assertTrue(span.hasClass("mellow"));
+        assertTrue(span.hasClass("yellow"));
+        Set<String> classes = span.classNames();
+        assertEquals(2, classes.size());
+        assertTrue(classes.contains("mellow"));
+        assertTrue(classes.contains("yellow"));
+
+        assertEquals("", doc.className());
+        classes = doc.classNames();
+        assertEquals(0, classes.size());
+        assertFalse(doc.hasClass("mellow"));
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testHasClassDomMethods() {
+        Tag tag = Tag.valueOf("a");
+        Attributes attribs = new Attributes();
+        Element el = new Element(tag, "", attribs);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "toto");
+        boolean hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", " toto");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "toto ");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "\ttoto ");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "  toto ");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "ab");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertFalse(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "     ");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertFalse(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "tototo");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("toto");
+        assertFalse(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", "raulpismuth  ");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("raulpismuth");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", " abcd  raulpismuth efgh ");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("raulpismuth");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", " abcd efgh raulpismuth");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("raulpismuth");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+        
+        attribs.put("class", " abcd efgh raulpismuth ");
+        hasClass = el.hasClass("raulpismuth");
+        assertTrue(hasClass);
+    }
+
+    
+    @Test public void testClassUpdates() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div class='mellow yellow'></div>");
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+
+        div.addClass("green");
+        assertEquals("mellow yellow green", div.className());
+        div.removeClass("red"); // noop
+        div.removeClass("yellow");
+        assertEquals("mellow green", div.className());
+        div.toggleClass("green").toggleClass("red");
+        assertEquals("mellow red", div.className());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testOuterHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div title='Tags &amp;c.'><img src=foo.png><p><!-- comment -->Hello<p>there");
+        assertEquals("<html><head></head><body><div title=\"Tags &amp;c.\"><img src=\"foo.png\"><p><!-- comment -->Hello</p><p>there</p></div></body></html>",
+                TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.outerHtml()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testInnerHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div>\n <p>Hello</p> </div>");
+        assertEquals("<p>Hello</p>", doc.getElementsByTag("div").get(0).html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testFormatHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<title>Format test</title><div><p>Hello <span>jsoup <span>users</span></span></p><p>Good.</p></div>");
+        assertEquals("<html>\n <head>\n  <title>Format test</title>\n </head>\n <body>\n  <div>\n   <p>Hello <span>jsoup <span>users</span></span></p>\n   <p>Good.</p>\n  </div>\n </body>\n</html>", doc.html());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testFormatOutline() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<title>Format test</title><div><p>Hello <span>jsoup <span>users</span></span></p><p>Good.</p></div>");
+        doc.outputSettings().outline(true);
+        assertEquals("<html>\n <head>\n  <title>Format test</title>\n </head>\n <body>\n  <div>\n   <p>\n    Hello \n    <span>\n     jsoup \n     <span>users</span>\n    </span>\n   </p>\n   <p>Good.</p>\n  </div>\n </body>\n</html>", doc.html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testSetIndent() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello\nthere</p></div>");
+        doc.outputSettings().indentAmount(0);
+        assertEquals("<html>\n<head></head>\n<body>\n<div>\n<p>Hello there</p>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>", doc.html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testNotPretty() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div>   \n<p>Hello\n there\n</p></div>");
+        doc.outputSettings().prettyPrint(false);
+        assertEquals("<html><head></head><body><div>   \n<p>Hello\n there\n</p></div></body></html>", doc.html());
+
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+        assertEquals("   \n<p>Hello\n there\n</p>", div.html());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testEmptyElementFormatHtml() {
+        // don't put newlines into empty blocks
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<section><div></div></section>");
+        assertEquals("<section>\n <div></div>\n</section>", doc.select("section").first().outerHtml());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testNoIndentOnScriptAndStyle() {
+        // don't newline+indent closing </script> and </style> tags
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<script>one\ntwo</script>\n<style>three\nfour</style>");
+        assertEquals("<script>one\ntwo</script> \n<style>three\nfour</style>", doc.head().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testContainerOutput() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<title>Hello there</title> <div><p>Hello</p><p>there</p></div> <div>Another</div>");
+        assertEquals("<title>Hello there</title>", doc.select("title").first().outerHtml());
+        assertEquals("<div>\n <p>Hello</p>\n <p>there</p>\n</div>", doc.select("div").first().outerHtml());
+        assertEquals("<div>\n <p>Hello</p>\n <p>there</p>\n</div> \n<div>\n Another\n</div>", doc.select("body").first().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testSetText() {
+        String h = "<div id=1>Hello <p>there <b>now</b></p></div>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(h);
+        assertEquals("Hello there now", doc.text()); // need to sort out node whitespace
+        assertEquals("there now", doc.select("p").get(0).text());
+
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1").text("Gone");
+        assertEquals("Gone", div.text());
+        assertEquals(0, doc.select("p").size());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testAddNewElement() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.appendElement("p").text("there");
+        div.appendElement("P").attr("CLASS", "second").text("now");
+        // manually specifying tag and attributes should now preserve case, regardless of parse mode
+        assertEquals("<html><head></head><body><div id=\"1\"><p>Hello</p><p>there</p><P CLASS=\"second\">now</P></div></body></html>",
+                TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.html()));
+
+        // check sibling index (with short circuit on reindexChildren):
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        for (int i = 0; i < ps.size(); i++) {
+            assertEquals(i, ps.get(i).siblingIndex);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testAddBooleanAttribute() {
+        Element div = new Element(Tag.valueOf("div"), "");
+        
+        div.attr("true", true);
+        
+        div.attr("false", "value");
+        div.attr("false", false);
+        
+        assertTrue(div.hasAttr("true"));
+        assertEquals("", div.attr("true"));
+        
+        List<Attribute> attributes = div.attributes().asList();
+        assertEquals("There should be one attribute", 1, attributes.size());
+		assertTrue("Attribute should be boolean", attributes.get(0) instanceof BooleanAttribute);
+        
+        assertFalse(div.hasAttr("false"));
+ 
+        assertEquals("<div true></div>", div.outerHtml());
+    }    
+
+    @Test public void testAppendRowToTable() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<table><tr><td>1</td></tr></table>");
+        Element table = doc.select("tbody").first();
+        table.append("<tr><td>2</td></tr>");
+
+        assertEquals("<table><tbody><tr><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>2</td></tr></tbody></table>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+        @Test public void testPrependRowToTable() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<table><tr><td>1</td></tr></table>");
+        Element table = doc.select("tbody").first();
+        table.prepend("<tr><td>2</td></tr>");
+
+        assertEquals("<table><tbody><tr><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>1</td></tr></tbody></table>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+
+        // check sibling index (reindexChildren):
+        Elements ps = doc.select("tr");
+        for (int i = 0; i < ps.size(); i++) {
+            assertEquals(i, ps.get(i).siblingIndex);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testPrependElement() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.prependElement("p").text("Before");
+        assertEquals("Before", div.child(0).text());
+        assertEquals("Hello", div.child(1).text());
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testAddNewText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.appendText(" there & now >");
+        assertEquals("<p>Hello</p> there &amp; now &gt;", TextUtil.stripNewlines(div.html()));
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testPrependText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.prependText("there & now > ");
+        assertEquals("there & now > Hello", div.text());
+        assertEquals("there &amp; now &gt; <p>Hello</p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(div.html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class) public void testThrowsOnAddNullText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.appendText(null);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)  public void testThrowsOnPrependNullText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.prependText(null);
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testAddNewHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.append("<p>there</p><p>now</p>");
+        assertEquals("<p>Hello</p><p>there</p><p>now</p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(div.html()));
+
+        // check sibling index (no reindexChildren):
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        for (int i = 0; i < ps.size(); i++) {
+            assertEquals(i, ps.get(i).siblingIndex);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testPrependNewHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.prepend("<p>there</p><p>now</p>");
+        assertEquals("<p>there</p><p>now</p><p>Hello</p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(div.html()));
+
+        // check sibling index (reindexChildren):
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+        for (int i = 0; i < ps.size(); i++) {
+            assertEquals(i, ps.get(i).siblingIndex);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void testSetHtml() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.getElementById("1");
+        div.html("<p>there</p><p>now</p>");
+        assertEquals("<p>there</p><p>now</p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(div.html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testSetHtmlTitle() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<html><head id=2><title id=1></title></head></html>");
+
+        Element title = doc.getElementById("1");
+        title.html("good");
+        assertEquals("good", title.html());
+        title.html("<i>bad</i>");
+        assertEquals("&lt;i&gt;bad&lt;/i&gt;", title.html());
+
+        Element head = doc.getElementById("2");
+        head.html("<title><i>bad</i></title>");
+        assertEquals("<title>&lt;i&gt;bad&lt;/i&gt;</title>", head.html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testWrap() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p><p>There</p></div>");
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+        p.wrap("<div class='head'></div>");
+        assertEquals("<div><div class=\"head\"><p>Hello</p></div><p>There</p></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+
+        Element ret = p.wrap("<div><div class=foo></div><p>What?</p></div>");
+        assertEquals("<div><div class=\"head\"><div><div class=\"foo\"><p>Hello</p></div><p>What?</p></div></div><p>There</p></div>",
+                TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+
+        assertEquals(ret, p);
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void before() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p><p>There</p></div>");
+        Element p1 = doc.select("p").first();
+        p1.before("<div>one</div><div>two</div>");
+        assertEquals("<div><div>one</div><div>two</div><p>Hello</p><p>There</p></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+        
+        doc.select("p").last().before("<p>Three</p><!-- four -->");
+        assertEquals("<div><div>one</div><div>two</div><p>Hello</p><p>Three</p><!-- four --><p>There</p></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+    
+    @Test public void after() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p><p>There</p></div>");
+        Element p1 = doc.select("p").first();
+        p1.after("<div>one</div><div>two</div>");
+        assertEquals("<div><p>Hello</p><div>one</div><div>two</div><p>There</p></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+        
+        doc.select("p").last().after("<p>Three</p><!-- four -->");
+        assertEquals("<div><p>Hello</p><div>one</div><div>two</div><p>There</p><p>Three</p><!-- four --></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testWrapWithRemainder() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p></div>");
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+        p.wrap("<div class='head'></div><p>There!</p>");
+        assertEquals("<div><div class=\"head\"><p>Hello</p><p>There!</p></div></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testHasText() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>Hello</p><p></p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p");
+
+        assertTrue(div.hasText());
+        assertTrue(ps.first().hasText());
+        assertFalse(ps.last().hasText());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void dataset() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1 data-name=jsoup class=new data-package=jar>Hello</div><p id=2>Hello</p>");
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+        Map<String, String> dataset = div.dataset();
+        Attributes attributes = div.attributes();
+
+        // size, get, set, add, remove
+        assertEquals(2, dataset.size());
+        assertEquals("jsoup", dataset.get("name"));
+        assertEquals("jar", dataset.get("package"));
+
+        dataset.put("name", "jsoup updated");
+        dataset.put("language", "java");
+        dataset.remove("package");
+
+        assertEquals(2, dataset.size());
+        assertEquals(4, attributes.size());
+        assertEquals("jsoup updated", attributes.get("data-name"));
+        assertEquals("jsoup updated", dataset.get("name"));
+        assertEquals("java", attributes.get("data-language"));
+        assertEquals("java", dataset.get("language"));
+
+        attributes.put("data-food", "bacon");
+        assertEquals(3, dataset.size());
+        assertEquals("bacon", dataset.get("food"));
+
+        attributes.put("data-", "empty");
+        assertEquals(null, dataset.get("")); // data- is not a data attribute
+
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+        assertEquals(0, p.dataset().size());
+
+    }
+
+    @Test public void parentlessToString() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<img src='foo'>");
+        Element img = doc.select("img").first();
+        assertEquals("<img src=\"foo\">", img.toString());
+
+        img.remove(); // lost its parent
+        assertEquals("<img src=\"foo\">", img.toString());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testClone() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>One<p><span>Two</div>");
+
+        Element p = doc.select("p").get(1);
+        Element clone = p.clone();
+
+        assertNull(clone.parent()); // should be orphaned
+        assertEquals(0, clone.siblingIndex);
+        assertEquals(1, p.siblingIndex);
+        assertNotNull(p.parent());
+
+        clone.append("<span>Three");
+        assertEquals("<p><span>Two</span><span>Three</span></p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(clone.outerHtml()));
+        assertEquals("<div><p>One</p><p><span>Two</span></p></div>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html())); // not modified
+
+        doc.body().appendChild(clone); // adopt
+        assertNotNull(clone.parent());
+        assertEquals("<div><p>One</p><p><span>Two</span></p></div><p><span>Two</span><span>Three</span></p>", TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testClonesClassnames() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div class='one two'></div>");
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+        Set<String> classes = div.classNames();
+        assertEquals(2, classes.size());
+        assertTrue(classes.contains("one"));
+        assertTrue(classes.contains("two"));
+
+        Element copy = div.clone();
+        Set<String> copyClasses = copy.classNames();
+        assertEquals(2, copyClasses.size());
+        assertTrue(copyClasses.contains("one"));
+        assertTrue(copyClasses.contains("two"));
+        copyClasses.add("three");
+        copyClasses.remove("one");
+
+        assertTrue(classes.contains("one"));
+        assertFalse(classes.contains("three"));
+        assertFalse(copyClasses.contains("one"));
+        assertTrue(copyClasses.contains("three"));
+
+        assertEquals("", div.html());
+        assertEquals("", copy.html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testTagNameSet() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><i>Hello</i>");
+        doc.select("i").first().tagName("em");
+        assertEquals(0, doc.select("i").size());
+        assertEquals(1, doc.select("em").size());
+        assertEquals("<em>Hello</em>", doc.select("div").first().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testHtmlContainsOuter() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<title>Check</title> <div>Hello there</div>");
+        doc.outputSettings().indentAmount(0);
+        assertTrue(doc.html().contains(doc.select("title").outerHtml()));
+        assertTrue(doc.html().contains(doc.select("div").outerHtml()));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetTextNodes() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>One <span>Two</span> Three <br> Four</p>");
+        List<TextNode> textNodes = doc.select("p").first().textNodes();
+
+        assertEquals(3, textNodes.size());
+        assertEquals("One ", textNodes.get(0).text());
+        assertEquals(" Three ", textNodes.get(1).text());
+        assertEquals(" Four", textNodes.get(2).text());
+
+        assertEquals(0, doc.select("br").first().textNodes().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testManipulateTextNodes() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<p>One <span>Two</span> Three <br> Four</p>");
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+        List<TextNode> textNodes = p.textNodes();
+
+        textNodes.get(1).text(" three-more ");
+        textNodes.get(2).splitText(3).text("-ur");
+
+        assertEquals("One Two three-more Fo-ur", p.text());
+        assertEquals("One three-more Fo-ur", p.ownText());
+        assertEquals(4, p.textNodes().size()); // grew because of split
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testGetDataNodes() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<script>One Two</script> <style>Three Four</style> <p>Fix Six</p>");
+        Element script = doc.select("script").first();
+        Element style = doc.select("style").first();
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+
+        List<DataNode> scriptData = script.dataNodes();
+        assertEquals(1, scriptData.size());
+        assertEquals("One Two", scriptData.get(0).getWholeData());
+
+        List<DataNode> styleData = style.dataNodes();
+        assertEquals(1, styleData.size());
+        assertEquals("Three Four", styleData.get(0).getWholeData());
+
+        List<DataNode> pData = p.dataNodes();
+        assertEquals(0, pData.size());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void elementIsNotASiblingOfItself() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>One<p>Two<p>Three</div>");
+        Element p2 = doc.select("p").get(1);
+
+        assertEquals("Two", p2.text());
+        Elements els = p2.siblingElements();
+        assertEquals(2, els.size());
+        assertEquals("<p>One</p>", els.get(0).outerHtml());
+        assertEquals("<p>Three</p>", els.get(1).outerHtml());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testChildThrowsIndexOutOfBoundsOnMissing() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div><p>One</p><p>Two</p></div>");
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+
+        assertEquals(2, div.children().size());
+        assertEquals("One", div.child(0).text());
+
+        try {
+            div.child(3);
+            fail("Should throw index out of bounds");
+        } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {}
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void moveByAppend() {
+        // test for https://github.com/jhy/jsoup/issues/239
+        // can empty an element and append its children to another element
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1>Text <p>One</p> Text <p>Two</p></div><div id=2></div>");
+        Element div1 = doc.select("div").get(0);
+        Element div2 = doc.select("div").get(1);
+
+        assertEquals(4, div1.childNodeSize());
+        List<Node> children = div1.childNodes();
+        assertEquals(4, children.size());
+
+        div2.insertChildren(0, children);
+
+        assertEquals(0, children.size()); // children is backed by div1.childNodes, moved, so should be 0 now
+        assertEquals(0, div1.childNodeSize());
+        assertEquals(4, div2.childNodeSize());
+        assertEquals("<div id=\"1\"></div>\n<div id=\"2\">\n Text \n <p>One</p> Text \n <p>Two</p>\n</div>",
+            doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void insertChildrenArgumentValidation() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1>Text <p>One</p> Text <p>Two</p></div><div id=2></div>");
+        Element div1 = doc.select("div").get(0);
+        Element div2 = doc.select("div").get(1);
+        List<Node> children = div1.childNodes();
+
+        try {
+            div2.insertChildren(6, children);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {}
+
+        try {
+            div2.insertChildren(-5, children);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+
+        try {
+            div2.insertChildren(0, (Collection<? extends Node>) null);
+            fail();
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void insertChildrenAtPosition() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1>Text1 <p>One</p> Text2 <p>Two</p></div><div id=2>Text3 <p>Three</p></div>");
+        Element div1 = doc.select("div").get(0);
+        Elements p1s = div1.select("p");
+        Element div2 = doc.select("div").get(1);
+
+        assertEquals(2, div2.childNodeSize());
+        div2.insertChildren(-1, p1s);
+        assertEquals(2, div1.childNodeSize()); // moved two out
+        assertEquals(4, div2.childNodeSize());
+        assertEquals(3, p1s.get(1).siblingIndex()); // should be last
+
+        List<Node> els = new ArrayList<Node>();
+        Element el1 = new Element(Tag.valueOf("span"), "").text("Span1");
+        Element el2 = new Element(Tag.valueOf("span"), "").text("Span2");
+        TextNode tn1 = new TextNode("Text4", "");
+        els.add(el1);
+        els.add(el2);
+        els.add(tn1);
+
+        assertNull(el1.parent());
+        div2.insertChildren(-2, els);
+        assertEquals(div2, el1.parent());
+        assertEquals(7, div2.childNodeSize());
+        assertEquals(3, el1.siblingIndex());
+        assertEquals(4, el2.siblingIndex());
+        assertEquals(5, tn1.siblingIndex());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void insertChildrenAsCopy() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=1>Text <p>One</p> Text <p>Two</p></div><div id=2></div>");
+        Element div1 = doc.select("div").get(0);
+        Element div2 = doc.select("div").get(1);
+        Elements ps = doc.select("p").clone();
+        ps.first().text("One cloned");
+        div2.insertChildren(-1, ps);
+
+        assertEquals(4, div1.childNodeSize()); // not moved -- cloned
+        assertEquals(2, div2.childNodeSize());
+        assertEquals("<div id=\"1\">Text <p>One</p> Text <p>Two</p></div><div id=\"2\"><p>One cloned</p><p>Two</p></div>",
+            TextUtil.stripNewlines(doc.body().html()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCssPath() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div id=\"id1\">A</div><div>B</div><div class=\"c1 c2\">C</div>");
+        Element divA = doc.select("div").get(0);
+        Element divB = doc.select("div").get(1);
+        Element divC = doc.select("div").get(2);
+        assertEquals(divA.cssSelector(), "#id1");
+        assertEquals(divB.cssSelector(), "html > body > div:nth-child(2)");
+        assertEquals(divC.cssSelector(), "html > body > div.c1.c2");
+
+        assertTrue(divA == doc.select(divA.cssSelector()).first());
+        assertTrue(divB == doc.select(divB.cssSelector()).first());
+        assertTrue(divC == doc.select(divC.cssSelector()).first());
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClassNames() {
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse("<div class=\"c1 c2\">C</div>");
+        Element div = doc.select("div").get(0);
+
+        assertEquals("c1 c2", div.className());
+
+        final Set<String> set1 = div.classNames();
+        final Object[] arr1 = set1.toArray();
+        assertTrue(arr1.length==2);
+        assertEquals("c1", arr1[0]);
+        assertEquals("c2", arr1[1]);
+
+        // Changes to the set should not be reflected in the Elements getters
+       	set1.add("c3");
+        assertTrue(2==div.classNames().size());
+        assertEquals("c1 c2", div.className());
+
+        // Update the class names to a fresh set
+        final Set<String> newSet = new LinkedHashSet<String>(3);
+        newSet.addAll(set1);
+        newSet.add("c3");
+        
+        div.classNames(newSet);
+
+        
+        assertEquals("c1 c2 c3", div.className());
+
+        final Set<String> set2 = div.classNames();
+        final Object[] arr2 = set2.toArray();
+        assertTrue(arr2.length==3);
+        assertEquals("c1", arr2[0]);
+        assertEquals("c2", arr2[1]);
+        assertEquals("c3", arr2[2]);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHashAndEqualsAndValue() {
+        // .equals and hashcode are identity. value is content.
+
+        String doc1 = "<div id=1><p class=one>One</p><p class=one>One</p><p class=one>Two</p><p class=two>One</p></div>" +
+                "<div id=2><p class=one>One</p><p class=one>One</p><p class=one>Two</p><p class=two>One</p></div>";
+
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(doc1);
+        Elements els = doc.select("p");
+
+        /*
+        for (Element el : els) {
+            System.out.println(el.hashCode() + " - " + el.outerHtml());
+        }
+
+        0 1534787905 - <p class="one">One</p>
+        1 1534787905 - <p class="one">One</p>
+        2 1539683239 - <p class="one">Two</p>
+        3 1535455211 - <p class="two">One</p>
+        4 1534787905 - <p class="one">One</p>
+        5 1534787905 - <p class="one">One</p>
+        6 1539683239 - <p class="one">Two</p>
+        7 1535455211 - <p class="two">One</p>
+        */
+        assertEquals(8, els.size());
+        Element e0 = els.get(0);
+        Element e1 = els.get(1);
+        Element e2 = els.get(2);
+        Element e3 = els.get(3);
+        Element e4 = els.get(4);
+        Element e5 = els.get(5);
+        Element e6 = els.get(6);
+        Element e7 = els.get(7);
+
+        assertEquals(e0, e0);
+        assertTrue(e0.hasSameValue(e1));
+        assertTrue(e0.hasSameValue(e4));
+        assertTrue(e0.hasSameValue(e5));
+        assertFalse(e0.equals(e2));
+        assertFalse(e0.hasSameValue(e2));
+        assertFalse(e0.hasSameValue(e3));
+        assertFalse(e0.hasSameValue(e6));
+        assertFalse(e0.hasSameValue(e7));
+
+        assertEquals(e0.hashCode(), e0.hashCode());
+        assertFalse(e0.hashCode() == (e2.hashCode()));
+        assertFalse(e0.hashCode() == (e3).hashCode());
+        assertFalse(e0.hashCode() == (e6).hashCode());
+        assertFalse(e0.hashCode() == (e7).hashCode());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testRelativeUrls() {
+        String html = "<body><a href='./one.html'>One</a> <a href='two.html'>two</a> <a href='../three.html'>Three</a> <a href='//example2.com/four/'>Four</a> <a href='https://example2.com/five/'>Five</a>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html, "http://example.com/bar/");
+        Elements els = doc.select("a");
+
+        assertEquals("http://example.com/bar/one.html", els.get(0).absUrl("href"));
+        assertEquals("http://example.com/bar/two.html", els.get(1).absUrl("href"));
+        assertEquals("http://example.com/three.html", els.get(2).absUrl("href"));
+        assertEquals("http://example2.com/four/", els.get(3).absUrl("href"));
+        assertEquals("https://example2.com/five/", els.get(4).absUrl("href"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void appendMustCorrectlyMoveChildrenInsideOneParentElement() {
+        Document doc = new Document("");
+        Element body = doc.appendElement("body");
+        body.appendElement("div1");
+        body.appendElement("div2");
+        final Element div3 = body.appendElement("div3");
+        div3.text("Check");
+        final Element div4 = body.appendElement("div4");
+
+        ArrayList<Element> toMove = new ArrayList<Element>();
+        toMove.add(div3);
+        toMove.add(div4);
+
+        body.insertChildren(0, toMove);
+
+        String result = doc.toString().replaceAll("\\s+", "");
+        assertEquals("<body><div3>Check</div3><div4></div4><div1></div1><div2></div2></body>", result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHashcodeIsStableWithContentChanges() {
+        Element root = new Element(Tag.valueOf("root"), "");
+
+        HashSet<Element> set = new HashSet<Element>();
+        // Add root node:
+        set.add(root);
+
+        root.appendChild(new Element(Tag.valueOf("a"), ""));
+        assertTrue(set.contains(root));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNamespacedElements() {
+        // Namespaces with ns:tag in HTML must be translated to ns|tag in CSS.
+        String html = "<html><body><fb:comments /></body></html>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html, "http://example.com/bar/");
+        Elements els = doc.select("fb|comments");
+        assertEquals(1, els.size());
+        assertEquals("html > body > fb|comments", els.get(0).cssSelector());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testChainedRemoveAttributes() {
+        String html = "<a one two three four>Text</a>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html);
+        Element a = doc.select("a").first();
+        a
+            .removeAttr("zero")
+            .removeAttr("one")
+            .removeAttr("two")
+            .removeAttr("three")
+            .removeAttr("four")
+            .removeAttr("five");
+        assertEquals("<a>Text</a>", a.outerHtml());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLoopedRemoveAttributes() {
+        String html = "<a one two three four>Text</a><p foo>Two</p>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html);
+        for (Element el : doc.getAllElements()) {
+            el.clearAttributes();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("<a>Text</a>\n<p>Two</p>", doc.body().html());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIs() {
+        String html = "<div><p>One <a class=big>Two</a> Three</p><p>Another</p>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html);
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+
+        assertTrue(p.is("p"));
+        assertFalse(p.is("div"));
+        assertTrue(p.is("p:has(a)"));
+        assertTrue(p.is("p:first-child"));
+        assertFalse(p.is("p:last-child"));
+        assertTrue(p.is("*"));
+        assertTrue(p.is("div p"));
+
+        Element q = doc.select("p").last();
+        assertTrue(q.is("p"));
+        assertTrue(q.is("p ~ p"));
+        assertTrue(q.is("p + p"));
+        assertTrue(q.is("p:last-child"));
+        assertFalse(q.is("p a"));
+        assertFalse(q.is("a"));
+    }
+
+
+    @Test public void elementByTagName() {
+        Element a = new Element("P");
+        assertTrue(a.tagName().equals("P"));
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testChildrenElements() {
+        String html = "<div><p><a>One</a></p><p><a>Two</a></p>Three</div><span>Four</span><foo></foo><img>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html);
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+        Element span = doc.select("span").first();
+        Element foo = doc.select("foo").first();
+        Element img = doc.select("img").first();
+
+        Elements docChildren = div.children();
+        assertEquals(2, docChildren.size());
+        assertEquals("<p><a>One</a></p>", docChildren.get(0).outerHtml());
+        assertEquals("<p><a>Two</a></p>", docChildren.get(1).outerHtml());
+        assertEquals(3, div.childNodes().size());
+        assertEquals("Three", div.childNodes().get(2).outerHtml());
+
+        assertEquals(1, p.children().size());
+        assertEquals("One", p.children().text());
+
+        assertEquals(0, span.children().size());
+        assertEquals(1, span.childNodes().size());
+        assertEquals("Four", span.childNodes().get(0).outerHtml());
+
+        assertEquals(0, foo.children().size());
+        assertEquals(0, foo.childNodes().size());
+        assertEquals(0, img.children().size());
+        assertEquals(0, img.childNodes().size());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void testShadowElementsAreUpdated() {
+        String html = "<div><p><a>One</a></p><p><a>Two</a></p>Three</div><span>Four</span><foo></foo><img>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html);
+        Element div = doc.select("div").first();
+        Elements els = div.children();
+        List<Node> nodes = div.childNodes();
+
+        assertEquals(2, els.size()); // the two Ps
+        assertEquals(3, nodes.size()); // the "Three" textnode
+
+        Element p3 = new Element("p").text("P3");
+        Element p4 = new Element("p").text("P4");
+        div.insertChildren(1, p3);
+        div.insertChildren(3, p4);
+        Elements els2 = div.children();
+
+        // first els should not have changed
+        assertEquals(2, els.size());
+        assertEquals(4, els2.size());
+
+        assertEquals("<p><a>One</a></p>\n" +
+            "<p>P3</p>\n" +
+            "<p><a>Two</a></p>\n" +
+            "<p>P4</p>Three", div.html());
+        assertEquals("P3", els2.get(1).text());
+        assertEquals("P4", els2.get(3).text());
+
+        p3.after("<span>Another</span");
+
+        Elements els3 = div.children();
+        assertEquals(5, els3.size());
+        assertEquals("span", els3.get(2).tagName());
+        assertEquals("Another", els3.get(2).text());
+
+        assertEquals("<p><a>One</a></p>\n" +
+            "<p>P3</p>\n" +
+            "<span>Another</span>\n" +
+            "<p><a>Two</a></p>\n" +
+            "<p>P4</p>Three", div.html());
+    }
+
+    @Test public void classNamesAndAttributeNameIsCaseInsensitive() {
+        String html = "<p Class='SomeText AnotherText'>One</p>";
+        Document doc = Jsoup.parse(html);
+        Element p = doc.select("p").first();
+        assertEquals("SomeText AnotherText", p.className());
+        assertTrue(p.classNames().contains("SomeText"));
+        assertTrue(p.classNames().contains("AnotherText"));
+        assertTrue(p.hasClass("SomeText"));
+        assertTrue(p.hasClass("sometext"));
+        assertTrue(p.hasClass("AnotherText"));
+        assertTrue(p.hasClass("anothertext"));
+
+        Element p1 = doc.select(".SomeText").first();
+        Element p2 = doc.select(".sometext").first();
+        Element p3 = doc.select("[class=SomeText AnotherText]").first();
+        Element p4 = doc.select("[Class=SomeText AnotherText]").first();
+        Element p5 = doc.select("[class=sometext anothertext]").first();
+        Element p6 = doc.select("[class=SomeText AnotherText]").first();
+        Element p7 = doc.select("[class^=sometext]").first();
+        Element p8 = doc.select("[class$=nothertext]").first();
+        Element p9 = doc.select("[class^=sometext]").first();
+        Element p10 = doc.select("[class$=AnotherText]").first();
+
+        assertEquals("One", p1.text());
+        assertEquals(p1, p2);
+        assertEquals(p1, p3);
+        assertEquals(p1, p4);
+        assertEquals(p1, p5);
+        assertEquals(p1, p6);
+        assertEquals(p1, p7);
+        assertEquals(p1, p8);
+        assertEquals(p1, p9);
+        assertEquals(p1, p10);
+    }
+
+	@Test
+	public void testAppendTo() {
+		String parentHtml = "<div class='a'></div>";
+		String childHtml = "<div class='b'></div>";
+
+		Element parentElement = Jsoup.parse(parentHtml).getElementsByClass("a").first();
+		Element childElement = Jsoup.parse(childHtml).getElementsByClass("b").first();
+
+		childElement.attr("class", "test-class").appendTo(parentElement).attr("id", "testId");
+		assertEquals("test-class", childElement.attr("class"));
+		assertEquals("testId", childElement.attr("id"));
+		assertThat(parentElement.attr("id"), not(equalTo("testId")));
+		assertThat(parentElement.attr("class"), not(equalTo("test-class")));
+		assertSame(childElement, parentElement.children().first());
+		assertSame(parentElement, childElement.parent());
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `childElement` last assigned on line 1142 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1144.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ElementTest.testAppendTo()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jsoup.nodes.ElementTest.testAppendTo():void.54fe29a1e66646fc0c72518523abcb0d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/jsoup/nodes/ElementTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ElementTest.java|testAppendTo|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+844940693bf1e609f7add745c7248783
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7781/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7781/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b14f402b6f3ece40b4b212abe34c41d51b31d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7781/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mongojack
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 VZ Netzwerke Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.vz.mongodb.jackson;
+
+import org.codehaus.jackson.annotate.JsonCreator;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsEqual.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsInstanceOf.instanceOf;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsNull.notNullValue;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsNull.nullValue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+public class TestIdAnnotatedClass extends MongoDBTestBase {
+
+    private <T, K> JacksonDBCollection<T, K> createCollFor(T object, Class<K> keyType) throws Exception {
+        // Stupid generics...
+        return (JacksonDBCollection) getCollection(object.getClass(), keyType);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIdFieldAnnotated() throws Exception {
+        IdFieldAnnotated o = new IdFieldAnnotated();
+        o.id = "blah";
+        JacksonDBCollection<IdFieldAnnotated, String> coll = createCollFor(o, String.class);
+        WriteResult<IdFieldAnnotated, String> writeResult = coll.insert(o);
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), equalTo("blah"));
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("id"), nullValue());
+        IdFieldAnnotated result = coll.findOneById("blah");
+        assertThat(result, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(result.id, equalTo("blah"));
+    }
+
+    public static class IdFieldAnnotated {
+        @Id
+        public String id;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testJpaIdFieldAnnotated() throws Exception {
+        JpaIdFieldAnnotated o = new JpaIdFieldAnnotated();
+        o.id = "blah";
+        JacksonDBCollection<JpaIdFieldAnnotated, String> coll = createCollFor(o, String.class);
+        WriteResult<JpaIdFieldAnnotated, String> writeResult = coll.insert(o);
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), equalTo("blah"));
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("id"), nullValue());
+        JpaIdFieldAnnotated result = coll.findOneById("blah");
+        assertThat(result, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(result.id, equalTo("blah"));
+    }
+
+    public static class JpaIdFieldAnnotated {
+        @javax.persistence.Id
+        public String id;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetterSetterAnnotated() throws Exception {
+        GetterSetterAnnotated o = new GetterSetterAnnotated();
+        o.setId("blah");
+        JacksonDBCollection<GetterSetterAnnotated, String> coll = createCollFor(o, String.class);
+        WriteResult<GetterSetterAnnotated, String> writeResult = coll.insert(o);
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), equalTo("blah"));
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("id"), nullValue());
+        GetterSetterAnnotated result = coll.findOneById("blah");
+        assertThat(result, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(result.getId(), equalTo("blah"));
+    }
+
+    public static class GetterSetterAnnotated {
+        private String id;
+
+        @Id
+        public String getId() {
+            return id;
+        }
+
+        @Id
+        public void setId(String id) {
+            this.id = id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreatorGetterAnnotated() throws Exception {
+        CreatorGetterAnnotated o = new CreatorGetterAnnotated("blah");
+        JacksonDBCollection<CreatorGetterAnnotated, String> coll = createCollFor(o, String.class);
+        WriteResult<CreatorGetterAnnotated, String> writeResult = coll.insert(o);
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), equalTo("blah"));
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("id"), nullValue());
+        CreatorGetterAnnotated result = coll.findOneById("blah");
+        assertThat(result, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(result.getId(), equalTo("blah"));
+    }
+
+    public static class CreatorGetterAnnotated {
+        private final String id;
+
+        @JsonCreator
+        public CreatorGetterAnnotated(@Id String id) {
+            this.id = id;
+        }
+
+        @Id
+        public String getId() {
+            return id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectIdFieldAnnotated() throws Exception {
+        ObjectIdFieldAnnotated o = new ObjectIdFieldAnnotated();
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdFieldAnnotated, String> coll = createCollFor(o, String.class);
+        WriteResult<ObjectIdFieldAnnotated, String> writeResult = coll.insert(o);
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("_id"), instanceOf(org.bson.types.ObjectId.class));
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), instanceOf(String.class));
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("id"), nullValue());
+        ObjectIdFieldAnnotated result = coll.findOneById(writeResult.getSavedId());
+        assertThat(result, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(result.id, equalTo(writeResult.getSavedId()));
+    }
+
+    public static class ObjectIdFieldAnnotated {
+        @Id
+        @ObjectId
+        public String id;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated() throws Exception {
+        CreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated o = new CreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated(null);
+        JacksonDBCollection<CreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated, String> coll = createCollFor(o, String.class);
+        WriteResult<CreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated, String> writeResult = coll.insert(o);
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), notNullValue());
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), instanceOf(String.class));
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("id"), nullValue());
+        assertThat(writeResult.getSavedId(), equalTo(writeResult.getDbObject().get("_id").toString()));
+        CreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated result = coll.findOneById(writeResult.getSavedId());
+        assertThat(result, notNullValue());
+        assertThat(result.getId(), equalTo(writeResult.getSavedId()));
+    }
+
+    public static class CreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated {
+        private final String id;
+
+        @JsonCreator
+        public CreatorGetterObjectIdAnnotated(@Id @ObjectId String id) {
+            this.id = id;
+        }
+
+        @Id
+        @ObjectId
+        public String getId() {
+            return id;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 60 could be null and is dereferenced at line 62.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestIdAnnotatedClass.testJpaIdFieldAnnotated()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.vz.mongodb.jackson.TestIdAnnotatedClass.testJpaIdFieldAnnotated():void.1f906fd87ed30cd9b42f89f043c6bd89
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/vz/mongodb/jackson/TestIdAnnotatedClass.java
+
+### Key:
+TestIdAnnotatedClass.java|testJpaIdFieldAnnotated|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c3e9b7adf0862874433e40544c2a4023
+
+### Hash:
+d023e6656ee381677920d97b030d02d6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7786/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7786/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a37a2d707a1f88683e744a48e2ed3913e5a8d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7786/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1737 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mongojack
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 VZ Netzwerke Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.vz.mongodb.jackson;
+
+import com.mongodb.*;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.FetchableDBRef;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.util.IdHandler;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.util.IdHandlerFactory;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.JacksonCollectionKey;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.MongoAnnotationIntrospector;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.MongoJacksonHandlerInstantiator;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.MongoJacksonMapperModule;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.object.BsonObjectGenerator;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.object.BsonObjectTraversingParser;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.stream.JacksonDBObject;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.stream.JacksonDecoderFactory;
+import net.vz.mongodb.jackson.internal.util.SerializationUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.map.JsonMappingException;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.type.JavaType;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+/**
+ * A DBCollection that marshals/demarshals objects to/from Jackson annotated classes.  It provides a very thin wrapper
+ * over an existing DBCollection.
+ *
+ * @author James Roper
+ * @since 1.0
+ */
+public class JacksonDBCollection<T, K> {
+
+    public enum Feature {
+        /**
+         * Deserialise objects directly from the MongoDB stream.  This is the default, as it performs the best.  If set
+         * to false, then it uses the MongoDB driver to deserialise objects to DBObjects, and then traverses those
+         * objects to do the Jackson parsing.  This may be desirable, for example, when auto hydrating of objects is
+         * enabled, because in order to hydrate objects, a second connection needs to be made to MongoDB, which has the
+         * potential to deadlock when the connection pool gets exhausted when using stream deserialization.  Using
+         * object deserialization, the hydration occurs after the connection to load the object has been returned to
+         * the pool.
+         */
+        USE_STREAM_DESERIALIZATION(true),
+
+        /**
+         * Automatically hydrate all DB references.  This is not advised, either declare the objects to be of type
+         * {@link net.vz.mongodb.jackson.DBRef}, and hydrate by calling fetch(), or declare it as the referenced type
+         * and use {@link net.vz.mongodb.jackson.JacksonDBCollection.hydrate()} to hydrate the referenced types.
+         * <p/>
+         * If using this feature, it is strongly recommended that you set {@link Feature.USE_STREAM_DESERIALIZATION} to
+         * false, to avoid potential deadlocks.
+         */
+        AUTO_HYDRATE(false);
+
+        Feature(boolean enabledByDefault) {
+            this.enabledByDefault = enabledByDefault;
+        }
+
+        private final boolean enabledByDefault;
+
+        public boolean isEnabledByDefault() {
+            return enabledByDefault;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final ObjectMapper DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER = new ObjectMapper();
+
+    static {
+        // Configure to use the object id annotation introspector
+        DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.registerModule(MongoJacksonMapperModule.INSTANCE);
+        DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.setHandlerInstantiator(new MongoJacksonHandlerInstantiator(
+                new MongoAnnotationIntrospector(DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.getDeserializationConfig())));
+    }
+
+    private final DBCollection dbCollection;
+    private final JavaType type;
+    private final JavaType keyType;
+    private final ObjectMapper objectMapper;
+    private final IdHandler<K, Object> idHandler;
+    private final JacksonDecoderFactory<T> decoderFactory;
+    private final Map<Feature, Boolean> features;
+
+    /**
+     * Cache of referenced collections
+     */
+    private final Map<JacksonCollectionKey, JacksonDBCollection> referencedCollectionCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<JacksonCollectionKey, JacksonDBCollection>();
+
+    protected JacksonDBCollection(DBCollection dbCollection, JavaType type, JavaType keyType, ObjectMapper objectMapper,
+                                  Map<Feature, Boolean> features) {
+        this.dbCollection = dbCollection;
+        this.type = type;
+        this.keyType = keyType;
+        this.objectMapper = objectMapper;
+        this.decoderFactory = new JacksonDecoderFactory<T>(this, objectMapper, type);
+        // We want to find how we should serialize the ID, in case it is passed to us
+        try {
+            this.idHandler = (IdHandler) IdHandlerFactory.getIdHandlerForProperty(objectMapper, type.getRawClass(), keyType.getRawClass());
+        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
+            throw new MongoJsonMappingException("Unable to introspect class", e);
+        }
+        if (features == null) {
+            this.features = new ConcurrentHashMap<Feature, Boolean>();
+        } else {
+            this.features = features;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps a DB collection in a JacksonDBCollection
+     *
+     * @param dbCollection The DB collection to wrap
+     * @param type         The type of objects to deserialise to
+     * @return The wrapped collection
+     */
+    public static <T> JacksonDBCollection<T, Object> wrap(DBCollection dbCollection, Class<T> type) {
+        return new JacksonDBCollection<T, Object>(dbCollection, DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.constructType(type),
+                DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.constructType(Object.class), DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps a DB collection in a JacksonDBCollection
+     *
+     * @param dbCollection The DB collection to wrap
+     * @param type         The type of objects to deserialise to
+     * @param keyType      The type of the objects key
+     * @return The wrapped collection
+     */
+    public static <T, K> JacksonDBCollection<T, K> wrap(DBCollection dbCollection, Class<T> type, Class<K> keyType) {
+        return new JacksonDBCollection<T, K>(dbCollection, DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.constructType(type),
+                DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.constructType(keyType), DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps a DB collection in a JacksonDBCollection
+     *
+     * @param dbCollection The DB collection to wrap
+     * @param type         The type of objects to deserialise to
+     * @param keyType      The type of the objects key
+     * @param view         The JSON view to use for serialisation
+     * @return The wrapped collection
+     */
+    public static <T, K> JacksonDBCollection<T, K> wrap(DBCollection dbCollection, Class<T> type, Class<K> keyType, Class<?> view) {
+        ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
+        objectMapper.withModule(MongoJacksonMapperModule.INSTANCE);
+        objectMapper.setSerializationConfig(objectMapper.getSerializationConfig().withView(view));
+        objectMapper.setHandlerInstantiator(new MongoJacksonHandlerInstantiator(
+                (MongoAnnotationIntrospector) objectMapper.getDeserializationConfig().getAnnotationIntrospector()));
+        return new JacksonDBCollection<T, K>(dbCollection, DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.constructType(type),
+                DEFAULT_OBJECT_MAPPER.constructType(keyType), objectMapper, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wraps a DB collection in a JacksonDBCollection, using the given object mapper
+     *
+     * @param dbCollection The DB collection to wrap
+     * @param type         The type of objects to deserialise to
+     * @param objectMapper The ObjectMapper
+     * @return The wrapped collection
+     */
+    public static <T, K> JacksonDBCollection<T, K> wrap(DBCollection dbCollection, Class<T> type, Class<K> keyType, ObjectMapper objectMapper) {
+        return new JacksonDBCollection<T, K>(dbCollection, objectMapper.constructType(type),
+                objectMapper.constructType(keyType), objectMapper, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enable the given feature
+     *
+     * @param feature The feature to enable
+     * @return this object
+     */
+    public JacksonDBCollection<T, K> enable(Feature feature) {
+        features.put(feature, true);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Disable the given feature
+     *
+     * @param feature The feature to disable
+     * @return this object
+     */
+    public JacksonDBCollection<T, K> disable(Feature feature) {
+        features.put(feature, false);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether the given feature is enabled
+     *
+     * @param feature The feature to check
+     * @return whether it is enabled
+     */
+    public boolean isEnabled(Feature feature) {
+        Boolean enabled = features.get(feature);
+        if (enabled == null) {
+            return feature.isEnabledByDefault();
+        } else {
+            return enabled;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get the underlying db collection
+     *
+     * @return The underlying db collection
+     */
+    public DBCollection getDbCollection() {
+        return dbCollection;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts an object into the database.
+     * if the objects _id is null, one will be generated
+     * you can get the _id that was generated by calling getSavedObject() or getSavedId() on the result
+     *
+     * @param object The object to insert
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> insert(T object) throws MongoException {
+        DBObject dbObject = convertToDbObject(object);
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.insert(dbObject), dbObject);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts an object into the database.
+     * if the objects _id is null, one will be generated
+     * you can get the _id that was generated by calling getSavedObject() or getSavedId() on the result
+     *
+     * @param object  The object to insert
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> insert(T object, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        DBObject dbObject = convertToDbObject(object);
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.insert(dbObject, concern), dbObject);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database.
+     * if the objects _id is null, one will be generated
+     * you can get the _id that were generated by calling getSavedObjects() or getSavedIds() on the result
+     *
+     * @param objects The objects to insert
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> insert(T... objects) throws MongoException {
+        DBObject[] dbObjects = convertToDbObjects(objects);
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.insert(dbObjects), dbObjects);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database.
+     * if the objects _id is null, one will be generated
+     * you can get the _id that were generated by calling getSavedObjects() or getSavedIds() on the result
+     *
+     * @param objects The objects to insert
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> insert(WriteConcern concern, T... objects) throws MongoException {
+        DBObject[] dbObjects = convertToDbObjects(objects);
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.insert(concern, dbObjects), dbObjects);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database.
+     * if the objects _id is null, one will be generated
+     * you can get the _id that were generated by calling getSavedObjects() or getSavedIds() on the result
+     *
+     * @param list The objects to insert
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    public WriteResult<T, K> insert(List<T> list) throws MongoException {
+        return insert(list.toArray((T[]) new Object[list.size()]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Inserts objects into the database.
+     * if the objects _id is null, one will be generated
+     * you can get the _id that were generated by calling getSavedObjects() or getSavedIds() on the result
+     *
+     * @param list    The objects to insert
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    public WriteResult<T, K> insert(List<T> list, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        return insert(concern, list.toArray((T[]) new Object[list.size()]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param query   search query for old object to update
+     * @param object  object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert  if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi   if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above). An object will
+     *                not be inserted if it does not exist in the collection and upsert=true and multi=true.
+     *                See <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations</a>
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(DBObject query, DBObject object, boolean upsert, boolean multi, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.update(serializeFields(query), object, upsert, multi, concern));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param query   search query for old object to update
+     * @param update  update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert  if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi   if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above). An object will
+     *                not be inserted if it does not exist in the collection and upsert=true and multi=true.
+     *                See <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations</a>
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(DBObject query, DBUpdate.Builder update, boolean upsert, boolean multi, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        return this.update(query, update.serialiseAndGet(objectMapper), upsert, multi, concern);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param query   search query for old object to update
+     * @param object  object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert  if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi   if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above). An object will
+     *                not be inserted if it does not exist in the collection and upsert=true and multi=true.
+     *                See <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations</a>
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(T query, T object, boolean upsert, boolean multi, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        return update(convertToDbObject(query), convertToDbObject(object), upsert, multi, concern);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param query   search query for old object to update
+     * @param object  object with which to update <tt>q</tt>
+     * @param upsert  if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi   if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above). An object will
+     *                not be inserted if it does not exist in the collection and upsert=true and multi=true.
+     *                See <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations</a>
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @param encoder the DBEncoder to use
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(DBObject query, DBObject object, boolean upsert, boolean multi, WriteConcern concern, DBEncoder encoder) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.update(serializeFields(query), object, upsert, multi, concern, encoder));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param query   search query for old object to update
+     * @param object  object with which to update <tt>q</tt>
+     * @param upsert  if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi   if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above). An object will
+     *                not be inserted if it does not exist in the collection and upsert=true and multi=true.
+     *                See <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations</a>
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @param encoder the DBEncoder to use
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(T query, T object, boolean upsert, boolean multi, WriteConcern concern, DBEncoder encoder) throws MongoException {
+        return update(convertToDbObject(query), convertToDbObject(object), upsert, multi, concern, encoder);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean, com.mongodb.WriteConcern)} with default WriteConcern.
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param object object with which to update <tt>q</tt>
+     * @param upsert if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi  if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above)
+     *               See http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(DBObject query, DBObject object, boolean upsert, boolean multi)
+            throws MongoException {
+        return update(query, object, upsert, multi, getWriteConcern());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param update update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @param upsert if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi  if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above). An object will
+     *               not be inserted if it does not exist in the collection and upsert=true and multi=true.
+     *               See <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations</a>
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(DBObject query, DBUpdate.Builder update, boolean upsert, boolean multi) throws MongoException {
+        return this.update(query, update.serialiseAndGet(objectMapper), upsert, multi);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean, com.mongodb.WriteConcern)} with default WriteConcern.
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param object object with which to update <tt>q</tt>
+     * @param upsert if the database should create the element if it does not exist
+     * @param multi  if the update should be applied to all objects matching (db version 1.1.3 and above)
+     *               See http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Atomic+Operations
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(T query, T object, boolean upsert, boolean multi)
+            throws MongoException {
+        return update(query, object, upsert, multi, getWriteConcern());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)} with upsert=false and multi=false
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param object object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(DBObject query, DBObject object) throws MongoException {
+        return update(query, object, false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param update update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(DBObject query, DBUpdate.Builder update) throws MongoException {
+        return this.update(query, update.serialiseAndGet(objectMapper));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)} with upsert=false and multi=false
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param object object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> update(T query, T object) throws MongoException {
+        return update(query, object, false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)} with upsert=false and multi=false
+     *
+     * @param id     the id of the object to update
+     * @param object object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> updateById(K id, T object) throws MongoException {
+        return update(createIdQuery(id), convertToDbObject(object), false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs an update operation.
+     *
+     * @param id     The id of the document to update
+     * @param update update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> updateById(K id, DBUpdate.Builder update) throws MongoException {
+        return this.update(createIdQuery(id), update.serialiseAndGet(objectMapper));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)} with upsert=false and multi=true
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param object object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> updateMulti(DBObject query, DBObject object) throws MongoException {
+        return update(query, object, false, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)} with upsert=false and multi=true
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param update update with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> updateMulti(DBObject query, DBUpdate.Builder update) throws MongoException {
+        return this.updateMulti(query, update.serialiseAndGet(objectMapper));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#update(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)} with upsert=false and multi=true
+     *
+     * @param query  search query for old object to update
+     * @param object object with which to update <tt>query</tt>
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> updateMulti(T query, T object) throws MongoException {
+        return update(query, object, false, true);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Removes objects from the database collection.
+     *
+     * @param query   the object that documents to be removed must match
+     * @param concern WriteConcern for this operation
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> remove(DBObject query, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.remove(serializeFields(query), concern));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes objects from the database collection.
+     *
+     * @param object  the object that documents to be removed must match
+     * @param concern WriteConcern for this operation
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> remove(T object, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.remove(convertToDbObject(object), concern));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes objects from the database collection.
+     *
+     * @param query   the object that documents to be removed must match
+     * @param concern WriteConcern for this operation
+     * @param encoder the DBEncoder to use
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> remove(DBObject query, WriteConcern concern, DBEncoder encoder) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.remove(serializeFields(query), concern, encoder));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#remove(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.WriteConcern)} with the default WriteConcern
+     *
+     * @param query the query that documents to be removed must match
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> remove(DBObject query) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.remove(serializeFields(query)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#remove(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.WriteConcern)} with the default WriteConcern
+     *
+     * @param object the object that documents to be removed must match
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> remove(T object) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.remove(convertToDbObject(object)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#remove(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.WriteConcern)} with the default WriteConcern
+     *
+     * @param id the id of the document to remove
+     * @return The write result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> removeById(K id) throws MongoException {
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.remove(createIdQuery(id)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the first document in the query and updates it.
+     *
+     * @param query     query to match
+     * @param fields    fields to be returned
+     * @param sort      sort to apply before picking first document
+     * @param remove    if true, document found will be removed
+     * @param update    update to apply
+     * @param returnNew if true, the updated document is returned, otherwise the old document is returned (or it would be lost forever)
+     * @param upsert    do upsert (insert if document not present)
+     * @return the object
+     */
+    public T findAndModify(DBObject query, DBObject fields, DBObject sort, boolean remove, DBObject update, boolean returnNew, boolean upsert) {
+        return convertFromDbObject(dbCollection.findAndModify(serializeFields(query), fields, sort, remove, update, returnNew, upsert));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#findAndModify(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)}
+     * with fields=null, remove=false, returnNew=false, upsert=false
+     *
+     * @param query  The query
+     * @param sort   The sort
+     * @param update The update to apply
+     * @return the old object
+     */
+    public T findAndModify(DBObject query, DBObject sort, DBObject update) {
+        return findAndModify(query, null, sort, false, update, false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#findAndModify(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)}
+     * with fields=null, sort=null, remove=false, returnNew=false, upsert=false
+     *
+     * @param query  The query
+     * @param update The update to apply
+     * @return the old object
+     */
+    public T findAndModify(DBObject query, DBObject update) {
+        return findAndModify(query, null, null, false, update, false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#findAndModify(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, com.mongodb.DBObject, boolean, boolean)}
+     * with fields=null, sort=null, remove=true, returnNew=false, upsert=false
+     *
+     * @param query The query
+     * @return the removed object
+     */
+    public T findAndRemove(DBObject query) {
+        return findAndModify(query, null, null, true, null, false, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#createIndex(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject)} with default index options
+     *
+     * @param keys an object with a key set of the fields desired for the index
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public final void createIndex(final DBObject keys) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.createIndex(keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces creation of an index on a set of fields, if one does not already exist.
+     *
+     * @param keys    The keys to index
+     * @param options The options
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void createIndex(DBObject keys, DBObject options) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.createIndex(keys, options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Forces creation of an index on a set of fields, if one does not already exist.
+     *
+     * @param keys    The keys to index
+     * @param options The index options
+     * @param encoder the DBEncoder to use
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void createIndex(DBObject keys, DBObject options, DBEncoder encoder) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.createIndex(keys, options, encoder);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an ascending index on a field with default options, if one does not already exist.
+     *
+     * @param name name of field to index on
+     */
+    public final void ensureIndex(final String name) {
+        ensureIndex(new BasicDBObject(name, 1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#ensureIndex(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject)} with default options
+     *
+     * @param keys an object with a key set of the fields desired for the index
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public final void ensureIndex(final DBObject keys) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.ensureIndex(keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#ensureIndex(com.mongodb.DBObject, java.lang.String, boolean)} with unique=false
+     *
+     * @param keys fields to use for index
+     * @param name an identifier for the index
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void ensureIndex(DBObject keys, String name) throws MongoException {
+        ensureIndex(keys, name, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures an index on this collection (that is, the index will be created if it does not exist).
+     *
+     * @param keys   fields to use for index
+     * @param name   an identifier for the index. If null or empty, the default name will be used.
+     * @param unique if the index should be unique
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void ensureIndex(DBObject keys, String name, boolean unique) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.ensureIndex(keys, name, unique);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an index on a set of fields, if one does not already exist.
+     *
+     * @param keys      an object with a key set of the fields desired for the index
+     * @param optionsIN options for the index (name, unique, etc)
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void ensureIndex(final DBObject keys, final DBObject optionsIN) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.ensureIndex(keys, optionsIN);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears all indices that have not yet been applied to this collection.
+     */
+    public void resetIndexCache() {
+        dbCollection.resetIndexCache();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set hint fields for this collection (to optimize queries).
+     *
+     * @param lst a list of <code>DBObject</code>s to be used as hints
+     */
+    public void setHintFields(List<DBObject> lst) {
+        dbCollection.setHintFields(lst);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for an object in this collection.
+     *
+     * @param query object for which to search
+     * @return an iterator over the results
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public DBCursor<T> find(DBObject query) throws MongoException {
+        return new DBCursor<T>(this, dbCollection.find(serializeFields(query)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for an object in this collection.
+     *
+     * @param query object for which to search
+     * @return an iterator over the results
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public DBCursor<T> find(T query) throws MongoException {
+        return new DBCursor<T>(this, dbCollection.find(convertToDbObject(query)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for an object in this collection.
+     * <p/>
+     * <p>
+     * An empty DBObject will match every document in the collection.
+     * Regardless of fields specified, the _id fields are always returned.
+     * </p>
+     * <p>
+     * An example that returns the "x" and "_id" fields for every document
+     * in the collection that has an "x" field:
+     * </p>
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * BasicDBObject keys = new BasicDBObject();
+     * keys.put("x", 1);
+     * <p/>
+     * DBCursor cursor = collection.find(new BasicDBObject(), keys);
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param query object for which to search
+     * @param keys  fields to return
+     * @return a cursor to iterate over results
+     */
+    public final DBCursor<T> find(DBObject query, DBObject keys) {
+        return new DBCursor<T>(this, dbCollection.find(serializeFields(query), keys));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for an object in this collection.
+     * <p/>
+     * <p>
+     * An empty DBObject will match every document in the collection.
+     * Regardless of fields specified, the _id fields are always returned.
+     * </p>
+     * To keys object should have non null values for every key that you want to return
+     *
+     * @param query object for which to search
+     * @param keys  fields to return
+     * @return a cursor to iterate over results
+     */
+    public final DBCursor<T> find(T query, T keys) {
+        return new DBCursor<T>(this, dbCollection.find(convertToDbObject(query), convertToDbObject(keys)));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Queries for all objects in this collection.
+     *
+     * @return a cursor which will iterate over every object
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public final DBCursor<T> find() throws MongoException {
+        return new DBCursor<T>(this, dbCollection.find());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection.
+     *
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if the collection is empty
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOne() throws MongoException {
+        return findOne(new BasicDBObject());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an object by the given id
+     *
+     * @param id The id
+     * @return The object
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOneById(K id) throws MongoException {
+        return findOneById(id, (DBObject) null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an object by the given id
+     *
+     * @param id The id
+     * @return The object
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOneById(K id, DBObject fields) throws MongoException {
+        return findOne(createIdQuery(id), fields);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find an object by the given id
+     *
+     * @param id The id
+     * @return The object
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOneById(K id, T fields) throws MongoException {
+        return findOneById(id, convertToDbObject(fields));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     *
+     * @param query the query object
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOne(DBObject query) throws MongoException {
+        return findOne(query, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     *
+     * @param query the query object
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public T findOne(T query) throws MongoException {
+        return findOne(query, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     *
+     * @param query  the query object
+     * @param fields the fields to return
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     */
+    public T findOne(DBObject query, DBObject fields) {
+        return findOne(query, fields, getReadPreference());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     *
+     * @param query  the query object
+     * @param fields an object for which every non null field will be returned
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     */
+    public T findOne(T query, T fields) {
+        return findOne(query, fields, getReadPreference());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     *
+     * @param query    the query object
+     * @param fields   fields to return
+     * @param readPref The read preference
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     */
+    public T findOne(DBObject query, DBObject fields, ReadPreference readPref) {
+        DBCursor<T> cursor = find(query, fields).setReadPreference(readPref);
+        if (cursor.hasNext()) {
+            return cursor.next();
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a single object from this collection matching the query.
+     *
+     * @param query    the query object
+     * @param fields   an object for which every non null field will be returned
+     * @param readPref The read preferences
+     * @return the object found, or <code>null</code> if no such object exists
+     */
+    public T findOne(T query, T fields, ReadPreference readPref) {
+        DBCursor<T> cursor = find(query, fields).setReadPreference(readPref);
+        if (cursor.hasNext()) {
+            return cursor.next();
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch a collection of dbrefs.  This is more efficient than fetching one at a time.
+     *
+     * @param collection the collection to fetch
+     * @param <R>        The type of the reference
+     * @return The collection of referenced objcets
+     */
+    public <R, RK> List<R> fetch(Collection<DBRef<R, RK>> collection) {
+        return fetch(collection, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fetch a collection of dbrefs.  This is more efficient than fetching one at a time.
+     *
+     * @param collection the collection to fetch
+     * @param fields     The fields to retrieve for each of the documents
+     * @return The collection of referenced objcets
+     */
+    public <R, RK> List<R> fetch(Collection<DBRef<R, RK>> collection, DBObject fields) {
+        Map<JacksonCollectionKey, List<Object>> collectionsToIds = new HashMap<JacksonCollectionKey, List<Object>>();
+        for (DBRef<R, RK> ref : collection) {
+            if (ref instanceof FetchableDBRef) {
+                JacksonCollectionKey key = ((FetchableDBRef) ref).getCollectionKey();
+                List<Object> ids = collectionsToIds.get(key);
+                if (ids == null) {
+                    ids = new ArrayList<Object>();
+                    collectionsToIds.put(key, ids);
+                }
+                ids.add(getReferenceCollection(key).convertToDbId(ref.getId()));
+            }
+        }
+        List<R> results = new ArrayList<R>();
+        for (Map.Entry<JacksonCollectionKey, List<Object>> entry : collectionsToIds.entrySet()) {
+            for (R result : this.<R, RK>getReferenceCollection(entry.getKey()).find(
+                    new QueryBuilder().put("_id").in(entry.getValue()).get(), fields)) {
+                results.add(result);
+            }
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#save(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.WriteConcern)} with default WriteConcern
+     *
+     * @param object the object to save
+     *               will add <code>_id</code> field to jo if needed
+     * @return The result
+     */
+    public final WriteResult<T, K> save(T object) {
+        return save(object, getWriteConcern());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Saves an object to this collection (does insert or update based on the object _id).
+     *
+     * @param object  the <code>DBObject</code> to save
+     * @param concern the write concern
+     * @return The result
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public WriteResult<T, K> save(T object, WriteConcern concern) throws MongoException {
+        DBObject dbObject = convertToDbObject(object);
+        return new WriteResult<T, K>(this, dbCollection.save(dbObject, concern), dbObject);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops all indices from this collection
+     *
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void dropIndexes() throws MongoException {
+        dropIndexes("*");
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Drops an index from this collection
+     *
+     * @param name the index name
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void dropIndexes(String name) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.dropIndexes(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops (deletes) this collection. Use with care.
+     *
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void drop() throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.drop();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * returns the number of documents in this collection.
+     *
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long count()
+            throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(new BasicDBObject(), null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * returns the number of documents that match a query.
+     *
+     * @param query query to match
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long count(DBObject query) throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(query, null);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#getCount(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject)} with an empty query and null fields.
+     *
+     * @return number of documents that match query
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount() throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(new BasicDBObject(), null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#getCount(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject)} with null fields.
+     *
+     * @param query query to match
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(DBObject query) throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(query, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#getCount(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject)} with null fields.
+     *
+     * @param query query to match
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(T query) throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(query, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#getCount(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, long, long)} with limit=0 and skip=0
+     *
+     * @param query  query to match
+     * @param fields fields to return
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(DBObject query, DBObject fields) throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(query, fields, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#getCount(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, long, long)} with limit=0 and skip=0
+     *
+     * @param query  query to match
+     * @param fields fields to return
+     * @return The count
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(T query, T fields) throws MongoException {
+        return getCount(query, fields, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of documents in the collection
+     * that match the specified query
+     *
+     * @param query  query to select documents to count
+     * @param fields fields to return
+     * @param limit  limit the count to this value
+     * @param skip   number of entries to skip
+     * @return number of documents that match query and fields
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(DBObject query, DBObject fields, long limit, long skip) throws MongoException {
+        return dbCollection.getCount(serializeFields(query), fields, limit, skip);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the number of documents in the collection
+     * that match the specified query
+     *
+     * @param query  query to select documents to count
+     * @param fields fields to return
+     * @param limit  limit the count to this value
+     * @param skip   number of entries to skip
+     * @return number of documents that match query and fields
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public long getCount(T query, T fields, long limit, long skip) throws MongoException {
+        return dbCollection.getCount(convertToDbObject(query), convertToDbObject(fields), limit, skip);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Calls {@link DBCollection#rename(java.lang.String, boolean)} with dropTarget=false
+     *
+     * @param newName new collection name (not a full namespace)
+     * @return the new collection
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public JacksonDBCollection<T, K> rename(String newName) throws MongoException {
+        return rename(newName, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * renames of this collection to newName
+     *
+     * @param newName    new collection name (not a full namespace)
+     * @param dropTarget if a collection with the new name exists, whether or not to drop it
+     * @return the new collection
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public JacksonDBCollection<T, K> rename(String newName, boolean dropTarget) throws MongoException {
+        return new JacksonDBCollection<T, K>(dbCollection.rename(newName, dropTarget), type, keyType, objectMapper, features);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * calls {@link DBCollection#group(com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, com.mongodb.DBObject, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)} with finalize=null
+     *
+     * @param key     - { a : true }
+     * @param cond    - optional condition on query
+     * @param reduce  javascript reduce function
+     * @param initial initial value for first match on a key
+     * @return The results
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     * @see <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation</a>
+     */
+    public DBObject group(DBObject key, DBObject cond, DBObject initial, String reduce) throws MongoException {
+        return group(key, cond, initial, reduce, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies a group operation
+     *
+     * @param key      - { a : true }
+     * @param cond     - optional condition on query
+     * @param reduce   javascript reduce function
+     * @param initial  initial value for first match on a key
+     * @param finalize An optional function that can operate on the result(s) of the reduce function.
+     * @return The results
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     * @see <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation</a>
+     */
+    public DBObject group(DBObject key, DBObject cond, DBObject initial, String reduce, String finalize)
+            throws MongoException {
+        GroupCommand cmd = new GroupCommand(dbCollection, key, cond, initial, reduce, finalize);
+        return group(cmd);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies a group operation
+     *
+     * @param cmd the group command
+     * @return The results
+     * @throws MongoException
+     * @see <a href="http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation">http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Aggregation</a>
+     */
+    public DBObject group(GroupCommand cmd) {
+        return dbCollection.group(cmd);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * find distinct values for a key
+     *
+     * @param key The key
+     * @return The results
+     */
+    public List distinct(String key) {
+        return distinct(key, new BasicDBObject());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * find distinct values for a key
+     *
+     * @param key   The key
+     * @param query query to match
+     * @return The results
+     */
+    public List distinct(String key, DBObject query) {
+        return dbCollection.distinct(key, serializeFields(query));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * performs a map reduce operation
+     * Runs the command in REPLACE output mode (saves to named collection)
+     *
+     * @param map          map function in javascript code
+     * @param outputTarget optional - leave null if want to use temp collection
+     * @param reduce       reduce function in javascript code
+     * @param query        to match
+     * @return The output
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public com.mongodb.MapReduceOutput mapReduce(String map, String reduce, String outputTarget, DBObject query) throws MongoException {
+        return mapReduce(new MapReduceCommand(dbCollection, map, reduce, outputTarget, MapReduceCommand.OutputType.REPLACE, serializeFields(query)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * performs a map reduce operation
+     * Specify an outputType to control job execution
+     * * INLINE - Return results inline
+     * * REPLACE - Replace the output collection with the job output
+     * * MERGE - Merge the job output with the existing contents of outputTarget
+     * * REDUCE - Reduce the job output with the existing contents of
+     * outputTarget
+     *
+     * @param map          map function in javascript code
+     * @param outputTarget optional - leave null if want to use temp collection
+     * @param outputType   set the type of job output
+     * @param reduce       reduce function in javascript code
+     * @param query        to match
+     * @return The output
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public com.mongodb.MapReduceOutput mapReduce(String map, String reduce, String outputTarget, MapReduceCommand.OutputType outputType, DBObject query)
+            throws MongoException {
+        return mapReduce(new MapReduceCommand(dbCollection, map, reduce, outputTarget, outputType, serializeFields(query)));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * performs a map reduce operation
+     *
+     * @param command object representing the parameters
+     * @return The results
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public com.mongodb.MapReduceOutput mapReduce(MapReduceCommand command) throws MongoException {
+        return dbCollection.mapReduce(command);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * performs a map reduce operation
+     *
+     * @param command object representing the parameters
+     * @return The output
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    public com.mongodb.MapReduceOutput mapReduce(DBObject command) throws MongoException {
+        return dbCollection.mapReduce(command);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performs a map reduce operation
+     *
+     * @param command The command to execute
+     * @return The output
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public <S, L> MapReduceOutput<S, L> mapReduce(MapReduce.MapReduceCommand<S, L> command) throws MongoException {
+        return new MapReduceOutput<S, L>(this, dbCollection.mapReduce(command.build(this)), command.getResultType(),
+                command.getKeyType());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return a list of the indexes for this collection.  Each object
+     * in the list is the "info document" from MongoDB
+     *
+     * @return list of index documents
+     */
+    public List<DBObject> getIndexInfo() {
+        return dbCollection.getIndexInfo();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops an index from this collection
+     *
+     * @param keys keys of the index
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void dropIndex(DBObject keys) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.dropIndex(keys);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops an index from this collection
+     *
+     * @param name name of index to drop
+     * @throws MongoException If an error occurred
+     */
+    public void dropIndex(String name) throws MongoException {
+        dbCollection.dropIndex(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * gets the collections statistics ("collstats" command)
+     *
+     * @return the stats
+     */
+    public CommandResult getStats() {
+        return dbCollection.getStats();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * returns whether or not this is a capped collection
+     *
+     * @return whether it is capped
+     */
+    public boolean isCapped() {
+        return dbCollection.isCapped();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a collection that is prefixed with this collection's name.
+     * A typical use of this might be
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     *    DBCollection users = mongo.getCollection( "wiki" ).getCollection( "users" );
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     * Which is equivalent to
+     * <pre><blockquote>
+     *   DBCollection users = mongo.getCollection( "wiki.users" );
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param n    the name of the collection to find
+     * @param type The type of the collection
+     * @return the matching collection
+     */
+    public <S, L> JacksonDBCollection<S, L> getCollection(String n, Class<S> type, Class<L> keyType) {
+        return wrap(getDB().getCollection(getName() + "." + n), type, keyType, objectMapper);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the name of this collection.
+     *
+     * @return the name of this collection
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        return dbCollection.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the full name of this collection, with the database name as a prefix.
+     *
+     * @return the name of this collection
+     */
+    public String getFullName() {
+        return dbCollection.getFullName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the database this collection is a member of.
+     *
+     * @return this collection's database
+     */
+    public DB getDB() {
+        return dbCollection.getDB();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return dbCollection.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        return o == this;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return dbCollection.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the write concern for this collection. Will be used for
+     * writes to this collection. Overrides any setting of write
+     * concern at the DB level. See the documentation for
+     * {@link WriteConcern} for more information.
+     *
+     * @param concern write concern to use
+     */
+    public void setWriteConcern(WriteConcern concern) {
+        dbCollection.setWriteConcern(concern);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the write concern for this collection.
+     *
+     * @return THe write concern
+     */
+    public WriteConcern getWriteConcern() {
+        return dbCollection.getWriteConcern();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the read preference for this collection. Will be used as default
+     * for reads from this collection; overrides DB & Connection level settings.
+     * See the * documentation for {@link ReadPreference} for more information.
+     *
+     * @param preference Read Preference to use
+     */
+    public void setReadPreference(ReadPreference preference) {
+        dbCollection.setReadPreference(preference);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the read preference
+     *
+     * @return The read preference
+     */
+    public ReadPreference getReadPreference() {
+        return dbCollection.getReadPreference();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * adds a default query option
+     *
+     * @param option The option to add
+     */
+    public void addOption(int option) {
+        dbCollection.addOption(option);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * sets the default query options
+     *
+     * @param options The options
+     */
+    public void setOptions(int options) {
+        dbCollection.setOptions(options);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * resets the default query options
+     */
+    public void resetOptions() {
+        dbCollection.resetOptions();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * gets the default query options
+     *
+     * @return The options
+     */
+    public int getOptions() {
+        return dbCollection.getOptions();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the type of this collection
+     *
+     * @return The type
+     */
+    public JacksonCollectionKey getCollectionKey() {
+        return new JacksonCollectionKey(getName(), type, keyType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a collection for loading a reference of the given type
+     *
+     * @param collectionName The name of the collection
+     * @param type           The type of the object
+     * @param keyType        the type of the id
+     * @return The collection
+     */
+    public <T, K> JacksonDBCollection<T, K> getReferenceCollection(String collectionName, JavaType type, JavaType keyType) {
+        return getReferenceCollection(new JacksonCollectionKey(collectionName, type, keyType));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a collection for loading a reference of the given type
+     *
+     * @param collectionKey The key for the collection
+     * @return The collection
+     */
+    public <T, K> JacksonDBCollection<T, K> getReferenceCollection(JacksonCollectionKey collectionKey) {
+        JacksonDBCollection<T, K> collection = referencedCollectionCache.get(collectionKey);
+        if (collection == null) {
+            collection = new JacksonDBCollection<T, K>(getDB().getCollection(collectionKey.getName()),
+                    collectionKey.getType(), collectionKey.getKeyType(), objectMapper, features);
+            referencedCollectionCache.put(collectionKey, collection);
+        }
+        return collection;
+    }
+
+    JacksonDecoderFactory<T> getDecoderFactory() {
+        return decoderFactory;
+    }
+
+    DBObject createIdQuery(K object) {
+        return new BasicDBObject("_id", convertToDbId(object));
+    }
+
+    Object convertToDbId(K object) {
+        if (object instanceof org.bson.types.ObjectId) {
+            // Do not try and convert it
+            return object;
+        } else {
+            return idHandler.toDbId(object);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public K convertFromDbId(Object object) {
+        return idHandler.fromDbId(object);
+    }
+
+    DBObject convertToDbObject(T object) throws MongoException {
+        if (object == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        BsonObjectGenerator generator = new BsonObjectGenerator();
+        try {
+            objectMapper.writeValue(generator, object);
+        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
+            throw new MongoJsonMappingException(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // This shouldn't happen
+            throw new MongoException("Unknown error occurred converting BSON to object", e);
+        }
+        return generator.getDBObject();
+    }
+
+    DBObject[] convertToDbObjects(T... objects) throws MongoException {
+        // Yay for generic array creation
+        DBObject[] results = new DBObject[objects.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < objects.length; i++) {
+            results[i] = convertToDbObject(objects[i]);
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    T convertFromDbObject(DBObject dbObject) throws MongoException {
+        if (dbObject == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (dbObject instanceof JacksonDBObject) {
+            return (T) ((JacksonDBObject) dbObject).getObject();
+        }
+        try {
+            return (T) objectMapper.readValue(new BsonObjectTraversingParser(this, dbObject), type);
+        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
+            throw new MongoJsonMappingException(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // This shouldn't happen
+            throw new MongoException("Unknown error occurred converting BSON to object", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    <S> S convertFromDbObject(DBObject dbObject, Class<S> clazz) throws MongoException {
+        if (dbObject == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (dbObject instanceof JacksonDBObject) {
+            return (S) ((JacksonDBObject) dbObject).getObject();
+        }
+        try {
+            return objectMapper.readValue(new BsonObjectTraversingParser(this, dbObject), clazz);
+        } catch (JsonMappingException e) {
+            throw new MongoJsonMappingException(e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            // This shouldn't happen
+            throw new MongoException("Unknown error occurred converting BSON to object", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked"})
+    T[] convertFromDbObjects(DBObject... dbObjects) throws MongoException {
+        T[] results = (T[]) new Object[dbObjects.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < dbObjects.length; i++) {
+            results[i] = convertFromDbObject(dbObjects[i]);
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+    DBObject serializeFields(DBObject value) {
+        return SerializationUtils.serializeFields(objectMapper, value);
+    }
+
+    Object serializeField(Object value) {
+        return SerializationUtils.serializeField(objectMapper, value);
+    }
+
+    ObjectMapper getObjectMapper() {
+        return objectMapper;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `convertToDbObject(query)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `update(...)` at line 367.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+WriteResult JacksonDBCollection.update(Object,Object,boolean,boolean,WriteConcern)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.vz.mongodb.jackson.JacksonDBCollection.update(java.lang.Object,java.lang.Object,boolean,boolean,.77d942bb7a2f45914c7ae311609b540c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/net/vz/mongodb/jackson/JacksonDBCollection.java
+
+### Key:
+JacksonDBCollection.java|update|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+1dfab92481fd78b6f6a49c9740c7b167
+
+### Hash:
+e7fc63c04fa3e293dfe9699ce57dfa74
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7788/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7788/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9cb09df88cdc0139a5bb57cad6fe145023a541aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7788/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** mongojack
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011 VZ Netzwerke Ltd
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.vz.mongodb.jackson;
+
+import org.hamcrest.Matchers;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.instanceOf;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.not;
+import static org.hamcrest.collection.IsCollectionWithSize.hasSize;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsEqual.equalTo;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class TestObjectIdHandling extends MongoDBTestBase {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectIdGenerated() {
+        ObjectIdId object = new ObjectIdId();
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdId, org.bson.types.ObjectId> coll = getCollection(ObjectIdId.class,
+                org.bson.types.ObjectId.class);
+
+        org.bson.types.ObjectId id = coll.insert(object).getSavedId();
+        ObjectIdId result = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(result._id, equalTo(id));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectIdSaved() {
+        ObjectIdId object = new ObjectIdId();
+        org.bson.types.ObjectId id = new org.bson.types.ObjectId();
+        object._id = id;
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdId, org.bson.types.ObjectId> coll = getCollection(ObjectIdId.class,
+                org.bson.types.ObjectId.class);
+
+        coll.insert(object);
+        ObjectIdId result = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(result._id, equalTo(id));
+    }
+
+    public static class ObjectIdId {
+        public org.bson.types.ObjectId _id;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectIdAnnotationOnStringGenerated() {
+        StringId object = new StringId();
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<StringId, String> coll = getCollection(StringId.class, String.class);
+
+        String id = coll.insert(object).getSavedId();
+        // Check that it's a valid object id
+        assertTrue(org.bson.types.ObjectId.isValid(id));
+        StringId result = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(result._id, equalTo(id));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectIdAnnotationOnStringSaved() {
+        StringId object = new StringId();
+        String id = new org.bson.types.ObjectId().toString();
+        object._id = id;
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<StringId, String> coll = getCollection(StringId.class, String.class);
+
+        coll.insert(object);
+        StringId result = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(result._id, equalTo(id));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRemoveByIdWithObjectId() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<StringId, String> coll = getCollection(StringId.class, String.class);
+        String id = coll.insert(new StringId()).getSavedId();
+        coll.insert(new StringId());
+        assertThat(coll.find().toArray(), hasSize(2));
+        coll.removeById(id);
+        List<StringId> results = coll.find().toArray();
+        assertThat(results, hasSize(1));
+        assertThat(results.get(0)._id, not(Matchers.equalTo(id)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFindOneByIdWithObjectId() {
+        JacksonDBCollection<StringId, String> coll = getCollection(StringId.class, String.class);
+        StringId object = new StringId();
+        net.vz.mongodb.jackson.WriteResult<StringId, String> writeResult = coll.insert(object);
+        assertThat(writeResult.getDbObject().get("_id"), instanceOf(org.bson.types.ObjectId.class));
+        String id = writeResult.getSavedId();
+        assertThat(id, instanceOf(String.class));
+        StringId result = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(result._id, Matchers.equalTo(id));
+    }
+
+    public static class StringId {
+        @ObjectId
+        public String _id;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectIdAnnotationOnByteArrayGenerated() {
+        ByteArrayId object = new ByteArrayId();
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<ByteArrayId, byte[]> coll = getCollection(ByteArrayId.class, byte[].class);
+
+        byte[] id = coll.insert(object).getSavedId();
+        // Check that it's a valid object id, should be 12 bytes
+        assertEquals(12, id.length);
+        ByteArrayId result = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(result._id, equalTo(id));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testObjectIdAnnotationOnByteArraySaved() {
+        ByteArrayId object = new ByteArrayId();
+        byte[] id = new org.bson.types.ObjectId().toByteArray();
+        object._id = id;
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<ByteArrayId, byte[]> coll = getCollection(ByteArrayId.class, byte[].class);
+
+        coll.insert(object);
+        ByteArrayId result = coll.findOneById(id);
+        assertThat(result._id, equalTo(id));
+    }
+
+    public static class ByteArrayId {
+        @ObjectId
+        public byte[] _id;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCollectionOfObjectIds() {
+        ObjectIdCollection object = new ObjectIdCollection();
+        object._id = "id";
+        object.list = Arrays.asList(org.bson.types.ObjectId.get(), org.bson.types.ObjectId.get());
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<ObjectIdCollection, String> coll = getCollection(ObjectIdCollection.class, String.class);
+        coll.insert(object);
+
+        ObjectIdCollection result = coll.findOneById("id");
+        assertThat(result.list, equalTo(object.list));
+    }
+
+    public static class ObjectIdCollection {
+        public String _id;
+        public List<org.bson.types.ObjectId> list;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCollectionOfObjectIdStrings() {
+        StringIdCollection object = new StringIdCollection();
+        object._id = "id";
+        object.list = Arrays.asList(org.bson.types.ObjectId.get().toString(), org.bson.types.ObjectId.get().toString());
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<StringIdCollection, String> coll = getCollection(StringIdCollection.class, String.class);
+        coll.insert(object);
+
+        StringIdCollection result = coll.findOneById("id");
+        assertThat(result.list, equalTo(object.list));
+    }
+
+    public static class StringIdCollection {
+        public String _id;
+        @ObjectId
+        public List<String> list;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCollectionOfObjectIdByteArrays() {
+        ByteArrayIdCollection object = new ByteArrayIdCollection();
+        object._id = "id";
+        object.list = Arrays.asList(org.bson.types.ObjectId.get().toByteArray(), org.bson.types.ObjectId.get().toByteArray());
+
+        JacksonDBCollection<ByteArrayIdCollection, String> coll = getCollection(ByteArrayIdCollection.class, String.class);
+        coll.insert(object);
+
+        ByteArrayIdCollection result = coll.findOneById("id");
+        assertThat(result.list, hasSize(2));
+        assertThat(result.list.get(0), equalTo(object.list.get(0)));
+        assertThat(result.list.get(1), equalTo(object.list.get(1)));
+    }
+
+    public static class ByteArrayIdCollection {
+        public String _id;
+        @ObjectId
+        public List<byte[]> list;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 86 could be null and is dereferenced at line 87.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestObjectIdHandling.testObjectIdAnnotationOnStringSaved()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.vz.mongodb.jackson.TestObjectIdHandling.testObjectIdAnnotationOnStringSaved():void.9268c7cdf6cc8e356b91b9bd498782d5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/vz/mongodb/jackson/TestObjectIdHandling.java
+
+### Key:
+TestObjectIdHandling.java|testObjectIdAnnotationOnStringSaved|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2acc12e05b0902ef2ca0b1741f78fa6e
+
+### Hash:
+300455b14e604d48595007c92593d86e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7808/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7808/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d22b81ee05fd7fb6d5df3da9444111170e26c303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7808/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** amazon-kinesis-client
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.polling;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.atLeast;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doAnswer;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static software.amazon.kinesis.utils.ProcessRecordsInputMatcher.eqProcessRecordsInput;
+
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
+import org.mockito.runners.MockitoJUnitRunner;
+import org.mockito.stubbing.Answer;
+import org.reactivestreams.Subscriber;
+import org.reactivestreams.Subscription;
+
+import io.reactivex.Flowable;
+import io.reactivex.schedulers.Schedulers;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import software.amazon.awssdk.core.SdkBytes;
+import software.amazon.awssdk.services.kinesis.model.ExpiredIteratorException;
+import software.amazon.awssdk.services.kinesis.model.GetRecordsResponse;
+import software.amazon.awssdk.services.kinesis.model.Record;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.common.InitialPositionInStreamExtended;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.lifecycle.ShardConsumerNotifyingSubscriber;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.lifecycle.events.ProcessRecordsInput;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.metrics.NullMetricsFactory;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.GetRecordsRetrievalStrategy;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.KinesisClientRecord;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.RecordsRetrieved;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.RetryableRetrievalException;
+import software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.kpl.ExtendedSequenceNumber;
+
+/**
+ * Test class for the PrefetchRecordsPublisher class.
+ */
+@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
+@Slf4j
+public class PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest {
+    private static final int SIZE_512_KB = 512 * 1024;
+    private static final int SIZE_1_MB = 2 * SIZE_512_KB;
+    private static final int MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL = 10000;
+    private static final int MAX_SIZE = 5;
+    private static final int MAX_RECORDS_COUNT = 15000;
+    private static final long IDLE_MILLIS_BETWEEN_CALLS = 0L;
+
+    @Mock
+    private GetRecordsRetrievalStrategy getRecordsRetrievalStrategy;
+    @Mock
+    private KinesisDataFetcher dataFetcher;
+    @Mock
+    private InitialPositionInStreamExtended initialPosition;
+    @Mock
+    private ExtendedSequenceNumber sequenceNumber;
+
+    private List<Record> records;
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+    private LinkedBlockingQueue<PrefetchRecordsPublisher.PrefetchRecordsRetrieved> spyQueue;
+    private PrefetchRecordsPublisher getRecordsCache;
+    private String operation = "ProcessTask";
+    private GetRecordsResponse getRecordsResponse;
+    private Record record;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() {
+        when(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy.getDataFetcher()).thenReturn(dataFetcher);
+
+        executorService = spy(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(1));
+        getRecordsCache = new PrefetchRecordsPublisher(
+                MAX_SIZE,
+                3 * SIZE_1_MB,
+                MAX_RECORDS_COUNT,
+                MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL,
+                getRecordsRetrievalStrategy,
+                executorService,
+                IDLE_MILLIS_BETWEEN_CALLS,
+                new NullMetricsFactory(),
+                operation,
+                "shardId");
+        spyQueue = spy(getRecordsCache.getRecordsResultQueue);
+        records = spy(new ArrayList<>());
+        getRecordsResponse = GetRecordsResponse.builder().records(records).build();
+
+        when(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy.getRecords(eq(MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL))).thenReturn(getRecordsResponse);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRecords() {
+        record = Record.builder().data(createByteBufferWithSize(SIZE_512_KB)).build();
+
+        when(records.size()).thenReturn(1000);
+
+        final List<KinesisClientRecord> expectedRecords = records.stream()
+                .map(KinesisClientRecord::fromRecord).collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+        ProcessRecordsInput result = getRecordsCache.getNextResult().processRecordsInput();
+
+        assertEquals(expectedRecords, result.records());
+
+        verify(executorService).execute(any());
+        verify(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy, atLeast(1)).getRecords(eq(MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL));
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Broken test
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testFullCacheByteSize() {
+        record = Record.builder().data(createByteBufferWithSize(SIZE_1_MB)).build();
+
+        when(records.size()).thenReturn(500);
+
+        records.add(record);
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+
+        // Sleep for a few seconds for the cache to fill up.
+        sleep(2000);
+
+        verify(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy, times(3)).getRecords(eq(MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL));
+        assertEquals(spyQueue.size(), 3);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFullCacheRecordsCount() {
+        int recordsSize = 4500;
+        when(records.size()).thenReturn(recordsSize);
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+
+        sleep(2000);
+
+        int callRate = (int) Math.ceil((double) MAX_RECORDS_COUNT/recordsSize);
+//        TODO: fix this verification
+//        verify(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy, times(callRate)).getRecords(MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL);
+//        assertEquals(spyQueue.size(), callRate);
+        assertTrue(callRate < MAX_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFullCacheSize() {
+        int recordsSize = 200;
+        when(records.size()).thenReturn(recordsSize);
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+
+        // Sleep for a few seconds for the cache to fill up.
+        sleep(2000);
+
+        verify(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy, times(MAX_SIZE + 1)).getRecords(eq(MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL));
+        assertEquals(spyQueue.size(), MAX_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Broken tests
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void testMultipleCacheCalls() {
+        int recordsSize = 20;
+        record = Record.builder().data(createByteBufferWithSize(1024)).build();
+
+        IntStream.range(0, recordsSize).forEach(i -> records.add(record));
+        final List<KinesisClientRecord> expectedRecords = records.stream()
+                .map(KinesisClientRecord::fromRecord).collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+        ProcessRecordsInput processRecordsInput = getRecordsCache.getNextResult().processRecordsInput();
+
+        verify(executorService).execute(any());
+        assertEquals(expectedRecords, processRecordsInput.records());
+        assertNotNull(processRecordsInput.cacheEntryTime());
+        assertNotNull(processRecordsInput.cacheExitTime());
+
+        sleep(2000);
+
+        ProcessRecordsInput processRecordsInput2 = getRecordsCache.getNextResult().processRecordsInput();
+        assertNotEquals(processRecordsInput, processRecordsInput2);
+        assertEquals(expectedRecords, processRecordsInput2.records());
+        assertNotEquals(processRecordsInput2.timeSpentInCache(), Duration.ZERO);
+
+        assertTrue(spyQueue.size() <= MAX_SIZE);
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalStateException.class)
+    public void testGetNextRecordsWithoutStarting() {
+        verify(executorService, times(0)).execute(any());
+        getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = IllegalStateException.class)
+    public void testCallAfterShutdown() {
+        when(executorService.isShutdown()).thenReturn(true);
+        getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExpiredIteratorException() {
+        log.info("Starting tests");
+        when(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy.getRecords(MAX_RECORDS_PER_CALL)).thenThrow(ExpiredIteratorException.class)
+                .thenReturn(getRecordsResponse);
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+
+        doNothing().when(dataFetcher).restartIterator();
+
+        getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+
+        sleep(1000);
+
+        verify(dataFetcher).restartIterator();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRetryableRetrievalExceptionContinues() {
+
+        GetRecordsResponse response = GetRecordsResponse.builder().millisBehindLatest(100L).records(Collections.emptyList()).build();
+        when(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy.getRecords(anyInt())).thenThrow(new RetryableRetrievalException("Timeout", new TimeoutException("Timeout"))).thenReturn(response);
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+
+        RecordsRetrieved records = getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+        assertThat(records.processRecordsInput().millisBehindLatest(), equalTo(response.millisBehindLatest()));
+    }
+
+    @Test(timeout = 1000L)
+    public void testNoDeadlockOnFullQueue() {
+        //
+        // Fixes https://github.com/awslabs/amazon-kinesis-client/issues/448
+        //
+        // This test is to verify that the drain of a blocked queue no longer deadlocks.
+        // If the test times out before starting the subscriber it means something went wrong while filling the queue.
+        // After the subscriber is started one of the things that can trigger a timeout is a deadlock.
+        //
+        GetRecordsResponse response = GetRecordsResponse.builder().records(
+                Record.builder().data(SdkBytes.fromByteArray(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 })).sequenceNumber("123").build())
+                .build();
+        when(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy.getRecords(anyInt())).thenReturn(response);
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+
+        //
+        // Wait for the queue to fill up, and the publisher to block on adding items to the queue.
+        //
+        log.info("Waiting for queue to fill up");
+        while (getRecordsCache.getRecordsResultQueue.size() < MAX_SIZE) {
+            Thread.yield();
+        }
+
+        log.info("Queue is currently at {} starting subscriber", getRecordsCache.getRecordsResultQueue.size());
+        AtomicInteger receivedItems = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        final int expectedItems = MAX_SIZE * 3;
+
+        Object lock = new Object();
+
+        Subscriber<RecordsRetrieved> delegateSubscriber = new Subscriber<RecordsRetrieved>() {
+            Subscription sub;
+
+            @Override
+            public void onSubscribe(Subscription s) {
+                sub = s;
+                s.request(1);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onNext(RecordsRetrieved recordsRetrieved) {
+                receivedItems.incrementAndGet();
+                if (receivedItems.get() >= expectedItems) {
+                    synchronized (lock) {
+                        log.info("Notifying waiters");
+                        lock.notifyAll();
+                    }
+                    sub.cancel();
+                } else {
+                    sub.request(1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onError(Throwable t) {
+                log.error("Caught error", t);
+                throw new RuntimeException(t);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onComplete() {
+                fail("onComplete not expected in this test");
+            }
+        };
+
+        Subscriber<RecordsRetrieved> subscriber = new ShardConsumerNotifyingSubscriber(delegateSubscriber, getRecordsCache);
+
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            log.info("Awaiting notification");
+            Flowable.fromPublisher(getRecordsCache).subscribeOn(Schedulers.computation())
+                    .observeOn(Schedulers.computation(), true, 8).subscribe(subscriber);
+            try {
+                lock.wait();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+        verify(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy, atLeast(expectedItems)).getRecords(anyInt());
+        assertThat(receivedItems.get(), equalTo(expectedItems));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testResetClearsRemainingData() {
+        List<GetRecordsResponse> responses = Stream.iterate(0, i -> i + 1).limit(10).map(i -> {
+            Record record = Record.builder().partitionKey("record-" + i).sequenceNumber("seq-" + i)
+                    .data(SdkBytes.fromByteArray(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 })).approximateArrivalTimestamp(Instant.now())
+                    .build();
+            String nextIterator = "shard-iter-" + (i + 1);
+            return GetRecordsResponse.builder().records(record).nextShardIterator(nextIterator).build();
+        }).collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+        RetrieverAnswer retrieverAnswer = new RetrieverAnswer(responses);
+
+        when(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy.getRecords(anyInt())).thenAnswer(retrieverAnswer);
+        doAnswer(a -> {
+            String resetTo = a.getArgumentAt(0, String.class);
+            retrieverAnswer.resetIteratorTo(resetTo);
+            return null;
+        }).when(dataFetcher).resetIterator(anyString(), anyString(), any());
+
+        getRecordsCache.start(sequenceNumber, initialPosition);
+
+        RecordsRetrieved lastProcessed = getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+        RecordsRetrieved expected = getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+
+        //
+        // Skip some of the records the cache
+        //
+        getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+        getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+
+        verify(getRecordsRetrievalStrategy, atLeast(2)).getRecords(anyInt());
+
+        while(getRecordsCache.getRecordsResultQueue.remainingCapacity() > 0) {
+            Thread.yield();
+        }
+
+        getRecordsCache.restartFrom(lastProcessed);
+        RecordsRetrieved postRestart = getRecordsCache.getNextResult();
+
+        assertThat(postRestart.processRecordsInput(), eqProcessRecordsInput(expected.processRecordsInput()));
+        verify(dataFetcher).resetIterator(eq(responses.get(0).nextShardIterator()),
+                eq(responses.get(0).records().get(0).sequenceNumber()), any());
+
+    }
+
+    private static class RetrieverAnswer implements Answer<GetRecordsResponse> {
+
+        private final List<GetRecordsResponse> responses;
+        private Iterator<GetRecordsResponse> iterator;
+
+        public RetrieverAnswer(List<GetRecordsResponse> responses) {
+            this.responses = responses;
+            this.iterator = responses.iterator();
+        }
+
+        public void resetIteratorTo(String nextIterator) {
+            Iterator<GetRecordsResponse> newIterator = responses.iterator();
+            while(newIterator.hasNext()) {
+                GetRecordsResponse current = newIterator.next();
+                if (StringUtils.equals(nextIterator, current.nextShardIterator())) {
+                    if (!newIterator.hasNext()) {
+                        iterator = responses.iterator();
+                    } else {
+                        newIterator.next();
+                        iterator = newIterator;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public GetRecordsResponse answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
+            GetRecordsResponse response = iterator.next();
+            if (!iterator.hasNext()) {
+                iterator = responses.iterator();
+            }
+            return response;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void shutdown() {
+        getRecordsCache.shutdown();
+        verify(executorService).shutdownNow();
+    }
+
+    private void sleep(long millis) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(millis);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+    }
+
+    private SdkBytes createByteBufferWithSize(int size) {
+        return SdkBytes.fromByteArray(new byte[size]);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.polling.PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest.testGetRecords` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.polling.PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest.getRecordsCache.software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.polling.PrefetchRecordsPublisher.started`. Potentially races with write in method `PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest.testNoDeadlockOnFullQueue()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest.testGetRecords()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+software.amazon.kinesis.retrieval.polling.PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest.testGetRecords():void.c61684424029313317c7b40f3b370b58
+
+### File:
+amazon-kinesis-client/src/test/java/software/amazon/kinesis/retrieval/polling/PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PrefetchRecordsPublisherTest.java|testGetRecords|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1981130468de73972979947b230158f8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7830/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7830/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a862e8f361d9141e5088c7d03d7a544d5529b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7830/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 104
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.CoreLoggerContexts;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.ConfigurationFactory;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Tests that logged strings appear in the file,
+ * that the default file size is used if not specified
+ * and that the file is shrunk to its actual usage when done.
+ * 
+ * @since 2.1
+ */
+public class MemoryMappedFileAppenderSimpleTest {
+
+    final String LOGFILE = "target/MemoryMappedFileAppenderTest.log";
+
+    @Before
+    public void before() {
+        System.setProperty(ConfigurationFactory.CONFIGURATION_FILE_PROPERTY, "MemoryMappedFileAppenderTest.xml");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMemMapBasics() throws Exception {
+        final File f = new File(LOGFILE);
+        if (f.exists()) {
+            assertTrue(f.delete());
+        }
+        assertTrue(!f.exists());
+        
+        final Logger log = LogManager.getLogger();
+        try {
+            log.warn("Test log1");
+            assertTrue(f.exists());
+            assertEquals("initial length", MemoryMappedFileManager.DEFAULT_REGION_LENGTH, f.length());
+            
+            log.warn("Test log2");
+            assertEquals("not grown", MemoryMappedFileManager.DEFAULT_REGION_LENGTH, f.length());
+        } finally {
+            CoreLoggerContexts.stopLoggerContext(false);
+        }
+        final int LINESEP = System.getProperty("line.separator").length();
+        assertEquals("Shrunk to actual used size", 186 + 2 * LINESEP, f.length());
+        
+        String line1, line2, line3;
+        try (final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(LOGFILE))) {
+            line1 = reader.readLine();
+            line2 = reader.readLine();
+            line3 = reader.readLine();
+        }
+        assertNotNull(line1);
+        assertThat(line1, containsString("Test log1"));
+
+        assertNotNull(line2);
+        assertThat(line2, containsString("Test log2"));
+
+        assertNull("only two lines were logged", line3);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("line.separator")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 69.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MemoryMappedFileAppenderSimpleTest.testMemMapBasics()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.MemoryMappedFileAppenderSimpleTest.testMemMapBasics():void.5d81912ec36f3f7c003d981f0e4f3f7f
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/test/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/appender/MemoryMappedFileAppenderSimpleTest.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryMappedFileAppenderSimpleTest.java|testMemMapBasics|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+da713e76d3f5a13e2b8a59578329b7bb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7837/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7837/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53d81d48c65ca83093d4e33bfb5b2fed1347096b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7837/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 102
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.CoreLoggerContexts;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.ConfigurationFactory;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.Integers;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ * Tests that logged strings and their location appear in the file,
+ * that the file size is the next power of two of the specified mapped region length
+ * and that the file is shrunk to its actual usage when done.
+ * 
+ * @since 2.1
+ */
+public class MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest {
+
+    final String LOGFILE = "target/MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.log";
+
+    @Before
+    public void before() {
+        System.setProperty(ConfigurationFactory.CONFIGURATION_FILE_PROPERTY, 
+                "MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.xml");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMemMapLocation() throws Exception {
+        final File f = new File(LOGFILE);
+        if (f.exists()) {
+            assertTrue(f.delete());
+        }
+        assertTrue(!f.exists());
+        
+        final int expectedFileLength = Integers.ceilingNextPowerOfTwo(32000);
+        assertEquals(32768, expectedFileLength);
+        
+        final Logger log = LogManager.getLogger();
+        try {
+            log.warn("Test log1");
+            assertTrue(f.exists());
+            assertEquals("initial length", expectedFileLength, f.length());
+            
+            log.warn("Test log2");
+            assertEquals("not grown", expectedFileLength, f.length());
+        } finally {
+            CoreLoggerContexts.stopLoggerContext(false);
+        }
+        final int LINESEP = System.getProperty("line.separator").length();
+        assertEquals("Shrunk to actual used size", 474 + 2 * LINESEP, f.length());
+        
+        String line1, line2, line3;
+        try (final BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(LOGFILE))) {
+            line1 = reader.readLine();
+            line2 = reader.readLine();
+            line3 = reader.readLine();
+        }
+        assertNotNull(line1);
+        assertThat(line1, containsString("Test log1"));
+        final String location1 = "org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.testMemMapLocation(MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.java:65)";
+        assertThat(line1, containsString(location1));
+
+        assertNotNull(line2);
+        assertThat(line2, containsString("Test log2"));
+        final String location2 = "org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.testMemMapLocation(MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.java:69)";
+        assertThat(line2, containsString(location2));
+
+        assertNull("only two lines were logged", line3);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("line.separator")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 74.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.testMemMapLocation()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.testMemMapLocation():voi.75b20c9ddcff577144a1ef7e81856d80
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/test/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/appender/MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryMappedFileAppenderLocationTest.java|testMemMapLocation|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+3cf8d332881eb069b4f281c9b677a0de
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7916/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7916/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ffe4cd1fef9fabdb68f1bf3100c7281f3622808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7916/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 112
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Level;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.impl.Log4jLogEvent;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.impl.LogEventFactory;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.impl.MutableLogEvent;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.impl.ReusableLogEventFactory;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.jmx.RingBufferAdmin;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.util.Constants;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.message.ReusableMessage;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.status.StatusLogger;
+
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventFactory;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventTranslatorTwoArg;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.ExceptionHandler;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.RingBuffer;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.Sequence;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.SequenceReportingEventHandler;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.WaitStrategy;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.Disruptor;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.ProducerType;
+
+/**
+ * Helper class decoupling the {@code AsyncLoggerConfig} class from the LMAX Disruptor library.
+ * <p>
+ * {@code AsyncLoggerConfig} is a plugin, and will be loaded even if users do not configure any {@code <asyncLogger>} or
+ * {@code <asyncRoot>} elements in the configuration. If {@code AsyncLoggerConfig} has inner classes that extend or
+ * implement classes from the Disruptor library, a {@code NoClassDefFoundError} is thrown if the Disruptor jar is not in
+ * the classpath when the PluginManager loads the {@code AsyncLoggerConfig} plugin from the pre-defined plugins
+ * definition file.
+ * <p>
+ * This class serves to make the dependency on the Disruptor optional, so that these classes are only loaded when the
+ * {@code AsyncLoggerConfig} is actually used.
+ */
+public class AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor implements AsyncLoggerConfigDelegate {
+
+    private static final int MAX_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS_BEFORE_SHUTDOWN = 200;
+    private static final int SLEEP_MILLIS_BETWEEN_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS = 50;
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = StatusLogger.getLogger();
+
+    /**
+     * RingBuffer events contain all information necessary to perform the work in a separate thread.
+     */
+    public static class Log4jEventWrapper {
+        public Log4jEventWrapper() {
+        }
+
+        public Log4jEventWrapper(MutableLogEvent mutableLogEvent) {
+            event = mutableLogEvent;
+        }
+
+        private AsyncLoggerConfig loggerConfig;
+        private LogEvent event;
+
+        /**
+         * Release references held by ring buffer to allow objects to be garbage-collected.
+         */
+        public void clear() {
+            loggerConfig = null;
+            if (event instanceof MutableLogEvent) {
+                ((MutableLogEvent) event).clear();
+            } else {
+                event = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return String.valueOf(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * EventHandler performs the work in a separate thread.
+     */
+    private static class Log4jEventWrapperHandler implements SequenceReportingEventHandler<Log4jEventWrapper> {
+        private static final int NOTIFY_PROGRESS_THRESHOLD = 50;
+        private Sequence sequenceCallback;
+        private int counter;
+
+        @Override
+        public void setSequenceCallback(final Sequence sequenceCallback) {
+            this.sequenceCallback = sequenceCallback;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent(final Log4jEventWrapper event, final long sequence, final boolean endOfBatch)
+                throws Exception {
+            event.event.setEndOfBatch(endOfBatch);
+            event.loggerConfig.asyncCallAppenders(event.event);
+            event.clear();
+
+            notifyIntermediateProgress(sequence);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Notify the BatchEventProcessor that the sequence has progressed. Without this callback the sequence would not
+         * be progressed until the batch has completely finished.
+         */
+        private void notifyIntermediateProgress(final long sequence) {
+            if (++counter > NOTIFY_PROGRESS_THRESHOLD) {
+                sequenceCallback.set(sequence);
+                counter = 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Factory used to populate the RingBuffer with events. These event objects are then re-used during the life of the
+     * RingBuffer.
+     */
+    private static final EventFactory<Log4jEventWrapper> FACTORY = new EventFactory<Log4jEventWrapper>() {
+        @Override
+        public Log4jEventWrapper newInstance() {
+            return new Log4jEventWrapper();
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Factory used to populate the RingBuffer with events. These event objects are then re-used during the life of the
+     * RingBuffer.
+     */
+    private static final EventFactory<Log4jEventWrapper> MUTABLE_FACTORY = new EventFactory<Log4jEventWrapper>() {
+        @Override
+        public Log4jEventWrapper newInstance() {
+            return new Log4jEventWrapper(new MutableLogEvent());
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Object responsible for passing on data to a specific RingBuffer event.
+     */
+    private static final EventTranslatorTwoArg<Log4jEventWrapper, LogEvent, AsyncLoggerConfig> TRANSLATOR =
+            new EventTranslatorTwoArg<Log4jEventWrapper, LogEvent, AsyncLoggerConfig>() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void translateTo(final Log4jEventWrapper ringBufferElement, final long sequence,
+                final LogEvent logEvent, final AsyncLoggerConfig loggerConfig) {
+            ringBufferElement.event = logEvent;
+            ringBufferElement.loggerConfig = loggerConfig;
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Object responsible for passing on data to a RingBuffer event with a MutableLogEvent.
+     */
+    private static final EventTranslatorTwoArg<Log4jEventWrapper, LogEvent, AsyncLoggerConfig> MUTABLE_TRANSLATOR =
+            new EventTranslatorTwoArg<Log4jEventWrapper, LogEvent, AsyncLoggerConfig>() {
+
+        @Override
+        public void translateTo(final Log4jEventWrapper ringBufferElement, final long sequence,
+                final LogEvent logEvent, final AsyncLoggerConfig loggerConfig) {
+            ((MutableLogEvent) ringBufferElement.event).initFrom(logEvent);
+            ringBufferElement.loggerConfig = loggerConfig;
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static final ThreadFactory THREAD_FACTORY = new DaemonThreadFactory("AsyncLoggerConfig-");
+
+    private int ringBufferSize;
+    private AsyncEventRouter asyncEventRouter;
+    private Boolean mutable = Boolean.FALSE;
+
+    private volatile Disruptor<Log4jEventWrapper> disruptor;
+    private ExecutorService executor;
+    private long backgroundThreadId; // LOG4J2-471
+    private EventFactory<Log4jEventWrapper> factory;
+    private EventTranslatorTwoArg<Log4jEventWrapper, LogEvent, AsyncLoggerConfig> translator;
+
+    public AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor() {
+    }
+
+    // called from AsyncLoggerConfig constructor
+    @Override
+    public void setLogEventFactory(final LogEventFactory logEventFactory) {
+        // if any AsyncLoggerConfig uses a ReusableLogEventFactory
+        // then we need to populate our ringbuffer with MutableLogEvents
+        this.mutable = mutable || (logEventFactory instanceof ReusableLogEventFactory);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Increases the reference count and creates and starts a new Disruptor and associated thread if none currently
+     * exists.
+     *
+     * @see #stop()
+     */
+    public synchronized void start() {
+        if (disruptor != null) {
+            LOGGER.trace("AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor not starting new disruptor for this configuration, "
+                    + "using existing object.");
+            return;
+        }
+        LOGGER.trace("AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor creating new disruptor for this configuration.");
+        ringBufferSize = DisruptorUtil.calculateRingBufferSize("AsyncLoggerConfig.RingBufferSize");
+        final WaitStrategy waitStrategy = DisruptorUtil.createWaitStrategy("AsyncLoggerConfig.WaitStrategy");
+        executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(THREAD_FACTORY);
+        backgroundThreadId = DisruptorUtil.getExecutorThreadId(executor);
+        asyncEventRouter = AsyncEventRouterFactory.create();
+
+        translator = mutable ? MUTABLE_TRANSLATOR : TRANSLATOR;
+        factory = mutable ? MUTABLE_FACTORY : FACTORY;
+        disruptor = new Disruptor<>(factory, ringBufferSize, executor, ProducerType.MULTI, waitStrategy);
+
+        final ExceptionHandler<Log4jEventWrapper> errorHandler = DisruptorUtil.getAsyncLoggerConfigExceptionHandler();
+        disruptor.handleExceptionsWith(errorHandler);
+
+        final Log4jEventWrapperHandler[] handlers = {new Log4jEventWrapperHandler()};
+        disruptor.handleEventsWith(handlers);
+
+        LOGGER.debug("Starting AsyncLoggerConfig disruptor for this configuration with ringbufferSize={}, "
+                + "waitStrategy={}, exceptionHandler={}...", disruptor.getRingBuffer().getBufferSize(), waitStrategy
+                .getClass().getSimpleName(), errorHandler);
+        disruptor.start();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decreases the reference count. If the reference count reached zero, the Disruptor and its associated thread are
+     * shut down and their references set to {@code null}.
+     */
+    public synchronized void stop() {
+        final Disruptor<Log4jEventWrapper> temp = disruptor;
+        if (temp == null) {
+            LOGGER.trace("AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor: disruptor for this configuration already shut down.");
+            return; // disruptor was already shut down by another thread
+        }
+        LOGGER.trace("AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor: shutting down disruptor for this configuration.");
+
+        // We must guarantee that publishing to the RingBuffer has stopped before we call disruptor.shutdown().
+        disruptor = null; // client code fails with NPE if log after stop = OK
+
+        // Calling Disruptor.shutdown() will wait until all enqueued events are fully processed,
+        // but this waiting happens in a busy-spin. To avoid (postpone) wasting CPU,
+        // we sleep in short chunks, up to 10 seconds, waiting for the ringbuffer to drain.
+        for (int i = 0; hasBacklog(temp) && i < MAX_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS_BEFORE_SHUTDOWN; i++) {
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(SLEEP_MILLIS_BETWEEN_DRAIN_ATTEMPTS); // give up the CPU for a while
+            } catch (final InterruptedException e) { // ignored
+            }
+        }
+        temp.shutdown(); // busy-spins until all events currently in the disruptor have been processed
+
+        LOGGER.trace("AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor: shutting down disruptor executor for this configuration.");
+        executor.shutdown(); // finally, kill the processor thread
+        executor = null; // release reference to allow GC
+
+        if (DiscardingAsyncEventRouter.getDiscardCount(asyncEventRouter) > 0) {
+            LOGGER.trace("AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor: {} discarded {} events.", asyncEventRouter,
+                    DiscardingAsyncEventRouter.getDiscardCount(asyncEventRouter));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if the specified disruptor still has unprocessed events.
+     */
+    private static boolean hasBacklog(final Disruptor<?> theDisruptor) {
+        final RingBuffer<?> ringBuffer = theDisruptor.getRingBuffer();
+        return !ringBuffer.hasAvailableCapacity(ringBuffer.getBufferSize());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public EventRoute getEventRoute(final Level logLevel) {
+        final int remainingCapacity = remainingDisruptorCapacity();
+        if (remainingCapacity < 0) {
+            return EventRoute.DISCARD;
+        }
+        return asyncEventRouter.getRoute(backgroundThreadId, logLevel);
+    }
+
+    private int remainingDisruptorCapacity() {
+        final Disruptor<Log4jEventWrapper> temp = disruptor;
+        if (hasLog4jBeenShutDown(temp)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return (int) temp.getRingBuffer().remainingCapacity();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if the specified disruptor is null.
+     */
+    private boolean hasLog4jBeenShutDown(final Disruptor<Log4jEventWrapper> aDisruptor) {
+        if (aDisruptor == null) { // LOG4J2-639
+            LOGGER.warn("Ignoring log event after log4j was shut down");
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void enqueueEvent(final LogEvent event, final AsyncLoggerConfig asyncLoggerConfig) {
+        // LOG4J2-639: catch NPE if disruptor field was set to null after our check above
+        try {
+            final LogEvent logEvent = prepareEvent(event);
+            enqueue(logEvent, asyncLoggerConfig);
+        } catch (final NullPointerException npe) {
+            // Note: NPE prevents us from adding a log event to the disruptor after it was shut down,
+            // which could cause the publishEvent method to hang and never return.
+            LOGGER.warn("Ignoring log event after log4j was shut down.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private LogEvent prepareEvent(final LogEvent event) {
+        final LogEvent logEvent = ensureImmutable(event);
+        if (logEvent instanceof Log4jLogEvent && logEvent.getMessage() instanceof ReusableMessage) {
+            ((Log4jLogEvent) logEvent).makeMessageImmutable();
+        }
+        return logEvent;
+    }
+
+    private void enqueue(final LogEvent logEvent, final AsyncLoggerConfig asyncLoggerConfig) {
+        disruptor.getRingBuffer().publishEvent(translator, logEvent, asyncLoggerConfig);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean tryEnqueue(final LogEvent event, final AsyncLoggerConfig asyncLoggerConfig) {
+        final LogEvent logEvent = prepareEvent(event);
+        return disruptor.getRingBuffer().tryPublishEvent(translator, logEvent, asyncLoggerConfig);
+    }
+
+    private LogEvent ensureImmutable(final LogEvent event) {
+        LogEvent result = event;
+        if (event instanceof RingBufferLogEvent) {
+            // Deal with special case where both types of Async Loggers are used together:
+            // RingBufferLogEvents are created by the all-loggers-async type, but
+            // this event is also consumed by the some-loggers-async type (this class).
+            // The original event will be re-used and modified in an application thread later,
+            // so take a snapshot of it, which can be safely processed in the
+            // some-loggers-async background thread.
+            result = ((RingBufferLogEvent) event).createMemento();
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * (non-Javadoc)
+     *
+     * @see org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerConfigDelegate#createRingBufferAdmin(java.lang.String,
+     * java.lang.String)
+     */
+    @Override
+    public RingBufferAdmin createRingBufferAdmin(final String contextName, final String loggerConfigName) {
+        return RingBufferAdmin.forAsyncLoggerConfig(disruptor.getRingBuffer(), contextName, loggerConfigName);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor.getEventRoute` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor.asyncEventRouter`. Potentially races with write in method `AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor.start()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+EventRoute AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor.getEventRoute(Level)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.async.AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor.getEventRoute(org.apache.logging.log4.b5eda271ff4c553e447a364496a0b16e
+
+### File:
+log4j-core/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/async/AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncLoggerConfigDisruptor.java|getEventRoute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+ff6d31af5ace5fba697604821fd64386
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7920/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7920/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b39e9a5e1a5c823f4f09a452b12244eda3152a59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7920/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 77
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.log4j.util;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+
+/**
+ * Utiities for serialization tests.
+ */
+public class SerializationTestHelper {
+    /**
+     * Private constructor.
+     */
+    private SerializationTestHelper() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a clone by serializing object and
+     * deserializing byte stream.
+     *
+     * @param obj object to serialize and deserialize.
+     * @return clone
+     * @throws IOException            on IO error.
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if class not found.
+     */
+    public static Object serializeClone(final Object obj)
+        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream memOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final ObjectOutputStream objOut = new ObjectOutputStream(memOut);
+        objOut.writeObject(obj);
+        objOut.close();
+
+        final ByteArrayInputStream src = new ByteArrayInputStream(memOut.toByteArray());
+        final ObjectInputStream objIs = new ObjectInputStream(src);
+
+        return objIs.readObject();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deserializes a specified file.
+     *
+     * @param witness serialization file, may not be null.
+     * @return deserialized object.
+     * @throws Exception thrown on IO or deserialization exception.
+     */
+    public static Object deserializeStream(final String witness) throws Exception {
+        final FileInputStream fileIs = new FileInputStream(witness);
+        final ObjectInputStream objIs = new ObjectInputStream(fileIs);
+        try {
+            return objIs.readObject();
+        } finally {
+            objIs.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks the serialization of an object against an file
+     * containing the expected serialization.
+     *
+     * @param witness    name of file containing expected serialization.
+     * @param obj        object to be serialized.
+     * @param skip       positions in serialized stream that should not be compared.
+     * @param endCompare position to stop comparison.
+     * @throws Exception thrown on IO or serialization exception.
+     */
+    public static void assertSerializationEquals(
+        final String witness, final Object obj, final int[] skip,
+        final int endCompare) throws Exception {
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream memOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        final ObjectOutputStream objOut = new ObjectOutputStream(memOut);
+        objOut.writeObject(obj);
+        objOut.close();
+
+        assertStreamEquals(witness, memOut.toByteArray(), skip, endCompare);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts the serialized form of an object.
+     *
+     * @param witness    file name of expected serialization.
+     * @param actual     byte array of actual serialization.
+     * @param skip       positions to skip comparison.
+     * @param endCompare position to stop comparison.
+     * @throws IOException thrown on IO or serialization exception.
+     */
+    public static void assertStreamEquals(
+        final String witness, final byte[] actual, final int[] skip,
+        final int endCompare) throws IOException {
+        final File witnessFile = new File(witness);
+
+        if (witnessFile.exists()) {
+            int skipIndex = 0;
+            final byte[] expected = new byte[actual.length];
+            final FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(witnessFile);
+            final int bytesRead = is.read(expected);
+            is.close();
+
+            if (bytesRead < endCompare) {
+                assertEquals(bytesRead, actual.length);
+            }
+
+            int endScan = actual.length;
+
+            if (endScan > endCompare) {
+                endScan = endCompare;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < endScan; i++) {
+                if ((skipIndex < skip.length) && (skip[skipIndex] == i)) {
+                    skipIndex++;
+                } else {
+                    if (expected[i] != actual[i]) {
+                        assertEquals(
+                            "Difference at offset " + i, expected[i], actual[i]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            //
+            //  if the file doesn't exist then
+            //      assume that we are setting up and need to write it
+            final FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(witnessFile);
+            os.write(actual);
+            os.close();
+            fail("Writing witness file " + witness);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `fileIs` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 72 is not released after line 73.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object SerializationTestHelper.deserializeStream(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.log4j.util.SerializationTestHelper.deserializeStream(java.lang.String):java.lang.Object.275681355609342bcaabddbfb8267e53
+
+### File:
+log4j-1.2-api/src/test/java/org/apache/log4j/util/SerializationTestHelper.java
+
+### Key:
+SerializationTestHelper.java|deserializeStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da6943b6ed41aef54880409d2b07047d
+
+### Hash:
+880078fb408be453ac17e9c2b1b709f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7927/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7927/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cda219ade72644879afef8825009a3adeb7f0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7927/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Appender;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LoggerContext;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class TestConfigurator {
+
+    private static final String CONFIG_NAME = "ConfigTest";
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFromFile() throws Exception {
+        Configurator.intitalize("Test1", null, "target/test-classes/log4j2-config.xml");
+        Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger("org.apache.test.TestConfigurator");
+        LoggerContext ctx = (LoggerContext) LogManager.getContext(false);
+        Configuration config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertNotNull("No configuration", config);
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + CONFIG_NAME + " but found " + config.getName(),
+            CONFIG_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+        Map<String, Appender> map = config.getAppenders();
+        assertNotNull("No Appenders", map != null && map.size() > 0);
+        assertTrue("Wrong configuration", map.containsKey("List"));
+        Configurator.shutdown();
+        config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME + " but found " +
+            config.getName(), DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFromClassPath() throws Exception {
+        Configurator.intitalize("Test1", null, "log4j2-config.xml");
+        Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger("org.apache.test.TestConfigurator");
+        LoggerContext ctx = (LoggerContext) LogManager.getContext(false);
+        Configuration config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertNotNull("No configuration", config);
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + CONFIG_NAME + " but found " + config.getName(),
+            CONFIG_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+        Map<String, Appender> map = config.getAppenders();
+        assertNotNull("No Appenders", map != null && map.size() > 0);
+        assertTrue("Wrong configuration", map.containsKey("List"));
+        Configurator.shutdown();
+        config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME + " but found " +
+            config.getName(), DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testByName() throws Exception {
+        Configurator.intitalize("-config", null, null);
+        Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger("org.apache.test.TestConfigurator");
+        LoggerContext ctx = (LoggerContext) LogManager.getContext(false);
+        Configuration config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertNotNull("No configuration", config);
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + CONFIG_NAME + " but found " + config.getName(),
+            CONFIG_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+        Map<String, Appender> map = config.getAppenders();
+        assertNotNull("No Appenders", map != null && map.size() > 0);
+        assertTrue("Wrong configuration", map.containsKey("List"));
+        Configurator.shutdown();
+        config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME + " but found " +
+            config.getName(), DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testReconfiguration() throws Exception {
+        File file = new File("target/test-classes/log4j2-config.xml");
+        file.setLastModified(System.currentTimeMillis() - 120000);
+        Configurator.intitalize("Test1", null, "target/test-classes/log4j2-config.xml");
+        Logger logger = LogManager.getLogger("org.apache.test.TestConfigurator");
+        LoggerContext ctx = (LoggerContext) LogManager.getContext(false);
+        Configuration config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertNotNull("No configuration", config);
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + CONFIG_NAME + " but found " + config.getName(),
+            CONFIG_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+        Map<String, Appender> map = config.getAppenders();
+        assertNotNull("No Appenders", map != null && map.size() > 0);
+        assertTrue("Wrong configuration", map.containsKey("List"));
+
+        Thread.sleep(500);
+        file.setLastModified(System.currentTimeMillis());
+        for (int i = 0; i < 17; ++i) {
+            logger.debug("Test message " + i);
+        }
+        Configuration newConfig = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertTrue("Configuration not reset", newConfig != config);
+        Configurator.shutdown();
+        config = ctx.getConfiguration();
+        assertTrue("Incorrect Configuration. Expected " + DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME + " but found " +
+            config.getName(), DefaultConfiguration.DEFAULT_NAME.equals(config.getName()));
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `map` last assigned on line 87 could be null and is dereferenced at line 89.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestConfigurator.testByName()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.TestConfigurator.testByName():void.fb491e8ab3334a466889e7e386db2c03
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/config/TestConfigurator.java
+
+### Key:
+TestConfigurator.java|testByName|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+47a0cb555453391d4b0a0dd6396ca857
+
+### Hash:
+145eaac0e11932f7f38ede5999ed9a0d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7929/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7929/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4d967a5037d366b2ab03f328714e9f485e9c969
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7929/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.rolling.helper;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+
+
+/**
+ * File rename action.
+ */
+public final class FileRenameAction extends ActionBase {
+    /**
+     * Source.
+     */
+    private final File source;
+
+    /**
+     * Destination.
+     */
+    private final File destination;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, rename empty files, otherwise delete empty files.
+     */
+    private final boolean renameEmptyFiles;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an FileRenameAction.
+     *
+     * @param src              current file name.
+     * @param dst              new file name.
+     * @param renameEmptyFiles if true, rename file even if empty, otherwise delete empty files.
+     */
+    public FileRenameAction(final File src, final File dst, boolean renameEmptyFiles) {
+        source = src;
+        destination = dst;
+        this.renameEmptyFiles = renameEmptyFiles;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rename file.
+     *
+     * @return true if successfully renamed.
+     */
+    public boolean execute() {
+        return execute(source, destination, renameEmptyFiles);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rename file.
+     *
+     * @param source           current file name.
+     * @param destination      new file name.
+     * @param renameEmptyFiles if true, rename file even if empty, otherwise delete empty files.
+     * @return true if successfully renamed.
+     */
+    public static boolean execute(final File source, final File destination, boolean renameEmptyFiles) {
+        if (renameEmptyFiles || (source.length() > 0)) {
+            try {
+                return source.renameTo(destination);
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                try {
+                    copyFile(source, destination);
+                    return source.delete();
+                } catch (IOException iex) {
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static void copyFile(final File source, final File destination) throws IOException {
+        if (!destination.exists()) {
+            destination.createNewFile();
+        }
+
+        FileChannel srcChannel = null;
+        FileChannel destChannel = null;
+        try {
+            srcChannel = new FileInputStream(source).getChannel();
+            destChannel = new FileOutputStream(destination).getChannel();
+            destChannel.transferFrom(srcChannel, 0, srcChannel.size());
+        }
+        finally {
+            if(srcChannel != null) {
+                srcChannel.close();
+            }
+            if (destChannel != null) {
+                destChannel.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 101 is not released after line 112.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 106
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileRenameAction.copyFile(File,File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.rolling.helper.FileRenameAction.copyFile(java.io.File,java.io.1468efcd4648ad2016219ad17e114c57
+
+### File:
+log4j2-core/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/appender/rolling/helper/FileRenameAction.java
+
+### Key:
+FileRenameAction.java|copyFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+2df6d96cdfa49960a5642f03e4a5b94d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7942/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7942/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cff7fff58741369966b5fd8207b9550b83228a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7942/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.filter;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Filter;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Lifecycle;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class Filterable {
+    private volatile Filters filters = new Filters(null);
+    private boolean hasFilters;
+
+    public synchronized void addFilter(Filter filter) {
+        filters = Filters.addFilter(filters, filter);
+        hasFilters = filters.hasFilters();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void removeFilter(Filter filter) {
+        filters = Filters.removeFilter(filters, filter);
+         hasFilters = filters.hasFilters();
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void clearFilters() {
+        filters = new Filters(null);
+        hasFilters = false;
+    }
+
+    public Iterator<Filter> getFilters() {
+        return filters.iterator();
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasFilters() {
+        return hasFilters;
+    }
+
+    public int filterCount() {
+        return filters.size();
+    }
+
+    protected void startFilters() {
+        for (Filter filter : filters) {
+            if ((filter instanceof Lifecycle)) {
+                ((Lifecycle)filter).start();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void stopFilters() {
+        for (Filter filter : filters) {
+            if ((filter instanceof Lifecycle)) {
+                ((Lifecycle)filter).stop();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected synchronized void setFilters(Filters newFilters) {
+        filters = newFilters == null ? new Filters(null) : newFilters;
+        hasFilters = filters.hasFilters();
+    }
+
+    protected boolean isFiltered(LogEvent event) {
+        if (hasFilters) {
+            for (Filter filter : filters) {
+                if (filter.filter(event) == Filter.Result.DENY) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.logging.log4j.core.filter.Filterable.isFiltered` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.logging.log4j.core.filter.Filterable.hasFilters`. Potentially races with write in method `Filterable.setFilters(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean Filterable.isFiltered(LogEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.filter.Filterable.isFiltered(org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent):b.c0a6311caa8896fdf81581cc504b5564
+
+### File:
+log4j2-core/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/filter/Filterable.java
+
+### Key:
+Filterable.java|isFiltered|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+4197e46bc135732acefcdf38799299c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7943/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7943/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..944d896e215a54b55dc9bc6c45e44cbf4de03f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7943/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Filter;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Layout;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.Plugin;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.PluginAttr;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.PluginElement;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.plugins.PluginFactory;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.helpers.Loader;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.layout.PatternLayout;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+
+/**
+ * ConsoleAppender appends log events to <code>System.out</code> or
+ * <code>System.err</code> using a layout specified by the user. The
+ * default target is <code>System.out</code>.
+ * @doubt accessing System.out or .err as a byte stream instead of a writer
+ *    bypasses the JVM's knowledge of the proper encoding. (RG) Encoding
+ * is handled within the Layout. Typically, a Layout will generate a String
+ * and then call getBytes which may use a configured encoding or the system
+ * default. OTOH, a Writer cannot print byte streams.
+ */
+@Plugin(name = "Console", type = "Core", elementType = "appender", printObject = true)
+public final class ConsoleAppender extends AbstractOutputStreamAppender {
+
+    private static ConsoleManagerFactory factory = new ConsoleManagerFactory();
+
+    /**
+     * Enumeration of console destinations.
+     */
+    public enum Target {
+        /** Standard output. */
+        SYSTEM_OUT,
+        /** Standard error output. */
+        SYSTEM_ERR
+    }
+
+    private ConsoleAppender(final String name, final Layout layout, final Filter filter, final OutputStreamManager manager,
+                           final boolean handleExceptions) {
+        super(name, layout, filter, handleExceptions, true, manager);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a Console Appender.
+     * @param layout The layout to use (required).
+     * @param filter The Filter or null.
+     * @param t The target ("SYSTEM_OUT" or "SYSTEM_ERR"). The default is "SYSTEM_OUT".
+     * @param name The name of the Appender (required).
+     * @param suppress "true" if exceptions should be hidden from the application, "false" otherwise.
+     * The default is "true".
+     * @return The ConsoleAppender.
+     */
+    @PluginFactory
+    public static ConsoleAppender createAppender(@PluginElement("layout") Layout layout,
+                                                 @PluginElement("filters") final Filter filter,
+                                                 @PluginAttr("target") final String t,
+                                                 @PluginAttr("name") final String name,
+                                                 @PluginAttr("follow") final String follow,
+                                                 @PluginAttr("suppressExceptions") final String suppress) {
+        if (name == null) {
+            LOGGER.error("No name provided for ConsoleAppender");
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (layout == null) {
+            layout = PatternLayout.createLayout(null, null, null, null);
+        }
+        final boolean isFollow = follow == null ? false : Boolean.valueOf(follow);
+        final boolean handleExceptions = suppress == null ? true : Boolean.valueOf(suppress);
+        final Target target = t == null ? Target.SYSTEM_OUT : Target.valueOf(t);
+        return new ConsoleAppender(name, layout, filter, getManager(isFollow, target), handleExceptions);
+    }
+
+    private static OutputStreamManager getManager(final boolean follow, final Target target) {
+        final String type = target.name();
+        final OutputStream os = getOutputStream(follow, target);
+        return OutputStreamManager.getManager(target.name() + "." + follow, new FactoryData(os, type), factory);
+    }
+
+    private static OutputStream getOutputStream(final boolean follow, final Target target) {
+        final PrintStream printStream = target == Target.SYSTEM_OUT ?
+            follow ? new PrintStream(new SystemOutStream()) : System.out :
+            follow ? new PrintStream(new SystemErrStream()) : System.err;
+        if (!System.getProperty("os.name").startsWith("Windows") || Boolean.getBoolean("log4j.skipJansi")) {
+            return printStream;
+        } else {
+            try {
+                final ClassLoader loader = Loader.getClassLoader();
+                // We type the parameter as a wildcard to avoid a hard reference to Jansi.
+                final Class<?> clazz = loader.loadClass("org.fusesource.jansi.WindowsAnsiOutputStream");
+                final Constructor<?> constructor = clazz.getConstructor(OutputStream.class);
+                return (OutputStream) constructor.newInstance(printStream);
+            } catch (final ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
+                LOGGER.debug("Jansi is not installed");
+            } catch (final NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
+                LOGGER.warn("WindowsAnsiOutputStream is missing the proper constructor");
+            } catch (final Exception ex) {
+                LOGGER.warn("Unable to instantiate WindowsAnsiOutputStream");
+            }
+            return printStream;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An implementation of OutputStream that redirects to the
+     * current System.err.
+     *
+     */
+    private static class SystemErrStream extends OutputStream {
+        public SystemErrStream() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void flush() {
+            System.err.flush();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(final byte[] b) throws IOException {
+            System.err.write(b);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(final byte[] b, final int off, final int len)
+            throws IOException {
+            System.err.write(b, off, len);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(final int b) {
+            System.err.write(b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An implementation of OutputStream that redirects to the
+     * current System.out.
+     *
+     */
+    private static class SystemOutStream extends OutputStream {
+        public SystemOutStream() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void close() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void flush() {
+            System.out.flush();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(final byte[] b) throws IOException {
+            System.out.write(b);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(final byte[] b, final int off, final int len)
+            throws IOException {
+            System.out.write(b, off, len);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void write(final int b) throws IOException {
+            System.out.write(b);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Data to pass to factory method.
+     */
+    private static class FactoryData {
+        private final OutputStream os;
+        private final String type;
+
+        /**
+         * Constructor.
+         * @param os The OutputStream.
+         * @param type The name of the target.
+         */
+        public FactoryData(final OutputStream os, final String type) {
+            this.os = os;
+            this.type = type;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Factory to create the Appender.
+     */
+    private static class ConsoleManagerFactory implements ManagerFactory<OutputStreamManager, FactoryData> {
+
+        /**
+         * Create an OutputStreamManager.
+         * @param name The name of the entity to manage.
+         * @param data The data required to create the entity.
+         * @return The OutputStreamManager
+         */
+        public OutputStreamManager createManager(final String name, final FactoryData data) {
+            return new OutputStreamManager(data.os, data.type);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired to `printStream` by call to `new()` at line 100 is not released after line 111.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+OutputStream ConsoleAppender.getOutputStream(boolean,ConsoleAppender$Target)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.ConsoleAppender.getOutputStream(boolean,org.apache.logging.lo.8f89f2e850d3c9643f2d7c59a88171be
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/org/apache/logging/log4j/core/appender/ConsoleAppender.java
+
+### Key:
+ConsoleAppender.java|getOutputStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8467886b3d9399dca647a30e4635bfca
+
+### Hash:
+0d201ffa5006de3a3e34c3f8de38720c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7944/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7944/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6cfefbb49e5f9206ddea39ea8abb217675063ee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7944/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** logging-log4j2
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the license.
+ */
+package org.apache.log4j;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LoggerContext;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.helpers.NameUtil;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.message.LocalizedMessage;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.message.Message;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.message.ObjectMessage;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.ResourceBundle;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
+
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the Category class for compatibility, despite it having been deprecated a long, long time ago.
+ */
+public class Category {
+
+    private static org.apache.log4j.LoggerFactory loggerFactory = new PrivateFactory();
+
+    private static final Map<LoggerContext, ConcurrentMap<String, Logger>> CONTEXT_MAP =
+        new WeakHashMap<LoggerContext, ConcurrentMap<String, Logger>>();
+
+    private static final String FQCN = Category.class.getName();
+
+    /**
+     * Resource bundle for localized messages.
+     */
+    protected ResourceBundle bundle = null;
+
+    private final org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger logger;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor used by Logger to specify a LoggerContext.
+     * @param context The LoggerContext.
+     * @param name The name of the Logger.
+     */
+    protected Category(LoggerContext context, String name) {
+        this.logger = context.getLogger(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor exposed by Log4j 1.2.
+     * @param name The name of the Logger.
+     */
+    protected Category(String name) {
+        this((LoggerContext) PrivateManager.getContext(), name);
+    }
+
+    private Category(org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger logger) {
+        this.logger = logger;
+    }
+
+    public static Category getInstance(String name) {
+        return getInstance((LoggerContext) PrivateManager.getContext(), name, loggerFactory);
+    }
+
+    static Category getInstance(LoggerContext context, String name) {
+        return getInstance(context, name, loggerFactory);
+    }
+
+    static Category getInstance(LoggerContext context, String name, org.apache.log4j.LoggerFactory factory) {
+        ConcurrentMap<String, Logger> loggers = getLoggersMap(context);
+        Logger logger = loggers.get(name);
+        if (logger != null) {
+            return logger;
+        }
+        logger = factory.makeNewLoggerInstance(context, name);
+        Logger prev = loggers.putIfAbsent(name, logger);
+        return prev == null ? logger : prev;
+    }
+
+    public static Category getInstance(Class clazz) {
+        return getInstance(clazz.getName());
+    }
+
+    static Category getInstance(LoggerContext context, Class clazz) {
+        return getInstance(context, clazz.getName());
+    }
+
+    public final String getName() {
+        return logger.getName();
+    }
+
+    org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger getLogger() {
+        return logger;
+    }
+
+    public final Category getParent() {
+        org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Logger parent = logger.getParent();
+        if (parent == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        ConcurrentMap<String, Logger> loggers = getLoggersMap(logger.getContext());
+        Logger l = loggers.get(parent.getName());
+        return l == null ? new Category(parent) : l;
+    }
+
+    public static Category getRoot() {
+        return getInstance("");
+    }
+
+
+    static Category getRoot(LoggerContext context) {
+        return getInstance(context, "");
+    }
+
+    private static ConcurrentMap<String, Logger> getLoggersMap(LoggerContext context) {
+        synchronized (CONTEXT_MAP) {
+            ConcurrentMap<String, Logger> map = CONTEXT_MAP.get(context);
+            if (map == null) {
+                map = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Logger>();
+                CONTEXT_MAP.put(context, map);
+            }
+            return map;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final Level getEffectiveLevel() {
+        org.apache.logging.log4j.Level level = logger.getLevel();
+
+        switch (level) {
+            case TRACE:
+                return Level.TRACE;
+            case DEBUG:
+                return Level.DEBUG;
+            case INFO:
+                return Level.INFO;
+            case WARN:
+                return Level.WARN;
+            default:
+                return Level.ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public final Priority getChainedPriority() {
+        return getEffectiveLevel();
+    }
+
+    public final Level getLevel() {
+        return getEffectiveLevel();
+    }
+
+    public void setLevel(Level level) {
+        logger.setLevel(org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.toLevel(level.levelStr));
+    }
+
+    public final Level getPriority() {
+        return getEffectiveLevel();
+    }
+
+    public void setPriority(Priority priority) {
+        logger.setLevel(org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.toLevel(priority.levelStr));
+    }
+
+    public void debug(Object message) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.DEBUG, message, null);
+    }
+
+    public void debug(Object message, Throwable t) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.DEBUG, message, t);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isDebugEnabled() {
+        return logger.isDebugEnabled();
+    }
+
+    public void error(Object message) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.ERROR, message, null);
+    }
+
+    public void error(Object message, Throwable t) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.ERROR, message, t);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isErrorEnabled() {
+        return logger.isErrorEnabled();
+    }
+
+    public void warn(Object message) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.WARN, message, null);
+    }
+
+    public void warn(Object message, Throwable t) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.WARN, message, t);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isWarnEnabled() {
+        return logger.isWarnEnabled();
+    }
+
+    public void fatal(Object message) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.FATAL, message, null);
+    }
+
+    public void fatal(Object message, Throwable t) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.FATAL, message, t);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFatalEnabled() {
+        return logger.isFatalEnabled();
+    }
+
+    public void info(Object message) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.INFO, message, null);
+    }
+
+    public void info(Object message, Throwable t) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.INFO, message, t);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isInfoEnabled() {
+        return logger.isInfoEnabled();
+    }
+
+    public void trace(Object message) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.TRACE, message, null);
+    }
+
+    public void trace(Object message, Throwable t) {
+        maybeLog(FQCN, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.TRACE, message, t);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isTraceEnabled() {
+        return logger.isTraceEnabled();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isEnabledFor(Priority level) {
+        org.apache.logging.log4j.Level lvl = org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.toLevel(level.toString());
+        return isEnabledFor(lvl);
+    }
+
+    public void forcedLog(String fqcn, Priority level, Object message, Throwable t) {
+        org.apache.logging.log4j.Level lvl = org.apache.logging.log4j.Level.toLevel(level.toString());
+        logger.log(null, fqcn, lvl, new ObjectMessage(message), t);
+    }
+
+    public boolean exists(String name) {
+        return PrivateManager.getContext().hasLogger(name);
+    }
+
+    public boolean getAdditivity() {
+        return logger.isAdditive();
+    }
+
+    public void setAdditivity(boolean additivity) {
+        logger.setAdditive(additivity);
+    }
+
+    public void setResourceBundle(ResourceBundle bundle) {
+        this.bundle = bundle;
+    }
+
+    public ResourceBundle getResourceBundle() {
+        if (bundle != null) {
+            return bundle;
+        }
+        int i = 0;
+        String name = logger.getName();
+        ConcurrentMap<String, Logger> loggers = getLoggersMap(logger.getContext());
+        while ((name = NameUtil.getSubName(name)) != null) {
+            if (loggers.containsKey(name)) {
+                ResourceBundle rb = loggers.get(name).bundle;
+                if (rb != null) {
+                    return rb;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void l7dlog(Priority priority, String key, Throwable t) {
+        if (isEnabledFor(priority)) {
+            Message msg = new LocalizedMessage(bundle, key, null);
+            forcedLog(FQCN, priority, msg, t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void l7dlog(Priority priority, String key, Object[] params, Throwable t) {
+        if (isEnabledFor(priority)) {
+            Message msg = new LocalizedMessage(bundle, key, params);
+            forcedLog(FQCN, priority, msg, t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void log(Priority priority, Object message, Throwable t) {
+        if (isEnabledFor(priority)) {
+            Message msg = new ObjectMessage(message);
+            forcedLog(FQCN, priority, msg, t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void log(Priority priority, Object message) {
+        if (isEnabledFor(priority)) {
+            Message msg = new ObjectMessage(message);
+            forcedLog(FQCN, priority, msg, null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void log(String fqcn, Priority priority, Object message, Throwable t) {
+        if (isEnabledFor(priority)) {
+            Message msg = new ObjectMessage(message);
+            forcedLog(fqcn, priority, msg, t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeLog(String fqcn, org.apache.logging.log4j.Level level,
+            Object message, Throwable throwable) {
+        if (logger.isEnabled(level, null, message, throwable)) {
+            logger.log(null, FQCN, level, new ObjectMessage(message), throwable);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Private logger factory.
+     */
+    private static class PrivateFactory implements org.apache.log4j.LoggerFactory {
+
+        public Logger makeNewLoggerInstance(LoggerContext context, String name) {
+            return new Logger(context, name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Private LogManager.
+     */
+    private static class PrivateManager extends org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager {
+        private static final String FQCN = Category.class.getName();
+
+        public static org.apache.logging.log4j.spi.LoggerContext getContext() {
+            return getContext(FQCN, false);
+        }
+
+        public static org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger getLogger(String name) {
+            return getLogger(FQCN, name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isEnabledFor(org.apache.logging.log4j.Level level) {
+        return logger.isEnabled(level, null, null);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `level.toString()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 253.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Category.forcedLog(String,Priority,Object,Throwable)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.log4j.Category.forcedLog(java.lang.String,org.apache.log4j.Priority,java.lang.Object,java.0736ed27313e681786e76a65a91e1125
+
+### File:
+log4j12-api/src/main/java/org/apache/log4j/Category.java
+
+### Key:
+Category.java|forcedLog|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e85dd3f92a796473a4393e5d5562e7a
+
+### Hash:
+0181f83760e2618c90019c79133e20a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7972/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7972/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f7fb4376a999185a00a438cbdef02b7d354d0e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7972/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 23
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 YCSB contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DB;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.RandomByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.WorkloadException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.generator.DiscreteGenerator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.generator.ExponentialGenerator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.generator.HotspotIntegerGenerator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.generator.NumberGenerator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.generator.UniformIntegerGenerator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.generator.ZipfianGenerator;
+
+/**
+ * Typical RESTFul services benchmarking scenario. Represents a set of client
+ * calling REST operations like HTTP DELETE, GET, POST, PUT on a web service.
+ * This scenario is completely different from CoreWorkload which is mainly
+ * designed for databases benchmarking. However due to some reusable
+ * functionality this class extends {@link CoreWorkload} and overrides necessary
+ * methods like init, doTransaction etc.
+ */
+public class RestWorkload extends CoreWorkload {
+
+  /**
+   * The name of the property for the proportion of transactions that are
+   * delete.
+   */
+  public static final String DELETE_PROPORTION_PROPERTY = "deleteproportion";
+
+  /**
+   * The default proportion of transactions that are delete.
+   */
+  public static final String DELETE_PROPORTION_PROPERTY_DEFAULT = "0.00";
+
+  /**
+   * The name of the property for the file that holds the field length size for insert operations.
+   */
+  public static final String FIELD_LENGTH_DISTRIBUTION_FILE_PROPERTY = "fieldlengthdistfile";
+  
+  /**
+   * The default file name that holds the field length size for insert operations.
+   */
+  public static final String FIELD_LENGTH_DISTRIBUTION_FILE_PROPERTY_DEFAULT = "fieldLengthDistFile.txt";
+
+  /**
+   * In web services even though the CRUD operations follow the same request
+   * distribution, they have different traces and distribution parameter
+   * values. Hence configuring the parameters of these operations separately
+   * makes the benchmark more flexible and capable of generating better
+   * realistic workloads.
+   */
+  // Read related properties.
+  private static final String READ_TRACE_FILE = "url.trace.read";
+  private static final String READ_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT = "readtrace.txt";
+  private static final String READ_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT = "readzipfconstant";
+  private static final String READ_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT = "0.99";
+  private static final String READ_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY = "readrecordcount";
+  // Insert related properties.
+  private static final String INSERT_TRACE_FILE = "url.trace.insert";
+  private static final String INSERT_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT = "inserttrace.txt";
+  private static final String INSERT_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT = "insertzipfconstant";
+  private static final String INSERT_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT = "0.99";
+  private static final String INSERT_SIZE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT = "insertsizezipfconstant";
+  private static final String INSERT_SIZE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT = "0.99";
+  private static final String INSERT_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY = "insertrecordcount";
+  // Delete related properties.
+  private static final String DELETE_TRACE_FILE = "url.trace.delete";
+  private static final String DELETE_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT = "deletetrace.txt";
+  private static final String DELETE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT = "deletezipfconstant";
+  private static final String DELETE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT = "0.99";
+  private static final String DELETE_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY = "deleterecordcount";
+  // Delete related properties.
+  private static final String UPDATE_TRACE_FILE = "url.trace.update";
+  private static final String UPDATE_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT = "updatetrace.txt";
+  private static final String UPDATE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT = "updatezipfconstant";
+  private static final String UPDATE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT = "0.99";
+  private static final String UPDATE_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY = "updaterecordcount";
+
+  private Map<Integer, String> readUrlMap;
+  private Map<Integer, String> insertUrlMap;
+  private Map<Integer, String> deleteUrlMap;
+  private Map<Integer, String> updateUrlMap;
+  private int readRecordCount;
+  private int insertRecordCount;
+  private int deleteRecordCount;
+  private int updateRecordCount;
+  private NumberGenerator readKeyChooser;
+  private NumberGenerator insertKeyChooser;
+  private NumberGenerator deleteKeyChooser;
+  private NumberGenerator updateKeyChooser;
+
+  @Override
+  public void init(Properties p) throws WorkloadException {
+
+    readRecordCount = Integer.parseInt(p.getProperty(READ_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY, String.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)));
+    insertRecordCount = Integer
+        .parseInt(p.getProperty(INSERT_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY, String.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)));
+    deleteRecordCount = Integer
+        .parseInt(p.getProperty(DELETE_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY, String.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)));
+    updateRecordCount = Integer
+        .parseInt(p.getProperty(UPDATE_RECORD_COUNT_PROPERTY, String.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)));
+      
+      readUrlMap = getTrace(p.getProperty(READ_TRACE_FILE, READ_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT), readRecordCount);
+      insertUrlMap = getTrace(p.getProperty(INSERT_TRACE_FILE, INSERT_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT), insertRecordCount);
+      deleteUrlMap = getTrace(p.getProperty(DELETE_TRACE_FILE, DELETE_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT), deleteRecordCount);
+      updateUrlMap = getTrace(p.getProperty(UPDATE_TRACE_FILE, UPDATE_TRACE_FILE_DEFAULT), updateRecordCount);
+    
+    operationchooser = createOperationGenerator(p);
+
+    // Common distribution for all operations.
+    String requestDistrib = p.getProperty(REQUEST_DISTRIBUTION_PROPERTY, REQUEST_DISTRIBUTION_PROPERTY_DEFAULT);
+
+    double readZipfconstant = Double
+        .parseDouble(p.getProperty(READ_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT, READ_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT));
+    readKeyChooser = getKeyChooser(requestDistrib, readUrlMap.size(), readZipfconstant, p);
+    double updateZipfconstant = Double
+        .parseDouble(p.getProperty(UPDATE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT, UPDATE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT));
+    updateKeyChooser = getKeyChooser(requestDistrib, updateUrlMap.size(), updateZipfconstant, p);
+    double insertZipfconstant = Double
+        .parseDouble(p.getProperty(INSERT_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT, INSERT_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT));
+    insertKeyChooser = getKeyChooser(requestDistrib, insertUrlMap.size(), insertZipfconstant, p);
+    double deleteZipfconstant = Double
+        .parseDouble(p.getProperty(DELETE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT, DELETE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT));
+    deleteKeyChooser = getKeyChooser(requestDistrib, deleteUrlMap.size(), deleteZipfconstant, p);
+
+    fieldlengthgenerator = getFieldLengthGenerator(p);
+  }
+  
+  public static DiscreteGenerator createOperationGenerator(final Properties p) {
+     // Re-using CoreWorkload method. 
+    final DiscreteGenerator operationChooser = CoreWorkload.createOperationGenerator(p);
+    // Needs special handling for delete operations not supported in CoreWorkload.
+    double deleteproportion = Double
+		        .parseDouble(p.getProperty(DELETE_PROPORTION_PROPERTY, DELETE_PROPORTION_PROPERTY_DEFAULT));
+    if (deleteproportion > 0)
+      operationChooser.addValue(deleteproportion, "DELETE");
+    return operationChooser;
+  }
+
+  private static NumberGenerator getKeyChooser(String requestDistrib, int recordCount, double zipfContant,
+      Properties p) throws WorkloadException {
+    NumberGenerator keychooser = null;
+    
+    switch(requestDistrib) {
+      case "exponential":
+        double percentile = Double.parseDouble(p.getProperty(ExponentialGenerator.EXPONENTIAL_PERCENTILE_PROPERTY,
+            ExponentialGenerator.EXPONENTIAL_PERCENTILE_DEFAULT));
+        double frac = Double.parseDouble(p.getProperty(ExponentialGenerator.EXPONENTIAL_FRAC_PROPERTY,
+            ExponentialGenerator.EXPONENTIAL_FRAC_DEFAULT));
+        keychooser = new ExponentialGenerator(percentile, recordCount * frac);
+        break;
+      case "uniform":
+        keychooser = new UniformIntegerGenerator(0, recordCount - 1);
+        break;
+      case "zipfian":
+        keychooser = new ZipfianGenerator(recordCount, zipfContant);
+        break;
+      case "latest":
+        throw new WorkloadException("Latest request distribution is not supported for RestWorkload.");
+      case "hotspot":
+        double hotsetfraction = Double
+          .parseDouble(p.getProperty(HOTSPOT_DATA_FRACTION, HOTSPOT_DATA_FRACTION_DEFAULT));
+        double hotopnfraction = Double
+          .parseDouble(p.getProperty(HOTSPOT_OPN_FRACTION, HOTSPOT_OPN_FRACTION_DEFAULT));
+        keychooser = new HotspotIntegerGenerator(0, recordCount - 1, hotsetfraction, hotopnfraction);
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw new WorkloadException("Unknown request distribution \"" + requestDistrib + "\"");
+    }
+    return keychooser;
+  }
+
+  protected static NumberGenerator getFieldLengthGenerator(Properties p) throws WorkloadException {
+    // Re-using CoreWorkload method. 
+    NumberGenerator fieldLengthGenerator = CoreWorkload.getFieldLengthGenerator(p);
+    String fieldlengthdistribution = p.getProperty(
+            FIELD_LENGTH_DISTRIBUTION_PROPERTY, FIELD_LENGTH_DISTRIBUTION_PROPERTY_DEFAULT);
+    // Needs special handling for Zipfian distribution for variable Zipf Constant.
+    if (fieldlengthdistribution.compareTo("zipfian") == 0) {
+    	  int fieldlength =
+    		        Integer.parseInt(p.getProperty(FIELD_LENGTH_PROPERTY, FIELD_LENGTH_PROPERTY_DEFAULT));
+        double insertsizezipfconstant = Double
+            .parseDouble(p.getProperty(INSERT_SIZE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT, INSERT_SIZE_ZIPFIAN_CONSTANT_DEAFULT));
+        fieldLengthGenerator = new ZipfianGenerator(1, fieldlength, insertsizezipfconstant);
+      }
+    return fieldLengthGenerator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  Reads the trace file and returns a URL map.
+   */
+  private static Map<Integer, String> getTrace(String filePath, int recordCount)
+      throws WorkloadException {
+    Map<Integer, String> urlMap = new HashMap<Integer, String>();
+    int count = 0;
+    String line;
+    try {
+      FileReader inputFile = new FileReader(filePath);
+      BufferedReader bufferReader = new BufferedReader(inputFile);
+      while ((line = bufferReader.readLine()) != null) {
+        urlMap.put(count++, line.trim());
+        if (count >= recordCount)
+          break;
+      }
+      bufferReader.close();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new WorkloadException(
+          "Error while reading the trace. Please make sure the trace file path is correct. "
+              + e.getLocalizedMessage());
+    }
+    return urlMap;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Not required for Rest Clients as data population is service specific.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public boolean doInsert(DB db, Object threadstate) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean doTransaction(DB db, Object threadstate) {
+    switch (operationchooser.nextString()) {
+    case "UPDATE":
+      doTransactionUpdate(db);
+      break;
+    case "INSERT":
+      doTransactionInsert(db);
+      break;
+    case "DELETE":
+      doTransactionDelete(db);
+      break;
+    default:
+      doTransactionRead(db);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   *  Returns next URL to be called.
+   */
+  private String getNextURL(int opType) {
+    if (opType == 1)
+      return readUrlMap.get(readKeyChooser.nextValue().intValue());
+    else if (opType == 2)
+      return insertUrlMap.get(insertKeyChooser.nextValue().intValue());
+    else if (opType == 3)
+      return deleteUrlMap.get(deleteKeyChooser.nextValue().intValue());
+    else
+      return updateUrlMap.get(updateKeyChooser.nextValue().intValue());
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void doTransactionRead(DB db) {
+    HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+    db.read(null, getNextURL(1), null, result);
+  } 
+  
+  @Override
+  public void doTransactionInsert(DB db) {
+    HashMap<String, ByteIterator> value = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+    // Create random bytes of insert data with a specific size.
+    value.put("data", new RandomByteIterator(fieldlengthgenerator.nextValue().longValue()));
+    db.insert(null, getNextURL(2), value);
+  }
+
+  public void doTransactionDelete(DB db) {
+    db.delete(null, getNextURL(3));
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void doTransactionUpdate(DB db) {
+    HashMap<String, ByteIterator> value = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+    // Create random bytes of update data with a specific size.
+    value.put("data", new RandomByteIterator(fieldlengthgenerator.nextValue().longValue()));
+    db.update(null, getNextURL(4), value);
+  }
+  
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `CoreWorkload.operationchooser.nextString()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 248.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean RestWorkload.doTransaction(DB,Object)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads.RestWorkload.doTransaction(com.yahoo.ycsb.DB,java.lang.Object):boolean.98f86525aeaa84452d351900674ee5ac
+
+### File:
+core/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/workloads/RestWorkload.java
+
+### Key:
+RestWorkload.java|doTransaction|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7bd17c1126d78fe17b36ab2ac6be1419
+
+### Hash:
+b6dbb5e6890bb69ae0df9a89b185b102
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7973/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7973/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52bc1aa7ea9c0659380f384bfb8ea37882b998c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7973/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MongoDB client binding for YCSB.
+ *
+ * Submitted by Yen Pai on 5/11/2010.
+ *
+ * https://gist.github.com/000a66b8db2caf42467b#file_mongo_database.java
+ *
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import com.mongodb.client.model.InsertManyOptions;
+import org.bson.Document;
+import org.bson.types.Binary;
+
+import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
+import com.mongodb.MongoClientURI;
+import com.mongodb.ReadPreference;
+import com.mongodb.WriteConcern;
+import com.mongodb.bulk.BulkWriteResult;
+import com.mongodb.client.FindIterable;
+import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
+import com.mongodb.client.MongoCursor;
+import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.BulkWriteOptions;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.InsertOneModel;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.UpdateOptions;
+import com.mongodb.client.result.DeleteResult;
+import com.mongodb.client.result.UpdateResult;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DB;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+
+/**
+ * MongoDB client for YCSB framework.
+ * 
+ * Properties to set:
+ * 
+ * mongodb.url=mongodb://localhost:27017
+ * mongodb.writeConcern=acknowledged
+ * 
+ * @author ypai
+ */
+public class MongoDbClient extends DB {
+
+    /** Used to include a field in a response. */
+    protected static final Integer INCLUDE = Integer.valueOf(1);
+
+    /** The options to use for inserting many documents */
+    protected static final InsertManyOptions INSERT_MANY_OPTIONS =
+    new InsertManyOptions().ordered(false);
+
+    /**
+     * The database name to access.
+     */
+    private static String databaseName;
+
+    /** The database name to access. */
+    private static MongoDatabase database;
+
+    /**
+     * Count the number of times initialized to teardown on the last
+     * {@link #cleanup()}.
+     */
+    private static final AtomicInteger initCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+    /** A singleton Mongo instance. */
+    private static MongoClient mongoClient;
+
+    /** The default read preference for the test */
+    private static ReadPreference readPreference;
+
+    /** The default write concern for the test. */
+    private static WriteConcern writeConcern;
+
+    /** The batch size to use for inserts. */
+    private static int batchSize;
+
+    /** The bulk inserts pending for the thread. */
+    private final List<Document> bulkInserts = new ArrayList<Document>();
+
+    /**
+     * Cleanup any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one
+     * DB instance per client thread.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+        if (initCount.decrementAndGet() == 0) {
+            try {
+                mongoClient.close();
+            }
+            catch (Exception e1) {
+                System.err.println("Could not close MongoDB connection pool: "
+                        + e1.toString());
+                e1.printStackTrace();
+                return;
+            }
+            finally {
+                database = null;
+                mongoClient = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete a record from the database.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to delete.
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See the
+     *         {@link DB} class's description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int delete(String table, String key) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+
+            Document query = new Document("_id", key);
+            DeleteResult result = collection.withWriteConcern(writeConcern)
+                    .deleteOne(query);
+            if (result.wasAcknowledged() && result.getDeletedCount() == 0) {
+                System.err.println("Nothing deleted for key " + key);
+                return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is
+     * one DB instance per client thread.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void init() throws DBException {
+        initCount.incrementAndGet();
+        synchronized (INCLUDE) {
+            if (mongoClient != null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Properties props = getProperties();
+
+            // Set insert batchsize, default 1 - to be YCSB-original equivalent
+            batchSize = Integer.parseInt(props.getProperty("batchsize", "1"));
+
+            // Just use the standard connection format URL
+            // http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/connection-string/ 
+            // to configure the client.
+            String url = props.getProperty("mongodb.url", null);
+            boolean defaultedUrl = false;
+            if (url == null) {
+                defaultedUrl = true;
+                url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/ycsb?w=1";
+            }
+
+            url = OptionsSupport.updateUrl(url, props);
+
+            if (!url.startsWith("mongodb://")) {
+                System.err
+                        .println("ERROR: Invalid URL: '"
+                                + url
+                                + "'. Must be of the form "
+                                + "'mongodb://<host1>:<port1>,<host2>:<port2>/database?options'. "
+                                + "http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/connection-string/");
+                System.exit(1);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                MongoClientURI uri = new MongoClientURI(url);
+
+                String uriDb = uri.getDatabase();
+                if (!defaultedUrl && (uriDb != null) && !uriDb.isEmpty()
+                        && !"admin".equals(uriDb)) {
+                    databaseName = uriDb;
+                }
+                else {
+                    //If no database is specified in URI, use "ycsb"
+                    databaseName = "ycsb"; 
+
+                }
+
+
+                readPreference = uri.getOptions().getReadPreference();
+                writeConcern = uri.getOptions().getWriteConcern();
+
+                mongoClient = new MongoClient(uri);
+                database = mongoClient.getDatabase(databaseName);
+
+                System.out.println("mongo client connection created with "
+                        + url);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e1) {
+                System.err
+                        .println("Could not initialize MongoDB connection pool for Loader: "
+                                + e1.toString());
+                e1.printStackTrace();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+     * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+     * key.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to insert.
+     * @param values
+     *            A HashMap of field/value pairs to insert in the record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See the
+     *         {@link DB} class's description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int insert(String table, String key,
+            HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+            Document toInsert = new Document("_id", key);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+                toInsert.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toArray());
+            }
+
+            bulkInserts.add(toInsert);
+            if (bulkInserts.size() == batchSize) {
+                collection.withWriteConcern(writeConcern)
+                          .insertMany(bulkInserts, INSERT_MANY_OPTIONS);
+                bulkInserts.clear();
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Exception while trying bulk insert with "
+                               + bulkInserts.size());
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read a record from the database. Each field/value pair from the result
+     * will be stored in a HashMap.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to read.
+     * @param fields
+     *            The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+     * @param result
+     *            A HashMap of field/value pairs for the result
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error or "not found".
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+            HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+            Document query = new Document("_id", key);
+
+            FindIterable<Document> findIterable = collection
+                                                  .withReadPreference(readPreference)
+                                                  .find(query);
+
+            Document queryResult = null;
+            if (fields != null) {
+                Document projection = new Document();
+                for (String field : fields) {
+                    projection.put(field, INCLUDE);
+                }
+                findIterable.projection(projection);
+            }
+
+            queryResult = findIterable.first();
+
+            if (queryResult != null) {
+                fillMap(result, queryResult);
+            }
+            return queryResult != null ? 0 : 1;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform a range scan for a set of records in the database. Each
+     * field/value pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param startkey
+     *            The record key of the first record to read.
+     * @param recordcount
+     *            The number of records to read
+     * @param fields
+     *            The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+     * @param result
+     *            A Vector of HashMaps, where each HashMap is a set field/value
+     *            pairs for one record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See the
+     *         {@link DB} class's description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+            Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+        MongoCursor<Document> cursor = null;
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+
+            Document scanRange = new Document("$gte", startkey);
+            Document query = new Document("_id", scanRange);
+            Document sort = new Document("_id", INCLUDE);
+            Document projection = null;
+            if (fields != null) {
+                projection = new Document();
+                for (String fieldName : fields) {
+                    projection.put(fieldName, INCLUDE);
+                }
+            }
+
+            cursor = collection.withReadPreference(readPreference).find(query)
+                    .projection(projection).sort(sort).limit(recordcount).iterator();
+            if (!cursor.hasNext()) {
+                System.err.println("Nothing found in scan for key " + startkey);
+                return 1;
+            }
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                HashMap<String, ByteIterator> resultMap = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+
+                Document obj = cursor.next();
+                fillMap(resultMap, obj);
+
+                result.add(resultMap);
+            }
+
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (cursor != null) {
+                cursor.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+     * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+     * key, overwriting any existing values with the same field name.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to write.
+     * @param values
+     *            A HashMap of field/value pairs to update in the record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See this class's
+     *         description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int update(String table, String key,
+            HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+
+            Document query = new Document("_id", key);
+            Document fieldsToSet = new Document();
+            for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+                fieldsToSet.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toArray());
+            }
+            Document update = new Document("$set", fieldsToSet);
+
+            UpdateResult result = collection.withWriteConcern(writeConcern)
+                    .updateOne(query, update);
+            if (result.wasAcknowledged() && result.getMatchedCount() == 0) {
+                System.err.println("Nothing updated for key " + key);
+                return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fills the map with the values from the DBObject.
+     * 
+     * @param resultMap
+     *            The map to fill/
+     * @param obj
+     *            The object to copy values from.
+     */
+    protected void fillMap(HashMap<String, ByteIterator> resultMap, Document obj) {
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : obj.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getValue() instanceof Binary) {
+                resultMap.put(entry.getKey(), new ByteArrayByteIterator(
+                        ((Binary) entry.getValue()).getData()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.MongoDbClient.scan` reads without synchronization from `db.MongoDbClient.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.MongoDbClient.readPreference`. Potentially races with write in method `MongoDbClient.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int MongoDbClient.scan(String,String,int,Set,Vector)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.MongoDbClient.scan(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,int,java.util.Set,java.util.V.d73ab9ae2d8995ac49284245957f32f3
+
+### File:
+mongodb/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/MongoDbClient.java
+
+### Key:
+MongoDbClient.java|scan|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+41b8524d14faec78babc2f5840378351
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7975/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7975/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fbc83664d22c30a83bace9502f9f93fb8ee3814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7975/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * MongoDB client binding for YCSB.
+ *
+ * Submitted by Yen Pai on 5/11/2010.
+ *
+ * https://gist.github.com/000a66b8db2caf42467b#file_mongo_database.java
+ *
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import com.mongodb.client.model.InsertManyOptions;
+import org.bson.Document;
+import org.bson.types.Binary;
+
+import com.mongodb.MongoClient;
+import com.mongodb.MongoClientURI;
+import com.mongodb.ReadPreference;
+import com.mongodb.WriteConcern;
+import com.mongodb.bulk.BulkWriteResult;
+import com.mongodb.client.FindIterable;
+import com.mongodb.client.MongoCollection;
+import com.mongodb.client.MongoCursor;
+import com.mongodb.client.MongoDatabase;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.BulkWriteOptions;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.InsertOneModel;
+import com.mongodb.client.model.UpdateOptions;
+import com.mongodb.client.result.DeleteResult;
+import com.mongodb.client.result.UpdateResult;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DB;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+
+/**
+ * MongoDB client for YCSB framework.
+ * 
+ * Properties to set:
+ * 
+ * mongodb.url=mongodb://localhost:27017
+ * mongodb.writeConcern=acknowledged
+ * 
+ * @author ypai
+ */
+public class MongoDbClient extends DB {
+
+    /** Used to include a field in a response. */
+    protected static final Integer INCLUDE = Integer.valueOf(1);
+
+    /** The options to use for inserting many documents */
+    protected static final InsertManyOptions INSERT_MANY_OPTIONS =
+    new InsertManyOptions().ordered(false);
+
+    /**
+     * The database name to access.
+     */
+    private static String databaseName;
+
+    /** The database name to access. */
+    private static MongoDatabase database;
+
+    /**
+     * Count the number of times initialized to teardown on the last
+     * {@link #cleanup()}.
+     */
+    private static final AtomicInteger initCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+    /** A singleton Mongo instance. */
+    private static MongoClient mongoClient;
+
+    /** The default read preference for the test */
+    private static ReadPreference readPreference;
+
+    /** The default write concern for the test. */
+    private static WriteConcern writeConcern;
+
+    /** The batch size to use for inserts. */
+    private static int batchSize;
+
+    /** The bulk inserts pending for the thread. */
+    private final List<Document> bulkInserts = new ArrayList<Document>();
+
+    /**
+     * Cleanup any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one
+     * DB instance per client thread.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+        if (initCount.decrementAndGet() == 0) {
+            try {
+                mongoClient.close();
+            }
+            catch (Exception e1) {
+                System.err.println("Could not close MongoDB connection pool: "
+                        + e1.toString());
+                e1.printStackTrace();
+                return;
+            }
+            finally {
+                database = null;
+                mongoClient = null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Delete a record from the database.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to delete.
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See the
+     *         {@link DB} class's description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int delete(String table, String key) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+
+            Document query = new Document("_id", key);
+            DeleteResult result = collection.withWriteConcern(writeConcern)
+                    .deleteOne(query);
+            if (result.wasAcknowledged() && result.getDeletedCount() == 0) {
+                System.err.println("Nothing deleted for key " + key);
+                return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is
+     * one DB instance per client thread.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void init() throws DBException {
+        initCount.incrementAndGet();
+        synchronized (INCLUDE) {
+            if (mongoClient != null) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Properties props = getProperties();
+
+            // Set insert batchsize, default 1 - to be YCSB-original equivalent
+            batchSize = Integer.parseInt(props.getProperty("batchsize", "1"));
+
+            // Just use the standard connection format URL
+            // http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/connection-string/ 
+            // to configure the client.
+            String url = props.getProperty("mongodb.url", null);
+            boolean defaultedUrl = false;
+            if (url == null) {
+                defaultedUrl = true;
+                url = "mongodb://localhost:27017/ycsb?w=1";
+            }
+
+            url = OptionsSupport.updateUrl(url, props);
+
+            if (!url.startsWith("mongodb://")) {
+                System.err
+                        .println("ERROR: Invalid URL: '"
+                                + url
+                                + "'. Must be of the form "
+                                + "'mongodb://<host1>:<port1>,<host2>:<port2>/database?options'. "
+                                + "http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/connection-string/");
+                System.exit(1);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                MongoClientURI uri = new MongoClientURI(url);
+
+                String uriDb = uri.getDatabase();
+                if (!defaultedUrl && (uriDb != null) && !uriDb.isEmpty()
+                        && !"admin".equals(uriDb)) {
+                    databaseName = uriDb;
+                }
+                else {
+                    //If no database is specified in URI, use "ycsb"
+                    databaseName = "ycsb"; 
+
+                }
+
+
+                readPreference = uri.getOptions().getReadPreference();
+                writeConcern = uri.getOptions().getWriteConcern();
+
+                mongoClient = new MongoClient(uri);
+                database = mongoClient.getDatabase(databaseName);
+
+                System.out.println("mongo client connection created with "
+                        + url);
+            }
+            catch (Exception e1) {
+                System.err
+                        .println("Could not initialize MongoDB connection pool for Loader: "
+                                + e1.toString());
+                e1.printStackTrace();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Insert a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+     * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+     * key.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to insert.
+     * @param values
+     *            A HashMap of field/value pairs to insert in the record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See the
+     *         {@link DB} class's description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int insert(String table, String key,
+            HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+            Document toInsert = new Document("_id", key);
+            for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+                toInsert.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toArray());
+            }
+
+            bulkInserts.add(toInsert);
+            if (bulkInserts.size() == batchSize) {
+                collection.withWriteConcern(writeConcern)
+                          .insertMany(bulkInserts, INSERT_MANY_OPTIONS);
+                bulkInserts.clear();
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println("Exception while trying bulk insert with "
+                               + bulkInserts.size());
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read a record from the database. Each field/value pair from the result
+     * will be stored in a HashMap.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to read.
+     * @param fields
+     *            The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+     * @param result
+     *            A HashMap of field/value pairs for the result
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error or "not found".
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+            HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+            Document query = new Document("_id", key);
+
+            FindIterable<Document> findIterable = collection
+                                                  .withReadPreference(readPreference)
+                                                  .find(query);
+
+            Document queryResult = null;
+            if (fields != null) {
+                Document projection = new Document();
+                for (String field : fields) {
+                    projection.put(field, INCLUDE);
+                }
+                findIterable.projection(projection);
+            }
+
+            queryResult = findIterable.first();
+
+            if (queryResult != null) {
+                fillMap(result, queryResult);
+            }
+            return queryResult != null ? 0 : 1;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Perform a range scan for a set of records in the database. Each
+     * field/value pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param startkey
+     *            The record key of the first record to read.
+     * @param recordcount
+     *            The number of records to read
+     * @param fields
+     *            The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+     * @param result
+     *            A Vector of HashMaps, where each HashMap is a set field/value
+     *            pairs for one record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See the
+     *         {@link DB} class's description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+            Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+        MongoCursor<Document> cursor = null;
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+
+            Document scanRange = new Document("$gte", startkey);
+            Document query = new Document("_id", scanRange);
+            Document sort = new Document("_id", INCLUDE);
+            Document projection = null;
+            if (fields != null) {
+                projection = new Document();
+                for (String fieldName : fields) {
+                    projection.put(fieldName, INCLUDE);
+                }
+            }
+
+            cursor = collection.withReadPreference(readPreference).find(query)
+                    .projection(projection).sort(sort).limit(recordcount).iterator();
+            if (!cursor.hasNext()) {
+                System.err.println("Nothing found in scan for key " + startkey);
+                return 1;
+            }
+            while (cursor.hasNext()) {
+                HashMap<String, ByteIterator> resultMap = new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+
+                Document obj = cursor.next();
+                fillMap(resultMap, obj);
+
+                result.add(resultMap);
+            }
+
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+        finally {
+            if (cursor != null) {
+                cursor.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+     * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+     * key, overwriting any existing values with the same field name.
+     * 
+     * @param table
+     *            The name of the table
+     * @param key
+     *            The record key of the record to write.
+     * @param values
+     *            A HashMap of field/value pairs to update in the record
+     * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error. See this class's
+     *         description for a discussion of error codes.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public int update(String table, String key,
+            HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+        try {
+            MongoCollection<Document> collection = database
+                    .getCollection(table);
+
+            Document query = new Document("_id", key);
+            Document fieldsToSet = new Document();
+            for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+                fieldsToSet.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue().toArray());
+            }
+            Document update = new Document("$set", fieldsToSet);
+
+            UpdateResult result = collection.withWriteConcern(writeConcern)
+                    .updateOne(query, update);
+            if (result.wasAcknowledged() && result.getMatchedCount() == 0) {
+                System.err.println("Nothing updated for key " + key);
+                return 1;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            System.err.println(e.toString());
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fills the map with the values from the DBObject.
+     * 
+     * @param resultMap
+     *            The map to fill/
+     * @param obj
+     *            The object to copy values from.
+     */
+    protected void fillMap(HashMap<String, ByteIterator> resultMap, Document obj) {
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : obj.entrySet()) {
+            if (entry.getValue() instanceof Binary) {
+                resultMap.put(entry.getKey(), new ByteArrayByteIterator(
+                        ((Binary) entry.getValue()).getData()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.MongoDbClient.read` reads without synchronization from `db.MongoDbClient.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.MongoDbClient.readPreference`. Potentially races with write in method `MongoDbClient.init()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int MongoDbClient.read(String,String,Set,HashMap)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.MongoDbClient.read(java.lang.String,java.lang.String,java.util.Set,java.util.HashM.08517729c50b4424107f4546f667e881
+
+### File:
+mongodb/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/MongoDbClient.java
+
+### Key:
+MongoDbClient.java|read|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+9bb7ef2e8f611f47c7a2731aaccb720e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7980/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7980/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..771eff7a25c26319829b8d1c468fc58778bee96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7980/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** YCSB
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you
+ * may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
+ * may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ * implied. See the License for the specific language governing
+ * permissions and limitations under the License. See accompanying
+ * LICENSE file.
+ */
+
+package com.yahoo.ycsb.db;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteArrayByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.ByteIterator;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.DBException;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.Status;
+import com.yahoo.ycsb.measurements.Measurements;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation;
+import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.Cell;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.CellUtil;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutator;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.BufferedMutatorParams;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Delete;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Durability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Get;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Result;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ResultScanner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Scan;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Table;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.filter.PageFilter;
+import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+/**
+ * HBase 1.0 client for YCSB framework.
+ *
+ * A modified version of HBaseClient (which targets HBase v0.9) utilizing the
+ * HBase 1.0.0 API.
+ *
+ * This client also adds toggleable client-side buffering and configurable write
+ * durability.
+ */
+public class HBaseClient10 extends com.yahoo.ycsb.DB {
+  private Configuration config = HBaseConfiguration.create();
+  
+  // Must be an object for synchronization and tracking running thread counts. 
+  private static Integer threadCount = 0;
+
+  private boolean debug = false;
+
+  private String tableName = "";
+  private static Connection connection = null;
+
+  // Depending on the value of clientSideBuffering, either bufferedMutator
+  // (clientSideBuffering) or currentTable (!clientSideBuffering) will be used.
+  private Table currentTable = null;
+  private BufferedMutator bufferedMutator = null;
+
+  private String columnFamily = "";
+  private byte[] columnFamilyBytes;
+
+  /**
+   * Durability to use for puts and deletes.
+   */
+  private Durability durability = Durability.USE_DEFAULT;
+
+  /** Whether or not a page filter should be used to limit scan length. */
+  private boolean usePageFilter = true;
+
+  /**
+   * If true, buffer mutations on the client. This is the default behavior for
+   * HBaseClient. For measuring insert/update/delete latencies, client side
+   * buffering should be disabled.
+   */
+  private boolean clientSideBuffering = false;
+  private long writeBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 * 12;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one
+   * DB instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void init() throws DBException {
+    if ("true"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("clientbuffering", "false"))) {
+      this.clientSideBuffering = true;
+    }
+    if (getProperties().containsKey("writebuffersize")) {
+      writeBufferSize =
+          Long.parseLong(getProperties().getProperty("writebuffersize"));
+    }
+
+    if (getProperties().getProperty("durability") != null) {
+      this.durability =
+          Durability.valueOf(getProperties().getProperty("durability"));
+    }
+
+    if ("kerberos".equalsIgnoreCase(config.get("hbase.security.authentication"))) {
+      config.set("hadoop.security.authentication", "Kerberos");
+      UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(config);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("principal")!=null) 
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("keytab")!=null)) {
+      try {
+        UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromKeytab(getProperties().getProperty("principal"), 
+              getProperties().getProperty("keytab"));
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Keytab file is not readable or not found");
+        throw new DBException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        ++threadCount;
+        if (connection == null) {
+          connection = ConnectionFactory.createConnection(config);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (java.io.IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+
+    if ((getProperties().getProperty("debug") != null)
+        && (getProperties().getProperty("debug").compareTo("true") == 0)) {
+      debug = true;
+    }
+
+    if ("false"
+        .equals(getProperties().getProperty("hbase.usepagefilter", "true"))) {
+      usePageFilter = false;
+    }
+
+    columnFamily = getProperties().getProperty("columnfamily");
+    if (columnFamily == null) {
+      System.err.println("Error, must specify a columnfamily for HBase table");
+      throw new DBException("No columnfamily specified");
+    }
+    columnFamilyBytes = Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily);
+
+    // Terminate right now if table does not exist, since the client
+    // will not propagate this error upstream once the workload
+    // starts.
+    String table = com.yahoo.ycsb.workloads.CoreWorkload.table;
+    try {
+      final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+      connection.getTable(tName).getTableDescriptor();
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cleanup any state for this DB. Called once per DB instance; there is one DB
+   * instance per client thread.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void cleanup() throws DBException {
+    // Get the measurements instance as this is the only client that should
+    // count clean up time like an update if client-side buffering is
+    // enabled.
+    Measurements measurements = Measurements.getMeasurements();
+    try {
+      long st = System.nanoTime();
+      if (bufferedMutator != null) {
+        bufferedMutator.close();
+      }
+      if (currentTable != null) {
+        currentTable.close();
+      }
+      long en = System.nanoTime();
+      final String type = clientSideBuffering ? "UPDATE" : "CLEANUP";
+      measurements.measure(type, (int) ((en - st) / 1000));
+      synchronized(threadCount) {
+        --threadCount;
+        if (threadCount <= 0 && connection != null) {
+          connection.close();
+          connection = null;
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new DBException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void getHTable(String table) throws IOException {
+    final TableName tName = TableName.valueOf(table);
+    this.currentTable = this.connection.getTable(tName);
+    // suggestions from
+    // http://ryantwopointoh.blogspot.com/2009/01/
+    // performance-of-hbase-importing.html
+    if (clientSideBuffering) {
+      final BufferedMutatorParams p = new BufferedMutatorParams(tName);
+      p.writeBufferSize(writeBufferSize);
+      this.bufferedMutator = this.connection.getBufferedMutator(p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a record from the database. Each field/value pair from the result will
+   * be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to read.
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs for the result
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  public Status read(String table, String key, Set<String> fields,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Result r = null;
+    try {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out
+            .println("Doing read from HBase columnfamily " + columnFamily);
+        System.out.println("Doing read for key: " + key);
+      }
+      Get g = new Get(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+      if (fields == null) {
+        g.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+      } else {
+        for (String field : fields) {
+          g.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+        }
+      }
+      r = currentTable.get(g);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing get: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...need to understand HBase concurrency model better
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (r.isEmpty()) {
+      return Status.NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+
+    while (r.advance()) {
+      final Cell c = r.current();
+      result.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c)),
+          new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println(
+            "Result for field: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(c))
+                + " is: " + Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneValue(c)));
+      }
+    }
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Perform a range scan for a set of records in the database. Each field/value
+   * pair from the result will be stored in a HashMap.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param startkey
+   *          The record key of the first record to read.
+   * @param recordcount
+   *          The number of records to read
+   * @param fields
+   *          The list of fields to read, or null for all of them
+   * @param result
+   *          A Vector of HashMaps, where each HashMap is a set field/value
+   *          pairs for one record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status scan(String table, String startkey, int recordcount,
+      Set<String> fields, Vector<HashMap<String, ByteIterator>> result) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    Scan s = new Scan(Bytes.toBytes(startkey));
+    // HBase has no record limit. Here, assume recordcount is small enough to
+    // bring back in one call.
+    // We get back recordcount records
+    s.setCaching(recordcount);
+    if (this.usePageFilter) {
+      s.setFilter(new PageFilter(recordcount));
+    }
+
+    // add specified fields or else all fields
+    if (fields == null) {
+      s.addFamily(columnFamilyBytes);
+    } else {
+      for (String field : fields) {
+        s.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(field));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // get results
+    ResultScanner scanner = null;
+    try {
+      scanner = currentTable.getScanner(s);
+      int numResults = 0;
+      for (Result rr = scanner.next(); rr != null; rr = scanner.next()) {
+        // get row key
+        String key = Bytes.toString(rr.getRow());
+
+        if (debug) {
+          System.out.println("Got scan result for key: " + key);
+        }
+
+        HashMap<String, ByteIterator> rowResult =
+            new HashMap<String, ByteIterator>();
+
+        while (rr.advance()) {
+          final Cell cell = rr.current();
+          rowResult.put(Bytes.toString(CellUtil.cloneQualifier(cell)),
+              new ByteArrayByteIterator(CellUtil.cloneValue(cell)));
+        }
+
+        // add rowResult to result vector
+        result.add(rowResult);
+        numResults++;
+
+        // PageFilter does not guarantee that the number of results is <=
+        // pageSize, so this
+        // break is required.
+        if (numResults >= recordcount) {// if hit recordcount, bail out
+          break;
+        }
+      } // done with row
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Error in getting/parsing scan result: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } finally {
+      if (scanner != null) {
+        scanner.close();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Update a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key, overwriting any existing values with the same field name.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to write
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to update in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status update(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Setting up put for key: " + key);
+    }
+    Put p = new Put(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    p.setDurability(durability);
+    for (Map.Entry<String, ByteIterator> entry : values.entrySet()) {
+      byte[] value = entry.getValue().toArray();
+      if (debug) {
+        System.out.println("Adding field/value " + entry.getKey() + "/"
+            + Bytes.toStringBinary(value) + " to put request");
+      }
+      p.addColumn(columnFamilyBytes, Bytes.toBytes(entry.getKey()), value);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(p);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.put(p);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing put: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    } catch (ConcurrentModificationException e) {
+      // do nothing for now...hope this is rare
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Insert a record in the database. Any field/value pairs in the specified
+   * values HashMap will be written into the record with the specified record
+   * key.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to insert.
+   * @param values
+   *          A HashMap of field/value pairs to insert in the record
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status insert(String table, String key,
+      HashMap<String, ByteIterator> values) {
+    return update(table, key, values);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Delete a record from the database.
+   *
+   * @param table
+   *          The name of the table
+   * @param key
+   *          The record key of the record to delete.
+   * @return Zero on success, a non-zero error code on error
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Status delete(String table, String key) {
+    // if this is a "new" table, init HTable object. Else, use existing one
+    if (!tableName.equals(table)) {
+      currentTable = null;
+      try {
+        getHTable(table);
+        tableName = table;
+      } catch (IOException e) {
+        System.err.println("Error accessing HBase table: " + e);
+        return Status.ERROR;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (debug) {
+      System.out.println("Doing delete for key: " + key);
+    }
+
+    final Delete d = new Delete(Bytes.toBytes(key));
+    d.setDurability(durability);
+    try {
+      if (clientSideBuffering) {
+        Preconditions.checkNotNull(bufferedMutator);
+        bufferedMutator.mutate(d);
+      } else {
+        currentTable.delete(d);
+      }
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (debug) {
+        System.err.println("Error doing delete: " + e);
+      }
+      return Status.ERROR;
+    }
+
+    return Status.OK;
+  }
+
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  void setConfiguration(final Configuration newConfig) {
+    this.config = newConfig;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * For customized vim control set autoindent set si set shiftwidth=4
+ */
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.init` reads without synchronization from `db.HBaseClient10.com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.threadCount`. Potentially races with write in method `HBaseClient10.init()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HBaseClient10.init()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.yahoo.ycsb.db.HBaseClient10.init():void.3aedd861d1c3e8bddb065639ca6ca62c
+
+### File:
+hbase10/src/main/java/com/yahoo/ycsb/db/HBaseClient10.java
+
+### Key:
+HBaseClient10.java|init|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+bdcd0e4c6f4bceb9fa8659ced1b8a3ee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7986/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7986/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..29b56699eb658b204370ba2f2b957c39a2124eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7986/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dicoogle
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Universidade de Aveiro, DETI/IEETA, Bioinformatics Group - http://bioinformatics.ua.pt/
+ *
+ * This file is part of Dicoogle/dicoogle.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Dicoogle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.servlets.search;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+import net.sf.json.JSONArray;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.core.QueryExpressionBuilder;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.core.query.ExportToCSVQueryTask;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.plugins.PluginController;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.sdk.utils.DictionaryAccess;
+
+public class ExportServlet extends HttpServlet{
+
+	public enum ExportType{
+		LIST, EXPORT_CVS;
+	}
+	private ExportType type;
+	
+	public ExportServlet(ExportType type) {
+		this.type = type;
+	}
+	@Override
+	protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
+			throws ServletException, IOException {
+		switch(type){
+		case LIST:
+			doGetTagList(req, resp);
+			break;
+		case EXPORT_CVS:
+			doGetExportCvs(req, resp);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void doGetTagList(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{
+		HashMap< String, Integer> tagList = DictionaryAccess.getInstance().getTagList();
+		Iterator iterator = tagList.entrySet().iterator();
+		
+		JSONArray array = new JSONArray();
+		
+		while(iterator.hasNext())
+		{
+			Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry = (Entry<String, Integer>) iterator.next();
+			//JSONObject obj = new JSONObject();
+			//obj.put("key", entry.getKey());
+			//obj.put("value", entry.getValue());
+			
+			
+			array.add(entry.getKey());
+		}
+		
+		resp.getWriter().write(array.toString());
+	}
+	
+	private void doGetExportCvs(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException{
+		resp.setHeader("Content-disposition","attachment; filename=QueryResultsExport.csv");
+		String queryString = req.getParameter("query");
+		String[] fields = req.getParameterValues("fields");
+		String[] providers = req.getParameterValues("providers");
+		boolean keyword = Boolean.parseBoolean(req.getParameter("keyword"));
+		
+		System.out.println("queryString: "+ queryString);
+		for(String field: fields)
+		System.out.println("field: "+ field);
+		System.out.println("keyword: "+ keyword);
+		
+		if(queryString == null)
+			resp.sendError(401, "Query Parameters not found");
+		
+		if(fields == null || fields.length==0)
+			resp.sendError(402, "Fields Parameters not found");
+		
+		if (!keyword) {
+            QueryExpressionBuilder q = new QueryExpressionBuilder(queryString);
+            queryString = q.getQueryString();
+        }
+
+						    	
+	    List<String> fieldList = new ArrayList<>(fields.length);
+	    Map<String, String> fieldsMap = new HashMap<>();
+	    for(String f : fields){
+	    	fieldList.add(f);
+	    	fieldsMap.put(f, f);
+	    }
+	    	    	    
+    	ExportToCSVQueryTask task = new ExportToCSVQueryTask( fieldList,
+				resp.getOutputStream());
+
+    	if(providers == null || providers.length == 0) {
+			PluginController.getInstance().queryAll(task, queryString, fieldsMap);
+		} else {
+			List<String> providersList = new ArrayList<>();
+			for (String f : providers) {
+				providersList.add(f);
+			}
+			PluginController.getInstance().query(task, providersList, queryString,
+					fieldsMap);
+		}
+
+		task.await();
+	}
+
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `queryString` last assigned on line 85 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `QueryExpressionBuilder(...)` at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExportServlet.doGetExportCvs(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.servlets.search.ExportServlet.doGetExportCvs(javax.servlet.http.HttpServle.986b783bb427273ba5522b56a1f576fc
+
+### File:
+dicoogle/src/main/java/pt/ua/dicoogle/server/web/servlets/search/ExportServlet.java
+
+### Key:
+ExportServlet.java|doGetExportCvs|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b028e78598b6d149136e4ad1ce0491a0
+
+### Hash:
+4818e72861150fe7a829569443b59c21
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7987/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7987/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb562c70c134532b5ec05c1ecc64348acd4f536b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7987/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dicoogle
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Universidade de Aveiro, DETI/IEETA, Bioinformatics Group - http://bioinformatics.ua.pt/
+ *
+ * This file is part of Dicoogle/dicoogle.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Dicoogle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.auth;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
+
+/**
+ * Handles and manages login requests and the information associated with it.
+ *
+ * @author António Novo <antonio.novo@ua.pt>
+ */
+public class Session
+{
+	/**
+	 * Attemps to login using the supplied params.
+	 *
+	 * @param username the user name.
+	 * @param password the users password.
+	 * @return true if the login is successfull, false otherwise.
+	 */
+	public static boolean isSuccessfulLogin(String username, String password)
+	{
+		LoggedIn result = getSuccessfulLogin(username, password);
+
+		return (result != null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Attemps to login using the supplied params.
+	 *
+	 * @param username the user name.
+	 * @param password the users password.
+	 * @return a LoggedIn object if the login is successfull, null otherwise.
+	 */
+	public static LoggedIn getSuccessfulLogin(String username, String password)
+	{
+		Authentication auth = Authentication.getInstance();
+		LoggedIn result = auth.login(username, password);
+
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if there is a user logged in on the session supplied.
+	 *
+	 * @param session the HttpSession object of the request.
+	 * @return true if there is a user logged in on the session supplied, false otherwise.
+	 */
+	public static boolean isUserLoggedIn(HttpSession session)
+	{
+		return (getUserLoggedIn(session) != null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if there is a user logged in on the session supplied and if (s)he ia an administrator.
+	 *
+	 * @param session the HttpSession object of the request.
+	 * @return true if there is a user logged in on the session supplied and is an administrator, false otherwise.
+	 */
+	public static boolean isUserLoggedInAnAdmin(HttpSession session)
+	{
+		LoggedIn login = getUserLoggedIn(session);
+		return ((login != null) && (login.isAdmin()));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the LoggedIn object that has the information relative to user logged in on the session supplied.
+	 *
+	 * @param session the HttpSession object of the request.
+	 * @return a LoggedIn object if there is a user logged in on the session supplied, null otherwise.
+	 */
+	public static LoggedIn getUserLoggedIn(HttpSession session)
+	{
+		// if the sessio is invalid
+		if (session == null)
+			return null;
+
+		// if the client is not yet aware of (or didn't aceepted/joined) the session
+		if (session.isNew())
+			return null;
+
+		// if no login information was found
+		Object login = session.getAttribute("login");
+		if (login == null)
+			return null;
+
+		// the client is currently logged in
+		return (LoggedIn) login;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * If there is a user logged in on the current HttpSession, log out.
+	 *
+	 * @param session the HttpSession object of the request.
+	 * @return if there was a logout action performed or not.
+	 */
+	public static boolean logout(HttpServletRequest request)
+	{
+		HttpSession session = request.getSession(false);
+		try
+		{
+			session.invalidate();
+		}
+		catch (Exception e )
+		{
+			System.err.println("Tracking session");
+		}
+
+
+
+		// if the sessio is invalid
+		if (session == null)
+			return false;
+
+		// if the client is not yet aware of (or didn't aceepted/joined) the session
+		if (session.isNew())
+			return false;
+
+		// if no login information was found
+		Object login = session.getAttribute("login");
+		if (login == null)
+			return false;
+
+		// the client is currently logged in, so logout
+		session.removeAttribute("login");
+		session.invalidate();
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the request made to a servlet was made by a logged is user,
+	 * or if the request carries the required login information.
+	 * <br>
+	 * This is done by first checking if the request has a valid
+	 * (with valid login information) session (like an AJAX request from a
+	 * cookies enabled browser), if not checks if the request parameters
+	 * have valid login information (like made a REST[less] stand-alone
+	 * application), and if none of the above situations happened send an
+	 * adequate response to the client.
+	 *
+	 * @param requiresAdminRights if the current request requires admin rights to be served/performed.
+	 * @return a LoggedIn object if the request is to be served, null otherwise.
+	 */
+	public static LoggedIn servletLogin(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, boolean requiresAdminRights) throws IOException
+	{
+		// check if there a session and a login information attached to it
+		HttpSession session = request.getSession(false);
+		LoggedIn login = getUserLoggedIn(session);
+		if (login != null)
+		{
+			// check if this request needs admin rights and the user has them
+			if (requiresAdminRights)
+			{
+				if (login.isAdmin())
+					return login;
+				else
+				{
+					response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED, "Administrator rights are needed to process this request!");
+					return null;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+				return login;
+		}
+
+		// since the above failed, check if there is valid login information on the request parameters
+		String username = request.getParameter("username");
+		String password = request.getParameter("password");
+		login = getSuccessfulLogin(username, password);
+		if (login != null)
+		{
+			// check if this request needs admin rights and the user has them
+			if (requiresAdminRights)
+			{
+				if (login.isAdmin())
+					return login;
+				else
+				{
+					response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED, "Administrator rights are needed to process this request!");
+					return null;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+				return login;
+		}
+
+		// both situations failed
+		response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED, "No login information found!");
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks if the request made to a webapp was made by a logged is user,
+	 * or if the request carries the required login information.
+	 * <br>
+	 * This is done by first checking if the request has a valid
+	 * (with valid login information) session (like an AJAX request from a
+	 * cookies enabled browser), if not checks if the request parameters
+	 * have valid login information (like made a REST[less] stand-alone
+	 * application), and if none of the above situations happened send an
+	 * adequate response to the client, on most cases a redirection to the
+	 * login page will be sent.
+	 *
+	 * @param requiresAdminRights if the current request requires admin rights to be served/performed.
+	 * @return a LoggedIn object if the request is to be served, null otherwise.
+	 */
+	public static LoggedInStatus webappLogin(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, boolean requiresAdminRights) throws IOException
+	{
+		// check if there a session and a login information attached to it
+		HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);
+		LoggedIn login = getUserLoggedIn(session);
+		/*if (login != null)
+		{
+			// check if this request needs admin rights and the user has them
+			if (requiresAdminRights && (! login.isAdmin()))
+			{
+				response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED);
+				return new LoggedInStatus(null, LoggedInStatus.S_UNAUTHORIZEDACCESS);
+			}
+
+			return new LoggedInStatus(login, LoggedInStatus.S_ALREADYLOGGEDIN);
+		}*/
+
+		// since the above failed, check if there is valid login information on the request parameters
+		String username = request.getParameter("username");
+		String password = request.getParameter("password");
+		login = getSuccessfulLogin(username, password);
+		if (login != null)
+		{
+			// check if this request needs admin rights and the user has them
+			if (requiresAdminRights && (! login.isAdmin()))
+			{
+				response.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_UNAUTHORIZED);
+				return new LoggedInStatus(null, LoggedInStatus.S_UNAUTHORIZEDACCESS);
+			}
+
+			// add the login information to the session
+			session = request.getSession(true); // force the creation of a new session if there is none
+			session.setAttribute("login", login);
+			return new LoggedInStatus(login, LoggedInStatus.S_VALIDLOGIN);
+		}
+
+		// both situations failed
+		if (! request.getRequestURI().equalsIgnoreCase("/login.jsp"))
+			response.sendRedirect("/login.jsp");
+		if ((username == null) && (password == null))
+			return new LoggedInStatus(null, LoggedInStatus.S_NOINFORMATION);
+		else
+			return new LoggedInStatus(null, LoggedInStatus.S_INVALIDCREDENTIALS);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Based on the request referer returns the address of the previously visited
+	 * page or to the default main page if none.
+	 *
+	 * @param request the original http request object.
+	 * @return a string containing the previous URL.
+	 */
+	public static String getLastVisitedURL(HttpServletRequest request)
+	{
+		String result = "/index.jsp";
+
+		if (request == null)
+			return result;
+
+		result = request.getHeader("Referer");
+		if (result == null)
+			result = "/index.jsp";
+
+		return result;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `session` last assigned on line 257 could be null and is dereferenced at line 258.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+LoggedInStatus Session.webappLogin(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.auth.Session.webappLogin(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest,javax.servl.6343ed28ccbf1c3c26fae11fffc1dac7
+
+### File:
+dicoogle/src/main/java/pt/ua/dicoogle/server/web/auth/Session.java
+
+### Key:
+Session.java|webappLogin|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+848df93d8487c863f24365c5e444782f
+
+### Hash:
+2fd4c0180f3a40e811aaa48bbf9bbcbf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-7988/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-7988/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76c42ff81583d9753598608f523effcd19250292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-7988/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dicoogle
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2014  Universidade de Aveiro, DETI/IEETA, Bioinformatics Group - http://bioinformatics.ua.pt/
+ *
+ * This file is part of Dicoogle/dicoogle.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Dicoogle/dicoogle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Dicoogle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.servlets.accounts;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import javax.servlet.ServletException;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;
+
+import net.sf.json.JSONArray;
+import net.sf.json.JSONObject;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.server.users.Role;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.server.users.User;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.server.users.UsersStruct;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.auth.LoggedIn;
+import pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.auth.Session;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Frederico Silva <fredericosilva@ua.pt>
+ */
+public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
+
+    @Override
+    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
+    	//resp.addHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
+        //Try login
+        // Does not require admini rights.
+        LoggedIn mLoggedIn = Session.webappLogin(req, resp, false).getLogin();
+        //servletLogin(req, resp, true);//auth.login(user, pass);
+
+        if (mLoggedIn == null) {
+            resp.sendError(401, "Login failed");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        JSONObject json_resp = new JSONObject();
+        json_resp.put("user", mLoggedIn.getUserName());
+        json_resp.put("admin", mLoggedIn.isAdmin());
+        User u = UsersStruct.getInstance().getUser(mLoggedIn.getUserName());
+        JSONArray rolesObj = new JSONArray();
+        for (Role r : u.getRoles())
+        {
+            rolesObj.add(r.getName());
+        }
+
+        json_resp.put("roles", rolesObj);
+        json_resp.put("token", mLoggedIn.getToken());
+
+        //Set response content type
+        resp.setContentType("application/json");
+
+        //Write response
+        json_resp.write(resp.getWriter());
+    }
+
+	@Override
+	protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
+			throws ServletException, IOException {
+        //resp.addHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
+		HttpSession session = req.getSession(false);
+		
+		LoggedIn mLoggedIn = Session.getUserLoggedIn(session);
+		if(mLoggedIn == null){
+			resp.sendError(401);
+            return;
+		}
+			
+		JSONObject json_resp = new JSONObject();
+        json_resp.put("user", mLoggedIn.getUserName());
+        json_resp.put("admin", mLoggedIn.isAdmin());
+        User u = UsersStruct.getInstance().getUser(mLoggedIn.getUserName());
+        JSONArray rolesObj = new JSONArray();
+        for (Role r : u.getRoles())
+        {
+            rolesObj.add(r.getName());
+        }
+
+        json_resp.put("roles", rolesObj);
+
+        //Set response content type
+        resp.setContentType("application/json");
+
+        //Write response
+        json_resp.write(resp.getWriter());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `u` last assigned on line 61 could be null and is dereferenced at line 63.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LoginServlet.doPost(HttpServletRequest,HttpServletResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+pt.ua.dicoogle.server.web.servlets.accounts.LoginServlet.doPost(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletReques.10fd21e278006005f40dc831cb77ce81
+
+### File:
+dicoogle/src/main/java/pt/ua/dicoogle/server/web/servlets/accounts/LoginServlet.java
+
+### Key:
+LoginServlet.java|doPost|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+50eb9480b1a39477599a8d0ef0064573
+
+### Hash:
+d9a99bb1000ccbf739bcec3a8cc0ae6a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8043/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8043/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df73dda52e601b9a47c31e22ec876d7e66b73955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8043/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hono
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2017, 2018 Bosch Software Innovations GmbH and others.
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    Bosch Software Innovations GmbH - initial creation
+ *    Red Hat Inc
+ */
+package org.eclipse.hono.client.impl;
+
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.messaging.Accepted;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.messaging.AmqpValue;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.amqp.messaging.Rejected;
+import org.apache.qpid.proton.message.Message;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.ClientErrorException;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.RequestResponseClient;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.RequestResponseClientConfigProperties;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.ServerErrorException;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.StatusCodeMapper;
+import org.eclipse.hono.config.ClientConfigProperties;
+import org.eclipse.hono.util.CacheDirective;
+import org.eclipse.hono.util.ExpiringValueCache;
+import org.eclipse.hono.util.MessageHelper;
+import org.eclipse.hono.util.RequestResponseApiConstants;
+import org.eclipse.hono.util.RequestResponseResult;
+import org.eclipse.hono.util.TriTuple;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import io.vertx.core.AsyncResult;
+import io.vertx.core.Context;
+import io.vertx.core.Future;
+import io.vertx.core.Handler;
+import io.vertx.core.json.JsonObject;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonConnection;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonDelivery;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonHelper;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonQoS;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonReceiver;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonSender;
+
+/**
+ * A Vertx-Proton based parent class for the implementation of API clients that follow the request response pattern.
+ * <p>
+ * Subclasses only need to implement some abstract helper methods (see the method descriptions) and their own
+ * API specific methods. This allows for implementation classes that focus on the API specific code.
+ * 
+ * @param <R> The type of result this client expects the peer to return.
+ *
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractRequestResponseClient<R extends RequestResponseResult<?>>
+        extends AbstractHonoClient implements RequestResponseClient {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractRequestResponseClient.class);
+    private static final int[] CACHEABLE_STATUS_CODES = new int[] {
+                            HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK,
+                            HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_AUTHORITATIVE,
+                            HttpURLConnection.HTTP_PARTIAL,
+                            HttpURLConnection.HTTP_MULT_CHOICE,
+                            HttpURLConnection.HTTP_MOVED_PERM,
+                            HttpURLConnection.HTTP_GONE
+    };
+
+    private final Map<Object, TriTuple<Handler<AsyncResult<R>>, Object, Object>> replyMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    private final String replyToAddress;
+    private final String targetAddress;
+    private final String tenantId;
+
+    /**
+     * A cache to use for responses received from the service.
+     */
+    private ExpiringValueCache<Object, R> responseCache;
+
+    private long requestTimeoutMillis;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a request-response client.
+     * <p>
+     * The client will be ready to use after invoking {@link #createLinks(ProtonConnection)} or
+     * {@link #createLinks(ProtonConnection, Handler, Handler)} only.
+     * 
+     * @param context The vert.x context to run message exchanges with the peer on.
+     * @param config The configuration properties to use.
+     * @param tenantId The identifier of the tenant that the client is scoped to. May be {@code null}.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if any of the parameters except tenantId is {@code null}.
+     */
+    AbstractRequestResponseClient(final Context context, final ClientConfigProperties config, final String tenantId) {
+        super(context, config);
+        this.requestTimeoutMillis = config.getRequestTimeout();
+        this.targetAddress = String.format("%s/%s", getName(), tenantId);
+        this.replyToAddress = String.format("%s/%s/%s", getName(), tenantId, UUID.randomUUID());
+        this.tenantId = tenantId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a request-response client for a sender and receiver link.
+     * 
+     * @param context The vert.x context to run message exchanges with the peer on.
+     * @param config The configuration properties to use.
+     * @param tenantId The identifier of the tenant that the client is scoped to. May be {@code null}.
+     * @param sender The AMQP 1.0 link to use for sending requests to the peer.
+     * @param receiver The AMQP 1.0 link to use for receiving responses from the peer.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if any of the parameters except tenantId is {@code null}.
+     */
+    AbstractRequestResponseClient(final Context context, final ClientConfigProperties config, final String tenantId,
+            final ProtonSender sender, final ProtonReceiver receiver) {
+        this(context, config, tenantId);
+        this.sender = Objects.requireNonNull(sender);
+        this.receiver = Objects.requireNonNull(receiver);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a cache for responses received from the service.
+     * 
+     * @param cache The cache or {@code null} if no responses should be cached.
+     */
+    public final void setResponseCache(final ExpiringValueCache<Object, R> cache) {
+        this.responseCache = cache;
+        LOG.info("enabling caching of responses from {}", targetAddress);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the default value for the period of time after which an entry in the response cache
+     * is considered invalid.
+     * <p>
+     * The value is derived from the configuration properties as follows:
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>if the properties are of type {@link RequestResponseClientConfigProperties}
+     * then the value of its <em>responseCacheDefaultTimeout</em> property is used</li>
+     * <li>otherwise the {@linkplain RequestResponseClientConfigProperties#DEFAULT_RESPONSE_CACHE_TIMEOUT
+     * default timeout value} is used</li>
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @return The timeout period in seconds.
+     */
+    protected final long getResponseCacheDefaultTimeout() {
+        if (config instanceof RequestResponseClientConfigProperties) {
+            return ((RequestResponseClientConfigProperties) config).getResponseCacheDefaultTimeout();
+        } else {
+            return RequestResponseClientConfigProperties.DEFAULT_RESPONSE_CACHE_TIMEOUT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the period of time after which any requests are considered to have timed out.
+     * <p>
+     * The client will fail the result handler passed in to any of the operations if no response
+     * has been received from the peer after the given amount of time.
+     * <p>
+     * When setting this property to 0, requests do not time out at all. Note that this will
+     * allow for unanswered requests piling up in the client, which eventually may cause the
+     * client to run out of memory.
+     * <p>
+     * The default value of this property is 200 milliseconds.
+     * 
+     * @param timoutMillis The number of milliseconds after which a request is considered to have timed out.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is &lt; 0
+     */
+    @Override
+    public final void setRequestTimeout(final long timoutMillis) {
+
+        if (timoutMillis < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("request timeout must be >= 0");
+        } else {
+            this.requestTimeoutMillis = timoutMillis;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the name of the endpoint that this client targets at.
+     *
+     * @return The name of the endpoint for this client.
+     */
+    protected abstract String getName();
+
+    /**
+     * Build a unique messageId for a request that serves as an identifier for a new message.
+     *
+     * @return The unique messageId;
+     */
+    protected abstract String createMessageId();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a result object from the status and payload of a response received from the endpoint.
+     *
+     * @param status The status of the response.
+     * @param payload The String representation of the response's JSON payload (may be {@code null}).
+     * @param cacheDirective Restrictions regarding the caching of the payload (may be {@code null}).
+     * @return The result object.
+     */
+    protected abstract R getResult(final int status, final String payload, final CacheDirective cacheDirective);
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the sender and receiver links to the peer for sending requests
+     * and receiving responses.
+     * 
+     * @param con The AMQP 1.0 connection to the peer.
+     * @return A future indicating the outcome. The future will succeed if the links
+     *         have been created.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if con is {@code null}.
+     */
+    protected final Future<Void> createLinks(final ProtonConnection con) {
+        return createLinks(con, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates the sender and receiver links to the peer for sending requests
+     * and receiving responses.
+     * 
+     * @param con The AMQP 1.0 connection to the peer.
+     * @param senderCloseHook A handler to invoke if the peer closes the sender link unexpectedly.
+     * @param receiverCloseHook A handler to invoke if the peer closes the receiver link unexpectedly.
+     * @return A future indicating the outcome. The future will succeed if the links
+     *         have been created.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if connection is {@code null}.
+     */
+    protected final Future<Void> createLinks(final ProtonConnection con, final Handler<String> senderCloseHook, final Handler<String> receiverCloseHook) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(con);
+
+        return createReceiver(con, replyToAddress, receiverCloseHook)
+                .compose(recv -> {
+                    this.receiver = recv;
+                    return createSender(con, targetAddress, senderCloseHook);
+                }).compose(sender -> {
+                    LOG.debug("request-response client for peer [{}] created", con.getRemoteContainer());
+                    this.sender = sender;
+                    return Future.succeededFuture();
+                });
+    }
+
+    private Future<ProtonSender> createSender(final ProtonConnection con, final String targetAddress, final Handler<String> closeHook) {
+
+        return AbstractHonoClient.createSender(context, config, con, targetAddress, ProtonQoS.AT_LEAST_ONCE, closeHook);
+    }
+
+    private Future<ProtonReceiver> createReceiver(final ProtonConnection con, final String sourceAddress, final Handler<String> closeHook) {
+
+        return AbstractHonoClient.createReceiver(context, config, con, sourceAddress, ProtonQoS.AT_LEAST_ONCE, this::handleResponse, closeHook);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles a response received from the peer.
+     * <p>
+     * In particular, this method tries to correlate the message with a previous request
+     * using the message's <em>correlation-id</em> and, if successful, the delivery is <em>accepted</em>
+     * and the message is passed to the handler registered with the original request.
+     * <p>
+     * If the response cannot be correlated to a request, e.g. because the request has timed
+     * out, then the delivery is <em>released</em> and the message is silently discarded.
+     * <p>
+     * If the client has specified a cache key for the response when sending the request, then the
+     * {@link #addToCache(Object, RequestResponseResult)} method is invoked
+     * in order to add the response to the configured cache.
+     * 
+     * @param delivery The handle for accessing the message's disposition.
+     * @param message The response message.
+     */
+    protected final void handleResponse(final ProtonDelivery delivery, final Message message) {
+
+        final TriTuple<Handler<AsyncResult<R>>, Object, Object> handler = replyMap.remove(message.getCorrelationId());
+        if (handler != null) {
+            final R response = getRequestResponseResult(message);
+            LOG.debug("received response [reply-to: {}, subject: {}, correlation ID: {}, status: {}]",
+                    replyToAddress, message.getSubject(), message.getCorrelationId(), response.getStatus());
+            addToCache(handler.two(), response);
+            handler.one().handle(Future.succeededFuture(response));
+            ProtonHelper.accepted(delivery, true);
+        } else {
+            LOG.debug("discarding unexpected response [reply-to: {}, correlation ID: {}]",
+                    replyToAddress, message.getCorrelationId());
+            ProtonHelper.released(delivery, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Cancels an outstanding request with a given result.
+     * 
+     * @param correlationId The correlation id of the request to cancel.
+     * @param result The result to pass to the request's result handler.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if any of the parameters is {@code null}.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the result has not failed.
+     */
+    protected final void cancelRequest(final Object correlationId, final AsyncResult<R> result) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(correlationId);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(result);
+        if (!result.failed()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("result must be failed");
+        } else {
+            final TriTuple<Handler<AsyncResult<R>>, Object, Object> handler = replyMap.remove(correlationId);
+            if (handler != null) {
+                LOG.debug("canceling request [target: {}, correlation ID: {}]: {}",
+                        targetAddress, correlationId, result.cause().getMessage());
+                handler.one().handle(result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private R getRequestResponseResult(final Message message) {
+        final Integer status = MessageHelper.getApplicationProperty(
+                message.getApplicationProperties(),
+                MessageHelper.APP_PROPERTY_STATUS,
+                Integer.class);
+        final String payload = MessageHelper.getPayload(message);
+        final CacheDirective cacheDirective = CacheDirective.from(MessageHelper.getCacheDirective(message));
+
+        return getResult(status, payload, cacheDirective);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build a Proton message with a provided subject (serving as the operation that shall be invoked).
+     * The message can be extended by arbitrary application properties passed in.
+     * <p>
+     * To enable specific message properties that are not considered here, the method can be overridden by subclasses.
+     *
+     * @param subject The subject system property of the message.
+     * @param appProperties The map containing arbitrary application properties.
+     *                      Maybe null if no application properties are needed.
+     * @return The Proton message constructed from the provided parameters.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the subject is {@code null}.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the application properties contain not AMQP 1.0 compatible values
+     *                  (see {@link AbstractHonoClient#setApplicationProperties(Message, Map)}
+     */
+    private Message createMessage(final String subject, final Map<String, Object> appProperties) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(subject);
+        final Message msg = ProtonHelper.message();
+        final String messageId = createMessageId();
+        AbstractHonoClient.setApplicationProperties(msg, appProperties);
+        msg.setReplyTo(replyToAddress);
+        msg.setMessageId(messageId);
+        msg.setSubject(subject);
+        return msg;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a request message for a payload and sends it to the peer.
+     * <p>
+     * This method simply invokes {@link #createAndSendRequest(String, Map, JsonObject, Handler)}
+     * with {@code null} for the properties parameter.
+     * 
+     * @param action The operation that the request is supposed to trigger/invoke.
+     * @param payload The payload to include in the request message as a an AMQP Value section.
+     * @param resultHandler The handler to notify about the outcome of the request.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if any of action or result handler is {@code null}.
+     */
+    protected final void createAndSendRequest(
+            final String action,
+            final JsonObject payload,
+            final Handler<AsyncResult<R>> resultHandler) {
+        createAndSendRequest(action, null, payload, resultHandler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a request message for a payload and sends it to the peer.
+     * <p>
+     * This method simply invokes {@link #createAndSendRequest(String, Map, JsonObject, Handler)}
+     * with {@code null} for the properties parameter.
+     * 
+     * @param action The operation that the request is supposed to trigger/invoke.
+     * @param payload The payload to include in the request message as a an AMQP Value section.
+     * @param resultHandler The handler to notify about the outcome of the request.
+     * @param cacheKey The key to use for caching the response (if the service allows caching).
+     * @throws NullPointerException if any of action, result handler or cacheKey is {@code null}.
+     */
+    protected final void createAndSendRequest(
+            final String action,
+            final JsonObject payload,
+            final Handler<AsyncResult<R>> resultHandler,
+            final Object cacheKey) {
+        createAndSendRequest(action, null, payload, resultHandler, cacheKey);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a request message for a payload and headers and sends it to the peer.
+     * 
+     * @param action The operation that the request is supposed to trigger/invoke.
+     * @param properties The headers to include in the request message as AMQP application properties.
+     * @param payload The payload to include in the request message as a an AMQP Value section.
+     * @param resultHandler The handler to notify about the outcome of the request. The handler is failed with
+     *                      a {@link ServerErrorException} if the request cannot be sent to the remote service,
+     *                      e.g. because there is no connection to the service or there are no credits available
+     *                      for sending the request or the request timed out.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if action or result handler are {@code null}.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the properties contain any non-primitive typed values.
+     * @see AbstractHonoClient#setApplicationProperties(Message, Map)
+     */
+    protected final void createAndSendRequest(final String action, final Map<String, Object> properties, final JsonObject payload,
+                                      final Handler<AsyncResult<R>> resultHandler) {
+        createAndSendRequest(action, properties, payload, resultHandler, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a request message for a payload and headers and sends it to the peer.
+     * <p>
+     * This method first checks if the sender has any credit left. If not, the result handler is failed immediately.
+     * Otherwise, the request message is sent and a timer is started which fails the result handler,
+     * if no response is received within <em>requestTimeout</em> milliseconds.
+     * 
+     * @param action The operation that the request is supposed to trigger/invoke.
+     * @param properties The headers to include in the request message as AMQP application properties.
+     * @param payload The payload to include in the request message as a an AMQP Value section.
+     * @param resultHandler The handler to notify about the outcome of the request. The handler is failed with
+     *                      a {@link ServerErrorException} if the request cannot be sent to the remote service,
+     *                      e.g. because there is no connection to the service or there are no credits available
+     *                      for sending the request or the request timed out.
+     * @param cacheKey The key to use for caching the response (if the service allows caching).
+     * @throws NullPointerException if action or result handler are {@code null}.
+     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the properties contain any non-primitive typed values.
+     * @see AbstractHonoClient#setApplicationProperties(Message, Map)
+     */
+    protected final void createAndSendRequest(
+            final String action,
+            final Map<String, Object> properties,
+            final JsonObject payload,
+            final Handler<AsyncResult<R>> resultHandler,
+            final Object cacheKey) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(action);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(resultHandler);
+
+        if (isOpen()) {
+            final Message request = createMessage(action, properties);
+            if (payload != null) {
+                request.setContentType(RequestResponseApiConstants.CONTENT_TYPE_APPLICATION_JSON);
+                request.setBody(new AmqpValue(payload.encode()));
+            }
+            sendRequest(request, resultHandler, cacheKey);
+        } else {
+            resultHandler.handle(Future.failedFuture(new ServerErrorException(
+                    HttpURLConnection.HTTP_UNAVAILABLE, "sender and/or receiver link is not open")));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a request message via this client's sender link to the peer.
+     * <p>
+     * This method first checks if the sender has any credit left. If not, the result handler is failed immediately.
+     * Otherwise, the request message is sent and a timer is started which fails the result handler,
+     * if no response is received within <em>requestTimeoutMillis</em> milliseconds.
+     * 
+     * @param request The message to send.
+     * @param resultHandler The handler to notify about the outcome of the request.
+     * @param cacheKey The key to use for caching the response (if the service allows caching).
+     */
+    private final void sendRequest(final Message request, final Handler<AsyncResult<R>> resultHandler, final Object cacheKey) {
+
+        context.runOnContext(req -> {
+            if (sender.sendQueueFull()) {
+                LOG.debug("cannot send request to peer, no credit left for link [target: {}]", targetAddress);
+                resultHandler.handle(Future.failedFuture(new ServerErrorException(
+                        HttpURLConnection.HTTP_UNAVAILABLE, "no credit available for sending request")));
+            } else {
+                final Object correlationId = Optional.ofNullable(request.getCorrelationId()).orElse(request.getMessageId());
+                final TriTuple<Handler<AsyncResult<R>>, Object, Object> handler = TriTuple.of(resultHandler, cacheKey, null);
+                replyMap.put(correlationId, handler);
+                sender.send(request, deliveryUpdated -> {
+                    if (Rejected.class.isInstance(deliveryUpdated.getRemoteState())) {
+                        final Rejected rejected = (Rejected) deliveryUpdated.getRemoteState();
+                        if (rejected.getError() != null) {
+                            LOG.debug("service did not accept request [target address: {}, subject: {}, correlation ID: {}]: {}",
+                                    targetAddress, request.getSubject(), correlationId, rejected.getError());
+
+                            cancelRequest(correlationId, Future.failedFuture(StatusCodeMapper.from(rejected.getError())));
+                        } else {
+                            LOG.debug("service did not accept request [target address: {}, subject: {}, correlation ID: {}]",
+                                    targetAddress, request.getSubject(), correlationId);
+                            cancelRequest(correlationId, Future.failedFuture(new ClientErrorException(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_BAD_REQUEST)));
+                        }
+                    } else if (Accepted.class.isInstance(deliveryUpdated.getRemoteState())) {
+                        LOG.trace("service has accepted request [target address: {}, subject: {}, correlation ID: {}]",
+                                targetAddress, request.getSubject(), correlationId);
+                    } else {
+                        LOG.debug("service did not accept request [target address: {}, subject: {}, correlation ID: {}]: {}",
+                                targetAddress, request.getSubject(), correlationId, deliveryUpdated.getRemoteState());
+                        cancelRequest(correlationId, Future.failedFuture(new ServerErrorException(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_UNAVAILABLE)));
+                    }
+                });
+                if (requestTimeoutMillis > 0) {
+                    context.owner().setTimer(requestTimeoutMillis, tid -> {
+                        cancelRequest(correlationId, Future.failedFuture(new ServerErrorException(
+                                HttpURLConnection.HTTP_UNAVAILABLE, "request timed out after " + requestTimeoutMillis + "ms")));
+                    });
+                }
+                if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                    final String deviceId = MessageHelper.getDeviceId(request);
+                    if (deviceId == null) {
+                        LOG.debug("sent request [target address: {}, subject: {}, correlation ID: {}] to service",
+                                targetAddress, request.getSubject(), correlationId);
+                    } else {
+                        LOG.debug("sent request [target address: {}, subject: {}, correlation ID: {}, device ID: {}] to service",
+                                targetAddress, request.getSubject(), correlationId, deviceId);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if this client's sender and receiver links are open.
+     * 
+     * @return {@code true} if a request can be sent to and a response can be received
+     * from the peer.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public final boolean isOpen() {
+        return sender != null && sender.isOpen() && receiver != null && receiver.isOpen();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public final void close(final Handler<AsyncResult<Void>> closeHandler) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(closeHandler);
+        LOG.info("closing request-response client ...");
+        closeLinks(closeHandler);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if this client supports caching of results.
+     * 
+     * @return {@code true} if caching is supported.
+     */
+    protected final boolean isCachingEnabled() {
+        return responseCache != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a response from the cache.
+     * 
+     * @param key The key to get the response for.
+     * @return A succeeded future containing the response from the cache
+     *         or a failed future if no response exists for the key
+     *         or the response is expired.
+     */
+    protected Future<R> getResponseFromCache(final Object key) {
+
+        if (responseCache == null) {
+            return Future.failedFuture(new IllegalStateException("no cache configured"));
+        } else {
+            final R result = responseCache.get(key);
+            if (result == null) {
+                return Future.failedFuture("cache miss");
+            } else {
+                return Future.succeededFuture(result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a response to the cache.
+     * <p>
+     * If the cache key is {@code null} or no cache is configured then this method does nothing.
+     * <p>
+     * Otherwise
+     * <ol>
+     * <li>if the response does not contain any cache directive and the response's status code is
+     * one of the codes defined by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-13.4">
+     * RFC 2616, Section 13.4 Response Cacheability</a>, the response is put to the cache using
+     * the default timeout returned by {@link #getResponseCacheDefaultTimeout()}<li>
+     * <li>else if the response contains a <em>max-age</em> directive, the response
+     * is put to the cache using the max age from the directive.</li>
+     * <li>else if the response contains a <em>no-cache</em> directive, the response
+     * is not put to the cache.</li>
+     * </ol>
+     * 
+     * @param key The key to use for the response.
+     * @param response The response to cache.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if response is {@code null}.
+     */
+    protected final void addToCache(final Object key, final R response) {
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(response);
+
+        if (responseCache != null && key != null) {
+
+            final CacheDirective cacheDirective = Optional.ofNullable(response.getCacheDirective())
+                    .orElseGet(() -> {
+                        if (isCacheableStatusCode(response.getStatus())) {
+                            return CacheDirective.maxAgeDirective(getResponseCacheDefaultTimeout());
+                        } else {
+                            return CacheDirective.noCacheDirective();
+                        }
+                    });
+
+            if (cacheDirective.isCachingAllowed()) {
+                if (cacheDirective.getMaxAge() > 0) {
+                    responseCache.put(key, response, Duration.ofSeconds(cacheDirective.getMaxAge()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isCacheableStatusCode(final int code) {
+        return Arrays.binarySearch(CACHEABLE_STATUS_CODES, code) >= 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the tenantId of the tenant for that this client was created for.
+
+     * @return The tenantId for that this client was created for.
+     */
+    protected final String getTenantId() {
+        return tenantId;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `status` last assigned on line 315 could be null and is dereferenced at line 322.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+RequestResponseResult AbstractRequestResponseClient.getRequestResponseResult(Message)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.eclipse.hono.client.impl.AbstractRequestResponseClient.getRequestResponseResult(org.apache.qpid..ea67880c2bde77f704e2cec87646438b
+
+### File:
+client/src/main/java/org/eclipse/hono/client/impl/AbstractRequestResponseClient.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractRequestResponseClient.java|getRequestResponseResult|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7a5878ddad975428c0be666b67754bff
+
+### Hash:
+61906be8efd26f7a442b0e3997ae9141
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8044/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8044/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35046e12afc9e8a60c63577eacbbc1de0bb3290a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8044/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hono
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2017 Bosch Software Innovations GmbH.
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ *    Bosch Software Innovations GmbH - initial creation
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.hono.client.impl;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.HonoClient;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.MessageSender;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.RegistrationClient;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.RequestResponseClient;
+import org.eclipse.hono.client.ServerErrorException;
+import org.eclipse.hono.connection.ConnectionFactory;
+import org.eclipse.hono.util.Constants;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import io.vertx.core.AsyncResult;
+import io.vertx.core.Future;
+import io.vertx.core.Handler;
+import io.vertx.core.Vertx;
+import io.vertx.ext.unit.Async;
+import io.vertx.ext.unit.TestContext;
+import io.vertx.ext.unit.junit.VertxUnitRunner;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonClientOptions;
+import io.vertx.proton.ProtonConnection;
+
+/**
+ * Test cases verifying the behavior of {@code HonoClient}.
+ *
+ */
+@RunWith(VertxUnitRunner.class)
+public class HonoClientImplTest {
+    Vertx vertx;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets up common test bed.
+     */
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        vertx = Vertx.vertx();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up after test execution.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The helper to use for running async tests.
+     */
+    @After
+    public void shutdown(final TestContext ctx) {
+        if (vertx != null) {
+            vertx.close(ctx.asyncAssertSuccess());
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a concurrent request to create a request-response client fails the given
+     * future for tracking the attempt.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The helper to use for running async tests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetOrCreateRequestResponseClientFailsIfInvokedConcurrently(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that already tries to create a registration client for "tenant"
+        ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = mock(ConnectionFactory.class);
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        final Future<RequestResponseClient> firstClientTracker = Future.future();
+        client.getOrCreateRequestResponseClient("registration/tenant", handler -> {
+            firstClientTracker.setHandler(creationAttempt -> {
+                handler.handle(creationAttempt);
+            });
+        }, result -> {});
+
+        // WHEN an additional, concurrent attempt is made to create a client for "tenant"
+        final Async creationFailure = ctx.async();
+        client.getOrCreateRequestResponseClient("registration/tenant", handler -> {
+            handler.handle(Future.succeededFuture(mock(RegistrationClient.class)));
+        }, ctx.asyncAssertFailure(t -> {
+            ctx.assertTrue(ServerErrorException.class.isInstance(t));
+            creationFailure.complete();
+        }));
+
+        // succeed first creation attempt, thus invoking result handler
+        firstClientTracker.complete(mock(RegistrationClient.class));
+
+        // THEN the concurrent attempt fails immediately without any attempt being made to create another client
+        creationFailure.await(2000);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a request to create a request-response client is failed immediately when the
+     * underlying connection to the server fails.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The Vertx test context.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetOrCreateRequestResponseClientFailsOnConnectionFailure(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that tries to create a registration client for "tenant"
+        ProtonConnection con = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(con);
+        final Async connected = ctx.async();
+        final Async disconnected = ctx.async();
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions(), ctx.asyncAssertSuccess(ok -> connected.complete()));
+        connected.await(200);
+
+        client.getOrCreateRequestResponseClient("registration/tenant", creationResultHandler -> {
+            ctx.assertFalse(disconnected.isCompleted());
+        }, ctx.asyncAssertFailure(cause -> {
+            disconnected.complete();
+        }));
+
+        // WHEN the underlying connection fails
+        connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler().handle(con);
+
+        // THEN all creation requests are failed
+        disconnected.await(200);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a concurrent request to create a sender fails the given future for tracking the attempt.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The helper to use for running async tests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetOrCreateTelemetrySenderFailsIfInvokedConcurrently(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that already tries to create a telemetry sender for "tenant"
+        ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = mock(ConnectionFactory.class);
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        final Future<MessageSender> firstSenderTracker = Future.future();
+        client.getOrCreateSender("telemetry/tenant", handler -> {
+            firstSenderTracker.setHandler(creationAttempt -> {
+                handler.handle(creationAttempt);
+            });
+        }, result -> {});
+
+        // WHEN an additional, concurrent attempt is made to create a telemetry sender for "tenant"
+        final Async creationFailure = ctx.async();
+        client.getOrCreateSender("telemetry/tenant", handler -> {
+            handler.handle(Future.succeededFuture(mock(MessageSender.class)));
+        }, ctx.asyncAssertFailure(t -> {
+            ctx.assertTrue(ServerErrorException.class.isInstance(t));
+            creationFailure.complete();
+        }));
+
+        // succeed first creation attempt, thus invoking result handler
+        firstSenderTracker.complete(mock(MessageSender.class));
+
+        // THEN the concurrent attempt fails immediately without any attempt being made to create another sender
+        creationFailure.await(2000);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a request to create a message sender is failed immediately when the
+     * underlying connection to the server fails.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The Vertx test context.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetOrCreateSenderFailsOnConnectionFailure(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that tries to create a telemetry sender for "tenant"
+        ProtonConnection con = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(con);
+        final Async connected = ctx.async();
+        final Async disconnected = ctx.async();
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions(), ctx.asyncAssertSuccess(ok -> connected.complete()));
+        connected.await(200);
+
+        client.getOrCreateSender("telemetry/tenant", creationResultHandler -> {
+            ctx.assertFalse(disconnected.isCompleted());
+        }, ctx.asyncAssertFailure(cause -> {
+            disconnected.complete();
+        }));
+
+        // WHEN the underlying connection fails
+        connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler().handle(con);
+
+        // THEN all creation requests are failed
+        disconnected.await(200);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a request to create a telemetry consumer is failed immediately when the
+     * underlying connection to the server fails.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The Vertx test context.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateTelemetryConsumerFailsOnConnectionFailure(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that already tries to create a telemetry sender for "tenant"
+        ProtonConnection con = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(con);
+        final Async connected = ctx.async();
+        final Async disconnected = ctx.async();
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions(), ctx.asyncAssertSuccess(ok -> connected.complete()));
+        connected.await(200);
+
+        client.createTelemetryConsumer("tenant", msg -> {}, ctx.asyncAssertFailure(cause -> {
+            disconnected.complete();
+        }));
+
+        // WHEN the underlying connection fails
+        connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler().handle(con);
+
+        // THEN all creation requests are failed
+        disconnected.await(200);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that a request to create an event consumer is failed immediately when the
+     * underlying connection to the server fails.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The Vertx test context.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateEventConsumerFailsOnConnectionFailure(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that already tries to create a telemetry sender for "tenant"
+        ProtonConnection con = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(con);
+        final Async connected = ctx.async();
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions(), ctx.asyncAssertSuccess(ok -> connected.complete()));
+        connected.await(200);
+
+        final Async disconnected = ctx.async();
+        client.createEventConsumer("tenant", msg -> {}, ctx.asyncAssertFailure(cause -> {
+            disconnected.complete();
+        }));
+
+        // WHEN the underlying connection fails
+        connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler().handle(con);
+
+        // THEN all creation requests are failed
+        disconnected.await(200);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that all sender creation locks are cleared when the connection to the server fails.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The Vertx test context.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDownstreamDisconnectClearsSenderCreationLocks(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        final ProtonConnection connectionToCreate = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        when(connectionToCreate.getRemoteContainer()).thenReturn("server");
+        // expect the connection factory to be invoked twice
+        // first on initial connection
+        // second on reconnect
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(connectionToCreate, 2);
+
+        // GIVEN a client connected to a server
+        final Async connected = ctx.async();
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions().setReconnectAttempts(1), ctx.asyncAssertSuccess(ok -> connected.complete()));
+        connected.await(200);
+
+        final Async senderCreationFailure = ctx.async();
+        // WHEN the downstream connection fails just when the client wants to open a sender link
+        client.getOrCreateSender("telemetry/tenant", creationAttemptHandler -> {
+            connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler().handle(connectionToCreate);
+            // the creationAttempHandler will not be invoked at all
+        }, ctx.asyncAssertFailure(cause -> senderCreationFailure.complete()));
+
+        // THEN the sender creation fails,
+        senderCreationFailure.await(1000);
+        // the connection is re-established
+        connectionFactory.await(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        // and the next attempt to create a sender succeeds
+        final Async senderSupplierInvocation = ctx.async();
+        client.getOrCreateSender("telemetry/tenant", creationAttemptHandler -> {
+            senderSupplierInvocation.complete();
+            creationAttemptHandler.handle(Future.succeededFuture(mock(MessageSender.class)));
+        }, ctx.asyncAssertSuccess());
+        senderSupplierInvocation.await(1000);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that the client tries to re-establish a lost connection to a server.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The Vertx test context.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDownstreamDisconnectTriggersReconnect(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        final ProtonConnection connectionToCreate = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        when(connectionToCreate.getRemoteContainer()).thenReturn("server");
+        // expect the connection factory to be invoked twice
+        // first on initial connection
+        // second on re-connect attempt
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(connectionToCreate, 2);
+
+        // GIVEN an client connected to a server
+        final Async connected = ctx.async();
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions().setReconnectAttempts(1), ctx.asyncAssertSuccess(ok -> connected.complete()));
+        connected.await(200);
+
+        // WHEN the downstream connection fails
+        connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler().handle(connectionToCreate);
+
+        // THEN the adapter tries to reconnect to the downstream container
+        connectionFactory.await(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that the client adapter repeatedly tries to connect until a connection is established.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The test context.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectTriesToReconnectOnFailedConnectAttempt(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that cannot connect to the server
+        ProtonConnection con = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        // expect the connection factory to fail twice and succeed on third connect attempt
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(con, 1, 2);
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+
+        // WHEN trying to connect
+        Async disconnectHandlerInvocation = ctx.async();
+        Async connectionEstablished = ctx.async();
+        Handler<ProtonConnection> disconnectHandler = failedCon -> disconnectHandlerInvocation.complete();
+        client.connect(
+                new ProtonClientOptions().setReconnectAttempts(1),
+                ctx.asyncAssertSuccess(ok -> connectionEstablished.complete()),
+                disconnectHandler);
+
+        // THEN the client repeatedly tries to connect
+        connectionEstablished.await(4 * Constants.DEFAULT_RECONNECT_INTERVAL_MILLIS);
+        // and sets the disconnect handler provided as a param in the connect method invocation
+        connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler().handle(con);
+        disconnectHandlerInvocation.await(1000);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that the client tries to re-connect to a server instance if the connection is closed by the peer.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The test context.
+     *
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testOnRemoteCloseTriggersReconnection(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that is connected to a server
+        ProtonConnection con = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(con, 2);
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        Async disconnectHandlerInvocation = ctx.async();
+        Handler<ProtonConnection> disconnectHandler = failedCon -> disconnectHandlerInvocation.complete();
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions().setReconnectAttempts(1), attempt -> {}, disconnectHandler);
+
+        // WHEN the peer closes the connection
+        connectionFactory.getCloseHandler().handle(Future.failedFuture("shutting down for maintenance"));
+
+        // THEN the client invokes the disconnect handler provided in the original connect method call
+        disconnectHandlerInvocation.await(500);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that it fails to connect after client was shutdown.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The test context.
+     *
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectFailsAfterShutdown(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a shutdown client
+        ConnectionFactory connectionFactory = mock(ConnectionFactory.class);
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        client.shutdown();
+
+        // WHEN client connects
+        Async connectionHandlerInvocation = ctx.async();
+        Handler<AsyncResult<HonoClient>> connectionHandler = result -> {
+            if (result.failed()) {
+                connectionHandlerInvocation.complete();
+            }
+        };
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions(), connectionHandler );
+
+        //THEN connect fails
+        connectionHandlerInvocation.await(500);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies that the client does not try to re-connect to a server instance if the client was shutdown.
+     * 
+     * @param ctx The test context.
+     *
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testDoesNotTriggerReconnectionAfterShutdown(final TestContext ctx) {
+
+        // GIVEN a client that tries to connect to a server but does not succeed
+        ProtonConnection con = mock(ProtonConnection.class);
+        DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory connectionFactory = new DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(con, 1, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        HonoClientImpl client = new HonoClientImpl(vertx, connectionFactory);
+        Async connectionHandlerInvocation = ctx.async();
+        Handler<AsyncResult<HonoClient>> connectionHandler = result -> {
+            if (result.failed()) {
+                connectionHandlerInvocation.complete();
+            }
+        };
+        client.connect(new ProtonClientOptions().setReconnectAttempts(1), connectionHandler);
+
+        // WHEN client gets shutdown
+        client.shutdown();
+
+        // THEN reconnect gets stopped, i.e. connection fails
+        connectionHandlerInvocation.await(1000);
+    }
+
+    private class DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory implements ConnectionFactory {
+
+        private Handler<ProtonConnection> disconnectHandler;
+        private Handler<AsyncResult<ProtonConnection>> closeHandler;
+        private CountDownLatch expectedSucceedingConnectionAttemps;
+        private CountDownLatch expectedFailingConnectionAttempts;
+        private ProtonConnection connectionToCreate;
+
+        public DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(final ProtonConnection conToCreate) {
+            this(conToCreate, 1);
+        }
+
+        public DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(final ProtonConnection conToCreate, final int expectedSucceedingConnectionAttempts) {
+            this(conToCreate, expectedSucceedingConnectionAttempts, 0);
+        }
+
+        public DisconnectHandlerProvidingConnectionFactory(final ProtonConnection conToCreate, final int expectedSucceedingConnectionAttempts,
+                final int expectedFailingConnectionAttempts) {
+            this.connectionToCreate = conToCreate;
+            this.expectedSucceedingConnectionAttemps = new CountDownLatch(expectedSucceedingConnectionAttempts);
+            this.expectedFailingConnectionAttempts = new CountDownLatch(expectedFailingConnectionAttempts);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void connect(
+                final ProtonClientOptions options,
+                final Handler<AsyncResult<ProtonConnection>> closeHandler,
+                final Handler<ProtonConnection> disconnectHandler,
+                final Handler<AsyncResult<ProtonConnection>> connectionResultHandler) {
+            connect(options, null, null, closeHandler, disconnectHandler, connectionResultHandler);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void connect(
+                final ProtonClientOptions options,
+                final String username,
+                final String password,
+                final Handler<AsyncResult<ProtonConnection>> closeHandler,
+                final Handler<ProtonConnection> disconnectHandler,
+                final Handler<AsyncResult<ProtonConnection>> connectionResultHandler) {
+
+            this.closeHandler = closeHandler;
+            this.disconnectHandler = disconnectHandler;
+            if (expectedFailingConnectionAttempts.getCount() > 0) {
+                expectedFailingConnectionAttempts.countDown();
+                connectionResultHandler.handle(Future.failedFuture("cannot connect"));
+            } else {
+                expectedSucceedingConnectionAttemps.countDown();
+                connectionResultHandler.handle(Future.succeededFuture(connectionToCreate));
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getName() {
+            return "client";
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getHost() {
+            return "server";
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int getPort() {
+            return Constants.PORT_AMQP;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String getPathSeparator() {
+            return Constants.DEFAULT_PATH_SEPARATOR;
+        }
+
+        public Handler<ProtonConnection> getDisconnectHandler() {
+            return disconnectHandler;
+        }
+
+        public Handler<AsyncResult<ProtonConnection>> getCloseHandler() {
+            return closeHandler;
+        }
+
+        public boolean await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
+            try {
+                return expectedSucceedingConnectionAttemps.await(timeout, unit);
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `connectionFactory.getDisconnectHandler()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 322.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void HonoClientImplTest.testDownstreamDisconnectTriggersReconnect(TestContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.eclipse.hono.client.impl.HonoClientImplTest.testDownstreamDisconnectTriggersReconnect(io.vertx.e.4fa14ed0bbe6f6bb85967cefcc765a4f
+
+### File:
+client/src/test/java/org/eclipse/hono/client/impl/HonoClientImplTest.java
+
+### Key:
+HonoClientImplTest.java|testDownstreamDisconnectTriggersReconnect|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2c28ed546cbb1713e2441d81645be2f7
+
+### Hash:
+6a06024178b8e71f34f4f51b2cbf7467
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8081/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8081/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8f8b1108b8b5a9fa979d613deda248af341d0b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8081/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 1486 is not released after line 1489.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter():void.f13f470edfe26a8fc2768df48a148821
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b2d15307b6382364ce2ba477b6f118cb
+
+### Hash:
+982987025bdfba1fcdc97a1bcb10186e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8088/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8088/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d5efd8c7be0c5bb4fd0c61c2a8b5a7054cadb3c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8088/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2663 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `setOutputStream(...)` at line 966 is not released after line 993.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 985
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testExecutionException(JDBCDatabaseMetaData,JDBCResultSet)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testExecutionException(org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData,org.hsqldb.jdbc..281d2ab4b16ce7a76452b4a728f2ad46
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testExecutionException|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+c2726cf9aa6d5d2372b63c5a343812d7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8100/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8100/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55dc7560965f795436e1b3b0575c8be4fcbc1e9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8100/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `setOutputStream(...)` at line 906 is not released after line 921.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(JDBCDatabaseMetaData)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData):v.d8ee33fd10ab47c0dc99be993b0d5bc9
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+70f946c9a4a9a409d83d6bea92c8d347
+
+### Hash:
+62f8cc6a4fcf7d62b44c921de13d20ec
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8101/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8101/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ac2b883f1bcfb037dd7fa242e820b8cf6d6e734
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8101/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5596 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright (c) 2002,2003,2004,2005 Marc Prud'hommeaux
+ *      Copyright (c) 2004-2010 The Eigenbase Project
+ *  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ *
+ *  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms,
+ *  with or without modification, are permitted provided
+ *  that the following conditions are met:
+ *
+ *  Redistributions of source code must retain the above
+ *  copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *  disclaimer.
+ *  Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *  copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *  disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
+ *  provided with the distribution.
+ *  Neither the name of the <ORGANIZATION> nor the names
+ *  of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *  products derived from this software without specific
+ *  prior written permission.
+ *  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
+ *  AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+ *  WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ *  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+ *  PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ *  OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ *  INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ *  (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE
+ *  GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
+ *  BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY
+ *  OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ *  OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
+ *  IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ *  ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *  This software is hosted by SourceForge.
+ *  SourceForge is a trademark of VA Linux Systems, Inc.
+ */
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+
+import java.net.*;
+
+import java.sql.*;
+
+import java.text.*;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.jar.*;
+import java.util.zip.*;
+
+import jline.*;
+
+
+/**
+ * A console SQL shell with command completion.
+ *
+ * <p>TODO:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>User-friendly connection prompts</li>
+ * <li>Page results</li>
+ * <li>Handle binary data (blob fields)</li>
+ * <li>Implement command aliases</li>
+ * <li>Stored procedure execution</li>
+ * <li>Binding parameters to prepared statements</li>
+ * <li>Scripting language</li>
+ * <li>XA transactions</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+ */
+public class SqlLine
+{
+    //~ Static fields/initializers ---------------------------------------------
+
+    private static final ResourceBundle loc =
+        ResourceBundle.getBundle(
+            SqlLine.class.getName());
+
+    private static final String sep = System.getProperty("line.separator");
+    public static final String COMMAND_PREFIX = "!";
+
+    private static final Object[] EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY = new Object[0];
+
+    static final SortedSet KNOWN_DRIVERS =
+        new TreeSet(
+            Arrays.asList(
+                new String[] {
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.informix.InformixDriver",
+                    "org.sourceforge.jxdbcon.JXDBConDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.oracle.OracleDriver",
+                    "net.sourceforge.jtds.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcDriver",
+                    "com.internetcds.jdbc.tds.SybaseDriver",
+                    "org.enhydra.instantdb.jdbc.idbDriver",
+                    "com.sybase.jdbc2.jdbc.SybDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sybase.SybaseDriver",
+                    "COM.cloudscape.core.JDBCDriver",
+                    "in.co.daffodil.db.jdbc.DaffodilDBDriver",
+                    "com.jnetdirect.jsql.JSQLDriver",
+                    "com.lucidera.jdbc.LucidDbRmiDriver",
+                    "COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver",
+                    "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcUniversalDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.db2.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.oracle.OracleDriver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver",
+                    "com.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.informix.InformixDriver",
+                    "com.ibm.db2.jcc.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcEmbeddedDriver",
+                    "org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver",
+                    "org.postgresql.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver",
+                    "interbase.interclient.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.NonRegisteringDriver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.db2.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.merant.datadirect.jdbc.sybase.SybaseDriver",
+                    "com.internetcds.jdbc.tds.Driver",
+                    "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+                    "org.hsql.jdbcDriver",
+                    "COM.cloudscape.core.JDBCDriver",
+                    "in.co.daffodil.db.jdbc.DaffodilDBDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.db2.DB2Driver",
+                    "interbase.interclient.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.oracle.OracleDriver",
+                    "org.postgresql.Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcUniversalDriver",
+                    "org.sourceforge.jxdbcon.JXDBConDriver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.jnetdirect.jsql.JSQLDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "weblogic.jdbc.mssqlserver4.Driver",
+                    "com.ddtek.jdbc.sybase.SybaseDriver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.pool.OracleDataSource",
+                    "org.axiondb.jdbc.AxionDriver",
+                    "COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.app.DB2Driver",
+                    "com.ibm.as400.access.AS400JDBCDriver",
+                    "COM.FirstSQL.Dbcp.DbcpDriver",
+                    "COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver",
+                    "org.enhydra.instantdb.jdbc.idbDriver",
+                    "com.informix.jdbc.IfxDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.imaginary.sql.msql.MsqlDriver",
+                    "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver",
+                    "oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver",
+                    "intersolv.jdbc.sequelink.SequeLinkDriver",
+                    "openlink.jdbc2.Driver",
+                    "com.pointbase.jdbc.jdbcUniversalDriver",
+                    "postgres95.PGDriver",
+                    "postgresql.Driver",
+                    "solid.jdbc.SolidDriver",
+                    "centura.java.sqlbase.SqlbaseDriver",
+                    "interbase.interclient.Driver",
+                    "com.mckoi.JDBCDriver",
+                    "com.inet.tds.TdsDriver",
+                    "com.microsoft.jdbc.sqlserver.SQLServerDriver",
+                    "com.thinweb.tds.Driver",
+                    "weblogic.jdbc.mssqlserver4.Driver",
+                    "com.mysql.jdbc.DatabaseMetaData",
+                    "org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver",
+                    "com.sap.dbtech.jdbc.DriverSapDB",
+                    "com.sybase.jdbc2.jdbc.SybDriver",
+                    "com.sybase.jdbc.SybDriver",
+                    "com.internetcds.jdbc.tds.Driver",
+                    "weblogic.jdbc.pool.Driver",
+                    "com.sqlstream.jdbc.Driver",
+                    "org.luciddb.jdbc.LucidDbClientDriver",
+                }));
+
+    static {
+        Class jline;
+
+        try {
+            jline = Class.forName("jline.ConsoleReader");
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(loc("jline-missing"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    //~ Instance fields --------------------------------------------------------
+
+    private SqlLineSignalHandler signalHandler = null;
+    private boolean exit = false;
+    private final SqlLine sqlline = this;
+    private Collection drivers = null;
+    private Connections connections = new Connections();
+    private Completor sqlLineCommandCompletor;
+    private Map completions = new HashMap();
+    private Opts opts = new Opts(System.getProperties());
+    String lastProgress = null;
+    String prompt = "sqlline";
+    private Map seenWarnings = new HashMap();
+    private final Commands command = new Commands();
+    private OutputFile script = null;
+    private OutputFile record = null;
+    private ConsoleReader reader;
+    private List batch = null;
+
+    private final Map formats =
+        map(
+            new Object[] {
+                "vertical", new VerticalOutputFormat(),
+                "table", new TableOutputFormat(),
+                "csv", new SeparatedValuesOutputFormat(','),
+                "tsv", new SeparatedValuesOutputFormat('\t'),
+                "xmlattr", new XMLAttributeOutputFormat(),
+                "xmlelements", new XMLElementOutputFormat(),
+            });
+
+    private CommandHandler [] commands =
+        new CommandHandler[] {
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "quit", "done", "exit" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "connect", "open" },
+                new Completor[] {
+                    new SimpleCompletor(getConnectionURLExamples())
+                }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "describe" },
+                new Completor[] { new TableNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "indexes" },
+                new Completor[] { new TableNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "primarykeys" },
+                new Completor[] { new TableNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "exportedkeys" },
+                new Completor[] { new TableNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "manual" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "importedkeys" },
+                new Completor[] { new TableNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "procedures" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "tables" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "typeinfo" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "columns" },
+                new Completor[] { new TableNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "reconnect" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "dropall" },
+                new Completor[] { new TableNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "history" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "metadata" },
+                new Completor[] {
+                    new SimpleCompletor(getMetadataMethodNames())
+                }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "nativesql" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "dbinfo" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "rehash" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "verbose" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "run" },
+                new Completor[] { new FileNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "batch" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "list" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "all" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "go", "#" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "script" },
+                new Completor[] { new FileNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "record" },
+                new Completor[] { new FileNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "brief" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "close" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "closeall" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "isolation" },
+                new Completor[] { new SimpleCompletor(getIsolationLevels()) }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "outputformat" },
+                new Completor[] {
+                    new SimpleCompletor(
+                        (String []) formats.keySet().toArray(new String[0]))
+                }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "autocommit" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "commit" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "properties" },
+                new Completor[] { new FileNameCompletor() }),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "rollback" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "help", "?" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(
+                new String[] { "set" },
+                opts.optionCompletors()),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "save" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "scan" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "sql" },
+                null),
+            new ReflectiveCommandHandler(new String[] { "call" },
+                null),
+        };
+
+    //~ Constructors -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+    SqlLine()
+    {
+        // registerKnownDrivers ();
+
+        sqlLineCommandCompletor = new SQLLineCommandCompletor();
+
+        // attempt to dynamically load signal handler
+        try {
+            Class handlerClass = Class.forName("sqlline.SunSignalHandler");
+            signalHandler = (SqlLineSignalHandler) handlerClass.newInstance();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            // ignore and leave cancel functionality disabled
+        }
+    }
+
+    //~ Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    static Manifest getManifest()
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        URL base = SqlLine.class.getResource("/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF");
+        URLConnection c = base.openConnection();
+        if (c instanceof JarURLConnection) {
+            return ((JarURLConnection) c).getManifest();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    static String getManifestAttribute(String name)
+    {
+        try {
+            Manifest m = getManifest();
+            if (m == null) {
+                return "??";
+            }
+
+            Attributes attrs = m.getAttributes("sqlline");
+            if (attrs == null) {
+                return "???";
+            }
+
+            String val = attrs.getValue(name);
+            if ((val == null) || "".equals(val)) {
+                return "????";
+            }
+
+            return val;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            return "?????";
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String getApplicationTitle()
+    {
+        Package pack = SqlLine.class.getPackage();
+
+        return loc(
+            "app-introduction",
+            new Object[] {
+                (pack.getImplementationTitle() == null) ? "sqlline"
+                : pack.getImplementationTitle(),
+                (pack.getImplementationVersion() == null) ? "???"
+                : pack.getImplementationVersion(),
+                (pack.getImplementationVendor() == null) ? "Marc Prud'hommeaux"
+                : pack.getImplementationVendor(),
+            });
+    }
+
+    static String getApplicationContactInformation()
+    {
+        return getManifestAttribute("Implementation-Vendor");
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res)
+    {
+        return loc(res, EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY);
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, int param)
+    {
+        try {
+            return MessageFormat.format(
+                new ChoiceFormat(loc.getString(res)).format(param),
+                new Object[] { new Integer(param) });
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return res + ": " + param;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, Object param1)
+    {
+        return loc(res, new Object[] { param1 });
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, Object param1, Object param2)
+    {
+        return loc(res, new Object[] { param1, param2 });
+    }
+
+    static String loc(String res, Object [] params)
+    {
+        try {
+            return MessageFormat.format(loc.getString(res), params);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+
+            try {
+                return res + ": " + Arrays.asList(params);
+            } catch (Exception e2) {
+                return res;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the program.
+     */
+    public static void main(String [] args)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        mainWithInputRedirection(args, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the program with redirected input. For redirected output,
+     * System.setOut and System.setErr can be used, but System.setIn will not
+     * work.
+     *
+     * @param args same as main()
+     * @param inputStream redirected input, or null to use standard input
+     */
+    public static void mainWithInputRedirection(
+        String [] args,
+        InputStream inputStream)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        SqlLine sqlline = new SqlLine();
+        sqlline.begin(args, inputStream);
+
+        // exit the system: useful for Hypersonic and other
+        // badly-behaving systems
+        if (!Boolean.getBoolean(Opts.PROPERTY_NAME_EXIT)) {
+            System.exit(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    DatabaseConnection con()
+    {
+        return connections.current();
+    }
+
+    Connection conn()
+    {
+        if (connections.current() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        if (connections.current().connection == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        return connections.current().connection;
+    }
+
+    DatabaseMetaData meta()
+    {
+        if (connections.current() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        if (connections.current().meta == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+        return connections.current().meta;
+    }
+
+    public String [] getIsolationLevels()
+    {
+        return new String[] {
+                "TRANSACTION_NONE",
+                "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED",
+                "TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED",
+                "TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ",
+                "TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE",
+            };
+    }
+
+    public String [] getMetadataMethodNames()
+    {
+        try {
+            TreeSet mnames = new TreeSet();
+            Method [] m = DatabaseMetaData.class.getDeclaredMethods();
+            for (int i = 0; (m != null) && (i < m.length); i++) {
+                mnames.add(m[i].getName());
+            }
+
+            return (String []) mnames.toArray(new String[0]);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            return new String[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+    public String [] getConnectionURLExamples()
+    {
+        return new String[] {
+                "jdbc:JSQLConnect://<hostname>/database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:cloudscape:<database>;create=true",
+                "jdbc:twtds:sqlserver://<hostname>/<database>",
+                "jdbc:daffodilDB_embedded:<database>;create=true",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:db2://<hostname>:50000;databaseName=<database>",
+                "jdbc:inetdae:<hostname>:1433",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:oracle://<hostname>:1521;SID=<database>;"
+                + "MaxPooledStatements=0",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:sqlserver://<hostname>:1433;SelectMethod=cursor;"
+                + "DatabaseName=<database>",
+                "jdbc:datadirect:sybase://<hostname>:5000",
+                "jdbc:db2://<hostname>/<database>",
+                "jdbc:hsqldb:<database>",
+                "jdbc:idb:<database>.properties",
+                "jdbc:informix-sqli://<hostname>:1526/<database>:INFORMIXSERVER"
+                + "=<database>",
+                "jdbc:interbase://<hostname>//<database>.gdb",
+                "jdbc:luciddb:http://<hostname>",
+                "jdbc:microsoft:sqlserver://<hostname>:1433;"
+                + "DatabaseName=<database>;SelectMethod=cursor",
+                "jdbc:mysql://<hostname>/<database>?autoReconnect=true",
+                "jdbc:oracle:thin:@<hostname>:1521:<database>",
+                "jdbc:pointbase:<database>,database.home=<database>,create=true",
+                "jdbc:postgresql://<hostname>:5432/<database>",
+                "jdbc:postgresql:net//<hostname>/<database>",
+                "jdbc:sybase:Tds:<hostname>:4100/<database>?ServiceName=<database>",
+                "jdbc:weblogic:mssqlserver4:<database>@<hostname>:1433",
+                "jdbc:odbc:<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4003/[Oracle]",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4004/[Informix];Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4005/[Sybase];Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4006/[SQLServer];Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:sequelink://<hostname>:4011/[ODBC MS Access];"
+                + "Database=<database>",
+                "jdbc:openlink://<hostname>/DSN=SQLServerDB/UID=sa/PWD=",
+                "jdbc:solid://<hostname>:<port>/<UID>/<PWD>",
+                "jdbc:dbaw://<hostname>:8889/<database>",
+            };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Entry point to creating a {@link ColorBuffer} with color enabled or
+     * disabled depending on the calue of {@link Opts#getColor}.
+     */
+    ColorBuffer color()
+    {
+        return new ColorBuffer(opts.getColor());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Entry point to creating a {@link ColorBuffer} with color enabled or
+     * disabled depending on the calue of {@link Opts#getColor}.
+     */
+    ColorBuffer color(String msg)
+    {
+        return new ColorBuffer(msg, opts.getColor());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Walk through all the known drivers and try to register them.
+     */
+    void registerKnownDrivers()
+    {
+        for (Iterator i = KNOWN_DRIVERS.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            try {
+                Class.forName(i.next().toString());
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean initArgs(String [] args)
+    {
+        List commands = new LinkedList();
+        List files = new LinkedList();
+        String driver = null, user = null, pass = null, url = null, cmd = null;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            if (args[i].equals("--help") || args[i].equals("-h")) {
+                usage();
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // -- arguments are treated as properties
+            if (args[i].startsWith("--")) {
+                String [] parts = split(args[i].substring(2), "=");
+                debug(loc("setting-prop", Arrays.asList(parts)));
+                if (parts.length > 0) {
+                    boolean ret;
+
+                    if (parts.length >= 2) {
+                        ret = opts.set(parts[0], parts[1], true);
+                    } else {
+                        ret = opts.set(parts[0], "true", true);
+                    }
+
+                    if (!ret) {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (args[i].equals("-d")) {
+                driver = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-n")) {
+                user = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-p")) {
+                pass = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-u")) {
+                url = args[i++ + 1];
+            } else if (args[i].equals("-e")) {
+                commands.add(args[i++ + 1]);
+            } else {
+                files.add(args[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (url != null) {
+            String com =
+                "!connect "
+                + url + " "
+                + (((user == null) || (user.length() == 0)) ? "''" : user) + " "
+                + (((pass == null) || (pass.length() == 0)) ? "''" : pass) + " "
+                + ((driver == null) ? "" : driver);
+            debug("issuing: " + com);
+            dispatch(com);
+        }
+
+        // now load properties files
+        for (Iterator i = files.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            dispatch("!properties " + i.next());
+        }
+
+        if (commands.size() > 0) {
+            // for single commane execute, disable color
+            opts.setColor(false);
+            opts.setHeaderInterval(-1);
+
+            for (Iterator i = commands.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String command = i.next().toString();
+                debug(loc("executing-command", command));
+                dispatch(command);
+            }
+
+            exit = true; // execute and exit
+        }
+
+        // if a script file was specified, run the file and quit
+        if (opts.getRun() != null) {
+            dispatch("!run " + opts.getRun());
+            dispatch("!quit");
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start accepting input from stdin, and dispatch it to the appropriate
+     * {@link CommandHandler} until the global variable <code>exit</code> is
+     * true.
+     */
+    void begin(String [] args, InputStream inputStream)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        try {
+            // load the options first, so we can override on the command line
+            opts.load();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+        }
+
+        ConsoleReader reader = getConsoleReader(inputStream);
+        if (!(initArgs(args))) {
+            usage();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            info(getApplicationTitle());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+        }
+
+        while (!exit) {
+            try {
+                dispatch(reader.readLine(getPrompt()));
+            } catch (EOFException eof) {
+                // CTRL-D
+                command.quit(null);
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                handleException(t);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // ### NOTE jvs 10-Aug-2004:  Clean up any outstanding
+        // connections automatically.
+        command.closeall(null);
+    }
+
+    public ConsoleReader getConsoleReader(InputStream inputStream)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        Terminal terminal = Terminal.setupTerminal();
+
+        if (inputStream != null) {
+            // ### NOTE:  fix for sf.net bug 879425.
+            reader =
+                new ConsoleReader(
+                    inputStream,
+                    new PrintWriter(System.out));
+        } else {
+            reader = new ConsoleReader();
+        }
+
+        // setup history
+        ByteArrayInputStream historyBuffer = null;
+
+        if (new File(opts.getHistoryFile()).isFile()) {
+            try {
+                // save the current contents of the history buffer. This gets
+                // around a bug in JLine where setting the output before the
+                // input will clobber the history input, but setting the
+                // input before the output will cause the previous commands
+                // to not be saved to the buffer.
+                FileInputStream historyIn =
+                    new FileInputStream(
+                        opts.getHistoryFile());
+                ByteArrayOutputStream hist = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                int n;
+                while ((n = historyIn.read()) != -1) {
+                    hist.write(n);
+                }
+                historyIn.close();
+
+                historyBuffer = new ByteArrayInputStream(hist.toByteArray());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // now set the output for the history
+            PrintWriter historyOut =
+                new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(
+                        opts.getHistoryFile()));
+            reader.getHistory().setOutput(historyOut);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // now load in the previous history
+            if (historyBuffer != null) {
+                reader.getHistory().load(historyBuffer);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        reader.addCompletor(new SQLLineCompletor());
+
+        return reader;
+    }
+
+    void usage()
+    {
+        output(loc("cmd-usage"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dispatch the specified line to the appropriate {@link CommandHandler}.
+     *
+     * @param line the commmand-line to dispatch
+     *
+     * @return true if the command was "successful"
+     */
+    boolean dispatch(String line)
+    {
+        if (line == null) {
+            // exit
+            exit = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (line.trim().length() == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (isComment(line)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        line = line.trim();
+
+        // save it to the current script, if any
+        if (script != null) {
+            script.addLine(line);
+        }
+
+        if (isHelpRequest(line)) {
+            line = "!help";
+        }
+
+        if (line.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+            Map cmdMap = new TreeMap();
+            line = line.substring(1);
+            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
+                String match = commands[i].matches(line);
+                if (match != null) {
+                    cmdMap.put(match, commands[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (cmdMap.size() == 0) {
+                return error(loc("unknown-command", line));
+            } else if (cmdMap.size() > 1) {
+                return error(
+                    loc("multiple-matches",
+                        cmdMap.keySet().toString()));
+            } else {
+                return ((CommandHandler) cmdMap.values().iterator().next())
+                    .execute(line);
+            }
+        } else {
+            return command.sql(line);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test whether a line requires a continuation.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to be tested
+     *
+     * @return true if continuation required
+     */
+    boolean needsContinuation(String line)
+    {
+        if (isHelpRequest(line)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (line.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (isComment(line)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        String trimmed = line.trim();
+
+        if (trimmed.length() == 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return !trimmed.endsWith(";");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test whether a line is a help request other than !help.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to be tested
+     *
+     * @return true if a help request
+     */
+    boolean isHelpRequest(String line)
+    {
+        return line.equals("?") || line.equalsIgnoreCase("help");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test whether a line is a comment.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to be tested
+     *
+     * @return true if a comment
+     */
+    boolean isComment(String line)
+    {
+        // SQL92 comment prefix is "--"
+        // sqlline also supports shell-style "#" prefix
+        return line.startsWith("#") || line.startsWith("--");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print the specified message to the console
+     *
+     * @param msg the message to print
+     */
+    void output(String msg)
+    {
+        output(msg, true);
+    }
+
+    void info(String msg)
+    {
+        if (!(opts.getSilent())) {
+            output(msg, true, System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void info(ColorBuffer msg)
+    {
+        if (!(opts.getSilent())) {
+            output(msg, true, System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Issue the specified error message
+     *
+     * @param msg the message to issue
+     *
+     * @return false always
+     */
+    boolean error(String msg)
+    {
+        output(color().red(msg), true, System.err);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    boolean error(Throwable t)
+    {
+        handleException(t);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    void debug(String msg)
+    {
+        if (opts.getVerbose()) {
+            output(color().blue(msg), true, System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void output(ColorBuffer msg)
+    {
+        output(msg, true);
+    }
+
+    void output(String msg, boolean newline, PrintStream out)
+    {
+        output(color(msg), newline, out);
+    }
+
+    void output(ColorBuffer msg, boolean newline)
+    {
+        output(msg, newline, System.out);
+    }
+
+    void output(ColorBuffer msg, boolean newline, PrintStream out)
+    {
+        if (newline) {
+            out.println(msg.getColor());
+        } else {
+            out.print(msg.getColor());
+        }
+
+        if (record == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // only write to the record file if we are writing a line ...
+        // otherwise we might get garbage from backspaces and such.
+        if (newline) {
+            record.addLine(msg.getMono()); // always just write mono
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print the specified message to the console
+     *
+     * @param msg the message to print
+     * @param newline if false, do not append a newline
+     */
+    void output(String msg, boolean newline)
+    {
+        output(color(msg), newline);
+    }
+
+    void autocommitStatus(Connection c)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        info(loc("autocommit-status", c.getAutoCommit() + ""));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure that autocommit is on for the current connection
+     *
+     * @return true if autocommit is set
+     */
+    boolean assertAutoCommit()
+    {
+        if (!(assertConnection())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (con().connection.getAutoCommit()) {
+                return error(loc("autocommit-needs-off"));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return error(e);
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Assert that we have an active, living connection. Print an error message
+     * if we do not.
+     *
+     * @return true if there is a current, active connection
+     */
+    boolean assertConnection()
+    {
+        try {
+            if ((con() == null) || (con().connection == null)) {
+                return error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+            }
+
+            if (con().connection.isClosed()) {
+                return error(loc("connection-is-closed"));
+            }
+        } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+            return error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print out any warnings that exist for the current connection.
+     */
+    void showWarnings()
+    {
+        if (con().connection == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!opts.getShowWarnings()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            showWarnings(con().connection.getWarnings());
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Print the specified warning on the console, as well as any warnings that
+     * are returned from {@link SQLWarning#getNextWarning}.
+     *
+     * @param warn the {@link SQLWarning} to print
+     */
+    void showWarnings(SQLWarning warn)
+    {
+        if (warn == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (seenWarnings.get(warn) == null) {
+            // don't re-display warnings we have already seen
+            seenWarnings.put(warn, new java.util.Date());
+            handleSQLException(warn);
+        }
+
+        SQLWarning next = warn.getNextWarning();
+        if (next != warn) {
+            showWarnings(next);
+        }
+    }
+
+    String getPrompt()
+    {
+        if ((con() == null) || (con().url == null)) {
+            return "sqlline> ";
+        } else {
+            return getPrompt(connections.getIndex()
+                + ": " + con().url) + "> ";
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String getPrompt(String url)
+    {
+        if ((url == null) || (url.length() == 0)) {
+            url = "sqlline";
+        }
+
+        if (url.indexOf(";") > -1) {
+            url = url.substring(0, url.indexOf(";"));
+        }
+        if (url.indexOf("?") > -1) {
+            url = url.substring(0, url.indexOf("?"));
+        }
+
+        if (url.length() > 45) {
+            url = url.substring(0, 45);
+        }
+
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to obtain the current size of the specified {@link ResultSet} by
+     * jumping to the last row and getting the row number.
+     *
+     * @param rs the {@link ResultSet} to get the size for
+     *
+     * @return the size, or -1 if it could not be obtained
+     */
+    int getSize(ResultSet rs)
+    {
+        try {
+            if (rs.getType() == rs.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            rs.last();
+            int total = rs.getRow();
+            rs.beforeFirst();
+            return total;
+        } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        // JDBC 1 driver error
+        catch (AbstractMethodError ame) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ResultSet getColumns(String table)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        if (!(assertConnection())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return con().meta.getColumns(
+            con().meta.getConnection().getCatalog(),
+            null,
+            table,
+            "%");
+    }
+
+    ResultSet getTables()
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        if (!(assertConnection())) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return con().meta.getTables(
+            con().meta.getConnection().getCatalog(),
+            null,
+            "%",
+            new String[] { "TABLE" });
+    }
+
+    String [] getColumnNames(DatabaseMetaData meta)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        Set names = new HashSet();
+
+        info(loc("building-tables"));
+
+        try {
+            ResultSet columns = getColumns("%");
+
+            try {
+                int total = getSize(columns);
+                int index = 0;
+
+                while (columns.next()) {
+                    // add the following strings:
+                    // 1. column name
+                    // 2. table name
+                    // 3. tablename.columnname
+
+                    progress(index++, total);
+                    String name = columns.getString("TABLE_NAME");
+                    names.add(name);
+                    names.add(columns.getString("COLUMN_NAME"));
+                    names.add(
+                        columns.getString("TABLE_NAME") + "."
+                        + columns.getString("COLUMN_NAME"));
+                }
+
+                progress(index, index);
+            } finally {
+                columns.close();
+            }
+
+            info(loc("done"));
+
+            return (String []) names.toArray(new String[0]);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            handleException(t);
+            return new String[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+    ////////////////////
+    // String utilities
+    ////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * Split the line into an array by tokenizing on space characters
+     *
+     * @param line the line to break up
+     *
+     * @return an array of individual words
+     */
+    String [] split(String line)
+    {
+        return split(line, " ");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Splits the line into an array of possibly-compound identifiers, observing
+     * the database's quoting syntax.
+     *
+     * <p>For example, on Oracle, which uses double-quote (&quot;) as quote
+     * character,
+     *
+     * <blockquote>!tables "My Schema"."My Table"</blockquote>
+     *
+     * returns
+     *
+     * <blockquote>{ {"!tables"}, {"My Schema", "My Table"} }</blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param line the line to break up
+     *
+     * @return an array of compound words
+     */
+    String [][] splitCompound(String line)
+    {
+        final SqlLine.DatabaseConnection databaseConnection = con();
+        final Quoting quoting;
+        if (databaseConnection == null) {
+            quoting = Quoting.DEFAULT;
+        } else {
+            quoting = databaseConnection.quoting;
+        }
+
+        int state = SPACE;
+        int idStart = -1;
+        final char[] chars = line.toCharArray();
+        int n = chars.length;
+
+        // Trim off trailing semicolon and/or whitespace
+        while (n > 0
+            && (Character.isWhitespace(chars[n - 1])
+            || chars[n - 1] == ';'))
+        {
+            --n;
+        }
+
+        final List words = new ArrayList();
+        final List current = new ArrayList();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n;) {
+            char c = chars[i];
+            switch (state) {
+            case SPACE:
+            case DOT_SPACE:
+                ++i;
+                if (Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                    ;
+                } else if (c == '.') {
+                    state = DOT_SPACE;
+                } else if (c == quoting.start) {
+                    if (state == SPACE) {
+                        if (current.size() > 0) {
+                            words.add(
+                                current.toArray(new String[current.size()]));
+                            current.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    state = QUOTED;
+                    idStart = i;
+                } else {
+                    if (state == SPACE) {
+                        if (current.size() > 0) {
+                            words.add(
+                                current.toArray(new String[current.size()]));
+                            current.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    state = UNQUOTED;
+                    idStart = i - 1;
+                }
+                break;
+            case QUOTED:
+                ++i;
+                if (c == quoting.end) {
+                    if (i < n
+                        && chars[i] == quoting.end)
+                    {
+                        // Repeated quote character inside a quoted identifier.
+                        // Elminate one of the repeats, and we remain inside a
+                        // quoted identifier.
+                        System.arraycopy(chars, i, chars, i - 1, n - i);
+                        --n;
+                    } else {
+                        state = SPACE;
+                        final String word =
+                            new String(chars, idStart, i - idStart - 1);
+                        current.add(word);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            case UNQUOTED:
+                // We are in an unquoted identifier. Whitespace or dot ends
+                // the identifier, anything else extends it.
+                ++i;
+                if (Character.isWhitespace(c) || c == '.') {
+                    String word = new String(chars, idStart, i - idStart - 1);
+                    if (word.equalsIgnoreCase("NULL")) {
+                        word = null;
+                    } else if (quoting.upper) {
+                        word = word.toUpperCase();
+                    }
+                    current.add(word);
+                    state = (c == '.') ? DOT_SPACE : SPACE;
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError("unexpected state " + state);
+            }
+        }
+
+        switch (state) {
+        case SPACE:
+        case DOT_SPACE:
+            break;
+        case QUOTED:
+        case UNQUOTED:
+            // In the middle of a quoted string. Be lenient, and complete the
+            // word.
+            String word = new String(chars, idStart, n - idStart);
+            if (state == UNQUOTED) {
+                if (word.equalsIgnoreCase("NULL")) {
+                    word = null;
+                } else if (quoting.upper) {
+                    word = word.toUpperCase();
+                }
+            }
+            current.add(word);
+            break;
+        default:
+            throw new AssertionError("unexpected state " + state);
+        }
+
+        if (current.size() > 0) {
+            words.add(current.toArray(new String[current.size()]));
+        }
+
+        return (String[][]) words.toArray(new String[words.size()][]);
+    }
+
+    /** In a region of whitespace. */
+    private static final int SPACE = 0;
+
+    /** In a region of whitespace that contains a dot. */
+    private static final int DOT_SPACE = 1;
+
+    /** Inside a quoted identifier. */
+    private static final int QUOTED = 2;
+
+    /** Inside an unquoted identifier. */
+    private static final int UNQUOTED = 3;
+
+    String dequote(String str)
+    {
+        if (str == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        while (
+            (str.startsWith("'") && str.endsWith("'"))
+            || (str.startsWith("\"") && str.endsWith("\"")))
+        {
+            str = str.substring(1, str.length() - 1);
+        }
+
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    String [] split(String line, String delim)
+    {
+        StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(line, delim);
+        String [] ret = new String[tok.countTokens()];
+        int index = 0;
+        while (tok.hasMoreTokens()) {
+            String t = tok.nextToken();
+
+            t = dequote(t);
+
+            ret[index++] = t;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    static Map map(Object [] obs)
+    {
+        Map m = new HashMap();
+        for (int i = 0; i < (obs.length - 1); i += 2) {
+            m.put(obs[i], obs[i + 1]);
+        }
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(m);
+    }
+
+    static boolean getMoreResults(Statement stmnt)
+    {
+        try {
+            return stmnt.getMoreResults();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String xmlattrencode(String str)
+    {
+        str = replace(str, "\"", "&quot;");
+        str = replace(str, "<", "&lt;");
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    static String replace(String source, String from, String to)
+    {
+        if (source == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (from.equals(to)) {
+            return source;
+        }
+
+        StringBuffer replaced = new StringBuffer();
+
+        int index = -1;
+        while ((index = source.indexOf(from)) != -1) {
+            replaced.append(source.substring(0, index));
+            replaced.append(to);
+            source = source.substring(index + from.length());
+        }
+
+        replaced.append(source);
+
+        return replaced.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Split the line based on spaces, asserting that the number of words is
+     * correct.
+     *
+     * @param line the line to split
+     * @param assertLen the number of words to assure
+     * @param usage the message to output if there are an incorrect number of
+     * words.
+     *
+     * @return the split lines, or null if the assertion failed.
+     */
+    String [] split(String line, int assertLen, String usage)
+    {
+        String [] ret = split(line);
+
+        if (ret.length != assertLen) {
+            error(usage);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Wrap the specified string by breaking on space characters.
+     *
+     * @param toWrap the string to wrap
+     * @param len the maximum length of any line
+     * @param start the number of spaces to pad at the beginning of a line
+     *
+     * @return the wrapped string
+     */
+    String wrap(String toWrap, int len, int start)
+    {
+        String cur = toWrap;
+        StringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer();
+        StringBuffer line = new StringBuffer();
+
+        char [] head = new char[start];
+        Arrays.fill(head, ' ');
+
+        for (
+            StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(toWrap, " ");
+            tok.hasMoreTokens();)
+        {
+            String next = tok.nextToken();
+            if ((line.length() + next.length()) > len) {
+                buff.append(line).append(sep).append(head);
+                line.setLength(0);
+            }
+
+            line.append((line.length() == 0) ? "" : " ").append(next);
+        }
+
+        buff.append(line);
+
+        return buff.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Output a progress indicator to the console.
+     *
+     * @param cur the current progress
+     * @param max the maximum progress, or -1 if unknown
+     */
+    void progress(int cur, int max)
+    {
+        StringBuffer out = new StringBuffer();
+
+        if (lastProgress != null) {
+            char [] back = new char[lastProgress.length()];
+            Arrays.fill(back, '\b');
+            out.append(back);
+        }
+
+        String progress =
+            cur + "/" + ((max == -1) ? "?" : ("" + max)) + " "
+            + ((max == -1) ? "(??%)"
+                : ("(" + (cur * 100 / ((max == 0) ? 1 : max)) + "%)"));
+        ;
+
+        if ((cur >= max) && (max != -1)) {
+            progress += " " + loc("done") + sep;
+            lastProgress = null;
+        } else {
+            lastProgress = progress;
+        }
+
+        out.append(progress);
+
+        System.out.print(out.toString());
+        System.out.flush();
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////
+    // Exception handling routines
+    ///////////////////////////////
+
+    void handleException(Throwable e)
+    {
+        while (e instanceof InvocationTargetException) {
+            e = ((InvocationTargetException) e).getTargetException();
+        }
+
+        if (e instanceof SQLException) {
+            handleSQLException((SQLException) e);
+        } else if (!(opts.getVerbose())) {
+            if (e.getMessage() == null) {
+                error(e.getClass().getName());
+            } else {
+                error(e.getMessage());
+            }
+        } else {
+            e.printStackTrace(System.err);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void handleSQLException(SQLException e)
+    {
+        if ((e instanceof SQLWarning) && !(opts.getShowWarnings())) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String type = (e instanceof SQLWarning) ? loc("Warning") : loc("Error");
+
+        error(
+            loc((e instanceof SQLWarning) ? "Warning" : "Error",
+                new Object[] {
+                    (e.getMessage() == null) ? "" : e.getMessage().trim(),
+                    (e.getSQLState() == null) ? "" : e.getSQLState().trim(),
+                    new Integer(e.getErrorCode())
+                }));
+
+        if (opts.getVerbose()) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        if (!opts.getShowNestedErrs()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (
+            SQLException nested = e.getNextException();
+            (nested != null)
+            && (nested != e);
+            nested = nested.getNextException())
+        {
+            handleSQLException(nested);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean scanForDriver(String url)
+    {
+        try {
+            // already registered
+            if (findRegisteredDriver(url) != null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // first try known drivers...
+            scanDrivers(true);
+
+            if (findRegisteredDriver(url) != null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            // now really scan...
+            scanDrivers(false);
+
+            if (findRegisteredDriver(url) != null) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            debug(e.toString());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Driver findRegisteredDriver(String url)
+    {
+        for (
+            Enumeration drivers = DriverManager.getDrivers();
+            (drivers != null) && drivers.hasMoreElements();)
+        {
+            Driver driver = (Driver) drivers.nextElement();
+            try {
+                if (driver.acceptsURL(url)) {
+                    return driver;
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    Driver [] scanDrivers(String line)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        return scanDrivers(false);
+    }
+
+    Driver [] scanDrivers(boolean knownOnly)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        Set classNames = new HashSet();
+
+        if (!knownOnly) {
+            classNames.addAll(
+                Arrays.asList(
+                    ClassNameCompletor.getClassNames()));
+        }
+
+        classNames.addAll(KNOWN_DRIVERS);
+
+        Set driverClasses = new HashSet();
+
+        for (Iterator i = classNames.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            String className = i.next().toString();
+
+            if (className.toLowerCase().indexOf("driver") == -1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                Class c =
+                    Class.forName(
+                        className,
+                        false,
+                        Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
+                if (!Driver.class.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (Modifier.isAbstract(c.getModifiers())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // now instantiate and initialize it
+                driverClasses.add(c.newInstance());
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+        }
+        info("scan complete in "
+            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms");
+        return (Driver []) driverClasses.toArray(new Driver[0]);
+    }
+
+    Driver [] scanDriversOLD(String line)
+    {
+        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        Set paths = new HashSet();
+        Set driverClasses = new HashSet();
+
+        for (
+            StringTokenizer tok =
+                new StringTokenizer(
+                    System.getProperty("java.ext.dirs"),
+                    System.getProperty("path.separator"));
+            tok.hasMoreTokens();)
+        {
+            File [] files = new File(tok.nextToken()).listFiles();
+            for (int i = 0; (files != null) && (i < files.length); i++) {
+                paths.add(files[i].getAbsolutePath());
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (
+            StringTokenizer tok =
+                new StringTokenizer(
+                    System.getProperty("java.class.path"),
+                    System.getProperty("path.separator"));
+            tok.hasMoreTokens();)
+        {
+            paths.add(new File(tok.nextToken()).getAbsolutePath());
+        }
+
+        for (Iterator i = paths.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+            File f = new File((String) i.next());
+            output(
+                color().pad(loc("scanning", f.getAbsolutePath()), 60),
+                false);
+
+            try {
+                ZipFile zf = new ZipFile(f);
+                int total = zf.size();
+                int index = 0;
+
+                for (
+                    Enumeration zfEnum = zf.entries();
+                    zfEnum.hasMoreElements();)
+                {
+                    ZipEntry entry = (ZipEntry) zfEnum.nextElement();
+                    String name = entry.getName();
+                    progress(index++, total);
+
+                    if (name.endsWith(".class")) {
+                        name = name.replace('/', '.');
+                        name = name.substring(0, name.length() - 6);
+
+                        try {
+                            // check for the string "driver" in the class
+                            // to see if we should load it. Not perfect, but
+                            // it is far too slow otherwise.
+                            if (name.toLowerCase().indexOf("driver") != -1) {
+                                Class c =
+                                    Class.forName(
+                                        name,
+                                        false,
+                                        getClass().getClassLoader());
+                                if (Driver.class.isAssignableFrom(c)
+                                    && !(Modifier.isAbstract(
+                                            c.getModifiers())))
+                                {
+                                    try {
+                                        // load and initialize
+                                        Class.forName(name);
+                                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                                    }
+                                    driverClasses.add(c.newInstance());
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } catch (Throwable t) {
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                progress(total, total);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+        }
+
+        info("scan complete in "
+            + (System.currentTimeMillis() - start) + "ms");
+        return (Driver []) driverClasses.toArray(new Driver[0]);
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////
+    // ResultSet output formatting classes
+    ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+    int print(ResultSet rs)
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        String format = opts.getOutputFormat();
+        OutputFormat f = (OutputFormat) formats.get(format);
+
+        if (f == null) {
+            error(
+                loc("unknown-format",
+                    new Object[] {
+                        format, formats.keySet()
+                    }));
+            f = new TableOutputFormat();
+        }
+
+        Rows rows;
+
+        if (opts.getIncremental()) {
+            rows = new IncrementalRows(rs);
+        } else {
+            rows = new BufferedRows(rs);
+        }
+
+        return f.print(rows);
+    }
+
+    private Statement createStatement()
+        throws SQLException
+    {
+        Statement stmnt = con().connection.createStatement();
+        if (opts.timeout > -1) {
+            stmnt.setQueryTimeout(opts.timeout);
+        }
+        if (opts.rowLimit != 0) {
+            stmnt.setMaxRows(opts.rowLimit);
+        }
+        if (signalHandler != null) {
+            signalHandler.setStmt(stmnt);
+        }
+        return stmnt;
+    }
+
+    void runBatch(List statements)
+    {
+        try {
+            Statement stmnt = createStatement();
+            try {
+                for (Iterator i = statements.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                    stmnt.addBatch(i.next().toString());
+                }
+
+                int [] counts = stmnt.executeBatch();
+
+                output(
+                    color().pad(color().bold("COUNT"), 8).append(
+                        color().bold("STATEMENT")));
+
+                for (int i = 0; (counts != null) && (i < counts.length); i++) {
+                    output(
+                        color().pad(counts[i] + "", 8).append(
+                            statements.get(i).toString()));
+                }
+            } finally {
+                try {
+                    stmnt.close();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int runCommands(List cmds)
+    {
+        int successCount = 0;
+
+        try {
+            int index = 1;
+            int size = cmds.size();
+            for (Iterator i = cmds.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String cmd = i.next().toString();
+                info(color().pad((index++) + "/" + (size), 13).append(cmd));
+                boolean success = dispatch(cmd);
+
+                // if we do not force script execution, abort
+                // when a failure occurs.
+                if (!success && !opts.getForce()) {
+                    error(loc("abort-on-error", cmd));
+                    return successCount;
+                }
+                successCount += (success == true) ? 1 : 0;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            handleException(e);
+        }
+
+        return successCount;
+    }
+
+    private void setCompletions()
+        throws SQLException, IOException
+    {
+        if (con() != null) {
+            con().setCompletions(opts.getFastConnect());
+        }
+    }
+
+    //~ Inner Interfaces -------------------------------------------------------
+
+    interface OutputFormat
+    {
+        int print(SqlLine.Rows rows);
+    }
+
+    ////////////////////////////
+    // Command handling classes
+    ////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * A generic command to be executed. Execution of the command should be
+     * dispatched to the {@link #execute(java.lang.String)} method after
+     * determining that the command is appropriate with the {@link
+     * #matches(java.lang.String)} method.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    interface CommandHandler
+    {
+        /**
+         * @return the name of the command
+         */
+        public String getName();
+
+        /**
+         * @return all the possible names of this command.
+         */
+        public String [] getNames();
+
+        /**
+         * @return the short help description for this command.
+         */
+        public String getHelpText();
+
+        /**
+         * Check to see if the specified string can be dispatched to this
+         * command.
+         *
+         * @param line the command line to check.
+         *
+         * @return the command string that matches, or null if it no match
+         */
+        public String matches(String line);
+
+        /**
+         * Execute the specified command.
+         *
+         * @param line the full command line to execute.
+         */
+        public boolean execute(String line);
+
+        /**
+         * Returns the completors that can handle parameters.
+         */
+        public Completor [] getParameterCompletors();
+    }
+
+    //~ Inner Classes ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract OutputFormat.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    abstract class AbstractOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            Rows.Row header = (Rows.Row) rows.next();
+
+            printHeader(header);
+
+            while (rows.hasNext()) {
+                printRow(rows, header, (Rows.Row) rows.next());
+                count++;
+            }
+
+            printFooter(header);
+
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        abstract void printHeader(Rows.Row header);
+
+        abstract void printFooter(Rows.Row header);
+
+        abstract void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row);
+    }
+
+    class XMLAttributeOutputFormat
+        extends AbstractOutputFormat
+    {
+        public void printHeader(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("<resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printFooter(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("</resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] head = header.values;
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+
+            StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer("  <result");
+
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                result.append(' ').append(head[i]).append("=\"").append(
+                    xmlattrencode(vals[i])).append('"');
+            }
+
+            result.append("/>");
+
+            output(result.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    class XMLElementOutputFormat
+        extends AbstractOutputFormat
+    {
+        public void printHeader(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("<resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printFooter(Rows.Row header)
+        {
+            output("</resultset>");
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] head = header.values;
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+
+            output("  <result>");
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                output(
+                    "    <" + head[i] + ">"
+                    + (xmlattrencode(vals[i]))
+                    + "</" + head[i] + ">");
+            }
+
+            output("  </result>");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * OutputFormat for vertical column name: value format.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    class VerticalOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            Rows.Row header = (Rows.Row) rows.next();
+
+            while (rows.hasNext()) {
+                printRow(rows, header, (Rows.Row) rows.next());
+                count++;
+            }
+
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row header, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] head = header.values;
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+            int headwidth = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                headwidth = Math.max(headwidth, head[i].length());
+            }
+
+            headwidth += 2;
+
+            for (int i = 0; (i < head.length) && (i < vals.length); i++) {
+                output(
+                    color().bold(
+                        color().pad(head[i], headwidth).getMono()).append(
+                               (vals[i] == null) ? "" : vals[i]));
+            }
+
+            output(""); // spacing
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * OutputFormat for values separated by a delimiter. <strong>TODO</strong>:
+     * Handle character escaping
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    class SeparatedValuesOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        private char separator;
+
+        public SeparatedValuesOutputFormat(char separator)
+        {
+            setSeparator(separator);
+        }
+
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int count = 0;
+            while (rows.hasNext()) {
+                printRow(rows, (Rows.Row) rows.next());
+                count++;
+            }
+
+            return count - 1; // sans header row
+        }
+
+        public void printRow(Rows rows, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            String [] vals = row.values;
+            StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+            for (int i = 0; i < vals.length; i++) {
+                buf.append((buf.length() == 0) ? "" : ("" + getSeparator()))
+                .append('\'').append((vals[i] == null) ? "" : vals[i]).append(
+                    '\'');
+            }
+            output(buf.toString());
+        }
+
+        public void setSeparator(char separator)
+        {
+            this.separator = separator;
+        }
+
+        public char getSeparator()
+        {
+            return this.separator;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * OutputFormat for a pretty, table-like format.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    class TableOutputFormat
+        implements OutputFormat
+    {
+        public int print(Rows rows)
+        {
+            int index = 0;
+            ColorBuffer header = null;
+            ColorBuffer headerCols = null;
+            final int width = opts.getMaxWidth() - 4;
+
+            // normalize the columns sizes
+            rows.normalizeWidths();
+
+            for (; rows.hasNext();) {
+                Rows.Row row = (Rows.Row) rows.next();
+                ColorBuffer cbuf = getOutputString(rows, row);
+                cbuf = cbuf.truncate(width);
+
+                if (index == 0) {
+                    StringBuffer h = new StringBuffer();
+                    for (int j = 0; j < row.sizes.length; j++) {
+                        for (int k = 0; k < row.sizes[j]; k++) {
+                            h.append('-');
+                        }
+                        h.append("-+-");
+                    }
+
+                    headerCols = cbuf;
+                    header =
+                        color().green(h.toString()).truncate(
+                            headerCols.getVisibleLength());
+                }
+
+                if ((index == 0)
+                    || ((opts.getHeaderInterval() > 0)
+                        && ((index % opts.getHeaderInterval()) == 0)
+                        && opts.getShowHeader()))
+                {
+                    printRow(header, true);
+                    printRow(headerCols, false);
+                    printRow(header, true);
+                }
+
+                if (index != 0) { // don't output the header twice
+                    printRow(cbuf, false);
+                }
+
+                index++;
+            }
+
+            if ((header != null) && opts.getShowHeader()) {
+                printRow(header, true);
+            }
+
+            return index - 1;
+        }
+
+        void printRow(ColorBuffer cbuff, boolean header)
+        {
+            if (header) {
+                output(color().green("+-").append(cbuff).green("-+"));
+            } else {
+                output(color().green("| ").append(cbuff).green(" |"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer getOutputString(Rows rows, Rows.Row row)
+        {
+            return getOutputString(rows, row, " | ");
+        }
+
+        ColorBuffer getOutputString(Rows rows, Rows.Row row, String delim)
+        {
+            ColorBuffer buf = color();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < row.values.length; i++) {
+                if (buf.getVisibleLength() > 0) {
+                    buf.green(delim);
+                }
+
+                ColorBuffer v;
+
+                if (row.isMeta) {
+                    v = color().center(row.values[i], row.sizes[i]);
+                    if (rows.isPrimaryKey(i)) {
+                        buf.cyan(v.getMono());
+                    } else {
+                        buf.bold(v.getMono());
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    v = color().pad(row.values[i], row.sizes[i]);
+                    if (rows.isPrimaryKey(i)) {
+                        buf.cyan(v.getMono());
+                    } else {
+                        buf.append(v.getMono());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (row.deleted) { // make deleted rows red
+                buf = color().red(buf.getMono());
+            } else if (row.updated) { // make updated rows blue
+                buf = color().blue(buf.getMono());
+            } else if (row.inserted) { // make new rows green
+                buf = color().green(buf.getMono());
+            }
+
+            return buf;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Abstract base class representing a set of rows to be displayed.
+     */
+    abstract class Rows
+        implements Iterator
+    {
+        final ResultSetMetaData rsMeta;
+        final Boolean [] primaryKeys;
+        final NumberFormat numberFormat;
+
+        Rows(ResultSet rs)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            rsMeta = rs.getMetaData();
+            int count = rsMeta.getColumnCount();
+            primaryKeys = new Boolean[count];
+            if (opts.getNumberFormat().equals("default")) {
+                numberFormat = null;
+            } else {
+                numberFormat = new DecimalFormat(opts.getNumberFormat());
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void remove()
+        {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Update all of the rows to have the same size, set to the maximum
+         * length of each column in the Rows.
+         */
+        abstract void normalizeWidths();
+
+        /**
+         * Return whether the specified column (0-based index) is a primary key.
+         * Since this method depends on whether the JDBC driver property
+         * implements {@link ResultSetMetaData#getTableName} (many do not), it
+         * is not reliable for all databases.
+         */
+        boolean isPrimaryKey(int col)
+        {
+            if (primaryKeys[col] != null) {
+                return primaryKeys[col].booleanValue();
+            }
+
+            try {
+                // this doesn't always work, since some JDBC drivers (e.g.,
+                // Oracle's) return a blank string from getTableName.
+                String table = rsMeta.getTableName(col + 1);
+                String column = rsMeta.getColumnName(col + 1);
+
+                if ((table == null)
+                    || (table.length() == 0)
+                    || (column == null)
+                    || (column.length() == 0))
+                {
+                    return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(false))
+                        .booleanValue();
+                }
+
+                ResultSet pks =
+                    con().meta.getPrimaryKeys(
+                        con().meta.getConnection().getCatalog(),
+                        null,
+                        table);
+
+                try {
+                    while (pks.next()) {
+                        if (column.equalsIgnoreCase(
+                                pks.getString("COLUMN_NAME")))
+                        {
+                            return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(true))
+                                .booleanValue();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    pks.close();
+                }
+
+                return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(false)).booleanValue();
+            } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+                return (primaryKeys[col] = new Boolean(false)).booleanValue();
+            }
+        }
+
+        class Row
+        {
+            final String [] values;
+            final boolean isMeta;
+            private boolean deleted;
+            private boolean inserted;
+            private boolean updated;
+            private int [] sizes;
+
+            Row(int size)
+                throws SQLException
+            {
+                isMeta = true;
+                values = new String[size];
+                sizes = new int[size];
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    values[i] = rsMeta.getColumnLabel(i + 1);
+                    sizes[i] = (values[i] == null) ? 1 : values[i].length();
+                }
+
+                deleted = false;
+                updated = false;
+                inserted = false;
+            }
+
+            Row(int size, ResultSet rs)
+                throws SQLException
+            {
+                isMeta = false;
+                values = new String[size];
+                sizes = new int[size];
+
+                try {
+                    deleted = rs.rowDeleted();
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+                try {
+                    updated = rs.rowUpdated();
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+                try {
+                    inserted = rs.rowInserted();
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    if (numberFormat != null) {
+                        Object o = rs.getObject(i + 1);
+                        if (o == null) {
+                            values[i] = null;
+                        } else if (o instanceof Number) {
+                            values[i] = numberFormat.format(o);
+                        } else {
+                            values[i] = o.toString();
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                      values[i] = String.valueOf(rs.getObject(i + 1));
+                    }
+                    sizes[i] = (values[i] == null) ? 1 : values[i].length();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rows implementation which buffers all rows in a linked list.
+     */
+    class BufferedRows
+        extends Rows
+    {
+        private final LinkedList list;
+
+        private final Iterator iterator;
+
+        BufferedRows(ResultSet rs)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            super(rs);
+
+            list = new LinkedList();
+
+            int count = rsMeta.getColumnCount();
+
+            list.add(new Row(count));
+
+            while (rs.next()) {
+                list.add(new Row(count, rs));
+            }
+
+            iterator = list.iterator();
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasNext()
+        {
+            return iterator.hasNext();
+        }
+
+        public Object next()
+        {
+            return iterator.next();
+        }
+
+        void normalizeWidths()
+        {
+            int [] max = null;
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Row row = (Row) list.get(i);
+                if (max == null) {
+                    max = new int[row.values.length];
+                }
+
+                for (int j = 0; j < max.length; j++) {
+                    max[j] = Math.max(max[j], row.sizes[j] + 1);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
+                Row row = (Row) list.get(i);
+                row.sizes = max;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Rows implementation which returns rows incrementally from result set
+     * without any buffering.
+     */
+    class IncrementalRows
+        extends Rows
+    {
+        private final ResultSet rs;
+        private Row labelRow;
+        private Row maxRow;
+        private Row nextRow;
+        private boolean endOfResult;
+        private boolean normalizingWidths;
+
+        IncrementalRows(ResultSet rs)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            super(rs);
+            this.rs = rs;
+
+            labelRow = new Row(rsMeta.getColumnCount());
+            maxRow = new Row(rsMeta.getColumnCount());
+
+            // pre-compute normalization so we don't have to deal
+            // with SQLExceptions later
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxRow.sizes.length; ++i) {
+                // normalized display width is based on maximum of display size
+                // and label size
+                maxRow.sizes[i] =
+                    Math.max(
+                        maxRow.sizes[i],
+                        rsMeta.getColumnDisplaySize(i + 1));
+            }
+
+            nextRow = labelRow;
+            endOfResult = false;
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasNext()
+        {
+            if (endOfResult) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (nextRow == null) {
+                try {
+                    if (rs.next()) {
+                        nextRow = new Row(labelRow.sizes.length, rs);
+
+                        if (normalizingWidths) {
+                            // perform incremental normalization
+                            nextRow.sizes = labelRow.sizes;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        endOfResult = true;
+                    }
+                } catch (SQLException ex) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(ex.toString());
+                }
+            }
+
+            return (nextRow != null);
+        }
+
+        public Object next()
+        {
+            if (!hasNext()) {
+                throw new NoSuchElementException();
+            }
+
+            Object ret = nextRow;
+            nextRow = null;
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        void normalizeWidths()
+        {
+            // normalize label row
+            labelRow.sizes = maxRow.sizes;
+
+            // and remind ourselves to perform incremental normalization
+            // for each row as it is produced
+            normalizingWidths = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////
+    // Console interaction classes
+    ///////////////////////////////
+
+    /**
+     * A buffer that can output segments using ANSI color.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    final static class ColorBuffer
+        implements Comparable
+    {
+        private static final ColorAttr BOLD = new ColorAttr("\033[1m");
+        private static final ColorAttr NORMAL = new ColorAttr("\033[m");
+        private static final ColorAttr REVERS = new ColorAttr("\033[7m");
+        private static final ColorAttr LINED = new ColorAttr("\033[4m");
+        private static final ColorAttr GREY = new ColorAttr("\033[1;30m");
+        private static final ColorAttr RED = new ColorAttr("\033[1;31m");
+        private static final ColorAttr GREEN = new ColorAttr("\033[1;32m");
+        private static final ColorAttr BLUE = new ColorAttr("\033[1;34m");
+        private static final ColorAttr CYAN = new ColorAttr("\033[1;36m");
+        private static final ColorAttr YELLOW = new ColorAttr("\033[1;33m");
+        private static final ColorAttr MAGENTA = new ColorAttr("\033[1;35m");
+        private static final ColorAttr INVISIBLE = new ColorAttr("\033[8m");
+
+        private final List parts = new LinkedList();
+
+        private final boolean useColor;
+
+        public ColorBuffer(boolean useColor)
+        {
+            this.useColor = useColor;
+
+            append("");
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer(String str, boolean useColor)
+        {
+            this.useColor = useColor;
+
+            append(str);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Pad the specified String with spaces to the indicated length
+         *
+         * @param str the String to pad
+         * @param len the length we want the return String to be
+         *
+         * @return the passed in String with spaces appended until the length
+         * matches the specified length.
+         */
+        ColorBuffer pad(ColorBuffer str, int len)
+        {
+            int n = str.getVisibleLength();
+            while (n < len) {
+                str.append(" ");
+                n++;
+            }
+
+            return append(str);
+        }
+
+        ColorBuffer center(String str, int len)
+        {
+            StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(str);
+
+            while (buf.length() < len) {
+                buf.append(" ");
+
+                if (buf.length() < len) {
+                    buf.insert(0, " ");
+                }
+            }
+
+            return append(buf.toString());
+        }
+
+        ColorBuffer pad(String str, int len)
+        {
+            if (str == null) {
+                str = "";
+            }
+
+            return pad(new ColorBuffer(str, false), len);
+        }
+
+        public String getColor()
+        {
+            return getBuffer(useColor);
+        }
+
+        public String getMono()
+        {
+            return getBuffer(false);
+        }
+
+        String getBuffer(boolean color)
+        {
+            StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+            for (Iterator i = parts.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                Object next = i.next();
+                if (!color && (next instanceof ColorAttr)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                buf.append(next.toString());
+            }
+
+            return buf.toString();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Truncate the ColorBuffer to the specified length and return the new
+         * ColorBuffer. Any open color tags will be closed.
+         */
+        public ColorBuffer truncate(int len)
+        {
+            ColorBuffer cbuff = new ColorBuffer(useColor);
+            ColorAttr lastAttr = null;
+            for (
+                Iterator i = parts.iterator();
+                (cbuff.getVisibleLength() < len) && i.hasNext();)
+            {
+                Object next = i.next();
+                if (next instanceof ColorAttr) {
+                    lastAttr = (ColorAttr) next;
+                    cbuff.append((ColorAttr) next);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String val = next.toString();
+                if ((cbuff.getVisibleLength() + val.length()) > len) {
+                    int partLen = len - cbuff.getVisibleLength();
+                    val = val.substring(0, partLen);
+                }
+
+                cbuff.append(val);
+            }
+
+            // close off the buffer with a normal tag
+            if ((lastAttr != null) && (lastAttr != NORMAL)) {
+                cbuff.append(NORMAL);
+            }
+
+            return cbuff;
+        }
+
+        public String toString()
+        {
+            return getColor();
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(String str)
+        {
+            parts.add(str);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(ColorBuffer buf)
+        {
+            parts.addAll(buf.parts);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(ColorAttr attr)
+        {
+            parts.add(attr);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public int getVisibleLength()
+        {
+            return getMono().length();
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer append(ColorAttr attr, String val)
+        {
+            parts.add(attr);
+            parts.add(val);
+            parts.add(NORMAL);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer bold(String str)
+        {
+            return append(BOLD, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer lined(String str)
+        {
+            return append(LINED, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer grey(String str)
+        {
+            return append(GREY, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer red(String str)
+        {
+            return append(RED, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer blue(String str)
+        {
+            return append(BLUE, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer green(String str)
+        {
+            return append(GREEN, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer cyan(String str)
+        {
+            return append(CYAN, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer yellow(String str)
+        {
+            return append(YELLOW, str);
+        }
+
+        public ColorBuffer magenta(String str)
+        {
+            return append(MAGENTA, str);
+        }
+
+        public int compareTo(Object other)
+        {
+            return getMono().compareTo(((ColorBuffer) other).getMono());
+        }
+
+        private static class ColorAttr
+        {
+            private final String attr;
+
+            public ColorAttr(String attr)
+            {
+                this.attr = attr;
+            }
+
+            public String toString()
+            {
+                return attr;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An abstract implementation of CommandHandler.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    public abstract class AbstractCommandHandler
+        implements CommandHandler
+    {
+        private final String name;
+        private final String [] names;
+        private final String helpText;
+        private Completor [] parameterCompletors = new Completor[0];
+
+        public AbstractCommandHandler(
+            String [] names,
+            String helpText,
+            Completor [] completors)
+        {
+            this.name = names[0];
+            this.names = names;
+            this.helpText = helpText;
+            if ((completors == null) || (completors.length == 0)) {
+                this.parameterCompletors =
+                    new Completor[] {
+                        new NullCompletor()
+                    };
+            } else {
+                List c = new LinkedList(Arrays.asList(completors));
+                c.add(new NullCompletor());
+                this.parameterCompletors =
+                    (Completor []) c.toArray(new Completor[0]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String getHelpText()
+        {
+            return helpText;
+        }
+
+        public String getName()
+        {
+            return this.name;
+        }
+
+        public String [] getNames()
+        {
+            return this.names;
+        }
+
+        public String matches(String line)
+        {
+            if ((line == null) || (line.length() == 0)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            if ((parts == null) || (parts.length == 0)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
+                if (names[i].startsWith(parts[0])) {
+                    return names[i];
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void setParameterCompletors(Completor [] parameterCompletors)
+        {
+            this.parameterCompletors = parameterCompletors;
+        }
+
+        public Completor [] getParameterCompletors()
+        {
+            return this.parameterCompletors;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A {@link sqlline.SqlLine.CommandHandler} implementation that uses
+     * reflection to determine the method to dispatch the command.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    public class ReflectiveCommandHandler
+        extends AbstractCommandHandler
+    {
+        public ReflectiveCommandHandler(String [] cmds, Completor [] completor)
+        {
+            super(cmds, loc("help-" + cmds[0]), completor);
+        }
+
+        public boolean execute(String line)
+        {
+            try {
+                Object ob =
+                    command.getClass().getMethod(
+                        getName(),
+                        new Class[] { String.class }).invoke(
+                        command,
+                        new Object[] { line });
+                return (ob != null) && (ob instanceof Boolean)
+                    && ((Boolean) ob).booleanValue();
+            } catch (Throwable e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //////////////////////////
+    // Command methods follow
+    //////////////////////////
+
+    public class Commands
+    {
+        public boolean metadata(String line)
+        {
+            debug(line);
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            List params = new LinkedList(Arrays.asList(parts));
+            if ((parts == null) || (parts.length == 0)) {
+                return dbinfo("");
+            }
+
+            params.remove(0);
+            params.remove(0);
+            debug(params.toString());
+            return metadata(parts[1], params);
+        }
+
+        public boolean metadata(String cmd, List argList)
+        {
+            try {
+                Method [] m = con().meta.getClass().getMethods();
+                Set methodNames = new TreeSet();
+                Set methodNamesUpper = new TreeSet();
+                for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+                    methodNames.add(m[i].getName());
+                    methodNamesUpper.add(m[i].getName().toUpperCase());
+                }
+
+                if (!methodNamesUpper.contains(cmd.toUpperCase())) {
+                    error(loc("no-such-method", cmd));
+                    error(loc("possible-methods"));
+                    for (Iterator i = methodNames.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                        error("   " + i.next());
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                Object res =
+                    Reflector.invoke(
+                        con().meta,
+                        DatabaseMetaData.class,
+                        cmd,
+                        argList);
+
+                if (res instanceof ResultSet) {
+                    ResultSet rs = (ResultSet) res;
+
+                    if (rs != null) {
+                        try {
+                            print(rs);
+                        } finally {
+                            rs.close();
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (res != null) {
+                    output(res.toString());
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean history(String line)
+        {
+            List hist = reader.getHistory().getHistoryList();
+            int index = 1;
+            for (Iterator i = hist.iterator(); i.hasNext(); index++) {
+                output(color().pad(index + ".", 6).append(i.next().toString()));
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        String arg1(String line, String paramname)
+        {
+            return arg1(line, paramname, null);
+        }
+
+        String arg1(String line, String paramname, String def)
+        {
+            String [] ret = split(line);
+
+            if ((ret == null) || (ret.length != 2)) {
+                if (def != null) {
+                    return def;
+                }
+
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    loc("arg-usage",
+                        new Object[] {
+                            (ret.length == 0) ? "" : ret[0],
+                            paramname
+                        }));
+            }
+
+            return ret[1];
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Constructs a list of string parameters for a metadata call.
+         *
+         * <p>The number of items is equal to the number of items in the
+         * <tt>strings</tt> parameter, typically three (catalog, schema, table
+         * name).
+         *
+         * <p>Parses the command line, and assumes that the the first word is
+         * a compound identifier. If the compound identifier has fewer parts
+         * than required, fills from the right.
+         *
+         * <p>The result is a mutable list of strings.
+         *
+         * @param line Command line
+         * @param paramname Name of parameter being read from command line
+         * @param defaultValues Default values for each component of parameter
+         * @return Mutable list of strings
+         */
+        private List buildMetadataArgs(
+            String line,
+            String paramname,
+            String[] defaultValues)
+        {
+            final ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
+            final String[][] ret = splitCompound(line);
+            String[] compound;
+            if ((ret == null) || (ret.length != 2)) {
+                if (defaultValues[defaultValues.length - 1] == null) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        loc("arg-usage",
+                            new Object[] {
+                                (ret.length == 0) ? "" : ret[0][0],
+                                paramname
+                            }));
+                }
+                compound = new String[0];
+            } else {
+                compound = ret[1];
+            }
+            if (compound.length <= defaultValues.length) {
+                list.addAll(
+                    Arrays.asList(defaultValues).subList(
+                        0, defaultValues.length - compound.length));
+                list.addAll(Arrays.asList(compound));
+            } else {
+                list.addAll(
+                    Arrays.asList(compound).subList(0, defaultValues.length));
+            }
+            return list;
+        }
+
+        public boolean indexes(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            args.add(Boolean.FALSE);
+            args.add(Boolean.TRUE);
+            return metadata("getIndexInfo", args);
+        }
+
+        public boolean primarykeys(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            return metadata("getPrimaryKeys", args);
+        }
+
+        public boolean exportedkeys(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            return metadata("getExportedKeys", args);
+        }
+
+        public boolean importedkeys(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            return metadata("getImportedKeys", args);
+        }
+
+        public boolean procedures(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args =
+                buildMetadataArgs(line, "procedure name pattern", strings);
+            return metadata("getProcedures", args);
+        }
+
+        public boolean tables(String line)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            args.add(null);
+            return metadata("getTables", args);
+        }
+
+        public boolean typeinfo(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            return metadata("getTypeInfo", Collections.EMPTY_LIST);
+        }
+
+        public boolean nativesql(String sql)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            if (sql.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+                sql = sql.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            if (sql.startsWith("native")) {
+                sql = sql.substring("native".length() + 1);
+            }
+
+            String nat = con().getConnection().nativeSQL(sql);
+
+            output(nat);
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean columns(String line) throws SQLException
+        {
+            String[] strings = {conn().getCatalog(), null, "%"};
+            List args = buildMetadataArgs(line, "table name", strings);
+            args.add("%");
+            return metadata("getColumns", args);
+        }
+
+        public boolean dropall(String line)
+        {
+            if ((con() == null) || (con().url == null)) {
+                return error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+            }
+
+            try {
+                if (!(reader.readLine(loc("really-drop-all")).equals("y"))) {
+                    return error("abort-drop-all");
+                }
+
+                List cmds = new LinkedList();
+                ResultSet rs = getTables();
+                try {
+                    while (rs.next()) {
+                        cmds.add(
+                            "DROP TABLE "
+                            + rs.getString("TABLE_NAME") + ";");
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    try {
+                        rs.close();
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // run as a batch
+                return runCommands(cmds) == cmds.size();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean reconnect(String line)
+        {
+            if ((con() == null) || (con().url == null)) {
+                return error(loc("no-current-connection"));
+            }
+
+            info(loc("reconnecting", con().url));
+            try {
+                con().reconnect();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean scan(String line)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            TreeSet names = new TreeSet();
+
+            if (drivers == null) {
+                drivers = Arrays.asList(scanDrivers(line));
+            }
+
+            info(loc("drivers-found-count", drivers.size()));
+
+            // unique the list
+            for (Iterator i = drivers.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                names.add(((Driver) i.next()).getClass().getName());
+            }
+
+            output(
+                color().bold(color().pad(loc("compliant"), 10).getMono())
+                       .bold(color().pad(loc("jdbc-version"), 8).getMono())
+                       .bold(color(loc("driver-class")).getMono()));
+
+            for (Iterator i = names.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String name = i.next().toString();
+
+                try {
+                    Driver driver = (Driver) Class.forName(name).newInstance();
+                    ColorBuffer msg =
+                        color().pad(driver.jdbcCompliant() ? "yes" : "no", 10)
+                        .pad(
+                            driver.getMajorVersion() + "."
+                            + driver.getMinorVersion(),
+                            8).append(name);
+                    if (driver.jdbcCompliant()) {
+                        output(msg);
+                    } else {
+                        output(color().red(msg.getMono()));
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    output(color().red(name)); // error with driver
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean save(String line)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            info(loc("saving-options", opts.rcFile));
+            opts.save();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean load(String line)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            opts.load();
+            info(loc("loaded-options", opts.rcFile));
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean config(String line)
+        {
+            try {
+                Properties props = opts.toProperties();
+                Set keys = new TreeSet(props.keySet());
+                for (Iterator i = keys.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                    String key = (String) i.next();
+                    output(
+                        color().green(
+                                   color().pad(
+                                       key.substring(
+                                           opts.PROPERTY_PREFIX.length()),
+                                       20).getMono()).append(
+                                   props.getProperty(key)));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean set(String line)
+        {
+            if ((line == null)
+                || line.trim().equals("set")
+                || (line.length() == 0))
+            {
+                return config(null);
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line, 3, "Usage: set <key> <value>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            String key = parts[1];
+            String value = parts[2];
+            boolean success = opts.set(key, value, false);
+
+            // if we autosave, then save
+            if (success && opts.getAutosave()) {
+                try {
+                    opts.save();
+                } catch (Exception saveException) {
+                }
+            }
+
+            return success;
+        }
+
+        private void reportResult(String action, long start, long end)
+        {
+            if (opts.getShowTime()) {
+                info(
+                    action
+                    + " "
+                    + loc(
+                        "time-ms",
+                        new Object[] {
+                            new Double((end - start) / 1000d)
+                        }));
+            } else {
+                info(action);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean commit(String line)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!(assertAutoCommit())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                con().connection.commit();
+                long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                showWarnings();
+                reportResult(loc("commit-complete"), start, end);
+
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean rollback(String line)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (!(assertAutoCommit())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                con().connection.rollback();
+                long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                showWarnings();
+                reportResult(loc("rollback-complete"), start, end);
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean autocommit(String line)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (line.endsWith("on")) {
+                con().connection.setAutoCommit(true);
+            } else if (line.endsWith("off")) {
+                con().connection.setAutoCommit(false);
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+            autocommitStatus(con().connection);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean dbinfo(String line)
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+            int padlen = 50;
+
+            String [] m =
+                new String[] {
+                    "allProceduresAreCallable",
+                    "allTablesAreSelectable",
+                    "dataDefinitionCausesTransactionCommit",
+                    "dataDefinitionIgnoredInTransactions",
+                    "doesMaxRowSizeIncludeBlobs",
+                    "getCatalogSeparator",
+                    "getCatalogTerm",
+                    "getDatabaseProductName",
+                    "getDatabaseProductVersion",
+                    "getDefaultTransactionIsolation",
+                    "getDriverMajorVersion",
+                    "getDriverMinorVersion",
+                    "getDriverName",
+                    "getDriverVersion",
+                    "getExtraNameCharacters",
+                    "getIdentifierQuoteString",
+                    "getMaxBinaryLiteralLength",
+                    "getMaxCatalogNameLength",
+                    "getMaxCharLiteralLength",
+                    "getMaxColumnNameLength",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInGroupBy",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInIndex",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInOrderBy",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInSelect",
+                    "getMaxColumnsInTable",
+                    "getMaxConnections",
+                    "getMaxCursorNameLength",
+                    "getMaxIndexLength",
+                    "getMaxProcedureNameLength",
+                    "getMaxRowSize",
+                    "getMaxSchemaNameLength",
+                    "getMaxStatementLength",
+                    "getMaxStatements",
+                    "getMaxTableNameLength",
+                    "getMaxTablesInSelect",
+                    "getMaxUserNameLength",
+                    "getNumericFunctions",
+                    "getProcedureTerm",
+                    "getSchemaTerm",
+                    "getSearchStringEscape",
+                    "getSQLKeywords",
+                    "getStringFunctions",
+                    "getSystemFunctions",
+                    "getTimeDateFunctions",
+                    "getURL",
+                    "getUserName",
+                    "isCatalogAtStart",
+                    "isReadOnly",
+                    "nullPlusNonNullIsNull",
+                    "nullsAreSortedAtEnd",
+                    "nullsAreSortedAtStart",
+                    "nullsAreSortedHigh",
+                    "nullsAreSortedLow",
+                    "storesLowerCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "storesLowerCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "storesMixedCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "storesMixedCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "storesUpperCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "storesUpperCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "supportsAlterTableWithAddColumn",
+                    "supportsAlterTableWithDropColumn",
+                    "supportsANSI92EntryLevelSQL",
+                    "supportsANSI92FullSQL",
+                    "supportsANSI92IntermediateSQL",
+                    "supportsBatchUpdates",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInDataManipulation",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInIndexDefinitions",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInPrivilegeDefinitions",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInProcedureCalls",
+                    "supportsCatalogsInTableDefinitions",
+                    "supportsColumnAliasing",
+                    "supportsConvert",
+                    "supportsCoreSQLGrammar",
+                    "supportsCorrelatedSubqueries",
+                    "supportsDataDefinitionAndDataManipulationTransactions",
+                    "supportsDataManipulationTransactionsOnly",
+                    "supportsDifferentTableCorrelationNames",
+                    "supportsExpressionsInOrderBy",
+                    "supportsExtendedSQLGrammar",
+                    "supportsFullOuterJoins",
+                    "supportsGroupBy",
+                    "supportsGroupByBeyondSelect",
+                    "supportsGroupByUnrelated",
+                    "supportsIntegrityEnhancementFacility",
+                    "supportsLikeEscapeClause",
+                    "supportsLimitedOuterJoins",
+                    "supportsMinimumSQLGrammar",
+                    "supportsMixedCaseIdentifiers",
+                    "supportsMixedCaseQuotedIdentifiers",
+                    "supportsMultipleResultSets",
+                    "supportsMultipleTransactions",
+                    "supportsNonNullableColumns",
+                    "supportsOpenCursorsAcrossCommit",
+                    "supportsOpenCursorsAcrossRollback",
+                    "supportsOpenStatementsAcrossCommit",
+                    "supportsOpenStatementsAcrossRollback",
+                    "supportsOrderByUnrelated",
+                    "supportsOuterJoins",
+                    "supportsPositionedDelete",
+                    "supportsPositionedUpdate",
+                    "supportsSchemasInDataManipulation",
+                    "supportsSchemasInIndexDefinitions",
+                    "supportsSchemasInPrivilegeDefinitions",
+                    "supportsSchemasInProcedureCalls",
+                    "supportsSchemasInTableDefinitions",
+                    "supportsSelectForUpdate",
+                    "supportsStoredProcedures",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInComparisons",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInExists",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInIns",
+                    "supportsSubqueriesInQuantifieds",
+                    "supportsTableCorrelationNames",
+                    "supportsTransactions",
+                    "supportsUnion",
+                    "supportsUnionAll",
+                    "usesLocalFilePerTable",
+                    "usesLocalFiles",
+                };
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+                try {
+                    output(
+                        color().pad(m[i], padlen).append(
+                            ""
+                            + Reflector.invoke(
+                                con().meta,
+                                m[i],
+                                EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY)));
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    handleException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean verbose(String line)
+        {
+            info("verbose: on");
+            return set("set verbose true");
+        }
+
+        public boolean outputformat(String line)
+        {
+            return set("set " + line);
+        }
+
+        public boolean brief(String line)
+        {
+            info("verbose: off");
+            return set("set verbose false");
+        }
+
+        public boolean isolation(String line)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            int i;
+
+            if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_NONE")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ;
+            } else if (line.endsWith("TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE")) {
+                i = Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE;
+            } else {
+                return error(
+                    "Usage: isolation <TRANSACTION_NONE "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ "
+                    + "| TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE>");
+            }
+
+            con().connection.setTransactionIsolation(i);
+
+            int isol = con().connection.getTransactionIsolation();
+            final String isoldesc;
+            switch (i) {
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_NONE:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_NONE";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ";
+                break;
+            case Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE:
+                isoldesc = "TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE";
+                break;
+            default:
+                isoldesc = "UNKNOWN";
+            }
+
+            info(loc("isolation-status", isoldesc));
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean batch(String line)
+        {
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (batch == null) {
+                batch = new LinkedList();
+                info(loc("batch-start"));
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                info(loc("running-batch"));
+                try {
+                    runBatch(batch);
+                    return true;
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    return error(e);
+                } finally {
+                    batch = null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean sql(String line)
+        {
+            return execute(line, false);
+        }
+
+        public boolean call(String line)
+        {
+            return execute(line, true);
+        }
+
+        private boolean execute(String line, boolean call)
+        {
+            if ((line == null) || (line.length() == 0)) {
+                return false; // ???
+            }
+
+            // ### FIXME:  doing the multi-line handling down here means
+            // higher-level logic never sees the extra lines.  So,
+            // for example, if a script is being saved, it won't include
+            // the continuation lines!  This is logged as sf.net
+            // bug 879518.
+
+            // use multiple lines for statements not terminated by ";"
+            try {
+                while (!(line.trim().endsWith(";"))) {
+                    StringBuffer prompt = new StringBuffer(getPrompt());
+                    for (int i = 0; i < (prompt.length() - 1); i++) {
+                        if (prompt.charAt(i) != '>') {
+                            prompt.setCharAt(i, ((i % 2) == 0) ? '.' : ' ');
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    String extra = reader.readLine(prompt.toString());
+                    if (!isComment(extra)) {
+                        line += sep + extra;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            if (line.trim().endsWith(";")) {
+                line = line.trim();
+                line = line.substring(0, line.length() - 1);
+            }
+
+            if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            String sql = line;
+
+            if (sql.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)) {
+                sql = sql.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            String prefix = call ? "call" : "sql";
+
+            if (sql.startsWith(prefix)) {
+                sql = sql.substring(prefix.length());
+            }
+
+            // batch statements?
+            if (batch != null) {
+                batch.add(sql);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                Statement stmnt = null;
+                boolean hasResults;
+
+                try {
+                    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+                    if (call) {
+                        stmnt = con().connection.prepareCall(sql);
+                        hasResults = ((CallableStatement) stmnt).execute();
+                    } else {
+                        stmnt = createStatement();
+                        hasResults = stmnt.execute(sql);
+                    }
+
+                    showWarnings();
+                    showWarnings(stmnt.getWarnings());
+
+                    if (hasResults) {
+                        do {
+                            ResultSet rs = stmnt.getResultSet();
+                            try {
+                                int count = print(rs);
+                                long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+                                reportResult(
+                                    loc("rows-selected", count),
+                                    start,
+                                    end);
+                            } finally {
+                                rs.close();
+                            }
+                        } while (getMoreResults(stmnt));
+                    } else {
+                        int count = stmnt.getUpdateCount();
+                        long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                        reportResult(
+                            loc("rows-affected", count),
+                            start,
+                            end);
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (stmnt != null) {
+                        showWarnings(stmnt.getWarnings());
+                        stmnt.close();
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean quit(String line)
+        {
+            exit = true;
+            close(null);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Close all connections.
+         */
+        public boolean closeall(String line)
+        {
+            if (close(null)) {
+                while (close(null)) {
+                    ;
+                }
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Close the current connection.
+         */
+        public boolean close(String line)
+        {
+            if (con() == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                if ((con().connection != null)
+                    && !(con().connection.isClosed()))
+                {
+                    info(loc("closing",
+                            con().connection.getClass().getName()));
+                    con().connection.close();
+                } else {
+                    info(loc("already-closed"));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+
+            connections.remove();
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Connect to the database defined in the specified properties file.
+         */
+        public boolean properties(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String example = "";
+            example += "Usage: properties <properties file>" + sep;
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            if (parts.length < 2) {
+                return error(example);
+            }
+
+            int successes = 0;
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < parts.length; i++) {
+                Properties props = new Properties();
+                props.load(new FileInputStream(parts[i]));
+                if (connect(props)) {
+                    successes++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (successes != (parts.length - 1)) {
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean connect(String line)
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            String example = "";
+            example +=
+                "Usage: connect <url> <username> <password> [driver]"
+                + sep;
+
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            if (parts == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (parts.length < 2) {
+                return error(example);
+            }
+
+            String url = (parts.length < 2) ? null : parts[1];
+            String user = (parts.length < 3) ? null : parts[2];
+            String pass = (parts.length < 4) ? null : parts[3];
+            String driver = (parts.length < 5) ? null : parts[4];
+
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+            if (url != null) {
+                props.setProperty("url", url);
+            }
+            if (driver != null) {
+                props.setProperty("driver", driver);
+            }
+            if (user != null) {
+                props.setProperty("user", user);
+            }
+            if (pass != null) {
+                props.setProperty("password", pass);
+            }
+
+            return connect(props);
+        }
+
+        private String getProperty(Properties props, String [] keys)
+        {
+            for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+                String val = props.getProperty(keys[i]);
+                if (val != null) {
+                    return val;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (Iterator i = props.keySet().iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String key = (String) i.next();
+                for (int j = 0; j < keys.length; j++) {
+                    if (key.endsWith(keys[j])) {
+                        return props.getProperty(key);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public boolean connect(Properties props)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            String url =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "url",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL",
+                        "ConnectionURL",
+                    });
+            String driver =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "driver",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName",
+                        "ConnectionDriverName",
+                    });
+            String username =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "user",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName",
+                        "ConnectionUserName",
+                    });
+            String password =
+                getProperty(
+                    props,
+                    new String[] {
+                        "password",
+                        "javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword",
+                        "ConnectionPassword",
+                    });
+
+            if ((url == null) || (url.length() == 0)) {
+                return error("Property \"url\" is required");
+            }
+            if ((driver == null) || (driver.length() == 0)) {
+                if (!scanForDriver(url)) {
+                    return error(loc("no-driver", url));
+                }
+            }
+
+            info("Connecting to " + url);
+
+            if (username == null) {
+                username = reader.readLine("Enter username for " + url + ": ");
+            }
+            if (password == null) {
+                password =
+                    reader.readLine(
+                        "Enter password for " + url + ": ",
+                        new Character('*'));
+            }
+
+            try {
+                // clear old completions
+                completions.clear();
+
+                connections.setConnection(
+                    new DatabaseConnection(driver, url, username, password));
+                con().getConnection();
+
+                setCompletions();
+                return true;
+            } catch (SQLException sqle) {
+                return error(sqle);
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                return error(ioe);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean rehash(String line)
+        {
+            try {
+                if (!(assertConnection())) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                completions.clear();
+                if (con() != null) {
+                    con().setCompletions(false);
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * List the current connections
+         */
+        public boolean list(String line)
+        {
+            int index = 0;
+            info(loc("active-connections", connections.size()));
+
+            for (Iterator i = connections.iterator(); i.hasNext(); index++) {
+                DatabaseConnection c = (DatabaseConnection) i.next();
+                boolean closed = false;
+                try {
+                    closed = c.connection.isClosed();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    closed = true;
+                }
+
+                output(
+                    color().pad(" #" + index + "", 5)
+                           .pad(closed ? loc("closed") : loc("open"), 9).append(
+                               c.url));
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean all(String line)
+        {
+            int index = connections.getIndex();
+
+            boolean success = true;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < connections.size(); i++) {
+                connections.setIndex(i);
+                output(loc("executing-con", con()));
+
+                // ### FIXME:  this is broken for multi-line SQL
+                success = sql(line.substring("all ".length())) && success;
+            }
+
+            // restore index
+            connections.setIndex(index);
+            return success;
+        }
+
+        public boolean go(String line)
+        {
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: go <connection index>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            int index = Integer.parseInt(parts[1]);
+            if (!(connections.setIndex(index))) {
+                error(loc("invalid-connection", "" + index));
+                list(""); // list the current connections
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Save or stop saving a script to a file
+         */
+        public boolean script(String line)
+        {
+            if (script == null) {
+                return startScript(line);
+            } else {
+                return stopScript(line);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Stop writing to the script file and close the script.
+         */
+        private boolean stopScript(String line)
+        {
+            try {
+                script.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            output(loc("script-closed", script));
+            script = null;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Start writing to the specified script file.
+         */
+        private boolean startScript(String line)
+        {
+            if (script != null) {
+                return error(loc("script-already-running", script));
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: script <filename>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                script = new OutputFile(parts[1]);
+                output(loc("script-started", script));
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Run a script from the specified file.
+         */
+        public boolean run(String line)
+        {
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: run <scriptfile>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            List cmds = new LinkedList();
+
+            try {
+                BufferedReader reader =
+                    new BufferedReader(new FileReader(
+                            parts[1]));
+                try {
+                    // ### NOTE:  fix for sf.net bug 879427
+                    StringBuffer cmd = null;
+                    for (;;) {
+                        String scriptLine = reader.readLine();
+
+                        if (scriptLine == null) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        String trimmedLine = scriptLine.trim();
+                        if (opts.getTrimScripts()) {
+                            scriptLine = trimmedLine;
+                        }
+
+                        if (cmd != null) {
+                            // we're continuing an existing command
+                            cmd.append(" \n");
+                            cmd.append(scriptLine);
+                            if (trimmedLine.endsWith(";")) {
+                                // this command has terminated
+                                cmds.add(cmd.toString());
+                                cmd = null;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // we're starting a new command
+                            if (needsContinuation(scriptLine)) {
+                                // multi-line
+                                cmd = new StringBuffer(scriptLine);
+                            } else {
+                                // single-line
+                                cmds.add(scriptLine);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (cmd != null) {
+                        // ### REVIEW: oops, somebody left the last command
+                        // unterminated; should we fix it for them or complain?
+                        // For now be nice and fix it.
+                        cmd.append(";");
+                        cmds.add(cmd.toString());
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    reader.close();
+                }
+
+                // success only if all the commands were successful
+                return runCommands(cmds) == cmds.size();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Save or stop saving all output to a file.
+         */
+        public boolean record(String line)
+        {
+            if (record == null) {
+                return startRecording(line);
+            } else {
+                return stopRecording(line);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Stop writing output to the record file.
+         */
+        private boolean stopRecording(String line)
+        {
+            try {
+                record.close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            output(loc("record-closed", record));
+            record = null;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Start writing to the specified record file.
+         */
+        private boolean startRecording(String line)
+        {
+            if (record != null) {
+                return error(loc("record-already-running", record));
+            }
+
+            String [] parts = split(line, 2, "Usage: record <filename>");
+            if (parts == null) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            try {
+                record = new OutputFile(parts[1]);
+                output(loc("record-started", record));
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean describe(String line)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            String[][] cmd = splitCompound(line);
+            if (cmd.length != 2) {
+                error("Usage: describe <table name>");
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (cmd[1].length == 1
+                && cmd[1][0] != null
+                && cmd[1][0].equalsIgnoreCase("tables"))
+            {
+                return tables("tables");
+            } else {
+                return columns(line);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean help(String line)
+        {
+            String [] parts = split(line);
+            String cmd = (parts.length > 1) ? parts[1] : "";
+            TreeSet clist = new TreeSet();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
+                if ((cmd.length() == 0)
+                    || Arrays.asList(commands[i].getNames()).contains(cmd))
+                {
+                    clist.add(
+                        color().pad("!" + commands[i].getName(), 20).append(
+                            wrap(commands[i].getHelpText(), 60, 20)));
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (Iterator i = clist.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                output((ColorBuffer) i.next());
+            }
+
+            if (cmd.length() == 0) {
+                output("");
+                output(loc("comments", getApplicationContactInformation()));
+            }
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public boolean manual(String line)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            InputStream in = SqlLine.class.getResourceAsStream("manual.txt");
+            if (in == null) {
+                return error(loc("no-manual"));
+            }
+
+            BufferedReader breader =
+                new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
+            String man;
+            int index = 0;
+            while ((man = breader.readLine()) != null) {
+                index++;
+                output(man);
+
+                // silly little pager
+                if ((index % (opts.getMaxHeight() - 1)) == 0) {
+                    String ret = reader.readLine(loc("enter-for-more"));
+                    if ((ret != null) && ret.startsWith("q")) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            breader.close();
+
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Completor for SQLLine. It dispatches to sub-completors based on the
+     * current arguments.
+     *
+     * @author <a href="mailto:marc@apocalypse.org">Marc Prud'hommeaux</a>
+     */
+    class SQLLineCompletor
+        implements Completor
+    {
+        public int complete(String buf, int pos, List cand)
+        {
+            if ((buf != null)
+                && buf.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX)
+                && !buf.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX + "all")
+                && !buf.startsWith(COMMAND_PREFIX + "sql"))
+            {
+                return sqlLineCommandCompletor.complete(buf, pos, cand);
+            } else {
+                if ((con() != null) && (con().sqlLineSQLCompletor != null)) {
+                    return con().sqlLineSQLCompletor.complete(buf, pos, cand);
+                } else {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SQLLineCommandCompletor
+        extends MultiCompletor
+    {
+        public SQLLineCommandCompletor()
+        {
+            List completors = new LinkedList();
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < commands.length; i++) {
+                String [] cmds = commands[i].getNames();
+                for (int j = 0; (cmds != null) && (j < cmds.length); j++) {
+                    Completor [] comps = commands[i].getParameterCompletors();
+                    List compl = new LinkedList();
+                    compl.add(new SimpleCompletor(COMMAND_PREFIX + cmds[j]));
+                    compl.addAll(Arrays.asList(comps));
+                    compl.add(new NullCompletor()); // last param no complete
+
+                    completors.add(
+                        new ArgumentCompletor(
+                            (Completor []) compl.toArray(new Completor[0])));
+                }
+            }
+
+            setCompletors((Completor []) completors.toArray(new Completor[0]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    class TableNameCompletor
+        implements Completor
+    {
+        public int complete(String buf, int pos, List cand)
+        {
+            if (con() == null) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            return new SimpleCompletor(con().getTableNames(true)).complete(
+                buf,
+                pos,
+                cand);
+        }
+    }
+
+    class SQLLineSQLCompletor
+        extends SimpleCompletor
+    {
+        public SQLLineSQLCompletor(boolean skipmeta)
+            throws IOException, SQLException
+        {
+            super(new String[0]);
+
+            Set completions = new TreeSet();
+
+            // add the default SQL completions
+            String keywords =
+                new BufferedReader(
+                    new InputStreamReader(
+                        SQLLineSQLCompletor.class.getResourceAsStream(
+                            "sql-keywords.properties"))).readLine();
+
+            // now add the keywords from the current connection
+
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getSQLKeywords();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getStringFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getNumericFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getSystemFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+            try {
+                keywords += "," + con().meta.getTimeDateFunctions();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+            }
+
+            // also allow lower-case versions of all the keywords
+            keywords += "," + keywords.toLowerCase();
+
+            for (
+                StringTokenizer tok = new StringTokenizer(keywords, ", ");
+                tok.hasMoreTokens();
+                completions.add(tok.nextToken()))
+            {
+                ;
+            }
+
+            // now add the tables and columns from the current connection
+            if (!(skipmeta)) {
+                String [] columns = getColumnNames(con().meta);
+                for (
+                    int i = 0;
+                    (columns != null)
+                    && (i < columns.length);
+                    i++)
+                {
+                    completions.add(columns[i++]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // set the Strings that will be completed
+            setCandidateStrings((String []) completions.toArray(new String[0]));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class Connections
+    {
+        private final List connections = new ArrayList();
+        private int index = -1;
+
+        public SqlLine.DatabaseConnection current()
+        {
+            if (index != -1) {
+                return (SqlLine.DatabaseConnection) connections.get(index);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public int size()
+        {
+            return connections.size();
+        }
+
+        public Iterator iterator()
+        {
+            return connections.iterator();
+        }
+
+        public void remove()
+        {
+            if (index != -1) {
+                connections.remove(index);
+            }
+
+            while (index >= connections.size()) {
+                index--;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void addConnection(SqlLine.DatabaseConnection connection)
+        {
+            connections.add(connection);
+        }
+
+        public void setConnection(SqlLine.DatabaseConnection connection)
+        {
+            if (connections.indexOf(connection) == -1) {
+                connections.add(connection);
+            }
+
+            index = connections.indexOf(connection);
+        }
+
+        public int getIndex()
+        {
+            return index;
+        }
+
+        public boolean setIndex(int index)
+        {
+            if ((index < 0) || (index >= connections.size())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            this.index = index;
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class DatabaseConnection
+    {
+        Connection connection;
+        DatabaseMetaData meta;
+        Quoting quoting;
+        private final String driver;
+        private final String url;
+        private final String username;
+        private final String password;
+        private Schema schema = null;
+        private Completor sqlLineSQLCompletor = null;
+
+        public DatabaseConnection(
+            String driver,
+            String url,
+            String username,
+            String password)
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            this.driver = driver;
+            this.url = url;
+            this.username = username;
+            this.password = password;
+        }
+
+        public String toString()
+        {
+            return url + "";
+        }
+
+        private void setCompletions(boolean skipmeta)
+            throws SQLException, IOException
+        {
+            // Deduce the string used to quote identifiers. For example, Oracle
+            // uses double-quotes:
+            //   SELECT * FROM "My Schema"."My Table"
+            String startQuote = meta.getIdentifierQuoteString();
+            final boolean upper = meta.storesUpperCaseIdentifiers();
+            if (startQuote == null
+                || startQuote.equals("")
+                || startQuote.equals(" "))
+            {
+                if (meta.getDatabaseProductName().startsWith("MySQL")) {
+                    // Some version of the MySQL JDBC driver lie.
+                    quoting = new Quoting('`', '`', upper);
+                } else {
+                    quoting = new Quoting((char) 0, (char) 0, false);
+                }
+            } else if (startQuote.equals("[")) {
+                quoting = new Quoting('[', ']', upper);
+            } else if (startQuote.length() > 1) {
+                error(
+                    "Identifier quote string is '" + startQuote
+                    + "'; quote strings longer than 1 char are not supported");
+                quoting = Quoting.DEFAULT;
+            } else {
+                quoting =
+                    new Quoting(
+                        startQuote.charAt(0), startQuote.charAt(0), upper);
+            }
+
+            final String extraNameCharacters =
+                ((meta == null) || (meta.getExtraNameCharacters() == null)) ? ""
+                : meta.getExtraNameCharacters();
+
+            // setup the completor for the database
+            sqlLineSQLCompletor =
+                new ArgumentCompletor(
+                    new SQLLineSQLCompletor(skipmeta),
+                    new ArgumentCompletor.AbstractArgumentDelimiter() {
+                        // delimiters for SQL statements are any
+                        // non-letter-or-number characters, except
+                        // underscore and characters that are specified
+                        // by the database to be valid name identifiers.
+                        public boolean isDelimiterChar(String buf, int pos)
+                        {
+                            char c = buf.charAt(pos);
+                            if (Character.isWhitespace(c)) {
+                                return true;
+                            }
+
+                            return !(Character.isLetterOrDigit(c))
+                                && (c != '_')
+                                && (extraNameCharacters.indexOf(c) == -1);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+            // not all argument elements need to hold true
+            ((ArgumentCompletor) sqlLineSQLCompletor).setStrict(false);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Connection to the specified data source.
+         */
+        boolean connect()
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            try {
+                if ((driver != null) && (driver.length() != 0)) {
+                    Class.forName(driver);
+                }
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
+                return error(cnfe);
+            }
+
+            boolean foundDriver = false;
+            Driver theDriver = null;
+            try {
+                theDriver = DriverManager.getDriver(url);
+                foundDriver = theDriver != null;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+
+            if (!(foundDriver)) {
+                output(loc("autoloading-known-drivers", url));
+                registerKnownDrivers();
+            }
+
+            try {
+                close();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                return error(e);
+            }
+
+            // Avoid using DriverManager.getConnection(). It is a synchronized
+            // method and thus holds the lock while making the connection.
+            // Deadlock can occur if the driver's connection processing uses any
+            // synchronized DriverManager methods.  One such example is the
+            // RMI-JDBC driver, whose RJDriverServer.connect() method uses
+            // DriverManager.getDriver(). Because RJDriverServer.connect runs in
+            // a different thread (RMI) than the getConnection() caller (here),
+            // this sequence will hang every time.
+
+            //connection = DriverManager.getConnection (url, username,
+            //password);
+
+            // Instead, we use the driver instance to make the connection
+
+            final Properties info = new Properties();
+            info.put("user", username);
+            info.put("password", password);
+            connection = theDriver.connect(url, info);
+            meta = connection.getMetaData();
+
+            try {
+                info(
+                    loc("connected",
+                        new Object[] {
+                            meta.getDatabaseProductName(),
+                            meta.getDatabaseProductVersion()
+                        }));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                info(
+                    loc("driver",
+                        new Object[] {
+                            meta.getDriverName(),
+                            meta.getDriverVersion()
+                        }));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                connection.setAutoCommit(opts.getAutoCommit());
+                autocommitStatus(connection);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            try {
+                command.isolation("isolation: " + opts.getIsolation());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+
+            showWarnings();
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public Connection getConnection()
+            throws SQLException
+        {
+            if (connection != null) {
+                return connection;
+            }
+
+            connect();
+
+            return connection;
+        }
+
+        public void reconnect()
+            throws Exception
+        {
+            close();
+            getConnection();
+        }
+
+        public void close()
+        {
+            try {
+                try {
+                    if ((connection != null) && !connection.isClosed()) {
+                        output(loc("closing", connection));
+                        connection.close();
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    handleException(e);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                connection = null;
+                meta = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public String [] getTableNames(boolean force)
+        {
+            Schema.Table [] t = getSchema().getTables();
+            Set names = new TreeSet();
+            for (int i = 0; (t != null) && (i < t.length); i++) {
+                names.add(t[i].getName());
+            }
+            return (String []) names.toArray(new String[names.size()]);
+        }
+
+        Schema getSchema()
+        {
+            if (schema == null) {
+                schema = new Schema();
+            }
+
+            return schema;
+        }
+
+        class Schema
+        {
+            private Table [] tables = null;
+
+            Table [] getTables()
+            {
+                if (tables != null) {
+                    return tables;
+                }
+
+                List tnames = new LinkedList();
+
+                try {
+                    ResultSet rs =
+                        meta.getTables(
+                            connection.getCatalog(),
+                            null,
+                            "%",
+                            new String[] { "TABLE" });
+                    try {
+                        while (rs.next()) {
+                            tnames.add(new Table(
+                                    rs.getString("TABLE_NAME")));
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        try {
+                            rs.close();
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                }
+
+                return tables = (Table []) tnames.toArray(new Table[0]);
+            }
+
+            Table getTable(String name)
+            {
+                Table [] t = getTables();
+                for (int i = 0; (t != null) && (i < t.length); i++) {
+                    if (name.equalsIgnoreCase(t[i].getName())) {
+                        return t[i];
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            class Table
+            {
+                final String name;
+                Column [] columns;
+
+                public Table(String name)
+                {
+                    this.name = name;
+                }
+
+                public String getName()
+                {
+                    return name;
+                }
+
+                class Column
+                {
+                    final String name;
+                    boolean isPrimaryKey;
+
+                    public Column(String name)
+                    {
+                        this.name = name;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class Opts
+        implements Completor
+    {
+        public static final String PROPERTY_PREFIX = "sqlline.";
+        public static final String PROPERTY_NAME_EXIT =
+            PROPERTY_PREFIX + "system.exit";
+        private boolean autosave = false;
+        private boolean silent = false;
+        private boolean color = false;
+        private boolean showHeader = true;
+        private int headerInterval = 100;
+        private boolean fastConnect = true;
+        private boolean autoCommit = true;
+        private boolean verbose = false;
+        private boolean force = false;
+        private boolean incremental = false;
+        private boolean showTime = true;
+        private boolean showWarnings = true;
+        private boolean showNestedErrs = false;
+        private String numberFormat = "default";
+        private int maxWidth = Terminal.setupTerminal().getTerminalWidth();
+        private int maxHeight = Terminal.setupTerminal().getTerminalHeight();
+        private int maxColumnWidth = 15;
+        private int rowLimit = 0;
+        private int timeout = -1;
+        private String isolation = "TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ";
+        private String outputFormat = "table";
+        private boolean trimScripts = true;
+
+        private File rcFile = new File(saveDir(), "sqlline.properties");
+        private String historyFile =
+            new File(saveDir(), "history").getAbsolutePath();
+
+        private String runFile;
+
+        public Opts(Properties props)
+        {
+            loadProperties(props);
+        }
+
+        public Completor [] optionCompletors()
+        {
+            return new Completor[] {
+                    this,
+                    // new SimpleCompletor (possibleSettingValues ()),
+                };
+        }
+
+        public String [] possibleSettingValues()
+        {
+            List vals = new LinkedList();
+            vals.addAll(Arrays.asList(
+                    new String[] {
+                        "yes",
+                        "no",
+                    }));
+
+            return (String []) vals.toArray(new String[vals.size()]);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * The save directory if HOME/.sqlline/ on UNIX, and HOME/sqlline/ on
+         * Windows.
+         */
+        public File saveDir()
+        {
+            String dir = System.getProperty("sqlline.rcfile");
+            if ((dir != null) && (dir.length() > 0)) {
+                return new File(dir);
+            }
+
+            File f =
+                new File(
+                    System.getProperty("user.home"),
+                    ((System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().indexOf(
+                                "windows") != -1) ? "" : ".") + "sqlline")
+                .getAbsoluteFile();
+            try {
+                f.mkdirs();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+            }
+
+            return f;
+        }
+
+        public int complete(String buf, int pos, List cand)
+        {
+            try {
+                return new SimpleCompletor(propertyNames()).complete(
+                    buf,
+                    pos,
+                    cand);
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void save()
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(rcFile);
+            save(out);
+            out.close();
+        }
+
+        public void save(OutputStream out)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            try {
+                Properties props = toProperties();
+
+                // don't save maxwidth: it is automatically set based on
+                // the terminal configuration
+                props.remove(PROPERTY_PREFIX + "maxwidth");
+
+                props.store(out, getApplicationTitle());
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                handleException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        String [] propertyNames()
+            throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException
+        {
+            TreeSet names = new TreeSet();
+
+            // get all the values from getXXX methods
+            Method [] m = getClass().getDeclaredMethods();
+            for (int i = 0; (m != null) && (i < m.length); i++) {
+                if (!(m[i].getName().startsWith("get"))) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (m[i].getParameterTypes().length != 0) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                String propName = m[i].getName().substring(3).toLowerCase();
+                if (propName.equals("run")) {
+                    // Not a real property
+                    continue;
+                }
+                names.add(propName);
+            }
+
+            return (String []) names.toArray(new String[names.size()]);
+        }
+
+        public Properties toProperties()
+            throws IllegalAccessException,
+                InvocationTargetException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+
+            String [] names = propertyNames();
+            for (int i = 0; (names != null) && (i < names.length); i++) {
+                props.setProperty(
+                    PROPERTY_PREFIX + names[i],
+                    Reflector.invoke(this, "get" + names[i], EMPTY_OBJ_ARRAY)
+                             .toString());
+            }
+
+            debug("properties: " + props.toString());
+            return props;
+        }
+
+        public void load()
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            InputStream in = new FileInputStream(rcFile);
+            load(in);
+            in.close();
+        }
+
+        public void load(InputStream fin)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            Properties p = new Properties();
+            p.load(fin);
+            loadProperties(p);
+        }
+
+        public void loadProperties(Properties props)
+        {
+            for (Iterator i = props.keySet().iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                String key = i.next().toString();
+                if (key.equals(PROPERTY_NAME_EXIT)) {
+                    // fix for sf.net bug 879422
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (key.startsWith(PROPERTY_PREFIX)) {
+                    set(
+                        key.substring(PROPERTY_PREFIX.length()),
+                        props.getProperty(key));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void set(String key, String value)
+        {
+            set(key, value, false);
+        }
+
+        public boolean set(String key, String value, boolean quiet)
+        {
+            try {
+                Reflector.invoke(this, "set" + key, new Object[] { value });
+                return true;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                if (!quiet) {
+                    error(loc("error-setting", new Object[] { key, e }));
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void setFastConnect(boolean fastConnect)
+        {
+            this.fastConnect = fastConnect;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getFastConnect()
+        {
+            return this.fastConnect;
+        }
+
+        public void setAutoCommit(boolean autoCommit)
+        {
+            this.autoCommit = autoCommit;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getAutoCommit()
+        {
+            return this.autoCommit;
+        }
+
+        public void setVerbose(boolean verbose)
+        {
+            this.verbose = verbose;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getVerbose()
+        {
+            return this.verbose;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowTime(boolean showTime)
+        {
+            this.showTime = showTime;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowTime()
+        {
+            return this.showTime;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowWarnings(boolean showWarnings)
+        {
+            this.showWarnings = showWarnings;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowWarnings()
+        {
+            return this.showWarnings;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowNestedErrs(boolean showNestedErrs)
+        {
+            this.showNestedErrs = showNestedErrs;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowNestedErrs()
+        {
+            return this.showNestedErrs;
+        }
+
+        public void setNumberFormat(String numberFormat)
+        {
+            this.numberFormat = numberFormat;
+        }
+
+        public String getNumberFormat()
+        {
+            return this.numberFormat;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxWidth(int maxWidth)
+        {
+            this.maxWidth = maxWidth;
+        }
+
+        public int getMaxWidth()
+        {
+            return this.maxWidth;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxColumnWidth(int maxColumnWidth)
+        {
+            this.maxColumnWidth = maxColumnWidth;
+        }
+
+        public int getMaxColumnWidth()
+        {
+            return this.maxColumnWidth;
+        }
+
+        public void setRowLimit(int rowLimit)
+        {
+            this.rowLimit = rowLimit;
+        }
+
+        public int getRowLimit()
+        {
+            return this.rowLimit;
+        }
+
+        public void setTimeout(int timeout)
+        {
+            this.timeout = timeout;
+        }
+
+        public int getTimeout()
+        {
+            return this.timeout;
+        }
+
+        public void setIsolation(String isolation)
+        {
+            this.isolation = isolation;
+        }
+
+        public String getIsolation()
+        {
+            return this.isolation;
+        }
+
+        public void setHistoryFile(String historyFile)
+        {
+            this.historyFile = historyFile;
+        }
+
+        public String getHistoryFile()
+        {
+            return this.historyFile;
+        }
+
+        public void setColor(boolean color)
+        {
+            this.color = color;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getColor()
+        {
+            return this.color;
+        }
+
+        public void setShowHeader(boolean showHeader)
+        {
+            this.showHeader = showHeader;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getShowHeader()
+        {
+            return this.showHeader;
+        }
+
+        public void setHeaderInterval(int headerInterval)
+        {
+            this.headerInterval = headerInterval;
+        }
+
+        public int getHeaderInterval()
+        {
+            return this.headerInterval;
+        }
+
+        public void setForce(boolean force)
+        {
+            this.force = force;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getForce()
+        {
+            return this.force;
+        }
+
+        public void setIncremental(boolean incremental)
+        {
+            this.incremental = incremental;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getIncremental()
+        {
+            return this.incremental;
+        }
+
+        public void setSilent(boolean silent)
+        {
+            this.silent = silent;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getSilent()
+        {
+            return this.silent;
+        }
+
+        public void setAutosave(boolean autosave)
+        {
+            this.autosave = autosave;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getAutosave()
+        {
+            return this.autosave;
+        }
+
+        public void setOutputFormat(String outputFormat)
+        {
+            this.outputFormat = outputFormat;
+        }
+
+        public String getOutputFormat()
+        {
+            return this.outputFormat;
+        }
+
+        public void setTrimScripts(boolean trimScripts)
+        {
+            this.trimScripts = trimScripts;
+        }
+
+        public boolean getTrimScripts()
+        {
+            return this.trimScripts;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxHeight(int maxHeight)
+        {
+            this.maxHeight = maxHeight;
+        }
+
+        public int getMaxHeight()
+        {
+            return this.maxHeight;
+        }
+
+        public void setRun(String runFile)
+        {
+            this.runFile = runFile;
+        }
+
+        public String getRun()
+        {
+            return this.runFile;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class Reflector
+    {
+        public static Object invoke(Object on, String method, Object [] args)
+            throws InvocationTargetException,
+                IllegalAccessException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            return invoke(on, method, Arrays.asList(args));
+        }
+
+        public static Object invoke(Object on, String method, List args)
+            throws InvocationTargetException,
+                IllegalAccessException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            return invoke(
+                on,
+                (on == null) ? null : on.getClass(),
+                method,
+                args);
+        }
+
+        public static Object invoke(
+            Object on,
+            Class defClass,
+            String method,
+            List args)
+            throws InvocationTargetException,
+                IllegalAccessException,
+                ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            Class c = (defClass != null) ? defClass : on.getClass();
+            List candidateMethods = new LinkedList();
+
+            Method [] m = c.getMethods();
+            for (int i = 0; i < m.length; i++) {
+                if (m[i].getName().equalsIgnoreCase(method)) {
+                    candidateMethods.add(m[i]);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (candidateMethods.size() == 0) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    loc("no-method", new Object[] { method, c.getName() }));
+            }
+
+            for (Iterator i = candidateMethods.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
+                Method meth = (Method) i.next();
+                Class [] ptypes = meth.getParameterTypes();
+                if (!(ptypes.length == args.size())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                Object [] converted = convert(args, ptypes);
+                if (converted == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!Modifier.isPublic(meth.getModifiers())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                return meth.invoke(on, converted);
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public static Object [] convert(List objects, Class [] toTypes)
+            throws ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            Object [] converted = new Object[objects.size()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < converted.length; i++) {
+                converted[i] = convert(objects.get(i), toTypes[i]);
+            }
+            return converted;
+        }
+
+        public static Object convert(Object ob, Class toType)
+            throws ClassNotFoundException
+        {
+            if ((ob == null) || ob.toString().equals("null")) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (toType == String.class) {
+                return new String(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Byte.class) || (toType == byte.class)) {
+                return new Byte(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Character.class) || (toType == char.class)) {
+                return new Character(ob.toString().charAt(0));
+            } else if ((toType == Short.class) || (toType == short.class)) {
+                return new Short(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Integer.class) || (toType == int.class)) {
+                return new Integer(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Long.class) || (toType == long.class)) {
+                return new Long(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Double.class) || (toType == double.class)) {
+                return new Double(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Float.class) || (toType == float.class)) {
+                return new Float(ob.toString());
+            } else if ((toType == Boolean.class) || (toType == boolean.class)) {
+                return new Boolean(
+                    ob.toString().equals("true")
+                    || ob.toString().equals(true + "")
+                    || ob.toString().equals("1")
+                    || ob.toString().equals("on")
+                    || ob.toString().equals("yes"));
+            } else if (toType == Class.class) {
+                return Class.forName(ob.toString());
+            }
+
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class OutputFile
+    {
+        final File file;
+        final PrintWriter out;
+
+        public OutputFile(String filename)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            file = new File(filename);
+            out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(file));
+        }
+
+        public String toString()
+        {
+            return file.getAbsolutePath();
+        }
+
+        public void addLine(String command)
+        {
+            out.println(command);
+        }
+
+        public void close()
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            out.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class DriverInfo
+    {
+        public String sampleURL;
+
+        public DriverInfo(String name)
+            throws IOException
+        {
+            Properties props = new Properties();
+            props.load(DriverInfo.class.getResourceAsStream(name));
+            fromProperties(props);
+        }
+
+        public DriverInfo(Properties props)
+        {
+            fromProperties(props);
+        }
+
+        public void fromProperties(Properties props)
+        {
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Quoting strategy.
+     */
+    private static class Quoting
+    {
+        private final char start;
+        private final char end;
+        private final boolean upper;
+
+        Quoting(char start, char end, boolean upper)
+        {
+            this.start = start;
+            this.end = end;
+            this.upper = upper;
+        }
+
+        public static final Quoting DEFAULT = new Quoting('"', '"', true);
+    }
+}
+
+// End SqlLine.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `historyIn` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 765 is not released after line 774.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 768
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ConsoleReader SqlLine.getConsoleReader(InputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLine.getConsoleReader(java.io.InputStream):jline.ConsoleReader.20fe57b448e0f25f0131ff5c7f40163b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sqlline/SqlLine.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLine.java|getConsoleReader|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+8e11f6f09017362a41f057fe28491953
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8106/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8106/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7e43cccb1d8e7abb111b7e77e120f3d96313bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8106/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 1077 is not released after line 1081.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testNPE()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testNPE():void.f497417622c772629e5984dd5ffe663f
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testNPE|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c1078589414e490a85c608d232f435de
+
+### Hash:
+6dc04971d8f703294b357d0ce1729f7a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8107/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8107/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..953a7a6340d10b1b53d31cf67ceff76cfc150228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8107/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2663 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 2049 is not released after line 2117.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 2052
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testRerun()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testRerun():void.315cd6e259da1b45800b77099eb9fac0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testRerun|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+5eb12d021c36ca951ee6e95de863a75b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8130/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8130/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c454b8ade258a7d5751fe0c8a5396975e542ae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8130/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 47
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `SqlLine()` at line 2368 is not released after line 2371.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testSave()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testSave():void.64455dd1733e93cc05009ea7dae2936c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testSave|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+b2d15307b6382364ce2ba477b6f118cb
+
+### Hash:
+f4a13cec89a3da9ff6410f4512462276
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8136/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8136/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81590d12cf9fe6b266cf6e79dd64bf21d3333753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8136/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2662 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sqlline
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+// Licensed to Julian Hyde under one or more contributor license
+// agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for
+// additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+//
+// Julian Hyde licenses this file to you under the Modified BSD License
+// (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+// the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
+//
+// http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
+*/
+package sqlline;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.h2.util.StringUtils;
+import org.hamcrest.BaseMatcher;
+import org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers;
+import org.hamcrest.Description;
+import org.hamcrest.Matcher;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.CustomDatabaseMetadata;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDatabaseMetaData;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSet;
+import org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCResultSetMetaData;
+import org.jline.builtins.Commands;
+import org.jline.terminal.Terminal;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import mockit.Expectations;
+import mockit.Mock;
+import mockit.MockUp;
+import mockit.Mocked;
+import mockit.internal.reflection.FieldReflection;
+import net.hydromatic.scott.data.hsqldb.ScottHsqldb;
+import sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.*;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+/**
+ * Executes tests of the command-line arguments to SqlLine.
+ */
+public class SqlLineArgsTest {
+  private static final ConnectionSpec CONNECTION_SPEC = ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB;
+  private ConnectionSpec connectionSpec;
+
+  public SqlLineArgsTest() {
+    connectionSpec = CONNECTION_SPEC;
+  }
+
+  static SqlLine.Status begin(SqlLine sqlLine, OutputStream os,
+      boolean saveHistory, String... args) {
+    try {
+      PrintStream beelineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(beelineOutputStream);
+      final InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0]);
+      return sqlLine.begin(args, is, saveHistory);
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a script with "beeline -f".
+   *
+   * @return The stderr and stdout from running the script
+   * @param args Script arguments
+   */
+  private static Pair run(String... args) {
+    try {
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false, args);
+      return new Pair(status, os.toString("UTF8"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Pair runScript(File scriptFile, boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    return runScript(connectionSpec, scriptFile, flag, outputFileName);
+  }
+
+  private static Pair runScript(ConnectionSpec connectionSpec, File scriptFile,
+      boolean flag, String outputFileName) {
+    List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+    Collections.addAll(args,
+        "-d", connectionSpec.driver,
+        "-u", connectionSpec.url,
+        "-n", connectionSpec.username,
+        "-p", connectionSpec.password);
+    if (flag) {
+      args.add("-f");
+      args.add(scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    } else {
+      args.add("--run=" + scriptFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+    if (outputFileName != null) {
+      args.add("-log");
+      args.add(outputFileName);
+    }
+    return run(args.toArray(new String[0]));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Tests for presence of an expected pattern in the output (stdout or stderr).
+   *
+   * @param scriptText    Script text
+   * @param flag          Command flag (--run or -f)
+   * @param statusMatcher Checks whether status is as expected
+   * @param outputMatcher Checks whether output is as expected
+   */
+  private void checkScriptFile(String scriptText, boolean flag,
+      Matcher<SqlLine.Status> statusMatcher,
+      Matcher<String> outputMatcher) {
+    try {
+      // Put the script content in a temp file
+      File scriptFile = createTempFile("foo", "temp");
+      PrintStream os =
+          new PrintStream(
+              new FileOutputStream(scriptFile),
+              false,
+              StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      os.print(scriptText);
+      os.close();
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, flag, null);
+
+      // Check output before status. It gives a better clue what went wrong.
+      assertThat(toLinux(pair.output), outputMatcher);
+      assertThat(pair.status, statusMatcher);
+      final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+      assertThat(delete, is(true));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Windows line separators in a string into Linux line separators;
+   * a Linux string is unchanged. */
+  private static String toLinux(String s) {
+    return s.replaceAll("\r\n", "\n");
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix) {
+    return createTempFile(prefix, suffix, null);
+  }
+
+  private File createTempFile(String prefix, String suffix, Path directory) {
+    try {
+      final File file = directory == null
+          ? Files.createTempFile(prefix, suffix).toFile()
+          : Files.createTempFile(directory, prefix, suffix).toFile();
+      file.deleteOnExit();
+      return file;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithComments() {
+    final String script1Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "-- a comment  \n values\n--comment\n (\n1\n, ' ab'\n--comment\n)\n;\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script1Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           |  ab |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-----+"));
+
+    final String script2Text =
+        "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "--comment \n --comment2 \nvalues (';\n' /* comment */, '\"'"
+        + "/*multiline;\n ;\n comment*/)\n -- ; \n; -- comment";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script2Text, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2 |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+\n"
+            + "| ; \n"
+            + " | \"  |\n"
+            + "+-----+----+"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * Test for presence of an expected pattern
+   * in the output (stdout or stderr), fail if not found.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As above, but using '-run' rather than '-f'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testPositiveScriptFileUsingRun() {
+    checkScriptFile("call 100 + 23;\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/42">[SQLLINE-42],
+   * Script fails if first line is a comment</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "-- a comment\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileStartsWithEmptyLine() {
+    final String scriptText = "\n"
+        + "call 100 + 23;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" 123 "));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFileContainsComment() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithComments() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values \n10 \n+ \n23;\n\n\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "\n\nvalues "
+            + "--comment inside\n\n"
+            + "100 --comment inside\n\n"
+            + "+ \n\n23\n\n\n;\n\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptFileWithMultilineQuotedStrings() {
+    final String scriptText = "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline;\n;\n; string\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n"
+        + "values '\nmultiline2;\n;\n; string2\n'"
+        + ";\n\n\n";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("multiline2;"), containsString("; string2")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment\n\n"
+        + "values 1;values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 1  |\n"
+                + "+----+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithMultilineStatementsAndCommentsInARow() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "--comment;;\n\n"
+        + "select * from (values ';') t (\";\");/*;select 1;*/values 2;";
+    checkScriptFile(scriptText, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(
+            containsString("+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+\n"
+                + "| ; |\n"
+                + "+---+"),
+            containsString("+----+\n"
+                + "| C1 |\n"
+                + "+----+\n"
+                + "| 2  |\n"
+                + "+----+")));
+  }
+  /**
+   * Tests sql with H2 specific one-line comment '//'
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testMultilineScriptWithH2Comments() {
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("queryToExecute", "temp");
+      try (BufferedWriter bw =
+               new BufferedWriter(
+                   new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                       StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+        final String script = "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "select * from information_schema.tables// ';\n"
+            + "// \";"
+            + ";\n"
+            + "\n"
+            + "\n";
+        bw.write(script);
+        bw.flush();
+      }
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(sqlLine, os, false,
+              "-u", ConnectionSpec.H2.url,
+              "-n", ConnectionSpec.H2.username,
+              "--run=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath());
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA |"
+          + " TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | STORAGE_TYPE | SQL  |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/72">[SQLLINE-72]
+   * Allow quoted file names (including spaces) in <code>!record</code>,
+   * <code>!run</code> and <code>!script</code> commands</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptFilenameWithSpace() {
+    final String scriptText = "values 10 + 23;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 23;\n";
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script with Spaces", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+
+      Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+      assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(pair.output,
+          allOf(containsString(" 33 "), containsString(" 123 ")));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScriptWithOutput() {
+    final String scriptText = "!set maxcolumnwidth 20\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 100 + 123;\n"
+        + "-- a comment\n"
+        + "values 100 + 253;\n";
+
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("Script file name", ".sql");
+    try (PrintStream os = getPrintStream(new FileOutputStream(scriptFile))) {
+      os.print(scriptText);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+
+    File outputFile = createTempFile("testScriptWithOutput", ".out");
+    runScript(scriptFile, true, outputFile.getAbsolutePath());
+    assertFileContains(outputFile,
+        allOf(containsString("| 223                  |"),
+            containsString("| 353                  |")));
+    final boolean delete = outputFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Values that contain null.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNull() {
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(
+            "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      | C3  |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"
+            + "| 1           | null        |     |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+-----+\n"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScan() {
+    final String expectedLine0 = "Compliant Version Driver Class";
+    final String expectedLine1 = "yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver";
+    checkScriptFile("!scan\n", false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(expectedLine0), containsString(expectedLine1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Table output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTableOutputNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("| 1           | null        |     |\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Csv output without header.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvNullWithoutHeader() {
+    final String script = "!set showHeader false\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (1, cast(null as integer), cast(null as varchar(3)));\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("'1','null',''\n"));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the "close" command,
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-5768">[HIVE-5768]
+   * Beeline connection cannot be closed with '!close' command</a> and
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/139">[SQLLINE-139]
+   * Look for the exact match if there are multiple matches</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testClose() {
+    final String expected = "!close\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile("!close\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/32">[SQLLINE-32]
+   * !help set' should print documentation for all variables</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpSet() {
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help set\n"
+        + "!set                List / set a sqlline variable\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variables:\n"
+        + "\n"
+        + "Variable        Value      Description\n"
+        + "=============== ========== "
+        + "==================================================\n"
+        + "autoCommit      true/false "
+        + "Enable/disable automatic transaction commit\n"
+        + "autoSave        true/false Automatically save preferences\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help set\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+
+    // Make sure that each variable (autoCommit, autoSave, color, etc.) has a
+    // line in the output of '!help set'
+    final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    String help = sqlLine.loc("help-set")
+        + sqlLine.loc("variables");
+
+    final TreeSet<String> propertyNamesMixed =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .map(BuiltInProperty::propertyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(TreeSet::new));
+    for (String p : propertyNamesMixed) {
+      assertThat(help, containsString("\n" + p + " "));
+    }
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autoCommit"),
+        is(true));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("autocommit"),
+        is(false));
+    assertThat(propertyNamesMixed.contains("trimScripts"),
+        is(true));
+
+    while (help.length() > 0) {
+      int i = help.indexOf("\n", 1);
+      if (i < 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (i > 78) {
+        fail("line exceeds 78 chars: " + i + ": " + help.substring(0, i));
+      }
+      help = help.substring(i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/39">[SQLLINE-39]
+   * 'help set' should not break long lines</a>.
+   *
+   * <p>But it should break 'help all', which consists of a single long line.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAll() {
+    // Note that "connections" has been broken onto a new line.
+    final String expected = "1/1          !help all\n"
+        + "!all                Execute the specified SQL against all the current\n"
+        + "                    connections\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+        + "sqlline version ???\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!help all\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        is(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!go &lt;non-existent connection indexes&gt;".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testGoFailing() {
+    final String[] connectionIndexes = {"321", "invalid"};
+    for (String connectionIndex : connectionIndexes) {
+      final String script = "!go " + connectionIndex + "\n";
+      final String expected = "Invalid connection: " + connectionIndex;
+      checkScriptFile(script, false,
+          // Status.OTHER as checking of fail cases
+          equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER), containsString(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests "!help go". "go" and "#" are synonyms.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpGo() {
+    for (String c : new String[] {"go", "#"}) {
+      final String expected = "1/1          !help " + c + "\n"
+          + "!go                 Select the current connection\n"
+          + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection\n"
+          + "sqlline version ???\n";
+      checkScriptFile("!help " + c + "\n", false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          is(expected));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/121">!?, !#
+   * and other one-symbol length commands stopped working</a>
+   *
+   * <p>'!?' should work in the same way as '!help'.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testHelpAsQuestionMark() {
+    final String script = "!?\n";
+    final String expected =
+        "!autocommit         Set autocommit mode on or off";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Unknown command: ?")),
+            containsString(expected)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/49">[SQLLINE-49]
+   * !manual command fails</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testManual() {
+    final String expectedLine = "sqlline version";
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      new MockUp<Commands>() {
+        @Mock
+        void less(Terminal terminal, InputStream in, PrintStream out,
+            PrintStream err, Path currentDir, String[] argv) {
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, baos, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!manual");
+      String output = baos.toString("UTF8");
+
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/38">[SQLLINE-38]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRunFromHome() {
+    try {
+      Path tmpDir =
+          Files.createTempDirectory(
+              Paths.get(System.getProperty("user.home")),
+              "tmpdir" + System.nanoTime());
+      tmpDir.toFile().deleteOnExit();
+
+      File tmpFile = createTempFile("test", ".sql", tmpDir);
+      try (Writer fw = new OutputStreamWriter(
+          new FileOutputStream(tmpFile), StandardCharsets.UTF_8)) {
+        fw.write("!set outputformat csv\n");
+        fw.write("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);");
+        fw.flush();
+        checkScriptFile("!run ~" + File.separatorChar
+                + tmpDir.getFileName()
+                + File.separatorChar + tmpFile.getName().toString(),
+            false,
+            equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            allOf(containsString("!set outputformat csv"),
+                containsString("values (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);")));
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/26">[SQLLINE-26]
+   * Flush output for each command when using !record command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecord() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+                + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+                + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+                + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+                + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'2'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+                + "6/8          !record\n"
+                + "Recording stopped.\n"
+                + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+                + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+                + "'C1'\n"
+                + "'3'\n"
+                + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  /** Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/62">[SQLLINE-62]
+   * Expand ~ to user's home directory</a>. */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordHome() {
+    File home = new File(System.getProperty("user.home"));
+    File file;
+    for (int i = 0;; i++) {
+      file = new File(home, "sqlline" + i + ".log");
+      if (!file.exists()) {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    file.deleteOnExit();
+    final String s = "Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+        + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+        + "2/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "3/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "4/4          !record\n";
+    checkScriptFile("!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+            + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "values 2;\n"
+            + "!record\n",
+        false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/4          !record .*.log\n"
+            + s
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + ".*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(s));
+    final boolean delete = file.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * As {@link #testRecord()}, but file name is double-quoted and contains a
+   * space.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testRecordFilenameWithSpace() {
+    File file = createTempFile("sqlline file with spaces", ".log");
+    final String script = "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!record " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 2;\n"
+        + "!record\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 3;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of("(?s)1/8          !set incremental true\n"
+            + "2/8          values 1;\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\|     C1      \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "\\| 1           \\|\n"
+            + "\\+-------------\\+\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "3/8          !record .*.log\n"
+            + "Saving all output to \".*.log\". Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"
+            + "Recording stopped.\n"
+            + "7/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "8/8          values 3;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'3'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*"));
+
+    // Now check that the right stuff got into the file.
+    assertFileContains(file,
+        RegexMatcher.of("Saving all output to \".*.log\". "
+            + "Enter \"record\" with no arguments to stop it.\n"
+            + "4/8          !set outputformat csv\n"
+            + "5/8          values 2;\n"
+            + "'C1'\n"
+            + "'2'\n"
+            + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+            + "6/8          !record\n"));
+  }
+
+  private static void assertFileContains(File file, Matcher<String> matcher) {
+    try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(
+        new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file),
+            StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()))) {
+      final StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
+      for (;;) {
+        final String line = br.readLine();
+        if (line == null) {
+          break;
+        }
+        stringWriter.write(line);
+        stringWriter.write("\n");
+      }
+      assertThat(toLinux(stringWriter.toString()), matcher);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/61">[SQLLINE-61]
+   * Add !nickname command</a>.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNickname() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values 1;\n"
+        + "!nickname foo\n"
+        + "values 2;\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/4          !set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "2/4          values 1;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'1'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n"
+        + "3/4          !nickname foo\n"
+        + "4/4          values 2;\n"
+        + "'C1'\n"
+        + "'2'\n"
+        + "1 row selected \\([0-9.,]+ seconds\\)\n.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a simple script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   * The first command should fail and the second command should not execute.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testBreakOnErrorScriptFile() {
+    checkScriptFile("select * from abcdefg01;\ncall 100 + 23;\n",
+        true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emulation of Apache Hive behavior with throwing exceptions
+   * while calling {@link DatabaseMetaData#storesUpperCaseIdentifiers()}
+   * and {@link DatabaseMetaData#supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(int)}.
+   *
+   * <p>Also please see
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/183">[SQLLINE-183]</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked JDBCDatabaseMetaData
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionWithNotSupportedMethods(
+      @Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+
+          // emulate apache hive behavior
+          meta.supportsTransactionIsolationLevel(4);
+          result = new SQLException("Method not supported");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, dc);
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "values 1;");
+      final String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String line0 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line1 = "|     C1      |";
+      final String line2 = "+-------------+";
+      final String line3 = "| 1           |";
+      final String line4 = "+-------------+";
+      assertThat(output,
+          CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(line0),
+              containsString(line1),
+              containsString(line2),
+              containsString(line3),
+              containsString(line4)));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExecutionException(@Mocked final JDBCDatabaseMetaData meta,
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSet resultSet) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductName();
+          result = "hsqldb";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getSQLKeywords();
+          result = "";
+          // prevent calls to functions that also call resultSet.next
+          meta.getDatabaseProductVersion();
+          result = "1.0";
+          // Generate an exception on a call to resultSet.next
+          resultSet.next();
+          result = new SQLException("Generated Exception.");
+        }
+      };
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      // If sqlline is not initialized, handleSQLException will print
+      // the entire stack trace.
+      // To prevent that, forcibly set init to true.
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "CREATE TABLE rsTest ( a int);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (1);",
+          "insert into rsTest values (2);",
+          "select a from rsTest; ");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("Generated Exception"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to execute a missing script file with the -f option to SqlLine.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNegativeScriptFile() {
+    // Create and delete a temp file
+    File scriptFile = createTempFile("sqllinenegative", "temp");
+    final boolean delete = scriptFile.delete();
+    assertThat(delete, is(true));
+
+    Pair pair = runScript(scriptFile, true, null);
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER));
+    assertThat(pair.output, not(containsString(" 123 ")));
+  }
+
+  /** Displays usage. */
+  @Test
+  public void testUsage() {
+    Pair pair = run("--help");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  private int countUsage(String output) {
+    int n = 0;
+    for (String line : output.split("\n")) {
+      if (line.contains("Usage")) {
+        ++n;
+      }
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  /** Invalid arguments. */
+  @Test
+  public void testInvalidArguments() {
+    Pair pair = run("--fuzz");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.ARGS));
+    assertThat(pair.output, containsString("-f <file>"));
+    assertThat(countUsage(pair.output), equalTo(1));
+  }
+
+  /** Result of executing sqlline: status code and output. */
+  static class Pair {
+    final SqlLine.Status status;
+    final String output;
+
+    Pair(SqlLine.Status status, String output) {
+      this.status = status;
+      this.output = output;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIsolationSetting() {
+    final String script0 = "!isolation TRANSACTION_NONE\n";
+    final String expected = "Transaction isolation level TRANSACTION_NONE "
+        + "is not supported. Default (TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) "
+        + "will be used instead.";
+    checkScriptFile(script0, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testDefaultIsolation() {
+    final String script1 = "!isolation default\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(not(containsString("Transaction isolation level")),
+            not(containsString("is not supported"))));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * HIVE-4566, "NullPointerException if typeinfo and nativesql commands are
+   * executed at beeline before a DB connection is established".
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testNPE() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    PrintStream sqllineOutputStream = getPrintStream(os);
+    sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+    sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!typeinfo");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!nativesql");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(
+          output, not(containsString("java.lang.NullPointerException")));
+      assertThat(output, containsString("No current connection"));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandlerOnStartup() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final String[] args = {
+        "-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ch", "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler"};
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, args);
+
+    try {
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!test");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD"));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello test"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCommandHandler() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    begin(sqlLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+    try {
+      final String script = "!commandhandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorld2CommandHandler"
+          + " sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler";
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), script);
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!hello");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("HELLO WORLD2"));
+      final String expected = "Could not add command handler "
+          + "sqlline.extensions.HelloWorldCommandHandler as one of commands "
+          + "[hello, test] is already present";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      os.reset();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!help hello");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output, containsString("help for hello2"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(sqlLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesCsv() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("'TABLE_CAT','TABLE_SCHEM','TABLE_NAME',"),
+            containsString("'PUBLIC','SCOTT','SALGRADE','TABLE','',")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   *  java.lang.NullPointerException test case from
+   *  https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/pull/86#issuecomment-410868361
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvDelimiterAndQuoteCharacter() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter null\n"
+        + "!set csvQuoteCharacter @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!set csvDelimiter ##\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@null@C2@null@C3@null@C4@null@C5@null@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@null@@@#@@@null@1@null@1969-07-20@null@@null@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "@C1@##@C2@##@C3@##@C4@##@C5@##@C6@";
+    final String line4 = "@#@##@@@#@@@##@1@##@1969-07-20@##@@##@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCsvOneLiner() {
+    final String script = "!outputformat csv \"'\" @\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n"
+        + "!outputformat csv & default\n"
+        + "values ('#', '@#@', 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    final String line1 = "@C1@'@C2@'@C3@'@C4@'@C5@'@C6@";
+    final String line2 =
+        "@#@'@@@#@@@'@1@'@1969-07-20@'@@'@ 1'2\"3\t4@";
+    final String line3 = "'C1'&'C2'&'C3'&'C4'&'C5'&'C6'";
+    final String line4 =
+        "'#'&'@#@'&'1'&'1969-07-20'&''&' 1''2\"3\t4'";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line1), containsString(line2),
+            containsString(line3), containsString(line4)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetForNulls() {
+    final String script = "!set numberFormat null\n"
+        + "!set\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("numberFormat        null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetNonIntValuesToIntProperties() {
+    SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+    final String headerIntervalScript = "!set headerinterval abc\n";
+    checkScriptFile(headerIntervalScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "headerinterval", "abc")));
+
+    final String rowLimitScript = "!set rowlimit xxx\n";
+    checkScriptFile(rowLimitScript, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(sqlLine.loc("not-a-number", "rowlimit", "xxx")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlAttributes() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlattr\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ']]> 1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result C1=\"1\" C2=\"-1.5\" C3=\"TRUE\" "
+                + "C4=\"1969-07-20\" C5=\"null\" "
+                + "C6=\"]]&gt; 1'2&quot;3\t&lt;>&amp;4\"/>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectXmlElements() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat xmlelements\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' ]]>1''2\"3\t<>&4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("<resultset>"),
+            containsString("<result>"),
+            containsString("<C1>1</C1>"),
+            containsString("<C2>-1.5</C2>"),
+            containsString("<C3>TRUE</C3>"),
+            containsString("<C4>1969-07-20</C4>"),
+            containsString("<C5>null</C5>"),
+            containsString("<C6> ]]&gt;1'2\"3\t&lt;>&amp;4</C6>"),
+            containsString("</result>"),
+            containsString("</resultset>")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"TABLE_CAT\":\"PUBLIC\","
+                + "\"TABLE_SCHEM\":\"SYSTEM_LOBS\",\"TABLE_NAME\":\"BLOCKS\","
+                + "\"TABLE_TYPE\":\"SYSTEM TABLE\",\"REMARKS\":null,"
+                + "\"TYPE_CAT\":null,")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectJson() {
+    final String script = "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values (1, -1.5, 1 = 1, date '1969-07-20', null, ' 1''2\"3\t4');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("{\"resultset\":["),
+            containsString("{\"C1\":1,\"C2\":-1.5,\"C3\":true,"
+                + "\"C4\":\"1969-07-20\",\"C5\":null,"
+                + "\"C6\":\" 1'2\\\"3\\t4\"}")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testNullValue() {
+    final String script = "!set nullValue %%%\n"
+        + "!set outputformat csv\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue \"'\"\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n"
+        + "!set nullValue null\n"
+        + "values (NULL, -1.5, null, date '1969-07-20', null, 'null');\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'%%%','-1.5','%%%','1969-07-20','%%%','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'''','-1.5','''','1969-07-20','''','null'"),
+            containsString("'C1','C2','C3','C4','C5','C6'"),
+            containsString("'null','-1.5','null','1969-07-20','null','null'")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTimeFormat() {
+    // Use System.err as it is used in sqlline.SqlLineOpts#set
+    final PrintStream originalErr = System.err;
+    try {
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream errBaos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      System.setErr(
+          new PrintStream(errBaos, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name()));
+
+      // successful patterns
+      final String okTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat HH:mm:ss\n";
+      final String defaultTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat default\n";
+      final String okDateFormat = "!set dateFormat YYYY-MM-dd\n";
+      final String defaultDateFormat = "!set dateFormat default\n";
+      final String okTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+      final String defaultTimestampFormat = "!set timestampFormat default\n";
+
+      // successful cases
+      final SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), okTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), defaultTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          not(
+              anyOf(containsString("Error setting configuration"),
+                  containsString("Exception"))));
+
+      // failed patterns
+      final String wrongTimeFormat = "!set timeFormat qwerty\n";
+      final String wrongDateFormat = "!set dateFormat ASD\n";
+      final String wrongTimestampFormat =
+          "!set timestampFormat 'YYYY-MM-ddTHH:MI:ss'\n";
+
+      // failed cases
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimeFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'q'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongDateFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'A'"));
+      sqlLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), wrongTimestampFormat);
+      assertThat(errBaos.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Illegal pattern character 'T'"));
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    } finally {
+      // Set error stream back
+      System.setErr(originalErr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/203">[SQLLINE-203]
+   * !indexes command fails because of Hive bug</a>.
+   * The bug in question is
+   * <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HIVE-20938">[HIVE-20983]
+   * HiveResultSetMetaData.getColumnDisplaySize throws for SHORT column</a>.
+   *
+   * @param meta Mocked hsqldb {@link JDBCResultSetMetaData} to use in the test
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testOutputWithFailingColumnDisplaySize(
+      @Mocked final JDBCResultSetMetaData meta) {
+    try {
+      new Expectations() {
+        {
+          meta.getColumnCount();
+          result = 3;
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(1);
+          result = "TABLE_CAT";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(2);
+          result = "TABLE_SCHEM";
+
+          meta.getColumnLabel(3);
+          result = "TABLE_NAME";
+
+          meta.getColumnDisplaySize(1);
+          result = new Exception("getColumnDisplaySize exception");
+        }
+      };
+
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-u",
+          "jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      FieldReflection.setFieldValue(
+          sqlLine.getClass().getDeclaredField("initComplete"), sqlLine, true);
+      sqlLine.getConnection();
+      sqlLine.runCommands(callback,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set verbose true",
+          "!indexes");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), not(containsString("Exception")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command with interactive password submission.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithoutPassword() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      String readPassword(String url) {
+        return "";
+      }
+    };
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} property outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set maxwidth 80",
+          "!set incremental true");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+          + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+          + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing in the password in as a hash,
+   * and using h2's {@code PASSWORD_HASH} and {@code ALLOW_LITERALS} properties
+   * outside of the URL:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
+   * jdbc:h2:mem sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbPropertyAsParameter2() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+            + " -p PASSWORD_HASH TRUE -p ALLOW_LITERALS NONE "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes));
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 1;");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Throwable t) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(t);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests the {@code !connect} command passing the password in as a hash:
+   *
+   * <blockquote>
+   * !connect "jdbc:h2:mem; PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE" sa 6e6f6e456d707479506173737764
+   * </blockquote>
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConnectWithDbProperty() {
+    SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    SqlLine.Status status =
+        begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+    try {
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxwidth 80");
+
+      // fail attempt
+      String fakeNonEmptyPassword = "nonEmptyPasswd";
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username
+            + " \"" + fakeNonEmptyPassword + "\"");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected0));
+      os.reset();
+
+      // success attempt
+      final byte[] bytes =
+          fakeNonEmptyPassword.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect \""
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.url
+            + " ;PASSWORD_HASH=TRUE;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE\" "
+            + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " \""
+            + StringUtils.convertBytesToHex(bytes)
+            + "\"");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set incremental true");
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected1 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | "
+          + "TABLE_NAME | TABLE_TYPE | REMARKS | TYPE_CAT | TYP |";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected1));
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "select 5;");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected2 = "Error:";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expected2));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(not(containsString("Error:")), containsString("!quit")));
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private static PrintStream getPrintStream(OutputStream os) {
+    try {
+      return new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testReconnect() {
+    final String script = "!reconnect";
+    final String expected = "Reconnecting to \"jdbc:hsqldb:res:scott\"...\n"
+        + "Closing: org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCConnection";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(expected));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTables() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth 15\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 =
+        "|    TABLE_CAT    |   TABLE_SCHEM   |   TABLE_NAME    |   TABLE_TYPE    |      |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| PUBLIC          | SYSTEM_LOBS     | BLOCKS          | SYSTEM TABLE    |      |";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.H2;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString(line0), containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test case for
+   * <a href="https://github.com/julianhyde/sqlline/issues/107">[SQLLINE-107]
+   * Script fails if the wrong driver is specified with -d option
+   * and there is a valid registered driver for the specified url</a>.
+   *
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testTablesH2WithErrorDriver() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_DRIVER;
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true\n"
+        + "!tables\n";
+    final String line0 = "| TABLE_CAT | TABLE_SCHEM | TABLE_NAME |";
+    final String line1 =
+        "| UNNAMED   | INFORMATION_SCHEMA | CATALOGS   | SYSTEM TABLE";
+    final String message = "Could not find driver "
+        + connectionSpec.driver
+        + "; using registered driver org.h2.Driver instead";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString(message),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException")),
+            containsString(line0),
+            containsString(line1)));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testH2TablesWithErrorUrl() {
+    connectionSpec = ConnectionSpec.ERROR_H2_URL;
+    final String script = "!tables\n";
+
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        CoreMatchers.allOf(containsString("No suitable driver"),
+            not(containsString("NullPointerException"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyMetadata() {
+    final String script = "!metadata\n";
+    final String line = "Usage: metadata <methodname> <params...>";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests that methods inherited from Object are not included in the list
+   * of possible metadata methods. */
+  @Test
+  public void testPossibleMetadataValues() {
+    final String script = "!metadata 1\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString("allProceduresAreCallable"),
+            containsString("getIndexInfo"),
+            not(containsString("Exception")),
+            not(containsString("equals")),
+            not(containsString("notify")),
+            not(containsString("wait")),
+            not(containsString("toString")),
+            not(containsString("hashCode")),
+            not(containsString("notifyAll"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMetadataForClassHierarchy() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+
+    new MockUp<JDBCConnection>() {
+      @Mock
+      public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData() throws SQLException {
+        return new CustomDatabaseMetadata(
+            (JDBCConnection) beeLine.getConnection());
+      }
+    };
+
+    try (ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(beeLine, os, false, "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!connect "
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.url + " \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.username + "\" \""
+          + ConnectionSpec.HSQLDB.password + "\"");
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!tables");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString("TABLE_CAT"),
+              not(containsString("No such method \"getTables\""))));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRecord() {
+    final String line = "Usage: record <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!record", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyRun() {
+    final String line = "Usage: run <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!run", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyScript() {
+    final String line = "Usage: script <file name>";
+    checkScriptFile("!script", true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        allOf(containsString(line), not(containsString("Exception"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEscapeSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set maxColumnWidth 15\n"
+        + "!set escapeOutput yes\n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "('\n"
+        + "multiline\n"
+        + "value') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|       C1        |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n"
+        + "|  \\nmultiline \\nvalue |\n"
+        + "+-----------------+\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSqlMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!sql \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, 2) \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2           |\n"
+        + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAllMultiline() {
+    // Set width so we don't inherit from the current terminal.
+    final String script = "!set maxwidth 80\n"
+        + "!set incremental true \n"
+        + "!all \n"
+        + "values \n"
+        + "(1, '2') \n"
+        + ";\n";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "|     C1      | C2 |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+\n"
+        + "| 1           | 2  |\n"
+        + "+-------------+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppInfoMessage() {
+    Pair pair = run("-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+    assertThat(pair.status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(Application.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80", "-ac", "INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"};
+    pair = run(args);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString("Could not initialize INCORRECT_CLASS_NAME"));
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.DEFAULT_APP_INFO_MESSAGE));
+
+    String[] args2 = {"-e", "!set maxwidth 80",
+        "-ac", "sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication"};
+    pair = run(args2);
+    assertThat(pair.output,
+        containsString(CustomApplication.CUSTOM_INFO_MESSAGE));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOutputFormats() {
+    // json format was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!set outputformat json\n"
+        + "values 1;";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("Unknown outputFormat \"json\""));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomCommands() {
+    // table command was removed
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Unknown command: tables"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAppConfigReset() {
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!appconfig sqlline.Application\n"
+        + "!tables";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("TABLE_CAT"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testCustomOpts() {
+    // nulls are displayed as custom_null
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "values(null)";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("custom_null"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForEmptyAllowedDrivers() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("No driver classes found"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyH2Allowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.h2.Driver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       1.4     org.h2.Driver"),
+                not(containsString("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScanForOnlyHsqldbAllowed() {
+    new MockUp<CustomApplication>() {
+      @Mock
+      public List<String> allowedDrivers() {
+        return Collections.singletonList("org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver");
+      }
+    };
+
+    final String script = "!appconfig"
+        + " sqlline.extensions.CustomApplication\n"
+        + "!scan";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("yes       2.4     org.hsqldb.jdbc.JDBCDriver"),
+            not(containsString("org.h2.Driver"))));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set\n";
+    try {
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          containsString(new Application().getVersion()));
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetVersion() {
+    final String script = "!set version test-version\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("version property is read only"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertySuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout\n"
+        + "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("timeout             -1"),
+            containsString("timeout             200")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetPropertyFailure() {
+    final String script = "!set unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!set 1 2 3";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: set [all | <property name> [<value>]]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSetWrongValueToEnumTypeProperties() {
+    Collection<BuiltInProperty> propertiesWithAvailableValues =
+        Arrays.stream(BuiltInProperty.values())
+            .filter(t -> !t.getAvailableValues().isEmpty())
+            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
+    final String wrongValue = "wrong_value";
+    for (BuiltInProperty property: propertiesWithAvailableValues) {
+      final String script =
+          "!set " + property.propertyName() + " " + wrongValue + "\n";
+      checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+          allOf(
+              containsString("Unknown " + property.propertyName() + " \""
+                  + wrongValue + "\""),
+              not(containsString("Exception"))));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetSuccess() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString("[timeout] was reset to [-1]"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetFailure() {
+    final String script = "!reset unk";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Specified property [unk] does not exist."
+            + " Use !set command to get list of all available properties."));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetAll() {
+    final String script = "!set timeout 200\n"
+        + "!reset all\n"
+        + "!set timeout";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        allOf(containsString("All properties were reset to their defaults."),
+            containsString("timeout             -1")));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testResetUsage() {
+    final String script = "!reset";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString("Usage: reset (all | <property name>)"));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testRerun() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 4\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 5\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 7\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 3\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc,
+          "!set incremental true",
+          "!set maxcolumnwidth 30",
+          "!connect "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.url + " "
+              + ConnectionSpec.H2.username + " "
+              + "\"\"");
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 1");
+      String output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      final String expected0 = "+----------------------------+";
+      final String expected1 = "|             C1             |";
+      final String expected2 = "1 row selected";
+      assertThat(output,
+          allOf(containsString(expected0),
+              containsString(expected1),
+              containsString(expected2)));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 4");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine3 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [2, 4]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine3));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 3");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine4 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [3, 5, 7]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine4));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!/ 8");
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine5 = "Cycled rerun of commands from history [8]";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine5));
+      os.reset();
+
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!rerun " + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+      output = os.toString("UTF8");
+      String expectedLine6 =
+          "Usage: rerun <offset>, available range of offset is -7..8";
+      assertThat(output, containsString(expectedLine6));
+      beeLine.runCommands(new DispatchCallback(), "!quit");
+      assertTrue(beeLine.isExit());
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthIncremental() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "|     C1      |     C2      |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+\n"
+            + "| 100         | 200         |\n"
+            + "+-------------+-------------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental true\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxColumnWidthBuffered() {
+    final String script1 = "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line1 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line1));
+
+    final String script2 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 0\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line2 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line2));
+
+    final String script3 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 5000\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line3 = ""
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| C1  | C2  |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+-----+-----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line3));
+
+    final String script4 = "!set maxcolumnwidth 2\n"
+            + "!set incremental false\n"
+            + "values (100, 200)";
+    final String line4 = ""
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+\n"
+            + "| 100 | 200 |\n"
+            + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+            containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = -1; query stays in non-incremental
+   * mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows() {
+    final String script1 = "!set incrementalBufferRows -1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line1 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script1, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line1));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 0; query goes straight into
+   * incremental mode. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows2() {
+    final String script2 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 0\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (1, 2), (1, 20), (111, 20), (11, 2222), (1, 22))";
+    final String line2 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 22   |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script2, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line2));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 1; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and switches to incremental after 1 row. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows3() {
+    final String script3 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 1\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222), (111, 2222))";
+    final String line3 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2  |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script3, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line3));
+  }
+
+  /** Tests with incrementalBufferRows = 4; query starts in non-incremental mode
+   * and rows run out before the limit is reached. */
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows4() {
+    final String script4 = "!set incrementalBufferRows 4\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2), (111, 2), (11, 2222))";
+    final String line4 = ""
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| C1  |  C2  |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+\n"
+        + "| 10  | 20   |\n"
+        + "| 1   | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 111 | 2    |\n"
+        + "| 11  | 2222 |\n"
+        + "+-----+------+";
+    checkScriptFile(script4, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line4));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testIncrementalBufferRows5() {
+    // With incrementalBufferRows default (1000), query starts and
+    // stays in incremental mode.
+    final String script5 = "!set incrementalBufferRows default\n"
+        + "!set incremental false\n"
+        + "select * from (values (10, 20), (1, 2))";
+    final String line5 = ""
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| C1 | C2 |\n"
+        + "+----+----+\n"
+        + "| 10 | 20 |\n"
+        + "| 1  | 2  |\n"
+        + "+----+----+";
+    checkScriptFile(script5, true, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(line5));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMaxHistoryFileRows() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final File tmpHistoryFile = createTempFile("tmpHistory", "temp");
+    try (BufferedWriter bw =
+             new BufferedWriter(
+                 new OutputStreamWriter(
+                     new FileOutputStream(tmpHistoryFile),
+                     StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
+      bw.write("1536743099591:SELECT \\n CURRENT_TIMESTAMP \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' as \"sdf\", 4 \\n \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 'asd' \\n as \\n c2;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743104551:!/ 2\n"
+          + "1536743104551:SELECT \\n 2123 \\n as \\n c2 from dual;\\n\n"
+          + "1536743107526:!history\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n 2 \\n as \\n c2;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:SELECT \\n '213' \\n as \\n c1;\n"
+          + "1536743115431:!/ 8\n");
+      bw.flush();
+      bw.close();
+
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, true,
+          "--historyfile=" + tmpHistoryFile.getAbsolutePath(),
+          "-e", "!set maxwidth 80");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      final int maxLines = 3;
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set maxHistoryFileRows " + maxLines);
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!history");
+      assertEquals(maxLines + 1,
+          os.toString("UTF8").split("\\s+\\d{2}:\\d{2}:\\d{2}\\s+").length);
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSave() {
+    final SqlLine beeLine = new SqlLine();
+    ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    try {
+      SqlLine.Status status = begin(beeLine, os, false,
+          "-e", "!save");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      final DispatchCallback dc = new DispatchCallback();
+
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          containsString("Saving preferences to"));
+      os.reset();
+      beeLine.runCommands(dc, "!set");
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"),
+          allOf(containsString("autoCommit"),
+              not(containsString("Unknown property:"))));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testScript() {
+    final File file = createTempFile("sqlline", ".script");
+    final String script = "!script " + file.getAbsolutePath() + "\n"
+        + "values (100, 200);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n"
+        + "!script\n"
+        + "values (1, 2);\n";
+    final String expected = "(?s)1/5          !script.*"
+        + "2/5          values \\(100, 200\\);.*"
+        + "3/5          !set maxcolumnwidth -1.*"
+        + "4/5          !script.*"
+        + "5/5          values \\(1, 2\\);.*";
+    checkScriptFile(script, false, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        RegexMatcher.of(expected));
+
+    final String output = "values \\(100, 200\\);\n"
+        + "!set maxcolumnwidth -1\n";
+    assertFileContains(file, RegexMatcher.of(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testStartupArgsWithoutUrl() {
+    try {
+      SqlLine sqlLine = new SqlLine();
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      PrintStream sqllineOutputStream =
+          new PrintStream(os, false, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+      sqlLine.setOutputStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      sqlLine.setErrorStream(sqllineOutputStream);
+      String[] args = {
+          "-d",
+          "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver",
+          "-n",
+          "SCOTT",
+          "-p",
+          "TIGER"
+      };
+      DispatchCallback callback = new DispatchCallback();
+      sqlLine.initArgs(args, callback);
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString(sqlLine.loc("no-url")));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests setting the "confirm" property.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlag() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm true");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(true));
+      begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirm false");
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirm" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmFlagEffects() {
+    new MockUp<sqlline.Commands>() {
+      @Mock
+      int getUserAnswer(String question, int... allowedAnswers) {
+        return 'n';
+      }
+    };
+
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(), is("default"));
+    String script = "CREATE TABLE dummy_test(pk int);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(1);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(2);\n"
+        + "INSERT INTO dummy_test(pk) VALUES(3);\n"
+        + "DELETE FROM dummy_test;\n"
+        + "DROP TABLE dummy_test;\n";
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK),
+        containsString(" "));
+
+    script = "!set confirm true\n" + script;
+    checkScriptFile(script, true,
+        equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OTHER),
+        containsString(line.loc("abort-action")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that the "confirmPattern" property works.
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testConfirmPattern() {
+    final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+        "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is("^(?i:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))"));
+
+    begin(line, os, false, "-e", "!set confirmPattern default");
+    assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirmPattern(),
+        is(line.loc("default-confirm-pattern")));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test for illegal regex in confirmPattern
+   */
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionConfirmPattern() {
+    try {
+      final SqlLine line = new SqlLine();
+      final ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      assertThat(line.getOpts().getConfirm(), is(false));
+      SqlLine.Status status =
+          begin(line, os, false, "-e",
+              "!set confirmPattern \"^(?i*:(TRUNCATE|ALTER))\"");
+      assertThat(status, equalTo(SqlLine.Status.OK));
+      assertThat(os.toString("UTF8"), containsString("invalid regex"));
+      os.reset();
+    } catch (Throwable e) {
+      // fail
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Information necessary to create a JDBC connection. Specify one to run
+   * tests against a different database. (hsqldb is the default.) */
+  public static class ConnectionSpec {
+    public final String url;
+    public final String username;
+    public final String password;
+    public final String driver;
+
+    public ConnectionSpec(String url, String username, String password,
+        String driver) {
+      this.url = url;
+      this.username = username;
+      this.password = password;
+      this.driver = driver;
+    }
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec H2 =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_DRIVER =
+        new ConnectionSpec("jdbc:h2:mem:", "sa", "", "ERROR_DRIVER");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec ERROR_H2_URL =
+        new ConnectionSpec("ERROR_URL", "sa", "", "org.h2.Driver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec HSQLDB =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            ScottHsqldb.URI, ScottHsqldb.USER, ScottHsqldb.PASSWORD,
+            "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
+
+    public static final ConnectionSpec MYSQL =
+        new ConnectionSpec(
+            "jdbc:mysql://localhost/scott", "scott", "tiger",
+            "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
+  }
+
+  /** Regular expression matcher. */
+  private static class RegexMatcher extends BaseMatcher<String> {
+    private final String pattern;
+
+    RegexMatcher(String pattern) {
+      super();
+      this.pattern = pattern;
+    }
+
+    public static RegexMatcher of(String pattern) {
+      return new RegexMatcher(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public boolean matches(Object o) {
+      return o instanceof String
+          && ((String) o).matches(pattern);
+    }
+
+    public void describeTo(Description description) {
+      description.appendText("regular expression ").appendText(pattern);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+// End SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `begin(...)` at line 1109 is not released after line 1124.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SqlLineArgsTest.testCommandHandlerOnStartup()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sqlline.SqlLineArgsTest.testCommandHandlerOnStartup():void.d8337191ffbfe899975ebebaa654f38a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/sqlline/SqlLineArgsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SqlLineArgsTest.java|testCommandHandlerOnStartup|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c9c172f117ebe9d8a98ace40e0eeb16f
+
+### Hash:
+403598aa38f56cfe3891ca54fb31ea3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8137/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8137/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..65e469ecc53614c2708584b5eb755768611c9f94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8137/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openkeepass
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.slackspace.openkeepass.api;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.CryptoInformation;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Decrypter;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.ProtectedStringCrypto;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Salsa20;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CompressionAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CrsAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassHeader;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.exception.KeePassDatabaseUnreadableException;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.processor.DecryptionStrategy;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.processor.IconEnricher;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.processor.ProtectedValueProcessor;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.stream.HashedBlockInputStream;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.SafeInputStream;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.StreamUtils;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.xml.KeePassDatabaseXmlParser;
+
+public class KeePassDatabaseReader {
+
+	protected Decrypter decrypter = new Decrypter();
+	protected KeePassDatabaseXmlParser keePassDatabaseXmlParser = new KeePassDatabaseXmlParser();
+
+	private KeePassHeader keepassHeader;
+
+	public KeePassDatabaseReader(KeePassHeader keepassHeader) {
+		this.keepassHeader = keepassHeader;
+	}
+
+	public KeePassFile decryptAndParseDatabase(byte[] key, byte[] keepassFile) {
+		try {
+			byte[] aesDecryptedDbFile = decryptStream(key, keepassFile);
+			SafeInputStream decryptedStream = skipMetadata(aesDecryptedDbFile);
+			byte[] hashedBlockBytes = unHashBlockStream(decryptedStream);
+
+			byte[] decompressed = decompressStream(hashedBlockBytes);
+			ProtectedStringCrypto protectedStringCrypto = getProtectedStringCrypto();
+
+			return parseDatabase(decompressed, protectedStringCrypto);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new KeePassDatabaseUnreadableException("Could not open database file", e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private byte[] unHashBlockStream(SafeInputStream decryptedStream) throws IOException {
+		HashedBlockInputStream hashedBlockInputStream = new HashedBlockInputStream(decryptedStream);
+		byte[] hashedBlockBytes = StreamUtils.toByteArray(hashedBlockInputStream);
+		return hashedBlockBytes;
+	}
+
+	private KeePassFile parseDatabase(byte[] decompressed, ProtectedStringCrypto protectedStringCrypto) {
+		KeePassFile unprocessedKeepassFile = keePassDatabaseXmlParser.fromXml(new ByteArrayInputStream(decompressed));
+		new ProtectedValueProcessor().processProtectedValues(new DecryptionStrategy(protectedStringCrypto), unprocessedKeepassFile);
+
+		return new IconEnricher().enrichNodesWithIconData(unprocessedKeepassFile);
+	}
+
+	private ProtectedStringCrypto getProtectedStringCrypto() {
+		ProtectedStringCrypto protectedStringCrypto;
+		if (keepassHeader.getCrsAlgorithm().equals(CrsAlgorithm.Salsa20)) {
+			protectedStringCrypto = Salsa20.createInstance(keepassHeader.getProtectedStreamKey());
+		} else {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Only Salsa20 is supported as CrsAlgorithm at the moment!");
+		}
+		return protectedStringCrypto;
+	}
+
+	private byte[] decompressStream(byte[] hashedBlockBytes) throws IOException {
+		byte[] decompressed = hashedBlockBytes;
+
+		// Unzip if necessary
+		if (keepassHeader.getCompression().equals(CompressionAlgorithm.Gzip)) {
+			GZIPInputStream gzipInputStream = new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(hashedBlockBytes));
+			decompressed = StreamUtils.toByteArray(gzipInputStream);
+		}
+
+		return decompressed;
+	}
+
+	private SafeInputStream skipMetadata(byte[] aesDecryptedDbFile) throws IOException {
+		SafeInputStream decryptedStream = new SafeInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(aesDecryptedDbFile));
+
+		byte[] startBytes = new byte[32];
+
+		// Metadata must be skipped here
+		decryptedStream.skipSafe(KeePassHeader.VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH + keepassHeader.getHeaderSize());
+		decryptedStream.readSafe(startBytes);
+
+		// Compare startBytes
+		if (!Arrays.equals(keepassHeader.getStreamStartBytes(), startBytes)) {
+			throw new KeePassDatabaseUnreadableException(
+					"The keepass database file seems to be corrupt or cannot be decrypted.");
+		}
+
+		return decryptedStream;
+	}
+
+	private byte[] decryptStream(byte[] key, byte[] keepassFile) throws IOException {
+		CryptoInformation cryptoInformation = new CryptoInformation(KeePassHeader.VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH, keepassHeader.getMasterSeed(),
+				keepassHeader.getTransformSeed(), keepassHeader.getEncryptionIV(), keepassHeader.getTransformRounds(), keepassHeader.getHeaderSize());
+		return decrypter.decryptDatabase(key, cryptoInformation, keepassFile);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `de.slackspace.openkeepass.stream.HashedBlockInputStream` acquired to `hashedBlockInputStream` by call to `new()` at line 52 is not released after line 53.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 53
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] KeePassDatabaseReader.unHashBlockStream(SafeInputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.slackspace.openkeepass.api.KeePassDatabaseReader.unHashBlockStream(de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.1471d9d64d1dc2b770d80fde22d4c98b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/slackspace/openkeepass/api/KeePassDatabaseReader.java
+
+### Key:
+KeePassDatabaseReader.java|unHashBlockStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f09f436fb0f5a58e4eb6c6bcc0fb6b8e
+
+### Hash:
+7e79e76d4ff1d57b73760634eab9f99b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8138/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8138/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..28cd06986122e17107f77cba490954c12b5717b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8138/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openkeepass
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.slackspace.openkeepass.reader;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.KeePassDatabase;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Salsa20;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CompressionAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CrsAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CustomIcon;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CustomIconBuilder;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CustomIcons;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CustomIconsBuilder;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Entry;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.EntryBuilder;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Group;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.GroupBuilder;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFileBuilder;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassHeader;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Meta;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.MetaBuilder;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.zipper.GroupZipper;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.processor.DecryptionStrategy;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.processor.ProtectedValueProcessor;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.ByteUtils;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.xml.KeePassDatabaseXmlParser;
+
+public class KeepassDatabaseWriterTest {
+
+	private byte[] protectedStreamKey = ByteUtils
+			.hexStringToByteArray("ec77a2169769734c5d26e5341401f8d7b11052058f8455d314879075d0b7e257");
+
+	@Test
+	public void whenWritingDatabaseFileShouldBeAbleToReadItAlso() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new KeePassDatabaseXmlParser().fromXml(fileInputStream,
+				Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		new ProtectedValueProcessor().processProtectedValues(new DecryptionStrategy(Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey)), keePassFile);
+
+		FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream("target/test-classes/writeDatabase.kdbx");
+		KeePassDatabase.write(keePassFile, "abcdefg", file);
+
+		KeePassDatabase database = KeePassDatabase.getInstance("target/test-classes/writeDatabase.kdbx");
+		KeePassHeader header = database.getHeader();
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(CompressionAlgorithm.Gzip, header.getCompression());
+		Assert.assertEquals(CrsAlgorithm.Salsa20, header.getCrsAlgorithm());
+		Assert.assertEquals(8000, header.getTransformRounds());
+
+		KeePassFile openDatabase = database.openDatabase("abcdefg");
+
+		Entry sampleEntry = openDatabase.getEntryByTitle("Sample Entry");
+		Assert.assertEquals("User Name", sampleEntry.getUsername());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Password", sampleEntry.getPassword());
+
+		Entry sampleEntryTwo = openDatabase.getEntryByTitle("Sample Entry #2");
+		Assert.assertEquals("Michael321", sampleEntryTwo.getUsername());
+		Assert.assertEquals("12345", sampleEntryTwo.getPassword());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldCreateNewDatabaseFile() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		Entry entryOne = new EntryBuilder("First entry").username("Carl").password("Carls secret").build();
+
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new KeePassFileBuilder("testDB").addTopEntries(entryOne).build();
+
+		String dbFilename = "target/test-classes/writeNewDatabase.kdbx";
+		KeePassDatabase.write(keePassFile, "abc", new FileOutputStream(dbFilename));
+
+		KeePassDatabase keePassDb = KeePassDatabase.getInstance(dbFilename);
+		KeePassFile database = keePassDb.openDatabase("abc");
+		Entry entryByTitle = database.getEntryByTitle("First entry");
+
+		Assert.assertEquals(entryOne.getTitle(), entryByTitle.getTitle());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldBuildKeePassFileWithTreeStructure() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		/*
+		 * Should create the following structure:
+		 *
+		 * Root | |-- First entry (E) |-- Banking (G) | |-- Internet (G) | |--
+		 * Shopping (G) |-- Second entry (E)
+		 *
+		 */
+		Group root = new GroupBuilder().addEntry(new EntryBuilder("First entry").build())
+				.addGroup(new GroupBuilder("Banking").build())
+				.addGroup(new GroupBuilder("Internet")
+						.addGroup(
+								new GroupBuilder("Shopping").addEntry(new EntryBuilder("Second entry").build()).build())
+						.build())
+				.build();
+
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new KeePassFileBuilder("writeTreeDB").addTopGroups(root).build();
+
+		String dbFilename = "target/test-classes/writeTreeDB.kdbx";
+		KeePassDatabase.write(keePassFile, "abc", new FileOutputStream(dbFilename));
+
+		KeePassDatabase keePassDb = KeePassDatabase.getInstance(dbFilename);
+		KeePassFile database = keePassDb.openDatabase("abc");
+
+		Assert.assertEquals("Banking", database.getTopGroups().get(0).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Internet", database.getTopGroups().get(1).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("First entry", database.getTopEntries().get(0).getTitle());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Shopping", database.getTopGroups().get(1).getGroups().get(0).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Second entry",
+				database.getTopGroups().get(1).getGroups().get(0).getEntries().get(0).getTitle());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldModifiyGroupInKeePassFile() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		String password = "123456";
+		KeePassDatabase keePassDb = KeePassDatabase.getInstance("target/test-classes/fullBlownDatabase.kdbx");
+		KeePassFile database = keePassDb.openDatabase(password);
+
+		Group group = database.getGroupByName("test");
+		Group modifiedGroup = new GroupBuilder(group).name("test2").build();
+
+		GroupZipper zipper = new KeePassFileBuilder(database).getZipper().down().right().right().right().right().down();
+		KeePassFile modifiedDatabase = zipper.replace(modifiedGroup).close();
+
+		String dbFilename = "target/test-classes/fullBlownDatabaseModified.kdbx";
+		KeePassDatabase.write(modifiedDatabase, password, new FileOutputStream(dbFilename));
+		KeePassFile databaseReadFromHdd = KeePassDatabase.getInstance(dbFilename).openDatabase(password);
+
+		Assert.assertNotNull("Banking", databaseReadFromHdd.getGroupByName("test2"));
+		Assert.assertEquals(2, databaseReadFromHdd.getGroupByName("test2").getEntries().size());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldModifyMetadataAndRenameGeneralNodeThenWriteAndReadDatabase() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		String password = "abcdefg";
+		String originalDbFile = "target/test-classes/testDatabase.kdbx";
+		String modifiedDbFile = "target/test-classes/modifiedtestDatabase2.kdbx";
+
+		KeePassFile database = KeePassDatabase.getInstance(originalDbFile).openDatabase(password);
+
+		// change db name
+		Meta meta = new MetaBuilder(database.getMeta()).databaseName("differentName").build();
+
+		// change general node
+		GroupZipper zipper = new GroupZipper(database).down();
+		Group renamedNode = new GroupBuilder(zipper.getNode()).name("Misc").build();
+		KeePassFile modifiedKeepassFile = zipper.replace(renamedNode).replaceMeta(meta).close();
+
+		// write
+		KeePassDatabase.write(modifiedKeepassFile, password, modifiedDbFile);
+
+		// read and assert
+		KeePassFile readModifiedDb = KeePassDatabase.getInstance(modifiedDbFile).openDatabase(password);
+		Assert.assertEquals("differentName", readModifiedDb.getMeta().getDatabaseName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Misc", readModifiedDb.getTopGroups().get(0).getName());
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldWriteDatabaseWithCustomIcon() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		String base64Icon = "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";
+
+		UUID iconUuid = UUID.randomUUID();
+		byte[] customPng = DatatypeConverter.parseBase64Binary(base64Icon);
+
+		// build database
+		CustomIcon customIcon = new CustomIconBuilder().uuid(iconUuid).data(customPng).build();
+		CustomIcons customIcons = new CustomIconsBuilder().addIcon(customIcon).build();
+
+		Meta meta = new MetaBuilder("iconTest").customIcons(customIcons).build();
+		Entry entry1 = new EntryBuilder("1").customIconUuid(iconUuid).build();
+		Group groupA = new GroupBuilder("A").customIconUuid(iconUuid).addEntry(entry1).build();
+
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new KeePassFileBuilder(meta).addTopGroups(groupA).build();
+
+		// write
+		String dbFilename = "target/test-classes/databaseWithCustomIcon.kdbx";
+		KeePassDatabase.write(keePassFile, "abcdefg", dbFilename);
+
+		// read and assert
+		KeePassFile readDb = KeePassDatabase.getInstance(dbFilename).openDatabase("abcdefg");
+		Assert.assertEquals("iconTest", readDb.getMeta().getDatabaseName());
+		Assert.assertEquals(iconUuid, readDb.getGroupByName("A").getCustomIconUuid());
+		Assert.assertEquals(base64Icon, DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(readDb.getGroupByName("A").getIconData()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(iconUuid, readDb.getEntryByTitle("1").getCustomIconUuid());
+		Assert.assertEquals(base64Icon, DatatypeConverter.printBase64Binary(readDb.getEntryByTitle("1").getIconData()));
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `fileInputStream` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 43 is not released after line 67.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 45
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void KeepassDatabaseWriterTest.whenWritingDatabaseFileShouldBeAbleToReadItAlso()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.slackspace.openkeepass.reader.KeepassDatabaseWriterTest.whenWritingDatabaseFileShouldBeAbleToRead.a8a5e671b3a4c3c7bcffca56e2f597d5
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/de/slackspace/openkeepass/reader/KeepassDatabaseWriterTest.java
+
+### Key:
+KeepassDatabaseWriterTest.java|whenWritingDatabaseFileShouldBeAbleToReadItAlso|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+fe21d39523b13c23c676aff25147f423
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8139/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8139/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f08a4e6fc572c4ef42be01d667cea2a54a62e515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8139/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openkeepass
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.slackspace.openkeepass;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Decrypter;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.ProtectedStringCrypto;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Salsa20;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CompressionAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CrsAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassHeader;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.exception.KeepassDatabaseUnreadable;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser.XmlParser;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.stream.HashedBlockInputStream;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.ByteUtils;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.StreamUtils;
+
+public class KeePassDatabase {
+
+	// KeePass 2.x signature
+	private static final int DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 = 0x9AA2D903 & 0xFF;
+	private static final int DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_2 = 0xB54BFB67 & 0xFF;
+	
+	// KeePass 1.x signature
+	private static final int OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 = 0x9AA2D903 & 0xFF;
+	private static final int OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_2 = 0xB54BFB65 & 0xFF;
+	
+	// KeePass version signature length in bytes 
+	public static final int VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH = 12;
+	
+	private KeePassHeader keepassHeader = new KeePassHeader();
+	private Decrypter decrypter = new Decrypter();
+	private XmlParser xmlParser = new XmlParser();
+	private byte[] keepassFile;
+	
+	private KeePassDatabase(InputStream inputStream) {
+		try {
+			keepassFile = StreamUtils.toByteArray(inputStream);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	public static KeePassDatabase getInstance(InputStream inputStream) {
+		KeePassDatabase reader = new KeePassDatabase(inputStream);
+
+		try {
+			reader.checkVersionSupport();
+			reader.readHeader();
+			return reader;
+		}
+		catch(IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Could not read input stream", e);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void checkVersionSupport() throws IOException {
+		BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(keepassFile));
+
+		byte[] signature = new byte[VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH];
+		bufferedInputStream.read(signature);
+		ByteBuffer signatureBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(signature);
+		signatureBuffer.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		int signaturePart1 = ByteUtils.toUnsignedInt(signatureBuffer.getInt());
+		int signaturePart2 = ByteUtils.toUnsignedInt(signatureBuffer.getInt());
+
+		if(signaturePart1 == DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 && signaturePart2 == DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_2) {
+			return;
+		}
+		else if(signaturePart1 == OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 && signaturePart2 == OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_2) {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("The provided KeePass database file seems to be from KeePass 1.x which is not supported!");
+		}
+		else {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("The provided file seems to be no KeePass database file!");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void readHeader() throws IOException {
+		BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(keepassFile));
+		bufferedInputStream.skip(VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH); // skip version
+		
+		while(true) {
+			try {
+				int fieldId = bufferedInputStream.read();
+				byte[] fieldLength = new byte[2];
+				bufferedInputStream.read(fieldLength);
+				
+				ByteBuffer fieldLengthBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(fieldLength);
+				fieldLengthBuffer.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+				int fieldLengthInt = ByteUtils.toUnsignedInt(fieldLengthBuffer.getShort());
+
+				if(fieldLengthInt > 0) {
+					byte[] data = new byte[fieldLengthInt];
+					bufferedInputStream.read(data);
+					keepassHeader.setValue(fieldId, data);
+					keepassHeader.increaseHeaderSize(fieldLengthInt + 3);
+				}
+				
+				if(fieldId == 0) {
+					break;
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				throw new RuntimeException("Could not read header input", e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public KeePassFile openDatabase(String password) {
+		try {
+			byte[] aesDecryptedDbFile = decrypter.decryptDatabase(password, keepassHeader, keepassFile);
+			
+			byte[] startBytes = new byte[32];
+			ByteArrayInputStream decryptedStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(aesDecryptedDbFile);
+			decryptedStream.read(startBytes);
+			
+			// compare startBytes
+			if(!Arrays.equals(keepassHeader.getStreamStartBytes(), startBytes)) {
+				throw new KeepassDatabaseUnreadable("The keepass database file seems to be corrupt or cannot be decrypted.");
+			}
+			
+			HashedBlockInputStream hashedBlockInputStream = new HashedBlockInputStream(decryptedStream);
+			byte[] hashedBlockBytes = StreamUtils.toByteArray(hashedBlockInputStream);
+			
+			byte[] decompressed = hashedBlockBytes;
+			
+			// unzip if necessary
+			if(keepassHeader.getCompression().equals(CompressionAlgorithm.Gzip)) {
+				GZIPInputStream gzipInputStream = new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(hashedBlockBytes));
+				decompressed = StreamUtils.toByteArray(gzipInputStream);
+			}
+			
+			ProtectedStringCrypto protectedStringCrypto;
+			if(keepassHeader.getCrsAlgorithm().equals(CrsAlgorithm.Salsa20)) {
+				protectedStringCrypto = Salsa20.createInstance(keepassHeader.getProtectedStreamKey());
+			}
+			else {
+				throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Only Salsa20 is supported as CrsAlgorithm at the moment!");
+			}
+			
+			return xmlParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(decompressed), protectedStringCrypto);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Could not open database file", e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public KeePassHeader getHeader() {
+		return keepassHeader;
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream` acquired to `gzipInputStream` by call to `GZIPInputStream(...)` at line 136 is not released after line 137.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 137
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+KeePassFile KeePassDatabase.openDatabase(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.slackspace.openkeepass.KeePassDatabase.openDatabase(java.lang.String):de.slackspace.openkeepass.d.5783df28b5bb358f9264a2505b13bf0d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/slackspace/openkeepass/KeePassDatabase.java
+
+### Key:
+KeePassDatabase.java|openDatabase|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0602ef43d0c7ae4dbd6715cdf02c324e
+
+### Hash:
+1f7dfca310b30679dab97f3fff95a85d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8153/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8153/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c945126f32305bff926661dede78e4e8a1a73f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8153/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openkeepass
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.slackspace.openkeepass;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;
+
+import org.bouncycastle.util.encoders.Base64;
+
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Decrypter;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.ProtectedStringCrypto;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Salsa20;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Sha256;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CompressionAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.CrsAlgorithm;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassHeader;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeyFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.exception.KeePassDatabaseUnreadable;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser.KeePassDatabaseXmlParser;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser.KeyFileXmlParser;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.stream.HashedBlockInputStream;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.ByteUtils;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.StreamUtils;
+
+/**
+ * A KeePassDatabase is the central API class to read a KeePass database file.
+ * <p>
+ * Currently the following KeePass files are supported:
+ * 
+ * 	<ul>
+ * 		<li>KeePass Database V2 with password</li>
+ * 		<li>KeePass Database V2 with keyfile</li>
+ * </ul>
+ * 
+ * A typical use-case should use the following idiom:
+ * <pre>
+ * // open database 
+ * KeePassFile database = KeePassDatabase.getInstance("keePassDatabasePath").openDatabase("secret");
+ * 
+ * // get password entries 
+ * List&lt;Entry&gt; entries = database.getEntries();
+ * ...
+ * </pre>
+ * 
+ * If the database could not be opened a <tt>RuntimeException</tt> will be thrown.
+ * 
+ * @see KeePassFile
+ * 
+ */
+public class KeePassDatabase {
+
+	// KeePass 2.x signature
+	private static final int DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 = 0x9AA2D903 & 0xFF;
+	private static final int DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_2 = 0xB54BFB67 & 0xFF;
+	
+	// KeePass 1.x signature
+	private static final int OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 = 0x9AA2D903 & 0xFF;
+	private static final int OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_2 = 0xB54BFB65 & 0xFF;
+	
+	// KeePass version signature length in bytes 
+	public static final int VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH = 12;
+	
+	private KeePassHeader keepassHeader = new KeePassHeader();
+	private byte[] keepassFile;
+	
+	protected Decrypter decrypter = new Decrypter();
+	protected KeePassDatabaseXmlParser keePassDatabaseXmlParser = new KeePassDatabaseXmlParser();
+	protected KeyFileXmlParser keyFileXmlParser = new KeyFileXmlParser();
+	
+	private KeePassDatabase(InputStream inputStream) {
+		try {
+			keepassFile = StreamUtils.toByteArray(inputStream);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException(e);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Retrieves a KeePassDatabase instance. The instance returned is based on the given database filename and tries to parse the database header of it.
+	 * 
+	 * @param keePassDatabaseFile a KeePass database filename, must not be NULL 
+	 * @return a KeePassDatabase
+	 */
+	public static KeePassDatabase getInstance(String keePassDatabaseFile) {
+		return getInstance(new File(keePassDatabaseFile));
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Retrieves a KeePassDatabase instance. The instance returned is based on the given database file and tries to parse the database header of it.
+	 * 
+	 * @param keePassDatabaseFile a KeePass database file, must not be NULL 
+	 * @return a KeePassDatabase
+	 */
+	public static KeePassDatabase getInstance(File keePassDatabaseFile) {
+		if(keePassDatabaseFile == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("You must provide a valid KeePass database file.");
+		}
+		
+		try {
+			return getInstance(new FileInputStream(keePassDatabaseFile));
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("The KeePass database file could not be found. You must provide a valid KeePass database file.");
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Retrieves a KeePassDatabase instance. The instance returned is based on the given input stream and tries to parse the database header of it.
+	 * 
+	 * @param keePassDatabaseStream an input stream of a KeePass database, must not be NULL 
+	 * @return a KeePassDatabase
+	 */
+	public static KeePassDatabase getInstance(InputStream keePassDatabaseStream) {
+		if(keePassDatabaseStream == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("You must provide a non-empty KeePass database stream.");
+		}
+		
+		KeePassDatabase reader = new KeePassDatabase(keePassDatabaseStream);
+
+		try {
+			reader.checkVersionSupport();
+			reader.readHeader();
+			return reader;
+		}
+		catch(IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Could not read input stream", e);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private void checkVersionSupport() throws IOException {
+		BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(keepassFile));
+
+		byte[] signature = new byte[VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH];
+		bufferedInputStream.read(signature);
+		ByteBuffer signatureBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(signature);
+		signatureBuffer.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+
+		int signaturePart1 = ByteUtils.toUnsignedInt(signatureBuffer.getInt());
+		int signaturePart2 = ByteUtils.toUnsignedInt(signatureBuffer.getInt());
+
+		if(signaturePart1 == DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 && signaturePart2 == DATABASE_V2_FILE_SIGNATURE_2) {
+			return;
+		}
+		else if(signaturePart1 == OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_1 && signaturePart2 == OLD_DATABASE_V1_FILE_SIGNATURE_2) {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("The provided KeePass database file seems to be from KeePass 1.x which is not supported!");
+		}
+		else {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("The provided file seems to be no KeePass database file!");
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void readHeader() throws IOException {
+		BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(keepassFile));
+		bufferedInputStream.skip(VERSION_SIGNATURE_LENGTH); // skip version
+		
+		while(true) {
+			try {
+				int fieldId = bufferedInputStream.read();
+				byte[] fieldLength = new byte[2];
+				bufferedInputStream.read(fieldLength);
+				
+				ByteBuffer fieldLengthBuffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(fieldLength);
+				fieldLengthBuffer.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+				int fieldLengthInt = ByteUtils.toUnsignedInt(fieldLengthBuffer.getShort());
+
+				if(fieldLengthInt > 0) {
+					byte[] data = new byte[fieldLengthInt];
+					bufferedInputStream.read(data);
+					keepassHeader.setValue(fieldId, data);
+					keepassHeader.increaseHeaderSize(fieldLengthInt + 3);
+				}
+				
+				if(fieldId == 0) {
+					break;
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				throw new RuntimeException("Could not read header input", e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Opens a KeePass database with the given password and returns the KeePassFile for further processing.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the database cannot be decrypted with the provided password an exception will be thrown.
+	 * 
+	 * @param password the password to open the database
+	 * @return a KeePassFile
+	 * @see KeePassFile
+	 */
+	public KeePassFile openDatabase(String password) {
+		if(password == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("The password for the database must not be null. Please provide a valid password.");
+		}
+		
+		try {
+			byte[] passwordBytes = password.getBytes("UTF-8");
+			byte[] hashedPassword = Sha256.hash(passwordBytes);
+			
+			return decryptAndParseDatabase(hashedPassword);
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("The encoding UTF-8 is not supported");
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Opens a KeePass database with the given password and returns the KeePassFile for further processing.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the database cannot be decrypted with the provided password an exception will be thrown.
+	 * 
+	 * @param keyFile the password to open the database
+	 * @return a KeePassFile the keyfile to open the database
+	 * @see KeePassFile
+	 */
+	public KeePassFile openDatabase(File keyFile) {
+		if(keyFile == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("You must provide a valid KeePass keyfile.");
+		}
+		
+		try {
+			return openDatabase(new FileInputStream(keyFile));
+		} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("The KeePass keyfile could not be found. You must provide a valid KeePass keyfile.");
+		}
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Opens a KeePass database with the given keyfile stream and returns the KeePassFile for further processing.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the database cannot be decrypted with the provided keyfile an exception will be thrown. 
+	 * 
+	 * @param keyFileStream the keyfile to open the database as stream
+	 * @return a KeePassFile
+	 * @see KeePassFile
+	 */
+	public KeePassFile openDatabase(InputStream keyFileStream) {
+		if(keyFileStream == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("You must provide a non-empty KeePass keyfile stream.");
+		}
+		
+		try {
+			KeyFile keyFile = keyFileXmlParser.parse(keyFileStream);
+			byte[] protectedBuffer = Base64.decode(keyFile.getKey().getData().getBytes("UTF-8"));
+			
+			return decryptAndParseDatabase(protectedBuffer);
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+			throw new UnsupportedOperationException("The encoding UTF-8 is not supported");
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private KeePassFile decryptAndParseDatabase(byte[] key) {
+		try {
+			byte[] aesDecryptedDbFile = decrypter.decryptDatabase(key, keepassHeader, keepassFile);
+			
+			byte[] startBytes = new byte[32];
+			ByteArrayInputStream decryptedStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(aesDecryptedDbFile);
+			decryptedStream.read(startBytes);
+			
+			// compare startBytes
+			if(!Arrays.equals(keepassHeader.getStreamStartBytes(), startBytes)) {
+				throw new KeePassDatabaseUnreadable("The keepass database file seems to be corrupt or cannot be decrypted.");
+			}
+			
+			HashedBlockInputStream hashedBlockInputStream = new HashedBlockInputStream(decryptedStream);
+			byte[] hashedBlockBytes = StreamUtils.toByteArray(hashedBlockInputStream);
+			
+			byte[] decompressed = hashedBlockBytes;
+			
+			// unzip if necessary
+			if(keepassHeader.getCompression().equals(CompressionAlgorithm.Gzip)) {
+				GZIPInputStream gzipInputStream = new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(hashedBlockBytes));
+				decompressed = StreamUtils.toByteArray(gzipInputStream);
+			}
+			
+			ProtectedStringCrypto protectedStringCrypto;
+			if(keepassHeader.getCrsAlgorithm().equals(CrsAlgorithm.Salsa20)) {
+				protectedStringCrypto = Salsa20.createInstance(keepassHeader.getProtectedStreamKey());
+			}
+			else {
+				throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Only Salsa20 is supported as CrsAlgorithm at the moment!");
+			}
+			
+			return keePassDatabaseXmlParser.parse(new ByteArrayInputStream(decompressed), protectedStringCrypto);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Could not open database file", e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Gets the KeePassDatabase header.
+	 * 
+	 * @return the database header
+	 */
+	public KeePassHeader getHeader() {
+		return keepassHeader;
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 109 is not released after line 109.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+KeePassDatabase KeePassDatabase.getInstance(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.slackspace.openkeepass.KeePassDatabase.getInstance(java.io.File):de.slackspace.openkeepass.KeePas.93b288e08440fd2a9be189da708fea92
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/slackspace/openkeepass/KeePassDatabase.java
+
+### Key:
+KeePassDatabase.java|getInstance|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+8268b871e46a685172ca651b0023a4f1
+
+### Hash:
+1d089489483e403cc8d3e10420886603
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8154/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8154/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4f2c5e1c477da9cad38500a9a2442d8775b1811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8154/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openkeepass
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser;
+
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.TimeZone;
+
+import junit.framework.Assert;
+
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.crypto.Salsa20;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Entry;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.Group;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.domain.KeePassFile;
+import de.slackspace.openkeepass.util.ByteUtils;
+
+public class XmlParserTest {
+
+	private byte[] protectedStreamKey = ByteUtils.hexStringToByteArray("ec77a2169769734c5d26e5341401f8d7b11052058f8455d314879075d0b7e257");
+	private static SimpleDateFormat dateFormatter;
+	
+	@BeforeClass
+	public static void init() {
+		// make sure we use UTC time
+		dateFormatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
+		dateFormatter.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("GMT"));
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectMetadata() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new XmlParser().parse(fileInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		Assert.assertEquals("KeePass", keePassFile.getMeta().getGenerator());
+		Assert.assertEquals("TestDatabase", keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Just a sample db", keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseDescription());
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:59:39", dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseNameChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:59:39", dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getDatabaseDescriptionChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(365, keePassFile.getMeta().getMaintenanceHistoryDays());
+		Assert.assertEquals(true, keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinEnabled());
+		Assert.assertEquals("AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==", keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinUuid()); 
+		Assert.assertEquals("2014-11-22 18:58:56", dateFormatter.format(keePassFile.getMeta().getRecycleBinChanged().getTime()));
+		Assert.assertEquals(10, keePassFile.getMeta().getHistoryMaxItems());
+		Assert.assertEquals(6291456, keePassFile.getMeta().getHistoryMaxSize());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectGroups() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new XmlParser().parse(fileInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		
+		List<Group> groups = keePassFile.getTopGroups();
+		Assert.assertNotNull(groups);
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(6, groups.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("General", groups.get(0).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("FqvMJ8yjlUSAEt9OmNSj2A==", groups.get(0).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Windows", groups.get(1).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("rXt7D+EM/0qW1rgPB4g5nw==", groups.get(1).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Network", groups.get(2).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("DwdAaKn4tEyXFlU56/2UBQ==", groups.get(2).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Internet", groups.get(3).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("COgUrPt5P0676DeyZn/auQ==", groups.get(3).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("eMail", groups.get(4).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("/xWfOfnC6ki76sNhrZR7rw==", groups.get(4).getUuid());
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals("Homebanking", groups.get(5).getName());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Rdjt21Jla0+E5Q9ElJHw1g==", groups.get(5).getUuid());
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectEntries() throws FileNotFoundException {
+		FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream("target/test-classes/testDatabase_decrypted.xml");
+		KeePassFile keePassFile = new XmlParser().parse(fileInputStream, Salsa20.createInstance(protectedStreamKey));
+		
+		List<Entry> entries = keePassFile.getTopEntries();
+		Assert.assertNotNull(entries);
+		
+		Assert.assertEquals(2, entries.size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("libdLW88cU6BvrPQlvKqMA==", entries.get(0).getUuid());
+		Assert.assertEquals(5, entries.get(0).getProperties().size());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Sample Entry", entries.get(0).getTitle());
+		Assert.assertEquals("http://keepass.info/", entries.get(0).getUrl());
+		Assert.assertEquals("User Name", entries.get(0).getUsername());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Notes", entries.get(0).getNotes());
+		Assert.assertEquals("Password", entries.get(0).getPassword());
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired to `fileInputStream` by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 34 is not released after line 47.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 35
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void XmlParserTest.whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectMetadata()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.slackspace.openkeepass.parser.XmlParserTest.whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCor.84d28090343d47ba5ee594aba536e9fa
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/de/slackspace/openkeepass/parser/XmlParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+XmlParserTest.java|whenInputIsValidKeePassXmlShouldParseFileAndReturnCorrectMetadata|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+8099f897033099f1b3cc1aec93f43f98
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8162/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8162/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a65f200a67512703380b7c7690f6507d279cffb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8162/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acme4j
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * acme4j - Java ACME client
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Richard "Shred" Körber
+ *   http://acme4j.shredzone.org
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ */
+package org.shredzone.acme4j.connector;
+
+import static java.util.stream.Collectors.toList;
+import static org.shredzone.acme4j.util.AcmeUtils.keyAlgorithm;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.KeyPair;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.OptionalInt;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.jose4j.base64url.Base64Url;
+import org.jose4j.jwk.PublicJsonWebKey;
+import org.jose4j.jws.JsonWebSignature;
+import org.jose4j.lang.JoseException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Problem;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Session;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeNetworkException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeProtocolException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeRateLimitExceededException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeRetryAfterException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeServerException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeUnauthorizedException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeUserActionRequiredException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.provider.pebble.Pebble;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.util.AcmeUtils;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.util.JSON;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.util.JSONBuilder;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * Default implementation of {@link Connection}.
+ */
+public class DefaultConnection implements Connection {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultConnection.class);
+
+    private static final String ACCEPT_HEADER = "Accept";
+    private static final String ACCEPT_CHARSET_HEADER = "Accept-Charset";
+    private static final String ACCEPT_LANGUAGE_HEADER = "Accept-Language";
+    private static final String CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER = "Content-Type";
+    private static final String DATE_HEADER = "Date";
+    private static final String LINK_HEADER = "Link";
+    private static final String LOCATION_HEADER = "Location";
+    private static final String REPLAY_NONCE_HEADER = "Replay-Nonce";
+    private static final String RETRY_AFTER_HEADER = "Retry-After";
+    private static final String DEFAULT_CHARSET = "utf-8";
+
+    private static final Pattern BASE64URL_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("[0-9A-Za-z_-]+");
+
+    protected final HttpConnector httpConnector;
+    protected HttpURLConnection conn;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new {@link DefaultConnection}.
+     *
+     * @param httpConnector
+     *            {@link HttpConnector} to be used for HTTP connections
+     */
+    public DefaultConnection(HttpConnector httpConnector) {
+        this.httpConnector = Objects.requireNonNull(httpConnector, "httpConnector");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetNonce(Session session) throws AcmeException {
+        assertConnectionIsClosed();
+
+        try {
+            session.setNonce(null);
+
+            URL newNonceUrl = session.resourceUrl(Resource.NEW_NONCE);
+
+            conn = httpConnector.openConnection(newNonceUrl);
+            conn.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
+            conn.setRequestProperty(ACCEPT_LANGUAGE_HEADER, session.getLocale().toLanguageTag());
+            conn.connect();
+
+            int rc = conn.getResponseCode();
+            if (rc != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK && rc != HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NO_CONTENT) {
+                throw new AcmeProtocolException("Fetching a nonce returned " + rc + " "
+                    + conn.getResponseMessage());
+            }
+
+            updateSession(session);
+
+            if (session.getNonce() == null) {
+                throw new AcmeProtocolException("Server did not provide a nonce");
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeNetworkException(ex);
+        } finally {
+            conn = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void sendRequest(URL url, Session session) throws AcmeException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(url, "url");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(session, "session");
+        assertConnectionIsClosed();
+
+        LOG.debug("GET {}", url);
+
+        try {
+            conn = httpConnector.openConnection(url);
+            conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
+            conn.setRequestProperty(ACCEPT_CHARSET_HEADER, DEFAULT_CHARSET);
+            conn.setRequestProperty(ACCEPT_LANGUAGE_HEADER, session.getLocale().toLanguageTag());
+            conn.setDoOutput(false);
+
+            conn.connect();
+
+            logHeaders();
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeNetworkException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void sendSignedRequest(URL url, JSONBuilder claims, Session session) throws AcmeException {
+        if (session.getKeyIdentifier() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("session has no KeyIdentifier set");
+        }
+
+        sendJwkSignedRequest(url, claims, session);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void sendJwkSignedRequest(URL url, JSONBuilder claims, Session session) throws AcmeException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(url, "url");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(claims, "claims");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(session, "session");
+        assertConnectionIsClosed();
+
+        try {
+            KeyPair keypair = session.getKeyPair();
+
+            if (session.getNonce() == null) {
+                resetNonce(session);
+            }
+
+            conn = httpConnector.openConnection(url);
+            conn.setRequestMethod("POST");
+            conn.setRequestProperty(ACCEPT_HEADER, "application/json");
+            conn.setRequestProperty(ACCEPT_CHARSET_HEADER, DEFAULT_CHARSET);
+            conn.setRequestProperty(ACCEPT_LANGUAGE_HEADER, session.getLocale().toLanguageTag());
+            conn.setRequestProperty(CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER, "application/jose+json");
+            conn.setDoOutput(true);
+
+            final PublicJsonWebKey jwk = PublicJsonWebKey.Factory.newPublicJwk(keypair.getPublic());
+            JsonWebSignature jws = new JsonWebSignature();
+            jws.setPayload(claims.toString());
+            jws.getHeaders().setObjectHeaderValue("nonce", Base64Url.encode(session.getNonce()));
+            jws.getHeaders().setObjectHeaderValue("url", url);
+            if (session.getKeyIdentifier() != null) {
+                // TODO PEBBLE: cannot process "kid" yet, send "jwk" instead
+                // https://github.com/letsencrypt/pebble/issues/23
+                if (Pebble.workaround()) {
+                    jws.getHeaders().setJwkHeaderValue("jwk", jwk);
+                } else {
+                    jws.getHeaders().setObjectHeaderValue("kid", session.getKeyIdentifier());
+                }
+            } else {
+                jws.getHeaders().setJwkHeaderValue("jwk", jwk);
+            }
+
+            jws.setAlgorithmHeaderValue(keyAlgorithm(jwk));
+            jws.setKey(keypair.getPrivate());
+
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("POST {}", url);
+                LOG.debug("  Payload: {}", claims.toString());
+                LOG.debug("  JWS Header: {}", jws.getHeaders().getFullHeaderAsJsonString());
+            }
+
+            byte[] outputData = jws.getCompactSerialization().getBytes(DEFAULT_CHARSET);
+
+            conn.setFixedLengthStreamingMode(outputData.length);
+            conn.connect();
+
+            try (OutputStream out = conn.getOutputStream()) {
+                out.write(outputData);
+            }
+
+            logHeaders();
+
+            updateSession(session);
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeNetworkException(ex);
+        } catch (JoseException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Failed to generate a JSON request", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int accept(int... httpStatus) throws AcmeException {
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+
+        try {
+            int rc = conn.getResponseCode();
+            OptionalInt match = Arrays.stream(httpStatus).filter(s -> s == rc).findFirst();
+            if (match.isPresent()) {
+                return match.getAsInt();
+            }
+
+            if (!"application/problem+json".equals(conn.getHeaderField(CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER))) {
+                throw new AcmeException("HTTP " + rc + ": " + conn.getResponseMessage());
+            }
+
+            Problem problem = new Problem(readJsonResponse(), conn.getURL().toURI());
+            throw createAcmeException(problem);
+        } catch (URISyntaxException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Bad request URI: " + conn.getURL(), ex);
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeNetworkException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public JSON readJsonResponse() throws AcmeException {
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+
+        String contentType = conn.getHeaderField(CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER);
+        if (!("application/json".equals(contentType)
+                    || "application/problem+json".equals(contentType))) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Unexpected content type: " + contentType);
+        }
+
+        JSON result = null;
+
+        try {
+            InputStream in =
+                    conn.getResponseCode() < 400 ? conn.getInputStream() : conn.getErrorStream();
+            if (in != null) {
+                result = JSON.parse(in);
+                LOG.debug("Result JSON: {}", result.toString());
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeNetworkException(ex);
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<X509Certificate> readCertificates() throws AcmeException {
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+
+        String contentType = conn.getHeaderField(CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER);
+        if (!("application/pem-certificate-chain".equals(contentType))) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Unexpected content type: " + contentType);
+        }
+
+        try (InputStream in = conn.getInputStream()) {
+            CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
+            return cf.generateCertificates(in).stream()
+                    .map(c -> (X509Certificate) c)
+                    .collect(toList());
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeNetworkException(ex);
+        } catch (CertificateException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Failed to read certificate", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void handleRetryAfter(String message) throws AcmeException {
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+
+        try {
+            if (conn.getResponseCode() == HttpURLConnection.HTTP_ACCEPTED) {
+                Optional<Instant> retryAfter = getRetryAfterHeader();
+                if (retryAfter.isPresent()) {
+                    throw new AcmeRetryAfterException(message, retryAfter.get());
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeNetworkException(ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateSession(Session session) {
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+
+        String nonceHeader = conn.getHeaderField(REPLAY_NONCE_HEADER);
+        if (nonceHeader == null || nonceHeader.trim().isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!BASE64URL_PATTERN.matcher(nonceHeader).matches()) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Invalid replay nonce: " + nonceHeader);
+        }
+
+        LOG.debug("Replay Nonce: {}", nonceHeader);
+
+        session.setNonce(Base64Url.decode(nonceHeader));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public URL getLocation() {
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+
+        String location = conn.getHeaderField(LOCATION_HEADER);
+        if (location == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        LOG.debug("Location: {}", location);
+        return toURL(resolveRelative(location));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public URL getLink(String relation) {
+        Collection<URI> links = getLinks(relation);
+        if (links == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (links.size() > 1) {
+            LOG.debug("Link: {} - using the first of {}", relation, links.size());
+        }
+
+        return toURL(links.iterator().next());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Collection<URI> getLinks(String relation) {
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+
+        List<URI> result = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<String> links = conn.getHeaderFields().get(LINK_HEADER);
+        if (links != null) {
+            Pattern p = Pattern.compile("<(.*?)>\\s*;\\s*rel=\"?"+ Pattern.quote(relation) + "\"?");
+            for (String link : links) {
+                Matcher m = p.matcher(link);
+                if (m.matches()) {
+                    String location = m.group(1);
+                    LOG.debug("Link: {} -> {}", relation, location);
+                    result.add(resolveRelative(location));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return !result.isEmpty() ? result : null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        conn = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the instant sent with the Retry-After header.
+     */
+    private Optional<Instant> getRetryAfterHeader() {
+        // See RFC 2616 section 14.37
+        String header = conn.getHeaderField(RETRY_AFTER_HEADER);
+        if (header != null) {
+            try {
+                // delta-seconds
+                if (header.matches("^\\d+$")) {
+                    int delta = Integer.parseInt(header);
+                    long date = conn.getHeaderFieldDate(DATE_HEADER, System.currentTimeMillis());
+                    return Optional.of(Instant.ofEpochMilli(date).plusSeconds(delta));
+                }
+
+                // HTTP-date
+                long date = conn.getHeaderFieldDate(RETRY_AFTER_HEADER, 0L);
+                if (date != 0) {
+                    return Optional.of(Instant.ofEpochMilli(date));
+                }
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                throw new AcmeProtocolException("Bad retry-after header value: " + header, ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Optional.empty();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles a problem by throwing an exception. If a JSON problem was returned, an
+     * {@link AcmeServerException} or subtype will be thrown. Otherwise a generic
+     * {@link AcmeException} is thrown.
+     */
+    private AcmeException createAcmeException(Problem problem) {
+        if (problem.getType() == null) {
+            return new AcmeException(problem.getDetail());
+        }
+
+        String error = AcmeUtils.stripErrorPrefix(problem.getType().toString());
+
+        if ("unauthorized".equals(error)) {
+            return new AcmeUnauthorizedException(problem);
+        }
+
+        if ("userActionRequired".equals(error)) {
+            URI tos = getLinks("terms-of-service").stream().findFirst().orElse(null);
+            return new AcmeUserActionRequiredException(problem, tos);
+        }
+
+        if ("rateLimited".equals(error)) {
+            Optional<Instant> retryAfter = getRetryAfterHeader();
+            Collection<URI> rateLimits = getLinks("urn:ietf:params:acme:documentation");
+            return new AcmeRateLimitExceededException(problem, retryAfter.orElse(null), rateLimits);
+        }
+
+        return new AcmeServerException(problem);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the connection is currently open. Throws an exception if not.
+     */
+    private void assertConnectionIsOpen() {
+        if (conn == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Not connected.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts that the connection is currently closed. Throws an exception if not.
+     */
+    private void assertConnectionIsClosed() {
+        if (conn != null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Previous connection is not closed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Log all HTTP headers in debug mode.
+     */
+    private void logHeaders() {
+        if (!LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        conn.getHeaderFields().forEach((key, headers) ->
+            headers.forEach(value ->
+                LOG.debug("HEADER {}: {}", key, value)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves a relative link against the connection's last URL.
+     *
+     * @param link
+     *            Link to resolve. Absolute links are just converted to an URI. May be
+     *            {@code null}.
+     * @return Absolute URI of the given link, or {@code null} if the link was
+     *         {@code null}.
+     */
+    private URI resolveRelative(String link) {
+        if (link == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        assertConnectionIsOpen();
+        try {
+            return conn.getURL().toURI().resolve(link);
+        } catch (URISyntaxException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Cannot resolve relative link: " + link, ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts {@link URI} to {@link URL}.
+     *
+     * @param uri
+     *            {@link URI} to convert
+     * @return {@link URL}
+     * @throws AcmeProtocolException
+     *             if the URI could not be converted to URL
+     */
+    private static URL toURL(URI uri) {
+        try {
+            return uri != null ? uri.toURL() : null;
+        } catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
+            throw new AcmeProtocolException("Invalid URL: " + uri, ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getLinks("terms-of-service")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 430.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AcmeException DefaultConnection.createAcmeException(Problem)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.shredzone.acme4j.connector.DefaultConnection.createAcmeException(org.shredzone.acme4j.Problem):o.8ba68bce0d929e3e1352f559f426b465
+
+### File:
+acme4j-client/src/main/java/org/shredzone/acme4j/connector/DefaultConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultConnection.java|createAcmeException|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+00b6efb00bfc3647014db395768078fd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8165/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8165/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2578d0239766c4531ae749089c18523513acd1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8165/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1014 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** acme4j
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * acme4j - Java ACME client
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Richard "Shred" Körber
+ *   http://acme4j.shredzone.org
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+ */
+package org.shredzone.acme4j.connector;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
+import static org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.TestUtils.url;
+import static uk.co.datumedge.hamcrest.json.SameJSONAs.sameJSONAs;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.Proxy;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.KeyPair;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.time.Duration;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.jose4j.base64url.Base64Url;
+import org.jose4j.jws.JsonWebSignature;
+import org.jose4j.jwx.CompactSerializer;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Login;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.Session;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeProtocolException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeRateLimitedException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeRetryAfterException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeServerException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeUnauthorizedException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.exception.AcmeUserActionRequiredException;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.provider.AcmeProvider;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.AcmeUtils;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.JSON;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.JSONBuilder;
+import org.shredzone.acme4j.toolbox.TestUtils;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests for {@link DefaultConnection}.
+ */
+public class DefaultConnectionTest {
+
+    private URL requestUrl = TestUtils.url("http://example.com/acme/");
+    private URL accountUrl = TestUtils.url(TestUtils.ACCOUNT_URL);
+    private HttpURLConnection mockUrlConnection;
+    private HttpConnector mockHttpConnection;
+    private Session session;
+    private Login login;
+    private KeyPair keyPair;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        mockUrlConnection = mock(HttpURLConnection.class);
+
+        mockHttpConnection = mock(HttpConnector.class);
+        when(mockHttpConnection.openConnection(requestUrl, Proxy.NO_PROXY)).thenReturn(mockUrlConnection);
+
+        final AcmeProvider mockProvider = mock(AcmeProvider.class);
+        when(mockProvider.directory(
+                        ArgumentMatchers.any(Session.class),
+                        ArgumentMatchers.eq(URI.create(TestUtils.ACME_SERVER_URI))))
+            .thenReturn(TestUtils.getJSON("directory"));
+
+        session = TestUtils.session(mockProvider);
+        session.setLocale(Locale.JAPAN);
+
+        keyPair = TestUtils.createKeyPair();
+
+        login = session.login(accountUrl, keyPair);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#getNonce()} returns {@code null} if there is no
+     * {@code Replay-Nonce} header.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNoNonceFromHeader() {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce")).thenReturn(null);
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#getNonce()} extracts a {@code Replay-Nonce}
+     * header correctly.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNonceFromHeader() {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce"))
+                .thenReturn(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getNonce(), is(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#getNonce()} fails on an invalid
+     * {@code Replay-Nonce} header.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testInvalidNonceFromHeader() {
+        String badNonce = "#$%&/*+*#'";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce")).thenReturn(badNonce);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.getNonce();
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeProtocolException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), org.hamcrest.Matchers.startsWith("Invalid replay nonce"));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that {@link DefaultConnection#resetNonce(Session)} fetches a new nonce via
+     * new-nonce resource and a HEAD request.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testResetNonce() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        when(mockHttpConnection.openConnection(new URL("https://example.com/acme/new-nonce"), Proxy.NO_PROXY))
+                .thenReturn(mockUrlConnection);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NO_CONTENT);
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.resetNonce(session);
+            fail("missing Replay-Nonce header not detected");
+        } catch (AcmeProtocolException ex) {
+            // expected
+        }
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(nullValue()));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce"))
+                .thenReturn(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.resetNonce(session);
+        }
+
+        assertThat(session.getNonce(), is(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE));
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).setRequestMethod("HEAD");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Replay-Nonce");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that an absolute Location header is evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetAbsoluteLocation() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Location")).thenReturn("https://example.com/otherlocation");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(new URL("https://example.org/acme"));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            URL location = conn.getLocation();
+            assertThat(location, is(new URL("https://example.com/otherlocation")));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Location");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a relative Location header is evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetRelativeLocation() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Location")).thenReturn("/otherlocation");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(new URL("https://example.org/acme"));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            URL location = conn.getLocation();
+            assertThat(location, is(new URL("https://example.org/otherlocation")));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Location");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that absolute and relative Link headers are evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetLink() throws Exception {
+        Map<String, List<String>> headers = new HashMap<>();
+        headers.put("Content-Type", Arrays.asList("application/json"));
+        headers.put("Location", Arrays.asList("https://example.com/acme/acct/asdf"));
+        headers.put("Link", Arrays.asList(
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/new-authz>;rel=\"next\"",
+                        "</recover-acct>;rel=recover",
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/terms>; rel=\"terms-of-service\""
+                    ));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(headers);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(new URL("https://example.org/acme"));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("next"), containsInAnyOrder(new URL("https://example.com/acme/new-authz")));
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("recover"), containsInAnyOrder(new URL("https://example.org/recover-acct")));
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("terms-of-service"), containsInAnyOrder(new URL("https://example.com/acme/terms")));
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("secret-stuff"), is(empty()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that multiple link headers are evaluated.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetMultiLink() {
+        URL baseUrl = url("https://example.com/acme/request/1234");
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> headers = new HashMap<>();
+        headers.put("Link", Arrays.asList(
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/terms1>; rel=\"terms-of-service\"",
+                        "<https://example.com/acme/terms2>; rel=\"terms-of-service\"",
+                        "<../terms3>; rel=\"terms-of-service\""
+                    ));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(headers);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(baseUrl);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("terms-of-service"), containsInAnyOrder(
+                        url("https://example.com/acme/terms1"),
+                        url("https://example.com/acme/terms2"),
+                        url("https://example.com/acme/terms3")
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that no link headers are properly handled.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testGetNoLink() {
+        Map<String, List<String>> headers = Collections.emptyMap();
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(headers);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            assertThat(conn.getLinks("something"), is(empty()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that no Location header returns {@code null}.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testNoLocation() {
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            URL location = conn.getLocation();
+            assertThat(location, is(nullValue()));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Location");
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if Retry-After header with absolute date is correctly parsed.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterHeaderDate() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        Instant retryDate = Instant.now().plus(Duration.ofHours(10)).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);
+        String retryMsg = "absolute date";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After")).thenReturn(retryDate.toString());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFieldDate("Retry-After", 0L)).thenReturn(retryDate.toEpochMilli());
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter(retryMsg);
+            fail("no AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getRetryAfter(), is(retryDate));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is(retryMsg));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if Retry-After header with relative timespan is correctly parsed.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterHeaderDelta() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        int delta = 10 * 60 * 60;
+        long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        String retryMsg = "relative time";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After"))
+                .thenReturn(String.valueOf(delta));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFieldDate(
+                        ArgumentMatchers.eq("Date"),
+                        ArgumentMatchers.anyLong()))
+                .thenReturn(now);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter(retryMsg);
+            fail("no AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getRetryAfter(), is(Instant.ofEpochMilli(now).plusSeconds(delta)));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is(retryMsg));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if no Retry-After header is correctly handled.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterHeaderNull() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After"))
+                .thenReturn(null);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter("no header");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            fail("an AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if missing retry-after header is correctly handled.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleRetryAfterNotAccepted() throws AcmeException, IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.handleRetryAfter("http ok");
+        } catch (AcmeRetryAfterException ex) {
+            fail("an AcmeRetryAfterException was thrown");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeServerException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAccept() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            int rc = conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            assertThat(rc, is(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeServerException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsException() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\"type\":\"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:unauthorized\",\"detail\":\"Invalid response: 404\"}";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getErrorStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeUnauthorizedException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:ietf:params:acme:error:unauthorized")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Invalid response: 404"));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeUnauthorizedException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getErrorStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeUserActionRequiredException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsUserActionRequiredException() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\"type\":\"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired\",\"detail\":\"Accept the TOS\"}";
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> linkHeader = new HashMap<>();
+        linkHeader.put("Link", Arrays.asList("<https://example.com/tos.pdf>; rel=\"terms-of-service\""));
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(linkHeader);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getErrorStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeUserActionRequiredException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:ietf:params:acme:error:userActionRequired")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Accept the TOS"));
+            assertThat(ex.getTermsOfServiceUri(), is(URI.create("https://example.com/tos.pdf")));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeUserActionRequiredException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderFields();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getErrorStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeRateLimitedException} is thrown on an acme problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsRateLimitedException() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\"type\":\"urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rateLimited\",\"detail\":\"Too many invocations\"}";
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> linkHeader = new HashMap<>();
+        linkHeader.put("Link", Arrays.asList("<https://example.com/rates.pdf>; rel=\"urn:ietf:params:acme:documentation\""));
+
+        Instant retryAfter = Instant.now().plusSeconds(30L).truncatedTo(ChronoUnit.MILLIS);
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Retry-After")).thenReturn(retryAfter.toString());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFieldDate("Retry-After", 0L)).thenReturn(retryAfter.toEpochMilli());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderFields()).thenReturn(linkHeader);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getErrorStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL()).thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeRateLimitedException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:ietf:params:acme:error:rateLimited")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Too many invocations"));
+            assertThat(ex.getRetryAfter(), is(retryAfter));
+            assertThat(ex.getDocuments(), is(notNullValue()));
+            assertThat(ex.getDocuments().size(), is(1));
+            assertThat(ex.getDocuments().iterator().next(), is(url("https://example.com/rates.pdf")));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeRateLimitedException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderField("Retry-After");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderFieldDate("Retry-After", 0L);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getHeaderFields();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getErrorStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeServerException} is thrown on another problem.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsOtherException() throws IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"))
+                .thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL())
+                .thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream())
+                .thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public JSON readJsonResponse() {
+                JSONBuilder result = new JSONBuilder();
+                result.put("type", "urn:zombie:error:apocalypse");
+                result.put("detail", "Zombie apocalypse in progress");
+                return result.toJSON();
+            }
+        }) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeServerException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getType(), is(URI.create("urn:zombie:error:apocalypse")));
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("Zombie apocalypse in progress"));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Expected an AcmeServerException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeException} is thrown if there is no error type.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsNoTypeException() throws IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"))
+                .thenReturn("application/problem+json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getURL())
+                .thenReturn(url("https://example.com/acme/1"));
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream())
+                .thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public JSON readJsonResponse() {
+                return JSON.empty();
+            }
+        }) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeProtocolException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), not(isEmptyOrNullString()));
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            fail("Did not expect an AcmeException");
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getURL();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test if an {@link AcmeException} is thrown if there is a generic error.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testAcceptThrowsServerException() throws IOException {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type"))
+                .thenReturn("text/html");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseMessage())
+                .thenReturn("Infernal Server Error");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream())
+                .thenReturn(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
+
+        session.setNonce(TestUtils.DUMMY_NONCE);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, new JSONBuilder(), login);
+            fail("Expected to fail");
+        } catch (AcmeException ex) {
+            assertThat(ex.getMessage(), is("HTTP 500: Infernal Server Error"));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeastOnce()).getResponseMessage();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test GET requests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendRequest() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendRequest(requestUrl, session);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("GET");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(false);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test certificate GET requests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendCertificateRequest() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.sendCertificateRequest(requestUrl, session);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("GET");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/pem-certificate-chain");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(false);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test signed POST requests.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendSignedRequest() throws Exception {
+        final String nonce1 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-1-foo".getBytes());
+        final String nonce2 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-2-foo".getBytes());
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(outputStream);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public void resetNonce(Session session) {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == null) {
+                    session.setNonce(nonce1);
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getNonce() {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == nonce1) {
+                    return nonce2;
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }) {
+            JSONBuilder cb = new JSONBuilder();
+            cb.put("foo", 123).put("bar", "a-string");
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, cb, login);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("POST");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/jose+json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(true);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setFixedLengthStreamingMode(outputStream.toByteArray().length);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getOutputStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+
+        JSON data = JSON.parse(new String(outputStream.toByteArray(), "utf-8"));
+        String encodedHeader = data.get("protected").asString();
+        String encodedSignature = data.get("signature").asString();
+        String encodedPayload = data.get("payload").asString();
+
+        StringBuilder expectedHeader = new StringBuilder();
+        expectedHeader.append('{');
+        expectedHeader.append("\"nonce\":\"").append(nonce1).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"url\":\"").append(requestUrl).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"alg\":\"RS256\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"kid\":\"").append(accountUrl).append('"');
+        expectedHeader.append('}');
+
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedHeader), sameJSONAs(expectedHeader.toString()));
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedPayload), sameJSONAs("{\"foo\":123,\"bar\":\"a-string\"}"));
+        assertThat(encodedSignature, not(isEmptyOrNullString()));
+
+        JsonWebSignature jws = new JsonWebSignature();
+        jws.setCompactSerialization(CompactSerializer.serialize(encodedHeader, encodedPayload, encodedSignature));
+        jws.setKey(login.getKeyPair().getPublic());
+        assertThat(jws.verifySignature(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test signed POST requests without KeyIdentifier.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testSendSignedRequestNoKid() throws Exception {
+        final String nonce1 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-1-foo".getBytes());
+        final String nonce2 = Base64Url.encode("foo-nonce-2-foo".getBytes());
+        final ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getOutputStream()).thenReturn(outputStream);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection) {
+            @Override
+            public void resetNonce(Session session) {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == null) {
+                    session.setNonce(nonce1);
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String getNonce() {
+                assertThat(session, is(sameInstance(DefaultConnectionTest.this.session)));
+                if (session.getNonce() == nonce1) {
+                    return nonce2;
+                } else {
+                    fail("unknown nonce");
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }) {
+            JSONBuilder cb = new JSONBuilder();
+            cb.put("foo", 123).put("bar", "a-string");
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, cb, session, keyPair);
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestMethod("POST");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept", "application/json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Charset", "utf-8");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Accept-Language", "ja-JP");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setRequestProperty("Content-Type", "application/jose+json");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).connect();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setDoOutput(true);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).setFixedLengthStreamingMode(outputStream.toByteArray().length);
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getOutputStream();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection, atLeast(0)).getHeaderFields();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+
+        JSON data = JSON.parse(new String(outputStream.toByteArray(), "utf-8"));
+        String encodedHeader = data.get("protected").asString();
+        String encodedSignature = data.get("signature").asString();
+        String encodedPayload = data.get("payload").asString();
+
+        StringBuilder expectedHeader = new StringBuilder();
+        expectedHeader.append('{');
+        expectedHeader.append("\"nonce\":\"").append(nonce1).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"url\":\"").append(requestUrl).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"alg\":\"RS256\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"jwk\":{");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"kty\":\"").append(TestUtils.KTY).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"e\":\"").append(TestUtils.E).append("\",");
+        expectedHeader.append("\"n\":\"").append(TestUtils.N).append("\"");
+        expectedHeader.append("}}");
+
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedHeader), sameJSONAs(expectedHeader.toString()));
+        assertThat(Base64Url.decodeToUtf8String(encodedPayload), sameJSONAs("{\"foo\":123,\"bar\":\"a-string\"}"));
+        assertThat(encodedSignature, not(isEmptyOrNullString()));
+
+        JsonWebSignature jws = new JsonWebSignature();
+        jws.setCompactSerialization(CompactSerializer.serialize(encodedHeader, encodedPayload, encodedSignature));
+        jws.setKey(login.getKeyPair().getPublic());
+        assertThat(jws.verifySignature(), is(true));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test signed POST requests if there is no nonce.
+     */
+    @Test(expected = AcmeException.class)
+    public void testSendSignedRequestNoNonce() throws Exception {
+        when(mockHttpConnection.openConnection(new URL("https://example.com/acme/new-nonce"), Proxy.NO_PROXY))
+                .thenReturn(mockUrlConnection);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode())
+                .thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND);
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            JSONBuilder cb = new JSONBuilder();
+            conn.sendSignedRequest(requestUrl, cb, DefaultConnectionTest.this.session, DefaultConnectionTest.this.keyPair);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test getting a JSON response.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadJsonResponse() throws Exception {
+        String jsonData = "{\n\"foo\":123,\n\"bar\":\"a-string\"\n}\n";
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/json");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getContentLength()).thenReturn(jsonData.length());
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getResponseCode()).thenReturn(HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK);
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getInputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(jsonData.getBytes("utf-8")));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            JSON result = conn.readJsonResponse();
+            assertThat(result, is(notNullValue()));
+            assertThat(result.keySet(), hasSize(2));
+            assertThat(result.get("foo").asInt(), is(123));
+            assertThat(result.get("bar").asString(), is("a-string"));
+        }
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getContentLength();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getResponseCode();
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getInputStream();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a certificate is downloaded correctly.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testReadCertificate() throws Exception {
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/pem-certificate-chain");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getInputStream()).thenReturn(getClass().getResourceAsStream("/cert.pem"));
+
+        List<X509Certificate> downloaded;
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            downloaded = conn.readCertificates();
+        }
+
+        List<X509Certificate> original = TestUtils.createCertificate();
+        assertThat(original.size(), is(2));
+
+        assertThat(downloaded, not(nullValue()));
+        assertThat(downloaded.size(), is(original.size()));
+        for (int ix = 0; ix < downloaded.size(); ix++) {
+            assertThat(downloaded.get(ix).getEncoded(), is(original.get(ix).getEncoded()));
+        };
+
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getHeaderField("Content-Type");
+        verify(mockUrlConnection).getInputStream();
+        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockUrlConnection);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that a bad certificate throws an exception.
+     */
+    @Test(expected = AcmeProtocolException.class)
+    public void testReadBadCertificate() throws Exception {
+        // Build a broken certificate chain PEM file
+        byte[] brokenPem;
+        try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                        OutputStreamWriter w = new OutputStreamWriter(baos)) {
+            for (X509Certificate cert : TestUtils.createCertificate()) {
+                byte[] badCert = cert.getEncoded();
+                Arrays.sort(badCert); // break it
+                AcmeUtils.writeToPem(badCert, AcmeUtils.PemLabel.CERTIFICATE, w);
+            }
+            w.flush();
+            brokenPem = baos.toByteArray();
+        }
+
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getHeaderField("Content-Type")).thenReturn("application/pem-certificate-chain");
+        when(mockUrlConnection.getInputStream()).thenReturn(new ByteArrayInputStream(brokenPem));
+
+        try (DefaultConnection conn = new DefaultConnection(mockHttpConnection)) {
+            conn.conn = mockUrlConnection;
+            conn.readCertificates();
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection` acquired by call to `sendCertificateRequest(...)` at line 674 is not released after line 675.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DefaultConnectionTest.testSendCertificateRequest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.shredzone.acme4j.connector.DefaultConnectionTest.testSendCertificateRequest():void.dbd677766527acb4193adf935e967520
+
+### File:
+acme4j-client/src/test/java/org/shredzone/acme4j/connector/DefaultConnectionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+DefaultConnectionTest.java|testSendCertificateRequest|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+be34d01a97ade44aabeb9969f5c22e18
+
+### Hash:
+ba4f0d4e85f574cbc90f02a8390fe205
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8191/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8191/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a84a37aed979b14a806b4e03922c83b4f37e3db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8191/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SmartIM
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.github.biezhi.wechat.model;
+
+import java.io.File;
+
+import com.google.gson.annotations.Expose;
+import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName;
+
+import cn.ieclipse.smartim.model.impl.AbstractMessage;
+import cn.ieclipse.util.StringUtils;
+import io.github.biezhi.wechat.api.WechatClient;
+import io.github.biezhi.wechat.handler.msg.AppMsgXmlHandler;
+import io.github.biezhi.wechat.handler.msg.EmojiMsgXmlHandler;
+import io.github.biezhi.wechat.handler.msg.ImageMsgXmlHandler;
+
+public class WechatMessage extends AbstractMessage {
+    
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_TEXT = 1;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_IMAGE = 3;
+    /**
+     * 慎用，并不确定
+     */
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_FILE = 6;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_VOICE = 34;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_VERIFYMSG = 37;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_POSSIBLEFRIEND_MSG = 40;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_SHARECARD = 42;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_VIDEO = 43;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_EMOTICON = 47;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_LOCATION = 48;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_APP = 49;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_VOIPMSG = 50;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_STATUSNOTIFY = 51;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_VOIPNOTIFY = 52;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_VOIPINVITE = 53;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_MICROVIDEO = 62;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_SYSNOTICE = 9999;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_SYS = 10000;
+    public static final int MSGTYPE_RECALLED = 10002;
+    
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_TEXT = 1;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_IMG = 2;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_AUDIO = 3;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_VIDEO = 4;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_URL = 5;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_ATTACH = 6;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_OPEN = 7;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_EMOJI = 8;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_VOICE_REMIND = 9;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_SCAN_GOOD = 10;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_GOOD = 13;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_EMOTION = 15;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_CARD_TICKET = 16;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_REALTIME_SHARE_LOCATION = 17;
+    public static final String APPMSGTYPE_TRANSFERS = "2e3";
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_RED_ENVELOPES = 2001;
+    public static final int APPMSGTYPE_READER_TYPE = 100001;
+    public static final int UPLOAD_MEDIA_TYPE_IMAGE = 1;
+    public static final int UPLOAD_MEDIA_TYPE_VIDEO = 2;
+    public static final int UPLOAD_MEDIA_TYPE_AUDIO = 3;
+    public static final int UPLOAD_MEDIA_TYPE_ATTACHMENT = 4;
+    
+    public static final String CONTENT_DELIMITER = ":<br/>";
+    
+    @SerializedName("MsgType")
+    public int MsgType;
+    @SerializedName("FromUserName")
+    public String FromUserName;
+    @SerializedName("ToUserName")
+    public String ToUserName;
+    @SerializedName("Content")
+    public String Content;
+    
+    @SerializedName("MsgId")
+    public String MsgId;
+    
+    @SerializedName("CreateTime")
+    public long CreateTime;
+    
+    @SerializedName("StatusNotifyCode")
+    public int StatusNotifyCode;
+    
+    @SerializedName("StatusNotifyUserName")
+    public String StatusNotifyUserName;
+    
+    @Expose(serialize = false, deserialize = false)
+    public String text;
+    public String src;
+    public String groupId;
+    public String MediaId;
+    public int AppMsgType;
+    public String FileName;
+    public String EncryFileName;
+    public int ImgHeight;
+    public int ImgWidth;
+    
+    @Override
+    public CharSequence getText() {
+        if (text == null) {
+            parseContent();
+        }
+        return text;
+    }
+    
+    public void parseContent() {
+        String temp = StringUtils.decodeXml(Content);
+        if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_EMOTICON) {
+            text = new EmojiMsgXmlHandler(temp).getHtml(getMediaLink(), this);
+        }
+        else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_IMAGE) {
+            text = new ImageMsgXmlHandler(temp).getHtml(getMediaLink(), this);
+        }
+        else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_APP) {
+            text = new AppMsgXmlHandler(temp).getHtml(getMediaLink(), this);
+        }
+        // else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_FILE) {
+        // text = new FileMsgXmlHandler(temp).getHtml(getMediaLink());
+        // }
+        else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_VIDEO) {
+            text = "视频消息（请在手机上查看）";
+        }
+        else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_VOICE) {
+            text = "语音消息（请在手机上查看）";
+        }
+        else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_MICROVIDEO) {
+            text = "小视频（请在手机上查看）";
+        }
+        else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_VERIFYMSG) {
+            text = "验证消息（请在手机上查看）";
+        }
+        else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_VOIPINVITE) {
+            text = "视频邀请消息（请在手机上查看）";
+        }
+        else {
+            text = temp;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public String getMediaLink() {
+        if (WechatClient.getInstance() != null) {
+            File dir = WechatClient.getInstance().getWorkDir("media");
+            File f = null;
+            if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_IMAGE) {
+                f = new File(dir, "image_" + MsgId + ".jpg");
+            }
+            else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_EMOTICON) {
+                f = new File(dir, "emotion_" + MsgId + ".gif");
+            }
+            else if (MsgType == WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_APP) {
+                if (WechatMessage.MSGTYPE_FILE == AppMsgType
+                        && !StringUtils.isEmpty(FileName)) {
+                    f = new File(
+                            WechatClient.getInstance().getWorkDir("attach"),
+                            FileName);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            String link = WechatClient.getInstance().getMediaLink(this, f);
+            return link;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public long getTime() {
+        // fix #2 wechat timeline error refer to
+        // https://github.com/Jamling/SmartQQ4IntelliJ/issues/30
+        return CreateTime * 1000;
+    }
+    
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("type:%d, msg:%s", MsgType, text);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `temp` last assigned on line 105 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `ImageMsgXmlHandler(...)` at line 110.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WechatMessage.parseContent()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.biezhi.wechat.model.WechatMessage.parseContent():void.3fe963b408dde7ba19ff1177d8df6510
+
+### File:
+wechat/src/main/java/io/github/biezhi/wechat/model/WechatMessage.java
+
+### Key:
+WechatMessage.java|parseContent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+784c4b183b3d42c8e49c891ead93a47b
+
+### Hash:
+24abd001d3fb49fae0d687ba5059ef74
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8196/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8196/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a27731b0e88fe69fbf80e283840da50217a6cf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8196/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jqf
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2017-2018 The Regents of the University of California
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+
+package edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.ei;
+
+import edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.junit.GuidedFuzzing;
+import edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.instrument.InstrumentingClassLoader;
+import org.junit.runner.Result;
+import picocli.CommandLine;
+import picocli.CommandLine.Option;
+import picocli.CommandLine.Parameters;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * CLI for Zest based guidance.
+ *
+ * @author Yevgeny Pats
+ */
+@CommandLine.Command(name = "ZestCLI", mixinStandardHelpOptions = true, version = "1.3")
+public class ZestCLI implements Runnable{
+    @Option(names = { "-e", "--exit-on-crash" },
+            description = "Exit fuzzer on first crash (default: false)")
+    private boolean exitOnCrash = false;
+
+    @Option(names = { "-l", "--libfuzzer-compat-output" },
+            description = "Use libFuzzer compat output instead of AFL like stats screen (default: false)")
+    private boolean libFuzzerCompatOutput = false;
+
+    @Option(names = { "-i", "--input" },
+            description = "Input directory containing seed test cases (default: none)")
+    private File inputDirectory;
+
+    @Option(names = { "-o", "--output" },
+            description = "Output Directory containing results (default: fuzz_results)")
+    private File outputDirectory = new File("fuzz-results");
+
+    @Parameters(index="0", paramLabel = "PACKAGE", description = "package containing the fuzzer and all dependencies")
+    private String testPackageName;
+
+    @Parameters(index="1", paramLabel = "TEST_CLASS", description = "full class name where the fuzz function is located")
+    private String testClassName;
+
+    @Parameters(index="2", paramLabel = "TEST_METHOD", description = "fuzz function name")
+    private String testMethodName;
+
+
+    private File[] readSeedFiles() {
+        if (this.inputDirectory == null) {
+            return new File[0];
+        }
+
+        ArrayList<File> seedFilesArray = new ArrayList<>();
+        File[] allFiles = this.inputDirectory.listFiles();
+        for (int i = 0; i < allFiles.length; i++) {
+            if (allFiles[i].isFile()) {
+                seedFilesArray.add(allFiles[i]);
+            }
+        }
+        File[] seedFiles = seedFilesArray.toArray(new File[seedFilesArray.size()]);
+        return seedFiles;
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+
+        File[] seedFiles = readSeedFiles();
+
+        if (this.exitOnCrash) {
+            System.setProperty("jqf.ei.EXIT_ON_CRASH", "true");
+        }
+
+        if (this.libFuzzerCompatOutput) {
+            System.setProperty("jqf.ei.LIBFUZZER_COMPAT_OUTPUT", "true");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            ClassLoader loader = new InstrumentingClassLoader(
+                    new String[]{System.getProperty("java.class.path"), this.testPackageName},
+                    ZestCLI.class.getClassLoader());
+
+            // Load the guidance
+            String title = this.testClassName+"#"+this.testMethodName;
+            ZestGuidance guidance = seedFiles.length > 0 ?
+                    new ZestGuidance(title, null, this.outputDirectory, seedFiles) :
+                    new ZestGuidance(title, null, this.outputDirectory);
+
+            // Run the Junit test
+            Result res = GuidedFuzzing.run(testClassName, testMethodName, loader, guidance, System.out);
+            if (Boolean.getBoolean("jqf.logCoverage")) {
+                System.out.println(String.format("Covered %d edges.",
+                        guidance.getTotalCoverage().getNonZeroCount()));
+            }
+            if (Boolean.getBoolean("jqf.ei.EXIT_ON_CRASH") && !res.wasSuccessful()) {
+                System.exit(3);
+            }
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+            System.exit(2);
+        }
+
+    }
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        int exitCode = new CommandLine(new ZestCLI()).execute(args);
+        System.exit(exitCode);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `allFiles` last assigned on line 82 could be null and is dereferenced at line 83.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+java.io.File[] ZestCLI.readSeedFiles()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.ei.ZestCLI.readSeedFiles():java.io.File[].06e4f02c05725c3fa8eb760dc9479ca1
+
+### File:
+fuzz/src/main/java/edu/berkeley/cs/jqf/fuzz/ei/ZestCLI.java
+
+### Key:
+ZestCLI.java|readSeedFiles|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+57a86cabad769b98ba4bb221beb4a196
+
+### Hash:
+0c1afb0b45a2d91c68345e9f5da4eb7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8198/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8198/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a66be7207029b72f0dcf95fb25cc8c09ea0d65ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8198/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jqf
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ The MIT License
+
+ Copyright (c) 2017 University of California, Berkeley
+
+ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ the following conditions:
+
+ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+*/
+package edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.junit;
+
+import java.io.PrintStream;
+
+import edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.guidance.Guidance;
+import edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.guidance.NoGuidance;
+import edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.junit.quickcheck.JQF;
+import edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.instrument.tracing.SingleSnoop;
+import org.junit.internal.TextListener;
+import org.junit.internal.runners.ErrorReportingRunner;
+import org.junit.runner.JUnitCore;
+import org.junit.runner.Request;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runner.Runner;
+
+public class GuidedFuzzing {
+
+    private static Guidance guidance;
+
+    private static long DEFAULT_MAX_TRIALS = 100;
+
+    private static void setGuidance(Guidance g) {
+        if (guidance != null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Can only set guided once.");
+        }
+        guidance = g;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the currently registered Guidance instance.
+     *
+     * <p>If no guidance is set, this method creates a new
+     * instance of {@link NoGuidance}, registers it, and returns
+     * a reference to it.</p>
+     *
+     * @return the currently registered Guidance instance
+     */
+    public static Guidance getCurrentGuidance() {
+        if (guidance == null) {
+            System.err.println(String.format("Warning: No guidance set. " +
+                    " Falling back to default %d trials with no feedback", DEFAULT_MAX_TRIALS));
+            setGuidance(new NoGuidance(DEFAULT_MAX_TRIALS, System.err));
+        }
+
+        return guidance;
+    }
+
+    private static void unsetGuidance() {
+        guidance = null;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the guided fuzzing loop.
+     *
+     * <p>The test class must be annotated with <tt>@RunWith(JQF.class)</tt>
+     * and the test method must be annotated with <tt>@Fuzz</tt>.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>Once this method is invoked, the guided fuzzing loop runs continuously
+     * until the guidance instance decides to stop by returning <tt>false</tt>
+     * for {@link Guidance#hasInput()}. Until the fuzzing stops, this method
+     * cannot be invoked again (i.e. at most one guided fuzzing can be running
+     * at any time in a single JVM instance).</p>
+     *
+     * @param testClassName the test class containing the test method
+     * @param testMethod    the test method to execute in the fuzzing loop
+     * @param guidance      the fuzzing guidance
+     * @param out           an output stream to log Junit messages
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if testClassName cannot be loaded
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if a guided fuzzing run is currently executing
+     */
+    public synchronized static void run(String testClassName, String testMethod,
+                                        Guidance guidance, PrintStream out) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalStateException {
+        Class<?> testClass =
+        java.lang.Class.forName(testClassName, true, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader());
+
+        run(testClass, testMethod, guidance, out);
+
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the guided fuzzing loop.
+     *
+     * <p>The test class must be annotated with <tt>@RunWith(JQF.class)</tt>
+     * and the test method must be annotated with <tt>@Fuzz</tt>.</p>
+     *
+     * <p>Once this method is invoked, the guided fuzzing loop runs continuously
+     * until the guidance instance decides to stop by returning <tt>false</tt>
+     * for {@link Guidance#hasInput()}. Until the fuzzing stops, this method
+     * cannot be invoked again (i.e. at most one guided fuzzing can be running
+     * at any time in a single JVM instance).</p>
+     *
+     * @param testClass     the test class containing the test method
+     * @param testMethod    the test method to execute in the fuzzing loop
+     * @param guidance      the fuzzing guidance
+     * @param out           an output stream to log Junit messages
+     * @throws IllegalStateException if a guided fuzzing run is currently executing
+     */
+    public synchronized static void run(Class<?> testClass, String testMethod,
+                                        Guidance guidance, PrintStream out) throws IllegalStateException {
+
+        // Ensure that the class uses the right test runner
+        RunWith annotation = testClass.getAnnotation(RunWith.class);
+        if (annotation == null || !annotation.value().equals(JQF.class)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(testClass.getName() + " is not annotated with @RunWith(JQF.class)");
+        }
+
+
+        // Set the static guided instance
+        setGuidance(guidance);
+
+        // Register callback
+        SingleSnoop.setCallbackGenerator(guidance::generateCallBack);
+
+        // Create a JUnit Request
+        Request testRequest = Request.method(testClass, testMethod);
+
+        // Instantiate a runner (throws exception if testMethod is not a proper test method)
+        Runner testRunner = testRequest.getRunner();
+
+        // Start tracing for the test method
+        SingleSnoop.startSnooping(testClass.getName() + "#" + testMethod);
+
+        // Run the test and make sure to de-register the guidance before returning
+        try {
+            JUnitCore junit = new JUnitCore();
+            if (out != null) {
+                junit.addListener(new TextListener(out));
+            }
+            junit.run(testRunner);
+        } finally {
+            unsetGuidance();
+        }
+
+
+        if (testRunner instanceof ErrorReportingRunner) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("Could not instantiate a Junit runner for method %s#%s.", testClass, testMethod));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.junit.GuidedFuzzing.getCurrentGuidance` indirectly writes to field `junit.GuidedFuzzing.edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.junit.GuidedFuzzing.guidance` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Guidance GuidedFuzzing.getCurrentGuidance()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.junit.GuidedFuzzing.getCurrentGuidance():edu.berkeley.cs.jqf.fuzz.guidance..04ca1cd9521d9d3b2524037f54c7f5c9
+
+### File:
+fuzz/src/main/java/edu/berkeley/cs/jqf/fuzz/junit/GuidedFuzzing.java
+
+### Key:
+GuidedFuzzing.java|getCurrentGuidance|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e26e33494eeb955cf61c260a2dbe7164
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8249/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8249/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3d4af3e82ad27394fbd21da266a3476b13bf7595
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8249/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** Chronicle-Queue
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2013 Peter Lawrey
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.openhft.chronicle.sandbox;
+
+import net.openhft.lang.io.NativeBytes;
+
+import java.io.Closeable;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class VanillaDataCache implements Closeable {
+    private static final int MAX_SIZE = 32;
+
+    private final String basePath;
+    private final DataKey key = new DataKey();
+    private final int blockBits;
+    private final DateCache dateCache;
+    private final Map<DataKey, VanillaFile> dataKeyVanillaFileMap = new LinkedHashMap<DataKey, VanillaFile>(MAX_SIZE, 1.0f, true) {
+        @Override
+        protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry<DataKey, VanillaFile> eldest) {
+            return size() >= MAX_SIZE;
+        }
+    };
+
+    public VanillaDataCache(String basePath, int blockBits, DateCache dateCache) {
+        this.basePath = basePath;
+        this.blockBits = blockBits;
+        this.dateCache = dateCache;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized VanillaFile dataFor(int cycle, int threadId, int dataCount, boolean forWrite) throws IOException {
+        key.cycle = cycle;
+        key.threadId = threadId;
+        key.dataCount = dataCount;
+        VanillaFile vanillaFile = dataKeyVanillaFileMap.get(key);
+        if (vanillaFile == null) {
+            String cycleStr = dateCache.formatFor(cycle);
+            dataKeyVanillaFileMap.put(key.clone(), vanillaFile = new VanillaFile(basePath, cycleStr, "data-" + threadId + "-" + dataCount, dataCount, 1L << blockBits, forWrite));
+            findEndOfData(vanillaFile);
+        }
+        vanillaFile.incrementUsage();
+        return vanillaFile;
+    }
+
+    private void findEndOfData(VanillaFile vanillaFile) {
+        NativeBytes bytes = vanillaFile.bytes();
+        for (int i = 0, max = 1 << blockBits; i < max; i += 4) {
+            int len = bytes.readInt(bytes.position());
+            if (len == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            int len2 = nextWordAlignment(~len);
+            if (len2 < 0) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Corrupted length in " + vanillaFile.file() + " " + Integer.toHexString(len));
+            }
+            bytes.position(bytes.position() + len2 + 4);
+        }
+        throw new AssertionError();
+    }
+
+    int nextWordAlignment(int len) {
+        return (len + 3) & ~3;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void close() {
+        for (VanillaFile vanillaFile : dataKeyVanillaFileMap.values()) {
+            vanillaFile.close();
+        }
+        dataKeyVanillaFileMap.clear();
+    }
+
+    private int lastCycle = -1;
+    private int lastCount = -1;
+
+    public VanillaFile dataForLast(int cycle, int threadId) throws IOException {
+        String cycleStr = dateCache.formatFor(cycle);
+        String dataPrefix = basePath + "/" + cycleStr + "/data-" + threadId + "-";
+        if (lastCycle != cycle) {
+            int maxCount = 0;
+            File[] files = new File(dataPrefix).listFiles();
+            if (files != null)
+                for (File file : files) {
+                    if (file.getName().startsWith(dataPrefix)) {
+                        int count = Integer.parseInt(file.getName().substring(dataPrefix.length()));
+                        if (maxCount < count)
+                            maxCount = count;
+                    }
+                }
+            lastCycle = cycle;
+            lastCount = maxCount;
+        }
+
+        return dataFor(cycle, threadId, lastCount, true);
+    }
+
+    public void incrementLastCount() {
+        lastCount++;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void checkCounts(int min, int max) {
+        for (VanillaFile file : dataKeyVanillaFileMap.values()) {
+            if (file.usage() < min || file.usage() > max)
+                throw new IllegalStateException(file.file() + " has a count of " + file.usage());
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    static class DataKey implements Cloneable {
+        int cycle;
+        int threadId;
+        int dataCount;
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return threadId * 10191 + cycle * 17 + dataCount;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if (!(obj instanceof DataKey)) return false;
+            DataKey key = (DataKey) obj;
+            return dataCount == key.dataCount && threadId == key.threadId && cycle == key.cycle;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected DataKey clone() {
+            try {
+                return (DataKey) super.clone();
+            } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+                throw new AssertionError(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `net.openhft.chronicle.sandbox.VanillaDataCache.dataForLast` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.net.openhft.chronicle.sandbox.VanillaDataCache.dateCache.net.openhft.chronicle.sandbox.DateCache.values.[_]`. Potentially races with write in method `VanillaDataCache.dataFor(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+VanillaFile VanillaDataCache.dataForLast(int,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.openhft.chronicle.sandbox.VanillaDataCache.dataForLast(int,int):net.openhft.chronicle.sandbox.Va.9db58d5806f03b789c74aaccc4b63778
+
+### File:
+chronicle-sandbox/src/main/java/net/openhft/chronicle/sandbox/VanillaDataCache.java
+
+### Key:
+VanillaDataCache.java|dataForLast|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+0cf6dacdfa70fc4178c47cb6e7874de1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8271/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8271/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e03be1e8fa917b0ba8b6e58fda8207fdcf1a7475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8271/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** tika
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.tika.parser.asm;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import org.apache.tika.metadata.Metadata;
+import org.apache.tika.parser.AutoDetectParser;
+import org.apache.tika.parser.Parser;
+import org.apache.tika.sax.BodyContentHandler;
+import org.xml.sax.ContentHandler;
+
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for parsing Java class files.
+ */
+public class ClassParserTest extends TestCase {
+
+    public void testClassParsing() throws Exception {
+        Parser parser = new AutoDetectParser(); // Should auto-detect!
+        ContentHandler handler = new BodyContentHandler();
+        Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
+
+        InputStream stream = ClassParserTest.class.getResourceAsStream(
+                "/test-documents/AutoDetectParser.class");
+        try {
+            parser.parse(stream, handler, metadata);
+        } finally {
+            stream.close();
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("AutoDetectParser", metadata.get(Metadata.TITLE));
+        assertEquals(
+                "AutoDetectParser.class",
+                metadata.get(Metadata.RESOURCE_NAME_KEY));
+
+        String content = handler.toString();
+        assertTrue(content.contains("package org.apache.tika.parser;"));
+        assertTrue(content.contains(
+                "class AutoDetectParser extends CompositeParser"));
+        assertTrue(content.contains(
+                "private org.apache.tika.mime.MimeTypes types"));
+        assertTrue(content.contains(
+                "public void parse("
+                + "java.io.InputStream, org.xml.sax.ContentHandler,"
+                + " org.apache.tika.metadata.Metadata) throws"
+                + " java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException,"
+                + " org.apache.tika.exception.TikaException;"));
+        assertTrue(content.contains(
+                "private byte[] getPrefix(java.io.InputStream, int)"
+                + " throws java.io.IOException;"));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `parser.parsers` last assigned on line 35 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `parse(...)` at line 42.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ClassParserTest.testClassParsing()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.tika.parser.asm.ClassParserTest.testClassParsing():void.93a3df8cbc5630636b4d4b4e7e3c74b1
+
+### File:
+tika-parsers/src/test/java/org/apache/tika/parser/asm/ClassParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ClassParserTest.java|testClassParsing|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+80164e1767c4ff0172216db8631d9e39
+
+### Hash:
+10401d62265654810d73298d6f9baead
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8276/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8276/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..594a2fd5762ead047911480d38e7fceb8af607a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8276/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** tika
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.tika.parser;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.input.CountingInputStream;
+import org.apache.tika.config.TikaConfig;
+import org.apache.tika.exception.TikaException;
+import org.apache.tika.metadata.Metadata;
+import org.apache.tika.mime.MediaType;
+import org.apache.tika.mime.MimeTypes;
+import org.apache.tika.sax.SecureContentHandler;
+import org.xml.sax.ContentHandler;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+public class AutoDetectParser extends CompositeParser {
+
+    private MimeTypes types;
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an auto-detecting parser instance using the default Tika
+     * configuration.
+     */
+    public AutoDetectParser() {
+        try {
+            setConfig(TikaConfig.getDefaultConfig());
+        } catch (TikaException e) {
+            // FIXME: This should never happen
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public AutoDetectParser(TikaConfig config) {
+        setConfig(config);
+    }
+
+    public void setConfig(TikaConfig config) {
+        setParsers(config.getParsers());
+        setMimeTypes(config.getMimeRepository());
+    }
+
+    public MimeTypes getMimeTypes() {
+        return types;
+    }
+
+    public void setMimeTypes(MimeTypes types) {
+        this.types = types;
+    }
+
+    public void parse(
+            InputStream stream, ContentHandler handler, Metadata metadata)
+            throws IOException, SAXException, TikaException {
+        // We need buffering to enable MIME magic detection before parsing
+        if (!stream.markSupported()) {
+            stream = new BufferedInputStream(stream);
+        }
+
+        // Automatically detect the MIME type of the document 
+        MediaType type = types.detect(stream, metadata);
+        metadata.set(Metadata.CONTENT_TYPE, type.toString());
+
+        // TIKA-216: Zip bomb prevention
+        CountingInputStream count = new CountingInputStream(stream);
+        SecureContentHandler secure = new SecureContentHandler(handler, count);
+
+        // Parse the document
+        super.parse(count, secure, metadata);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.io.input.CountingInputStream` acquired to `count` by call to `new()` at line 80 is not released after line 84.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AutoDetectParser.parse(InputStream,BodyContentHandler,Metadata)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.tika.parser.AutoDetectParser.parse(java.io.InputStream,org.apache.tika.sax.BodyContentHan.f6dfa771fd5afb98e68617d62cb0ada9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/tika/parser/AutoDetectParser.java
+
+### Key:
+AutoDetectParser.java|parse|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+08134dd5715af8c52e3e8f4128c07ccd
+
+### Hash:
+4412765daf8e3cd1b2b02f76316d811b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8282/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8282/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d0e02fd4db02d75ddca1f8bafd55662f1515a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8282/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GMavenPlus
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.codehaus.gmavenplus.mojo;
+
+import com.google.common.io.Closer;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException;
+import org.codehaus.gmavenplus.util.NoExitSecurityManager;
+import org.codehaus.gmavenplus.util.ReflectionUtils;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+
+
+/**
+ * Executes Groovy scripts (in the pom or external), bound to the current project.
+ * Note that this mojo requires Groovy >= 1.5.0.
+ * Note that it references the plugin classloader to pull in dependencies
+ * Groovy didn't include (for things like Ant for AntBuilder, Ivy for @grab,
+ * and Jansi for Groovysh)).
+ *
+ * @author Keegan Witt
+ * @since 1.0-beta-1
+ *
+ * @goal execute
+ * @configurator include-project-test-dependencies
+ * @requiresDependencyResolution test
+ * @threadSafe
+ */
+public class ExecuteMojo extends AbstractToolsMojo {
+
+    /**
+     * Groovy scripts to run (in order).  Can be an actual Groovy script or a
+     * {@link java.net.URL URL} to a Groovy script (local or remote).
+     *
+     * @parameter
+     * @required
+     */
+    protected String[] scripts;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to continue executing remaining scripts when a script fails.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="false"
+     */
+    protected boolean continueExecuting;
+
+    /**
+     * The encoding of script files.
+     * @since 1.0-beta-2
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="${project.build.sourceEncoding}"
+     */
+    protected String sourceEncoding;
+
+    /**
+     * Executes this mojo.
+     *
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException If an unexpected problem occurs. Throwing this exception causes a "BUILD ERROR" message to be displayed
+     * @throws MojoFailureException If an expected problem (such as a compilation failure) occurs. Throwing this exception causes a "BUILD FAILURE" message to be displayed
+     */
+    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException {
+        usePluginClassLoader = true;
+        if (groovyVersionSupportsAction()) {
+            logGroovyVersion("execute");
+
+            if (scripts == null || scripts.length == 0) {
+                getLog().info("No scripts specified for execution.  Skipping.");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+            try {
+                System.setSecurityManager(new NoExitSecurityManager());
+                // get classes we need with reflection
+                Class groovyShellClass = Class.forName("groovy.lang.GroovyShell");
+
+                // create a GroovyShell to run scripts in
+                Object shell = ReflectionUtils.invokeConstructor(ReflectionUtils.findConstructor(groovyShellClass));
+                initializeProperties();
+                for (Object k : properties.keySet()) {
+                    String key = (String) k;
+                    ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(groovyShellClass, "setProperty", String.class, Object.class), shell, key, properties.get(key));
+                }
+
+                // run the scripts
+                int scriptNum = 1;
+                for (String script : scripts) {
+                    Closer closer = Closer.create();
+                    try {
+                        try {
+                            URL url = new URL(script);
+                            // it's a URL to a script
+                            getLog().info("Fetching Groovy script from " + url.toString() + ".");
+                            BufferedReader reader;
+                            if (sourceEncoding != null) {
+                                reader = closer.register(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(url.openStream(), sourceEncoding)));
+                            } else {
+                                reader = closer.register(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(url.openStream())));
+                            }
+                            StringBuilder scriptSource = new StringBuilder();
+                            String line;
+                            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                                scriptSource.append(line).append("\n");
+                            }
+                            if (!scriptSource.toString().isEmpty()) {
+                                ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(groovyShellClass, "evaluate", String.class), shell, scriptSource.toString());
+                            }
+                        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
+                            // it's not a URL to a script, treat as a script body
+                            ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(groovyShellClass, "evaluate", String.class), shell, script);
+                        } catch (Throwable throwable) {
+                            throw closer.rethrow(throwable);
+                        } finally {
+                            closer.close();
+                        }
+                    } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                        if (continueExecuting) {
+                            getLog().error("An Exception occurred while executing script " + scriptNum + ".  Continuing to execute remaining scripts.", ioe);
+                        } else {
+                            throw new MojoExecutionException("An Exception occurred while executing script " + scriptNum + ".", ioe);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    scriptNum++;
+                }
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Unable to get a Groovy class from classpath.  Do you have Groovy as a compile dependency in your project or the plugin?", e);
+            } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Error occurred while calling a method on a Groovy class from classpath.", e);
+            } catch (InstantiationException e) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Error occurred while instantiating a Groovy class from classpath.", e);
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException("Unable to access a method on a Groovy class from classpath.", e);
+            } finally {
+                System.setSecurityManager(sm);
+            }
+        } else {
+            getLog().error("Your Groovy version (" + getGroovyVersion() + ") doesn't support script execution.  The minimum version of Groovy required is " + minGroovyVersion + ".  Skipping script execution.");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 117 is not released after line 117.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExecuteMojo.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.codehaus.gmavenplus.mojo.ExecuteMojo.execute():void.51159157ec9223d202942c21bc93f3d2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/codehaus/gmavenplus/mojo/ExecuteMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+ExecuteMojo.java|execute|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f29a0b5fbb21603d796e3f4e7ba77dde
+
+### Hash:
+f7925e9d2b668f97b10597d0553e62de
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8285/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8285/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11c0251b96ea9b73e69d4378406658c35ad271bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8285/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GMavenPlus
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.codehaus.gmavenplus.mojo;
+
+import com.google.common.io.Closer;
+import com.google.common.io.Files;
+import org.apache.maven.shared.model.fileset.FileSet;
+import org.apache.maven.shared.model.fileset.util.FileSetManager;
+import org.codehaus.gmavenplus.groovyworkarounds.GroovyDocTemplateInfo;
+import org.codehaus.gmavenplus.model.Scopes;
+import org.codehaus.gmavenplus.model.Version;
+import org.codehaus.gmavenplus.util.ReflectionUtils;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Properties;
+
+
+/**
+ * The base groovydoc mojo, which all groovydoc mojos extend.
+ *
+ * @author Keegan Witt
+ * @since 1.0-beta-1
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractGroovydocMojo extends AbstractGroovySourcesMojo {
+
+    /**
+     * The location for the generated API docs.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="${project.build.directory}/gapidocs"
+     */
+    protected File groovydocOutputDirectory;
+
+    /**
+     * The location for the generated test API docs.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="${project.build.directory}/testgapidocs"
+     */
+    protected File testGroovydocOutputDirectory;
+
+    /**
+     * The window title.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="Groovy Documentation"
+     */
+    protected String windowTitle;
+
+    /**
+     * The page title.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="Groovy Documentation"
+     */
+    protected String docTitle;
+
+    /**
+     * The page footer.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="Groovy Documentation"
+     */
+    protected String footer;
+
+    /**
+     * The page header.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="Groovy Documentation"
+     */
+    protected String header;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to display the author in the generated Groovydoc.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="true"
+     */
+    protected boolean displayAuthor;
+
+    /**
+     * The HTML file to be used for overview documentation.
+     *
+     * @parameter
+     */
+    protected File overviewFile;
+
+    /**
+     * The stylesheet file (absolute path) to copy to output directory (will overwrite default stylesheet.css).
+     *
+     * @parameter
+     */
+    protected File stylesheetFile;
+
+    /**
+     * The encoding of stylesheetFile.
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="UTF-8"
+     */
+    protected String stylesheetEncoding;
+
+    /**
+     * The scope to generate Groovydoc for. Should be one of:
+     * <ul>
+     *   <li>"public"</li>
+     *   <li>"protected"</li>
+     *   <li>"package"</li>
+     *   <li>"private"</li>
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="private"
+     */
+    protected String scope;
+
+    /**
+     * Links to include in the generated groovydoc (key is link href, value is comma-separated packages to use that link).
+     * @since 1.0-beta-2
+     *
+     * @parameter
+     */
+    protected List<Link> links;
+
+    /**
+     * Whether to include Java sources in groovydoc generation.
+     * @since 1.0-beta-2
+     *
+     * @parameter default-value="true"
+     */
+    protected boolean groovydocJavaSources;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the groovydoc for the specified sources.
+     *
+     * @param sourceDirectories The source directories to generate groovydoc for
+     * @param classpath The classpath to use for compilation
+     * @param outputDirectory The directory to save the generated groovydoc in
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException When a class needed for groovydoc generation cannot be found
+     * @throws InstantiationException When a class needed for groovydoc generation cannot be instantiated
+     * @throws IllegalAccessException When a method needed for groovydoc generation cannot be accessed
+     * @throws InvocationTargetException When a reflection invocation needed for groovydoc generation cannot be completed
+     * @throws java.net.MalformedURLException When a classpath element provides a malformed URL
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    protected void generateGroovydoc(final FileSet[] sourceDirectories, final List classpath, final File outputDirectory) throws ClassNotFoundException, InvocationTargetException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, MalformedURLException {
+        if (sourceDirectories == null || sourceDirectories.length == 0) {
+            getLog().info("No source directories specified for Groovydoc generation.  Skipping.");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (getGroovyVersion().compareTo(new Version(1, 6, 0, "RC-1")) == 0) {
+            // Groovy 1.6-RC-1 is excluded because of its dependency on org.apache.tools.ant.types.Path for constructing GroovyDocTool
+            getLog().warn("Groovy 1.6-RC-1 is blacklisted from the supported Groovydoc versions because of its dependency on Ant.  Skipping Groovydoc generation.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // create an isolated ClassLoader with all the appropriate project dependencies in it
+        ClassLoader isolatedClassLoader = createNewClassLoader(classpath);
+
+
+        // get classes we need with reflection
+        Class groovyDocToolClass = Class.forName("org.codehaus.groovy.tools.groovydoc.GroovyDocTool", true, isolatedClassLoader);
+        Class outputToolClass = Class.forName("org.codehaus.groovy.tools.groovydoc.OutputTool", true, isolatedClassLoader);
+        Class fileOutputToolClass = Class.forName("org.codehaus.groovy.tools.groovydoc.FileOutputTool", true, isolatedClassLoader);
+        Class resourceManagerClass = Class.forName("org.codehaus.groovy.tools.groovydoc.ResourceManager", true, isolatedClassLoader);
+        Class classpathResourceManagerClass = Class.forName("org.codehaus.groovy.tools.groovydoc.ClasspathResourceManager", true, isolatedClassLoader);
+
+        // set up Groovydoc options
+        Properties properties = new Properties();
+        properties.setProperty("windowTitle", windowTitle);
+        properties.setProperty("docTitle", docTitle);
+        properties.setProperty("footer", footer);
+        properties.setProperty("header", header);
+        properties.setProperty("author", Boolean.toString(displayAuthor));
+        properties.setProperty("overviewFile", overviewFile != null ? overviewFile.getAbsolutePath() : "");
+        try {
+            Scopes scopeVal = Scopes.valueOf(scope.toUpperCase());
+            if (scopeVal.equals(Scopes.PUBLIC)) {
+                properties.setProperty("publicScope", "true");
+            } else if (scopeVal.equals(Scopes.PROTECTED)) {
+                properties.setProperty("protectedScope", "true");
+            } else if (scopeVal.equals(Scopes.PACKAGE)) {
+                properties.setProperty("packageScope", "true");
+            } else if (scopeVal.equals(Scopes.PRIVATE)) {
+                properties.setProperty("privateScope", "true");
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            getLog().warn("Scope (" + scope + ") was not recognized.  Skipping argument.");
+        }
+        Object fileOutputTool = ReflectionUtils.invokeConstructor(ReflectionUtils.findConstructor(fileOutputToolClass));
+        Object classpathResourceManager = ReflectionUtils.invokeConstructor(ReflectionUtils.findConstructor(classpathResourceManagerClass));
+        FileSetManager fileSetManager = new FileSetManager(getLog());
+        List<String> sourceDirectoriesStrings = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (FileSet sourceDirectory : sourceDirectories) {
+            sourceDirectoriesStrings.add(sourceDirectory.getDirectory());
+        }
+        GroovyDocTemplateInfo groovyDocTemplateInfo = new GroovyDocTemplateInfo(getGroovyVersion());
+        Object groovyDocTool;
+        List linksList = new ArrayList();
+        if (links != null && links.size() > 0) {
+            Class linkArgumentClass = null;
+            if (getGroovyVersion().compareTo(new Version(1, 6, 0, "RC-2")) >= 0) {
+                linkArgumentClass = Class.forName("org.codehaus.groovy.tools.groovydoc.LinkArgument", true, isolatedClassLoader);
+            } else if (getGroovyVersion().compareTo(new Version(1, 5, 2)) >= 0) {
+                linkArgumentClass = Class.forName("org.codehaus.groovy.ant.Groovydoc$LinkArgument", true, isolatedClassLoader);
+            }
+            if (linkArgumentClass != null) {
+                for (Link link : links) {
+                    Object linkArgument = ReflectionUtils.invokeConstructor(ReflectionUtils.findConstructor(linkArgumentClass));
+                    ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(linkArgumentClass, "setHref", String.class), linkArgument, link.getHref());
+                    ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(linkArgumentClass, "setPackages", String.class), linkArgument, link.getPackages());
+                    linksList.add(linkArgument);
+                }
+            } else {
+                getLog().warn("Requested to use Groovydoc links, but your Groovy version doesn't support it (must be 1.5.2 or newer).  Ignoring links parameter.");
+            }
+        }
+        if (getGroovyVersion().compareTo(new Version(1, 6, 0, "RC-2")) < 0) {
+            getLog().warn("Your Groovy version doesn't support Groovydoc documentation properties (docTitle, footer, header, displayAuthor, overviewFile, and scope).  You need Groovy 1.6-RC-2 or newer to support this.  Ignoring properties.");
+        }
+        if (getGroovyVersion().compareTo(new Version(1, 6, 0, "RC-2")) >= 0) {
+            groovyDocTool = ReflectionUtils.invokeConstructor(ReflectionUtils.findConstructor(groovyDocToolClass, resourceManagerClass, String[].class, String[].class, String[].class, String[].class, List.class, Properties.class),
+                    classpathResourceManager,
+                    sourceDirectoriesStrings.toArray(new String[sourceDirectoriesStrings.size()]),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultDocTemplates(),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultPackageTemplates(),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultClassTemplates(),
+                    linksList,
+                    properties
+            );
+        } else if (getGroovyVersion().compareTo(new Version(1, 5, 2)) >= 0) {
+            groovyDocTool = ReflectionUtils.invokeConstructor(ReflectionUtils.findConstructor(groovyDocToolClass, resourceManagerClass, String.class, String[].class, String[].class, String[].class, List.class),
+                    classpathResourceManager,
+                    sourceDirectoriesStrings.get(0),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultDocTemplates(),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultPackageTemplates(),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultClassTemplates(),
+                    linksList
+            );
+            if (sourceDirectoriesStrings.size() > 1) {
+                getLog().warn("Your Groovy version doesn't support more than one Groovydoc source directory (must be 1.6-RC-2 or newer).  Only using first source directory (" + sourceDirectoriesStrings.get(0) + ").");
+            }
+        } else {
+            groovyDocTool = ReflectionUtils.invokeConstructor(ReflectionUtils.findConstructor(groovyDocToolClass, resourceManagerClass, String.class, String[].class, String[].class, String[].class),
+                    classpathResourceManager,
+                    sourceDirectoriesStrings.get(0),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultDocTemplates(),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultPackageTemplates(),
+                    groovyDocTemplateInfo.defaultClassTemplates()
+            );
+            if (sourceDirectoriesStrings.size() > 1) {
+                getLog().warn("Your Groovy version doesn't support more than one Groovydoc source directory (must be 1.6-RC-2 or newer).  Only using first source directory (" + sourceDirectoriesStrings.get(0) + ").");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // prevent Java stubs (which lack Javadoc) from overwriting Groovydoc by removing Java sources
+        List<String> javaSources = new ArrayList<String>();
+        List<String> groovySources = new ArrayList<String>();
+        List<String> possibleGroovyStubs = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (FileSet sourceDirectory : sourceDirectories) {
+            List<String> sources = Arrays.asList(fileSetManager.getIncludedFiles(sourceDirectory));
+            for (String source : sources) {
+                if (source.endsWith(".java") && !javaSources.contains(source)) {
+                    javaSources.add(source);
+                } else if (!groovySources.contains(source)) {
+                    groovySources.add(source);
+                    possibleGroovyStubs.add(source.replaceFirst("\\." + Files.getFileExtension(source), ".java"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        javaSources.removeAll(possibleGroovyStubs);
+        List<String> groovydocSources = new ArrayList<String>();
+        groovydocSources.addAll(javaSources);
+        groovydocSources.addAll(groovySources);
+
+        // add the Groovydoc sources
+        getLog().debug("Adding sources to generate Groovydoc for:");
+        if (getLog().isDebugEnabled()) {
+            getLog().debug("    " + groovydocSources);
+        }
+
+        // generate Groovydoc
+        if (getGroovyVersion().compareTo(new Version(1, 6, 0, "RC-2")) >= 0) {
+            ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(groovyDocToolClass, "add", List.class), groovyDocTool, groovydocSources);
+        } else {
+            for (String groovydocSource : groovydocSources) {
+                ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(groovyDocToolClass, "add", String.class), groovyDocTool, groovydocSource);
+            }
+        }
+        ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.findMethod(groovyDocToolClass, "renderToOutput", outputToolClass, String.class), groovyDocTool, fileOutputTool, outputDirectory.getAbsolutePath());
+
+        // overwrite stylesheet.css with provided stylesheet (if configured)
+        if (stylesheetFile != null) {
+            copyStylesheet(outputDirectory);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies the stylesheet to the specified output directory.
+     *
+     * @param outputDirectory The output directory to copy the stylesheet to
+     */
+    private void copyStylesheet(final File outputDirectory) {
+        getLog().info("Using stylesheet from " + stylesheetFile.getAbsolutePath() + ".");
+        Closer closer = Closer.create();
+        try {
+            try {
+                BufferedReader bufferedReader = closer.register(new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(stylesheetFile), stylesheetEncoding)));
+                StringBuilder css = new StringBuilder();
+                String line;
+                while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null) {
+                    css.append(line).append("\n");
+                }
+                File outfile = new File(outputDirectory, "stylesheet.css");
+                BufferedWriter bufferedWriter = closer.register(new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(outfile), stylesheetEncoding)));
+                bufferedWriter.write(css.toString());
+            } catch (Throwable throwable) {
+                throw closer.rethrow(throwable);
+            } finally {
+                closer.close();
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            getLog().warn("Unable to copy specified stylesheet (" + stylesheetFile.getAbsolutePath() + ").");
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `InputStreamReader(...)` at line 319 is not released after line 319.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractGroovydocMojo.copyStylesheet(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.codehaus.gmavenplus.mojo.AbstractGroovydocMojo.copyStylesheet(java.io.File):void.60ea8cd86b90b925233b1fde5f86c200
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/codehaus/gmavenplus/mojo/AbstractGroovydocMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractGroovydocMojo.java|copyStylesheet|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f29a0b5fbb21603d796e3f4e7ba77dde
+
+### Hash:
+ac329123156da69ace7b45a0db1f3a9a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8302/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8302/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1a96f258de0606f0ad49b832b1c9d251989815a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8302/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jvm-tools
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright 2014 Alexey Ragozin
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.gridkit.jvmtool.heapdump;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import org.gridkit.jvmtool.heapdump.PathStep.Move;
+import org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.Field;
+import org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.FieldValue;
+import org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.Instance;
+import org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.JavaClass;
+import org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.ObjectFieldValue;
+import org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.PrimitiveArrayInstance;
+
+public class HeapWalker {
+
+    private static final Set<String> BOX_TYPES = new HashSet<String>();
+
+    static {
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Boolean.class.getName());
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Byte.class.getName());
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Short.class.getName());
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Character.class.getName());
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Integer.class.getName());
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Long.class.getName());
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Float.class.getName());
+        BOX_TYPES.add(Double.class.getName());
+    }
+
+    private static final Map<String, InstanceConverter> CONVERTERS = new HashMap<String, InstanceConverter>();
+
+    static {
+        CONVERTERS.put(String.class.getName(), new InstanceConverter() {
+            @Override
+            public Object convert(Instance instance) {
+                return stringValue(instance);
+            }
+        });
+        InstanceConverter primitiveConverter = new InstanceConverter() {
+            @Override
+            public Object convert(Instance instance) {
+                return primitiveValue(instance);
+            }
+        };
+        InstanceConverter primitiveArrayConverter = new InstanceConverter() {
+            @Override
+            public Object convert(Instance instance) {
+                return primitiveArrayValue(instance);
+            }
+        };
+        for(String ptype: BOX_TYPES) {
+            CONVERTERS.put(ptype, primitiveConverter);
+        }
+        CONVERTERS.put("boolean[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+        CONVERTERS.put("byte[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+        CONVERTERS.put("char[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+        CONVERTERS.put("short[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+        CONVERTERS.put("int[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+        CONVERTERS.put("long[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+        CONVERTERS.put("float[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+        CONVERTERS.put("double[]", primitiveArrayConverter);
+    }
+    
+    private static PrimitiveParser BOOL_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return Boolean.valueOf(x);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static PrimitiveParser BYTE_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return Byte.valueOf(x);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static PrimitiveParser SHORT_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return Short.valueOf(x);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static PrimitiveParser CHAR_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return x.charAt(0);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static PrimitiveParser INT_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return Integer.valueOf(x);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static PrimitiveParser LONG_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return Long.valueOf(x);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static PrimitiveParser FLOAT_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return Float.valueOf(x);
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static PrimitiveParser DOUBLE_PARSER = new PrimitiveParser() {
+        @Override
+        public Object toValue(String x) {
+            return Double.valueOf(x);
+        }
+    };
+    
+    /**
+     * Converts instances of few well know Java classes from
+     * dump to normal java objects.
+     * <br/>
+     * Following are supported classes
+     * <li>{@link String}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Boolean}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Byte}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Short}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Character}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Integer}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Long}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Float}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Double}</li>
+     * <li>primitive arrays</li>
+     * <li>object arrays</li>
+     */
+     /* TBD
+     * <li>{@link Arrays#asList(Object...)}</li>
+     * <li>{@link ArrayList} (subclasses would be reduced to {@link ArrayList})</li>
+     * <li>{@link HashMap} (subclasses including {@link LinkedHashMap} would be reduced to {@link ArrayList})</li>
+     * <li>{@link HashSet} (subclasses including {@link LinkedHashSet} would be reduced to {@link ArrayList})</li>
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T valueOf(Instance obj) {
+        if (obj == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        JavaClass t = obj.getJavaClass();
+        InstanceConverter c = CONVERTERS.get(obj.getJavaClass().getName());
+        while(c == null && t.getSuperClass() != null) {
+            t = t.getSuperClass();
+            c = CONVERTERS.get(obj.getJavaClass().getName());
+        }
+        if (c == null) {
+            // return instance as is
+            return (T) obj;
+        }
+        else {
+        return (T)c.convert(obj);
+    }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts value referenced for path from dump to normal java objects.
+     * Few well known Java classes as long as primitive types are supported.
+     * <br/>
+     * Following are supported classes
+     * <li>{@link String}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Boolean}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Byte}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Short}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Character}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Integer}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Long}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Float}</li>
+     * <li>{@link Double}</li>
+     * <li>primitive arrays</li>
+     * <li>object arrays</li>
+     */
+     /* TBD
+     * <li>{@link Arrays#asList(Object...)}</li>
+     * <li>{@link ArrayList} (subclasses would be reduced to {@link ArrayList})</li>
+     * <li>{@link HashMap} (subclasses including {@link LinkedHashMap} would be reduced to {@link ArrayList})</li>
+     * <li>{@link HashSet} (subclasses including {@link LinkedHashSet} would be reduced to {@link ArrayList})</li>
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T valueOf(Instance obj, String pathSpec) {
+        PathStep[] steps = HeapPath.parsePath(pathSpec, true);
+        if (steps.length > 0 && steps[steps.length - 1] instanceof FieldStep) {
+            PathStep[] shortPath = Arrays.copyOf(steps, steps.length - 1);
+            FieldStep lastStep = (FieldStep) steps[steps.length - 1];
+            String fieldName = lastStep.getFieldName();
+            for(Instance i: HeapPath.collect(obj, shortPath)) {
+                for(FieldValue fv: i.getFieldValues()) {
+                    if ((fieldName == null && (!fv.getField().isStatic()))
+                            || (fv.getField().getName().equals(fieldName))) {
+                        if (fv instanceof ObjectFieldValue) {
+                            return valueOf(((ObjectFieldValue) fv).getInstance());
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            // have to use this as private package API is used behind scene
+                            return (T) i.getValueOfField(fv.getField().getName());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+        else if (steps.length > 0 && steps[steps.length - 1] instanceof ArrayIndexStep) {
+            PathStep[] shortPath = Arrays.copyOf(steps, steps.length - 1);
+            ArrayIndexStep lastStep = (ArrayIndexStep) steps[steps.length - 1];
+            for(Instance i: HeapPath.collect(obj, shortPath)) {
+                if (i instanceof PrimitiveArrayInstance) {
+                    Object array = valueOf(i);
+                    if (array != null) {
+                        int len = Array.getLength(array);
+                        int n = lastStep.getIndex();
+                        if (n < 0) {
+                            n = 0;
+                        }
+                        if (n < len) {
+                            return (T) Array.get(array, n);
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            return null;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    for(Instance x: HeapPath.collect(i, new PathStep[]{lastStep})) {
+                        return valueOf(x);                        
+                    }
+                }
+            }            
+            return null;
+            
+        } else {
+            for(Instance i: HeapPath.collect(obj, steps)) {
+                return valueOf(i);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String stringValue(Instance obj) {
+        if (obj == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (!"java.lang.String".equals(obj.getJavaClass().getName())) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Is not a string: " + obj.getInstanceId() + " (" + obj.getJavaClass().getName() + ")");
+        }
+        char[] text = null;
+        int offset = 0;
+        int len = -1;
+        for(FieldValue f: obj.getFieldValues()) {
+            Field ff = f.getField();
+            if ("value".equals(ff.getName())) {
+                PrimitiveArrayInstance chars = (PrimitiveArrayInstance) ((ObjectFieldValue)f).getInstance();
+                text = new char[chars.getLength()];
+                for(int i = 0; i != text.length; ++i) {
+                    text[i] = ((String)chars.getValues().get(i)).charAt(0);
+                }
+            }
+            // fields below were removed in Java 7
+            else if ("offset".equals(ff.getName())) {
+                offset = Integer.valueOf(f.getValue());
+            }
+            else if ("count".equals(ff.getName())) {
+                len = Integer.valueOf(f.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (len < 0) {
+            len = text.length;
+        }
+
+        return new String(text, offset, len);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T primitiveValue(Instance obj) {
+        if (obj == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        String className = obj.getJavaClass().getName();
+        if (BOX_TYPES.contains(className)) {
+            return (T)obj.getValueOfField("value");
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Is not a primitive wrapper: " + obj.getInstanceId() + " (" + obj.getJavaClass().getName() + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> T primitiveArrayValue(Instance obj) {
+        if (obj == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (obj instanceof PrimitiveArrayInstance) {
+            PrimitiveArrayInstance pa = (PrimitiveArrayInstance) obj;
+            String type = pa.getJavaClass().getName();
+            PrimitiveParser parser;
+            Object array;
+            int len = pa.getLength();
+            if ("boolean[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new boolean[len];
+                parser = BOOL_PARSER;
+            }
+            else if ("byte[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new byte[len];
+                parser = BYTE_PARSER;
+            }
+            else if ("char[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new char[len];
+                parser = CHAR_PARSER;
+            }
+            else if ("short[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new short[len];
+                parser = SHORT_PARSER;
+            }
+            else if ("int[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new int[len];
+                parser = INT_PARSER;
+            }
+            else if ("long[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new long[len];
+                parser = LONG_PARSER;
+            }
+            else if ("float[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new float[len];
+                parser = FLOAT_PARSER;
+            }
+            else if ("double[]".equals(type)) {
+                array = new double[len];
+                parser = DOUBLE_PARSER;
+            }
+            else {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Is not a primitive array: " + obj.getInstanceId() + " (" + obj.getJavaClass().getName() + ")");
+            }
+
+            List<Object> values = pa.getValues();
+            for(int i = 0; i != values.size(); ++i) {
+                Object val = values.get(i);
+                if (val instanceof String) {
+                    val = parser.toValue((String) val);
+                }
+                Array.set(array, i, val);
+            }
+
+            return (T)array;
+        }
+        else {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Is not a primitive array: " + obj.getInstanceId() + " (" + obj.getJavaClass().getName() + ")");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static Iterable<Instance> walk(Instance root, String path) {
+        return HeapPath.collect(root, HeapPath.parsePath(path, true));
+    }
+
+    public static Instance walkFirst(Instance root, String path) {
+        Iterator<Instance> it = walk(root, path).iterator();
+        if (it.hasNext()) {
+            return it.next();
+        }
+        else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static String explainPath(Instance root, String path) {
+        PathStep[] chain = HeapPath.parsePath(path, true);
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        Instance o = root;
+        for(int i = 0; i != chain.length; ++i) {
+            if (chain[i] instanceof TypeFilterStep) {
+                continue;
+            }
+                        
+            try {
+                Move m = chain[i].track(o).next();
+//                JavaClass hostType = hostType(o.getJavaClass(), m.pathSpec);
+//                hostType = hostType == null ? o.getJavaClass() : hostType;
+                
+//                sb.append("(" + shortName(hostType.getName()) + ")");
+                sb.append("(" + shortName(o.getJavaClass().getName()) + ")");
+                sb.append(m.pathSpec);
+                o = m.instance;
+            }
+            catch(NoSuchElementException e) {
+                sb.append("{failed: " + chain[i] + "}");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+    
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+	private static JavaClass hostType(JavaClass type, String pathSpec) {
+        if (pathSpec.startsWith(".")) {
+            pathSpec = pathSpec.substring(1);
+        }
+        for(Field f: type.getFields()) {
+            if (!f.isStatic() && f.getName().equals(pathSpec)) {
+                return f.getDeclaringClass();
+            }
+        }
+        if (type.getSuperClass() != null) {
+            return hostType(type.getSuperClass(), pathSpec);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    
+    public static Set<JavaClass> filterTypes(String filter, Iterable<JavaClass> types) {
+        PathStep[] steps = HeapPath.parsePath("(" + filter + ")", true);
+        if (steps.length != 1 || !(steps[0] instanceof TypeFilterStep)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad type filter: " + filter);
+        }
+        TypeFilterStep f = (TypeFilterStep) steps[0];
+        Set<JavaClass> result = new LinkedHashSet<JavaClass>();
+        for(JavaClass jc: types) {
+            if (f.evaluate(jc)) {
+                result.add(jc);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static final String shortName(String name) {
+        int c = name.lastIndexOf('.');
+        if (c >= 0) {
+            return "**." + name.substring(c + 1);
+        }
+        else {
+            return name;
+        }
+    }    
+
+    private interface InstanceConverter {
+
+        public Object convert(Instance instance);
+    }
+    
+    private interface PrimitiveParser {
+        
+        public Object toValue(String x);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `text` last assigned on line 274 could be null and is dereferenced at line 296.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String HeapWalker.stringValue(Instance)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.gridkit.jvmtool.heapdump.HeapWalker.stringValue(org.netbeans.lib.profiler.heap.Instance):java.la.8d4ccf4b3acb9f8a860649c01d8eaadf
+
+### File:
+hprof-heap/src/main/java/org/gridkit/jvmtool/heapdump/HeapWalker.java
+
+### Key:
+HeapWalker.java|stringValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+66a0c6023764b6c68c1765dac75c2ff0
+
+### Hash:
+39e1ecb13fa4dff47045303105d9aa7a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8304/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8304/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6236f9967bf543aa66292eb7340fa58dad86a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8304/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.submissions;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.user.User;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.restclient.RestClient;
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+import org.json.simple.parser.ParseException;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+
+/**
+ * This class offers some submission utilities.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="http://www.omrlnr.com">Omer Elnour</a>
+ */
+public class Submissions {
+
+    private final RestClient restClient;
+
+    public enum Popularity {
+        HOT, NEW
+    }
+
+    public enum Page {
+        FRONTPAGE
+    }
+
+    public Submissions(RestClient restClient) {
+        this.restClient = restClient;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This function returns a linked list containing the submissions on a given
+     * subreddit and page. (in progress)
+     *
+     * @param redditName The subreddit's name
+     * @param type       HOT or NEW and some others to come
+     * @param frontpage       TODO this
+     * @param user       The user
+     * @return The linked list containing submissions
+     * @throws IOException    If connection fails
+     * @throws ParseException If JSON parsing fails
+     */
+    public LinkedList<Submission> getSubmissions(String redditName,
+                       Popularity type, Page frontpage, User user) throws IOException, ParseException {
+
+        LinkedList<Submission> submissions = new LinkedList<Submission>();
+        String urlString = "/r/" + redditName;
+
+        switch (type) {
+            case NEW:
+                urlString += "/new";
+                break;
+		default:
+			break;
+        }
+
+        //TODO Implement Pages
+
+        urlString += ".json";
+
+        JSONObject object = (JSONObject)  restClient.get(urlString, user.getCookie()).getResponseObject();
+        JSONArray array = (JSONArray) ((JSONObject) object.get("data")).get("children");
+
+        JSONObject data;
+        for (Object anArray : array) {
+            data = (JSONObject) anArray;
+            data = ((JSONObject) data.get("data"));
+            submissions.add(new Submission(user, data.get("id").toString(), (data.get("permalink").toString())));
+        }
+
+        return submissions;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Returns a list of submissions from a subreddit.
+     *
+     * @param subreddit The subreddit at which submissions you want to retrieve submissions.
+     * @return <code>List</code> of submissions on the subreddit.
+     */
+    public List<Submission> getSubmissions(String subreddit) {
+        // List of submissions made by this user
+        List<Submission> submissions = new ArrayList<Submission>(500);
+        try {
+            // Send GET request to get the account overview
+            JSONObject object = (JSONObject) restClient.get(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.SUBMISSIONS, subreddit), null);
+            JSONObject data = (JSONObject) object.get("data");
+            JSONArray children = (JSONArray) data.get("children");
+
+            JSONObject obj;
+
+            for (Object aChildren : children) {
+                // Get the object containing the comment
+                obj = (JSONObject) aChildren;
+                obj = (JSONObject) obj.get("data");
+                //add a new Submission to the list
+                submissions.add(new Submission(obj));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        // Return the submissions
+        return submissions;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `data.get("id")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 73.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+LinkedList Submissions.getSubmissions(String,Submissions$Popularity,Submissions$Page,User)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.submissions.Submissions.getSubmissions(java.lang.String,com.github.jreddit.submis.6248a7610cba7d83701562c3e9f51848
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/submissions/Submissions.java
+
+### Key:
+Submissions.java|getSubmissions|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+e65e5175062069d8a957d34c3259eaf6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8305/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8305/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e92f2bd3e8db96e0bd3632d58c8ab16fdd1c8437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8305/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jReddit
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.jreddit.retrieval;
+
+
+import static com.github.jreddit.utils.restclient.JsonUtils.safeJsonToString;
+
+import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
+import java.net.URLEncoder;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.json.simple.JSONArray;
+import org.json.simple.JSONObject;
+
+import com.github.jreddit.entity.Kind;
+import com.github.jreddit.entity.Subreddit;
+import com.github.jreddit.entity.User;
+import com.github.jreddit.exception.RedditError;
+import com.github.jreddit.exception.RetrievalFailedException;
+import com.github.jreddit.retrieval.params.SubredditsView;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ApiEndpointUtils;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.ParamFormatter;
+import com.github.jreddit.utils.restclient.RestClient;
+
+/**
+ * This class offers the following functionality:
+ * 1) Parsing the results of a request into Subreddit objects (see <code>Subreddits.parse()</code>).
+ * 2) The ability to get listings of subreddits (see <code>Subreddits.get()</code>).
+ * 3) The ability to search the subreddits (for subreddits) on Reddit (see <code>Subreddits.search()</code>).
+ * 
+ * @author Benjamin Jakobus
+ * @author Raul Rene Lepsa
+ * @author Andrei Sfat
+ * @author Simon Kassing
+ */
+public class Subreddits implements ActorDriven {
+	
+	/**
+	 * Handle to the REST client instance.
+	 */
+    private final RestClient restClient;
+    private User user;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     * 
+     * @param restClient REST client instance
+     */
+    public Subreddits(RestClient restClient) {
+        this.restClient = restClient;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Constructor.
+     * @param restClient REST Client instance
+     * @param actor User instance
+     */
+    public Subreddits(RestClient restClient, User actor) {
+    	this.restClient = restClient;
+        this.user = actor;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Switch the current user for the new user who will
+     * be used when invoking retrieval requests.
+     * 
+     * @param new_actor New user
+     */
+    public void switchActor(User new_actor) {
+    	this.user = new_actor;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Parses a JSON feed from the Reddit (URL) into a nice list of Subreddit objects.
+     * 
+     * @param user 	User
+     * @param url 	URL
+     * @return 		Listing of submissions
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> parse(String url) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	
+    	// Determine cookie
+    	String cookie = (user == null) ? null : user.getCookie();
+    	
+    	// List of subreddits
+        List<Subreddit> subreddits = new LinkedList<Subreddit>();
+        
+        // Send request to reddit server via REST client
+        Object response = restClient.get(url, cookie).getResponseObject();
+        
+        if (response instanceof JSONObject) {
+        	
+	        JSONObject object = (JSONObject) response;
+	        JSONArray array = (JSONArray) ((JSONObject) object.get("data")).get("children");
+	
+	        // Iterate over the subreddit results
+	        JSONObject data;
+	        for (Object anArray : array) {
+	            data = (JSONObject) anArray;
+	            
+	            // Make sure it is of the correct kind
+	            String kind = safeJsonToString(data.get("kind"));
+	            if (kind.equals(Kind.SUBREDDIT.value())) {
+	            	
+	            	// Create and add subreddit
+		            data = ((JSONObject) data.get("data"));
+		            subreddits.add(new Subreddit(data));
+	            
+	            }
+	            
+	        }
+        
+        } else {
+        	System.err.println("Cannot cast to JSON Object: '" + response.toString() + "'");
+        }
+
+        // Finally return list of subreddits 
+        return subreddits;
+        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Searches all subreddits with the given query using the given parameters.
+     * The parameters here are in Strings instead of wrapper objects, which allows users
+     * to manually adjust the parameters (if the API changes and jReddit is not updated
+     * in time yet).
+     * 
+     * @param query		Search query
+     * @param count		Count at which the subreddits are started being numbered
+     * @param limit		Maximum amount of subreddits that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after		The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before	The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * 
+     * @return	List of subreddits that satisfy the given parameters.
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> search(String query, String count, String limit, String after, String before) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	
+    	// Format parameters
+    	String params = "";
+    	try {
+			params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "q", URLEncoder.encode(query, "ISO-8859-1"));
+		} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "count", count);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "limit", limit);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "after", after);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "before", before);
+    	
+        // Retrieve submissions from the given URL
+        return parse(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.SUBREDDITS_SEARCH, params));
+        
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Searches all subreddits with the given query using the given parameters.
+     * 
+     * @param query		Search query
+     * @param count		Count at which the subreddits are started being numbered
+     * @param limit		Maximum amount of subreddits that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after		The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before	The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * 
+     * @return	List of subreddits that satisfy the given parameters.
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> search(String query, int count, int limit, Subreddit after, Subreddit before) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	
+    	if (query == null || query.isEmpty()) {
+    		throw new IllegalArgumentException("The query must be defined.");
+    	}
+    	
+    	return search(
+    			query, 
+    			String.valueOf(count),
+    			String.valueOf(limit),
+    			(after != null) ? after.getFullName() : "",
+    			(before != null) ? before.getFullName() : ""	
+    	);
+    	
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets all subreddits using the given parameters.
+     * The parameters here are in Strings instead of wrapper objects, which allows users
+     * to manually adjust the parameters (if the API changes and jReddit is not updated
+     * in time yet).
+     * 
+     * @param type		Type of subreddit, this determines the ordering (e.g. new or mine)
+     * @param count		Count at which the subreddits are started being numbered
+     * @param limit		Maximum amount of subreddits that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after		The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before	The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * 
+     * @return	List of subreddits that satisfy the given parameters.
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> get(String type, String count, String limit, String after, String before) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+    	
+    	// Format parameters
+    	String params = "";
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "count", count);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "limit", limit);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "after", after);
+    	params = ParamFormatter.addParameter(params, "before", before);
+    	
+        // Retrieve submissions from the given URL
+        return parse(String.format(ApiEndpointUtils.SUBREDDITS_GET, type, params));
+        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Gets all subreddits using the given parameters.
+     * 
+     * @param type		Type of subreddit, this determines the ordering (e.g. new or mine)
+     * @param count		Count at which the subreddits are started being numbered
+     * @param limit		Maximum amount of subreddits that can be returned (0-100, 25 default (see Reddit API))
+     * @param after		The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * @param before	The subreddit after which needs to be retrieved
+     * 
+     * @return	List of subreddits that satisfy the given parameters.
+     */
+    public List<Subreddit> get(SubredditsView type, int count, int limit, Subreddit after, Subreddit before) throws RetrievalFailedException, RedditError {
+        	return get(
+        			(type != null) ? type.value() : "",
+        			String.valueOf(count),
+        			String.valueOf(limit),
+        			(after != null) ? after.getFullName() : "",
+        			(before != null) ? before.getFullName() : ""
+        	);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `kind` last assigned on line 101 could be null and is dereferenced at line 102.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List Subreddits.parse(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.jreddit.retrieval.Subreddits.parse(java.lang.String):java.util.List.b3b9c46ebb35bed179a36902199dd8a9
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/github/jreddit/retrieval/Subreddits.java
+
+### Key:
+Subreddits.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+98816e729c371350d5b052c23ba2f325
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8332/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8332/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d8d4c0c1f512a1e772e6346d094defa9d9d33a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8332/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** whatsmars
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itlong.whatsmars.base.tmp;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Created by shenhongxi on 2015/11/9.
+ * javahongxi
+ */
+public class T {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        String path = "E:/btdata/bt_cumulation.txt";
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path));
+        String line = null;
+        br.readLine();
+
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter("E:/btdata/bt_cumulation2.txt");
+        int i = 0;
+        while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+            //System.out.println("'" + line + "',");
+            String[] ss = line.split(",");
+            String pin = ss[1];
+            pw.println(pin);
+            if (i++ % 10 == 0) {
+                pw.flush();
+                System.out.println(i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        br.close();
+        pw.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 16 is not released after line 35.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 18
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void T.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itlong.whatsmars.base.tmp.T.main(java.lang.String[]):void.c286bdaacde6c15963f456a77fb89512
+
+### File:
+whatsmars-javase-example/src/main/java/com/itlong/whatsmars/base/tmp/T.java
+
+### Key:
+T.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+60d22891ac06b1e6887c73d7e8f09813
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8333/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8333/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e101dfd956138d04effe2004f9b406c5cf35eb15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8333/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** whatsmars
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.itlong.whatsmars.base.tmp;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Created by shenhongxi on 2015/11/9.
+ * javahongxi
+ */
+public class T {
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        String path = "E:/btdata/bt_cumulation.txt";
+        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path));
+        String line = null;
+        br.readLine();
+
+        PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter("E:/btdata/bt_cumulation2.txt");
+        int i = 0;
+        while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
+            //System.out.println("'" + line + "',");
+            String[] ss = line.split(",");
+            String pin = ss[1];
+            pw.println(pin);
+            if (i++ % 10 == 0) {
+                pw.flush();
+                System.out.println(i);
+            }
+        }
+
+        br.close();
+        pw.close();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintWriter` acquired to `pw` by call to `new()` at line 20 is not released after line 35.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 22
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void T.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.itlong.whatsmars.base.tmp.T.main(java.lang.String[]):void.c286bdaacde6c15963f456a77fb89512
+
+### File:
+whatsmars-javase-example/src/main/java/com/itlong/whatsmars/base/tmp/T.java
+
+### Key:
+T.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+524c565bf33e2083ef671109a59b0901
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8334/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8334/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d41abc45c232bd44b4184d9c6716e6ad34466d9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8334/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** whatsmars
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.hongxi.whatsmars.mq.rocketmq.spring.demo;
+
+import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
+
+public class Consumer {
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring/rocketmq-consumer.xml");
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext` acquired by call to `new()` at line 7 is not released after line 7.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Consumer.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.hongxi.whatsmars.mq.rocketmq.spring.demo.Consumer.main(java.lang.String[]):void.df887389baed9cbc4852e0e569f9d69c
+
+### File:
+whatsmars-mq/src/main/java/org/hongxi/whatsmars/mq/rocketmq/spring/demo/Consumer.java
+
+### Key:
+Consumer.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a389af274a9b8bd4479f2eb273323f0e
+
+### Hash:
+df21878f46ed570f016e09ba3944fb3f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8335/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8335/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..491ab8b67fcf9bd92ba454318cd155b8867894fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8335/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** apollo
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package io.logz.apollo.status;
+
+import io.logz.apollo.dao.DeployableVersionDao;
+import io.logz.apollo.dao.DeploymentDao;
+import io.logz.apollo.dao.EnvironmentDao;
+import io.logz.apollo.dao.ServiceDao;
+import io.logz.apollo.models.DeployableVersion;
+import io.logz.apollo.models.Deployment;
+import io.logz.apollo.models.Service;
+import javax.inject.Inject;
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;
+
+public class ServiceStatusHandler {
+    private final DeploymentDao deploymentDao;
+    private final DeployableVersionDao deployableVersionDao;
+    private final EnvironmentDao environmentDao;
+    private final ServiceDao serviceDao;
+    private static final int MIN_DAYS_OF_UNDEPLOYED_SERVICES = 21;
+
+    @Inject
+    public ServiceStatusHandler(DeploymentDao deploymentDao, DeployableVersionDao deployableVersionDao, EnvironmentDao environmentDao, ServiceDao serviceDao) {
+        this.deploymentDao = requireNonNull(deploymentDao);
+        this.deployableVersionDao = requireNonNull(deployableVersionDao);
+        this.environmentDao = requireNonNull(environmentDao);
+        this.serviceDao = requireNonNull(serviceDao);
+    }
+
+    public List<Integer> getUndeployedServices() {
+        List<Integer> productionEnvironmentsIds = getProductionEnvironmentsIds();
+        List<Integer> undeployedServices = new ArrayList<>();
+        productionEnvironmentsIds.forEach(environmentId -> undeployedServices.addAll(getUndeployedServicesByEnvironmentId(environmentId)));
+        return undeployedServices;
+    }
+
+    private List<Integer> getUndeployedServicesByEnvironmentId(int environmentId) {
+        List<Service> services = serviceDao.getAllServices();
+        List<Integer> undeployedServicesIds = new ArrayList<>();
+        services.forEach(service -> {
+            if(isServiceUndeployed(environmentId, service.getId())) {
+                undeployedServicesIds.add(service.getId());
+            }
+        });
+        return undeployedServicesIds;
+    }
+
+    private List<Integer> getProductionEnvironmentsIds() {
+        return environmentDao.getProductionEnvironmentsIds();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isServiceUndeployed(int environmentId, int serviceId){
+        Date latestDeploymentDate = getLatestDeploymentDateByServiceIdInEnvironment(environmentId, serviceId);
+        Date latestUpdatedDate = getLatestDeployableVersionDateByServiceId(serviceId);
+
+        if(latestDeploymentDate != null) {
+            long diffBetweenDatesInDays = TimeUnit.DAYS.convert(Math.abs(latestDeploymentDate.getTime() - latestUpdatedDate.getTime()), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            return diffBetweenDatesInDays > MIN_DAYS_OF_UNDEPLOYED_SERVICES ? true : false;
+        }
+        if(latestUpdatedDate != null) {
+            Date durationSinceLatestUpdate = Date.from(LocalDate.now().minusDays((long) MIN_DAYS_OF_UNDEPLOYED_SERVICES).atStartOfDay(ZoneId.systemDefault()).toInstant());
+            if(latestUpdatedDate.compareTo(durationSinceLatestUpdate) < 0) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private Date getLatestDeploymentDateByServiceIdInEnvironment(int environmentId, int serviceId) {
+        Deployment deployment = deploymentDao.getLatestDeploymentOfServiceInEnvironment(serviceId, environmentId);
+        if(deployment != null){
+            return deployment.getLastUpdate();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private Date getLatestDeployableVersionDateByServiceId(int serviceId) {
+        DeployableVersion latestDeployableVersion = deployableVersionDao.getLatestDeployableVersionByServiceId(serviceId);
+        if(latestDeployableVersion != null) {
+            return latestDeployableVersion.getCommitDate();
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `latestUpdatedDate` last assigned on line 59 could be null and is dereferenced at line 62.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean ServiceStatusHandler.isServiceUndeployed(int,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.logz.apollo.status.ServiceStatusHandler.isServiceUndeployed(int,int):boolean.dc86429149443c80629e6ca134e7b863
+
+### File:
+apollo-backend/src/main/java/io/logz/apollo/status/ServiceStatusHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceStatusHandler.java|isServiceUndeployed|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+3a50d6218e99d28b4431f87712bea506
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8357/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8357/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60e1631977c8e995070dedb7668f9b40f3dcf859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8357/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.rithms.riot.api.request;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+import net.rithms.riot.api.ApiConfig;
+import net.rithms.riot.api.ApiMethod;
+import net.rithms.riot.api.RiotApi;
+import net.rithms.riot.api.RiotApiAsync;
+import net.rithms.riot.api.RiotApiException;
+
+/**
+ * This class is used to fire asynchronous call at the Riot Api. You should not construct these requests manually. To fire asynchronous
+ * requests, use a {@link RiotApiAsync} object.
+ * 
+ * @author Daniel 'Linnun' Figge
+ * @see RiotApiAsync
+ */
+public class AsyncRequest extends Request implements Runnable {
+
+	protected final Object signal = new Object();
+
+	protected List<RequestListener> listeners = new ArrayList<RequestListener>();
+	protected Thread executionThread = null;
+	private boolean sent = false;
+
+	/**
+	 * Constructs an asynchronous request
+	 * 
+	 * @param config
+	 *            Configuration to use
+	 * @param method
+	 *            Api method to call
+	 * @see ApiConfig
+	 * @see ApiMethod
+	 */
+	public AsyncRequest(ApiConfig config, ApiMethod method) {
+		super();
+		init(config, method);
+		setTimeout();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a {@link RequestListener} to this request
+	 * 
+	 * @param listener
+	 *            A request listener
+	 * @see RequestListener
+	 */
+	public void addListener(RequestListener listener) {
+		if (!listeners.contains(listener)) {
+			listeners.add(listener);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Adds a given collection of {@link RequestListener} to this request
+	 * 
+	 * @param listeners
+	 *            A collection of request listeners
+	 * @see RequestListener
+	 */
+	public void addListeners(Collection<RequestListener> listeners) {
+		for (RequestListener listener : listeners) {
+			if (!this.listeners.contains(listener)) {
+				this.listeners.add(listener);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Waits indefinitely until the request completes.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the thread is interrupted while waiting for the request to complete, this method will throw an {@code InterruptedException} and
+	 * the thread's interrupt flag will be cleared.
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * <i>Please note that this method is blocking and thus negates the advantage of the asynchronous nature of this class. Consider using a
+	 * {@link RequestListener} instead.</i>
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 *             If the method is interrupted by calling {@link Thread#interrupt()}. The interrupt flag will be cleared
+	 */
+	public void await() throws InterruptedException {
+		while (!isDone()) {
+			synchronized (signal) {
+				signal.wait();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Waits for at most the given time until the request completes.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the thread is interrupted while waiting for the request to complete, this method will throw an {@code InterruptedException} and
+	 * the thread's interrupt flag will be cleared.
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * <i>Please note that this method is blocking and thus negates the advantage of the asynchronous nature of this class. Consider using a
+	 * {@link RequestListener} instead.</i>
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 * @param timeout
+	 *            The maximum amount of the given time unit to wait
+	 * @param unit
+	 *            The time unit of the {@code timeout} argument
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 *             If the method is interrupted by calling {@link Thread#interrupt()}. The interrupt flag will be cleared
+	 * @throws TimeoutException
+	 *             If the given time elapsed without the request completing
+	 */
+	public void await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+		await(timeout, unit, false);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Waits for at most the given time until the request completes.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the thread is interrupted while waiting for the request to complete, this method will throw an {@code InterruptedException} and
+	 * the thread's interrupt flag will be cleared.
+	 * </p>
+	 * <p>
+	 * <i>Please note that this method is blocking and thus negates the advantage of the asynchronous nature of this class. Consider using a
+	 * {@link RequestListener} instead.</i>
+	 * </p>
+	 *
+	 * @param timeout
+	 *            The maximum amount of the given time unit to wait
+	 * @param unit
+	 *            The time unit of the {@code timeout} argument
+	 * @param cancelOnTimeout
+	 *            Whether or not the request should be cancelled, if the given {@code timeout} is elapsed without the request completing
+	 * @throws InterruptedException
+	 *             If the method is interrupted by calling {@link Thread#interrupt()}. The interrupt flag will be cleared
+	 * @throws TimeoutException
+	 *             If the given time elapsed without the request completing
+	 */
+	public void await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit, boolean cancelOnTimeout) throws InterruptedException, TimeoutException {
+		final long end = System.currentTimeMillis() + unit.toMillis(timeout);
+		while (!isDone() && System.currentTimeMillis() < end) {
+			synchronized (signal) {
+				signal.wait(end - System.currentTimeMillis());
+			}
+		}
+		if (!isDone()) {
+			if (cancelOnTimeout) {
+				cancel();
+			}
+			throw new TimeoutException();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean cancel() {
+		boolean cancelled = super.cancel();
+		if (!cancelled) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		synchronized (signal) {
+			signal.notifyAll();
+		}
+		// Try to force-quit the connection
+		if (connection != null) {
+			setTimeout(1);
+			connection.disconnect();
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public synchronized void execute() {
+		if (isSent()) {
+			return;
+		}
+		sent = true;
+		executionThread = new Thread(this);
+		executionThread.start();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Retrieves the request's result. If an exception would be thrown, it is swallowed, since you should only call this method, if the
+	 * request succeeded.
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * If you want this method to throw exceptions, please use {@link #getDtoAndThrowException()} instead.
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @return The object returned by the api call, or {@code null} if the request did not finish yet
+	 */
+	@Override
+	public <T> T getDto() {
+		try {
+			return super.getDto(true);
+		} catch (RiotApiException e) {
+			RiotApi.log.log(Level.FINE, "Retrieving Dto Failed", e);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Retrieves the request's result. If an exception occures, it is thrown.
+	 * 
+	 * <p>
+	 * If you do not want this method to throw exceptions, please use {@link #getDto()} instead.
+	 * </p>
+	 * 
+	 * @return The object returned by the api call, or {@code null} if the request did not finish yet
+	 * @throws RiotApiException
+	 *             If an exception occurs while parsing the Riot Api's response
+	 */
+	public <T> T getDtoAndThrowException() throws RiotApiException {
+		return super.getDto(true);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns {@code true} if this request has started execution
+	 * 
+	 * @return {@code true} if this request has started execution
+	 */
+	public boolean isSent() {
+		return sent;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes all listeners from this request
+	 * 
+	 * @see RequestListener
+	 */
+	public void removeAllListeners() {
+		listeners.clear();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Removes a listener from this request
+	 * 
+	 * @param listener
+	 *            Listener to remove
+	 * @see RequestListener
+	 */
+	public void removeListener(RequestListener listener) {
+		listeners.remove(listener);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void run() {
+		try {
+			super.execute();
+		} catch (RiotApiException e) {
+			setException(e);
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected boolean setState(RequestState state) {
+		if (isDone()) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		for (RequestListener listener : listeners) {
+			if (state == RequestState.Succeeded) {
+				listener.onRequestSucceeded(this);
+			} else if (state == RequestState.Failed) {
+				listener.onRequestFailed(getException());
+			} else if (state == RequestState.TimeOut) {
+				listener.onRequestTimeout(this);
+			}
+		}
+		super.setState(state);
+		if (state == RequestState.Cancelled || state == RequestState.Succeeded || state == RequestState.Failed || state == RequestState.TimeOut) {
+			synchronized (signal) {
+				signal.notifyAll();
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void setTimeout() {
+		setTimeout(config.getAsyncRequestTimeout());
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `net.rithms.riot.api.request.AsyncRequest.setState` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.net.rithms.riot.api.request.Request.exception`. Potentially races with write in method `AsyncRequest.getDtoAndThrowException()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean AsyncRequest.setState(RequestState)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.rithms.riot.api.request.AsyncRequest.setState(net.rithms.riot.api.request.RequestState):boolean.f5ca4d1641cd17fd9b62774730f70490
+
+### File:
+src/net/rithms/riot/api/request/AsyncRequest.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncRequest.java|setState|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+48039c47fab267b25acbf7b76a8b728b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8359/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8359/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60922ddf406e37c57c6ff12044c1e34c9f482706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8359/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package main.java.riotapi;
+
+/**
+ * Riot Games API Java Library
+ * riot-api-java
+ * by Taylor Caldwell - @rithms
+ * http://rithms.im 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import constant.PlatformId;
+import constant.QueueType;
+import constant.Region;
+import constant.Season;
+import constant.staticdata.ChampData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemListData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryListData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneListData;
+import constant.staticdata.SpellData;
+import dto.Champion.*;
+import dto.CurrentGame.CurrentGameInfo;
+import dto.FeaturedGames.FeaturedGames;
+import dto.Game.RecentGames;
+import dto.League.League;
+import dto.Match.MatchDetail;
+import dto.MatchHistory.PlayerHistory;
+import dto.Team.Team;
+import dto.Static.ChampionList;
+import dto.Static.GameMapList;
+import dto.Static.Item;
+import dto.Static.ItemList;
+import dto.Static.LanguageStrings;
+import dto.Static.Mastery;
+import dto.Static.MasteryList;
+import dto.Static.Realm;
+import dto.Static.Rune;
+import dto.Static.RuneList;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpell;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpellList;
+import dto.Stats.PlayerStatsSummaryList;
+import dto.Stats.RankedStats;
+import dto.Status.Shard;
+import dto.Status.ShardStatus;
+import dto.Summoner.MasteryPages;
+import dto.Summoner.RunePages;
+import dto.Summoner.Summoner;
+import method.*;
+
+public class RiotApi {
+
+    /**
+     * The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    private String endpoint = Region.GLOBAL.getEndpoint();
+
+    private Region region = Region.NA; // North American region default
+    private Season season = null;
+    private String key;
+
+    public RiotApi() {
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key, Region region) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+        this.setRegion(region);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region, boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(Region region, int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a set region
+     *
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region, QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     * @return League
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(Region region, String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(Region region, String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+   
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+  public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+  }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region, String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region, String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region, String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(region.getName(), getKey());
+   }
+
+   /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(getRegion(), getKey());
+   }
+   
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<Shard> getShards() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StatusMethod.getShards();
+   }
+   
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(region.getName());
+  }
+
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus() throws RiotApiException {
+
+     return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(getRegion());
+ }
+  
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(region.getName(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames() throws RiotApiException {
+			
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(getRegion(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public CurrentGameInfo getCurrentGameInfo(PlatformId platformId, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return CurrentGameMethod.getCurrentGameInfo(platformId, getKey(), summonerId);
+	 }
+	 
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set season
+     *
+     * @return The currently set season
+     */
+    public String getSeason() {
+    	if(season == null){
+    		return null;
+    	}
+        return season.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set API key
+     *
+     * @return The currently set API key
+     */
+    public String getKey() {
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set region
+     *
+     * @return The currently set region
+     * @throws  
+     */
+    public String getRegion() {
+        return region.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the season
+     *
+     * @param season The season to set
+     */
+    public void setSeason(Season season) {
+        this.season = season;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the API key
+     *
+     * @param key The API key to set
+     */
+    public void setKey(String key) {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the region
+     *
+     * @param region The region to set
+     */
+    public void setRegion(Region region) {
+        this.region = region;
+        setEndpoint();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the base URL for all API requests
+     *
+     * @return The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    public String getEndpoint() {
+        return endpoint;
+    }
+
+    private void setEndpoint() {
+        this.endpoint = region.getEndpoint();
+    }
+    
+    public RiotApi clone() {
+    	return new RiotApi(this.key, this.region);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getDataRune(...)` at line 1473.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Rune RiotApi.getDataRune(Region,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+main.java.riotapi.RiotApi.getDataRune(constant.Region,int):dto.Static.Rune.0d042e63f7b0cf5f529432257971e628
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/riotapi/RiotApi.java
+
+### Key:
+RiotApi.java|getDataRune|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+71bbd039293bbda847a7c7191bb8b301
+
+### Hash:
+2545d2461ab658588eed7737b20b31fc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8361/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8361/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b41d54ee0633950ff042cdfdd0b9306e80cde200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8361/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package net.rithms.test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+
+import net.rithms.riot.api.RiotApiException;
+import net.rithms.util.Convert;
+
+/**
+ * Tests all the utility features provided by the classes in the package {@code net.rithms.util}.
+ */
+public class UtilTest {
+
+	@Rule
+	public ExpectedException thrown = ExpectedException.none();
+
+	@Test
+	public void testLongToString() throws RiotApiException {
+		// Valid Usage
+		assertEquals("1", Convert.longToString(1));
+		assertEquals("1,2,3", Convert.longToString(1, 2, 3));
+		// NullPointerException
+		thrown.expect(NullPointerException.class);
+		Convert.longToString(null);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testNormalizeSummonerName() throws RiotApiException {
+		// Valid Usage
+		assertEquals("abc", Convert.normalizeSummonerName("A b     C"));
+		// NullPointerException
+		thrown.expect(NullPointerException.class);
+		Convert.normalizeSummonerName(null);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testNormalizeSummonerNames() throws RiotApiException {
+		// Valid Usage
+		String[] s = Convert.normalizeSummonerNames("ab c", "D E F");
+		assertEquals("abc", s[0]);
+		assertEquals("def", s[1]);
+		// NullPointerException
+		thrown.expect(NullPointerException.class);
+		Convert.normalizeSummonerNames((String[]) null);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void testJoinString() throws RiotApiException {
+		// Valid Usage
+		assertEquals("abc", Convert.joinString(",", "abc"));
+		assertEquals("abc,def,ghi", Convert.joinString(",", "abc", "def", "ghi"));
+		// NullPointerException
+		thrown.expect(NullPointerException.class);
+		Convert.joinString(null, (CharSequence[]) null);
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `joinString(...)` at line 73.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void UtilTest.testJoinString()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.rithms.test.UtilTest.testJoinString():void.1aee850439c4ed9210bc75f39bd8c3a8
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/rithms/test/UtilTest.java
+
+### Key:
+UtilTest.java|testJoinString|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3922f2e7d938afbbdd7d21ea17c4b644
+
+### Hash:
+3c6ad7a969c57222a804d74cb45822a6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8366/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8366/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7541b4cff9b235d2f9b2dbb78e8ea37ba98c4cc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8366/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package main.java.riotapi;
+
+/**
+ * Riot Games API Java Library
+ * riot-api-java
+ * by Taylor Caldwell - @rithms
+ * http://rithms.im 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import constant.PlatformId;
+import constant.QueueType;
+import constant.Region;
+import constant.Season;
+import constant.staticdata.ChampData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemListData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryListData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneListData;
+import constant.staticdata.SpellData;
+import dto.Champion.*;
+import dto.CurrentGame.CurrentGameInfo;
+import dto.FeaturedGames.FeaturedGames;
+import dto.Game.RecentGames;
+import dto.League.League;
+import dto.Match.MatchDetail;
+import dto.MatchHistory.PlayerHistory;
+import dto.Team.Team;
+import dto.Static.ChampionList;
+import dto.Static.GameMapList;
+import dto.Static.Item;
+import dto.Static.ItemList;
+import dto.Static.LanguageStrings;
+import dto.Static.Mastery;
+import dto.Static.MasteryList;
+import dto.Static.Realm;
+import dto.Static.Rune;
+import dto.Static.RuneList;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpell;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpellList;
+import dto.Stats.PlayerStatsSummaryList;
+import dto.Stats.RankedStats;
+import dto.Status.Shard;
+import dto.Status.ShardStatus;
+import dto.Summoner.MasteryPages;
+import dto.Summoner.RunePages;
+import dto.Summoner.Summoner;
+import method.*;
+
+public class RiotApi {
+
+    /**
+     * The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    private String endpoint = Region.GLOBAL.getEndpoint();
+
+    private Region region = Region.NA; // North American region default
+    private Season season = null;
+    private String key;
+
+    public RiotApi() {
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key, Region region) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+        this.setRegion(region);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region, boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(Region region, int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a set region
+     *
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region, QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     * @return League
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(Region region, String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(Region region, String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+   
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+  public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+  }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region, String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region, String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region, String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(region.getName(), getKey());
+   }
+
+   /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(getRegion(), getKey());
+   }
+   
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<Shard> getShards() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StatusMethod.getShards();
+   }
+   
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(region.getName());
+  }
+
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus() throws RiotApiException {
+
+     return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(getRegion());
+ }
+  
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(region.getName(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames() throws RiotApiException {
+			
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(getRegion(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public CurrentGameInfo getCurrentGameInfo(PlatformId platformId, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return CurrentGameMethod.getCurrentGameInfo(platformId, getKey(), summonerId);
+	 }
+	 
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set season
+     *
+     * @return The currently set season
+     */
+    public String getSeason() {
+    	if(season == null){
+    		return null;
+    	}
+        return season.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set API key
+     *
+     * @return The currently set API key
+     */
+    public String getKey() {
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set region
+     *
+     * @return The currently set region
+     * @throws  
+     */
+    public String getRegion() {
+        return region.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the season
+     *
+     * @param season The season to set
+     */
+    public void setSeason(Season season) {
+        this.season = season;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the API key
+     *
+     * @param key The API key to set
+     */
+    public void setKey(String key) {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the region
+     *
+     * @param region The region to set
+     */
+    public void setRegion(Region region) {
+        this.region = region;
+        setEndpoint();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the base URL for all API requests
+     *
+     * @return The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    public String getEndpoint() {
+        return endpoint;
+    }
+
+    private void setEndpoint() {
+        this.endpoint = region.getEndpoint();
+    }
+    
+    public RiotApi clone() {
+    	return new RiotApi(this.key, this.region);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getDataChampionList(...)` at line 1297.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ChampionList RiotApi.getDataChampionList(Region)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+main.java.riotapi.RiotApi.getDataChampionList(constant.Region):dto.Static.ChampionList.f782223f0f684e9e63d89df9db3185ee
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/riotapi/RiotApi.java
+
+### Key:
+RiotApi.java|getDataChampionList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d46e1684de2ca326ba231ad8a5b48143
+
+### Hash:
+d0a122eb6ecd94f839cb665ac9962e42
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8368/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8368/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88b6174e5166e03c5d913209ea26e8a4898e8b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8368/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1906 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riot-api-java
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package main.java.riotapi;
+
+/**
+ * Riot Games API Java Library
+ * riot-api-java
+ * by Taylor Caldwell - @rithms
+ * http://rithms.im 
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright 2014 Taylor Caldwell
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import constant.PlatformId;
+import constant.QueueType;
+import constant.Region;
+import constant.Season;
+import constant.staticdata.ChampData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemData;
+import constant.staticdata.ItemListData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryData;
+import constant.staticdata.MasteryListData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneData;
+import constant.staticdata.RuneListData;
+import constant.staticdata.SpellData;
+import dto.Champion.*;
+import dto.CurrentGame.CurrentGameInfo;
+import dto.FeaturedGames.FeaturedGames;
+import dto.Game.RecentGames;
+import dto.League.League;
+import dto.Match.MatchDetail;
+import dto.MatchHistory.PlayerHistory;
+import dto.Team.Team;
+import dto.Static.ChampionList;
+import dto.Static.GameMapList;
+import dto.Static.Item;
+import dto.Static.ItemList;
+import dto.Static.LanguageStrings;
+import dto.Static.Mastery;
+import dto.Static.MasteryList;
+import dto.Static.Realm;
+import dto.Static.Rune;
+import dto.Static.RuneList;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpell;
+import dto.Static.SummonerSpellList;
+import dto.Stats.PlayerStatsSummaryList;
+import dto.Stats.RankedStats;
+import dto.Status.Shard;
+import dto.Status.ShardStatus;
+import dto.Summoner.MasteryPages;
+import dto.Summoner.RunePages;
+import dto.Summoner.Summoner;
+import method.*;
+
+public class RiotApi {
+
+    /**
+     * The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    private String endpoint = Region.GLOBAL.getEndpoint();
+
+    private Region region = Region.NA; // North American region default
+    private Season season = null;
+    private String key;
+
+    public RiotApi() {
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+    }
+
+    public RiotApi(String key, Region region) {
+        this.setKey(key);
+        this.setRegion(region);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the set region when
+     * freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param freeToPlay Only free to play
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is true A list of all the champions for the given region
+     * when freeToPlay is false
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getChampions(Region region, boolean freeToPlay) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), freeToPlay);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the given region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all free to play champions for a set region
+     *
+     * @return A list of all the free to play champions for the set region
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public dto.Champion.ChampionList getFreeToPlayChampions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampions(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a given region
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(Region region, int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a champion by id for a set region
+     *
+     * @param champId The ID of the desired champion
+     * @return The champion of the given ID
+     * @see ChampionList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Champion getChampionById(int champId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return ChampionMethod.getChampionById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), champId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get recent games for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Recent games of the given summoner
+     * @see RecentGames
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RecentGames getRecentGames(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return GameMethod.getRecentGames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param summonerIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryBySummoners(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryBySummoners(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(long... teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(Region region, String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param teamIds
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<League>> getLeagueEntryByTeams(String teamIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getLeagueEntryByTeams(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), teamIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param region
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(Region region, QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 
+     * @param queueType
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     * @return League
+     */
+    public League getChallengerLeagues(QueueType queueType) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return LeagueMethod.getChallengerLeagues(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), queueType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a summary of player statistics for a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A summary of player statistics for the given summoner
+     * @see PlayerStatsSummaryList
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerStatsSummaryList getPlayerStatsSummary(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getPlayerStatsSummary(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param season The desired season
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Season season, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), season.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the ranked statistics of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return Ranked statistics of the given summoner
+     * @see RankedStats
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public RankedStats getRankedStats(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StatsMethod.getRankedStats(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getSeason(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the mastery pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of mastery pages of the given summoners
+     * @see MasteryPages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, MasteryPages> getMasteryPages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getMasteryPages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the rune pages of a given summoner
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of rune pages of the given summoners
+     * @see RunePages
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, RunePages> getRunePages(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getRunePages(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(Region region, String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerNames The names of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersByName(String summonerNames) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerNames);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(Region region, String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner by name
+     *
+     * @param summonerName The name of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerByName(String summonerName) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersByName(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonersById(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoners by names
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoners
+     * @see Summoner
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, Summoner> getSummonerById(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonersById(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds The IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A comma separated list of IDs of the desired summoners
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerNames(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The IDs of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(Region region, String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get summoner names by IDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A map of desired summoner names
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, String> getSummonerName(String summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return SummonerMethod.getSummonerNames(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds A list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(long... summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(Region region, String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get teams by summonerIDs
+     *
+     * @param summonerIds Comma-separated list of summoner IDs
+     * @return A map of the summoners' teams
+     * @see Team
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public Map<String, List<Team>> getTeamsBySummonerIds(String summonerIds) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return TeamMethod.getTeamsBySummonerIds(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerIds);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(Region region, long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match by ID
+     *
+     * @param matchId The ID of the match
+     * @param includeTimeline Flag indicating whether or not to include match timeline data
+     * @return A map with match details
+     * @see MatchDetail
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public MatchDetail getMatch(long matchId, boolean includeTimeline) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchMethod.getMatch(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), matchId, includeTimeline);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param region The desired region
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+   
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+  public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+  }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+   public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+   }
+
+   /**
+    * Get match history by summonerID
+    *
+    * @param region The desired region
+    * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+    * @return A list with matches
+    * @see PlayerHistory
+    * @throws RiotApiException
+    */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(Region region, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(region.getEndpoint(), region.getName(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param championIds Comma-separated list of champion IDs to use for fetching games.
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String championIds, String rankedQueues) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, championIds, rankedQueues, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param rankedQueues Comma-separated list of ranked queue types to use for fetching games
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, String rankedQueues, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, rankedQueues, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @param endIndex The end index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex, int endIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, endIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @param beginIndex The begin index to use for fetching games
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId, int beginIndex) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, beginIndex, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get match history by summonerID
+     *
+     * @param summonerId The ID of the desired summoner
+     * @return A list with matches
+     * @see PlayerHistory
+     * @throws RiotApiException
+     */
+    public PlayerHistory getMatchHistory(long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return MatchHistoryMethod.getMatchHistory(getEndpoint(), getRegion(), getKey(), summonerId, null, null, -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ChampionList getDataChampionList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampionList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, ChampData champData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, dataById, champData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public dto.Static.Champion getDataChampion(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataChampion(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region, String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(String locale, String version, ItemListData itemListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, itemListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public ItemList getDataItemList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItemList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id, String locale, String version, ItemData itemData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, itemData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Item getDataItem(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataItem(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Realm getDataRealm() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRealm(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region, String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(String locale, String version, RuneListData runeListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, runeListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public RuneList getDataRuneList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRuneList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id, String locale, String version, RuneData runeData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, runeData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Rune getDataRune(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataRune(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region, String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(String locale, String version, MasteryListData masteryListData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, masteryListData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public MasteryList getDataMasteryList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMasteryList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id, String locale, String version, MasteryData masteryData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, masteryData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public Mastery getDataMastery(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataMastery(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region, String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(String locale, String version, boolean dataById, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version, dataById, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpellList getDataSummonerSpellList() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpellList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null, false, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id, String locale, String version, SpellData spellData) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, locale, version, spellData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(Region region, int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(region.getName(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public SummonerSpell getDataSummonerSpell(int id) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataSummonerSpell(getRegion(), getKey(), id, null, null, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(region.getName(), getKey());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     */
+    public List<String> getDataVersions() throws RiotApiException {
+
+        return StaticDataMethod.getDataVersions(getRegion(), getKey());
+    }
+    
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(region.getName(), getKey());
+   }
+
+   /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<String> getDataLanguages() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguages(getRegion(), getKey());
+   }
+   
+    /**
+    *
+    */
+   public List<Shard> getShards() throws RiotApiException {
+
+       return StatusMethod.getShards();
+   }
+   
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+
+      return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(region.getName());
+  }
+
+   /**
+   *
+   */
+  public ShardStatus getShardStatus() throws RiotApiException {
+
+     return StatusMethod.getShardStatus(getRegion());
+ }
+  
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public GameMapList getDataGameMapList() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataGameMapList(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+
+	  /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region, String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(String locale, String version) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), locale, version);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(region.getName(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public LanguageStrings getDataLanguageStrings() throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return StaticDataMethod.getDataLanguageStrings(getRegion(), getKey(), null, null);
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames(Region region) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(region.getName(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public FeaturedGames getFeaturedGames() throws RiotApiException {
+			
+	     return FeaturedGamesMethod.getFeaturedGames(getRegion(), getKey());
+	 }
+	 
+	 /**
+	  *
+	  */
+	 public CurrentGameInfo getCurrentGameInfo(PlatformId platformId, long summonerId) throws RiotApiException {
+	
+	     return CurrentGameMethod.getCurrentGameInfo(platformId, getKey(), summonerId);
+	 }
+	 
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set season
+     *
+     * @return The currently set season
+     */
+    public String getSeason() {
+    	if(season == null){
+    		return null;
+    	}
+        return season.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set API key
+     *
+     * @return The currently set API key
+     */
+    public String getKey() {
+        return key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the currently set region
+     *
+     * @return The currently set region
+     * @throws  
+     */
+    public String getRegion() {
+        return region.getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the season
+     *
+     * @param season The season to set
+     */
+    public void setSeason(Season season) {
+        this.season = season;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the API key
+     *
+     * @param key The API key to set
+     */
+    public void setKey(String key) {
+        this.key = key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the region
+     *
+     * @param region The region to set
+     */
+    public void setRegion(Region region) {
+        this.region = region;
+        setEndpoint();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the base URL for all API requests
+     *
+     * @return The base URL for all API requests
+     */
+    public String getEndpoint() {
+        return endpoint;
+    }
+
+    private void setEndpoint() {
+        this.endpoint = region.getEndpoint();
+    }
+    
+    public RiotApi clone() {
+    	return new RiotApi(this.key, this.region);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getDataSummonerSpell(...)` at line 1601.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+SummonerSpell RiotApi.getDataSummonerSpell(Region,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+main.java.riotapi.RiotApi.getDataSummonerSpell(constant.Region,int):dto.Static.SummonerSpell.190808eaffec4b717377b7594ba51207
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/riotapi/RiotApi.java
+
+### Key:
+RiotApi.java|getDataSummonerSpell|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+71bbd039293bbda847a7c7191bb8b301
+
+### Hash:
+083142b1ebc3b31fdf96b3e2369526b7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8392/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8392/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74eb8ca227740a6e69aefd1824c18fd3080073d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8392/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fim
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is part of Fim - File Integrity Manager
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015  Etienne Vrignaud
+ *
+ * Fim is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Fim is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Fim.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.fim.internal;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.fim.model.DuplicateResult;
+import org.fim.model.FileHash;
+import org.fim.model.FileState;
+import org.fim.model.Parameters;
+import org.fim.model.State;
+
+public class DuplicateFinder
+{
+	private final Parameters parameters;
+	private final List<FileState> duplicatedFiles;
+	private final Comparator<FileState> fullHashComparator;
+
+	public DuplicateFinder(Parameters parameters)
+	{
+		this.parameters = parameters;
+		this.duplicatedFiles = new ArrayList<>();
+		this.fullHashComparator = new FileState.HashComparator();
+	}
+
+	public DuplicateResult findDuplicates(State state)
+	{
+		DuplicateResult result = new DuplicateResult(parameters);
+
+		List<FileState> fileStates = new ArrayList<>(state.getFileStates());
+		Collections.sort(fileStates, fullHashComparator);
+
+		FileHash previousHash = new FileHash(FileState.NO_HASH, FileState.NO_HASH, FileState.NO_HASH);
+		for (FileState fileState : fileStates)
+		{
+			if (!previousHash.equals(fileState.getFileHash()))
+			{
+				result.addDuplicatedFiles(duplicatedFiles);
+				duplicatedFiles.clear();
+			}
+
+			previousHash = fileState.getFileHash();
+			duplicatedFiles.add(fileState);
+		}
+		result.addDuplicatedFiles(duplicatedFiles);
+
+		return result;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `previousHash` last assigned on line 61 could be null and is dereferenced at line 55.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+DuplicateResult DuplicateFinder.findDuplicates(State)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.fim.internal.DuplicateFinder.findDuplicates(org.fim.model.State):org.fim.model.DuplicateResult.bd61d9397138f834529fb510401da569
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/fim/internal/DuplicateFinder.java
+
+### Key:
+DuplicateFinder.java|findDuplicates|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+4eb0365e7150ff107d911b63194f15ee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8395/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8395/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a80d482166fc94cf2f681bbf50221d336f555736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8395/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fim
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * This file is part of Fim - File Integrity Manager
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2015  Etienne Vrignaud
+ *
+ * Fim is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Fim is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with Fim.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.fim.internal;
+
+import static java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption.CREATE;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.fim.model.FileState;
+import org.fim.model.Parameters;
+import org.fim.model.State;
+
+public class StateManager
+{
+	public static final String STATE_EXTENSION = ".json.gz";
+
+	public static final String LAST_STATE_FILE_NAME = "lastState";
+
+	private final Parameters parameters;
+	private final Charset utf8 = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
+	private final File stateDir;
+	protected int lastStateNumber = -1;
+
+	public StateManager(Parameters parameters)
+	{
+		this(parameters, parameters.getDefaultStateDir());
+	}
+
+	public StateManager(Parameters parameters, File stateDir)
+	{
+		this.parameters = parameters;
+		this.stateDir = stateDir;
+	}
+
+	public void createNewState(State state) throws IOException
+	{
+		state.saveToGZipFile(getNextStateFile());
+		writeLastStateNumber();
+	}
+
+	public File getNextStateFile()
+	{
+		findLastStateNumber();
+		lastStateNumber++;
+		File statFile = getStateFile(lastStateNumber);
+		return statFile;
+	}
+
+	public State loadLastState() throws IOException
+	{
+		findLastStateNumber();
+		return loadState(lastStateNumber);
+	}
+
+	public State loadState(int stateNumber) throws IOException
+	{
+		File stateFile = getStateFile(stateNumber);
+		if (!stateFile.exists())
+		{
+			throw new IllegalStateException(String.format("Unable to load State file %d from directory %s", stateNumber, stateDir));
+		}
+
+		State state = new State();
+		state.loadFromGZipFile(stateFile);
+
+		// Replace by 'no_hash' accurately to be able to compare the FileState entry
+		switch (parameters.getHashMode())
+		{
+			case DONT_HASH_FILES:
+				for (FileState fileState : state.getFileStates())
+				{
+					fileState.getFileHash().setFirstFourKiloHash(FileState.NO_HASH);
+					fileState.getFileHash().setFirstMegaHash(FileState.NO_HASH);
+					fileState.getFileHash().setFullHash(FileState.NO_HASH);
+				}
+				break;
+
+			case HASH_ONLY_FIRST_FOUR_KILO:
+				for (FileState fileState : state.getFileStates())
+				{
+					fileState.getFileHash().setFirstMegaHash(FileState.NO_HASH);
+					fileState.getFileHash().setFullHash(FileState.NO_HASH);
+				}
+				break;
+
+			case HASH_ONLY_FIRST_MEGA:
+				for (FileState fileState : state.getFileStates())
+				{
+					fileState.getFileHash().setFirstFourKiloHash(FileState.NO_HASH);
+					fileState.getFileHash().setFullHash(FileState.NO_HASH);
+				}
+				break;
+
+			case COMPUTE_ALL_HASH:
+				// Nothing to do
+				break;
+		}
+
+		return state;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return the State file formatted like this: <stateDir>/state_<stateNumber>.json.gz
+	 */
+	public File getStateFile(int stateNumber)
+	{
+		StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
+		builder.append("state_").append(stateNumber).append(STATE_EXTENSION);
+		return new File(stateDir, builder.toString());
+	}
+
+	protected void findLastStateNumber()
+	{
+		readLastStateNumber();
+		if (lastStateNumber != -1)
+		{
+			return;
+		}
+
+		for (int index = 1; ; index++)
+		{
+			File statFile = getStateFile(index);
+			if (!statFile.exists())
+			{
+				lastStateNumber = index - 1;
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public void readLastStateNumber()
+	{
+		lastStateNumber = -1;
+
+		File lastStateFile = new File(stateDir, LAST_STATE_FILE_NAME);
+		if (lastStateFile.exists())
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				List<String> strings = Files.readAllLines(lastStateFile.toPath(), utf8);
+				if (strings.size() > 0)
+				{
+					lastStateNumber = Integer.parseInt(strings.get(0));
+				}
+			}
+			catch (IOException ex)
+			{
+				ex.printStackTrace();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void writeLastStateNumber()
+	{
+		if (lastStateNumber != -1)
+		{
+			File lastStateFile = new File(stateDir, LAST_STATE_FILE_NAME);
+			String content = Integer.toString(lastStateNumber);
+			try
+			{
+				Files.write(lastStateFile.toPath(), content.getBytes(), CREATE);
+			}
+			catch (IOException ex)
+			{
+				ex.printStackTrace();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public int getLastStateNumber()
+	{
+		return lastStateNumber;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `state.getFileStates()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 99.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+State StateManager.loadState(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.fim.internal.StateManager.loadState(int):org.fim.model.State.814e6eef6c52f2ed5d5977dc1d6ff532
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/fim/internal/StateManager.java
+
+### Key:
+StateManager.java|loadState|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+ace2cfc5deaffe4d5af465222a8296c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8420/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8420/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..977a1ebbfe1810d4a5388cc7747bd7fc399ea8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8420/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** raft-java
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.wenweihu86.raft;
+
+import com.github.wenweihu86.raft.proto.Raft;
+import com.github.wenweihu86.raft.storage.SegmentedLog;
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.github.wenweihu86.raft.storage.Snapshot;
+import com.github.wenweihu86.rpc.client.RPCCallback;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
+
+/**
+ * Created by wenweihu86 on 2017/5/2.
+ */
+public class RaftNode {
+
+    public enum NodeState {
+        STATE_FOLLOWER,
+        STATE_CANDIDATE,
+        STATE_LEADER
+    }
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RaftNode.class);
+
+    private NodeState state = NodeState.STATE_FOLLOWER;
+    // 服务器最后一次知道的任期号（初始化为 0，持续递增）
+    private long currentTerm;
+    // 在当前获得选票的候选人的Id
+    private int votedFor;
+    private List<Raft.LogEntry> entries;
+    // 已知的最大的已经被提交的日志条目的索引值
+    private long commitIndex;
+    // The index of the last log entry that has been flushed to disk.
+    // Valid for leaders only.
+    private long lastSyncedIndex;
+    // 最后被应用到状态机的日志条目索引值（初始化为 0，持续递增）
+    private volatile long lastAppliedIndex;
+
+    private List<Peer> peers;
+    private ServerAddress localServer;
+    private int leaderId; // leader节点id
+    private SegmentedLog raftLog;
+    private StateMachine stateMachine;
+
+    private Snapshot snapshot;
+    private long lastSnapshotIndex;
+    private long lastSnapshotTerm;
+    private boolean isSnapshoting;
+    private ReadWriteLock snapshotLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+
+    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+    private Condition commitIndexCondition = lock.newCondition();
+
+    private ExecutorService executorService;
+    private ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService;
+    private ScheduledFuture electionScheduledFuture;
+    private ScheduledFuture heartbeatScheduledFuture;
+
+    public RaftNode(int localServerId, List<ServerAddress> servers) {
+        raftLog = new SegmentedLog();
+        snapshot = new Snapshot();
+        for (ServerAddress server : servers) {
+            if (server.getServerId() == localServerId) {
+                this.localServer = server;
+            } else {
+                Peer peer = new Peer(server);
+                peers.add(peer);
+            }
+        }
+        executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(peers.size() * 2);
+        scheduledExecutorService = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);
+        // election timer
+        resetElectionTimer();
+        this.currentTerm = raftLog.getMetaData().getCurrentTerm();
+        this.votedFor = raftLog.getMetaData().getVotedFor();
+        this.commitIndex = Math.max(snapshot.getMetaData().getLastIncludedIndex(), commitIndex);
+        stepDown(1);
+        scheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                takeSnapshot();
+            }
+        }, RaftOption.snapshotPeriodSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+    }
+
+    public void resetElectionTimer() {
+        if (electionScheduledFuture != null && !electionScheduledFuture.isDone()) {
+            electionScheduledFuture.cancel(true);
+        }
+        electionScheduledFuture = scheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                startNewElection();
+            }
+        }, getElectionTimeoutMs(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    // 开始新的选举，对candidate有效
+    public void startNewElection() {
+        currentTerm++;
+        LOG.info("Running for election in term {}", currentTerm);
+        state = NodeState.STATE_CANDIDATE;
+        leaderId = 0;
+        votedFor = localServer.getServerId();
+        for (final Peer peer : peers) {
+            Future electionFuture = executorService.submit(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    requestVote(peer);
+                }
+            });
+            peer.setElectionFuture(electionFuture);
+        }
+        resetElectionTimer();
+    }
+
+    public void resetHeartbeatTimer() {
+        if (heartbeatScheduledFuture != null && !heartbeatScheduledFuture.isDone()) {
+            heartbeatScheduledFuture.cancel(true);
+        }
+        heartbeatScheduledFuture = scheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Runnable() {
+            @Override
+            public void run() {
+                startNewHeartbeat();
+            }
+        }, RaftOption.heartbeatPeriodMilliseconds, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+    }
+
+    // 开始心跳，对leader有效
+    public void startNewHeartbeat() {
+        LOG.info("start new heartbeat");
+        for (final Peer peer : peers) {
+            Future heartbeatFuture = executorService.submit(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    appendEntries(peer);
+                }
+            });
+            peer.setHeartbeatFuture(heartbeatFuture);
+        }
+        resetHeartbeatTimer();
+    }
+
+    public void requestVote(Peer peer) {
+        peer.setVoteGranted(false);
+        Raft.VoteRequest request = Raft.VoteRequest.newBuilder()
+                .setServerId(localServer.getServerId())
+                .setTerm(currentTerm)
+                .setLastLogIndex(raftLog.getLastLogIndex())
+                .setLastLogTerm(raftLog.getLastLogTerm()).build();
+        peer.getRpcClient().asyncCall(
+                "RaftConsensusService.requestVote", request,
+                new VoteResponseCallback(peer));
+    }
+
+    private class VoteResponseCallback implements RPCCallback<Raft.VoteResponse> {
+        private Peer peer;
+
+        public VoteResponseCallback(Peer peer) {
+            this.peer = peer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void success(Raft.VoteResponse response) {
+            if (response.getTerm() > currentTerm) {
+                LOG.info("Received RequestVote response from server {} " +
+                                "in term {} (this server's term was {})",
+                        peer.getServerAddress().getServerId(),
+                        response.getTerm(),
+                        currentTerm);
+                stepDown(response.getTerm());
+            } else {
+                if (response.getGranted()) {
+                    LOG.info("Got vote from server {} for term {}",
+                            peer.getServerAddress().getServerId(), currentTerm);
+                    int voteGrantedNum = 1;
+                    for (Peer peer1 : peers) {
+                        if (peer1.isVoteGranted()) {
+                            voteGrantedNum += 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (voteGrantedNum > (peers.size() + 1) / 2) {
+                        LOG.info("Got majority vote");
+                        becomeLeader();
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    LOG.info("Vote denied by server {} for term {}",
+                            peer.getServerAddress().getServerId(), currentTerm);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void fail(Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warn("requestVote with peer[{}:{}] failed",
+                    peer.getServerAddress().getHost(),
+                    peer.getServerAddress().getPort());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void appendEntries(Peer peer) {
+        long startLogIndex = raftLog.getStartLogIndex();
+        if (peer.getNextIndex() < startLogIndex) {
+            this.installSnapshot(peer);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        long lastLogIndex = this.raftLog.getLastLogIndex();
+        long prevLogIndex = peer.getNextIndex() - 1;
+        long prevLogTerm = 0;
+        if (prevLogIndex >= startLogIndex) {
+            prevLogTerm = raftLog.getEntry(prevLogIndex).getTerm();
+        } else if (prevLogIndex == 0) {
+            prevLogTerm = 0;
+        } else if (prevLogIndex == lastSnapshotIndex) {
+            prevLogTerm = lastSnapshotTerm;
+        } else {
+            installSnapshot(peer);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Raft.AppendEntriesRequest.Builder requestBuilder = Raft.AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        requestBuilder.setServerId(localServer.getServerId());
+        requestBuilder.setTerm(currentTerm);
+        requestBuilder.setPrevLogTerm(prevLogTerm);
+        requestBuilder.setPrevLogIndex(prevLogIndex);
+        long numEntries = packEntries(peer.getNextIndex(), requestBuilder);
+        requestBuilder.setCommitIndex(Math.min(commitIndex, prevLogIndex + numEntries));
+        Raft.AppendEntriesRequest request = requestBuilder.build();
+
+        Raft.AppendEntriesResponse response = peer.getRaftConsensusService().appendEntries(request);
+        if (response == null) {
+            LOG.warn("appendEntries with peer[{}:{}] failed",
+                    peer.getServerAddress().getHost(),
+                    peer.getServerAddress().getPort());
+            return;
+        }
+        if (response.getTerm() > currentTerm) {
+            LOG.info("Received AppendEntries response from server {} " +
+                    "in term {} (this server's term was {})",
+                    peer.getServerAddress().getServerId(),
+                    response.getTerm(), currentTerm);
+            stepDown(response.getTerm());
+        } else {
+            if (response.getSuccess()) {
+                peer.setMatchIndex(prevLogIndex + numEntries);
+                advanceCommitIndex();
+                peer.setNextIndex(peer.getMatchIndex() + 1);
+            } else {
+                if (peer.getNextIndex() > 1) {
+                    peer.setNextIndex(peer.getNextIndex() - 1);
+                }
+                if (response.getLastLogIndex() != 0
+                        && peer.getNextIndex() > response.getLastLogIndex() + 1) {
+                    peer.setNextIndex(response.getLastLogIndex() + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void advanceCommitIndex() {
+        // 获取quorum matchIndex
+        int peerNum = peers.size();
+        long[] matchIndexes = new long[peerNum + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < peerNum - 1; i++) {
+            matchIndexes[i] = peers.get(i).getMatchIndex();
+        }
+        matchIndexes[peerNum] = lastSyncedIndex;
+        Arrays.sort(matchIndexes);
+        long newCommitIndex = matchIndexes[(peerNum + 1 + 1) / 2];
+        if (raftLog.getEntry(newCommitIndex).getTerm() != currentTerm) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        lock.lock();
+        if (commitIndex >= newCommitIndex) {
+            return;
+        }
+        long oldCommitIndex = commitIndex;
+        commitIndex = newCommitIndex;
+        // 同步到状态机
+        for (long index = oldCommitIndex + 1; index <= newCommitIndex; index++) {
+            Raft.LogEntry entry = raftLog.getEntry(index);
+            stateMachine.apply(entry.getData().toByteArray());
+        }
+        lastAppliedIndex = commitIndex;
+        commitIndexCondition.signalAll();
+        lock.unlock();
+    }
+
+    public long packEntries(long nextIndex, Raft.AppendEntriesRequest.Builder requestBuilder) {
+        long lastIndex = Math.min(raftLog.getLastLogIndex(),
+                nextIndex + RaftOption.maxLogEntriesPerRequest - 1);
+        for (long index = nextIndex; index <= lastIndex; index++) {
+            Raft.LogEntry entry = raftLog.getEntry(index);
+            requestBuilder.addEntries(entry);
+        }
+        return lastIndex - nextIndex + 1;
+    }
+
+    public void installSnapshot(Peer peer) {
+        Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder requestBuilder = Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+        requestBuilder.setServerId(localServer.getServerId());
+        requestBuilder.setTerm(currentTerm);
+        // send snapshot
+        try {
+            snapshotLock.readLock().lock();
+            Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest request = this.buildInstallSnapshotRequest(
+                    null, 0, 0);
+            peer.getRpcClient().asyncCall("RaftConsensusService.installSnapshot",
+                    request, new InstallSnapshotResponseCallback(peer, request));
+            isSnapshoting = true;
+        } finally {
+            snapshotLock.readLock().unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private class InstallSnapshotResponseCallback implements RPCCallback<Raft.InstallSnapshotResponse> {
+        private Peer peer;
+        private Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest request;
+
+        public InstallSnapshotResponseCallback(Peer peer, Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest request) {
+            this.peer = peer;
+            this.request = request;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void success(Raft.InstallSnapshotResponse response) {
+            TreeMap<String, Snapshot.SnapshotDataFile> snapshotDataFileMap = snapshot.getSnapshotDataFileMap();
+            Snapshot.SnapshotDataFile lastDataFile = snapshotDataFileMap.get(request.getFileName());
+            try {
+                snapshotLock.readLock().lock();
+                if (request.getIsLast() == true) {
+                    isSnapshoting = false;
+                } else {
+                    Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest currentRequest = buildInstallSnapshotRequest(
+                            this.request.getFileName(),
+                            this.request.getOffset(),
+                            this.request.getData().toByteArray().length);
+                    peer.getRpcClient().asyncCall("RaftConsensusService.installSnapshot",
+                            currentRequest, new InstallSnapshotResponseCallback(peer, currentRequest));
+                }
+            } finally {
+                snapshotLock.readLock().unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void fail(Throwable e) {
+            LOG.warn("install snapshot failed, msg={}", e.getMessage());
+            snapshotLock.readLock().lock();
+            isSnapshoting = false;
+            snapshotLock.readLock().unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest buildInstallSnapshotRequest(
+            String lastFileName, long lastOffset, long lastLength) {
+        Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder requestBuilder = Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+        try {
+            TreeMap<String, Snapshot.SnapshotDataFile> snapshotDataFileMap = snapshot.getSnapshotDataFileMap();
+            if (lastFileName == null) {
+                lastFileName = snapshotDataFileMap.firstKey();
+                lastOffset = 0;
+                lastLength = 0;
+            }
+            Snapshot.SnapshotDataFile lastFile = snapshotDataFileMap.get(lastFileName);
+            long lastFileLength = lastFile.randomAccessFile.length();
+            String currentFileName = lastFileName;
+            long currentOffset = lastOffset + lastLength;
+            int currentDataSize = RaftOption.maxSnapshotBytesPerRequest;
+            Snapshot.SnapshotDataFile currentDataFile = lastFile;
+            if (lastOffset + lastLength < lastFileLength) {
+                if (lastOffset + lastLength + RaftOption.maxSnapshotBytesPerRequest > lastFileLength) {
+                    currentDataSize = (int) (lastFileLength - (lastOffset + lastLength));
+                }
+            } else {
+                Map.Entry<String, Snapshot.SnapshotDataFile> currentEntry
+                        = snapshotDataFileMap.higherEntry(lastFileName);
+                if (currentEntry == null) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                currentDataFile = currentEntry.getValue();
+                currentFileName = currentEntry.getKey();
+                currentOffset = 0;
+                int currentFileLenght = (int) currentEntry.getValue().randomAccessFile.length();
+                if (currentFileLenght < RaftOption.maxSnapshotBytesPerRequest) {
+                    currentDataSize = currentFileLenght;
+                }
+            }
+            byte[] currentData = new byte[currentDataSize];
+            currentDataFile.randomAccessFile.read(currentData);
+            requestBuilder.setData(ByteString.copyFrom(currentData));
+            requestBuilder.setFileName(currentFileName);
+            requestBuilder.setOffset(currentOffset);
+            requestBuilder.setTerm(currentTerm);
+            requestBuilder.setServerId(localServer.getServerId());
+            requestBuilder.setIsFirst(false);
+            if (currentFileName.equals(snapshotDataFileMap.lastKey())
+                    && currentOffset + currentDataSize >= currentDataFile.randomAccessFile.length()) {
+                requestBuilder.setIsLast(true);
+            } else {
+                requestBuilder.setIsLast(false);
+            }
+            if (currentFileName.equals(snapshotDataFileMap.firstKey()) && currentOffset == 0) {
+                requestBuilder.setIsFirst(true);
+            } else {
+                requestBuilder.setIsFirst(false);
+            }
+            return requestBuilder.build();
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void becomeLeader() {
+        state = NodeState.STATE_LEADER;
+        leaderId = localServer.getServerId();
+        // start heartbeat timer
+        resetHeartbeatTimer();
+    }
+
+    public void stepDown(long newTerm) {
+        if (currentTerm > newTerm) {
+            LOG.error("can't be happened");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (currentTerm < newTerm) {
+            currentTerm = newTerm;
+            leaderId = 0;
+            votedFor = 0;
+            raftLog.updateMetaData(currentTerm, votedFor, null);
+        }
+        state = NodeState.STATE_FOLLOWER;
+        resetElectionTimer();
+    }
+
+    public void updateMetaData() {
+        raftLog.updateMetaData(currentTerm, votedFor, null);
+    }
+
+    public int getElectionTimeoutMs() {
+        ThreadLocalRandom random = ThreadLocalRandom.current();
+        int randomElectionTimeout = RaftOption.electionTimeoutMilliseconds
+                + random.nextInt(0, RaftOption.electionTimeoutMilliseconds);
+        return randomElectionTimeout;
+    }
+
+    // client set command
+    public void replicate(byte[] data) {
+        Raft.LogEntry logEntry = Raft.LogEntry.newBuilder()
+                .setTerm(currentTerm)
+                .setType(Raft.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_DATA)
+                .setData(ByteString.copyFrom(data)).build();
+        List<Raft.LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>();
+        entries.add(logEntry);
+        long newLastLogIndex = raftLog.append(entries);
+        for (final Peer peer : peers) {
+            executorService.submit(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    appendEntries(peer);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+        // sync wait condition commitIndex >= newLastLogIndex
+        // TODO: add timeout
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            while (commitIndex < newLastLogIndex) {
+                try {
+                    commitIndexCondition.await();
+                } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
+                    LOG.warn(ex.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void takeSnapshot() {
+        if (raftLog.getTotalSize() < RaftOption.snapshotMinLogSize) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (lastAppliedIndex <= lastSnapshotIndex) {
+            return;
+        }
+        long lastAppliedTerm = 0;
+        if (lastAppliedIndex >= raftLog.getStartLogIndex()
+                && lastAppliedIndex <= raftLog.getLastLogIndex()) {
+            lastAppliedTerm = raftLog.getEntry(lastAppliedIndex).getTerm();
+        }
+
+        snapshotLock.writeLock().lock();
+        // take snapshot
+        String tmpSnapshotDir = snapshot.getSnapshotDir() + ".tmp";
+        snapshot.updateMetaData(tmpSnapshotDir, lastAppliedIndex, lastAppliedTerm);
+        String tmpSnapshotDataDir = tmpSnapshotDir + File.pathSeparator + "data";
+        stateMachine.writeSnapshot(tmpSnapshotDataDir);
+        try {
+            FileUtils.moveDirectory(new File(tmpSnapshotDir), new File(snapshot.getSnapshotDir()));
+            lastSnapshotIndex = lastAppliedIndex;
+            lastSnapshotTerm = lastAppliedTerm;
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            LOG.warn("move direct failed, msg={}", ex.getMessage());
+        }
+        snapshotLock.writeLock().unlock();
+    }
+
+    public Lock getLock() {
+        return lock;
+    }
+
+    public void setLock(Lock lock) {
+        this.lock = lock;
+    }
+
+    public NodeState getState() {
+        return state;
+    }
+
+    public void setState(NodeState state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    public long getCurrentTerm() {
+        return currentTerm;
+    }
+
+    public void setCurrentTerm(int currentTerm) {
+        this.currentTerm = currentTerm;
+    }
+
+    public int getVotedFor() {
+        return votedFor;
+    }
+
+    public void setVotedFor(int votedFor) {
+        this.votedFor = votedFor;
+    }
+
+    public List<Raft.LogEntry> getEntries() {
+        return entries;
+    }
+
+    public void setEntries(List<Raft.LogEntry> entries) {
+        this.entries = entries;
+    }
+
+    public long getCommitIndex() {
+        return commitIndex;
+    }
+
+    public void setCommitIndex(long commitIndex) {
+        this.commitIndex = commitIndex;
+    }
+
+
+    public long getLastAppliedIndex() {
+        return lastAppliedIndex;
+    }
+
+    public void setLastAppliedIndex(long lastAppliedIndex) {
+        this.lastAppliedIndex = lastAppliedIndex;
+    }
+
+    public ServerAddress getLocalServer() {
+        return localServer;
+    }
+
+    public void setLocalServer(ServerAddress localServer) {
+        this.localServer = localServer;
+    }
+
+    public SegmentedLog getRaftLog() {
+        return raftLog;
+    }
+
+    public int getLeaderId() {
+        return leaderId;
+    }
+
+    public void setLeaderId(int leaderId) {
+        this.leaderId = leaderId;
+    }
+
+    public Snapshot getSnapshot() {
+        return snapshot;
+    }
+
+    public void setSnapshot(Snapshot snapshot) {
+        this.snapshot = snapshot;
+    }
+
+    public ExecutorService getExecutorService() {
+        return executorService;
+    }
+
+    public ScheduledExecutorService getScheduledExecutorService() {
+        return scheduledExecutorService;
+    }
+
+    public ReadWriteLock getSnapshotLock() {
+        return snapshotLock;
+    }
+
+    public StateMachine getStateMachine() {
+        return stateMachine;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.wenweihu86.raft.RaftNode.installSnapshot` reads without synchronization from `this.com.github.wenweihu86.raft.RaftNode.currentTerm`. Potentially races with write in method `RaftNode.stepDown(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RaftNode.installSnapshot(Peer)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.wenweihu86.raft.RaftNode.installSnapshot(com.github.wenweihu86.raft.Peer):void.259a658f0cd631041109cdf19df614a7
+
+### File:
+raft-java-core/src/main/java/com/github/wenweihu86/raft/RaftNode.java
+
+### Key:
+RaftNode.java|installSnapshot|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+713b0af483701aeb2e4000e192937365
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8427/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8427/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60a4ed689f6076ae9a74bf377b8380332f6b6f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8427/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** raft-java
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.wenweihu86.raft.service.impl;
+
+import com.github.wenweihu86.raft.RaftNode;
+import com.github.wenweihu86.raft.proto.Raft;
+import com.github.wenweihu86.raft.service.RaftConsensusService;
+import com.github.wenweihu86.raft.util.RaftFileUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Created by wenweihu86 on 2017/5/2.
+ */
+public class RaftConsensusServiceImpl implements RaftConsensusService {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RaftConsensusServiceImpl.class);
+    private RaftNode raftNode;
+
+    public RaftConsensusServiceImpl(RaftNode node) {
+        this.raftNode = node;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Raft.VoteResponse requestVote(Raft.VoteRequest request) {
+        raftNode.getLock().lock();
+        Raft.VoteResponse.Builder responseBuilder = Raft.VoteResponse.newBuilder();
+        responseBuilder.setGranted(false);
+        responseBuilder.setTerm(raftNode.getCurrentTerm());
+        if (request.getTerm() < raftNode.getCurrentTerm()) {
+            raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+            return responseBuilder.build();
+        }
+        if (request.getTerm() > raftNode.getCurrentTerm()) {
+            LOG.info("Received RequestVote request from server {} " +
+                    "in term {} (this server's term was {})",
+                    request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(),
+                    raftNode.getCurrentTerm());
+            raftNode.stepDown(request.getTerm());
+        }
+        boolean logIsOk = request.getLastLogTerm() > raftNode.getRaftLog().getLastLogTerm()
+                || (request.getLastLogTerm() == raftNode.getRaftLog().getLastLogTerm()
+                && request.getLastLogIndex() >= raftNode.getRaftLog().getLastLogIndex());
+        if (raftNode.getVotedFor() == 0 || logIsOk) {
+            raftNode.stepDown(request.getTerm());
+            raftNode.setVotedFor(request.getServerId());
+            raftNode.getRaftLog().updateMetaData(raftNode.getCurrentTerm(), raftNode.getVotedFor(), null);
+            responseBuilder.setGranted(true);
+            responseBuilder.setTerm(raftNode.getCurrentTerm());
+        }
+        raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+        return responseBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Raft.AppendEntriesResponse appendEntries(Raft.AppendEntriesRequest request) {
+        raftNode.getLock().lock();
+        Raft.AppendEntriesResponse.Builder responseBuilder = Raft.AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder();
+        responseBuilder.setTerm(raftNode.getCurrentTerm());
+        responseBuilder.setSuccess(false);
+        responseBuilder.setLastLogIndex(raftNode.getRaftLog().getLastLogIndex());
+        if (request.getTerm() < raftNode.getCurrentTerm()) {
+            raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+            return responseBuilder.build();
+        }
+        if (request.getTerm() > raftNode.getCurrentTerm()) {
+            LOG.info("Received AppendEntries request from server {} " +
+                    "in term {} (this server's term was {})",
+                    request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(),
+                    raftNode.getCurrentTerm());
+            raftNode.stepDown(request.getTerm());
+        }
+        if (raftNode.getLeaderId() == 0) {
+            raftNode.setLeaderId(request.getServerId());
+        }
+
+        if (request.getPrevLogIndex() > raftNode.getRaftLog().getLastLogIndex()) {
+            LOG.debug("Rejecting AppendEntries RPC: would leave gap");
+            raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+            return responseBuilder.build();
+        }
+        if (request.getPrevLogIndex() >= raftNode.getRaftLog().getFirstLogIndex()
+                && raftNode.getRaftLog().getEntry(request.getPrevLogIndex()).getTerm()
+                != request.getPrevLogTerm()) {
+            LOG.debug("Rejecting AppendEntries RPC: terms don't agree");
+            raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+            return responseBuilder.build();
+        }
+
+        responseBuilder.setSuccess(true);
+        List<Raft.LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>();
+        long index = request.getPrevLogIndex();
+        for (Raft.LogEntry entry : request.getEntriesList()) {
+            index++;
+            if (index < raftNode.getRaftLog().getFirstLogIndex()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (raftNode.getRaftLog().getLastLogIndex() >= index) {
+                if (raftNode.getRaftLog().getEntry(index).getTerm() == entry.getTerm()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // truncate segment log from index
+                long lastIndexKept = index - 1;
+                raftNode.getRaftLog().truncateSuffix(lastIndexKept);
+            }
+            entries.add(entry);
+        }
+        raftNode.getRaftLog().append(entries);
+        responseBuilder.setLastLogIndex(raftNode.getRaftLog().getLastLogIndex());
+
+        if (raftNode.getCommitIndex() < request.getCommitIndex()) {
+            raftNode.setCommitIndex(request.getCommitIndex());
+            // apply state machine
+            for (index = raftNode.getLastAppliedIndex() + 1; index <= raftNode.getCommitIndex(); index++) {
+                raftNode.getStateMachine().apply(
+                        raftNode.getRaftLog().getEntry(index).getData().toByteArray());
+            }
+        }
+
+        raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+        return responseBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Raft.InstallSnapshotResponse installSnapshot(Raft.InstallSnapshotRequest request) {
+        Raft.InstallSnapshotResponse.Builder responseBuilder = Raft.InstallSnapshotResponse.newBuilder();
+        responseBuilder.setTerm(raftNode.getCurrentTerm());
+
+        raftNode.getLock().lock();
+        if (request.getTerm() < raftNode.getCurrentTerm()) {
+            LOG.info("Caller({}) is stale. Our term is {}, theirs is {}",
+                    request.getServerId(), raftNode.getCurrentTerm(), request.getTerm());
+            raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+            return responseBuilder.build();
+        }
+        raftNode.stepDown(request.getTerm());
+        if (raftNode.getLeaderId() == 0) {
+            raftNode.setLeaderId(request.getServerId());
+        }
+        raftNode.getLock().unlock();
+
+        // write snapshot data to local
+        String tmpSnapshotDir = raftNode.getSnapshot().getSnapshotDir() + ".tmp";
+        File file = new File(tmpSnapshotDir);
+        if (file.exists() && request.getIsFirst()) {
+            file.delete();
+            file.mkdir();
+        }
+        if (request.getIsFirst()) {
+            raftNode.getSnapshot().updateMetaData(tmpSnapshotDir,
+                    request.getSnapshotMetaData().getLastIncludedIndex(),
+                    request.getSnapshotMetaData().getLastIncludedTerm());
+        }
+        // write to file
+        RandomAccessFile randomAccessFile = null;
+        try {
+            String currentDataFileName = tmpSnapshotDir + File.pathSeparator
+                    + "data" + File.pathSeparator + request.getFileName();
+            File currentDataFile = new File(currentDataFileName);
+            if (!currentDataFile.exists()) {
+                currentDataFile.createNewFile();
+            }
+            randomAccessFile = RaftFileUtils.openFile(
+                    tmpSnapshotDir + File.pathSeparator + "data",
+                    request.getFileName(), "rw");
+            randomAccessFile.skipBytes((int) request.getOffset());
+            randomAccessFile.write(request.getData().toByteArray());
+            if (randomAccessFile != null) {
+                try {
+                    randomAccessFile.close();
+                    randomAccessFile = null;
+                } catch (Exception ex2) {
+                    LOG.warn("close failed");
+                }
+            }
+            // move tmp dir to snapshot dir if this is the last package
+            File snapshotDirFile = new File(raftNode.getSnapshot().getSnapshotDir());
+            if (snapshotDirFile.exists()) {
+                snapshotDirFile.delete();
+            }
+            FileUtils.moveDirectory(new File(tmpSnapshotDir), snapshotDirFile);
+            responseBuilder.setSuccess(true);
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            LOG.warn("io exception, msg={}", ex.getMessage());
+        } finally {
+            RaftFileUtils.closeFile(randomAccessFile);
+        }
+        return responseBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.wenweihu86.raft.service.impl.RaftConsensusServiceImpl.installSnapshot` indirectly writes to field `n$129.com.github.wenweihu86.raft.storage.Snapshot.metaData` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path n$129 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$129.com.github.wenweihu86.raft.storage.Snapshot.metaData might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Raft$InstallSnapshotResponse RaftConsensusServiceImpl.installSnapshot(Raft$InstallSnapshotRequest)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.wenweihu86.raft.service.impl.RaftConsensusServiceImpl.installSnapshot(com.github.wenweihu.536237e5108950ab8ea8dd2417bbe35a
+
+### File:
+raft-java-core/src/main/java/com/github/wenweihu86/raft/service/impl/RaftConsensusServiceImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+RaftConsensusServiceImpl.java|installSnapshot|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+adcd71b729219a493a3fed53dfa6f97b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8501/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8501/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..955de8ff66c76cde963ead27d4c27df908fd2bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8501/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** passay
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* See LICENSE for licensing and NOTICE for copyright. */
+package org.passay.dictionary;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.CharBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder;
+import java.nio.charset.CoderResult;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+/**
+ * Common implementation for file based word lists.
+ *
+ * @author  Middleware Services
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractFileWordList extends AbstractWordList
+{
+
+  /** Default cache size. */
+  public static final int DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE = 5;
+
+  /** File containing words. */
+  protected final RandomAccessFile file;
+
+  /** Number of words in the file. */
+  protected int size;
+
+  /** Cache of indexes to file positions. */
+  // CheckStyle:IllegalType OFF
+  // uses the firstKey and floorKey implementations
+  protected TreeMap<Integer, Long> cache = new TreeMap<>();
+  // CheckStyle:IllegalType ON
+
+  /** Character decoder. */
+  private final CharsetDecoder charDecoder;
+
+  /** Buffer to hold word read from file. */
+  private final ByteBuffer wordBuf = ByteBuffer.allocate(256);
+
+  /** Buffer to hold decoded word read from file. */
+  private final CharBuffer charBuf = CharBuffer.allocate(wordBuf.capacity() * 4);
+
+  /** Current position into backing file. */
+  private long position;
+
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a new abstract file word list from the supplied file.
+   *
+   * @param  raf  File containing words, one per line.
+   * @param  caseSensitive  Set to true to create case-sensitive word list, false otherwise.
+   * @param  cachePercent  Percent (0-100) of file to cache in memory for improved read performance.
+   * @param  decoder  Charset decoder for converting file bytes to characters
+   *
+   * @throws  IllegalArgumentException  if cache percent is out of range.
+   * @throws  IOException  if an error occurs reading the supplied file
+   */
+  public AbstractFileWordList(
+    final RandomAccessFile raf,
+    final boolean caseSensitive,
+    final int cachePercent,
+    final CharsetDecoder decoder)
+    throws IOException
+  {
+    if (cachePercent < 0 || cachePercent > 100) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("cachePercent must be between 0 and 100 inclusive");
+    }
+    file = raf;
+    if (caseSensitive) {
+      comparator = WordLists.CASE_SENSITIVE_COMPARATOR;
+    } else {
+      comparator = WordLists.CASE_INSENSITIVE_COMPARATOR;
+    }
+    charDecoder = decoder;
+  }
+
+
+  @Override
+  public String get(final int index)
+  {
+    checkRange(index);
+    try {
+      return readWord(index);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException("Error reading from file backing word list", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  @Override
+  public int size()
+  {
+    return size;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the file backing this list.
+   *
+   * @return  random access file that is backing this list
+   */
+  public RandomAccessFile getFile()
+  {
+    return file;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Closes the underlying file and make the cache available for garbage collection.
+   *
+   * @throws  IOException  if an error occurs closing the file
+   */
+  public void close()
+    throws IOException
+  {
+    synchronized (cache) {
+      file.close();
+    }
+    cache = null;
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Reads words from the backing file to initialize the word list.
+   *
+   * @param  cachePercent  Percent of file in bytes to use for cache.
+   *
+   * @throws  IOException  on I/O errors reading file data.
+   */
+  protected void initialize(final int cachePercent)
+    throws IOException
+  {
+    final long fileBytes = file.length();
+    final long cacheSize = (fileBytes / 100) * cachePercent;
+    final long cacheModulus = cacheSize == 0 ? fileBytes : cacheSize > fileBytes ? 1 : fileBytes / cacheSize;
+
+    if (cache == null) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot initialize after close has been called.");
+    }
+
+    FileWord a;
+    FileWord b = null;
+    synchronized (cache) {
+      position = 0;
+      seek(0);
+      cache.clear();
+      while ((a = nextWord()) != null) {
+        if (b != null && comparator.compare(a.word, b.word) < 0) {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException("File is not sorted correctly for this comparator");
+        }
+        b = a;
+        if (cacheSize > 0 && size % cacheModulus == 0) {
+          cache.put(size, a.offset);
+        }
+        size++;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Reads the word from the file at the given index of the word list.
+   *
+   * @param  index  ith word in the word list
+   *
+   * @return  word at the supplied index
+   *
+   * @throws  IOException  on I/O errors
+   */
+  protected String readWord(final int index)
+    throws IOException
+  {
+    int i = 0;
+    if (!cache.isEmpty() && cache.firstKey() <= index) {
+      i = cache.floorKey(index);
+    }
+    FileWord w;
+    synchronized (cache) {
+      position = i > 0 ? cache.get(i) : 0L;
+      seek(position);
+      do {
+        w = nextWord();
+      } while (i++ < index && w != null);
+      return w != null ? w.word : null;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Positions the read head of the backing file at the given byte offset.
+   *
+   * @param offset byte offset into file.
+   *
+   * @throws  IOException  on I/O errors seeking.
+   */
+  protected abstract void seek(long offset)
+    throws IOException;
+
+
+  /**
+   * @return  Buffer around backing file.
+   */
+  protected abstract ByteBuffer buffer();
+
+
+  /**
+   * Fills the buffer from the backing file. This method may be a no-op if the buffer contains all file contents.
+   *
+   * @throws  IOException  on I/O errors filling buffer.
+   */
+  protected abstract void fill()
+    throws IOException;
+
+
+  /**
+   * Reads the next word from the current position in the backing file.
+   *
+   * @return  Data structure containing word and byte offset into file where word begins.
+   *
+   * @throws  IOException  on I/O errors reading file data.
+   */
+  private FileWord nextWord()
+    throws IOException
+  {
+    byte b;
+    long start = position;
+    wordBuf.clear();
+    while (hasRemaining()) {
+      b = buffer().get();
+      position++;
+      if ((char) b == '\n' || (char) b == '\r') {
+        // Ignore leading line termination characters
+        if (wordBuf.position() == 0) {
+          start++;
+          continue;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      wordBuf.put(b);
+    }
+    if (wordBuf.position() == 0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    charBuf.clear();
+    wordBuf.flip();
+    final CoderResult result = charDecoder.decode(wordBuf, charBuf, true);
+    if (result.isError()) {
+      result.throwException();
+    }
+    return new FileWord(charBuf.flip().toString(), start);
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Determines whether the backing buffer has any more data to read. If the buffer is empty, it attempts
+   * to read from the underlying file and then checks the buffer again.
+   *
+   * @return  True if there is any more data to read from the buffer, false otherwise.
+   *
+   * @throws  IOException  on I/O errors reading file data.
+   */
+  private boolean hasRemaining()
+    throws IOException
+  {
+    if (buffer().hasRemaining()) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    fill();
+    return buffer().hasRemaining();
+  }
+
+
+  /**
+   * Data structure containing word and byte offset into file where word begins in backing file.
+   */
+  static class FileWord
+  {
+
+    // CheckStyle:VisibilityModifier OFF
+    /** Word read from backing file. */
+    String word;
+
+    /** Byte offset into file where word begins. */
+    long offset;
+    // CheckStyle:VisibilityModifier ON
+
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance with a word and offset.
+     *
+     * @param  s  word.
+     * @param  position  byte offset into file.
+     */
+    FileWord(final String s, final long position)
+    {
+      word = s;
+      offset = position;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.passay.dictionary.AbstractFileWordList.readWord` reads with synchronization from `this.org.passay.dictionary.AbstractFileWordList.cache`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `AbstractFileWordList.close()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String AbstractFileWordList.readWord(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.passay.dictionary.AbstractFileWordList.readWord(int):java.lang.String.504e278e3e1028c410da225088302dd4
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/passay/dictionary/AbstractFileWordList.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractFileWordList.java|readWord|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b08960449ef401de5946b452134970db
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8506/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8506/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14ca994ccfb39bab8bda28fe14521d3011efb6bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8506/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GCViewer
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp;
+
+import static com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.UnittestHelper.toKiloBytes;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.number.IsCloseTo.closeTo;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.UnittestHelper;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.GCEvent;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.GCModel;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests some J9_R26 sample files against the IBM J9 parser.
+ */
+public class TestDataReaderIBM_J9_R26 {
+    private static final Logger IMP_LOGGER = Logger.getLogger("com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp");
+    private static final Logger DATA_READER_FACTORY_LOGGER = Logger.getLogger("com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.DataReaderFactory");
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFullHeaderWithAfGcs() throws Exception {
+        TestLogHandler handler = new TestLogHandler();
+        handler.setLevel(Level.WARNING);
+        IMP_LOGGER.addHandler(handler);
+        DATA_READER_FACTORY_LOGGER.addHandler(handler);
+
+        InputStream in = UnittestHelper.getResourceAsStream(UnittestHelper.FOLDER_IBM, "SampleIBMJ9_R26_GAFP1_full_header.txt");
+        DataReader reader = new DataReaderIBM_J9_R28(in);
+        GCModel model = reader.read();
+
+        assertThat("model size", model.size(), is(1));
+
+        GCEvent event = (GCEvent) model.get(0);
+        assertThat("pause", event.getPause(), closeTo(0.00529, 0.0000001));
+
+        assertThat("number of errors", handler.getCount(), is(1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSystemGc() throws Exception {
+        TestLogHandler handler = new TestLogHandler();
+        handler.setLevel(Level.WARNING);
+        IMP_LOGGER.addHandler(handler);
+        DATA_READER_FACTORY_LOGGER.addHandler(handler);
+
+        InputStream in = UnittestHelper.getResourceAsStream(UnittestHelper.FOLDER_IBM, "SampleIBMJ9_R26_GAFP1_global.txt");
+        DataReader reader = new DataReaderIBM_J9_R28(in);
+        GCModel model = reader.read();
+
+        assertThat("model size", model.size(), is(1));
+
+        GCEvent event = (GCEvent) model.get(0);
+        assertThat("pause", event.getPause(), closeTo(0.036392, 0.0000001));
+
+        assertThat("total before", event.getTotal(), is(toKiloBytes(514064384)));
+        assertThat("free before", event.getPreUsed(), is(toKiloBytes(514064384 - 428417552)));
+        assertThat("free after", event.getPostUsed(), is(toKiloBytes(514064384 - 479900360)));
+
+        assertThat("total young before", event.getYoung().getTotal(), is(toKiloBytes(111411200)));
+        assertThat("young before", event.getYoung().getPreUsed(), is(toKiloBytes(111411200 - 29431656)));
+        assertThat("young after", event.getYoung().getPostUsed(), is(toKiloBytes(111411200 - 80831520)));
+
+        assertThat("total tenured before", event.getTenured().getTotal(), is(toKiloBytes(402653184)));
+        assertThat("tenured before", event.getTenured().getPreUsed(), is(toKiloBytes(402653184 - 398985896)));
+        assertThat("tenured after", event.getTenured().getPostUsed(), is(toKiloBytes(402653184 - 399068840)));
+
+        assertThat("number of errors", handler.getCount(), is(0));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.LineNumberReader` acquired by call to `DataReaderIBM_J9_R28(...)` at line 32 is not released after line 33.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestDataReaderIBM_J9_R26.testFullHeaderWithAfGcs()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp.TestDataReaderIBM_J9_R26.testFullHeaderWithAfGcs():void.4320c3a7f517835eacb3dfffa0ecb351
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/tagtraum/perf/gcviewer/imp/TestDataReaderIBM_J9_R26.java
+
+### Key:
+TestDataReaderIBM_J9_R26.java|testFullHeaderWithAfGcs|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+c9deda297ca620e1c62c0c1ea8763701
+
+### Hash:
+356fa4b2b2cfff0e5c0309f41188e115
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8508/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8508/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2278264e6fda5f3ee3e14b2a5db0ca35d461b74e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8508/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** GCViewer
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.LineNumberReader;
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.time.ZoneId;
+import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
+import java.time.format.DateTimeParseException;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLEventReader;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLInputFactory;
+import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.Attribute;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.EndElement;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.StartElement;
+import javax.xml.stream.events.XMLEvent;
+
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.AbstractGCEvent.Type;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.GCEvent;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.GCModel;
+import com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.util.NumberParser;
+
+/**
+ * Parser for IBM gc logs R26_Java6 + R27_Java7 + R28_Java8
+ */
+public class DataReaderIBM_J9_R28 implements DataReader {
+    // TODO IBM_J9: support system gcs
+
+    private static final String VERBOSEGC = "verbosegc";
+    private static final String INITIALIZED = "initialized";
+    private static final String EXCLUSIVE_START = "exclusive-start";
+    private static final String GC_START = "gc-start";
+    private static final String GC_END = "gc-end";
+    private static final String EXCLUSIVE_END = "exclusive-end";
+
+    private static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.class.getName());
+    private final DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME;
+
+    private LineNumberReader in;
+
+    public DataReaderIBM_J9_R28(InputStream in) {
+        this.in = new LineNumberReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public GCModel read() throws IOException {
+        GCModel model = new GCModel();
+        try {
+            XMLInputFactory factory = XMLInputFactory.newInstance();
+            XMLEventReader eventReader = factory.createXMLEventReader(in);
+            GCEvent currentGcEvent = null;
+            while (eventReader.hasNext()) {
+                XMLEvent event = eventReader.nextEvent();
+                if (event.isStartElement()) {
+                    StartElement startElement = event.asStartElement();
+                    switch (startElement.getName().getLocalPart()) {
+                        case VERBOSEGC:
+                            handleVerboseGC(startElement);
+                            break;
+                        case INITIALIZED:
+                            handleInitialized(eventReader);
+                            break;
+                        case EXCLUSIVE_START:
+                            currentGcEvent = handleExclusiveStart(startElement);
+                            break;
+                        case GC_START:
+                            handleGcStart(eventReader, startElement, currentGcEvent);
+                            break;
+                        case GC_END:
+                            handleGcEnd(eventReader, currentGcEvent);
+                            break;
+                        case EXCLUSIVE_END:
+                            handleExclusiveEnd(startElement, currentGcEvent);
+                            model.add(currentGcEvent);
+                            currentGcEvent = null;
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+        }
+        catch (XMLStreamException e) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) LOG.warning("line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.toString());
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) LOG.log(Level.FINE, "line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+
+        return model;
+    }
+
+    private void handleVerboseGC(StartElement startElement) {
+        assert startElement.getName().getLocalPart().equals(VERBOSEGC) : "expected name of startElement: " + VERBOSEGC + ", but got " + startElement.getName();
+        LOG.info("gc log version = " + getAttributeValue(startElement, "version"));
+    }
+
+    private void handleInitialized(XMLEventReader eventReader) throws XMLStreamException {
+        String currentElementName = "";
+        while (eventReader.hasNext() && !currentElementName.equals(INITIALIZED)) {
+            XMLEvent event = eventReader.nextEvent();
+            if (event.isStartElement()) {
+                StartElement startElement = event.asStartElement();
+                if (startElement.getName().getLocalPart().equals("attribute")) {
+                    String name = getAttributeValue(startElement, "name");
+                    if (name != null && name.equals("gcPolicy")) {
+                        LOG.info("gcPolicy = " + getAttributeValue(startElement, "value"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (event.isEndElement()) {
+                EndElement endElement = event.asEndElement();
+                currentElementName = endElement.getName().getLocalPart();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private GCEvent handleExclusiveStart(StartElement startElement) {
+        GCEvent event = new GCEvent();
+        try {
+            event.setDateStamp(ZonedDateTime.of(
+                    LocalDateTime.parse(getAttributeValue(startElement, "timestamp"), dateTimeFormatter),
+                    ZoneId.systemDefault()));
+        }
+        catch (DateTimeParseException e) {
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.WARNING)) LOG.warning("line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.toString());
+            if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) LOG.log(Level.FINE, "line " + in.getLineNumber() + ": " + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+        
+        return event;
+    }
+
+    private void handleExclusiveEnd(StartElement startElement, GCEvent event) {
+        event.setPause(NumberParser.parseDouble(getAttributeValue(startElement, "durationms")) / 1000);
+    }
+
+    private void handleGcStart(XMLEventReader eventReader, StartElement startElement, GCEvent event) throws XMLStreamException {
+        event.setType(Type.lookup(getAttributeValue(startElement, "type")));
+        if (event.getExtendedType() == null) {
+            LOG.warning("could not determine type of event " + startElement.toString());
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        String currentElementName = "";
+        while (eventReader.hasNext() && !currentElementName.equals(GC_START)) {
+            
+            XMLEvent xmlEvent = eventReader.nextEvent();
+            if (xmlEvent.isStartElement()) {
+                StartElement startEl = xmlEvent.asStartElement();
+                if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem-info")) {
+                    setTotalAndPreUsed(event, startEl);
+                }
+                else if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem")) {
+                    switch (getAttributeValue(startEl, "type")) {
+                        case "nursery":
+                            GCEvent young = new GCEvent();
+                            young.setType(Type.lookup("nursery"));
+                            setTotalAndPreUsed(young, startEl);
+                            event.add(young);
+                            break;
+                        case "tenure":
+                            GCEvent tenured = new GCEvent();
+                            tenured.setType(Type.lookup("tenure"));
+                            setTotalAndPreUsed(tenured, startEl);
+                            event.add(tenured);
+                            break;
+                        // all other are ignored
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (xmlEvent.isEndElement()) {
+                EndElement endElement = xmlEvent.asEndElement();
+                currentElementName = endElement.getName().getLocalPart();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleGcEnd(XMLEventReader eventReader, GCEvent event) throws XMLStreamException {
+        String currentElementName = "";
+        while (eventReader.hasNext() && !currentElementName.equals(GC_END)) {
+
+            XMLEvent xmlEvent = eventReader.nextEvent();
+            if (xmlEvent.isStartElement()) {
+                StartElement startEl = xmlEvent.asStartElement();
+                if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem-info")) {
+                    setPostUsed(event, startEl);
+                }
+                else if (startEl.getName().getLocalPart().equals("mem")) {
+                    switch (getAttributeValue(startEl, "type")) {
+                        case "nursery":
+                            setPostUsed(event.getYoung(), startEl);
+                            break;
+                        case "tenure":
+                            setPostUsed(event.getTenured(), startEl);
+                            break;
+                        // all other are ignored
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else if (xmlEvent.isEndElement()) {
+                EndElement endElement = xmlEvent.asEndElement();
+                currentElementName = endElement.getName().getLocalPart();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void setTotalAndPreUsed(GCEvent event, StartElement startEl) {
+        long total = NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "total"));
+        event.setTotal(toKiloBytes(total));
+        event.setPreUsed(toKiloBytes(total - NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "free"))));
+    }
+
+    private void setPostUsed(GCEvent event, StartElement startEl) {
+        long total = NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "total"));
+        event.setPostUsed(toKiloBytes(total - NumberParser.parseInt(getAttributeValue(startEl, "free"))));
+    }
+
+    private String getAttributeValue(StartElement event, String name) {
+        String value = null;
+        Attribute attr = event.getAttributeByName(new QName(name));
+        if (attr != null) {
+            value = attr.getValue();
+        }
+        
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    private int toKiloBytes(long bytes) {
+        return (int)Math.rint(bytes / (double)1024);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getAttributeValue(this,startEl,"total")` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `parseInt(...)` at line 216.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.setPostUsed(GCEvent,StartElement)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.imp.DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.setPostUsed(com.tagtraum.perf.gcviewer.model.GCE.d215c3509ac5f0a02c5e180d9a4bd8e3
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/tagtraum/perf/gcviewer/imp/DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.java
+
+### Key:
+DataReaderIBM_J9_R28.java|setPostUsed|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+265ba86214678cae77b0c9ab2eedcb6d
+
+### Hash:
+d129ce442d02857374a15eb10d2a6ffb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8530/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8530/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cbeb6dda55418f8fa077b4be905d51ee0c6b50fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8530/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,583 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** smartqq
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.scienjus.smartqq.client;
+
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONArray;
+import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSONObject;
+import com.scienjus.smartqq.callback.MessageCallback;
+import com.scienjus.smartqq.model.*;
+import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;
+import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;
+import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
+import org.apache.http.client.protocol.HttpClientContext;
+import org.apache.http.cookie.Cookie;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
+import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
+import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
+import org.apache.http.params.CoreConnectionPNames;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * Api客户端
+ * @author ScienJus
+ * @date 2015/12/18.
+ */
+public class SmartQQClient {
+
+    //日志
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(SmartQQClient.class);
+
+    //执行拉取消息的线程池
+    private static final ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor POOL = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(20);
+
+    //消息id，这个好像可以随便设置，所以设成全局的
+    private static long MESSAGE_ID = 43690001;
+
+    //发送请求的客户端
+    private CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClients.createDefault();
+
+    //保存cookie信息
+    private HttpClientContext context = HttpClientContext.create();
+
+    //鉴权参数
+    private String ptwebqq;
+
+    private String vfwebqq;
+
+    private long uin;
+
+    private String psessionid;
+
+    //拉取消息的线程
+    private ScheduledFuture pollMessageFuture;
+
+    /**
+     * 登录
+     */
+    public void login() {
+        getQRCode();
+        String url = verifyQRCode();
+        getPtwebqq(url);
+        getVfwebqq();
+        getUinAndPsessionid();
+    }
+
+    //登录流程1：获取二维码
+    private void getQRCode() {
+        LOGGER.info("开始获取二维码");
+        String filePath = getClass().getResource("/").getPath().concat("qrcode.png");
+        HttpGet get = defaultHttpGet("https://ssl.ptlogin2.qq.com/ptqrshow?appid=501004106&e=0&l=M&s=5&d=72&v=4&t=0.1", null);
+        try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(get, context);
+             FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(filePath)) {
+            int len;
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
+            while ((len = response.getEntity().getContent().read(buffer)) != -1) {
+                out.write(buffer, 0, len);
+            }
+            out.close();
+            LOGGER.info("二维码已保存在 " + filePath + " 文件中，请打开手机QQ并扫描二维码");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取二维码失败");
+        }
+    }
+
+    //登录流程2：校验二维码
+    private String verifyQRCode() {
+        LOGGER.info("等待扫描二维码");
+        HttpGet get = defaultHttpGet(
+                "https://ssl.ptlogin2.qq.com/ptqrlogin?webqq_type=10&remember_uin=1&login2qq=1&aid=501004106&u1=h" +
+                        "ttp%3A%2F%2Fw.qq.com%2Fproxy.html%3Flogin2qq%3D1%26webqq_type%3D10&ptredirect=0&ptlang=2052&daid=164&from_ui=1&ptty" +
+                        "pe=1&dumy=&fp=loginerroralert&action=0-0-157510&mibao_css=m_webqq&t=1&g=1&js_type=0&js_ver=10143&login_sig=&pt_randsalt=0",
+
+                "https://ui.ptlogin2.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?daid=164&target=self&style=16&mibao_css=m_webqq&appid=501004106&enable_q" +
+                        "login=0&no_verifyimg=1&s_url=http%3A%2F%2Fw.qq.com%2Fproxy.html&f_url=loginerroralert&strong_login=1&login_state=10&t=20131024001");
+
+        //阻塞直到确认二维码认证成功
+        while (true) {
+            sleep(1);
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(get, context)) {
+                String responseText = getResponseText(response);
+                if (responseText.contains("成功")) {
+                    for (String content : responseText.split("','")) {
+                        if (content.startsWith("http")) {
+                            return content;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (responseText.contains("已失效")) {
+                    LOGGER.info("二维码已失效，尝试重新获取二维码");
+                    getQRCode();
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.error("校验二维码失败");
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    //登录流程3：获取ptwebqq
+    private void getPtwebqq(String url) {
+        LOGGER.info("开始获取ptwebqq");
+        HttpGet get = defaultHttpGet(url, null);
+        try {
+            client.execute(get, context);
+            for (Cookie cookie : context.getCookieStore().getCookies()) {
+                if (cookie.getName().equals("ptwebqq")) {
+                    this.ptwebqq = cookie.getValue();
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取ptwebqq失败");
+        }
+    }
+
+    //登录流程4：获取vfwebqq
+    private void getVfwebqq() {
+        LOGGER.info("开始获取vfwebqq");
+        HttpGet get = defaultHttpGet(
+                "http://s.web2.qq.com/api/getvfwebqq?ptwebqq=" + ptwebqq + "&clientid=53999199&psessionid=&t=0.1",
+                "http://s.web2.qq.com/proxy.html?v=20130916001&callback=1&id=1");
+        try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(get, context)) {
+            JSONObject responseJson = JSON.parseObject(getResponseText(response));
+            this.vfwebqq = responseJson.getJSONObject("result").getString("vfwebqq");
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取vfwebqq失败");
+        }
+    }
+
+    //登录流程5：获取uin和psessionid
+    private void getUinAndPsessionid() {
+        LOGGER.info("开始获取uin和psessionid");
+        HttpPost post = defaultHttpPost(
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/channel/login2",
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/proxy.html?v=20151105001&callback=1&id=2");
+        JSONObject r = new JSONObject();
+        r.put("ptwebqq", ptwebqq);
+        r.put("clientid", 53999199);
+        r.put("psessionid", "");
+        r.put("status", "online");
+        try {
+            post.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(Arrays.asList(new BasicNameValuePair("r", r.toJSONString()))));
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(post, context)) {
+                JSONObject responseJson = JSON.parseObject(getResponseText(response));
+                this.psessionid = responseJson.getJSONObject("result").getString("psessionid");
+                this.uin = responseJson.getJSONObject("result").getLongValue("uin");
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.error("获取uin和psessionid失败");
+            }
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取uin和psessionid失败");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取群列表
+     * @return
+     */
+    public List<Group> getGroupList() {
+        LOGGER.info("开始获取群列表");
+        HttpPost post = defaultHttpPost(
+                "http://s.web2.qq.com/api/get_group_name_list_mask2",
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/proxy.html?v=20151105001&callback=1&id=2");
+        JSONObject r = new JSONObject();
+        r.put("vfwebqq", vfwebqq);
+        r.put("hash", hash());
+        try {
+            post.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(Arrays.asList(new BasicNameValuePair("r", r.toJSONString()))));
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(post, context)) {
+                JSONObject responseJson = JSON.parseObject(getResponseText(response));
+                return JSON.parseArray(responseJson.getJSONObject("result").getJSONArray("gnamelist").toJSONString(), Group.class);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.error("获取群列表失败");
+            }
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取群列表失败");
+        }
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 拉取消息
+     * @param callback  获取消息后的回调
+     */
+    public void pollMessage(MessageCallback callback) {
+        LOGGER.info("开始接受消息");
+        HttpPost post = defaultHttpPost(
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/channel/poll2",
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/proxy.html?v=20151105001&callback=1&id=2");
+        JSONObject r = new JSONObject();
+        r.put("ptwebqq", ptwebqq);
+        r.put("clientid", 53999199);
+        r.put("psessionid", psessionid);
+        r.put("key", "");
+        try {
+            post.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(Arrays.asList(new BasicNameValuePair("r", r.toJSONString()))));
+            if (pollMessageFuture != null) {
+                pollMessageFuture.cancel(false);
+            }
+            pollMessageFuture = POOL.scheduleWithFixedDelay(new PollMessageTask(post, callback), 1, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取接受消息失败");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 停止拉取消息
+     */
+    public void stopPoll() {
+        if (pollMessageFuture != null) {
+            pollMessageFuture.cancel(false);
+        }
+        pollMessageFuture = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 发送群消息
+     * @param groupId
+     * @param msg
+     */
+    public void sendMessageToGroup(long groupId, String msg) {
+        LOGGER.info("开始发送群消息");
+        HttpPost post = defaultHttpPost(
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/channel/send_qun_msg2",
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/proxy.html?v=20151105001&callback=1&id=2");
+        JSONObject r = new JSONObject();
+        r.put("group_uin", groupId);
+        r.put("content", JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(msg, Arrays.asList("font", Font.DEFAULT_FONT))));  //注意这里虽然格式是Json，但是实际是String
+        r.put("face", 573);
+        r.put("clientid", 53999199);
+        r.put("msg_id", MESSAGE_ID++);
+        r.put("psessionid", psessionid);
+        try {
+            UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(Arrays.asList(new BasicNameValuePair("r", r.toJSONString())), "UTF-8");
+            post.setEntity(entity);
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(post, context)) {
+                JSONObject responseJson = JSON.parseObject(getResponseText(response));
+                if (0 == responseJson.getIntValue("errCode")) {
+                    LOGGER.error("发送群消息成功");
+                } else {
+                    LOGGER.error("发送群消息失败");
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.error("发送群消息失败");
+            }
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("发送群消息失败");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 发送消息
+     * @param friendId
+     * @param msg
+     */
+    public void sendMessageToFriend(long friendId, String msg) {
+        LOGGER.info("开始发送消息");
+        HttpPost post = defaultHttpPost(
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/channel/send_buddy_msg2",
+                "http://d1.web2.qq.com/proxy.html?v=20151105001&callback=1&id=2");
+        JSONObject r = new JSONObject();
+        r.put("to", friendId);
+        r.put("content", JSON.toJSONString(Arrays.asList(msg, Arrays.asList("font", Font.DEFAULT_FONT))));  //注意这里虽然格式是Json，但是实际是String
+        r.put("face", 573);
+        r.put("clientid", 53999199);
+        r.put("msg_id", MESSAGE_ID++);
+        r.put("psessionid", psessionid);
+        try {
+            UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(Arrays.asList(new BasicNameValuePair("r", r.toJSONString())), "UTF-8");
+            post.setEntity(entity);
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(post, context)) {
+                JSONObject responseJson = JSON.parseObject(getResponseText(response));
+                if (0 == responseJson.getIntValue("errCode")) {
+                    LOGGER.error("发送消息成功");
+                } else {
+                    LOGGER.error("发送消息失败");
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.error("发送消息失败");
+            }
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("发送消息失败");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取好友列表
+     * @return
+     */
+    public List<Category> getFriendList() {
+        LOGGER.info("开始获取好友列表");
+        HttpPost post = defaultHttpPost(
+                "http://s.web2.qq.com/api/get_user_friends2",
+                "http://s.web2.qq.com/proxy.html?v=20130916001&callback=1&id=1");
+        JSONObject r = new JSONObject();
+        r.put("vfwebqq", vfwebqq);
+        r.put("hash", hash());
+        try {
+            post.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(Arrays.asList(new BasicNameValuePair("r", r.toJSONString()))));
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(post, context)) {
+                JSONObject responseJson = JSON.parseObject(getResponseText(response));
+                if (0 == responseJson.getIntValue("retcode")) {
+                    JSONObject result = responseJson.getJSONObject("result");
+                    //获得分组
+                    JSONArray categories = result.getJSONArray("categories");
+                    Map<Integer, Category> categoryMap = new HashMap<>();
+                    categoryMap.put(0, Category.defaultCategory());
+                    for (int i = 0; categories != null && i < categories.size(); i++) {
+                        Category category = categories.getObject(i, Category.class);
+                        categoryMap.put(category.getIndex(), category);
+                    }
+                    //获得好友信息
+                    Map<Long, Friend> friendMap = new HashMap<>();
+                    JSONArray friends = result.getJSONArray("friends");
+                    for (int i = 0; friends != null && i < friends.size(); i++) {
+                        JSONObject item = friends.getJSONObject(i);
+                        Friend friend = new Friend();
+                        friend.setUserId(item.getLongValue("uin"));
+                        friendMap.put(friend.getUserId(), friend);
+                        categoryMap.get(item.getIntValue("categories")).addFriend(friend);
+                    }
+                    JSONArray marknames = result.getJSONArray("marknames");
+                    for (int i = 0; marknames != null && i < marknames.size(); i++) {
+                        JSONObject item = marknames.getJSONObject(i);
+                        friendMap.get(item.getLongValue("uin")).setMarkname(item.getString("markname"));
+                    }
+                    JSONArray info = result.getJSONArray("info");
+                    for (int i = 0; info != null && i < info.size(); i++) {
+                        JSONObject item = info.getJSONObject(i);
+                        friendMap.get(item.getLongValue("uin")).setNickname(item.getString("nick"));
+                    }
+                    JSONArray vipinfo = result.getJSONArray("vipinfo");
+                    for (int i = 0; vipinfo != null && i < vipinfo.size(); i++) {
+                        JSONObject item = vipinfo.getJSONObject(i);
+                        Friend friend = friendMap.get(item.getLongValue("u"));
+                        friend.setVip(item.getIntValue("is_vip") == 1);
+                        friend.setVipLevel(item.getIntValue("vip_level"));
+                    }
+                    return new ArrayList<>(categoryMap.values());
+                } else {
+                    LOGGER.error("获取好友列表失败");
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.error("获取好友列表失败");
+            }
+        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取好友列表失败");
+        }
+        return Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
+    }
+
+    //hash加密方法
+    private String hash() {
+        return hash(uin, ptwebqq);
+    }
+
+    //线程暂停
+    private static void sleep(long seconds) {
+        try {
+            Thread.sleep(seconds * 1000);
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
+    }
+
+    //hash加密方法
+    private static String hash(long x, String K) {
+        int[] N = new int[4];
+        for (int T = 0; T < K.length(); T++) {
+            N[T % 4] ^= K.charAt(T);
+        }
+        String[] U = {"EC", "OK"};
+        long[] V = new long[4];
+        V[0] = x >> 24 & 255 ^ U[0].charAt(0);
+        V[1] = x >> 16 & 255 ^ U[0].charAt(1);
+        V[2] = x >> 8 & 255 ^ U[1].charAt(0);
+        V[3] = x & 255 ^ U[1].charAt(1);
+
+        long[] U1 = new long[8];
+
+        for (int T = 0; T < 8; T++) {
+            U1[T] = T % 2 == 0 ? N[T >> 1] : V[T >> 1];
+        }
+
+        String[] N1 = {"0", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F"};
+        String V1 = "";
+        for (long aU1 : U1) {
+            V1 += N1[(int) ((aU1 >> 4) & 15)];
+            V1 += N1[(int) (aU1 & 15)];
+        }
+        return V1;
+    }
+
+    //得到返回的数据
+    private static String getResponseText(CloseableHttpResponse response) {
+        try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(response.getEntity().getContent()))) {
+            StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder();
+            String line;
+            while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                buffer.append(line);
+            }
+            return buffer.toString();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            LOGGER.error("获取返回数据失败");
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    //默认的http get
+    private static HttpGet defaultHttpGet(String url, String referer) {
+        HttpGet get = new HttpGet(url);
+        if (referer != null) {
+            get.setHeader("Referer", referer);
+        }
+        RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
+                .setConnectTimeout(120 * 1000)
+                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(120 * 1000)
+                .setSocketTimeout(120 * 1000)
+                .build();
+        get.setConfig(requestConfig);
+        get.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/45.0.2454.101 Safari/537.36");
+        return get;
+    }
+
+    //默认的http post
+    private static HttpPost defaultHttpPost(String url, String referer) {
+        HttpPost post = new HttpPost(url);
+        if (referer != null) {
+            post.setHeader("Referer", referer);
+        }
+        RequestConfig requestConfig = RequestConfig.custom()
+                .setConnectTimeout(120 * 1000)
+                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(120 * 1000)
+                .setSocketTimeout(120 * 1000)
+                .build();
+        post.setConfig(requestConfig);
+        post.setHeader("Origin", getOrigin(url));
+        post.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/45.0.2454.101 Safari/537.36");
+        return post;
+    }
+
+    //截取url得到origin
+    private static String getOrigin(String url) {
+        return url.substring(0, url.lastIndexOf("/"));
+    }
+
+
+    //拉取消息的线程
+    private class PollMessageTask implements Runnable {
+
+        //请求的post方法
+        private HttpPost post;
+
+        //拉取到消息的回调
+        private MessageCallback callback;
+
+        public PollMessageTask(HttpPost post, MessageCallback callback) {
+            this.post = post;
+            this.callback = callback;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            try (CloseableHttpResponse response = client.execute(post, context)) {
+                JSONObject responseJson = JSON.parseObject(getResponseText(response));
+
+                if (responseJson.getIntValue("retcode") == 0) {
+                    JSONArray array = responseJson.getJSONArray("result");
+                    for (int i = 0; array != null && i < array.size(); i++) {
+                        JSONObject message = array.getJSONObject(i);
+                        String type = message.getString("poll_type");
+                        if ("message".equals(type)) {
+                            callback.onMessage(new Message(message.getJSONObject("value")));
+                        } else if ("group_message".equals(type)) {
+                            callback.onGroupMessage(new GroupMessage(message.getJSONObject("value")));
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    LOGGER.error("接受消息失败 retcode: " + responseJson.getIntValue("retcode"));
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                LOGGER.error("获取接受消息失败");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `categoryMap.get(valueOf(item.getIntValue("categories")))` could be null and is dereferenced at line 345.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List SmartQQClient.getFriendList()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.scienjus.smartqq.client.SmartQQClient.getFriendList():java.util.List.234c7cbd59dd160d17640196a061a06f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/scienjus/smartqq/client/SmartQQClient.java
+
+### Key:
+SmartQQClient.java|getFriendList|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+667f766f56f9a333b07e78646d5e69c3
+
+### Hash:
+920aedb35b5bd9bf8efb930868d49b2c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8537/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8537/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c31b6d65e4a775f911b801176b0afc888c4d120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8537/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** cointrader
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.cryptocoinpartners.util;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+import javax.persistence.EntityManager;
+import javax.persistence.NoResultException;
+import javax.persistence.Query;
+import javax.persistence.TypedQuery;
+
+import org.cryptocoinpartners.schema.Currencies;
+import org.cryptocoinpartners.schema.EntityBase;
+import org.cryptocoinpartners.schema.Exchanges;
+import org.cryptocoinpartners.schema.Prompts;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author Tim Olson
+ */
+public class PersistUtil {
+
+    private static Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger("org.cryptocoinpartners.persist");
+    private static Object lock = new Object();
+
+    public static void insert(EntityBase... entities) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            EntityManager em = null;
+            boolean persited = true;
+            try {
+                em = createEntityManager();
+                PersistUtilHelper.beginTransaction();
+
+                try {
+                    for (EntityBase entity : entities) {
+                        // em.refresh(entity);
+                        // if (em.contains(entity))
+                        ///    em.merge(entity);
+                        // else
+                        em.persist(entity);
+                        PersistUtilHelper.commit();
+                    }
+
+                } catch (Exception | Error e) {
+                    persited = false;
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                    if (PersistUtilHelper.isActive())
+                        PersistUtilHelper.rollback();
+                }
+            } finally {
+                if (persited)
+                    for (EntityBase entity : entities)
+                        log.debug(entity.getClass().getSimpleName() + ": " + entity.getId().toString() + " saved to database");
+                else
+                    for (EntityBase entity : entities)
+                        log.error(entity.getClass().getSimpleName() + ": " + entity.getId().toString() + " not saved to database");
+                if (em != null && em.isOpen())
+                    PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void merge(EntityBase... entities) {
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            EntityManager em = null;
+            boolean persited = true;
+            try {
+                em = createEntityManager();
+                PersistUtilHelper.beginTransaction();
+
+                try {
+                    for (EntityBase entity : entities) {
+                        // em.find(entity.getClass(), entity.getId());
+                        // em.
+                        // em.refresh(entity);
+                        //if (em.contains(entity))
+                        //   em.merge(entity);
+                        //else
+                        em.merge(entity);
+                        PersistUtilHelper.commit();
+                    }
+
+                } catch (Exception | Error e) {
+                    persited = false;
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                    if (PersistUtilHelper.isActive())
+                        PersistUtilHelper.rollback();
+                }
+            } finally {
+                if (persited)
+                    for (EntityBase entity : entities)
+                        log.debug(entity.getClass().getSimpleName() + ": " + entity.getId().toString() + " saved to database");
+                else
+                    for (EntityBase entity : entities)
+                        log.error(entity.getClass().getSimpleName() + ": " + entity.getId().toString() + " not saved to database");
+                if (em != null && em.isOpen())
+                    PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use this method if you do not know the number of columns or rows in the result set.  The visitor will be called
+     * once for each row with an Object[] of column values
+     */
+    public static void queryEach(Visitor<Object[]> handler, String queryStr, Object... params) {
+        queryEach(handler, defaultBatchSize, queryStr, params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Use this method if you do not know the number of columns or rows in the result set.  The visitor will be called
+     * once for each row with an Object[] of column values
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("ConstantConditions")
+    public static void queryEach(Visitor<Object[]> handler, int batchSize, String queryStr, Object... params) {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final Query query = em.createQuery(queryStr);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            query.setMaxResults(batchSize);
+            for (int start = 0;; start += batchSize) {
+                query.setFirstResult(start);
+                List list = query.getResultList();
+                if (list.isEmpty())
+                    return;
+                for (Object row : list) {
+                    if (row.getClass().isArray() && !handler.handleItem((Object[]) row) || !row.getClass().isArray()
+                            && !handler.handleItem(new Object[] { row }))
+                        return;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <T> void queryEach(Class<T> resultType, Visitor<T> handler, String queryStr, Object... params) {
+        queryEach(resultType, handler, defaultBatchSize, queryStr, params);
+    }
+
+    public static <T> void queryEach(Class<T> resultType, Visitor<T> handler, int batchSize, String queryStr, Object... params) {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final TypedQuery<T> query = em.createQuery(queryStr, resultType);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            query.setMaxResults(batchSize);
+            for (int start = 0;; start += batchSize) {
+                query.setFirstResult(start);
+                final List<T> list = query.getResultList();
+                if (list.isEmpty())
+                    return;
+                for (T row : list) {
+                    if (!handler.handleItem(row))
+                        return;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <T> List<T> queryList(Class<T> resultType, String queryStr, Object... params) {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final TypedQuery<T> query = em.createQuery(queryStr, resultType);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            return query.getResultList();
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public static <T> List<T> queryNativeList(Class<T> resultType, String queryStr, Object... params) {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final Query query = em.createNativeQuery(queryStr, resultType);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            return query.getResultList();
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     returns a single result entity.  if none found, a javax.persistence.NoResultException is thrown.
+     */
+    public static <T> T queryOne(Class<T> resultType, String queryStr, Object... params) throws NoResultException {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final TypedQuery<T> query = em.createQuery(queryStr, resultType);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            return query.getSingleResult();
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T namedQueryOne(Class<T> resultType, String namedQuery, Object... params) throws NoResultException {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final TypedQuery<T> query = em.createNamedQuery(namedQuery, resultType);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            return query.getSingleResult();
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     returns a single result entity or null if not found
+     */
+    public static <T> T queryZeroOne(Class<T> resultType, String queryStr, Object... params) {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final TypedQuery<T> query = em.createQuery(queryStr, resultType);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                return query.getSingleResult();
+            } catch (NoResultException x) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T namedQueryZeroOne(Class<T> resultType, String namedQuery, Object... params) {
+        EntityManager em = null;
+        try {
+            em = createEntityManager();
+            final TypedQuery<T> query = em.createNamedQuery(namedQuery, resultType);
+            if (params != null) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < params.length; i++) {
+                    Object param = params[i];
+                    query.setParameter(i + 1, param); // JPA uses 1-based indexes
+                }
+            }
+            try {
+                return query.getSingleResult();
+            } catch (NoResultException x) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (em != null)
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManager();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <T extends EntityBase> T findById(Class<T> resultType, UUID id) throws NoResultException {
+        return queryOne(resultType, "select x from " + resultType.getSimpleName() + " x where x.id = ?1", id);
+    }
+
+    public static EntityManager createEntityManager() {
+        init(false);
+        return PersistUtilHelper.getEntityManager();
+        // return entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
+    }
+
+    public static void resetDatabase() {
+        init(true);
+    }
+
+    public static void init() {
+        init(false);
+    }
+
+    public static void shutdown() {
+        if (PersistUtilHelper.getEntityManagerFactory() != null)
+            PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManagerFactory();
+    }
+
+    private static void init(boolean resetDatabase) {
+        if (PersistUtilHelper.getEntityManagerFactory() != null) {
+            if (!PersistUtilHelper.isOpen()) {
+                log.warn("entityManagerFactory was closed.  Re-initializing");
+                PersistUtilHelper.reset();
+            } else if (!resetDatabase) {
+                // entityManagerFactory exists, is open, and a reset is not requested.  continue to use existing EMF
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (resetDatabase) {
+            log.info("resetting database");
+        } else
+            log.info("initializing persistence");
+        Map<String, String> properties = new HashMap<>();
+        String createMode;
+        if (resetDatabase)
+            createMode = "create";
+        else
+            createMode = "update";
+        properties.put("hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto", createMode);
+        properties.put("hibernate.connection.driver_class", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.driver"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.dialect", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.dialect"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.connection.url", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.url"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.connection.username", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.username"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.connection.password", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.password"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.ejb.naming_strategy", "org.hibernate.cfg.ImprovedNamingStrategy");
+        properties.put("hibernate.connection.autocommit", "true");
+        properties.put("hibernate.connection.provider_class", "org.hibernate.connection.C3P0ConnectionProvider");
+        properties.put("hibernate.cache.region.factory_class", "org.hibernate.cache.ehcache.SingletonEhCacheRegionFactory");
+        properties.put("hibernate.cache.use_second_level_cache", "true");
+        properties.put("hibernate.cache.use_query_cache", "true");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.min_size", "1");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.max_size", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.pool.size"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.acquire_increment", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.pool.growth"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.idle_test_period", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.idle.test.period"));
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.max_statements", "0");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.timeout", "0");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.preferredTestQuery", "SELECT 1 from exchange");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.maxConnectionAge", ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.max.connection.age"));
+        final String testConnection = resetDatabase ? "false" : ConfigUtil.combined().getString("db.test.connection");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.testConnectionOnCheckout", testConnection);
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.acquireRetryDelay", "1000");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.acquireRetryAttempts", "0");
+        properties.put("hibernate.c3p0.breakAfterAcquireFailure", "false");
+        properties.put("javax.persistence.sharedCache.mode", "ENABLE_SELECTIVE");
+
+        try {
+            PersistUtilHelper emh = new PersistUtilHelper(properties);
+            ensureSingletonsExist();
+
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            if (PersistUtilHelper.getEntityManagerFactory() != null) {
+                PersistUtilHelper.closeEntityManagerFactory();
+
+            }
+            throw new Error("Could not initialize db", t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void ensureSingletonsExist() {
+        // Touch the singleton holders
+        Currencies.BTC.getSymbol(); // this should load all the singletons in Currencies
+        Exchanges.BITFINEX.getSymbol(); // this should load all the singletons in Exchanges
+        Prompts.THIS_WEEK.getSymbol();
+    }
+
+    //private static EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory;
+    private static final int defaultBatchSize = 20;
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.cryptocoinpartners.util.PersistUtil.createEntityManager` indirectly reads without synchronization from `util.PersistUtilHelper.org.cryptocoinpartners.util.PersistUtilHelper.emf`. Potentially races with write in method `PersistUtil.insert(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+EntityManager PersistUtil.createEntityManager()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.cryptocoinpartners.util.PersistUtil.createEntityManager():javax.persistence.EntityManager.30784cb16e6154675f2593fe1cffe967
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/cryptocoinpartners/util/PersistUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+PersistUtil.java|createEntityManager|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+dc9172b9372f7e6fd6091daffa1f3719
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8539/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8539/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d7183e186d4b6135dda14c4efaad577eb34a012
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8539/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,595 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** xnio
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source.
+ * Copyright 2012 Red Hat, Inc., and individual contributors
+ * as indicated by the @author tags.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.xnio.nio;
+
+import static org.xnio.IoUtils.safeClose;
+import static org.xnio.nio.Log.log;
+import static org.xnio.nio.Log.tcpServerLog;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
+import java.nio.channels.SelectionKey;
+import java.nio.channels.ServerSocketChannel;
+import java.nio.channels.SocketChannel;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLongFieldUpdater;
+
+import org.jboss.logging.Logger;
+import org.xnio.ChannelListener;
+import org.xnio.ManagementRegistration;
+import org.xnio.IoUtils;
+import org.xnio.LocalSocketAddress;
+import org.xnio.Option;
+import org.xnio.OptionMap;
+import org.xnio.Options;
+import org.xnio.StreamConnection;
+import org.xnio.XnioExecutor;
+import org.xnio.channels.AcceptListenerSettable;
+import org.xnio.channels.AcceptingChannel;
+import org.xnio.channels.UnsupportedOptionException;
+import org.xnio.management.XnioServerMXBean;
+
+final class NioTcpServer extends AbstractNioChannel<NioTcpServer> implements AcceptingChannel<StreamConnection>, AcceptListenerSettable<NioTcpServer> {
+    private static final String FQCN = NioTcpServer.class.getName();
+
+    private volatile ChannelListener<? super NioTcpServer> acceptListener;
+
+    private final NioTcpServerHandle[] handles;
+
+    private final ServerSocketChannel channel;
+    private final ServerSocket socket;
+    private final ManagementRegistration mbeanHandle;
+
+    private static final Set<Option<?>> options = Option.setBuilder()
+            .add(Options.REUSE_ADDRESSES)
+            .add(Options.RECEIVE_BUFFER)
+            .add(Options.SEND_BUFFER)
+            .add(Options.KEEP_ALIVE)
+            .add(Options.TCP_OOB_INLINE)
+            .add(Options.TCP_NODELAY)
+            .add(Options.CONNECTION_HIGH_WATER)
+            .add(Options.CONNECTION_LOW_WATER)
+            .add(Options.READ_TIMEOUT)
+            .add(Options.WRITE_TIMEOUT)
+            .create();
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile int keepAlive;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile int oobInline;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile int tcpNoDelay;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile int sendBuffer = -1;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile long connectionStatus = CONN_LOW_MASK | CONN_HIGH_MASK;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile int readTimeout;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private volatile int writeTimeout;
+    private volatile int tokenConnectionCount;
+    volatile boolean resumed;
+
+    private static final long CONN_LOW_MASK     = 0x000000007FFFFFFFL;
+    private static final long CONN_LOW_BIT      = 0L;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private static final long CONN_LOW_ONE      = 1L;
+    private static final long CONN_HIGH_MASK    = 0x3FFFFFFF80000000L;
+    private static final long CONN_HIGH_BIT     = 31L;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private static final long CONN_HIGH_ONE     = 1L << CONN_HIGH_BIT;
+
+    private static final AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<NioTcpServer> keepAliveUpdater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(NioTcpServer.class, "keepAlive");
+    private static final AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<NioTcpServer> oobInlineUpdater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(NioTcpServer.class, "oobInline");
+    private static final AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<NioTcpServer> tcpNoDelayUpdater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(NioTcpServer.class, "tcpNoDelay");
+    private static final AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<NioTcpServer> sendBufferUpdater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(NioTcpServer.class, "sendBuffer");
+    private static final AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<NioTcpServer> readTimeoutUpdater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(NioTcpServer.class, "readTimeout");
+    private static final AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<NioTcpServer> writeTimeoutUpdater = AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater.newUpdater(NioTcpServer.class, "writeTimeout");
+
+    private static final AtomicLongFieldUpdater<NioTcpServer> connectionStatusUpdater = AtomicLongFieldUpdater.newUpdater(NioTcpServer.class, "connectionStatus");
+
+    NioTcpServer(final NioXnioWorker worker, final ServerSocketChannel channel, final OptionMap optionMap) throws IOException {
+        super(worker);
+        this.channel = channel;
+        final WorkerThread[] threads = worker.getAll();
+        final int threadCount = threads.length;
+        if (threadCount == 0) {
+            throw log.noThreads();
+        }
+        final int tokens = optionMap.get(Options.BALANCING_TOKENS, -1);
+        final int connections = optionMap.get(Options.BALANCING_CONNECTIONS, 16);
+        if (tokens != -1) {
+            if (tokens < 1 || tokens >= threadCount) {
+                throw log.balancingTokens();
+            }
+            if (connections < 1) {
+                throw log.balancingConnectionCount();
+            }
+            tokenConnectionCount = connections;
+        }
+        socket = channel.socket();
+        if (optionMap.contains(Options.SEND_BUFFER)) {
+            final int sendBufferSize = optionMap.get(Options.SEND_BUFFER, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+            if (sendBufferSize < 1) {
+                throw log.parameterOutOfRange("sendBufferSize");
+            }
+            sendBufferUpdater.set(this, sendBufferSize);
+        }
+        if (optionMap.contains(Options.KEEP_ALIVE)) {
+            keepAliveUpdater.lazySet(this, optionMap.get(Options.KEEP_ALIVE, false) ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+        if (optionMap.contains(Options.TCP_OOB_INLINE)) {
+            oobInlineUpdater.lazySet(this, optionMap.get(Options.TCP_OOB_INLINE, false) ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+        if (optionMap.contains(Options.TCP_NODELAY)) {
+            tcpNoDelayUpdater.lazySet(this, optionMap.get(Options.TCP_NODELAY, false) ? 1 : 0);
+        }
+        if (optionMap.contains(Options.READ_TIMEOUT)) {
+            readTimeoutUpdater.lazySet(this, optionMap.get(Options.READ_TIMEOUT, 0));
+        }
+        if (optionMap.contains(Options.WRITE_TIMEOUT)) {
+            writeTimeoutUpdater.lazySet(this, optionMap.get(Options.WRITE_TIMEOUT, 0));
+        }
+        int perThreadLow, perThreadLowRem;
+        int perThreadHigh, perThreadHighRem;
+        if (optionMap.contains(Options.CONNECTION_HIGH_WATER) || optionMap.contains(Options.CONNECTION_LOW_WATER)) {
+            final int highWater = optionMap.get(Options.CONNECTION_HIGH_WATER, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+            final int lowWater = optionMap.get(Options.CONNECTION_LOW_WATER, highWater);
+            if (highWater <= 0) {
+                throw badHighWater();
+            }
+            if (lowWater <= 0 || lowWater > highWater) {
+                throw badLowWater(highWater);
+            }
+            final long highLowWater = (long) highWater << CONN_HIGH_BIT | (long) lowWater << CONN_LOW_BIT;
+            connectionStatusUpdater.lazySet(this, highLowWater);
+            perThreadLow = lowWater / threadCount;
+            perThreadLowRem = lowWater % threadCount;
+            perThreadHigh = highWater / threadCount;
+            perThreadHighRem = highWater % threadCount;
+        } else {
+            perThreadLow = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            perThreadLowRem = 0;
+            perThreadHigh = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            perThreadHighRem = 0;
+            connectionStatusUpdater.lazySet(this, CONN_LOW_MASK | CONN_HIGH_MASK);
+        }
+        final NioTcpServerHandle[] handles = new NioTcpServerHandle[threadCount];
+        for (int i = 0, length = threadCount; i < length; i++) {
+            final SelectionKey key = threads[i].registerChannel(channel);
+            handles[i] = new NioTcpServerHandle(this, key, threads[i], i < perThreadHighRem ? perThreadHigh + 1 : perThreadHigh, i < perThreadLowRem ? perThreadLow + 1 : perThreadLow);
+            key.attach(handles[i]);
+        }
+        this.handles = handles;
+        if (tokens > 0) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i ++) {
+                handles[i].initializeTokenCount(i < tokens ? connections : 0);
+            }
+        }
+        mbeanHandle = worker.registerServerMXBean(
+                new XnioServerMXBean() {
+                    public String getProviderName() {
+                        return "nio";
+                    }
+
+                    public String getWorkerName() {
+                        return worker.getName();
+                    }
+
+                    public String getBindAddress() {
+                        return String.valueOf(getLocalAddress());
+                    }
+
+                    public int getConnectionCount() {
+                        final AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger();
+                        final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(handles.length);
+                        for (final NioTcpServerHandle handle : handles) {
+                            handle.getWorkerThread().execute(() -> {
+                                counter.getAndAdd(handle.getConnectionCount());
+                                latch.countDown();
+                            });
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            latch.await();
+                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                        }
+                        return counter.get();
+                    }
+
+                    public int getConnectionLimitHighWater() {
+                        return getHighWater(connectionStatus);
+                    }
+
+                    public int getConnectionLimitLowWater() {
+                        return getLowWater(connectionStatus);
+                    }
+                }
+        );
+
+    }
+
+    private static IllegalArgumentException badLowWater(final int highWater) {
+        return new IllegalArgumentException("Low water must be greater than 0 and less than or equal to high water (" + highWater + ")");
+    }
+
+    private static IllegalArgumentException badHighWater() {
+        return new IllegalArgumentException("High water must be greater than 0");
+    }
+
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        try {
+            channel.close();
+        } finally {
+            for (NioTcpServerHandle handle : handles) {
+                handle.cancelKey(false);
+            }
+            safeClose(mbeanHandle);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean supportsOption(final Option<?> option) {
+        return options.contains(option);
+    }
+
+    public <T> T getOption(final Option<T> option) throws UnsupportedOptionException, IOException {
+        if (option == Options.REUSE_ADDRESSES) {
+            return option.cast(Boolean.valueOf(socket.getReuseAddress()));
+        } else if (option == Options.RECEIVE_BUFFER) {
+            return option.cast(Integer.valueOf(socket.getReceiveBufferSize()));
+        } else if (option == Options.SEND_BUFFER) {
+            final int value = sendBuffer;
+            return value == -1 ? null : option.cast(Integer.valueOf(value));
+        } else if (option == Options.KEEP_ALIVE) {
+            return option.cast(Boolean.valueOf(keepAlive != 0));
+        } else if (option == Options.TCP_OOB_INLINE) {
+            return option.cast(Boolean.valueOf(oobInline != 0));
+        } else if (option == Options.TCP_NODELAY) {
+            return option.cast(Boolean.valueOf(tcpNoDelay != 0));
+        } else if (option == Options.READ_TIMEOUT) {
+            return option.cast(Integer.valueOf(readTimeout));
+        } else if (option == Options.WRITE_TIMEOUT) {
+            return option.cast(Integer.valueOf(writeTimeout));
+        } else if (option == Options.CONNECTION_HIGH_WATER) {
+            return option.cast(Integer.valueOf(getHighWater(connectionStatus)));
+        } else if (option == Options.CONNECTION_LOW_WATER) {
+            return option.cast(Integer.valueOf(getLowWater(connectionStatus)));
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public <T> T setOption(final Option<T> option, final T value) throws IllegalArgumentException, IOException {
+        final Object old;
+        if (option == Options.REUSE_ADDRESSES) {
+            old = Boolean.valueOf(socket.getReuseAddress());
+            socket.setReuseAddress(Options.REUSE_ADDRESSES.cast(value, Boolean.FALSE).booleanValue());
+        } else if (option == Options.RECEIVE_BUFFER) { 
+            old = Integer.valueOf(socket.getReceiveBufferSize());
+            final int newValue = Options.RECEIVE_BUFFER.cast(value, Integer.valueOf(DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE)).intValue();
+            if (newValue < 1) {
+                throw log.optionOutOfRange("RECEIVE_BUFFER");
+            }
+            socket.setReceiveBufferSize(newValue);
+        } else if (option == Options.SEND_BUFFER) {
+            final int newValue = Options.SEND_BUFFER.cast(value, Integer.valueOf(DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE)).intValue();
+            if (newValue < 1) {
+                throw log.optionOutOfRange("SEND_BUFFER");
+            }
+            final int oldValue = sendBufferUpdater.getAndSet(this, newValue);
+            old = oldValue == -1 ? null : Integer.valueOf(oldValue);
+        } else if (option == Options.KEEP_ALIVE) {
+            old = Boolean.valueOf(keepAliveUpdater.getAndSet(this, Options.KEEP_ALIVE.cast(value, Boolean.FALSE).booleanValue() ? 1 : 0) != 0);
+        } else if (option == Options.TCP_OOB_INLINE) {
+            old = Boolean.valueOf(oobInlineUpdater.getAndSet(this, Options.TCP_OOB_INLINE.cast(value, Boolean.FALSE).booleanValue() ? 1 : 0) != 0);
+        } else if (option == Options.TCP_NODELAY) {
+            old = Boolean.valueOf(tcpNoDelayUpdater.getAndSet(this, Options.TCP_NODELAY.cast(value, Boolean.FALSE).booleanValue() ? 1 : 0) != 0);
+        } else if (option == Options.READ_TIMEOUT) {
+            old = Integer.valueOf(readTimeoutUpdater.getAndSet(this, Options.READ_TIMEOUT.cast(value, Integer.valueOf(0)).intValue()));
+        } else if (option == Options.WRITE_TIMEOUT) {
+            old = Integer.valueOf(writeTimeoutUpdater.getAndSet(this, Options.WRITE_TIMEOUT.cast(value, Integer.valueOf(0)).intValue()));
+        } else if (option == Options.CONNECTION_HIGH_WATER) {
+            old = Integer.valueOf(getHighWater(updateWaterMark(-1, Options.CONNECTION_HIGH_WATER.cast(value, Integer.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)).intValue())));
+        } else if (option == Options.CONNECTION_LOW_WATER) {
+            old = Integer.valueOf(getLowWater(updateWaterMark(Options.CONNECTION_LOW_WATER.cast(value, Integer.valueOf(Integer.MAX_VALUE)).intValue(), -1)));
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return option.cast(old);
+    }
+
+    private long updateWaterMark(int reqNewLowWater, int reqNewHighWater) {
+        // at least one must be specified
+        assert reqNewLowWater != -1 || reqNewHighWater != -1;
+        // if both given, low must be less than high
+        assert reqNewLowWater == -1 || reqNewHighWater == -1 || reqNewLowWater <= reqNewHighWater;
+
+        long oldVal, newVal;
+        int oldHighWater, oldLowWater;
+        int newLowWater, newHighWater;
+
+        do {
+            oldVal = connectionStatus;
+            oldLowWater = getLowWater(oldVal);
+            oldHighWater = getHighWater(oldVal);
+            newLowWater = reqNewLowWater == -1 ? oldLowWater : reqNewLowWater;
+            newHighWater = reqNewHighWater == -1 ? oldHighWater : reqNewHighWater;
+            // Make sure the new values make sense
+            if (reqNewLowWater != -1 && newLowWater > newHighWater) {
+                newHighWater = newLowWater;
+            } else if (reqNewHighWater != -1 && newHighWater < newLowWater) {
+                newLowWater = newHighWater;
+            }
+            // See if the change would be redundant
+            if (oldLowWater == newLowWater && oldHighWater == newHighWater) {
+                return oldVal;
+            }
+            newVal = (long)newLowWater << CONN_LOW_BIT | (long)newHighWater << CONN_HIGH_BIT;
+        } while (! connectionStatusUpdater.compareAndSet(this, oldVal, newVal));
+
+        final NioTcpServerHandle[] conduits = handles;
+        final int threadCount = conduits.length;
+
+        int perThreadLow, perThreadLowRem;
+        int perThreadHigh, perThreadHighRem;
+
+        perThreadLow = newLowWater / threadCount;
+        perThreadLowRem = newLowWater % threadCount;
+        perThreadHigh = newHighWater / threadCount;
+        perThreadHighRem = newHighWater % threadCount;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < conduits.length; i++) {
+            NioTcpServerHandle conduit = conduits[i];
+            conduit.executeSetTask(i < perThreadHighRem ? perThreadHigh + 1 : perThreadHigh, i < perThreadLowRem ? perThreadLow + 1 : perThreadLow);
+        }
+
+        return oldVal;
+    }
+
+    private static int getHighWater(final long value) {
+        return (int) ((value & CONN_HIGH_MASK) >> CONN_HIGH_BIT);
+    }
+
+    private static int getLowWater(final long value) {
+        return (int) ((value & CONN_LOW_MASK) >> CONN_LOW_BIT);
+    }
+
+    public NioSocketStreamConnection accept() throws IOException {
+        final WorkerThread current = WorkerThread.getCurrent();
+        final NioTcpServerHandle handle = handles[current.getNumber()];
+        if (! handle.getConnection()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        final SocketChannel accepted;
+        boolean ok = false;
+        try {
+            accepted = channel.accept();
+            if (accepted != null) try {
+                final SocketAddress localAddress = accepted.getLocalAddress();
+                int hash;
+                if (localAddress instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
+                    final InetSocketAddress address = (InetSocketAddress) localAddress;
+                    hash = address.getAddress().hashCode() * 23 + address.getPort();
+                } else if (localAddress instanceof LocalSocketAddress) {
+                    hash = ((LocalSocketAddress) localAddress).getName().hashCode();
+                } else {
+                    hash = localAddress.hashCode();
+                }
+                final SocketAddress remoteAddress = accepted.getRemoteAddress();
+                if (remoteAddress instanceof InetSocketAddress) {
+                    final InetSocketAddress address = (InetSocketAddress) remoteAddress;
+                    hash = (address.getAddress().hashCode() * 23 + address.getPort()) * 23 + hash;
+                } else if (remoteAddress instanceof LocalSocketAddress) {
+                    hash = ((LocalSocketAddress) remoteAddress).getName().hashCode() * 23 + hash;
+                } else {
+                    hash = localAddress.hashCode() * 23 + hash;
+                }
+                accepted.configureBlocking(false);
+                final Socket socket = accepted.socket();
+                socket.setKeepAlive(keepAlive != 0);
+                socket.setOOBInline(oobInline != 0);
+                socket.setTcpNoDelay(tcpNoDelay != 0);
+                final int sendBuffer = this.sendBuffer;
+                if (sendBuffer > 0) socket.setSendBufferSize(sendBuffer);
+                final WorkerThread ioThread = worker.getIoThread(hash);
+                final SelectionKey selectionKey = ioThread.registerChannel(accepted);
+                final NioSocketStreamConnection newConnection = new NioSocketStreamConnection(ioThread, selectionKey, handle);
+                newConnection.setOption(Options.READ_TIMEOUT, Integer.valueOf(readTimeout));
+                newConnection.setOption(Options.WRITE_TIMEOUT, Integer.valueOf(writeTimeout));
+                ok = true;
+                return newConnection;
+            } finally {
+                if (! ok) safeClose(accepted);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            if (! ok) {
+                handle.freeConnection();
+            }
+        }
+        // by contract, only a resume will do
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        return String.format("TCP server (NIO) <%s>", Integer.toHexString(hashCode()));
+    }
+
+    public ChannelListener<? super NioTcpServer> getAcceptListener() {
+        return acceptListener;
+    }
+
+    public void setAcceptListener(final ChannelListener<? super NioTcpServer> acceptListener) {
+        this.acceptListener = acceptListener;
+    }
+
+    public ChannelListener.Setter<NioTcpServer> getAcceptSetter() {
+        return new AcceptListenerSettable.Setter<NioTcpServer>(this);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isOpen() {
+        return channel.isOpen();
+    }
+
+    public SocketAddress getLocalAddress() {
+        return socket.getLocalSocketAddress();
+    }
+
+    public <A extends SocketAddress> A getLocalAddress(final Class<A> type) {
+        final SocketAddress address = getLocalAddress();
+        return type.isInstance(address) ? type.cast(address) : null;
+    }
+
+    public void suspendAccepts() {
+        resumed = false;
+        doResume(0);
+    }
+
+    public void resumeAccepts() {
+        resumed = true;
+        doResume(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isAcceptResumed() {
+        return resumed;
+    }
+
+    private void doResume(final int op) {
+        if (op == 0) {
+            for (NioTcpServerHandle handle : handles) {
+                handle.suspend();
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (NioTcpServerHandle handle : handles) {
+                handle.resume();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void wakeupAccepts() {
+        tcpServerLog.logf(FQCN, Logger.Level.TRACE, null, "Wake up accepts on %s", this);
+        resumeAccepts();
+        final NioTcpServerHandle[] handles = this.handles;
+        final int idx = IoUtils.getThreadLocalRandom().nextInt(handles.length);
+        handles[idx].wakeup(SelectionKey.OP_ACCEPT);
+    }
+
+    public void awaitAcceptable() throws IOException {
+        throw log.unsupported("awaitAcceptable");
+    }
+
+    public void awaitAcceptable(final long time, final TimeUnit timeUnit) throws IOException {
+        throw log.unsupported("awaitAcceptable");
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    public XnioExecutor getAcceptThread() {
+        return getIoThread();
+    }
+
+    NioTcpServerHandle getHandle(final int number) {
+        return handles[number];
+    }
+
+    int getTokenConnectionCount() {
+        return tokenConnectionCount;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `current` last assigned on line 381 could be null and is dereferenced at line 382.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+NioSocketStreamConnection NioTcpServer.accept()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.xnio.nio.NioTcpServer.accept():org.xnio.nio.NioSocketStreamConnection.a76f8b6c69f1e95ab044588a79d986e6
+
+### File:
+nio-impl/src/main/java/org/xnio/nio/NioTcpServer.java
+
+### Key:
+NioTcpServer.java|accept|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c50e57c2d19d70f0757cbfc3768d2a96
+
+### Hash:
+16686e339500400d141e723c216ce2f8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8552/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8552/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b29ae738f41520423488df8020f37a911d6beb62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8552/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * This class reads a JSON document by traversing a Java object comprising maps, lists, and JSON
+ * primitives. It does depth-first traversal keeping a stack starting with the root object. During
+ * traversal a stack tracks the current position in the document:
+ *
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>The next element to act upon is on the top of the stack.
+ *   <li>When the top of the stack is a {@link List}, calling {@link #beginArray()} replaces the
+ *       list with a {@link ListIterator}. The first element of the iterator is pushed on top of the
+ *       iterator.
+ *   <li>Similarly, when the top of the stack is a {@link Map}, calling {@link #beginObject()}
+ *       replaces the map with an {@link Iterator} of its entries. The first element of the iterator
+ *       is pushed on top of the iterator.
+ *   <li>When the top of the stack is a {@link Map.Entry}, calling {@link #nextName()} returns the
+ *       entry's key and replaces the entry with its value on the stack.
+ *   <li>When an element is consumed it is popped. If the new top of the stack has a non-exhausted
+ *       iterator, the next element of that iterator is pushed.
+ *   <li>If the top of the stack is an exhausted iterator, calling {@link #endArray} or {@link
+ *       #endObject} will pop it.
+ * </ul>
+ */
+final class ObjectJsonReader extends JsonReader {
+  /** Sentinel object pushed on {@link #stack} when the reader is closed. */
+  private static final Object JSON_READER_CLOSED = new Object();
+
+  private final Object[] stack = new Object[32];
+
+  public ObjectJsonReader(Object root) {
+    scopes[stackSize] = JsonScope.NONEMPTY_DOCUMENT;
+    stack[stackSize++] = root;
+  }
+
+  @Override public void beginArray() throws IOException {
+    List<?> peeked = require(List.class, Token.BEGIN_ARRAY);
+
+    ListIterator<?> iterator = peeked.listIterator();
+    stack[stackSize - 1] = iterator;
+    scopes[stackSize - 1] = JsonScope.EMPTY_ARRAY;
+    pathIndices[stackSize - 1] = 0;
+
+    // If the iterator isn't empty push its first value onto the stack.
+    if (iterator.hasNext()) {
+      push(iterator.next());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override public void endArray() throws IOException {
+    ListIterator<?> peeked = require(ListIterator.class, Token.END_ARRAY);
+    if (peeked.hasNext()) {
+      throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.END_ARRAY);
+    }
+    remove();
+  }
+
+  @Override public void beginObject() throws IOException {
+    Map<?, ?> peeked = require(Map.class, Token.BEGIN_OBJECT);
+
+    Iterator<?> iterator = peeked.entrySet().iterator();
+    stack[stackSize - 1] = iterator;
+    scopes[stackSize - 1] = JsonScope.EMPTY_OBJECT;
+
+    // If the iterator isn't empty push its first value onto the stack.
+    if (iterator.hasNext()) {
+      push(iterator.next());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override public void endObject() throws IOException {
+    Iterator<?> peeked = require(Iterator.class, Token.END_OBJECT);
+    if (peeked instanceof ListIterator || peeked.hasNext()) {
+      throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.END_OBJECT);
+    }
+    pathNames[stackSize - 1] = null;
+    remove();
+  }
+
+  @Override public boolean hasNext() throws IOException {
+    // TODO(jwilson): this is consistent with BufferedSourceJsonReader but it doesn't make sense.
+    if (stackSize == 0) return true;
+
+    Object peeked = stack[stackSize - 1];
+    return !(peeked instanceof Iterator) || ((Iterator) peeked).hasNext();
+  }
+
+  @Override public Token peek() throws IOException {
+    if (stackSize == 0) return Token.END_DOCUMENT;
+
+    // If the top of the stack is an iterator, take its first element and push it on the stack.
+    Object peeked = stack[stackSize - 1];
+    if (peeked instanceof ListIterator) return Token.END_ARRAY;
+    if (peeked instanceof Iterator) return Token.END_OBJECT;
+    if (peeked instanceof List) return Token.BEGIN_ARRAY;
+    if (peeked instanceof Map) return Token.BEGIN_OBJECT;
+    if (peeked instanceof Map.Entry) return Token.NAME;
+    if (peeked instanceof String) return Token.STRING;
+    if (peeked instanceof Boolean) return Token.BOOLEAN;
+    if (peeked instanceof Number) return Token.NUMBER;
+    if (peeked == null) return Token.NULL;
+    if (peeked == JSON_READER_CLOSED) throw new IllegalStateException("JsonReader is closed");
+
+    throw typeMismatch(peeked, "a JSON value");
+  }
+
+  @Override public String nextName() throws IOException {
+    Map.Entry<?, ?> peeked = require(Map.Entry.class, Token.NAME);
+
+    // Swap the Map.Entry for its value on the stack and return its key.
+    String result = stringKey(peeked);
+    stack[stackSize - 1] = peeked.getValue();
+    pathNames[stackSize - 2] = result;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @Override public int selectName(Options options) throws IOException {
+    Map.Entry<?, ?> peeked = require(Map.Entry.class, Token.NAME);
+    String name = stringKey(peeked);
+    for (int i = 0, length = options.strings.length; i < length; i++) {
+      // Swap the Map.Entry for its value on the stack and return its key.
+      if (options.strings[i].equals(name)) {
+        stack[stackSize - 1] = peeked.getValue();
+        pathNames[stackSize - 2] = name;
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  @Override public String nextString() throws IOException {
+    String peeked = require(String.class, Token.STRING);
+    remove();
+    return peeked;
+  }
+
+  @Override public int selectString(Options options) throws IOException {
+    String peeked = require(String.class, Token.STRING);
+    for (int i = 0, length = options.strings.length; i < length; i++) {
+      if (options.strings[i].equals(peeked)) {
+        remove();
+        return i;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  @Override public boolean nextBoolean() throws IOException {
+    Boolean peeked = require(Boolean.class, Token.BOOLEAN);
+    remove();
+    return peeked;
+  }
+
+  @Override public <T> T nextNull() throws IOException {
+    require(Void.class, Token.NULL);
+    remove();
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override public double nextDouble() throws IOException {
+    Object peeked = require(Object.class, Token.NUMBER);
+
+    double result;
+    if (peeked instanceof Number) {
+      result = ((Number) peeked).doubleValue();
+    } else if (peeked instanceof String) {
+      try {
+        result = Double.parseDouble((String) peeked);
+      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+        throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.NUMBER);
+      }
+    } else {
+      throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.NUMBER);
+    }
+    if (!lenient && (Double.isNaN(result) || Double.isInfinite(result))) {
+      throw new JsonEncodingException("JSON forbids NaN and infinities: " + result
+          + " at path " + getPath());
+    }
+    remove();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @Override public long nextLong() throws IOException {
+    Object peeked = require(Object.class, Token.NUMBER);
+
+    long result;
+    if (peeked instanceof Number) {
+      result = ((Number) peeked).longValue();
+    } else if (peeked instanceof String) {
+      try {
+        result = Long.parseLong((String) peeked);
+      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+        try {
+          BigDecimal asDecimal = new BigDecimal((String) peeked);
+          result = asDecimal.longValueExact();
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e2) {
+          throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.NUMBER);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.NUMBER);
+    }
+    remove();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @Override public int nextInt() throws IOException {
+    Object peeked = require(Object.class, Token.NUMBER);
+
+    int result;
+    if (peeked instanceof Number) {
+      result = ((Number) peeked).intValue();
+    } else if (peeked instanceof String) {
+      try {
+        result = Integer.parseInt((String) peeked);
+      } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+        try {
+          BigDecimal asDecimal = new BigDecimal((String) peeked);
+          result = asDecimal.intValueExact();
+        } catch (NumberFormatException e2) {
+          throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.NUMBER);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      throw typeMismatch(peeked, Token.NUMBER);
+    }
+    remove();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  @Override public void skipValue() throws IOException {
+    if (failOnUnknown) {
+      throw new JsonDataException("Cannot skip unexpected " + peek() + " at " + getPath());
+    }
+
+    // If this element is in an object clear out the key.
+    if (stackSize > 1) {
+      pathNames[stackSize - 2] = "null";
+    }
+
+    Object skipped = stackSize != 0 ? stack[stackSize - 1] : null;
+
+    if (skipped instanceof Map.Entry) {
+      // We're skipping a name. Promote the map entry's value.
+      Map.Entry<?, ?> entry = (Map.Entry<?, ?>) stack[stackSize - 1];
+      stack[stackSize - 1] = entry.getValue();
+    } else if (stackSize > 0) {
+      // We're skipping a value.
+      remove();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override void promoteNameToValue() throws IOException {
+    Map.Entry<?, ?> peeked = require(Map.Entry.class, Token.NAME);
+
+    push(peeked.getKey());
+    stack[stackSize - 2] = peeked.getValue();
+  }
+
+  @Override public void close() throws IOException {
+    Arrays.fill(stack, 0, stackSize, null);
+    stack[0] = JSON_READER_CLOSED;
+    scopes[0] = JsonScope.CLOSED;
+    stackSize = 1;
+  }
+
+  private void push(Object newTop) {
+    if (stackSize == stack.length) {
+      throw new JsonDataException("Nesting too deep at " + getPath());
+    }
+    stack[stackSize++] = newTop;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the top of the stack which is required to be a {@code type}. Throws if this reader is
+   * closed, or if the type isn't what was expected.
+   */
+  private <T> T require(Class<T> type, Token expected) throws IOException {
+    Object peeked = (stackSize != 0 ? stack[stackSize - 1] : null);
+
+    if (type.isInstance(peeked)) {
+      return type.cast(peeked);
+    }
+    if (peeked == null && expected == Token.NULL) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (peeked == JSON_READER_CLOSED) {
+      throw new IllegalStateException("JsonReader is closed");
+    }
+    throw typeMismatch(peeked, expected);
+  }
+
+  private String stringKey(Map.Entry<?, ?> entry) {
+    Object name = entry.getKey();
+    if (name instanceof String) return (String) name;
+    throw typeMismatch(name, Token.NAME);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Removes a value and prepares for the next. If we're iterating a map or list this advances the
+   * iterator.
+   */
+  private void remove() {
+    stackSize--;
+    stack[stackSize] = null;
+    scopes[stackSize] = 0;
+
+    // If we're iterating an array or an object push its next element on to the stack.
+    if (stackSize > 0) {
+      pathIndices[stackSize - 1]++;
+
+      Object parent = stack[stackSize - 1];
+      if (parent instanceof Iterator && ((Iterator<?>) parent).hasNext()) {
+        push(((Iterator<?>) parent).next());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `peeked` last assigned on line 276 could be null and is dereferenced at line 278.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ObjectJsonReader.promoteNameToValue()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.ObjectJsonReader.promoteNameToValue():void.88297f4309a3953cd801ae9f57a627ef
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/main/java/com/squareup/moshi/ObjectJsonReader.java
+
+### Key:
+ObjectJsonReader.java|promoteNameToValue|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+93644ec69cbfe39e33422caaa4675eaa
+
+### Hash:
+83d41154322e3afe61b06a1052e2492c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8553/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8553/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09086c31126797785536e69d916f27afb9c70eef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8553/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[{},{\"a\":5}]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return JsonReader.of(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.BufferedSourceJsonReader` acquired by call to `newReader(...)` at line 173 is not released after line 180.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 175
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerUnquotedLongValue()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerUnquotedLongValue():void.1737723cad14a79ca8cb0e7df9a42fe0
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerUnquotedLongValue|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+448f6acb9b06f5f237e7ba5da96c4d1f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8554/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8554/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38501d2ffaaae5c8f24f82e9f430e82a13f48fbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8554/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new Buffer().writeUtf8("[{},{\"a\":5}]"));
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return new JsonReader(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `okio.Buffer` acquired by call to `new()` at line 148 is not released after line 148.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist():void.ff9fbfdc887aa33c33d792718d5dbda4
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+9794f75d6e6f05ee83cf48ce4076a7f0
+
+### Hash:
+9e695d40288c225900d27002360cff77
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8562/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8562/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c07bc5ab3e95eae4d012d520242a926b2d02fd4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8562/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 12
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[{},{\"a\":5}]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return JsonReader.of(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.BufferedSourceJsonReader` acquired by call to `newReader(...)` at line 102 is not released after line 119.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 103
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerNullValue()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerNullValue():void.e5f371e0fceb3c63b025fc1d81da103d
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerNullValue|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+95ced91ca0473a6646194f1eb482b307
+
+### Hash:
+d62b67d8e84efda462cab4ad56145104
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8563/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8563/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f825c96ec10af9ec76e49bce1cb1a05a979fce36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8563/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = new JsonReader(new Buffer().writeUtf8("[{},{\"a\":5}]"));
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return new JsonReader(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = new JsonWriter(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.JsonReader` acquired to `reader` by call to `new()` at line 148 is not released after line 160.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 149
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist():void.ff9fbfdc887aa33c33d792718d5dbda4
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+95ced91ca0473a6646194f1eb482b307
+
+### Hash:
+51aacd2287280afdd1ce353f8a7ba677
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8564/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8564/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6d5770682ada159776b6cdd1f18a4e572896827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8564/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** moshi
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 Square, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.squareup.moshi;
+
+import okio.Buffer;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public final class PromoteNameToValueTest {
+  @Test public void readerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5.5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5.5d);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"true\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextBoolean();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected a boolean but was STRING at path $.true");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("true");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"5\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"null\":1}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    try {
+      reader.nextNull();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Expected null but was STRING at path $.null");
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("null");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.STRING);
+    assertThat(reader.nextString()).isEqualTo("b");
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(2);
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{}");
+    reader.beginObject();
+    assertThat(reader.peek()).isEqualTo(JsonReader.Token.END_OBJECT);
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    reader.endObject();
+    assertThat(reader.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("[{},{\"a\":5}]");
+    reader.beginArray();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    reader.endObject();
+    reader.beginObject();
+    try {
+      reader.nextString();
+      fail();
+    } catch (JsonDataException expected) {
+    }
+    assertThat(reader.nextName()).isEqualTo("a");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(5);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedLongValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextLong()).isEqualTo(5L);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  @Test public void readerUnquotedDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    JsonReader reader = newReader("{5:1}");
+    reader.setLenient(true);
+    reader.beginObject();
+    reader.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(reader.nextDouble()).isEqualTo(5d);
+    assertThat(reader.nextInt()).isEqualTo(1);
+    reader.endObject();
+  }
+
+  private JsonReader newReader(String s) {
+    return JsonReader.of(new Buffer().writeUtf8(s));
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerStringValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("a");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.a");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerIntegerValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerDoubleValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5.5d);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5.5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerBooleanValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.value(true);
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("true");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.true");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"true\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerLongValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value(5L);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.5");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"5\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerNullValue() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    try {
+      writer.nullValue();
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+      assertThat(e).hasMessage("Nesting problem.");
+    }
+    writer.value("null");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.value(1);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.null");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"null\":1}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerMultipleValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.name("a");
+    writer.value(1);
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.value("b");
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.value(2);
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.b");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{\"a\":1,\"b\":2}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerEmptyValueObject() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$.");
+    writer.endObject();
+    assertThat(writer.getPath()).isEqualTo("$");
+    assertThat(buffer.readUtf8()).isEqualTo("{}");
+  }
+
+  @Test public void writerUnusedPromotionDoesntPersist() throws Exception {
+    Buffer buffer = new Buffer();
+    JsonWriter writer = JsonWriter.of(buffer);
+    writer.beginArray();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    writer.promoteNameToValue();
+    writer.endObject();
+    writer.beginObject();
+    try {
+      writer.value("a");
+      fail();
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+    writer.name("a");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.squareup.moshi.BufferedSourceJsonReader` acquired by call to `newReader(...)` at line 122 is not released after line 135.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 123
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PromoteNameToValueTest.readerMultipleValueObject()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.squareup.moshi.PromoteNameToValueTest.readerMultipleValueObject():void.bd3ddae489b3902c7ea4e01016183072
+
+### File:
+moshi/src/test/java/com/squareup/moshi/PromoteNameToValueTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PromoteNameToValueTest.java|readerMultipleValueObject|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+a91e90fb79826b5f18d7a044875de055
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8590/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8590/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d0bc609dd72e157c931fe952dcb184cc5c374e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8590/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 46 is not released after line 48.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 48
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_Integer1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_Integer1():void.cdfb51eebf39cb89ad886f196bc50785
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_Integer1|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0c3ef2102c9a4eccc579e7c5e6a2b9c8
+
+### Hash:
+7594c380c7491ae8542daecfd1c6fcc9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8591/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8591/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..39d35357ab471b67acab3aa430e3f4f8d207810f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8591/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 53 is not released after line 55.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 55
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Negative()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Negative():void.0779a8b89418abe83968f6fb705d5e8e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_Integer_Negative|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+20a35cb35a7b0d8f02a62e464233ebb8
+
+### Hash:
+9c7aa6fa9ac8fdf2f8433d0d4540eb0f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8596/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8596/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bae1a1f1f766253409d7ee6540d40c06dabd1f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8596/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 17 is not released after line 17.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 17
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_String1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_String1():void.bff10264ef0ce425b6838cacf27cf398
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_String1|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f5c23f66aa0be60f5260b2bec3c2ccc6
+
+### Hash:
+59f655b3cf1beebcab3bc04efecf9b99
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8597/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8597/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc7b24c37ff724bed3eb313060e651f2f80d15dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8597/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 53 is not released after line 53.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 53
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Negative()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Negative():void.0779a8b89418abe83968f6fb705d5e8e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_Integer_Negative|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f5c23f66aa0be60f5260b2bec3c2ccc6
+
+### Hash:
+9c7aa6fa9ac8fdf2f8433d0d4540eb0f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8598/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8598/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f35b4109df95d165ddc9d20ac7a8d032dc696d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8598/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 83 is not released after line 85.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 85
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens():void.e9d1ab40554db73c7abcd107f262af27
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+0131fec294bdeca06e2199ba6a6be717
+
+### Hash:
+8ebea885ee3b466a13a4711cd21585b6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8612/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8612/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1692dd30614f8cd019dcaad66f7b706863ad722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8612/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** bt
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package bt.bencoding;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+public class BEParserTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("1:s");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("s", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_String2() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("11:!@#$%^&*()_");
+        assertEquals(BEType.STRING, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals("!@#$%^&*()_", parser.readString());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_EmptyString() {
+        new BEParser("");
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_LengthStartsWithZero() {
+        new BEParser("0:").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_String_Exception_InsufficientContent() {
+        new BEParser("7:abcdef").readString();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE, parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Integer_Negative() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ONE.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_ZeroLength() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("ie");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test//(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NegativeZero() {
+        // not sure why the protocol spec forbids negative zeroes,
+        // so let it be for now
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-0e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        assertEquals(BigInteger.ZERO.negate(), parser.readInteger());
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_NotTerminated() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i1");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void testParse_Integer_Exception_UnexpectedTokens() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("i-1-e");
+        assertEquals(BEType.INTEGER, parser.readType());
+        parser.readInteger();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spam4:eggsi1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_List_ListOfLists() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("l4:spaml4:spam4:eggsi1eei1ee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.LIST, parser.readType());
+        assertArrayEquals(
+                new Object[] {"spam", Arrays.asList("spam", "eggs", BigInteger.ONE), BigInteger.ONE},
+                parser.readList().toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testParse_Map1() {
+        BEParser parser = new BEParser("d4:spaml1:a1:bee");
+        assertEquals(BEType.MAP, parser.readType());
+
+        Map<String, Object> expected = new HashMap<>();
+        expected.put("spam", Arrays.asList("a", "b"));
+
+        assertEquals(expected, parser.readMap());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PushbackReader` acquired by call to `BEParser(...)` at line 110 is not released after line 110.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 110
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BEParserTest.testParse_Map1()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+bt.bencoding.BEParserTest.testParse_Map1():void.899f0d3aa82d7862b7596d952d12d16e
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/bt/bencoding/BEParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+BEParserTest.java|testParse_Map1|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f5c23f66aa0be60f5260b2bec3c2ccc6
+
+### Hash:
+278ff5e1c14a04f0a39f1620b9126580
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8615/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8615/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..510ef3521c945fa9f1f67c1259ddd1113c133c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8615/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** httl
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011-2013 HTTL Team.
+ *  
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *  
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package httl.spi.translators;
+
+import httl.Engine;
+import httl.Node;
+import httl.Resource;
+import httl.Template;
+import httl.internal.util.ClassUtils;
+import httl.internal.util.StringSequence;
+import httl.internal.util.StringUtils;
+import httl.spi.Compiler;
+import httl.spi.Converter;
+import httl.spi.Filter;
+import httl.spi.Formatter;
+import httl.spi.Interceptor;
+import httl.spi.Logger;
+import httl.spi.Parser;
+import httl.spi.Switcher;
+import httl.spi.Translator;
+import httl.spi.translators.templates.AdaptiveTemplate;
+import httl.spi.translators.templates.CompiledTemplate;
+import httl.spi.translators.templates.CompiledVisitor;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.text.ParseException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * CompiledTranslator. (SPI, Singleton, ThreadSafe)
+ * 
+ * @see httl.spi.engines.DefaultEngine#setTranslator(Translator)
+ * 
+ * @author @author Liang Fei (liangfei0201 AT gmail DOT com)
+ */
+public class CompiledTranslator implements Translator {
+
+	private String[] forVariable = new String[] { "for" };
+
+	private String filterVariable = "filter";
+
+	private String formatterVariable = "formatter";
+
+	private String defaultFilterVariable;
+	
+	private String defaultFormatterVariable;
+
+	private Engine engine;
+
+	private Parser templateParser;
+
+	private Compiler compiler;
+	
+	private Interceptor interceptor;
+	
+	private Logger logger;
+	
+	public void setLogger(Logger logger) {
+		this.logger = logger;
+	}
+
+	private Switcher<Filter> textFilterSwitcher;
+
+	private Switcher<Filter> valueFilterSwitcher;
+
+	private Switcher<Formatter<Object>> formatterSwitcher;
+
+	private Filter templateFilter;
+
+	private Filter textFilter;
+
+	private Filter valueFilter;
+	
+	private Converter<Object, Object> mapConverter;
+
+	private Converter<Object, Object> outConverter;
+
+	private Formatter<Object> formatter;
+
+	private String[] importMacros;
+   
+	private final Map<String, Template> importMacroTemplates = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Template>();
+
+	private String[] importPackages;
+
+	private Set<String> importPackageSet;
+
+	private String[] importVariables;
+
+	private Map<String, Class<?>> importTypes;
+
+	private String[] importMethods;
+
+	private final Map<Class<?>, Object> functions = new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>, Object>();
+
+	private final List<StringSequence> sequences = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<StringSequence>();
+
+	private static final String TEMPLATE_CLASS_PREFIX = CompiledTemplate.class.getPackage().getName() + ".Template_";
+	
+	private boolean isOutputStream;
+
+	private boolean isOutputWriter;
+
+	private boolean sourceInClass;
+
+	private boolean textInClass;
+	
+	private String outputEncoding;
+	
+	private Class<?> defaultVariableType;
+
+	private String engineName;
+
+	private String[] importSizers;
+
+	private String[] importGetters;
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: template.parser=httl.spi.parsers.TemplateParser
+	 */
+	public void setTemplateParser(Parser parser) {
+		this.templateParser = parser;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: import.sizers=size,length,getSize,getLength
+	 */
+	public void setImportSizers(String[] importSizers) {
+		this.importSizers = importSizers;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: import.getters=get,getProperty,getAttribute
+	 */
+	public void setImportGetters(String[] importGetters) {
+		this.importGetters = importGetters;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: default.variable.type=java.lang.Object
+	 */
+	public void setDefaultVariableType(String defaultVariableType) {
+		this.defaultVariableType = ClassUtils.forName(defaultVariableType);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: import.macros=common.httl
+	 */
+	public void setImportMacros(String[] importMacros) {
+		this.importMacros = importMacros;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: output.encoding=UTF-8
+	 */
+	public void setOutputEncoding(String outputEncoding) {
+		this.outputEncoding = outputEncoding;
+	}
+
+	private static final String HTTL_DEFAULT = "httl.properties";
+
+	private static final String HTTL_PREFIX = "httl-";
+
+	private static final String PROPERTIES_SUFFIX = ".properties";
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: engine=httl.spi.engines.DefaultEngine
+	 */
+	public void setEngine(Engine engine) {
+		this.engine = engine;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: engine.name=httl.properties
+	 */
+	public void setEngineName(String name) {
+		if (HTTL_DEFAULT.equals(name)) {
+			name = "";
+		} else {
+			if (name.startsWith(HTTL_PREFIX)) {
+				name = name.substring(HTTL_PREFIX.length());
+			}
+			if (name.endsWith(PROPERTIES_SUFFIX)) {
+				name = name.substring(0, name.length() - PROPERTIES_SUFFIX.length());
+			}
+		}
+		this.engineName = name;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: compiler=httl.spi.compilers.JdkCompiler
+	 */
+	public void setCompiler(Compiler compiler) {
+		this.compiler = compiler;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: interceptors=httl.spi.interceptors.ExtendsInterceptor
+	 */
+	public void setInterceptor(Interceptor interceptor) {
+		this.interceptor = interceptor;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: text.filter.switchers=httl.spi.switchers.JavaScriptFilterSwitcher
+	 */
+	public void setTextFilterSwitcher(Switcher<Filter> textFilterSwitcher) {
+		this.textFilterSwitcher = textFilterSwitcher;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: value.filter.switchers=httl.spi.switchers.JavaScriptFilterSwitcher
+	 */
+	public void setValueFilterSwitcher(Switcher<Filter> valueFilterSwitcher) {
+		this.valueFilterSwitcher = valueFilterSwitcher;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: formatter.switchers=httl.spi.switchers.NumberFormatterSwitcher
+	 */
+	public void setFormatterSwitcher(Switcher<Formatter<Object>> formatterSwitcher) {
+		this.formatterSwitcher = formatterSwitcher;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: template.filters=httl.spi.filters.CleanBlankLineFilter
+	 */
+	public void setTemplateFilter(Filter templateFilter) {
+		this.templateFilter = templateFilter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: text.filters=httl.spi.filters.CompressBlankFilter
+	 */
+	public void setTextFilter(Filter filter) {
+		this.textFilter = filter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: value.filters=httl.spi.filters.EscapeXmlFilter
+	 */
+	public void setValueFilter(Filter filter) {
+		this.valueFilter = filter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: map.converters=httl.spi.converters.BeanMapConverter
+	 */
+	public void setMapConverter(Converter<Object, Object> mapConverter) {
+		this.mapConverter = mapConverter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: out.converters=httl.spi.converters.ResponseOutConverter
+	 */
+	public void setOutConverter(Converter<Object, Object> outConverter) {
+		this.outConverter = outConverter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: formatters=httl.spi.formatters.DateFormatter
+	 */
+	public void setFormatter(Formatter<Object> formatter) {
+		this.formatter = formatter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: output.stream=true
+	 */
+	public void setOutputStream(boolean outputStream) {
+		this.isOutputStream = outputStream;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: output.writer=true
+	 */
+	public void setOutputWriter(boolean outputWriter) {
+		this.isOutputWriter = outputWriter;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: source.in.class=false
+	 */
+	public void setSourceInClass(boolean sourceInClass) {
+		this.sourceInClass = sourceInClass;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: text.in.class=false
+	 */
+	public void setTextInClass(boolean textInClass) {
+		this.textInClass = textInClass;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: for.variable=for
+	 */
+	public void setForVariable(String[] forVariable) {
+		this.forVariable = forVariable;
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: filter.variable=filter
+	 */
+	public void setFilterVariable(String filterVariable) {
+		this.filterVariable = filterVariable;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: formatter.variable=formatter
+	 */
+	public void setFormatterVariable(String formatterVariable) {
+		this.formatterVariable = formatterVariable;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: import.packages=java.util
+	 */
+	public void setImportPackages(String[] importPackages) {
+		this.importPackages = importPackages;
+		this.importPackageSet = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(importPackages));
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: import.setVariables=javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request
+	 */
+	public void setImportVariables(String[] importVariables) {
+		this.importVariables = importVariables;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: import.methods=java.lang.Math
+	 */
+	public void setImportMethods(String[] importMethods) {
+		this.importMethods = importMethods;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * httl.properties: import.sequences=Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon
+	 */
+	public void setImportSequences(String[] sequences) {
+		for (String s : sequences) {
+			s = s.trim();
+			if (s.length() > 0) {
+				String[] ts = s.split("\\s+");
+				List<String> sequence = new ArrayList<String>();
+				for (String t : ts) {
+					t = t.trim();
+					if (t.length() > 0) {
+						sequence.add(t);
+					}
+				}
+				this.sequences.add(new StringSequence(sequence));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * init.
+	 */
+	public void init() {
+		defaultFilterVariable = "$" + filterVariable;
+		defaultFormatterVariable = "$" + formatterVariable;
+		if (importVariables != null && importVariables.length > 0) {
+			this.importTypes = new HashMap<String, Class<?>>();
+			for (String var : importVariables) {
+				int i = var.lastIndexOf(' ');
+				if (i < 0) {
+					throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal config import.setVariables");
+				}
+				this.importTypes.put(var.substring(i + 1), ClassUtils.forName(importPackages, var.substring(0, i)));
+			}
+		}
+		if (importMethods != null && importMethods.length > 0) {
+			for (String method : importMethods) {
+				Class<?> cls = ClassUtils.forName(importPackages, method);
+				Object ins;
+				try {
+					ins = cls.newInstance();
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					ins = cls;
+				}
+				this.functions.put(cls, ins);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * inited.
+	 */
+	public void inited() {
+		if (importMacros != null && importMacros.length > 0) {
+			for (String importMacro : importMacros) {
+				try {
+					Template importMacroTemplate = engine.getTemplate(importMacro);
+					importMacroTemplates.putAll(importMacroTemplate.getMacros());
+				} catch (Exception e) {
+					throw new IllegalStateException(e.getMessage(), e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	public Template translate(Resource resource, Map<String, Class<?>> defVariableTypes) throws IOException, ParseException {
+		if (logger != null && logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+			logger.debug("Compile template " + resource.getName());
+		}
+		try {
+			Template writerTemplate = null;
+			Template streamTemplate = null;
+			String source = resource.getSource();
+			if (templateFilter != null) {
+				source = templateFilter.filter(resource.getName(), source);
+			}
+			Node root = templateParser.parse(source, 0);
+			if (isOutputWriter || ! isOutputStream) {
+				Class<?> clazz = parseClass(resource, root, defVariableTypes, false, 0);
+				writerTemplate = (Template) clazz.getConstructor(Engine.class, Interceptor.class, Compiler.class, Switcher.class, Switcher.class, Filter.class, Formatter.class, Converter.class, Converter.class, Map.class, Map.class, Resource.class, Template.class, Node.class)
+						.newInstance(engine, interceptor, compiler, valueFilterSwitcher, formatterSwitcher, valueFilter, formatter, mapConverter, outConverter, functions, importMacroTemplates, resource, null, root);
+			}
+			if (isOutputStream) {
+				Class<?> clazz = parseClass(resource, root, defVariableTypes, true, 0);
+				streamTemplate = (Template) clazz.getConstructor(Engine.class, Interceptor.class, Compiler.class, Switcher.class, Switcher.class, Filter.class, Formatter.class, Converter.class, Converter.class, Map.class, Map.class, Resource.class, Template.class, Node.class)
+						.newInstance(engine, interceptor, compiler, valueFilterSwitcher, formatterSwitcher, valueFilter, formatter, mapConverter, outConverter, functions, importMacroTemplates, resource, null, root);
+			}
+			if (writerTemplate != null && streamTemplate != null) {
+				return new AdaptiveTemplate(writerTemplate, streamTemplate, outConverter);
+			} else if (streamTemplate != null) {
+				return streamTemplate;
+			} else {
+				return writerTemplate;
+			}
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw e;
+		} catch (Exception e) {
+			ParseException pe;
+			if (e instanceof ParseException)
+				pe = (ParseException) e;
+			else
+				pe = new ParseException("Failed to parse template: " + resource.getName() + ", cause: " + ClassUtils.toString(e), 0);
+			if (e.getMessage() != null 
+					&& e.getMessage().contains("Occur to offset:")) {
+				throw pe;
+			}
+			int offset = pe.getErrorOffset();
+			if (offset <= 0) {
+				throw pe;
+			}
+			String location = null;
+			try {
+				Reader reader = resource.getReader();
+				try {
+					location = StringUtils.getLocationMessage(resource.getName(), reader, offset);
+				} finally {
+					reader.close();
+				}
+			} catch (Throwable t) {
+			}
+			throw new ParseException(e.getMessage()  + "\nOccur to offset: " + offset + 
+									 (StringUtils.isEmpty(location) ? "" : ", " + location) 
+									 + ", stack: " + ClassUtils.toString(e), offset);
+		}
+	}
+	
+	private String getTemplateClassName(Resource resource, boolean stream) {
+		String name = resource.getName();
+		String encoding = resource.getEncoding();
+		Locale locale = resource.getLocale();
+		long lastModified = resource.getLastModified();
+		StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(name.length() + 40);
+		buf.append(name);
+		if (engineName != null) {
+			buf.append("_");
+			buf.append(engineName);
+		}
+		if (encoding != null) {
+			buf.append("_");
+			buf.append(encoding);
+		}
+		if (locale != null) {
+			buf.append("_");
+			buf.append(locale);
+		}
+		if (lastModified > 0) {
+			buf.append("_");
+			buf.append(lastModified);
+		}
+		buf.append(stream ? "_stream" : "_writer");
+		return TEMPLATE_CLASS_PREFIX + StringUtils.getVaildName(buf.toString());
+	}
+	
+	private Class<?> parseClass(Resource resource, Node root, Map<String, Class<?>> types, boolean stream, int offset) throws IOException, ParseException {
+		String name = getTemplateClassName(resource, stream);
+		try {
+			return Class.forName(name, true, Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader());
+		} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+			if (types == null) {
+				types = new HashMap<String, Class<?>>();
+			}
+			CompiledVisitor visitor = new CompiledVisitor();
+			visitor.setResource(resource);
+			visitor.setNode(root);
+			visitor.setTypes(types);
+			visitor.setStream(stream);
+			visitor.setOffset(offset);
+			visitor.setDefaultFilterVariable(defaultFilterVariable);
+			visitor.setDefaultFormatterVariable(defaultFormatterVariable);
+			visitor.setDefaultVariableType(defaultVariableType);
+			visitor.setEngineName(engineName);
+			visitor.setFilterVariable(filterVariable);
+			visitor.setFormatterSwitcher(formatterSwitcher);
+			visitor.setFormatterVariable(formatterVariable);
+			visitor.setForVariable(forVariable);
+			visitor.setImportMacroTemplates(importMacroTemplates);
+			visitor.setImportPackages(importPackages);
+			visitor.setImportPackageSet(importPackageSet);
+			visitor.setImportSizers(importSizers);
+			visitor.setImportGetters(importGetters);
+			visitor.setImportTypes(importTypes);
+			visitor.setImportMethods(functions);
+			visitor.setImportSequences(sequences);
+			visitor.setOutputEncoding(outputEncoding);
+			visitor.setSourceInClass(sourceInClass);
+			visitor.setTemplateFilter(templateFilter);
+			visitor.setTextFilter(textFilter);
+			visitor.setTextFilterSwitcher(textFilterSwitcher);
+			visitor.setTextInClass(textInClass);
+			visitor.setValueFilterSwitcher(valueFilterSwitcher);
+			visitor.setCompiler(compiler);
+			visitor.init();
+			root.accept(visitor);
+			return visitor.compile();
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `cls` last assigned on line 399 could be null and is dereferenced at line 402.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CompiledTranslator.init()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+httl.spi.translators.CompiledTranslator.init():void.c98e8fdf2e2c5e959d933eab26067073
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/httl/spi/translators/CompiledTranslator.java
+
+### Key:
+CompiledTranslator.java|init|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+b74cb9740a7cfd4491509f25814fcf35
+
+### Hash:
+696949a7e8ed88b882c0a55cb6a90f3c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8702/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8702/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..190ca3d722610389fb87026063c355700b8ed722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8702/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 43
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.json.hadoop;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader {
+	private UnenclosedJsonRecordReader getReaderFor(String resource, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+		Path path = new Path(this.getClass().getResource(resource).getFile());
+		
+		JobConf conf = new JobConf();
+		
+		FileSplit split = new FileSplit(path, start, end - start, new String[0]);
+		
+		return new UnenclosedJsonRecordReader(split, conf);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader) throws IOException {
+		return getRecordIndexesInReader(reader, false);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader, boolean flag) throws IOException {
+		List<Integer> linesList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
+		
+		LongWritable key = reader.createKey();
+		Text value = reader.createValue();
+		
+		while (reader.next(key, value)) {
+			int line = flag ? (int)(key.get()) : value.toString().charAt(23) - '0';
+			linesList.add(line);
+			System.out.println(key.get() + " - " + value.toString());
+		}
+		
+		int [] lines = new int[linesList.size()];
+		for (int i=0;i<linesList.size();i++) {
+			lines[i] = linesList.get(i);
+		}
+		return lines;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void TestArbitrarySplitLocations() throws IOException {
+		
+		//int totalSize = 415;
+		
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 372 };
+	
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 40)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 41)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 42)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 39, 123)));
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 20, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 40, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6, 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 240, 340)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 353, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 354, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 355, 415)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEachOnce() throws IOException {
+		//Each record exactly once - see commit b8f6d6dfaf11cce7d8cba54e6011e8684ade0e85, issue #68
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 63)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 63, 121)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 4 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 121, 187)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 5, 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 187, 264)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 264, 352)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 352, 412)));
+
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 23)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 23, 41)));
+		// Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestWhitespace() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Ignore  // May not be guaranteed behavior
+	public void TestComma() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscape() throws IOException {  // Issue #68
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 44, 88, 137, 181, 229, 270, 311, 354 };  //length 395
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 43, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {2, 3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 45, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4,5,6}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 181, 289)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 336, 400)));  // 7|{}"
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 14, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 22, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 23, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 24, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 25, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 68)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 69)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscQuoteLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscAposLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 43, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscSlashLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscCloseLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscOpenLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 268, 280)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscPoints() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 74), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 75}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 76), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {75, 146}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 70, 148), true));
+	}
+
+	// This tests some multi-byte characters in UTF-8.
+	// If implementing a byte-based approach instead of character-based,
+	// the test itself would probably have to be updated to byte-based offsets
+	@Test
+	public void TestCharacters() throws IOException {
+		//int[] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, ...};  // character-based offsets
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 42), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0,42}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 38, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 39, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {84,126,168}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 43, 200), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {210,252,294,336}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 200, 400), true));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestGeomFirst() throws IOException {
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 32, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 48, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 49, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 0, 52), true));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getReaderFor(...)` at line 130 is not released after line 130.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscape()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.json.hadoop.TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscape():void.6b1cb5cd737d3acbfab5aa0ddc9cedc5
+
+### File:
+json/src/test/java/com/esri/json/hadoop/TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java|TestEscape|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+df0efd48083e294955bf88e2a7226f99
+
+### Hash:
+a6083e0b0ae17cbf661b7a21e9005f7d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8705/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8705/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5bbaf8c4cc0c128c9604a6b5b37b28e0f258dcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8705/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.json.hadoop;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader {
+	private UnenclosedJsonRecordReader getReaderFor(String resource, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+		Path path = new Path(this.getClass().getResource(resource).getFile());
+		
+		JobConf conf = new JobConf();
+		
+		FileSplit split = new FileSplit(path, start, end - start, new String[0]);
+		
+		return new UnenclosedJsonRecordReader(split, conf);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader) throws IOException {
+		return getRecordIndexesInReader(reader, false);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader, boolean flag) throws IOException {
+		List<Integer> linesList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
+		
+		LongWritable key = reader.createKey();
+		Text value = reader.createValue();
+		
+		while (reader.next(key, value)) {
+			int line = flag ? (int)(key.get()) : value.toString().charAt(23) - '0';
+			linesList.add(line);
+			System.out.println(key.get() + " - " + value.toString());
+		}
+		
+		int [] lines = new int[linesList.size()];
+		for (int i=0;i<linesList.size();i++) {
+			lines[i] = linesList.get(i);
+		}
+		return lines;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void TestArbitrarySplitLocations() throws IOException {
+		
+		//int totalSize = 415;
+		
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 372 };
+	
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 40)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 41)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 42)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 39, 123)));
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 20, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 40, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6, 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 240, 340)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 353, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 354, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 355, 415)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEachOnce() throws IOException {
+		//Each record exactly once - see commit b8f6d6dfaf11cce7d8cba54e6011e8684ade0e85, issue #68
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 63)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 63, 121)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 4 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 121, 187)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 5, 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 187, 264)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 264, 352)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 352, 412)));
+
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 23)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 23, 41)));
+		// Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestWhitespace() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Ignore  // May not be guaranteed behavior
+	public void TestComma() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscape() throws IOException {  // Issue #68
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 44, 88, 137, 181, 229, 270, 311, 354 };  //length 395
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 43, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {2, 3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 45, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4,5,6}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 181, 289)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 336, 400)));  // 7|{}"
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 14, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 22, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 23, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 24, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 25, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 68)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 69)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscQuoteLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscAposLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 43, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscSlashLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscCloseLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscOpenLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 268, 280)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscPoints() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 74), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 75}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 76), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {75, 146}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 70, 148), true));
+	}
+
+	// This tests some multi-byte characters in UTF-8.
+	// If implementing a byte-based approach instead of character-based,
+	// the test itself would probably have to be updated to byte-based offsets
+	@Test
+	public void TestCharacters() throws IOException {
+		//int[] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, ...};  // character-based offsets
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 42), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0,42}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 38, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 39, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {84,126,168}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 43, 200), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {210,252,294,336}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 200, 400), true));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestGeomFirst() throws IOException {
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 32, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 48, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 49, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 0, 52), true));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getReaderFor(...)` at line 117 is not released after line 117.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestComma()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.json.hadoop.TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestComma():void.5706fa0a67d28aa9834ef8df1e43071e
+
+### File:
+json/src/test/java/com/esri/json/hadoop/TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java|TestComma|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+13b37d0be6e17b675f212704a460be4a
+
+### Hash:
+c0585043427805e06f64e75912ba7298
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8733/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8733/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..96cf6398bf18ac6148b562efcfa79e2f1b216986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8733/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 71
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.json.hadoop;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader {
+	private UnenclosedJsonRecordReader getReaderFor(String resource, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+		Path path = new Path(this.getClass().getResource(resource).getFile());
+		
+		JobConf conf = new JobConf();
+		
+		FileSplit split = new FileSplit(path, start, end - start, new String[0]);
+		
+		return new UnenclosedJsonRecordReader(split, conf);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader) throws IOException {
+		return getRecordIndexesInReader(reader, false);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader, boolean flag) throws IOException {
+		List<Integer> linesList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
+		
+		LongWritable key = reader.createKey();
+		Text value = reader.createValue();
+		
+		while (reader.next(key, value)) {
+			int line = flag ? (int)(key.get()) : value.toString().charAt(23) - '0';
+			linesList.add(line);
+			System.out.println(key.get() + " - " + value.toString());
+		}
+		
+		int [] lines = new int[linesList.size()];
+		for (int i=0;i<linesList.size();i++) {
+			lines[i] = linesList.get(i);
+		}
+		return lines;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void TestArbitrarySplitLocations() throws IOException {
+		
+		//int totalSize = 415;
+		
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 372 };
+	
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 40)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 41)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 42)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 39, 123)));
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 20, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 40, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6, 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 240, 340)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 353, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 354, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 355, 415)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEachOnce() throws IOException {
+		//Each record exactly once - see commit b8f6d6dfaf11cce7d8cba54e6011e8684ade0e85, issue #68
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 63)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 63, 121)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 4 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 121, 187)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 5, 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 187, 264)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 264, 352)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 352, 412)));
+
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 23)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 23, 41)));
+		// Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestWhitespace() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Ignore  // May not be guaranteed behavior
+	public void TestComma() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscape() throws IOException {  // Issue #68
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 44, 88, 137, 181, 229, 270, 311, 354 };  //length 395
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 43, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {2, 3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 45, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4,5,6}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 181, 289)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 336, 400)));  // 7|{}"
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 14, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 22, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 23, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 24, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 25, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 68)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 69)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscQuoteLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscAposLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 43, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscSlashLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscCloseLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscOpenLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 268, 280)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscPoints() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 74), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 75}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 76), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {75, 146}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 70, 148), true));
+	}
+
+	// This tests some multi-byte characters in UTF-8.
+	// If implementing a byte-based approach instead of character-based,
+	// the test itself would probably have to be updated to byte-based offsets
+	@Test
+	public void TestCharacters() throws IOException {
+		//int[] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, ...};  // character-based offsets
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 42), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0,42}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 38, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 39, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {84,126,168}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 43, 200), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {210,252,294,336}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 200, 400), true));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestGeomFirst() throws IOException {
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 32, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 48, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 49, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 0, 52), true));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getReaderFor(...)` at line 192 is not released after line 192.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscOpenLast()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.json.hadoop.TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscOpenLast():void.9ff2b41a978a85c8bf78f6f0925d7766
+
+### File:
+json/src/test/java/com/esri/json/hadoop/TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java|TestEscOpenLast|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+df0efd48083e294955bf88e2a7226f99
+
+### Hash:
+81b9224e634f1c82e9446775dbc5a37d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8734/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8734/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1a36f4dc9f823f8ae45854c02e8654610a882097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8734/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** spatial-framework-for-hadoop
+**Bug ID:** 76
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.esri.json.hadoop;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.FileSplit;
+import org.apache.hadoop.mapred.JobConf;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader {
+	private UnenclosedJsonRecordReader getReaderFor(String resource, int start, int end) throws IOException {
+		Path path = new Path(this.getClass().getResource(resource).getFile());
+		
+		JobConf conf = new JobConf();
+		
+		FileSplit split = new FileSplit(path, start, end - start, new String[0]);
+		
+		return new UnenclosedJsonRecordReader(split, conf);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader) throws IOException {
+		return getRecordIndexesInReader(reader, false);
+	}
+
+	int [] getRecordIndexesInReader(UnenclosedJsonRecordReader reader, boolean flag) throws IOException {
+		List<Integer> linesList = new LinkedList<Integer>();
+		
+		LongWritable key = reader.createKey();
+		Text value = reader.createValue();
+		
+		while (reader.next(key, value)) {
+			int line = flag ? (int)(key.get()) : value.toString().charAt(23) - '0';
+			linesList.add(line);
+			System.out.println(key.get() + " - " + value.toString());
+		}
+		
+		int [] lines = new int[linesList.size()];
+		for (int i=0;i<linesList.size();i++) {
+			lines[i] = linesList.get(i);
+		}
+		return lines;
+	}
+	
+	@Test
+	public void TestArbitrarySplitLocations() throws IOException {
+		
+		//int totalSize = 415;
+		
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, 372 };
+	
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 40)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 41)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 42)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 39, 123)));
+		
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 20, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1, 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 40, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6, 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 240, 340)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 353, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 354, 415)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 355, 415)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEachOnce() throws IOException {
+		//Each record exactly once - see commit b8f6d6dfaf11cce7d8cba54e6011e8684ade0e85, issue #68
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0, 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 63)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 63, 121)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 4 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 121, 187)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 5, 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 187, 264)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 7, 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 264, 352)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 9 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 352, 412)));
+
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 0, 23)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 23, 41)));
+		// Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 2, 3 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-simple.json", 41, 123)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestWhitespace() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-return.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Ignore  // May not be guaranteed behavior
+	public void TestComma() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 57, 111, ,  };
+		int[] rslt = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, rslt.length);
+		int[] before = null, after = null;
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 56), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 56, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 57), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 57, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+		before = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 0, 58), true);
+		after = getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-comma.json", 58, 222), true);
+		Assert.assertEquals(4, before.length + after.length);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscape() throws IOException {  // Issue #68
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 44, 88, 137, 181, 229, 270, 311, 354 };  //length 395
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 43, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {2, 3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 45, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {4,5,6}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 181, 289)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 8 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 336, 400)));  // 7|{}"
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 14, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 22, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 23, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 24, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 25, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 68)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-escape.json", 44, 69)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscQuoteLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc1.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscAposLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc2.json", 43, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscSlashLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc3.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscCloseLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 25, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc4.json", 44, 140)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscOpenLast() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 44)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 45)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 1}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 0, 46)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 19, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 26, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {1,2,3}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 44, 140)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 6 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc5.json", 268, 280)));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestEscPoints() throws IOException {
+		//int [] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 75, 146, 218, 290, 362, , ,  };
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 74), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0, 75}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 0, 76), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {75, 146}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-esc-points.json", 70, 148), true));
+	}
+
+	// This tests some multi-byte characters in UTF-8.
+	// If implementing a byte-based approach instead of character-based,
+	// the test itself would probably have to be updated to byte-based offsets
+	@Test
+	public void TestCharacters() throws IOException {
+		//int[] recordBreaks = new int[] { 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, ...};  // character-based offsets
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 42), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {0,42}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 0, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 38, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 42 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 39, 43), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {84,126,168}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 43, 200), true));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] {210,252,294,336}, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-chars.json", 200, 400), true));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void TestGeomFirst() throws IOException {
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 32, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 48, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 1 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 49, 54)));
+		Assert.assertArrayEquals(new int[] { 0 }, getRecordIndexesInReader(getReaderFor("unenclosed-json-geom-first.json", 0, 52), true));
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getReaderFor(...)` at line 202 is not released after line 202.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscPoints()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.esri.json.hadoop.TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.TestEscPoints():void.0b7a8a32b3b8fb7ee17c0112f14ef797
+
+### File:
+json/src/test/java/com/esri/json/hadoop/TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java
+
+### Key:
+TestUnenclosedJsonRecordReader.java|TestEscPoints|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+df0efd48083e294955bf88e2a7226f99
+
+### Hash:
+aec5d4f4e28cd52f0f6b09cc0cab3c61
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8750/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8750/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47d32438497d399b233a7ab4828e2302d9425e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8750/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** truth
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Google, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.google.common.truth;
+
+import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link Correspondence.ExceptionStore}.
+ *
+ * <p>These should not be run under j2cl, because the descriptions don't include the expected stack
+ * traces there.
+ *
+ * @author Pete Gillin
+ */
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public final class CorrespondenceExceptionStoreTest extends BaseSubjectTestCase {
+
+  @Test
+  public void hasCompareException_empty() {
+    Correspondence.ExceptionStore exceptions = Correspondence.ExceptionStore.forIterable();
+    assertThat(exceptions.hasCompareException()).isFalse();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void hasCompareException_hasCompareException() {
+    Correspondence.ExceptionStore exceptions = Correspondence.ExceptionStore.forIterable();
+    addCompareException(exceptions);
+    assertThat(exceptions.hasCompareException()).isTrue();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void describeAsMainCause_empty() {
+    Correspondence.ExceptionStore exceptions = Correspondence.ExceptionStore.forIterable();
+    try {
+      exceptions.describeAsMainCause();
+      fail("Expected IllegalStateException");
+    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void describeAsMainCause_notEmpty() {
+    Correspondence.ExceptionStore exceptions = Correspondence.ExceptionStore.forIterable();
+    addCompareException(exceptions);
+    assertExpectedFacts(
+        exceptions.describeAsMainCause().asIterable(),
+        "one or more exceptions were thrown while comparing elements");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void describeAsAdditionalInfo_empty() {
+    Correspondence.ExceptionStore exceptions = Correspondence.ExceptionStore.forIterable();
+    assertThat(exceptions.describeAsAdditionalInfo().asIterable()).isEmpty();
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void describeAsAdditionalInfo_notEmpty() {
+    Correspondence.ExceptionStore exceptions = Correspondence.ExceptionStore.forIterable();
+    addCompareException(exceptions);
+    assertExpectedFacts(
+        exceptions.describeAsAdditionalInfo().asIterable(),
+        "additionally, one or more exceptions were thrown while comparing elements");
+  }
+
+  /** Adds a somewhat realistic exception from {@link Correspondence#compare} to the given store. */
+  private static void addCompareException(Correspondence.ExceptionStore exceptions) {
+    try {
+      boolean unused = TestCorrespondences.WITHIN_10_OF.compare(null, 123);
+    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+      exceptions.addCompareException(CorrespondenceExceptionStoreTest.class, e, null, 123);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Asserts that the given iterable has two facts, the first with the given key and no value, the
+   * second with a key of {@code "first exception"} and a value describing the exception added by
+   * {@link #addCompareException}.
+   */
+  private static void assertExpectedFacts(Iterable<Fact> facts, String expectedFirstKey) {
+    assertThat(facts).hasSize(2);
+    Fact first = Iterables.get(facts, 0);
+    Fact second = Iterables.get(facts, 1);
+    assertThat(first.key).isEqualTo(expectedFirstKey);
+    assertThat(first.value).isNull();
+    assertThat(second.key).isEqualTo("first exception");
+    assertThat(second.value)
+        .matches( // an initial statement of the method that threw and the exception type:
+            "compare\\(null, 123\\) threw java.lang.NullPointerException"
+                // some whitespace:
+                + "\\s+"
+                // the start of a stack trace, with the correct class:
+                + "at com\\.google\\.common\\.truth\\.TestCorrespondences"
+                // the rest of the stack trace, which we don't validate (and may contain newlines):
+                + "(.|\\n)*"
+                // the expected separator
+                + "\\n---");
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `exceptions.firstFormatDiffException` last assigned on line 77 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `describeAsAdditionalInfo()` at line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CorrespondenceExceptionStoreTest.describeAsAdditionalInfo_notEmpty()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.common.truth.CorrespondenceExceptionStoreTest.describeAsAdditionalInfo_notEmpty():void.6c99077399023d281ea90dc4e6f39606
+
+### File:
+core/src/test/java/com/google/common/truth/CorrespondenceExceptionStoreTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CorrespondenceExceptionStoreTest.java|describeAsAdditionalInfo_notEmpty|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+dd4a74aeaaf0a6c2a3a8877464bb9a91
+
+### Hash:
+3ce9ff125856565dd9dfcb6f8533d40b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8756/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8756/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9aee682d634814fa90e62d4568ec41dbc3d59d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8756/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** litemall
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.linlinjava.litemall.admin.web;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.admin.annotation.LoginAdmin;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.admin.dao.GoodsAllinone;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.admin.util.CatVo;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.qcode.QCodeService;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.db.domain.*;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.db.service.*;
+import org.linlinjava.litemall.core.util.ResponseUtil;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionDefinition;
+import org.springframework.transaction.TransactionStatus;
+import org.springframework.transaction.support.DefaultTransactionDefinition;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
+
+import java.time.LocalDateTime;
+import java.util.*;
+
+@RestController
+@RequestMapping("/admin/goods")
+public class AdminGoodsController {
+    private final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(AdminGoodsController.class);
+
+    @Autowired
+    private PlatformTransactionManager txManager;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallGoodsService goodsService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallGoodsSpecificationService specificationService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallGoodsAttributeService attributeService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallProductService productService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallCategoryService categoryService;
+    @Autowired
+    private LitemallBrandService brandService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private QCodeService qCodeService;
+
+    @GetMapping("/list")
+    public Object list(@LoginAdmin Integer adminId,
+                       String goodsSn, String name,
+                       @RequestParam(value = "page", defaultValue = "1") Integer page,
+                       @RequestParam(value = "limit", defaultValue = "10") Integer limit,
+                       String sort, String order) {
+        if (adminId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        List<LitemallGoods> goodsList = goodsService.querySelective(goodsSn, name, page, limit, sort, order);
+        int total = goodsService.countSelective(goodsSn, name, page, limit, sort, order);
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>();
+        data.put("total", total);
+        data.put("items", goodsList);
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(data);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * TODO
+     * 目前商品修改的逻辑是
+     * 1. 更新litemall_goods表
+     * 2. 逻辑删除litemall_goods_specification、litemall_goods_attribute、litemall_product
+     * 3. 添加litemall_goods_specification、litemall_goods_attribute、litemall_product
+     *
+     * 这里商品三个表的数据采用删除再跟新的策略是因为
+     * 商品编辑页面，管理员可以添加删除商品规格、添加删除商品属性，因此这里仅仅更新表是不可能的，
+     * 因此这里只能删除所有旧的数据，然后添加新的数据
+     */
+    @PostMapping("/update")
+    public Object update(@LoginAdmin Integer adminId, @RequestBody GoodsAllinone goodsAllinone) {
+        if (adminId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        LitemallGoods goods = goodsAllinone.getGoods();
+        LitemallGoodsAttribute[] attributes = goodsAllinone.getAttributes();
+        LitemallGoodsSpecification[] specifications = goodsAllinone.getSpecifications();
+        LitemallProduct[] products = goodsAllinone.getProducts();
+
+        // 开启事务管理
+        DefaultTransactionDefinition def = new DefaultTransactionDefinition();
+        def.setPropagationBehavior(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED);
+        TransactionStatus status = txManager.getTransaction(def);
+        try {
+
+            // 商品基本信息表litemall_goods
+            goodsService.updateById(goods);
+
+            Integer gid = goods.getId();
+            specificationService.deleteByGid(gid);
+            attributeService.deleteByGid(gid);
+            productService.deleteByGid(gid);
+
+            // 商品规格表litemall_goods_specification
+            Map<String, Integer> specIds = new HashMap<>();
+            for (LitemallGoodsSpecification specification : specifications) {
+                specification.setGoodsId(goods.getId());
+                specification.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+                specificationService.add(specification);
+                specIds.put(specification.getValue(), specification.getId());
+            }
+
+            // 商品参数表litemall_goods_attribute
+            for (LitemallGoodsAttribute attribute : attributes) {
+                attribute.setGoodsId(goods.getId());
+                attribute.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+                attributeService.add(attribute);
+            }
+
+            // 商品货品表litemall_product
+            for (LitemallProduct product : products) {
+                product.setGoodsId(goods.getId());
+                product.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+                productService.add(product);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            txManager.rollback(status);
+            logger.error("系统内部错误", ex);
+        }
+        txManager.commit(status);
+
+        qCodeService.createGoodShareImage(goods.getId().toString(), goods.getPicUrl(), goods.getName());
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+    @PostMapping("/delete")
+    public Object delete(@LoginAdmin Integer adminId, @RequestBody LitemallGoods goods) {
+        if (adminId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        // 开启事务管理
+        DefaultTransactionDefinition def = new DefaultTransactionDefinition();
+        def.setPropagationBehavior(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED);
+        TransactionStatus status = txManager.getTransaction(def);
+        try {
+
+            Integer gid = goods.getId();
+            goodsService.deleteById(gid);
+            specificationService.deleteByGid(gid);
+            attributeService.deleteByGid(gid);
+            productService.deleteByGid(gid);
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            txManager.rollback(status);
+            logger.error("系统内部错误", ex);
+        }
+        txManager.commit(status);
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+    @PostMapping("/create")
+    public Object create(@LoginAdmin Integer adminId, @RequestBody GoodsAllinone goodsAllinone) {
+        if (adminId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        LitemallGoods goods = goodsAllinone.getGoods();
+        LitemallGoodsAttribute[] attributes = goodsAllinone.getAttributes();
+        LitemallGoodsSpecification[] specifications = goodsAllinone.getSpecifications();
+        LitemallProduct[] products = goodsAllinone.getProducts();
+
+        String name = goods.getName();
+        if (goodsService.checkExistByName(name)) {
+            return ResponseUtil.fail(403, "商品名已经存在");
+        }
+
+        // 开启事务管理
+        DefaultTransactionDefinition def = new DefaultTransactionDefinition();
+        def.setPropagationBehavior(TransactionDefinition.PROPAGATION_REQUIRED);
+        TransactionStatus status = txManager.getTransaction(def);
+        try {
+
+            // 商品基本信息表litemall_goods
+            goods.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+            goodsService.add(goods);
+
+            // 商品规格表litemall_goods_specification
+            Map<String, Integer> specIds = new HashMap<>();
+            for (LitemallGoodsSpecification specification : specifications) {
+                specification.setGoodsId(goods.getId());
+                specification.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+                specificationService.add(specification);
+                specIds.put(specification.getValue(), specification.getId());
+            }
+
+            // 商品参数表litemall_goods_attribute
+            for (LitemallGoodsAttribute attribute : attributes) {
+                attribute.setGoodsId(goods.getId());
+                attribute.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+                attributeService.add(attribute);
+            }
+
+            // 商品货品表litemall_product
+            for (LitemallProduct product : products) {
+                product.setGoodsId(goods.getId());
+                product.setAddTime(LocalDateTime.now());
+                productService.add(product);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            txManager.rollback(status);
+            logger.error("系统内部错误", ex);
+        }
+        txManager.commit(status);
+
+
+        qCodeService.createGoodShareImage(goods.getId().toString(), goods.getPicUrl(), goods.getName());
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok();
+    }
+
+
+    @GetMapping("/catAndBrand")
+    public Object list2(@LoginAdmin Integer adminId) {
+        if (adminId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        // http://element-cn.eleme.io/#/zh-CN/component/cascader
+        // 管理员设置“所属分类”
+        List<LitemallCategory> l1CatList = categoryService.queryL1();
+        List<CatVo> categoryList = new ArrayList<>(l1CatList.size());
+
+        for (LitemallCategory l1 : l1CatList) {
+            CatVo l1CatVo = new CatVo();
+            l1CatVo.setValue(l1.getId());
+            l1CatVo.setLabel(l1.getName());
+
+            List<LitemallCategory> l2CatList = categoryService.queryByPid(l1.getId());
+            List<CatVo> children = new ArrayList<>(l2CatList.size());
+            for (LitemallCategory l2 : l2CatList) {
+                CatVo l2CatVo = new CatVo();
+                l2CatVo.setValue(l2.getId());
+                l2CatVo.setLabel(l2.getName());
+                children.add(l2CatVo);
+            }
+            l1CatVo.setChildren(children);
+
+            categoryList.add(l1CatVo);
+        }
+
+        // http://element-cn.eleme.io/#/zh-CN/component/select
+        // 管理员设置“所属品牌商”
+        List<LitemallBrand> list = brandService.all();
+        List<Map<String, Object>> brandList = new ArrayList<>(l1CatList.size());
+        for (LitemallBrand brand : list) {
+            Map<String, Object> b = new HashMap<>(2);
+            b.put("value", brand.getId());
+            b.put("label", brand.getName());
+            brandList.add(b);
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>();
+        data.put("categoryList", categoryList);
+        data.put("brandList", brandList);
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(data);
+    }
+
+    @GetMapping("/detail")
+    public Object detail(@LoginAdmin Integer adminId, Integer id) {
+        if (adminId == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.unlogin();
+        }
+
+        if (id == null) {
+            return ResponseUtil.badArgument();
+        }
+
+        LitemallGoods goods = goodsService.findById(id);
+        List<LitemallProduct> products = productService.queryByGid(id);
+        List<LitemallGoodsSpecification> specifications = specificationService.queryByGid(id);
+        List<LitemallGoodsAttribute> attributes = attributeService.queryByGid(id);
+
+        Integer categoryId = goods.getCategoryId();
+        LitemallCategory category = categoryService.findById(categoryId);
+        Integer[] categoryIds = new Integer[]{};
+        if (category != null) {
+            Integer parentCategoryId = category.getPid();
+            categoryIds = new Integer[]{parentCategoryId, categoryId};
+        }
+
+        Map<String, Object> data = new HashMap<>();
+        data.put("goods", goods);
+        data.put("specifications", specifications);
+        data.put("products", products);
+        data.put("attributes", attributes);
+        data.put("categoryIds", categoryIds);
+
+        return ResponseUtil.ok(data);
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `goods.getId()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 129.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object AdminGoodsController.update(Integer,GoodsAllinone)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.linlinjava.litemall.admin.web.AdminGoodsController.update(java.lang.Integer,org.linlinjava.litem.b6b11888faa7c5109f3f2e7c6ca2d623
+
+### File:
+litemall-admin-api/src/main/java/org/linlinjava/litemall/admin/web/AdminGoodsController.java
+
+### Key:
+AdminGoodsController.java|update|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+42f56fda1ad408e362508b93a175bb0c
+
+### Hash:
+4495b7cad7c5703d28ae69fec5cc3cc7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8757/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8757/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f51416d23980654795636c2496d730a24fcd4ceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8757/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** google-auth-library-java
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015, Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *
+ *    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package com.google.auth.oauth2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.lang.Runnable;
+import java.lang.Thread;
+import java.net.ServerSocket;
+import java.net.Socket;
+
+/**
+ * Unit tests for CloudShellCredentials
+ */
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class CloudShellCredentialsTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void refreshAccessToken() throws IOException{
+    final ServerSocket authSocket = new ServerSocket(0);
+    Runnable serverTask = new Runnable() {
+      @Override
+      public void run() {
+        try {
+	  Socket clientSocket = authSocket.accept();
+          BufferedReader input =
+	    new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
+	  String lines = input.readLine();
+	  lines += '\n' + input.readLine();
+          assertEquals(lines, CloudShellCredentials.GET_AUTH_TOKEN_REQUEST);
+
+	  PrintWriter out =
+	      new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true);
+	  out.println("32\n[\"email\", \"project-id\", \"token\"]");
+	} catch (Exception reThrown) {
+	  throw new RuntimeException(reThrown);
+	}
+      }
+    };
+    Thread serverThread = new Thread(serverTask);
+    serverThread.start();
+    
+    GoogleCredentials creds = new CloudShellCredentials(authSocket.getLocalPort());
+    assertEquals("token", creds.refreshAccessToken().getTokenValue());
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.ServerSocket` acquired to `authSocket` by call to `new()` at line 57 is not released after line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CloudShellCredentialsTest.refreshAccessToken()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.auth.oauth2.CloudShellCredentialsTest.refreshAccessToken():void.fab4023266b7d8f6b2c1ca327f8f6e4c
+
+### File:
+oauth2_http/javatests/com/google/auth/oauth2/CloudShellCredentialsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CloudShellCredentialsTest.java|refreshAccessToken|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e5141fc1d7885ecafc62b960d3352f3f
+
+### Hash:
+fffb65afe41023e9693888c311efe19d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8758/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8758/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba03769b5fee23149195548a79a084b15504b119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8758/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** google-auth-library-java
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015, Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *
+ *    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package com.google.auth.oauth2;
+
+import com.google.api.client.json.JsonParser;
+import com.google.common.base.MoreObjects;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * OAuth2 credentials representing the built-in service account for Google Cloud Shell.
+ */
+public class CloudShellCredentials extends GoogleCredentials {
+
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = -2133257318957488451L;
+  private static final int ACCESS_TOKEN_INDEX = 2;
+  private static final int READ_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
+
+  /**
+   * The Cloud Shell back authorization channel uses serialized
+   * Javascript Protobufers, preceeded by the message length and a
+   * new line character. However, the request message has no content,
+   * so a token request consists of an empty JsPb, and its 2 character
+   * lenth prefix.
+   */
+  protected final static String GET_AUTH_TOKEN_REQUEST = "2\n[]";
+
+  private final int authPort;
+
+  /**
+   * @param authPort Authentication port.
+   * @return The CloudShellCredentials.
+   * @deprecated Use {@link #create(int)} instead. This method will be deleted in a later version.
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public static CloudShellCredentials of(int authPort) {
+    return create(authPort);
+  }
+
+  public static CloudShellCredentials create(int authPort) {
+    return CloudShellCredentials.newBuilder().setAuthPort(authPort).build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param authPort Authentication port.
+   * @deprecated Use {@link #create(int)} instead. This constructor will either be deleted or
+   *             made private in a later version.
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public CloudShellCredentials(int authPort) {
+    this.authPort = authPort;
+  }
+
+  protected int getAuthPort() {
+    return this.authPort;
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public AccessToken refreshAccessToken() throws IOException {
+    Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", this.getAuthPort());
+    socket.setSoTimeout(READ_TIMEOUT_MS);
+    AccessToken token;
+    try {    
+      PrintWriter out =
+        new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);
+      out.println(GET_AUTH_TOKEN_REQUEST);
+    
+      BufferedReader input =
+          new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+      input.readLine(); // Skip over the first line
+      JsonParser parser = OAuth2Utils.JSON_FACTORY.createJsonParser(input);
+      List<Object> messageArray = (List<Object>) parser.parseArray(ArrayList.class, Object.class);
+      String accessToken = messageArray.get(ACCESS_TOKEN_INDEX).toString();
+      token =  new AccessToken(accessToken, null);
+    } finally {
+      socket.close();
+    }
+    return token;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int hashCode() {
+    return Objects.hash(authPort);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this).add("authPort", authPort).toString();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    if (!(obj instanceof CloudShellCredentials)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    CloudShellCredentials other = (CloudShellCredentials) obj;
+    return this.authPort == other.authPort;
+  }
+
+  public Builder toBuilder() {
+    return new Builder(this);
+  }
+
+  public static Builder newBuilder() {
+    return new Builder();
+  }
+
+  public static class Builder extends GoogleCredentials.Builder {
+    private int authPort;
+
+    protected Builder() {}
+
+    protected Builder(CloudShellCredentials credentials) {
+      this.authPort = credentials.authPort;
+    }
+
+    public Builder setAuthPort(int authPort) {
+      this.authPort = authPort;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    public int getAuthPort() {
+      return authPort;
+    }
+
+    public CloudShellCredentials build() {
+      return new CloudShellCredentials(authPort);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 105 is not released after line 107.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AccessToken CloudShellCredentials.refreshAccessToken()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.auth.oauth2.CloudShellCredentials.refreshAccessToken():com.google.auth.oauth2.AccessToken.4cab98e0690f877901699d2f21d20d53
+
+### File:
+oauth2_http/java/com/google/auth/oauth2/CloudShellCredentials.java
+
+### Key:
+CloudShellCredentials.java|refreshAccessToken|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+241d42dae50053d7648ace8f5b7dfc3f
+
+### Hash:
+00341b14514a72be1fa67072274ea8d6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8759/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8759/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebe040ba697899634c26c63d60ae7317834123bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8759/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** google-auth-library-java
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015, Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *
+ *    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package com.google.auth.oauth2;
+
+import com.google.api.client.util.Clock;
+import com.google.auth.Credentials;
+import com.google.auth.RequestMetadataCallback;
+import com.google.auth.http.AuthHttpConstants;
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.MoreObjects;
+import com.google.common.base.MoreObjects.ToStringHelper;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.ServiceLoader;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+
+/**
+ * Base type for Credentials using OAuth2.
+ */
+public class OAuth2Credentials extends Credentials {
+
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = 4556936364828217687L;
+  private static final long MINIMUM_TOKEN_MILLISECONDS = 60000L * 5L;
+
+  // byte[] is serializable, so the lock variable can be final
+  private final Object lock = new byte[0];
+  private Map<String, List<String>> requestMetadata;
+  private AccessToken temporaryAccess;
+
+  // Change listeners are not serialized
+  private transient List<CredentialsChangedListener> changeListeners;
+  // Until we expose this to the users it can remain transient and non-serializable
+  @VisibleForTesting
+  transient Clock clock = Clock.SYSTEM;
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the credentials instance from the given access token.
+   *
+   * @param accessToken the access token
+   * @return the credentials instance
+   */
+  public static OAuth2Credentials of(AccessToken accessToken) {
+    return OAuth2Credentials.newBuilder().setAccessToken(accessToken).build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Default constructor.
+   **/
+  protected OAuth2Credentials() {
+    this(null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Constructor with explicit access token.
+   *
+   * @param accessToken Initial or temporary access token.
+   **/
+  @Deprecated
+  public OAuth2Credentials(AccessToken accessToken) {
+    if (accessToken != null) {
+      useAccessToken(accessToken);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String getAuthenticationType() {
+    return "OAuth2";
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean hasRequestMetadata() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean hasRequestMetadataOnly() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  public final AccessToken getAccessToken() {
+    return temporaryAccess;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void getRequestMetadata(final URI uri, Executor executor,
+      final RequestMetadataCallback callback) {
+    Map<String, List<String>> metadata;
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      if (shouldRefresh()) {
+        // The base class implementation will do a blocking get in the executor.
+        super.getRequestMetadata(uri, executor, callback);
+        return;
+      }
+      metadata = Preconditions.checkNotNull(requestMetadata, "cached requestMetadata");
+    }
+    callback.onSuccess(metadata);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Provide the request metadata by ensuring there is a current access token and providing it
+   * as an authorization bearer token.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Map<String, List<String>> getRequestMetadata(URI uri) throws IOException {
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      if (shouldRefresh()) {
+        refresh();
+      }
+      return Preconditions.checkNotNull(requestMetadata, "requestMetadata");
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Refresh the token by discarding the cached token and metadata and requesting the new ones.
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void refresh() throws IOException {
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      requestMetadata = null;
+      temporaryAccess = null;
+      useAccessToken(Preconditions.checkNotNull(refreshAccessToken(), "new access token"));
+      if (changeListeners != null) {
+        for (CredentialsChangedListener listener : changeListeners) {
+          listener.onChanged(this);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Must be called under lock
+  private void useAccessToken(AccessToken token) {
+    this.temporaryAccess = token;
+    this.requestMetadata = Collections.singletonMap(
+        AuthHttpConstants.AUTHORIZATION,
+        Collections.singletonList(OAuth2Utils.BEARER_PREFIX + token.getTokenValue()));
+  }
+
+  // Must be called under lock
+  // requestMetadata will never be null if false is returned.
+  private boolean shouldRefresh() {
+    Long expiresIn = getExpiresInMilliseconds();
+    return requestMetadata == null || expiresIn != null && expiresIn <= MINIMUM_TOKEN_MILLISECONDS;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Method to refresh the access token according to the specific type of credentials.
+   *
+   * Throws IllegalStateException if not overridden since direct use of OAuth2Credentials is only
+   * for temporary or non-refreshing access tokens.
+   *
+   * @throws IOException from derived implementations
+   */
+  public AccessToken refreshAccessToken() throws IOException {
+    throw new IllegalStateException("OAuth2Credentials instance does not support refreshing the"
+        + " access token. An instance with a new access token should be used, or a derived type"
+        + " that supports refreshing.");
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds a listener that is notified when the Credentials data changes.
+   *
+   * <p>This is called when token content changes, such as when the access token is refreshed. This
+   * is typically used by code caching the access token.
+   *
+   * @param listener The listener to be added.
+   */
+  public final void addChangeListener(CredentialsChangedListener listener) {
+    synchronized(lock) {
+      if (changeListeners == null) {
+        changeListeners = new ArrayList<>();
+      }
+      changeListeners.add(listener);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the remaining time the current access token will be valid, or null if there is no
+   * token or expiry information. Must be called under lock.
+   */
+  private Long getExpiresInMilliseconds() {
+    if (temporaryAccess == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    Date expirationTime = temporaryAccess.getExpirationTime();
+    if (expirationTime == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return (expirationTime.getTime() - clock.currentTimeMillis());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Listener for changes to credentials.
+   *
+   * <p>This is called when token content changes, such as when the access token is refreshed. This
+   * is typically used by code caching the access token.
+   */
+  public interface CredentialsChangedListener {
+
+    /**
+     * Notifies that the credentials have changed.
+     *
+     * <p>This is called when token content changes, such as when the access token is refreshed.
+     * This is typically used by code caching the access token.
+     *
+     * @param credentials The updated credentials instance
+     * @throws IOException My be thrown by listeners if saving credentials fails.
+     */
+    void onChanged(OAuth2Credentials credentials) throws IOException;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int hashCode() {
+    return Objects.hash(requestMetadata, temporaryAccess);
+  }
+
+  protected ToStringHelper toStringHelper() {
+    return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this)
+        .add("requestMetadata", requestMetadata)
+        .add("temporaryAccess", temporaryAccess);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return toStringHelper().toString();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    if (!(obj instanceof OAuth2Credentials)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    OAuth2Credentials other = (OAuth2Credentials) obj;
+    return Objects.equals(this.requestMetadata, other.requestMetadata)
+        && Objects.equals(this.temporaryAccess, other.temporaryAccess);
+  }
+
+  private void readObject(ObjectInputStream input) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+    input.defaultReadObject();
+    clock = Clock.SYSTEM;
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  protected static <T> T newInstance(String className) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+    try {
+      return (T) Class.forName(className).newInstance();
+    } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+      throw new IOException(e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected static <T> T getFromServiceLoader(Class<? extends T> clazz, T defaultInstance) {
+    return Iterables.getFirst(ServiceLoader.load(clazz), defaultInstance);
+  }
+
+  public static Builder newBuilder() {
+    return new Builder();
+  }
+
+  public Builder toBuilder() {
+    return new Builder(this);
+  }
+
+  public static class Builder {
+
+    private AccessToken accessToken;
+
+    protected Builder() {}
+
+    protected Builder(OAuth2Credentials credentials) {
+      this.accessToken = credentials.getAccessToken();
+    }
+
+    public Builder setAccessToken(AccessToken token) {
+      this.accessToken = token;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    public AccessToken getAccessToken() {
+      return accessToken;
+    }
+
+    public OAuth2Credentials build() {
+      return new OAuth2Credentials(accessToken);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials.toString` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials.requestMetadata`. Potentially races with write in method `OAuth2Credentials.refresh()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String OAuth2Credentials.toString()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2Credentials.toString():java.lang.String.810672b8384d4bacb6295d751bd8f56e
+
+### File:
+oauth2_http/java/com/google/auth/oauth2/OAuth2Credentials.java
+
+### Key:
+OAuth2Credentials.java|toString|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a5796060fefac47b0ab5ee26998b092e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8760/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8760/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..963dff53c0346b000d79352eda130bf35de3635f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8760/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** google-auth-library-java
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.google.auth.oauth2;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import com.google.auth.TestClock;
+import com.google.auth.TestUtils;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Test case for {@link OAuth2Credentials}.
+ */
+@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+public class OAuth2CredentialsTest {
+
+  private static final String CLIENT_SECRET = "jakuaL9YyieakhECKL2SwZcu";
+  private static final String CLIENT_ID = "ya29.1.AADtN_UtlxN3PuGAxrN2XQnZTVRvDyVWnYq4I6dws";
+  private static final String REFRESH_TOKEN = "1/Tl6awhpFjkMkSJoj1xsli0H2eL5YsMgU_NKPY2TyGWY";
+  private static final String ACCESS_TOKEN = "aashpFjkMkSJoj1xsli0H2eL5YsMgU_NKPY2TyGWY";
+  private static final URI CALL_URI = URI.create("http://googleapis.com/testapi/v1/foo");
+
+  @Test
+  public void constructor_storesAccessToken() {
+    OAuth2Credentials credentials = new OAuth2Credentials(new AccessToken(ACCESS_TOKEN, null));
+
+    assertEquals(credentials.getAccessToken().getTokenValue(), ACCESS_TOKEN);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getAuthenticationType_returnsOAuth2() {
+    OAuth2Credentials credentials = new UserCredentials(CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, REFRESH_TOKEN);
+    assertEquals(credentials.getAuthenticationType(), "OAuth2");
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void hasRequestMetadata_returnsTrue() {
+    OAuth2Credentials credentials = new UserCredentials(CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, REFRESH_TOKEN);
+    assertTrue(credentials.hasRequestMetadata());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void hasRequestMetadataOnly_returnsTrue() {
+    OAuth2Credentials credentials = new UserCredentials(CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, REFRESH_TOKEN);
+    assertTrue(credentials.hasRequestMetadata());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void addaddChangeListener_notifiesOnRefresh() throws IOException {
+    final String accessToken1 = "1/MkSJoj1xsli0AccessToken_NKPY2";
+    final String accessToken2 = "2/MkSJoj1xsli0AccessToken_NKPY2";
+    MockTokenServerTransport transport = new MockTokenServerTransport();
+    transport.addClient(CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET);
+    transport.addRefreshToken(REFRESH_TOKEN, accessToken1);
+    OAuth2Credentials userCredentials = new UserCredentials(
+        CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, REFRESH_TOKEN, null, transport, null);
+    // Use a fixed clock so tokens don't expire
+    userCredentials.clock = new TestClock();
+    TestChangeListener listener = new TestChangeListener();
+    userCredentials.addChangeListener(listener);
+    Map<String, List<String>> metadata;
+    assertEquals(0, listener.callCount);
+
+    // Get a first token
+    metadata = userCredentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken1);
+    assertEquals(accessToken1, listener.accessToken.getTokenValue());
+    assertEquals(1, listener.callCount);
+
+    // Change server to a different token and refresh
+    transport.addRefreshToken(REFRESH_TOKEN, accessToken2);
+    // Refresh to force getting next token
+    userCredentials.refresh();
+
+    metadata = userCredentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken2);
+    assertEquals(accessToken2, listener.accessToken.getTokenValue());
+    assertEquals(2, listener.callCount);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getRequestMetadata_cachesExpiringToken() throws IOException {
+    final String accessToken1 = "1/MkSJoj1xsli0AccessToken_NKPY2";
+    final String accessToken2 = "2/MkSJoj1xsli0AccessToken_NKPY2";
+    MockTokenServerTransport transport = new MockTokenServerTransport();
+    transport.addClient(CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET);
+    transport.addRefreshToken(REFRESH_TOKEN, accessToken1);
+    TestClock clock = new TestClock();
+    OAuth2Credentials credentials = new UserCredentials(
+        CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, REFRESH_TOKEN, null, transport, null);
+    credentials.clock = clock;
+
+    // Verify getting the first token
+    Map<String, List<String>> metadata = credentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken1);
+
+    // Change server to a different token
+    transport.addRefreshToken(REFRESH_TOKEN, accessToken2);
+
+    // Advance 5 minutes and verify original token
+    clock.addToCurrentTime(5 * 60 * 1000);
+    metadata = credentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken1);
+
+    // Advance 60 minutes and verify revised token
+    clock.addToCurrentTime(60 * 60 * 1000);
+    metadata = credentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken2);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void getRequestMetadata_temporaryToken_hasToken() throws IOException {
+    OAuth2Credentials credentials = new OAuth2Credentials(new AccessToken(ACCESS_TOKEN, null));
+
+    // Verify getting the first token
+    Map<String, List<String>> metadata = credentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, ACCESS_TOKEN);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void refresh_refreshesToken() throws IOException {
+    final String accessToken1 = "1/MkSJoj1xsli0AccessToken_NKPY2";
+    final String accessToken2 = "2/MkSJoj1xsli0AccessToken_NKPY2";
+    MockTokenServerTransport transport = new MockTokenServerTransport();
+    transport.addClient(CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET);
+    transport.addRefreshToken(REFRESH_TOKEN, accessToken1);
+    OAuth2Credentials userCredentials = new UserCredentials(
+        CLIENT_ID, CLIENT_SECRET, REFRESH_TOKEN, null, transport, null);
+    // Use a fixed clock so tokens don't exire
+    userCredentials.clock = new TestClock();
+
+    // Get a first token
+    Map<String, List<String>> metadata = userCredentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken1);
+
+    // Change server to a different token
+    transport.addRefreshToken(REFRESH_TOKEN, accessToken2);
+
+    // Confirm token being cached
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken1);
+
+    // Refresh to force getting next token
+    userCredentials.refresh();
+    metadata = userCredentials.getRequestMetadata(CALL_URI);
+    TestUtils.assertContainsBearerToken(metadata, accessToken2);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expected = IllegalStateException.class)
+  public void refresh_temporaryToken_throws() throws IOException {
+    OAuth2Credentials credentials = new OAuth2Credentials(new AccessToken(ACCESS_TOKEN, null));
+    credentials.refresh();
+  }
+
+  private static class TestChangeListener implements OAuth2Credentials.CredentialsChangedListener {
+
+    public AccessToken accessToken = null;
+    public int callCount = 0;
+    @Override
+    public void onChanged(OAuth2Credentials credentials) throws IOException {
+      accessToken = credentials.getAccessToken();
+      callCount++;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `userCredentials.temporaryAccess` last assigned on line 134 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `getRequestMetadata(...)` at line 140.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void OAuth2CredentialsTest.refresh_refreshesToken()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.auth.oauth2.OAuth2CredentialsTest.refresh_refreshesToken():void.ac0764c6189a974b1053d7d92c19ba21
+
+### File:
+oauth2_http/javatests/com/google/auth/oauth2/OAuth2CredentialsTest.java
+
+### Key:
+OAuth2CredentialsTest.java|refresh_refreshesToken|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6f964b7de486c86cfccf06970ed8431d
+
+### Hash:
+9418471a81138710ef0b5c4fa6a959f3
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8761/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8761/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f054674ce192f208f33b3a8ad63c9c50d0121bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8761/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** google-auth-library-java
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2015, Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+ * met:
+ *
+ *    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+ * in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ * distribution.
+ *
+ *    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+ * this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package com.google.auth.oauth2;
+
+import com.google.api.client.json.JsonParser;
+import com.google.common.base.MoreObjects;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+/**
+ * OAuth2 credentials representing the built-in service account for Google Cloud Shell.
+ */
+public class CloudShellCredentials extends GoogleCredentials {
+
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = -2133257318957488451L;
+  private static final int ACCESS_TOKEN_INDEX = 2;
+  private static final int READ_TIMEOUT_MS = 5000;
+
+  /**
+   * The Cloud Shell back authorization channel uses serialized
+   * Javascript Protobufers, preceeded by the message length and a
+   * new line character. However, the request message has no content,
+   * so a token request consists of an empty JsPb, and its 2 character
+   * lenth prefix.
+   */
+  protected final static String GET_AUTH_TOKEN_REQUEST = "2\n[]";
+
+  private final int authPort;
+
+  /**
+   * @param authPort Authentication port.
+   * @return The CloudShellCredentials.
+   * @deprecated Use {@link #create(int)} instead. This method will be deleted in a later version.
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public static CloudShellCredentials of(int authPort) {
+    return create(authPort);
+  }
+
+  public static CloudShellCredentials create(int authPort) {
+    return CloudShellCredentials.newBuilder().setAuthPort(authPort).build();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param authPort Authentication port.
+   * @deprecated Use {@link #create(int)} instead. This constructor will either be deleted or
+   *             made private in a later version.
+   */
+  @Deprecated
+  public CloudShellCredentials(int authPort) {
+    this.authPort = authPort;
+  }
+
+  protected int getAuthPort() {
+    return this.authPort;
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public AccessToken refreshAccessToken() throws IOException {
+    Socket socket = new Socket("localhost", this.getAuthPort());
+    socket.setSoTimeout(READ_TIMEOUT_MS);
+    AccessToken token;
+    try {    
+      PrintWriter out =
+        new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);
+      out.println(GET_AUTH_TOKEN_REQUEST);
+    
+      BufferedReader input =
+          new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
+      input.readLine(); // Skip over the first line
+      JsonParser parser = OAuth2Utils.JSON_FACTORY.createJsonParser(input);
+      List<Object> messageArray = (List<Object>) parser.parseArray(ArrayList.class, Object.class);
+      String accessToken = messageArray.get(ACCESS_TOKEN_INDEX).toString();
+      token =  new AccessToken(accessToken, null);
+    } finally {
+      socket.close();
+    }
+    return token;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int hashCode() {
+    return Objects.hash(authPort);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public String toString() {
+    return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this).add("authPort", authPort).toString();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+    if (!(obj instanceof CloudShellCredentials)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    CloudShellCredentials other = (CloudShellCredentials) obj;
+    return this.authPort == other.authPort;
+  }
+
+  public Builder toBuilder() {
+    return new Builder(this);
+  }
+
+  public static Builder newBuilder() {
+    return new Builder();
+  }
+
+  public static class Builder extends GoogleCredentials.Builder {
+    private int authPort;
+
+    protected Builder() {}
+
+    protected Builder(CloudShellCredentials credentials) {
+      this.authPort = credentials.authPort;
+    }
+
+    public Builder setAuthPort(int authPort) {
+      this.authPort = authPort;
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    public int getAuthPort() {
+      return authPort;
+    }
+
+    public CloudShellCredentials build() {
+      return new CloudShellCredentials(authPort);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 105 is not released after line 112.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 106
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+AccessToken CloudShellCredentials.refreshAccessToken()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.google.auth.oauth2.CloudShellCredentials.refreshAccessToken():com.google.auth.oauth2.AccessToken.4cab98e0690f877901699d2f21d20d53
+
+### File:
+oauth2_http/java/com/google/auth/oauth2/CloudShellCredentials.java
+
+### Key:
+CloudShellCredentials.java|refreshAccessToken|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+6d15c9608e0b7a140ecfdba5dce92676
+
+### Hash:
+4edc398a1c1ceb9e019e5f5f7007a60f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8766/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8766/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b81ebae3b25618f570edff79526e828625e6d21f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8766/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** blockchain-java
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package one.wangwei.blockchain.util;
+
+import one.wangwei.blockchain.block.Block;
+import org.rocksdb.Options;
+import org.rocksdb.RocksDB;
+import org.rocksdb.RocksDBException;
+
+/**
+ * RocksDB 工具类
+ *
+ * @author wangwei
+ * @date 2018/02/27
+ */
+public class RocksDBUtils {
+
+    /**
+     * 区块链数据文件
+     */
+    private static final String DB_FILE = "blockchain.db";
+    /**
+     * 区块桶前缀
+     */
+    private static final String BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX = "blocks_";
+
+    private volatile static RocksDBUtils instance;
+
+    public static RocksDBUtils getInstance() {
+        if (instance == null) {
+            synchronized (RocksDBUtils.class) {
+                if (instance == null) {
+                    instance = new RocksDBUtils();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    private RocksDB rocksDB;
+
+    private RocksDBUtils() {
+        initRocksDB();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 初始化RocksDB
+     */
+    private void initRocksDB() {
+        try {
+            rocksDB = RocksDB.open(new Options().setCreateIfMissing(true), DB_FILE);
+        } catch (RocksDBException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 保存最新一个区块的Hash值
+     *
+     * @param tipBlockHash
+     */
+    public void putLastBlockHash(String tipBlockHash) throws Exception {
+        rocksDB.put(SerializeUtils.serialize(BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + "l"), SerializeUtils.serialize(tipBlockHash));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询最新一个区块的Hash值
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getLastBlockHash() throws Exception {
+        byte[] lastBlockHashBytes = rocksDB.get(SerializeUtils.serialize(BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + "l"));
+        if (lastBlockHashBytes != null) {
+            return (String) SerializeUtils.deserialize(lastBlockHashBytes);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 保存区块
+     *
+     * @param block
+     */
+    public void putBlock(Block block) throws Exception {
+        byte[] key = SerializeUtils.serialize(BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + block.getHash());
+        rocksDB.put(key, SerializeUtils.serialize(block));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 查询区块
+     *
+     * @param blockHash
+     * @return
+     */
+    public Block getBlock(String blockHash) throws Exception {
+        byte[] key = SerializeUtils.serialize(BLOCKS_BUCKET_PREFIX + blockHash);
+        return (Block) SerializeUtils.deserialize(rocksDB.get(key));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 关闭数据库
+     */
+    public void closeDB() {
+        if (rocksDB != null) {
+            rocksDB.close();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.rocksdb.Options` acquired by call to `new()` at line 49 is not released after line 49.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RocksDBUtils.initRocksDB()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+one.wangwei.blockchain.util.RocksDBUtils.initRocksDB():void.05be2c50f9b454e376f030fe8db25605
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/one/wangwei/blockchain/util/RocksDBUtils.java
+
+### Key:
+RocksDBUtils.java|initRocksDB|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+64fcabe8c0d600fd6678fb1fef09d9a3
+
+### Hash:
+bada7f790c0e13c3f9f0ebdb9c32e071
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8768/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8768/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..23dcc99778a6f8f024f3c662644f85af5fd3ed87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8768/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2016 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis@datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.classification;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.AssociativeArray;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataframe;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.abstracts.modelers.AbstractClassifier;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.BigMap;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.TypeInference;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector.MapType;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector.StorageHint;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.interfaces.PredictParallelizable;
+import com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.validators.SoftMaxRegressionValidator;
+import com.datumbox.framework.statistics.descriptivestatistics.Descriptives;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ * The SoftMaxRegression implements the Multinomial Logistic Regression classifier.
+ * 
+ * References:
+ * http://blog.datumbox.com/machine-learning-tutorial-the-multinomial-logistic-regression-softmax-regression/
+ * http://blog.datumbox.com/tuning-the-learning-rate-in-gradient-descent/
+ * http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/aberger/www/html/tutorial/node3.html
+ * http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P02/P02-1002.pdf
+ * 
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis@datumbox.com>
+ */
+public class SoftMaxRegression extends AbstractClassifier<SoftMaxRegression.ModelParameters, SoftMaxRegression.TrainingParameters, SoftMaxRegression.ValidationMetrics> implements PredictParallelizable {
+    
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public static class ModelParameters extends AbstractClassifier.AbstractModelParameters {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+        @BigMap(mapType=MapType.HASHMAP, storageHint=StorageHint.IN_MEMORY, concurrent=false)
+        private Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas; //the thita parameters of the model
+        
+        /** 
+         * @param dbc
+         * @see com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.abstracts.AbstractTrainer.AbstractModelParameters#AbstractModelParameters(com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector) 
+         */
+        protected ModelParameters(DatabaseConnector dbc) {
+            super(dbc);
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Getter for the Thita coefficients of the model.
+         * 
+         * @return 
+         */
+        public Map<List<Object>, Double> getThitas() {
+            return thitas;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Setter for the Thita coefficients of the model.
+         * 
+         * @param thitas 
+         */
+        protected void setThitas(Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas) {
+            this.thitas = thitas;
+        }
+    } 
+    
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public static class TrainingParameters extends AbstractClassifier.AbstractTrainingParameters { 
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+        
+        private int totalIterations=100; 
+        private double learningRate=0.1;
+        
+        /**
+         * Getter for the total iterations of the training process.
+         * 
+         * @return 
+         */
+        public int getTotalIterations() {
+            return totalIterations;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Setter for the total iterations of the training process.
+         * 
+         * @param totalIterations 
+         */
+        public void setTotalIterations(int totalIterations) {
+            this.totalIterations = totalIterations;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Getter for the initial value of the Learning Rate.
+         * 
+         * @return 
+         */
+        public double getLearningRate() {
+            return learningRate;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Setter for the initial value of the Learning Rate. This value will be
+         * adapted during the iterations.
+         * 
+         * @param learningRate 
+         */
+        public void setLearningRate(double learningRate) {
+            this.learningRate = learningRate;
+        }
+
+    } 
+    
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    public static class ValidationMetrics extends AbstractClassifier.AbstractValidationMetrics {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+        
+        private double SSE = 0.0; 
+        private double CountRSquare = 0.0; // http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/mult_pkg/faq/general/Psuedo_RSquareds.htm
+        
+        /**
+         * Getter for the SSE metric.
+         * 
+         * @return 
+         */
+        public double getSSE() {
+            return SSE;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Setter for the SSE metric.
+         * 
+         * @param SSE 
+         */
+        public void setSSE(double SSE) {
+            this.SSE = SSE;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Getter for the Count R^2 metric.
+         * 
+         * @return 
+         */
+        public double getCountRSquare() {
+            return CountRSquare;
+        }
+        
+        /**
+         * Setter for the Count R^2 metric.
+         * 
+         * @param CountRSquare 
+         */
+        public void setCountRSquare(double CountRSquare) {
+            this.CountRSquare = CountRSquare;
+        }
+        
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Public constructor of the algorithm.
+     * 
+     * @param dbName
+     * @param dbConf 
+     */
+    public SoftMaxRegression(String dbName, DatabaseConfiguration dbConf) {
+        super(dbName, dbConf, SoftMaxRegression.ModelParameters.class, SoftMaxRegression.TrainingParameters.class, SoftMaxRegression.ValidationMetrics.class, new SoftMaxRegressionValidator());
+    }
+    
+    private boolean parallelized = true;
+    
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    public boolean isParallelized() {
+        return parallelized;
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    public void setParallelized(boolean parallelized) {
+        this.parallelized = parallelized;
+    }
+    
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    protected void _predictDataset(Dataframe newData) {
+        DatabaseConnector dbc = kb().getDbc();
+        Map<Integer, Prediction> resultsBuffer = dbc.getBigMap("tmp_resultsBuffer", MapType.HASHMAP, StorageHint.IN_DISK, true, true);
+        _predictDatasetParallel(newData, resultsBuffer);
+        dbc.dropBigMap("tmp_resultsBuffer", resultsBuffer);
+    }
+
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    public Prediction _predictRecord(Record r) {
+        ModelParameters modelParameters = kb().getModelParameters();
+        
+        Set<Object> classesSet = modelParameters.getClasses();
+        Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas = modelParameters.getThitas();
+        
+        AssociativeArray predictionScores = new AssociativeArray();
+        for(Object theClass : classesSet) {
+            predictionScores.put(theClass, calculateClassScore(r.getX(), theClass, thitas));
+        }
+
+        Object predictedClass=getSelectedClassFromClassScores(predictionScores);
+
+        Descriptives.normalizeExp(predictionScores);
+        
+        return new Prediction(predictedClass, predictionScores);
+    }
+    
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    protected void _fit(Dataframe trainingData) {
+        ModelParameters modelParameters = kb().getModelParameters();
+        TrainingParameters trainingParameters = kb().getTrainingParameters();
+        
+        
+        Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas = modelParameters.getThitas();
+        Set<Object> classesSet = modelParameters.getClasses();
+        
+        //first we need to find all the classes
+        for(Record r : trainingData) { 
+            Object theClass=r.getY();
+            
+            classesSet.add(theClass); 
+        }
+        
+        //we initialize the thitas to zero for all features and all classes compinations
+        for(Object theClass : classesSet) {
+            thitas.put(Arrays.<Object>asList(Dataframe.COLUMN_NAME_CONSTANT, theClass), 0.0);
+            
+            for(Record r : trainingData) { 
+                for(Object feature : r.getX().keySet()) {
+                    thitas.put(Arrays.<Object>asList(feature, theClass), 0.0);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        double minError = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+        
+        double learningRate = trainingParameters.getLearningRate();
+        int totalIterations = trainingParameters.getTotalIterations();
+        DatabaseConnector dbc = kb().getDbc();
+        for(int iteration=0;iteration<totalIterations;++iteration) {
+            
+            logger.debug("Iteration {}", iteration);
+            
+            Map<List<Object>, Double> tmp_newThitas = dbc.getBigMap("tmp_newThitas", MapType.HASHMAP, StorageHint.IN_MEMORY, false, true);
+            
+            tmp_newThitas.putAll(thitas);
+            batchGradientDescent(trainingData, tmp_newThitas, learningRate);
+            
+            double newError = calculateError(trainingData,tmp_newThitas);
+            
+            //bold driver
+            if(newError>minError) {
+                learningRate/=2.0;
+            }
+            else {
+                learningRate*=1.05;
+                minError=newError;
+                
+                //keep the new thitas
+                thitas.clear();
+                thitas.putAll(tmp_newThitas);
+            }
+            
+            //Drop the temporary Collection
+            dbc.dropBigMap("tmp_newThitas", tmp_newThitas);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /** {@inheritDoc} */
+    @Override
+    protected SoftMaxRegression.ValidationMetrics validateModel(Dataframe validationData) {
+        SoftMaxRegression.ValidationMetrics validationMetrics = super.validateModel(validationData);
+        
+        validationMetrics.setCountRSquare(validationMetrics.getAccuracy()); //CountRSquare is equal to Accuracy
+        
+        double SSE = calculateError(validationData,kb().getModelParameters().getThitas());
+        validationMetrics.setSSE(SSE);
+        
+        return validationMetrics;
+    }
+
+    private void batchGradientDescent(Dataframe trainingData, Map<List<Object>, Double> newThitas, double learningRate) {
+        //NOTE! This is not the stochastic gradient descent. It is the batch gradient descent optimized for speed (despite it looks more than the stochastic). 
+        //Despite the fact that the loops are inverse, the function still changes the values of Thitas at the end of the function. We use the previous thitas 
+        //to estimate the costs and only at the end we update the new thitas.
+        ModelParameters modelParameters = kb().getModelParameters();
+
+        double multiplier = learningRate/modelParameters.getN();
+        Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas = modelParameters.getThitas();
+        Set<Object> classesSet = modelParameters.getClasses();
+        
+        for(Record r : trainingData) { 
+            //mind the fact that we use the previous thitas to estimate the new ones! this is because the thitas must be updated simultaniously
+            AssociativeArray classProbabilities = hypothesisFunction(r.getX(), thitas);
+            for(Object theClass : classesSet) {
+                
+                double error;
+                double score = classProbabilities.getDouble(theClass);
+                if(r.getY().equals(theClass)) {
+                    error = 1 - score;
+                }
+                else {
+                    error = - score;
+                }
+                
+                double errorMultiplier = multiplier*error;
+                
+                
+                //update the weight of constant
+                List<Object> featureClassTuple = Arrays.<Object>asList(Dataframe.COLUMN_NAME_CONSTANT, theClass);
+                newThitas.put(featureClassTuple, newThitas.get(featureClassTuple)+errorMultiplier);
+                
+                //update the rest of the weights
+                
+                for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry : r.getX().entrySet()) {
+                    Double value = TypeInference.toDouble(entry.getValue());
+
+                    Object feature = entry.getKey();
+                    featureClassTuple = Arrays.<Object>asList(feature, theClass);
+
+                    Double thitaWeight = newThitas.get(featureClassTuple);
+                    if(thitaWeight!=null) {//ensure that the feature is in the dictionary
+                        newThitas.put(featureClassTuple, thitaWeight+errorMultiplier*value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+    }
+    
+    private Double calculateClassScore(AssociativeArray x, Object theClass, Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas) {
+        double score = thitas.get(Arrays.<Object>asList(Dataframe.COLUMN_NAME_CONSTANT, theClass));
+        
+        for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry : x.entrySet()) {
+            Double value = TypeInference.toDouble(entry.getValue());
+            
+            Object feature = entry.getKey();
+            List<Object> featureClassTuple = Arrays.<Object>asList(feature, theClass);
+            
+            Double thitaWeight = thitas.get(featureClassTuple);
+            if(thitaWeight!=null) {//ensure that the feature is in the dictionary
+                score+=thitaWeight*value;
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return score;
+    }
+    
+    private double calculateError(Dataframe trainingData, Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas) {
+        //The cost function as described on http://ufldl.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Softmax_Regression
+        //It is optimized for speed to reduce the amount of loops
+        double error=0.0;
+        
+        for(Record r : trainingData) { 
+            AssociativeArray classProbabilities = hypothesisFunction(r.getX(), thitas);
+            Double score = classProbabilities.getDouble(r.getY());
+            error+=Math.log(score); //no need to loop through the categories. Just grab the one that we are interested in
+        }
+        
+        return -error/kb().getModelParameters().getN();
+    }
+    
+    private AssociativeArray hypothesisFunction(AssociativeArray x, Map<List<Object>, Double> thitas) {
+        Set<Object> classesSet = kb().getModelParameters().getClasses();
+        AssociativeArray predictionProbabilities = new AssociativeArray(); 
+        
+        for(Object theClass : classesSet) {
+            double score=calculateClassScore(x, theClass, thitas);
+            if(score<=0) {
+                score=1e-8;
+            }
+            predictionProbabilities.put(theClass, score);
+        }
+        
+        Descriptives.normalize(predictionProbabilities);
+        
+        return predictionProbabilities;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `score` last assigned on line 377 could be null and is dereferenced at line 378.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+double SoftMaxRegression.calculateError(Dataframe,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.classification.SoftMaxRegression.calculateError(com.datumbox..bcdf219bb42638e0e7d986d3c0ac0819
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/classification/SoftMaxRegression.java
+
+### Key:
+SoftMaxRegression.java|calculateError|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9140dff8bf7cd03886d368c0c0c52aa5
+
+### Hash:
+7fb98664edd20ced21551e3023e9cfd5
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8769/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8769/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c6b98a107800590b6b913ad50ff42f3b99e62c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8769/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** datumbox-framework
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation;
+
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.AssociativeArray;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Dataset;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.FlatDataList;
+import com.datumbox.common.dataobjects.Record;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConnector;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.BigMap;
+import com.datumbox.common.persistentstorage.interfaces.DatabaseConfiguration;
+import com.datumbox.common.utilities.TypeConversions;
+import com.datumbox.framework.statistics.descriptivestatistics.Descriptives;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author Vasilis Vryniotis <bbriniotis at datumbox.com>
+ */
+public abstract class BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer extends DataTransformer<BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters> {
+    
+    public static class ModelParameters extends DataTransformer.ModelParameters {
+            
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels;
+        
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues;
+
+        @BigMap
+        protected Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues;
+
+        public ModelParameters(DatabaseConnector dbc) {
+            super(dbc);
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Object> getReferenceLevels() {
+            return referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public void setReferenceLevels(Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+            this.referenceLevels = referenceLevels;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMinColumnValues() {
+            return minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMinColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues) {
+            this.minColumnValues = minColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public Map<Object, Double> getMaxColumnValues() {
+            return maxColumnValues;
+        }
+
+        public void setMaxColumnValues(Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+            this.maxColumnValues = maxColumnValues;
+        }
+        
+        
+    }
+    
+    public static class TrainingParameters extends DataTransformer.TrainingParameters {
+        
+    }
+
+    protected BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer(String dbName, DatabaseConfiguration dbConf) {
+        super(dbName, dbConf, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.ModelParameters.class, BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.TrainingParameters.class);
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        for(Map.Entry<Object, Dataset.ColumnType> entry : data.getColumns().entrySet()) {
+            Object column = entry.getKey();
+            Dataset.ColumnType columnType = entry.getValue();
+
+            if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+                FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractColumnValues(column);
+                Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+                Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+                minColumnValues.put(column, min);
+                maxColumnValues.put(column, max);
+            }
+            else {
+                //do nothing for non-numeric columns
+            }
+        }
+
+        //do nothing for the response variable Y
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = r.getX().getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min>0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                r.getX().put(column, normalizedValue);
+            }
+            
+            //do nothing for the response variable Y
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeX(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        for(Integer rId : data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            for(Object column : minColumnValues.keySet()) {
+                Double value = r.getX().getDouble(column);
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any denormalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(column);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(column);
+                
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    r.getX().put(column, min);
+                }
+                else {
+                    r.getX().put(column, value*(max-min) + min);
+                }
+            }
+            
+            //do nothing for the response variable Y
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void fitY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        //check if the first record has numeric value on response variable Y
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            //if this is numeric normalize it
+
+            FlatDataList columnValues = data.extractYValues();
+            Double max = Descriptives.max(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+            Double min = Descriptives.min(columnValues.toFlatDataCollection());
+
+            minColumnValues.put(Dataset.YColumnName, min);
+            maxColumnValues.put(Dataset.YColumnName, max);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void normalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+        
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                Double value = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getY());
+                if(value==null) { //if we have a missing value don't perform any normalization
+                    continue;
+                }
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                
+                //it is important how we will handle 0 normalized values because
+                //0-valued features are considered inactive.
+                double normalizedValue;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    normalizedValue = (min!=0.0)?1.0:0.0; //set it 0.0 ONLY if the feature is always inactive and 1.0 if it has a non-zero value
+                }
+                else {
+                    normalizedValue = (value-min)/(max-min);
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), normalizedValue, r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected static void denormalizeY(Dataset data, Map<Object, Double> minColumnValues, Map<Object, Double> maxColumnValues) {
+        
+        if(data.isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        
+        Dataset.ColumnType columnType = Dataset.value2ColumnType(data.get(data.iterator().next()).getY());
+        
+        if(columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.NUMERICAL) {
+            
+            for(Integer rId : data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                
+                //do the same for the response variable Y
+                Double min = minColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                Double max = maxColumnValues.get(Dataset.YColumnName);
+                
+                Object denormalizedY = null;
+                Object denormalizedYPredicted = null;
+                if(min.equals(max)) {
+                    denormalizedY = min;
+                    if(r.getYPredicted()!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = min;
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    denormalizedY = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getY())*(max-min) + min;
+                    
+                    Double YPredicted = TypeConversions.toDouble(r.getYPredicted());
+                    if(YPredicted!=null) {
+                        denormalizedYPredicted = YPredicted*(max-min) + min;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                data.set(rId, new Record(r.getX(), denormalizedY, denormalizedYPredicted, r.getYPredictedProbabilities()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private static boolean covert2dummy(Dataset.ColumnType columnType) {
+        return columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.CATEGORICAL || columnType==Dataset.ColumnType.ORDINAL;
+    }
+    
+    protected static void extractDummies(Dataset data, Map<Object, Object> referenceLevels) {
+
+        Map<Object, Dataset.ColumnType> columnTypes = data.getColumns();
+        if(referenceLevels.isEmpty()) {
+            //Training Mode
+            
+            //find the referenceLevels for each categorical variable
+            for(Integer rId: data) {
+                Record r = data.get(rId);
+                for(Map.Entry<Object, Object> entry: r.getX().entrySet()) {
+                    Object column = entry.getKey();
+                    if(referenceLevels.containsKey(column)==false) { //already set?
+                        if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                            continue; //only ordinal and categorical are converted into dummyvars
+                        }
+                        Object value = entry.getValue();
+                        referenceLevels.put(column, value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Replace variables with dummy versions
+        for(Integer rId: data) {
+            Record r = data.get(rId);
+            
+            AssociativeArray xData = new AssociativeArray(r.getX());
+            
+            boolean modified = false;
+            for(Object column : r.getX().keySet()) {
+                if(covert2dummy(columnTypes.get(column))==false) { 
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Object value = xData.get(column);
+                
+                xData.remove(column); //remove the original column
+                modified = true;
+                
+                Object referenceLevel= referenceLevels.get(column);
+                
+                if(referenceLevel != null && //not unknown variable
+                   !referenceLevel.equals(value)) { //not equal to reference level
+                    
+                    //create a new column
+                    List<Object> newColumn = Arrays.<Object>asList(column,value);
+                    
+                    //add a new dummy variable for this column-value combination
+                    xData.put(newColumn, true); 
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if(modified) {
+                r = new Record(xData, r.getY(), r.getYPredicted(), r.getYPredictedProbabilities());
+                data.set(rId, r);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        //Reset Meta info
+        data.resetMeta();
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `r.getX()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 146.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.denormalizeX(Dataset,Map,Map)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.datumbox.framework.machinelearning.common.bases.datatransformation.BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.de.213d16c6cb196552e6bfa95b7e0c3a45
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/datumbox/framework/machinelearning/common/bases/datatransformation/BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java
+
+### Key:
+BaseDummyMinMaxTransformer.java|denormalizeX|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+0db3bf600a9167fc32fd53dc5544b080
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8792/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8792/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..776f50f5a3cb20ba0e4061b0edc613b63d29d5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8792/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** dns-java
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Spotify AB
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.spotify.dns.examples;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
+
+import com.spotify.dns.ChangeNotifier;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsException;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsSrvResolver;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsSrvResolvers;
+import com.spotify.dns.DnsSrvWatcher;
+import com.spotify.dns.LookupResult;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+
+public final class PollingUsage {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+    Function<LookupResult, Integer> resultTransformer = new Function<LookupResult, Integer>() {
+      @Nullable
+      @Override
+      public Integer apply(@Nullable LookupResult input) {
+        return input.weight();
+      }
+    };
+
+    DnsSrvResolver resolver = DnsSrvResolvers.newBuilder()
+        .cachingLookups(true)
+        .retainingDataOnFailures(true)
+        .dnsLookupTimeoutMillis(1000)
+        .build();
+
+
+    DnsSrvWatcher<LookupResult> watcher = DnsSrvResolvers.newWatcherBuilder(resolver)
+        .polling(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+        .build();
+
+    boolean quit = false;
+    BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
+
+    while (!quit) {
+      System.out.print("Enter a SRV name (empty to quit): ");
+      String line = in.readLine();
+
+      if (line == null || line.isEmpty()) {
+        quit = true;
+      } else {
+        try {
+          ChangeNotifier<LookupResult> notifier = watcher.watch(line);
+          notifier.setListener(new ChangeListener(line), false);
+        }
+        catch (DnsException e) {
+          e.printStackTrace(System.out);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  static class ChangeListener implements ChangeNotifier.Listener<LookupResult> {
+
+    final String name;
+
+    ChangeListener(String name) {
+      this.name = name;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void endpointsChanged(ChangeNotifier.ChangeNotification<LookupResult> changeNotification) {
+      System.out.println("\nEndpoints changed for " + name);
+      for (LookupResult endpoint : changeNotification.previous()) {
+        System.out.println("  prev: " + endpoint);
+      }
+
+      for (LookupResult endpoint : changeNotification.current()) {
+        System.out.println("  curr: " + endpoint);
+      }
+
+      final Sets.SetView<LookupResult> unchanged =
+          Sets.intersection(changeNotification.current(), changeNotification.previous());
+
+      for (LookupResult endpoint : unchanged) {
+        System.out.println("  noch: " + endpoint);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.spotify.dns.PollingDnsSrvWatcher` acquired by call to `build()` at line 56 is not released after line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PollingUsage.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.spotify.dns.examples.PollingUsage.main(java.lang.String[]):void.0d2fe7f4bb8f8a02006f7c3a2fb94c0a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/spotify/dns/examples/PollingUsage.java
+
+### Key:
+PollingUsage.java|main|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+af124b9e4e475ec1dcf4a48bafb14056
+
+### Hash:
+a4cb1ecaa5229fbe3b8b6efc22c37a97
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8795/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8795/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03201359b80cd382efedbd0ce4d3c47c2c007063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8795/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** failsafe
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package net.jodah.failsafe;
+
+import static org.mockito.Matchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.testng.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import java.net.ConnectException;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+import net.jodah.failsafe.util.concurrent.Scheduler;
+
+@Test
+public class AsyncExecutionTest {
+  ConnectException e = new ConnectException();
+  AsyncExecution exec;
+  FailsafeFuture<Object> future;
+  Callable<Object> callable;
+  Scheduler scheduler;
+
+  @BeforeMethod
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  void beforeMethod() {
+    scheduler = mock(Scheduler.class);
+    future = mock(FailsafeFuture.class);
+    callable = mock(Callable.class);
+  }
+
+  public void testComplete() {
+    // Given
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+
+    // When
+    exec.complete();
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 1);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public void testCompleteForResult() {
+    // Given
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.complete(true));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastResult(), Boolean.TRUE);
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verify(future).complete(true, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public void testGetAttemptCount() {
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+    exec.retryOn(e);
+    exec.before();
+    exec.retryOn(e);
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+  }
+
+  public void testRetryForResult() {
+    // Given retry for null
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(1));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 3);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastResult(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(1, null, null);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future,
+        configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null).withMaxRetries(2)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(null));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 3);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, null);
+  }
+
+  public void testRetryForResultAndThrowable() {
+    // Given retry for null
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null, null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(1, new IllegalArgumentException()));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(1, null));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 4);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastResult(), Integer.valueOf(1));
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(2);
+    verify(future).complete(1, null, null);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future,
+        configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryWhen(null).withMaxRetries(2)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertFalse(exec.complete(null));
+    exec.before();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryFor(null, e));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryFor(null, e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 3);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, null);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  public void testRetryOn() {
+    // Given retry on IllegalArgumentException
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future,
+        configFor(new RetryPolicy().retryOn(IllegalArgumentException.class)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    assertTrue(exec.retryOn(new IllegalArgumentException()));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryOn(e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, null);
+
+    // Given 2 max retries
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy().withMaxRetries(1)));
+
+    // When / Then
+    resetMocks();
+    assertTrue(exec.retryOn(e));
+    exec.before();
+    assertFalse(exec.retryOn(e));
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertEquals(exec.getLastFailure(), e);
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, e, null);
+  }
+
+  @Test(expectedExceptions = IllegalStateException.class)
+  public void shouldThrowOnRetryWhenAlreadyComplete() {
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+    exec.complete();
+    exec.before();
+    exec.retryOn(e);
+  }
+
+  public void testCompleteOrRetry() {
+    // Given retry on IllegalArgumentException
+    exec = new AsyncExecution(callable, scheduler, future, configFor(new RetryPolicy()));
+
+    // When / Then
+    exec.completeOrRetry(null, e);
+    assertFalse(exec.isComplete());
+    exec.before();
+    exec.completeOrRetry(null, null);
+
+    // Then
+    assertEquals(exec.getExecutions(), 2);
+    assertTrue(exec.isComplete());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastResult());
+    assertNull(exec.getLastFailure());
+    verifyScheduler(1);
+    verify(future).complete(null, null, null);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  private void resetMocks() {
+    reset(scheduler);
+    reset(future);
+    reset(callable);
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked", "rawtypes" })
+  static <T> FailsafeConfig<T, FailsafeConfig<T, ?>> configFor(RetryPolicy retryPolicy) {
+    return (FailsafeConfig<T, FailsafeConfig<T, ?>>) new FailsafeConfig().with(retryPolicy);
+  }
+
+  private void verifyScheduler(int executions) {
+    verify(scheduler, times(executions)).schedule(any(Callable.class), any(Long.class), any(TimeUnit.class));
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `AsyncExecutionTest.exec.circuitBreaker` last assigned on line 207 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `before()` at line 212.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AsyncExecutionTest.testCompleteOrRetry()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+net.jodah.failsafe.AsyncExecutionTest.testCompleteOrRetry():void.495748f3fb4910cda92554fb8837caf7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/net/jodah/failsafe/AsyncExecutionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AsyncExecutionTest.java|testCompleteOrRetry|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cd1e023b8fb7f0b3653d3c5ad14bd182
+
+### Hash:
+613f1ef104339044e9fbf3c910085a49
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8840/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8840/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..538580a52c301f8b88f079608d3635b1ff7452f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8840/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jflex
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.jflex.plugin.maven;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.LineNumberReader;
+
+public class LexSimpleAnalyzer {
+	public static final String DEFAULT_NAME = "Yylex";
+
+	/**
+	 * Guess the package and class name, based on this grammar definition. Does
+	 * not overide the Mojo configuration if it exist.
+	 * 
+	 * @return The name of the java code to generate.
+	 * 
+	 * Credit goes to the authors of the maven-jlex-plugin
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 * @author Rafal Mantiuk (Rafal.Mantiuk@bellstream.pl)
+	 * @author Gerwin Klein (lsf@jflex.de)
+	 * @throws FileNotFoundException
+	 *             if the lex file does not exist
+	 * 
+	 */
+	protected static ClassInfo guessPackageAndClass(File lexFile)
+			throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+		assert lexFile.isAbsolute() : lexFile;
+
+		LineNumberReader reader = new LineNumberReader(new FileReader(lexFile));
+
+		ClassInfo classInfo = new ClassInfo();
+		while (classInfo.className == null || classInfo.packageName == null) {
+			String line = reader.readLine();
+			if (line == null)
+				break;
+
+			if (classInfo.packageName == null) {
+				int index = line.indexOf("package");
+				if (index >= 0) {
+					index += 7;
+
+					int end = line.indexOf(';', index);
+					if (end >= index) {
+						classInfo.packageName = line.substring(index, end);
+						classInfo.packageName = classInfo.packageName.trim();
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (classInfo.className == null) {
+				int index = line.indexOf("%class");
+				if (index >= 0) {
+					index += 6;
+
+					classInfo.className = line.substring(index);
+					classInfo.className = classInfo.className.trim();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (classInfo.className == null) {
+			classInfo.className = DEFAULT_NAME;
+		}
+		return classInfo;
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.LineNumberReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 31 is not released after line 64.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ClassInfo LexSimpleAnalyzer.guessPackageAndClass(File)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.jflex.plugin.maven.LexSimpleAnalyzer.guessPackageAndClass(java.io.File):de.jflex.plugin.maven.Cla.eafd61a8c8abd1853a5cd4f3ec05eb48
+
+### File:
+jflex-maven-plugin/src/main/java/de/jflex/plugin/maven/LexSimpleAnalyzer.java
+
+### Key:
+LexSimpleAnalyzer.java|guessPackageAndClass|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+2b80aa5466e54d4bf346e6ecd87af348
+
+### Hash:
+a72962afeac4b7ee7ea3ae5aad03b855
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8847/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8847/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..955d7c14b9d6038eb7604daff3175cb42896ab03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8847/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,828 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** commons-imaging
+**Bug ID:** 35
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.imaging.common.itu_t4;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.imaging.ImageReadException;
+import org.apache.commons.imaging.ImageWriteException;
+import org.apache.commons.imaging.common.itu_t4.T4_T6_Tables.Entry;
+import org.apache.commons.imaging.util.IoUtils;
+
+public final class T4AndT6Compression {
+    private static final HuffmanTree<Integer> WHITE_RUN_LENGTHS = new HuffmanTree<>();
+    private static final HuffmanTree<Integer> BLACK_RUN_LENGTHS = new HuffmanTree<>();
+    private static final HuffmanTree<Entry> CONTROL_CODES = new HuffmanTree<>();
+
+    public static final int WHITE = 0;
+    public static final int BLACK = 1;
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            for (final Entry entry : T4_T6_Tables.WHITE_TERMINATING_CODES) {
+                WHITE_RUN_LENGTHS.insert(entry.bitString, entry.value);
+            }
+            for (final Entry entry : T4_T6_Tables.WHITE_MAKE_UP_CODES) {
+                WHITE_RUN_LENGTHS.insert(entry.bitString, entry.value);
+            }
+            for (final Entry entry : T4_T6_Tables.BLACK_TERMINATING_CODES) {
+                BLACK_RUN_LENGTHS.insert(entry.bitString, entry.value);
+            }
+            for (final Entry entry : T4_T6_Tables.BLACK_MAKE_UP_CODES) {
+                BLACK_RUN_LENGTHS.insert(entry.bitString, entry.value);
+            }
+            for (final Entry entry : T4_T6_Tables.ADDITIONAL_MAKE_UP_CODES) {
+                WHITE_RUN_LENGTHS.insert(entry.bitString, entry.value);
+                BLACK_RUN_LENGTHS.insert(entry.bitString, entry.value);
+            }
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL13.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL13);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL14.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL14);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL15.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL15);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL16.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL16);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL17.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL17);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL18.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL18);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.EOL19.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.EOL19);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.P.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.P);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.H.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.H);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.V0.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.V0);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.VL1.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.VL1);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.VL2.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.VL2);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.VL3.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.VL3);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.VR1.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.VR1);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.VR2.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.VR2);
+            CONTROL_CODES.insert(T4_T6_Tables.VR3.bitString, T4_T6_Tables.VR3);
+        } catch (final HuffmanTreeException cannotHappen) {
+            throw new Error(cannotHappen);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private T4AndT6Compression() {
+    }
+
+    private static void compress1DLine(final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream,
+            final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream, final int[] referenceLine, final int width)
+            throws ImageWriteException {
+        int color = WHITE;
+        int runLength = 0;
+        
+        for (int x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            try {
+                final int nextColor = inputStream.readBits(1);
+                if (referenceLine != null) {
+                    referenceLine[x] = nextColor;
+                }
+                if (color == nextColor) {
+                    ++runLength;
+                } else {
+                    writeRunLength(outputStream, runLength, color);
+                    color = nextColor;
+                    runLength = 1;
+                }
+            } catch (final IOException ioException) {
+                throw new ImageWriteException("Error reading image to compress", ioException);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        writeRunLength(outputStream, runLength, color);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compressed with the "Modified Huffman" encoding of section 10 in the
+     * TIFF6 specification. No EOLs, no RTC, rows are padded to end on a byte
+     * boundary.
+     * 
+     * @param uncompressed
+     * @param width
+     * @param height
+     * @return the compressed data
+     * @throws ImageWriteException
+     */
+    public static byte[] compressModifiedHuffman(final byte[] uncompressed,
+            final int width, final int height) throws ImageWriteException {
+        final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(new ByteArrayInputStream(uncompressed));
+        final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            compress1DLine(inputStream, outputStream, null, width);
+            inputStream.flushCache();
+            outputStream.flush();
+        }
+        return outputStream.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decompresses the "Modified Huffman" encoding of section 10 in the TIFF6
+     * specification. No EOLs, no RTC, rows are padded to end on a byte
+     * boundary.
+     * 
+     * @param compressed
+     * @param width
+     * @param height
+     * @return the decompressed data
+     * @throws ImageReadException
+     */
+    public static byte[] decompressModifiedHuffman(final byte[] compressed,
+            final int width, final int height) throws ImageReadException {
+        final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(
+                new ByteArrayInputStream(compressed));
+        BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = null;
+        boolean canThrow = false;
+        try {
+            outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+            for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+                int color = WHITE;
+                int rowLength;
+                for (rowLength = 0; rowLength < width;) {
+                    final int runLength = readTotalRunLength(inputStream, color);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < runLength; i++) {
+                        outputStream.writeBit(color);
+                    }
+                    color = 1 - color;
+                    rowLength += runLength;
+                }
+    
+                if (rowLength == width) {
+                    inputStream.flushCache();
+                    outputStream.flush();
+                } else if (rowLength > width) {
+                    throw new ImageReadException("Unrecoverable row length error in image row " + y);
+                }
+            }
+            final byte[] ret = outputStream.toByteArray();
+            canThrow = true;
+            return ret;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                IoUtils.closeQuietly(canThrow, outputStream);
+            } catch (final IOException ioException) {
+                throw new ImageReadException("I/O error", ioException);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] compressT4_1D(final byte[] uncompressed, final int width,
+            final int height, final boolean hasFill) throws ImageWriteException {
+        final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(new ByteArrayInputStream(uncompressed));
+        final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+        if (hasFill) {
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL16.writeBits(outputStream);
+        } else {
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL.writeBits(outputStream);
+        }
+        
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            compress1DLine(inputStream, outputStream, null, width);
+            if (hasFill) {
+                int bitsAvailable = outputStream
+                        .getBitsAvailableInCurrentByte();
+                if (bitsAvailable < 4) {
+                    outputStream.flush();
+                    bitsAvailable = 8;
+                }
+                for (; bitsAvailable > 4; bitsAvailable--) {
+                    outputStream.writeBit(0);
+                }
+            }
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL.writeBits(outputStream);
+            inputStream.flushCache();
+        }
+        
+        return outputStream.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decompresses T.4 1D encoded data. EOL at the beginning and after each
+     * row, can be preceded by fill bits to fit on a byte boundary, no RTC.
+     * 
+     * @param compressed
+     * @param width
+     * @param height
+     * @return the decompressed data
+     * @throws ImageReadException
+     */
+    public static byte[] decompressT4_1D(final byte[] compressed, final int width,
+            final int height, final boolean hasFill) throws ImageReadException {
+        final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(new ByteArrayInputStream(compressed));
+        BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = null;
+        boolean canThrow = false;
+        try {
+            outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+            for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+                int rowLength;
+                try {
+                    T4_T6_Tables.Entry entry = CONTROL_CODES.decode(inputStream);
+                    if (!isEOL(entry, hasFill)) {
+                        throw new ImageReadException("Expected EOL not found");
+                    }
+                    int color = WHITE;
+                    for (rowLength = 0; rowLength < width;) {
+                        final int runLength = readTotalRunLength(inputStream, color);
+                        for (int i = 0; i < runLength; i++) {
+                            outputStream.writeBit(color);
+                        }
+                        color = 1 - color;
+                        rowLength += runLength;
+                    }
+                } catch (final HuffmanTreeException huffmanException) {
+                    throw new ImageReadException("Decompression error", huffmanException);
+                }
+    
+                if (rowLength == width) {
+                    outputStream.flush();
+                } else if (rowLength > width) {
+                    throw new ImageReadException("Unrecoverable row length error in image row " + y);
+                }
+            }
+            final byte[] ret = outputStream.toByteArray();
+            canThrow = true;
+            return ret;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                IoUtils.closeQuietly(canThrow, outputStream);
+            } catch (final IOException ioException) {
+                throw new ImageReadException("I/O error", ioException);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] compressT4_2D(final byte[] uncompressed, final int width,
+            final int height, final boolean hasFill, final int parameterK)
+            throws ImageWriteException {
+        final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(new ByteArrayInputStream(uncompressed));
+        final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+        int[] referenceLine = new int[width];
+        int[] codingLine = new int[width];
+        int kCounter = 0;
+        if (hasFill) {
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL16.writeBits(outputStream);
+        } else {
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL.writeBits(outputStream);
+        }
+        
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            if (kCounter > 0) {
+                // 2D
+                outputStream.writeBit(0);
+                for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
+                    try {
+                        codingLine[i] = inputStream.readBits(1);
+                    } catch (final IOException ioException) {
+                        throw new ImageWriteException("Error reading image to compress", ioException);
+                    }
+                }
+                int codingA0Color = WHITE;
+                int referenceA0Color = WHITE;
+                int a1 = nextChangingElement(codingLine, codingA0Color, 0);
+                int b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, 0);
+                int b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                for (int a0 = 0; a0 < width;) {
+                    if (b2 < a1) {
+                        T4_T6_Tables.P.writeBits(outputStream);
+                        a0 = b2;
+                    } else {
+                        final int a1b1 = a1 - b1;
+                        if (-3 <= a1b1 && a1b1 <= 3) {
+                            T4_T6_Tables.Entry entry;
+                            if (a1b1 == -3) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VL3;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == -2) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VL2;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == -1) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VL1;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == 0) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.V0;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == 1) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VR1;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == 2) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VR2;
+                            } else {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VR3;
+                            }
+                            entry.writeBits(outputStream);
+                            codingA0Color = 1 - codingA0Color;
+                            a0 = a1;
+                        } else {
+                            final int a2 = nextChangingElement(codingLine, 1 - codingA0Color, a1 + 1);
+                            final int a0a1 = a1 - a0;
+                            final int a1a2 = a2 - a1;
+                            T4_T6_Tables.H.writeBits(outputStream);
+                            writeRunLength(outputStream, a0a1, codingA0Color);
+                            writeRunLength(outputStream, a1a2, 1 - codingA0Color);
+                            a0 = a2;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    referenceA0Color = changingElementAt(referenceLine, a0);
+                    a1 = nextChangingElement(codingLine, codingA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                    if (codingA0Color == referenceA0Color) {
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                    } else {
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                    }
+                    b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - codingA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                }
+                final int[] swap = referenceLine;
+                referenceLine = codingLine;
+                codingLine = swap;
+            } else {
+                // 1D
+                outputStream.writeBit(1);
+                compress1DLine(inputStream, outputStream, referenceLine, width);
+            }
+            if (hasFill) {
+                int bitsAvailable = outputStream
+                        .getBitsAvailableInCurrentByte();
+                if (bitsAvailable < 4) {
+                    outputStream.flush();
+                    bitsAvailable = 8;
+                }
+                for (; bitsAvailable > 4; bitsAvailable--) {
+                    outputStream.writeBit(0);
+                }
+            }
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL.writeBits(outputStream);
+            kCounter++;
+            if (kCounter == parameterK) {
+                kCounter = 0;
+            }
+            inputStream.flushCache();
+        }
+        
+        return outputStream.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decompressed T.4 2D encoded data. EOL at the beginning and after each
+     * row, can be preceded by fill bits to fit on a byte boundary, and is
+     * succeeded by a tag bit determining whether the next line is encoded using
+     * 1D or 2D. No RTC.
+     * 
+     * @param compressed
+     * @param width
+     * @param height
+     * @return the decompressed data
+     * @throws ImageReadException
+     */
+    public static byte[] decompressT4_2D(final byte[] compressed, final int width,
+            final int height, final boolean hasFill) throws ImageReadException {
+        final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(new ByteArrayInputStream(compressed));
+        final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+        final int[] referenceLine = new int[width];
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            int rowLength = 0;
+            try {
+                T4_T6_Tables.Entry entry = CONTROL_CODES.decode(inputStream);
+                if (!isEOL(entry, hasFill)) {
+                    throw new ImageReadException("Expected EOL not found");
+                }
+                final int tagBit = inputStream.readBits(1);
+                if (tagBit == 0) {
+                    // 2D
+                    int codingA0Color = WHITE;
+                    int referenceA0Color = WHITE;
+                    int b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, 0);
+                    int b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                    for (int a0 = 0; a0 < width;) {
+                        int a1;
+                        int a2;
+                        entry = CONTROL_CODES.decode(inputStream);
+                        if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.P) {
+                            fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a0, b2, codingA0Color);
+                            a0 = b2;
+                        } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.H) {
+                            final int a0a1 = readTotalRunLength(inputStream, codingA0Color);
+                            a1 = a0 + a0a1;
+                            fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a0, a1, codingA0Color);
+                            final int a1a2 = readTotalRunLength(inputStream, 1 - codingA0Color);
+                            a2 = a1 + a1a2;
+                            fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a1, a2, 1 - codingA0Color);
+                            a0 = a2;
+                        } else {
+                            int a1b1;
+                            if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.V0) {
+                                a1b1 = 0;
+                            } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VL1) {
+                                a1b1 = -1;
+                            } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VL2) {
+                                a1b1 = -2;
+                            } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VL3) {
+                                a1b1 = -3;
+                            } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VR1) {
+                                a1b1 = 1;
+                            } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VR2) {
+                                a1b1 = 2;
+                            } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VR3) {
+                                a1b1 = 3;
+                            } else {
+                                throw new ImageReadException("Invalid/unknown T.4 control code " + entry.bitString);
+                            }
+                            a1 = b1 + a1b1;
+                            fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a0, a1, codingA0Color);
+                            a0 = a1;
+                            codingA0Color = 1 - codingA0Color;
+                        }
+                        referenceA0Color = changingElementAt(referenceLine, a0);
+                        if (codingA0Color == referenceA0Color) {
+                            b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                        } else {
+                            b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                            b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                        }
+                        b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - codingA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                        rowLength = a0;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // 1D
+                    int color = WHITE;
+                    for (rowLength = 0; rowLength < width;) {
+                        final int runLength = readTotalRunLength(inputStream, color);
+                        for (int i = 0; i < runLength; i++) {
+                            outputStream.writeBit(color);
+                            referenceLine[rowLength + i] = color;
+                        }
+                        color = 1 - color;
+                        rowLength += runLength;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (final IOException ioException) {
+                throw new ImageReadException("Decompression error", ioException);
+            } catch (final HuffmanTreeException huffmanException) {
+                throw new ImageReadException("Decompression error", huffmanException);
+            }
+
+            if (rowLength == width) {
+                outputStream.flush();
+            } else if (rowLength > width) {
+                throw new ImageReadException("Unrecoverable row length error in image row " + y);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return outputStream.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] compressT6(final byte[] uncompressed, final int width, final int height)
+            throws ImageWriteException {
+        BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = null;
+        boolean canThrow = false;
+        try {
+            inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(new ByteArrayInputStream(uncompressed));
+            final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+            int[] referenceLine = new int[width];
+            int[] codingLine = new int[width];
+            for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < width; i++) {
+                    try {
+                        codingLine[i] = inputStream.readBits(1);
+                    } catch (final IOException ioException) {
+                        throw new ImageWriteException("Error reading image to compress", ioException);
+                    }
+                }
+                int codingA0Color = WHITE;
+                int referenceA0Color = WHITE;
+                int a1 = nextChangingElement(codingLine, codingA0Color, 0);
+                int b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, 0);
+                int b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                for (int a0 = 0; a0 < width;) {
+                    if (b2 < a1) {
+                        T4_T6_Tables.P.writeBits(outputStream);
+                        a0 = b2;
+                    } else {
+                        final int a1b1 = a1 - b1;
+                        if (-3 <= a1b1 && a1b1 <= 3) {
+                            T4_T6_Tables.Entry entry;
+                            if (a1b1 == -3) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VL3;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == -2) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VL2;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == -1) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VL1;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == 0) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.V0;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == 1) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VR1;
+                            } else if (a1b1 == 2) {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VR2;
+                            } else {
+                                entry = T4_T6_Tables.VR3;
+                            }
+                            entry.writeBits(outputStream);
+                            codingA0Color = 1 - codingA0Color;
+                            a0 = a1;
+                        } else {
+                            final int a2 = nextChangingElement(codingLine, 1 - codingA0Color, a1 + 1);
+                            final int a0a1 = a1 - a0;
+                            final int a1a2 = a2 - a1;
+                            T4_T6_Tables.H.writeBits(outputStream);
+                            writeRunLength(outputStream, a0a1, codingA0Color);
+                            writeRunLength(outputStream, a1a2, 1 - codingA0Color);
+                            a0 = a2;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    referenceA0Color = changingElementAt(referenceLine, a0);
+                    a1 = nextChangingElement(codingLine, codingA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                    if (codingA0Color == referenceA0Color) {
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                    } else {
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                    }
+                    b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - codingA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                }
+                final int[] swap = referenceLine;
+                referenceLine = codingLine;
+                codingLine = swap;
+                inputStream.flushCache();
+            }
+            // EOFB
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL.writeBits(outputStream);
+            T4_T6_Tables.EOL.writeBits(outputStream);
+            final byte[] ret = outputStream.toByteArray();
+            canThrow = true;
+            return ret;
+        } finally {
+            try {
+                IoUtils.closeQuietly(canThrow, inputStream);
+            } catch (final IOException ioException) {
+                throw new ImageWriteException("I/O error", ioException);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decompress T.6 encoded data. No EOLs, except for 2 consecutive ones at
+     * the end (the EOFB, end of fax block). No RTC. No fill bits anywhere. All
+     * data is 2D encoded.
+     * 
+     * @param compressed
+     * @param width
+     * @param height
+     * @return the decompressed data
+     * @throws ImageReadException
+     */
+    public static byte[] decompressT6(final byte[] compressed, final int width, final int height)
+            throws ImageReadException {
+        final BitInputStreamFlexible inputStream = new BitInputStreamFlexible(new ByteArrayInputStream(compressed));
+        final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream = new BitArrayOutputStream();
+        final int[] referenceLine = new int[width];
+        for (int y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+            int rowLength = 0;
+            try {
+                int codingA0Color = WHITE;
+                int referenceA0Color = WHITE;
+                int b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, 0);
+                int b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                for (int a0 = 0; a0 < width;) {
+                    int a1;
+                    int a2;
+                    T4_T6_Tables.Entry  entry = CONTROL_CODES.decode(inputStream);
+                    if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.P) {
+                        fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a0, b2, codingA0Color);
+                        a0 = b2;
+                    } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.H) {
+                        final int a0a1 = readTotalRunLength(inputStream, codingA0Color);
+                        a1 = a0 + a0a1;
+                        fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a0, a1, codingA0Color);
+                        final int a1a2 = readTotalRunLength(inputStream, 1 - codingA0Color);
+                        a2 = a1 + a1a2;
+                        fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a1, a2, 1 - codingA0Color);
+                        a0 = a2;
+                    } else {
+                        int a1b1;
+                        if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.V0) {
+                            a1b1 = 0;
+                        } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VL1) {
+                            a1b1 = -1;
+                        } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VL2) {
+                            a1b1 = -2;
+                        } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VL3) {
+                            a1b1 = -3;
+                        } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VR1) {
+                            a1b1 = 1;
+                        } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VR2) {
+                            a1b1 = 2;
+                        } else if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.VR3) {
+                            a1b1 = 3;
+                        } else {
+                            throw new ImageReadException("Invalid/unknown T.6 control code " + entry.bitString);
+                        }
+                        a1 = b1 + a1b1;
+                        fillRange(outputStream, referenceLine, a0, a1, codingA0Color);
+                        a0 = a1;
+                        codingA0Color = 1 - codingA0Color;
+                    }
+                    referenceA0Color = changingElementAt(referenceLine, a0);
+                    if (codingA0Color == referenceA0Color) {
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                    } else {
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, referenceA0Color, a0 + 1);
+                        b1 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - referenceA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                    }
+                    b2 = nextChangingElement(referenceLine, 1 - codingA0Color, b1 + 1);
+                    rowLength = a0;
+                }
+            } catch (final HuffmanTreeException huffmanException) {
+                throw new ImageReadException("Decompression error", huffmanException);
+            }
+
+            if (rowLength == width) {
+                outputStream.flush();
+            } else if (rowLength > width) {
+                throw new ImageReadException("Unrecoverable row length error in image row " + y);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return outputStream.toByteArray();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isEOL(final T4_T6_Tables.Entry entry, final boolean hasFill) {
+        if (entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (hasFill) {
+            return entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL13 || entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL14
+                    || entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL15
+                    || entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL16
+                    || entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL17
+                    || entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL18
+                    || entry == T4_T6_Tables.EOL19;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static void writeRunLength(final BitArrayOutputStream bitStream,
+            int runLength, final int color) {
+        final T4_T6_Tables.Entry[] makeUpCodes;
+        final T4_T6_Tables.Entry[] terminatingCodes;
+        if (color == WHITE) {
+            makeUpCodes = T4_T6_Tables.WHITE_MAKE_UP_CODES;
+            terminatingCodes = T4_T6_Tables.WHITE_TERMINATING_CODES;
+        } else {
+            makeUpCodes = T4_T6_Tables.BLACK_MAKE_UP_CODES;
+            terminatingCodes = T4_T6_Tables.BLACK_TERMINATING_CODES;
+        }
+        while (runLength >= 1792) {
+            final T4_T6_Tables.Entry entry = lowerBound(
+                    T4_T6_Tables.ADDITIONAL_MAKE_UP_CODES, runLength);
+            entry.writeBits(bitStream);
+            runLength -= entry.value;
+        }
+        while (runLength >= 64) {
+            final T4_T6_Tables.Entry entry = lowerBound(makeUpCodes, runLength);
+            entry.writeBits(bitStream);
+            runLength -= entry.value;
+        }
+        final T4_T6_Tables.Entry terminatingEntry = terminatingCodes[runLength];
+        terminatingEntry.writeBits(bitStream);
+    }
+
+    private static T4_T6_Tables.Entry lowerBound(final T4_T6_Tables.Entry[] entries, final int value) {
+        int first = 0;
+        int last = entries.length - 1;
+        do {
+            final int middle = (first + last) >>> 1;
+            if (entries[middle].value <= value
+                    && ((middle + 1) >= entries.length || value < entries[middle + 1].value)) {
+                return entries[middle];
+            } else if (entries[middle].value > value) {
+                last = middle - 1;
+            } else {
+                first = middle + 1;
+            }
+        } while (first < last);
+        
+        return entries[first];
+    }
+
+    private static int readTotalRunLength(final BitInputStreamFlexible bitStream, 
+            final int color) throws ImageReadException {
+        try {
+            int totalLength = 0;
+            Integer runLength;
+            do {
+                if (color == WHITE) {
+                    runLength = WHITE_RUN_LENGTHS.decode(bitStream);
+                } else {
+                    runLength = BLACK_RUN_LENGTHS.decode(bitStream);
+                }
+                totalLength += runLength;
+            } while (runLength > 63);
+            return totalLength;
+        } catch (final HuffmanTreeException huffmanException) {
+            throw new ImageReadException("Decompression error", huffmanException);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int changingElementAt(final int[] line, final int position) {
+        if (position < 0 || position >= line.length) {
+            return WHITE;
+        }
+        return line[position];
+    }
+
+    private static int nextChangingElement(final int[] line, final int currentColour, final int start) {
+        int position;
+        for (position = start; position < line.length
+                && line[position] == currentColour; position++) {
+            // noop
+        }
+        
+        return position < line.length ? position : line.length;
+    }
+
+    private static void fillRange(final BitArrayOutputStream outputStream,
+            final int[] referenceRow, final int a0, final int end, final int color) {
+        for (int i = a0; i < end; i++) {
+            referenceRow[i] = color;
+            outputStream.writeBit(color);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.commons.imaging.common.itu_t4.BitArrayOutputStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 224 is not released after line 256.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+byte[] T4AndT6Compression.decompressT4_1D(byte[],int,int,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.commons.imaging.common.itu_t4.T4AndT6Compression.decompressT4_1D(byte[],int,int,boolean):.120240f8f4b62cd5dfe2a6fd01bb1bce
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/commons/imaging/common/itu_t4/T4AndT6Compression.java
+
+### Key:
+T4AndT6Compression.java|decompressT4_1D|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+33103e039a9974e67f967f0461ee6ea2
+
+### Hash:
+dbeeca76d3a2a82b3222e076861e8c67
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8902/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8902/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fb9325dd78df42dd7132e42f292d7e3aa6c1d69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8902/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** word
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ *
+ * APDPlat - Application Product Development Platform
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 杨尚川, yang-shangchuan@qq.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.apdplat.word.segmentation.impl;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.apdplat.word.recognition.RecognitionTool;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.Segmentation;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.SegmentationAlgorithm;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.SegmentationFactory;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.Word;
+
+/**
+ * 基于词典的全切分算法
+ * Dictionary-based full segmentation algorithm
+ * 利用ngram给每一种切分结果计算分值
+ * 如果多个切分结果分值相同，则选择切分出的词的个数最少的切分结果（最少分词原则）
+ * @author 杨尚川
+ */
+public class FullSegmentation extends AbstractSegmentation{
+    private static final AbstractSegmentation RMM = (AbstractSegmentation)SegmentationFactory.getSegmentation(SegmentationAlgorithm.ReverseMaximumMatching);
+    //在评估采用的测试文本253 3709行2837 4490个字符中,行长度小于等于50的占了99.932465%
+    //大于50的行长度文本采用逆向最大匹配算法切分文本
+    private static final int PROCESS_TEXT_LENGTH_LESS_THAN = 50;
+    //长度小于等于18的文本单字成词，大于18的文本只有无词时才单字成词
+    private static final int CHAR_IS_WORD_LENGTH_LESS_THAN = 18;
+
+    @Override
+    public SegmentationAlgorithm getSegmentationAlgorithm() {
+        return SegmentationAlgorithm.FullSegmentation;
+    }
+    @Override
+    public List<Word> segImpl(String text) {
+        if(text.length() > PROCESS_TEXT_LENGTH_LESS_THAN){
+            return RMM.segImpl(text);
+        }
+        //获取全切分结果
+        List<Word>[] array = fullSeg(text);
+        //利用ngram计算分值
+        Map<List<Word>, Float> words = ngram(array);
+        //歧义消解（ngram分值优先、词个数少优先）
+        List<Word> result = disambiguity(words);
+        return result;
+    }
+    private List<Word> disambiguity(Map<List<Word>, Float> words){
+        //按分值排序
+        List<Entry<List<Word>, Float>> entrys = words.entrySet().parallelStream().sorted((a,b)->b.getValue().compareTo(a.getValue())).collect(Collectors.toList());
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("ngram分值：");
+            int i=1;
+            for(Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry : entrys){
+                LOGGER.debug("\t"+(i++)+"、"+"词个数="+entry.getKey().size()+"\tngram分值="+entry.getValue()+"\t"+entry.getKey());
+            }
+        }
+        //移除小于最大分值的切分结果
+        float maxScore=entrys.get(0).getValue();
+        Iterator<Entry<List<Word>, Float>> iter = entrys.iterator();
+        while(iter.hasNext()){
+            Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry = iter.next();
+            if(entry.getValue() < maxScore){
+                entry.getKey().clear();
+                iter.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("只保留最大分值：");
+            int i=1;
+            for(Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry : entrys){
+                LOGGER.debug("\t"+(i++)+"、"+"词个数="+entry.getKey().size()+"\tngram分值="+entry.getValue()+"\t"+entry.getKey());
+            }
+        }
+        //如果有多个分值一样的切分结果，则选择词个数最少的（最少分词原则）
+        int minSize=Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        List<Word> minSizeList = null;
+        iter = entrys.iterator();
+        while(iter.hasNext()){
+            Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry = iter.next();
+            if(entry.getKey().size() < minSize){
+                minSize = entry.getKey().size();
+                if(minSizeList != null){
+                    minSizeList.clear();
+                }
+                minSizeList = entry.getKey();
+            }else{
+                entry.getKey().clear();
+                iter.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("最大分值："+maxScore+", 消歧结果："+minSizeList+"，词个数："+minSize);
+        }
+        return minSizeList;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 获取文本的所有可能切分结果
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @return 全切分结果
+     */
+    private List<Word>[] fullSeg(String text){
+        //文本长度
+        final int textLen = text.length();
+        //以每一个字作为词的开始，所能切分的词
+        final List<String>[] sequence = new LinkedList[textLen];
+        if(isParallelSeg()){
+            //并行化
+            List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(textLen);
+            for(int i=0; i<textLen; i++){
+                list.add(i);
+            }
+            list.parallelStream().forEach(i->sequence[i] = fullSeg(text, i));
+        }else {
+            //串行化
+            for (int i = 0; i < textLen; i++) {
+                sequence[i] = fullSeg(text, i);
+            }
+        }
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("全切分中间结果：");
+            int i=1;
+            for(List<String> list : sequence){
+                LOGGER.debug("\t"+(i++)+"、"+list);
+            }
+        }
+        //树叶
+        List<Node> leaf = new LinkedList<>();
+        for(String word : sequence[0]){
+            //树根
+            Node node = new Node(word);
+            //把全切分中间结果（二维数组）转换为合理切分
+            buildNode(node, sequence, word.length(), leaf);
+        }
+        //清理无用数据
+        for(int j=0; j<sequence.length; j++){
+            sequence[j].clear();
+            sequence[j] = null;
+        }
+        //从所有树叶开始反向遍历出全切分结果
+        List<Word>[] res = toWords(leaf);
+        leaf.clear();
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 获取以某个字符开始的小于截取长度的所有词
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @param start 起始字符索引
+     * @return 所有符合要求的词
+     */
+    private List<String> fullSeg(final String text, final int start) {
+        List<String> result = new LinkedList<>();
+        final int textLen = text.length();
+        //剩下文本长度
+        int len = textLen - start;
+        //最大截取长度
+        int interceptLength = getInterceptLength();
+        if(len > interceptLength){
+            len = interceptLength;
+        }
+        while(len > 1){
+            if(getDictionary().contains(text, start, len) || RecognitionTool.recog(text, start, len)){
+                result.add(text.substring(start, start + len));
+            }
+            len--;
+        }
+        if(textLen <= CHAR_IS_WORD_LENGTH_LESS_THAN || result.isEmpty()){
+            //增加单字词
+            result.add(text.substring(start, start + 1));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 根据全切分中间结果构造切分树
+     * @param parent 父节点
+     * @param sequence 全切分中间结果
+     * @param from 全切分中间结果数组下标索引
+     * @param leaf 叶子节点集合
+     */
+    private void buildNode(Node parent, List<String>[] sequence, int from, List<Node> leaf){
+        //递归退出条件：二维数组遍历完毕
+        if(from >= sequence.length){
+            //记住叶子节点
+            leaf.add(parent);
+            return;
+        }
+        for(String item : sequence[from]){
+            Node child = new Node(item, parent);
+            buildNode(child, sequence, from+item.length(), leaf);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * 从树叶开始反向遍历生成全切分结果
+     * @param leaf 树叶节点集合
+     * @return 全切分结果集合
+     */
+    private List<Word>[] toWords(List<Node> leaf){
+        List<Word>[] result = new ArrayList[leaf.size()];
+        int i = 0;
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOGGER.debug("全切分结果：");
+        }
+        for(Node node : leaf){
+            result[i++] = toWords(node);
+            if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOGGER.debug("\t" + i + "：" + result[i - 1]);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 从树叶开始反向遍历生成全切分结果
+     * @param node 树叶节点
+     * @return 全切分结果
+     */
+    private List<Word> toWords(Node node){
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<>();
+        while(node != null){
+            stack.push(node.getText());
+            node = node.getParent();
+        }
+        int len = stack.size();
+        List<Word> list = new ArrayList<>(len);
+        for(int i=0; i<len; i++){
+            list.add(new Word(stack.pop()));
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 树节点
+     * 只需要反向遍历
+     * 不需要记住子节点，知道父节点即可
+     */
+    private static class Node{
+        private String text;
+        private Node parent;
+        public Node(String text) {
+            this.text = text;
+        }
+        public Node(String text, Node parent) {
+            this.text = text;
+            this.parent = parent;
+        }
+        public String getText() {
+            return text;
+        }
+        public void setText(String text) {
+            this.text = text;
+        }
+        public Node getParent() {
+            return parent;
+        }
+        public void setParent(Node parent) {
+            this.parent = parent;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return this.text;
+        }
+    }
+    public static void main(String[] args){
+        Segmentation m = new FullSegmentation();
+        if(args !=null && args.length > 0){
+            System.out.println(m.seg(Arrays.asList(args).toString()));
+            return;
+        }
+        String text = "蝶舞打扮得漂漂亮亮出现在张公公面前";
+        System.out.println(m.seg(text));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `words` last assigned on line 60 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `disambiguity(...)` at line 62.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List FullSegmentation.segImpl(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apdplat.word.segmentation.impl.FullSegmentation.segImpl(java.lang.String):java.util.List.91392936c7775c5901120795694c621b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apdplat/word/segmentation/impl/FullSegmentation.java
+
+### Key:
+FullSegmentation.java|segImpl|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cd917e0854ab05a03701b589d85cd12c
+
+### Hash:
+416abd8972bec4244a64cced453418c4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8903/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8903/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fa60f728f11cad9a594a6c204eadbdd3e61bed7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8903/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** word
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ * APDPlat - Application Product Development Platform
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 杨尚川, yang-shangchuan@qq.com
+ * 
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * 
+ */
+
+package org.apdplat.word.segmentation.impl;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Stack;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import org.apdplat.word.corpus.Bigram;
+import org.apdplat.word.corpus.Trigram;
+import org.apdplat.word.dictionary.Dictionary;
+import org.apdplat.word.dictionary.DictionaryFactory;
+import org.apdplat.word.recognition.PersonName;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.Segmentation;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.Word;
+import org.apdplat.word.recognition.Punctuation;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.WordRefiner;
+import org.apdplat.word.util.WordConfTools;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * 分词算法抽象类
+ * @author 杨尚川
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractSegmentation  implements Segmentation{
+    protected final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
+    protected static final Dictionary DIC = DictionaryFactory.getDictionary();
+    protected static final boolean PERSON_NAME_RECOGNIZE = "true".equals(WordConfTools.get("person.name.recognize", "true"));
+    protected static final boolean KEEP_WHITESPACE = "true".equals(WordConfTools.get("keep.whitespace", "false"));
+    protected static final boolean KEEP_PUNCTUATION = "true".equals(WordConfTools.get("keep.punctuation", "false"));
+    private static final int INTERCEPT_LENGTH = WordConfTools.getInt("intercept.length", 16);
+    private static final String NGRAM = WordConfTools.get("ngram", "bigram");
+    private static final boolean refine = "true".equals(WordConfTools.get("refine", "false").trim());
+    private static final ExecutorService EXECUTOR_SERVICE = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(WordConfTools.getInt("thread.pool.size", 4));
+    public abstract List<Word> segImpl(String text);
+    /**
+     * 是否启用ngram
+     * @return 是或否
+     */
+    public boolean ngramEnabled(){
+        return "bigram".equals(NGRAM) || "trigram".equals(NGRAM);
+    }
+    /**
+     * 利用ngram进行评分
+     * @param sentences 多个分词结果
+     * @return 评分后的结果
+     */
+    public Map<List<Word>, Float> ngram(List<Word>... sentences){
+        if("bigram".equals(NGRAM)){
+            return Bigram.bigram(sentences);
+      
+        }
+        if("trigram".equals(NGRAM)){
+            return Trigram.trigram(sentences);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 分词时截取的字符串的最大长度
+     * @return 
+     */
+    public int getInterceptLength(){
+        if(DIC.getMaxLength() > INTERCEPT_LENGTH){
+            return DIC.getMaxLength();
+        }
+        return INTERCEPT_LENGTH;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 默认分词算法实现：
+     * 1、把要分词的文本根据标点符号进行分割
+     * 2、对分割后的文本进行分词
+     * 3、组合分词结果
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @return 分词结果
+     */
+    @Override
+    public List<Word> seg(String text) {
+        List<Word> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<String> sentences = Punctuation.seg(text, KEEP_PUNCTUATION);
+        if(sentences.size() == 1){
+            result = segSentence(sentences.get(0));
+        }else {
+            //如果是多个句子，可以利用多线程提升分词速度
+            List<Future<List<Word>>> futures = new ArrayList<>(sentences.size());
+            for (String sentence : sentences) {
+                futures.add(submit(sentence));
+            }
+            sentences.clear();
+            for (Future<List<Word>> future : futures) {
+                List<Word> words;
+                try {
+                    words = future.get();
+                    if (words != null) {
+                        result.addAll(words);
+                    }
+                } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException ex) {
+                    LOGGER.error("获取分词结果失败", ex);
+                }
+            }
+            futures.clear();
+        }
+        if(refine) {
+            LOGGER.debug("对分词结果进行refine之前：{}", result);
+            List<Word> finalResult = refine(result);
+            LOGGER.debug("对分词结果进行refine之后：{}", finalResult);
+            result.clear();
+            return finalResult;
+        }else{
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 先拆词，再组词
+     * @param words
+     * @return
+     */
+    private List<Word> refine(List<Word> words){
+        List<Word> result = new ArrayList<>(words.size());
+        //一：拆词
+        for(Word word : words){
+            List<Word> splitWords = WordRefiner.split(word);
+            if(splitWords==null){
+                result.add(word);
+            }else{
+                LOGGER.debug("词： "+word.getText()+" 被拆分为："+splitWords);
+                result.addAll(splitWords);
+            }
+        }
+        LOGGER.debug("对分词结果进行refine阶段的拆词之后：{}",result);
+        //二：组词
+        if(result.size()<2){
+            return result;
+        }
+        int combineMaxLength = WordConfTools.getInt("word.refine.combine.max.length", 3);
+        if(combineMaxLength < 2){
+            combineMaxLength = 2;
+        }
+        List<Word> finalResult = new ArrayList<>(result.size());
+        for(int i=0; i<result.size(); i++){
+            List<Word> toCombineWords = null;
+            Word combinedWord = null;
+            for(int j=2; j<=combineMaxLength; j++){
+                int to = i+j;
+                if(to > result.size()){
+                    to = result.size();
+                }
+                toCombineWords = result.subList(i, to);
+                combinedWord = WordRefiner.combine(toCombineWords);
+                if(combinedWord != null){
+                    i += j;
+                    i--;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if(combinedWord == null){
+                finalResult.add(result.get(i));
+            }else{
+                LOGGER.debug("词： "+toCombineWords+" 被合并为："+combinedWord);
+                finalResult.add(combinedWord);
+            }
+        }
+        return finalResult;
+    }
+    private Future<List<Word>> submit(final String sentence){
+        return EXECUTOR_SERVICE.submit(new Callable<List<Word>>(){
+            @Override
+            public List<Word> call() {
+                return segSentence(sentence);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    private List<Word> segSentence(final String sentence){
+        if(sentence.length() == 1){
+            if(KEEP_WHITESPACE){
+                List<Word> result = new ArrayList<>(1);
+                result.add(new Word(sentence));
+                return result;
+            }else{
+                if(!isWhiteSpace(sentence.charAt(0))){
+                    List<Word> result = new ArrayList<>(1);
+                    result.add(new Word(sentence));
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if(sentence.length() > 1){
+            List<Word> list = segImpl(sentence);
+            if(list != null){
+                if(PERSON_NAME_RECOGNIZE){
+                    list = PersonName.recognize(list);
+                }
+                return list;
+            }else{
+                LOGGER.error("文本 "+sentence+" 没有获得分词结果");
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 将识别出的词放入队列
+     * @param result 队列
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @param start 词开始索引
+     * @param len 词长度
+     */
+    protected void addWord(List<Word> result, String text, int start, int len){
+        Word word = getWord(text, start, len);
+        if(word != null){
+            result.add(word);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * 将识别出的词入栈
+     * @param result 栈
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @param start 词开始索引
+     * @param len 词长度
+     */
+    protected void addWord(Stack<Word> result, String text, int start, int len){
+        Word word = getWord(text, start, len);
+        if(word != null){
+            result.push(word);
+        }
+    }    
+    /**
+     * 获取一个已经识别的词
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @param start 词开始索引
+     * @param len 词长度
+     * @return 词或空
+     */
+    protected Word getWord(String text, int start, int len){
+        Word word = new Word(text.substring(start, start+len).toLowerCase());
+        //方便编译器优化
+        if(KEEP_WHITESPACE){
+            //保留空白字符
+            return word;
+        }else{
+            //忽略空白字符，包括：空格、全角空格、\t、\n                
+            if(len > 1){
+                //长度大于1，不会是空白字符
+                return word;
+            }else{
+                //长度为1，只要非空白字符
+                if(!(isWhiteSpace(text, start, len))){
+                    //不是空白字符，保留
+                    return word;           
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 判断索引下标为start的字符是否为空白字符
+     * 这个方法只用在这里
+     * 为了速度，不检查索引下标是否越界
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @param start 索引下标
+     * @param len 长度
+     * @return 是否
+     */
+    protected boolean isWhiteSpace(String text, int start, int len){
+        return isWhiteSpace(text.charAt(start));
+    }
+    /**
+     * 判断指定的字符是否是空白字符
+     * @param c 字符
+     * @return 是否是空白字符
+     */
+    protected boolean isWhiteSpace(char c){
+        return c == ' ' || c == '　' || c == '\t' || c == '\n';
+    }
+    public static void main(String[] args){
+
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `result` last assigned on line 105 could be null and is dereferenced at line 130.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List AbstractSegmentation.seg(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apdplat.word.segmentation.impl.AbstractSegmentation.seg(java.lang.String):java.util.List.997cd5f4cad0e8e2df78bb400e3a3dd1
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apdplat/word/segmentation/impl/AbstractSegmentation.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractSegmentation.java|seg|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4c63353bc838fe81ed2993cd57a90371
+
+### Hash:
+2d43ef30c5ef8a0ce4c6d97b395a78f0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8904/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8904/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bcb16e95241fa6ed3ecf9326bce8be5e2bd51a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8904/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** word
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ * APDPlat - Application Product Development Platform
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 杨尚川, yang-shangchuan@qq.com
+ * 
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * 
+ */
+
+package org.apdplat.word.util;
+
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @author 杨尚川
+ */
+public class GenericTrieTest {
+    private final GenericTrie<Integer> trie = new GenericTrie<>();
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+        trie.put("杨尚川", 100);
+        trie.put("杨尚喜", 99);
+        trie.put("杨尚丽", 98);
+        trie.put("中华人民共和国", 1);
+    }
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+        trie.clear();
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testClear() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(100, trie.get("杨尚川"), 0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, trie.get("中华人民共和国"), 0);
+        trie.clear();
+        Assert.assertEquals(null, trie.get("杨尚川"));
+        Assert.assertEquals(null, trie.get("中华人民共和国"));
+    }
+    @Test
+    public void testGet() {
+        Assert.assertEquals(100, trie.get("杨尚川"), 0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(99, trie.get("杨尚喜"), 0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(98, trie.get("杨尚丽"), 0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(1, trie.get("中华人民共和国"), 0);
+        Assert.assertEquals(null, trie.get("杨"));
+        Assert.assertEquals(null, trie.get("杨尚"));
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `GenericTrieTest.trie.get("\\230\\157\\168\\229\\176\\154\\229\\183\\157")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GenericTrieTest.testClear()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apdplat.word.util.GenericTrieTest.testClear():void.0af7bdc85d06fa3adab24a302842b0d6
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/apdplat/word/util/GenericTrieTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GenericTrieTest.java|testClear|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3392ddd9e7af3710d0647e5067e4a3e1
+
+### Hash:
+136a72b42773586543041e70e3d18dc0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8905/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8905/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab87580494d966c065e6a14d8aa6d841e95be1dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8905/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** word
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ * APDPlat - Application Product Development Platform
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 杨尚川, yang-shangchuan@qq.com
+ * 
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ * 
+ */
+
+package org.apdplat.word.segmentation.impl;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Stack;
+import org.apdplat.word.recognition.RecognitionTool;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.SegmentationAlgorithm;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.SegmentationFactory;
+import org.apdplat.word.segmentation.Word;
+import org.apdplat.word.util.Utils;
+
+/**
+ * 基于词典的全切分算法
+ * Dictionary-based full segmentation algorithm
+ * 利用ngram给每一种切分结果计算分值
+ * 如果多个切分结果分值相同，则选择切分出的词的个数最少的切分结果（最少分词原则）
+ * @author 杨尚川
+ */
+public class FullSegmentation extends AbstractSegmentation{
+    private static final AbstractSegmentation RMM = (AbstractSegmentation)SegmentationFactory.getSegmentation(SegmentationAlgorithm.ReverseMaximumMatching);
+    //在评估采用的测试文本253 3709行2837 4490个字符中,行长度小于等于50的占了99.932465%
+    //大于50的行长度文本采用逆向最大匹配算法切分文本
+    private static final int PROCESS_TEXT_LENGTH_LESS_THAN = 50;
+    //长度小于等于18的文本单字成词，大于18的文本只有无词时才单字成词
+    private static final int CHAR_IS_WORD_LENGTH_LESS_THAN = 18;    
+    @Override
+    public List<Word> segImpl(String text) {
+        if(text.length() > PROCESS_TEXT_LENGTH_LESS_THAN){
+            return RMM.segImpl(text);
+        }
+        //获取全切分结果
+        List<Word>[] array = fullSeg(text);
+        //利用ngram计算分值
+        Map<List<Word>, Float> words = ngram(array);
+        //歧义消解（ngram分值优先、词个数少优先）
+        List<Word> result = disambiguity(words);
+        return result;        
+    }
+    private List<Word> disambiguity(Map<List<Word>, Float> words){
+        //按分值排序
+        List<Entry<List<Word>, Float>> entrys = Utils.getSortedMapByValue(words);        
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("ngram分值：");
+            int i=1;
+            for(Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry : entrys){
+                LOGGER.debug("\t"+(i++)+"、"+"词个数="+entry.getKey().size()+"\tngram分值="+entry.getValue()+"\t"+entry.getKey());
+            }
+        }
+        //移除小于最大分值的切分结果
+        float maxScore=entrys.get(0).getValue();
+        Iterator<Entry<List<Word>, Float>> iter = entrys.iterator();
+        while(iter.hasNext()){
+            Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry = iter.next();
+            if(entry.getValue() < maxScore){
+                entry.getKey().clear();
+                iter.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("只保留最大分值：");
+            int i=1;
+            for(Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry : entrys){
+                LOGGER.debug("\t"+(i++)+"、"+"词个数="+entry.getKey().size()+"\tngram分值="+entry.getValue()+"\t"+entry.getKey());
+            }
+        }
+        //如果有多个分值一样的切分结果，则选择词个数最少的（最少分词原则）
+        int minSize=Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        List<Word> minSizeList = null;
+        iter = entrys.iterator();
+        while(iter.hasNext()){
+            Entry<List<Word>, Float> entry = iter.next();
+            if(entry.getKey().size() < minSize){
+                minSize = entry.getKey().size();
+                if(minSizeList != null){
+                    minSizeList.clear();
+                }
+                minSizeList = entry.getKey();
+            }else{
+                entry.getKey().clear();
+                iter.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("最大分值："+maxScore+", 消歧结果："+minSizeList+"，词个数："+minSize);
+        }
+        return minSizeList;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 获取文本的所有可能切分结果
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @return 全切分结果
+     */
+    private List<Word>[] fullSeg(String text){        
+        //文本长度
+        final int textLen = text.length();
+        //以每一个字作为词的开始，所能切分的词
+        List<String>[] sequence = new LinkedList[textLen];
+        for(int start=0; start<textLen; start++){
+            sequence[start] = fullSeg(text, start);
+        }
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()){
+            LOGGER.debug("全切分中间结果：");
+            int i=1;
+            for(List<String> list : sequence){
+                LOGGER.debug("\t"+(i++)+"、"+list);
+            }
+        }
+        //树叶
+        List<Node> leaf = new LinkedList<>();
+        for(String word : sequence[0]){
+            //树根
+            Node node = new Node(word);
+            //把全切分中间结果（二维数组）转换为合理切分
+            buildNode(node, sequence, word.length(), leaf);            
+        }
+        //清理无用数据
+        for(int j=0; j<sequence.length; j++){
+            sequence[j].clear();
+            sequence[j] = null;
+        }
+        sequence = null;
+        //从所有树叶开始反向遍历出全切分结果
+        List<Word>[] res = toWords(leaf);
+        leaf.clear();
+        return res;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 获取以某个字符开始的小于截取长度的所有词
+     * @param text 文本
+     * @param start 起始字符索引
+     * @return 所有符合要求的词
+     */
+    private List<String> fullSeg(final String text, final int start) {
+        List<String> result = new LinkedList<>();
+        final int textLen = text.length();
+        //剩下文本长度
+        int len = textLen - start;
+        //最大截取长度
+        int interceptLength = getInterceptLength();
+        if(len > interceptLength){
+            len = interceptLength;
+        }
+        while(len > 1){
+            if(getDictionary().contains(text, start, len) || RecognitionTool.recog(text, start, len)){
+                result.add(text.substring(start, start + len));
+            }
+            len--;
+        }
+        if(textLen <= CHAR_IS_WORD_LENGTH_LESS_THAN || result.isEmpty()){
+            //增加单字词
+            result.add(text.substring(start, start + 1));
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 根据全切分中间结果构造切分树
+     * @param parent 父节点
+     * @param sequence 全切分中间结果
+     * @param from 全切分中间结果数组下标索引
+     * @param leaf 叶子节点集合
+     */
+    private void buildNode(Node parent, List<String>[] sequence, int from, List<Node> leaf){
+        //递归退出条件：二维数组遍历完毕
+        if(from >= sequence.length){
+            //记住叶子节点
+            leaf.add(parent);
+            return;
+        }
+        for(String item : sequence[from]){
+            Node child = new Node(item, parent);
+            buildNode(child, sequence, from+item.length(), leaf);
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * 从树叶开始反向遍历生成全切分结果
+     * @param leaf 树叶节点集合
+     * @return 全切分结果集合
+     */
+    private List<Word>[] toWords(List<Node> leaf){
+        List<Word>[] result = new ArrayList[leaf.size()];
+        int i = 0;
+        if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOGGER.debug("全切分结果：");
+        }
+        for(Node node : leaf){
+            result[i++] = toWords(node);
+            if(LOGGER.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOGGER.debug("\t" + i + "：" + result[i - 1]);
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 从树叶开始反向遍历生成全切分结果
+     * @param node 树叶节点
+     * @return 全切分结果
+     */
+    private List<Word> toWords(Node node){
+        Stack<String> stack = new Stack<>();
+        while(node != null){
+            stack.push(node.getText());
+            node = node.getParent();
+        }
+        int len = stack.size();
+        List<Word> list = new ArrayList<>(len);
+        for(int i=0; i<len; i++){
+            list.add(new Word(stack.pop()));
+        }
+        return list;
+    }
+    /**
+     * 树节点
+     * 只需要反向遍历
+     * 不需要记住子节点，知道父节点即可
+     */
+    private static class Node{
+        private String text;
+        private Node parent;
+        public Node(String text) {
+            this.text = text;
+        }
+        public Node(String text, Node parent) {
+            this.text = text;
+            this.parent = parent;
+        }
+        public String getText() {
+            return text;
+        }
+        public void setText(String text) {
+            this.text = text;
+        }
+        public Node getParent() {
+            return parent;
+        }
+        public void setParent(Node parent) {
+            this.parent = parent;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return this.text;
+        }
+    }
+    public static void main(String[] args){
+        String text = "中国人民共和国";
+        if(args !=null && args.length == 1){
+            text = args[0];
+        }
+        FullSegmentation m = new FullSegmentation();
+        System.out.println(m.seg(text).toString());
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `words` last assigned on line 58 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `disambiguity(...)` at line 60.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List FullSegmentation.segImpl(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apdplat.word.segmentation.impl.FullSegmentation.segImpl(java.lang.String):java.util.List.91392936c7775c5901120795694c621b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apdplat/word/segmentation/impl/FullSegmentation.java
+
+### Key:
+FullSegmentation.java|segImpl|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+cd917e0854ab05a03701b589d85cd12c
+
+### Hash:
+416abd8972bec4244a64cced453418c4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8932/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8932/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40c14c55995c02e470acebd07c101cde2645eda6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8932/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,856 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.gui;
+
+import java.awt.Point;
+import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
+import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
+import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
+import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter;
+import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
+import javax.swing.AbstractAction;
+import javax.swing.ActionMap;
+import javax.swing.InputMap;
+import javax.swing.JMenuItem;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import javax.swing.JPopupMenu;
+import javax.swing.KeyStroke;
+import javax.swing.event.ListSelectionEvent;
+import javax.swing.event.ListSelectionListener;
+import mediathek.MediathekGui;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.ListenerFilmeLaden;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.ListenerFilmeLadenEvent;
+import mediathek.controller.io.starter.Start;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenDownload;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenFilm;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogDatenFilm;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogEditDownload;
+import mediathek.tool.BeobMpanel;
+import mediathek.tool.CellRendererDownloads;
+import mediathek.tool.Datum;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionen;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiKonstanten;
+import mediathek.tool.HinweisKeineAuswahl;
+import mediathek.tool.JTableMed;
+import mediathek.tool.Konstanten;
+import mediathek.tool.ListenerMediathekView;
+import mediathek.tool.TModelDownload;
+
+public class GuiDownloads extends PanelVorlage {
+
+    private DialogDatenFilm dialogDatenFilm = null;
+    private JTableMed tabelle;
+
+    public GuiDownloads(DDaten d) {
+        super(d);
+        initComponents();
+        tabelle = new JTableMed(JTableMed.TABELLE_TAB_DOWNLOADS);
+        jScrollPane1.setViewportView(tabelle);
+        dialogDatenFilm = new DialogDatenFilm(null, false, ddaten);
+        init();
+        load();
+        tabelle.initTabelle();
+    }
+    //===================================
+    //public
+    //===================================
+
+    @Override
+    public void isShown() {
+        super.isShown();
+        ddaten.mediathekGui.setToolbar(MediathekGui.ButtonDonwload);
+        ddaten.infoPanel.setIdx(InfoPanel.IDX_GUI_DOWNLOAD);
+    }
+
+    //toolbar
+    public void aktualisieren() {
+        Daten.setGeaendert();
+        aufraeumen();
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.abosLoschen();
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.abosEintragen();
+        load();
+    }
+
+    public void starten(boolean alle) {
+        filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(alle, true /* starten */);
+    }
+
+    public void stoppen(boolean alle) {
+        filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(alle, false /* starten */);
+    }
+
+    public void vorziehen() {
+        downloadVorziehen();
+    }
+
+    public void zurueckstellen() {
+        downloadLoeschen(false);
+    }
+
+    public void loeschen() {
+        downloadLoeschen(true);
+    }
+
+    public void aufraeumen() {
+        tabelleAufraeumen();
+    }
+
+    public void aendern() {
+        downloadAendern();
+    }
+
+    //===================================
+    //private
+    //===================================
+    private void init() {
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setForeground(GuiKonstanten.ABO_FOREGROUND);
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setForeground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FOREGROUND);
+        tabelle.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class, new CellRendererDownloads(ddaten));
+        tabelle.setDefaultRenderer(Datum.class, new CellRendererDownloads(ddaten));
+        tabelle.setModel(new TModelDownload(new Object[][]{}, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_COLUMN_NAMES));
+        tabelle.addMouseListener(new BeobMausTabelle());
+        tabelle.getSelectionModel().addListSelectionListener(new BeobachterTableSelect1());
+        //aendern
+        ActionMap am = tabelle.getActionMap();
+        am.put("aendern", new BeobAbstractAction());
+        InputMap im = tabelle.getInputMap();
+        KeyStroke enter = KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER, 0);
+        im.put(enter, "aendern");
+        //
+        jRadioButtonAlles.addActionListener(new BeobAnzeige());
+        jRadioButtonAbos.addActionListener(new BeobAnzeige());
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.addActionListener(new BeobAnzeige());
+        jCheckBoxFilter.addActionListener(new BeobMpanel(jCheckBoxFilter, jPanelFilter, "Filter"));
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_DOWNLOADS, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                load();
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_ART_DOWNLOAD_PROZENT, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                tabelle.getSelected();
+                ((TModelDownload) tabelle.getModel()).fireTableDataChanged();
+                tabelle.setSelected();
+                setInfo();
+                //panelUpdate();
+            }
+        });
+        DDaten.filmeLaden.addAdListener(new ListenerFilmeLaden() {
+            @Override
+            public void fertig(ListenerFilmeLadenEvent event) {
+                if (Boolean.parseBoolean(Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ABOS_SOFORT_SUCHEN_NR])) {
+                    aktualisieren();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_ABOS, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                if (Boolean.parseBoolean(Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ABOS_SOFORT_SUCHEN_NR])) {
+                    aktualisieren();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_START_EVENT, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                tabelle.getSelected();
+                ((TModelDownload) tabelle.getModel()).fireTableDataChanged();
+                tabelle.setSelected();
+                setInfo();
+                //panelUpdate();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void load() {
+        //Filme laden
+        boolean abo, download;
+        tabelle.getSpalten();
+        if (jRadioButtonAlles.isSelected()) {
+            abo = true;
+            download = true;
+        } else if (jRadioButtonAbos.isSelected()) {
+            abo = true;
+            download = false;
+        } else {
+            abo = false;
+            download = true;
+        }
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.getModel((TModelDownload) tabelle.getModel(), abo, download);
+        ((TModelDownload) tabelle.getModel()).fireTableDataChanged();
+        tabelle.setSpalten();
+        setInfo();
+    }
+
+    private void downloadAendern() {
+        int rows[] = tabelle.getSelectedRows();
+        if (rows.length > 0) {
+            for (int i = rows.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+                int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(rows[i]);
+                String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+                DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+                DatenDownload d = download.getCopy();
+                DialogEditDownload dialog = new DialogEditDownload(null, true, d);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (dialog.ok) {
+                    download.aufMichKopieren(d);
+                    DDaten.setGeaendert();
+                    load();
+                }
+            }
+            setInfo();
+        } else {
+            new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void downloadVorziehen() {
+        int row = tabelle.getSelectedRow();
+        if (row != -1) {
+            int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(row);
+            String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.downloadVorziehen(url);
+            if (download != null) {
+                // hat dann geklappt
+                load();
+                setInfo();
+                if (tabelle.getRowCount() > 0) {
+                    tabelle.setRowSelectionInterval(0, 0);
+                    tabelle.scrollRectToVisible(tabelle.getCellRect(0, 0, false));
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void downloadLoeschen(boolean dauerhaft) {
+        int rows[] = tabelle.getSelectedRows();
+        if (rows.length > 0) {
+            for (int i = rows.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+                int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(rows[i]);
+                String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+                DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+                if (dauerhaft) {
+                    if (download.istAbo()) {
+                        // ein Abo wird zusätzlich ins Logfile geschrieben
+                        ddaten.erledigteAbos.zeileSchreiben(download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_THEMA_NR],
+                                download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_TITEL_NR],
+                                url);
+                    }
+                    ddaten.listeDownloads.delDownloadByUrl(url);
+                }
+                ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                ((TModelDownload) tabelle.getModel()).removeRow(delRow);
+            }
+            setInfo();
+        } else {
+            new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(boolean alle, boolean starten /* starten/wiederstarten oder stoppen */) {
+        // bezieht sich immer auf "alle" oder nur die markierten
+        // Film der noch keinen Starts hat wird gestartet
+        // Film dessen Starts schon auf fertig/fehler steht wird wieder gestartet
+        // bei !starten wird der Film gestoppt
+        String[] urls;
+        String url;
+        // erst mal die URLs sammeln
+        if (alle) {
+            urls = new String[tabelle.getRowCount()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < tabelle.getRowCount(); ++i) {
+                urls[i] = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(i, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            }
+        } else {
+            int[] rows = tabelle.getSelectedRows();
+            urls = new String[rows.length];
+            if (rows.length >= 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
+                    int row = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(rows[i]);
+                    url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(row, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+                    urls[i] = url;
+                }
+            } else {
+                new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen();
+            }
+        }
+        // und jetzt abarbeiten
+        for (int i = 0; i < urls.length; ++i) {
+            url = urls[i];
+            Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(url);
+            if (s != null) {
+                // wenn kein s -> dann gibts auch nichts zum stoppen oder wieder-starten
+                if (!starten && s.status <= Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                    // löschen -> nur wenn noch läuft, sonst gibts nichts mehr zum löschen
+                    ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(url);
+                    if (s.datenDownload.istAbo()) {
+                        // bei Abos Url auch aus dem Logfile löschen, der Film ist damit wieder auf "Anfang"
+                        ddaten.erledigteAbos.urlAusLogfileLoeschen(url);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (starten && s.status > Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                    // wenn er schon fertig ist, erst mal fragen vor dem erneuten Starten
+                    int a = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, "Film nochmal starten?  ==> " + s.datenDownload.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_TITEL_NR], "Fertiger Download", JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION);
+                    if (a != JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) {
+                        // weiter mit der nächsten URL
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(url);
+                    if (s.datenDownload.istAbo()) {
+                        // bei Abos Url auch aus dem Logfile löschen, der Film ist damit wieder auf "Anfang"
+                        ddaten.erledigteAbos.urlAusLogfileLoeschen(url);
+
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+            if (starten) {
+                // jetzt noch starten/wiederstarten
+                // Start erstellen und zur Liste hinzufügen
+                download.startMelden(DatenDownload.PROGRESS_WARTEN);
+                ddaten.starterClass.addStarts(new Start(download));
+            } else {
+                download.startMelden(DatenDownload.PROGRESS_NICHT_GESTARTET);
+            }
+        } // for()
+        setInfo();
+    }
+
+    private void stopWartende() {
+        // es werden alle noch nicht gestarteten Downloads gelöscht
+        for (int i = 0; i < tabelle.getRowCount(); ++i) {
+            int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(i);
+            String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(url);
+            if (s != null) {
+                if (s.status < Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                    ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(url);
+                }
+            }
+            setInfo();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void tabelleAufraeumen() {
+        for (int i = tabelle.getRowCount() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(i);
+            String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(url);
+            if (s != null) {
+                if (s.status >= Start.STATUS_FERTIG) {
+                    ddaten.listeDownloads.delDownloadByUrl(url);
+                    ((TModelDownload) tabelle.getModel()).removeRow(delRow);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        setInfo();
+        ddaten.starterClass.aufraeumen();
+    }
+
+//    private void panelUpdate() {
+//        setInfo();
+//        tabelle.repaint();
+//        this.validate();
+//    }
+    private void setInfo() {
+        String textLinks;
+        // Text links: Zeilen Tabelle
+        int laufen = ddaten.starterClass.getDownloadsLaufen();
+        int warten = ddaten.starterClass.getDownloadsWarten();
+        int gesamt = tabelle.getModel().getRowCount();
+        if (gesamt == 1) {
+            textLinks = "1 Download,";
+        } else {
+            textLinks = gesamt + " Downloads,";
+        }
+        textLinks += " (";
+        if (laufen == 1) {
+            textLinks += "1 läuft,";
+        } else {
+            textLinks += laufen + " laufen,";
+        }
+        if (warten == 1) {
+            textLinks += " 1 wartet";
+        } else {
+            textLinks += " " + warten + " warten";
+        }
+        textLinks += ")";
+        // Infopanel setzen
+        ddaten.infoPanel.setTextLinks(InfoPanel.IDX_GUI_DOWNLOAD, textLinks);
+    }
+
+    private void table1Select() {
+        DatenFilm aktFilm = new DatenFilm();
+        int selectedTableRow = tabelle.getSelectedRow();
+        if (selectedTableRow >= 0) {
+            int selectedModelRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(selectedTableRow);
+            DatenFilm film = Daten.listeFilme.getFilmByUrl(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(selectedModelRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+            if (film != null) {
+                aktFilm = film;
+            }
+        }
+        dialogDatenFilm.setAktFilm(aktFilm);
+    }
+
+    /** This method is called from within the constructor to
+     * initialize the form.
+     * WARNING: Do NOT modify this code. The content of this method is
+     * always regenerated by the Form Editor.
+     */
+    // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Generated Code">//GEN-BEGIN:initComponents
+    private void initComponents() {
+
+        buttonGroup1 = new javax.swing.ButtonGroup();
+        jScrollPane1 = new javax.swing.JScrollPane();
+        jTable1 = new javax.swing.JTable();
+        jPanelFilter = new javax.swing.JPanel();
+        jCheckBoxFilter = new javax.swing.JCheckBox();
+        jPanelFilterInnen = new javax.swing.JPanel();
+        jRadioButtonAlles = new javax.swing.JRadioButton();
+        jRadioButtonDownloads = new javax.swing.JRadioButton();
+        jRadioButtonAbos = new javax.swing.JRadioButton();
+
+        jTable1.setAutoCreateRowSorter(true);
+        jTable1.setAutoResizeMode(javax.swing.JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF);
+        jScrollPane1.setViewportView(jTable1);
+
+        jPanelFilter.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(153, 153, 153)));
+
+        jCheckBoxFilter.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(217, 217, 217));
+        jCheckBoxFilter.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Dialog", 1, 10)); // NOI18N
+        jCheckBoxFilter.setText("Filter");
+
+        buttonGroup1.add(jRadioButtonAlles);
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setSelected(true);
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setText(" alle");
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)));
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setBorderPainted(true);
+
+        buttonGroup1.add(jRadioButtonDownloads);
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setText(" Downloads ");
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)));
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setBorderPainted(true);
+
+        buttonGroup1.add(jRadioButtonAbos);
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setText(" Abos ");
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)));
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setBorderPainted(true);
+
+        javax.swing.GroupLayout jPanelFilterInnenLayout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(jPanelFilterInnen);
+        jPanelFilterInnen.setLayout(jPanelFilterInnenLayout);
+        jPanelFilterInnenLayout.setHorizontalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addComponent(jRadioButtonAlles)
+                .addGap(18, 18, 18)
+                .addComponent(jRadioButtonDownloads)
+                .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
+                .addComponent(jRadioButtonAbos)
+                .addContainerGap(javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE))
+        );
+
+        jPanelFilterInnenLayout.linkSize(javax.swing.SwingConstants.HORIZONTAL, new java.awt.Component[] {jRadioButtonAbos, jRadioButtonAlles, jRadioButtonDownloads});
+
+        jPanelFilterInnenLayout.setVerticalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addGroup(jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.CENTER)
+                    .addComponent(jRadioButtonAlles)
+                    .addComponent(jRadioButtonDownloads)
+                    .addComponent(jRadioButtonAbos))
+                .addContainerGap(javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE))
+        );
+
+        javax.swing.GroupLayout jPanelFilterLayout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(jPanelFilter);
+        jPanelFilter.setLayout(jPanelFilterLayout);
+        jPanelFilterLayout.setHorizontalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addComponent(jPanelFilterInnen, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+            .addComponent(jCheckBoxFilter, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+        );
+        jPanelFilterLayout.setVerticalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(jPanelFilterLayout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addComponent(jCheckBoxFilter)
+                .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
+                .addComponent(jPanelFilterInnen, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE))
+        );
+
+        javax.swing.GroupLayout layout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(this);
+        this.setLayout(layout);
+        layout.setHorizontalGroup(
+            layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(layout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addGroup(layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+                    .addComponent(jScrollPane1, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, 670, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+                    .addComponent(jPanelFilter, javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE))
+                .addContainerGap())
+        );
+        layout.setVerticalGroup(
+            layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING, layout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addComponent(jPanelFilter, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE)
+                .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
+                .addComponent(jScrollPane1, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, 357, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+                .addContainerGap())
+        );
+    }// </editor-fold>//GEN-END:initComponents
+    // Variables declaration - do not modify//GEN-BEGIN:variables
+    private javax.swing.ButtonGroup buttonGroup1;
+    private javax.swing.JCheckBox jCheckBoxFilter;
+    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanelFilter;
+    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanelFilterInnen;
+    private javax.swing.JRadioButton jRadioButtonAbos;
+    private javax.swing.JRadioButton jRadioButtonAlles;
+    private javax.swing.JRadioButton jRadioButtonDownloads;
+    private javax.swing.JScrollPane jScrollPane1;
+    private javax.swing.JTable jTable1;
+    // End of variables declaration//GEN-END:variables
+
+    private class BeobachterTableSelect1 implements ListSelectionListener {
+
+        public int selectedModelRow = -1;
+
+        @Override
+        public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent event) {
+            if (!event.getValueIsAdjusting()) {
+                table1Select();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class BeobMausTabelle extends MouseAdapter {
+
+        private Point p;
+
+        public BeobMausTabelle() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent arg0) {
+            if (arg0.getButton() == MouseEvent.BUTTON1) {
+                if (arg0.getClickCount() > 1) {
+                    downloadAendern();
+                }
+            } else if (arg0.getButton() == MouseEvent.BUTTON3) {
+                showMenu(arg0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void showMenu(MouseEvent evt) {
+            p = evt.getPoint();
+            int nr = tabelle.rowAtPoint(p);
+            if (nr >= 0) {
+                tabelle.setRowSelectionInterval(nr, nr);
+            }
+            JPopupMenu jPopupMenu = new JPopupMenu();
+            //Film vorziehen
+            int row = tabelle.getSelectedRow();
+            boolean wartenOderLaufen = false;
+            if (row >= 0) {
+                int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(row);
+                Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                if (s != null) {
+                    if (s.status <= Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                        wartenOderLaufen = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            JMenuItem itemStarten = new JMenuItem("Download starten");
+            itemStarten.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/player_play_16.png")));
+            itemStarten.setEnabled(!wartenOderLaufen);
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemStarten);
+            itemStarten.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(false /* alle */, true /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemStoppen = new JMenuItem("Download stoppen");
+            itemStoppen.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/player_stop_16.png")));
+            itemStoppen.setEnabled(wartenOderLaufen);
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemStoppen);
+            itemStoppen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(false /* alle */, false /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+
+            //#######################################
+            jPopupMenu.addSeparator();
+            //#######################################
+
+            JMenuItem itemVorziehen = new JMenuItem("Download vorziehen");
+            itemVorziehen.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/up_blue_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemVorziehen);
+            itemVorziehen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadVorziehen();
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemLoeschen = new JMenuItem("Download zurückstellen");
+            itemLoeschen.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/undo_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemLoeschen);
+            itemLoeschen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadLoeschen(false /* dauerhaft */);
+                }
+            });
+            //dauerhaft löschen
+            JMenuItem itemDauerhaftLoeschen = new JMenuItem("Download dauerhaft löschen");
+            itemDauerhaftLoeschen.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/del_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemDauerhaftLoeschen);
+            itemDauerhaftLoeschen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadLoeschen(true /* dauerhaft */);
+                }
+            });
+            //ändern
+            JMenuItem itemAendern = new JMenuItem("Download Ändern");
+            itemAendern.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/configure_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAendern);
+            itemAendern.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadAendern();
+                }
+            });
+
+            //#######################################
+            jPopupMenu.addSeparator();
+            //#######################################
+
+            JMenuItem itemAlleStarten = new JMenuItem("alle Downloads starten");
+            itemAlleStarten.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/next_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAlleStarten);
+            itemAlleStarten.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(true /* alle */, true /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemAlleStoppen = new JMenuItem("alle Downloads stoppen");
+            itemAlleStoppen.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/player_stop_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAlleStoppen);
+            itemAlleStoppen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(true /* alle */, false /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemWartendeStoppen = new JMenuItem("wartende Downloads stoppen");
+            itemWartendeStoppen.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/player_stop_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemWartendeStoppen);
+            itemWartendeStoppen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    stopWartende();
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemAktualisieren = new JMenuItem("Liste der Downloads aktualisieren");
+            itemAktualisieren.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/view-refresh_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAktualisieren);
+            itemAktualisieren.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    aktualisieren();
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemAufraeumen = new JMenuItem("Liste Aufräumen");
+            itemAufraeumen.setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/edit-clear_16.png")));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAufraeumen);
+            itemAufraeumen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    aufraeumen();
+                }
+            });
+
+            //#######################################
+            jPopupMenu.addSeparator();
+            //#######################################
+
+            //url
+            JMenuItem itemUrl = new JMenuItem("URL kopieren");
+            itemUrl.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                    int nr = tabelle.rowAtPoint(p);
+                    if (nr >= 0) {
+                        GuiFunktionen.copyToClipboard(
+                                tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(nr),
+                                DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemUrl);
+            //Player
+            JMenuItem itemPlayer = new JMenuItem("Film abspielen");
+            itemPlayer.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                    int nr = tabelle.rowAtPoint(p);
+                    if (nr >= 0) {
+                        DatenPset gruppe = ddaten.listePset.getPsetAbspielen();
+                        if (gruppe != null) {
+                            int selectedModelRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(nr);
+                            DatenFilm film = Daten.listeFilme.getFilmByUrl(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(selectedModelRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                            if (film != null) {
+                                // in die History eintragen
+                                ddaten.history.add(film.getUrlOrg());
+                                // und starten
+                                ddaten.starterClass.urlStarten(gruppe, film);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Im Menü unter \"Datei->Optionen->Videoplayer\" ein Programm zum Abspielen festlegen.",
+                                    "kein Videoplayer!", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemPlayer);
+            //Infos
+            JMenuItem itemInfo = new JMenuItem("Infos anzeigen");
+            itemInfo.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                    dialogDatenFilm.setVis();
+                }
+            });
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemInfo);
+            // Tabellenspalten zurücksetzen
+            JMenuItem item = new JMenuItem("Spalten zurücksetzen");
+            item.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                    tabelle.resetTabelle();
+                }
+            });
+            jPopupMenu.add(item);
+            //Menü anzeigen
+            jPopupMenu.show(evt.getComponent(), evt.getX(), evt.getY());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class BeobAbstractAction extends AbstractAction {
+
+        @Override
+        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+            downloadAendern();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class BeobAnzeige implements ActionListener {
+
+        @Override
+        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+            load();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `download` last assigned on line 256 could be null and is dereferenced at line 258.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GuiDownloads.downloadLoeschen(boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.gui.GuiDownloads.downloadLoeschen(boolean):void.a71a3ec3efbdf0818498ea192700462e
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/gui/GuiDownloads.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiDownloads.java|downloadLoeschen|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6cccac43c00eba65da104b6f3239cef0
+
+### Hash:
+6aa010171a0157b9869d3a8490d0266d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8933/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8933/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35558d49d3b8d46a77408a7ade70c8fcf7dbb547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8933/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 27
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogOk;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    private static String getWindowsMplayerPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Program Files\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadMplayer() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX = "/usr/bin/mplayer";
+        final String PFAD_MAC = "/opt/local/bin/mplayer";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsMplayerPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadVlc() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadFlv() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_macosx_intel_32bit_latest";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_MAC_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadMplayer() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, true /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(true /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, true /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static ListePset getStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+        } else {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return pSet;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, GuiFunktionenProgramme.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (!testPfad.exists()) {
+                testPfad.mkdirs();
+            }
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (datenPset.progsContainPath()) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 174.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPfadScript()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPfadScript():java.lang.String.f4e3fc847474d1e03d713239d4dbdcd7
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getPfadScript|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+9243952ee193370e9da244e8b00b3c80
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8950/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8950/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..088cd53c3bfb2034b3265f99f91fdd65c65722f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8950/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 44
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.gui;
+
+import java.awt.BorderLayout;
+import java.awt.Component;
+import java.awt.Desktop;
+import java.awt.Point;
+import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
+import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
+import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter;
+import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import javax.swing.JMenuItem;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import javax.swing.JPopupMenu;
+import javax.swing.event.ListSelectionEvent;
+import javax.swing.event.ListSelectionListener;
+import mediathek.MVStatusBar_Mac;
+import mediathek.MediathekGui;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.ListenerFilmeLaden;
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.ListenerFilmeLadenEvent;
+import mediathek.controller.io.starter.Start;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenDownload;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenFilm;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogEditDownload;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogProgrammOrdnerOeffnen;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.MVFilmInformation;
+import mediathek.res.GetIcon;
+import mediathek.tool.BeobMpanel;
+import mediathek.tool.BeobTableHeader;
+import mediathek.tool.CellRendererDownloads;
+import mediathek.tool.Datum;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionen;
+import mediathek.tool.GuiKonstanten;
+import mediathek.tool.HinweisKeineAuswahl;
+import mediathek.tool.MVJTable;
+import mediathek.tool.Konstanten;
+import mediathek.tool.ListenerMediathekView;
+import mediathek.tool.Log;
+import mediathek.tool.MVMessageDialog;
+import mediathek.tool.TModelDownload;
+
+public class GuiDownloads extends PanelVorlage {
+
+    private MVFilmInformation filmInfoHud;
+    private PanelBeschreibung panelBeschreibung;
+
+    public GuiDownloads(DDaten d, Component parentComponent) {
+        super(d, parentComponent);
+        initComponents();
+        tabelle = new MVJTable(MVJTable.TABELLE_TAB_DOWNLOADS);
+        jScrollPane1.setViewportView(tabelle);
+        filmInfoHud = ddaten.filmInfoHud;
+        panelBeschreibung = new PanelBeschreibung(ddaten);
+        jPanelBeschreibung.setLayout(new BorderLayout());
+        jPanelBeschreibung.add(panelBeschreibung, BorderLayout.CENTER);
+        init();
+        downloadsAktualisieren(); // die Tabelle wird dabei gleich geladen
+        tabelle.initTabelle();
+        if (tabelle.getRowCount() > 0) {
+            tabelle.setRowSelectionInterval(0, 0);
+        }
+    }
+    //===================================
+    //public
+    //===================================
+
+    @Override
+    public void isShown() {
+        super.isShown();
+        ddaten.mediathekGui.setToolbar(MediathekGui.UIButtonState.DOWNLOAD);
+        ddaten.mediathekGui.getStatusBar().setIndexForCenterDisplay(MVStatusBar_Mac.StatusbarIndex.DOWNLOAD);
+        aktFilmSetzen();
+    }
+
+    public void aktualisieren() {
+        downloadsAktualisieren();
+    }
+
+    public void starten(boolean alle) {
+        filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(alle, true /* starten */);
+    }
+
+    public void stoppen(boolean alle) {
+        filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(alle, false /* starten */);
+    }
+
+    public void vorziehen() {
+        downloadVorziehen();
+    }
+
+    public void zurueckstellen() {
+        downloadLoeschen(false);
+    }
+
+    public void loeschen() {
+        downloadLoeschen(true);
+    }
+
+    public void aufraeumen() {
+        downloadsAufraeumen();
+    }
+
+    public void aendern() {
+        downloadAendern();
+    }
+
+    //===================================
+    //private
+    //===================================
+    private void init() {
+        panelBeschreibungSetzen();
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setForeground(GuiKonstanten.ABO_FOREGROUND);
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setForeground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FOREGROUND);
+        tabelle.setDefaultRenderer(Object.class, new CellRendererDownloads(ddaten));
+        tabelle.setDefaultRenderer(Datum.class, new CellRendererDownloads(ddaten));
+        tabelle.setModel(new TModelDownload(new Object[][]{}, DatenDownload.COLUMN_NAMES));
+        tabelle.addMouseListener(new BeobMausTabelle());
+        tabelle.getSelectionModel().addListSelectionListener(new BeobachterTableSelect());
+        tabelle.getTableHeader().addMouseListener(new BeobTableHeader(tabelle, DatenDownload.COLUMN_NAMES, DatenDownload.spaltenAnzeigen) {
+            @Override
+            public void tabelleLaden_() {
+                tabelleLaden();
+            }
+        });
+//      ist jetzt im  Menü  
+        //aendern
+//        ActionMap am = tabelle.getActionMap();
+//        InputMap im = tabelle.getInputMap();
+//        //aendern
+//        am.put("aendern", new BeobAbstractActionAendern());
+//        KeyStroke enter = KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER, 0);
+//        im.put(enter, "aendern");
+//        //löschen
+//        am.put("loeschen", new BeobAbstractActionLoeschen());
+//        KeyStroke del = KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_DELETE, 0);
+//        im.put(del, "loeschen");
+//        //
+        jRadioButtonAlles.addActionListener(new BeobAnzeige());
+        jRadioButtonAbos.addActionListener(new BeobAnzeige());
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.addActionListener(new BeobAnzeige());
+        jCheckBoxFilter.addActionListener(new BeobMpanel(jCheckBoxFilter, jPanelFilter, "Filter"));
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_DOWNLOADS, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                tabelleLaden();
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_ART_DOWNLOAD_PROZENT, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                tabelleProzentGeaendert();
+            }
+        });
+        DDaten.filmeLaden.addAdListener(new ListenerFilmeLaden() {
+            @Override
+            public void fertig_(ListenerFilmeLadenEvent event) {
+                if (Boolean.parseBoolean(Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ABOS_SOFORT_SUCHEN_NR])) {
+                    downloadsAktualisieren();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_BLACKLIST_GEAENDERT, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                if (Boolean.parseBoolean(Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ABOS_SOFORT_SUCHEN_NR])
+                        && Boolean.parseBoolean(Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_BLACKLIST_AUCH_ABO_NR])) {
+                    // nur auf Blacklist reagieren, wenn auch für Abos eingeschaltet
+                    downloadsAktualisieren();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_ABOS, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                if (Boolean.parseBoolean(Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ABOS_SOFORT_SUCHEN_NR])) {
+                    downloadsAktualisieren();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_START_EVENT, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                tabelle.fireTableDataChanged(true /*setSpalten*/);
+//                aktFilmSetzen();
+                setInfo();
+            }
+        });
+        ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_PANEL_BESCHREIBUNG_ANZEIGEN, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+            @Override
+            public void ping() {
+                panelBeschreibungSetzen();
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    private void panelBeschreibungSetzen() {
+        jPanelBeschreibung.setVisible(Boolean.parseBoolean(DDaten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PANEL_BESCHREIBUNG_ANZEIGEN_NR]));
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void tabelleLaden() {
+        // nur Downloads die schon in der Liste sind werden geladen
+        boolean abo, download;
+        stopBeob = true;
+        tabelle.getSpalten();
+        if (jRadioButtonAlles.isSelected()) {
+            abo = true;
+            download = true;
+        } else if (jRadioButtonAbos.isSelected()) {
+            abo = true;
+            download = false;
+        } else {
+            abo = false;
+            download = true;
+        }
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.getModel((TModelDownload) tabelle.getModel(), abo, download);
+        tabelle.setSpalten();
+        stopBeob = false;
+        aktFilmSetzen();
+        setInfo();
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void downloadsAktualisieren() {
+        // erledigte entfernen, nicht gestartete Abos entfernen und neu nach Abos suchen
+        downloadsAufraeumen();
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.zurueckgestellteWiederAktivieren();
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.abosLoschenWennNochNichtGestartet();
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.abosSuchen();
+        tabelleLaden();
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void downloadsAufraeumen() {
+        // abgeschlossene Downloads werden aus der Tabelle/Liste entfernt
+        // die Starts dafür werden auch gelöscht
+        ddaten.listeDownloads.listePutzen();
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void downloadAendern() {
+        int row = tabelle.getSelectedRow();
+        if (row != -1) {
+            int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(row);
+            String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+            DatenDownload d = download.getCopy();
+            DialogEditDownload dialog = new DialogEditDownload(null, true, ddaten, d);
+            dialog.setVisible(true);
+            if (dialog.ok) {
+                download.aufMichKopieren(d);
+                tabelle.getSelected();
+                tabelleLaden();
+                tabelle.setSelected();
+            }
+        } else {
+            new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen(parentComponent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void downloadVorziehen() {
+        String[] urls;
+        ArrayList<String> arrayUrls = new ArrayList<String>();
+        ArrayList<DatenDownload> arrayDownload = new ArrayList<DatenDownload>();
+        // ==========================
+        // erst mal die URLs sammeln
+        int[] rows = tabelle.getSelectedRows();
+        urls = new String[rows.length];
+        if (rows.length >= 0) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
+                int row = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(rows[i]);
+                urls[i] = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(row, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            }
+            for (String url : urls) {
+                ddaten.listeDownloads.downloadVorziehen(url);
+            }
+            tabelleLaden();
+        } else {
+            new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen(parentComponent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void zielordnerOeffnen() {
+        boolean gut = false;
+        File sFile = null;
+        int row = tabelle.getSelectedRow();
+        if (row >= 0) {
+            String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(row), DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+            String s = download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+            if (!s.endsWith(File.separator)) {
+                s += File.separator;
+            }
+            try {
+                sFile = new File(s);
+                if (!sFile.exists()) {
+                    sFile = sFile.getParentFile();
+                }
+                if (Desktop.isDesktopSupported()) {
+                    Desktop d = Desktop.getDesktop();
+                    if (d.isSupported(Desktop.Action.OPEN)) {
+                        d.open(sFile);
+                        gut = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                try {
+                    gut = false;
+                    String programm = "";
+                    if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ORDNER_OEFFNEN_NR].equals("")) {
+                        String text = "\n Der Dateimanager zum Anzeigen des Speicherordners wird nicht gefunden.\n Dateimanager selbst auswählen.";
+                        DialogProgrammOrdnerOeffnen dialog = new DialogProgrammOrdnerOeffnen(ddaten.mediathekGui, ddaten, true, "", "Dateimanager suchen", text);
+                        dialog.setVisible(true);
+                        if (dialog.ok) {
+                            programm = dialog.ziel;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        programm = Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ORDNER_OEFFNEN_NR];
+                    }
+                    if (sFile != null) {
+                        Runtime.getRuntime().exec(programm + " " + sFile.getAbsolutePath());
+                        Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ORDNER_OEFFNEN_NR] = programm;
+                        ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_PROGRAMM_OEFFNEN, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName());
+                        gut = true;
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception eex) {
+                    Log.fehlerMeldung(306590789, Log.FEHLER_ART_PROG, GuiDownloads.class.getName(), ex, "Ordner öffnen: " + download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_ZIEL_PFAD_NR]);
+                }
+            } finally {
+                if (!gut) {
+                    Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_ORDNER_OEFFNEN_NR] = "";
+                    ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_PROGRAMM_OEFFNEN, GuiDownloads.class.getSimpleName());
+                    MVMessageDialog.showMessageDialog(parentComponent, "Kann den Dateimanager nicht öffnen!",
+                            "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen(parentComponent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void downloadLoeschen(boolean dauerhaft) {
+        int rows[] = tabelle.getSelectedRows();
+        if (rows.length > 0) {
+            ArrayList<String> arrayUrls = new ArrayList<String>();
+            ArrayList<String[]> arrayUrlsAbo = new ArrayList<String[]>();
+            for (int i = 0; i < rows.length; ++i) {
+                arrayUrls.add(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(rows[i]), DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+            }
+            for (String url : arrayUrls) {
+                DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+                if (dauerhaft) {
+                    if (download.istAbo()) {
+                        // ein Abo wird zusätzlich ins Logfile geschrieben
+                        arrayUrlsAbo.add(new String[]{download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_THEMA_NR],
+                            download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_TITEL_NR],
+                            download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_FILM_URL_NR]});
+                    }
+                    ddaten.listeDownloads.delDownloadByUrl(url);
+                } else {
+                    // wenn nicht dauerhaft
+                    download.zurueckstellen();
+                }
+            }
+            if (arrayUrlsAbo.size() > 0) {
+                ddaten.erledigteAbos.zeileSchreiben(arrayUrlsAbo);
+            }
+            ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(arrayUrls);
+            tabelleLaden();
+            ersteZeileMarkieren();
+        } else {
+            new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen(parentComponent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void ersteZeileMarkieren() {
+        if (tabelle.getRowCount() > 0) {
+            // sonst ist schon eine Zeile markiert
+            if (tabelle.getSelectedRow() == -1) {
+                tabelle.requestFocus();
+                tabelle.setRowSelectionInterval(0, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(boolean alle, boolean starten /* starten/wiederstarten oder stoppen */) {
+        // bezieht sich immer auf "alle" oder nur die markierten
+        // Film der noch keinen Starts hat wird gestartet
+        // Film dessen Start schon auf fertig/fehler steht wird wieder gestartet
+        // bei !starten wird der Film gestoppt
+        String[] urls;
+        ArrayList<String> arrayUrls = new ArrayList<String>();
+        ArrayList<DatenDownload> arrayDownload = new ArrayList<DatenDownload>();
+        // ==========================
+        // erst mal die URLs sammeln
+        if (alle) {
+            urls = new String[tabelle.getRowCount()];
+            for (int i = 0; i < tabelle.getRowCount(); ++i) {
+                urls[i] = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(i, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            }
+        } else {
+            int[] rows = tabelle.getSelectedRows();
+            urls = new String[rows.length];
+            if (rows.length >= 0) {
+                for (int i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
+                    int row = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(rows[i]);
+                    urls[i] = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(row, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+                }
+            } else {
+                new HinweisKeineAuswahl().zeigen(parentComponent);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!starten) {
+            // dann das Starten von neuen Downloads etwas Pausieren
+            ddaten.starterClass.pause();
+        }
+        // ========================
+        // und jetzt abarbeiten
+        for (String url : urls) {
+            Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(url);
+            DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+            if (starten) {
+                // --------------
+                // starten
+                if (s != null) {
+                    if (s.status > Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                        // wenn er noch läuft gibts nix
+                        // wenn er schon fertig ist, erst mal fragen vor dem erneuten Starten
+                        int a = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(parentComponent, "Film nochmal starten?  ==> " + s.datenDownload.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_TITEL_NR], "Fertiger Download", JOptionPane.YES_NO_OPTION);
+                        if (a != JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) {
+                            // weiter mit der nächsten URL
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        arrayUrls.add(url);
+                        //ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(url);
+                        if (s.datenDownload.istAbo()) {
+                            // wenn er schon feritg ist und ein Abos ist, Url auch aus dem Logfile löschen, der Film ist damit wieder auf "Anfang"
+                            ddaten.erledigteAbos.urlAusLogfileLoeschen(url);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                arrayDownload.add(download);
+            } else {
+                // ---------------
+                // stoppen
+                if (s != null) {
+                    // wenn kein s -> dann gibts auch nichts zum stoppen oder wieder-starten
+                    if (s.status <= Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                        // löschen -> nur wenn noch läuft, sonst gibts nichts mehr zum löschen
+                        arrayUrls.add(url);
+                        //ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(url);
+                    }
+////                    if (s.status > Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+////                        // wenn er schon feritg ist und ein Abos ist, Url auch aus dem Logfile löschen, der Film ist damit wieder auf "Anfang"
+////                        if (s.datenDownload.istAbo()) {
+////                            ddaten.erledigteAbos.urlAusLogfileLoeschen(url);
+////                        }
+////                    }
+                    arrayDownload.add(download);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // ========================
+        // jetzt noch die Starts stoppen
+        ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(arrayUrls);
+        // und die Downloads starten oder stoppen
+        if (starten) {
+            //alle Downloads starten/wiederstarten
+            DatenDownload.starten(ddaten, arrayDownload);
+        } else {
+            //oder alle Downloads stoppen
+//            tabelleProzentGeaendert();
+            ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_ART_DOWNLOAD_PROZENT, GuiDownloads.class.getName());
+//            DatenDownload.statusMelden(arrayDownload, DatenDownload.PROGRESS_NICHT_GESTARTET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void stopWartende() {
+        // es werden alle noch nicht gestarteten Downloads gelöscht
+        ArrayList<String> urls = new ArrayList<String>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < tabelle.getRowCount(); ++i) {
+            int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(i);
+            String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(url);
+            if (s != null) {
+                if (s.status < Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                    urls.add(url);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        for (String url : urls) {
+            ddaten.starterClass.filmLoeschen(url);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void tabelleProzentGeaendert() {
+        stopBeob = true;
+        tabelle.fireTableDataChanged(true /*setSpalten*/);
+        stopBeob = false;
+        setInfo();
+    }
+
+    private void setInfo() {
+        String textLinks;
+        // Text links: Zeilen Tabelle
+        int laufen = ddaten.starterClass.getDownloadsLaufen();
+        int warten = ddaten.starterClass.getDownloadsWarten();
+        int gesamt = tabelle.getModel().getRowCount();
+        if (gesamt == 1) {
+            textLinks = "1 Download,";
+        } else {
+            textLinks = gesamt + " Downloads,";
+        }
+        textLinks += " (";
+        if (laufen == 1) {
+            textLinks += "1 läuft,";
+        } else {
+            textLinks += laufen + " laufen,";
+        }
+        if (warten == 1) {
+            textLinks += " 1 wartet";
+        } else {
+            textLinks += " " + warten + " warten";
+        }
+        textLinks += ")";
+        // Infopanel setzen
+        ddaten.mediathekGui.getStatusBar().setTextLeft(MVStatusBar_Mac.StatusbarIndex.DOWNLOAD, textLinks);
+    }
+
+    private void aktFilmSetzen() {
+        if (this.isShowing()) {
+            DatenFilm aktFilm = null;
+            int selectedTableRow = tabelle.getSelectedRow();
+            if (selectedTableRow >= 0) {
+                int selectedModelRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(selectedTableRow);
+                DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(selectedModelRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                if (download.film == null) {
+                    // geladener Einmaldownload nach Programmstart
+                    download.film = Daten.listeFilme.getFilmByUrl(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(selectedModelRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                } else {
+                    aktFilm = download.film;
+                }
+            }
+            filmInfoHud.updateCurrentFilm(aktFilm);
+            // Beschreibung setzen
+            panelBeschreibung.setAktFilm(aktFilm);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * This method is called from within the constructor to
+     * initialize the form.
+     * WARNING: Do NOT modify this code. The content of this method is
+     * always regenerated by the Form Editor.
+     */
+    // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="Generated Code">//GEN-BEGIN:initComponents
+    private void initComponents() {
+
+        javax.swing.ButtonGroup buttonGroup1 = new javax.swing.ButtonGroup();
+        jScrollPane1 = new javax.swing.JScrollPane();
+        javax.swing.JTable jTable1 = new javax.swing.JTable();
+        jPanelFilter = new javax.swing.JPanel();
+        jCheckBoxFilter = new javax.swing.JCheckBox();
+        javax.swing.JPanel jPanelFilterInnen = new javax.swing.JPanel();
+        jRadioButtonAlles = new javax.swing.JRadioButton();
+        jRadioButtonDownloads = new javax.swing.JRadioButton();
+        jRadioButtonAbos = new javax.swing.JRadioButton();
+        jPanelBeschreibung = new javax.swing.JPanel();
+
+        jTable1.setAutoCreateRowSorter(true);
+        jTable1.setAutoResizeMode(javax.swing.JTable.AUTO_RESIZE_OFF);
+        jScrollPane1.setViewportView(jTable1);
+
+        jPanelFilter.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(153, 153, 153)));
+
+        jCheckBoxFilter.setBackground(new java.awt.Color(217, 217, 217));
+        jCheckBoxFilter.setFont(new java.awt.Font("Dialog", 1, 10)); // NOI18N
+        jCheckBoxFilter.setText("Filter");
+
+        buttonGroup1.add(jRadioButtonAlles);
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setSelected(true);
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setText(" alle");
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)));
+        jRadioButtonAlles.setBorderPainted(true);
+
+        buttonGroup1.add(jRadioButtonDownloads);
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setText(" Downloads ");
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)));
+        jRadioButtonDownloads.setBorderPainted(true);
+
+        buttonGroup1.add(jRadioButtonAbos);
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setText(" Abos ");
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(204, 204, 204)));
+        jRadioButtonAbos.setBorderPainted(true);
+
+        javax.swing.GroupLayout jPanelFilterInnenLayout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(jPanelFilterInnen);
+        jPanelFilterInnen.setLayout(jPanelFilterInnenLayout);
+        jPanelFilterInnenLayout.setHorizontalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addComponent(jRadioButtonAlles)
+                .addGap(18, 18, 18)
+                .addComponent(jRadioButtonDownloads)
+                .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
+                .addComponent(jRadioButtonAbos)
+                .addContainerGap(javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE))
+        );
+
+        jPanelFilterInnenLayout.linkSize(javax.swing.SwingConstants.HORIZONTAL, new java.awt.Component[] {jRadioButtonAbos, jRadioButtonAlles, jRadioButtonDownloads});
+
+        jPanelFilterInnenLayout.setVerticalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addGroup(jPanelFilterInnenLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.CENTER)
+                    .addComponent(jRadioButtonAlles)
+                    .addComponent(jRadioButtonDownloads)
+                    .addComponent(jRadioButtonAbos))
+                .addContainerGap(javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE))
+        );
+
+        javax.swing.GroupLayout jPanelFilterLayout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(jPanelFilter);
+        jPanelFilter.setLayout(jPanelFilterLayout);
+        jPanelFilterLayout.setHorizontalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addComponent(jPanelFilterInnen, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+            .addComponent(jCheckBoxFilter, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+        );
+        jPanelFilterLayout.setVerticalGroup(
+            jPanelFilterLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(jPanelFilterLayout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addComponent(jCheckBoxFilter)
+                .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
+                .addComponent(jPanelFilterInnen, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE))
+        );
+
+        jPanelBeschreibung.setBorder(javax.swing.BorderFactory.createLineBorder(new java.awt.Color(153, 153, 153)));
+
+        javax.swing.GroupLayout jPanelBeschreibungLayout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(jPanelBeschreibung);
+        jPanelBeschreibung.setLayout(jPanelBeschreibungLayout);
+        jPanelBeschreibungLayout.setHorizontalGroup(
+            jPanelBeschreibungLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGap(0, 668, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+        );
+        jPanelBeschreibungLayout.setVerticalGroup(
+            jPanelBeschreibungLayout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGap(0, 127, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+        );
+
+        javax.swing.GroupLayout layout = new javax.swing.GroupLayout(this);
+        this.setLayout(layout);
+        layout.setHorizontalGroup(
+            layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(layout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addGroup(layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+                    .addComponent(jPanelFilter, javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+                    .addComponent(jPanelBeschreibung, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+                    .addComponent(jScrollPane1, javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING))
+                .addContainerGap())
+        );
+        layout.setVerticalGroup(
+            layout.createParallelGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
+            .addGroup(javax.swing.GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING, layout.createSequentialGroup()
+                .addContainerGap()
+                .addComponent(jPanelFilter, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE)
+                .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
+                .addComponent(jScrollPane1, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, 289, Short.MAX_VALUE)
+                .addPreferredGap(javax.swing.LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
+                .addComponent(jPanelBeschreibung, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, javax.swing.GroupLayout.PREFERRED_SIZE)
+                .addGap(6, 6, 6))
+        );
+    }// </editor-fold>//GEN-END:initComponents
+    // Variables declaration - do not modify//GEN-BEGIN:variables
+    private javax.swing.JCheckBox jCheckBoxFilter;
+    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanelBeschreibung;
+    private javax.swing.JPanel jPanelFilter;
+    private javax.swing.JRadioButton jRadioButtonAbos;
+    private javax.swing.JRadioButton jRadioButtonAlles;
+    private javax.swing.JRadioButton jRadioButtonDownloads;
+    private javax.swing.JScrollPane jScrollPane1;
+    // End of variables declaration//GEN-END:variables
+
+    private class BeobachterTableSelect implements ListSelectionListener {
+
+        @Override
+        public void valueChanged(ListSelectionEvent event) {
+            if (!event.getValueIsAdjusting()) {
+                aktFilmSetzen();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class BeobMausTabelle extends MouseAdapter {
+
+        private Point p;
+
+        public BeobMausTabelle() {
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent arg0) {
+            if (arg0.getButton() == MouseEvent.BUTTON1) {
+//                aktFilmSetzen(); //da gibts keine Schwierigkeiten beim update des JProgressbar
+                if (arg0.getClickCount() > 1) {
+                    downloadAendern();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void mousePressed(MouseEvent arg0) {
+//            aktFilmSetzen();
+            if (arg0.isPopupTrigger()) {
+                showMenu(arg0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent arg0) {
+//            aktFilmSetzen();
+            if (arg0.isPopupTrigger()) {
+                showMenu(arg0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void showMenu(MouseEvent evt) {
+            p = evt.getPoint();
+            int nr = tabelle.rowAtPoint(p);
+            if (nr >= 0) {
+                tabelle.setRowSelectionInterval(nr, nr);
+            }
+            JPopupMenu jPopupMenu = new JPopupMenu();
+
+            //Film vorziehen
+            int row = tabelle.getSelectedRow();
+            boolean wartenOderLaufen = false;
+            if (row >= 0) {
+                int delRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(row);
+                Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(delRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                if (s != null) {
+                    if (s.status <= Start.STATUS_RUN) {
+                        wartenOderLaufen = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Download starten
+            JMenuItem itemStarten = new JMenuItem("Download starten");
+            itemStarten.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("player_play_16.png"));
+            itemStarten.setEnabled(!wartenOderLaufen);
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemStarten);
+            itemStarten.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(false /* alle */, true /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+
+            // Download stoppen
+            JMenuItem itemStoppen = new JMenuItem("Download stoppen");
+            itemStoppen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("player_stop_16.png"));
+            itemStoppen.setEnabled(wartenOderLaufen);
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemStoppen);
+            itemStoppen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(false /* alle */, false /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+
+            // Zielordner öffnen
+            JMenuItem itemOeffnen = new JMenuItem("Zielordner öffnen");
+            itemOeffnen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("fileopen_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemOeffnen);
+            itemOeffnen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    zielordnerOeffnen();
+                }
+            });
+
+
+            //#######################################
+            jPopupMenu.addSeparator();
+            //#######################################
+
+            JMenuItem itemVorziehen = new JMenuItem("Download vorziehen");
+            itemVorziehen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("move_up_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemVorziehen);
+            itemVorziehen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadVorziehen();
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemLoeschen = new JMenuItem("Download zurückstellen");
+            itemLoeschen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("undo_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemLoeschen);
+            itemLoeschen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadLoeschen(false /* dauerhaft */);
+                }
+            });
+            //dauerhaft löschen
+            JMenuItem itemDauerhaftLoeschen = new JMenuItem("Download dauerhaft löschen");
+            itemDauerhaftLoeschen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("del_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemDauerhaftLoeschen);
+            itemDauerhaftLoeschen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadLoeschen(true /* dauerhaft */);
+                }
+            });
+            //ändern
+            JMenuItem itemAendern = new JMenuItem("Download Ändern");
+            itemAendern.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("configure_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAendern);
+            itemAendern.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadAendern();
+                }
+            });
+
+            //#######################################
+            jPopupMenu.addSeparator();
+            //#######################################
+
+            JMenuItem itemAlleStarten = new JMenuItem("alle Downloads starten");
+            itemAlleStarten.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("alle_starten_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAlleStarten);
+            itemAlleStarten.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(true /* alle */, true /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemAlleStoppen = new JMenuItem("alle Downloads stoppen");
+            itemAlleStoppen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("player_stop_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAlleStoppen);
+            itemAlleStoppen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    filmStartenWiederholenStoppen(true /* alle */, false /* starten */);
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemWartendeStoppen = new JMenuItem("wartende Downloads stoppen");
+            itemWartendeStoppen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("player_stop_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemWartendeStoppen);
+            itemWartendeStoppen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    stopWartende();
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemAktualisieren = new JMenuItem("Liste der Downloads aktualisieren");
+            itemAktualisieren.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("view-refresh_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAktualisieren);
+            itemAktualisieren.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadsAktualisieren();
+                }
+            });
+            JMenuItem itemAufraeumen = new JMenuItem("Liste Aufräumen");
+            itemAufraeumen.setIcon(GetIcon.getIcon("clear_16.png"));
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemAufraeumen);
+            itemAufraeumen.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent arg0) {
+                    downloadsAufraeumen();
+                }
+            });
+
+            //#######################################
+            jPopupMenu.addSeparator();
+            //#######################################
+
+            // url
+            JMenuItem itemUrl = new JMenuItem("URL kopieren");
+            itemUrl.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                    int nr = tabelle.rowAtPoint(p);
+                    if (nr >= 0) {
+                        GuiFunktionen.copyToClipboard(
+                                tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(nr),
+                                DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString());
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemUrl);
+
+            // Player
+            JMenuItem itemPlayer = new JMenuItem("Film abspielen");
+            itemPlayer.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                    int nr = tabelle.rowAtPoint(p);
+                    if (nr >= 0) {
+                        DatenPset gruppe = ddaten.listePset.getPsetAbspielen();
+                        if (gruppe != null) {
+                            int selectedModelRow = tabelle.convertRowIndexToModel(nr);
+                            String url = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(selectedModelRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+                            //String filmNr = tabelle.getModel().getValueAt(selectedModelRow, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_FILM_NR_NR).toString();
+                            DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+                            //DatenFilm film = Daten.listeFilme.getFilmByNr(filmNr);
+                            if (download != null) {
+                                //DatenDownload download = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url);
+                                if (download.film == null) {
+                                    // bei Einmaldownload nach Programmstart
+                                    download.film = Daten.listeFilme.getFilmByUrl(url);
+                                }
+                                DatenFilm filmDownload = download.film.getCopy();
+                                // und jetzt die tatsächlichen URLs des Downloads eintragen
+                                filmDownload.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_NR] = download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR];
+                                filmDownload.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_RTMP_NR] = download.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_RTMP_NR];
+                                filmDownload.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_KLEIN_NR] = "";
+                                filmDownload.arr[DatenFilm.FILM_URL_RTMP_KLEIN_NR] = "";
+                                // in die History eintragen
+                                //ddaten.history.add(film.getUrlNormal());
+                                // und starten
+                                ddaten.starterClass.urlStarten(gruppe, filmDownload);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            MVMessageDialog.showMessageDialog(parentComponent, "Im Menü unter \"Datei->Optionen->Videoplayer\" ein Programm zum Abspielen festlegen.",
+                                    "kein Videoplayer!", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemPlayer);
+
+            // Infos
+            JMenuItem itemInfo = new JMenuItem("Infos anzeigen");
+            itemInfo.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
+                @Override
+                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+                    if (!filmInfoHud.isVisible()) {
+                        filmInfoHud.show();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+            jPopupMenu.add(itemInfo);
+
+            // ######################
+            // Menü anzeigen
+            jPopupMenu.show(evt.getComponent(), evt.getX(), evt.getY());
+        }
+    }
+
+//    private class BeobAbstractActionAendern extends AbstractAction {
+//
+//        @Override
+//        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+//            downloadAendern();
+//        }
+//    }
+//
+//    private class BeobAbstractActionLoeschen extends AbstractAction {
+//
+//        @Override
+//        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+//            downloadLoeschen(true);
+//        }
+//    }
+    private class BeobAnzeige implements ActionListener {
+
+        @Override
+        public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
+            tabelleLaden();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `download` last assigned on line 556 could be null and is dereferenced at line 557.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GuiDownloads.aktFilmSetzen()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.gui.GuiDownloads.aktFilmSetzen():void.c1d2911746eadb64a75346fa1e2fbbf1
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/gui/GuiDownloads.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiDownloads.java|aktFilmSetzen|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+151541eced37bb787cd76e7bc7cd8f29
+
+### Hash:
+0957349f9c3b753e6914336f4513c4bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8957/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8957/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a8998f0925045c6e0f432541dee093681fe3ee7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8957/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 53
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender;
+
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.FilmeSuchenSender;
+import mediathek.controller.io.GetUrl;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenFilm;
+import mediathek.tool.Konstanten;
+import mediathek.tool.Log;
+import mediathek.tool.MVStringBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringEscapeUtils;
+
+public class MediathekKika extends MediathekReader implements Runnable {
+
+    public static final String SENDER = "KiKA";
+    private MVStringBuilder seiteHttp = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+
+    public MediathekKika(FilmeSuchenSender ssearch, int startPrio) {
+        super(ssearch, /* name */ SENDER, /* threads */ 2, /* urlWarten */ 500, startPrio);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    synchronized void meldungThreadUndFertig() {
+        if (threads <= 1) {
+            // vorher noch laufen
+            addToListHttp();
+        }
+        --threads;
+        if (threads <= 0) {
+            //wird erst ausgeführt wenn alle Threads beendet sind
+            suchen.meldenFertig(nameSenderMReader);
+        } else {
+            // läuft noch was
+            suchen.melden(nameSenderMReader, max, progress, "" /* text */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void addToList() {
+        //<strong style="margin-left:10px;">Sesamstraße präsentiert: Eine Möhre für Zwei</strong><br />
+        //<a style="margin-left:20px;" href="?programm=168&amp;id=14487&amp;ag=5" title="Sendung vom 10.10.2012" class="overlay_link">42. Ordnung ist das halbe Chaos</a><br />
+        //<a style="margin-left:20px;" href="?programm=168&amp;id=14485&amp;ag=5" title="Sendung vom 10.10.2012" class="overlay_link">41. Über den Wolken</a><br />
+        final String ADRESSE = "http://kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/";
+        final String MUSTER_URL = "<a style=\"margin-left:20px;\" href=\"";
+        final String MUSTER_THEMA = "<strong style=\"margin-left:10px;\">";
+        final String MUSTER_DATUM = "title=\"Sendung vom ";
+        listeThemen.clear();
+        MVStringBuilder seite = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+        meldungStart();
+        seite = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, ADRESSE, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 3, seite, "KiKA: Startseite");
+        int pos = 0;
+        int pos1, pos2, stop, pDatum1, pDatum2, pTitel1, pTitel2;
+        String url, thema, datum, titel;
+        while ((pos = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_THEMA, pos)) != -1) {
+            try {
+                thema = "";
+                pos += MUSTER_THEMA.length();
+                stop = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_THEMA, pos);
+                pos1 = pos;
+                if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("<", pos1)) != -1) {
+                    thema = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                }
+                while ((pos1 = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_URL, pos1)) != -1) {
+                    titel = "";
+                    datum = "";
+                    if (stop != -1 && pos1 > stop) {
+                        // dann schon das nächste Thema
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    pos1 += MUSTER_URL.length();
+                    if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                        url = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                        //if (!url.equals("")) {
+                        url = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(url);
+                        if (!url.equals("") && !url.startsWith("http://") && !url.startsWith("/")) {                            // Datum
+                            if ((pDatum1 = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_DATUM, pos2)) != -1) {
+                                pDatum1 += MUSTER_DATUM.length();
+                                if ((pDatum2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pDatum1)) != -1) {
+                                    if (stop != -1 && pDatum1 < stop && pDatum2 < stop) {
+                                        // dann schon das nächste Thema
+                                        datum = seite.substring(pDatum1, pDatum2);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            // Titel
+                            if ((pTitel1 = seite.indexOf(">", pos2)) != -1) {
+                                pTitel1 += 1;
+                                if ((pTitel2 = seite.indexOf("<", pTitel1)) != -1) {
+                                    //if (stop != -1 && pTitel1 > stop && pTitel2 > stop) {
+                                    if (stop != -1 && pTitel1 < stop && pTitel2 < stop) {
+                                        titel = seite.substring(pTitel1, pTitel2);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // in die Liste eintragen
+                            String[] add = new String[]{ADRESSE + url, thema, titel, datum};
+                            listeThemen.addUrl(add);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                Log.fehlerMeldung(-302025469, Log.FEHLER_ART_MREADER, "MediathekKiKA.addToList", ex, "");
+            }
+        }
+        if (Daten.filmeLaden.getStop()) {
+            meldungThreadUndFertig();
+        } else if (listeThemen.size() == 0) {
+            meldungThreadUndFertig();
+        } else {
+            listeSort(listeThemen, 1);
+            meldungAddMax(listeThemen.size());
+            for (int t = 0; t < maxThreadLaufen; ++t) {
+                //new Thread(new ThemaLaden()).start();
+                Thread th = new Thread(new ThemaLaden());
+                th.setName(nameSenderMReader + t);
+                th.start();
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ThemaLaden implements Runnable {
+
+        GetUrl getUrl = new GetUrl(wartenSeiteLaden);
+        private MVStringBuilder seite1 = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void run() {
+            try {
+                meldungAddThread();
+                String[] link;
+                while (!Daten.filmeLaden.getStop() && (link = listeThemen.getListeThemen()) != null) {
+                    meldungProgress(link[0]);
+                    laden(link[0] /* url */, link[1] /* Thema */, link[2] /* Titel */, link[3] /*Datum*/);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                Log.fehlerMeldung(-987452384, Log.FEHLER_ART_MREADER, "Mediathek3Sat.ThemaLaden.run", ex, "");
+            }
+            meldungThreadUndFertig();
+        }
+
+        void laden(String filmWebsite, String thema, String titel, String datum) {
+            //so.addVariable("pfad","rtmp://88.198.74.226/vod/mp4:1348908081-7b8b1356b478db154fdbf8bf6a01fc1f.mp4");
+            //so.addVariable("fullscreenPfad", "rtmp://88.198.74.226/vod/mp4:1348908081-7b8b1356b478db154fdbf8bf6a01fc1f-01.mp4");
+            //xajax.config.requestURI = "http://kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/?programm=270&id=33172&ag=5";
+            final String MUSTER_URL_1 = "so.addVariable(\"pfad\",\"";
+            final String MUSTER_URL_2 = "so.addVariable(\"fullscreenPfad\", \"";
+            final String MUSTER_ID = "xajax.config.requestURI = \"";
+            seite1 = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, filmWebsite, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 1, seite1, thema + " " + titel);
+            int pos1, pos2;
+            String id;
+            String urlFilm = "";
+            id = seite1.extract(MUSTER_ID, "\"");
+            if ((pos1 = seite1.indexOf(MUSTER_URL_2)) != -1) {
+                pos1 += MUSTER_URL_2.length();
+                if ((pos2 = seite1.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                    urlFilm = seite1.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                }
+            }
+            if (urlFilm.equals("")) {
+                if ((pos1 = seite1.indexOf(MUSTER_URL_1)) != -1) {
+                    pos1 += MUSTER_URL_1.length();
+                    if ((pos2 = seite1.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                        urlFilm = seite1.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (!urlFilm.equals("")) {
+                meldung(urlFilm);
+                addFilm(new DatenFilm(nameSenderMReader, thema, filmWebsite, titel, urlFilm, "-r " + urlFilm + " --flashVer WIN11,4,402,265"/* urlRtmp */,
+                        datum/*datum*/, ""/*zeit*/, 0, "", "", "", new String[]{""}));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void addToListHttp() {
+        //http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=3&page=all
+        //http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=6&page=all
+        //http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=10&page=all
+
+        final String ADRESSE_1 = "http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=";
+        final String ADRESSE_2 = "&page=all";
+        final String MUSTER_START = "var programletterlist = {\"";
+        final String[] ALTER = {"3", "6", "10"};
+//        listeThemen.clear();
+        MVStringBuilder seite = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+        meldungStart();
+        int pos1 = 0, pos2, start = 0, stop = 0;
+        String id = "", thema = "", url = "";
+        for (String alter : ALTER) {
+            seite = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, ADRESSE_1 + alter + ADRESSE_2, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 3, seite, "KiKA: Startseite");
+            if ((start = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_START)) != -1) {
+                start += MUSTER_START.length();
+                pos1 = start;
+                if ((stop = seite.indexOf("}};", start)) != -1) {
+                    while ((pos1 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                        thema = "";
+                        id = "";
+                        pos1 += 1;
+                        if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                            id = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                            try {
+                                // Testen auf Zehl
+                                int z = Integer.parseInt(id);
+                            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            ++pos2;
+                            if ((pos1 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos2)) != -1) {
+                                ++pos1;
+                                if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                                    thema = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=program&id=165&age=10
+                            url = "http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=program&id=" + id + "&age=" + alter;
+                            ladenHttp(url, thema, alter);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void ladenHttp(String filmWebsite, String thema, String alter) {
+        // erst die Nummer suchen
+        // >25420<4<165<23. Die b
+        // <http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/mediathek/previewpic/1355302530-f80b463888fd4602d925b2ef2c861928 9.jpg<
+        final String MUSTER_BILD = "<http://www.";
+        seiteHttp = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, filmWebsite, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 1, seiteHttp, thema);
+        String nummer, url, bild, urlFilm, titel;
+        nummer = seiteHttp.extract(">", "<");
+        bild = seiteHttp.extract(MUSTER_BILD, "<");
+        if (!bild.isEmpty()) {
+            bild = "http://www." + bild;
+        }
+        // die URL bauen:
+        // http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=video&age=10&id=25420&page=az
+        if (!nummer.isEmpty()) {
+            url = "http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=video&age=" + alter + "&id=" + nummer + "&page=az";
+            seiteHttp = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, url, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 1, seiteHttp, thema);
+            final String MUSTER_URL = "var videofile = \"";
+            final String MUSTER_TITEL = "var videotitle = \"";
+            urlFilm = seiteHttp.extract(MUSTER_URL, "\"");
+            titel = seiteHttp.extract(MUSTER_TITEL, "\"");
+            if (!urlFilm.equals("")) {
+                meldung(urlFilm);
+                // DatenFilm(String ssender, String tthema, String filmWebsite, String ttitel, String uurl, String uurlRtmp,
+                //     String datum, String zeit,
+                //     long dauerSekunden, String description, String thumbnailUrl, String imageUrl, String[] keywords) {
+                DatenFilm film = null;
+                if ((film = istInFilmListe(nameSenderMReader, thema, titel)) != null) {
+                    film.addUrlKlein(urlFilm, "");
+                } else {
+                    // dann gibs ihn noch nicht
+                    addFilm(new DatenFilm(nameSenderMReader, thema, "http://www.kika.de/fernsehen/mediathek/index.shtml", titel, urlFilm, ""/* urlRtmp */,
+                            ""/*datum*/, ""/*zeit*/,
+                            0, "", bild, "", new String[]{""}));
+                }
+            } else {
+                Log.fehlerMeldung(-915263078, Log.FEHLER_ART_MREADER, "MediathekKika", "keine URL: " + filmWebsite);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.ladenHttp` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.seiteHttp.mediathek.tool.MVStringBuilder.pos1`. Potentially races with write in method `MediathekKika.meldungThreadUndFertig()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.seiteHttp has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.seiteHttp.mediathek.tool.MVStringBuilder.pos1 might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MediathekKika.ladenHttp(String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.ladenHttp(java.lang.String,java.lang.Str.baacf86a2519544ecd111ab867b66324
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/controller/filmeLaden/suchen/sender/MediathekKika.java
+
+### Key:
+MediathekKika.java|ladenHttp|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+c187f1647c18c7fadb201c66ffd28fcf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8959/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8959/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d3eee9a8268ed8e2d883fa24b70d470a6da6d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8959/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 37
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*    
+ *    MediathekView
+ *    Copyright (C) 2008   W. Xaver
+ *    W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ *    http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *    
+ *    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *    any later version.
+ *
+ *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *    GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.awt.BorderLayout;
+import java.awt.Color;
+import java.awt.Component;
+import java.awt.Font;
+import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
+import javax.swing.JPanel;
+import javax.swing.JProgressBar;
+import javax.swing.JTable;
+import javax.swing.SwingConstants;
+import javax.swing.UIManager;
+import javax.swing.plaf.basic.BasicProgressBarUI;
+import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableCellRenderer;
+import mediathek.controller.io.starter.Start;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenDownload;
+
+public class CellRendererDownloads extends DefaultTableCellRenderer {
+
+    private DDaten ddaten;
+
+    public CellRendererDownloads(DDaten d) {
+        ddaten = d;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Component getTableCellRendererComponent(
+            JTable table,
+            Object value,
+            boolean isSelected,
+            boolean hasFocus,
+            int row,
+            int column) {
+        try {
+            setBackground(null);
+            setForeground(null);
+            setFont(null);
+            setIcon(null);
+            setHorizontalAlignment(SwingConstants.LEADING);
+            super.getTableCellRendererComponent(
+                    table, value, isSelected, hasFocus, row, column);
+            int r = table.convertRowIndexToModel(row);
+            int c = table.convertColumnIndexToModel(column);
+            String url = table.getModel().getValueAt(r, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_URL_NR).toString();
+            // Abos
+            boolean abo = !table.getModel().getValueAt(r, DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_ABO_NR).equals("");
+            // Starts
+            Start s = ddaten.starterClass.getStart(url);
+            if (s != null) {
+                setColor(this, s, isSelected);
+                if (c == DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_RESTZEIT_NR) {
+                    if (s.restSekunden > 0) {
+                        if (s.restSekunden < 60) {
+                            this.setText("< 1 Min.");
+                        } else {
+                            this.setText(Long.toString(s.restSekunden / 60) + " Min.");
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        this.setText("");
+                    }
+                } else if (c == DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_PROGRESS_NR) {
+                    int i = Integer.parseInt(s.datenDownload.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_PROGRESS_NR]);
+                    setHorizontalAlignment(SwingConstants.CENTER);
+                    if (i == -1) {
+                        // noch nicht gestartet
+                        this.setText("");
+                    } else if (i == DatenDownload.PROGRESS_WARTEN) {
+                        this.setText("warten");
+                    } else if (i == DatenDownload.PROGRESS_GESTARTET) {
+                        this.setText("gestartet");
+                    } else if (1 < i && i < DatenDownload.PROGRESS_FERTIG) {
+//////                        return new ProgressPanel(s).progressPanel();
+                        JProgressBar progressBar = new JProgressBar(0, 1000);
+                        JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
+                        setColor(panel, s, isSelected);
+                        setColor(progressBar, s, isSelected);
+                        progressBar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder());
+                        progressBar.setStringPainted(true);
+                        progressBar.setUI(new BasicProgressBarUI() {
+                            @Override
+                            protected Color getSelectionBackground() {
+                                return UIManager.getDefaults().getColor("Table.foreground");
+                            }
+
+                            @Override
+                            protected Color getSelectionForeground() {
+                                return Color.white;
+                            }
+                        });
+                        panel.add(progressBar);
+                        panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder());
+                        progressBar.setValue(i);
+                        double d = i / 10.0;
+                        progressBar.setString(Double.toString(d) + "%");
+                        return panel;
+                    } else if (i == DatenDownload.PROGRESS_FERTIG) {
+                        if (s != null) {
+                            if (s.status == Start.STATUS_ERR) {
+                                this.setText("fehlerhaft");
+                            } else {
+                                this.setText("fertig");
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            this.setText("fertig");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (c == DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_PROGRESS_NR) {
+                    this.setText("");
+                }
+            }
+            if (c == DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_ABO_NR) {
+                setFont(new java.awt.Font("Dialog", Font.BOLD, 12));
+                if (abo) {
+                    setForeground(GuiKonstanten.ABO_FOREGROUND);
+                } else {
+                    setForeground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FOREGROUND);
+                    setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/nein_12.png")));
+                    setHorizontalAlignment(SwingConstants.CENTER);
+                }
+            }
+            if (c == DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_PROGRAMM_RESTART_NR) {
+                boolean restart = ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url).isRestart();
+                setHorizontalAlignment(SwingConstants.CENTER);
+                if (restart) {
+                    setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/ja_16.png")));
+                } else {
+                    setIcon(new javax.swing.ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("/mediathek/res/nein_12.png")));
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            Log.fehlerMeldung(758200166, Log.FEHLER_ART_PROG, this.getClass().getName(), ex);
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void setColor(Component c, Start s, boolean isSelected) {
+        switch (s.status) {
+            case Start.STATUS_INIT:
+                if (isSelected) {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_WAIT_SEL);
+                } else {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_WAIT);
+                }
+                break;
+            case Start.STATUS_RUN:
+                if (isSelected) {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_RUN_SEL);
+                } else {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_RUN);
+                }
+                break;
+            case Start.STATUS_FERTIG:
+                if (isSelected) {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_FERTIG_SEL);
+                } else {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_FERTIG);
+                }
+                break;
+            case Start.STATUS_ERR:
+                if (isSelected) {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_ERR_SEL);
+                } else {
+                    c.setBackground(GuiKonstanten.DOWNLOAD_FARBE_ERR);
+                }
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+//    private class ProgressPanel extends JPanel {
+//
+//        private JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
+//        private Start s = null;
+//        private int i = 0;
+//        private JProgressBar progressBar = new JProgressBar(0, 1000);
+//
+//        public ProgressPanel(Start s_) {
+//            s = s_;
+//            ListenerMediathekView.addListener(new ListenerMediathekView(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_ART_DOWNLOAD_PROZENT, CellRendererDownloads.class.getSimpleName()) {
+//                @Override
+//                public void ping() {
+//                    panelUpdate();
+//                }
+//            });
+//            setHorizontalAlignment(SwingConstants.CENTER);
+//            // JProgressBar progressBar = new JProgressBar(0, 1000);
+//            // JPanel panel = new JPanel(new BorderLayout());
+//            // setColor(panel, s, isSelected);
+//            // setColor(progressBar, s, isSelected);
+//            progressBar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder());
+//            progressBar.setStringPainted(true);
+//            progressBar.setUI(new BasicProgressBarUI() {
+//                @Override
+//                protected Color getSelectionBackground() {
+//                    return UIManager.getDefaults().getColor("Table.foreground");
+//                }
+//
+//                @Override
+//                protected Color getSelectionForeground() {
+//                    return Color.white;
+//                }
+//            });
+//            panel.add(progressBar);
+//            panel.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder());
+//        }
+//
+//        public JPanel progressPanel() {
+//            return panel;
+//        }
+//
+//        private void panelUpdate() {
+//            if (s != null) {
+//                i = Integer.parseInt(s.datenDownload.arr[DatenDownload.DOWNLOAD_PROGRESS_NR]);
+//                progressBar.setValue(i);
+//                double d = i / 10.0;
+//                progressBar.setString(Double.toString(d) + "%");
+//                this.updateUI();
+//            }
+//        }
+//    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `CellRendererDownloads.ddaten.listeDownloads.getDownloadByUrl(url)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 144.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Component CellRendererDownloads.getTableCellRendererComponent(JTable,Object,boolean,boolean,int,int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.CellRendererDownloads.getTableCellRendererComponent(javax.swing.JTable,java.lang.Obje.95c322753a790aa637f8dfe2f8bc2679
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/CellRendererDownloads.java
+
+### Key:
+CellRendererDownloads.java|getTableCellRendererComponent|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+85f6f5d6678fe27e5119d8f5b7885afd
+
+### Hash:
+b3b97d02d7a26e77934d4f2ce3b2a2f7
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8961/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8961/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f2904b57346cfd54acb8dfca244607946ce70b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8961/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 52
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender;
+
+import mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.FilmeSuchenSender;
+import mediathek.controller.io.GetUrl;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenFilm;
+import mediathek.tool.Konstanten;
+import mediathek.tool.Log;
+import mediathek.tool.MVStringBuilder;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringEscapeUtils;
+
+public class MediathekKika extends MediathekReader implements Runnable {
+
+    public static final String SENDER = "KiKA";
+    private MVStringBuilder seiteHttp = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+
+    public MediathekKika(FilmeSuchenSender ssearch, int startPrio) {
+        super(ssearch, /* name */ SENDER, /* threads */ 2, /* urlWarten */ 500, startPrio);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    synchronized void meldungThreadUndFertig() {
+        if (threads <= 1) {
+            // vorher noch laufen
+            addToListHttp();
+        }
+        --threads;
+        if (threads <= 0) {
+            //wird erst ausgeführt wenn alle Threads beendet sind
+            suchen.meldenFertig(nameSenderMReader);
+        } else {
+            // läuft noch was
+            suchen.melden(nameSenderMReader, max, progress, "" /* text */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    void addToList() {
+        //<strong style="margin-left:10px;">Sesamstraße präsentiert: Eine Möhre für Zwei</strong><br />
+        //<a style="margin-left:20px;" href="?programm=168&amp;id=14487&amp;ag=5" title="Sendung vom 10.10.2012" class="overlay_link">42. Ordnung ist das halbe Chaos</a><br />
+        //<a style="margin-left:20px;" href="?programm=168&amp;id=14485&amp;ag=5" title="Sendung vom 10.10.2012" class="overlay_link">41. Über den Wolken</a><br />
+        final String ADRESSE = "http://kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/";
+        final String MUSTER_URL = "<a style=\"margin-left:20px;\" href=\"";
+        final String MUSTER_THEMA = "<strong style=\"margin-left:10px;\">";
+        final String MUSTER_DATUM = "title=\"Sendung vom ";
+        listeThemen.clear();
+        MVStringBuilder seite = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+        meldungStart();
+        seite = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, ADRESSE, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 3, seite, "KiKA: Startseite");
+        int pos = 0;
+        int pos1, pos2, stop, pDatum1, pDatum2, pTitel1, pTitel2;
+        String url, thema, datum, titel;
+        while ((pos = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_THEMA, pos)) != -1) {
+            try {
+                thema = "";
+                pos += MUSTER_THEMA.length();
+                stop = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_THEMA, pos);
+                pos1 = pos;
+                if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("<", pos1)) != -1) {
+                    thema = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                }
+                while ((pos1 = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_URL, pos1)) != -1) {
+                    titel = "";
+                    datum = "";
+                    if (stop != -1 && pos1 > stop) {
+                        // dann schon das nächste Thema
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    pos1 += MUSTER_URL.length();
+                    if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                        url = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                        //if (!url.equals("")) {
+                        url = StringEscapeUtils.unescapeXml(url);
+                        if (!url.equals("") && !url.startsWith("http://") && !url.startsWith("/")) {                            // Datum
+                            if ((pDatum1 = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_DATUM, pos2)) != -1) {
+                                pDatum1 += MUSTER_DATUM.length();
+                                if ((pDatum2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pDatum1)) != -1) {
+                                    if (stop != -1 && pDatum1 < stop && pDatum2 < stop) {
+                                        // dann schon das nächste Thema
+                                        datum = seite.substring(pDatum1, pDatum2);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            // Titel
+                            if ((pTitel1 = seite.indexOf(">", pos2)) != -1) {
+                                pTitel1 += 1;
+                                if ((pTitel2 = seite.indexOf("<", pTitel1)) != -1) {
+                                    //if (stop != -1 && pTitel1 > stop && pTitel2 > stop) {
+                                    if (stop != -1 && pTitel1 < stop && pTitel2 < stop) {
+                                        titel = seite.substring(pTitel1, pTitel2);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // in die Liste eintragen
+                            String[] add = new String[]{ADRESSE + url, thema, titel, datum};
+                            listeThemen.addUrl(add);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                Log.fehlerMeldung(-302025469, Log.FEHLER_ART_MREADER, "MediathekKiKA.addToList", ex, "");
+            }
+        }
+        if (Daten.filmeLaden.getStop()) {
+            meldungThreadUndFertig();
+        } else if (listeThemen.size() == 0) {
+            meldungThreadUndFertig();
+        } else {
+            listeSort(listeThemen, 1);
+            meldungAddMax(listeThemen.size());
+            for (int t = 0; t < maxThreadLaufen; ++t) {
+                //new Thread(new ThemaLaden()).start();
+                Thread th = new Thread(new ThemaLaden());
+                th.setName(nameSenderMReader + t);
+                th.start();
+            }
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class ThemaLaden implements Runnable {
+
+        GetUrl getUrl = new GetUrl(wartenSeiteLaden);
+        private MVStringBuilder seite1 = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void run() {
+            try {
+                meldungAddThread();
+                String[] link;
+                while (!Daten.filmeLaden.getStop() && (link = listeThemen.getListeThemen()) != null) {
+                    meldungProgress(link[0]);
+                    laden(link[0] /* url */, link[1] /* Thema */, link[2] /* Titel */, link[3] /*Datum*/);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                Log.fehlerMeldung(-987452384, Log.FEHLER_ART_MREADER, "Mediathek3Sat.ThemaLaden.run", ex, "");
+            }
+            meldungThreadUndFertig();
+        }
+
+        void laden(String filmWebsite, String thema, String titel, String datum) {
+            //so.addVariable("pfad","rtmp://88.198.74.226/vod/mp4:1348908081-7b8b1356b478db154fdbf8bf6a01fc1f.mp4");
+            //so.addVariable("fullscreenPfad", "rtmp://88.198.74.226/vod/mp4:1348908081-7b8b1356b478db154fdbf8bf6a01fc1f-01.mp4");
+            //xajax.config.requestURI = "http://kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/?programm=270&id=33172&ag=5";
+            final String MUSTER_URL_1 = "so.addVariable(\"pfad\",\"";
+            final String MUSTER_URL_2 = "so.addVariable(\"fullscreenPfad\", \"";
+            final String MUSTER_ID = "xajax.config.requestURI = \"";
+            seite1 = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, filmWebsite, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 1, seite1, thema + " " + titel);
+            int pos1, pos2;
+            String id;
+            String urlFilm = "";
+            id = seite1.extract(MUSTER_ID, "\"");
+            if ((pos1 = seite1.indexOf(MUSTER_URL_2)) != -1) {
+                pos1 += MUSTER_URL_2.length();
+                if ((pos2 = seite1.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                    urlFilm = seite1.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                }
+            }
+            if (urlFilm.equals("")) {
+                if ((pos1 = seite1.indexOf(MUSTER_URL_1)) != -1) {
+                    pos1 += MUSTER_URL_1.length();
+                    if ((pos2 = seite1.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                        urlFilm = seite1.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (!urlFilm.equals("")) {
+                meldung(urlFilm);
+                addFilm(new DatenFilm(nameSenderMReader, thema, filmWebsite, titel, urlFilm, "-r " + urlFilm + " --flashVer WIN11,4,402,265"/* urlRtmp */,
+                        datum/*datum*/, ""/*zeit*/, 0, "", "", "", new String[]{""}));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void addToListHttp() {
+        //http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=3&page=all
+        //http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=6&page=all
+        //http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=10&page=all
+
+        final String ADRESSE_1 = "http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=az&age=";
+        final String ADRESSE_2 = "&page=all";
+        final String MUSTER_START = "var programletterlist = {\"";
+        final String[] ALTER = {"3", "6", "10"};
+//        listeThemen.clear();
+        MVStringBuilder seite = new MVStringBuilder(Konstanten.STRING_BUFFER_START_BUFFER);
+        meldungStart();
+        int pos1 = 0, pos2, start = 0, stop = 0;
+        String id = "", thema = "", url = "";
+        for (String alter : ALTER) {
+            seite = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, ADRESSE_1 + alter + ADRESSE_2, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 3, seite, "KiKA: Startseite");
+            if ((start = seite.indexOf(MUSTER_START)) != -1) {
+                start += MUSTER_START.length();
+                pos1 = start;
+                if ((stop = seite.indexOf("}};", start)) != -1) {
+                    while ((pos1 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                        thema = "";
+                        id = "";
+                        pos1 += 1;
+                        if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                            id = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                            try {
+                                // Testen auf Zehl
+                                int z = Integer.parseInt(id);
+                            } catch (Exception ex) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            ++pos2;
+                            if ((pos1 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos2)) != -1) {
+                                ++pos1;
+                                if ((pos2 = seite.indexOf("\"", pos1)) != -1) {
+                                    thema = seite.substring(pos1, pos2);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            // http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=program&id=165&age=10
+                            url = "http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=program&id=" + id + "&age=" + alter;
+                            ladenHttp(url, thema, alter);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void ladenHttp(String filmWebsite, String thema, String alter) {
+        // erst die Nummer suchen
+        // >25420<4<165<23. Die b
+        // <http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/mediathek/previewpic/1355302530-f80b463888fd4602d925b2ef2c861928 9.jpg<
+        final String MUSTER_BILD = "<http://www.";
+        seiteHttp = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, filmWebsite, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 1, seiteHttp, thema);
+        String nummer, url, bild, urlFilm, titel;
+        nummer = seiteHttp.extract(">", "<");
+        bild = seiteHttp.extract(MUSTER_BILD, "<");
+        if (!bild.isEmpty()) {
+            bild = "http://www." + bild;
+        }
+        // die URL bauen:
+        // http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=video&age=10&id=25420&page=az
+        if (!nummer.isEmpty()) {
+            url = "http://www.kikaplus.net/clients/kika/kikaplus/hbbtv/index.php?cmd=video&age=" + alter + "&id=" + nummer + "&page=az";
+            seiteHttp = getUrlIo.getUri(nameSenderMReader, url, Konstanten.KODIERUNG_UTF, 1, seiteHttp, thema);
+            final String MUSTER_URL = "var videofile = \"";
+            final String MUSTER_TITEL = "var videotitle = \"";
+            urlFilm = seiteHttp.extract(MUSTER_URL, "\"");
+            titel = seiteHttp.extract(MUSTER_TITEL, "\"");
+            if (!urlFilm.equals("")) {
+                meldung(urlFilm);
+                // DatenFilm(String ssender, String tthema, String filmWebsite, String ttitel, String uurl, String uurlRtmp,
+                //     String datum, String zeit,
+                //     long dauerSekunden, String description, String thumbnailUrl, String imageUrl, String[] keywords) {
+                DatenFilm film = null;
+                if ((film = istInFilmListe(nameSenderMReader, thema, titel)) != null) {
+                    film.addUrlKlein(urlFilm, "");
+                } else {
+                    // dann gibs ihn noch nicht
+                    addFilm(new DatenFilm(nameSenderMReader, thema, "http://www.kika.de/fernsehen/mediathek/index.shtml", titel, urlFilm, ""/* urlRtmp */,
+                            ""/*datum*/, ""/*zeit*/,
+                            0, "", bild, "", new String[]{""}));
+                }
+            } else {
+                Log.fehlerMeldung(-915263078, Log.FEHLER_ART_MREADER, "MediathekKika", "keine URL: " + filmWebsite);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.ladenHttp` writes to field `this.mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.seiteHttp` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MediathekKika.ladenHttp(String,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.controller.filmeLaden.suchen.sender.MediathekKika.ladenHttp(java.lang.String,java.lang.Str.baacf86a2519544ecd111ab867b66324
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/controller/filmeLaden/suchen/sender/MediathekKika.java
+
+### Key:
+MediathekKika.java|ladenHttp|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+194500732d131bec18d5d4faddb58503
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8966/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8966/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4d4bee424eef0df62b7891f6ee9aec485b2f9a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8966/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.Daten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogOk;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    private static String getWindowsMplayerPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Program Files\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\SMPlayer\\mplayer\\mplayer.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad;
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadMplayer() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX = "/usr/bin/mplayer";
+        final String PFAD_MAC = "/opt/local/bin/mplayer";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsMplayerPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadVlc() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getMusterPfadFlv() {
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_macosx_intel_32bit_latest";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_MAC_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadMplayer() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, true /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_MPLAYER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(true /* vlc */, false /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        if (Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            new DialogOk(null, true, new PanelProgrammPfade(false /* vlc */, true /* flvstreamer */, false /* mplayer */), "Pfade Standardprogramme").setVisible(true);
+        }
+        return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else {
+            pfadScript = Funktionen.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static ListePset getStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+        } else {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return pSet;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                ListenerMediathekView.notify(ListenerMediathekView.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, GuiFunktionenProgramme.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (!testPfad.exists()) {
+                testPfad.mkdirs();
+            }
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (datenPset.progsContainPath()) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 135.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadFlv()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getMusterPfadFlv():java.lang.String.49113afa97873e7d8711b73d64fc0270
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getMusterPfadFlv|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+5d27b599e6bb2a94c82046198cc54a78
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8968/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8968/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c0ff6a2e3d1719cf364bd69ecc2ef088032da634
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8968/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** MediathekView
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * MediathekView
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 W. Xaver
+ * W.Xaver[at]googlemail.com
+ * http://zdfmediathk.sourceforge.net/
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package mediathek.tool;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.security.CodeSource;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
+import mediathek.Daten;
+import mediathek.Konstanten;
+import mediathek.Main;
+import mediathek.controller.filme.filmeImportieren.MediathekListener;
+import mediathek.controller.io.IoXmlLesen;
+import mediathek.daten.DDaten;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenPset;
+import mediathek.daten.DatenProg;
+import mediathek.daten.ListePset;
+import mediathek.file.GetFile;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogHilfe;
+import mediathek.gui.dialog.DialogLeer;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.DialogImportPset;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelProgrammPfade;
+import mediathek.gui.dialogEinstellungen.PanelPsetImport;
+
+public class GuiFunktionenProgramme {
+
+    public static String getPathJar() {
+        String pFilePath = "pFile";
+        File propFile = new File(pFilePath);
+        if (!propFile.exists()) {
+            try {
+                CodeSource cS = Main.class.getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
+                File jarFile = new File(cS.getLocation().toURI().getPath());
+                String jarDir = jarFile.getParentFile().getPath();
+                propFile = new File(jarDir + File.separator + pFilePath);
+            } catch (Exception ex) {
+            }
+        }
+        return propFile.getAbsolutePath().replace(pFilePath, "");
+    }
+
+    private static String getWindowsVlcPath() {
+        //Für Windows den Pfad des VLC ermitteln
+        //sonst den deutschen Defaultpfad für Programme verwenden verwenden
+        final String PFAD_WIN_VLC_DEFAULT = "C:\\Programme\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        final String PFAD_WIN_VLC = "\\VideoLAN\\VLC\\vlc.exe";
+        String vlcPfad = "";
+        try {
+            if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+                if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles") != null) {
+                    vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles") + PFAD_WIN_VLC;
+                    if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                        return vlcPfad;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") != null) {
+                vlcPfad = System.getenv("ProgramFiles(x86)") + PFAD_WIN_VLC;
+                if (new File(vlcPfad).exists()) {
+                    return vlcPfad;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return PFAD_WIN_VLC_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadVlc() {
+        ///////////////////////
+        if (!Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR].equals("")) {
+            return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_VLC_NR];
+        }
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_VLC = "/usr/bin/vlc";
+        final String PFAD_MAC_VLC = "/Applications/VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/VLC";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = getWindowsVlcPath();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_VLC;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_MAC_VLC;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadFlv() {
+        /////////////////////
+        if (!Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR].equals("")) {
+            return Daten.system[Konstanten.SYSTEM_PFAD_FLVSTREAMER_NR];
+        }
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_FLV = "/usr/bin/flvstreamer";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV = "bin\\flvstreamer_win32_latest.exe";
+        String pfad = "";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("windows")) {
+            pfad = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_FLV;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfad = PFAD_LINUX_FLV;
+        }
+        if (new File(pfad).exists()) {
+            return pfad;
+        } else {
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static String getPfadScript() {
+        String pfadScript;
+        final String PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT = "bin/flv.sh";
+        final String PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT = "bin\\flv.bat";
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            pfadScript = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            pfadScript = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_LINUX_SCRIPT;
+        } else {
+            pfadScript = GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPathJar() + PFAD_WINDOWS_SCRIPT;
+        }
+        return pfadScript;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addStandardprogramme(DDaten ddaten, boolean auto) {
+        ListePset pSet;
+        InputStream datei;
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("linux")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageLinux();
+        } else if (System.getProperty("os.name").toLowerCase().contains("mac")) {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageMac();
+        } else {
+            datei = new GetFile().getPsetVorlageWindows();
+        }
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        pSet = IoXmlLesen.importPset(datei, true);
+        return addVorlagen(ddaten, pSet, auto);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean addVorlagen(DDaten ddaten, ListePset pSet, boolean auto) {
+        // Standardgruppen laden
+        if (pSet != null) {
+            if (!auto) {
+                DialogImportPset dialog = new DialogImportPset(null, true, ddaten, pSet);
+                dialog.setVisible(true);
+                if (!dialog.ok) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (ddaten.listePset.addPset(pSet)) {
+                Daten.notifyMediathekListener(MediathekListener.EREIGNIS_LISTE_PSET, PanelPsetImport.class.getSimpleName());
+                JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, pSet.size() + " Programmset importiert!",
+                        "Ok", JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
+            }
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Die Datei wurde nicht importiert!",
+                    "Fehler", JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean praefixTesten(String str, String uurl, boolean praefix) {
+        //prüfen ob url beginnt/endet mit einem Argument in str
+        //wenn str leer dann true
+        boolean ret = false;
+        String url = uurl.toLowerCase();
+        String s1 = "";
+        if (str.equals("")) {
+            ret = true;
+        } else {
+            for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); ++i) {
+                if (str.charAt(i) != ',') {
+                    s1 += str.charAt(i);
+                }
+                if (str.charAt(i) == ',' || i >= str.length() - 1) {
+                    if (praefix) {
+                        //Präfix prüfen
+                        if (url.startsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        //Suffix prüfen
+                        if (url.endsWith(s1.toLowerCase())) {
+                            ret = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    s1 = "";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean checkPfadBeschreibbar(String pfad) {
+        boolean ret = false;
+        File testPfad = new File(pfad);
+        try {
+            if (pfad.equals("")) {
+            } else if (!testPfad.isDirectory()) {
+            } else {
+                if (testPfad.canWrite()) {
+                    File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("mediathek", "tmp", testPfad);
+                    tmpFile.delete();
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean programmePruefen(DDaten daten) {
+        final String PIPE = "| ";
+        final String LEER = "      ";
+        final String PFEIL = " -> ";
+        boolean ret = true;
+        String text = "";
+        Iterator<DatenPset> itPset = daten.listePset.iterator();
+        DatenPset datenPset;
+        DatenProg datenProg;
+        while (itPset.hasNext()) {
+            datenPset = itPset.next();
+            ret = true;
+            if (!datenPset.isFreeLine() && !datenPset.isLable()) {
+                // nur wenn kein Lable oder freeline
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n";
+                text += PIPE + "Programmgruppe: " + datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                String zielPfad = datenPset.arr[DatenPset.PROGRAMMSET_ZIEL_PFAD_NR];
+                if (zielPfad.equals("")) {
+                    // beim nur Abspielen wird er nicht gebraucht
+                    if (datenPset.needsPath()) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Zielpfad fehlt!\n";
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    File pfad = new File(zielPfad);
+                    if (!pfad.isDirectory()) {
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" ist kein Verzeichnis!" + "\n";
+                    } else {
+                        // Pfad beschreibbar?
+                        if (!checkPfadBeschreibbar(zielPfad)) {
+                            //da Pfad-leer und "kein" Pfad schon abgeprüft
+                            ret = false;
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Zielpfad!\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Zielpfad \"" + zielPfad + "\" nicht beschreibbar!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Iterator<DatenProg> itProg = datenPset.getListeProg().iterator();
+                while (itProg.hasNext()) {
+                    datenProg = itProg.next();
+                    // Programmpfad prüfen
+                    //if (!new File(datenProg.arr[Konstanten.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).exists()) {
+                    if (!new File(datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR]).canExecute()) {
+                        // Programme prüfen
+                        ret = false;
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + "Falscher Programmpfad!\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Programmname: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_NAME_NR] + "\n";
+                        text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "Pfad: " + datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR] + "\n";
+                        if (!datenProg.arr[DatenProg.PROGRAMM_PROGRAMMPFAD_NR].contains(File.separator)) {
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + PFEIL + "Wenn das Programm nicht im Systempfad liegt, " + "\n";
+                            text += PIPE + LEER + LEER + "wird der Start nicht klappen!" + "\n";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (ret) {
+                    //sollte alles passen
+                    text += PIPE + PFEIL + "Ok!" + "\n";
+                }
+                text += "++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" + "\n\n\n";
+            }
+        }
+        new DialogHilfe(null, true, text).setVisible(true);
+        return ret;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `getProperty("os.name")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 116.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPfadFlv()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+mediathek.tool.GuiFunktionenProgramme.getPfadFlv():java.lang.String.c214c570861b842bfe60ef716d6d36d0
+
+### File:
+src/mediathek/tool/GuiFunktionenProgramme.java
+
+### Key:
+GuiFunktionenProgramme.java|getPfadFlv|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+3359fb2cc47080b5f04c9dc790cbdaa0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8992/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8992/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a6255b860289304cf064840029a0eeb140583fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8992/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nextrtc-signaling-server
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nextrtc.signalingserver.domain.signal;
+
+import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.EMPTY;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.notNullValue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.BaseTest;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.MessageMatcher;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.domain.*;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.repository.Conversations;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Optional;
+
+public class CreateSignalTest extends BaseTest {
+
+	@Autowired
+	private CreateSignal create;
+
+	@Autowired
+	private Conversations conversations;
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldCreateConversation() throws Exception {
+		// given
+		MessageMatcher matcher = new MessageMatcher();
+		InternalMessage message = InternalMessage.create()//
+				.from(Member.builder()//
+						.session(mockSession("sessionId", matcher))//
+						.build())//
+				.signal(create)//
+				.content("c1")//
+				.build();
+
+		// when
+		create.executeMessage(message);
+
+		// then
+		Optional<Conversation> conv = conversations.findBy("c1");
+		assertTrue(conv.isPresent());
+		Message send = matcher.getMessage();
+		assertNotNull(send);
+		assertThat(send.getFrom(), is(EMPTY));
+		assertThat(send.getTo(), is("sessionId"));
+		assertThat(send.getSignal(), is("created"));
+		assertThat(send.getContent(), is("c1"));
+		assertThat(send.getParameters(), notNullValue());
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `send` last assigned on line 45 could be null and is dereferenced at line 47.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CreateSignalTest.shouldCreateConversation()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nextrtc.signalingserver.domain.signal.CreateSignalTest.shouldCreateConversation():void.21a170a4b864dcf15b987c8df572a80d
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/nextrtc/signalingserver/domain/signal/CreateSignalTest.java
+
+### Key:
+CreateSignalTest.java|shouldCreateConversation|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+029769b47f6bc348a94d4e034c2162d6
+
+### Hash:
+6d42bfb0dc04c708307f4aa103323fd9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-8995/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-8995/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15d5923ae2dad7916571da97ba5b764a33f498bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-8995/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nextrtc-signaling-server
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nextrtc.signalingserver.domain;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+import static org.nextrtc.signalingserver.api.annotation.NextRTCEvents.CONVERSATION_CREATED;
+import static org.nextrtc.signalingserver.api.annotation.NextRTCEvents.SESSION_STARTED;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.websocket.Session;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.BaseTest;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.EventChecker;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.MessageMatcher;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.api.NextRTCEvent;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.api.annotation.NextRTCEventListener;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.domain.ServerTest.ServerEventCheck;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.exception.Exceptions;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.exception.SignalingException;
+import org.nextrtc.signalingserver.repository.Members;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration;
+
+@ContextConfiguration(classes = { ServerEventCheck.class })
+public class ServerTest extends BaseTest {
+
+	@NextRTCEventListener({ SESSION_STARTED, CONVERSATION_CREATED })
+	public static class ServerEventCheck extends EventChecker {
+
+	}
+
+	@Rule
+	public ExpectedException expect = ExpectedException.none();
+
+	@Autowired
+	private Server server;
+
+	@Autowired
+	private Members members;
+
+	@Autowired
+	private ServerEventCheck eventCheckerCall;
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldThrowExceptionWhenMemberDoesntExists() throws Exception {
+		// given
+		Session session = mock(Session.class);
+		when(session.getId()).thenReturn("s1");
+
+		// then
+		expect.expect(SignalingException.class);
+		expect.expectMessage(Exceptions.MEMBER_NOT_FOUND.name());
+
+		// when
+		server.handle(mock(Message.class), session);
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldRegisterUserOnWebSocketConnection() throws Exception {
+		// given
+		Session session = mock(Session.class);
+		when(session.getId()).thenReturn("s1");
+
+		// when
+		server.register(session);
+
+		// then
+		assertTrue(members.findBy("s1").isPresent());
+
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldCreateConversationOnCreateSignal() throws Exception {
+		// given
+		Session session = mockSession("s1");
+		server.register(session);
+
+		// when
+		server.handle(Message.create()//
+				.signal("create")//
+				.build(), session);
+
+		// then
+		List<NextRTCEvent> events = eventCheckerCall.getEvents();
+		assertThat(events.size(), is(2));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldCreateConversationCreate() throws Exception {
+		// given
+		MessageMatcher s1Matcher = new MessageMatcher();
+		MessageMatcher s2Matcher = new MessageMatcher();
+		Session s1 = mockSession("s1", s1Matcher);
+		Session s2 = mockSession("s2", s2Matcher);
+		server.register(s1);
+		server.register(s2);
+
+		// when
+		server.handle(Message.create()//
+				.signal("create")//
+				.build(), s1);
+
+		// then
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessages().size(), is(1));
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessage().getSignal(), is("created"));
+		assertThat(s2Matcher.getMessages().size(), is(0));
+	}
+
+	@Test
+	public void shouldCreateConversationThenJoinAndSendOfferRequest() throws Exception {
+		// given
+		MessageMatcher s1Matcher = new MessageMatcher();
+		MessageMatcher s2Matcher = new MessageMatcher();
+		Session s1 = mockSession("s1", s1Matcher);
+		Session s2 = mockSession("s2", s2Matcher);
+		server.register(s1);
+		server.register(s2);
+
+		// when
+		server.handle(Message.create()//
+				.signal("create")//
+				.build(), s1);
+		String conversationKey = s1Matcher.getMessage().getContent();
+		s1Matcher.reset();
+		server.handle(Message.create()//
+				.signal("join")//
+				.content(conversationKey)//
+				.build(), s2);
+
+		// then
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessages().size(), is(2));
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessage().getFrom(), is("s2"));
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessage().getTo(), is("s1"));
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessage().getSignal(), is("joined"));
+
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessage(1).getFrom(), is("s2"));
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessage(1).getTo(), is("s1"));
+		assertThat(s1Matcher.getMessage(1).getSignal(), is("offerRequest"));
+
+		assertThat(s2Matcher.getMessages().size(), is(1));
+		assertThat(s2Matcher.getMessage().getSignal(), is("joined"));
+		assertThat(s2Matcher.getMessage().getContent(), is(conversationKey));
+	}
+
+	@Before
+	public void resetObjects() {
+		eventCheckerCall.reset();
+		members.unregister("s1");
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `s1Matcher.getMessage(1)` could be null and is dereferenced at line 143.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServerTest.shouldCreateConversationThenJoinAndSendOfferRequest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nextrtc.signalingserver.domain.ServerTest.shouldCreateConversationThenJoinAndSendOfferRequest():.5452bc9fe9b49eb29db200551bf60d9c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/nextrtc/signalingserver/domain/ServerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ServerTest.java|shouldCreateConversationThenJoinAndSendOfferRequest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+9275dffb92243fffa4fb0ef78102c621
+
+### Hash:
+9660862a8446298c14ed77c4fbfe3b25
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9011/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9011/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..085b398ea54b1c4e19a6154defe01c550069f0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9011/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** boxable
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ Quodlibet.be
+ */
+package be.quodlibet.boxable;
+
+import com.google.common.io.Files;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.exceptions.COSVisitorException;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDPage;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.font.PDType1Font;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.interactive.documentnavigation.outline.PDDocumentOutline;
+import org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.interactive.documentnavigation.outline.PDOutlineItem;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.awt.*;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+
+public class TableTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void Sample1 () throws IOException, COSVisitorException {
+
+        //Set margins
+        float margin = 10;
+
+        
+        List<String[]> facts = getFacts();
+
+        //Initialize Document
+        PDDocument doc = new PDDocument();
+        PDPage page = addNewPage(doc);
+        float top = page.findMediaBox().getHeight() - (2 * margin);
+        
+        //Initialize table
+        float tableWidth = page.findMediaBox().getWidth() - (2 * margin);
+        boolean drawContent = false;
+        Table table  = new Table(top,tableWidth, margin, doc, page, true, drawContent);
+
+        //Create Header row
+        Row headerRow = table.createRow(15f);
+        Cell cell = headerRow.createCell(100, "Awesome Facts About Belgium");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.BLACK);
+        cell.setTextColor(Color.WHITE);
+        
+
+        table.setHeader(headerRow);
+
+        //Create 2 column row
+        Row row = table.createRow(15f);
+        cell = row.createCell(30,"Source:");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        
+        cell = row.createCell(70, "http://www.factsofbelgium.com/");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+
+        //Create Fact header row
+        Row factHeaderrow = table.createRow(15f);
+        
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100 / 3) * 2, "Fact");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        cell.setFontSize(6);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+        
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100 / 3), "Tags");
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+        cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+        //Add multiple rows with random facts about Belgium
+        for (String[] fact : facts) {
+
+            row = table.createRow(10f);
+            cell = row.createCell((100 / 3) * 2, fact[0]);
+            cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+            cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+            for (int i = 1; i < fact.length; i++) {
+
+                cell = row.createCell((100 / 9), fact[i]);
+                cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+                cell.setFontSize(6);
+                //Set colors
+                if (fact[i].contains("beer")) cell.setFillColor(Color.yellow);
+                if (fact[i].contains("champion")) cell.setTextColor(Color.GREEN);
+            }
+        }
+
+        table.draw();
+
+        //Close Stream and save pdf
+        File file = new File("target/BoxableSample1.pdf");
+        Files.createParentDirs(file);
+        doc.save(file);
+        doc.close();
+
+    }
+
+   
+
+    private static List<String[]> getFacts() {
+        List<String[]> facts = new ArrayList<String[]>();
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Oil Painting was invented by the Belgian van Eyck brothers", "art", "inventions", "science"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The Belgian Adolphe Sax invented the Saxophone", "inventions", "music", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"11 sites in Belgium are on the UNESCO World Heritage List", "art", "history", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium was the second country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage", "politics", "", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"In the seventies, schools served light beer during lunch", "beer", "health", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has the sixth fastest domestic internet connection in the world", "science", "technology", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium hosts the World's Largest Sand Sculpture Festival", "art", "festivals", "world championship"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has compulsary education between the ages of 6 and 18", "education", "", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium also has more comic makers per square kilometer than any other country in the world", "art", "social", "world championship"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has one of the lowest proportion of McDonald's restaurants per inhabitant in the developed world", "food", "health", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgium has approximately 178 beer breweries", "beer", "food", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Gotye was born in Bruges, Belgium", "music", "celebrities", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The Belgian Coast Tram is the longest tram line in the world", "technology", "world championship", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Stefan Everts is the only motocross racer with 10 World Championship titles.", "celebrities", "sports", "world champions"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Tintin was conceived by Belgian artist Hergé", "art", "celebrities", "inventions"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Brussels Airport is the world's biggest selling point of chocolate", "food", "world champions", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Tomorrowland is the biggest electronic dance music festival in the world", "festivals", "music", "world champion"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"French Fries are actually from Belgium", "food", "inventions", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Herman Van Rompy is the first full-time president of the European Council", "politics", "", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Belgians are the fourth most money saving people in the world", "economy", "social", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The Belgian highway system is the only man-made structure visible from the moon at night", "technology", "world champions", ""});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Andreas Vesalius, the founder of modern human anatomy, is from Belgium", "celebrities", "education", "history"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Napoleon was defeated in Waterloo, Belgium", "celebrities", "history", "politicians"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"The first natural color picture in National Geographic was of a flower garden in Gent, Belgium in 1914", "art", "history", "science"});
+        facts.add(new String[]{"Rock Werchter is the Best Festival in the World", "festivals", "music", "world champions"});
+
+        //Make the table a bit bigger
+        facts.addAll(facts);
+        facts.addAll(facts);
+        facts.addAll(facts);
+
+
+        return facts;
+    }
+    
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void SampleTest2() throws IOException, COSVisitorException {
+
+        //Set margins
+        float margin = 10;
+
+        List<String[]> facts = getFacts();
+
+        //A list of bookmarks of all the tables
+        List<PDOutlineItem> bookmarks = new ArrayList<PDOutlineItem>();
+
+        //Initialize Document
+        PDDocument doc = new PDDocument();
+        PDPage page = addNewPage(doc);
+
+        //Initialize table
+        float tableWidth = page.findMediaBox().getWidth()-(2*margin);
+        float top = page.findMediaBox().getHeight() - (2 * margin);
+        boolean drawContent = true;
+        boolean drawLines = true;
+        Table table  = new Table(top,tableWidth, margin, doc, page, drawLines, drawContent);
+        
+
+        //Create Header row
+        Row headerRow = table.createRow(15f);
+        Cell cell = headerRow.createCell(100,"Awesome Facts About Belgium");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_BOLD);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.BLACK);cell.setTextColor(Color.WHITE);
+
+        table.setHeader(headerRow);
+
+        //Create 2 column row
+        Row row = table.createRow(15f);
+        cell = row.createCell(75,"Source:");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        
+        cell = row.createCell(25,"http://www.factsofbelgium.com/");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);
+
+        //Create Fact header row
+        Row factHeaderrow = table.createRow(15f);
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100/3) * 2 ,"Fact");
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);
+        cell.setFontSize(6);
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+
+        cell = factHeaderrow.createCell((100/3),"Tags");
+        cell.setFillColor(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
+        cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+        //Add multiple rows with random facts about Belgium
+        int bookmarkid = 0;
+        for(String[] fact : facts) {
+
+            row = table.createRow(10f);
+            cell = row.createCell((100/3)*2 ,fact[0]+ " " + fact[0]+ " " + fact[0]);
+            cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA);cell.setFontSize(6);
+
+            //Create a bookmark for each record
+            PDOutlineItem outlineItem = new PDOutlineItem();
+            outlineItem.setTitle((++bookmarkid ) + ") " + fact[0]);
+            row.setBookmark( outlineItem);
+
+            for(int i = 1; i< fact.length; i++) {
+                cell = row.createCell((100/9) ,fact[i]);
+                cell.setFont(PDType1Font.HELVETICA_OBLIQUE);cell.setFontSize(6);
+            
+                //Set colors
+                if(fact[i].contains("beer"))cell.setFillColor(Color.yellow);
+                if(fact[i].contains("champion"))cell.setTextColor(Color.GREEN);
+
+            }
+        }
+        table.draw();
+
+        //Get all bookmarks of previous table
+        bookmarks.addAll(table.getBookmarks());
+
+        //Create document outline
+        PDDocumentOutline outline =  new PDDocumentOutline();
+
+        for(PDOutlineItem bm : bookmarks) {
+            outline.appendChild(bm);
+        }
+
+        doc.getDocumentCatalog().setDocumentOutline(outline);
+
+        //Save the document
+        File file = new File("target/BoxableSample2.pdf");
+        Files.createParentDirs(file);
+        doc.save(file);
+        doc.close();
+
+    }
+
+    private static PDPage addNewPage(PDDocument doc) {
+        PDPage page = new PDPage();
+        doc.addPage(page);
+        return page;
+    }
+    
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.pdfbox.pdmodel.PDDocument` acquired by call to `new()` at line 156 is not released after line 237.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 169
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TableTest.SampleTest2()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+be.quodlibet.boxable.TableTest.SampleTest2():void.7a1b7ef48a844eb9c3143d4ce68d5575
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/be/quodlibet/boxable/TableTest.java
+
+### Key:
+TableTest.java|SampleTest2|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+fcc3d1468dcc1635c170b1addf641a54
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9016/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9016/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..674cb64cd399296de0137e84133c5521040f7e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9016/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jnr-posix
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+
+package jnr.posix;
+
+import jnr.constants.platform.Fcntl;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Sysconf;
+import jnr.ffi.Pointer;
+import jnr.posix.util.ProcessMaker;
+
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Confstr;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Pathconf;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Signal;
+
+final class LazyPOSIX implements POSIX {
+
+    private final POSIXHandler handler;
+    private final boolean useNativePosix;
+
+    // NOTE: because all implementations of POSIX that are loaded via loadPOSIX()
+    // are immutable, there is no need for 'posix' to be a volatile field.
+    // See http://www.cs.umd.edu/~pugh/java/memoryModel/DoubleCheckedLocking.html
+    // (but since volatile reads on x86 and x86_64 are cheap, do it anyway)
+    private volatile POSIX posix;
+
+    LazyPOSIX(POSIXHandler handler, boolean useNativePosix) {
+        this.handler = handler;
+        this.useNativePosix = useNativePosix;
+    }
+
+    private final POSIX posix() {
+        return posix != null ? posix : loadPOSIX();
+    }
+
+    private final synchronized POSIX loadPOSIX() {
+        return posix != null
+                ? posix
+                : (posix = POSIXFactory.loadPOSIX(handler, useNativePosix));
+    }
+
+    public ProcessMaker newProcessMaker(String... command) {
+        return posix().newProcessMaker(command);
+    }
+
+    public ProcessMaker newProcessMaker() {
+        return posix().newProcessMaker();
+    }
+    
+    public FileStat allocateStat() {
+        return posix().allocateStat();
+    }
+
+    public MsgHdr allocateMsgHdr() {
+        return posix().allocateMsgHdr();
+    }
+
+    public int chdir(String path) {
+        return posix().chdir(path);
+    }
+
+    public int chmod(String filename, int mode) {
+        return posix().chmod(filename, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int fchmod(int fd, int mode) {
+        return posix().fchmod(fd, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int chown(String filename, int user, int group) {
+        return posix().chown(filename, user, group);
+    }
+
+    public CharSequence crypt(CharSequence key, CharSequence salt) {
+        return posix().crypt(key, salt);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] crypt(byte[] key, byte[] salt) {
+        return posix().crypt(key, salt);
+    }
+
+    public int fchown(int fd, int user, int group) {
+        return posix().fchown(fd, user, group);
+    }
+
+    public int endgrent() {
+        return posix().endgrent();
+    }
+
+    public int endpwent() {
+        return posix().endpwent();
+    }
+
+    public int errno() {
+        return posix().errno();
+    }
+
+    public void errno(int value) {
+        posix().errno(value);
+    }
+    
+    public int exec(String path, String... args) {
+        return posix().exec(path, args);
+    }
+    
+    public int exec(String path, String[] args, String[] envp) {
+        return posix().exec(path, args, envp);
+    }
+
+    public int execv(String path, String[] argv) {
+        return posix().execv(path, argv);
+    }
+
+    public int execve(String path, String[] argv, String[] envp) {
+        return posix().execve(path, argv, envp);
+    }
+    
+    public int fork() {
+        return posix().fork();
+    }
+
+    public FileStat fstat(int fd) {
+        return posix().fstat(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int fstat(int fd, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().fstat(fd, stat);
+    }
+
+    public FileStat fstat(FileDescriptor descriptor) {
+        return posix().fstat(descriptor);
+    }
+
+    public int fstat(FileDescriptor descriptor, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().fstat(descriptor, stat);
+    }
+
+    public int getegid() {
+        return posix().getegid();
+    }
+
+    public int geteuid() {
+        return posix().geteuid();
+    }
+
+    public int getgid() {
+        return posix().getgid();
+    }
+
+    public int getdtablesize() {
+        return posix().getdtablesize();
+    }
+
+    public Group getgrent() {
+        return posix().getgrent();
+    }
+
+    public Group getgrgid(int which) {
+        return posix().getgrgid(which);
+    }
+
+    public Group getgrnam(String which) {
+        return posix().getgrnam(which);
+    }
+
+    public String getlogin() {
+        return posix().getlogin();
+    }
+
+    public int getpgid() {
+        return posix().getpgid();
+    }
+
+    public int getpgid(int pid) {
+        return posix().getpgid(pid);
+    }
+
+    public int getpgrp() {
+        return posix().getpgrp();
+    }
+
+    public int getpid() {
+        return posix().getpid();
+    }
+
+    public int getppid() {
+        return posix().getppid();
+    }
+
+    public int getpriority(int which, int who) {
+        return posix().getpriority(which, who);
+    }
+
+    public Passwd getpwent() {
+        return posix().getpwent();
+    }
+
+    public Passwd getpwnam(String which) {
+        return posix().getpwnam(which);
+    }
+
+    public Passwd getpwuid(int which) {
+        return posix().getpwuid(which);
+    }
+
+    public int getuid() {
+        return posix().getuid();
+    }
+
+    public int getrlimit(int resource, RLimit rlim) {
+        return posix().getrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public int getrlimit(int resource, Pointer rlim) {
+        return posix().getrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public RLimit getrlimit(int resource) {
+        return posix().getrlimit(resource);
+    }
+
+    public int setrlimit(int resource, RLimit rlim) {
+        return posix().setrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public int setrlimit(int resource, Pointer rlim) {
+        return posix().setrlimit(resource, rlim);
+    }
+
+    public int setrlimit(int resource, long rlimCur, long rlimMax) {
+        return posix().setrlimit(resource, rlimCur, rlimMax);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isatty(FileDescriptor descriptor) {
+        return posix().isatty(descriptor);
+    }
+
+    public int isatty(int descriptor) {
+        return posix().isatty(descriptor);
+    }
+
+    public int kill(int pid, int signal) {
+        return kill((long) pid, signal);
+    }
+
+    public int kill(long pid, int signal) {
+        return posix().kill(pid, signal);
+    }
+    
+    public SignalHandler signal(Signal sig, SignalHandler handler) {
+        return posix().signal(sig, handler);
+    }
+
+    public int raise(int sig) {
+        return posix().raise(sig);
+    }
+
+    public int lchmod(String filename, int mode) {
+        return posix().lchmod(filename, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int lchown(String filename, int user, int group) {
+        return posix().lchown(filename, user, group);
+    }
+
+    public int link(String oldpath, String newpath) {
+        return posix().link(oldpath, newpath);
+    }
+
+    public FileStat lstat(String path) {
+        return posix().lstat(path);
+    }
+
+    public int lstat(String path, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().lstat(path, stat);
+    }
+
+    public int mkdir(String path, int mode) {
+        return posix().mkdir(path, mode);
+    }
+
+    public String readlink(String path) throws IOException {
+        return posix().readlink(path);
+    }
+
+    public int readlink(CharSequence path, byte[] buf, int bufsize) {
+        return posix().readlink(path, buf, bufsize);
+    }
+
+    public int readlink(CharSequence path, ByteBuffer buf, int bufsize) {
+        return posix().readlink(path, buf, bufsize);
+    }
+
+    public int readlink(CharSequence path, Pointer bufPtr, int bufsize) {
+        return posix().readlink(path, bufPtr, bufsize);
+    }
+
+    public int rmdir(String path) {
+        return posix().rmdir(path);
+    }
+
+    public int setegid(int egid) {
+        return posix().setegid(egid);
+    }
+
+    public int seteuid(int euid) {
+        return posix().seteuid(euid);
+    }
+
+    public int setgid(int gid) {
+        return posix().setgid(gid);
+    }
+
+    public int setgrent() {
+        return posix().setgrent();
+    }
+
+    public int setpgid(int pid, int pgid) {
+        return posix().setpgid(pid, pgid);
+    }
+
+    public int setpgrp(int pid, int pgrp) {
+        return posix().setpgrp(pid, pgrp);
+    }
+
+    public int setpriority(int which, int who, int prio) {
+        return posix().setpriority(which, who, prio);
+    }
+
+    public int setpwent() {
+        return posix().setpwent();
+    }
+
+    public int setsid() {
+        return posix().setsid();
+    }
+
+    public int setuid(int uid) {
+        return posix().setuid(uid);
+    }
+
+    public FileStat stat(String path) {
+        return posix().stat(path);
+    }
+
+    public int stat(String path, FileStat stat) {
+        return posix().stat(path, stat);
+    }
+
+    public int symlink(String oldpath, String newpath) {
+        return posix().symlink(oldpath, newpath);
+    }
+
+    public int umask(int mask) {
+        return posix().umask(mask);
+    }
+
+    public int utimes(String path, long[] atimeval, long[] mtimeval) {
+        return posix().utimes(path, atimeval, mtimeval);
+    }
+
+    public int utimes(String path, Pointer times) {
+        return posix().utimes(path, times);
+    }
+
+    public int futimes(int fd, long[] atimeval, long[] mtimeval) {
+        return posix().futimes(fd, atimeval, mtimeval);
+    }
+
+    public int lutimes(String path, long[] atimeval, long[] mtimeval) {
+        return posix().lutimes(path, atimeval, mtimeval);
+    }
+
+    public int utimensat(int dirfd, String path, long[] atimespec, long[] mtimespec, int flag) {
+        return posix().utimensat(dirfd, path, atimespec, mtimespec, flag);
+    }
+
+    public int utimensat(int dirfd, String path, Pointer times, int flag) {
+        return posix().utimensat(dirfd, path, times, flag);
+    }
+
+    public int futimens(int fd, long[] atimespec, long[] mtimespec) {
+        return posix().futimens(fd, atimespec, mtimespec);
+    }
+
+    public int futimens(int fd, Pointer times) {
+        return posix().futimens(fd, times);
+    }
+
+    public int wait(int[] status) {
+        return posix().wait(status);
+    }
+
+    public int waitpid(int pid, int[] status, int flags) {
+        return waitpid((long) pid, status, flags);
+    }
+
+    public int waitpid(long pid, int[] status, int flags) {
+        return posix().waitpid(pid, status, flags);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isNative() {
+        return posix().isNative();
+    }
+
+    public LibC libc() {
+        return posix().libc();
+    }
+
+    public Pointer environ() {
+        return posix().environ();
+    }
+
+    public String getenv(String envName) {
+        return posix().getenv(envName);
+    }
+
+    public int setenv(String envName, String envValue, int overwrite) {
+        return posix().setenv(envName, envValue, overwrite);
+    }
+
+    public int unsetenv(String envName) {
+        return posix().unsetenv(envName);
+    }
+
+    public long posix_spawnp(String path, Collection<? extends SpawnFileAction> fileActions, Collection<? extends CharSequence> argv, Collection<? extends CharSequence> envp) {
+        return posix().posix_spawnp(path, fileActions, argv, envp);
+    }
+
+    public long posix_spawnp(String path, Collection<? extends SpawnFileAction> fileActions,
+                             Collection<? extends SpawnAttribute> spawnAttributes,
+                             Collection<? extends CharSequence> argv, Collection<? extends CharSequence> envp) {
+        return posix().posix_spawnp(path, fileActions, spawnAttributes, argv, envp);
+    }
+
+    public long sysconf(Sysconf name) {
+        return posix().sysconf(name);
+    }
+
+    public int confstr(Confstr name, ByteBuffer buf, int len) {
+        return libc().confstr(name, buf, len);
+    }
+
+    public int fpathconf(int fd, Pathconf name) {
+        return libc().fpathconf(fd, name);
+    }
+
+    public Times times() {
+        return posix().times();
+    }
+    
+    public int flock(int fd, int mode) {
+        return posix().flock(fd, mode);
+    }
+
+    public int dup(int fd) {
+        return posix().dup(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int dup2(int oldFd, int newFd) {
+        return posix().dup2(oldFd, newFd);
+    }
+
+    public int fcntlInt(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst, int arg) {
+        return posix().fcntlInt(fd, fcntlConst, arg);
+    }
+
+    public int fcntl(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst) {
+        return posix().fcntl(fd, fcntlConst);
+    }
+
+    public int fcntl(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst, int arg) {
+        return posix().fcntl(fd, fcntlConst, arg);
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    public int fcntl(int fd, Fcntl fcntlConst, int... arg) {
+        return posix().fcntl(fd, fcntlConst);
+    }
+
+    public int access(CharSequence path, int amode) {
+        return posix().access(path, amode);
+    }
+
+    public int close(int fd) {
+        return posix().close(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int unlink(CharSequence path) {
+        return posix().unlink(path);
+    }
+
+    public int open(CharSequence path, int flags, int perm) {
+        return posix().open(path, flags, perm);
+    }
+
+    public long read(int fd, byte[] buf, long n) {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long write(int fd, byte[] buf, long n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long read(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n) {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long write(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public long pread(int fd, byte[] buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public long pwrite(int fd, byte[] buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public long pread(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public long pwrite(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, long n, long offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+
+    public int read(int fd, byte[] buf, int n)
+    {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int write(int fd, byte[] buf, int n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int read(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n) {
+        return posix().read(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int write(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n) {
+        return posix().write(fd, buf, n);
+    }
+    public int pread(int fd, byte[] buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public int pwrite(int fd, byte[] buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public int pread(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pread(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+    public int pwrite(int fd, ByteBuffer buf, int n, int offset) {
+        return posix().pwrite(fd, buf, n, offset);
+    }
+
+    public int lseek(int fd, long offset, int whence) {
+        return posix().lseek(fd, offset, whence);
+    }
+
+    public long lseekLong(int fd, long offset, int whence) {
+        return posix().lseekLong(fd, offset, whence);
+    }
+
+    public int pipe(int[] fds) {
+        return posix().pipe(fds);
+    }
+
+    public int socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol, int[] fds) {
+        return posix().socketpair(domain, type, protocol, fds);
+    }
+
+    public int sendmsg(int socket, MsgHdr message, int flags) {
+        return posix().sendmsg(socket, message, flags);
+    }
+
+    public int recvmsg(int socket, MsgHdr message, int flags) {
+        return posix().recvmsg(socket, message, flags);
+    }
+
+    public int truncate(CharSequence path, long length) {
+        return posix().truncate(path, length);
+    }
+
+    public int ftruncate(int fd, long offset) {
+        return posix().ftruncate(fd, offset);
+    }
+
+    public int rename(CharSequence oldName, CharSequence newName) {
+        return posix().rename(oldName, newName);
+    }
+
+    public String getcwd() {
+        return posix().getcwd();
+    }
+
+    public int fsync(int fd) {
+        return posix().fsync(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int fdatasync(int fd) {
+        return posix().fdatasync(fd);
+    }
+
+    public int mkfifo(String path, int mode) {
+        return posix().mkfifo(path, mode);
+    }
+
+    public String gethostname() {
+        return posix().gethostname();
+    }
+
+    public int daemon(int nochdir, int noclose) {
+        return posix().daemon(nochdir, noclose);
+    }
+
+    public long[] getgroups() {
+        return posix().getgroups();
+    }
+
+    public int getgroups(int size, int[] groups) {
+        return posix().getgroups(size, groups);
+    }
+
+    public String nl_langinfo(int item) {
+        return posix().nl_langinfo(item);
+    }
+
+    public String setlocale(int category, String locale) {
+        return posix().setlocale(category, locale);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String strerror(int code) {
+        return posix().strerror(code);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Timeval allocateTimeval() { return posix().allocateTimeval(); }
+
+    @Override
+    public int gettimeofday(Timeval tv) { return posix().gettimeofday(tv); }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `libc()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 446.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int LazyPOSIX.fpathconf(int,Pathconf)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jnr.posix.LazyPOSIX.fpathconf(int,jnr.constants.platform.Pathconf):int.c7b32cd360dedf01b210044c975abcc2
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jnr/posix/LazyPOSIX.java
+
+### Key:
+LazyPOSIX.java|fpathconf|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+2f1ce606f9790f4abba1ebc761dd6bee
+
+### Hash:
+f1043d2721917ec949e1c0debd0d6085
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9018/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9018/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..740eec63dd03edd1336b458b8922071a805591a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9018/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jnr-posix
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+
+package jnr.posix;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+import jnr.constants.platform.LangInfo;
+import org.junit.After;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+/**
+ *
+ */
+public class GroupTest {
+
+    public GroupTest() {
+    }
+
+    private static POSIX posix;
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
+        posix = POSIXFactory.getPOSIX(new DummyPOSIXHandler(), true);
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void tearDownClass() throws Exception {
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() {
+    }
+
+    @After
+    public void tearDown() {
+    }
+
+    // TODO add test methods here.
+    // The methods must be annotated with annotation @Test. For example:
+    //
+    // @Test
+    // public void hello() {}
+    @Test
+    public void getgrnam() {
+        if (jnr.ffi.Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            final String LOGIN = "nogroup";
+            Group grp = posix.getgrnam(LOGIN);
+            assertNotNull(grp);
+            assertEquals("Login name not equal", LOGIN, grp.getName());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void nonExistantGroupReturnsNull() {
+        if (jnr.ffi.Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            final String LOGIN = "dkjhfjkdsfhjksdhfsdjkhfsdkjhfdskj";
+            assertNull("getpwnam for non-existant group should return null", posix.getgrnam(LOGIN));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getgrent() {
+        if (jnr.ffi.Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            ArrayList<Group> grps = new ArrayList<Group>();
+            while (true) {
+                Group grp = posix.getgrent();
+                if (grp == null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                grps.add(grp);
+            }
+            for (Group grp : grps) {
+                assertNotNull(grp.getName());
+                assertNotNull(grp.getPassword());
+                assertNotNull(grp.getGID());
+                for (String member : grp.getMembers()) {
+                    assertNotNull(member);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void getgroups() throws Throwable {
+        if (jnr.ffi.Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            InputStreamReader isr = null;
+            BufferedReader reader = null;
+
+            try {
+                isr = new InputStreamReader(Runtime.getRuntime().exec("id -G").getInputStream());
+                reader = new BufferedReader(isr);
+
+                String[] groupIdsAsStrings = reader.readLine().split(" ");
+                long[] expectedGroupIds = new long[groupIdsAsStrings.length];
+
+                for (int i = 0; i < groupIdsAsStrings.length; i++) {
+                    expectedGroupIds[i] = Long.parseLong(groupIdsAsStrings[i]);
+                }
+
+                long[] actualGroupIds = posix.getgroups();
+
+                Arrays.sort(expectedGroupIds);
+                Arrays.sort(actualGroupIds);
+
+                assertArrayEquals(expectedGroupIds, actualGroupIds);
+            } finally {
+                if (reader != null) {
+                    reader.close();
+                }
+
+                if (isr != null) {
+                    isr.close();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired by call to `exec(...)` at line 95 is not released after line 95.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GroupTest.getgroups()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jnr.posix.GroupTest.getgroups():void.1918103b0f6b7f5dea5de7dfe6d819d0
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/jnr/posix/GroupTest.java
+
+### Key:
+GroupTest.java|getgroups|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3451cb93d845d85a147a6855623bf280
+
+### Hash:
+c2060851771c4b95cc266705f5c2e6f9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9019/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9019/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0453a7e9a72eef869108dd6683d270ed87feb028
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9019/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jnr-posix
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jnr.posix;
+
+import jnr.constants.platform.windows.OpenFlags;
+import jnr.ffi.Library;
+import jnr.ffi.Platform;
+import jnr.ffi.annotations.Out;
+import org.junit.*;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import static jnr.posix.SpawnFileAction.*;
+
+public class SpawnTest {
+    private static POSIX posix;
+    private static LibC libc;
+    private static final List<String> emptyEnv = Arrays.asList(new String[0]);
+    private static final List<SpawnFileAction> emptyActions = Arrays.asList(new SpawnFileAction[0]);
+
+    public static interface LibC {
+        int pipe(@Out int[] fds);
+    }
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
+        if (Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            posix = POSIXFactory.getPOSIX(new DummyPOSIXHandler(), true);
+            libc = Library.loadLibrary(LibC.class, "c");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test public void validPid() {
+        if (Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            long pid = -1;
+            try {
+                pid = posix.posix_spawnp("true", emptyActions, Arrays.asList("true"), emptyEnv);
+                assertTrue(pid != -1);
+            } finally {
+                if (pid != -1) posix.libc().waitpid((int) pid, null, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test public void emptyCommand() {
+        if (Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            long pid = -1;
+            try {
+                pid = posix.posix_spawnp("", emptyActions, Collections.EMPTY_LIST, emptyEnv);
+                assertEquals(-1, pid);
+            } finally {
+                if (pid != -1) posix.libc().waitpid((int) pid, null, 0);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void closePipe(int[] fds) {
+        posix.libc().close(fds[0]);
+        posix.libc().close(fds[1]);
+    }
+
+    private static void killChild(long pid) {
+        if (pid > 0) {
+            posix.libc().kill((int) pid, 9); posix.libc().waitpid((int) pid, null, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test public void outputPipe() {
+        if (Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            int[] outputPipe = { -1, -1 };
+            long pid = -1;
+            try {
+                assertFalse(libc.pipe(outputPipe) < 0);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[0]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[1]);
+
+                List<SpawnFileAction> actions = Arrays.asList(dup(outputPipe[1], 1));
+                pid = posix.posix_spawnp("echo", actions, Arrays.asList("echo", "bar"), emptyEnv);
+                assertTrue(pid != -1);
+
+                // close the write side of the output pipe, so read() will return immediately once the process has exited
+                posix.libc().close(outputPipe[1]);
+
+                ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.allocate(100);
+                long nbytes = posix.libc().read(outputPipe[0], output, output.remaining());
+                assertEquals(4L, nbytes);
+                output.position((int) nbytes).flip();
+                byte[] bytes = new byte[output.remaining()];
+                output.get(bytes);
+                assertEquals("bar", new String(bytes).trim());
+            } finally {
+                closePipe(outputPipe);
+                killChild(pid);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test public void inputPipe() {
+        if (Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            int[] outputPipe = { -1, -1 };
+            int[] inputPipe = { -1, -1 };
+            long pid = -1;
+            try {
+            assertFalse(libc.pipe(outputPipe) < 0);
+                assertFalse(libc.pipe(inputPipe) < 0);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[0]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[1]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, inputPipe[0]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, inputPipe[1]);
+
+                List<SpawnFileAction> actions = Arrays.asList(dup(inputPipe[0], 0), dup(outputPipe[1], 1));
+                pid = posix.posix_spawnp("cat", actions, Arrays.asList("cat", "-"), emptyEnv);
+                assertTrue(pid != -1);
+                posix.libc().close(inputPipe[0]);
+                assertEquals(3, posix.libc().write(inputPipe[1], ByteBuffer.wrap("foo".getBytes(Charset.forName("US-ASCII"))), 3));
+                posix.libc().close(inputPipe[1]); // send EOF to process
+
+                // close the write side of the output pipe, so read() will return immediately once the process has exited
+                posix.libc().close(outputPipe[1]);
+
+                ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.allocate(100);
+                long nbytes = posix.libc().read(outputPipe[0], output, output.remaining());
+                assertEquals(3L, nbytes);
+                output.position((int) nbytes).flip();
+                byte[] bytes = new byte[output.remaining()];
+                output.get(bytes);
+                assertEquals("foo", new String(bytes).trim());
+            } finally {
+                closePipe(outputPipe);
+                closePipe(inputPipe);
+                killChild(pid);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test public void inputFile() throws IOException {
+        if (Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            File inputFile = File.createTempFile("foo", null);
+            FileOutputStream inputStream = new FileOutputStream(inputFile);
+            inputStream.write("foo".getBytes("US-ASCII"));
+            inputStream.close();
+            int[] outputPipe = { -1, -1 };
+            long pid = -1;
+            try {
+                assertFalse(libc.pipe(outputPipe) < 0);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[0]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[1]);
+
+                List<SpawnFileAction> actions = Arrays.asList(open(inputFile.getAbsolutePath(), 0, OpenFlags.O_RDONLY.intValue(), 0444),
+                        dup(outputPipe[1], 1));
+                pid = posix.posix_spawnp("cat", actions, Arrays.asList("cat", "-"), emptyEnv);
+                assertTrue(pid != -1);
+
+                // close the write side of the output pipe, so read() will return immediately once the process has exited
+                posix.libc().close(outputPipe[1]);
+
+                ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.allocate(100);
+                long nbytes = posix.libc().read(outputPipe[0], output, output.remaining());
+                assertEquals(3L, nbytes);
+                output.position((int) nbytes).flip();
+                byte[] bytes = new byte[output.remaining()];
+                output.get(bytes);
+                assertEquals("foo", new String(bytes).trim());
+            } finally {
+                closePipe(outputPipe);
+                killChild(pid);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test public void closeInput() throws IOException {
+        if (Platform.getNativePlatform().isUnix()) {
+            int[] outputPipe = { -1, -1 };
+            int[] inputPipe = { -1, -1 };
+            long pid = -1;
+            try {
+                assertFalse(libc.pipe(outputPipe) < 0);
+                assertFalse(libc.pipe(inputPipe) < 0);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[0]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, outputPipe[1]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, inputPipe[0]);
+                assertNotSame(-1, inputPipe[1]);
+
+                List<SpawnFileAction> actions = Arrays.asList(dup(outputPipe[1], 1),
+                        open("/dev/null", 2, OpenFlags.O_WRONLY.intValue(), 0444),
+                        close(inputPipe[0]), close(inputPipe[1]));
+                pid = posix.posix_spawnp("cat", actions, Arrays.asList("cat", "/dev/fd/" + inputPipe[0]), emptyEnv);
+                assertTrue(pid != -1);
+                assertEquals(3, posix.libc().write(inputPipe[1], ByteBuffer.wrap("foo".getBytes(Charset.forName("US-ASCII"))), 3));
+                posix.libc().close(inputPipe[1]); // send EOF to process
+
+                // close the write side of the output pipe, so read() will return immediately once the process has exited
+                posix.libc().close(outputPipe[1]);
+
+                // Output from the process on stdout should be empty
+                ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.allocate(100);
+                long nbytes = posix.libc().read(outputPipe[0], output, output.remaining());
+                assertEquals(0L, nbytes);
+            } finally {
+                closePipe(inputPipe);
+                closePipe(outputPipe);
+                killChild(pid);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired to `inputStream` by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 145 is not released after line 175.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 146
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SpawnTest.inputFile()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jnr.posix.SpawnTest.inputFile():void.8291dbb506208a239f26dfb926c16165
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/jnr/posix/SpawnTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SpawnTest.java|inputFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+61c4b61bc9f3622c2b9ce9047217d002
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9020/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9020/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49bdf3b1d730e0ee9171f20e130222997061705e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9020/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jnr-posix
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jnr.posix;
+
+import jnr.constants.platform.Fcntl;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class FileTest {
+    private static POSIX posix;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
+        posix = POSIXFactory.getPOSIX(new DummyPOSIXHandler(), true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void utimeTest() throws Throwable {
+        File f = File.createTempFile("utime", null);
+        long oldTime = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath()).mtime();
+        Thread.sleep(2000);
+        int rval = posix.utimes(f.getAbsolutePath(), null, null);
+        assertEquals("utime did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        long newTime = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath()).mtime();
+        f.delete();
+        assertTrue("mtime failed", newTime > oldTime);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void linkTest() throws Throwable {
+        File f1 = File.createTempFile("utime", null);
+        File f2 = new File(f1.getAbsolutePath() + "link");
+        int rval = posix.link(f1.getAbsolutePath(), f2.getAbsolutePath());
+        assertEquals("link did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Link was not created", f2.exists());
+        f1.delete();
+        f2.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mkdirRelativeTest() throws Throwable {
+        File dir = new File("tmp");
+        int rval = posix.mkdir(dir.getPath(), 0);
+        assertEquals("mkdir did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Directory was not created", dir.exists());
+        dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mkdirAbsoluteTest() throws Throwable {
+        File dir = new File("tmp");
+        int rval = posix.mkdir(dir.getAbsolutePath(), 0);
+        assertEquals("mkdir did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Directory was not created", dir.exists());
+        dir.delete();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void flockTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("flockTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        RandomAccessFile raf2 = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        FileChannel fc = raf.getChannel();
+        FileChannel fc2 = raf2.getChannel();
+        FileDescriptor FD = JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fc);
+        FileDescriptor FD2 = JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fc2);
+        int fd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(FD);
+        int fd2 = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(FD2);
+        
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 1)); // LOCK_SH
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 8)); // LOCK_UN
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 2)); // LOCK_EX
+        assertEquals(-1, posix.flock(fd2, 2 | 4)); // LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB
+        assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 8)); // LOCK_UN
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dupTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        FileChannel fileChannel = raf.getChannel();
+        int fileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fileChannel));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(posix.dup(fileDescriptor));
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(fileDescriptor)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dup2Test() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        int oldFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+        int newFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(posix.dup2(oldFd, newFd));
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(oldFd)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fcntlDupfdTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("fcntlTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        int fd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        int newFd = posix.fcntl(fd, Fcntl.F_DUPFD);
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(fd)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(newFd)).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fcntlDupfdWithArgTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        int oldFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+        int newFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(posix.fcntl(oldFd, Fcntl.F_DUPFD, newFd));
+
+        new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(newFd)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired to `raf` by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 148 is not released after line 163.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 156
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileTest.fcntlDupfdWithArgTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jnr.posix.FileTest.fcntlDupfdWithArgTest():void.1559e792a5ac762b376e2e99e5807f23
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/jnr/posix/FileTest.java
+
+### Key:
+FileTest.java|fcntlDupfdWithArgTest|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+8de0f1e5c6ce266644c2cbf09a56e940
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9021/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9021/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77e00f24c6128a539b8aa0a06b0bd6de8c126b82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9021/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jnr-posix
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package jnr.posix;
+
+import jnr.constants.platform.Access;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Fcntl;
+import jnr.constants.platform.Errno;
+import jnr.constants.platform.OpenFlags;
+import jnr.ffi.Pointer;
+import jnr.posix.util.Platform;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class FileTest {
+    private static POSIX posix;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUpClass() throws Exception {
+        posix = POSIXFactory.getPOSIX(new DummyPOSIXHandler(), true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void utimesTest() throws Throwable {
+        // FIXME: On Windows this is working but providing wrong numbers and therefore getting wrong results.
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File f = File.createTempFile("utimes", null);
+
+            int rval = posix.utimes(f.getAbsolutePath(), new long[]{800, 200}, new long[]{900, 300});
+            assertEquals("utimes did not return 0", 0, rval);
+
+            FileStat stat = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath());
+
+            assertEquals("atime seconds failed", 800, stat.atime());
+            assertEquals("mtime seconds failed", 900, stat.mtime());
+
+            // The nano secs part is available in other stat implementations. We really just want to verify that the
+            // nsec portion of the timeval is passed through to the POSIX call.
+            // Mac seems to fail this test sporadically.
+            if (stat instanceof NanosecondFileStat && !Platform.IS_MAC) {
+                NanosecondFileStat linuxStat = (NanosecondFileStat) stat;
+
+                assertEquals("atime useconds failed", 200000, linuxStat.aTimeNanoSecs());
+                assertEquals("mtime useconds failed", 300000, linuxStat.mTimeNanoSecs());
+            }
+
+            f.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void utimesDefaultValuesTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File f = File.createTempFile("utimes", null);
+
+            long oldTime = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath()).mtime();
+            Thread.sleep(2000);
+
+            int rval = posix.utimes(f.getAbsolutePath(), null, null);
+            assertEquals("utimes did not return 0", 0, rval);
+
+            FileStat stat = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath());
+
+            assertTrue("atime failed", stat.atime() > oldTime);
+            assertTrue("mtime failed", stat.mtime() > oldTime);
+
+            f.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void utimesPointerTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File f = File.createTempFile("utimes", null);
+
+            Pointer times = jnr.ffi.Runtime.getSystemRuntime().getMemoryManager().allocateDirect(8 * 4); // long[2][2] == 4 longs.
+            times.putLong(0, 800);
+            times.putLong(8, 200);
+            times.putLong(16, 900);
+            times.putLong(24, 300);
+
+            int rval = posix.utimes(f.getAbsolutePath(), times);
+            assertEquals("utimes did not return 0", 0, rval);
+
+            FileStat stat = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath());
+
+            assertEquals("atime seconds failed", 800, stat.atime());
+            assertEquals("mtime seconds failed", 900, stat.mtime());
+
+            // The nano secs part is available in other stat implementations.  We use Linux x86_64 because it's
+            // representative.  We really just want to verify that the usec portion of the timeval is passed throug
+            // to the POSIX call.
+            if (hasNanosecondPrecision(stat)) {
+                NanosecondFileStat linuxStat = (NanosecondFileStat) stat;
+
+//                assertEquals("atime useconds failed", 200000, linuxStat.aTimeNanoSecs());
+                assertEquals("mtime useconds failed", 300000, linuxStat.mTimeNanoSecs());
+            }
+
+            f.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void utimensatAbsolutePath() throws Throwable {
+        File file = File.createTempFile("utimensat", null);
+        utimensat(file, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void utimensatRelativePath() throws Throwable {
+        String path = "utimensat";
+        File file = new File(path);
+        file.createNewFile();
+        int parentFd = posix.open(".", OpenFlags.O_DIRECTORY.intValue(), 0444);
+        utimensat(file, parentFd);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void futimens() throws Throwable {
+        File file = File.createTempFile("futimens", null);
+        FileStat fileStat = posix.stat(file.getPath());
+        if (!hasNanosecondPrecision(fileStat)) {
+            file.delete();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        long atimeSeconds = fileStat.atime()+1;
+        long mtimeSeconds = fileStat.mtime()-1;
+        long atimeNanoSeconds = 123456789;
+        long mtimeNanoSeconds = 135;
+        int fd = posix.open(file.getAbsolutePath(), OpenFlags.O_RDWR.intValue(), 0444);
+        posix.futimens(fd,
+                new long[] {atimeSeconds, atimeNanoSeconds},
+                new long[] {mtimeSeconds, mtimeNanoSeconds});
+        assertStatNanoSecond(file, atimeSeconds, atimeNanoSeconds, mtimeSeconds, mtimeNanoSeconds);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void lutimesTest() throws Throwable {
+        // FIXME: On Windows this is working but providing wrong numbers and therefore getting wrong results.
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File f1 = File.createTempFile("lutimes", null);
+            File f2 = new File(f1.getParentFile(), "lutimes-link");
+            posix.symlink(f1.getAbsolutePath(), f2.getAbsolutePath());
+
+            int rval = posix.utimes(f1.getAbsolutePath(), new long[]{800, 0}, new long[]{900, 0});
+            assertEquals("utimes did not return 0", 0, rval);
+
+            rval = posix.lutimes(f2.getAbsolutePath(), new long[]{1800, 0}, new long[]{1900, 0});
+            assertEquals("lutimes did not return 0", 0, rval);
+
+            FileStat stat = posix.stat(f1.getAbsolutePath());
+            assertEquals("atime seconds failed", 800, stat.atime());
+            assertEquals("mtime seconds failed", 900, stat.mtime());
+
+            stat = posix.lstat(f2.getAbsolutePath());
+            assertEquals("atime seconds failed", 1800, stat.atime());
+            assertEquals("mtime seconds failed", 1900, stat.mtime());
+
+            f1.delete();
+            f2.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void futimeTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File f = File.createTempFile("jnr-posix-futime", "tmp");
+            long oldTime = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath()).mtime();
+            Thread.sleep(2000);
+            int fd = posix.open(f.getAbsolutePath(), OpenFlags.O_RDWR.intValue(), 0666);
+            int rval = posix.futimes(fd, null, null);
+            assertEquals("futime did not return 0", 0, rval);
+            long newTime = posix.stat(f.getAbsolutePath()).mtime();
+            f.delete();
+            assertTrue("mtime failed", newTime > oldTime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void linkTest() throws Throwable {
+        File f1 = File.createTempFile("utime", null);
+        File f2 = new File(f1.getAbsolutePath() + "link");
+        int rval = posix.link(f1.getAbsolutePath(), f2.getAbsolutePath());
+        assertEquals("link did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Link was not created", f2.exists());
+        f1.delete();
+        f2.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mkdirRelativeTest() throws Throwable {
+        File dir = new File("tmp");
+        int rval = posix.mkdir(dir.getPath(), 0);
+        assertEquals("mkdir did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Directory was not created", dir.exists());
+        dir.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mkdirAbsoluteTest() throws Throwable {
+        File dir = new File("tmp");
+        int rval = posix.mkdir(dir.getAbsolutePath(), 0);
+        assertEquals("mkdir did not return 0", 0, rval);
+        assertTrue("Directory was not created", dir.exists());
+        dir.delete();
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void flockTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File tmp = File.createTempFile("flockTest", "tmp");
+            RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+            RandomAccessFile raf2 = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+            FileChannel fc = raf.getChannel();
+            FileChannel fc2 = raf2.getChannel();
+            FileDescriptor FD = JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fc);
+            FileDescriptor FD2 = JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fc2);
+            int fd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(FD);
+            int fd2 = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(FD2);
+
+            assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 1)); // LOCK_SH
+            assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 8)); // LOCK_UN
+            assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 2)); // LOCK_EX
+            assertEquals(-1, posix.flock(fd2, 2 | 4)); // LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB
+            assertEquals(0, posix.flock(fd, 8)); // LOCK_UN
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dupTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        FileChannel fileChannel = raf.getChannel();
+        int fileDescriptor = getFdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(fileChannel));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = toDescriptor(posix.dup(fileDescriptor));
+
+        new FileOutputStream(toDescriptor(fileDescriptor)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void dup2Test() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        int oldFd = getFdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+        int newFd = getFdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+        byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+        // NB: Windows differs a bit from POSIX's return value.  Both will return -1 on failure, but Windows will return
+        // 0 upon success, while POSIX will return the new FD.  Since we already know what the FD will be if the call
+        // is successful, it's easy to make code that works with both forms.  But it is something to watch out for.
+        assertNotEquals(-1, posix.dup2(oldFd, newFd));
+        FileDescriptor newFileDescriptor = toDescriptor(newFd);
+
+        new FileOutputStream(toDescriptor(oldFd)).write(outContent);
+        raf.seek(0);
+
+        byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+        new FileInputStream(newFileDescriptor).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fcntlDupfdTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File tmp = File.createTempFile("fcntlTest", "tmp");
+            RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+            int fd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(raf.getChannel()));
+
+            byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+            int newFd = posix.fcntl(fd, Fcntl.F_DUPFD);
+
+            new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(fd)).write(outContent);
+            raf.seek(0);
+
+            byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+            new FileInputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(newFd)).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+            assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fcntlDupfdWithArgTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File tmp = File.createTempFile("dupTest", "tmp");
+            int oldFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(
+                    new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+            int newFd = JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(
+                    new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+
+            byte[] outContent = "foo".getBytes();
+
+            int dupFd = posix.fcntl(oldFd, Fcntl.F_DUPFD, newFd);
+
+            new FileOutputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(newFd)).write(outContent);
+
+            byte[] inContent = new byte[outContent.length];
+            new FileInputStream(JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(dupFd)).read(inContent, 0, 3);
+
+            assertTrue(dupFd > newFd);
+            assertArrayEquals(inContent, outContent);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void closeTest() throws Throwable {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("closeTest", "tmp");
+        int fd = getFdFromDescriptor(JavaLibCHelper.getDescriptorFromChannel(new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw").getChannel()));
+
+        int result;
+
+        result = posix.close(fd);
+        assertEquals(0, result);
+
+        result = posix.close(fd);
+        assertEquals(-1, result);
+
+        // TODO (nirvdrum 06-May-15) We're not getting the correct errno value from Windows currently, so we need to skip this test.
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            assertEquals(Errno.EBADF.intValue(), posix.errno());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void unlinkTestNonWindows() throws Throwable {
+        if (! Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File tmp = File.createTempFile("unlinkTest", "tmp");
+            RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+
+            raf.write("hello".getBytes());
+
+            int res = posix.unlink(tmp.getCanonicalPath());
+
+            assertEquals(0, res);
+            assertFalse(tmp.exists());
+
+            raf.write("world".getBytes());
+            raf.seek(0);
+
+            byte[] actual = new byte[10];
+            raf.read(actual);
+
+            assertArrayEquals("helloworld".getBytes(), actual);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void openTest() throws Throwable {
+        int fd = posix.open("pom.xml", 0, 0666);
+
+        assertNotEquals(-1, fd);
+
+        int result = posix.close(fd);
+        assertEquals(0, result);
+
+        result = posix.close(fd);
+        assertEquals(-1, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void writeTest() throws Throwable {
+        String str = "To thine own self be true";
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("writeTest", "tmp");
+        ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(str.getBytes());
+
+        int fd = posix.open(tmp.getAbsolutePath(), 1, 066);
+        posix.write(fd, buffer, str.length());
+        posix.close(fd);
+
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        assertEquals(raf.readLine(), new String(buffer.array()));
+        posix.unlink(tmp.getAbsolutePath());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void pwriteTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            String str = "Now is the winter of our discontent";
+            File tmp = File.createTempFile("pwriteTest", "tmp");
+            RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+            raf.write(str.getBytes());
+            raf.close();
+
+            String str2 = "summer";
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(str2.getBytes());
+
+            int fd = posix.open(tmp.getAbsolutePath(), 1, 066);
+            posix.pwrite(fd, buffer, str2.length(), 11);
+            posix.close(fd);
+
+            raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "r");
+            assertEquals(raf.readLine(), "Now is the summer of our discontent");
+            posix.unlink(tmp.getAbsolutePath());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void truncateTest() throws Throwable {
+        String str = "Beware the Jabberwock, my son!";
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("truncateTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        raf.write(str.getBytes());
+        raf.close();
+
+        int shorterLength = str.length() - 10;
+        int longerLength = shorterLength * 2;
+
+        // Truncate should make a file shorter if the new length is less than the old length.
+        posix.truncate(tmp.getAbsolutePath(), shorterLength);
+        assertEquals(shorterLength, tmp.length());
+
+        // Truncate should extend a file if the new length is greater than the old length.
+        posix.truncate(tmp.getAbsolutePath(), longerLength);
+        assertEquals(longerLength, tmp.length());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void ftruncateTest() throws Throwable {
+        String str = "Beware the Jabberwock, my son!";
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("ftruncateTest", "tmp");
+        RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(tmp, "rw");
+        raf.write(str.getBytes());
+        raf.close();
+
+        int fd = posix.open(tmp.getAbsolutePath(), OpenFlags.O_RDWR.intValue(), 0666);
+        posix.ftruncate(fd, 21);
+        posix.lseekLong(fd, 0, 0);
+        byte[] buf = new byte[21];
+        int read = posix.read(fd, buf, 31);
+        assertEquals(21, read);
+        assertArrayEquals(buf, "Beware the Jabberwock".getBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fcntlIntTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            int[] fds = new int[2];
+            int ret = posix.pipe(fds);
+            assertEquals(0, ret);
+            int flags = posix.fcntlInt(fds[0], Fcntl.F_GETFD, 0);
+            posix.fcntlInt(fds[0], Fcntl.F_SETFD, flags | 1); // FD_CLOEXEC
+            assertEquals(flags | 1, posix.fcntlInt(fds[0], Fcntl.F_GETFD, 0));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void fchmodTest() throws IOException {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File tmp = File.createTempFile("jnr-posix-chmod-test", "tmp");
+            int fd = posix.open(tmp.getAbsolutePath(), OpenFlags.O_RDWR.intValue(), 0600);
+
+            assertEquals("chmod: ", 0, posix.fchmod(fd, 0));
+            assertEquals("chmod: ", 0, posix.fchmod(fd, 0777));
+            tmp.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void renameTest() throws IOException {
+        File oldFile = File.createTempFile("jnr-posix-rename-test", "tmp");
+        File newFile = new File(oldFile.getParent() + File.separatorChar + "jnr-posix-rename-test-new");
+
+        assertTrue(oldFile.exists());
+        assertFalse(newFile.exists());
+
+        posix.rename(oldFile.getCanonicalPath(), newFile.getCanonicalPath());
+
+        assertFalse(oldFile.exists());
+        assertTrue(newFile.exists());
+
+        newFile.delete();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void accessTest() throws IOException {
+        File tmp = File.createTempFile("jnr-posix-access-test", "tmp");
+
+        jnr.constants.platform.Access.F_OK.intValue();
+
+        // Set permissions to read-only and verify we don't have permissions to write.
+        posix.chmod(tmp.getCanonicalPath(), 0400);
+        assertEquals("access: ", -1, posix.access(tmp.getCanonicalPath(), Access.W_OK.intValue()));
+        assertEquals("access: ", 0, posix.access(tmp.getCanonicalPath(), Access.R_OK.intValue()));
+
+        // Reset the permissions to read-wrinte and verify we now have permissions to write.
+        posix.chmod(tmp.getCanonicalPath(), 0600);
+        assertEquals("access: ", 0, posix.access(tmp.getCanonicalPath(), Access.W_OK.intValue()));
+        assertEquals("access: ", 0, posix.access(tmp.getCanonicalPath(), Access.R_OK.intValue()));
+
+        // F_OK just checks the file exists and should pass.
+        assertEquals("access: ", 0, posix.access(tmp.getCanonicalPath(), Access.F_OK.intValue()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void readlinkTest() throws IOException {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File file = File.createTempFile("jnr-pøsix-réådlînk-tést", "tmp");
+            File link = new File(file.getAbsolutePath() + "link");
+
+            posix.symlink(file.getAbsolutePath(), link.getAbsolutePath());
+
+            byte[] fileBytes = file.getAbsolutePath().getBytes();
+            int fileLength = fileBytes.length;
+
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[fileLength];
+
+            assertEquals(fileLength, posix.readlink(link.getAbsolutePath(), buffer, buffer.length));
+
+            assertArrayEquals(fileBytes, buffer);
+
+            link.delete();
+            file.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void readlinkByteBufferTest() throws IOException {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File file = File.createTempFile("jnr-pøsix-réådlînk-tést", "tmp");
+            File link = new File(file.getAbsolutePath() + "link");
+
+            posix.symlink(file.getAbsolutePath(), link.getAbsolutePath());
+
+            byte[] fileBytes = file.getAbsolutePath().getBytes();
+            int fileLength = fileBytes.length;
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(fileLength);
+
+            assertEquals(fileLength, posix.readlink(link.getAbsolutePath(), buffer, buffer.capacity()));
+
+            assertArrayEquals(buffer.array(), file.getAbsolutePath().getBytes());
+
+            link.delete();
+            file.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void readlinkPointerTest() throws IOException {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File file = File.createTempFile("jnr-pøsix-réådlînk-tést", "tmp");
+            File link = new File(file.getAbsolutePath() + "link");
+
+            int bufSize = 1024;
+
+            Pointer buffer = jnr.ffi.Runtime.getSystemRuntime().getMemoryManager().allocateDirect(bufSize);
+
+            posix.symlink(file.getAbsolutePath(), link.getAbsolutePath());
+            
+            byte[] fileBytes = file.getAbsolutePath().getBytes();
+            int fileLength = fileBytes.length;
+
+            assertEquals(fileLength, posix.readlink(link.getAbsolutePath(), buffer, bufSize));
+
+            assertEquals(file.getAbsolutePath(), buffer.getString(0, fileLength, Charset.defaultCharset()));
+
+            link.delete();
+            file.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void mkfifoTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (!Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            File tmp = File.createTempFile("mkfifoTest", "tmp");
+            tmp.deleteOnExit();
+
+            int ret = posix.mkfifo(tmp.getAbsolutePath(), 0666);
+
+            FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(tmp);
+            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(tmp);
+
+            byte[] content = "hello".getBytes();
+
+            fos.write(content);
+            fis.read(content);
+
+            assertArrayEquals("hello".getBytes(), content);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void lseekTest() throws Throwable {
+        if (Platform.IS_MAC) {
+            int fd = posix.open("/dev/zero", 0, 0);
+
+            // use 2^33 to ensure we're out of int range
+            long offset = (long) Math.pow(2, 33);
+            long seek = posix.lseekLong(fd, offset, 0);
+
+            assertEquals(seek, offset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getFdFromDescriptor(FileDescriptor descriptor) {
+        if (Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            HANDLE handle = JavaLibCHelper.gethandle(descriptor);
+            return ((WindowsLibC) posix.libc())._open_osfhandle(handle, 0);
+        } else {
+            return JavaLibCHelper.getfdFromDescriptor(descriptor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private FileDescriptor toDescriptor(int fd) {
+        if (Platform.IS_WINDOWS) {
+            HANDLE handle = ((WindowsLibC) posix.libc())._get_osfhandle(fd);
+            return JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(handle);
+        } else {
+            return JavaLibCHelper.toFileDescriptor(fd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasNanosecondPrecision(FileStat fileStat) {
+        return fileStat instanceof NanosecondFileStat && !Platform.IS_MAC;
+    }
+
+    private void utimensat(File file, int parentFd) {
+        String path = file.getAbsolutePath();
+        FileStat fileStat = posix.stat(path);
+        if (!hasNanosecondPrecision(fileStat)) {
+            file.delete();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        long atimeSeconds = fileStat.atime()+2;
+        long mtimeSeconds = fileStat.mtime()-2;
+        long atimeNanoSeconds = 123456789;
+        long mtimeNanoSeconds = 135;
+        posix.utimensat(parentFd,
+                path,
+                new long[] {atimeSeconds, atimeNanoSeconds},
+                new long[] {mtimeSeconds, mtimeNanoSeconds},
+                0);
+        assertStatNanoSecond(file, atimeSeconds, atimeNanoSeconds, mtimeSeconds, mtimeNanoSeconds);
+    }
+
+    private void assertStatNanoSecond(File file, long atimeSeconds, long atimeNanoSeconds, long mtimeSeconds, long mtimeNanoSeconds) {
+        NanosecondFileStat nanosecondFileStat = (NanosecondFileStat) posix.stat(file.getPath());
+        assertEquals("Access timestamp should be updated", atimeSeconds, nanosecondFileStat.atime());
+        assertEquals("Modification timestamp should be updated", mtimeSeconds, nanosecondFileStat.mtime());
+        assertEquals("Access time precision should be in ns", atimeNanoSeconds, nanosecondFileStat.aTimeNanoSecs());
+        assertEquals("Modification time precision should be in ns", mtimeNanoSeconds, nanosecondFileStat.mTimeNanoSecs());
+        file.delete();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 263 is not released after line 263.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void FileTest.dup2Test()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jnr.posix.FileTest.dup2Test():void.aed3687fbd91ea79315b596c1b2fe38a
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/jnr/posix/FileTest.java
+
+### Key:
+FileTest.java|dup2Test|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+09e5c4f3b1fdd2ad7fa33b90979cdcf7
+
+### Hash:
+c8791198ebb9ca0c76d7a0a0e1ad7973
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9026/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9026/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4220bfbbbb7883b9b5025c844a8c91bf8e37f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9026/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graphchi-java
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.cmu.graphchi.shards;
+
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.ChiVertex;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.BytesToValueConverter;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.DataBlockManager;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright [2012] [Aapo Kyrola, Guy Blelloch, Carlos Guestrin / Carnegie Mellon University]
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+public class MemoryShard <EdgeDataType> {
+
+    private String edgeDataFilename;
+    private String adjDataFilename;
+    private int rangeStart;
+    private int rangeEnd;
+
+    private byte[] adjData;
+    private int blockId;
+    private int edataFilesize;
+    private boolean loaded = false;
+    private boolean hasSetRangeOffset = false, hasSetOffset = false;
+
+    private int rangeStartOffset, rangeStartEdgePtr, rangeContVid;
+
+    private DataBlockManager dataBlockManager;
+    private BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter;
+    private int streamingOffset, streamingOffsetEdgePtr, streamingOffsetVid;
+
+    private MemoryShard() {}
+
+    public MemoryShard(String edgeDataFilename, String adjDataFilename, int rangeStart, int rangeEnd) {
+        this.edgeDataFilename = edgeDataFilename;
+        this.adjDataFilename = adjDataFilename;
+        this.rangeStart = rangeStart;
+        this.rangeEnd = rangeEnd;
+    }
+
+    public void commitAndRelease(boolean modifiesInedges, boolean modifiesOutedges) throws IOException {
+        byte[] data = dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId);
+
+        if (modifiesInedges) {
+            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            fos.write(data);
+            fos.close();
+        } else if (modifiesOutedges) {
+            ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile rFile =
+                    new ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile(edgeDataFilename, "rwd");
+            rFile.seek(rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            int last = streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+            if (last == 0) last = edataFilesize;
+            rFile.write(data, rangeStartEdgePtr, last  - rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            rFile.close();
+        }
+        dataBlockManager.release(blockId);
+
+    }
+
+    public void loadVertices(int windowStart, int windowEnd, ChiVertex[] vertices)
+            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if (adjData == null) {
+            loadAdj();
+
+            edataFilesize = (int) new File(edgeDataFilename).length();
+            blockId = dataBlockManager.allocateBlock(edataFilesize);
+        }
+
+
+        System.out.println("Load memory shard");
+        int vid = 0;
+        int edataPtr = 0;
+        int adjOffset = 0;
+        int sizeOf = converter.sizeOf();
+        DataInputStream adjInput = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(adjData));
+        while(adjInput.available() > 0) {
+            if (!hasSetOffset && vid > rangeEnd) {
+                streamingOffset = adjOffset;
+                streamingOffsetEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                streamingOffsetVid = vid;
+                hasSetOffset = true;
+            }
+            if (!hasSetRangeOffset && vid >= rangeStart) {
+                rangeStartOffset = adjOffset;
+                rangeStartEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                hasSetRangeOffset = true;
+            }
+
+            int n = 0;
+            int ns = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+            adjOffset += 1;
+            assert(ns >= 0);
+            if (ns == 0) {
+                // next value tells the number of vertices with zeros
+                vid++;
+                int nz = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+                adjOffset += 1;
+                vid += nz;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (ns == 0xff) {   // If 255 is not enough, then stores a 32-bit integer after.
+                n = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+            } else {
+                n = ns;
+            }
+
+            ChiVertex vertex = null;
+            if (vid >= windowStart && vid <= windowEnd) {
+                vertex = vertices[vid - windowStart];
+            }
+
+            while (--n >= 0) {
+                int target = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+                if (!(target >= rangeStart && target <= rangeEnd))
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Target " + target + " not in range!");
+                if (vertex != null) {
+                    vertex.addOutEdge(blockId, edataPtr, target);
+                }
+
+                if (target >= windowStart) {
+                    if (target <= windowEnd) {
+                        ChiVertex dstVertex = vertices[target - windowStart];
+                        if (dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.addInEdge(blockId, edataPtr, vid);
+                        }
+                        if (vertex != null && dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                            vertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                edataPtr += sizeOf;
+
+                // TODO: skip
+            }
+            vid++;
+        }
+
+        /* Load the edge data from file. Should be done asynchronously. */
+        if (!loaded) {
+            int read = 0;
+            FileInputStream fdis = new FileInputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            while (read < edataFilesize) {
+                read += fdis.read(dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId), read, edataFilesize - read);
+            }
+
+            loaded = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void loadAdj() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        File adjFile = new File(adjDataFilename);
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(adjFile);
+
+        int filesize = (int) adjFile.length();
+        adjData = new byte[filesize];
+
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < filesize) {
+            read += fis.read(adjData, read, filesize - read);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public DataBlockManager getDataBlockManager() {
+        return dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setDataBlockManager(DataBlockManager dataBlockManager) {
+        this.dataBlockManager = dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setConverter(BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter) {
+        this.converter = converter;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffset() {
+        return streamingOffset;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetEdgePtr() {
+        return streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetVid() {
+        return streamingOffsetVid;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired to `fos` by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 56 is not released after line 70.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 57
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.cmu.graphchi.shards.MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean):void.2d929323907b6d7f6e71be996df592b1
+
+### File:
+src/edu/cmu/graphchi/shards/MemoryShard.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryShard.java|commitAndRelease|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+75dcc8ea05b6b116cfe783201608b79d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9027/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9027/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ecdc7afbc8db5890332f1e826a0804d6cc8c45d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9027/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graphchi-java
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.cmu.graphchi.shards;
+
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.ChiVertex;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.BytesToValueConverter;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.DataBlockManager;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright [2012] [Aapo Kyrola, Guy Blelloch, Carlos Guestrin / Carnegie Mellon University]
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+public class MemoryShard <EdgeDataType> {
+
+    private String edgeDataFilename;
+    private String adjDataFilename;
+    private int rangeStart;
+    private int rangeEnd;
+
+    private byte[] adjData;
+    private int blockId;
+    private int edataFilesize;
+    private boolean loaded = false;
+    private boolean hasSetRangeOffset = false, hasSetOffset = false;
+
+    private int rangeStartOffset, rangeStartEdgePtr, rangeContVid;
+
+    private DataBlockManager dataBlockManager;
+    private BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter;
+    private int streamingOffset, streamingOffsetEdgePtr, streamingOffsetVid;
+
+    private MemoryShard() {}
+
+    public MemoryShard(String edgeDataFilename, String adjDataFilename, int rangeStart, int rangeEnd) {
+        this.edgeDataFilename = edgeDataFilename;
+        this.adjDataFilename = adjDataFilename;
+        this.rangeStart = rangeStart;
+        this.rangeEnd = rangeEnd;
+    }
+
+    public void commitAndRelease(boolean modifiesInedges, boolean modifiesOutedges) throws IOException {
+        byte[] data = dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId);
+
+        if (modifiesInedges) {
+            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            fos.write(data);
+            fos.close();
+        } else if (modifiesOutedges) {
+            ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile rFile =
+                    new ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile(edgeDataFilename, "rwd");
+            rFile.seek(rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            int last = streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+            if (last == 0) last = edataFilesize;
+            rFile.write(data, rangeStartEdgePtr, last  - rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            rFile.close();
+        }
+        dataBlockManager.release(blockId);
+
+    }
+
+    public void loadVertices(int windowStart, int windowEnd, ChiVertex[] vertices)
+            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if (adjData == null) {
+            loadAdj();
+
+            edataFilesize = (int) new File(edgeDataFilename).length();
+            blockId = dataBlockManager.allocateBlock(edataFilesize);
+        }
+
+
+        System.out.println("Load memory shard");
+        int vid = 0;
+        int edataPtr = 0;
+        int adjOffset = 0;
+        int sizeOf = converter.sizeOf();
+        DataInputStream adjInput = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(adjData));
+        while(adjInput.available() > 0) {
+            if (!hasSetOffset && vid > rangeEnd) {
+                streamingOffset = adjOffset;
+                streamingOffsetEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                streamingOffsetVid = vid;
+                hasSetOffset = true;
+            }
+            if (!hasSetRangeOffset && vid >= rangeStart) {
+                rangeStartOffset = adjOffset;
+                rangeStartEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                hasSetRangeOffset = true;
+            }
+
+            int n = 0;
+            int ns = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+            adjOffset += 1;
+            assert(ns >= 0);
+            if (ns == 0) {
+                // next value tells the number of vertices with zeros
+                vid++;
+                int nz = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+                adjOffset += 1;
+                vid += nz;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (ns == 0xff) {   // If 255 is not enough, then stores a 32-bit integer after.
+                n = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+            } else {
+                n = ns;
+            }
+
+            ChiVertex vertex = null;
+            if (vid >= windowStart && vid <= windowEnd) {
+                vertex = vertices[vid - windowStart];
+            }
+
+            while (--n >= 0) {
+                int target = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+                if (!(target >= rangeStart && target <= rangeEnd))
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Target " + target + " not in range!");
+                if (vertex != null) {
+                    vertex.addOutEdge(blockId, edataPtr, target);
+                }
+
+                if (target >= windowStart) {
+                    if (target <= windowEnd) {
+                        ChiVertex dstVertex = vertices[target - windowStart];
+                        if (dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.addInEdge(blockId, edataPtr, vid);
+                        }
+                        if (vertex != null && dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                            vertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                edataPtr += sizeOf;
+
+                // TODO: skip
+            }
+            vid++;
+        }
+
+        /* Load the edge data from file. Should be done asynchronously. */
+        if (!loaded) {
+            int read = 0;
+            FileInputStream fdis = new FileInputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            while (read < edataFilesize) {
+                read += fdis.read(dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId), read, edataFilesize - read);
+            }
+
+            loaded = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void loadAdj() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        File adjFile = new File(adjDataFilename);
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(adjFile);
+
+        int filesize = (int) adjFile.length();
+        adjData = new byte[filesize];
+
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < filesize) {
+            read += fis.read(adjData, read, filesize - read);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public DataBlockManager getDataBlockManager() {
+        return dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setDataBlockManager(DataBlockManager dataBlockManager) {
+        this.dataBlockManager = dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setConverter(BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter) {
+        this.converter = converter;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffset() {
+        return streamingOffset;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetEdgePtr() {
+        return streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetVid() {
+        return streamingOffsetVid;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `RandomAccessFile(...)` at line 60 is not released after line 70.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 62
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.cmu.graphchi.shards.MemoryShard.commitAndRelease(boolean,boolean):void.2d929323907b6d7f6e71be996df592b1
+
+### File:
+src/edu/cmu/graphchi/shards/MemoryShard.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryShard.java|commitAndRelease|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+48815eab4c26cee962db00712b67bbd0
+
+### Hash:
+b94b8cad6c296115455f572176604680
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9028/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9028/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd69f4651024fa54fedc9a96b1200093d9ff4cfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9028/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** graphchi-java
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package edu.cmu.graphchi.shards;
+
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.ChiVertex;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.BytesToValueConverter;
+import edu.cmu.graphchi.datablocks.DataBlockManager;
+
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * Copyright [2012] [Aapo Kyrola, Guy Blelloch, Carlos Guestrin / Carnegie Mellon University]
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+public class MemoryShard <EdgeDataType> {
+
+    private String edgeDataFilename;
+    private String adjDataFilename;
+    private int rangeStart;
+    private int rangeEnd;
+
+    private byte[] adjData;
+    private int blockId;
+    private int edataFilesize;
+    private boolean loaded = false;
+    private boolean hasSetRangeOffset = false, hasSetOffset = false;
+
+    private int rangeStartOffset, rangeStartEdgePtr, rangeContVid;
+
+    private DataBlockManager dataBlockManager;
+    private BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter;
+    private int streamingOffset, streamingOffsetEdgePtr, streamingOffsetVid;
+
+    private MemoryShard() {}
+
+    public MemoryShard(String edgeDataFilename, String adjDataFilename, int rangeStart, int rangeEnd) {
+        this.edgeDataFilename = edgeDataFilename;
+        this.adjDataFilename = adjDataFilename;
+        this.rangeStart = rangeStart;
+        this.rangeEnd = rangeEnd;
+    }
+
+    public void commitAndRelease(boolean modifiesInedges, boolean modifiesOutedges) throws IOException {
+        byte[] data = dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId);
+
+        if (modifiesInedges) {
+            FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            fos.write(data);
+            fos.close();
+        } else if (modifiesOutedges) {
+            ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile rFile =
+                    new ucar.unidata.io.RandomAccessFile(edgeDataFilename, "rwd");
+            rFile.seek(rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            int last = streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+            if (last == 0) last = edataFilesize;
+            rFile.write(data, rangeStartEdgePtr, last  - rangeStartEdgePtr);
+            rFile.close();
+        }
+        dataBlockManager.release(blockId);
+
+    }
+
+    public void loadVertices(int windowStart, int windowEnd, ChiVertex[] vertices)
+            throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        if (adjData == null) {
+            loadAdj();
+
+            edataFilesize = (int) new File(edgeDataFilename).length();
+            blockId = dataBlockManager.allocateBlock(edataFilesize);
+        }
+
+
+        System.out.println("Load memory shard");
+        int vid = 0;
+        int edataPtr = 0;
+        int adjOffset = 0;
+        int sizeOf = converter.sizeOf();
+        DataInputStream adjInput = new DataInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(adjData));
+        while(adjInput.available() > 0) {
+            if (!hasSetOffset && vid > rangeEnd) {
+                streamingOffset = adjOffset;
+                streamingOffsetEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                streamingOffsetVid = vid;
+                hasSetOffset = true;
+            }
+            if (!hasSetRangeOffset && vid >= rangeStart) {
+                rangeStartOffset = adjOffset;
+                rangeStartEdgePtr = edataPtr;
+                hasSetRangeOffset = true;
+            }
+
+            int n = 0;
+            int ns = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+            adjOffset += 1;
+            assert(ns >= 0);
+            if (ns == 0) {
+                // next value tells the number of vertices with zeros
+                vid++;
+                int nz = adjInput.readUnsignedByte();
+                adjOffset += 1;
+                vid += nz;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (ns == 0xff) {   // If 255 is not enough, then stores a 32-bit integer after.
+                n = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+            } else {
+                n = ns;
+            }
+
+            ChiVertex vertex = null;
+            if (vid >= windowStart && vid <= windowEnd) {
+                vertex = vertices[vid - windowStart];
+            }
+
+            while (--n >= 0) {
+                int target = Integer.reverseBytes(adjInput.readInt());
+                adjOffset += 4;
+                if (!(target >= rangeStart && target <= rangeEnd))
+                    throw new IllegalStateException("Target " + target + " not in range!");
+                if (vertex != null) {
+                    vertex.addOutEdge(blockId, edataPtr, target);
+                }
+
+                if (target >= windowStart) {
+                    if (target <= windowEnd) {
+                        ChiVertex dstVertex = vertices[target - windowStart];
+                        if (dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.addInEdge(blockId, edataPtr, vid);
+                        }
+                        if (vertex != null && dstVertex != null) {
+                            dstVertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                            vertex.parallelSafe = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                edataPtr += sizeOf;
+
+                // TODO: skip
+            }
+            vid++;
+        }
+
+        /* Load the edge data from file. Should be done asynchronously. */
+        if (!loaded) {
+            int read = 0;
+            FileInputStream fdis = new FileInputStream(new File(edgeDataFilename));
+            while (read < edataFilesize) {
+                read += fdis.read(dataBlockManager.getRawBlock(blockId), read, edataFilesize - read);
+            }
+
+            loaded = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    private void loadAdj() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+        File adjFile = new File(adjDataFilename);
+        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(adjFile);
+
+        int filesize = (int) adjFile.length();
+        adjData = new byte[filesize];
+
+        int read = 0;
+        while (read < filesize) {
+            read += fis.read(adjData, read, filesize - read);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public DataBlockManager getDataBlockManager() {
+        return dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setDataBlockManager(DataBlockManager dataBlockManager) {
+        this.dataBlockManager = dataBlockManager;
+    }
+
+    public void setConverter(BytesToValueConverter<EdgeDataType> converter) {
+        this.converter = converter;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffset() {
+        return streamingOffset;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetEdgePtr() {
+        return streamingOffsetEdgePtr;
+    }
+
+    public int getStreamingOffsetVid() {
+        return streamingOffsetVid;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 156 is not released after line 161.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MemoryShard.loadVertices(int,int,edu.cmu.graphchi.ChiVertex[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+edu.cmu.graphchi.shards.MemoryShard.loadVertices(int,int,edu.cmu.graphchi.ChiVertex[]):void.08eca2a67801347d010929569207ca9c
+
+### File:
+src/edu/cmu/graphchi/shards/MemoryShard.java
+
+### Key:
+MemoryShard.java|loadVertices|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+e7f9be6aabb11ae72a0c3b2e5bdb8259
+
+### Hash:
+c097d90878ba6f679d10540f3e7d3033
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9043/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9043/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..488db36c48cc13558a128ab935cffcdb1a44728f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9043/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jMetal
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+//
+// Special Session on Real-Parameter Optimization at CEC-05
+// Edinburgh, UK, 2-5 Sept. 2005
+//
+// Organizers:
+//	Prof. Kalyanmoy Deb
+//		deb@iitk.ac.in
+//		http://www.iitk.ac.in/kangal/deb.htm
+//	A/Prof. P. N. Suganthan
+//		epnsugan@ntu.edu.sg
+//		http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/EPNSugan
+//
+// Java version of the org.uma.test functions
+//
+// Matlab reference code
+//	http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/EPNSugan
+//
+// Java version developer:
+//	Assistant Prof. Ying-ping Chen
+//		Department of Computer Science
+//		National Chiao Tung University
+//		HsinChu City, Taiwan
+//		ypchen@csie.nctu.edu.tw
+//		http://www.csie.nctu.edu.tw/~ypchen/
+//
+// Typical use of the org.uma.test functions in the Benchmark:
+//
+//		// Create a Benchmark object
+// 		Benchmark theBenchmark = new Benchmark();
+//		// Use the factory function call to create a org.uma.test function object
+//		//		org.uma.test function 3 with 50 dimension
+//		//		the object class is "TestFunc"
+//		TestFunc aTestFunc = theBenchmark.testFunctionFactory(3, 50);
+//		// Invoke the function with x
+//		double experimentoutput = aTestFunc.f(x);
+//
+// Version 0.90
+//		Currently, this version cannot handle any numbers of dimensions.
+//		It cannot generate the shifted global optima and rotation matrices
+//		that are not provided with the Matlab reference code.
+//		It can handle all cases whose data files are provided with
+//		the Matlab reference code.
+// Version 0.91
+//		Revised according to the Matlab reference code and the PDF document
+//		dated March 8, 2005.
+//
+
+package org.uma.jmetal.problem.singleobjective.cec2005competitioncode;
+
+import org.uma.jmetal.util.JMetalException;
+import org.uma.jmetal.util.JMetalLogger;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.FileReader;
+import java.text.DecimalFormat;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+public class Benchmark {
+
+  // Fixed (class) parameters
+  static final public int NUM_TEST_FUNC = 25;
+  static final public String DEFAULT_FILE_BIAS =
+    JMetalLogger.cec2005SupportDataDirectory + "/fbias_data.txt";
+  static final public String[] test_func_class_names = {
+    "F01_shifted_sphere",
+    "F02_shifted_schwefel",
+    "F03_shifted_rotated_high_cond_elliptic",
+    "F04_shifted_schwefel_noise",
+    "F05_schwefel_global_opt_bound",
+    "F06_shifted_rosenbrock",
+    "F07_shifted_rotated_griewank",
+    "F08_shifted_rotated_ackley_global_opt_bound",
+    "F09_shifted_rastrigin",
+    "F10_shifted_rotated_rastrigin",
+    "F11_shifted_rotated_weierstrass",
+    "F12_schwefel",
+    "F13_shifted_expanded_griewank_rosenbrock",
+    "F14_shifted_rotated_expanded_scaffer",
+    "F15_hybrid_composition_1",
+    "F16_rotated_hybrid_composition_1",
+    "F17_rotated_hybrid_composition_1_noise",
+    "F18_rotated_hybrid_composition_2",
+    "F19_rotated_hybrid_composition_2_narrow_basin_global_opt",
+    "F20_rotated_hybrid_composition_2_global_opt_bound",
+    "F21_rotated_hybrid_composition_3",
+    "F22_rotated_hybrid_composition_3_high_cond_num_matrix",
+    "F23_noncontinuous_rotated_hybrid_composition_3",
+    "F24_rotated_hybrid_composition_4",
+    "F25_rotated_hybrid_composition_4_bound"
+  };
+
+  // For certain functions, some essential data can be calculated beforehand.
+  // Hence, a maximum supported number of dimensions should be specified.
+  // Specifiy the number of dimensions here if you need more.
+  static final public int MAX_SUPPORT_DIM = 100;
+  static final public double PIx2 = Math.PI * 2.0;
+
+  // Formatter for the number representation
+  static final public DecimalFormat scientificFormatter =
+    new DecimalFormat("0.0000000000000000E00");
+  static final public DecimalFormat numberFormatter = scientificFormatter;
+  static final public DecimalFormat percentageFormatter = new DecimalFormat("0.0000000000");
+
+  // Random number generator
+  // If you want to plan a specific seed, do it here.
+  static final public Random random = new Random();
+
+  // Class loader & reflection
+  static final public ClassLoader loader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+  static final Class[] test_func_arg_types = {int.class, double.class};
+
+  // Class variables
+  static private double[] m_iSqrt;
+
+  // Instance variables
+  private double[] m_biases;
+
+  // Constructors
+  //	Load the data common to all org.uma.test functions.
+  //	Get ready for creating org.uma.test function instances.
+  public Benchmark() throws JMetalException {
+    this(DEFAULT_FILE_BIAS);
+  }
+
+  public Benchmark(String file_bias) throws JMetalException {
+    m_biases = new double[NUM_TEST_FUNC];
+    m_iSqrt = new double[MAX_SUPPORT_DIM];
+
+    loadRowVectorFromFile(file_bias, NUM_TEST_FUNC, m_biases);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_SUPPORT_DIM; i++) {
+      m_iSqrt[i] = Math.sqrt(((double) i) + 1.0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Entry point
+  //	If the Benchmark class is executed as a stand-alone application,
+  //	its job is to run the org.uma.test on all the org.uma.test functions.
+  static public void main(String args[]) throws JMetalException {
+    Benchmark theBenchmark = new Benchmark();
+    theBenchmark.runTest(0);
+  }
+
+  // Sphere function
+  static public double sphere(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum += x[i] * x[i];
+    }
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Sphere function with noise
+  static public double sphere_noise(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum += x[i] * x[i];
+    }
+
+    // NOISE
+    // Comment the next line to remove the noise
+    sum *= (1.0 + 0.1 * Math.abs(random.nextGaussian()));
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Schwefel's problem 1.2
+  static public double schwefel_102(double[] x) {
+
+    double prev_sum, curr_sum, outer_sum;
+
+    curr_sum = x[0];
+    outer_sum = (curr_sum * curr_sum);
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) {
+      prev_sum = curr_sum;
+      curr_sum = prev_sum + x[i];
+      outer_sum += (curr_sum * curr_sum);
+    }
+
+    return (outer_sum);
+  }
+
+  //
+  // Basic functions
+  //
+
+  // Rosenbrock's function
+  static public double rosenbrock(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < (x.length - 1); i++) {
+      double temp1 = (x[i] * x[i]) - x[i + 1];
+      double temp2 = x[i] - 1.0;
+      sum += (100.0 * temp1 * temp1) + (temp2 * temp2);
+    }
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // F2: Rosenbrock's Function -- 2D version
+  static public double F2(double x, double y) {
+    double temp1 = (x * x) - y;
+    double temp2 = x - 1.0;
+    return ((100.0 * temp1 * temp1) + (temp2 * temp2));
+  }
+
+  // Griewank's function
+  static public double griewank(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+    double product = 1.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum += ((x[i] * x[i]) / 4000.0);
+      product *= Math.cos(x[i] / m_iSqrt[i]);
+    }
+
+    return (sum - product + 1.0);
+  }
+
+  // F8: Griewank's Function -- 1D version
+  static public double F8(double x) {
+    return (((x * x) / 4000.0) - Math.cos(x) + 1.0);
+  }
+
+  // Ackley's function
+  static public double ackley(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum1 = 0.0;
+    double sum2 = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum1 += (x[i] * x[i]);
+      sum2 += (Math.cos(PIx2 * x[i]));
+    }
+
+    return (-20.0 * Math.exp(-0.2 * Math.sqrt(sum1 / ((double) x.length))) - Math
+      .exp(sum2 / ((double) x.length)) + 20.0 + Math.E);
+  }
+
+  // Round function
+  // 0. Use the Matlab version for rounding numbers
+  static public double myRound(double x) {
+    return (Math.signum(x) * Math.round(Math.abs(x)));
+  }
+
+  // 1. "o" is provided
+  static public double myXRound(double x, double o) {
+    return ((Math.abs(x - o) < 0.5) ? x : (myRound(2.0 * x) / 2.0));
+  }
+
+  // 2. "o" is not provided
+  static public double myXRound(double x) {
+    return ((Math.abs(x) < 0.5) ? x : (myRound(2.0 * x) / 2.0));
+  }
+
+  // Rastrigin's function
+  static public double rastrigin(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum += (x[i] * x[i]) - (10.0 * Math.cos(PIx2 * x[i])) + 10.0;
+    }
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Non-Continuous Rastrigin's function
+  static public double rastriginNonCont(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+    double currX;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      currX = myXRound(x[i]);
+      sum += (currX * currX) - (10.0 * Math.cos(PIx2 * currX)) + 10.0;
+    }
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Weierstrass function
+  static public double weierstrass(double[] x) {
+    return (weierstrass(x, 0.5, 3.0, 20));
+  }
+
+  static public double weierstrass(double[] x, double a, double b, int Kmax) {
+
+    double sum1 = 0.0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      for (int k = 0; k <= Kmax; k++) {
+        sum1 += Math.pow(a, k) * Math.cos(PIx2 * Math.pow(b, k) * (x[i] + 0.5));
+      }
+    }
+
+    double sum2 = 0.0;
+    for (int k = 0; k <= Kmax; k++) {
+      sum2 += Math.pow(a, k) * Math.cos(PIx2 * Math.pow(b, k) * (0.5));
+    }
+
+    return (sum1 - sum2 * ((double) (x.length)));
+  }
+
+  // F8F2
+  static public double F8F2(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum += F8(F2(x[i - 1], x[i]));
+    }
+    sum += F8(F2(x[x.length - 1], x[0]));
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Scaffer's F6 function
+  static public double ScafferF6(double x, double y) {
+    double temp1 = x * x + y * y;
+    double temp2 = Math.sin(Math.sqrt(temp1));
+    double temp3 = 1.0 + 0.001 * temp1;
+    return (0.5 + ((temp2 * temp2 - 0.5) / (temp3 * temp3)));
+  }
+
+  // Expanded Scaffer's F6 function
+  static public double EScafferF6(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum += ScafferF6(x[i - 1], x[i]);
+    }
+    sum += ScafferF6(x[x.length - 1], x[0]);
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Non-Continuous Expanded Scaffer's F6 function
+  static public double EScafferF6NonCont(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+    double prevX, currX;
+
+    currX = myXRound(x[0]);
+    for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) {
+      prevX = currX;
+      currX = myXRound(x[i]);
+      sum += ScafferF6(prevX, currX);
+    }
+    prevX = currX;
+    currX = myXRound(x[0]);
+    sum += ScafferF6(prevX, currX);
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Elliptic
+  static public double elliptic(double[] x) {
+
+    double sum = 0.0;
+    double a = 1e6;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      sum += Math.pow(a, (((double) i) / ((double) (x.length - 1)))) * x[i] * x[i];
+    }
+
+    return (sum);
+  }
+
+  // Hybrid composition
+  static public double hybrid_composition(double[] x, HCJob job) throws JMetalException {
+
+    int num_func = job.num_func;
+    int num_dim = job.num_dim;
+
+    // Get the raw weights
+    double wMax = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_func; i++) {
+      double sumSqr = 0.0;
+      shift(job.z[i], x, job.o[i]);
+      for (int j = 0; j < num_dim; j++) {
+        sumSqr += (job.z[i][j] * job.z[i][j]);
+      }
+      job.w[i] = Math.exp(-1.0 * sumSqr / (2.0 * num_dim * job.sigma[i] * job.sigma[i]));
+      if (wMax < job.w[i]) {
+        wMax = job.w[i];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Modify the weights
+    double wSum = 0.0;
+    double w1mMaxPow = 1.0 - Math.pow(wMax, 10.0);
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_func; i++) {
+      if (job.w[i] != wMax) {
+        job.w[i] *= w1mMaxPow;
+      }
+      wSum += job.w[i];
+    }
+
+    // Normalize the weights
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_func; i++) {
+      job.w[i] /= wSum;
+    }
+
+    double sumF = 0.0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_func; i++) {
+      for (int j = 0; j < num_dim; j++) {
+        job.z[i][j] /= job.lambda[i];
+      }
+      rotate(job.zM[i], job.z[i], job.M[i]);
+      sumF +=
+        job.w[i] *
+          (
+            job.C * job.basic_func(i, job.zM[i]) / job.fmax[i] +
+              job.biases[i]
+          );
+    }
+    return (sumF);
+  }
+
+  // Shift
+  static public void shift(double[] results, double[] x, double[] o) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      results[i] = x[i] - o[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Rotate
+  static public void rotate(double[] results, double[] x, double[][] matrix) {
+    xA(results, x, matrix);
+  }
+
+  // (1xD) row vector * (Dx1) column vector = (1) scalar
+  static public double xy(double[] x, double[] y) {
+    double result = 0.0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) {
+      result += (x[i] * y[i]);
+    }
+
+    return (result);
+  }
+
+  //
+  // Elementary operations
+  //
+
+  // (1xD) row vector * (DxD) matrix = (1xD) row vector
+  static public void xA(double[] result, double[] x, double[][] A) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
+      result[i] = 0.0;
+      for (int j = 0; j < result.length; j++) {
+        result[i] += (x[j] * A[j][i]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // (DxD) matrix * (Dx1) column vector = (Dx1) column vector
+  static public void Ax(double[] result, double[][] A, double[] x) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++) {
+      result[i] = 0.0;
+      for (int j = 0; j < result.length; j++) {
+        result[i] += (A[i][j] * x[j]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  //
+  // Matrix & vector operations
+  //
+
+  //
+  // Utility functions for loading data from the given text file
+  //
+  static public void loadTestDataFromFile(String file, int num_test_points, int test_dimension,
+    double[][] x, double[] f) throws JMetalException {
+    try {
+      JMetalLogger.logger.info("File bias: " + file);
+
+      BufferedReader brSrc = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+      loadMatrix(brSrc, num_test_points, test_dimension, x);
+      loadColumnVector(brSrc, num_test_points, f);
+      brSrc.close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      JMetalLogger.logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error in Benchmark.java", e);
+      throw new JMetalException("Error in Benchmark.java");
+    }
+  }
+
+  static public void loadRowVectorFromFile(String file, int columns, double[] row)
+    throws JMetalException {
+    try {
+      BufferedReader brSrc = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+      loadRowVector(brSrc, columns, row);
+      brSrc.close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      JMetalLogger.logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error in Benchmark.java", e);
+      throw new JMetalException("Error in Benchmark.java");
+    }
+  }
+
+  static public void loadRowVector(BufferedReader brSrc, int columns, double[] row)
+    throws Exception {
+    String stToken;
+    StringTokenizer stTokenizer = new StringTokenizer(brSrc.readLine());
+    for (int i = 0; i < columns; i++) {
+      stToken = stTokenizer.nextToken();
+      row[i] = Double.parseDouble(stToken);
+    }
+  }
+
+  static public void loadColumnVectorFromFile(String file, int rows, double[] column)
+    throws JMetalException {
+    try {
+      BufferedReader brSrc = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+      loadColumnVector(brSrc, rows, column);
+      brSrc.close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      JMetalLogger.logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error in Benchmark.java", e);
+      throw new JMetalException("Error in Benchmark.java");
+    }
+  }
+
+  static public void loadColumnVector(BufferedReader brSrc, int rows, double[] column)
+    throws Exception {
+    String stToken;
+    for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
+      StringTokenizer stTokenizer = new StringTokenizer(brSrc.readLine());
+      stToken = stTokenizer.nextToken();
+      column[i] = Double.parseDouble(stToken);
+    }
+  }
+
+  static public void loadNMatrixFromFile(String file, int N, int rows, int columns,
+    double[][][] matrix) throws JMetalException {
+    try {
+      BufferedReader brSrc = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+      for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+        loadMatrix(brSrc, rows, columns, matrix[i]);
+      }
+      brSrc.close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      JMetalLogger.logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error in Benchmark.java", e);
+      throw new JMetalException("Error in Benchmark.java");
+    }
+  }
+
+  static public void loadMatrixFromFile(String file, int rows, int columns, double[][] matrix)
+    throws JMetalException {
+    try {
+      BufferedReader brSrc = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(file));
+      loadMatrix(brSrc, rows, columns, matrix);
+      brSrc.close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      JMetalLogger.logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error in Benchmark.java", e);
+      throw new JMetalException("Error in Benchmark.java");
+    }
+  }
+
+  static public void loadMatrix(BufferedReader brSrc, int rows, int columns, double[][] matrix)
+    throws Exception {
+    for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
+      loadRowVector(brSrc, columns, matrix[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  //
+  // Use this function to manufacture new org.uma.test function objects
+  //
+  public TestFunc testFunctionFactory(int func_num, int dimension) throws JMetalException {
+    TestFunc returnFunc = null;
+    try {
+      returnFunc = (TestFunc)
+        loader.loadClass(JMetalLogger.cec2005Package + "." + test_func_class_names[func_num - 1])
+          .getConstructor(test_func_arg_types)
+          .newInstance(
+            new Object[] {
+              new Integer(dimension),
+              new Double(m_biases[func_num - 1])
+            }
+          );
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      JMetalLogger.logger.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error in Benchmark.java", e);
+      throw new JMetalException("Error in Benchmark.java");
+    }
+    return (returnFunc);
+  }
+
+  // Run tests on the org.uma.test functions
+  //	< 0:	Error!
+  //	= 0:	On all the functions
+  //	> 0:	On the specified org.uma.test function
+  public void runTest() throws JMetalException {
+    runTest(0);
+  }
+
+  public void runTest(int func_num) throws JMetalException {
+    if (func_num == 0) {
+      for (int i = 1; i <= NUM_TEST_FUNC; i++) {
+        runTest(i);
+      }
+    } else if ((func_num < 0) || (func_num > NUM_TEST_FUNC)) {
+      throw new JMetalException("The specified func_num is out of range.");
+    } else {
+      // Run the org.uma.test function against the check points
+      int num_test_points = 10;
+      int test_dimension = 50;
+
+      double[] test_f = new double[num_test_points];
+      double[][] test_x = new double[num_test_points][test_dimension];
+
+      String file_test = "testData/test_data_func" + func_num + ".txt";
+
+      // Create the org.uma.test function object
+      TestFunc aFunc = testFunctionFactory(func_num, test_dimension);
+
+      JMetalLogger.logger.info("Run tests on function " + func_num +
+        " (" + aFunc.name() + "):");
+      JMetalLogger.logger.info("  " +
+        num_test_points + " " +
+        aFunc.dimension() + "-dimension check points");
+
+      loadTestDataFromFile(file_test, num_test_points, test_dimension, test_x, test_f);
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < num_test_points; i++) {
+        // Execute the org.uma.test function
+        // Collect and compare the results
+        double result = aFunc.f(test_x[i]);
+        double diff = result - test_f[i];
+        double ratio = Math.abs(diff / test_f[i]);
+        JMetalLogger.logger.info("    " +
+          numberFormatter.format(result) +
+          " - " +
+          numberFormatter.format(test_f[i]) +
+          " = " +
+          numberFormatter.format(diff));
+        JMetalLogger.logger.info("    " + "    " +
+          "Difference ratio = " + numberFormatter.format(ratio));
+        if (ratio != 0.0) {
+          if (ratio <= 1e-12) {
+            JMetalLogger.logger.info(" (<= 1E-12)");
+          } else {
+            JMetalLogger.logger.info(" (> 1E-12) *****");
+          }
+        } else {
+          JMetalLogger.logger.info("");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileReader` acquired by call to `new()` at line 546 is not released after line 551.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 548
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Benchmark.loadNMatrixFromFile(String,int,int,int,double[][][])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.uma.jmetal.problem.singleobjective.cec2005competitioncode.Benchmark.loadNMatrixFromFile(java.lan.9663dfdb841e44a6eb87a5a5fdb43830
+
+### File:
+jmetal-core/src/main/java/org/uma/jmetal/problem/singleobjective/cec2005competitioncode/Benchmark.java
+
+### Key:
+Benchmark.java|loadNMatrixFromFile|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+757f0fbe692229c22f3dac53e29eafcf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9044/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9044/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4365fba83db1eac7981813f921ff8c3c9b025ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9044/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jMetal
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+//  NSGAIIRunner.java
+//
+//  Author:
+//       Antonio J. Nebro <antonio@lcc.uma.es>
+//
+//  Copyright (c) 2014 Antonio J. Nebro
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+// 
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.runner;
+
+import jmetal.core.Algorithm;
+import jmetal.core.Operator;
+import jmetal.core.Problem;
+import jmetal.core.SolutionSet;
+import jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAII;
+import jmetal.operators.crossover.SBXCrossover;
+import jmetal.operators.mutation.PolynomialMutation;
+import jmetal.operators.selection.BinaryTournament2;
+import jmetal.problems.Kursawe;
+import jmetal.problems.ProblemFactory;
+import jmetal.qualityIndicator.QualityIndicator;
+import jmetal.util.Configuration;
+import jmetal.util.JMException;
+import jmetal.util.evaluator.MultithreadedSolutionSetEvaluator;
+import jmetal.util.evaluator.SolutionSetEvaluator;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.DefaultFileOutputContext;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.FileOutputContext;
+import jmetal.util.fileOutput.SolutionSetOutput;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.logging.FileHandler;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * Class to configure and execute the NSGA-II algorithm.
+ * <p/>
+ * Besides the classic NSGA-II, a steady-state version (ssNSGAII) is also
+ * included (See: J.J. Durillo, A.J. Nebro, F. Luna and E. Alba
+ * "On the Effect of the Steady-State Selection Scheme in
+ * Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms"
+ * 5th International Conference, EMO 2009, pp: 183-197.
+ * April 2009)
+ */
+
+public class ParallelNSGAIIRunner {
+  private static Logger logger_;
+  private static FileHandler fileHandler_;
+
+  /**
+   * @param args Command line arguments.
+   * @throws jmetal.util.JMException
+   * @throws java.io.IOException
+   * @throws SecurityException Usage: three options
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAII_main
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAII_main problemName
+   *                           - jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.NSGAII_main problemName paretoFrontFile
+   */
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws
+    JMException,
+    SecurityException,
+    IOException,
+    ClassNotFoundException {
+    
+    Problem problem;
+    Algorithm algorithm;
+    Operator crossover;
+    Operator mutation;
+    Operator selection;
+
+    QualityIndicator indicators;
+
+    // Logger object and file to store log messages
+    logger_ = Configuration.logger_;
+    fileHandler_ = new FileHandler("NSGAII_main.log");
+    logger_.addHandler(fileHandler_);
+
+    indicators = null;
+    if (args.length == 1) {
+      Object[] params = {"Real"};
+      problem = (new ProblemFactory()).getProblem(args[0], params);
+    } else if (args.length == 2) {
+      Object[] params = {"Real"};
+      problem = (new ProblemFactory()).getProblem(args[0], params);
+      indicators = new QualityIndicator(problem, args[1]);
+    } else {
+      problem = new Kursawe("Real", 3);
+      /*
+        Examples:
+        problem = new Kursawe("BinaryReal", 3);
+        problem = new Water("Real");
+        problem = new ZDT3("ArrayReal", 30);
+        problem = new ConstrEx("Real");
+        problem = new DTLZ1("Real");
+        problem = new OKA2("Real")
+      */
+    }
+
+    SolutionSetEvaluator evaluator = new MultithreadedSolutionSetEvaluator(4, problem) ;
+    crossover = new SBXCrossover.Builder()
+      .distributionIndex(20.0)
+      .probability(0.9)
+      .build() ;
+
+    mutation = new PolynomialMutation.Builder()
+      .distributionIndex(20.0)
+      .probability(1.0/problem.getNumberOfVariables())
+      .build();
+
+    selection = new BinaryTournament2.Builder()
+      .build();
+
+    algorithm = new NSGAII.Builder(problem, evaluator)
+      .crossover(crossover)
+      .mutation(mutation)
+      .selection(selection)
+      .maxEvaluations(25000)
+      .populationSize(100)
+      .build() ;
+
+    // Execute the Algorithm
+    long initTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    SolutionSet population = algorithm.execute();
+    long estimatedTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - initTime;
+    logger_.info("Total execution time: " + estimatedTime + "ms");
+
+    // Result messages
+    FileOutputContext fileContext = new DefaultFileOutputContext("VAR.tsv") ;
+    fileContext.setSeparator("\t");
+
+    logger_.info("Variables values have been writen to file VAR.tsv");
+    SolutionSetOutput.printVariablesToFile(fileContext, population) ;
+
+    fileContext = new DefaultFileOutputContext("FUN.tsv");
+    fileContext.setSeparator("\t");
+
+    SolutionSetOutput.printObjectivesToFile(fileContext, population);
+    logger_.info("Objectives values have been written to file FUN");
+    
+    if (indicators != null) {
+      logger_.info("Quality indicators");
+      logger_.info("Hypervolume: " + indicators.getHypervolume(population));
+      logger_.info("GD         : " + indicators.getGD(population));
+      logger_.info("IGD        : " + indicators.getIGD(population));
+      logger_.info("Spread     : " + indicators.getSpread(population));
+      logger_.info("Epsilon    : " + indicators.getEpsilon(population));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `algorithm` last assigned on line 130 could be null and is dereferenced at line 134.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ParallelNSGAIIRunner.main(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+jmetal.metaheuristics.nsgaII.runner.ParallelNSGAIIRunner.main(java.lang.String[]):void.d59a511d69e36bce2ad75adb6824d800
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/jmetal/metaheuristics/nsgaII/runner/ParallelNSGAIIRunner.java
+
+### Key:
+ParallelNSGAIIRunner.java|main|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c58cafd227048c844596bed077180490
+
+### Hash:
+8ec87d4ddafeb1f550e04a2a64f5f7d1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9072/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9072/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f59b71689c41e2b9ca61edf80aea2a9aa9b6f17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9072/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-binary-block-parser
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2014 Igor Maznitsa (http://www.igormaznitsa.com).
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io;
+
+import static com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOut.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JBBPOutTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBinStart() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1},binStart().Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x02,0x01},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x40,(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+  
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    assertSame(buffer, binStart(buffer).end());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testAlign() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align().Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAlignWithArgument() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).end().toByteArray().length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(3).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(2).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 00, 0x02, 0x00, 00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(3).Byte(1).Align(3).Byte(2).Align(3).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Int(0x01020304).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyArray() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).end().toByteArray().length);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByte() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{-34}, binStart().Byte(-34).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1}, binStart().Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_MSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x80}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_LSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.LSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_Int() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0xD}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_IntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD, 0xFE).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_ByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, (byte) 0xFD, (byte) 0x8E).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBytes() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 2, (byte) 4, (byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBooleans() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, false, false, true, true, true).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, true).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShort() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x02,01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{2,1,4,3}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShorts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short((short)0x0102, (short)0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShortArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short(new short[]{(short)0x0102, (short)0x0304}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testIntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Int(0x01020304, 0x05060708).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,0x02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLongArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08, 0x11,0x12,0x13,0x14,0x15,0x16,0x17,0x18}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L,0x1112131415161718L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01, 02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x08, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testFlush() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart(buffer);
+
+    out.Bit(true);
+    assertEquals(0, buffer.size());
+    out.Flush();
+    assertEquals(1, buffer.size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionForOperatioOverEndedProcess() throws Exception {
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart();
+    out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end();
+    try{
+      out.Align();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+    
+    try{
+      out.Align(3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34,(byte)12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(34,12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12,13,14);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, (byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte((byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Flush();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1,2);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L,2L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short((short)1,(short)2,(short)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.end();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testExternalStreamButNoByteArrayOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(buffer);
+    
+    assertNull(binStart(dout).Byte(1,2,3).end());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3}, buffer.toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+  public void testExceptionForBitOrderConfilctInCaseOfUsageBitOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPBitOutputStream bitstream = new JBBPBitOutputStream(buffer,JBBPBitOrder.LSB0);
+    
+    new JBBPOut(bitstream,JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0);
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testComplexWriting_1() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream(16384);
+
+    final JBBPOut begin = new JBBPOut(buffer);
+
+    begin.
+            Bit(1, 2, 3, 0).
+            Bit(true, false, true).
+            Align().
+            Byte(5).
+            Short(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
+            Bool(true, false, true, true).
+            Int(0xABCDEF23, 0xCAFEBABE).
+            Long(0x123456789ABCDEF1L, 0x212356239091AB32L).
+            end();
+
+    final byte[] array = buffer.toByteArray();
+
+    assertEquals(40, array.length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{
+      (byte) 0x55, 5, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+      (byte) 0xAB, (byte) 0xCD, (byte) 0xEF, 0x23, (byte) 0xCA, (byte) 0xFE, (byte) 0xBA, (byte) 0xBE,
+      0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, (byte) 0x9A, (byte) 0xBC, (byte) 0xDE, (byte) 0xF1, 0x21, 0x23, 0x56, 0x23, (byte) 0x90, (byte) 0x91, (byte) 0xAB, 0x32
+
+    }, array);
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitOutputStream` acquired by call to `binStart(...)` at line 211 is not released after line 215.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 215
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JBBPOutTest.testFlush()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOutTest.testFlush():void.1138c460030b0f6775397c32ec6108d2
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/igormaznitsa/jbbp/io/JBBPOutTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JBBPOutTest.java|testFlush|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+dd4a74aeaaf0a6c2a3a8877464bb9a91
+
+### Hash:
+9c4fc80a1cb127020e87bce055c24053
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9075/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9075/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a995bfa59ca35f415fa062ca22a54a94c0e875c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9075/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-binary-block-parser
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2014 Igor Maznitsa (http://www.igormaznitsa.com).
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io;
+
+import static com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOut.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JBBPOutTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBinStart() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1},binStart().Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x02,0x01},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x40,(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+  
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    assertSame(buffer, binStart(buffer).end());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testAlign() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align().Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAlignWithArgument() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).end().toByteArray().length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(3).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(2).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 00, 0x02, 0x00, 00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(3).Byte(1).Align(3).Byte(2).Align(3).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Int(0x01020304).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyArray() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).end().toByteArray().length);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByte() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{-34}, binStart().Byte(-34).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1}, binStart().Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_MSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x80}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_LSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.LSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_Int() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0xD}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_IntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD, 0xFE).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_ByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, (byte) 0xFD, (byte) 0x8E).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBytes() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 2, (byte) 4, (byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBooleans() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, false, false, true, true, true).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, true).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShort() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x02,01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{2,1,4,3}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShorts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short((short)0x0102, (short)0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShortArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short(new short[]{(short)0x0102, (short)0x0304}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testIntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Int(0x01020304, 0x05060708).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,0x02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLongArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08, 0x11,0x12,0x13,0x14,0x15,0x16,0x17,0x18}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L,0x1112131415161718L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01, 02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x08, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testFlush() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart(buffer);
+
+    out.Bit(true);
+    assertEquals(0, buffer.size());
+    out.Flush();
+    assertEquals(1, buffer.size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionForOperatioOverEndedProcess() throws Exception {
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart();
+    out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end();
+    try{
+      out.Align();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+    
+    try{
+      out.Align(3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34,(byte)12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(34,12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12,13,14);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, (byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte((byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Flush();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1,2);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L,2L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short((short)1,(short)2,(short)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.end();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testExternalStreamButNoByteArrayOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(buffer);
+    
+    assertNull(binStart(dout).Byte(1,2,3).end());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3}, buffer.toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+  public void testExceptionForBitOrderConfilctInCaseOfUsageBitOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPBitOutputStream bitstream = new JBBPBitOutputStream(buffer,JBBPBitOrder.LSB0);
+    
+    new JBBPOut(bitstream,JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0);
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testComplexWriting_1() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream(16384);
+
+    final JBBPOut begin = new JBBPOut(buffer);
+
+    begin.
+            Bit(1, 2, 3, 0).
+            Bit(true, false, true).
+            Align().
+            Byte(5).
+            Short(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
+            Bool(true, false, true, true).
+            Int(0xABCDEF23, 0xCAFEBABE).
+            Long(0x123456789ABCDEF1L, 0x212356239091AB32L).
+            end();
+
+    final byte[] array = buffer.toByteArray();
+
+    assertEquals(40, array.length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{
+      (byte) 0x55, 5, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+      (byte) 0xAB, (byte) 0xCD, (byte) 0xEF, 0x23, (byte) 0xCA, (byte) 0xFE, (byte) 0xBA, (byte) 0xBE,
+      0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, (byte) 0x9A, (byte) 0xBC, (byte) 0xDE, (byte) 0xF1, 0x21, 0x23, 0x56, 0x23, (byte) 0x90, (byte) 0x91, (byte) 0xAB, 0x32
+
+    }, array);
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitOutputStream` acquired by call to `binStart(...)` at line 379 is not released after line 379.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JBBPOutTest.testExternalStreamButNoByteArrayOutputStream()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOutTest.testExternalStreamButNoByteArrayOutputStream():void.f83c8887767ce273c5d52c0ee4262d0c
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/igormaznitsa/jbbp/io/JBBPOutTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JBBPOutTest.java|testExternalStreamButNoByteArrayOutputStream|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4993c9594a0fc46e69f9bfd2837c960e
+
+### Hash:
+6871ab89c8ce6dbdd2ec104fc889fa43
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9081/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9081/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c6e0959b7323bea948c7c7075bfdb0b6759bc96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9081/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-binary-block-parser
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2014 Igor Maznitsa (http://www.igormaznitsa.com).
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io;
+
+import static com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOut.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JBBPOutTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBinStart() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1},binStart().Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x02,0x01},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x40,(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+  
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    assertSame(buffer, binStart(buffer).end());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testAlign() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align().Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAlignWithArgument() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).end().toByteArray().length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(3).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(2).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 00, 0x02, 0x00, 00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(3).Byte(1).Align(3).Byte(2).Align(3).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Int(0x01020304).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyArray() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).end().toByteArray().length);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByte() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{-34}, binStart().Byte(-34).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1}, binStart().Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_MSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x80}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_LSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.LSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_Int() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0xD}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_IntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD, 0xFE).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_ByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, (byte) 0xFD, (byte) 0x8E).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBytes() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 2, (byte) 4, (byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBooleans() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, false, false, true, true, true).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, true).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShort() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x02,01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{2,1,4,3}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShorts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short((short)0x0102, (short)0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShortArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short(new short[]{(short)0x0102, (short)0x0304}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testIntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Int(0x01020304, 0x05060708).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,0x02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLongArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08, 0x11,0x12,0x13,0x14,0x15,0x16,0x17,0x18}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L,0x1112131415161718L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01, 02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x08, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testFlush() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart(buffer);
+
+    out.Bit(true);
+    assertEquals(0, buffer.size());
+    out.Flush();
+    assertEquals(1, buffer.size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionForOperatioOverEndedProcess() throws Exception {
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart();
+    out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end();
+    try{
+      out.Align();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+    
+    try{
+      out.Align(3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34,(byte)12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(34,12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12,13,14);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, (byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte((byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Flush();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1,2);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L,2L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short((short)1,(short)2,(short)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.end();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testExternalStreamButNoByteArrayOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(buffer);
+    
+    assertNull(binStart(dout).Byte(1,2,3).end());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3}, buffer.toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+  public void testExceptionForBitOrderConfilctInCaseOfUsageBitOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPBitOutputStream bitstream = new JBBPBitOutputStream(buffer,JBBPBitOrder.LSB0);
+    
+    new JBBPOut(bitstream,JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0);
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testComplexWriting_1() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream(16384);
+
+    final JBBPOut begin = new JBBPOut(buffer);
+
+    begin.
+            Bit(1, 2, 3, 0).
+            Bit(true, false, true).
+            Align().
+            Byte(5).
+            Short(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
+            Bool(true, false, true, true).
+            Int(0xABCDEF23, 0xCAFEBABE).
+            Long(0x123456789ABCDEF1L, 0x212356239091AB32L).
+            end();
+
+    final byte[] array = buffer.toByteArray();
+
+    assertEquals(40, array.length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{
+      (byte) 0x55, 5, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+      (byte) 0xAB, (byte) 0xCD, (byte) 0xEF, 0x23, (byte) 0xCA, (byte) 0xFE, (byte) 0xBA, (byte) 0xBE,
+      0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, (byte) 0x9A, (byte) 0xBC, (byte) 0xDE, (byte) 0xF1, 0x21, 0x23, 0x56, 0x23, (byte) 0x90, (byte) 0x91, (byte) 0xAB, 0x32
+
+    }, array);
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitOutputStream` acquired by call to `binStart()` at line 113 is not released after line 113.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JBBPOutTest.testBitArrayAsInts()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOutTest.testBitArrayAsInts():void.3f3fd2cef56633234ae1a8b2d02bdba7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/igormaznitsa/jbbp/io/JBBPOutTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JBBPOutTest.java|testBitArrayAsInts|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+07c4ca0274b2c82c8349f056d2a4ea49
+
+### Hash:
+8c913ea817228108bada6455b38116e9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9086/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9086/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a4c5e16c42eeb5c3e03378383f697ccd13551600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9086/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,847 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-binary-block-parser
+**Bug ID:** 45
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2014 Igor Maznitsa (http://www.igormaznitsa.com).
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io;
+
+import com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.utils.JBBPSystemProperty;
+import com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.utils.JBBPUtils;
+import java.io.*;
+
+/**
+ * A Filter stream implementing a countable bit stream interface. It allows read
+ * not only bytes but also bits from an input stream. The Class is not a
+ * thread-safe one.
+ */
+public class JBBPBitInputStream extends FilterInputStream implements JBBPCountableBitStream {
+
+  /**
+   * The Initial an Array buffer size for whole stream read.
+   */
+  protected static final int INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE = JBBPSystemProperty.PROPERTY_INPUT_INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE.getAsInteger(32);
+
+  /**
+   * The Inside bit buffer,
+   */
+  private int bitBuffer;
+  /**
+   * The Inside counter of bits in the bit buffer.
+   */
+  private int bitsInBuffer;
+  /**
+   * The Byte counter.
+   */
+  private long byteCounter;
+
+  /**
+   * Inside temp variable to keep the bit buffer temporarily.
+   */
+  private int markedBitBuffer;
+  /**
+   * Inside temp variable to keep the bit buffer counter temporarily.
+   */
+  private int markedBitsInBuffer;
+  /**
+   * Inside temp variable to keep the byte counter temporarily.
+   */
+  private long markedByteCounter;
+
+  /**
+   * Flag shows that bit operations must be processed for MSB0 (most significant
+   * bit 0) mode.
+   */
+  private final boolean msb0;
+
+  /**
+   * A Constructor, the LSB0 bit order will be used by default.
+   *
+   * @param in an input stream to be filtered.
+   */
+  public JBBPBitInputStream(final InputStream in) {
+    this(in, JBBPBitOrder.LSB0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A Constructor.
+   *
+   * @param in an input stream to be filtered.
+   * @param order a bit order mode for the filter.
+   * @see JBBPBitOrder#LSB0
+   * @see JBBPBitOrder#MSB0
+   */
+  public JBBPBitInputStream(final InputStream in, final JBBPBitOrder order) {
+    super(in);
+    this.bitsInBuffer = 0;
+    this.msb0 = order == JBBPBitOrder.MSB0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read array of boolean values.
+   *
+   * @param items number of items to be read, if less than zero then read whole
+   * stream till the end
+   * @return read values as boolean array
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport error
+   */
+  public boolean[] readBoolArray(final int items) throws IOException {
+    int pos = 0;
+    byte[] buffer;
+    if (items < 0) {
+      buffer = new byte[INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+      // till end
+      while (true) {
+        final int read = this.read(buffer, pos, buffer.length - pos);
+        if (read < 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+        pos += read;
+
+        if (buffer.length == pos) {
+          final byte[] newbuffer = new byte[buffer.length << 1];
+          System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, newbuffer, 0, buffer.length);
+          buffer = newbuffer;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      // number
+      buffer = new byte[items];
+      int len = items;
+      while (len > 0) {
+        final int read = this.read(buffer, pos, len);
+        if (read < 0) {
+          throw new EOFException("Have read only " + pos + " bit portions instead of " + items);
+        }
+        pos += read;
+        len -= read;
+      }
+    }
+
+    final boolean[] result = new boolean[pos];
+    for (int i = 0; i < pos; i++) {
+      result[i] = buffer[i] != 0;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read array of bit sequence.
+   *
+   * @param bitNumber bit number for each bit sequence item, must be 1..8
+   * @param items number of items to be read, if less than zero then read whole
+   * stream till the end
+   * @return array of read bit items as a byte array
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   */
+  public byte[] readBitsArray(final int items, final JBBPBitNumber bitNumber) throws IOException {
+    int pos = 0;
+    if (items < 0) {
+      byte[] buffer = new byte[INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+      // till end
+      while (true) {
+        final int next = readBits(bitNumber);
+        if (next < 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+        if (buffer.length == pos) {
+          final byte[] newbuffer = new byte[buffer.length << 1];
+          System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, newbuffer, 0, buffer.length);
+          buffer = newbuffer;
+        }
+        buffer[pos++] = (byte) next;
+      }
+      if (buffer.length == pos) {
+        return buffer;
+      }
+      final byte[] result = new byte[pos];
+      System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, result, 0, pos);
+      return result;
+    }
+    else {
+      // number
+      final byte[] buffer = new byte[items];
+      for (int i = 0; i < items; i++) {
+        final int next = readBits(bitNumber);
+        if (next < 0) {
+          throw new EOFException("Have read only " + i + " bit portions instead of " + items);
+        }
+        buffer[i] = (byte) next;
+      }
+      return buffer;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read number of bytes for the stream.
+   *
+   * @param items number of items to be read, if less than zero then read whole
+   * stream till the end
+   * @return read byte items as a byte array
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   */
+  public byte[] readByteArray(final int items) throws IOException {
+    int pos = 0;
+    if (items < 0) {
+      byte[] buffer = new byte[INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+      // till end
+      while (true) {
+        final int next = read();
+        if (next < 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+        if (buffer.length == pos) {
+          final byte[] newbuffer = new byte[buffer.length << 1];
+          System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, newbuffer, 0, buffer.length);
+          buffer = newbuffer;
+        }
+        buffer[pos++] = (byte) next;
+      }
+      if (buffer.length == pos) {
+        return buffer;
+      }
+      final byte[] result = new byte[pos];
+      System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, result, 0, pos);
+      return result;
+    }
+    else {
+      // number
+      final byte[] buffer = new byte[items];
+      final int read = this.read(buffer, 0, items);
+      if (read != items) {
+        throw new EOFException("Have read only " + read + " byte(s) instead of " + items + " byte(s)");
+      }
+      return buffer;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read number of short items from the input stream.
+   *
+   * @param items number of items to be read from the input stream, if less than
+   * zero then all stream till the end will be read
+   * @param byteOrder the order of bytes to be used to decode short values
+   * @return read items as a short array
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#BIG_ENDIAN
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#LITTLE_ENDIAN
+   */
+  public short[] readShortArray(final int items, final JBBPByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+    int pos = 0;
+    if (items < 0) {
+      short[] buffer = new short[INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+      // till end
+      while (hasAvailableData()) {
+        final int next = readUnsignedShort(byteOrder);
+        if (buffer.length == pos) {
+          final short[] newbuffer = new short[buffer.length << 1];
+          System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, newbuffer, 0, buffer.length);
+          buffer = newbuffer;
+        }
+        buffer[pos++] = (short) next;
+      }
+      if (buffer.length == pos) {
+        return buffer;
+      }
+      final short[] result = new short[pos];
+      System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, result, 0, pos);
+      return result;
+    }
+    else {
+      // number
+      final short[] buffer = new short[items];
+      for (int i = 0; i < items; i++) {
+        buffer[i] = (short) readUnsignedShort(byteOrder);
+      }
+      return buffer;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read number of integer items from the input stream.
+   *
+   * @param items number of items to be read from the input stream, if less than
+   * zero then all stream till the end will be read
+   * @param byteOrder the order of bytes to be used to decode values
+   * @return read items as an integer array
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#BIG_ENDIAN
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#LITTLE_ENDIAN
+   */
+  public int[] readIntArray(final int items, final JBBPByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+    int pos = 0;
+    if (items < 0) {
+      int[] buffer = new int[INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+      // till end
+      while (hasAvailableData()) {
+        final long next = readInt(byteOrder);
+        if (buffer.length == pos) {
+          final int[] newbuffer = new int[buffer.length << 1];
+          System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, newbuffer, 0, buffer.length);
+          buffer = newbuffer;
+        }
+        buffer[pos++] = (int) next;
+      }
+      if (buffer.length == pos) {
+        return buffer;
+      }
+      final int[] result = new int[pos];
+      System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, result, 0, pos);
+      return result;
+    }
+    else {
+      // number
+      final int[] buffer = new int[items];
+      for (int i = 0; i < items; i++) {
+        buffer[i] = readInt(byteOrder);
+      }
+      return buffer;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read number of long items from the input stream.
+   *
+   * @param items number of items to be read from the input stream, if less than
+   * zero then all stream till the end will be read
+   * @param byteOrder the order of bytes to be used to decode values
+   * @return read items as a long array
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#BIG_ENDIAN
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#LITTLE_ENDIAN
+   */
+  public long[] readLongArray(final int items, final JBBPByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+    int pos = 0;
+    if (items < 0) {
+      long[] buffer = new long[INITIAL_ARRAY_BUFFER_SIZE];
+      // till end
+      while (hasAvailableData()) {
+        final long next = readLong(byteOrder);
+        if (buffer.length == pos) {
+          final long[] newbuffer = new long[buffer.length << 1];
+          System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, newbuffer, 0, buffer.length);
+          buffer = newbuffer;
+        }
+        buffer[pos++] = next;
+      }
+      if (buffer.length == pos) {
+        return buffer;
+      }
+      final long[] result = new long[pos];
+      System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, result, 0, pos);
+      return result;
+    }
+    else {
+      // number
+      final long[] buffer = new long[items];
+      for (int i = 0; i < items; i++) {
+        buffer[i] = readLong(byteOrder);
+      }
+      return buffer;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a unsigned short value from the stream.
+   *
+   * @param byteOrder he order of bytes to be used to decode the read value
+   * @return the unsigned short value read from stream
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   * @throws EOFException if the end of the stream has been reached
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#BIG_ENDIAN
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#LITTLE_ENDIAN
+   */
+  public int readUnsignedShort(final JBBPByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+    final int b0 = this.read();
+    if (b0 < 0) {
+      throw new EOFException();
+    }
+    final int b1 = this.read();
+    if (b1 < 0) {
+      throw new EOFException();
+    }
+    return byteOrder == JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN ? (b0 << 8) | b1 : (b1 << 8) | b0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read an integer value from the stream.
+   *
+   * @param byteOrder he order of bytes to be used to decode the read value
+   * @return the unsigned short value read from stream or -1 if the end of
+   * stream has been reached
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   * @throws EOFException if the end of the stream has been reached
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#BIG_ENDIAN
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#LITTLE_ENDIAN
+   */
+  public int readInt(final JBBPByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+    if (byteOrder == JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
+      return (readUnsignedShort(byteOrder) << 16) | readUnsignedShort(byteOrder);
+    }
+    else {
+      return readUnsignedShort(byteOrder) | (readUnsignedShort(byteOrder) << 16);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a long value from the stream.
+   *
+   * @param byteOrder he order of bytes to be used to decode the read value
+   * @return the unsigned short value read from stream or -1 if the end of
+   * stream has been reached
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for any transport problem during the
+   * operation
+   * @throws EOFException if the end of the stream has been reached
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#BIG_ENDIAN
+   * @see JBBPByteOrder#LITTLE_ENDIAN
+   */
+  public long readLong(final JBBPByteOrder byteOrder) throws IOException {
+    if (byteOrder == JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN) {
+      return (((long) readInt(byteOrder) & 0xFFFFFFFFL) << 32) | ((long) readInt(byteOrder) & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
+    }
+    else {
+      return ((long) readInt(byteOrder) & 0xFFFFFFFFL) | (((long) readInt(byteOrder) & 0xFFFFFFFFL) << 32);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current byte counter state.
+   *
+   * @return the number of bytes read from the stream currently
+   */
+  public long getCounter() {
+    return this.byteCounter;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the value of the inside bit buffer
+   *
+   * @return the bit buffer state
+   */
+  public int getBitBuffer() {
+    return this.bitBuffer;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the number of buffered bits in the inside bit buffer
+   *
+   * @return the number of buffered bits in the bit buffer
+   */
+  public int getBufferedBitsNumber() {
+    return this.bitsInBuffer;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the bit order option for read operations.
+   *
+   * @return the bit order parameter
+   * @see JBBPBitOrder#LSB0
+   * @see JBBPBitOrder#MSB0
+   */
+  public JBBPBitOrder getBitOrder() {
+    return this.msb0 ? JBBPBitOrder.MSB0 : JBBPBitOrder.LSB0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read number of bits from the input stream. It reads bits from input stream
+   * since 0 bit and make reversion to return bits in the right order when 0 bit
+   * is 0 bit. if the stream is completed early than the data read then reading
+   * is just stopped and read value returned. The First read bit is placed as
+   * 0th bit.
+   *
+   * @param numOfBitsToRead the number of bits to be read, must be 1..8
+   * @return the read bits as integer, -1 if the end of stream has been reached
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport errors to be read
+   * @throws NullPointerException if number of bits to be read is null
+   */
+  public int readBits(final JBBPBitNumber numOfBitsToRead) throws IOException {
+    int result;
+
+    final int numOfBitsAsNumber = numOfBitsToRead.getBitNumber();
+
+    if (this.bitsInBuffer == 0 && numOfBitsAsNumber == 8) {
+      result = this.readByteFromStream();
+      return result;
+    }
+    else {
+      result = 0;
+      
+      if (numOfBitsAsNumber == this.bitsInBuffer){
+        result = this.bitBuffer;
+        this.bitBuffer = 0;
+        this.bitsInBuffer = 0;
+        return result;
+      }
+      
+      int i = numOfBitsAsNumber;
+      int theBitBuffer = this.bitBuffer;
+      int theBitBufferCounter = this.bitsInBuffer;
+
+      while (i > 0) {
+        if (theBitBufferCounter == 0) {
+          final int nextByte = this.readByteFromStream();
+          if (nextByte < 0) {
+            if (i == numOfBitsAsNumber) {
+              return nextByte;
+            }
+            else {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          else {
+            theBitBuffer = nextByte;
+            theBitBufferCounter = 8;
+          }
+        }
+
+        result = (result << 1) | (theBitBuffer & 1);
+        theBitBuffer >>= 1;
+        theBitBufferCounter--;
+        i--;
+      }
+
+      this.bitBuffer = theBitBuffer;
+      this.bitsInBuffer = theBitBufferCounter;
+
+      return (JBBPUtils.reverseByte((byte) result) & 0xFF) >> (8 - (numOfBitsAsNumber - i));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a boolean value saved as a byte.
+   *
+   * @return true if the value is not zero, false if the value is zero
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport errors.
+   */
+  public boolean readBoolean() throws IOException {
+    final int read = this.read();
+    if (read < 0) {
+      throw new EOFException("Can't read a boolean value");
+    }
+    return read != 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read a byte value.
+   *
+   * @return the byte value read from the stream
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport errors.
+   */
+  public int readByte() throws IOException {
+    final int read = this.read();
+    if (read < 0) {
+      throw new EOFException("Can't read a byte value");
+    }
+    return read;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean markSupported() {
+    return super.markSupported();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
+    in.reset();
+    this.bitBuffer = this.markedBitBuffer;
+    this.byteCounter = this.markedByteCounter;
+    this.bitsInBuffer = this.markedBitsInBuffer;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void mark(final int readlimit) {
+    in.mark(readlimit);
+    this.markedBitBuffer = this.bitBuffer;
+    this.markedByteCounter = this.byteCounter;
+    this.markedBitsInBuffer = this.bitsInBuffer;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int available() throws IOException {
+    return super.available();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read padding bytes from the stream and ignore them to align the stream
+   * counter.
+   *
+   * @param alignByteNumber the byte number to align the stream
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport errors
+   * @throws EOFException it will be thrown if the stream end has been reached
+   * the before align border.
+   */
+  public void align(final long alignByteNumber) throws IOException {
+    this.alignByte();
+
+    if (alignByteNumber > 0) {
+      long padding = (alignByteNumber - (this.byteCounter % alignByteNumber)) % alignByteNumber;
+
+      while (padding > 0) {
+        final int skippedByte = this.read();
+        if (skippedByte < 0) {
+          throw new EOFException("Can't align for " + alignByteNumber + " byte(s)");
+        }
+        padding--;
+      }
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public long skip(final long numOfBytes) throws IOException {
+    if (this.bitsInBuffer == 0) {
+      final long r = in.skip(numOfBytes);
+      this.byteCounter += (int) r;
+      return r;
+    }
+    else {
+      long i = numOfBytes;
+      long count = 0L;
+      while (i > 0) {
+        final int nxt = readBits(JBBPBitNumber.BITS_8);
+        if (nxt < 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+        count++;
+        i--;
+      }
+      return count;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Inside method to read a byte from stream.
+   *
+   * @return the read byte or -1 if the end of the stream has been reached
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport errors
+   */
+  private int readByteFromStream() throws IOException {
+    int result = this.in.read();
+    if (result >= 0) {
+      if (this.msb0) {
+        result = JBBPUtils.reverseByte((byte) result) & 0xFF;
+      }
+      this.byteCounter++;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read the next stream byte into bit buffer.
+   *
+   * @return the read byte or -1 if the endo of stream has been reached.
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport errors
+   */
+  private int loadNextByteInBuffer() throws IOException {
+    final int value = this.readByteFromStream();
+    if (value < 0) {
+      return value;
+    }
+
+    this.bitBuffer = value;
+    this.bitsInBuffer = 8;
+
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Align read byte. If there are unread bits in inside bit buffer, it will be
+   * aligned to read the next byte from stream instead of reading from the bit
+   * buffer.
+   */
+  public void alignByte() {
+    if (this.bitsInBuffer > 0 && this.bitsInBuffer < 8) {
+      this.bitsInBuffer = 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check that there is available data to read from stream. NB: It will read
+   * one byte from the stream and will save it into inside bit buffer.
+   *
+   * @return true if there is data to be read
+   * @throws IOException it will be thrown for transport errors
+   */
+  public boolean hasAvailableData() throws IOException {
+    if (this.bitsInBuffer > 0) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return loadNextByteInBuffer() >= 0;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int read(final byte[] array, final int offset, final int length) throws IOException {
+    if (this.bitsInBuffer == 0) {
+      int readBytes = 0;
+      int tmpoffset = offset;
+      int tmplen = length;
+      while (tmplen > 0) {
+        int read = this.in.read(array, tmpoffset, tmplen);
+        if (read < 0) {
+          readBytes = readBytes == 0 ? read : readBytes;
+          break;
+        }
+        tmplen -= read;
+        tmpoffset += read;
+        readBytes += read;
+        this.byteCounter += read;
+      }
+
+      if (this.msb0) {
+        int index = offset;
+        int number = readBytes;
+        while (number > 0) {
+          array[index] = JBBPUtils.reverseByte(array[index]);
+          index++;
+          number--;
+        }
+      }
+
+      return readBytes;
+    }
+    else {
+      int count = length;
+      int i = offset;
+      while (count > 0) {
+        final int nextByte = this.readBits(JBBPBitNumber.BITS_8);
+        if (nextByte < 0) {
+          break;
+        }
+        count--;
+        array[i++] = (byte) nextByte;
+      }
+      return length - count;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reset the byte counter for the stream. The Inside bit buffer will be reset
+   * also if it is not full.
+   *
+   * @see #align(long)
+   * @see #alignByte()
+   * @see #getBitBuffer()
+   * @see #getBufferedBitsNumber()
+   * @see #hasAvailableData() .
+   */
+  public void resetCounter() {
+    if (this.bitsInBuffer < 8) {
+      this.bitsInBuffer = 0;
+      this.bitBuffer = 0;
+    }
+    this.byteCounter = 0L;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int read(final byte[] array) throws IOException {
+    return this.read(array, 0, array.length);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int read() throws IOException {
+    final int result;
+    if (this.bitsInBuffer == 0) {
+      result = this.readByteFromStream();
+      if (result < 0) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+    else {
+      return this.readBits(JBBPBitNumber.BITS_8);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitInputStream.readBits` indirectly writes to field `this.com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitInputStream.byteCounter` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int JBBPBitInputStream.readBits(JBBPBitNumber)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitInputStream.readBits(com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitNumber):int.6da80f561b7ca898a0e77b0e3a6afd2d
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/igormaznitsa/jbbp/io/JBBPBitInputStream.java
+
+### Key:
+JBBPBitInputStream.java|readBits|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8e55f4a4c21933cfa8e6bf1338c512ee
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9088/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9088/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4457a0f0224c0861b1315d0a5228cc5c449829a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9088/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-binary-block-parser
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2014 Igor Maznitsa (http://www.igormaznitsa.com).
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io;
+
+import static com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOut.*;
+import java.io.*;
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+public class JBBPOutTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBinStart() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1},binStart().Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x02,0x01},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x40,(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte)0x80},binStart(JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Byte(1).end().toByteArray());
+  
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    assertSame(buffer, binStart(buffer).end());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testAlign() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align().Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testAlignWithArgument() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).end().toByteArray().length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(3).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(1).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(2).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2).Align(4).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, (byte) 0xFF}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).Align(5).Byte(0xFF).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(2).Byte(1).Align(2).Byte(2).Align(2).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xF1, 0x00, 0x00, (byte) 0x01, 0x00, 00, 0x02, 0x00, 00, (byte) 0x03}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Byte(0xF1).Align(3).Byte(1).Align(3).Byte(2).Align(3).Byte(3).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x02, 03, 0x04, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Int(0x01020304).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, (byte)0xF1}, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).Bit(1).Align(5).Byte(0xF1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testEmptyArray() throws Exception {
+    assertEquals(0, new JBBPOut(new ByteArrayOutputStream()).end().toByteArray().length);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByte() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{-34}, binStart().Byte(-34).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testByteArrayAsByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}, binStart().Byte(new byte[]{1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1}, binStart().Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_MSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x80}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.MSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBit_LSB0() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x01}, binStart(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN, JBBPBitOrder.LSB0).Bit(1).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_Int() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0xD}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_IntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, 0xFD, 0xFE).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBits_ByteArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xED}, binStart().Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_4, (byte) 0xFD, (byte) 0x8E).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsInts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 2, 4, 1, 3, 7).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(1, 3, 0, 7).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBytes() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 2, (byte) 4, (byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(new byte[]{(byte) 1, (byte) 3, (byte) 0, (byte) 7}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBitArrayAsBooleans() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0xE3}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, false, false, true, true, true).end().toByteArray());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{(byte) 0x0B}, binStart().Bit(true, true, false, true).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShort() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShort_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x02,01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{1,2,3,4}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsIntegers_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{2,1,4,3}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Short(0x0102,0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShorts() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short((short)0x0102, (short)0x0304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testShortArray_AsShortArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4}, binStart().Short(new short[]{(short)0x0102, (short)0x0304}).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testIntArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Int(0x01020304, 0x05060708).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,0x02,0x03,0x04}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testInt_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Int(0x01020304).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLongArray() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01,02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08, 0x11,0x12,0x13,0x14,0x15,0x16,0x17,0x18}, binStart().Long(0x0102030405060708L,0x1112131415161718L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_BigEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte []{0x01, 02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testLong_LittleEndian() throws Exception {
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{0x08, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01}, binStart().ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end().toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testFlush() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart(buffer);
+
+    out.Bit(true);
+    assertEquals(0, buffer.size());
+    out.Flush();
+    assertEquals(1, buffer.size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testExceptionForOperatioOverEndedProcess() throws Exception {
+    final JBBPOut out = binStart();
+    out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN).Long(0x0102030405060708L).end();
+    try{
+      out.Align();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+    
+    try{
+      out.Align(3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit((byte)34,(byte)12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bit(34,12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, 12,13,14);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bits(JBBPNumberOfBits.BITS_3, (byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Bool(true,false);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte((byte)1,(byte)2,(byte)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Byte(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.ByteOrder(JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Flush();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Int(1,2);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Long(1L,2L);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short(1,2,3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.Short((short)1,(short)2,(short)3);
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+
+    try{
+      out.end();
+      fail("Must throw ISE");
+    }catch(IllegalStateException ex){
+    }
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testExternalStreamButNoByteArrayOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(buffer);
+    
+    assertNull(binStart(dout).Byte(1,2,3).end());
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1,2,3}, buffer.toByteArray());
+  }
+  
+  @Test(expected = IllegalArgumentException.class)
+  public void testExceptionForBitOrderConfilctInCaseOfUsageBitOutputStream() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    final JBBPBitOutputStream bitstream = new JBBPBitOutputStream(buffer,JBBPBitOrder.LSB0);
+    
+    new JBBPOut(bitstream,JBBPByteOrder.BIG_ENDIAN,JBBPBitOrder.MSB0);
+  }
+  
+  @Test
+  public void testComplexWriting_1() throws Exception {
+    final ByteArrayOutputStream buffer = new ByteArrayOutputStream(16384);
+
+    final JBBPOut begin = new JBBPOut(buffer);
+
+    begin.
+            Bit(1, 2, 3, 0).
+            Bit(true, false, true).
+            Align().
+            Byte(5).
+            Short(1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
+            Bool(true, false, true, true).
+            Int(0xABCDEF23, 0xCAFEBABE).
+            Long(0x123456789ABCDEF1L, 0x212356239091AB32L).
+            end();
+
+    final byte[] array = buffer.toByteArray();
+
+    assertEquals(40, array.length);
+    assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{
+      (byte) 0x55, 5, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5, 1, 0, 1, 1,
+      (byte) 0xAB, (byte) 0xCD, (byte) 0xEF, 0x23, (byte) 0xCA, (byte) 0xFE, (byte) 0xBA, (byte) 0xBE,
+      0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, (byte) 0x9A, (byte) 0xBC, (byte) 0xDE, (byte) 0xF1, 0x21, 0x23, 0x56, 0x23, (byte) 0x90, (byte) 0x91, (byte) 0xAB, 0x32
+
+    }, array);
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPBitOutputStream` acquired by call to `binStart()` at line 190 is not released after line 190.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 190
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void JBBPOutTest.testLong()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.igormaznitsa.jbbp.io.JBBPOutTest.testLong():void.681aeeaa0eaac76620569dcf7dec17b7
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/igormaznitsa/jbbp/io/JBBPOutTest.java
+
+### Key:
+JBBPOutTest.java|testLong|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+87343c50541fbf7b0c5dd7edb6bd53dc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9153/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9153/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ada0748698caef175462fe00a4dea05de5a81e4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9153/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** rtree
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.davidmoten.rtree.fbs;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import com.github.davidmoten.rtree.Entry;
+import com.github.davidmoten.rtree.GreekEarthquakes;
+import com.github.davidmoten.rtree.InternalStructure;
+import com.github.davidmoten.rtree.RTree;
+import com.github.davidmoten.rtree.geometry.Geometries;
+import com.github.davidmoten.rtree.geometry.Point;
+
+import rx.Observable;
+import rx.functions.Func1;
+
+public class SerializerFlatBuffersTest {
+
+    private static final byte[] EMPTY = new byte[] {};
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSerializeRoundTripToFlatBuffersSingleArray() throws Exception {
+        roundTrip(InternalStructure.FLATBUFFERS_SINGLE_ARRAY, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSerializeRoundTripToDefaultStructure() throws Exception {
+        roundTrip(InternalStructure.DEFAULT, false);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSerializeRoundTripToFlatBuffersSingleArrayBackpressure() throws Exception {
+        roundTrip(InternalStructure.FLATBUFFERS_SINGLE_ARRAY, true);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSerializeRoundTripToDefaultStructureBackpressure() throws Exception {
+        roundTrip(InternalStructure.DEFAULT, true);
+    }
+
+    private void roundTrip(InternalStructure structure, boolean backpressure) throws Exception {
+        RTree<Object, Point> tree = RTree.star().maxChildren(10).create();
+        tree = tree.add(GreekEarthquakes.entries()).last().toBlocking().single();
+        long t = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        File file = new File("target/file");
+        FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(file);
+        SerializerFlatBuffers<Object, Point> fbSerializer = createSerializer();
+
+        serialize(tree, t, file, os, fbSerializer);
+
+        deserialize(structure, file, fbSerializer, backpressure);
+    }
+
+    private static SerializerFlatBuffers<Object, Point> createSerializer() {
+        Func1<Object, byte[]> serializer = new Func1<Object, byte[]>() {
+            @Override
+            public byte[] call(Object o) {
+                return EMPTY;
+            }
+        };
+        Func1<byte[], Object> deserializer = new Func1<byte[], Object>() {
+            @Override
+            public Object call(byte[] bytes) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        };
+        SerializerFlatBuffers<Object, Point> fbSerializer = SerializerFlatBuffers.create(serializer,
+                deserializer);
+        return fbSerializer;
+    }
+
+    private static void serialize(RTree<Object, Point> tree, long t, File file, FileOutputStream os,
+            SerializerFlatBuffers<Object, Point> fbSerializer) throws IOException {
+        fbSerializer.serialize(tree, os);
+        os.close();
+        System.out.println("written in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - t) + "ms, " + "file size="
+                + file.length() / 1000000.0 + "MB");
+        System.out.println("bytes per entry=" + file.length() / tree.size());
+    }
+
+    private static void deserialize(InternalStructure structure, File file,
+            SerializerFlatBuffers<Object, Point> fbSerializer, boolean backpressure)
+                    throws Exception {
+        long t = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file);
+        t = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        RTree<Object, Point> tr = fbSerializer.deserialize(file.length(), is, structure);
+        System.out.println(tr.root().get());
+
+        System.out.println("read in " + (System.currentTimeMillis() - t) + "ms");
+        Observable<Entry<Object, Point>> o = tr.search(Geometries.rectangle(40, 27.0, 40.5, 27.5));
+        if (backpressure)
+            o = o.take(10000);
+        int found = o.count().toBlocking().single();
+        System.out.println("found=" + found);
+        assertEquals(22, found);
+        System.out.println(tr.size());
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        // use this with jvisualvm and heap dump, find biggest objects to check
+        // memory usage of rtree
+        // deserialize(InternalStructure.FLATBUFFERS_SINGLE_ARRAY, new
+        // File("target/file"),
+        // createSerializer());
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileOutputStream` acquired to `os` by call to `FileOutputStream(...)` at line 52 is not released after line 55.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 55
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void SerializerFlatBuffersTest.roundTrip(InternalStructure,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.davidmoten.rtree.fbs.SerializerFlatBuffersTest.roundTrip(com.github.davidmoten.rtree.Inte.607f51cc64bf124406df7514d64f5723
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/github/davidmoten/rtree/fbs/SerializerFlatBuffersTest.java
+
+### Key:
+SerializerFlatBuffersTest.java|roundTrip|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d2e626c85af908753b28d1a09fad00d5
+
+### Hash:
+f5dc2b9f36a8d631411b1acc7537702a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9162/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9162/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..43cca2f5cd6308f58810a0aa07941829143254a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9162/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helidon
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2017, 2019 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package io.helidon.config.internal;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import io.helidon.config.Config;
+import io.helidon.config.ConfigException;
+import io.helidon.config.ConfigHelper;
+import io.helidon.config.ConfigMappingException;
+import io.helidon.config.MissingValueException;
+import io.helidon.config.spi.AbstractParsableConfigSource;
+import io.helidon.config.spi.ConfigParser;
+import io.helidon.config.spi.ConfigSource;
+import io.helidon.config.spi.PollingStrategy;
+
+/**
+ * {@link ConfigSource} implementation that loads configuration content from specified endpoint URL.
+ *
+ * @see AbstractParsableConfigSource.Builder
+ */
+public class UrlConfigSource extends AbstractParsableConfigSource<Instant> {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(UrlConfigSource.class.getName());
+
+    private static final String HEAD_METHOD = "HEAD";
+    private static final String GET_METHOD = "GET";
+    private static final String URL_KEY = "url";
+
+    private final URL url;
+
+    UrlConfigSource(UrlBuilder builder, URL url) {
+        super(builder);
+
+        this.url = url;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes config source instance from configuration properties.
+     * <p>
+     * Mandatory {@code properties}, see {@link io.helidon.config.ConfigSources#url(URL)}:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>{@code url} - type {@link URL}</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * Optional {@code properties}: see {@link AbstractParsableConfigSource.Builder#init(Config)}.
+     *
+     * @param metaConfig meta-configuration used to initialize returned config source instance from.
+     * @return new instance of config source described by {@code metaConfig}
+     * @throws MissingValueException  in case the configuration tree does not contain all expected sub-nodes
+     *                                required by the mapper implementation to provide instance of Java type.
+     * @throws ConfigMappingException in case the mapper fails to map the (existing) configuration tree represented by the
+     *                                supplied configuration node to an instance of a given Java type.
+     * @see io.helidon.config.ConfigSources#url(URL)
+     * @see AbstractParsableConfigSource.Builder#init(Config)
+     */
+    public static UrlConfigSource create(Config metaConfig) throws ConfigMappingException, MissingValueException {
+        return (UrlConfigSource) new UrlBuilder(metaConfig.get(URL_KEY).as(URL.class).get())
+                .init(metaConfig)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String uid() {
+        return url.toString();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected ConfigParser.Content<Instant> content() throws ConfigException {
+        try {
+            HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
+            connection.setRequestMethod(GET_METHOD);
+
+            final String mediaType = mediaType(connection.getContentType());
+            final Optional<Instant> timestamp;
+            if (connection.getLastModified() != 0) {
+                timestamp = Optional.of(Instant.ofEpochMilli(connection.getLastModified()));
+            } else {
+                timestamp = Optional.of(Instant.now());
+                LOGGER.fine("Missing GET '" + url + "' response header 'Last-Modified'. Used current time '"
+                                    + timestamp + "' as a content timestamp.");
+            }
+
+            Reader reader = new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream(),
+                                                  ConfigUtils.getContentCharset(connection.getContentEncoding()));
+
+            return ConfigParser.Content.create(reader, mediaType, timestamp);
+        } catch (ConfigException ex) {
+            throw ex;
+        } catch (Exception ex) {
+            throw new ConfigException("Configuration at url '" + url + "' GET is not accessible.", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected String mediaType() {
+        //do not call ConfigHelper.guessMediaType here - it is done in content() method
+        return super.mediaType();
+    }
+
+    private String mediaType(String responseMediaType) {
+        String mediaType = mediaType();
+        if (mediaType == null) {
+            mediaType = responseMediaType;
+            if (mediaType == null) {
+                mediaType = probeContentType();
+                if (LOGGER.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
+                    LOGGER.fine("HTTP response does not contain content-type, used guessed one: " + mediaType + ".");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return mediaType;
+    }
+
+    private String probeContentType() {
+        String path = url.getPath();
+        return ConfigHelper.detectContentType(Paths.get(path));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Optional<Instant> dataStamp() {
+        try {
+            HttpURLConnection connection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
+            connection.setRequestMethod(HEAD_METHOD);
+
+            if (connection.getLastModified() != 0) {
+                return Optional.of(Instant.ofEpochMilli(connection.getLastModified()));
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex) {
+            LOGGER.log(Level.FINE, ex, () -> "Configuration at url '" + url + "' HEAD is not accessible.");
+        }
+        Optional<Instant> timestamp = Optional.of(Instant.MAX);
+        LOGGER.finer("Missing HEAD '" + url + "' response header 'Last-Modified'. Used time '"
+                             + timestamp + "' as a content timestamp.");
+        return timestamp;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Url ConfigSource Builder.
+     * <p>
+     * It allows to configure following properties:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>{@code url} - configuration endpoint URL;</li>
+     * <li>{@code mandatory} - is existence of configuration resource mandatory (by default) or is {@code optional}?</li>
+     * <li>{@code media-type} - configuration content media type to be used to look for appropriate {@link ConfigParser};</li>
+     * <li>{@code parser} - or directly set {@link ConfigParser} instance to be used to parse the source;</li>
+     * </ul>
+     * <p>
+     * If the Url ConfigSource is {@code mandatory} and a {@code url} endpoint does not exist
+     * then {@link ConfigSource#load} throws {@link ConfigException}.
+     * <p>
+     * If {@code media-type} not set it uses HTTP response header {@code content-type}.
+     * If {@code media-type} not returned it tries to guess it from url suffix.
+     */
+    public static final class UrlBuilder extends Builder<UrlBuilder, URL> {
+        private URL url;
+
+        /**
+         * Initialize builder.
+         *
+         * @param url configuration url
+         */
+        public UrlBuilder(URL url) {
+            super(URL.class);
+
+            Objects.requireNonNull(url, "url cannot be null");
+
+            this.url = url;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected UrlBuilder init(Config metaConfig) {
+            return super.init(metaConfig);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected URL target() {
+            return url;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Builds new instance of Url ConfigSource.
+         * <p>
+         * If {@code media-type} not set it tries to use {@code content-type} response header or guesses it from file extension.
+         *
+         * @return new instance of Url ConfigSource.
+         */
+        public ConfigSource build() {
+            return new UrlConfigSource(this, url);
+        }
+
+        PollingStrategy pollingStrategyInternal() { //just for testing purposes
+            return super.pollingStrategy();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.net.HttpURLConnection` acquired to `connection` by call to `openConnection()` at line 146 is not released after line 149.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Optional UrlConfigSource.dataStamp()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.helidon.config.internal.UrlConfigSource.dataStamp():java.util.Optional.5a16bbceafb3034f95ceb8aac29d718e
+
+### File:
+config/config/src/main/java/io/helidon/config/internal/UrlConfigSource.java
+
+### Key:
+UrlConfigSource.java|dataStamp|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+66e7046a1695213a47623278c33e5e81
+
+### Hash:
+28090557035dd92abed0714dba18011a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9165/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9165/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a123d1063ae60f54bcff320c24eb4bb71372962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9165/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helidon
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package io.helidon.microprofile.faulttolerance;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import javax.interceptor.InvocationContext;
+
+import com.netflix.config.ConfigurationManager;
+import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommand;
+import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommandGroupKey;
+import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommandKey;
+import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommandProperties;
+import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixThreadPoolKey;
+import com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixThreadPoolProperties;
+import org.apache.commons.configuration.AbstractConfiguration;
+
+import static com.netflix.hystrix.HystrixCommandProperties.ExecutionIsolationStrategy.THREAD;
+
+/**
+ * Class FaultToleranceCommand.
+ */
+public class FaultToleranceCommand extends HystrixCommand<Object> {
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(FaultToleranceCommand.class.getName());
+
+    private final String commandKey;
+
+    private final MethodIntrospector introspector;
+
+    private final InvocationContext context;
+
+    private long executionTime = -1L;
+
+    private CircuitBreakerHelper breakerHelper;
+
+    private BulkheadHelper bulkheadHelper;
+
+    private long queuedNanos = -1L;
+
+    /**
+     * A Hystrix command that can be used to open or close a circuit breaker
+     * by running a succession of passing or failing commands that are part
+     * of a {@link Runnable}.
+     */
+    private static class RunnableCommand extends HystrixCommand<Object> {
+
+        private final Runnable runnable;
+
+        RunnableCommand(String commandKey, Runnable runnable) {
+            super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("io.j4c.faulttolerance"))
+                        .andCommandKey(
+                            HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey(commandKey))
+                        .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(
+                            HystrixCommandProperties.Setter().withFallbackEnabled(false)));
+            this.runnable = runnable;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected Object run() throws Exception {
+            runnable.run();
+            return "";
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default thread pool size for a command or a command group.
+     */
+    private static final int MAX_THREAD_POOL_SIZE = 10;
+
+    /**
+     * Default max thread pool queue size.
+     */
+    private static final int MAX_THREAD_POOL_QUEUE_SIZE = -1;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructor. Specify a thread pool key if a {@code @Bulkhead} is specified
+     * on the method. A unique thread pool key will enable setting limits for this
+     * command only based on the {@code Bulkhead} properties.
+     *
+     * @param commandKey The command key.
+     * @param introspector The method introspector.
+     * @param context CDI invocation context.
+     */
+    public FaultToleranceCommand(String commandKey, MethodIntrospector introspector, InvocationContext context) {
+        super(Setter.withGroupKey(HystrixCommandGroupKey.Factory.asKey("io.j4c.faulttolerance"))
+                    .andCommandKey(
+                        HystrixCommandKey.Factory.asKey(commandKey))
+                    .andCommandPropertiesDefaults(
+                        HystrixCommandProperties.Setter()
+                                                .withFallbackEnabled(false)
+                                                .withExecutionIsolationStrategy(THREAD))
+                    .andThreadPoolKey(
+                        introspector.hasBulkhead()
+                        ? HystrixThreadPoolKey.Factory.asKey(commandKey)
+                        : null)
+                    .andThreadPoolPropertiesDefaults(
+                        HystrixThreadPoolProperties.Setter()
+                                                   .withCoreSize(
+                                                       introspector.hasBulkhead()
+                                                       ? introspector.getBulkhead().value()
+                                                       : MAX_THREAD_POOL_SIZE)
+                                                   .withMaximumSize(
+                                                       introspector.hasBulkhead()
+                                                       ? introspector.getBulkhead().value()
+                                                       : MAX_THREAD_POOL_SIZE)
+                                                   .withMaxQueueSize(
+                                                       introspector.hasBulkhead()
+                                                       ? introspector.getBulkhead().waitingTaskQueue()
+                                                       : MAX_THREAD_POOL_QUEUE_SIZE)
+                                                   .withQueueSizeRejectionThreshold(
+                                                       introspector.hasBulkhead()
+                                                       ? introspector.getBulkhead().waitingTaskQueue()
+                                                       : MAX_THREAD_POOL_QUEUE_SIZE
+                                                   )));
+        this.commandKey = commandKey;
+        this.introspector = introspector;
+        this.context = context;
+
+        // Special initialization for methods with breakers
+        if (introspector.hasCircuitBreaker()) {
+            this.breakerHelper = new CircuitBreakerHelper(this, introspector.getCircuitBreaker());
+
+            // Register gauges for this method
+            FaultToleranceMetrics.registerGauge(introspector.getMethod(),
+                                                FaultToleranceMetrics.BREAKER_OPEN_TOTAL,
+                                                "Amount of time the circuit breaker has spent in open state",
+                                                () -> breakerHelper.getInStateNanos(CircuitBreakerHelper.State.OPEN_MP));
+            FaultToleranceMetrics.registerGauge(introspector.getMethod(),
+                                                FaultToleranceMetrics.BREAKER_HALF_OPEN_TOTAL,
+                                                "Amount of time the circuit breaker has spent in half-open state",
+                                                () -> breakerHelper.getInStateNanos(CircuitBreakerHelper.State.HALF_OPEN_MP));
+            FaultToleranceMetrics.registerGauge(introspector.getMethod(),
+                                                FaultToleranceMetrics.BREAKER_CLOSED_TOTAL,
+                                                "Amount of time the circuit breaker has spent in closed state",
+                                                () -> breakerHelper.getInStateNanos(CircuitBreakerHelper.State.CLOSED_MP));
+        }
+
+        if (introspector.hasBulkhead()) {
+            bulkheadHelper = new BulkheadHelper(this, introspector.getBulkhead());
+            // Record instance if command is getting queued
+            if (bulkheadHelper.isQueueFull()) {
+                queuedNanos = System.nanoTime();
+            }
+            bulkheadHelper.addCommand(this);
+
+            // Register guages for this method
+            FaultToleranceMetrics.registerGauge(introspector.getMethod(),
+                                                FaultToleranceMetrics.BULKHEAD_CONCURRENT_EXECUTIONS,
+                                                "Number of currently running executions",
+                                                () -> bulkheadHelper.runningCommands());
+            if (introspector.isAsynchronous()) {
+                FaultToleranceMetrics.registerGauge(introspector.getMethod(),
+                                                    FaultToleranceMetrics.BULKHEAD_WAITING_QUEUE_POPULATION,
+                                                    "Number of executions currently waiting in the queue",
+                                                    () -> bulkheadHelper.waitingCommands());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get command's execution time in nanos.
+     *
+     * @return Execution time in nanos.
+     * @throws IllegalStateException If called before command is executed.
+     */
+    long getExecutionTime() {
+        if (executionTime == -1L) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Command has not been executed yet");
+        }
+        return executionTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Code to run as part of this command.
+     *
+     * @return Result of command.
+     * @throws Exception If an error occurs.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Object run() throws Exception {
+        if (introspector.hasBulkhead()) {
+            bulkheadHelper.markAsRunning(this);
+            // Update waiting time histogram
+            if (introspector.isAsynchronous() && queuedNanos != -1L) {
+                FaultToleranceMetrics.getHistogram(introspector.getMethod(), FaultToleranceMetrics.BULKHEAD_WAITING_DURATION)
+                                     .update(System.nanoTime() - queuedNanos);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Command execution
+        Object result = context.proceed();
+
+        if (introspector.hasBulkhead()) {
+            bulkheadHelper.markAsNotRunning(this);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Executes this command returning a result or throwing an exception.
+     *
+     * @return The result.
+     * @throws RuntimeException If something goes wrong.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public Object execute() {
+        // Configure command before execution
+        introspector.getHystrixProperties()
+                    .entrySet()
+                    .forEach(entry -> setProperty(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));
+
+        // Record state of breaker
+        boolean wasBreakerOpen = isCircuitBreakerOpen();
+
+        // Execute command
+        Object result = null;
+        Throwable throwable = null;
+        long startNanos = System.nanoTime();
+        try {
+            result = super.execute();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            throwable = t;
+        }
+        executionTime = System.nanoTime() - startNanos;
+        boolean hasFailed = (throwable != null);
+
+        if (introspector.hasCircuitBreaker()) {
+            // Keep track of failure ratios
+            breakerHelper.pushResult(throwable == null);
+
+            // Query breaker states
+            boolean breakerWillOpen = false;
+            boolean isClosedNow = !isCircuitBreakerOpen();
+
+            /*
+             * Special logic for MP circuit breakers to support failOn. If not a
+             * throwable to fail on, restore underlying breaker and return.
+             */
+            if (hasFailed) {
+                final Throwable throwableFinal = throwable;
+                Class<? extends Throwable>[] throwableClasses = introspector.getCircuitBreaker().failOn();
+                boolean failOn = Arrays.asList(throwableClasses)
+                                       .stream()
+                                       .anyMatch(c -> c.isAssignableFrom(throwableFinal.getClass()));
+                if (!failOn) {
+                    restoreBreaker();       // clears Hystrix counters
+                    updateMetricsAfter(throwable, wasBreakerOpen, breakerWillOpen);
+                    throw ExceptionUtil.wrapThrowable(throwable);
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Special logic for MP circuit breakers to support an arbitrary success
+             * threshold use to return a breaker back to its CLOSED state. Hystrix
+             * only supports a threshold of 1 here, so additional logic is required.
+             */
+            synchronized (breakerHelper.getSyncObject()) {
+                if (hasFailed) {
+                    if (breakerHelper.getState() == CircuitBreakerHelper.State.HALF_OPEN_MP) {
+                        // If failed and in HALF_OPEN_MP, we need to force braker to open
+                        runTripBreaker();
+                        breakerHelper.setState(CircuitBreakerHelper.State.OPEN_MP);
+                    } else if (breakerHelper.getState() == CircuitBreakerHelper.State.CLOSED_MP) {
+                        // Determine if breaker will open given failure ratio
+                        double failureRatio = breakerHelper.getFailureRatio();
+                        if (failureRatio >= introspector.getCircuitBreaker().failureRatio()) {
+                            breakerWillOpen = true;
+                            breakerHelper.setState(CircuitBreakerHelper.State.OPEN_MP);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    updateMetricsAfter(throwable, wasBreakerOpen, breakerWillOpen);
+                    throw ExceptionUtil.wrapThrowable(throwable);
+                }
+
+                if (wasBreakerOpen && isClosedNow) {
+                    // We stay in HALF_OPEN_MP until successThreshold is reached
+                    if (breakerHelper.getSuccessCount() < introspector.getCircuitBreaker().successThreshold()) {
+                        breakerHelper.setState(CircuitBreakerHelper.State.HALF_OPEN_MP);
+                        breakerHelper.incSuccessCount();
+                    } else {
+                        breakerHelper.setState(CircuitBreakerHelper.State.CLOSED_MP);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            updateMetricsAfter(throwable, wasBreakerOpen, breakerWillOpen);
+        }
+
+        // Update bulkhead helper
+        if (introspector.hasBulkhead()) {
+            bulkheadHelper.removeCommand(this);
+        }
+
+        // Outcome of execution
+        if (throwable != null) {
+            throw ExceptionUtil.wrapThrowable(throwable);
+        } else {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updateMetricsAfter(Throwable throwable, boolean wasBreakerOpen, boolean breakerWillOpen) {
+        assert introspector.hasCircuitBreaker();
+        Method method = introspector.getMethod();
+
+        if (throwable == null) {
+            // If no errors increment success counter
+            FaultToleranceMetrics.getCounter(method, FaultToleranceMetrics.BREAKER_CALLS_SUCCEEDED_TOTAL).inc();
+        } else if (!wasBreakerOpen) {
+            // If error and breaker was closed, increment failed counter
+            FaultToleranceMetrics.getCounter(method, FaultToleranceMetrics.BREAKER_CALLS_FAILED_TOTAL).inc();
+            // If it will open, increment counter
+            if (breakerWillOpen) {
+                FaultToleranceMetrics.getCounter(method, FaultToleranceMetrics.BREAKER_OPENED_TOTAL).inc();
+            }
+        }
+        if (wasBreakerOpen) {
+            // If breaker was open, increment prevented counter
+            FaultToleranceMetrics.getCounter(method, FaultToleranceMetrics.BREAKER_CALLS_PREVENTED_TOTAL).inc();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run a failing command for an entire window to force a circuit breaker to
+     * open. Unfortunately, there is no access to the underlying circuit breaker
+     * so this is the only way to control its internal state. Notice the use of
+     * the same {@code commandKey}.
+     */
+    private void runTripBreaker() {
+        LOGGER.fine("Attempting to trip circuit breaker for command " + commandKey);
+        final int windowSize = introspector.getCircuitBreaker().requestVolumeThreshold();
+        for (int i = 0; i < windowSize; i++) {
+            try {
+                new RunnableCommand(commandKey, () -> {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("Oops");
+                }).execute();
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                // ignore
+            }
+        }
+        if (!isCircuitBreakerOpen()) {
+            LOGGER.fine("Attempt to manually open breaker failed for command "
+                        + commandKey);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run a successful command for an entire window to force a circuit breaker
+     * to close. Unfortunately, there is no access to the underlying circuit breaker
+     * so this is the only way to control its internal state. Notice the use of
+     * the same {@code commandKey}.
+     */
+    private void restoreBreaker() {
+        LOGGER.fine("Attempting to restore circuit breaker for command " + commandKey);
+        final int windowSize = introspector.getCircuitBreaker().requestVolumeThreshold();
+        for (int i = 0; i < windowSize; i++) {
+            new RunnableCommand(commandKey, () -> {}).execute();
+        }
+        if (isCircuitBreakerOpen()) {
+            LOGGER.fine("Attempt to manually close breaker failed for command "
+                        + commandKey);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a Hystrix property on a command.
+     *
+     * @param key Property key.
+     * @param value Property value.
+     */
+    private void setProperty(String key, Object value) {
+        final AbstractConfiguration configManager = ConfigurationManager.getConfigInstance();
+        configManager.setProperty(String.format("hystrix.command.%s.%s", commandKey, key), value);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `io.helidon.microprofile.faulttolerance.FaultToleranceCommand.execute` indirectly writes to field `$T1_94.io.helidon.microprofile.faulttolerance.CircuitBreakerHelper.commandData.io.helidon.microprofile.faulttolerance.CircuitBreakerHelper$CommandData.results.[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+Note that the prefix path $T1_94 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on $T1_94.io.helidon.microprofile.faulttolerance.CircuitBreakerHelper.commandData.io.helidon.microprofile.faulttolerance.CircuitBreakerHelper$CommandData.results.[_] might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object FaultToleranceCommand.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.helidon.microprofile.faulttolerance.FaultToleranceCommand.execute():java.lang.Object.6f91f033edc2673e231ef5e0cdf97018
+
+### File:
+microprofile/fault-tolerance/src/main/java/io/helidon/microprofile/faulttolerance/FaultToleranceCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+FaultToleranceCommand.java|execute|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+0d08804324267f3d22852a495423e3bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9191/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9191/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..341598b75ba80c7cde9ee608921846598c86fb22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9191/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,745 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openmessaging-storage-dledger
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.store.file;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.protocol.DLegerResponseCode;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.utils.PreConditions;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.utils.UtilAll;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+public class MmapFileList {
+    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MmapFile.class);
+
+    private static final int DELETE_FILES_BATCH_MAX = 10;
+
+    public static final int MIN_BLANK_LEN = 8;
+    public static final int BLANK_MAGIC_CODE = -1;
+
+    private final String storePath;
+
+    private final int mappedFileSize;
+
+    private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<MmapFile> mappedFiles = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<MmapFile>();
+
+
+    private long flushedWhere = 0;
+    private long committedWhere = 0;
+
+    private volatile long storeTimestamp = 0;
+
+    public MmapFileList(final String storePath, int mappedFileSize) {
+        this.storePath = storePath;
+        this.mappedFileSize = mappedFileSize;
+    }
+
+    public boolean checkSelf() {
+        if (!this.mappedFiles.isEmpty()) {
+            Iterator<MmapFile> iterator = mappedFiles.iterator();
+            MmapFile pre = null;
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                MmapFile cur = iterator.next();
+
+                if (pre != null) {
+                    if (cur.getFileFromOffset() - pre.getFileFromOffset() != this.mappedFileSize) {
+                        logger.error("[BUG]The mappedFile queue's data is damaged, the adjacent mappedFile's offset don't match pre file {}, cur file {}",
+                            pre.getFileName(), cur.getFileName());
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+                pre = cur;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public MmapFile getMappedFileByTime(final long timestamp) {
+        Object[] mfs = this.copyMappedFiles();
+
+        if (null == mfs)
+            return null;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < mfs.length; i++) {
+            MmapFile mappedFile = (MmapFile) mfs[i];
+            if (mappedFile.getLastModifiedTimestamp() >= timestamp) {
+                return mappedFile;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return (MmapFile) mfs[mfs.length - 1];
+    }
+
+    private Object[] copyMappedFiles() {
+        if (this.mappedFiles.size() <= 0) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return  this.mappedFiles.toArray();
+    }
+
+    public void truncateOffset(long offset) {
+        Object[] mfs = this.copyMappedFiles();
+        if (mfs == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        List<MmapFile> willRemoveFiles = new ArrayList<MmapFile>();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < mfs.length; i++) {
+            MmapFile file = (MmapFile)mfs[i];
+            long fileTailOffset = file.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize;
+            if (fileTailOffset > offset) {
+                if (offset >= file.getFileFromOffset()) {
+                    file.setWrotePosition((int) (offset % this.mappedFileSize));
+                    file.setCommittedPosition((int) (offset % this.mappedFileSize));
+                    file.setFlushedPosition((int) (offset % this.mappedFileSize));
+                } else {
+                    file.destroy(1000);
+                    willRemoveFiles.add(file);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.deleteExpiredFile(willRemoveFiles);
+    }
+
+
+    public void resetOffset(long offset) {
+        Object[] mfs = this.copyMappedFiles();
+        if (mfs == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        List<MmapFile> willRemoveFiles = new ArrayList<MmapFile>();
+
+        for (int i = mfs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            MmapFile file = (MmapFile)mfs[i];
+            long fileTailOffset = file.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize;
+            if (file.getFileFromOffset() <= offset) {
+                if (offset < fileTailOffset) {
+                    file.setStartPosition((int) (offset % this.mappedFileSize));
+                } else {
+                    file.destroy(1000);
+                    willRemoveFiles.add(file);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.deleteExpiredFile(willRemoveFiles);
+    }
+
+    public void updateWherePosition(long wherePosition) {
+        if (wherePosition > getMaxWrotePosition()) {
+            logger.warn("[UpdateWherePosition] wherePosition {} > maxWrotePosition {}", wherePosition, getMaxWrotePosition());
+            return;
+        }
+        this.setFlushedWhere(wherePosition);
+        this.setCommittedWhere(wherePosition);
+    }
+
+    public long append(byte[] data) {
+        return append(data, 0, data.length);
+    }
+
+    public long append(byte[] data, int pos, int len) {
+        return append(data, pos, len, true);
+    }
+
+    public long append(byte[] data, boolean useBlank) {
+        return append(data, 0, data.length, useBlank);
+    }
+
+    public long append(byte[] data, int pos, int len, boolean useBlank) {
+        MmapFile mappedFile = getLastMappedFile();
+        if (null == mappedFile || mappedFile.isFull()) {
+            mappedFile = getLastMappedFile(0);
+        }
+        if (null == mappedFile) {
+            logger.error("Create mapped file for {}", storePath);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        int blank = useBlank ? MIN_BLANK_LEN : 0;
+        if (len + blank > mappedFile.getFileSize() - mappedFile.getWrotePosition()) {
+            if (blank < MIN_BLANK_LEN) {
+                logger.error("Blank {} should ge {}", blank, MIN_BLANK_LEN);
+                return -1;
+            } else {
+                ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(mappedFile.getFileSize() - mappedFile.getWrotePosition());
+                byteBuffer.putInt(BLANK_MAGIC_CODE);
+                byteBuffer.putInt(mappedFile.getFileSize() - mappedFile.getWrotePosition());
+                if (mappedFile.appendMessage(byteBuffer.array())) {
+                    //need to set the wrote position
+                    mappedFile.setWrotePosition(mappedFile.getFileSize());
+                } else {
+                    logger.error("Append blank error for {}", storePath);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                mappedFile = getLastMappedFile(0);
+                if (null == mappedFile) {
+                    logger.error("Create mapped file for {}", storePath);
+                    return -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        long currPosition = mappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + mappedFile.getWrotePosition();
+        if (!mappedFile.appendMessage(data, pos, len)) {
+            logger.error("Append error for {}", storePath);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return currPosition;
+    }
+
+
+    public SelectMmapBufferResult getData(final long offset, final int size) {
+        MmapFile mappedFile = findMappedFileByOffset(offset, offset == 0);
+        if (mappedFile != null) {
+            int pos = (int) (offset % mappedFileSize);
+            return mappedFile.selectMappedBuffer(pos, size);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public SelectMmapBufferResult getData(final long offset) {
+        MmapFile mappedFile = findMappedFileByOffset(offset, offset == 0);
+        if (mappedFile != null) {
+            int pos = (int) (offset % mappedFileSize);
+            return mappedFile.selectMappedBuffer(pos);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+
+    void deleteExpiredFile(List<MmapFile> files) {
+
+        if (!files.isEmpty()) {
+
+            Iterator<MmapFile> iterator = files.iterator();
+            while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+                MmapFile cur = iterator.next();
+                if (!this.mappedFiles.contains(cur)) {
+                    iterator.remove();
+                    logger.info("This mappedFile {} is not contained by mappedFiles, so skip it.", cur.getFileName());
+                }
+            }
+
+            try {
+                if (!this.mappedFiles.removeAll(files)) {
+                    logger.error("deleteExpiredFile remove failed.");
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.error("deleteExpiredFile has exception.", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean load() {
+        File dir = new File(this.storePath);
+        File[] files = dir.listFiles();
+        if (files != null) {
+            // ascending order
+            Arrays.sort(files);
+            for (File file : files) {
+
+                if (file.length() != this.mappedFileSize) {
+                    logger.warn(file + "\t" + file.length()
+                        + " length not matched message store config value, ignore it");
+                    return true;
+                }
+                try {
+                    MmapFile mappedFile = new DefaultMmapFile(file.getPath(), mappedFileSize);
+
+                    mappedFile.setWrotePosition(this.mappedFileSize);
+                    mappedFile.setFlushedPosition(this.mappedFileSize);
+                    mappedFile.setCommittedPosition(this.mappedFileSize);
+                    this.mappedFiles.add(mappedFile);
+                    logger.info("load " + file.getPath() + " OK");
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    logger.error("load file " + file + " error", e);
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+
+    public MmapFile getLastMappedFile(final long startOffset, boolean needCreate) {
+        long createOffset = -1;
+        MmapFile mappedFileLast = getLastMappedFile();
+
+        if (mappedFileLast == null) {
+            createOffset = startOffset - (startOffset % this.mappedFileSize);
+        } else if (mappedFileLast.isFull()) {
+            createOffset = mappedFileLast.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize;
+        }
+
+        if (createOffset != -1 && needCreate) {
+            String nextFilePath = this.storePath + File.separator + UtilAll.offset2FileName(createOffset);
+            MmapFile mappedFile = null;
+            try {
+                mappedFile = new DefaultMmapFile(nextFilePath, this.mappedFileSize);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.error("create mappedFile exception", e);
+            }
+
+            if (mappedFile != null) {
+                if (this.mappedFiles.isEmpty()) {
+                    mappedFile.setFirstCreateInQueue(true);
+                }
+                this.mappedFiles.add(mappedFile);
+            }
+
+            return mappedFile;
+        }
+
+        return mappedFileLast;
+    }
+
+    public MmapFile getLastMappedFile(final long startOffset) {
+        return getLastMappedFile(startOffset, true);
+    }
+
+    public MmapFile getLastMappedFile() {
+        MmapFile mappedFileLast = null;
+
+        while (!this.mappedFiles.isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                mappedFileLast = this.mappedFiles.get(this.mappedFiles.size() - 1);
+                break;
+            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+                //continue;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.error("getLastMappedFile has exception.", e);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return mappedFileLast;
+    }
+
+
+
+    public long getMinOffset() {
+        MmapFile mmapFile = getFirstMappedFile();
+        if (mmapFile != null) {
+            return mmapFile.getFileFromOffset() + mmapFile.getStartPosition();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    public long getMaxReadPosition() {
+        MmapFile mappedFile = getLastMappedFile();
+        if (mappedFile != null) {
+            return mappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + mappedFile.getReadPosition();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    public long getMaxWrotePosition() {
+        MmapFile mappedFile = getLastMappedFile();
+        if (mappedFile != null) {
+            return mappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + mappedFile.getWrotePosition();
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    public long remainHowManyDataToCommit() {
+        return getMaxWrotePosition() - committedWhere;
+    }
+
+    public long remainHowManyDataToFlush() {
+        return getMaxReadPosition() - flushedWhere;
+    }
+
+    public void deleteLastMappedFile() {
+        MmapFile lastMappedFile = getLastMappedFile();
+        if (lastMappedFile != null) {
+            lastMappedFile.destroy(1000);
+            this.mappedFiles.remove(lastMappedFile);
+            logger.info("on recover, destroy a logic mapped file " + lastMappedFile.getFileName());
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int deleteExpiredFileByTime(final long expiredTime,
+        final int deleteFilesInterval,
+        final long intervalForcibly,
+        final boolean cleanImmediately) {
+        Object[] mfs = this.copyMappedFiles();
+
+        if (null == mfs)
+            return 0;
+
+        int mfsLength = mfs.length - 1;
+        int deleteCount = 0;
+        List<MmapFile> files = new ArrayList<MmapFile>();
+        if (null != mfs) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < mfsLength; i++) {
+                MmapFile mappedFile = (MmapFile) mfs[i];
+                long liveMaxTimestamp = mappedFile.getLastModifiedTimestamp() + expiredTime;
+                if (System.currentTimeMillis() >= liveMaxTimestamp || cleanImmediately) {
+                    if (mappedFile.destroy(intervalForcibly)) {
+                        files.add(mappedFile);
+                        deleteCount++;
+
+                        if (files.size() >= DELETE_FILES_BATCH_MAX) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (deleteFilesInterval > 0 && (i + 1) < mfsLength) {
+                            try {
+                                Thread.sleep(deleteFilesInterval);
+                            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    //avoid deleting files in the middle
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        deleteExpiredFile(files);
+
+        return deleteCount;
+    }
+
+    public int deleteExpiredFileByOffset(long offset, int unitSize) {
+        Object[] mfs = this.copyMappedFiles();
+
+        List<MmapFile> files = new ArrayList<MmapFile>();
+        int deleteCount = 0;
+        if (null != mfs) {
+
+            int mfsLength = mfs.length - 1;
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < mfsLength; i++) {
+                boolean destroy;
+                MmapFile mappedFile = (MmapFile) mfs[i];
+                SelectMmapBufferResult result = mappedFile.selectMappedBuffer(this.mappedFileSize - unitSize);
+                if (result != null) {
+                    long maxOffsetInLogicQueue = result.getByteBuffer().getLong();
+                    result.release();
+                    destroy = maxOffsetInLogicQueue < offset;
+                    if (destroy) {
+                        logger.info("physic min offset " + offset + ", logics in current mappedFile max offset "
+                            + maxOffsetInLogicQueue + ", delete it");
+                    }
+                } else if (!mappedFile.isAvailable()) { // Handle hanged file.
+                    logger.warn("Found a hanged consume queue file, attempting to delete it.");
+                    destroy = true;
+                } else {
+                    logger.warn("this being not executed forever.");
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                if (destroy && mappedFile.destroy(1000 * 60)) {
+                    files.add(mappedFile);
+                    deleteCount++;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        deleteExpiredFile(files);
+
+        return deleteCount;
+    }
+
+    public boolean flush(final int flushLeastPages) {
+        boolean result = true;
+        MmapFile mappedFile = this.findMappedFileByOffset(this.flushedWhere, this.flushedWhere == 0);
+        if (mappedFile != null) {
+            int offset = mappedFile.flush(flushLeastPages);
+            long where = mappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + offset;
+            result = where == this.flushedWhere;
+            this.flushedWhere = where;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public boolean commit(final int commitLeastPages) {
+        boolean result = true;
+        MmapFile mappedFile = this.findMappedFileByOffset(this.committedWhere, this.committedWhere == 0);
+        if (mappedFile != null) {
+            int offset = mappedFile.commit(commitLeastPages);
+            long where = mappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + offset;
+            result = where == this.committedWhere;
+            this.committedWhere = where;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a mapped file by offset.
+     *
+     * @param offset Offset.
+     * @param returnFirstOnNotFound If the mapped file is not found, then return the first one.
+     * @return Mapped file or null (when not found and returnFirstOnNotFound is <code>false</code>).
+     */
+    public MmapFile findMappedFileByOffset(final long offset, final boolean returnFirstOnNotFound) {
+        try {
+            MmapFile firstMappedFile = this.getFirstMappedFile();
+            MmapFile lastMappedFile = this.getLastMappedFile();
+            if (firstMappedFile != null && lastMappedFile != null) {
+                if (offset < firstMappedFile.getFileFromOffset() || offset >= lastMappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize) {
+                    logger.warn("Offset not matched. Request offset: {}, firstOffset: {}, lastOffset: {}, mappedFileSize: {}, mappedFiles count: {}",
+                        offset,
+                        firstMappedFile.getFileFromOffset(),
+                        lastMappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize,
+                        this.mappedFileSize,
+                        this.mappedFiles.size());
+                } else {
+                    int index = (int) ((offset / this.mappedFileSize) - (firstMappedFile.getFileFromOffset() / this.mappedFileSize));
+                    MmapFile targetFile = null;
+                    try {
+                        targetFile = this.mappedFiles.get(index);
+                    } catch (Exception ignored) {
+                    }
+
+                    if (targetFile != null && offset >= targetFile.getFileFromOffset()
+                        && offset < targetFile.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize) {
+                        return targetFile;
+                    }
+
+                    logger.warn("Offset is matched, but get file failed, maybe the file number is changed. Request offset: {}, firstOffset: {}, lastOffset: {}, mappedFileSize: {}, mappedFiles count: {}",
+                        offset,
+                        firstMappedFile.getFileFromOffset(),
+                        lastMappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize,
+                        this.mappedFileSize,
+                        this.mappedFiles.size());
+
+                    for (MmapFile tmpMappedFile : this.mappedFiles) {
+                        if (offset >= tmpMappedFile.getFileFromOffset()
+                            && offset < tmpMappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + this.mappedFileSize) {
+                            return tmpMappedFile;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (returnFirstOnNotFound) {
+                    return firstMappedFile;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error("findMappedFileByOffset Exception", e);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public MmapFile getFirstMappedFile() {
+        MmapFile mappedFileFirst = null;
+
+        if (!this.mappedFiles.isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                mappedFileFirst = this.mappedFiles.get(0);
+            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
+                //ignore
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.error("getFirstMappedFile has exception.", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return mappedFileFirst;
+    }
+
+    public MmapFile findMappedFileByOffset(final long offset) {
+        return findMappedFileByOffset(offset, false);
+    }
+
+    public long getMappedMemorySize() {
+        long size = 0;
+
+        Object[] mfs = this.copyMappedFiles();
+        if (mfs != null) {
+            for (Object mf : mfs) {
+                if (((ReferenceResource) mf).isAvailable()) {
+                    size += this.mappedFileSize;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return size;
+    }
+
+    public boolean retryDeleteFirstFile(final long intervalForcibly) {
+        MmapFile mappedFile = this.getFirstMappedFile();
+        if (mappedFile != null) {
+            if (!mappedFile.isAvailable()) {
+                logger.warn("the mappedFile was destroyed once, but still alive, " + mappedFile.getFileName());
+                boolean result = mappedFile.destroy(intervalForcibly);
+                if (result) {
+                    logger.info("the mappedFile re delete OK, " + mappedFile.getFileName());
+                    List<MmapFile> tmpFiles = new ArrayList<MmapFile>();
+                    tmpFiles.add(mappedFile);
+                    this.deleteExpiredFile(tmpFiles);
+                } else {
+                    logger.warn("the mappedFile re delete failed, " + mappedFile.getFileName());
+                }
+
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown(final long intervalForcibly) {
+        for (MmapFile mf : this.mappedFiles) {
+            mf.shutdown(intervalForcibly);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void destroy() {
+        for (MmapFile mf : this.mappedFiles) {
+            mf.destroy(1000 * 3);
+        }
+        this.mappedFiles.clear();
+        this.flushedWhere = 0;
+
+        // delete parent directory
+        File file = new File(storePath);
+        if (file.isDirectory()) {
+            file.delete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean rebuildWithPos(long pos) {
+        truncateOffset(-1);
+        getLastMappedFile(pos);
+        truncateOffset(pos);
+        resetOffset(pos);
+        return pos == getMaxWrotePosition() && pos == getMinOffset();
+    }
+
+
+    public long getFlushedWhere() {
+        return flushedWhere;
+    }
+
+    public void setFlushedWhere(long flushedWhere) {
+        this.flushedWhere = flushedWhere;
+    }
+
+    public long getStoreTimestamp() {
+        return storeTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public List<MmapFile> getMappedFiles() {
+        return mappedFiles;
+    }
+
+    public int getMappedFileSize() {
+        return mappedFileSize;
+    }
+
+    public long getCommittedWhere() {
+        return committedWhere;
+    }
+
+    public void setCommittedWhere(final long committedWhere) {
+        this.committedWhere = committedWhere;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.RandomAccessFile` acquired by call to `getLastMappedFile(...)` at line 175 is not released after line 205.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long MmapFileList.append(byte[],int,int,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.store.file.MmapFileList.append(byte[],int,int,boolean):long.1d46d4bcc006515160be196b1b22c8b0
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/rocketmq/dleger/store/file/MmapFileList.java
+
+### Key:
+MmapFileList.java|append|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d3122034bdd2343473bf0b6247309efd
+
+### Hash:
+94ca6b1442ade8724847f17abeecc70a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9196/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9196/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4a30017f1892c23aeb1c281cfeacfb7668440af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9196/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** openmessaging-storage-dledger
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.store.file;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.DLegerConfig;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.entry.DLegerEntry;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.MemberState;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.entry.DLegerEntryCoder;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.exception.DLegerException;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.store.DLegerStore;
+import org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.utils.PreConditions;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+public class DLegerMmapFileStore extends DLegerStore {
+
+    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DLegerMmapFileStore.class);
+
+    public static final int MAGIC_1 = 1;
+    public static final int CURRENT_MAGIC = MAGIC_1;
+
+    public static final int INDEX_NUIT_SIZE = 32;
+
+    private long legerBeginIndex = -1;
+    private long legerEndIndex = -1;
+    private long committedIndex = -1;
+    private long legerEndTerm;
+
+    private DLegerConfig dLegerConfig;
+    private MemberState memberState;
+
+    private MmapFileQueue dataFileQueue;
+    private MmapFileQueue indexFileQueue;
+
+    private ThreadLocal<ByteBuffer> localEntryBuffer;
+    private ThreadLocal<ByteBuffer> localIndexBuffer;
+
+
+    public DLegerMmapFileStore(DLegerConfig dLegerConfig, MemberState memberState) {
+        this.dLegerConfig = dLegerConfig;
+        this.memberState = memberState;
+        this.dataFileQueue = new MmapFileQueue(dLegerConfig.getDataStorePath(), dLegerConfig.getMappedFileSizeForEntryData());
+        this.indexFileQueue = new MmapFileQueue(dLegerConfig.getIndexStorePath(), dLegerConfig.getMappedFileSizeForEntryIndex());
+        localEntryBuffer = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> ByteBuffer.allocate(4 * 1024 * 1024));
+        localIndexBuffer = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> ByteBuffer.allocate(INDEX_NUIT_SIZE * 2));
+    }
+
+
+    public void startup() {
+        this.dataFileQueue.load();
+        this.indexFileQueue.load();
+        PreConditions.check(dataFileQueue.checkSelf(), DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, "check data file order failed before recovery");
+        PreConditions.check(indexFileQueue.checkSelf(), DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, "check index file order failed before recovery");
+        recover();
+        PreConditions.check(dataFileQueue.checkSelf(), DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, "check data file order failed after recovery");
+        PreConditions.check(indexFileQueue.checkSelf(), DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, "check index file order failed after recovery");
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        this.dataFileQueue.flush(0);
+        this.indexFileQueue.flush(0);
+    }
+
+
+    public long getWritePos() {
+        return dataFileQueue.getMaxWrotePosition();
+    }
+    public long getFlushPos() {
+        return dataFileQueue.getFlushedWhere();
+    }
+    public void flush() {
+        this.dataFileQueue.flush(0);
+        this.indexFileQueue.flush(0);
+    }
+
+    public void recover() {
+        final List<MmapFile> mappedFiles = this.dataFileQueue.getMappedFiles();
+        if (mappedFiles.isEmpty()) {
+            this.indexFileQueue.updateWherePosition(0);
+            this.indexFileQueue.truncateDirtyFiles(0);
+            return;
+        }
+        int index = mappedFiles.size() - 3;
+        if (index < 0) {
+            index = 0;
+        }
+
+        long firstEntryIndex = -1;
+        for (int i = index; i >= 0; i--) {
+            index = i;
+            MmapFile mappedFile = mappedFiles.get(index);
+            ByteBuffer byteBuffer = mappedFile.sliceByteBuffer();
+            try {
+                int magic = byteBuffer.getInt();
+                int size = byteBuffer.getInt();
+                long entryIndex = byteBuffer.getLong();
+                long entryTerm = byteBuffer.get();
+                PreConditions.check(magic != MmapFileQueue.BLANK_MAGIC_CODE && magic >= MAGIC_1 && MAGIC_1 <= CURRENT_MAGIC, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, "unknown magic is " + magic);
+                PreConditions.check(size > DLegerEntry.HEADER_SIZE, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("Size %d should greater than %d", size, DLegerEntry.HEADER_SIZE) );
+
+                SelectMmapBufferResult indexSbr = indexFileQueue.getData(entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE);
+                PreConditions.check(indexSbr != null, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("index: %d pos: %d", entryIndex, entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE));
+                indexSbr.release();
+                ByteBuffer indexByteBuffer = indexSbr.getByteBuffer();
+                int magicFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getInt();
+                long posFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getLong();
+                int sizeFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getInt();
+                long indexFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getLong();
+                long termFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.get();
+                PreConditions.check(magic == magicFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("magic %d != %d", magic, magicFromIndex));
+                PreConditions.check(size == sizeFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("size %d != %d", size, sizeFromIndex));
+                PreConditions.check(entryIndex == indexFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("index %d != %d", entryIndex, indexFromIndex));
+                PreConditions.check(entryTerm == termFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("term %d != %d", entryTerm, termFromIndex));
+                PreConditions.check(posFromIndex == mappedFile.getFileFromOffset(), DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("pos %d != %d", mappedFile.getFileFromOffset(), posFromIndex));
+                firstEntryIndex = entryIndex;
+                break;
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.warn("Pre check data and index failed {}", mappedFile.getFileName(), t);
+            }
+        }
+
+        MmapFile mappedFile = mappedFiles.get(index);
+        ByteBuffer byteBuffer = mappedFile.sliceByteBuffer();
+        logger.info("Begin to recover data from entryIndex: {} fileIndex: {} fileSize: {} fileName:{} ", firstEntryIndex, index, mappedFiles.size(), mappedFile.getFileName());
+        long lastEntryIndex = -1;
+        long lastEntryTerm = -1;
+        long processOffset = mappedFile.getFileFromOffset();
+        boolean needWriteIndex = false;
+        while (true) {
+            try {
+                int relativePos = byteBuffer.position();
+                long absolutePos = mappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + relativePos;
+                int magic = byteBuffer.getInt();
+                if (magic == MmapFileQueue.BLANK_MAGIC_CODE) {
+                    processOffset =  mappedFile.getFileFromOffset() + mappedFile.getFileSize();
+                    index++;
+                    if (index >= mappedFiles.size()) {
+                        logger.info("Recover data file over, the last file {}", mappedFile.getFileName());
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        mappedFile = mappedFiles.get(index);
+                        byteBuffer = mappedFile.sliceByteBuffer();
+                        processOffset = mappedFile.getFileFromOffset();
+                        logger.info("Trying to recover index file {}", mappedFile.getFileName());
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                int size = byteBuffer.getInt();
+                long entryIndex = byteBuffer.getLong();
+                long entryTerm = byteBuffer.get();
+                byteBuffer.position(relativePos + size);
+
+                String message = String.format("pos: %d size: %d magic:%d index:%d term:%d", absolutePos, size, magic, entryIndex, entryTerm);
+                PreConditions.check(magic <= CURRENT_MAGIC && magic >= MAGIC_1, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("%s currMagic: %d", message, CURRENT_MAGIC));
+                if (lastEntryIndex != -1) {
+                    PreConditions.check(entryIndex == lastEntryIndex + 1, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("%s lastEntryIndex: %d", message, lastEntryIndex));
+                }
+                PreConditions.check(entryTerm >= lastEntryTerm, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("%s lastEntryTerm: ", message, lastEntryTerm));
+                PreConditions.check(size > DLegerEntry.HEADER_SIZE, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("Size %d should greater than %d", size, DLegerEntry.HEADER_SIZE) );
+                if (!needWriteIndex) {
+                    try {
+                        SelectMmapBufferResult indexSbr = indexFileQueue.getData(entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE);
+                        PreConditions.check(indexSbr != null, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("index: %d pos: %d", entryIndex, entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE));
+                        indexSbr.release();
+                        ByteBuffer indexByteBuffer = indexSbr.getByteBuffer();
+                        int magicFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getInt();
+                        long posFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getLong();
+                        int sizeFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getInt();
+                        long indexFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.getLong();
+                        long termFromIndex = indexByteBuffer.get();
+                        PreConditions.check(magic == magicFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("magic %d != %d", magic, magicFromIndex));
+                        PreConditions.check(size == sizeFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("size %d != %d", size, sizeFromIndex));
+                        PreConditions.check(entryIndex == indexFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("index %d != %d", entryIndex, indexFromIndex));
+                        PreConditions.check(entryTerm == termFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("term %d != %d", entryTerm, termFromIndex));
+                        PreConditions.check(absolutePos == posFromIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("pos %d != %d", mappedFile.getFileFromOffset(), posFromIndex));
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        logger.warn("Compare data to index failed {}", mappedFile.getFileName());
+                        indexFileQueue.truncateDirtyFiles(entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE);
+                        if (indexFileQueue.getMaxWrotePosition() != entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE) {
+                            logger.warn("Unexpected wrote position in index file {} != {}", indexFileQueue.getMaxWrotePosition(), entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE);
+                            indexFileQueue.truncateDirtyFiles(0);
+                        }
+                        if (indexFileQueue.getMappedFiles().isEmpty()) {
+                            indexFileQueue.getLastMappedFile(entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE);
+                        }
+                        needWriteIndex = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (needWriteIndex) {
+                    ByteBuffer indexBuffer = localIndexBuffer.get();
+                    DLegerEntryCoder.encodeIndex(absolutePos, size, magic, entryIndex, entryTerm, indexBuffer);
+                    long indexPos = indexFileQueue.append(indexBuffer.array(), 0, indexBuffer.remaining());
+                    PreConditions.check(indexPos == entryIndex * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("Write index failed index: %d", entryIndex));
+                }
+                lastEntryIndex = entryIndex;
+                lastEntryTerm = entryTerm;
+                processOffset += size;
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                logger.info("Recover data file to the end of {} ", mappedFile.getFileName(), t);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        logger.info("Recover data to the end entryIndex:{} processOffset:{}", lastEntryIndex, processOffset);
+        legerEndIndex = lastEntryIndex;
+        legerEndTerm = lastEntryTerm;
+        if (lastEntryIndex != -1) {
+            DLegerEntry entry = get(lastEntryIndex);
+            PreConditions.check(entry != null, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, "recheck get null entry");
+            PreConditions.check(entry.getIndex() == lastEntryIndex, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, String.format("recheck index %d != %d", entry.getIndex(), lastEntryIndex));
+            //get leger begin index
+            ByteBuffer tmpBuffer = dataFileQueue.getFirstMappedFile().sliceByteBuffer();
+            tmpBuffer.getInt(); //magic
+            tmpBuffer.getInt(); //size
+            legerBeginIndex = byteBuffer.getLong();
+        } else {
+            processOffset = 0;
+        }
+        this.dataFileQueue.updateWherePosition(processOffset);
+        this.dataFileQueue.truncateDirtyFiles(processOffset);
+        long indexProcessOffset = (lastEntryIndex + 1) * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE;
+        this.indexFileQueue.updateWherePosition(indexProcessOffset);
+        this.indexFileQueue.truncateDirtyFiles(indexProcessOffset);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long appendAsLeader(DLegerEntry entry) {
+        PreConditions.check(memberState.isLeader(), DLegerException.Code.NOT_LEADER, null, memberState.getLeaderId());
+        ByteBuffer dataBuffer = localEntryBuffer.get();
+        ByteBuffer indexBuffer = localIndexBuffer.get();
+        DLegerEntryCoder.encode(entry, dataBuffer);
+        int entrySize =  dataBuffer.remaining();
+        synchronized (memberState) {
+            //TODO handle disk error
+            long nextIndex = legerEndIndex + 1;
+            PreConditions.check(memberState.isLeader(), DLegerException.Code.NOT_LEADER, null, memberState.getLeaderId());
+            entry.setIndex(nextIndex);
+            entry.setTerm(memberState.currTerm());
+            entry.setMagic(CURRENT_MAGIC);
+            DLegerEntryCoder.setIndexTerm(dataBuffer, nextIndex, memberState.currTerm(), CURRENT_MAGIC);
+            long dataPos = dataFileQueue.append(dataBuffer.array(), 0, dataBuffer.remaining());
+            PreConditions.check(dataPos != -1, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, null);
+            DLegerEntryCoder.encodeIndex(dataPos, entrySize, CURRENT_MAGIC, nextIndex, memberState.currTerm(), indexBuffer);
+            long indexPos = indexFileQueue.append(indexBuffer.array(), 0, indexBuffer.remaining());
+            PreConditions.check(indexPos == entry.getIndex() * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, null);
+            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                logger.info("[{}] Append as Leader {} {}", memberState.getSelfId(), entry.getIndex(), entry.getBody().length);
+            }
+            legerEndIndex++;
+            committedIndex++;
+            legerEndTerm = memberState.currTerm();
+            if (legerBeginIndex == -1) {
+                legerBeginIndex = legerEndIndex;
+            }
+            return legerEndIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    @Override
+    public long appendAsFollower(DLegerEntry entry, long leaderTerm, String leaderId) {
+        PreConditions.check(memberState.isFollower(), DLegerException.Code.NOT_FOLLOWER, null, memberState.getLeaderId());
+        ByteBuffer dataBuffer = localEntryBuffer.get();
+        ByteBuffer indexBuffer = localIndexBuffer.get();
+        DLegerEntryCoder.encode(entry, dataBuffer);
+        int entrySize = dataBuffer.remaining();
+        synchronized(memberState) {
+            long nextIndex = legerEndIndex + 1;
+            PreConditions.check(nextIndex ==  entry.getIndex(), DLegerException.Code.UNCONSISTENCT_INDEX, null, memberState.getLeaderId());
+            PreConditions.check(memberState.isFollower(), DLegerException.Code.NOT_FOLLOWER, null, memberState.getLeaderId());
+            PreConditions.check(leaderTerm == memberState.currTerm(), DLegerException.Code.UNCONSISTENCT_TERM, null, memberState.getLeaderId());
+            PreConditions.check(leaderId.equals(memberState.getLeaderId()), DLegerException.Code.UNCONSISTENCT_LEADER, null, memberState.getLeaderId());
+            long dataPos = dataFileQueue.append(dataBuffer.array(), 0, dataBuffer.remaining());
+            PreConditions.check(dataPos != -1, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, null);
+            DLegerEntryCoder.encodeIndex(dataPos, entrySize, entry.getMagic(), entry.getIndex(), entry.getTerm(), indexBuffer);
+            long indexPos = indexFileQueue.append(indexBuffer.array(), 0, indexBuffer.remaining());
+            PreConditions.check(indexPos == entry.getIndex() * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, null);
+            legerEndTerm = memberState.currTerm();
+            legerEndIndex = entry.getIndex();
+            committedIndex = entry.getIndex();
+            if (legerBeginIndex == -1) {
+                legerBeginIndex = legerEndIndex;
+            }
+            return entry.getIndex();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public long getLegerEndIndex() {
+        return legerEndIndex;
+    }
+
+    @Override public long getLegerBeginIndex() {
+        return legerBeginIndex;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DLegerEntry get(Long index) {
+        PreConditions.check(index <= legerEndIndex && index >= legerBeginIndex, DLegerException.Code.INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE, String.format("%d should between %d-%d", index, legerBeginIndex, legerEndIndex), memberState.getLeaderId());
+        SelectMmapBufferResult indexSbr = indexFileQueue.getData(index * INDEX_NUIT_SIZE, INDEX_NUIT_SIZE);
+        PreConditions.check(indexSbr.getByteBuffer() != null, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, null);
+        indexSbr.getByteBuffer().getInt(); //magic
+        long pos = indexSbr.getByteBuffer().getLong();
+        int size = indexSbr.getByteBuffer().getInt();
+        indexSbr.release();
+        SelectMmapBufferResult dataSbr = dataFileQueue.getData(pos, size);
+        PreConditions.check(dataSbr.getByteBuffer() != null, DLegerException.Code.DISK_ERROR, null);
+        DLegerEntry dLegerEntry = DLegerEntryCoder.decode(dataSbr.getByteBuffer());
+        dataSbr.release();
+        return dLegerEntry;
+    }
+
+
+    public long getCommittedIndex() {
+        return committedIndex;
+    }
+
+    public long getLegerEndTerm() {
+        return legerEndTerm;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.store.file.DLegerMmapFileStore.recover` writes to field `this.org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.store.file.DLegerMmapFileStore.legerBeginIndex` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DLegerMmapFileStore.recover()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.rocketmq.dleger.store.file.DLegerMmapFileStore.recover():void.18199b85df36c85ee1c81733e23bd25b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/apache/rocketmq/dleger/store/file/DLegerMmapFileStore.java
+
+### Key:
+DLegerMmapFileStore.java|recover|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+2303b18c506f7c6cb532311da68dec79
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9212/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9212/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fa7a2aad13cc37325f1f507e56f1686e0532cbd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9212/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3032 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 28
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Closure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.FSMCaller;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.JRaftServiceFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Node;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.NodeManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.ReadOnlyService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.ReplicatorGroup;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.ClosureQueue;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.ClosureQueueImpl;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.ReadIndexClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.SynchronizedClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.conf.Configuration;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.conf.ConfigurationEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.conf.ConfigurationManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.Ballot;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LeaderChangeContext;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.NodeId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.Task;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.UserLog;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.LogIndexOutOfBoundsException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.LogNotFoundException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.BallotBoxOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.BootstrapOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.FSMCallerOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.LogManagerOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.NodeOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftMetaStorageOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReadOnlyOption;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReadOnlyServiceOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorGroupOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.SnapshotExecutorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftServerService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequestClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.ReadIndexRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.ReadIndexResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.RequestVoteRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.RequestVoteResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.impl.core.BoltRaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.LogManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.LogStorage;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.RaftMetaStorage;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotExecutor;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.impl.LogManagerImpl;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotExecutorImpl;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.DisruptorBuilder;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.DisruptorMetricSet;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.JRaftServiceLoader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.JRaftSignalHandler;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.LogExceptionHandler;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.NamedThreadFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Platform;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RepeatedTimer;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.SignalHelper;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadHelper;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.BlockingWaitStrategy;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventFactory;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventHandler;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventTranslator;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.RingBuffer;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.Disruptor;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.ProducerType;
+
+/**
+ * The raft replica node implementation.
+ *
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-03 4:26:51 PM
+ */
+public class NodeImpl implements Node, RaftServerService {
+
+    private static final Logger                                            LOG                      = LoggerFactory
+                                                                                                        .getLogger(NodeImpl.class);
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            if (SignalHelper.supportSignal()) {
+                // TODO support windows signal
+                if (!Platform.isWindows()) {
+                    final List<JRaftSignalHandler> handlers = JRaftServiceLoader.load(JRaftSignalHandler.class) //
+                        .sort();
+                    SignalHelper.addSignal(SignalHelper.SIG_USR2, handlers);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (final Throwable t) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add signal.", t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Max retry times when applying tasks.
+    private static final int                                               MAX_APPLY_RETRY_TIMES    = 3;
+
+    public static final AtomicInteger                                      GLOBAL_NUM_NODES         = new AtomicInteger(
+                                                                                                        0);
+
+    /** Internal states */
+    private final ReadWriteLock                                            readWriteLock            = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+    protected final Lock                                                   writeLock                = this.readWriteLock
+                                                                                                        .writeLock();
+    protected final Lock                                                   readLock                 = this.readWriteLock
+                                                                                                        .readLock();
+    private volatile State                                                 state;
+    private volatile CountDownLatch                                        shutdownLatch;
+    private long                                                           currTerm;
+    private volatile long                                                  lastLeaderTimestamp;
+    private PeerId                                                         leaderId                 = new PeerId();
+    private PeerId                                                         votedId;
+    private final Ballot                                                   voteCtx                  = new Ballot();
+    private final Ballot                                                   prevVoteCtx              = new Ballot();
+    private ConfigurationEntry                                             conf;
+    private StopTransferArg                                                stopTransferArg;
+    /** Raft group and node options and identifier */
+    private final String                                                   groupId;
+    private NodeOptions                                                    options;
+    private RaftOptions                                                    raftOptions;
+    private final PeerId                                                   serverId;
+    /** Other services */
+    private final ConfigurationCtx                                         confCtx;
+    private LogStorage                                                     logStorage;
+    private RaftMetaStorage                                                metaStorage;
+    private ClosureQueue                                                   closureQueue;
+    private ConfigurationManager                                           configManager;
+    private LogManager                                                     logManager;
+    private FSMCaller                                                      fsmCaller;
+    private BallotBox                                                      ballotBox;
+    private SnapshotExecutor                                               snapshotExecutor;
+    private ReplicatorGroup                                                replicatorGroup;
+    private final List<Closure>                                            shutdownContinuations    = new ArrayList<>();
+    private RaftClientService                                              rpcService;
+    private ReadOnlyService                                                readOnlyService;
+    /** Timers */
+    private TimerManager                                                   timerManager;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  electionTimer;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  voteTimer;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  stepDownTimer;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  snapshotTimer;
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>                                             transferTimer;
+    private ThreadId                                                       wakingCandidate;
+    /** Disruptor to run node service */
+    private Disruptor<LogEntryAndClosure>                                  applyDisruptor;
+    private RingBuffer<LogEntryAndClosure>                                 applyQueue;
+
+    /** Metrics*/
+    private NodeMetrics                                                    metrics;
+
+    private NodeId                                                         nodeId;
+    private JRaftServiceFactory                                            serviceFactory;
+
+    /** ReplicatorStateListeners */
+    private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener> replicatorStateListeners = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Node service event.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-03 4:29:55 PM
+     */
+    private static class LogEntryAndClosure {
+        LogEntry       entry;
+        Closure        done;
+        long           expectedTerm;
+        CountDownLatch shutdownLatch;
+
+        public void reset() {
+            this.entry = null;
+            this.done = null;
+            this.expectedTerm = 0;
+            this.shutdownLatch = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class LogEntryAndClosureFactory implements EventFactory<LogEntryAndClosure> {
+
+        @Override
+        public LogEntryAndClosure newInstance() {
+            return new LogEntryAndClosure();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-03 4:30:07 PM
+     */
+    private class LogEntryAndClosureHandler implements EventHandler<LogEntryAndClosure> {
+        // task list for batch
+        private final List<LogEntryAndClosure> tasks = new ArrayList<>(NodeImpl.this.raftOptions.getApplyBatch());
+
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent(final LogEntryAndClosure event, final long sequence, final boolean endOfBatch)
+                                                                                                          throws Exception {
+            if (event.shutdownLatch != null) {
+                if (!this.tasks.isEmpty()) {
+                    executeApplyingTasks(this.tasks);
+                }
+                final int num = GLOBAL_NUM_NODES.decrementAndGet();
+                LOG.info("The number of active nodes decrement to {}.", num);
+                event.shutdownLatch.countDown();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            this.tasks.add(event);
+            if (this.tasks.size() >= NodeImpl.this.raftOptions.getApplyBatch() || endOfBatch) {
+                executeApplyingTasks(this.tasks);
+                this.tasks.clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configuration commit context.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-03 4:29:38 PM
+     */
+    private static class ConfigurationCtx {
+        enum Stage {
+            STAGE_NONE, // none stage
+            STAGE_CATCHING_UP, // the node is catching-up
+            STAGE_JOINT, // joint stage
+            STAGE_STABLE // stable stage
+        }
+
+        final NodeImpl node;
+        Stage          stage;
+        int            nchanges;
+        long           version;
+        List<PeerId>   newPeers    = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<PeerId>   oldPeers    = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<PeerId>   addingPeers = new ArrayList<>();
+        Closure        done;
+
+        public ConfigurationCtx(final NodeImpl node) {
+            super();
+            this.node = node;
+            this.stage = Stage.STAGE_NONE;
+            this.version = 0;
+            this.done = null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Start change configuration.
+         */
+        void start(final Configuration oldConf, final Configuration newConf, final Closure done) {
+            if (isBusy()) {
+                if (done != null) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Already in busy stage."));
+                }
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Busy stage");
+            }
+            if (this.done != null) {
+                if (done != null) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Already have done closure."));
+                }
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Already have done closure");
+            }
+            this.done = done;
+            this.stage = Stage.STAGE_CATCHING_UP;
+            this.oldPeers = oldConf.listPeers();
+            this.newPeers = newConf.listPeers();
+            final Configuration adding = new Configuration();
+            final Configuration removing = new Configuration();
+            newConf.diff(oldConf, adding, removing);
+            this.nchanges = adding.size() + removing.size();
+            if (adding.isEmpty()) {
+                nextStage();
+                return;
+            }
+            this.addingPeers = adding.listPeers();
+            LOG.info("Adding peers: {}.", this.addingPeers);
+            for (final PeerId newPeer : this.addingPeers) {
+                if (!this.node.replicatorGroup.addReplicator(newPeer)) {
+                    LOG.error("Node {} start the replicator failed, peer={}.", this.node.getNodeId(), newPeer);
+                    onCaughtUp(this.version, newPeer, false);
+                    return;
+                }
+                final OnCaughtUp caughtUp = new OnCaughtUp(this.node, this.node.currTerm, newPeer, this.version);
+                final long dueTime = Utils.nowMs() + this.node.options.getElectionTimeoutMs();
+                if (!this.node.replicatorGroup.waitCaughtUp(newPeer, this.node.options.getCatchupMargin(), dueTime,
+                    caughtUp)) {
+                    LOG.error("Node {} waitCaughtUp, peer={}.", this.node.getNodeId(), newPeer);
+                    onCaughtUp(this.version, newPeer, false);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onCaughtUp(final long version, final PeerId peer, final boolean success) {
+            if (version != this.version) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.stage == Stage.STAGE_CATCHING_UP, "Stage is not in STAGE_CATCHING_UP");
+            if (success) {
+                this.addingPeers.remove(peer);
+                if (this.addingPeers.isEmpty()) {
+                    nextStage();
+                    return;
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            LOG.warn("Node {} fail to catch up peer {} when trying to change peers from {} to {}.",
+                this.node.getNodeId(), peer, this.oldPeers, this.newPeers);
+            reset(new Status(RaftError.ECATCHUP, "Peer %s failed to catch up.", peer));
+        }
+
+        void reset() {
+            reset(null);
+        }
+
+        void reset(final Status st) {
+            if (st != null && st.isOk()) {
+                this.node.stopReplicator(this.newPeers, this.oldPeers);
+            } else {
+                this.node.stopReplicator(this.oldPeers, this.newPeers);
+            }
+            this.newPeers.clear();
+            this.oldPeers.clear();
+            this.addingPeers.clear();
+            this.version++;
+            this.stage = Stage.STAGE_NONE;
+            this.nchanges = 0;
+            if (this.done != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(this.done, st != null ? st : new Status(RaftError.EPERM,
+                    "Leader stepped down."));
+                this.done = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Invoked when this node becomes the leader, write a configuration change log as the first log.
+         */
+        void flush(final Configuration conf, final Configuration oldConf) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!isBusy(), "Flush when busy");
+            this.newPeers = conf.listPeers();
+            if (oldConf == null || oldConf.isEmpty()) {
+                this.stage = Stage.STAGE_STABLE;
+                this.oldPeers = this.newPeers;
+            } else {
+                this.stage = Stage.STAGE_JOINT;
+                this.oldPeers = oldConf.listPeers();
+            }
+            this.node.unsafeApplyConfiguration(conf, oldConf == null || oldConf.isEmpty() ? null : oldConf, true);
+        }
+
+        void nextStage() {
+            Requires.requireTrue(isBusy(), "Not in busy stage");
+            switch (this.stage) {
+                case STAGE_CATCHING_UP:
+                    if (this.nchanges > 1) {
+                        this.stage = Stage.STAGE_JOINT;
+                        this.node.unsafeApplyConfiguration(new Configuration(this.newPeers), new Configuration(
+                            this.oldPeers), false);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // Skip joint consensus since only one peers has been changed here. Make
+                    // it a one-stage change to be compatible with the legacy
+                    // implementation.
+                case STAGE_JOINT:
+                    this.stage = Stage.STAGE_STABLE;
+                    this.node.unsafeApplyConfiguration(new Configuration(this.newPeers), null, false);
+                    break;
+                case STAGE_STABLE:
+                    final boolean shouldStepDown = !this.newPeers.contains(this.node.serverId);
+                    reset(new Status());
+                    if (shouldStepDown) {
+                        this.node.stepDown(this.node.currTerm, true, new Status(RaftError.ELEADERREMOVED,
+                            "This node was removed."));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case STAGE_NONE:
+                    // noinspection ConstantConditions
+                    Requires.requireTrue(false, "Can't reach here");
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean isBusy() {
+            return this.stage != Stage.STAGE_NONE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NodeImpl() {
+        this(null, null);
+    }
+
+    public NodeImpl(final String groupId, final PeerId serverId) {
+        super();
+        if (groupId != null) {
+            Utils.verifyGroupId(groupId);
+        }
+        this.groupId = groupId;
+        this.serverId = serverId != null ? serverId.copy() : null;
+        this.state = State.STATE_UNINITIALIZED;
+        this.currTerm = 0;
+        updateLastLeaderTimestamp(Utils.monotonicMs());
+        this.confCtx = new ConfigurationCtx(this);
+        this.wakingCandidate = null;
+        final int num = GLOBAL_NUM_NODES.incrementAndGet();
+        LOG.info("The number of active nodes increment to {}.", num);
+    }
+
+    private boolean initSnapshotStorage() {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(this.options.getSnapshotUri())) {
+            LOG.warn("Do not set snapshot uri, ignore initSnapshotStorage.");
+            return true;
+        }
+        this.snapshotExecutor = new SnapshotExecutorImpl();
+        final SnapshotExecutorOptions opts = new SnapshotExecutorOptions();
+        opts.setUri(this.options.getSnapshotUri());
+        opts.setFsmCaller(this.fsmCaller);
+        opts.setNode(this);
+        opts.setLogManager(this.logManager);
+        opts.setAddr(this.serverId != null ? this.serverId.getEndpoint() : null);
+        opts.setInitTerm(this.currTerm);
+        opts.setFilterBeforeCopyRemote(this.options.isFilterBeforeCopyRemote());
+        // get snapshot throttle
+        opts.setSnapshotThrottle(this.options.getSnapshotThrottle());
+        return this.snapshotExecutor.init(opts);
+    }
+
+    private boolean initLogStorage() {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(this.fsmCaller, "Null fsm caller");
+        this.logStorage = this.serviceFactory.createLogStorage(this.options.getLogUri(), this.raftOptions);
+        this.logManager = new LogManagerImpl();
+        final LogManagerOptions opts = new LogManagerOptions();
+        opts.setLogEntryCodecFactory(this.serviceFactory.createLogEntryCodecFactory());
+        opts.setLogStorage(this.logStorage);
+        opts.setConfigurationManager(this.configManager);
+        opts.setFsmCaller(this.fsmCaller);
+        opts.setNodeMetrics(this.metrics);
+        opts.setDisruptorBufferSize(this.raftOptions.getDisruptorBufferSize());
+        opts.setRaftOptions(this.raftOptions);
+        return this.logManager.init(opts);
+    }
+
+    private boolean initMetaStorage() {
+        this.metaStorage = this.serviceFactory.createRaftMetaStorage(this.options.getRaftMetaUri(), this.raftOptions);
+        RaftMetaStorageOptions opts = new RaftMetaStorageOptions();
+        opts.setNode(this);
+        if (!this.metaStorage.init(opts)) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} init meta storage failed, uri={}.", this.serverId, this.options.getRaftMetaUri());
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.currTerm = this.metaStorage.getTerm();
+        this.votedId = this.metaStorage.getVotedFor().copy();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void handleSnapshotTimeout() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        // do_snapshot in another thread to avoid blocking the timer thread.
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> doSnapshot(null));
+    }
+
+    private void handleElectionTimeout() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isCurrentLeaderValid()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            resetLeaderId(PeerId.emptyPeer(), new Status(RaftError.ERAFTTIMEDOUT, "Lost connection from leader %s.",
+                this.leaderId));
+            doUnlock = false;
+            preVote();
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean initFSMCaller(final LogId bootstrapId) {
+        if (this.fsmCaller == null) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init fsm caller, null instance, bootstrapId={}.", bootstrapId);
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.closureQueue = new ClosureQueueImpl();
+        final FSMCallerOptions opts = new FSMCallerOptions();
+        opts.setAfterShutdown(status -> afterShutdown());
+        opts.setLogManager(this.logManager);
+        opts.setFsm(this.options.getFsm());
+        opts.setClosureQueue(this.closureQueue);
+        opts.setNode(this);
+        opts.setBootstrapId(bootstrapId);
+        opts.setDisruptorBufferSize(this.raftOptions.getDisruptorBufferSize());
+        return this.fsmCaller.init(opts);
+    }
+
+    private static class BootstrapStableClosure extends LogManager.StableClosure {
+
+        private final SynchronizedClosure done = new SynchronizedClosure();
+
+        public BootstrapStableClosure() {
+            super(null);
+        }
+
+        public Status await() throws InterruptedException {
+            return this.done.await();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            this.done.run(status);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean bootstrap(final BootstrapOptions opts) throws InterruptedException {
+        if (opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0 && (opts.getGroupConf().isEmpty() || opts.getFsm() == null)) {
+            LOG.error("Invalid arguments for bootstrap, groupConf={}, fsm={}, lastLogIndex={}.", opts.getGroupConf(),
+                opts.getFsm(), opts.getLastLogIndex());
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (opts.getGroupConf().isEmpty()) {
+            LOG.error("Bootstrapping an empty node makes no sense.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts.getServiceFactory(), "Null jraft service factory");
+        this.serviceFactory = opts.getServiceFactory();
+        // Term is not an option since changing it is very dangerous
+        final long bootstrapLogTerm = opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+        final LogId bootstrapId = new LogId(opts.getLastLogIndex(), bootstrapLogTerm);
+        this.options = new NodeOptions();
+        this.raftOptions = this.options.getRaftOptions();
+        this.metrics = new NodeMetrics(opts.isEnableMetrics());
+        this.options.setFsm(opts.getFsm());
+        this.options.setLogUri(opts.getLogUri());
+        this.options.setRaftMetaUri(opts.getRaftMetaUri());
+        this.options.setSnapshotUri(opts.getSnapshotUri());
+
+        this.configManager = new ConfigurationManager();
+        // Create fsmCaller at first as logManager needs it to report error
+        this.fsmCaller = new FSMCallerImpl();
+
+        if (!initLogStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init log storage.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!initMetaStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init meta storage.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (this.currTerm == 0) {
+            this.currTerm = 1;
+            if (!this.metaStorage.setTermAndVotedFor(1, new PeerId())) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to set term.");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (opts.getFsm() != null && !initFSMCaller(bootstrapId)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init fsm caller.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final LogEntry entry = new LogEntry(EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION);
+        entry.getId().setTerm(this.currTerm);
+        entry.setPeers(opts.getGroupConf().listPeers());
+
+        final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>();
+        entries.add(entry);
+
+        final BootstrapStableClosure bootstrapDone = new BootstrapStableClosure();
+        this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, bootstrapDone);
+        if (!bootstrapDone.await().isOk()) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to append configuration.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0) {
+            if (!initSnapshotStorage()) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to init snapshot storage.");
+                return false;
+            }
+            final SynchronizedClosure snapshotDone = new SynchronizedClosure();
+            this.snapshotExecutor.doSnapshot(snapshotDone);
+            if (!snapshotDone.await().isOk()) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to save snapshot, status={}.", snapshotDone.getStatus());
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (this.logManager.getFirstLogIndex() != opts.getLastLogIndex() + 1) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("First and last log index mismatch");
+        }
+        if (opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0) {
+            if (this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() != opts.getLastLogIndex()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Last log index mismatch");
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() != opts.getLastLogIndex() + 1) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Last log index mismatch");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private int heartbeatTimeout(final int electionTimeout) {
+        return Math.max(electionTimeout / this.raftOptions.getElectionHeartbeatFactor(), 10);
+    }
+
+    private int randomTimeout(final int timeoutMs) {
+        return ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(timeoutMs, timeoutMs + this.raftOptions.getMaxElectionDelayMs());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean init(final NodeOptions opts) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts, "Null node options");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts.getRaftOptions(), "Null raft options");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts.getServiceFactory(), "Null jraft service factory");
+        this.serviceFactory = opts.getServiceFactory();
+        this.options = opts;
+        this.raftOptions = opts.getRaftOptions();
+        this.metrics = new NodeMetrics(opts.isEnableMetrics());
+
+        if (this.serverId.getIp().equals(Utils.IP_ANY)) {
+            LOG.error("Node can't started from IP_ANY.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!NodeManager.getInstance().serverExists(this.serverId.getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("No RPC server attached to, did you forget to call addService?");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        this.timerManager = new TimerManager();
+        if (!this.timerManager.init(this.options.getTimerPoolSize())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init timer manager.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Init timers
+        this.voteTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-VoteTimer", this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleVoteTimeout();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected int adjustTimeout(final int timeoutMs) {
+                return randomTimeout(timeoutMs);
+            }
+        };
+        this.electionTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-ElectionTimer", this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleElectionTimeout();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected int adjustTimeout(final int timeoutMs) {
+                return randomTimeout(timeoutMs);
+            }
+        };
+        this.stepDownTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-StepDownTimer", this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() >> 1) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleStepDownTimeout();
+            }
+        };
+        this.snapshotTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-SnapshotTimer", this.options.getSnapshotIntervalSecs() * 1000) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleSnapshotTimeout();
+            }
+        };
+
+        this.configManager = new ConfigurationManager();
+
+        this.applyDisruptor = DisruptorBuilder.<LogEntryAndClosure> newInstance() //
+            .setRingBufferSize(this.raftOptions.getDisruptorBufferSize()) //
+            .setEventFactory(new LogEntryAndClosureFactory()) //
+            .setThreadFactory(new NamedThreadFactory("JRaft-NodeImpl-Disruptor-", true)) //
+            .setProducerType(ProducerType.MULTI) //
+            .setWaitStrategy(new BlockingWaitStrategy()) //
+            .build();
+        this.applyDisruptor.handleEventsWith(new LogEntryAndClosureHandler());
+        this.applyDisruptor.setDefaultExceptionHandler(new LogExceptionHandler<Object>(getClass().getSimpleName()));
+        this.applyQueue = this.applyDisruptor.start();
+        if (this.metrics.getMetricRegistry() != null) {
+            this.metrics.getMetricRegistry().register("jraft-node-impl-disruptor",
+                new DisruptorMetricSet(this.applyQueue));
+        }
+
+        this.fsmCaller = new FSMCallerImpl();
+        if (!initLogStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initLogStorage failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!initMetaStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initMetaStorage failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!initFSMCaller(new LogId(0, 0))) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initFSMCaller failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.ballotBox = new BallotBox();
+        final BallotBoxOptions ballotBoxOpts = new BallotBoxOptions();
+        ballotBoxOpts.setWaiter(this.fsmCaller);
+        ballotBoxOpts.setClosureQueue(this.closureQueue);
+        if (!this.ballotBox.init(ballotBoxOpts)) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} init ballotBox failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!initSnapshotStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initSnapshotStorage failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final Status st = this.logManager.checkConsistency();
+        if (!st.isOk()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} is initialized with inconsistent log, status={}.", getNodeId(), st);
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.conf = new ConfigurationEntry();
+        this.conf.setId(new LogId());
+        // if have log using conf in log, else using conf in options
+        if (this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() > 0) {
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+        } else {
+            this.conf.setConf(this.options.getInitialConf());
+        }
+
+        // TODO RPC service and ReplicatorGroup is in cycle dependent, refactor it
+        this.replicatorGroup = new ReplicatorGroupImpl();
+        this.rpcService = new BoltRaftClientService(this.replicatorGroup);
+        final ReplicatorGroupOptions rgOpts = new ReplicatorGroupOptions();
+        rgOpts.setHeartbeatTimeoutMs(heartbeatTimeout(this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()));
+        rgOpts.setElectionTimeoutMs(this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs());
+        rgOpts.setLogManager(this.logManager);
+        rgOpts.setBallotBox(this.ballotBox);
+        rgOpts.setNode(this);
+        rgOpts.setRaftRpcClientService(this.rpcService);
+        rgOpts.setSnapshotStorage(this.snapshotExecutor != null ? this.snapshotExecutor.getSnapshotStorage() : null);
+        rgOpts.setRaftOptions(this.raftOptions);
+        rgOpts.setTimerManager(this.timerManager);
+
+        // Adds metric registry to RPC service.
+        this.options.setMetricRegistry(this.metrics.getMetricRegistry());
+
+        if (!this.rpcService.init(this.options)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init rpc service.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.replicatorGroup.init(new NodeId(this.groupId, this.serverId), rgOpts);
+
+        this.readOnlyService = new ReadOnlyServiceImpl();
+        final ReadOnlyServiceOptions rosOpts = new ReadOnlyServiceOptions();
+        rosOpts.setFsmCaller(this.fsmCaller);
+        rosOpts.setNode(this);
+        rosOpts.setRaftOptions(this.raftOptions);
+
+        if (!this.readOnlyService.init(rosOpts)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init readOnlyService.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // set state to follower
+        this.state = State.STATE_FOLLOWER;
+
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("Node {} init, term={}, lastLogId={}, conf={}, oldConf={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm,
+                this.logManager.getLastLogId(false), this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.getOldConf());
+        }
+
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor != null && this.options.getSnapshotIntervalSecs() > 0) {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} start snapshot timer, term={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            this.snapshotTimer.start();
+        }
+
+        if (!this.conf.isEmpty()) {
+            stepDown(this.currTerm, false, new Status());
+        }
+
+        if (!NodeManager.getInstance().add(this)) {
+            LOG.error("NodeManager add {} failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Now the raft node is started , have to acquire the writeLock to avoid race
+        // conditions
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        if (this.conf.isStable() && this.conf.getConf().size() == 1 && this.conf.getConf().contains(this.serverId)) {
+            // The group contains only this server which must be the LEADER, trigger
+            // the timer immediately.
+            electSelf();
+        } else {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // should be in writeLock
+    private void electSelf() {
+        long oldTerm;
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} start vote and grant vote self, term={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            if (!this.conf.contains(this.serverId)) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} can't do electSelf as it is not in {}.", getNodeId(), this.conf);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.state == State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                LOG.debug("Node {} stop election timer, term={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                this.electionTimer.stop();
+            }
+            resetLeaderId(PeerId.emptyPeer(), new Status(RaftError.ERAFTTIMEDOUT,
+                "A follower's leader_id is reset to NULL as it begins to request_vote."));
+            this.state = State.STATE_CANDIDATE;
+            this.currTerm++;
+            this.votedId = this.serverId.copy();
+            LOG.debug("Node {} start vote timer, term={} .", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            this.voteTimer.start();
+            this.voteCtx.init(this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.isStable() ? null : this.conf.getOldConf());
+            oldTerm = this.currTerm;
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+
+        final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // vote need defense ABA after unlock&writeLock
+            if (oldTerm != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} raise term {} when getLastLogId.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            for (final PeerId peer : this.conf.listPeers()) {
+                if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.rpcService.connect(peer.getEndpoint())) {
+                    LOG.warn("Node {} channel init failed, address={}.", getNodeId(), peer.getEndpoint());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                final OnRequestVoteRpcDone done = new OnRequestVoteRpcDone(peer, this.currTerm, this);
+                done.request = RequestVoteRequest.newBuilder() //
+                    .setPreVote(false) // It's not a pre-vote request.
+                    .setGroupId(this.groupId) //
+                    .setServerId(this.serverId.toString()) //
+                    .setPeerId(peer.toString()) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setLastLogIndex(lastLogId.getIndex()) //
+                    .setLastLogTerm(lastLogId.getTerm()) //
+                    .build();
+                this.rpcService.requestVote(peer.getEndpoint(), done.request, done);
+            }
+
+            this.metaStorage.setTermAndVotedFor(this.currTerm, this.serverId);
+            this.voteCtx.grant(this.serverId);
+            if (this.voteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                becomeLeader();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void resetLeaderId(final PeerId newLeaderId, final Status status) {
+        if (newLeaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            if (!this.leaderId.isEmpty() && this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) > 0) {
+                this.fsmCaller.onStopFollowing(new LeaderChangeContext(this.leaderId.copy(), this.currTerm, status));
+            }
+            this.leaderId = PeerId.emptyPeer();
+        } else {
+            if (this.leaderId == null || this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+                this.fsmCaller.onStartFollowing(new LeaderChangeContext(newLeaderId, this.currTerm, status));
+            }
+            this.leaderId = newLeaderId.copy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // in writeLock
+    private void checkStepDown(final long requestTerm, final PeerId serverId) {
+        final Status status = new Status();
+        if (requestTerm > this.currTerm) {
+            status.setError(RaftError.ENEWLEADER, "Raft node receives message from new leader with higher term.");
+            stepDown(requestTerm, false, status);
+        } else if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+            status.setError(RaftError.ENEWLEADER, "Candidate receives message from new leader with the same term.");
+            stepDown(requestTerm, false, status);
+        } else if (this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            status.setError(RaftError.ENEWLEADER, "Follower receives message from new leader with the same term.");
+            stepDown(requestTerm, false, status);
+        }
+        // save current leader
+        if (this.leaderId == null || this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            resetLeaderId(serverId, status);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void becomeLeader() {
+        Requires.requireTrue(this.state == State.STATE_CANDIDATE, "Illegal state: " + this.state);
+        LOG.info("Node {} become leader of group, term={}, conf={}, oldConf={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm,
+            this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.getOldConf());
+        // cancel candidate vote timer
+        stopVoteTimer();
+        this.state = State.STATE_LEADER;
+        this.leaderId = this.serverId.copy();
+        this.replicatorGroup.resetTerm(this.currTerm);
+        for (final PeerId peer : this.conf.listPeers()) {
+            if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} add replicator, term={}, peer={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, peer);
+            if (!this.replicatorGroup.addReplicator(peer)) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to add replicator, peer={}.", peer);
+            }
+        }
+        // init commit manager
+        this.ballotBox.resetPendingIndex(this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() + 1);
+        // Register _conf_ctx to reject configuration changing before the first log
+        // is committed.
+        if (this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException();
+        }
+        this.confCtx.flush(this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.getOldConf());
+        this.stepDownTimer.start();
+    }
+
+    // should be in writeLock
+    private void stepDown(final long term, final boolean wakeupCandidate, final Status status) {
+        LOG.debug("Node {} stepDown, term={}, newTerm={}, wakeupCandidate={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, term,
+            wakeupCandidate);
+        if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.state == State.STATE_CANDIDATE) {
+            stopVoteTimer();
+        } else if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) <= 0) {
+            stopStepDownTimer();
+            this.ballotBox.clearPendingTasks();
+            // signal fsm leader stop immediately
+            if (this.state == State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                onLeaderStop(status);
+            }
+        }
+        // reset leader_id
+        resetLeaderId(PeerId.emptyPeer(), status);
+
+        // soft state in memory
+        this.state = State.STATE_FOLLOWER;
+        this.confCtx.reset();
+        updateLastLeaderTimestamp(Utils.monotonicMs());
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+            this.snapshotExecutor.interruptDownloadingSnapshots(term);
+        }
+
+        // meta state
+        if (term > this.currTerm) {
+            this.currTerm = term;
+            this.votedId = PeerId.emptyPeer();
+            this.metaStorage.setTermAndVotedFor(term, this.votedId);
+        }
+
+        if (wakeupCandidate) {
+            this.wakingCandidate = this.replicatorGroup.stopAllAndFindTheNextCandidate(this.conf);
+            if (this.wakingCandidate != null) {
+                Replicator.sendTimeoutNowAndStop(this.wakingCandidate, this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs());
+            }
+        } else {
+            this.replicatorGroup.stopAll();
+        }
+        if (this.stopTransferArg != null) {
+            if (this.transferTimer != null) {
+                this.transferTimer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            // There is at most one StopTransferTimer at the same term, it's safe to
+            // mark stopTransferArg to NULL
+            this.stopTransferArg = null;
+        }
+        this.electionTimer.start();
+    }
+
+    private void stopStepDownTimer() {
+        if (this.stepDownTimer != null) {
+            this.stepDownTimer.stop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void stopVoteTimer() {
+        if (this.voteTimer != null) {
+            this.voteTimer.stop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class LeaderStableClosure extends LogManager.StableClosure {
+
+        public LeaderStableClosure(final List<LogEntry> entries) {
+            super(entries);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            if (status.isOk()) {
+                NodeImpl.this.ballotBox.commitAt(this.firstLogIndex, this.firstLogIndex + this.nEntries - 1,
+                    NodeImpl.this.serverId);
+            } else {
+                LOG.error("Node {} append [{}, {}] failed.", getNodeId(), this.firstLogIndex, this.firstLogIndex
+                                                                                              + this.nEntries - 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void executeApplyingTasks(final List<LogEntryAndClosure> tasks) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            final int size = tasks.size();
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                final Status st = new Status();
+                if (this.state != State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) {
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EPERM, "Is not leader.");
+                } else {
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EBUSY, "Is transferring leadership.");
+                }
+                LOG.debug("Node {} can't apply, status={}.", getNodeId(), st);
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(tasks.get(i).done, st);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>(size);
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                final LogEntryAndClosure task = tasks.get(i);
+                if (task.expectedTerm != -1 && task.expectedTerm != this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.debug("Node {} can't apply task whose expectedTerm={} doesn't match currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        task.expectedTerm, this.currTerm);
+                    if (task.done != null) {
+                        final Status st = new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "expected_term=%d doesn't match current_term=%d",
+                            task.expectedTerm, this.currTerm);
+                        Utils.runClosureInThread(task.done, st);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.ballotBox.appendPendingTask(this.conf.getConf(),
+                    this.conf.isStable() ? null : this.conf.getOldConf(), task.done)) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(task.done, new Status(RaftError.EINTERNAL, "Fail to append task."));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // set task entry info before adding to list.
+                task.entry.getId().setTerm(this.currTerm);
+                task.entry.setType(EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_DATA);
+                entries.add(task.entry);
+            }
+            this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, new LeaderStableClosure(entries));
+            // update conf.first
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the node metrics.
+     *
+     * @return returns metrics of current node.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public NodeMetrics getNodeMetrics() {
+        return this.metrics;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JRaft service factory for current node.
+     *@since 1.2.6
+     * @return the service factory
+     */
+    public JRaftServiceFactory getServiceFactory() {
+        return this.serviceFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readIndex(final byte[] requestContext, final ReadIndexClosure done) {
+        if (this.shutdownLatch != null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.ENODESHUTDOWN, "Node is shutting down."));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Node is shutting down");
+        }
+        Requires.requireNonNull(done, "Null closure");
+        this.readOnlyService.addRequest(requestContext, done);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * ReadIndex response closure
+     * @author dennis
+     */
+    private class ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse> {
+        final ReadIndexResponse.Builder             respBuilder;
+        final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure;
+        final int                                   quorum;
+        final int                                   failPeersThreshold;
+        int                                         ackSuccess;
+        int                                         ackFailures;
+        boolean                                     isDone;
+
+        public ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure(final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure,
+                                                 final ReadIndexResponse.Builder rb, final int quorum,
+                                                 final int peersCount) {
+            super();
+            this.closure = closure;
+            this.respBuilder = rb;
+            this.quorum = quorum;
+            this.failPeersThreshold = peersCount % 2 == 0 ? (quorum - 1) : quorum;
+            this.ackSuccess = 0;
+            this.ackFailures = 0;
+            this.isDone = false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void run(final Status status) {
+            if (this.isDone) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (status.isOk() && getResponse().getSuccess()) {
+                this.ackSuccess++;
+            } else {
+                this.ackFailures++;
+            }
+            // Include leader self vote yes.
+            if (this.ackSuccess + 1 >= this.quorum) {
+                this.respBuilder.setSuccess(true);
+                this.closure.setResponse(this.respBuilder.build());
+                this.closure.run(Status.OK());
+                this.isDone = true;
+            } else if (this.ackFailures >= this.failPeersThreshold) {
+                this.respBuilder.setSuccess(false);
+                this.closure.setResponse(this.respBuilder.build());
+                this.closure.run(Status.OK());
+                this.isDone = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle read index request.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void handleReadIndexRequest(final ReadIndexRequest request, final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> done) {
+        final long startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            switch (this.state) {
+                case STATE_LEADER:
+                    readLeader(request, ReadIndexResponse.newBuilder(), done);
+                    break;
+                case STATE_FOLLOWER:
+                    readFollower(request, done);
+                    break;
+                case STATE_TRANSFERRING:
+                    done.run(new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Is transferring leadership."));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    done.run(new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Invalid state for readIndex: %s.", this.state));
+                    break;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+            this.metrics.recordLatency("handle-read-index", Utils.monotonicMs() - startMs);
+            this.metrics.recordSize("handle-read-index-entries", request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getQuorum() {
+        final Configuration c = this.conf.getConf();
+        if (c.isEmpty()) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return c.getPeers().size() / 2 + 1;
+    }
+
+    private void readFollower(final ReadIndexRequest request, final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure) {
+        if (this.leaderId == null || this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            closure.run(new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "No leader at term %d.", this.currTerm));
+            return;
+        }
+        // send request to leader.
+        final ReadIndexRequest newRequest = ReadIndexRequest.newBuilder() //
+            .mergeFrom(request) //
+            .setPeerId(this.leaderId.toString()) //
+            .build();
+        this.rpcService.readIndex(this.leaderId.getEndpoint(), newRequest, -1, closure);
+    }
+
+    private void readLeader(final ReadIndexRequest request, final ReadIndexResponse.Builder respBuilder,
+                            final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure) {
+        final int quorum = getQuorum();
+        if (quorum <= 1) {
+            // Only one peer, fast path.
+            respBuilder.setSuccess(true) //
+                .setIndex(this.ballotBox.getLastCommittedIndex());
+            closure.setResponse(respBuilder.build());
+            closure.run(Status.OK());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final long lastCommittedIndex = this.ballotBox.getLastCommittedIndex();
+        if (this.logManager.getTerm(lastCommittedIndex) != this.currTerm) {
+            // Reject read only request when this leader has not committed any log entry at its term
+            closure
+                .run(new Status(
+                    RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "ReadIndex request rejected because leader has not committed any log entry at its term, logIndex=%d, currTerm=%d.",
+                    lastCommittedIndex, this.currTerm));
+            return;
+        }
+        respBuilder.setIndex(lastCommittedIndex);
+
+        if (request.getPeerId() != null) {
+            // request from follower, check if the follower is in current conf.
+            final PeerId peer = new PeerId();
+            peer.parse(request.getServerId());
+            if (!this.conf.contains(peer)) {
+                closure
+                    .run(new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Peer %s is not in current configuration: {}.", peer, this.conf));
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ReadOnlyOption readOnlyOpt = this.raftOptions.getReadOnlyOptions();
+        if (readOnlyOpt == ReadOnlyOption.ReadOnlyLeaseBased && !isLeaderLeaseValid()) {
+            // If leader lease timeout, we must change option to ReadOnlySafe
+            readOnlyOpt = ReadOnlyOption.ReadOnlySafe;
+        }
+
+        switch (readOnlyOpt) {
+            case ReadOnlySafe:
+                final List<PeerId> peers = this.conf.getConf().getPeers();
+                Requires.requireTrue(peers != null && !peers.isEmpty(), "Empty peers");
+                final ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure heartbeatDone = new ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure(closure,
+                    respBuilder, quorum, peers.size());
+                // Send heartbeat requests to followers
+                for (final PeerId peer : peers) {
+                    if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    this.replicatorGroup.sendHeartbeat(peer, heartbeatDone);
+                }
+                break;
+            case ReadOnlyLeaseBased:
+                // Responses to followers and local node.
+                respBuilder.setSuccess(true);
+                closure.setResponse(respBuilder.build());
+                closure.run(Status.OK());
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(final Task task) {
+        if (this.shutdownLatch != null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(task.getDone(), new Status(RaftError.ENODESHUTDOWN, "Node is shutting down."));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Node is shutting down");
+        }
+        Requires.requireNonNull(task, "Null task");
+
+        final LogEntry entry = new LogEntry();
+        entry.setData(task.getData());
+        int retryTimes = 0;
+        try {
+            final EventTranslator<LogEntryAndClosure> translator = (event, sequence) -> {
+                event.reset();
+                event.done = task.getDone();
+                event.entry = entry;
+                event.expectedTerm = task.getExpectedTerm();
+            };
+            while (true) {
+                if (this.applyQueue.tryPublishEvent(translator)) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    retryTimes++;
+                    if (retryTimes > MAX_APPLY_RETRY_TIMES) {
+                        Utils.runClosureInThread(task.getDone(),
+                            new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Node is busy, has too many tasks."));
+                        LOG.warn("Node {} applyQueue is overload.", getNodeId());
+                        this.metrics.recordTimes("apply-task-overload-times", 1);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    ThreadHelper.onSpinWait();
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(task.getDone(), new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Node is down."));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handlePreVoteRequest(final RequestVoteRequest request) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is not in active state, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    getNodeId(), this.state.name());
+            }
+            final PeerId candidateId = new PeerId();
+            if (!candidateId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received PreVoteRequest from {} serverId bad format.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse candidateId failed: %s.",
+                    request.getServerId());
+            }
+            boolean granted = false;
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            do {
+                if (this.leaderId != null && !this.leaderId.isEmpty() && isCurrentLeaderValid()) {
+                    LOG.info(
+                        "Node {} ignore PreVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}, because the leader {}'s lease is still valid.",
+                        getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm, this.leaderId);
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (request.getTerm() < this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.info("Node {} ignore PreVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                    // A follower replicator may not be started when this node become leader, so we must check it.
+                    checkReplicator(candidateId);
+                    break;
+                } else if (request.getTerm() == this.currTerm + 1) {
+                    // A follower replicator may not be started when this node become leader, so we must check it.
+                    // check replicator state
+                    checkReplicator(candidateId);
+                }
+                doUnlock = false;
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+
+                final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+                doUnlock = true;
+                this.writeLock.lock();
+                final LogId requestLastLogId = new LogId(request.getLastLogIndex(), request.getLastLogTerm());
+                granted = requestLastLogId.compareTo(lastLogId) >= 0;
+
+                LOG.info(
+                    "Node {} received PreVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}, granted={}, requestLastLogId={}, lastLogId={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm, granted, requestLastLogId,
+                    lastLogId);
+            } while (false);
+
+            return RequestVoteResponse.newBuilder() //
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                .setGranted(granted) //
+                .build();
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // in read_lock
+    private boolean isLeaderLeaseValid() {
+        final long monotonicNowMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        if (checkLeaderLease(monotonicNowMs)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        checkDeadNodes0(this.conf.getConf().getPeers(), monotonicNowMs, false, null);
+        return checkLeaderLease(monotonicNowMs);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkLeaderLease(final long monotonicNowMs) {
+        return monotonicNowMs - this.lastLeaderTimestamp < this.options.getLeaderLeaseTimeoutMs();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isCurrentLeaderValid() {
+        return Utils.monotonicMs() - this.lastLeaderTimestamp < this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs();
+    }
+
+    private void updateLastLeaderTimestamp(final long lastLeaderTimestamp) {
+        this.lastLeaderTimestamp = lastLeaderTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    private void checkReplicator(final PeerId candidateId) {
+        if (this.state == State.STATE_LEADER) {
+            this.replicatorGroup.checkReplicator(candidateId, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleRequestVoteRequest(final RequestVoteRequest request) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is not in active state, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    getNodeId(), this.state.name());
+            }
+            final PeerId candidateId = new PeerId();
+            if (!candidateId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received RequestVoteRequest from {} serverId bad format.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse candidateId failed: %s.",
+                    request.getServerId());
+            }
+
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            do {
+                // check term
+                if (request.getTerm() >= this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.info("Node {} received RequestVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                    // increase current term, change state to follower
+                    if (request.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                        stepDown(request.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                            "Raft node receives higher term RequestVoteRequest."));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // ignore older term
+                    LOG.info("Node {} ignore RequestVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                    break;
+                }
+                doUnlock = false;
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+
+                final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+                doUnlock = true;
+                this.writeLock.lock();
+                // vote need ABA check after unlock&writeLock
+                if (request.getTerm() != this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.warn("Node {} raise term {} when get lastLogId.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                final boolean logIsOk = new LogId(request.getLastLogIndex(), request.getLastLogTerm())
+                    .compareTo(lastLogId) >= 0;
+
+                if (logIsOk && (this.votedId == null || this.votedId.isEmpty())) {
+                    stepDown(request.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EVOTEFORCANDIDATE,
+                        "Raft node votes for some candidate, step down to restart election_timer."));
+                    this.votedId = candidateId.copy();
+                    this.metaStorage.setVotedFor(candidateId);
+                }
+            } while (false);
+
+            return RequestVoteResponse.newBuilder() //
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                .setGranted(request.getTerm() == this.currTerm && candidateId.equals(this.votedId)) //
+                .build();
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class FollowerStableClosure extends LogManager.StableClosure {
+
+        final long                          committedIndex;
+        final AppendEntriesResponse.Builder responseBuilder;
+        final NodeImpl                      node;
+        final RpcRequestClosure             done;
+        final long                          term;
+
+        public FollowerStableClosure(final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                     final AppendEntriesResponse.Builder responseBuilder, final NodeImpl node,
+                                     final RpcRequestClosure done, final long term) {
+            super(null);
+            this.committedIndex = Math.min(
+            // committed index is likely less than the lastLogIndex
+                request.getCommittedIndex(),
+                // The logs after the appended entries can not be trust, so we can't commit them even if their indexes are less than request's committed index.
+                request.getPrevLogIndex() + request.getEntriesCount());
+            this.responseBuilder = responseBuilder;
+            this.node = node;
+            this.done = done;
+            this.term = term;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                this.done.run(status);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            this.node.readLock.lock();
+            try {
+                if (this.term != this.node.currTerm) {
+                    // The change of term indicates that leader has been changed during
+                    // appending entries, so we can't respond ok to the old leader
+                    // because we are not sure if the appended logs would be truncated
+                    // by the new leader:
+                    //  - If they won't be truncated and we respond failure to the old
+                    //    leader, the new leader would know that they are stored in this
+                    //    peer and they will be eventually committed when the new leader
+                    //    found that quorum of the cluster have stored.
+                    //  - If they will be truncated and we responded success to the old
+                    //    leader, the old leader would possibly regard those entries as
+                    //    committed (very likely in a 3-nodes cluster) and respond
+                    //    success to the clients, which would break the rule that
+                    //    committed entries would never be truncated.
+                    // So we have to respond failure to the old leader and set the new
+                    // term to make it stepped down if it didn't.
+                    this.responseBuilder.setSuccess(false).setTerm(this.node.currTerm);
+                    this.done.sendResponse(this.responseBuilder.build());
+                    return;
+                }
+            } finally {
+                // It's safe to release lock as we know everything is ok at this point.
+                this.node.readLock.unlock();
+            }
+
+            // Don't touch node any more.
+            this.responseBuilder.setSuccess(true).setTerm(this.term);
+
+            // Ballot box is thread safe and tolerates disorder.
+            this.node.ballotBox.setLastCommittedIndex(this.committedIndex);
+
+            this.done.sendResponse(this.responseBuilder.build());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleAppendEntriesRequest(final AppendEntriesRequest request, final RpcRequestClosure done) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        final long startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        final int entriesCount = request.getEntriesCount();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is not in active state, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    getNodeId(), this.state.name());
+            }
+
+            final PeerId serverId = new PeerId();
+            if (!serverId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received AppendEntriesRequest from {} serverId bad format.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse serverId failed: %s.",
+                    request.getServerId());
+            }
+
+            // Check stale term
+            if (request.getTerm() < this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} ignore stale AppendEntriesRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                return AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            // Check term and state to step down
+            checkStepDown(request.getTerm(), serverId);
+            if (!serverId.equals(this.leaderId)) {
+                LOG.error("Another peer {} declares that it is the leader at term {} which was occupied by leader {}.",
+                    serverId, this.currTerm, this.leaderId);
+                // Increase the term by 1 and make both leaders step down to minimize the
+                // loss of split brain
+                stepDown(request.getTerm() + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ELEADERCONFLICT,
+                    "More than one leader in the same term."));
+                return AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .setTerm(request.getTerm() + 1) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            updateLastLeaderTimestamp(Utils.monotonicMs());
+
+            if (entriesCount > 0 && this.snapshotExecutor != null && this.snapshotExecutor.isInstallingSnapshot()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received AppendEntriesRequest while installing snapshot.", getNodeId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EBUSY, "Node %s:%s is installing snapshot.",
+                    this.groupId, this.serverId);
+            }
+
+            final long prevLogIndex = request.getPrevLogIndex();
+            final long prevLogTerm = request.getPrevLogTerm();
+            final long localPrevLogTerm = this.logManager.getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+            if (localPrevLogTerm != prevLogTerm) {
+                final long lastLogIndex = this.logManager.getLastLogIndex();
+
+                LOG.warn(
+                    "Node {} reject term_unmatched AppendEntriesRequest from {}, term={}, prevLogIndex={}, prevLogTerm={}, localPrevLogTerm={}, lastLogIndex={}, entriesSize={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), prevLogIndex, prevLogTerm, localPrevLogTerm,
+                    lastLogIndex, entriesCount);
+
+                return AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setLastLogIndex(lastLogIndex) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            if (entriesCount == 0) {
+                // heartbeat
+                final AppendEntriesResponse.Builder respBuilder = AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(true) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setLastLogIndex(this.logManager.getLastLogIndex());
+                doUnlock = false;
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+                // see the comments at FollowerStableClosure#run()
+                this.ballotBox.setLastCommittedIndex(Math.min(request.getCommittedIndex(), prevLogIndex));
+                return respBuilder.build();
+            }
+
+            // Parse request
+            long index = prevLogIndex;
+            final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>(entriesCount);
+            ByteBuffer allData = null;
+            if (request.hasData()) {
+                allData = request.getData().asReadOnlyByteBuffer();
+            }
+
+            final List<RaftOutter.EntryMeta> entriesList = request.getEntriesList();
+            for (int i = 0; i < entriesCount; i++) {
+                final RaftOutter.EntryMeta entry = entriesList.get(i);
+                index++;
+                if (entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
+                    final LogEntry logEntry = new LogEntry();
+                    logEntry.setId(new LogId(index, entry.getTerm()));
+                    logEntry.setType(entry.getType());
+                    if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+                        logEntry.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); // since 1.2.6
+                    }
+                    final long dataLen = entry.getDataLen();
+                    if (dataLen > 0) {
+                        final byte[] bs = new byte[(int) dataLen];
+                        assert allData != null;
+                        allData.get(bs, 0, bs.length);
+                        logEntry.setData(ByteBuffer.wrap(bs));
+                    }
+
+                    if (entry.getPeersCount() > 0) {
+                        if (entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION) {
+                            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                                "Invalid log entry that contains peers but is not ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type: "
+                                        + entry.getType());
+                        }
+
+                        final List<PeerId> peers = new ArrayList<>(entry.getPeersCount());
+                        for (final String peerStr : entry.getPeersList()) {
+                            final PeerId peer = new PeerId();
+                            peer.parse(peerStr);
+                            peers.add(peer);
+                        }
+                        logEntry.setPeers(peers);
+
+                        if (entry.getOldPeersCount() > 0) {
+                            final List<PeerId> oldPeers = new ArrayList<>(entry.getOldPeersCount());
+                            for (final String peerStr : entry.getOldPeersList()) {
+                                final PeerId peer = new PeerId();
+                                peer.parse(peerStr);
+                                oldPeers.add(peer);
+                            }
+                            logEntry.setOldPeers(oldPeers);
+                        }
+                    } else if (entry.getType() == EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException(
+                            "Invalid log entry that contains zero peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type");
+                    }
+
+                    // Validate checksum
+                    if (this.raftOptions.isEnableLogEntryChecksum() && logEntry.isCorrupted()) {
+                        long realChecksum = logEntry.checksum();
+                        LOG.error(
+                            "Corrupted log entry received from leader, index={}, term={}, expectedChecksum={}, realChecksum={}",
+                            logEntry.getId().getIndex(), logEntry.getId().getTerm(), logEntry.getChecksum(),
+                            realChecksum);
+                        return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL,
+                            "The log entry is corrupted, index=%d, term=%d, expectedChecksum=%d, realChecksum=%d",
+                            logEntry.getId().getIndex(), logEntry.getId().getTerm(), logEntry.getChecksum(),
+                            realChecksum);
+                    }
+
+                    entries.add(logEntry);
+                }
+            }
+
+            final FollowerStableClosure closure = new FollowerStableClosure(request, AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder()
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm), this, done, this.currTerm);
+            this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, closure);
+            // update configuration after _log_manager updated its memory status
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+            this.metrics.recordLatency("handle-append-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - startMs);
+            this.metrics.recordSize("handle-append-entries-count", entriesCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // called when leader receive greater term in AppendEntriesResponse
+    void increaseTermTo(final long newTerm, final Status status) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (newTerm < this.currTerm) {
+                return;
+            }
+            stepDown(newTerm, false, status);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Peer catch up callback
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-11 2:10:02 PM
+     */
+    private static class OnCaughtUp extends CatchUpClosure {
+        private final NodeImpl node;
+        private final long     term;
+        private final PeerId   peer;
+        private final long     version;
+
+        public OnCaughtUp(final NodeImpl node, final long term, final PeerId peer, final long version) {
+            super();
+            this.node = node;
+            this.term = term;
+            this.peer = peer;
+            this.version = version;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            this.node.onCaughtUp(this.peer, this.term, this.version, status);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onCaughtUp(final PeerId peer, final long term, final long version, final Status st) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // check current_term and state to avoid ABA problem
+            if (term != this.currTerm && this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                // term has changed and nothing should be done, otherwise there will be
+                // an ABA problem.
+                return;
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                // Caught up successfully
+                this.confCtx.onCaughtUp(version, peer, true);
+                return;
+            }
+            // Retry if this peer is still alive
+            if (st.getCode() == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()
+                && Utils.monotonicMs() - this.replicatorGroup.getLastRpcSendTimestamp(peer) <= this.options
+                    .getElectionTimeoutMs()) {
+                LOG.debug("Node {} waits peer {} to catch up.", getNodeId(), peer);
+                final OnCaughtUp caughtUp = new OnCaughtUp(this, term, peer, version);
+                final long dueTime = Utils.nowMs() + this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs();
+                if (this.replicatorGroup.waitCaughtUp(peer, this.options.getCatchupMargin(), dueTime, caughtUp)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                LOG.warn("Node {} waitCaughtUp failed, peer={}.", getNodeId(), peer);
+            }
+            LOG.warn("Node {} caughtUp failed, status={}, peer={}.", getNodeId(), st, peer);
+            this.confCtx.onCaughtUp(version, peer, false);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkDeadNodes(final Configuration conf, final long monotonicNowMs) {
+        final List<PeerId> peers = conf.listPeers();
+        final Configuration deadNodes = new Configuration();
+        if (checkDeadNodes0(peers, monotonicNowMs, true, deadNodes)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LOG.warn("Node {} steps down when alive nodes don't satisfy quorum, term={}, deadNodes={}, conf={}.",
+            getNodeId(), this.currTerm, deadNodes, conf);
+        final Status status = new Status();
+        status.setError(RaftError.ERAFTTIMEDOUT, "Majority of the group dies: %d/%d", deadNodes.size(), peers.size());
+        stepDown(this.currTerm, false, status);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkDeadNodes0(final List<PeerId> peers, final long monotonicNowMs, final boolean checkReplicator,
+                                    final Configuration deadNodes) {
+        final int leaderLeaseTimeoutMs = this.options.getLeaderLeaseTimeoutMs();
+        int aliveCount = 0;
+        long startLease = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        for (final PeerId peer : peers) {
+            if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                aliveCount++;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (checkReplicator) {
+                checkReplicator(peer);
+            }
+            final long lastRpcSendTimestamp = this.replicatorGroup.getLastRpcSendTimestamp(peer);
+            if (monotonicNowMs - lastRpcSendTimestamp <= leaderLeaseTimeoutMs) {
+                aliveCount++;
+                if (startLease > lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                    startLease = lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (deadNodes != null) {
+                deadNodes.addPeer(peer);
+            }
+        }
+        if (aliveCount >= peers.size() / 2 + 1) {
+            updateLastLeaderTimestamp(startLease);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // in read_lock
+    private List<PeerId> getAliveNodes(final List<PeerId> peers, final long monotonicNowMs) {
+        final int leaderLeaseTimeoutMs = this.options.getLeaderLeaseTimeoutMs();
+        final List<PeerId> alivePeers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final PeerId peer : peers) {
+            if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                alivePeers.add(peer.copy());
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (monotonicNowMs - this.replicatorGroup.getLastRpcSendTimestamp(peer) <= leaderLeaseTimeoutMs) {
+                alivePeers.add(peer.copy());
+            }
+        }
+        return alivePeers;
+    }
+
+    private void handleStepDownTimeout() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) > 0) {
+                LOG.debug("Node {} stop step-down timer, term={}, state={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, this.state);
+                return;
+            }
+            final long monotonicNowMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            checkDeadNodes(this.conf.getConf(), monotonicNowMs);
+            if (!this.conf.getOldConf().isEmpty()) {
+                checkDeadNodes(this.conf.getOldConf(), monotonicNowMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configuration changed callback.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-11 2:53:43 PM
+     */
+    private class ConfigurationChangeDone implements Closure {
+        private final long    term;
+        private final boolean leaderStart;
+
+        public ConfigurationChangeDone(final long term, final boolean leaderStart) {
+            super();
+            this.term = term;
+            this.leaderStart = leaderStart;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            if (status.isOk()) {
+                onConfigurationChangeDone(this.term);
+                if (this.leaderStart) {
+                    getOptions().getFsm().onLeaderStart(this.term);
+                }
+            } else {
+                LOG.error("Fail to run ConfigurationChangeDone, status: {}.", status);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void unsafeApplyConfiguration(final Configuration newConf, final Configuration oldConf,
+                                          final boolean leaderStart) {
+        Requires.requireTrue(this.confCtx.isBusy(), "ConfigurationContext is not busy");
+        final LogEntry entry = new LogEntry(EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION);
+        entry.setId(new LogId(0, this.currTerm));
+        entry.setPeers(newConf.listPeers());
+        if (oldConf != null) {
+            entry.setOldPeers(oldConf.listPeers());
+        }
+        final ConfigurationChangeDone configurationChangeDone = new ConfigurationChangeDone(this.currTerm, leaderStart);
+        // Use the new_conf to deal the quorum of this very log
+        if (!this.ballotBox.appendPendingTask(newConf, oldConf, configurationChangeDone)) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(configurationChangeDone, new Status(RaftError.EINTERNAL, "Fail to append task."));
+            return;
+        }
+        final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>();
+        entries.add(entry);
+        this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, new LeaderStableClosure(entries));
+        this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+    }
+
+    private void unsafeRegisterConfChange(final Configuration oldConf, final Configuration newConf, final Closure done) {
+        if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+            LOG.warn("Node {} refused configuration changing as the state={}.", getNodeId(), this.state);
+            if (done != null) {
+                final Status status = new Status();
+                if (this.state == State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) {
+                    status.setError(RaftError.EBUSY, "Is transferring leadership.");
+                } else {
+                    status.setError(RaftError.EPERM, "Not leader");
+                }
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, status);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        // check concurrent conf change
+        if (this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+            LOG.warn("Node {} refused configuration concurrent changing.", getNodeId());
+            if (done != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Doing another configuration change."));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        // Return immediately when the new peers equals to current configuration
+        if (this.conf.getConf().equals(newConf)) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done);
+            return;
+        }
+        this.confCtx.start(oldConf, newConf, done);
+    }
+
+    private void afterShutdown() {
+        List<Closure> savedDoneList = null;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.shutdownContinuations.isEmpty()) {
+                savedDoneList = new ArrayList<>(this.shutdownContinuations);
+            }
+            if (this.logStorage != null) {
+                this.logStorage.shutdown();
+            }
+            this.state = State.STATE_SHUTDOWN;
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (savedDoneList != null) {
+            for (final Closure closure : savedDoneList) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(closure);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NodeOptions getOptions() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    public TimerManager getTimerManager() {
+        return this.timerManager;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RaftOptions getRaftOptions() {
+        return this.raftOptions;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getCurrentTerm() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.currTerm;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ConfigurationEntry getConf() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.conf;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() {
+        shutdown(null);
+    }
+
+    public void onConfigurationChangeDone(final long term) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (term != this.currTerm || this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) > 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} process onConfigurationChangeDone at term {} while state={}, currTerm={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), term, this.state, this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.confCtx.nextStage();
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PeerId getLeaderId() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.leaderId.isEmpty() ? null : this.leaderId;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getGroupId() {
+        return this.groupId;
+    }
+
+    public PeerId getServerId() {
+        return this.serverId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NodeId getNodeId() {
+        if (this.nodeId == null) {
+            this.nodeId = new NodeId(this.groupId, this.serverId);
+        }
+        return this.nodeId;
+    }
+
+    public RaftClientService getRpcService() {
+        return this.rpcService;
+    }
+
+    public void onError(final RaftException error) {
+        LOG.warn("Node {} got error: {}.", getNodeId(), error);
+        if (this.fsmCaller != null) {
+            // onError of fsmCaller is guaranteed to be executed once.
+            this.fsmCaller.onError(error);
+        }
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // If it is leader, need to wake up a new one;
+            // If it is follower, also step down to call on_stop_following.
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_FOLLOWER) <= 0) {
+                stepDown(this.currTerm, this.state == State.STATE_LEADER, new Status(RaftError.EBADNODE,
+                    "Raft node(leader or candidate) is in error."));
+            }
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_ERROR) < 0) {
+                this.state = State.STATE_ERROR;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleRequestVoteResponse(final PeerId peerId, final long term, final RequestVoteResponse response) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_CANDIDATE) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid RequestVoteResponse from {}, state not in STATE_CANDIDATE but {}.",
+                    getNodeId(), peerId, this.state);
+                return;
+            }
+            // check stale term
+            if (term != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received stale RequestVoteResponse from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    peerId, term, this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            // check response term
+            if (response.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid RequestVoteResponse from {}, term={}, expect={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    peerId, response.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                stepDown(response.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Raft node receives higher term request_vote_response."));
+                return;
+            }
+            // check granted quorum?
+            if (response.getGranted()) {
+                this.voteCtx.grant(peerId);
+                if (this.voteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                    becomeLeader();
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class OnRequestVoteRpcDone extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<RequestVoteResponse> {
+
+        final long         startMs;
+        final PeerId       peer;
+        final long         term;
+        final NodeImpl     node;
+        RequestVoteRequest request;
+
+        public OnRequestVoteRpcDone(final PeerId peer, final long term, final NodeImpl node) {
+            super();
+            this.startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            this.peer = peer;
+            this.term = term;
+            this.node = node;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            NodeImpl.this.metrics.recordLatency("request-vote", Utils.monotonicMs() - this.startMs);
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} RequestVote to {} error: {}.", this.node.getNodeId(), this.peer, status);
+            } else {
+                this.node.handleRequestVoteResponse(this.peer, this.term, getResponse());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handlePreVoteResponse(final PeerId peerId, final long term, final RequestVoteResponse response) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid PreVoteResponse from {}, state not in STATE_FOLLOWER but {}.",
+                    getNodeId(), peerId, this.state);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (term != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid PreVoteResponse from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    peerId, term, this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (response.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid PreVoteResponse from {}, term {}, expect={}.", getNodeId(), peerId,
+                    response.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                stepDown(response.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Raft node receives higher term pre_vote_response."));
+                return;
+            }
+            LOG.info("Node {} received PreVoteResponse from {}, term={}, granted={}.", getNodeId(), peerId,
+                response.getTerm(), response.getGranted());
+            // check granted quorum?
+            if (response.getGranted()) {
+                this.prevVoteCtx.grant(peerId);
+                if (this.prevVoteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                    doUnlock = false;
+                    electSelf();
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class OnPreVoteRpcDone extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<RequestVoteResponse> {
+
+        final long         startMs;
+        final PeerId       peer;
+        final long         term;
+        RequestVoteRequest request;
+
+        public OnPreVoteRpcDone(final PeerId peer, final long term) {
+            super();
+            this.startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            this.peer = peer;
+            this.term = term;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            NodeImpl.this.metrics.recordLatency("pre-vote", Utils.monotonicMs() - this.startMs);
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} PreVote to {} error: {}.", getNodeId(), this.peer, status);
+            } else {
+                handlePreVoteResponse(this.peer, this.term, getResponse());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // in writeLock
+    private void preVote() {
+        long oldTerm;
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} term {} start preVote.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            if (this.snapshotExecutor != null && this.snapshotExecutor.isInstallingSnapshot()) {
+                LOG.warn(
+                    "Node {} term {} doesn't do preVote when installing snapshot as the configuration may be out of date.",
+                    getNodeId());
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!this.conf.contains(this.serverId)) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} can't do preVote as it is not in conf <{}>.", getNodeId(), this.conf);
+                return;
+            }
+            oldTerm = this.currTerm;
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+
+        final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // pre_vote need defense ABA after unlock&writeLock
+            if (oldTerm != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} raise term {} when get lastLogId.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.prevVoteCtx.init(this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.isStable() ? null : this.conf.getOldConf());
+            for (final PeerId peer : this.conf.listPeers()) {
+                if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.rpcService.connect(peer.getEndpoint())) {
+                    LOG.warn("Node {} channel init failed, address={}.", getNodeId(), peer.getEndpoint());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                final OnPreVoteRpcDone done = new OnPreVoteRpcDone(peer, this.currTerm);
+                done.request = RequestVoteRequest.newBuilder() //
+                    .setPreVote(true) // it's a pre-vote request.
+                    .setGroupId(this.groupId) //
+                    .setServerId(this.serverId.toString()) //
+                    .setPeerId(peer.toString()) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm + 1) // next term
+                    .setLastLogIndex(lastLogId.getIndex()) //
+                    .setLastLogTerm(lastLogId.getTerm()) //
+                    .build();
+                this.rpcService.preVote(peer.getEndpoint(), done.request, done);
+            }
+            this.prevVoteCtx.grant(this.serverId);
+            if (this.prevVoteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                doUnlock = false;
+                electSelf();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleVoteTimeout() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        if (this.state == State.STATE_CANDIDATE) {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} term {} retry elect.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            electSelf();
+        } else {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isLeader() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.state == State.STATE_LEADER;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown(final Closure done) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} shutdown, currTerm={} state={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, this.state);
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_SHUTTING) < 0) {
+                NodeManager.getInstance().remove(this);
+                // If it is leader, set the wakeup_a_candidate with true;
+                // If it is follower, call on_stop_following in step_down
+                if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_FOLLOWER) <= 0) {
+                    stepDown(this.currTerm, this.state == State.STATE_LEADER,
+                            new Status(RaftError.ESHUTDOWN, "Raft node is going to quit."));
+                }
+                this.state = State.STATE_SHUTTING;
+                // Destroy all timers
+                if (this.electionTimer != null) {
+                    this.electionTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.voteTimer != null) {
+                    this.voteTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.stepDownTimer != null) {
+                    this.stepDownTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.snapshotTimer != null) {
+                    this.snapshotTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.readOnlyService != null) {
+                    this.readOnlyService.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.logManager != null) {
+                    this.logManager.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.metaStorage != null) {
+                    this.metaStorage.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+                    this.snapshotExecutor.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.wakingCandidate != null) {
+                    Replicator.stop(this.wakingCandidate);
+                }
+                if (this.fsmCaller != null) {
+                    this.fsmCaller.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.rpcService != null) {
+                    this.rpcService.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.applyQueue != null) {
+                    Utils.runInThread(() -> {
+                        this.shutdownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+                        this.applyQueue.publishEvent((event, sequence) -> event.shutdownLatch = this.shutdownLatch);
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    final int num = GLOBAL_NUM_NODES.decrementAndGet();
+                    LOG.info("The number of active nodes decrement to {}.", num);
+                }
+                if (this.timerManager != null) {
+                    this.timerManager.shutdown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_SHUTDOWN) {
+                if (done != null) {
+                    this.shutdownContinuations.add(done);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // This node is down, it's ok to invoke done right now. Don't invoke this
+            // in place to avoid the dead writeLock issue when done.Run() is going to acquire
+            // a writeLock which is already held by the caller
+            if (done != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        if (this.shutdownLatch != null) {
+            if (this.readOnlyService != null) {
+                this.readOnlyService.join();
+            }
+            if (this.fsmCaller != null) {
+                this.fsmCaller.join();
+            }
+            if (this.logManager != null) {
+                this.logManager.join();
+            }
+            if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+                this.snapshotExecutor.join();
+            }
+            if (this.wakingCandidate != null) {
+                Replicator.join(this.wakingCandidate);
+            }
+            this.shutdownLatch.await();
+            this.applyDisruptor.shutdown();
+            this.shutdownLatch = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class StopTransferArg {
+        final NodeImpl node;
+        final long     term;
+        final PeerId   peer;
+
+        public StopTransferArg(final NodeImpl node, final long term, final PeerId peer) {
+            super();
+            this.node = node;
+            this.term = term;
+            this.peer = peer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleTransferTimeout(final long term, final PeerId peer) {
+        LOG.info("Node {} failed to transfer leadership to peer {}, reached timeout.", getNodeId(), peer);
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (term == this.currTerm) {
+                this.replicatorGroup.stopTransferLeadership(peer);
+                if (this.state == State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) {
+                    this.fsmCaller.onLeaderStart(term);
+                    this.state = State.STATE_LEADER;
+                    this.stopTransferArg = null;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTransferTimeout(final StopTransferArg arg) {
+        arg.node.handleTransferTimeout(arg.term, arg.peer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve current configuration this node seen so far. It's not a reliable way to
+     * retrieve cluster peers info, you should use {@link #listPeers()} instead.
+     *
+     * @return current configuration.
+     *
+     * @since 1.0.3
+     */
+    public Configuration getCurrentConf() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.conf != null && this.conf.getConf() != null) {
+                return this.conf.getConf().copy();
+            }
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<PeerId> listPeers() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Not leader");
+            }
+            return this.conf.getConf().listPeers();
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<PeerId> listAlivePeers() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Not leader");
+            }
+            return getAliveNodes(this.conf.getConf().getPeers(), Utils.monotonicMs());
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addPeer(final PeerId peer, final Closure done) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(peer, "Null peer");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!this.conf.getConf().contains(peer), "Peer already exists in current configuration");
+
+            final Configuration newConf = new Configuration(this.conf.getConf());
+            newConf.addPeer(peer);
+            unsafeRegisterConfChange(this.conf.getConf(), newConf, done);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removePeer(final PeerId peer, final Closure done) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(peer, "Null peer");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.conf.getConf().contains(peer), "Peer not found in current configuration");
+
+            final Configuration newConf = new Configuration(this.conf.getConf());
+            newConf.removePeer(peer);
+            unsafeRegisterConfChange(this.conf.getConf(), newConf, done);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void changePeers(final Configuration newPeers, final Closure done) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(newPeers, "Null new peers");
+        Requires.requireTrue(!newPeers.isEmpty(), "Empty new peers");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} change peers from {} to {}.", getNodeId(), this.conf.getConf(), newPeers);
+            unsafeRegisterConfChange(this.conf.getConf(), newPeers, done);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status resetPeers(final Configuration newPeers) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(newPeers, "Null new peers");
+        Requires.requireTrue(!newPeers.isEmpty(), "Empty new peers");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (newPeers.isEmpty()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} set empty peers.", getNodeId());
+                return new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "newPeers is empty");
+            }
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is in state {}, can't set peers.", getNodeId(), this.state);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Bad state: %s", this.state);
+            }
+            // bootstrap?
+            if (this.conf.getConf().isEmpty()) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} set peers to {} from empty.", getNodeId(), newPeers);
+                this.conf.setConf(newPeers);
+                stepDown(this.currTerm + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ESETPEER, "Set peer from empty configuration"));
+                return Status.OK();
+            }
+            if (this.state == State.STATE_LEADER && this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} set peers need wait current conf changing.", getNodeId());
+                return new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Changing to another configuration");
+            }
+            // check equal, maybe retry direct return
+            if (this.conf.getConf().equals(newPeers)) {
+                return Status.OK();
+            }
+            final Configuration newConf = new Configuration(newPeers);
+            LOG.info("Node {} set peers from {} to {}.", getNodeId(), this.conf.getConf(), newPeers);
+            this.conf.setConf(newConf);
+            this.conf.getOldConf().reset();
+            stepDown(this.currTerm + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ESETPEER, "Raft node set peer normally"));
+            return Status.OK();
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void snapshot(final Closure done) {
+        doSnapshot(done);
+    }
+
+    private void doSnapshot(final Closure done) {
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+            this.snapshotExecutor.doSnapshot(done);
+        } else {
+            if (done != null) {
+                final Status status = new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Snapshot is not supported");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, status);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetElectionTimeoutMs(final int electionTimeoutMs) {
+        Requires.requireTrue(electionTimeoutMs > 0, "Invalid electionTimeoutMs");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            this.options.setElectionTimeoutMs(electionTimeoutMs);
+            this.replicatorGroup.resetHeartbeatInterval(heartbeatTimeout(this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()));
+            this.replicatorGroup.resetElectionTimeoutInterval(electionTimeoutMs);
+            LOG.info("Node {} reset electionTimeout, currTimer {} state {} new electionTimeout {}.", getNodeId(),
+                this.currTerm, this.state, electionTimeoutMs);
+            this.electionTimer.reset(electionTimeoutMs);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status transferLeadershipTo(final PeerId peer) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(peer, "Null peer");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} can't transfer leadership to peer {} as it is in state {}.", getNodeId(), peer,
+                    this.state);
+                return new Status(this.state == State.STATE_TRANSFERRING ? RaftError.EBUSY : RaftError.EPERM,
+                        "Not a leader");
+            }
+            if (this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+                // It's very messy to deal with the case when the |peer| received
+                // TimeoutNowRequest and increase the term while somehow another leader
+                // which was not replicated with the newest configuration has been
+                // elected. If no add_peer with this very |peer| is to be invoked ever
+                // after nor this peer is to be killed, this peer will spin in the voting
+                // procedure and make the each new leader stepped down when the peer
+                // reached vote timeout and it starts to vote (because it will increase
+                // the term of the group)
+                // To make things simple, refuse the operation and force users to
+                // invoke transfer_leadership_to after configuration changing is
+                // completed so that the peer's configuration is up-to-date when it
+                // receives the TimeOutNowRequest.
+                LOG.warn(
+                    "Node {} refused to transfer leadership to peer {} when the leader is changing the configuration.",
+                    getNodeId(), peer);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Changing the configuration");
+            }
+
+            PeerId peerId = peer.copy();
+            // if peer_id is ANY_PEER(0.0.0.0:0:0), the peer with the largest
+            // last_log_id will be selected.
+            if (peerId.equals(PeerId.ANY_PEER)) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} starts to transfer leadership to any peer.", getNodeId());
+                if ((peerId = this.replicatorGroup.findTheNextCandidate(this.conf)) == null) {
+                    return new Status(-1, "Candidate not found for any peer");
+                }
+            }
+            if (peerId.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} transferred leadership to self.", this.serverId);
+                return Status.OK();
+            }
+            if (!this.conf.contains(peerId)) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} refused to transfer leadership to peer {} as it is not in {}.", getNodeId(), peer,
+                    this.conf);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Not in current configuration");
+            }
+
+            final long lastLogIndex = this.logManager.getLastLogIndex();
+            if (!this.replicatorGroup.transferLeadershipTo(peerId, lastLogIndex)) {
+                LOG.warn("No such peer {}.", peer);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such peer %s", peer);
+            }
+            this.state = State.STATE_TRANSFERRING;
+            final Status status = new Status(RaftError.ETRANSFERLEADERSHIP,
+                "Raft leader is transferring leadership to %s", peerId);
+            onLeaderStop(status);
+            LOG.info("Node {} starts to transfer leadership to peer {}.", getNodeId(), peer);
+            final StopTransferArg stopArg = new StopTransferArg(this, this.currTerm, peerId);
+            this.stopTransferArg = stopArg;
+            this.transferTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTransferTimeout(stopArg),
+                this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        return Status.OK();
+    }
+
+    private void onLeaderStop(final Status status) {
+        this.replicatorGroup.clearFailureReplicators();
+        this.fsmCaller.onLeaderStop(status);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleTimeoutNowRequest(final TimeoutNowRequest request, final RpcRequestClosure done) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (request.getTerm() != this.currTerm) {
+                final long savedCurrTerm = this.currTerm;
+                if (request.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                    stepDown(request.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMREQUEST,
+                        "Raft node receives higher term request"));
+                }
+                LOG.info("Node {} received TimeoutNowRequest from {} while currTerm={} didn't match requestTerm={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getPeerId(), savedCurrTerm, request.getTerm());
+                return TimeoutNowResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} received TimeoutNowRequest from {}, while state={}, term={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId(), this.state, this.currTerm);
+                return TimeoutNowResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            final long savedTerm = this.currTerm;
+            final TimeoutNowResponse resp = TimeoutNowResponse.newBuilder() //
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm + 1) //
+                .setSuccess(true) //
+                .build();
+            // Parallelize response and election
+            done.sendResponse(resp);
+            doUnlock = false;
+            electSelf();
+            LOG.info("Node {} received TimeoutNowRequest from {}, term={}.", getNodeId(), request.getServerId(),
+                savedTerm);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleInstallSnapshot(final InstallSnapshotRequest request, final RpcRequestClosure done) {
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor == null) {
+            return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Not supported snapshot");
+        }
+        final PeerId serverId = new PeerId();
+        if (!serverId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+            LOG.warn("Node {} ignore InstallSnapshotRequest from {} bad server id.", getNodeId(), request.getServerId());
+            return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse serverId failed: %s", request.getServerId());
+        }
+
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} ignore InstallSnapshotRequest as it is not in active state {}.", getNodeId(),
+                    this.state);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s:%s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    this.groupId, this.serverId, this.state.name());
+            }
+
+            if (request.getTerm() < this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} ignore stale InstallSnapshotRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getPeerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                return InstallSnapshotResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            checkStepDown(request.getTerm(), serverId);
+
+            if (!serverId.equals(this.leaderId)) {
+                LOG.error("Another peer {} declares that it is the leader at term {} which was occupied by leader {}.",
+                    serverId, this.currTerm, this.leaderId);
+                // Increase the term by 1 and make both leaders step down to minimize the
+                // loss of split brain
+                stepDown(request.getTerm() + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ELEADERCONFLICT,
+                    "More than one leader in the same term."));
+                return InstallSnapshotResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(request.getTerm() + 1) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        final long startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        try {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info(
+                    "Node {} received InstallSnapshotRequest from {}, lastIncludedLogIndex={}, lastIncludedLogTerm={}, lastLogId={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex(), request.getMeta()
+                        .getLastIncludedTerm(), this.logManager.getLastLogId(false));
+            }
+            this.snapshotExecutor.installSnapshot(request, InstallSnapshotResponse.newBuilder(), done);
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            this.metrics.recordLatency("install-snapshot", Utils.monotonicMs() - startMs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void updateConfigurationAfterInstallingSnapshot() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void stopReplicator(final List<PeerId> keep, final List<PeerId> drop) {
+        if (drop != null) {
+            for (final PeerId peer : drop) {
+                if (!keep.contains(peer) && !peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                    this.replicatorGroup.stopReplicator(peer);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public UserLog readCommittedUserLog(final long index) {
+        if (index <= 0) {
+            throw new LogIndexOutOfBoundsException("Request index is invalid: " + index);
+        }
+
+        final long savedLastAppliedIndex = this.fsmCaller.getLastAppliedIndex();
+
+        if (index > savedLastAppliedIndex) {
+            throw new LogIndexOutOfBoundsException("Request index " + index + " is greater than lastAppliedIndex: "
+                                                   + savedLastAppliedIndex);
+        }
+
+        long curIndex = index;
+        LogEntry entry = this.logManager.getEntry(curIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            throw new LogNotFoundException("User log is deleted at index: " + index);
+        }
+
+        do {
+            if (entry.getType() == EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_DATA) {
+                return new UserLog(curIndex, entry.getData());
+            } else {
+                curIndex++;
+            }
+            if (curIndex > savedLastAppliedIndex) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("No user log between index:" + index + " and last_applied_index:"
+                                                + savedLastAppliedIndex);
+            }
+            entry = this.logManager.getEntry(curIndex);
+        } while (entry != null);
+
+        throw new LogNotFoundException("User log is deleted at index: " + curIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addReplicatorStateListener(final Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener replicatorStateListener) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorStateListener, "replicatorStateListener");
+        this.replicatorStateListeners.add(replicatorStateListener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeReplicatorStateListener(final Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener replicatorStateListener) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorStateListener, "replicatorStateListener");
+        this.replicatorStateListeners.remove(replicatorStateListener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearReplicatorStateListeners() {
+        this.replicatorStateListeners.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener> getReplicatorStatueListeners() {
+        return this.replicatorStateListeners;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void describe(final Printer out) {
+        // node
+        final String _nodeId;
+        final String _state;
+        final long _currTerm;
+        final String _conf;
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            _nodeId = String.valueOf(getNodeId());
+            _state = String.valueOf(this.state);
+            _currTerm = this.currTerm;
+            _conf = String.valueOf(this.conf);
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+        out.print("nodeId: ") //
+            .println(_nodeId);
+        out.print("state: ") //
+            .println(_state);
+        out.print("term: ") //
+            .println(_currTerm);
+        out.print("conf: ") //
+            .println(_conf);
+
+        // timers
+        out.println("electionTimer: ");
+        this.electionTimer.describe(out);
+
+        out.println("voteTimer: ");
+        this.voteTimer.describe(out);
+
+        out.println("stepDownTimer: ");
+        this.stepDownTimer.describe(out);
+
+        out.println("snapshotTimer: ");
+        this.snapshotTimer.describe(out);
+
+        // logManager
+        out.println("logManager: ");
+        this.logManager.describe(out);
+
+        // fsmCaller
+        out.println("fsmCaller: ");
+        this.fsmCaller.describe(out);
+
+        // ballotBox
+        out.println("ballotBox: ");
+        this.ballotBox.describe(out);
+
+        // snapshotExecutor
+        out.println("snapshotExecutor: ");
+        this.snapshotExecutor.describe(out);
+
+        // replicators
+        out.println("replicatorGroup: ");
+        this.replicatorGroup.describe(out);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "JRaftNode [nodeId=" + getNodeId() + "]";
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.NodeImpl.shutdown` reads with synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.NodeImpl.electionTimer`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `NodeImpl.init(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NodeImpl.shutdown(Closure)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.NodeImpl.shutdown(com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Closure):void.a5f33d4af16042ae72f80f411c7e72c5
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/NodeImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+NodeImpl.java|shutdown|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+23c528e539cd5a9a96cd1400a291e5ad
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9213/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9213/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f932aee31114b0ff0d394fc87ede5ea9283b6e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9213/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1670 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotReader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Gauge;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Metric;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricSet;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.google.protobuf.ZeroByteStringHelper;
+
+/**
+ * Replicator for replicating log entry from leader to followers.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-04 10:32:02 AM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class Replicator implements ThreadId.OnError {
+
+    private static final Logger              LOG                    = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Replicator.class);
+
+    private final RaftClientService          rpcService;
+    // Next sending log index
+    private volatile long                    nextIndex;
+    private int                              consecutiveErrorTimes  = 0;
+    private boolean                          hasSucceeded;
+    private long                             timeoutNowIndex;
+    private volatile long                    lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    private volatile long                    heartbeatCounter       = 0;
+    private volatile long                    appendEntriesCounter   = 0;
+    private volatile long                    installSnapshotCounter = 0;
+    protected Stat                           statInfo               = new Stat();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               blockTimer;
+
+    // Cached the latest RPC in-flight request.
+    private Inflight                         rpcInFly;
+    // Heartbeat RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  heartbeatInFly;
+    // Timeout request RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  timeoutNowInFly;
+    // In-flight RPC requests, FIFO queue
+    private final ArrayDeque<Inflight>       inflights              = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+    private long                             waitId                 = -1L;
+    protected ThreadId                       id;
+    private final ReplicatorOptions          options;
+    private final RaftOptions                raftOptions;
+
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               heartbeatTimer;
+    private volatile SnapshotReader          reader;
+    private CatchUpClosure                   catchUpClosure;
+    private final TimerManager               timerManager;
+    private final NodeMetrics                nodeMetrics;
+    private volatile State                   state;
+
+    // Request sequence
+    private int                              reqSeq                 = 0;
+    // Response sequence
+    private int                              requiredNextSeq        = 0;
+    // Replicator state reset version
+    private int                              version                = 0;
+
+    // Pending response queue;
+    private final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> pendingResponses       = new PriorityQueue<>(50);
+
+    private int getAndIncrementReqSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.reqSeq;
+        this.reqSeq++;
+        if (this.reqSeq < 0) {
+            this.reqSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    private int getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.requiredNextSeq;
+        this.requiredNextSeq++;
+        if (this.requiredNextSeq < 0) {
+            this.requiredNextSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator state
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    public enum State {
+        Probe, // probe follower state
+        Snapshot, // installing snapshot to follower
+        Replicate, // replicate logs normally
+        Destroyed // destroyed
+    }
+
+    public Replicator(final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOptions, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        super();
+        this.options = replicatorOptions;
+        this.nodeMetrics = this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics();
+        this.nextIndex = this.options.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.timerManager = replicatorOptions.getTimerManager();
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.rpcService = replicatorOptions.getRaftRpcService();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator metric set.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    private static final class ReplicatorMetricSet implements MetricSet {
+        private final ReplicatorOptions opts;
+        private final Replicator        r;
+
+        private ReplicatorMetricSet(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final Replicator r) {
+            this.opts = opts;
+            this.r = r;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Map<String, Metric> getMetrics() {
+            final Map<String, Metric> gauges = new HashMap<>();
+            gauges.put("log-lags", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.opts.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() - (this.r.nextIndex - 1));
+            gauges.put("next-index", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.nextIndex);
+            gauges.put("heartbeat-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.heartbeatCounter);
+            gauges.put("install-snapshot-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.installSnapshotCounter);
+            gauges.put("append-entries-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.appendEntriesCounter);
+            return gauges;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal state
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:45 AM
+     */
+    enum RunningState {
+        IDLE, // idle
+        BLOCKING, // blocking state
+        APPENDING_ENTRIES, // appending log entries
+        INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT // installing snapshot
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Statistics structure
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:53 AM
+     */
+    static class Stat {
+        RunningState runningState;
+        long         firstLogIndex;
+        long         lastLogIncluded;
+        long         lastLogIndex;
+        long         lastTermIncluded;
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "<running=" + this.runningState + ", firstLogIndex=" + this.firstLogIndex + ", lastLogIncluded="
+                   + this.lastLogIncluded + ", lastLogIndex=" + this.lastLogIndex + ", lastTermIncluded="
+                   + this.lastTermIncluded + ">";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // In-flight request type
+    enum RequestType {
+        Snapshot, //install snapshot
+        AppendEntries //replicate logs
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In-flight request.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class Inflight {
+        // In-flight request count
+        final int             count;
+        // Start log index
+        final long            startIndex;
+        // Entries size in bytes
+        final int             size;
+        // RPC future
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture;
+        final RequestType     requestType;
+        // Request sequence.
+        final int             seq;
+
+        public Inflight(final RequestType requestType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                        final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcFuture) {
+            super();
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.requestType = requestType;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.startIndex = startIndex;
+            this.size = size;
+            this.rpcFuture = rpcFuture;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Inflight [count=" + this.count + ", startIndex=" + this.startIndex + ", size=" + this.size
+                   + ", rpcFuture=" + this.rpcFuture + ", requestType=" + this.requestType + ", seq=" + this.seq + "]";
+        }
+
+        boolean isSendingLogEntries() {
+            return this.requestType == RequestType.AppendEntries && this.count > 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * RPC response for AppendEntries/InstallSnapshot.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class RpcResponse implements Comparable<RpcResponse> {
+        final Status      status;
+        final Message     request;
+        final Message     response;
+        final long        rpcSendTime;
+        final int         seq;
+        final RequestType requestType;
+
+        public RpcResponse(final RequestType reqType, final int seq, final Status status, final Message request,
+                           final Message response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+            super();
+            this.requestType = reqType;
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.status = status;
+            this.request = request;
+            this.response = response;
+            this.rpcSendTime = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "RpcResponse [status=" + this.status + ", request=" + this.request + ", response=" + this.response
+                   + ", rpcSendTime=" + this.rpcSendTime + ", seq=" + this.seq + ", requestType=" + this.requestType
+                   + "]";
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sort by sequence.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(final RpcResponse o) {
+            return Integer.compare(this.seq, o.seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ArrayDeque<Inflight> getInflights() {
+        return this.inflights;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    State getState() {
+        return this.state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setState(final State state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getReqSeq() {
+        return this.reqSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getRequiredNextSeq() {
+        return this.requiredNextSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getVersion() {
+        return this.version;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    public PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> getPendingResponses() {
+        return this.pendingResponses;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getWaitId() {
+        return this.waitId;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getBlockTimer() {
+        return this.blockTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getTimeoutNowIndex() {
+        return this.timeoutNowIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ReplicatorOptions getOpts() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getRealNextIndex() {
+        return this.nextIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcInFly() {
+        if (this.rpcInFly == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.rpcInFly.rpcFuture;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getHeartbeatInFly() {
+        return this.heartbeatInFly;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getHeartbeatTimer() {
+        return this.heartbeatTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setHasSucceeded() {
+        this.hasSucceeded = true;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getTimeoutNowInFly() {
+        return this.timeoutNowInFly;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a in-flight request
+     * @param reqType   type of request
+     * @param count     count if request
+     * @param size      size in bytes
+     */
+    private void addInflight(final RequestType reqType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                             final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcInfly) {
+        this.rpcInFly = new Inflight(reqType, startIndex, count, size, seq, rpcInfly);
+        this.inflights.add(this.rpcInFly);
+        this.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-inflights-count", this.inflights.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the next in-flight sending index, return -1 when can't send more in-flight requests.
+     *
+     * @return next in-flight sending index
+     */
+    long getNextSendIndex() {
+        // Fast path
+        if (this.inflights.isEmpty()) {
+            return this.nextIndex;
+        }
+        // Too many in-flight requests.
+        if (this.inflights.size() > this.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+        // Last request should be a AppendEntries request and has some entries.
+        if (this.rpcInFly != null && this.rpcInFly.isSendingLogEntries()) {
+            return this.rpcInFly.startIndex + this.rpcInFly.count;
+        }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    private Inflight pollInflight() {
+        return this.inflights.poll();
+    }
+
+    private void startHeartbeatTimer(final long startMs) {
+        final long dueTime = startMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            this.heartbeatTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to schedule heartbeat timer", e);
+            onTimeout(this.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void installSnapshot() {
+        if (this.state == State.Snapshot) {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} is installing snapshot, ignore the new request.", this.options.getPeerId());
+            this.id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.reader == null,
+                "Replicator %s already has a snapshot reader, current state is %s", this.options.getPeerId(),
+                this.state);
+            this.reader = this.options.getSnapshotStorage().open();
+            if (this.reader == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to open snapshot"));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final String uri = this.reader.generateURIForCopy();
+            if (uri == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to generate uri for snapshot reader"));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final RaftOutter.SnapshotMeta meta = this.reader.load();
+            if (meta == null) {
+                final String snapshotPath = this.reader.getPath();
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to load meta from %s", snapshotPath));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder rb = InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+            rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+            rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+            rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+            rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+            rb.setMeta(meta);
+            rb.setUri(uri);
+
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT;
+            this.statInfo.lastLogIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedIndex();
+            this.statInfo.lastTermIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedTerm();
+
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest request = rb.build();
+            this.state = State.Snapshot;
+            // noinspection NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField
+            this.installSnapshotCounter++;
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final int stateVersion = this.version;
+            final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+            final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.installSnapshot(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                request, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<InstallSnapshotResponse>() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void run(final Status status) {
+                        onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.Snapshot, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                            stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                    }
+                });
+            addInflight(RequestType.Snapshot, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static boolean onInstallSnapshotReturned(final ThreadId id, final Replicator r, final Status status,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotRequest request,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotResponse response) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        if (r.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(r.reader);
+            r.reader = null;
+        }
+        // noinspection ConstantConditions
+        do {
+            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received InstallSnapshotResponse from ").append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedIndex=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedTerm=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedTerm());
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                sb.append(" error:").append(status);
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to install snapshot at peer={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(), status);
+                }
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+                sb.append(" success=false");
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            //success
+            r.nextIndex = request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex() + 1;
+            sb.append(" success=true");
+            LOG.info(sb.toString());
+        } while (false);
+        // We don't retry installing the snapshot explicitly.
+        // id is unlock in sendEntries
+        if (!success) {
+            //should reset states
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.block(Utils.nowMs(), status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(0, false);
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        // id is unlock in _send_entriesheartbeatCounter
+        r.state = State.Replicate;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        this.sendEmptyEntries(isHeartbeat, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send probe or heartbeat request
+     * @param isHeartbeat       if current entries is heartbeat
+     * @param heartBeatClosure  heartbeat callback
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField")
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat,
+                                  final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartBeatClosure) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, this.nextIndex - 1, isHeartbeat)) {
+            // id is unlock in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            if (isHeartbeat && heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(heartBeatClosure, new Status(RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "Fail to send heartbeat to peer %s", this.options.getPeerId()));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+
+            if (isHeartbeat) {
+                // Sending a heartbeat request
+                this.heartbeatCounter++;
+                RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartbeatDone;
+                // Prefer passed-in closure.
+                if (heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                    heartbeatDone = heartBeatClosure;
+                } else {
+                    heartbeatDone = new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onHeartbeatReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                this.heartbeatInFly = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request,
+                    this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() / 2, heartbeatDone);
+            } else {
+                // Sending a probe request.
+                this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+                this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = this.nextIndex;
+                this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = this.nextIndex - 1;
+                this.appendEntriesCounter++;
+                this.state = State.Probe;
+                final int stateVersion = this.version;
+                final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+                final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                    request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request,
+                                getResponse(), seq, stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+
+                    });
+
+                addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} send HeartbeatRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {}", this.options.getNode()
+                .getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(), request.getCommittedIndex());
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean prepareEntry(final long nextSendingIndex, final int offset, final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb,
+                         final ByteBufferCollector dateBuffer) {
+        if (dateBuffer.capacity() >= this.raftOptions.getMaxBodySize()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final long logIndex = nextSendingIndex + offset;
+        final LogEntry entry = this.options.getLogManager().getEntry(logIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        emb.setTerm(entry.getId().getTerm());
+        if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+            emb.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); //since 1.2.6
+        }
+        emb.setType(entry.getType());
+        if (entry.getPeers() != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!entry.getPeers().isEmpty(), "Empty peers at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+            for (final PeerId peer : entry.getPeers()) {
+                emb.addPeers(peer.toString());
+            }
+            if (entry.getOldPeers() != null) {
+                for (final PeerId peer : entry.getOldPeers()) {
+                    emb.addOldPeers(peer.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            Requires.requireTrue(entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION,
+                "Empty peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+        }
+        final int remaining = entry.getData() != null ? entry.getData().remaining() : 0;
+        emb.setDataLen(remaining);
+        if (entry.getData() != null) {
+            //should slice entry data
+            dateBuffer.put(entry.getData().slice());
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static ThreadId start(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        if (opts.getLogManager() == null || opts.getBallotBox() == null || opts.getNode() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ReplicatorOptions.");
+        }
+        final Replicator r = new Replicator(opts, raftOptions);
+        if (!r.rpcService.connect(opts.getPeerId().getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init sending channel to {}", opts.getPeerId());
+            //Return and it will be retried later.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        //Register replicator metric set.
+        final MetricRegistry metricRegistry = opts.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry();
+        if (metricRegistry != null) {
+            try {
+                final String replicatorMetricName = getReplicatorMetricName(opts);
+                if (!metricRegistry.getNames().contains(replicatorMetricName)) {
+                    metricRegistry.register(replicatorMetricName, new ReplicatorMetricSet(opts, r));
+                }
+            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                //ignore
+            }
+        }
+
+        //Start replication
+        r.id = new ThreadId(r, r);
+        r.id.lock();
+        LOG.info("Replicator={}@{} is started", r.id, r.options.getPeerId());
+        r.catchUpClosure = null;
+        r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        r.startHeartbeatTimer(Utils.nowMs());
+        //id.unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        return r.id;
+    }
+
+    private static String getReplicatorMetricName(final ReplicatorOptions opts) {
+        return "replicator-" + opts.getNode().getGroupId() + "/" + opts.getPeerId();
+    }
+
+    public static void waitForCaughtUp(final ThreadId id, final long maxMargin, final long dueTime, final CatchUpClosure done) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such replicator"));
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.catchUpClosure != null) {
+                LOG.error("Previous wait_for_caught_up is not over");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Duplicated call"));
+                return;
+            }
+            done.setMaxMargin(maxMargin);
+            if (dueTime > 0) {
+                done.setTimer(r.timerManager.schedule(() -> onCatchUpTimedOut(id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            }
+            r.catchUpClosure = done;
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Replicator [state=" + this.state + ", statInfo=" + this.statInfo + ",peerId="
+               + this.options.getPeerId() + "]";
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            continueSending(id, RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unblock and continue sending right now.
+     */
+    static void unBlockAndSendNow(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // It was destroyed already
+            return;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                if (r.blockTimer.cancel(true)) {
+                    onBlockTimeout(id);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean continueSending(final ThreadId id, final int errCode) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            //It was destroyed already
+            return true;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.waitId = -1;
+        if (errCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            // Send empty entries after block timeout to check the correct
+            // _next_index otherwise the replicator is likely waits in            executor.shutdown();
+            // _wait_more_entries and no further logs would be replicated even if the
+            // last_index of this followers is less than |next_index - 1|
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        } else if (errCode != RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            // id is unlock in _send_entries
+            r.sendEntries();
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} stops sending entries.", id);
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeout(final ThreadId arg) {
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(arg));
+    }
+
+    void block(final long startTimeMs, @SuppressWarnings("unused") final int errorCode) {
+        // TODO: Currently we don't care about error_code which indicates why the
+        // very RPC fails. To make it better there should be different timeout for
+        // each individual error (e.g. we don't need check every
+        // heartbeat_timeout_ms whether a dead follower has come back), but it's just
+        // fine now.
+        final long dueTime = startTimeMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Blocking {} for {} ms", this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs());
+            this.blockTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onBlockTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.BLOCKING;
+            this.id.unlock();
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add timer", e);
+            // id unlock in sendEmptyEntries.
+            sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onError(final ThreadId id, final Object data, final int errorCode) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) data;
+        if (errorCode == RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            for (final Inflight inflight : r.inflights) {
+                if (inflight != r.rpcInFly) {
+                    inflight.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                }
+            }
+            if (r.rpcInFly != null) {
+                r.rpcInFly.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                r.rpcInFly = null;
+            }
+            if (r.heartbeatInFly != null) {
+                r.heartbeatInFly.cancel(true);
+                r.heartbeatInFly = null;
+            }
+            if (r.timeoutNowInFly != null) {
+                r.timeoutNowInFly.cancel(true);
+                r.timeoutNowInFly = null;
+            }
+            if (r.heartbeatTimer != null) {
+                r.heartbeatTimer.cancel(true);
+                r.heartbeatTimer = null;
+            }
+            if (r.waitId >= 0) {
+                r.options.getLogManager().removeWaiter(r.waitId);
+            }
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(errorCode, true);
+            r.destroy();
+        } else if (errorCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            id.unlock();
+            Utils.runInThread(() -> sendHeartbeat(id));
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            Requires.requireTrue(false, "Unknown error code for replicator: " + errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void onCatchUpTimedOut(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber(), false);
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyOnCaughtUp(final int code, final boolean beforeDestroy) {
+        if (this.catchUpClosure == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (code != RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            if (this.nextIndex - 1 + this.catchUpClosure.getMaxMargin() < this.options.getLogManager()
+                .getLastLogIndex()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.catchUpClosure.setErrorWasSet(true);
+            if (code != 0) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.hasTimer()) {
+                if (!beforeDestroy && !this.catchUpClosure.getTimer().cancel(true)) {
+                    // There's running timer task, let timer task trigger
+                    // on_caught_up to void ABA problem
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            //timed out
+            if (!this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+        }
+        final CatchUpClosure savedClosure = this.catchUpClosure;
+        this.catchUpClosure = null;
+        Utils.runClosureInThread(savedClosure, savedClosure.getStatus());
+    }
+
+    private static void onTimeout(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            id.setError(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator id is null when timeout, maybe it's destroyed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void destroy() {
+        final ThreadId savedId = this.id;
+        LOG.info("Replicator {} is going to quit", savedId);
+        this.id = null;
+        if (this.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(this.reader);
+            this.reader = null;
+        }
+        // Unregister replicator metric set
+        if (this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry() != null) {
+            this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry().remove(getReplicatorMetricName(this.options));
+        }
+        this.state = State.Destroyed;
+        savedId.unlockAndDestroy();
+    }
+
+    static void onHeartbeatReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                    final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // replicator already was destroyed.
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+            StringBuilder sb = null;
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                    append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                    append(" received HeartbeatResponse from "). //
+                    append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                    append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                    append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm());
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                r.state = State.Probe;
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                        r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+                }
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("ContinueOrBreakFromFinallyBlock")
+    static void onRpcReturned(final ThreadId id, final RequestType reqType, final Status status, final Message request,
+                              final Message response, final int seq, final int stateVersion, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (stateVersion != r.version) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Replicator {} ignored old version response {}, current version is {}, request is {}\n, and response is {}\n, status is {}.",
+                r, stateVersion, r.version, request, response, status);
+            id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> holdingQueue = r.pendingResponses;
+        holdingQueue.add(new RpcResponse(reqType, seq, status, request, response, rpcSendTime));
+
+        if (holdingQueue.size() > r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            LOG.warn("Too many pending responses {} for replicator {}, maxReplicatorInflightMsgs={}",
+                holdingQueue.size(), r.options.getPeerId(), r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean continueSendEntries = false;
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Replicator ").append(r).append(" is processing RPC responses,");
+        }
+        try {
+            int processed = 0;
+            while (!holdingQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                final RpcResponse queuedPipelinedResponse = holdingQueue.peek();
+
+                //sequence mismatch, waiting for next response.
+                if (queuedPipelinedResponse.seq != r.requiredNextSeq) {
+                    if (processed > 0) {
+                        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                            sb.append("has processed ").append(processed).append(" responses,");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        //Do not processed any responses, UNLOCK id and return.
+                        continueSendEntries = false;
+                        id.unlock();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                holdingQueue.remove();
+                processed++;
+                final Inflight inflight = r.pollInflight();
+                if (inflight == null) {
+                    // The previous in-flight requests were cleared.
+                    if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                        sb.append("ignore response because request not found:").append(queuedPipelinedResponse)
+                            .append(",\n");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (inflight.seq != queuedPipelinedResponse.seq) {
+                    // reset state
+                    LOG.warn(
+                        "Replicator {} response sequence out of order, expect {}, but it is {}, reset state to try again.",
+                        r, inflight.seq, queuedPipelinedResponse.seq);
+                    r.resetInflights();
+                    r.state = State.Probe;
+                    continueSendEntries = false;
+                    r.block(Utils.nowMs(), RaftError.EREQUEST.getNumber());
+                    return;
+                }
+                try {
+                    switch (queuedPipelinedResponse.requestType) {
+                        case AppendEntries:
+                            continueSendEntries = onAppendEntriesReturned(id, inflight, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (AppendEntriesRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (AppendEntriesResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response, rpcSendTime, startTimeMs, r);
+                            break;
+                        case Snapshot:
+                            continueSendEntries = onInstallSnapshotReturned(id, r, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (InstallSnapshotRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (InstallSnapshotResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (continueSendEntries) {
+                        // Success, increase the response sequence.
+                        r.getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq();
+                    } else {
+                        // The id is already unlocked in onAppendEntriesReturned/onInstallSnapshotReturned, we SHOULD break out.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(", after processed, continue to send entries: ").append(continueSendEntries);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (continueSendEntries) {
+                // unlock in sendEntries.
+                r.sendEntries();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset in-flight state.
+     */
+    void resetInflights() {
+        this.version++;
+        this.inflights.clear();
+        this.pendingResponses.clear();
+        final int rs = Math.max(this.reqSeq, this.requiredNextSeq);
+        this.reqSeq = this.requiredNextSeq = rs;
+        if (this.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(this.reader);
+            this.reader = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean onAppendEntriesReturned(final ThreadId id, final Inflight inflight, final Status status,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime,
+                                                   final long startTimeMs, final Replicator r) {
+        if (inflight.startIndex != request.getPrevLogIndex() + 1) {
+            LOG.warn(
+                "Replicator {} received invalid AppendEntriesResponse, in-flight startIndex={}, requset prevLogIndex={}, reset the replicator state and probe again.",
+                r, inflight.startIndex, request.getPrevLogIndex());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            //unlock id in sendEmptyEntries
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        //record metrics
+        if (request.getEntriesCount() > 0) {
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordLatency("replicate-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - rpcSendTime);
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-count", request.getEntriesCount());
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-bytes", request.getData() != null ? request.getData().size()
+                : 0);
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received AppendEntriesResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm()). //
+                append(" count=").append(request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            // If the follower crashes, any RPC to the follower fails immediately,
+            // so we need to block the follower for a while instead of looping until
+            // it comes back or be removed
+            // dummy_id is unlock in block
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                    r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+            }
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            //unlock in in block
+            r.block(startTimeMs, status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+        if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, find nextIndex remote lastLogIndex ").append(response.getLastLogIndex())
+                    .append(" local nextIndex ").append(r.nextIndex);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            //Fail, reset the state to try again from nextIndex.
+            r.resetInflights();
+            // prev_log_index and prev_log_term doesn't match
+            if (response.getLastLogIndex() + 1 < r.nextIndex) {
+                LOG.debug("LastLogIndex at peer={} is {}", r.options.getPeerId(), response.getLastLogIndex());
+                // The peer contains less logs than leader
+                r.nextIndex = response.getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+            } else {
+                // The peer contains logs from old term which should be truncated,
+                // decrease _last_log_at_peer by one to test the right index to keep
+                if (r.nextIndex > 1) {
+                    LOG.debug("logIndex={} dismatch", r.nextIndex);
+                    r.nextIndex--;
+                } else {
+                    LOG.error("Peer={} declares that log at index=0 doesn't match, which is not supposed to happen",
+                        r.options.getPeerId());
+                }
+            }
+            // dummy_id is unlock in _send_heartbeat
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(", success");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        // success
+        if (response.getTerm() != r.options.getTerm()) {
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            LOG.error("Fail, response term {} dismatch, expect term {}", response.getTerm(), r.options.getTerm());
+            id.unlock();
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+            r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+        final int entriesSize = request.getEntriesCount();
+        if (entriesSize > 0) {
+            r.options.getBallotBox().commitAt(r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1, r.options.getPeerId());
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Replicated logs in [{}, {}] to peer {}", r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1,
+                    r.options.getPeerId());
+            }
+        } else {
+            //The request is probe request, change the state into Replicate.
+            r.state = State.Replicate;
+        }
+        r.nextIndex += entriesSize;
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(0, false);
+        // dummy_id is unlock in _send_entries
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean fillCommonFields(final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb, long prevLogIndex, final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        final long prevLogTerm = this.options.getLogManager().getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+        if (prevLogTerm == 0 && prevLogIndex != 0) {
+            if (!isHeartbeat) {
+                Requires.requireTrue(prevLogIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex());
+                LOG.debug("logIndex={} was compacted", prevLogIndex);
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                // The log at prev_log_index has been compacted, which indicates
+                // we is or is going to install snapshot to the follower. So we let
+                // both prev_log_index and prev_log_term be 0 in the heartbeat
+                // request so that follower would do nothing besides updating its
+                // leader timestamp.
+                prevLogIndex = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        rb.setPrevLogIndex(prevLogIndex);
+        rb.setPrevLogTerm(prevLogTerm);
+        rb.setCommittedIndex(this.options.getBallotBox().getLastCommittedIndex());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void waitMoreEntries(final long nextWaitIndex) {
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} waits more entries", this.options.getNode().getNodeId());
+            if (this.waitId >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.waitId = this.options.getLogManager().wait(nextWaitIndex - 1,
+                (arg, errorCode) -> continueSending((ThreadId) arg, errorCode), this.id);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.IDLE;
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send as many requests as possible.
+     */
+    void sendEntries() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            long prevSendIndex = -1;
+            while (true) {
+                final long nextSendingIndex = getNextSendIndex();
+                if (nextSendingIndex > prevSendIndex) {
+                    if (sendEntries(nextSendingIndex)) {
+                        prevSendIndex = nextSendingIndex;
+                    } else {
+                        doUnlock = false;
+                        // id already unlock in sendEntries when it returns false.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send log entries to follower, returns true when success, otherwise false and unlock the id.
+     *
+     * @param nextSendingIndex next sending index
+     * @return send result.
+     */
+    private boolean sendEntries(final long nextSendingIndex) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, nextSendingIndex - 1, false)) {
+            //unlock id in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final int maxEntriesSize = this.raftOptions.getMaxEntriesSize();
+        final ByteBufferCollector dataBuffer = ByteBufferCollector.allocate();
+        for (int i = 0; i < maxEntriesSize; i++) {
+            final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb = RaftOutter.EntryMeta.newBuilder();
+            if (!prepareEntry(nextSendingIndex, i, emb, dataBuffer)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            rb.addEntries(emb.build());
+        }
+        if (rb.getEntriesCount() == 0) {
+            if (nextSendingIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex()) {
+                installSnapshot();
+                return false;
+            }
+            // _id is unlock in _wait_more
+            waitMoreEntries(nextSendingIndex);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (dataBuffer.capacity() > 0) {
+            final ByteBuffer buf = dataBuffer.getBuffer();
+            buf.flip();
+            rb.setData(ZeroByteStringHelper.wrap(buf));
+        }
+        final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Node {} send AppendEntriesRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {} prevLogIndex {} prevLogTerm {} logIndex {} count {}",
+                this.options.getNode().getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(),
+                request.getCommittedIndex(), request.getPrevLogIndex(), request.getPrevLogTerm(), nextSendingIndex,
+                request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+        this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + rb.getEntriesCount();
+
+        final int v = this.version;
+        final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+            request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                        v, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                }
+
+            });
+        addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, nextSendingIndex, request.getEntriesCount(), request.getData().size(),
+            seq, rpcFuture);
+        return true;
+
+    }
+
+    public static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id, final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> closure) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(closure, new Status(RaftError.EHOSTDOWN, "Peer %s is not connected", id));
+            return;
+        }
+        //id unlock in send empty entries.
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true, closure);
+    }
+
+    private static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        //unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        this.sendTimeoutNow(unlockId, stopAfterFinish, -1);
+    }
+
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb = TimeoutNowRequest.newBuilder();
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        try {
+            if (!stopAfterFinish) {
+                // This RPC is issued by transfer_leadership, save this call_id so that
+                // the RPC can be cancelled by stop.
+                this.timeoutNowInFly = timeoutNow(rb, false, timeoutMs);
+                this.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+            } else {
+                timeoutNow(rb, true, timeoutMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (unlockId) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Future<Message> timeoutNow(final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb, final boolean stopAfterFinish,
+                                       final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest request = rb.build();
+        return this.rpcService.timeoutNow(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request, timeoutMs,
+            new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<TimeoutNowResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    if (Replicator.this.id != null) {
+                        onTimeoutNowReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), stopAfterFinish);
+                    }
+                }
+
+            });
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static void onTimeoutNowReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final TimeoutNowRequest request,
+                                     final TimeoutNowResponse response, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received TimeoutNowResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail:").append(status);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (stopAfterFinish) {
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+            } else {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(response.getSuccess() ? " success" : " fail");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+            final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+            node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                "Leader receives higher term timeout_now_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (stopAfterFinish) {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stop(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.setError(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean join(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.join();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getLastRpcSendTimestamp(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.getData();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        return r.lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean transferLeadership(final ThreadId id, final long logIndex) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // dummy is unlock in _transfer_leadership
+        return r.transferLeadership(logIndex);
+    }
+
+    private boolean transferLeadership(final long logIndex) {
+        if (this.hasSucceeded && this.nextIndex > logIndex) {
+            // _id is unlock in _send_timeout_now
+            this.sendTimeoutNow(true, false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Register log_index so that _on_rpc_return trigger
+        // _send_timeout_now if _next_index reaches log_index
+        this.timeoutNowIndex = logIndex;
+        this.id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stopTransferLeadership(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+        id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean sendTimeoutNowAndStop(final ThreadId id, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // id unlock in sendTimeoutNow
+        r.sendTimeoutNow(true, true, timeoutMs);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getNextIndex(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        long nextIdx = 0;
+        if (r.hasSucceeded) {
+            nextIdx = r.nextIndex;
+        }
+        id.unlock();
+        return nextIdx;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected call to method of un-annotated interface com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.NonReentrantLock. Consider annotating the class with `@ThreadSafe`, adding a lock, or using an interface that is known to be thread-safe.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Replicator.destroy()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.destroy():void.7d6a56b93dd19c576109b0cec5680863
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/Replicator.java
+
+### Key:
+Replicator.java|destroy|INTERFACE_NOT_THREAD_SAFE
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+69cee80e132faa0d291907132991707b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Interface Not Thread Safe
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9214/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9214/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc1ae154d72f093d30a2234c152a2736572c6e88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9214/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+
+/**
+ * Copy session based on bolt framework.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-08 12:01:23 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BoltSession implements Session {
+
+    private static final Logger          LOG  = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BoltSession.class);
+
+    private final Lock                   lock;
+    private final Status                 st;
+    private final RaftClientService      rpcService;
+    private int                          retryTimes;
+    private boolean                      finished;
+    private ByteBufferCollector          destBuf;
+    private CopyOptions                  copyOptions;
+    private GetFileRequest.Builder       requestBuilder;
+    private final CountDownLatch         finishLatch;
+    private OutputStream                 outputStream;
+    private final Endpoint               endpoint;
+    private final GetFileResponseClosure done = new GetFileResponseClosure();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>           timer;
+    private String                       destPath;
+    private final RaftOptions            raftOptions;
+    private Future<Message>              rpcCall;
+    private final TimerManager           timerManager;
+    private final SnapshotThrottle       snapshotThrottle;
+
+    /**
+     * Get file response closure to answer client.
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-13 4:50:21 PM
+     */
+    private class GetFileResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<GetFileResponse> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(Status status) {
+            onRpcReturned(status, getResponse());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestPath(String destPath) {
+        this.destPath = destPath;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    GetFileResponseClosure getDone() {
+        return this.done;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcCall() {
+        return this.rpcCall;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getTimer() {
+        return this.timer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.finished) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BoltSession(RaftClientService rpcService, TimerManager timerManager, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle,
+                       RaftOptions raftOptions, GetFileRequest.Builder rb, Endpoint ep) {
+        super();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.timerManager = timerManager;
+        this.rpcService = rpcService;
+        this.requestBuilder = rb;
+        this.retryTimes = 0;
+        this.copyOptions = new CopyOptions();
+        this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        this.endpoint = ep;
+        this.st = Status.OK();
+        this.finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestBuf(ByteBufferCollector bufRef) {
+        this.destBuf = bufRef;
+    }
+
+    public void setCopyOptions(CopyOptions copyOptions) {
+        this.copyOptions = copyOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this.outputStream = out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.timer != null) {
+                this.timer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (this.rpcCall != null) {
+                this.rpcCall.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                st.setError(RaftError.ECANCELED, RaftError.ECANCELED.name());
+            }
+
+            this.onFinished();
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.finishLatch.await();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() {
+        return st;
+    }
+
+    private void onFinished() {
+        if (!this.finished) {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+                this.outputStream = null;
+            }
+            if (this.destBuf != null) {
+                final ByteBuffer buf = this.destBuf.getBuffer();
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.flip();
+                }
+                this.destBuf = null;
+            }
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.finishLatch.countDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTimer() {
+        Utils.runInThread(this::sendNextRpc);
+    }
+
+    void onRpcReturned(Status status, GetFileResponse response) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                if (status.getCode() == RaftError.ECANCELED.getNumber()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Throttled reading failure does not increase _retry_times
+                if (status.getCode() != RaftError.EAGAIN.getNumber()
+                    && ++this.retryTimes >= this.copyOptions.getMaxRetry()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.retryTimes = 0;
+            Requires.requireNonNull(response, "response");
+            // Reset count to |real_read_size| to make next rpc get the right offset
+            if (response.hasReadSize() && response.getReadSize() != 0) {
+                this.requestBuilder.setCount(response.getReadSize());
+            }
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    response.getData().writeTo(outputStream);
+                } catch (final IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to write into file {}", this.destPath);
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EIO, RaftError.EIO.name());
+                    this.onFinished();
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                final byte[] data = response.getData().toByteArray();
+                this.destBuf.put(data);
+            }
+            if (response.getEof()) {
+                onFinished();
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+        this.sendNextRpc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send next RPC request to get a piece of file data.
+     */
+    void sendNextRpc() {
+        this.timer = null;
+        final long offset = requestBuilder.getOffset() + requestBuilder.getCount();
+        final long maxCount = this.destBuf == null ? raftOptions.getMaxByteCountPerRpc() : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        this.requestBuilder = requestBuilder.setOffset(offset).setCount(maxCount).setReadPartly(true);
+        this.lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // throttle
+            long newMaxCount = maxCount;
+            if (this.snapshotThrottle != null) {
+                newMaxCount = snapshotThrottle.throttledByThroughput(maxCount);
+                if (newMaxCount == 0) {
+                    // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                    this.requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                    this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            this.requestBuilder.setCount(newMaxCount);
+            LOG.debug("Send get file request {} to peer {}", this.requestBuilder.build(), this.endpoint);
+            this.rpcCall = this.rpcService.getFile(endpoint, this.requestBuilder.build(),
+                this.copyOptions.getTimeoutMs(), done);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.cancel` reads with synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.timer`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `BoltSession.sendNextRpc()`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoltSession.cancel()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.cancel():void.680b882c9cc64a426afc7e2496c72dc9
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/BoltSession.java
+
+### Key:
+BoltSession.java|cancel|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+81abf346f102c065d1968e6005279354
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9215/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9215/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6e3323956da3b77bf9757dbf15413834302c28b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9215/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+
+/**
+ * Copy session based on bolt framework.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-08 12:01:23 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BoltSession implements Session {
+
+    private static final Logger          LOG  = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BoltSession.class);
+
+    private final Lock                   lock;
+    private final Status                 st;
+    private final RaftClientService      rpcService;
+    private int                          retryTimes;
+    private boolean                      finished;
+    private ByteBufferCollector          destBuf;
+    private CopyOptions                  copyOptions;
+    private GetFileRequest.Builder       requestBuilder;
+    private final CountDownLatch         finishLatch;
+    private OutputStream                 outputStream;
+    private final Endpoint               endpoint;
+    private final GetFileResponseClosure done = new GetFileResponseClosure();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>           timer;
+    private String                       destPath;
+    private final RaftOptions            raftOptions;
+    private Future<Message>              rpcCall;
+    private final TimerManager           timerManager;
+    private final SnapshotThrottle       snapshotThrottle;
+
+    /**
+     * Get file response closure to answer client.
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-13 4:50:21 PM
+     */
+    private class GetFileResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<GetFileResponse> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(Status status) {
+            onRpcReturned(status, getResponse());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestPath(String destPath) {
+        this.destPath = destPath;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    GetFileResponseClosure getDone() {
+        return this.done;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcCall() {
+        return this.rpcCall;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getTimer() {
+        return this.timer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.finished) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BoltSession(RaftClientService rpcService, TimerManager timerManager, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle,
+                       RaftOptions raftOptions, GetFileRequest.Builder rb, Endpoint ep) {
+        super();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.timerManager = timerManager;
+        this.rpcService = rpcService;
+        this.requestBuilder = rb;
+        this.retryTimes = 0;
+        this.copyOptions = new CopyOptions();
+        this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        this.endpoint = ep;
+        this.st = Status.OK();
+        this.finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestBuf(ByteBufferCollector bufRef) {
+        this.destBuf = bufRef;
+    }
+
+    public void setCopyOptions(CopyOptions copyOptions) {
+        this.copyOptions = copyOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this.outputStream = out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.timer != null) {
+                this.timer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (this.rpcCall != null) {
+                this.rpcCall.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                st.setError(RaftError.ECANCELED, RaftError.ECANCELED.name());
+            }
+
+            this.onFinished();
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.finishLatch.await();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() {
+        return st;
+    }
+
+    private void onFinished() {
+        if (!this.finished) {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+                this.outputStream = null;
+            }
+            if (this.destBuf != null) {
+                final ByteBuffer buf = this.destBuf.getBuffer();
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.flip();
+                }
+                this.destBuf = null;
+            }
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.finishLatch.countDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTimer() {
+        Utils.runInThread(this::sendNextRpc);
+    }
+
+    void onRpcReturned(Status status, GetFileResponse response) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                if (status.getCode() == RaftError.ECANCELED.getNumber()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Throttled reading failure does not increase _retry_times
+                if (status.getCode() != RaftError.EAGAIN.getNumber()
+                    && ++this.retryTimes >= this.copyOptions.getMaxRetry()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.retryTimes = 0;
+            Requires.requireNonNull(response, "response");
+            // Reset count to |real_read_size| to make next rpc get the right offset
+            if (response.hasReadSize() && response.getReadSize() != 0) {
+                this.requestBuilder.setCount(response.getReadSize());
+            }
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    response.getData().writeTo(outputStream);
+                } catch (final IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to write into file {}", this.destPath);
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EIO, RaftError.EIO.name());
+                    this.onFinished();
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                final byte[] data = response.getData().toByteArray();
+                this.destBuf.put(data);
+            }
+            if (response.getEof()) {
+                onFinished();
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+        this.sendNextRpc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send next RPC request to get a piece of file data.
+     */
+    void sendNextRpc() {
+        this.timer = null;
+        final long offset = requestBuilder.getOffset() + requestBuilder.getCount();
+        final long maxCount = this.destBuf == null ? raftOptions.getMaxByteCountPerRpc() : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        this.requestBuilder = requestBuilder.setOffset(offset).setCount(maxCount).setReadPartly(true);
+        this.lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // throttle
+            long newMaxCount = maxCount;
+            if (this.snapshotThrottle != null) {
+                newMaxCount = snapshotThrottle.throttledByThroughput(maxCount);
+                if (newMaxCount == 0) {
+                    // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                    this.requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                    this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            this.requestBuilder.setCount(newMaxCount);
+            LOG.debug("Send get file request {} to peer {}", this.requestBuilder.build(), this.endpoint);
+            this.rpcCall = this.rpcService.getFile(endpoint, this.requestBuilder.build(),
+                this.copyOptions.getTimeoutMs(), done);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc` indirectly writes to field `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.requestBuilder.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests$GetFileRequest$Builder.bitField0_` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoltSession.sendNextRpc()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.sendNextRpc():void.df8bf8734eb44ec2bca56be19a43f342
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/BoltSession.java
+
+### Key:
+BoltSession.java|sendNextRpc|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+96daf072f05480bec2e6c48192626200
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9223/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9223/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15b468f9cba1f00e509fb4bc69b7b9c52755d124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9223/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1803 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Node;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotReader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Recyclable;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecyclableByteBufferList;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RecycleUtil;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Gauge;
+import com.codahale.metrics.Metric;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
+import com.codahale.metrics.MetricSet;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.google.protobuf.ZeroByteStringHelper;
+
+/**
+ * Replicator for replicating log entry from leader to followers.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-04 10:32:02 AM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class Replicator implements ThreadId.OnError {
+
+    private static final Logger              LOG                    = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Replicator.class);
+
+    private final RaftClientService          rpcService;
+    // Next sending log index
+    private volatile long                    nextIndex;
+    private int                              consecutiveErrorTimes  = 0;
+    private boolean                          hasSucceeded;
+    private long                             timeoutNowIndex;
+    private volatile long                    lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    private volatile long                    heartbeatCounter       = 0;
+    private volatile long                    appendEntriesCounter   = 0;
+    private volatile long                    installSnapshotCounter = 0;
+    protected Stat                           statInfo               = new Stat();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               blockTimer;
+
+    // Cached the latest RPC in-flight request.
+    private Inflight                         rpcInFly;
+    // Heartbeat RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  heartbeatInFly;
+    // Timeout request RPC future
+    private Future<Message>                  timeoutNowInFly;
+    // In-flight RPC requests, FIFO queue
+    private final ArrayDeque<Inflight>       inflights              = new ArrayDeque<>();
+
+    private long                             waitId                 = -1L;
+    protected ThreadId                       id;
+    private final ReplicatorOptions          options;
+    private final RaftOptions                raftOptions;
+
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>               heartbeatTimer;
+    private volatile SnapshotReader          reader;
+    private CatchUpClosure                   catchUpClosure;
+    private final TimerManager               timerManager;
+    private final NodeMetrics                nodeMetrics;
+    private volatile State                   state;
+
+    // Request sequence
+    private int                              reqSeq                 = 0;
+    // Response sequence
+    private int                              requiredNextSeq        = 0;
+    // Replicator state reset version
+    private int                              version                = 0;
+
+    // Pending response queue;
+    private final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> pendingResponses       = new PriorityQueue<>(50);
+
+    private int getAndIncrementReqSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.reqSeq;
+        this.reqSeq++;
+        if (this.reqSeq < 0) {
+            this.reqSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    private int getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq() {
+        final int prev = this.requiredNextSeq;
+        this.requiredNextSeq++;
+        if (this.requiredNextSeq < 0) {
+            this.requiredNextSeq = 0;
+        }
+        return prev;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator state
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    public enum State {
+        Probe, // probe follower state
+        Snapshot, // installing snapshot to follower
+        Replicate, // replicate logs normally
+        Destroyed // destroyed
+    }
+
+    public Replicator(final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOptions, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        super();
+        this.options = replicatorOptions;
+        this.nodeMetrics = this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics();
+        this.nextIndex = this.options.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.timerManager = replicatorOptions.getTimerManager();
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.rpcService = replicatorOptions.getRaftRpcService();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Replicator metric set.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    private static final class ReplicatorMetricSet implements MetricSet {
+        private final ReplicatorOptions opts;
+        private final Replicator        r;
+
+        private ReplicatorMetricSet(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final Replicator r) {
+            this.opts = opts;
+            this.r = r;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Map<String, Metric> getMetrics() {
+            final Map<String, Metric> gauges = new HashMap<>();
+            gauges.put("log-lags",
+                (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.opts.getLogManager().getLastLogIndex() - (this.r.nextIndex - 1));
+            gauges.put("next-index", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.nextIndex);
+            gauges.put("heartbeat-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.heartbeatCounter);
+            gauges.put("install-snapshot-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.installSnapshotCounter);
+            gauges.put("append-entries-times", (Gauge<Long>) () -> this.r.appendEntriesCounter);
+            return gauges;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Internal state
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:45 AM
+     */
+    enum RunningState {
+        IDLE, // idle
+        BLOCKING, // blocking state
+        APPENDING_ENTRIES, // appending log entries
+        INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT // installing snapshot
+    }
+
+    enum ReplicatorEvent {
+        CREATED, // created
+        ERROR, // error
+        DESTROYED // destroyed
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * User can implement the ReplicatorStateListener interface by themselves.
+     * So they can do some their own logic codes when replicator created, destroyed or had some errors.
+     *
+     * @author zongtanghu
+     *
+     * 2019-Aug-20 2:32:10 PM
+     */
+    public interface ReplicatorStateListener {
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been created.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onCreated(final PeerId peer);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has some errors.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         * @param status replicator's error detailed status
+         */
+        void onError(final PeerId peer, final Status status);
+
+        /**
+         * Called when this replicator has been destroyed.
+         *
+         * @param peer   replicator related peerId
+         */
+        void onDestroyed(final PeerId peer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     * @param status        replicator's error detailed status
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event, final Status status) {
+        final ReplicatorOptions replicatorOpts = Requires.requireNonNull(replicator.getOpts(), "replicatorOptions");
+        final Node node = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getNode(), "node");
+        final PeerId peer = Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorOpts.getPeerId(), "peer");
+
+        final List<ReplicatorStateListener> listenerList = node.getReplicatorStatueListeners();
+        for (int i = 0; i < listenerList.size(); i++) {
+            final ReplicatorStateListener listener = listenerList.get(i);
+            if(listener != null) {
+                try {
+                    switch (event) {
+                        case CREATED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onCreated(peer));
+                            break;
+                        case ERROR:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onError(peer, status));
+                            break;
+                        case DESTROYED:
+                            Utils.runInThread(() -> listener.onDestroyed(peer));
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } catch (final Exception e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to notify ReplicatorStatusListener, listener={}, event={}.", listener, event);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Notify replicator event(such as created, error, destroyed) to replicatorStateListener which is implemented by users for none status.
+     *
+     * @param replicator    replicator object
+     * @param event         replicator's state listener event type
+     */
+    private static void notifyReplicatorStatusListener(final Replicator replicator, final ReplicatorEvent event) {
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(replicator, event, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Statistics structure
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-04 10:38:53 AM
+     */
+    static class Stat {
+        RunningState runningState;
+        long         firstLogIndex;
+        long         lastLogIncluded;
+        long         lastLogIndex;
+        long         lastTermIncluded;
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "<running=" + this.runningState + ", firstLogIndex=" + this.firstLogIndex + ", lastLogIncluded="
+                   + this.lastLogIncluded + ", lastLogIndex=" + this.lastLogIndex + ", lastTermIncluded="
+                   + this.lastTermIncluded + ">";
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // In-flight request type
+    enum RequestType {
+        Snapshot, // install snapshot
+        AppendEntries // replicate logs
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In-flight request.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class Inflight {
+        // In-flight request count
+        final int             count;
+        // Start log index
+        final long            startIndex;
+        // Entries size in bytes
+        final int             size;
+        // RPC future
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture;
+        final RequestType     requestType;
+        // Request sequence.
+        final int             seq;
+
+        public Inflight(final RequestType requestType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                        final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcFuture) {
+            super();
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.requestType = requestType;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.startIndex = startIndex;
+            this.size = size;
+            this.rpcFuture = rpcFuture;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Inflight [count=" + this.count + ", startIndex=" + this.startIndex + ", size=" + this.size
+                   + ", rpcFuture=" + this.rpcFuture + ", requestType=" + this.requestType + ", seq=" + this.seq + "]";
+        }
+
+        boolean isSendingLogEntries() {
+            return this.requestType == RequestType.AppendEntries && this.count > 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * RPC response for AppendEntries/InstallSnapshot.
+     * @author dennis
+     *
+     */
+    static class RpcResponse implements Comparable<RpcResponse> {
+        final Status      status;
+        final Message     request;
+        final Message     response;
+        final long        rpcSendTime;
+        final int         seq;
+        final RequestType requestType;
+
+        public RpcResponse(final RequestType reqType, final int seq, final Status status, final Message request,
+                           final Message response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+            super();
+            this.requestType = reqType;
+            this.seq = seq;
+            this.status = status;
+            this.request = request;
+            this.response = response;
+            this.rpcSendTime = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "RpcResponse [status=" + this.status + ", request=" + this.request + ", response=" + this.response
+                   + ", rpcSendTime=" + this.rpcSendTime + ", seq=" + this.seq + ", requestType=" + this.requestType
+                   + "]";
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sort by sequence.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(final RpcResponse o) {
+            return Integer.compare(this.seq, o.seq);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ArrayDeque<Inflight> getInflights() {
+        return this.inflights;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    State getState() {
+        return this.state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setState(final State state) {
+        this.state = state;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getReqSeq() {
+        return this.reqSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getRequiredNextSeq() {
+        return this.requiredNextSeq;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    int getVersion() {
+        return this.version;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    public PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> getPendingResponses() {
+        return this.pendingResponses;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getWaitId() {
+        return this.waitId;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getBlockTimer() {
+        return this.blockTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getTimeoutNowIndex() {
+        return this.timeoutNowIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ReplicatorOptions getOpts() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getRealNextIndex() {
+        return this.nextIndex;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcInFly() {
+        if (this.rpcInFly == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        return this.rpcInFly.rpcFuture;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getHeartbeatInFly() {
+        return this.heartbeatInFly;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getHeartbeatTimer() {
+        return this.heartbeatTimer;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    void setHasSucceeded() {
+        this.hasSucceeded = true;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getTimeoutNowInFly() {
+        return this.timeoutNowInFly;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a in-flight request
+     * @param reqType   type of request
+     * @param count     count if request
+     * @param size      size in bytes
+     */
+    private void addInflight(final RequestType reqType, final long startIndex, final int count, final int size,
+                             final int seq, final Future<Message> rpcInfly) {
+        this.rpcInFly = new Inflight(reqType, startIndex, count, size, seq, rpcInfly);
+        this.inflights.add(this.rpcInFly);
+        this.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-inflights-count", this.inflights.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the next in-flight sending index, return -1 when can't send more in-flight requests.
+     *
+     * @return next in-flight sending index
+     */
+    long getNextSendIndex() {
+        // Fast path
+        if (this.inflights.isEmpty()) {
+            return this.nextIndex;
+        }
+        // Too many in-flight requests.
+        if (this.inflights.size() > this.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            return -1L;
+        }
+        // Last request should be a AppendEntries request and has some entries.
+        if (this.rpcInFly != null && this.rpcInFly.isSendingLogEntries()) {
+            return this.rpcInFly.startIndex + this.rpcInFly.count;
+        }
+        return -1L;
+    }
+
+    private Inflight pollInflight() {
+        return this.inflights.poll();
+    }
+
+    private void startHeartbeatTimer(final long startMs) {
+        final long dueTime = startMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            this.heartbeatTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to schedule heartbeat timer", e);
+            onTimeout(this.id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void installSnapshot() {
+        if (this.state == State.Snapshot) {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} is installing snapshot, ignore the new request.", this.options.getPeerId());
+            this.id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.reader == null,
+                "Replicator %s already has a snapshot reader, current state is %s", this.options.getPeerId(),
+                this.state);
+            this.reader = this.options.getSnapshotStorage().open();
+            if (this.reader == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to open snapshot"));
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final String uri = this.reader.generateURIForCopy();
+            if (uri == null) {
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to generate uri for snapshot reader"));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final RaftOutter.SnapshotMeta meta = this.reader.load();
+            if (meta == null) {
+                final String snapshotPath = this.reader.getPath();
+                final NodeImpl node = this.options.getNode();
+                final RaftException error = new RaftException(EnumOutter.ErrorType.ERROR_TYPE_SNAPSHOT);
+                error.setStatus(new Status(RaftError.EIO, "Fail to load meta from %s", snapshotPath));
+                releaseReader();
+                this.id.unlock();
+                doUnlock = false;
+                node.onError(error);
+                return;
+            }
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest.Builder rb = InstallSnapshotRequest.newBuilder();
+            rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+            rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+            rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+            rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+            rb.setMeta(meta);
+            rb.setUri(uri);
+
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.INSTALLING_SNAPSHOT;
+            this.statInfo.lastLogIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedIndex();
+            this.statInfo.lastTermIncluded = meta.getLastIncludedTerm();
+
+            final InstallSnapshotRequest request = rb.build();
+            this.state = State.Snapshot;
+            // noinspection NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField
+            this.installSnapshotCounter++;
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final int stateVersion = this.version;
+            final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+            final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.installSnapshot(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                request, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<InstallSnapshotResponse>() {
+
+                    @Override
+                    public void run(final Status status) {
+                        onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.Snapshot, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                            stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                    }
+                });
+            addInflight(RequestType.Snapshot, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static boolean onInstallSnapshotReturned(final ThreadId id, final Replicator r, final Status status,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotRequest request,
+                                             final InstallSnapshotResponse response) {
+        boolean success = true;
+        r.releaseReader();
+        // noinspection ConstantConditions
+        do {
+            final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received InstallSnapshotResponse from ").append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedIndex=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex()). //
+                append(" lastIncludedTerm=").append(request.getMeta().getLastIncludedTerm());
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                sb.append(" error:").append(status);
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to install snapshot at peer={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(), status);
+                }
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+                sb.append(" success=false");
+                LOG.info(sb.toString());
+                success = false;
+                break;
+            }
+            // success
+            r.nextIndex = request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex() + 1;
+            sb.append(" success=true");
+            LOG.info(sb.toString());
+        } while (false);
+        // We don't retry installing the snapshot explicitly.
+        // id is unlock in sendEntries
+        if (!success) {
+            //should reset states
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.block(Utils.nowMs(), status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        // id is unlock in _send_entriesheartbeatCounter
+        r.state = State.Replicate;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        sendEmptyEntries(isHeartbeat, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send probe or heartbeat request
+     * @param isHeartbeat      if current entries is heartbeat
+     * @param heartBeatClosure heartbeat callback
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("NonAtomicOperationOnVolatileField")
+    private void sendEmptyEntries(final boolean isHeartbeat,
+                                  final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartBeatClosure) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, this.nextIndex - 1, isHeartbeat)) {
+            // id is unlock in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            if (isHeartbeat && heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(heartBeatClosure, new Status(RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "Fail to send heartbeat to peer %s", this.options.getPeerId()));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+
+            if (isHeartbeat) {
+                // Sending a heartbeat request
+                this.heartbeatCounter++;
+                RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> heartbeatDone;
+                // Prefer passed-in closure.
+                if (heartBeatClosure != null) {
+                    heartbeatDone = heartBeatClosure;
+                } else {
+                    heartbeatDone = new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onHeartbeatReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                this.heartbeatInFly = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request,
+                    this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() / 2, heartbeatDone);
+            } else {
+                // Sending a probe request.
+                this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+                this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = this.nextIndex;
+                this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = this.nextIndex - 1;
+                this.appendEntriesCounter++;
+                this.state = State.Probe;
+                final int stateVersion = this.version;
+                final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+                final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+                    request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                        @Override
+                        public void run(final Status status) {
+                            onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request,
+                                getResponse(), seq, stateVersion, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                        }
+
+                    });
+
+                addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, this.nextIndex, 0, 0, seq, rpcFuture);
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} send HeartbeatRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {}", this.options.getNode()
+                .getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(), request.getCommittedIndex());
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean prepareEntry(final long nextSendingIndex, final int offset, final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb,
+                         final RecyclableByteBufferList dateBuffer) {
+        if (dateBuffer.getCapacity() >= this.raftOptions.getMaxBodySize()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        final long logIndex = nextSendingIndex + offset;
+        final LogEntry entry = this.options.getLogManager().getEntry(logIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        emb.setTerm(entry.getId().getTerm());
+        if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+            emb.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); //since 1.2.6
+        }
+        emb.setType(entry.getType());
+        if (entry.getPeers() != null) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!entry.getPeers().isEmpty(), "Empty peers at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+            for (final PeerId peer : entry.getPeers()) {
+                emb.addPeers(peer.toString());
+            }
+            if (entry.getOldPeers() != null) {
+                for (final PeerId peer : entry.getOldPeers()) {
+                    emb.addOldPeers(peer.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            Requires.requireTrue(entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION,
+                "Empty peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type at logIndex=%d", logIndex);
+        }
+        final int remaining = entry.getData() != null ? entry.getData().remaining() : 0;
+        emb.setDataLen(remaining);
+        if (entry.getData() != null) {
+            // should slice entry data
+            dateBuffer.add(entry.getData().slice());
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static ThreadId start(final ReplicatorOptions opts, final RaftOptions raftOptions) {
+        if (opts.getLogManager() == null || opts.getBallotBox() == null || opts.getNode() == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid ReplicatorOptions.");
+        }
+        final Replicator r = new Replicator(opts, raftOptions);
+        if (!r.rpcService.connect(opts.getPeerId().getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init sending channel to {}.", opts.getPeerId());
+            // Return and it will be retried later.
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Register replicator metric set.
+        final MetricRegistry metricRegistry = opts.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry();
+        if (metricRegistry != null) {
+            try {
+                final String replicatorMetricName = getReplicatorMetricName(opts);
+                if (!metricRegistry.getNames().contains(replicatorMetricName)) {
+                    metricRegistry.register(replicatorMetricName, new ReplicatorMetricSet(opts, r));
+                }
+            } catch (final IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                // ignore
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Start replication
+        r.id = new ThreadId(r, r);
+        r.id.lock();
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.CREATED);
+        LOG.info("Replicator={}@{} is started", r.id, r.options.getPeerId());
+        r.catchUpClosure = null;
+        r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        r.startHeartbeatTimer(Utils.nowMs());
+        // id.unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        return r.id;
+    }
+
+    private static String getReplicatorMetricName(final ReplicatorOptions opts) {
+        return "replicator-" + opts.getNode().getGroupId() + "/" + opts.getPeerId();
+    }
+
+    public static void waitForCaughtUp(final ThreadId id, final long maxMargin, final long dueTime,
+                                       final CatchUpClosure done) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such replicator"));
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.catchUpClosure != null) {
+                LOG.error("Previous wait_for_caught_up is not over");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Duplicated call"));
+                return;
+            }
+            done.setMaxMargin(maxMargin);
+            if (dueTime > 0) {
+                done.setTimer(r.timerManager.schedule(() -> onCatchUpTimedOut(id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS));
+            }
+            r.catchUpClosure = done;
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Replicator [state=" + this.state + ", statInfo=" + this.statInfo + ",peerId="
+               + this.options.getPeerId() + "]";
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            continueSending(id, RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unblock and continue sending right now.
+     */
+    static void unBlockAndSendNow(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // It was destroyed already
+            return;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                if (r.blockTimer.cancel(true)) {
+                    onBlockTimeout(id);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean continueSending(final ThreadId id, final int errCode) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            //It was destroyed already
+            return true;
+        }
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.waitId = -1;
+        if (errCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            // Send empty entries after block timeout to check the correct
+            // _next_index otherwise the replicator is likely waits in            executor.shutdown();
+            // _wait_more_entries and no further logs would be replicated even if the
+            // last_index of this followers is less than |next_index - 1|
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        } else if (errCode != RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            // id is unlock in _send_entries
+            r.sendEntries();
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator {} stops sending entries.", id);
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    static void onBlockTimeout(final ThreadId arg) {
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> onBlockTimeoutInNewThread(arg));
+    }
+
+    void block(final long startTimeMs, @SuppressWarnings("unused") final int errorCode) {
+        // TODO: Currently we don't care about error_code which indicates why the
+        // very RPC fails. To make it better there should be different timeout for
+        // each individual error (e.g. we don't need check every
+        // heartbeat_timeout_ms whether a dead follower has come back), but it's just
+        // fine now.
+        final long dueTime = startTimeMs + this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs();
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Blocking {} for {} ms", this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getDynamicHeartBeatTimeoutMs());
+            this.blockTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onBlockTimeout(this.id), dueTime - Utils.nowMs(),
+                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.BLOCKING;
+            this.id.unlock();
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add timer", e);
+            // id unlock in sendEmptyEntries.
+            sendEmptyEntries(false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void onError(final ThreadId id, final Object data, final int errorCode) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) data;
+        if (errorCode == RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber()) {
+            try {
+                for (final Inflight inflight : r.inflights) {
+                    if (inflight != r.rpcInFly) {
+                        inflight.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (r.rpcInFly != null) {
+                    r.rpcInFly.rpcFuture.cancel(true);
+                    r.rpcInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatInFly != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.timeoutNowInFly != null) {
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly.cancel(true);
+                    r.timeoutNowInFly = null;
+                }
+                if (r.heartbeatTimer != null) {
+                    r.heartbeatTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.heartbeatTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.blockTimer != null) {
+                    r.blockTimer.cancel(true);
+                    r.blockTimer = null;
+                }
+                if (r.waitId >= 0) {
+                    r.options.getLogManager().removeWaiter(r.waitId);
+                }
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(errorCode, true);
+            } finally {
+                r.destroy();
+            }
+        } else if (errorCode == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            id.unlock();
+            Utils.runInThread(() -> sendHeartbeat(id));
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            Requires.requireTrue(false, "Unknown error code for replicator: " + errorCode);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void onCatchUpTimedOut(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber(), false);
+        } finally {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void notifyOnCaughtUp(final int code, final boolean beforeDestroy) {
+        if (this.catchUpClosure == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (code != RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()) {
+            if (this.nextIndex - 1 + this.catchUpClosure.getMaxMargin() < this.options.getLogManager()
+                .getLastLogIndex()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.catchUpClosure.setErrorWasSet(true);
+            if (code != RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+            if (this.catchUpClosure.hasTimer()) {
+                if (!beforeDestroy && !this.catchUpClosure.getTimer().cancel(true)) {
+                    // There's running timer task, let timer task trigger
+                    // on_caught_up to void ABA problem
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            // timed out
+            if (!this.catchUpClosure.isErrorWasSet()) {
+                this.catchUpClosure.getStatus().setError(code, RaftError.describeCode(code));
+            }
+        }
+        final CatchUpClosure savedClosure = this.catchUpClosure;
+        this.catchUpClosure = null;
+        Utils.runClosureInThread(savedClosure, savedClosure.getStatus());
+    }
+
+    private static void onTimeout(final ThreadId id) {
+        if (id != null) {
+            id.setError(RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber());
+        } else {
+            LOG.warn("Replicator id is null when timeout, maybe it's destroyed.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    void destroy() {
+        final ThreadId savedId = this.id;
+        LOG.info("Replicator {} is going to quit", savedId);
+        this.id = null;
+        releaseReader();
+        // Unregister replicator metric set
+        if (this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().isEnabled()) {
+            this.options.getNode().getNodeMetrics().getMetricRegistry().remove(getReplicatorMetricName(this.options));
+        }
+        this.state = State.Destroyed;
+        notifyReplicatorStatusListener((Replicator) savedId.getData(), ReplicatorEvent.DESTROYED);
+        savedId.unlockAndDestroy();
+    }
+
+    private void releaseReader() {
+        if (this.reader != null) {
+            Utils.closeQuietly(this.reader);
+            this.reader = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void onHeartbeatReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                    final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            // replicator already was destroyed.
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+            StringBuilder sb = null;
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                    append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                    append(" received HeartbeatResponse from "). //
+                    append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                    append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                    append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm());
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                r.state = State.Probe;
+                notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+                if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                    LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                        r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+                }
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!response.getSuccess() && response.hasLastLogIndex()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, response term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" lastLogIndex ")
+                        .append(response.getLastLogIndex());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                LOG.warn("Heartbeat to peer {} failure, try to send a probe request.", r.options.getPeerId());
+                doUnlock = false;
+                r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+                r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            r.startHeartbeatTimer(startTimeMs);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("ContinueOrBreakFromFinallyBlock")
+    static void onRpcReturned(final ThreadId id, final RequestType reqType, final Status status, final Message request,
+                              final Message response, final int seq, final int stateVersion, final long rpcSendTime) {
+        if (id == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        final long startTimeMs = Utils.nowMs();
+        Replicator r;
+        if ((r = (Replicator) id.lock()) == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (stateVersion != r.version) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Replicator {} ignored old version response {}, current version is {}, request is {}\n, and response is {}\n, status is {}.",
+                r, stateVersion, r.version, request, response, status);
+            id.unlock();
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final PriorityQueue<RpcResponse> holdingQueue = r.pendingResponses;
+        holdingQueue.add(new RpcResponse(reqType, seq, status, request, response, rpcSendTime));
+
+        if (holdingQueue.size() > r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs()) {
+            LOG.warn("Too many pending responses {} for replicator {}, maxReplicatorInflightMsgs={}",
+                holdingQueue.size(), r.options.getPeerId(), r.raftOptions.getMaxReplicatorInflightMsgs());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        boolean continueSendEntries = false;
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Replicator ").append(r).append(" is processing RPC responses,");
+        }
+        try {
+            int processed = 0;
+            while (!holdingQueue.isEmpty()) {
+                final RpcResponse queuedPipelinedResponse = holdingQueue.peek();
+
+                // Sequence mismatch, waiting for next response.
+                if (queuedPipelinedResponse.seq != r.requiredNextSeq) {
+                    if (processed > 0) {
+                        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                            sb.append("has processed ").append(processed).append(" responses,");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    } else {
+                        // Do not processed any responses, UNLOCK id and return.
+                        continueSendEntries = false;
+                        id.unlock();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                holdingQueue.remove();
+                processed++;
+                final Inflight inflight = r.pollInflight();
+                if (inflight == null) {
+                    // The previous in-flight requests were cleared.
+                    if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                        sb.append("ignore response because request not found:").append(queuedPipelinedResponse)
+                            .append(",\n");
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (inflight.seq != queuedPipelinedResponse.seq) {
+                    // reset state
+                    LOG.warn(
+                        "Replicator {} response sequence out of order, expect {}, but it is {}, reset state to try again.",
+                        r, inflight.seq, queuedPipelinedResponse.seq);
+                    r.resetInflights();
+                    r.state = State.Probe;
+                    continueSendEntries = false;
+                    r.block(Utils.nowMs(), RaftError.EREQUEST.getNumber());
+                    return;
+                }
+                try {
+                    switch (queuedPipelinedResponse.requestType) {
+                        case AppendEntries:
+                            continueSendEntries = onAppendEntriesReturned(id, inflight, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (AppendEntriesRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (AppendEntriesResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response, rpcSendTime, startTimeMs, r);
+                            break;
+                        case Snapshot:
+                            continueSendEntries = onInstallSnapshotReturned(id, r, queuedPipelinedResponse.status,
+                                (InstallSnapshotRequest) queuedPipelinedResponse.request,
+                                (InstallSnapshotResponse) queuedPipelinedResponse.response);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    if (continueSendEntries) {
+                        // Success, increase the response sequence.
+                        r.getAndIncrementRequiredNextSeq();
+                    } else {
+                        // The id is already unlocked in onAppendEntriesReturned/onInstallSnapshotReturned, we SHOULD break out.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(", after processed, continue to send entries: ").append(continueSendEntries);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (continueSendEntries) {
+                // unlock in sendEntries.
+                r.sendEntries();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reset in-flight state.
+     */
+    void resetInflights() {
+        this.version++;
+        this.inflights.clear();
+        this.pendingResponses.clear();
+        final int rs = Math.max(this.reqSeq, this.requiredNextSeq);
+        this.reqSeq = this.requiredNextSeq = rs;
+        releaseReader();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean onAppendEntriesReturned(final ThreadId id, final Inflight inflight, final Status status,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                                   final AppendEntriesResponse response, final long rpcSendTime,
+                                                   final long startTimeMs, final Replicator r) {
+        if (inflight.startIndex != request.getPrevLogIndex() + 1) {
+            LOG.warn(
+                "Replicator {} received invalid AppendEntriesResponse, in-flight startIndex={}, request prevLogIndex={}, reset the replicator state and probe again.",
+                r, inflight.startIndex, request.getPrevLogIndex());
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock id in sendEmptyEntries
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        // record metrics
+        if (request.getEntriesCount() > 0) {
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordLatency("replicate-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - rpcSendTime);
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-count", request.getEntriesCount());
+            r.nodeMetrics.recordSize("replicate-entries-bytes", request.getData() != null ? request.getData().size()
+                : 0);
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received AppendEntriesResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId()). //
+                append(" prevLogIndex=").append(request.getPrevLogIndex()). //
+                append(" prevLogTerm=").append(request.getPrevLogTerm()). //
+                append(" count=").append(request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            // If the follower crashes, any RPC to the follower fails immediately,
+            // so we need to block the follower for a while instead of looping until
+            // it comes back or be removed
+            // dummy_id is unlock in block
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, sleep.");
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (++r.consecutiveErrorTimes % 10 == 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Fail to issue RPC to {}, consecutiveErrorTimes={}, error={}", r.options.getPeerId(),
+                    r.consecutiveErrorTimes, status);
+            }
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            // unlock in in block
+            r.block(startTimeMs, status.getCode());
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.consecutiveErrorTimes = 0;
+        if (!response.getSuccess()) {
+            if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+                if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                    sb.append(" fail, greater term ").append(response.getTerm()).append(" expect term ")
+                        .append(r.options.getTerm());
+                    LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+                }
+                final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+                node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Leader receives higher term heartbeat_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail, find nextIndex remote lastLogIndex ").append(response.getLastLogIndex())
+                    .append(" local nextIndex ").append(r.nextIndex);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+            }
+            // Fail, reset the state to try again from nextIndex.
+            r.resetInflights();
+            // prev_log_index and prev_log_term doesn't match
+            if (response.getLastLogIndex() + 1 < r.nextIndex) {
+                LOG.debug("LastLogIndex at peer={} is {}", r.options.getPeerId(), response.getLastLogIndex());
+                // The peer contains less logs than leader
+                r.nextIndex = response.getLastLogIndex() + 1;
+            } else {
+                // The peer contains logs from old term which should be truncated,
+                // decrease _last_log_at_peer by one to test the right index to keep
+                if (r.nextIndex > 1) {
+                    LOG.debug("logIndex={} dismatch", r.nextIndex);
+                    r.nextIndex--;
+                } else {
+                    LOG.error("Peer={} declares that log at index=0 doesn't match, which is not supposed to happen",
+                        r.options.getPeerId());
+                }
+            }
+            // dummy_id is unlock in _send_heartbeat
+            r.sendEmptyEntries(false);
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(", success");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        // success
+        if (response.getTerm() != r.options.getTerm()) {
+            r.resetInflights();
+            r.state = State.Probe;
+            LOG.error("Fail, response term {} dismatch, expect term {}", response.getTerm(), r.options.getTerm());
+            id.unlock();
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (rpcSendTime > r.lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+            r.lastRpcSendTimestamp = rpcSendTime;
+        }
+        final int entriesSize = request.getEntriesCount();
+        if (entriesSize > 0) {
+            r.options.getBallotBox().commitAt(r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1, r.options.getPeerId());
+            if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                LOG.debug("Replicated logs in [{}, {}] to peer {}", r.nextIndex, r.nextIndex + entriesSize - 1,
+                    r.options.getPeerId());
+            }
+        } else {
+            // The request is probe request, change the state into Replicate.
+            r.state = State.Replicate;
+        }
+        r.nextIndex += entriesSize;
+        r.hasSucceeded = true;
+        r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.SUCCESS.getNumber(), false);
+        // dummy_id is unlock in _send_entries
+        if (r.timeoutNowIndex > 0 && r.timeoutNowIndex < r.nextIndex) {
+            r.sendTimeoutNow(false, false);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean fillCommonFields(final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb, long prevLogIndex, final boolean isHeartbeat) {
+        final long prevLogTerm = this.options.getLogManager().getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+        if (prevLogTerm == 0 && prevLogIndex != 0) {
+            if (!isHeartbeat) {
+                Requires.requireTrue(prevLogIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex());
+                LOG.debug("logIndex={} was compacted", prevLogIndex);
+                return false;
+            } else {
+                // The log at prev_log_index has been compacted, which indicates
+                // we is or is going to install snapshot to the follower. So we let
+                // both prev_log_index and prev_log_term be 0 in the heartbeat
+                // request so that follower would do nothing besides updating its
+                // leader timestamp.
+                prevLogIndex = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        rb.setPrevLogIndex(prevLogIndex);
+        rb.setPrevLogTerm(prevLogTerm);
+        rb.setCommittedIndex(this.options.getBallotBox().getLastCommittedIndex());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void waitMoreEntries(final long nextWaitIndex) {
+        try {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} waits more entries", this.options.getNode().getNodeId());
+            if (this.waitId >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.waitId = this.options.getLogManager().wait(nextWaitIndex - 1,
+                (arg, errorCode) -> continueSending((ThreadId) arg, errorCode), this.id);
+            this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.IDLE;
+        } finally {
+            this.id.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send as many requests as possible.
+     */
+    void sendEntries() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        try {
+            long prevSendIndex = -1;
+            while (true) {
+                final long nextSendingIndex = getNextSendIndex();
+                if (nextSendingIndex > prevSendIndex) {
+                    if (sendEntries(nextSendingIndex)) {
+                        prevSendIndex = nextSendingIndex;
+                    } else {
+                        doUnlock = false;
+                        // id already unlock in sendEntries when it returns false.
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send log entries to follower, returns true when success, otherwise false and unlock the id.
+     *
+     * @param nextSendingIndex next sending index
+     * @return send result.
+     */
+    private boolean sendEntries(final long nextSendingIndex) {
+        final AppendEntriesRequest.Builder rb = AppendEntriesRequest.newBuilder();
+        if (!fillCommonFields(rb, nextSendingIndex - 1, false)) {
+            // unlock id in installSnapshot
+            installSnapshot();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        ByteBufferCollector dataBuf = null;
+        final int maxEntriesSize = this.raftOptions.getMaxEntriesSize();
+        final RecyclableByteBufferList byteBufList = RecyclableByteBufferList.newInstance();
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < maxEntriesSize; i++) {
+                final RaftOutter.EntryMeta.Builder emb = RaftOutter.EntryMeta.newBuilder();
+                if (!prepareEntry(nextSendingIndex, i, emb, byteBufList)) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                rb.addEntries(emb.build());
+            }
+            if (rb.getEntriesCount() == 0) {
+                if (nextSendingIndex < this.options.getLogManager().getFirstLogIndex()) {
+                    installSnapshot();
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // _id is unlock in _wait_more
+                waitMoreEntries(nextSendingIndex);
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (byteBufList.getCapacity() > 0) {
+                dataBuf = ByteBufferCollector.allocateByRecyclers(byteBufList.getCapacity());
+                for (final ByteBuffer b : byteBufList) {
+                    dataBuf.put(b);
+                }
+                final ByteBuffer buf = dataBuf.getBuffer();
+                buf.flip();
+                rb.setData(ZeroByteStringHelper.wrap(buf));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            RecycleUtil.recycle(byteBufList);
+        }
+
+        final AppendEntriesRequest request = rb.build();
+        if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Node {} send AppendEntriesRequest to {} term {} lastCommittedIndex {} prevLogIndex {} prevLogTerm {} logIndex {} count {}",
+                this.options.getNode().getNodeId(), this.options.getPeerId(), this.options.getTerm(),
+                request.getCommittedIndex(), request.getPrevLogIndex(), request.getPrevLogTerm(), nextSendingIndex,
+                request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+        this.statInfo.runningState = RunningState.APPENDING_ENTRIES;
+        this.statInfo.firstLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + 1;
+        this.statInfo.lastLogIndex = rb.getPrevLogIndex() + rb.getEntriesCount();
+
+        final Recyclable recyclable = dataBuf;
+        final int v = this.version;
+        final long monotonicSendTimeMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        final int seq = getAndIncrementReqSeq();
+        final Future<Message> rpcFuture = this.rpcService.appendEntries(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(),
+            request, -1, new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    RecycleUtil.recycle(recyclable);
+                    onRpcReturned(Replicator.this.id, RequestType.AppendEntries, status, request, getResponse(), seq,
+                        v, monotonicSendTimeMs);
+                }
+
+            });
+        addInflight(RequestType.AppendEntries, nextSendingIndex, request.getEntriesCount(), request.getData().size(),
+            seq, rpcFuture);
+        return true;
+
+    }
+
+    public static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id, final RpcResponseClosure<AppendEntriesResponse> closure) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(closure, new Status(RaftError.EHOSTDOWN, "Peer %s is not connected", id));
+            return;
+        }
+        //id unlock in send empty entries.
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true, closure);
+    }
+
+    private static void sendHeartbeat(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // unlock in sendEmptyEntries
+        r.sendEmptyEntries(true);
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("SameParameterValue")
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        sendTimeoutNow(unlockId, stopAfterFinish, -1);
+    }
+
+    private void sendTimeoutNow(final boolean unlockId, final boolean stopAfterFinish, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb = TimeoutNowRequest.newBuilder();
+        rb.setTerm(this.options.getTerm());
+        rb.setGroupId(this.options.getGroupId());
+        rb.setServerId(this.options.getServerId().toString());
+        rb.setPeerId(this.options.getPeerId().toString());
+        try {
+            if (!stopAfterFinish) {
+                // This RPC is issued by transfer_leadership, save this call_id so that
+                // the RPC can be cancelled by stop.
+                this.timeoutNowInFly = timeoutNow(rb, false, timeoutMs);
+                this.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+            } else {
+                timeoutNow(rb, true, timeoutMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (unlockId) {
+                this.id.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Future<Message> timeoutNow(final TimeoutNowRequest.Builder rb, final boolean stopAfterFinish,
+                                       final int timeoutMs) {
+        final TimeoutNowRequest request = rb.build();
+        return this.rpcService.timeoutNow(this.options.getPeerId().getEndpoint(), request, timeoutMs,
+            new RpcResponseClosureAdapter<TimeoutNowResponse>() {
+
+                @Override
+                public void run(final Status status) {
+                    if (Replicator.this.id != null) {
+                        onTimeoutNowReturned(Replicator.this.id, status, request, getResponse(), stopAfterFinish);
+                    }
+                }
+
+            });
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    static void onTimeoutNowReturned(final ThreadId id, final Status status, final TimeoutNowRequest request,
+                                     final TimeoutNowResponse response, final boolean stopAfterFinish) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final boolean isLogDebugEnabled = LOG.isDebugEnabled();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb = new StringBuilder("Node "). //
+                append(r.options.getGroupId()).append(":").append(r.options.getServerId()). //
+                append(" received TimeoutNowResponse from "). //
+                append(r.options.getPeerId());
+        }
+        if (!status.isOk()) {
+            if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+                sb.append(" fail:").append(status);
+                LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+            }
+            notifyReplicatorStatusListener(r, ReplicatorEvent.ERROR, status);
+            if (stopAfterFinish) {
+                r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+                r.destroy();
+            } else {
+                id.unlock();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (isLogDebugEnabled) {
+            sb.append(response.getSuccess() ? " success" : " fail");
+            LOG.debug(sb.toString());
+        }
+        if (response.getTerm() > r.options.getTerm()) {
+            final NodeImpl node = r.options.getNode();
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.EPERM.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+            node.increaseTermTo(response.getTerm(), new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                "Leader receives higher term timeout_now_response from peer:%s", r.options.getPeerId()));
+            return;
+        }
+        if (stopAfterFinish) {
+            r.notifyOnCaughtUp(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber(), true);
+            r.destroy();
+        } else {
+            id.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stop(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.setError(RaftError.ESTOP.getNumber());
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean join(final ThreadId id) {
+        id.join();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getLastRpcSendTimestamp(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.getData();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        return r.lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean transferLeadership(final ThreadId id, final long logIndex) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // dummy is unlock in _transfer_leadership
+        return r.transferLeadership(logIndex);
+    }
+
+    private boolean transferLeadership(final long logIndex) {
+        if (this.hasSucceeded && this.nextIndex > logIndex) {
+            // _id is unlock in _send_timeout_now
+            sendTimeoutNow(true, false);
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Register log_index so that _on_rpc_return trigger
+        // _send_timeout_now if _next_index reaches log_index
+        this.timeoutNowIndex = logIndex;
+        this.id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean stopTransferLeadership(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        r.timeoutNowIndex = 0;
+        id.unlock();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean sendTimeoutNowAndStop(final ThreadId id, final int timeoutMs) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // id unlock in sendTimeoutNow
+        r.sendTimeoutNow(true, true, timeoutMs);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static long getNextIndex(final ThreadId id) {
+        final Replicator r = (Replicator) id.lock();
+        if (r == null) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        long nextIdx = 0;
+        if (r.hasSucceeded) {
+            nextIdx = r.nextIndex;
+        }
+        id.unlock();
+        return nextIdx;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.installSnapshot` indirectly reads with synchronization from `n$20.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId.endpoint.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint.str`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `Replicator.sendTimeoutNowAndStop(...)`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+Note that the prefix path n$20 has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on n$20.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId.endpoint.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint.str might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Replicator.installSnapshot()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.Replicator.installSnapshot():void.e3306dc042cb27a2a7f7c45d7a122510
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/Replicator.java
+
+### Key:
+Replicator.java|installSnapshot|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+72774f131a80f398d057675061611ddb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9224/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9224/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..389c52342cd0008054e09d84ae19dd9e8af1cf0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9224/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3032 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 31
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Closure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.FSMCaller;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.JRaftServiceFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Node;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.NodeManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.ReadOnlyService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.ReplicatorGroup;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.CatchUpClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.ClosureQueue;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.ClosureQueueImpl;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.ReadIndexClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.closure.SynchronizedClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.conf.Configuration;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.conf.ConfigurationEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.conf.ConfigurationManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.Ballot;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.EnumOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LeaderChangeContext;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogEntry;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.LogId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.NodeId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.PeerId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.RaftOutter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.Task;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.entity.UserLog;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.LogIndexOutOfBoundsException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.LogNotFoundException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.BallotBoxOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.BootstrapOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.FSMCallerOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.LogManagerOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.NodeOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftMetaStorageOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReadOnlyOption;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReadOnlyServiceOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.ReplicatorGroupOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.SnapshotExecutorOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftServerService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequestClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.AppendEntriesResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.InstallSnapshotResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.ReadIndexRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.ReadIndexResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.RequestVoteRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.RequestVoteResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.TimeoutNowResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosure;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.impl.core.BoltRaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.LogManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.LogStorage;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.RaftMetaStorage;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotExecutor;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.impl.LogManagerImpl;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.SnapshotExecutorImpl;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.DisruptorBuilder;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.DisruptorMetricSet;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.JRaftServiceLoader;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.JRaftSignalHandler;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.LogExceptionHandler;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.NamedThreadFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Platform;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.RepeatedTimer;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.SignalHelper;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadHelper;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ThreadId;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.BlockingWaitStrategy;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventFactory;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventHandler;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.EventTranslator;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.RingBuffer;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.Disruptor;
+import com.lmax.disruptor.dsl.ProducerType;
+
+/**
+ * The raft replica node implementation.
+ *
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-03 4:26:51 PM
+ */
+public class NodeImpl implements Node, RaftServerService {
+
+    private static final Logger                                            LOG                      = LoggerFactory
+                                                                                                        .getLogger(NodeImpl.class);
+
+    static {
+        try {
+            if (SignalHelper.supportSignal()) {
+                // TODO support windows signal
+                if (!Platform.isWindows()) {
+                    final List<JRaftSignalHandler> handlers = JRaftServiceLoader.load(JRaftSignalHandler.class) //
+                        .sort();
+                    SignalHelper.addSignal(SignalHelper.SIG_USR2, handlers);
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (final Throwable t) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to add signal.", t);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Max retry times when applying tasks.
+    private static final int                                               MAX_APPLY_RETRY_TIMES    = 3;
+
+    public static final AtomicInteger                                      GLOBAL_NUM_NODES         = new AtomicInteger(
+                                                                                                        0);
+
+    /** Internal states */
+    private final ReadWriteLock                                            readWriteLock            = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
+    protected final Lock                                                   writeLock                = this.readWriteLock
+                                                                                                        .writeLock();
+    protected final Lock                                                   readLock                 = this.readWriteLock
+                                                                                                        .readLock();
+    private volatile State                                                 state;
+    private volatile CountDownLatch                                        shutdownLatch;
+    private long                                                           currTerm;
+    private volatile long                                                  lastLeaderTimestamp;
+    private PeerId                                                         leaderId                 = new PeerId();
+    private PeerId                                                         votedId;
+    private final Ballot                                                   voteCtx                  = new Ballot();
+    private final Ballot                                                   prevVoteCtx              = new Ballot();
+    private ConfigurationEntry                                             conf;
+    private StopTransferArg                                                stopTransferArg;
+    /** Raft group and node options and identifier */
+    private final String                                                   groupId;
+    private NodeOptions                                                    options;
+    private RaftOptions                                                    raftOptions;
+    private final PeerId                                                   serverId;
+    /** Other services */
+    private final ConfigurationCtx                                         confCtx;
+    private LogStorage                                                     logStorage;
+    private RaftMetaStorage                                                metaStorage;
+    private ClosureQueue                                                   closureQueue;
+    private ConfigurationManager                                           configManager;
+    private LogManager                                                     logManager;
+    private FSMCaller                                                      fsmCaller;
+    private BallotBox                                                      ballotBox;
+    private SnapshotExecutor                                               snapshotExecutor;
+    private ReplicatorGroup                                                replicatorGroup;
+    private final List<Closure>                                            shutdownContinuations    = new ArrayList<>();
+    private RaftClientService                                              rpcService;
+    private ReadOnlyService                                                readOnlyService;
+    /** Timers */
+    private TimerManager                                                   timerManager;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  electionTimer;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  voteTimer;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  stepDownTimer;
+    private RepeatedTimer                                                  snapshotTimer;
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>                                             transferTimer;
+    private ThreadId                                                       wakingCandidate;
+    /** Disruptor to run node service */
+    private Disruptor<LogEntryAndClosure>                                  applyDisruptor;
+    private RingBuffer<LogEntryAndClosure>                                 applyQueue;
+
+    /** Metrics*/
+    private NodeMetrics                                                    metrics;
+
+    private NodeId                                                         nodeId;
+    private JRaftServiceFactory                                            serviceFactory;
+
+    /** ReplicatorStateListeners */
+    private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener> replicatorStateListeners = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+
+    /**
+     * Node service event.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-03 4:29:55 PM
+     */
+    private static class LogEntryAndClosure {
+        LogEntry       entry;
+        Closure        done;
+        long           expectedTerm;
+        CountDownLatch shutdownLatch;
+
+        public void reset() {
+            this.entry = null;
+            this.done = null;
+            this.expectedTerm = 0;
+            this.shutdownLatch = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class LogEntryAndClosureFactory implements EventFactory<LogEntryAndClosure> {
+
+        @Override
+        public LogEntryAndClosure newInstance() {
+            return new LogEntryAndClosure();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event handler.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-03 4:30:07 PM
+     */
+    private class LogEntryAndClosureHandler implements EventHandler<LogEntryAndClosure> {
+        // task list for batch
+        private final List<LogEntryAndClosure> tasks = new ArrayList<>(NodeImpl.this.raftOptions.getApplyBatch());
+
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent(final LogEntryAndClosure event, final long sequence, final boolean endOfBatch)
+                                                                                                          throws Exception {
+            if (event.shutdownLatch != null) {
+                if (!this.tasks.isEmpty()) {
+                    executeApplyingTasks(this.tasks);
+                }
+                final int num = GLOBAL_NUM_NODES.decrementAndGet();
+                LOG.info("The number of active nodes decrement to {}.", num);
+                event.shutdownLatch.countDown();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            this.tasks.add(event);
+            if (this.tasks.size() >= NodeImpl.this.raftOptions.getApplyBatch() || endOfBatch) {
+                executeApplyingTasks(this.tasks);
+                this.tasks.clear();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configuration commit context.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-03 4:29:38 PM
+     */
+    private static class ConfigurationCtx {
+        enum Stage {
+            STAGE_NONE, // none stage
+            STAGE_CATCHING_UP, // the node is catching-up
+            STAGE_JOINT, // joint stage
+            STAGE_STABLE // stable stage
+        }
+
+        final NodeImpl node;
+        Stage          stage;
+        int            nchanges;
+        long           version;
+        List<PeerId>   newPeers    = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<PeerId>   oldPeers    = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<PeerId>   addingPeers = new ArrayList<>();
+        Closure        done;
+
+        public ConfigurationCtx(final NodeImpl node) {
+            super();
+            this.node = node;
+            this.stage = Stage.STAGE_NONE;
+            this.version = 0;
+            this.done = null;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Start change configuration.
+         */
+        void start(final Configuration oldConf, final Configuration newConf, final Closure done) {
+            if (isBusy()) {
+                if (done != null) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Already in busy stage."));
+                }
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Busy stage");
+            }
+            if (this.done != null) {
+                if (done != null) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Already have done closure."));
+                }
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Already have done closure");
+            }
+            this.done = done;
+            this.stage = Stage.STAGE_CATCHING_UP;
+            this.oldPeers = oldConf.listPeers();
+            this.newPeers = newConf.listPeers();
+            final Configuration adding = new Configuration();
+            final Configuration removing = new Configuration();
+            newConf.diff(oldConf, adding, removing);
+            this.nchanges = adding.size() + removing.size();
+            if (adding.isEmpty()) {
+                nextStage();
+                return;
+            }
+            this.addingPeers = adding.listPeers();
+            LOG.info("Adding peers: {}.", this.addingPeers);
+            for (final PeerId newPeer : this.addingPeers) {
+                if (!this.node.replicatorGroup.addReplicator(newPeer)) {
+                    LOG.error("Node {} start the replicator failed, peer={}.", this.node.getNodeId(), newPeer);
+                    onCaughtUp(this.version, newPeer, false);
+                    return;
+                }
+                final OnCaughtUp caughtUp = new OnCaughtUp(this.node, this.node.currTerm, newPeer, this.version);
+                final long dueTime = Utils.nowMs() + this.node.options.getElectionTimeoutMs();
+                if (!this.node.replicatorGroup.waitCaughtUp(newPeer, this.node.options.getCatchupMargin(), dueTime,
+                    caughtUp)) {
+                    LOG.error("Node {} waitCaughtUp, peer={}.", this.node.getNodeId(), newPeer);
+                    onCaughtUp(this.version, newPeer, false);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void onCaughtUp(final long version, final PeerId peer, final boolean success) {
+            if (version != this.version) {
+                return;
+            }
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.stage == Stage.STAGE_CATCHING_UP, "Stage is not in STAGE_CATCHING_UP");
+            if (success) {
+                this.addingPeers.remove(peer);
+                if (this.addingPeers.isEmpty()) {
+                    nextStage();
+                    return;
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            LOG.warn("Node {} fail to catch up peer {} when trying to change peers from {} to {}.",
+                this.node.getNodeId(), peer, this.oldPeers, this.newPeers);
+            reset(new Status(RaftError.ECATCHUP, "Peer %s failed to catch up.", peer));
+        }
+
+        void reset() {
+            reset(null);
+        }
+
+        void reset(final Status st) {
+            if (st != null && st.isOk()) {
+                this.node.stopReplicator(this.newPeers, this.oldPeers);
+            } else {
+                this.node.stopReplicator(this.oldPeers, this.newPeers);
+            }
+            this.newPeers.clear();
+            this.oldPeers.clear();
+            this.addingPeers.clear();
+            this.version++;
+            this.stage = Stage.STAGE_NONE;
+            this.nchanges = 0;
+            if (this.done != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(this.done, st != null ? st : new Status(RaftError.EPERM,
+                    "Leader stepped down."));
+                this.done = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Invoked when this node becomes the leader, write a configuration change log as the first log.
+         */
+        void flush(final Configuration conf, final Configuration oldConf) {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!isBusy(), "Flush when busy");
+            this.newPeers = conf.listPeers();
+            if (oldConf == null || oldConf.isEmpty()) {
+                this.stage = Stage.STAGE_STABLE;
+                this.oldPeers = this.newPeers;
+            } else {
+                this.stage = Stage.STAGE_JOINT;
+                this.oldPeers = oldConf.listPeers();
+            }
+            this.node.unsafeApplyConfiguration(conf, oldConf == null || oldConf.isEmpty() ? null : oldConf, true);
+        }
+
+        void nextStage() {
+            Requires.requireTrue(isBusy(), "Not in busy stage");
+            switch (this.stage) {
+                case STAGE_CATCHING_UP:
+                    if (this.nchanges > 1) {
+                        this.stage = Stage.STAGE_JOINT;
+                        this.node.unsafeApplyConfiguration(new Configuration(this.newPeers), new Configuration(
+                            this.oldPeers), false);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // Skip joint consensus since only one peers has been changed here. Make
+                    // it a one-stage change to be compatible with the legacy
+                    // implementation.
+                case STAGE_JOINT:
+                    this.stage = Stage.STAGE_STABLE;
+                    this.node.unsafeApplyConfiguration(new Configuration(this.newPeers), null, false);
+                    break;
+                case STAGE_STABLE:
+                    final boolean shouldStepDown = !this.newPeers.contains(this.node.serverId);
+                    reset(new Status());
+                    if (shouldStepDown) {
+                        this.node.stepDown(this.node.currTerm, true, new Status(RaftError.ELEADERREMOVED,
+                            "This node was removed."));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case STAGE_NONE:
+                    // noinspection ConstantConditions
+                    Requires.requireTrue(false, "Can't reach here");
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean isBusy() {
+            return this.stage != Stage.STAGE_NONE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NodeImpl() {
+        this(null, null);
+    }
+
+    public NodeImpl(final String groupId, final PeerId serverId) {
+        super();
+        if (groupId != null) {
+            Utils.verifyGroupId(groupId);
+        }
+        this.groupId = groupId;
+        this.serverId = serverId != null ? serverId.copy() : null;
+        this.state = State.STATE_UNINITIALIZED;
+        this.currTerm = 0;
+        updateLastLeaderTimestamp(Utils.monotonicMs());
+        this.confCtx = new ConfigurationCtx(this);
+        this.wakingCandidate = null;
+        final int num = GLOBAL_NUM_NODES.incrementAndGet();
+        LOG.info("The number of active nodes increment to {}.", num);
+    }
+
+    private boolean initSnapshotStorage() {
+        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(this.options.getSnapshotUri())) {
+            LOG.warn("Do not set snapshot uri, ignore initSnapshotStorage.");
+            return true;
+        }
+        this.snapshotExecutor = new SnapshotExecutorImpl();
+        final SnapshotExecutorOptions opts = new SnapshotExecutorOptions();
+        opts.setUri(this.options.getSnapshotUri());
+        opts.setFsmCaller(this.fsmCaller);
+        opts.setNode(this);
+        opts.setLogManager(this.logManager);
+        opts.setAddr(this.serverId != null ? this.serverId.getEndpoint() : null);
+        opts.setInitTerm(this.currTerm);
+        opts.setFilterBeforeCopyRemote(this.options.isFilterBeforeCopyRemote());
+        // get snapshot throttle
+        opts.setSnapshotThrottle(this.options.getSnapshotThrottle());
+        return this.snapshotExecutor.init(opts);
+    }
+
+    private boolean initLogStorage() {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(this.fsmCaller, "Null fsm caller");
+        this.logStorage = this.serviceFactory.createLogStorage(this.options.getLogUri(), this.raftOptions);
+        this.logManager = new LogManagerImpl();
+        final LogManagerOptions opts = new LogManagerOptions();
+        opts.setLogEntryCodecFactory(this.serviceFactory.createLogEntryCodecFactory());
+        opts.setLogStorage(this.logStorage);
+        opts.setConfigurationManager(this.configManager);
+        opts.setFsmCaller(this.fsmCaller);
+        opts.setNodeMetrics(this.metrics);
+        opts.setDisruptorBufferSize(this.raftOptions.getDisruptorBufferSize());
+        opts.setRaftOptions(this.raftOptions);
+        return this.logManager.init(opts);
+    }
+
+    private boolean initMetaStorage() {
+        this.metaStorage = this.serviceFactory.createRaftMetaStorage(this.options.getRaftMetaUri(), this.raftOptions);
+        RaftMetaStorageOptions opts = new RaftMetaStorageOptions();
+        opts.setNode(this);
+        if (!this.metaStorage.init(opts)) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} init meta storage failed, uri={}.", this.serverId, this.options.getRaftMetaUri());
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.currTerm = this.metaStorage.getTerm();
+        this.votedId = this.metaStorage.getVotedFor().copy();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private void handleSnapshotTimeout() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        // do_snapshot in another thread to avoid blocking the timer thread.
+        Utils.runInThread(() -> doSnapshot(null));
+    }
+
+    private void handleElectionTimeout() {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (isCurrentLeaderValid()) {
+                return;
+            }
+            resetLeaderId(PeerId.emptyPeer(), new Status(RaftError.ERAFTTIMEDOUT, "Lost connection from leader %s.",
+                this.leaderId));
+            doUnlock = false;
+            preVote();
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean initFSMCaller(final LogId bootstrapId) {
+        if (this.fsmCaller == null) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init fsm caller, null instance, bootstrapId={}.", bootstrapId);
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.closureQueue = new ClosureQueueImpl();
+        final FSMCallerOptions opts = new FSMCallerOptions();
+        opts.setAfterShutdown(status -> afterShutdown());
+        opts.setLogManager(this.logManager);
+        opts.setFsm(this.options.getFsm());
+        opts.setClosureQueue(this.closureQueue);
+        opts.setNode(this);
+        opts.setBootstrapId(bootstrapId);
+        opts.setDisruptorBufferSize(this.raftOptions.getDisruptorBufferSize());
+        return this.fsmCaller.init(opts);
+    }
+
+    private static class BootstrapStableClosure extends LogManager.StableClosure {
+
+        private final SynchronizedClosure done = new SynchronizedClosure();
+
+        public BootstrapStableClosure() {
+            super(null);
+        }
+
+        public Status await() throws InterruptedException {
+            return this.done.await();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            this.done.run(status);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean bootstrap(final BootstrapOptions opts) throws InterruptedException {
+        if (opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0 && (opts.getGroupConf().isEmpty() || opts.getFsm() == null)) {
+            LOG.error("Invalid arguments for bootstrap, groupConf={}, fsm={}, lastLogIndex={}.", opts.getGroupConf(),
+                opts.getFsm(), opts.getLastLogIndex());
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (opts.getGroupConf().isEmpty()) {
+            LOG.error("Bootstrapping an empty node makes no sense.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts.getServiceFactory(), "Null jraft service factory");
+        this.serviceFactory = opts.getServiceFactory();
+        // Term is not an option since changing it is very dangerous
+        final long bootstrapLogTerm = opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+        final LogId bootstrapId = new LogId(opts.getLastLogIndex(), bootstrapLogTerm);
+        this.options = new NodeOptions();
+        this.raftOptions = this.options.getRaftOptions();
+        this.metrics = new NodeMetrics(opts.isEnableMetrics());
+        this.options.setFsm(opts.getFsm());
+        this.options.setLogUri(opts.getLogUri());
+        this.options.setRaftMetaUri(opts.getRaftMetaUri());
+        this.options.setSnapshotUri(opts.getSnapshotUri());
+
+        this.configManager = new ConfigurationManager();
+        // Create fsmCaller at first as logManager needs it to report error
+        this.fsmCaller = new FSMCallerImpl();
+
+        if (!initLogStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init log storage.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!initMetaStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init meta storage.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (this.currTerm == 0) {
+            this.currTerm = 1;
+            if (!this.metaStorage.setTermAndVotedFor(1, new PeerId())) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to set term.");
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (opts.getFsm() != null && !initFSMCaller(bootstrapId)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init fsm caller.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final LogEntry entry = new LogEntry(EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION);
+        entry.getId().setTerm(this.currTerm);
+        entry.setPeers(opts.getGroupConf().listPeers());
+
+        final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>();
+        entries.add(entry);
+
+        final BootstrapStableClosure bootstrapDone = new BootstrapStableClosure();
+        this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, bootstrapDone);
+        if (!bootstrapDone.await().isOk()) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to append configuration.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0) {
+            if (!initSnapshotStorage()) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to init snapshot storage.");
+                return false;
+            }
+            final SynchronizedClosure snapshotDone = new SynchronizedClosure();
+            this.snapshotExecutor.doSnapshot(snapshotDone);
+            if (!snapshotDone.await().isOk()) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to save snapshot, status={}.", snapshotDone.getStatus());
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (this.logManager.getFirstLogIndex() != opts.getLastLogIndex() + 1) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("First and last log index mismatch");
+        }
+        if (opts.getLastLogIndex() > 0) {
+            if (this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() != opts.getLastLogIndex()) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Last log index mismatch");
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() != opts.getLastLogIndex() + 1) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Last log index mismatch");
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private int heartbeatTimeout(final int electionTimeout) {
+        return Math.max(electionTimeout / this.raftOptions.getElectionHeartbeatFactor(), 10);
+    }
+
+    private int randomTimeout(final int timeoutMs) {
+        return ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(timeoutMs, timeoutMs + this.raftOptions.getMaxElectionDelayMs());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean init(final NodeOptions opts) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts, "Null node options");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts.getRaftOptions(), "Null raft options");
+        Requires.requireNonNull(opts.getServiceFactory(), "Null jraft service factory");
+        this.serviceFactory = opts.getServiceFactory();
+        this.options = opts;
+        this.raftOptions = opts.getRaftOptions();
+        this.metrics = new NodeMetrics(opts.isEnableMetrics());
+
+        if (this.serverId.getIp().equals(Utils.IP_ANY)) {
+            LOG.error("Node can't started from IP_ANY.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!NodeManager.getInstance().serverExists(this.serverId.getEndpoint())) {
+            LOG.error("No RPC server attached to, did you forget to call addService?");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        this.timerManager = new TimerManager();
+        if (!this.timerManager.init(this.options.getTimerPoolSize())) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init timer manager.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Init timers
+        this.voteTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-VoteTimer", this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleVoteTimeout();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected int adjustTimeout(final int timeoutMs) {
+                return randomTimeout(timeoutMs);
+            }
+        };
+        this.electionTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-ElectionTimer", this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleElectionTimeout();
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected int adjustTimeout(final int timeoutMs) {
+                return randomTimeout(timeoutMs);
+            }
+        };
+        this.stepDownTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-StepDownTimer", this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs() >> 1) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleStepDownTimeout();
+            }
+        };
+        this.snapshotTimer = new RepeatedTimer("JRaft-SnapshotTimer", this.options.getSnapshotIntervalSecs() * 1000) {
+
+            @Override
+            protected void onTrigger() {
+                handleSnapshotTimeout();
+            }
+        };
+
+        this.configManager = new ConfigurationManager();
+
+        this.applyDisruptor = DisruptorBuilder.<LogEntryAndClosure> newInstance() //
+            .setRingBufferSize(this.raftOptions.getDisruptorBufferSize()) //
+            .setEventFactory(new LogEntryAndClosureFactory()) //
+            .setThreadFactory(new NamedThreadFactory("JRaft-NodeImpl-Disruptor-", true)) //
+            .setProducerType(ProducerType.MULTI) //
+            .setWaitStrategy(new BlockingWaitStrategy()) //
+            .build();
+        this.applyDisruptor.handleEventsWith(new LogEntryAndClosureHandler());
+        this.applyDisruptor.setDefaultExceptionHandler(new LogExceptionHandler<Object>(getClass().getSimpleName()));
+        this.applyQueue = this.applyDisruptor.start();
+        if (this.metrics.getMetricRegistry() != null) {
+            this.metrics.getMetricRegistry().register("jraft-node-impl-disruptor",
+                new DisruptorMetricSet(this.applyQueue));
+        }
+
+        this.fsmCaller = new FSMCallerImpl();
+        if (!initLogStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initLogStorage failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!initMetaStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initMetaStorage failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!initFSMCaller(new LogId(0, 0))) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initFSMCaller failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.ballotBox = new BallotBox();
+        final BallotBoxOptions ballotBoxOpts = new BallotBoxOptions();
+        ballotBoxOpts.setWaiter(this.fsmCaller);
+        ballotBoxOpts.setClosureQueue(this.closureQueue);
+        if (!this.ballotBox.init(ballotBoxOpts)) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} init ballotBox failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!initSnapshotStorage()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} initSnapshotStorage failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final Status st = this.logManager.checkConsistency();
+        if (!st.isOk()) {
+            LOG.error("Node {} is initialized with inconsistent log, status={}.", getNodeId(), st);
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.conf = new ConfigurationEntry();
+        this.conf.setId(new LogId());
+        // if have log using conf in log, else using conf in options
+        if (this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() > 0) {
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+        } else {
+            this.conf.setConf(this.options.getInitialConf());
+        }
+
+        // TODO RPC service and ReplicatorGroup is in cycle dependent, refactor it
+        this.replicatorGroup = new ReplicatorGroupImpl();
+        this.rpcService = new BoltRaftClientService(this.replicatorGroup);
+        final ReplicatorGroupOptions rgOpts = new ReplicatorGroupOptions();
+        rgOpts.setHeartbeatTimeoutMs(heartbeatTimeout(this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()));
+        rgOpts.setElectionTimeoutMs(this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs());
+        rgOpts.setLogManager(this.logManager);
+        rgOpts.setBallotBox(this.ballotBox);
+        rgOpts.setNode(this);
+        rgOpts.setRaftRpcClientService(this.rpcService);
+        rgOpts.setSnapshotStorage(this.snapshotExecutor != null ? this.snapshotExecutor.getSnapshotStorage() : null);
+        rgOpts.setRaftOptions(this.raftOptions);
+        rgOpts.setTimerManager(this.timerManager);
+
+        // Adds metric registry to RPC service.
+        this.options.setMetricRegistry(this.metrics.getMetricRegistry());
+
+        if (!this.rpcService.init(this.options)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init rpc service.");
+            return false;
+        }
+        this.replicatorGroup.init(new NodeId(this.groupId, this.serverId), rgOpts);
+
+        this.readOnlyService = new ReadOnlyServiceImpl();
+        final ReadOnlyServiceOptions rosOpts = new ReadOnlyServiceOptions();
+        rosOpts.setFsmCaller(this.fsmCaller);
+        rosOpts.setNode(this);
+        rosOpts.setRaftOptions(this.raftOptions);
+
+        if (!this.readOnlyService.init(rosOpts)) {
+            LOG.error("Fail to init readOnlyService.");
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // set state to follower
+        this.state = State.STATE_FOLLOWER;
+
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+            LOG.info("Node {} init, term={}, lastLogId={}, conf={}, oldConf={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm,
+                this.logManager.getLastLogId(false), this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.getOldConf());
+        }
+
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor != null && this.options.getSnapshotIntervalSecs() > 0) {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} start snapshot timer, term={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            this.snapshotTimer.start();
+        }
+
+        if (!this.conf.isEmpty()) {
+            stepDown(this.currTerm, false, new Status());
+        }
+
+        if (!NodeManager.getInstance().add(this)) {
+            LOG.error("NodeManager add {} failed.", getNodeId());
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Now the raft node is started , have to acquire the writeLock to avoid race
+        // conditions
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        if (this.conf.isStable() && this.conf.getConf().size() == 1 && this.conf.getConf().contains(this.serverId)) {
+            // The group contains only this server which must be the LEADER, trigger
+            // the timer immediately.
+            electSelf();
+        } else {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // should be in writeLock
+    private void electSelf() {
+        long oldTerm;
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} start vote and grant vote self, term={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            if (!this.conf.contains(this.serverId)) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} can't do electSelf as it is not in {}.", getNodeId(), this.conf);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.state == State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                LOG.debug("Node {} stop election timer, term={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                this.electionTimer.stop();
+            }
+            resetLeaderId(PeerId.emptyPeer(), new Status(RaftError.ERAFTTIMEDOUT,
+                "A follower's leader_id is reset to NULL as it begins to request_vote."));
+            this.state = State.STATE_CANDIDATE;
+            this.currTerm++;
+            this.votedId = this.serverId.copy();
+            LOG.debug("Node {} start vote timer, term={} .", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            this.voteTimer.start();
+            this.voteCtx.init(this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.isStable() ? null : this.conf.getOldConf());
+            oldTerm = this.currTerm;
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+
+        final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // vote need defense ABA after unlock&writeLock
+            if (oldTerm != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} raise term {} when getLastLogId.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            for (final PeerId peer : this.conf.listPeers()) {
+                if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.rpcService.connect(peer.getEndpoint())) {
+                    LOG.warn("Node {} channel init failed, address={}.", getNodeId(), peer.getEndpoint());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                final OnRequestVoteRpcDone done = new OnRequestVoteRpcDone(peer, this.currTerm, this);
+                done.request = RequestVoteRequest.newBuilder() //
+                    .setPreVote(false) // It's not a pre-vote request.
+                    .setGroupId(this.groupId) //
+                    .setServerId(this.serverId.toString()) //
+                    .setPeerId(peer.toString()) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setLastLogIndex(lastLogId.getIndex()) //
+                    .setLastLogTerm(lastLogId.getTerm()) //
+                    .build();
+                this.rpcService.requestVote(peer.getEndpoint(), done.request, done);
+            }
+
+            this.metaStorage.setTermAndVotedFor(this.currTerm, this.serverId);
+            this.voteCtx.grant(this.serverId);
+            if (this.voteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                becomeLeader();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void resetLeaderId(final PeerId newLeaderId, final Status status) {
+        if (newLeaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            if (!this.leaderId.isEmpty() && this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) > 0) {
+                this.fsmCaller.onStopFollowing(new LeaderChangeContext(this.leaderId.copy(), this.currTerm, status));
+            }
+            this.leaderId = PeerId.emptyPeer();
+        } else {
+            if (this.leaderId == null || this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+                this.fsmCaller.onStartFollowing(new LeaderChangeContext(newLeaderId, this.currTerm, status));
+            }
+            this.leaderId = newLeaderId.copy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // in writeLock
+    private void checkStepDown(final long requestTerm, final PeerId serverId) {
+        final Status status = new Status();
+        if (requestTerm > this.currTerm) {
+            status.setError(RaftError.ENEWLEADER, "Raft node receives message from new leader with higher term.");
+            stepDown(requestTerm, false, status);
+        } else if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+            status.setError(RaftError.ENEWLEADER, "Candidate receives message from new leader with the same term.");
+            stepDown(requestTerm, false, status);
+        } else if (this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            status.setError(RaftError.ENEWLEADER, "Follower receives message from new leader with the same term.");
+            stepDown(requestTerm, false, status);
+        }
+        // save current leader
+        if (this.leaderId == null || this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            resetLeaderId(serverId, status);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void becomeLeader() {
+        Requires.requireTrue(this.state == State.STATE_CANDIDATE, "Illegal state: " + this.state);
+        LOG.info("Node {} become leader of group, term={}, conf={}, oldConf={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm,
+            this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.getOldConf());
+        // cancel candidate vote timer
+        stopVoteTimer();
+        this.state = State.STATE_LEADER;
+        this.leaderId = this.serverId.copy();
+        this.replicatorGroup.resetTerm(this.currTerm);
+        for (final PeerId peer : this.conf.listPeers()) {
+            if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            LOG.debug("Node {} add replicator, term={}, peer={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, peer);
+            if (!this.replicatorGroup.addReplicator(peer)) {
+                LOG.error("Fail to add replicator, peer={}.", peer);
+            }
+        }
+        // init commit manager
+        this.ballotBox.resetPendingIndex(this.logManager.getLastLogIndex() + 1);
+        // Register _conf_ctx to reject configuration changing before the first log
+        // is committed.
+        if (this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException();
+        }
+        this.confCtx.flush(this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.getOldConf());
+        this.stepDownTimer.start();
+    }
+
+    // should be in writeLock
+    private void stepDown(final long term, final boolean wakeupCandidate, final Status status) {
+        LOG.debug("Node {} stepDown, term={}, newTerm={}, wakeupCandidate={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, term,
+            wakeupCandidate);
+        if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (this.state == State.STATE_CANDIDATE) {
+            stopVoteTimer();
+        } else if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) <= 0) {
+            stopStepDownTimer();
+            this.ballotBox.clearPendingTasks();
+            // signal fsm leader stop immediately
+            if (this.state == State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                onLeaderStop(status);
+            }
+        }
+        // reset leader_id
+        resetLeaderId(PeerId.emptyPeer(), status);
+
+        // soft state in memory
+        this.state = State.STATE_FOLLOWER;
+        this.confCtx.reset();
+        updateLastLeaderTimestamp(Utils.monotonicMs());
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+            this.snapshotExecutor.interruptDownloadingSnapshots(term);
+        }
+
+        // meta state
+        if (term > this.currTerm) {
+            this.currTerm = term;
+            this.votedId = PeerId.emptyPeer();
+            this.metaStorage.setTermAndVotedFor(term, this.votedId);
+        }
+
+        if (wakeupCandidate) {
+            this.wakingCandidate = this.replicatorGroup.stopAllAndFindTheNextCandidate(this.conf);
+            if (this.wakingCandidate != null) {
+                Replicator.sendTimeoutNowAndStop(this.wakingCandidate, this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs());
+            }
+        } else {
+            this.replicatorGroup.stopAll();
+        }
+        if (this.stopTransferArg != null) {
+            if (this.transferTimer != null) {
+                this.transferTimer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            // There is at most one StopTransferTimer at the same term, it's safe to
+            // mark stopTransferArg to NULL
+            this.stopTransferArg = null;
+        }
+        this.electionTimer.start();
+    }
+
+    private void stopStepDownTimer() {
+        if (this.stepDownTimer != null) {
+            this.stepDownTimer.stop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void stopVoteTimer() {
+        if (this.voteTimer != null) {
+            this.voteTimer.stop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    class LeaderStableClosure extends LogManager.StableClosure {
+
+        public LeaderStableClosure(final List<LogEntry> entries) {
+            super(entries);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            if (status.isOk()) {
+                NodeImpl.this.ballotBox.commitAt(this.firstLogIndex, this.firstLogIndex + this.nEntries - 1,
+                    NodeImpl.this.serverId);
+            } else {
+                LOG.error("Node {} append [{}, {}] failed.", getNodeId(), this.firstLogIndex, this.firstLogIndex
+                                                                                              + this.nEntries - 1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void executeApplyingTasks(final List<LogEntryAndClosure> tasks) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            final int size = tasks.size();
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                final Status st = new Status();
+                if (this.state != State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) {
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EPERM, "Is not leader.");
+                } else {
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EBUSY, "Is transferring leadership.");
+                }
+                LOG.debug("Node {} can't apply, status={}.", getNodeId(), st);
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(tasks.get(i).done, st);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>(size);
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                final LogEntryAndClosure task = tasks.get(i);
+                if (task.expectedTerm != -1 && task.expectedTerm != this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.debug("Node {} can't apply task whose expectedTerm={} doesn't match currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        task.expectedTerm, this.currTerm);
+                    if (task.done != null) {
+                        final Status st = new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "expected_term=%d doesn't match current_term=%d",
+                            task.expectedTerm, this.currTerm);
+                        Utils.runClosureInThread(task.done, st);
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.ballotBox.appendPendingTask(this.conf.getConf(),
+                    this.conf.isStable() ? null : this.conf.getOldConf(), task.done)) {
+                    Utils.runClosureInThread(task.done, new Status(RaftError.EINTERNAL, "Fail to append task."));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                // set task entry info before adding to list.
+                task.entry.getId().setTerm(this.currTerm);
+                task.entry.setType(EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_DATA);
+                entries.add(task.entry);
+            }
+            this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, new LeaderStableClosure(entries));
+            // update conf.first
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the node metrics.
+     *
+     * @return returns metrics of current node.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public NodeMetrics getNodeMetrics() {
+        return this.metrics;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the JRaft service factory for current node.
+     *@since 1.2.6
+     * @return the service factory
+     */
+    public JRaftServiceFactory getServiceFactory() {
+        return this.serviceFactory;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void readIndex(final byte[] requestContext, final ReadIndexClosure done) {
+        if (this.shutdownLatch != null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.ENODESHUTDOWN, "Node is shutting down."));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Node is shutting down");
+        }
+        Requires.requireNonNull(done, "Null closure");
+        this.readOnlyService.addRequest(requestContext, done);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * ReadIndex response closure
+     * @author dennis
+     */
+    private class ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<AppendEntriesResponse> {
+        final ReadIndexResponse.Builder             respBuilder;
+        final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure;
+        final int                                   quorum;
+        final int                                   failPeersThreshold;
+        int                                         ackSuccess;
+        int                                         ackFailures;
+        boolean                                     isDone;
+
+        public ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure(final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure,
+                                                 final ReadIndexResponse.Builder rb, final int quorum,
+                                                 final int peersCount) {
+            super();
+            this.closure = closure;
+            this.respBuilder = rb;
+            this.quorum = quorum;
+            this.failPeersThreshold = peersCount % 2 == 0 ? (quorum - 1) : quorum;
+            this.ackSuccess = 0;
+            this.ackFailures = 0;
+            this.isDone = false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void run(final Status status) {
+            if (this.isDone) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (status.isOk() && getResponse().getSuccess()) {
+                this.ackSuccess++;
+            } else {
+                this.ackFailures++;
+            }
+            // Include leader self vote yes.
+            if (this.ackSuccess + 1 >= this.quorum) {
+                this.respBuilder.setSuccess(true);
+                this.closure.setResponse(this.respBuilder.build());
+                this.closure.run(Status.OK());
+                this.isDone = true;
+            } else if (this.ackFailures >= this.failPeersThreshold) {
+                this.respBuilder.setSuccess(false);
+                this.closure.setResponse(this.respBuilder.build());
+                this.closure.run(Status.OK());
+                this.isDone = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle read index request.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public void handleReadIndexRequest(final ReadIndexRequest request, final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> done) {
+        final long startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            switch (this.state) {
+                case STATE_LEADER:
+                    readLeader(request, ReadIndexResponse.newBuilder(), done);
+                    break;
+                case STATE_FOLLOWER:
+                    readFollower(request, done);
+                    break;
+                case STATE_TRANSFERRING:
+                    done.run(new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Is transferring leadership."));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    done.run(new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Invalid state for readIndex: %s.", this.state));
+                    break;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+            this.metrics.recordLatency("handle-read-index", Utils.monotonicMs() - startMs);
+            this.metrics.recordSize("handle-read-index-entries", request.getEntriesCount());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private int getQuorum() {
+        final Configuration c = this.conf.getConf();
+        if (c.isEmpty()) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return c.getPeers().size() / 2 + 1;
+    }
+
+    private void readFollower(final ReadIndexRequest request, final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure) {
+        if (this.leaderId == null || this.leaderId.isEmpty()) {
+            closure.run(new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "No leader at term %d.", this.currTerm));
+            return;
+        }
+        // send request to leader.
+        final ReadIndexRequest newRequest = ReadIndexRequest.newBuilder() //
+            .mergeFrom(request) //
+            .setPeerId(this.leaderId.toString()) //
+            .build();
+        this.rpcService.readIndex(this.leaderId.getEndpoint(), newRequest, -1, closure);
+    }
+
+    private void readLeader(final ReadIndexRequest request, final ReadIndexResponse.Builder respBuilder,
+                            final RpcResponseClosure<ReadIndexResponse> closure) {
+        final int quorum = getQuorum();
+        if (quorum <= 1) {
+            // Only one peer, fast path.
+            respBuilder.setSuccess(true) //
+                .setIndex(this.ballotBox.getLastCommittedIndex());
+            closure.setResponse(respBuilder.build());
+            closure.run(Status.OK());
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final long lastCommittedIndex = this.ballotBox.getLastCommittedIndex();
+        if (this.logManager.getTerm(lastCommittedIndex) != this.currTerm) {
+            // Reject read only request when this leader has not committed any log entry at its term
+            closure
+                .run(new Status(
+                    RaftError.EAGAIN,
+                    "ReadIndex request rejected because leader has not committed any log entry at its term, logIndex=%d, currTerm=%d.",
+                    lastCommittedIndex, this.currTerm));
+            return;
+        }
+        respBuilder.setIndex(lastCommittedIndex);
+
+        if (request.getPeerId() != null) {
+            // request from follower, check if the follower is in current conf.
+            final PeerId peer = new PeerId();
+            peer.parse(request.getServerId());
+            if (!this.conf.contains(peer)) {
+                closure
+                    .run(new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Peer %s is not in current configuration: {}.", peer, this.conf));
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        ReadOnlyOption readOnlyOpt = this.raftOptions.getReadOnlyOptions();
+        if (readOnlyOpt == ReadOnlyOption.ReadOnlyLeaseBased && !isLeaderLeaseValid()) {
+            // If leader lease timeout, we must change option to ReadOnlySafe
+            readOnlyOpt = ReadOnlyOption.ReadOnlySafe;
+        }
+
+        switch (readOnlyOpt) {
+            case ReadOnlySafe:
+                final List<PeerId> peers = this.conf.getConf().getPeers();
+                Requires.requireTrue(peers != null && !peers.isEmpty(), "Empty peers");
+                final ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure heartbeatDone = new ReadIndexHeartbeatResponseClosure(closure,
+                    respBuilder, quorum, peers.size());
+                // Send heartbeat requests to followers
+                for (final PeerId peer : peers) {
+                    if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    this.replicatorGroup.sendHeartbeat(peer, heartbeatDone);
+                }
+                break;
+            case ReadOnlyLeaseBased:
+                // Responses to followers and local node.
+                respBuilder.setSuccess(true);
+                closure.setResponse(respBuilder.build());
+                closure.run(Status.OK());
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(final Task task) {
+        if (this.shutdownLatch != null) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(task.getDone(), new Status(RaftError.ENODESHUTDOWN, "Node is shutting down."));
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Node is shutting down");
+        }
+        Requires.requireNonNull(task, "Null task");
+
+        final LogEntry entry = new LogEntry();
+        entry.setData(task.getData());
+        int retryTimes = 0;
+        try {
+            final EventTranslator<LogEntryAndClosure> translator = (event, sequence) -> {
+                event.reset();
+                event.done = task.getDone();
+                event.entry = entry;
+                event.expectedTerm = task.getExpectedTerm();
+            };
+            while (true) {
+                if (this.applyQueue.tryPublishEvent(translator)) {
+                    break;
+                } else {
+                    retryTimes++;
+                    if (retryTimes > MAX_APPLY_RETRY_TIMES) {
+                        Utils.runClosureInThread(task.getDone(),
+                            new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Node is busy, has too many tasks."));
+                        LOG.warn("Node {} applyQueue is overload.", getNodeId());
+                        this.metrics.recordTimes("apply-task-overload-times", 1);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    ThreadHelper.onSpinWait();
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (final Exception e) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(task.getDone(), new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Node is down."));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handlePreVoteRequest(final RequestVoteRequest request) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is not in active state, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    getNodeId(), this.state.name());
+            }
+            final PeerId candidateId = new PeerId();
+            if (!candidateId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received PreVoteRequest from {} serverId bad format.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse candidateId failed: %s.",
+                    request.getServerId());
+            }
+            boolean granted = false;
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            do {
+                if (this.leaderId != null && !this.leaderId.isEmpty() && isCurrentLeaderValid()) {
+                    LOG.info(
+                        "Node {} ignore PreVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}, because the leader {}'s lease is still valid.",
+                        getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm, this.leaderId);
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (request.getTerm() < this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.info("Node {} ignore PreVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                    // A follower replicator may not be started when this node become leader, so we must check it.
+                    checkReplicator(candidateId);
+                    break;
+                } else if (request.getTerm() == this.currTerm + 1) {
+                    // A follower replicator may not be started when this node become leader, so we must check it.
+                    // check replicator state
+                    checkReplicator(candidateId);
+                }
+                doUnlock = false;
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+
+                final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+                doUnlock = true;
+                this.writeLock.lock();
+                final LogId requestLastLogId = new LogId(request.getLastLogIndex(), request.getLastLogTerm());
+                granted = requestLastLogId.compareTo(lastLogId) >= 0;
+
+                LOG.info(
+                    "Node {} received PreVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}, granted={}, requestLastLogId={}, lastLogId={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm, granted, requestLastLogId,
+                    lastLogId);
+            } while (false);
+
+            return RequestVoteResponse.newBuilder() //
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                .setGranted(granted) //
+                .build();
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // in read_lock
+    private boolean isLeaderLeaseValid() {
+        final long monotonicNowMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        if (checkLeaderLease(monotonicNowMs)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        checkDeadNodes0(this.conf.getConf().getPeers(), monotonicNowMs, false, null);
+        return checkLeaderLease(monotonicNowMs);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkLeaderLease(final long monotonicNowMs) {
+        return monotonicNowMs - this.lastLeaderTimestamp < this.options.getLeaderLeaseTimeoutMs();
+    }
+
+    private boolean isCurrentLeaderValid() {
+        return Utils.monotonicMs() - this.lastLeaderTimestamp < this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs();
+    }
+
+    private void updateLastLeaderTimestamp(final long lastLeaderTimestamp) {
+        this.lastLeaderTimestamp = lastLeaderTimestamp;
+    }
+
+    private void checkReplicator(final PeerId candidateId) {
+        if (this.state == State.STATE_LEADER) {
+            this.replicatorGroup.checkReplicator(candidateId, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleRequestVoteRequest(final RequestVoteRequest request) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is not in active state, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    getNodeId(), this.state.name());
+            }
+            final PeerId candidateId = new PeerId();
+            if (!candidateId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received RequestVoteRequest from {} serverId bad format.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse candidateId failed: %s.",
+                    request.getServerId());
+            }
+
+            // noinspection ConstantConditions
+            do {
+                // check term
+                if (request.getTerm() >= this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.info("Node {} received RequestVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                    // increase current term, change state to follower
+                    if (request.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                        stepDown(request.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                            "Raft node receives higher term RequestVoteRequest."));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // ignore older term
+                    LOG.info("Node {} ignore RequestVoteRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                        request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                    break;
+                }
+                doUnlock = false;
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+
+                final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+                doUnlock = true;
+                this.writeLock.lock();
+                // vote need ABA check after unlock&writeLock
+                if (request.getTerm() != this.currTerm) {
+                    LOG.warn("Node {} raise term {} when get lastLogId.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                final boolean logIsOk = new LogId(request.getLastLogIndex(), request.getLastLogTerm())
+                    .compareTo(lastLogId) >= 0;
+
+                if (logIsOk && (this.votedId == null || this.votedId.isEmpty())) {
+                    stepDown(request.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EVOTEFORCANDIDATE,
+                        "Raft node votes for some candidate, step down to restart election_timer."));
+                    this.votedId = candidateId.copy();
+                    this.metaStorage.setVotedFor(candidateId);
+                }
+            } while (false);
+
+            return RequestVoteResponse.newBuilder() //
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                .setGranted(request.getTerm() == this.currTerm && candidateId.equals(this.votedId)) //
+                .build();
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class FollowerStableClosure extends LogManager.StableClosure {
+
+        final long                          committedIndex;
+        final AppendEntriesResponse.Builder responseBuilder;
+        final NodeImpl                      node;
+        final RpcRequestClosure             done;
+        final long                          term;
+
+        public FollowerStableClosure(final AppendEntriesRequest request,
+                                     final AppendEntriesResponse.Builder responseBuilder, final NodeImpl node,
+                                     final RpcRequestClosure done, final long term) {
+            super(null);
+            this.committedIndex = Math.min(
+            // committed index is likely less than the lastLogIndex
+                request.getCommittedIndex(),
+                // The logs after the appended entries can not be trust, so we can't commit them even if their indexes are less than request's committed index.
+                request.getPrevLogIndex() + request.getEntriesCount());
+            this.responseBuilder = responseBuilder;
+            this.node = node;
+            this.done = done;
+            this.term = term;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                this.done.run(status);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            this.node.readLock.lock();
+            try {
+                if (this.term != this.node.currTerm) {
+                    // The change of term indicates that leader has been changed during
+                    // appending entries, so we can't respond ok to the old leader
+                    // because we are not sure if the appended logs would be truncated
+                    // by the new leader:
+                    //  - If they won't be truncated and we respond failure to the old
+                    //    leader, the new leader would know that they are stored in this
+                    //    peer and they will be eventually committed when the new leader
+                    //    found that quorum of the cluster have stored.
+                    //  - If they will be truncated and we responded success to the old
+                    //    leader, the old leader would possibly regard those entries as
+                    //    committed (very likely in a 3-nodes cluster) and respond
+                    //    success to the clients, which would break the rule that
+                    //    committed entries would never be truncated.
+                    // So we have to respond failure to the old leader and set the new
+                    // term to make it stepped down if it didn't.
+                    this.responseBuilder.setSuccess(false).setTerm(this.node.currTerm);
+                    this.done.sendResponse(this.responseBuilder.build());
+                    return;
+                }
+            } finally {
+                // It's safe to release lock as we know everything is ok at this point.
+                this.node.readLock.unlock();
+            }
+
+            // Don't touch node any more.
+            this.responseBuilder.setSuccess(true).setTerm(this.term);
+
+            // Ballot box is thread safe and tolerates disorder.
+            this.node.ballotBox.setLastCommittedIndex(this.committedIndex);
+
+            this.done.sendResponse(this.responseBuilder.build());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleAppendEntriesRequest(final AppendEntriesRequest request, final RpcRequestClosure done) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        final long startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        final int entriesCount = request.getEntriesCount();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is not in active state, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    getNodeId(), this.state.name());
+            }
+
+            final PeerId serverId = new PeerId();
+            if (!serverId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received AppendEntriesRequest from {} serverId bad format.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse serverId failed: %s.",
+                    request.getServerId());
+            }
+
+            // Check stale term
+            if (request.getTerm() < this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} ignore stale AppendEntriesRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                return AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            // Check term and state to step down
+            checkStepDown(request.getTerm(), serverId);
+            if (!serverId.equals(this.leaderId)) {
+                LOG.error("Another peer {} declares that it is the leader at term {} which was occupied by leader {}.",
+                    serverId, this.currTerm, this.leaderId);
+                // Increase the term by 1 and make both leaders step down to minimize the
+                // loss of split brain
+                stepDown(request.getTerm() + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ELEADERCONFLICT,
+                    "More than one leader in the same term."));
+                return AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .setTerm(request.getTerm() + 1) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            updateLastLeaderTimestamp(Utils.monotonicMs());
+
+            if (entriesCount > 0 && this.snapshotExecutor != null && this.snapshotExecutor.isInstallingSnapshot()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received AppendEntriesRequest while installing snapshot.", getNodeId());
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EBUSY, "Node %s:%s is installing snapshot.",
+                    this.groupId, this.serverId);
+            }
+
+            final long prevLogIndex = request.getPrevLogIndex();
+            final long prevLogTerm = request.getPrevLogTerm();
+            final long localPrevLogTerm = this.logManager.getTerm(prevLogIndex);
+            if (localPrevLogTerm != prevLogTerm) {
+                final long lastLogIndex = this.logManager.getLastLogIndex();
+
+                LOG.warn(
+                    "Node {} reject term_unmatched AppendEntriesRequest from {}, term={}, prevLogIndex={}, prevLogTerm={}, localPrevLogTerm={}, lastLogIndex={}, entriesSize={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getTerm(), prevLogIndex, prevLogTerm, localPrevLogTerm,
+                    lastLogIndex, entriesCount);
+
+                return AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setLastLogIndex(lastLogIndex) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            if (entriesCount == 0) {
+                // heartbeat
+                final AppendEntriesResponse.Builder respBuilder = AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setSuccess(true) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setLastLogIndex(this.logManager.getLastLogIndex());
+                doUnlock = false;
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+                // see the comments at FollowerStableClosure#run()
+                this.ballotBox.setLastCommittedIndex(Math.min(request.getCommittedIndex(), prevLogIndex));
+                return respBuilder.build();
+            }
+
+            // Parse request
+            long index = prevLogIndex;
+            final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>(entriesCount);
+            ByteBuffer allData = null;
+            if (request.hasData()) {
+                allData = request.getData().asReadOnlyByteBuffer();
+            }
+
+            final List<RaftOutter.EntryMeta> entriesList = request.getEntriesList();
+            for (int i = 0; i < entriesCount; i++) {
+                final RaftOutter.EntryMeta entry = entriesList.get(i);
+                index++;
+                if (entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
+                    final LogEntry logEntry = new LogEntry();
+                    logEntry.setId(new LogId(index, entry.getTerm()));
+                    logEntry.setType(entry.getType());
+                    if (entry.hasChecksum()) {
+                        logEntry.setChecksum(entry.getChecksum()); // since 1.2.6
+                    }
+                    final long dataLen = entry.getDataLen();
+                    if (dataLen > 0) {
+                        final byte[] bs = new byte[(int) dataLen];
+                        assert allData != null;
+                        allData.get(bs, 0, bs.length);
+                        logEntry.setData(ByteBuffer.wrap(bs));
+                    }
+
+                    if (entry.getPeersCount() > 0) {
+                        if (entry.getType() != EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION) {
+                            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                                "Invalid log entry that contains peers but is not ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type: "
+                                        + entry.getType());
+                        }
+
+                        final List<PeerId> peers = new ArrayList<>(entry.getPeersCount());
+                        for (final String peerStr : entry.getPeersList()) {
+                            final PeerId peer = new PeerId();
+                            peer.parse(peerStr);
+                            peers.add(peer);
+                        }
+                        logEntry.setPeers(peers);
+
+                        if (entry.getOldPeersCount() > 0) {
+                            final List<PeerId> oldPeers = new ArrayList<>(entry.getOldPeersCount());
+                            for (final String peerStr : entry.getOldPeersList()) {
+                                final PeerId peer = new PeerId();
+                                peer.parse(peerStr);
+                                oldPeers.add(peer);
+                            }
+                            logEntry.setOldPeers(oldPeers);
+                        }
+                    } else if (entry.getType() == EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION) {
+                        throw new IllegalStateException(
+                            "Invalid log entry that contains zero peers but is ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION type");
+                    }
+
+                    // Validate checksum
+                    if (this.raftOptions.isEnableLogEntryChecksum() && logEntry.isCorrupted()) {
+                        long realChecksum = logEntry.checksum();
+                        LOG.error(
+                            "Corrupted log entry received from leader, index={}, term={}, expectedChecksum={}, realChecksum={}",
+                            logEntry.getId().getIndex(), logEntry.getId().getTerm(), logEntry.getChecksum(),
+                            realChecksum);
+                        return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL,
+                            "The log entry is corrupted, index=%d, term=%d, expectedChecksum=%d, realChecksum=%d",
+                            logEntry.getId().getIndex(), logEntry.getId().getTerm(), logEntry.getChecksum(),
+                            realChecksum);
+                    }
+
+                    entries.add(logEntry);
+                }
+            }
+
+            final FollowerStableClosure closure = new FollowerStableClosure(request, AppendEntriesResponse.newBuilder()
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm), this, done, this.currTerm);
+            this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, closure);
+            // update configuration after _log_manager updated its memory status
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+            this.metrics.recordLatency("handle-append-entries", Utils.monotonicMs() - startMs);
+            this.metrics.recordSize("handle-append-entries-count", entriesCount);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // called when leader receive greater term in AppendEntriesResponse
+    void increaseTermTo(final long newTerm, final Status status) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (newTerm < this.currTerm) {
+                return;
+            }
+            stepDown(newTerm, false, status);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Peer catch up callback
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-11 2:10:02 PM
+     */
+    private static class OnCaughtUp extends CatchUpClosure {
+        private final NodeImpl node;
+        private final long     term;
+        private final PeerId   peer;
+        private final long     version;
+
+        public OnCaughtUp(final NodeImpl node, final long term, final PeerId peer, final long version) {
+            super();
+            this.node = node;
+            this.term = term;
+            this.peer = peer;
+            this.version = version;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            this.node.onCaughtUp(this.peer, this.term, this.version, status);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onCaughtUp(final PeerId peer, final long term, final long version, final Status st) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // check current_term and state to avoid ABA problem
+            if (term != this.currTerm && this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                // term has changed and nothing should be done, otherwise there will be
+                // an ABA problem.
+                return;
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                // Caught up successfully
+                this.confCtx.onCaughtUp(version, peer, true);
+                return;
+            }
+            // Retry if this peer is still alive
+            if (st.getCode() == RaftError.ETIMEDOUT.getNumber()
+                && Utils.monotonicMs() - this.replicatorGroup.getLastRpcSendTimestamp(peer) <= this.options
+                    .getElectionTimeoutMs()) {
+                LOG.debug("Node {} waits peer {} to catch up.", getNodeId(), peer);
+                final OnCaughtUp caughtUp = new OnCaughtUp(this, term, peer, version);
+                final long dueTime = Utils.nowMs() + this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs();
+                if (this.replicatorGroup.waitCaughtUp(peer, this.options.getCatchupMargin(), dueTime, caughtUp)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                LOG.warn("Node {} waitCaughtUp failed, peer={}.", getNodeId(), peer);
+            }
+            LOG.warn("Node {} caughtUp failed, status={}, peer={}.", getNodeId(), st, peer);
+            this.confCtx.onCaughtUp(version, peer, false);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void checkDeadNodes(final Configuration conf, final long monotonicNowMs) {
+        final List<PeerId> peers = conf.listPeers();
+        final Configuration deadNodes = new Configuration();
+        if (checkDeadNodes0(peers, monotonicNowMs, true, deadNodes)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        LOG.warn("Node {} steps down when alive nodes don't satisfy quorum, term={}, deadNodes={}, conf={}.",
+            getNodeId(), this.currTerm, deadNodes, conf);
+        final Status status = new Status();
+        status.setError(RaftError.ERAFTTIMEDOUT, "Majority of the group dies: %d/%d", deadNodes.size(), peers.size());
+        stepDown(this.currTerm, false, status);
+    }
+
+    private boolean checkDeadNodes0(final List<PeerId> peers, final long monotonicNowMs, final boolean checkReplicator,
+                                    final Configuration deadNodes) {
+        final int leaderLeaseTimeoutMs = this.options.getLeaderLeaseTimeoutMs();
+        int aliveCount = 0;
+        long startLease = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        for (final PeerId peer : peers) {
+            if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                aliveCount++;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (checkReplicator) {
+                checkReplicator(peer);
+            }
+            final long lastRpcSendTimestamp = this.replicatorGroup.getLastRpcSendTimestamp(peer);
+            if (monotonicNowMs - lastRpcSendTimestamp <= leaderLeaseTimeoutMs) {
+                aliveCount++;
+                if (startLease > lastRpcSendTimestamp) {
+                    startLease = lastRpcSendTimestamp;
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (deadNodes != null) {
+                deadNodes.addPeer(peer);
+            }
+        }
+        if (aliveCount >= peers.size() / 2 + 1) {
+            updateLastLeaderTimestamp(startLease);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // in read_lock
+    private List<PeerId> getAliveNodes(final List<PeerId> peers, final long monotonicNowMs) {
+        final int leaderLeaseTimeoutMs = this.options.getLeaderLeaseTimeoutMs();
+        final List<PeerId> alivePeers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (final PeerId peer : peers) {
+            if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                alivePeers.add(peer.copy());
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (monotonicNowMs - this.replicatorGroup.getLastRpcSendTimestamp(peer) <= leaderLeaseTimeoutMs) {
+                alivePeers.add(peer.copy());
+            }
+        }
+        return alivePeers;
+    }
+
+    private void handleStepDownTimeout() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) > 0) {
+                LOG.debug("Node {} stop step-down timer, term={}, state={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, this.state);
+                return;
+            }
+            final long monotonicNowMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            checkDeadNodes(this.conf.getConf(), monotonicNowMs);
+            if (!this.conf.getOldConf().isEmpty()) {
+                checkDeadNodes(this.conf.getOldConf(), monotonicNowMs);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configuration changed callback.
+     *
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-11 2:53:43 PM
+     */
+    private class ConfigurationChangeDone implements Closure {
+        private final long    term;
+        private final boolean leaderStart;
+
+        public ConfigurationChangeDone(final long term, final boolean leaderStart) {
+            super();
+            this.term = term;
+            this.leaderStart = leaderStart;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            if (status.isOk()) {
+                onConfigurationChangeDone(this.term);
+                if (this.leaderStart) {
+                    getOptions().getFsm().onLeaderStart(this.term);
+                }
+            } else {
+                LOG.error("Fail to run ConfigurationChangeDone, status: {}.", status);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void unsafeApplyConfiguration(final Configuration newConf, final Configuration oldConf,
+                                          final boolean leaderStart) {
+        Requires.requireTrue(this.confCtx.isBusy(), "ConfigurationContext is not busy");
+        final LogEntry entry = new LogEntry(EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_CONFIGURATION);
+        entry.setId(new LogId(0, this.currTerm));
+        entry.setPeers(newConf.listPeers());
+        if (oldConf != null) {
+            entry.setOldPeers(oldConf.listPeers());
+        }
+        final ConfigurationChangeDone configurationChangeDone = new ConfigurationChangeDone(this.currTerm, leaderStart);
+        // Use the new_conf to deal the quorum of this very log
+        if (!this.ballotBox.appendPendingTask(newConf, oldConf, configurationChangeDone)) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(configurationChangeDone, new Status(RaftError.EINTERNAL, "Fail to append task."));
+            return;
+        }
+        final List<LogEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>();
+        entries.add(entry);
+        this.logManager.appendEntries(entries, new LeaderStableClosure(entries));
+        this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+    }
+
+    private void unsafeRegisterConfChange(final Configuration oldConf, final Configuration newConf, final Closure done) {
+        if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+            LOG.warn("Node {} refused configuration changing as the state={}.", getNodeId(), this.state);
+            if (done != null) {
+                final Status status = new Status();
+                if (this.state == State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) {
+                    status.setError(RaftError.EBUSY, "Is transferring leadership.");
+                } else {
+                    status.setError(RaftError.EPERM, "Not leader");
+                }
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, status);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        // check concurrent conf change
+        if (this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+            LOG.warn("Node {} refused configuration concurrent changing.", getNodeId());
+            if (done != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Doing another configuration change."));
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        // Return immediately when the new peers equals to current configuration
+        if (this.conf.getConf().equals(newConf)) {
+            Utils.runClosureInThread(done);
+            return;
+        }
+        this.confCtx.start(oldConf, newConf, done);
+    }
+
+    private void afterShutdown() {
+        List<Closure> savedDoneList = null;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.shutdownContinuations.isEmpty()) {
+                savedDoneList = new ArrayList<>(this.shutdownContinuations);
+            }
+            if (this.logStorage != null) {
+                this.logStorage.shutdown();
+            }
+            this.state = State.STATE_SHUTDOWN;
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        if (savedDoneList != null) {
+            for (final Closure closure : savedDoneList) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(closure);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NodeOptions getOptions() {
+        return this.options;
+    }
+
+    public TimerManager getTimerManager() {
+        return this.timerManager;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RaftOptions getRaftOptions() {
+        return this.raftOptions;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    long getCurrentTerm() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.currTerm;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ConfigurationEntry getConf() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.conf;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown() {
+        shutdown(null);
+    }
+
+    public void onConfigurationChangeDone(final long term) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (term != this.currTerm || this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) > 0) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} process onConfigurationChangeDone at term {} while state={}, currTerm={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), term, this.state, this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.confCtx.nextStage();
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public PeerId getLeaderId() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.leaderId.isEmpty() ? null : this.leaderId;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getGroupId() {
+        return this.groupId;
+    }
+
+    public PeerId getServerId() {
+        return this.serverId;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public NodeId getNodeId() {
+        if (this.nodeId == null) {
+            this.nodeId = new NodeId(this.groupId, this.serverId);
+        }
+        return this.nodeId;
+    }
+
+    public RaftClientService getRpcService() {
+        return this.rpcService;
+    }
+
+    public void onError(final RaftException error) {
+        LOG.warn("Node {} got error: {}.", getNodeId(), error);
+        if (this.fsmCaller != null) {
+            // onError of fsmCaller is guaranteed to be executed once.
+            this.fsmCaller.onError(error);
+        }
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // If it is leader, need to wake up a new one;
+            // If it is follower, also step down to call on_stop_following.
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_FOLLOWER) <= 0) {
+                stepDown(this.currTerm, this.state == State.STATE_LEADER, new Status(RaftError.EBADNODE,
+                    "Raft node(leader or candidate) is in error."));
+            }
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_ERROR) < 0) {
+                this.state = State.STATE_ERROR;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handleRequestVoteResponse(final PeerId peerId, final long term, final RequestVoteResponse response) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_CANDIDATE) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid RequestVoteResponse from {}, state not in STATE_CANDIDATE but {}.",
+                    getNodeId(), peerId, this.state);
+                return;
+            }
+            // check stale term
+            if (term != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received stale RequestVoteResponse from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    peerId, term, this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            // check response term
+            if (response.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid RequestVoteResponse from {}, term={}, expect={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    peerId, response.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                stepDown(response.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Raft node receives higher term request_vote_response."));
+                return;
+            }
+            // check granted quorum?
+            if (response.getGranted()) {
+                this.voteCtx.grant(peerId);
+                if (this.voteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                    becomeLeader();
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class OnRequestVoteRpcDone extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<RequestVoteResponse> {
+
+        final long         startMs;
+        final PeerId       peer;
+        final long         term;
+        final NodeImpl     node;
+        RequestVoteRequest request;
+
+        public OnRequestVoteRpcDone(final PeerId peer, final long term, final NodeImpl node) {
+            super();
+            this.startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            this.peer = peer;
+            this.term = term;
+            this.node = node;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            NodeImpl.this.metrics.recordLatency("request-vote", Utils.monotonicMs() - this.startMs);
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} RequestVote to {} error: {}.", this.node.getNodeId(), this.peer, status);
+            } else {
+                this.node.handleRequestVoteResponse(this.peer, this.term, getResponse());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void handlePreVoteResponse(final PeerId peerId, final long term, final RequestVoteResponse response) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid PreVoteResponse from {}, state not in STATE_FOLLOWER but {}.",
+                    getNodeId(), peerId, this.state);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (term != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid PreVoteResponse from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    peerId, term, this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            if (response.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} received invalid PreVoteResponse from {}, term {}, expect={}.", getNodeId(), peerId,
+                    response.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                stepDown(response.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMRESPONSE,
+                    "Raft node receives higher term pre_vote_response."));
+                return;
+            }
+            LOG.info("Node {} received PreVoteResponse from {}, term={}, granted={}.", getNodeId(), peerId,
+                response.getTerm(), response.getGranted());
+            // check granted quorum?
+            if (response.getGranted()) {
+                this.prevVoteCtx.grant(peerId);
+                if (this.prevVoteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                    doUnlock = false;
+                    electSelf();
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class OnPreVoteRpcDone extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<RequestVoteResponse> {
+
+        final long         startMs;
+        final PeerId       peer;
+        final long         term;
+        RequestVoteRequest request;
+
+        public OnPreVoteRpcDone(final PeerId peer, final long term) {
+            super();
+            this.startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+            this.peer = peer;
+            this.term = term;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(final Status status) {
+            NodeImpl.this.metrics.recordLatency("pre-vote", Utils.monotonicMs() - this.startMs);
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} PreVote to {} error: {}.", getNodeId(), this.peer, status);
+            } else {
+                handlePreVoteResponse(this.peer, this.term, getResponse());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // in writeLock
+    private void preVote() {
+        long oldTerm;
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} term {} start preVote.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            if (this.snapshotExecutor != null && this.snapshotExecutor.isInstallingSnapshot()) {
+                LOG.warn(
+                    "Node {} term {} doesn't do preVote when installing snapshot as the configuration may be out of date.",
+                    getNodeId());
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!this.conf.contains(this.serverId)) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} can't do preVote as it is not in conf <{}>.", getNodeId(), this.conf);
+                return;
+            }
+            oldTerm = this.currTerm;
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+
+        final LogId lastLogId = this.logManager.getLastLogId(true);
+
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            // pre_vote need defense ABA after unlock&writeLock
+            if (oldTerm != this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} raise term {} when get lastLogId.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.prevVoteCtx.init(this.conf.getConf(), this.conf.isStable() ? null : this.conf.getOldConf());
+            for (final PeerId peer : this.conf.listPeers()) {
+                if (peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!this.rpcService.connect(peer.getEndpoint())) {
+                    LOG.warn("Node {} channel init failed, address={}.", getNodeId(), peer.getEndpoint());
+                    continue;
+                }
+                final OnPreVoteRpcDone done = new OnPreVoteRpcDone(peer, this.currTerm);
+                done.request = RequestVoteRequest.newBuilder() //
+                    .setPreVote(true) // it's a pre-vote request.
+                    .setGroupId(this.groupId) //
+                    .setServerId(this.serverId.toString()) //
+                    .setPeerId(peer.toString()) //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm + 1) // next term
+                    .setLastLogIndex(lastLogId.getIndex()) //
+                    .setLastLogTerm(lastLogId.getTerm()) //
+                    .build();
+                this.rpcService.preVote(peer.getEndpoint(), done.request, done);
+            }
+            this.prevVoteCtx.grant(this.serverId);
+            if (this.prevVoteCtx.isGranted()) {
+                doUnlock = false;
+                electSelf();
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleVoteTimeout() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        if (this.state == State.STATE_CANDIDATE) {
+            LOG.debug("Node {} term {} retry elect.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm);
+            electSelf();
+        } else {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isLeader() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            return this.state == State.STATE_LEADER;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void shutdown(final Closure done) {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} shutdown, currTerm={} state={}.", getNodeId(), this.currTerm, this.state);
+            if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_SHUTTING) < 0) {
+                NodeManager.getInstance().remove(this);
+                // If it is leader, set the wakeup_a_candidate with true;
+                // If it is follower, call on_stop_following in step_down
+                if (this.state.compareTo(State.STATE_FOLLOWER) <= 0) {
+                    stepDown(this.currTerm, this.state == State.STATE_LEADER,
+                            new Status(RaftError.ESHUTDOWN, "Raft node is going to quit."));
+                }
+                this.state = State.STATE_SHUTTING;
+                // Destroy all timers
+                if (this.electionTimer != null) {
+                    this.electionTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.voteTimer != null) {
+                    this.voteTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.stepDownTimer != null) {
+                    this.stepDownTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.snapshotTimer != null) {
+                    this.snapshotTimer.destroy();
+                }
+                if (this.readOnlyService != null) {
+                    this.readOnlyService.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.logManager != null) {
+                    this.logManager.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.metaStorage != null) {
+                    this.metaStorage.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+                    this.snapshotExecutor.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.wakingCandidate != null) {
+                    Replicator.stop(this.wakingCandidate);
+                }
+                if (this.fsmCaller != null) {
+                    this.fsmCaller.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.rpcService != null) {
+                    this.rpcService.shutdown();
+                }
+                if (this.applyQueue != null) {
+                    Utils.runInThread(() -> {
+                        this.shutdownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+                        this.applyQueue.publishEvent((event, sequence) -> event.shutdownLatch = this.shutdownLatch);
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    final int num = GLOBAL_NUM_NODES.decrementAndGet();
+                    LOG.info("The number of active nodes decrement to {}.", num);
+                }
+                if (this.timerManager != null) {
+                    this.timerManager.shutdown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_SHUTDOWN) {
+                if (done != null) {
+                    this.shutdownContinuations.add(done);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // This node is down, it's ok to invoke done right now. Don't invoke this
+            // in place to avoid the dead writeLock issue when done.Run() is going to acquire
+            // a writeLock which is already held by the caller
+            if (done != null) {
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        if (this.shutdownLatch != null) {
+            if (this.readOnlyService != null) {
+                this.readOnlyService.join();
+            }
+            if (this.fsmCaller != null) {
+                this.fsmCaller.join();
+            }
+            if (this.logManager != null) {
+                this.logManager.join();
+            }
+            if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+                this.snapshotExecutor.join();
+            }
+            if (this.wakingCandidate != null) {
+                Replicator.join(this.wakingCandidate);
+            }
+            this.shutdownLatch.await();
+            this.applyDisruptor.shutdown();
+            this.shutdownLatch = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static class StopTransferArg {
+        final NodeImpl node;
+        final long     term;
+        final PeerId   peer;
+
+        public StopTransferArg(final NodeImpl node, final long term, final PeerId peer) {
+            super();
+            this.node = node;
+            this.term = term;
+            this.peer = peer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void handleTransferTimeout(final long term, final PeerId peer) {
+        LOG.info("Node {} failed to transfer leadership to peer {}, reached timeout.", getNodeId(), peer);
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (term == this.currTerm) {
+                this.replicatorGroup.stopTransferLeadership(peer);
+                if (this.state == State.STATE_TRANSFERRING) {
+                    this.fsmCaller.onLeaderStart(term);
+                    this.state = State.STATE_LEADER;
+                    this.stopTransferArg = null;
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTransferTimeout(final StopTransferArg arg) {
+        arg.node.handleTransferTimeout(arg.term, arg.peer);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieve current configuration this node seen so far. It's not a reliable way to
+     * retrieve cluster peers info, you should use {@link #listPeers()} instead.
+     *
+     * @return current configuration.
+     *
+     * @since 1.0.3
+     */
+    public Configuration getCurrentConf() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.conf != null && this.conf.getConf() != null) {
+                return this.conf.getConf().copy();
+            }
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<PeerId> listPeers() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Not leader");
+            }
+            return this.conf.getConf().listPeers();
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<PeerId> listAlivePeers() {
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("Not leader");
+            }
+            return getAliveNodes(this.conf.getConf().getPeers(), Utils.monotonicMs());
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addPeer(final PeerId peer, final Closure done) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(peer, "Null peer");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(!this.conf.getConf().contains(peer), "Peer already exists in current configuration");
+
+            final Configuration newConf = new Configuration(this.conf.getConf());
+            newConf.addPeer(peer);
+            unsafeRegisterConfChange(this.conf.getConf(), newConf, done);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removePeer(final PeerId peer, final Closure done) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(peer, "Null peer");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            Requires.requireTrue(this.conf.getConf().contains(peer), "Peer not found in current configuration");
+
+            final Configuration newConf = new Configuration(this.conf.getConf());
+            newConf.removePeer(peer);
+            unsafeRegisterConfChange(this.conf.getConf(), newConf, done);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void changePeers(final Configuration newPeers, final Closure done) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(newPeers, "Null new peers");
+        Requires.requireTrue(!newPeers.isEmpty(), "Empty new peers");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            LOG.info("Node {} change peers from {} to {}.", getNodeId(), this.conf.getConf(), newPeers);
+            unsafeRegisterConfChange(this.conf.getConf(), newPeers, done);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status resetPeers(final Configuration newPeers) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(newPeers, "Null new peers");
+        Requires.requireTrue(!newPeers.isEmpty(), "Empty new peers");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (newPeers.isEmpty()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} set empty peers.", getNodeId());
+                return new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "newPeers is empty");
+            }
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} is in state {}, can't set peers.", getNodeId(), this.state);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EPERM, "Bad state: %s", this.state);
+            }
+            // bootstrap?
+            if (this.conf.getConf().isEmpty()) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} set peers to {} from empty.", getNodeId(), newPeers);
+                this.conf.setConf(newPeers);
+                stepDown(this.currTerm + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ESETPEER, "Set peer from empty configuration"));
+                return Status.OK();
+            }
+            if (this.state == State.STATE_LEADER && this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} set peers need wait current conf changing.", getNodeId());
+                return new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Changing to another configuration");
+            }
+            // check equal, maybe retry direct return
+            if (this.conf.getConf().equals(newPeers)) {
+                return Status.OK();
+            }
+            final Configuration newConf = new Configuration(newPeers);
+            LOG.info("Node {} set peers from {} to {}.", getNodeId(), this.conf.getConf(), newPeers);
+            this.conf.setConf(newConf);
+            this.conf.getOldConf().reset();
+            stepDown(this.currTerm + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ESETPEER, "Raft node set peer normally"));
+            return Status.OK();
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void snapshot(final Closure done) {
+        doSnapshot(done);
+    }
+
+    private void doSnapshot(final Closure done) {
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor != null) {
+            this.snapshotExecutor.doSnapshot(done);
+        } else {
+            if (done != null) {
+                final Status status = new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Snapshot is not supported");
+                Utils.runClosureInThread(done, status);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void resetElectionTimeoutMs(final int electionTimeoutMs) {
+        Requires.requireTrue(electionTimeoutMs > 0, "Invalid electionTimeoutMs");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            this.options.setElectionTimeoutMs(electionTimeoutMs);
+            this.replicatorGroup.resetHeartbeatInterval(heartbeatTimeout(this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs()));
+            this.replicatorGroup.resetElectionTimeoutInterval(electionTimeoutMs);
+            LOG.info("Node {} reset electionTimeout, currTimer {} state {} new electionTimeout {}.", getNodeId(),
+                this.currTerm, this.state, electionTimeoutMs);
+            this.electionTimer.reset(electionTimeoutMs);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status transferLeadershipTo(final PeerId peer) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(peer, "Null peer");
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_LEADER) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} can't transfer leadership to peer {} as it is in state {}.", getNodeId(), peer,
+                    this.state);
+                return new Status(this.state == State.STATE_TRANSFERRING ? RaftError.EBUSY : RaftError.EPERM,
+                        "Not a leader");
+            }
+            if (this.confCtx.isBusy()) {
+                // It's very messy to deal with the case when the |peer| received
+                // TimeoutNowRequest and increase the term while somehow another leader
+                // which was not replicated with the newest configuration has been
+                // elected. If no add_peer with this very |peer| is to be invoked ever
+                // after nor this peer is to be killed, this peer will spin in the voting
+                // procedure and make the each new leader stepped down when the peer
+                // reached vote timeout and it starts to vote (because it will increase
+                // the term of the group)
+                // To make things simple, refuse the operation and force users to
+                // invoke transfer_leadership_to after configuration changing is
+                // completed so that the peer's configuration is up-to-date when it
+                // receives the TimeOutNowRequest.
+                LOG.warn(
+                    "Node {} refused to transfer leadership to peer {} when the leader is changing the configuration.",
+                    getNodeId(), peer);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EBUSY, "Changing the configuration");
+            }
+
+            PeerId peerId = peer.copy();
+            // if peer_id is ANY_PEER(0.0.0.0:0:0), the peer with the largest
+            // last_log_id will be selected.
+            if (peerId.equals(PeerId.ANY_PEER)) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} starts to transfer leadership to any peer.", getNodeId());
+                if ((peerId = this.replicatorGroup.findTheNextCandidate(this.conf)) == null) {
+                    return new Status(-1, "Candidate not found for any peer");
+                }
+            }
+            if (peerId.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} transferred leadership to self.", this.serverId);
+                return Status.OK();
+            }
+            if (!this.conf.contains(peerId)) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} refused to transfer leadership to peer {} as it is not in {}.", getNodeId(), peer,
+                    this.conf);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "Not in current configuration");
+            }
+
+            final long lastLogIndex = this.logManager.getLastLogIndex();
+            if (!this.replicatorGroup.transferLeadershipTo(peerId, lastLogIndex)) {
+                LOG.warn("No such peer {}.", peer);
+                return new Status(RaftError.EINVAL, "No such peer %s", peer);
+            }
+            this.state = State.STATE_TRANSFERRING;
+            final Status status = new Status(RaftError.ETRANSFERLEADERSHIP,
+                "Raft leader is transferring leadership to %s", peerId);
+            onLeaderStop(status);
+            LOG.info("Node {} starts to transfer leadership to peer {}.", getNodeId(), peer);
+            final StopTransferArg stopArg = new StopTransferArg(this, this.currTerm, peerId);
+            this.stopTransferArg = stopArg;
+            this.transferTimer = this.timerManager.schedule(() -> onTransferTimeout(stopArg),
+                this.options.getElectionTimeoutMs(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        return Status.OK();
+    }
+
+    private void onLeaderStop(final Status status) {
+        this.replicatorGroup.clearFailureReplicators();
+        this.fsmCaller.onLeaderStop(status);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleTimeoutNowRequest(final TimeoutNowRequest request, final RpcRequestClosure done) {
+        boolean doUnlock = true;
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (request.getTerm() != this.currTerm) {
+                final long savedCurrTerm = this.currTerm;
+                if (request.getTerm() > this.currTerm) {
+                    stepDown(request.getTerm(), false, new Status(RaftError.EHIGHERTERMREQUEST,
+                        "Raft node receives higher term request"));
+                }
+                LOG.info("Node {} received TimeoutNowRequest from {} while currTerm={} didn't match requestTerm={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getPeerId(), savedCurrTerm, request.getTerm());
+                return TimeoutNowResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+            if (this.state != State.STATE_FOLLOWER) {
+                LOG.info("Node {} received TimeoutNowRequest from {}, while state={}, term={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getServerId(), this.state, this.currTerm);
+                return TimeoutNowResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            final long savedTerm = this.currTerm;
+            final TimeoutNowResponse resp = TimeoutNowResponse.newBuilder() //
+                .setTerm(this.currTerm + 1) //
+                .setSuccess(true) //
+                .build();
+            // Parallelize response and election
+            done.sendResponse(resp);
+            doUnlock = false;
+            electSelf();
+            LOG.info("Node {} received TimeoutNowRequest from {}, term={}.", getNodeId(), request.getServerId(),
+                savedTerm);
+        } finally {
+            if (doUnlock) {
+                this.writeLock.unlock();
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Message handleInstallSnapshot(final InstallSnapshotRequest request, final RpcRequestClosure done) {
+        if (this.snapshotExecutor == null) {
+            return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Not supported snapshot");
+        }
+        final PeerId serverId = new PeerId();
+        if (!serverId.parse(request.getServerId())) {
+            LOG.warn("Node {} ignore InstallSnapshotRequest from {} bad server id.", getNodeId(), request.getServerId());
+            return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Parse serverId failed: %s", request.getServerId());
+        }
+
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.state.isActive()) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} ignore InstallSnapshotRequest as it is not in active state {}.", getNodeId(),
+                    this.state);
+                return RpcResponseFactory.newResponse(RaftError.EINVAL, "Node %s:%s is not in active state, state %s.",
+                    this.groupId, this.serverId, this.state.name());
+            }
+
+            if (request.getTerm() < this.currTerm) {
+                LOG.warn("Node {} ignore stale InstallSnapshotRequest from {}, term={}, currTerm={}.", getNodeId(),
+                    request.getPeerId(), request.getTerm(), this.currTerm);
+                return InstallSnapshotResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(this.currTerm) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+            checkStepDown(request.getTerm(), serverId);
+
+            if (!serverId.equals(this.leaderId)) {
+                LOG.error("Another peer {} declares that it is the leader at term {} which was occupied by leader {}.",
+                    serverId, this.currTerm, this.leaderId);
+                // Increase the term by 1 and make both leaders step down to minimize the
+                // loss of split brain
+                stepDown(request.getTerm() + 1, false, new Status(RaftError.ELEADERCONFLICT,
+                    "More than one leader in the same term."));
+                return InstallSnapshotResponse.newBuilder() //
+                    .setTerm(request.getTerm() + 1) //
+                    .setSuccess(false) //
+                    .build();
+            }
+
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+        final long startMs = Utils.monotonicMs();
+        try {
+            if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+                LOG.info(
+                    "Node {} received InstallSnapshotRequest from {}, lastIncludedLogIndex={}, lastIncludedLogTerm={}, lastLogId={}.",
+                    getNodeId(), request.getServerId(), request.getMeta().getLastIncludedIndex(), request.getMeta()
+                        .getLastIncludedTerm(), this.logManager.getLastLogId(false));
+            }
+            this.snapshotExecutor.installSnapshot(request, InstallSnapshotResponse.newBuilder(), done);
+            return null;
+        } finally {
+            this.metrics.recordLatency("install-snapshot", Utils.monotonicMs() - startMs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void updateConfigurationAfterInstallingSnapshot() {
+        this.writeLock.lock();
+        try {
+            this.conf = this.logManager.checkAndSetConfiguration(this.conf);
+        } finally {
+            this.writeLock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void stopReplicator(final List<PeerId> keep, final List<PeerId> drop) {
+        if (drop != null) {
+            for (final PeerId peer : drop) {
+                if (!keep.contains(peer) && !peer.equals(this.serverId)) {
+                    this.replicatorGroup.stopReplicator(peer);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public UserLog readCommittedUserLog(final long index) {
+        if (index <= 0) {
+            throw new LogIndexOutOfBoundsException("Request index is invalid: " + index);
+        }
+
+        final long savedLastAppliedIndex = this.fsmCaller.getLastAppliedIndex();
+
+        if (index > savedLastAppliedIndex) {
+            throw new LogIndexOutOfBoundsException("Request index " + index + " is greater than lastAppliedIndex: "
+                                                   + savedLastAppliedIndex);
+        }
+
+        long curIndex = index;
+        LogEntry entry = this.logManager.getEntry(curIndex);
+        if (entry == null) {
+            throw new LogNotFoundException("User log is deleted at index: " + index);
+        }
+
+        do {
+            if (entry.getType() == EnumOutter.EntryType.ENTRY_TYPE_DATA) {
+                return new UserLog(curIndex, entry.getData());
+            } else {
+                curIndex++;
+            }
+            if (curIndex > savedLastAppliedIndex) {
+                throw new IllegalStateException("No user log between index:" + index + " and last_applied_index:"
+                                                + savedLastAppliedIndex);
+            }
+            entry = this.logManager.getEntry(curIndex);
+        } while (entry != null);
+
+        throw new LogNotFoundException("User log is deleted at index: " + curIndex);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addReplicatorStateListener(final Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener replicatorStateListener) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorStateListener, "replicatorStateListener");
+        this.replicatorStateListeners.add(replicatorStateListener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeReplicatorStateListener(final Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener replicatorStateListener) {
+        Requires.requireNonNull(replicatorStateListener, "replicatorStateListener");
+        this.replicatorStateListeners.remove(replicatorStateListener);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void clearReplicatorStateListeners() {
+        this.replicatorStateListeners.clear();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<Replicator.ReplicatorStateListener> getReplicatorStatueListeners() {
+        return this.replicatorStateListeners;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void describe(final Printer out) {
+        // node
+        final String _nodeId;
+        final String _state;
+        final long _currTerm;
+        final String _conf;
+        this.readLock.lock();
+        try {
+            _nodeId = String.valueOf(getNodeId());
+            _state = String.valueOf(this.state);
+            _currTerm = this.currTerm;
+            _conf = String.valueOf(this.conf);
+        } finally {
+            this.readLock.unlock();
+        }
+        out.print("nodeId: ") //
+            .println(_nodeId);
+        out.print("state: ") //
+            .println(_state);
+        out.print("term: ") //
+            .println(_currTerm);
+        out.print("conf: ") //
+            .println(_conf);
+
+        // timers
+        out.println("electionTimer: ");
+        this.electionTimer.describe(out);
+
+        out.println("voteTimer: ");
+        this.voteTimer.describe(out);
+
+        out.println("stepDownTimer: ");
+        this.stepDownTimer.describe(out);
+
+        out.println("snapshotTimer: ");
+        this.snapshotTimer.describe(out);
+
+        // logManager
+        out.println("logManager: ");
+        this.logManager.describe(out);
+
+        // fsmCaller
+        out.println("fsmCaller: ");
+        this.fsmCaller.describe(out);
+
+        // ballotBox
+        out.println("ballotBox: ");
+        this.ballotBox.describe(out);
+
+        // snapshotExecutor
+        out.println("snapshotExecutor: ");
+        this.snapshotExecutor.describe(out);
+
+        // replicators
+        out.println("replicatorGroup: ");
+        this.replicatorGroup.describe(out);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "JRaftNode [nodeId=" + getNodeId() + "]";
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.NodeImpl.shutdown` reads with synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.NodeImpl.snapshotTimer`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `NodeImpl.init(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NodeImpl.shutdown(Closure)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.NodeImpl.shutdown(com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Closure):void.a5f33d4af16042ae72f80f411c7e72c5
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/core/NodeImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+NodeImpl.java|shutdown|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8d9149b701a32ce9b80aba6b6c510dbd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9240/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9240/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dc79cb65effc239f81f74091b982bbb834c5fa5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9240/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-jraft
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+
+import javax.annotation.concurrent.ThreadSafe;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.core.TimerManager;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.error.RaftError;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.CopyOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.option.RaftOptions;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RaftClientService;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests.GetFileResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcResponseClosureAdapter;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.SnapshotThrottle;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.ByteBufferCollector;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Endpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.OnlyForTest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Requires;
+import com.alipay.sofa.jraft.util.Utils;
+import com.google.protobuf.Message;
+
+/**
+ * Copy session based on bolt framework.
+ * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+ *
+ * 2018-Apr-08 12:01:23 PM
+ */
+@ThreadSafe
+public class BoltSession implements Session {
+
+    private static final Logger          LOG  = LoggerFactory.getLogger(BoltSession.class);
+
+    private final Lock                   lock;
+    private final Status                 st;
+    private final RaftClientService      rpcService;
+    private int                          retryTimes;
+    private boolean                      finished;
+    private ByteBufferCollector          destBuf;
+    private CopyOptions                  copyOptions;
+    private GetFileRequest.Builder       requestBuilder;
+    private final CountDownLatch         finishLatch;
+    private OutputStream                 outputStream;
+    private final Endpoint               endpoint;
+    private final GetFileResponseClosure done = new GetFileResponseClosure();
+    private ScheduledFuture<?>           timer;
+    private String                       destPath;
+    private final RaftOptions            raftOptions;
+    private Future<Message>              rpcCall;
+    private final TimerManager           timerManager;
+    private final SnapshotThrottle       snapshotThrottle;
+
+    /**
+     * Get file response closure to answer client.
+     * @author boyan (boyan@alibaba-inc.com)
+     *
+     * 2018-Apr-13 4:50:21 PM
+     */
+    private class GetFileResponseClosure extends RpcResponseClosureAdapter<GetFileResponse> {
+
+        @Override
+        public void run(Status status) {
+            onRpcReturned(status, getResponse());
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestPath(String destPath) {
+        this.destPath = destPath;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    GetFileResponseClosure getDone() {
+        return this.done;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    Future<Message> getRpcCall() {
+        return this.rpcCall;
+    }
+
+    @OnlyForTest
+    ScheduledFuture<?> getTimer() {
+        return this.timer;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() throws IOException {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (!this.finished) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public BoltSession(RaftClientService rpcService, TimerManager timerManager, SnapshotThrottle snapshotThrottle,
+                       RaftOptions raftOptions, GetFileRequest.Builder rb, Endpoint ep) {
+        super();
+        this.snapshotThrottle = snapshotThrottle;
+        this.raftOptions = raftOptions;
+        this.timerManager = timerManager;
+        this.rpcService = rpcService;
+        this.requestBuilder = rb;
+        this.retryTimes = 0;
+        this.copyOptions = new CopyOptions();
+        this.lock = new ReentrantLock();
+        this.endpoint = ep;
+        this.st = Status.OK();
+        this.finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+    }
+
+    public void setDestBuf(ByteBufferCollector bufRef) {
+        this.destBuf = bufRef;
+    }
+
+    public void setCopyOptions(CopyOptions copyOptions) {
+        this.copyOptions = copyOptions;
+    }
+
+    public void setOutputStream(OutputStream out) {
+        this.outputStream = out;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (this.timer != null) {
+                this.timer.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (this.rpcCall != null) {
+                this.rpcCall.cancel(true);
+            }
+            if (st.isOk()) {
+                st.setError(RaftError.ECANCELED, RaftError.ECANCELED.name());
+            }
+
+            this.onFinished();
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void join() throws InterruptedException {
+        this.finishLatch.await();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Status status() {
+        return st;
+    }
+
+    private void onFinished() {
+        if (!this.finished) {
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                Utils.closeQuietly(this.outputStream);
+                this.outputStream = null;
+            }
+            if (this.destBuf != null) {
+                final ByteBuffer buf = this.destBuf.getBuffer();
+                if (buf != null) {
+                    buf.flip();
+                }
+                this.destBuf = null;
+            }
+            this.finished = true;
+            this.finishLatch.countDown();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onTimer() {
+        Utils.runInThread(this::sendNextRpc);
+    }
+
+    void onRpcReturned(Status status, GetFileResponse response) {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!status.isOk()) {
+                // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                if (status.getCode() == RaftError.ECANCELED.getNumber()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Throttled reading failure does not increase _retry_times
+                if (status.getCode() != RaftError.EAGAIN.getNumber()
+                    && ++this.retryTimes >= this.copyOptions.getMaxRetry()) {
+                    if (st.isOk()) {
+                        st.setError(status.getCode(), status.getErrorMsg());
+                        this.onFinished();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                return;
+            }
+            this.retryTimes = 0;
+            Requires.requireNonNull(response, "response");
+            // Reset count to |real_read_size| to make next rpc get the right offset
+            if (response.hasReadSize() && response.getReadSize() != 0) {
+                this.requestBuilder.setCount(response.getReadSize());
+            }
+            if (outputStream != null) {
+                try {
+                    response.getData().writeTo(outputStream);
+                } catch (final IOException e) {
+                    LOG.error("Fail to write into file {}", this.destPath);
+                    st.setError(RaftError.EIO, RaftError.EIO.name());
+                    this.onFinished();
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else {
+                final byte[] data = response.getData().toByteArray();
+                this.destBuf.put(data);
+            }
+            if (response.getEof()) {
+                onFinished();
+                return;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+        this.sendNextRpc();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send next RPC request to get a piece of file data.
+     */
+    void sendNextRpc() {
+        this.timer = null;
+        final long offset = requestBuilder.getOffset() + requestBuilder.getCount();
+        final long maxCount = this.destBuf == null ? raftOptions.getMaxByteCountPerRpc() : Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        this.requestBuilder = requestBuilder.setOffset(offset).setCount(maxCount).setReadPartly(true);
+        this.lock.lock();
+        try {
+            if (this.finished) {
+                return;
+            }
+            // throttle
+            long newMaxCount = maxCount;
+            if (this.snapshotThrottle != null) {
+                newMaxCount = snapshotThrottle.throttledByThroughput(maxCount);
+                if (newMaxCount == 0) {
+                    // Reset count to make next rpc retry the previous one
+                    this.requestBuilder.setCount(0);
+                    this.timer = this.timerManager.schedule(this::onTimer, this.copyOptions.getRetryIntervalMs(),
+                            TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            this.requestBuilder.setCount(newMaxCount);
+            LOG.debug("Send get file request {} to peer {}", this.requestBuilder.build(), this.endpoint);
+            this.rpcCall = this.rpcService.getFile(endpoint, this.requestBuilder.build(),
+                this.copyOptions.getTimeoutMs(), done);
+        } finally {
+            lock.unlock();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.onRpcReturned` indirectly reads with synchronization from `this.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.requestBuilder.com.alipay.sofa.jraft.rpc.RpcRequests$GetFileRequest$Builder.bitField0_`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `BoltSession.sendNextRpc()`.
+ Reporting because the current class is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BoltSession.onRpcReturned(Status,RpcRequests$GetFileResponse)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.jraft.storage.snapshot.remote.BoltSession.onRpcReturned(com.alipay.sofa.jraft.Status.2658788c2bba78a412ddf60eb2b9cb11
+
+### File:
+jraft-core/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/jraft/storage/snapshot/remote/BoltSession.java
+
+### Key:
+BoltSession.java|onRpcReturned|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+184397a14ddee7ecba7279f7fc244bc9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9247/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9247/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d87a930fbc296d7f62aa0e7ce9241568ebd3ad03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9247/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** ff4j
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.ff4j.test.strategy.el;
+
+/*
+ * #%L ff4j-core $Id:$ $HeadURL:$ %% Copyright (C) 2013 Ff4J %% Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
+ * BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
+ * governing permissions and limitations under the License. #L%
+ */
+
+import org.ff4j.FF4j;
+import org.ff4j.core.FlippingExecutionContext;
+import org.ff4j.strategy.el.ExpressionFlipStrategy;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+/**
+ * Tests for {@link ExpressionFlipStrategy} class.
+ * 
+ * @author <a href="mailto:cedrick.lunven@gmail.com">Cedrick LUNVEN</a>
+ */
+public class ExpressionFlipStategyTest {
+
+    /** current instance of FF4j */
+    private final FF4j ff4j = new FF4j("test-expressionFlipStategy-ok.xml");
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExpression() throws Exception {
+        Assert.assertNotNull(ff4j.getFeature("D"));
+        Assert.assertNotNull(ff4j.getFeature("D").getFlippingStrategy());
+        Assert.assertNotNull(ff4j.getFeature("D").getFlippingStrategy().getInitParams());
+        boolean dFlipped = ff4j.check("D");
+        Assert.assertTrue(dFlipped);
+    }
+    
+    @Test
+    public void testEnableC() {
+        ff4j.enable("C");
+        boolean dFlipped = ff4j.check("D");
+        Assert.assertFalse(dFlipped);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnableB() {
+        ff4j.enable("B");
+        boolean dFlipped = ff4j.check("D");
+        Assert.assertTrue(dFlipped);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testExplicitevaluate() {
+        ExpressionFlipStrategy efs = new ExpressionFlipStrategy();
+        Assert.assertTrue(efs.evaluate("D", ff4j.getStore(), null));
+        Assert.assertTrue(efs.evaluate("TOTO", ff4j.getStore(), null));
+
+        FlippingExecutionContext fex = new FlippingExecutionContext();
+        fex.putString(ExpressionFlipStrategy.PARAM_EXPRESSION, "D");
+        Assert.assertTrue(efs.evaluate("D", ff4j.getStore(), fex));
+
+        fex.putString(ExpressionFlipStrategy.PARAM_EXPRESSION, "TOTO");
+        Assert.assertFalse(efs.evaluate("D", ff4j.getStore(), fex));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `null` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `evaluate(...)` at line 56.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExpressionFlipStategyTest.testExplicitevaluate()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.ff4j.test.strategy.el.ExpressionFlipStategyTest.testExplicitevaluate():void.2b97c17f492122d3b4aad570c1d345ea
+
+### File:
+ff4j-core/src/test/java/org/ff4j/test/strategy/el/ExpressionFlipStategyTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ExpressionFlipStategyTest.java|testExplicitevaluate|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+8935e57d7b3f0838a904c444170f4f1f
+
+### Hash:
+88d70bf20f3d188b36700040d90bf7b8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9249/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9249/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b71ea7dcd2b34dcc472aa0d307b661c5c9754744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9249/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** DotCi
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2014, Groupon, Inc.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package com.groupon.jenkins.dynamic.build;
+
+import com.groupon.jenkins.dynamic.build.repository.DynamicProjectRepository;
+import com.groupon.jenkins.util.GReflectionUtils;
+import com.mongodb.DBObject;
+import hudson.EnvVars;
+import hudson.Util;
+import hudson.model.*;
+import hudson.model.Queue.Executable;
+import hudson.scm.ChangeLogSet;
+import hudson.scm.ChangeLogSet.Entry;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.security.Timestamp;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+import java.util.logging.Level;
+
+import jenkins.model.Jenkins;
+
+import org.bson.types.ObjectId;
+import org.kohsuke.stapler.export.Exported;
+import org.mongodb.morphia.annotations.*;
+import org.springframework.util.ReflectionUtils;
+
+import com.groupon.jenkins.dynamic.build.cause.BuildCause;
+import com.groupon.jenkins.dynamic.build.repository.DynamicBuildRepository;
+import com.groupon.jenkins.github.GitBranch;
+
+@Entity("run")
+public abstract class DbBackedBuild<P extends DbBackedProject<P, B>, B extends DbBackedBuild<P, B>> extends Build<P, B> {
+    @Id
+    private ObjectId id;
+
+    private ObjectId projectId; //TODO replace with Reference
+
+    public ObjectId getProjectId() {
+        return projectId;
+    }
+
+    @PrePersist
+    void saveState(final DBObject dbObj) {
+        dbObj.put("state", getState().toString());
+        hudson.model.Items.XSTREAM.ignoreUnknownElements();
+    }
+
+    @PostLoad
+    void restoreState(final DBObject dbObj) {
+        Object state = getState((String) dbObj.get("state"));
+        setField(state, "state");
+    }
+
+    @PrePersist
+    private void saveTimestamp(final DBObject dbObj) {
+        dbObj.put("timestamp", getTime());
+    }
+
+    @PostLoad
+    private void restoreTimestamp(final DBObject dbObj) {
+        Date time = (Date) dbObj.get("timestamp");
+        if(time != null) {
+            setField(time.getTime(), "timestamp");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @PrePersist
+    void saveProjectId() {
+        projectId =  project.getId();
+    }
+
+
+    public void postMorphiaLoad() {
+        super.onLoad();
+    }
+
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(DbBackedBuild.class.getName());
+
+    protected DbBackedBuild(P project) throws IOException {
+        super(project);
+    }
+
+    public DbBackedBuild(P project, File buildDir) throws IOException {
+        super(project, buildDir);
+    }
+
+    public DbBackedBuild(P job, Calendar timestamp) {
+        super(job, timestamp);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void save() throws IOException {
+        LOGGER.info("saving build:" + getName() + ": " + getNumber());
+        new DynamicBuildRepository().save(this);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onEndBuilding() {
+        super.onEndBuilding();
+        try {
+            this.save();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Deprecated
+    // Keeping this so we can more easily migrate from existing systems
+    public void restoreFromDb(AbstractProject project, Map<String, Object> input) {
+        String state = ((String) input.get("state"));
+        Date date = ((Date) input.get("last_updated"));
+        setField(project, "project");
+        setField(date.getTime(), "timestamp");
+        setField(getState(state), "state");
+        super.onLoad();
+    }
+
+    public String getState() {
+        String stateName = null;
+        try {
+            Field field = Run.class.getDeclaredField("state");
+            field.setAccessible(true);
+            stateName = ReflectionUtils.getField(field, this).toString();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+
+        return stateName;
+    }
+    public Object getState(String state) {
+        try {
+            return Enum.valueOf((Class<Enum>) Class.forName("hudson.model.Run$State"), state);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasParticipant(User user) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public B getNextBuild() {
+        return getParent().getBuildByNumber(getNumber() + 1);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public B getPreviousBuild() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void setField(Object project, String fieldStr) {
+        Field field;
+        try {
+            field = Run.class.getDeclaredField(fieldStr);
+            field.setAccessible(true);
+            field.set(this, project);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Exported
+    public Executor getExecutor() {
+        Jenkins jenkins = Jenkins.getInstance();
+        if (jenkins == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        for (Computer computer : jenkins.getComputers()) {
+            for (Executor executor : computer.getExecutors()) {
+                if (isCurrent(executor)) {
+                    return executor;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private boolean isCurrent(Executor executor) {
+        Executable currentExecutable = executor.getCurrentExecutable();
+        return currentExecutable != null && currentExecutable instanceof DbBackedBuild && this.equals(currentExecutable);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Executor getOneOffExecutor() {
+        for (Computer c : Jenkins.getInstance().getComputers()) {
+            for (Executor e : c.getOneOffExecutors()) {
+                if (isCurrent(e))
+                    return e;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Exported
+    public ChangeLogSet<? extends Entry> getChangeSet() {
+        return new GithubChangeLogSet(this, getCause().getChangeLogEntries());
+    }
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return getParent().getName();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Exported
+    public Set<User> getCulprits() {
+        return new HashSet<User>();
+    }
+
+    public GitBranch getCurrentBranch() {
+        return getCause().getBranch();
+    }
+
+    public String getDisplayTime() {
+        return Util.getPastTimeString(System.currentTimeMillis() - getTimestamp().getTimeInMillis()) + " ago";
+    }
+
+    public abstract BuildCause getCause();
+
+    @Override
+    public EnvVars getEnvironment(TaskListener log) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
+        EnvVars envVars = getJenkinsEnvVariables(log);
+        envVars.putAll(getDotCiEnvVars(envVars));
+        return envVars;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, String> getDotCiEnvVars(EnvVars jenkinsEnvVars) {
+        Map<String, String> envVars = new HashMap<String, String>();
+        envVars.put("DOTCI_BRANCH", jenkinsEnvVars.get("BRANCH"));
+        envVars.put("DOTCI", "true");
+        envVars.put("CI", "true");
+        if (getCause() != null) {
+            envVars.putAll(getCause().getEnvVars());
+        }
+        return envVars;
+    }
+
+    public String getBuildId() {
+        return getProject().getId() + getId();
+    }
+
+    public EnvVars getJenkinsEnvVariables(TaskListener log) {
+        try {
+            return super.getEnvironment(log);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSkipped() {
+        return getAction(SkippedBuildAction.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getWhyKeepLog() {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public Run getPreviousFinishedBuildOfSameBranch(BuildListener listener) {
+        return new DynamicBuildRepository().getPreviousFinishedBuildOfSameBranch(this, getCurrentBranch().toString());
+    }
+
+    public String getPusher() {
+        return getCause() == null ? null : getCause().getPusher();
+    }
+
+    public abstract String getSha();
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.groupon.jenkins.dynamic.build.DbBackedBuild.getPreviousFinishedBuildOfSameBranch` indirectly reads without synchronization from `mongo.MongoRepository.com.groupon.jenkins.mongo.MongoRepository.datastore`. Potentially races with write in method `DbBackedBuild.save()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Run DbBackedBuild.getPreviousFinishedBuildOfSameBranch(BuildListener)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.groupon.jenkins.dynamic.build.DbBackedBuild.getPreviousFinishedBuildOfSameBranch(hudson.model.Bu.f1104300cd4bd50215e21a1cefe22c89
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/groupon/jenkins/dynamic/build/DbBackedBuild.java
+
+### Key:
+DbBackedBuild.java|getPreviousFinishedBuildOfSameBranch|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8658612cec7af434767465fc1ad3fb4e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9271/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9271/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62e781afe86b7b6bdc6c3e76f45cee10f65862fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9271/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** easy-random
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * The MIT License
+ *
+ *   Copyright (c) 2017, Mahmoud Ben Hassine (mahmoud.benhassine@icloud.com)
+ *
+ *   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ *   of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ *   in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ *   to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ *   copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ *   furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ *   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ *   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ *   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ *   IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ *   FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ *   AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ *   LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ *   OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ *   THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+package io.github.benas.randombeans.validation;
+
+import io.github.benas.randombeans.api.Randomizer;
+import io.github.benas.randombeans.randomizers.RegularExpressionRandomizer;
+
+import javax.validation.constraints.Pattern;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.Random;
+import static io.github.benas.randombeans.validation.ReflectionUtils.*;
+
+class PatternAnnotationHandler implements BeanValidationAnnotationHandler {
+
+    private final Random random;
+
+    public PatternAnnotationHandler(long seed) {
+        random = new Random(seed);
+    }
+
+    public Randomizer<?> getRandomizer(Field field) {
+        Class<?> fieldType = field.getType();
+        Pattern patternAnnotation = getAnnotation(field, Pattern.class);
+
+        final String regex = patternAnnotation.regexp();
+        if (fieldType.equals(String.class)) {
+            return new RegularExpressionRandomizer(regex, random.nextLong());
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `patternAnnotation` last assigned on line 44 could be null and is dereferenced at line 46.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Randomizer PatternAnnotationHandler.getRandomizer(Field)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+io.github.benas.randombeans.validation.PatternAnnotationHandler.getRandomizer(java.lang.reflect.Fiel.00bfae714ebde84add67546e74b7b5bd
+
+### File:
+random-beans-validation/src/main/java/io/github/benas/randombeans/validation/PatternAnnotationHandler.java
+
+### Key:
+PatternAnnotationHandler.java|getRandomizer|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+b9d84b83785e1f19b5e23608e59c20fd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9276/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9276/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6c34aa49babcb7e4fa930c4a6208f48b523c75e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9276/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-rpc
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.ProviderGroup;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.common.json.JSON;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.config.ApplicationConfig;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.config.ConsumerConfig;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.config.ProviderConfig;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.config.RegistryConfig;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.config.ServerConfig;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.exception.SofaRpcRuntimeException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.listener.ProviderInfoListener;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.RegistryFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.mock.HttpMockServer;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.model.ApplicationInfoResult;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.model.MeshEndpoint;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.model.PublishServiceResult;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.model.SubscribeServiceResult;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.model.UnPublishServiceResult;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.model.UnSubscribeServiceResult;
+import org.junit.AfterClass;
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * @author <a href="mailto:zhanggeng.zg@antfin.com">GengZhang</a>
+ */
+public class MeshRegistryTest extends BaseMeshTest {
+
+    private static RegistryConfig registryConfig;
+
+    private static MeshRegistry   registry;
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void setUp() {
+
+        HttpMockServer.initSever(7654);
+
+        ApplicationInfoResult applicationInfoResult = new ApplicationInfoResult();
+        applicationInfoResult.setSuccess(true);
+        HttpMockServer.addMockPath(MeshEndpoint.CONFIGS, JSON.toJSONString(applicationInfoResult));
+
+        PublishServiceResult publishServiceResult = new PublishServiceResult();
+        publishServiceResult.setSuccess(true);
+        HttpMockServer.addMockPath(MeshEndpoint.PUBLISH, JSON.toJSONString(publishServiceResult));
+
+        SubscribeServiceResult subscribeServiceResult = new SubscribeServiceResult();
+        subscribeServiceResult.setSuccess(true);
+        List<String> datas = new ArrayList<String>();
+        datas.add("127.0.0.1:12200?v=4.0&p=1");
+        datas.add("127.0.0.1:12201?v=4.0&p=1");
+        subscribeServiceResult.setDatas(datas);
+        HttpMockServer.addMockPath(MeshEndpoint.SUBCRIBE, JSON.toJSONString(subscribeServiceResult));
+
+        UnPublishServiceResult unPublishServiceResult = new UnPublishServiceResult();
+        unPublishServiceResult.setSuccess(true);
+        HttpMockServer.addMockPath(MeshEndpoint.UN_PUBLISH, JSON.toJSONString(unPublishServiceResult));
+
+        UnSubscribeServiceResult unSubscribeServiceResult = new UnSubscribeServiceResult();
+        unSubscribeServiceResult.setSuccess(true);
+        HttpMockServer.addMockPath(MeshEndpoint.UN_SUBCRIBE, JSON.toJSONString(unSubscribeServiceResult));
+
+        HttpMockServer.start();
+        registryConfig = new RegistryConfig()
+            .setProtocol("mesh")
+            .setSubscribe(true)
+            .setRegister(true)
+            .setAddress("http://localhost:7654");
+
+        registry = (MeshRegistry) RegistryFactory.getRegistry(registryConfig);
+
+        try {
+            registry.init();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Assert.assertTrue(e instanceof SofaRpcRuntimeException);
+        }
+        registry.init();
+        registry.start();
+    }
+
+    @AfterClass
+    public static void tearDown() {
+        try {
+            registry.destroy(); // destroy可能还会备份异常
+            registry = null;
+        } finally {
+            // 清理数据
+            HttpMockServer.stop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnlyPublish() {
+
+        Field registedAppField = null;
+        try {
+            registedAppField = MeshRegistry.class.getDeclaredField("registedApp");
+            registedAppField.setAccessible(true);
+        } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        Boolean registedAppValue = null;
+        // in case of effected by other case.
+        try {
+            registedAppValue = (Boolean) registedAppField.get(registry);
+            registedAppField.set(registry, false);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        LOGGER.info("current registedAppValue is " + registedAppValue);
+        Assert.assertTrue(!registedAppValue);
+
+        ServerConfig serverConfig = new ServerConfig()
+            .setProtocol("bolt")
+            .setHost("0.0.0.0")
+            .setPort(12200);
+        ProviderConfig<?> provider = new ProviderConfig();
+        provider.setInterfaceId("com.alipay.xxx.TestService")
+            .setUniqueId("unique123Id")
+            .setApplication(new ApplicationConfig().setAppName("test-server"))
+            .setProxy("javassist")
+            .setRegister(true)
+            .setRegistry(registryConfig)
+            .setSerialization("hessian2")
+            .setServer(serverConfig)
+            .setWeight(222)
+            .setTimeout(3000);
+
+        registry.register(provider);
+
+        try {
+            registedAppValue = (Boolean) registedAppField.get(registry);
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        LOGGER.info("final registedAppValue is " + registedAppValue);
+
+        Assert.assertTrue(registedAppValue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAll() throws Exception {
+
+        int timeoutPerSub = 1000;
+
+        ServerConfig serverConfig = new ServerConfig()
+            .setProtocol("bolt")
+            .setHost("0.0.0.0")
+            .setPort(12200);
+
+        ProviderConfig<?> provider = new ProviderConfig();
+        provider.setInterfaceId("com.alipay.xxx.TestService")
+            .setUniqueId("unique123Id")
+            .setApplication(new ApplicationConfig().setAppName("test-server"))
+            .setProxy("javassist")
+            .setRegister(true)
+            .setRegistry(registryConfig)
+            .setSerialization("hessian2")
+            .setServer(serverConfig)
+            .setWeight(222)
+            .setTimeout(3000);
+
+        // 注册
+        registry.register(provider);
+
+        ConsumerConfig<?> consumer = new ConsumerConfig();
+        consumer.setInterfaceId("com.alipay.xxx.TestService")
+            .setUniqueId("unique123Id")
+            .setApplication(new ApplicationConfig().setAppName("test-server"))
+            .setProxy("javassist")
+            .setSubscribe(true)
+            .setSerialization("java")
+            .setInvokeType("sync")
+            .setTimeout(4444);
+
+        String tag0 = MeshRegistryHelper.buildMeshKey(provider, serverConfig.getProtocol());
+        String tag1 = MeshRegistryHelper.buildMeshKey(consumer, consumer.getProtocol());
+        Assert.assertEquals(tag1, tag0);
+
+        // 订阅
+        MeshRegistryTest.MockProviderInfoListener providerInfoListener = new MeshRegistryTest.MockProviderInfoListener();
+        consumer.setProviderInfoListener(providerInfoListener);
+        List<ProviderGroup> groups = registry.subscribe(consumer);
+        providerInfoListener.updateAllProviders(groups);
+        Map<String, ProviderGroup> ps = providerInfoListener.getData();
+        Assert.assertTrue(ps.size() == 1);
+
+        // 反注册
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        providerInfoListener.setCountDownLatch(latch);
+        registry.unRegister(provider);
+        latch.await(timeoutPerSub, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        //mesh 并不直接感知.
+        Assert.assertTrue(ps.size() == 1);
+
+        // 一次发2个端口的再次注册
+        latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        providerInfoListener.setCountDownLatch(latch);
+        provider.getServer().add(new ServerConfig()
+            .setProtocol("bolt")
+            .setHost("0.0.0.0")
+            .setPort(12201));
+        registry.register(provider);
+        latch.await(timeoutPerSub * 2, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+        // 重复订阅
+        ConsumerConfig<?> consumer2 = new ConsumerConfig();
+        consumer2.setInterfaceId("com.alipay.xxx.TestService")
+            .setUniqueId("unique123Id")
+            .setApplication(new ApplicationConfig().setAppName("test-server"))
+            .setProxy("javassist")
+            .setSubscribe(true)
+            .setSerialization("java")
+            .setInvokeType("sync")
+            .setTimeout(4444);
+        CountDownLatch latch2 = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        MeshRegistryTest.MockProviderInfoListener providerInfoListener2 = new MeshRegistryTest.MockProviderInfoListener();
+        providerInfoListener2.setCountDownLatch(latch2);
+        consumer2.setProviderInfoListener(providerInfoListener2);
+        List<ProviderGroup> groups2 = registry.subscribe(consumer2);
+        providerInfoListener2.updateAllProviders(groups2);
+
+        Map<String, ProviderGroup> ps2 = providerInfoListener2.getData();
+        Assert.assertTrue(ps2.size() == 1);
+
+        // 取消订阅者1
+        registry.unSubscribe(consumer);
+
+        // 批量反注册，判断订阅者2的数据
+        latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        providerInfoListener2.setCountDownLatch(latch);
+        List<ProviderConfig> providerConfigList = new ArrayList<ProviderConfig>();
+        providerConfigList.add(provider);
+        registry.batchUnRegister(providerConfigList);
+
+        latch.await(timeoutPerSub, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        Assert.assertTrue(ps2.size() == 1);
+
+        // 批量取消订阅
+        List<ConsumerConfig> consumerConfigList = new ArrayList<ConsumerConfig>();
+        consumerConfigList.add(consumer2);
+        registry.batchUnSubscribe(consumerConfigList);
+
+    }
+
+    private static class MockProviderInfoListener implements ProviderInfoListener {
+
+        Map<String, ProviderGroup> ps = new HashMap<String, ProviderGroup>();
+
+        private CountDownLatch     countDownLatch;
+
+        public void setCountDownLatch(CountDownLatch countDownLatch) {
+            this.countDownLatch = countDownLatch;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void addProvider(ProviderGroup providerGroup) {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void removeProvider(ProviderGroup providerGroup) {
+
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void updateProviders(ProviderGroup providerGroup) {
+            ps.put(providerGroup.getName(), providerGroup);
+            if (countDownLatch != null) {
+                countDownLatch.countDown();
+                countDownLatch = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void updateAllProviders(List<ProviderGroup> providerGroups) {
+            for (ProviderGroup providerGroup : providerGroups) {
+                ps.put(providerGroup.getName(), providerGroup);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Map<String, ProviderGroup> getData() {
+            return ps;
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `groups` last assigned on line 210 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `updateAllProviders(...)` at line 211.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void MeshRegistryTest.testAll()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.rpc.registry.mesh.MeshRegistryTest.testAll():void.afc1aef69c14beb5d00bb7a74f5f8828
+
+### File:
+extension-impl/registry-mesh/src/test/java/com/alipay/sofa/rpc/registry/mesh/MeshRegistryTest.java
+
+### Key:
+MeshRegistryTest.java|testAll|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4f833ed5eb912cebab1b90df303d47a5
+
+### Hash:
+6ab9c6e1001bdb22624a8d153b4ab2c6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9278/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9278/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..73cba3220091d235e1fa8cfc0146b97ce4b7ae69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9278/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,871 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** sofa-rpc
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client;
+
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.bootstrap.ConsumerBootstrap;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.common.RpcConstants;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.common.utils.ClassUtils;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.common.utils.CommonUtils;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.common.utils.StringUtils;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.config.ConsumerConfig;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.context.AsyncRuntime;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.context.RpcInternalContext;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.context.RpcRuntimeContext;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.exception.RpcErrorType;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.exception.SofaRouteException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.exception.SofaRpcException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.exception.SofaRpcRuntimeException;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.invoke.SofaResponseCallback;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.request.SofaRequest;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.core.response.SofaResponse;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.event.EventBus;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.event.ProviderInfoAddEvent;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.event.ProviderInfoRemoveEvent;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.event.ProviderInfoUpdateAllEvent;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.event.ProviderInfoUpdateEvent;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.filter.ConsumerInvoker;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.filter.FilterChain;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.listener.ConsumerStateListener;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.log.LogCodes;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.log.Logger;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.log.LoggerFactory;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.message.ResponseFuture;
+import com.alipay.sofa.rpc.transport.ClientTransport;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+
+import static com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.ProviderInfoAttrs.ATTR_TIMEOUT;
+import static com.alipay.sofa.rpc.common.RpcConfigs.getIntValue;
+import static com.alipay.sofa.rpc.common.RpcOptions.CONSUMER_INVOKE_TIMEOUT;
+
+/**
+ * Abstract cluster, contains router chain, filter chain, address holder, connection holder and load balancer.
+ *
+ * @author <a href=mailto:zhanggeng.zg@antfin.com>GengZhang</a>
+ */
+public abstract class AbstractCluster extends Cluster {
+
+    /**
+     * slf4j Logger for this class
+     */
+    private final static Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractCluster.class);
+
+    /**
+     * 构造函数
+     *
+     * @param consumerBootstrap 服务端消费者启动器
+     */
+    public AbstractCluster(ConsumerBootstrap consumerBootstrap) {
+        super(consumerBootstrap);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 是否已启动(已建立连接)
+     */
+    protected volatile boolean initialized   = false;
+
+    /**
+     * 是否已经销毁（已经销毁不能再继续使用）
+     */
+    protected volatile boolean destroyed     = false;
+
+    /**
+     * 当前Client正在发送的调用数量
+     */
+    protected AtomicInteger    countOfInvoke = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
+    /**
+     * 路由列表
+     */
+    protected RouterChain      routerChain;
+    /**
+     * 负载均衡接口
+     */
+    protected LoadBalancer     loadBalancer;
+    /**
+     * 地址保持器
+     */
+    protected AddressHolder    addressHolder;
+    /**
+     * 连接管理器
+     */
+    protected ConnectionHolder connectionHolder;
+    /**
+     * 过滤器链
+     */
+    protected FilterChain      filterChain;
+
+    @Override
+    public synchronized void init() {
+        if (initialized) { // 已初始化
+            return;
+        }
+        // 构造Router链
+        routerChain = RouterChain.buildConsumerChain(consumerBootstrap);
+        // 负载均衡策略 考虑是否可动态替换？
+        loadBalancer = LoadBalancerFactory.getLoadBalancer(consumerBootstrap);
+        // 地址管理器
+        addressHolder = AddressHolderFactory.getAddressHolder(consumerBootstrap);
+        // 连接管理器
+        connectionHolder = ConnectionHolderFactory.getConnectionHolder(consumerBootstrap);
+        // 构造Filter链,最底层是调用过滤器
+        this.filterChain = FilterChain.buildConsumerChain(this.consumerConfig,
+            new ConsumerInvoker(consumerBootstrap));
+
+        if (consumerConfig.isLazy()) { // 延迟连接
+            if (LOGGER.isInfoEnabled(consumerConfig.getAppName())) {
+                LOGGER.infoWithApp(consumerConfig.getAppName(), "Connection will be initialized when first invoke.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 启动重连线程
+        connectionHolder.init();
+        try {
+            // 得到服务端列表
+            List<ProviderGroup> all = consumerBootstrap.subscribe();
+            if (CommonUtils.isNotEmpty(all)) {
+                // 初始化服务端连接（建立长连接)
+                updateAllProviders(all);
+            }
+        } catch (SofaRpcRuntimeException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            throw new SofaRpcRuntimeException("Init provider's transport error!", e);
+        }
+
+        // 启动成功
+        initialized = true;
+
+        // 如果check=true表示强依赖
+        if (consumerConfig.isCheck() && !isAvailable()) {
+            throw new SofaRpcRuntimeException("The consumer is depend on alive provider " +
+                "and there is no alive provider, you can ignore it " +
+                "by ConsumerConfig.setCheck(boolean) (default is false)");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检测状态
+     */
+    protected void checkClusterState() {
+        if (destroyed) { // 已销毁
+            throw new SofaRpcRuntimeException("Client has been destroyed!");
+        }
+        if (!initialized) { // 未初始化
+            init();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void addProvider(ProviderGroup providerGroup) {
+        // 包装了各个组件的操作
+        addressHolder.addProvider(providerGroup);
+        connectionHolder.addProvider(providerGroup);
+        if (EventBus.isEnable(ProviderInfoAddEvent.class)) {
+            ProviderInfoAddEvent event = new ProviderInfoAddEvent(consumerConfig, providerGroup);
+            EventBus.post(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void removeProvider(ProviderGroup providerGroup) {
+        // 包装了各个组件的操作
+        addressHolder.removeProvider(providerGroup);
+        connectionHolder.removeProvider(providerGroup);
+        if (EventBus.isEnable(ProviderInfoRemoveEvent.class)) {
+            ProviderInfoRemoveEvent event = new ProviderInfoRemoveEvent(consumerConfig, providerGroup);
+            EventBus.post(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateProviders(ProviderGroup providerGroup) {
+        checkProviderInfo(providerGroup);
+        ProviderGroup oldProviderGroup = addressHolder.getProviderGroup(providerGroup.getName());
+        if (ProviderHelper.isEmpty(providerGroup)) {
+            addressHolder.updateProviders(providerGroup);
+            if (CommonUtils.isNotEmpty(oldProviderGroup.getProviderInfos())) {
+                if (LOGGER.isWarnEnabled(consumerConfig.getAppName())) {
+                    LOGGER.warnWithApp(consumerConfig.getAppName(), "Provider list is emptied, may be all " +
+                        "providers has been closed, or this consumer has been add to blacklist");
+                    closeTransports();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            addressHolder.updateProviders(providerGroup);
+            connectionHolder.updateProviders(providerGroup);
+        }
+        if (EventBus.isEnable(ProviderInfoUpdateEvent.class)) {
+            ProviderInfoUpdateEvent event = new ProviderInfoUpdateEvent(consumerConfig, oldProviderGroup, providerGroup);
+            EventBus.post(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateAllProviders(List<ProviderGroup> providerGroups) {
+        List<ProviderGroup> oldProviderGroups = new ArrayList<ProviderGroup>(addressHolder.getProviderGroups());
+        int count = 0;
+        if (providerGroups != null) {
+            for (ProviderGroup providerGroup : providerGroups) {
+                checkProviderInfo(providerGroup);
+                count += providerGroup.size();
+            }
+        }
+        if (count == 0) {
+            Collection<ProviderInfo> currentProviderList = currentProviderList();
+            addressHolder.updateAllProviders(providerGroups);
+            if (CommonUtils.isNotEmpty(currentProviderList)) {
+                if (LOGGER.isWarnEnabled(consumerConfig.getAppName())) {
+                    LOGGER.warnWithApp(consumerConfig.getAppName(), "Provider list is emptied, may be all " +
+                        "providers has been closed, or this consumer has been add to blacklist");
+                    closeTransports();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            addressHolder.updateAllProviders(providerGroups);
+            connectionHolder.updateAllProviders(providerGroups);
+        }
+        if (EventBus.isEnable(ProviderInfoUpdateAllEvent.class)) {
+            ProviderInfoUpdateAllEvent event = new ProviderInfoUpdateAllEvent(consumerConfig, oldProviderGroups,
+                providerGroups);
+            EventBus.post(event);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检测服务节点的一些信息
+     *
+     * @param providerGroup 服务列表分组
+     */
+    protected void checkProviderInfo(ProviderGroup providerGroup) {
+        List<ProviderInfo> providerInfos = providerGroup == null ? null : providerGroup.getProviderInfos();
+        if (CommonUtils.isEmpty(providerInfos)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        Iterator<ProviderInfo> iterator = providerInfos.iterator();
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            ProviderInfo providerInfo = iterator.next();
+            if (!StringUtils.equals(providerInfo.getProtocolType(), consumerConfig.getProtocol())) {
+                if (LOGGER.isWarnEnabled(consumerConfig.getAppName())) {
+                    LOGGER.warnWithApp(consumerConfig.getAppName(),
+                        "Unmatched protocol between consumer [{}] and provider [{}].",
+                        consumerConfig.getProtocol(), providerInfo.getProtocolType());
+                }
+            }
+            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(providerInfo.getSerializationType())) {
+                providerInfo.setSerializationType(consumerConfig.getSerialization());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SofaResponse invoke(SofaRequest request) throws SofaRpcException {
+        SofaResponse response = null;
+        try {
+            // 做一些初始化检查，例如未连接可以连接
+            checkClusterState();
+            // 开始调用
+            countOfInvoke.incrementAndGet(); // 计数+1         
+            response = doInvoke(request);
+            return response;
+        } catch (SofaRpcException e) {
+            // 客户端收到异常（客户端自己的异常）
+            throw e;
+        } finally {
+            countOfInvoke.decrementAndGet(); // 计数-1
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 子类实现各自逻辑的调用，例如重试等
+     *
+     * @param msg Request对象
+     * @return 调用结果
+     * @throws SofaRpcException rpc异常
+     */
+    protected abstract SofaResponse doInvoke(SofaRequest msg) throws SofaRpcException;
+
+    /**
+     * 检查服务端版本，特殊处理
+     *
+     * @param providerInfo 服务端
+     * @param request      请求对象
+     */
+    protected void checkProviderVersion(ProviderInfo providerInfo, SofaRequest request) {
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 上一次连接，目前是记录整个接口的，是否需要方法级的？？
+     */
+    private volatile ProviderInfo lastProviderInfo;
+
+    /**
+     * 根据规则进行负载均衡
+     *
+     * @param message 调用对象
+     * @return 一个可用的provider
+     * @throws SofaRpcException rpc异常
+     */
+    protected ProviderInfo select(SofaRequest message) throws SofaRpcException {
+        return select(message, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 根据规则进行负载均衡
+     *
+     * @param message              调用对象
+     * @param invokedProviderInfos 已调用列表
+     * @return 一个可用的provider
+     * @throws SofaRpcException rpc异常
+     */
+    protected ProviderInfo select(SofaRequest message, List<ProviderInfo> invokedProviderInfos)
+        throws SofaRpcException {
+        // 粘滞连接，当前连接可用
+        if (consumerConfig.isSticky()) {
+            if (lastProviderInfo != null) {
+                ProviderInfo providerInfo = lastProviderInfo;
+                ClientTransport lastTransport = connectionHolder.getAvailableClientTransport(providerInfo);
+                if (lastTransport != null && lastTransport.isAvailable()) {
+                    checkAlias(providerInfo, message);
+                    return providerInfo;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // 原始服务列表数据 --> 路由结果
+        List<ProviderInfo> providerInfos = routerChain.route(message, null);
+        if (CommonUtils.isEmpty(providerInfos)) {
+            throw noAvailableProviderException(message.getTargetServiceUniqueName());
+        }
+        if (CommonUtils.isNotEmpty(invokedProviderInfos) && providerInfos.size() > invokedProviderInfos.size()) { // 总数大于已调用数
+            providerInfos.removeAll(invokedProviderInfos);// 已经调用异常的本次不再重试
+        }
+
+        String targetIP = null;
+        ProviderInfo providerInfo;
+        RpcInternalContext context = RpcInternalContext.peekContext();
+        if (context != null) {
+            targetIP = (String) RpcInternalContext.getContext().getAttachment(RpcConstants.HIDDEN_KEY_PINPOINT);
+        }
+        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(targetIP)) {
+            // 如果指定了调用地址
+            providerInfo = selectPinpointProvider(targetIP, providerInfos);
+            if (providerInfo == null) {
+                // 指定的不存在
+                throw unavailableProviderException(message.getTargetServiceUniqueName(), targetIP);
+            }
+            ClientTransport clientTransport = selectByProvider(message, providerInfo);
+            if (clientTransport == null) {
+                // 指定的不存在或已死，抛出异常
+                throw unavailableProviderException(message.getTargetServiceUniqueName(), targetIP);
+            }
+            return providerInfo;
+        } else {
+            do {
+                // 再进行负载均衡筛选
+                providerInfo = loadBalancer.select(message, providerInfos);
+                ClientTransport transport = selectByProvider(message, providerInfo);
+                if (transport != null) {
+                    return providerInfo;
+                }
+                providerInfos.remove(providerInfo);
+            } while (!providerInfos.isEmpty());
+        }
+        throw noAvailableProviderException(message.getTargetServiceUniqueName());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Select provider.
+     *
+     * @param targetIP the target ip
+     * @return the provider
+     */
+    protected ProviderInfo selectPinpointProvider(String targetIP, List<ProviderInfo> providerInfos) {
+        ProviderInfo tp = ProviderHelper.toProviderInfo(targetIP);
+        for (ProviderInfo providerInfo : providerInfos) {
+            if (providerInfo.getHost().equals(tp.getHost())
+                && StringUtils.equals(providerInfo.getProtocolType(), tp.getProtocolType())
+                && providerInfo.getPort() == tp.getPort()) {
+                return providerInfo;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 找不到可用的服务列表的异常
+     *
+     * @param serviceKey 服务关键字
+     * @return 服务端
+     */
+    protected SofaRouteException noAvailableProviderException(String serviceKey) {
+        return new SofaRouteException(LogCodes.getLog(LogCodes.ERROR_NO_AVAILBLE_PROVIDER, serviceKey));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 指定地址不可用
+     *
+     * @param serviceKey 服务关键字
+     * @return 服务端
+     */
+    protected SofaRouteException unavailableProviderException(String serviceKey, String providerInfo) {
+        return new SofaRouteException(LogCodes.getLog(LogCodes.ERROR_TARGET_URL_INVALID, serviceKey, providerInfo));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 得到provider得到连接
+     *
+     * @param message      调用对象
+     * @param providerInfo 指定Provider
+     * @return 一个可用的transport或者null
+     */
+    protected ClientTransport selectByProvider(SofaRequest message, ProviderInfo providerInfo) {
+        ClientTransport transport = connectionHolder.getAvailableClientTransport(providerInfo);
+        if (transport != null) {
+            if (transport.isAvailable()) {
+                lastProviderInfo = providerInfo;
+                checkAlias(providerInfo, message); //检查分组
+                return transport;
+            } else {
+                connectionHolder.setUnavailable(providerInfo, transport);
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 检查分组映射
+     *
+     * @param providerInfo 服务端
+     * @param message      请求对象
+     */
+    protected void checkAlias(ProviderInfo providerInfo, SofaRequest message) {
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 发起调用链
+     *
+     * @param providerInfo 服务端信息
+     * @param request      请求对象
+     * @return 执行后返回的响应
+     * @throws SofaRpcException 请求RPC异常
+     */
+    protected SofaResponse filterChain(ProviderInfo providerInfo, SofaRequest request) throws SofaRpcException {
+        RpcInternalContext context = RpcInternalContext.getContext();
+        context.setProviderInfo(providerInfo);
+        return filterChain.invoke(request);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SofaResponse sendMsg(ProviderInfo providerInfo, SofaRequest request) throws SofaRpcException {
+        ClientTransport clientTransport = connectionHolder.getAvailableClientTransport(providerInfo);
+        if (clientTransport != null && clientTransport.isAvailable()) {
+            return doSendMsg(providerInfo, clientTransport, request);
+        } else {
+            throw unavailableProviderException(request.getTargetServiceUniqueName(), providerInfo.getOriginUrl());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 调用客户端
+     *
+     * @param transport 客户端连接
+     * @param request   Request对象
+     * @return 调用结果
+     * @throws SofaRpcException rpc异常
+     */
+    protected SofaResponse doSendMsg(ProviderInfo providerInfo, ClientTransport transport,
+                                     SofaRequest request) throws SofaRpcException {
+        RpcInternalContext context = RpcInternalContext.getContext();
+        // 添加调用的服务端远程地址
+        RpcInternalContext.getContext().setRemoteAddress(providerInfo.getHost(), providerInfo.getPort());
+        try {
+            checkProviderVersion(providerInfo, request); // 根据服务端版本特殊处理
+            String invokeType = request.getInvokeType();
+            int timeout = resolveTimeout(request, consumerConfig, providerInfo);
+
+            SofaResponse response = null;
+            // 同步调用
+            if (RpcConstants.INVOKER_TYPE_SYNC.equals(invokeType)) {
+                long start = RpcRuntimeContext.now();
+                try {
+                    response = transport.syncSend(request, timeout);
+                } finally {
+                    if (RpcInternalContext.isAttachmentEnable()) {
+                        long elapsed = RpcRuntimeContext.now() - start;
+                        context.setAttachment(RpcConstants.INTERNAL_KEY_CLIENT_ELAPSE, elapsed);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // 单向调用
+            else if (RpcConstants.INVOKER_TYPE_ONEWAY.equals(invokeType)) {
+                long start = RpcRuntimeContext.now();
+                try {
+                    transport.oneWaySend(request, timeout);
+                    response = buildEmptyResponse(request);
+                } finally {
+                    if (RpcInternalContext.isAttachmentEnable()) {
+                        long elapsed = RpcRuntimeContext.now() - start;
+                        context.setAttachment(RpcConstants.INTERNAL_KEY_CLIENT_ELAPSE, elapsed);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Callback调用
+            else if (RpcConstants.INVOKER_TYPE_CALLBACK.equals(invokeType)) {
+                // 调用级别回调监听器
+                SofaResponseCallback sofaResponseCallback = request.getSofaResponseCallback();
+                if (sofaResponseCallback == null) {
+                    SofaResponseCallback methodResponseCallback = consumerConfig
+                        .getMethodOnreturn(request.getMethodName());
+                    if (methodResponseCallback != null) { // 方法的Callback
+                        request.setSofaResponseCallback(methodResponseCallback);
+                    }
+                }
+                // 记录发送开始时间
+                context.setAttachment(RpcConstants.INTERNAL_KEY_CLIENT_SEND_TIME, RpcRuntimeContext.now());
+                // 开始调用
+                transport.asyncSend(request, timeout);
+                response = buildEmptyResponse(request);
+            }
+            // Future调用
+            else if (RpcConstants.INVOKER_TYPE_FUTURE.equals(invokeType)) {
+                // 记录发送开始时间
+                context.setAttachment(RpcConstants.INTERNAL_KEY_CLIENT_SEND_TIME, RpcRuntimeContext.now());
+                // 开始调用
+                ResponseFuture future = transport.asyncSend(request, timeout);
+                // 放入线程上下文
+                RpcInternalContext.getContext().setFuture(future);
+                response = buildEmptyResponse(request);
+            } else {
+                throw new SofaRpcException(RpcErrorType.CLIENT_UNDECLARED_ERROR, "Unknown invoke type:" + invokeType);
+            }
+            return response;
+        } catch (SofaRpcException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Throwable e) { // 客户端其它异常
+            throw new SofaRpcException(RpcErrorType.CLIENT_UNDECLARED_ERROR, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private SofaResponse buildEmptyResponse(SofaRequest request) {
+        SofaResponse response = new SofaResponse();
+        Method method = request.getMethod();
+        if (method != null) {
+            response.setAppResponse(ClassUtils.getDefaultPrimitiveValue(method.getReturnType()));
+        }
+        return response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 决定超时时间
+     *
+     * @param request        请求
+     * @param consumerConfig 客户端配置
+     * @param providerInfo   服务提供者信息
+     * @return 调用超时
+     */
+    private int resolveTimeout(SofaRequest request, ConsumerConfig consumerConfig, ProviderInfo providerInfo) {
+        // 先去调用级别配置
+        Integer timeout = request.getTimeout();
+        if (timeout == null) {
+            // 取客户端配置（先方法级别再接口级别）
+            timeout = consumerConfig.getMethodTimeout(request.getMethodName());
+            if (timeout == null || timeout < 0) {
+                // 再取服务端配置
+                timeout = (Integer) providerInfo.getDynamicAttr(ATTR_TIMEOUT);
+                if (timeout == null) {
+                    // 取框架默认值
+                    timeout = getIntValue(CONSUMER_INVOKE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return timeout;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroy() {
+        destroy(null);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void destroy(DestroyHook hook) {
+        if (destroyed) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (hook != null) {
+            hook.postDestroy();
+        }
+        if (connectionHolder != null) {
+            connectionHolder.destroy(new GracefulDestroyHook());
+        }
+        destroyed = true;
+        initialized = false;
+        if (hook != null) {
+            hook.postDestroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 关闭连接<br>
+     * 注意：关闭有风险，可能有正在调用的请求，建议判断下isAvailable()
+     */
+    protected void closeTransports() {
+        if (connectionHolder != null) {
+            connectionHolder.closeAllClientTransports(new GracefulDestroyHook());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 优雅关闭的钩子
+     */
+    protected class GracefulDestroyHook implements DestroyHook {
+        @Override
+        public void preDestroy() {
+            // 准备关闭连接
+            int count = countOfInvoke.get();
+            final int timeout = consumerConfig.getDisconnectTimeout(); // 等待结果超时时间
+            if (count > 0) { // 有正在调用的请求
+                long start = RpcRuntimeContext.now();
+                if (LOGGER.isWarnEnabled()) {
+                    LOGGER.warn("There are {} outstanding call in client, will close transports util return",
+                        count);
+                }
+                while (countOfInvoke.get() > 0 && RpcRuntimeContext.now() - start < timeout) { // 等待返回结果
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(10);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException ignore) {
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void postDestroy() {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAvailable() {
+        if (destroyed || !initialized) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        List<ProviderGroup> providerGroups = addressHolder.getProviderGroups();
+        if (CommonUtils.isEmpty(providerGroups)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (ProviderGroup entry : providerGroups) {
+            List<ProviderInfo> providerInfos = entry.getProviderInfos();
+            for (ProviderInfo providerInfo : providerInfos) {
+                ClientTransport transport = connectionHolder.getAvailableClientTransport(providerInfo);
+                if (transport != null && transport.isAvailable()) {
+                    return true; // 只有有1个可用 即可返回
+                } else {
+                    connectionHolder.setUnavailable(providerInfo, transport);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void checkStateChange(boolean originalState) {
+        if (originalState) { // 原来可以
+            if (!isAvailable()) { // 变不可以
+                notifyStateChangeToUnavailable();
+            }
+        } else { // 原来不可用
+            if (isAvailable()) { // 变成可用
+                notifyStateChangeToAvailable();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 通知状态变成不可用,主要是：<br>
+     * 1.注册中心删除，更新节点后变成不可用时<br>
+     * 2.连接断线后（心跳+调用），如果是可用节点为空
+     */
+    public void notifyStateChangeToUnavailable() {
+        final List<ConsumerStateListener> onprepear = consumerConfig.getOnAvailable();
+        if (onprepear != null) {
+            AsyncRuntime.getAsyncThreadPool().execute(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    // 状态变化通知监听器
+                    for (ConsumerStateListener listener : onprepear) {
+                        try {
+                            listener.onUnavailable(consumerBootstrap.getProxyIns());
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            LOGGER.error("Failed to notify consumer state listener when state change to unavailable");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 通知状态变成可用,主要是：<br>
+     * 1.启动成功变成可用时<br>
+     * 2.注册中心增加，更新节点后变成可用时<br>
+     * 3.重连上从一个可用节点都没有-->有可用节点时
+     */
+    public void notifyStateChangeToAvailable() {
+        final List<ConsumerStateListener> onprepear = consumerConfig.getOnAvailable();
+        if (onprepear != null) {
+            AsyncRuntime.getAsyncThreadPool().execute(new Runnable() {
+                @Override
+                public void run() {
+                    // 状态变化通知监听器
+                    for (ConsumerStateListener listener : onprepear) {
+                        try {
+                            listener.onAvailable(consumerBootstrap.getProxyIns());
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            LOGGER.error("Failed to notify consumer state listener when state change to available");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取当前的Provider全部列表（包括连上和没连上的），比较费性能，慎用
+     *
+     * @return 当前的Provider列表
+     */
+    public Collection<ProviderInfo> currentProviderList() {
+        List<ProviderInfo> providerInfos = new ArrayList<ProviderInfo>();
+        List<ProviderGroup> providerGroups = addressHolder.getProviderGroups();
+        if (CommonUtils.isNotEmpty(providerGroups)) {
+            for (ProviderGroup entry : providerGroups) {
+                providerInfos.addAll(entry.getProviderInfos());
+            }
+        }
+        return providerInfos;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return the consumerConfig
+     */
+    public ConsumerConfig<?> getConsumerConfig() {
+        return consumerConfig;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public AddressHolder getAddressHolder() {
+        return addressHolder;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ConnectionHolder getConnectionHolder() {
+        return connectionHolder;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public FilterChain getFilterChain() {
+        return filterChain;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public RouterChain getRouterChain() {
+        return routerChain;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.AbstractCluster.checkProviderInfo` indirectly writes to field `providerInfo.com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.ProviderInfo.serializationType` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because a superclass `class com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.Cluster` is annotated `@ThreadSafe`, so we assume that this method can run in parallel with other non-private methods in the class (including itself).
+
+Note that the prefix path providerInfo has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on providerInfo.com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.ProviderInfo.serializationType might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AbstractCluster.checkProviderInfo(ProviderGroup)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.AbstractCluster.checkProviderInfo(com.alipay.sofa.rpc.client.ProviderGrou.9db25bff2d0ae187b89c3ca220495277
+
+### File:
+core-impl/client/src/main/java/com/alipay/sofa/rpc/client/AbstractCluster.java
+
+### Key:
+AbstractCluster.java|checkProviderInfo|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+43fbb7792312110c96d4ab9703fe4dd2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9282/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9282/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fc405b78f4c1127325e7ce550057e2001a38f269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9282/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** extract
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.icij.extract.cli;
+
+import org.icij.extract.core.Report;
+import org.icij.extract.core.ExtractionResult;
+import org.icij.extract.core.ReportType;
+import org.icij.extract.json.ReportSerializer;
+import org.icij.extract.cli.options.ReporterOptionSet;
+import org.icij.extract.cli.options.RedisOptionSet;
+import org.icij.extract.cli.factory.ReportFactory;
+
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.apache.commons.cli.Option;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine;
+import org.apache.commons.cli.ParseException;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFactory;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonGenerator;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonEncoding;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.module.SimpleModule;
+
+import hu.ssh.progressbar.ProgressBar;
+import hu.ssh.progressbar.console.ConsoleProgressBar;
+
+/**
+ * Extract
+ *
+ * @author Matthew Caruana Galizia <mcaruana@icij.org>
+ * @since 1.0.0-beta
+ */
+public class DumpReportCli extends Cli {
+
+	public DumpReportCli(final Logger logger) {
+		super(logger, new ReporterOptionSet(), new RedisOptionSet());
+
+		options.addOption(Option.builder()
+			.desc("Only dump reports matching the given status.")
+			.longOpt("reporter-status")
+			.hasArg()
+			.argName("status")
+			.build());
+	}
+
+	public CommandLine parse(final String[] args) throws ParseException, IllegalArgumentException {
+		final CommandLine cmd = super.parse(args);
+
+		final Report report = ReportFactory.createReport(cmd, ReportType.REDIS);
+		ExtractionResult match = null;
+
+		if (cmd.hasOption("reporter-status")) {
+			match = ExtractionResult.get(((Number) cmd.getParsedOptionValue("reporter-status")));
+
+			if (null == match) {
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("%s is not a valid report status.",
+					cmd.getOptionValue("reporter-status")));
+			}
+		}
+
+		final ProgressBar progressBar = ConsoleProgressBar.on(System.err)
+			.withFormat("[:bar] :percent% :elapsed/:total ETA: :eta")
+			.withTotalSteps(report.size());
+
+		final ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
+		final SimpleModule module = new SimpleModule();
+
+		module.addSerializer(Report.class, new ReportSerializer(progressBar, match));
+		mapper.registerModule(module);
+
+		try (
+			final JsonGenerator jsonGenerator = new JsonFactory()
+				.setCodec(mapper)
+				.createGenerator(System.out, JsonEncoding.UTF8)
+		) {
+			jsonGenerator.useDefaultPrettyPrinter();
+			jsonGenerator.writeObject(report);
+			jsonGenerator.writeRaw('\n');
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Unable to output JSON.", e);
+		}
+
+		try {
+			report.close();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			throw new RuntimeException("Exception while closing report.", e);
+		}
+
+		return cmd;
+	}
+
+	public void printHelp() {
+		super.printHelp(Command.DUMP_REPORT, "Dump the report for debugging. The name option is respected.");
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `report` last assigned on line 50 could be null and is dereferenced at line 64.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+CommandLine DumpReportCli.parse(java.lang.String[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.icij.extract.cli.DumpReportCli.parse(java.lang.String[]):org.apache.commons.cli.CommandLine.121d36a41c1bcab01f5633bd07eb4e91
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/icij/extract/cli/DumpReportCli.java
+
+### Key:
+DumpReportCli.java|parse|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3677875e6aead27ee1320f16c80d8b0f
+
+### Hash:
+f8fdfa3fbbae467403c3d3c283da77d0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9285/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9285/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f566ac3e7a72369c76cd382e285b13aa1f8769ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9285/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javacpp
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012,2013,2014 Arnaud Nauwynck, Samuel Audet
+ *
+ * This file is part of JavaCPP.
+ *
+ * JavaCPP is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version (subject to the "Classpath" exception
+ * as provided in the LICENSE.txt file that accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * JavaCPP is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with JavaCPP.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+package org.bytedeco.javacpp.tools;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.AbstractMojo;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.maven.project.MavenProject;
+
+/**
+ * A Maven Mojo to call the {@link Builder} (C++ header file -> Java class -> C++ JNI -> native library).
+ * Can also be considered as an example of how to use the Builder programmatically.
+ *
+ * @goal build
+ * @phase process-classes
+ * @author Arnaud Nauwynck
+ * @author Samuel Audet
+ */
+public class BuildMojo extends AbstractMojo {
+
+    /**
+     * Load user classes from classPath
+     * @parameter property="classPath" default-value="${project.build.outputDirectory}"
+     */
+    private String classPath = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Load user classes from classPaths
+     * @parameter property="classPaths"
+     */
+    private String[] classPaths = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Output all generated files to outputDirectory
+     * @parameter property="outputDirectory"
+     */
+    private File outputDirectory = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Output everything in a file named after given outputName
+     * @parameter property="outputName"
+     */
+    private String outputName = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Compile and delete the generated .cpp files
+     * @parameter property="compile" default-value="true"
+     */
+    private boolean compile = true;
+
+    /**
+     * Generate header file with declarations of callbacks functions
+     * @parameter property="header" default-value="false"
+     */
+    private boolean header = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Copy to output directory dependent libraries (link and preload)
+     * @parameter property="copyLibs" default-value="false"
+     */
+    private boolean copyLibs = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Also create a JAR file named {@code <jarPrefix>-<platform>.jar}
+     * @parameter property="jarPrefix"
+     */
+    private String jarPrefix = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Load all properties from resource
+     * @parameter property="properties"
+     */
+    private String properties = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Load all properties from file
+     * @parameter property="propertyFile"
+     */
+    private File propertyFile = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Set property keys to values
+     * @parameter property="propertyKeysAndValues"
+     */
+    private Properties propertyKeysAndValues = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Process only this class or package (suffixed with .* or .**)
+     * @parameter property="classOrPackageName"
+     */
+    private String classOrPackageName = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Process only these classes or packages (suffixed with .* or .**)
+     * @parameter property="classOrPackageNames"
+     */
+    private String[] classOrPackageNames = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Environment variables added to the compiler subprocess
+     * @parameter property="environmentVariables"
+     */
+    private Map<String,String> environmentVariables = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Pass compilerOptions directly to compiler
+     * @parameter property="compilerOptions"
+     */
+    private String[] compilerOptions = null;
+
+     /**
+      * Skip the execution.
+      * @parameter property="skip" default-value="false"
+      */
+    private boolean skip = false;
+
+    /**
+     * @parameter default-value="${project}"
+     * @required
+     * @readonly
+     */
+    private MavenProject project;
+
+    @Override public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException {
+        final Log log = getLog();
+        try {
+            log.info("Executing JavaCPP Builder");
+            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                log.debug("classPath: " + classPath);
+                log.debug("classPaths: " + Arrays.deepToString(classPaths));
+                log.debug("outputDirectory: " + outputDirectory);
+                log.debug("outputName: " + outputName);
+                log.debug("compile: " + compile);
+                log.debug("header: " + header);
+                log.debug("copyLibs: " + copyLibs);
+                log.debug("jarPrefix: " + jarPrefix);
+                log.debug("properties: " + properties);
+                log.debug("propertyFile: " + propertyFile);
+                log.debug("propertyKeysAndValues: " + propertyKeysAndValues);
+                log.debug("classOrPackageName: " + classOrPackageName);
+                log.debug("classOrPackageNames: " + Arrays.deepToString(classOrPackageNames));
+                log.debug("environmentVariables: " + environmentVariables);
+                log.debug("compilerOptions: " + Arrays.deepToString(compilerOptions));
+                log.debug("skip: " + skip);
+            }
+
+            if (skip) {
+                log.info("Skipped execution of JavaCPP Builder");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (classPaths != null && classPath != null) {
+                classPaths = Arrays.copyOf(classPaths, classPaths.length + 1);
+                classPaths[classPaths.length - 1] = classPath;
+            } else if (classPath != null) {
+                classPaths = new String[] { classPath };
+            }
+
+            if (classOrPackageNames != null && classOrPackageName != null) {
+                classOrPackageNames = Arrays.copyOf(classOrPackageNames, classOrPackageNames.length + 1);
+                classOrPackageNames[classOrPackageNames.length - 1] = classOrPackageName;
+            } else if (classOrPackageName != null) {
+                classOrPackageNames = new String[] { classOrPackageName };
+            }
+
+            Logger logger = new Logger() {
+                @Override public void debug(CharSequence cs) { log.debug(cs); }
+                @Override public void info (CharSequence cs) { log.info(cs);  }
+                @Override public void warn (CharSequence cs) { log.warn(cs);  }
+                @Override public void error(CharSequence cs) { log.error(cs); }
+            };
+            Builder builder = new Builder(logger)
+                    .classPaths(classPaths)
+                    .outputDirectory(outputDirectory)
+                    .outputName(outputName)
+                    .compile(compile)
+                    .header(header)
+                    .copyLibs(copyLibs)
+                    .jarPrefix(jarPrefix)
+                    .properties(properties)
+                    .propertyFile(propertyFile)
+                    .properties(propertyKeysAndValues)
+                    .classesOrPackages(classOrPackageNames)
+                    .environmentVariables(environmentVariables)
+                    .compilerOptions(compilerOptions);
+            project.getProperties().putAll(builder.properties);
+            File[] outputFiles = builder.build();
+            log.info("Successfully executed JavaCPP Builder");
+            if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
+                log.debug("outputFiles: " + Arrays.deepToString(outputFiles));
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.error("Failed to execute JavaCPP Builder: " + e.getMessage());
+            throw new MojoExecutionException("Failed to execute JavaCPP Builder", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.bytedeco.javacpp.tools.UserClassLoader` acquired by call to `Builder(...)` at line 194 is not released after line 209.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BuildMojo.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.bytedeco.javacpp.tools.BuildMojo.execute():void.aa926aee98d1b386fbb4ea3e462da3cd
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/bytedeco/javacpp/tools/BuildMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+BuildMojo.java|execute|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+db2fd08a6ab5595b4130d0f14f3e4469
+
+### Hash:
+010940f4264b7a237fe8f8667c44fb7f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9350/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9350/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b2f43b7dc667969584ac070af7b2bda746403f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9350/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,837 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fabric-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdkintegration;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateParsingException;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Base64;
+import java.util.Calendar;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1InputStream;
+import org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.CertificateList;
+import org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.TBSCertList;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.Enrollment;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.security.CryptoSuite;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.testutils.TestConfig;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdkintegration.SampleStore;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdkintegration.SampleUser;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.Attribute;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.EnrollmentRequest;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.HFCAClient;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.MockHFCAClient;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.RegistrationRequest;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.exception.EnrollmentException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.exception.RevocationException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdk.helper.Config;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.BeforeClass;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.rules.ExpectedException;
+
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+public class HFCAClientIT {
+
+    @Rule
+    public ExpectedException thrown = ExpectedException.none();
+
+    private static final String TEST_ADMIN_NAME = "admin";
+    private static final String TEST_ADMIN_PW = "adminpw";
+    private static final String TEST_ADMIN_ORG = "org1";
+    private static final String TEST_USER1_ORG = "Org2";
+    private static final String TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION = "org1.department1";
+    private static final String TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG = "peerOrg1";
+
+    private SampleStore sampleStore;
+    private HFCAClient client;
+    private SampleUser admin;
+
+    private static CryptoSuite crypto;
+
+    // Keeps track of how many test users we've created
+    private static int userCount = 0;
+
+    // Common prefix for all test users (the suffix will be the current user count)
+    // Note that we include the time value so that these tests can be executed repeatedly
+    // without needing to restart the CA (because you cannot register a username more than once!)
+    private static String userNamePrefix = "user" + (System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000) + "_";
+
+    private static TestConfig testConfig = TestConfig.getConfig();
+
+    @BeforeClass
+    public static void init() throws Exception {
+        out("\n\n\nRUNNING: HFCAClientEnrollIT.\n");
+
+        crypto = CryptoSuite.Factory.getCryptoSuite();
+    }
+
+    @Before
+    public void setup() throws Exception {
+
+        File sampleStoreFile = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + "/HFCSampletest.properties");
+        if (sampleStoreFile.exists()) { // For testing start fresh
+            sampleStoreFile.delete();
+        }
+        sampleStore = new SampleStore(sampleStoreFile);
+        sampleStoreFile.deleteOnExit();
+
+        client = HFCAClient.createNewInstance(
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        client.setCryptoSuite(crypto);
+
+        // SampleUser can be any implementation that implements org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.User Interface
+        admin = sampleStore.getMember(TEST_ADMIN_NAME, TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+        if (!admin.isEnrolled()) { // Preregistered admin only needs to be enrolled with Fabric CA.
+            admin.setEnrollment(client.enroll(admin.getName(), TEST_ADMIN_PW));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // Tests attributes
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterAttributes() throws Exception {
+
+        if (testConfig.isRunningAgainstFabric10()) {
+            return; // needs v1.1
+        }
+
+        SampleUser user = new SampleUser("mrAttributes", TEST_ADMIN_ORG, sampleStore);
+
+        RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+        String password = "mrAttributespassword";
+        rr.setSecret(password);
+
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattr1", "mrAttributesValue1"));
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattr2", "mrAttributesValue2"));
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattrDEFAULTATTR", "mrAttributesValueDEFAULTATTR", true));
+        user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin));
+        if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+            fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+        }
+        EnrollmentRequest req = new EnrollmentRequest();
+        req.addAttrReq("testattr2").setOptional(false);
+
+        user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret(), req));
+
+        Enrollment enrollment = user.getEnrollment();
+        String cert = enrollment.getCert();
+        String certdec = getStringCert(cert);
+
+        assertTrue(format("Missing testattr2 in certficate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattr2\":\"mrAttributesValue2\""));
+        //Since request had specific attributes don't expect defaults.
+        assertFalse(format("Contains testattrDEFAULTATTR in certificate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattrDEFAULTATTR\"")
+                || certdec.contains("\"mrAttributesValueDEFAULTATTR\""));
+        assertFalse(format("Contains testattr1 in certificate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattr1\"") || certdec.contains("\"mrAttributesValue1\""));
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that we get default attributes.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterAttributesDefault() throws Exception {
+
+        if (testConfig.isRunningAgainstFabric10()) {
+            return; // needs v1.1
+        }
+
+        SampleUser user = new SampleUser("mrAttributesDefault", TEST_ADMIN_ORG, sampleStore);
+
+        RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+        String password = "mrAttributespassword";
+        rr.setSecret(password);
+
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattr1", "mrAttributesValue1"));
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattr2", "mrAttributesValue2"));
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattrDEFAULTATTR", "mrAttributesValueDEFAULTATTR", true));
+        user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin));
+        if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+            fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+        }
+
+        user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret()));
+
+        Enrollment enrollment = user.getEnrollment();
+        String cert = enrollment.getCert();
+
+        String certdec = getStringCert(cert);
+
+        assertTrue(format("Missing testattrDEFAULTATTR in certficate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattrDEFAULTATTR\":\"mrAttributesValueDEFAULTATTR\""));
+        //Since request and no attribute requests at all defaults should be in certificate.
+
+        assertFalse(format("Contains testattr1 in certificate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattr1\"") || certdec.contains("\"mrAttributesValue1\""));
+        assertFalse(format("Contains testattr2 in certificate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattr2\"") || certdec.contains("\"mrAttributesValue2\""));
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that we get no attributes.
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testRegisterAttributesNONE() throws Exception {
+        SampleUser user = new SampleUser("mrAttributesNone", TEST_ADMIN_ORG, sampleStore);
+
+        RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+        String password = "mrAttributespassword";
+        rr.setSecret(password);
+
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattr1", "mrAttributesValue1"));
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattr2", "mrAttributesValue2"));
+        rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("testattrDEFAULTATTR", "mrAttributesValueDEFAULTATTR", true));
+        user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin));
+        if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+            fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+        }
+
+        EnrollmentRequest req = new EnrollmentRequest();
+        req.addAttrReq(); // empty ensure no attributes.
+
+        user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret(), req));
+
+        Enrollment enrollment = user.getEnrollment();
+        String cert = enrollment.getCert();
+
+        String certdec = getStringCert(cert);
+
+        assertFalse(format("Contains testattrDEFAULTATTR in certificate decoded: %s", certdec),
+                certdec.contains("\"testattrDEFAULTATTR\"") || certdec.contains("\"mrAttributesValueDEFAULTATTR\""));
+        assertFalse(format("Contains testattr1 in certificate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattr1\"") || certdec.contains("\"mrAttributesValue1\""));
+        assertFalse(format("Contains testattr2 in certificate decoded: %s", certdec), certdec.contains("\"testattr2\"") || certdec.contains("\"mrAttributesValue2\""));
+
+    }
+
+    private static final Pattern compile = Pattern.compile("^-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----$" + "(.*?)" + "\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n", Pattern.DOTALL | Pattern.MULTILINE);
+
+    static String getStringCert(String pemFormat) {
+        String ret = null;
+
+        final Matcher matcher = compile.matcher(pemFormat);
+        if (matcher.matches()) {
+            final String base64part = matcher.group(1).replaceAll("\n", "");
+            Base64.Decoder b64dec = Base64.getDecoder();
+            ret = new String(b64dec.decode(base64part.getBytes(UTF_8)));
+
+        } else {
+            fail("Certificate failed to match expected pattern. Certificate:\n" + pemFormat);
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    // Tests re-enrolling a user that has had an enrollment revoked
+    @Test
+    public void testReenrollAndRevoke() throws Exception {
+
+        SampleUser user = getTestUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        if (!user.isRegistered()) { // users need to be registered AND enrolled
+            RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+            String password = "testReenrollAndRevoke";
+            rr.setSecret(password);
+            user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin));
+            if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+                fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+            }
+        }
+        if (!user.isEnrolled()) {
+            user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret()));
+        }
+
+        sleepALittle();
+
+        // get another enrollment
+        EnrollmentRequest req = new EnrollmentRequest("profile 1", "label 1", null);
+        req.addHost("example1.ibm.com");
+        req.addHost("example2.ibm.com");
+        Enrollment tmpEnroll = client.reenroll(user, req);
+
+        // verify
+        String cert = tmpEnroll.getCert();
+        verifyOptions(cert, req);
+
+        sleepALittle();
+
+        // revoke one enrollment of this user
+        client.revoke(admin, tmpEnroll, "remove user 2");
+
+        // trying to reenroll should be ok (revocation above is only for a particular enrollment of this user)
+        client.reenroll(user);
+
+    }
+
+    // Tests attempting to re-enroll a revoked user
+    @Test
+    public void testUserRevoke() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("Failed to re-enroll user");
+
+        Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); // gets a calendar using the default time zone and locale.
+        calendar.add(Calendar.SECOND, -1);
+        Date revokedTinyBitAgoTime = calendar.getTime(); //avoid any clock skewing.
+
+        SampleUser user = getTestUser(TEST_USER1_ORG);
+
+        if (!user.isRegistered()) {
+            RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+            String password = "testUserRevoke";
+            rr.setSecret(password);
+            rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("user.role", "department lead"));
+            rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("hf.revoker", "true"));
+            user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin)); // Admin can register other users.
+            if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+                fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+            }
+        }
+
+        sleepALittle();
+
+        if (!user.isEnrolled()) {
+            EnrollmentRequest req = new EnrollmentRequest("profile 2", "label 2", null);
+            req.addHost("example3.ibm.com");
+            user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret(), req));
+
+            // verify
+            String cert = user.getEnrollment().getCert();
+            verifyOptions(cert, req);
+        }
+
+        sleepALittle();
+
+        int startedWithRevokes = -1;
+
+        if (!testConfig.isRunningAgainstFabric10()) {
+
+            startedWithRevokes = getRevokes(null).length; //one more after we do this revoke.
+        }
+
+        // revoke all enrollment of this user
+        client.revoke(admin, user.getName(), "revoke user 3");
+        if (!testConfig.isRunningAgainstFabric10()) {
+
+            final int newRevokes = getRevokes(null).length;
+
+            assertEquals(format("Expected one more revocation %d, but got %d", startedWithRevokes + 1, newRevokes), startedWithRevokes + 1, newRevokes);
+
+            final int revokestinybitago = getRevokes(revokedTinyBitAgoTime).length; //Should be same number when test case was started.
+            assertEquals(format("Expected same revocations %d, but got %d", startedWithRevokes, revokestinybitago), startedWithRevokes, revokestinybitago);
+        }
+
+        // trying to reenroll the revoked user should fail with an EnrollmentException
+        client.reenroll(user);
+    }
+
+    // Tests attempting to revoke a user with Null reason
+    @Test
+    public void testUserRevokeNullReason() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("Failed to re-enroll user");
+
+        Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); // gets a calendar using the default time zone and locale.
+        calendar.add(Calendar.SECOND, -1);
+        Date revokedTinyBitAgoTime = calendar.getTime(); //avoid any clock skewing.
+
+        SampleUser user = getTestUser(TEST_USER1_ORG);
+
+        if (!user.isRegistered()) {
+            RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+            String password = "testUserRevoke";
+            rr.setSecret(password);
+            rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("user.role", "department lead"));
+            rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("hf.revoker", "true"));
+            user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin)); // Admin can register other users.
+            if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+                fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+            }
+        }
+
+        sleepALittle();
+
+        if (!user.isEnrolled()) {
+            EnrollmentRequest req = new EnrollmentRequest("profile 2", "label 2", null);
+            req.addHost("example3.ibm.com");
+            user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret(), req));
+
+            // verify
+            String cert = user.getEnrollment().getCert();
+            verifyOptions(cert, req);
+        }
+
+        sleepALittle();
+
+        int startedWithRevokes = -1;
+
+        if (!testConfig.isRunningAgainstFabric10()) {
+
+            startedWithRevokes = getRevokes(null).length; //one more after we do this revoke.
+        }
+
+        // revoke all enrollment of this user
+        client.revoke(admin, user.getName(), null);
+        if (!testConfig.isRunningAgainstFabric10()) {
+            final int newRevokes = getRevokes(null).length;
+
+            assertEquals(format("Expected one more revocation %d, but got %d", startedWithRevokes + 1, newRevokes), startedWithRevokes + 1, newRevokes);
+        }
+
+        // trying to reenroll the revoked user should fail with an EnrollmentException
+        client.reenroll(user);
+    }
+
+    // Tests revoking a user with genCRL using the revoke API
+    @Test
+    public void testUserRevokeGenCRL() throws Exception {
+
+        if (testConfig.isRunningAgainstFabric10()) {
+            return; // needs v1.1
+        }
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("Failed to re-enroll user");
+
+        Calendar calendar = Calendar.getInstance(); // gets a calendar using the default time zone and locale.
+        calendar.add(Calendar.SECOND, -1);
+        Date revokedTinyBitAgoTime = calendar.getTime(); //avoid any clock skewing.
+
+        SampleUser user1 = getTestUser(TEST_USER1_ORG);
+        SampleUser user2 = getTestUser(TEST_USER1_ORG);
+
+        SampleUser[] users = new SampleUser[]{user1, user2};
+
+        for (SampleUser user : users) {
+            if (!user.isRegistered()) {
+                RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+                String password = "testUserRevoke";
+                rr.setSecret(password);
+                rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("user.role", "department lead"));
+                rr.addAttribute(new Attribute("hf.revoker", "true"));
+                user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin)); // Admin can register other users.
+                if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+                    fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+                }
+            }
+
+            sleepALittle();
+
+            if (!user.isEnrolled()) {
+                EnrollmentRequest req = new EnrollmentRequest("profile 2", "label 2", null);
+                req.addHost("example3.ibm.com");
+                user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret(), req));
+
+                // verify
+                String cert = user.getEnrollment().getCert();
+                verifyOptions(cert, req);
+             }
+        }
+
+        sleepALittle();
+
+        int startedWithRevokes = -1;
+
+        startedWithRevokes = getRevokes(null).length; //one more after we do this revoke.
+
+        // revoke all enrollment of this user and request back a CRL
+        String crl = client.revoke(admin, user1.getName(), null, true);
+        assertNotNull("Failed to get CRL using the Revoke API", crl);
+
+        final int newRevokes = getRevokes(null).length;
+
+        assertEquals(format("Expected one more revocation %d, but got %d", startedWithRevokes + 1, newRevokes), startedWithRevokes + 1, newRevokes);
+
+        final int crlLength = parseCRL(crl).length;
+
+        assertEquals(format("The number of revokes %d does not equal the number of revoked certificates (%d) in crl", newRevokes, crlLength), newRevokes, crlLength);
+
+        // trying to reenroll the revoked user should fail with an EnrollmentException
+        client.reenroll(user1);
+
+        String crl2 = client.revoke(admin, user2.getName(), null, false);
+        assertEquals("CRL not requested, CRL should be empty", "", crl2);
+
+    }
+
+
+    TBSCertList.CRLEntry[] getRevokes(Date r) throws Exception {
+
+        String crl = client.generateCRL(admin, r, null, null, null);
+
+        return parseCRL(crl);
+    }
+
+    TBSCertList.CRLEntry[] parseCRL(String crl) throws Exception {
+
+        Base64.Decoder b64dec = Base64.getDecoder();
+        final byte[] decode = b64dec.decode(crl.getBytes(UTF_8));
+
+        ByteArrayInputStream inStream = new ByteArrayInputStream(decode);
+        ASN1InputStream asnInputStream = new ASN1InputStream(inStream);
+
+        return CertificateList.getInstance(asnInputStream.readObject()).getRevokedCertificates();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnrollNoKeyPair() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("Failed to enroll user");
+
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        EnrollmentRequest req = new EnrollmentRequest("profile 1", "label 1", null);
+        req.setCsr("test");
+        client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret(), req);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRevokeNotAuthorized() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(RevocationException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("Error while revoking the user");
+
+        // See if a normal user can revoke the admin...
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+        client.revoke(user, admin.getName(), "revoke admin");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testEnrollSameUser() throws Exception {
+
+        // thrown.expect(RevocationException.class);
+        // thrown.expectMessage("does not have attribute 'hf.Revoker'");
+
+        // See if a normal user can revoke the admin...
+        SampleUser user1 = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        File sampleStoreFile = new File(System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir") + "/HFCSampletest.properties");
+        if (sampleStoreFile.exists()) { // For testing start fresh
+            sampleStoreFile.delete();
+        }
+        sampleStore = new SampleStore(sampleStoreFile);
+        sampleStoreFile.deleteOnExit();
+
+        SampleUser user2 = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        // client.revoke(user, admin.getName(), "revoke admin");
+        client.enroll(user1.getName(), user2.getEnrollmentSecret());
+    }
+
+    // Tests enrolling a user to an unknown CA client
+    @Test
+    public void testEnrollUnknownClient() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("Failed to enroll user");
+
+        CryptoSuite cryptoSuite = CryptoSuite.Factory.getCryptoSuite();
+
+        // This client does not exist
+        String clientName = "test CA client";
+
+        HFCAClient clientWithName = HFCAClient.createNewInstance(clientName,
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        clientWithName.setCryptoSuite(cryptoSuite);
+
+        clientWithName.enroll(admin.getName(), TEST_ADMIN_PW);
+    }
+
+    // revoke2: revoke(User revoker, String revokee, String reason)
+    @Test
+    public void testRevoke2UnknownUser() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(RevocationException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("Error while revoking");
+
+        client.revoke(admin, "unknownUser", "remove user2");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMockEnrollSuccessFalse() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("failed enrollment for user");
+
+        MockHFCAClient mockClient = MockHFCAClient.createNewInstance(
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        mockClient.setCryptoSuite(crypto);
+
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        mockClient.setHttpPostResponse("{\"success\":false}");
+        mockClient.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+    }
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test
+    public void testMockEnrollNoCert() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("failed enrollment for user");
+
+        MockHFCAClient mockClient = MockHFCAClient.createNewInstance(
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        mockClient.setCryptoSuite(crypto);
+
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        mockClient.setHttpPostResponse("{\"success\":true}");
+        mockClient.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMockEnrollNoResult() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("response did not contain a result");
+
+        MockHFCAClient mockClient = MockHFCAClient.createNewInstance(
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        mockClient.setCryptoSuite(crypto);
+
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        mockClient.setHttpPostResponse("{\"success\":true}");
+        mockClient.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMockEnrollWithMessages() throws Exception {
+
+        MockHFCAClient mockClient = MockHFCAClient.createNewInstance(
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        mockClient.setCryptoSuite(crypto);
+
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        mockClient.setHttpPostResponse(
+                "{\"success\":true, \"result\":{\"Cert\":\"abc\"}, \"messages\":[{\"code\":123, \"message\":\"test message\"}]}");
+        mockClient.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testMockReenrollNoResult() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        // thrown.expectMessage("failed");
+
+        MockHFCAClient mockClient = MockHFCAClient.createNewInstance(
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        mockClient.setCryptoSuite(crypto);
+
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        mockClient.setHttpPostResponse("{\"success\":true}");
+        mockClient.reenroll(user);
+    }
+
+    @Ignore
+    @Test
+    public void testMockReenrollNoCert() throws Exception {
+
+        thrown.expect(EnrollmentException.class);
+        thrown.expectMessage("failed re-enrollment for user");
+
+        MockHFCAClient mockClient = MockHFCAClient.createNewInstance(
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCALocation(),
+                testConfig.getIntegrationTestsSampleOrg(TEST_WITH_INTEGRATION_ORG).getCAProperties());
+        mockClient.setCryptoSuite(crypto);
+
+        SampleUser user = getEnrolledUser(TEST_ADMIN_ORG);
+
+        mockClient.setHttpPostResponse("{\"success\":true}");
+        mockClient.reenroll(user);
+    }
+
+    // ==========================================================================================
+    // Helper methods
+    // ==========================================================================================
+
+    private void verifyOptions(String cert, EnrollmentRequest req) throws CertificateException {
+        try {
+            BufferedInputStream pem = new BufferedInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(cert.getBytes()));
+            CertificateFactory certFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance(Config.getConfig().getCertificateFormat());
+            X509Certificate certificate = (X509Certificate) certFactory.generateCertificate(pem);
+
+            // check Subject Alternative Names
+            Collection<List<?>> altNames = certificate.getSubjectAlternativeNames();
+            if (altNames == null) {
+                if (req.getHosts() != null && !req.getHosts().isEmpty()) {
+                    fail("Host name is not included in certificate");
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            ArrayList<String> subAltList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (List<?> item : altNames) {
+                int type = (Integer) item.get(0);
+                if (type == 2) {
+                    subAltList.add((String) item.get(1));
+                }
+            }
+            if (!subAltList.equals(req.getHosts())) {
+                fail("Subject Alternative Names not matched the host names specified in enrollment request");
+            }
+
+        } catch (CertificateParsingException e) {
+            fail("Cannot parse certificate. Error is: " + e.getMessage());
+            throw e;
+        } catch (CertificateException e) {
+            fail("Cannot regenerate x509 certificate. Error is: " + e.getMessage());
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Returns a new (unique) user for use in a single test
+    private SampleUser getTestUser(String org) {
+        String userName = userNamePrefix + (++userCount);
+        return sampleStore.getMember(userName, org);
+    }
+
+    // Returns an enrolled user
+    private SampleUser getEnrolledUser(String org) throws Exception {
+        SampleUser user = getTestUser(org);
+        RegistrationRequest rr = new RegistrationRequest(user.getName(), TEST_USER1_AFFILIATION);
+        String password = "password";
+        rr.setSecret(password);
+        user.setEnrollmentSecret(client.register(rr, admin));
+        if (!user.getEnrollmentSecret().equals(password)) {
+            fail("Secret returned from RegistrationRequest not match : " + user.getEnrollmentSecret());
+        }
+        user.setEnrollment(client.enroll(user.getName(), user.getEnrollmentSecret()));
+        return user;
+    }
+
+    private void sleepALittle() {
+        // Seems to be an odd that calling back too quickly can once in a while generate an error on the fabric_ca
+        // try {
+        // Thread.sleep(5000);
+        // } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+        // e.printStackTrace();
+        // }
+
+    }
+
+    static void out(String format, Object... args) {
+
+        System.err.flush();
+        System.out.flush();
+
+        System.out.println(format(format, args));
+        System.err.flush();
+        System.out.flush();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1InputStream` acquired to `asnInputStream` by call to `new()` at line 502 is not released after line 504.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.TBSCertList$CRLEntry[] HFCAClientIT.parseCRL(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.hyperledger.fabric_ca.sdkintegration.HFCAClientIT.parseCRL(java.lang.String):org.bouncycastle.as.b8b9da58d6addc514010b0ac62bee3c1
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/org/hyperledger/fabric_ca/sdkintegration/HFCAClientIT.java
+
+### Key:
+HFCAClientIT.java|parseCRL|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+a0a09701532a90f811384aa246f63b0e
+
+### Hash:
+e2b0e01c3b058f6f179dc11f9f86ef50
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9357/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9357/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec768410db232e1e1616c8d09637d6998767f217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9357/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3731 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fabric-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2016, 2017 DTCC, Fujitsu Australia Software Technology, IBM - All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.nio.file.StandardOpenOption;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException;
+import io.grpc.StatusRuntimeException;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Hex;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.Block;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.BlockMetadata;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.ChannelHeader;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.Envelope;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.Header;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.HeaderType;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.LastConfig;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.Metadata;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.Payload;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Common.Status;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Configtx.ConfigEnvelope;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Configtx.ConfigGroup;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Configtx.ConfigSignature;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Configtx.ConfigUpdateEnvelope;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Configtx.ConfigValue;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.common.Ledger;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.msp.MspConfig;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.orderer.Ab;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.orderer.Ab.BroadcastResponse;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.orderer.Ab.DeliverResponse;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.orderer.Ab.SeekInfo;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.orderer.Ab.SeekPosition;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.orderer.Ab.SeekSpecified;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.FabricProposal;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.FabricProposal.SignedProposal;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.FabricProposalResponse;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.FabricProposalResponse.Response;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.FabricTransaction.ProcessedTransaction;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.Query;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.Query.ChaincodeInfo;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.Query.ChaincodeQueryResponse;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.Query.ChannelQueryResponse;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.BlockEvent.TransactionEvent;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.Peer.PeerRole;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.CryptoException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.EventHubException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.InvalidArgumentException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.PeerException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.ProposalException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.TransactionEventException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.TransactionException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.Config;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.DiagnosticFileDumper;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.Utils;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.InstallProposalBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.InstantiateProposalBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.JoinPeerProposalBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.ProposalBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.ProtoUtils;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.QueryInstalledChaincodesBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.QueryInstantiatedChaincodesBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.QueryPeerChannelsBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.TransactionBuilder;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.TransactionContext;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.UpgradeProposalBuilder;
+
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.User.userContextCheck;
+import static org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.Utils.isNullOrEmpty;
+import static org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.ProtoUtils.createSeekInfoEnvelope;
+import static org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.ProtoUtils.getSignatureHeaderAsByteString;
+
+/**
+ * The class representing a channel with which the client SDK interacts.
+ * <p>
+ */
+public class Channel implements Serializable {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3266164166893832538L;
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(Channel.class);
+    private static final boolean IS_DEBUG_LEVEL = logger.isDebugEnabled();
+    private static final boolean IS_TRACE_LEVEL = logger.isTraceEnabled();
+
+    private static final Config config = Config.getConfig();
+    private static final DiagnosticFileDumper diagnosticFileDumper = IS_TRACE_LEVEL
+            ? config.getDiagnosticFileDumper() : null;
+    private static final String SYSTEM_CHANNEL_NAME = "";
+
+    private static final long ORDERER_RETRY_WAIT_TIME = config.getOrdererRetryWaitTime();
+    private static final long CHANNEL_CONFIG_WAIT_TIME = config.getChannelConfigWaitTime();
+    private static final Random RANDOM = new Random();
+    private static final String BLOCK_LISTENER_TAG = "BLOCK_LISTENER_HANDLE";
+    // final Set<Peer> eventingPeers = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>());
+    private static final long DELTA_SWEEP = config.getTransactionListenerCleanUpTimeout();
+    private static final String CHAINCODE_EVENTS_TAG = "CHAINCODE_EVENTS_HANDLE";
+    final Collection<Orderer> orderers = new LinkedList<>();
+    final Collection<EventHub> eventHubs = new LinkedList<>();
+    // Name of the channel is only meaningful to the client
+    private final String name;
+    // The peers on this channel to which the client can connect
+    private final Collection<Peer> peers = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>());
+    private final Map<Peer, PeerOptions> peerOptionsMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>());
+    private final Map<PeerRole, Set<Peer>> peerRoleSetMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<>());
+    private final boolean systemChannel;
+    private final LinkedHashMap<String, ChaincodeEventListenerEntry> chainCodeListeners = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+    transient HFClient client;
+    /**
+     * Runs processing events from event hubs.
+     */
+
+    transient Thread eventQueueThread = null;
+    private transient volatile boolean initialized = false;
+    private transient boolean shutdown = false;
+    private transient Block genesisBlock;
+    private transient Map<String, MSP> msps = new HashMap<>();
+    /**
+     * A queue each eventing hub will write events to.
+     */
+
+    private transient ChannelEventQue channelEventQue = new ChannelEventQue();
+    private transient LinkedHashMap<String, BL> blockListeners = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+    private transient LinkedHashMap<String, LinkedList<TL>> txListeners = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+    //Cleans up any transaction listeners that will probably never complete.
+    private transient ScheduledFuture<?> sweeper = null;
+    private transient String blh = null;
+
+    {
+        for (Peer.PeerRole peerRole : PeerRole.ALL) {
+
+            peerRoleSetMap.put(peerRole, Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>()));
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Channel(String name, HFClient hfClient, Orderer orderer, ChannelConfiguration channelConfiguration, byte[][] signers) throws InvalidArgumentException, TransactionException {
+        this(name, hfClient, false);
+
+        logger.debug(format("Creating new channel %s on the Fabric", name));
+
+        Channel ordererChannel = orderer.getChannel();
+
+        try {
+            addOrderer(orderer);
+
+            //-----------------------------------------
+            Envelope ccEnvelope = Envelope.parseFrom(channelConfiguration.getChannelConfigurationAsBytes());
+
+            final Payload ccPayload = Payload.parseFrom(ccEnvelope.getPayload());
+            final ChannelHeader ccChannelHeader = ChannelHeader.parseFrom(ccPayload.getHeader().getChannelHeader());
+
+            if (ccChannelHeader.getType() != HeaderType.CONFIG_UPDATE.getNumber()) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Creating channel; %s expected config block type %s, but got: %s",
+                        name,
+                        HeaderType.CONFIG_UPDATE.name(),
+                        HeaderType.forNumber(ccChannelHeader.getType())));
+            }
+
+            if (!name.equals(ccChannelHeader.getChannelId())) {
+
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Expected config block for channel: %s, but got: %s", name,
+                        ccChannelHeader.getChannelId()));
+            }
+
+            final ConfigUpdateEnvelope configUpdateEnv = ConfigUpdateEnvelope.parseFrom(ccPayload.getData());
+            ByteString configUpdate = configUpdateEnv.getConfigUpdate();
+
+            sendUpdateChannel(configUpdate.toByteArray(), signers, orderer);
+            //         final ConfigUpdateEnvelope.Builder configUpdateEnvBuilder = configUpdateEnv.toBuilder();`
+
+            //---------------------------------------
+
+            //          sendUpdateChannel(channelConfiguration, signers, orderer);
+
+            getGenesisBlock(orderer); // get Genesis block to make sure channel was created.
+            if (genesisBlock == null) {
+                throw new TransactionException(format("New channel %s error. Genesis bock returned null", name));
+            }
+
+            logger.debug(format("Created new channel %s on the Fabric done.", name));
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+
+            orderer.unsetChannel();
+            if (null != ordererChannel) {
+                orderer.setChannel(ordererChannel);
+            }
+
+            logger.error(format("Channel %s error: %s", name, e.getMessage()), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            orderer.unsetChannel();
+            if (null != ordererChannel) {
+                orderer.setChannel(ordererChannel);
+            }
+            String msg = format("Channel %s error: %s", name, e.getMessage());
+
+            logger.error(msg, e);
+            throw new TransactionException(msg, e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    Channel(String name, HFClient client) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        this(name, client, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param name
+     * @param client
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    private Channel(String name, HFClient client, final boolean systemChannel) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        this.systemChannel = systemChannel;
+
+        if (systemChannel) {
+            name = SYSTEM_CHANNEL_NAME; //It's special !
+            initialized = true;
+        } else {
+            if (isNullOrEmpty(name)) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException("Channel name is invalid can not be null or empty.");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (null == client) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Channel client is invalid can not be null.");
+        }
+        this.name = name;
+        this.client = client;
+        logger.debug(format("Creating channel: %s, client context %s", isSystemChannel() ? "SYSTEM_CHANNEL" : name, client.getUserContext().getName()));
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For requests that are not targeted for a specific channel.
+     * User's can not directly create this channel.
+     *
+     * @param client
+     * @return a new system channel.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    static Channel newSystemChannel(HFClient client) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        return new Channel(SYSTEM_CHANNEL_NAME, client, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * createNewInstance
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @return A new channel
+     */
+    static Channel createNewInstance(String name, HFClient clientContext) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        return new Channel(name, clientContext);
+    }
+
+    static Channel createNewInstance(String name, HFClient hfClient, Orderer orderer, ChannelConfiguration channelConfiguration, byte[]... signers) throws InvalidArgumentException, TransactionException {
+
+        return new Channel(name, hfClient, orderer, channelConfiguration, signers);
+
+    }
+
+    private static void checkHandle(final String tag, final String handle) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (isNullOrEmpty(handle)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Handle is invalid.");
+        }
+        if (!handle.startsWith(tag) || !handle.endsWith(tag)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Handle is wrong type.");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+
+        in.defaultReadObject();
+        initialized = false;
+        shutdown = false;
+        msps = new HashMap<>();
+        txListeners = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        channelEventQue = new ChannelEventQue();
+        blockListeners = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+        for (EventHub eventHub : getEventHubs()) {
+            eventHub.setEventQue(channelEventQue);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all Event Hubs on this channel.
+     *
+     * @return Event Hubs
+     */
+    public Collection<EventHub> getEventHubs() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(eventHubs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update channel with specified channel configuration
+     *
+     * @param updateChannelConfiguration Updated Channel configuration
+     * @param signers                    signers
+     * @throws TransactionException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public void updateChannelConfiguration(UpdateChannelConfiguration updateChannelConfiguration, byte[]... signers) throws TransactionException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        updateChannelConfiguration(updateChannelConfiguration, getRandomOrderer(), signers);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update channel with specified channel configuration
+     *
+     * @param updateChannelConfiguration Channel configuration
+     * @param signers                    signers
+     * @param orderer                    The specific orderer to use.
+     * @throws TransactionException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public void updateChannelConfiguration(UpdateChannelConfiguration updateChannelConfiguration, Orderer orderer, byte[]... signers) throws TransactionException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+
+        checkOrderer(orderer);
+
+        try {
+            final long startLastConfigIndex = getLastConfigIndex(orderer);
+            logger.trace(format("startLastConfigIndex: %d. Channel config wait time is: %d",
+                    startLastConfigIndex, CHANNEL_CONFIG_WAIT_TIME));
+
+            sendUpdateChannel(updateChannelConfiguration.getUpdateChannelConfigurationAsBytes(), signers, orderer);
+
+            long currentLastConfigIndex = -1;
+            final long nanoTimeStart = System.nanoTime();
+
+            //Try to wait to see the channel got updated but don't fail if we don't see it.
+            do {
+                currentLastConfigIndex = getLastConfigIndex(orderer);
+                if (currentLastConfigIndex == startLastConfigIndex) {
+
+                    final long duration = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.convert(System.nanoTime() - nanoTimeStart, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
+
+                    if (duration > CHANNEL_CONFIG_WAIT_TIME) {
+                        logger.warn(format("Channel %s did not get updated last config after %d ms, Config wait time: %d ms. startLastConfigIndex: %d, currentLastConfigIndex: %d ",
+                                name, duration, CHANNEL_CONFIG_WAIT_TIME, startLastConfigIndex, currentLastConfigIndex));
+                        //waited long enough ..
+                        currentLastConfigIndex = startLastConfigIndex - 1L; // just bail don't throw exception.
+                    } else {
+
+                        try {
+                            Thread.sleep(ORDERER_RETRY_WAIT_TIME); //try again sleep
+                        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                            TransactionException te = new TransactionException("update channel thread Sleep", e);
+                            logger.warn(te.getMessage(), te);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                logger.trace(format("currentLastConfigIndex: %d", currentLastConfigIndex));
+
+            } while (currentLastConfigIndex == startLastConfigIndex);
+
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+
+            logger.error(format("Channel %s error: %s", name, e.getMessage()), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String msg = format("Channel %s error: %s", name, e.getMessage());
+
+            logger.error(msg, e);
+            throw new TransactionException(msg, e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void sendUpdateChannel(byte[] configupdate, byte[][] signers, Orderer orderer) throws TransactionException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s sendUpdateChannel", name));
+        checkOrderer(orderer);
+
+        try {
+
+            final long nanoTimeStart = System.nanoTime();
+            int statusCode = 0;
+
+            do {
+
+                //Make sure we have fresh transaction context for each try just to be safe.
+                TransactionContext transactionContext = getTransactionContext();
+
+                ConfigUpdateEnvelope.Builder configUpdateEnvBuilder = ConfigUpdateEnvelope.newBuilder();
+
+                configUpdateEnvBuilder.setConfigUpdate(ByteString.copyFrom(configupdate));
+
+                for (byte[] signer : signers) {
+
+                    configUpdateEnvBuilder.addSignatures(
+                            ConfigSignature.parseFrom(signer));
+
+                }
+
+                //--------------
+                // Construct Payload Envelope.
+
+                final ByteString sigHeaderByteString = getSignatureHeaderAsByteString(transactionContext);
+
+                final ChannelHeader payloadChannelHeader = ProtoUtils.createChannelHeader(HeaderType.CONFIG_UPDATE,
+                        transactionContext.getTxID(), name, transactionContext.getEpoch(), transactionContext.getFabricTimestamp(), null);
+
+                final Header payloadHeader = Header.newBuilder().setChannelHeader(payloadChannelHeader.toByteString())
+                        .setSignatureHeader(sigHeaderByteString).build();
+
+                final ByteString payloadByteString = Payload.newBuilder()
+                        .setHeader(payloadHeader)
+                        .setData(configUpdateEnvBuilder.build().toByteString())
+                        .build().toByteString();
+
+                ByteString payloadSignature = transactionContext.signByteStrings(payloadByteString);
+
+                Envelope payloadEnv = Envelope.newBuilder()
+                        .setSignature(payloadSignature)
+                        .setPayload(payloadByteString).build();
+
+                BroadcastResponse trxResult = orderer.sendTransaction(payloadEnv);
+
+                statusCode = trxResult.getStatusValue();
+
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s sendUpdateChannel %d", name, statusCode));
+                if (statusCode == 404 || statusCode == 503) {
+                    // these we can retry..
+                    final long duration = TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.convert(System.nanoTime() - nanoTimeStart, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
+
+                    if (duration > CHANNEL_CONFIG_WAIT_TIME) {
+                        //waited long enough .. throw an exception
+                        String info = trxResult.getInfo();
+                        if (null == info) {
+                            info = "";
+
+                        }
+
+                        throw new TransactionException(format("Channel %s update error timed out after %d ms. Status value %d. Status %s. %s", name,
+                                duration, statusCode, trxResult.getStatus().name(), info));
+                    }
+
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(ORDERER_RETRY_WAIT_TIME); //try again sleep
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        TransactionException te = new TransactionException("update thread Sleep", e);
+                        logger.warn(te.getMessage(), te);
+                    }
+
+                } else if (200 != statusCode) {
+                    // Can't retry.
+
+                    String info = trxResult.getInfo();
+                    if (null == info) {
+                        info = "";
+                    }
+
+                    throw new TransactionException(format("New channel %s error. StatusValue %d. Status %s. %s", name,
+                            statusCode, "" + trxResult.getStatus(), info));
+                }
+
+            } while (200 != statusCode); // try again
+
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+
+            logger.error(format("Channel %s error: %s", name, e.getMessage()), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String msg = format("Channel %s error: %s", name, e.getMessage());
+
+            logger.error(msg, e);
+            throw new TransactionException(msg, e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    Enrollment getEnrollment() {
+        return client.getUserContext().getEnrollment();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is channel initialized.
+     *
+     * @return true if the channel has been initialized.
+     */
+
+    public boolean isInitialized() {
+        return initialized;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the channel name
+     *
+     * @return The name of the channel
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        return this.name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a peer to the channel
+     *
+     * @param peer The Peer to add.
+     * @return Channel The current channel added.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public Channel addPeer(Peer peer) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        return addPeer(peer, PeerOptions.createPeerOptions());
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a peer to the channel
+     *
+     * @param peer        The Peer to add.
+     * @param peerOptions see {@link PeerRole}
+     * @return Channel The current channel added.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public Channel addPeer(Peer peer, PeerOptions peerOptions) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        if (initialized) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been initialized.", name));
+        }
+
+        if (null == peer) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Peer is invalid can not be null.");
+        }
+
+        if (peer.getChannel() != null && peer.getChannel() != this) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Peer already connected to channel %s", peer.getChannel().getName()));
+        }
+
+        if (null == peerOptions) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Peer is invalid can not be null.");
+        }
+        peer.setChannel(this);
+
+        peers.add(peer);
+        peerOptionsMap.put(peer, peerOptions.clone());
+
+        for (Map.Entry<PeerRole, Set<Peer>> peerRole : peerRoleSetMap.entrySet()) {
+            if (peerOptions.getPeerRoles().contains(peerRole.getKey())) {
+                peerRole.getValue().add(peer);
+            }
+        }
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Join the peer to the channel. The peer is added with all roles see {@link PeerOptions}
+     *
+     * @param peer the peer to join the channel.
+     * @return
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+
+    public Channel joinPeer(Peer peer) throws ProposalException {
+        return joinPeer(peer, PeerOptions.createPeerOptions());
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Peer> getEventingPeers() {
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(peerRoleSetMap.get(PeerRole.EVENT_SOURCE));
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Peer> getEndorsingPeers() {
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(peerRoleSetMap.get(PeerRole.ENDORSING_PEER));
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Peer> getChaincodePeers() {
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(getPeers(EnumSet.of(PeerRole.CHAINCODE_QUERY, PeerRole.ENDORSING_PEER)));
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Peer> getChaincodeQueryPeers() {
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(peerRoleSetMap.get(PeerRole.CHAINCODE_QUERY));
+    }
+
+    private Collection<Peer> getLedgerQueryPeers() {
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(peerRoleSetMap.get(PeerRole.LEDGER_QUERY));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param peer        the peer to join the channel.
+     * @param peerOptions see {@link PeerOptions}
+     * @return
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+
+    public Channel joinPeer(Peer peer, PeerOptions peerOptions) throws ProposalException {
+
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s joining peer %s, url: %s", name, peer.getName(), peer.getUrl()));
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new ProposalException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        Channel peerChannel = peer.getChannel();
+        if (null != peerChannel && peerChannel != this) {
+            throw new ProposalException(format("Can not add peer %s to channel %s because it already belongs to channel %s.", peer.getName(), name, peerChannel.getName()));
+
+        }
+
+        if (genesisBlock == null && orderers.isEmpty()) {
+            ProposalException e = new ProposalException("Channel missing genesis block and no orderers configured");
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+        try {
+
+            genesisBlock = getGenesisBlock(getRandomOrderer());
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s got genesis block", name));
+
+            final Channel systemChannel = newSystemChannel(client); //channel is not really created and this is targeted to system channel
+
+            TransactionContext transactionContext = systemChannel.getTransactionContext();
+
+            FabricProposal.Proposal joinProposal = JoinPeerProposalBuilder.newBuilder()
+                    .context(transactionContext)
+                    .genesisBlock(genesisBlock)
+                    .build();
+
+            logger.debug("Getting signed proposal.");
+            SignedProposal signedProposal = getSignedProposal(transactionContext, joinProposal);
+            logger.debug("Got signed proposal.");
+
+            addPeer(peer, peerOptions); //need to add peer.
+
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> resp = sendProposalToPeers(new ArrayList<>(Collections.singletonList(peer)),
+                    signedProposal, transactionContext);
+
+            ProposalResponse pro = resp.iterator().next();
+
+            if (pro.getStatus() == ProposalResponse.Status.SUCCESS) {
+                logger.info(format("Peer %s joined into channel %s", peer.getName(), name));
+            } else {
+                removePeerInternal(peer);
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Join peer to channel %s failed.  Status %s, details: %s",
+                        name, pro.getStatus().toString(), pro.getMessage()));
+
+            }
+        } catch (ProposalException e) {
+            removePeerInternal(peer);
+            logger.error(e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            peers.remove(peer);
+            logger.error(e);
+            throw new ProposalException(e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the peer connection from the channel.
+     * This does NOT unjoin the peer from from the channel.
+     * Fabric does not support that at this time -- maybe some day, but not today
+     *
+     * @param peer
+     */
+    public void removePeer(Peer peer) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        if (initialized) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Can not remove peer from channel %s already initialized.", name));
+        }
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Can not remove peer from channel %s already shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        checkPeer(peer);
+        removePeerInternal(peer);
+
+    }
+
+    private void removePeerInternal(Peer peer) {
+
+        peers.remove(peer);
+        peerOptionsMap.remove(peer);
+
+        for (Set<Peer> peerRoleSet : peerRoleSetMap.values()) {
+            peerRoleSet.remove(peer);
+        }
+        peer.unsetChannel();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add an Orderer to this channel.
+     *
+     * @param orderer the orderer to add.
+     * @return this channel.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public Channel addOrderer(Orderer orderer) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        if (null == orderer) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Orderer is invalid can not be null.");
+        }
+
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s adding orderer%s, url: %s", name, orderer.getName(), orderer.getUrl()));
+
+        orderer.setChannel(this);
+        orderers.add(orderer);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public PeerOptions getPeersOptions(Peer peer) {
+        PeerOptions ret = peerOptionsMap.get(peer);
+        if (ret != null) {
+            ret = ret.clone();
+        }
+        return ret;
+
+    }
+
+//    private Set<Anchor> traverseConfigGroupsAnchors(String name, ConfigGroup configGroup, Set<Anchor> anchorPeers) throws InvalidProtocolBufferException, InvalidArgumentException {
+//        ConfigValue anchorsConfig = configGroup.getValuesMap().get("AnchorPeers");
+//        if (anchorsConfig != null) {
+//            AnchorPeers anchors = AnchorPeers.parseFrom(anchorsConfig.getValue());
+//            for (AnchorPeer anchorPeer : anchors.getAnchorPeersList()) {
+//                String hostName = anchorPeer.getHost();
+//                int port = anchorPeer.getPort();
+//                logger.debug(format("parsed from config block: anchor peer %s:%d", hostName, port));
+//                anchorPeers.add(new Anchor(hostName, port));
+//            }
+//        }
+//
+//        for (Map.Entry<String, ConfigGroup> gm : configGroup.getGroupsMap().entrySet()) {
+//            traverseConfigGroupsAnchors(gm.getKey(), gm.getValue(), anchorPeers);
+//        }
+//
+//        return anchorPeers;
+//    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add an Event Hub to this channel.
+     *
+     * @param eventHub
+     * @return this channel
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public Channel addEventHub(EventHub eventHub) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+        if (null == eventHub) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("EventHub is invalid can not be null.");
+        }
+
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s adding event hub %s, url: %s", name, eventHub.getName(), eventHub.getUrl()));
+        eventHub.setChannel(this);
+        eventHub.setEventQue(channelEventQue);
+        eventHubs.add(eventHub);
+        return this;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the peers for this channel.
+     *
+     * @return the peers.
+     */
+    public Collection<Peer> getPeers() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(peers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the peers for this channel.
+     *
+     * @return the peers.
+     */
+    public Collection<Peer> getPeers(EnumSet<PeerRole> roles) {
+
+        Set<Peer> ret = new HashSet<>(getPeers().size());
+
+        for (PeerRole peerRole : roles) {
+            ret.addAll(peerRoleSetMap.get(peerRole));
+        }
+
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(ret);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set peerOptions in the channel that has not be initialized yet.
+     *
+     * @param peer        the peer to set options on.
+     * @param peerOptions see {@link PeerOptions}
+     * @return old options.
+     */
+
+    PeerOptions setPeerOptions(Peer peer, PeerOptions peerOptions) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        if (initialized) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s already initialized.", name));
+        }
+
+        checkPeer(peer);
+        PeerOptions ret = getPeersOptions(peer);
+        removePeerInternal(peer);
+        addPeer(peer, peerOptions);
+
+        return ret;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the Channel.  Starts the channel. event hubs will connect.
+     *
+     * @return this channel.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws TransactionException
+     */
+
+    public Channel initialize() throws InvalidArgumentException, TransactionException {
+
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s initialize shutdown %b", name, shutdown));
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        if (isNullOrEmpty(name)) {
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Can not initialize channel without a valid name.");
+
+        }
+        if (client == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Can not initialize channel without a client object.");
+        }
+
+        userContextCheck(client.getUserContext());
+
+        try {
+            parseConfigBlock(); // Parse config block for this channel to get it's information.
+
+            loadCACertificates();  // put all MSP certs into cryptoSuite
+
+            logger.debug(format("Eventque started %s", "" + eventQueueThread));
+
+            for (EventHub eh : eventHubs) { //Connect all event hubs
+                eh.connect(getTransactionContext());
+            }
+
+            for (Peer peer : getEventingPeers()) {
+                peer.initiateEventing(getTransactionContext(), getPeersOptions(peer));
+            }
+
+            logger.debug(format("%d eventhubs initialized", getEventHubs().size()));
+
+            registerTransactionListenerProcessor(); //Manage transactions.
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s registerTransactionListenerProcessor completed", name));
+            startEventQue(); //Run the event for event messages from event hubs.
+
+            this.initialized = true;
+
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s initialized", name));
+
+            return this;
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw e;
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            TransactionException exp = new TransactionException(e);
+            logger.error(exp.getMessage(), exp);
+            throw exp;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * load the peer organizations CA certificates into the channel's trust store so that we
+     * can verify signatures from peer messages
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws CryptoException
+     */
+    protected void loadCACertificates() throws InvalidArgumentException, CryptoException {
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s loadCACertificates", name));
+
+        if (msps == null || msps.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Unable to load CA certificates. Channel " + name + " does not have any MSPs.");
+        }
+
+        List<byte[]> certList;
+        for (MSP msp : msps.values()) {
+            logger.debug("loading certificates for MSP : " + msp.getID());
+            certList = Arrays.asList(msp.getRootCerts());
+            if (certList.size() > 0) {
+                client.getCryptoSuite().loadCACertificatesAsBytes(certList);
+            }
+            certList = Arrays.asList(msp.getIntermediateCerts());
+            if (certList.size() > 0) {
+                client.getCryptoSuite().loadCACertificatesAsBytes(certList);
+            }
+            // not adding admin certs. Admin certs should be signed by the CA
+        }
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s loadCACertificates completed ", name));
+    }
+
+    private Block getGenesisBlock(Orderer orderer) throws TransactionException {
+        try {
+            if (genesisBlock != null) {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s getGenesisBlock already present", name));
+
+            } else {
+
+                final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+                SeekSpecified seekSpecified = SeekSpecified.newBuilder()
+                        .setNumber(0)
+                        .build();
+                SeekPosition seekPosition = SeekPosition.newBuilder()
+                        .setSpecified(seekSpecified)
+                        .build();
+
+                SeekSpecified seekStopSpecified = SeekSpecified.newBuilder()
+                        .setNumber(0)
+                        .build();
+
+                SeekPosition seekStopPosition = SeekPosition.newBuilder()
+                        .setSpecified(seekStopSpecified)
+                        .build();
+
+                SeekInfo seekInfo = SeekInfo.newBuilder()
+                        .setStart(seekPosition)
+                        .setStop(seekStopPosition)
+                        .setBehavior(SeekInfo.SeekBehavior.BLOCK_UNTIL_READY)
+                        .build();
+
+                ArrayList<DeliverResponse> deliverResponses = new ArrayList<>();
+
+                seekBlock(seekInfo, deliverResponses, orderer);
+
+                DeliverResponse blockresp = deliverResponses.get(1);
+                Block configBlock = blockresp.getBlock();
+                if (configBlock == null) {
+                    throw new TransactionException(format("In getGenesisBlock newest block for channel %s fetch bad deliver returned null:", name));
+                }
+
+                int dataCount = configBlock.getData().getDataCount();
+                if (dataCount < 1) {
+                    throw new TransactionException(format("In getGenesisBlock bad config block data count %d", dataCount));
+                }
+
+                genesisBlock = blockresp.getBlock();
+
+            }
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            TransactionException exp = new TransactionException("getGenesisBlock " + e.getMessage(), e);
+            logger.error(exp.getMessage(), exp);
+            throw exp;
+        }
+
+        if (genesisBlock == null) { //make sure it was really set.
+            TransactionException exp = new TransactionException("getGenesisBlock returned null");
+            logger.error(exp.getMessage(), exp);
+            throw exp;
+
+        }
+
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s getGenesisBlock done.", name));
+        return genesisBlock;
+    }
+
+    boolean isSystemChannel() {
+        return systemChannel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is the channel shutdown.
+     *
+     * @return return true if the channel is shutdown.
+     */
+    public boolean isShutdown() {
+        return shutdown;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get signed byes of the update channel.
+     *
+     * @param updateChannelConfiguration
+     * @param signer
+     * @return
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public byte[] getUpdateChannelConfigurationSignature(UpdateChannelConfiguration updateChannelConfiguration, User signer) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        userContextCheck(signer);
+
+        if (null == updateChannelConfiguration) {
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("channelConfiguration is null");
+
+        }
+
+        try {
+
+            TransactionContext transactionContext = getTransactionContext(signer);
+
+            final ByteString configUpdate = ByteString.copyFrom(updateChannelConfiguration.getUpdateChannelConfigurationAsBytes());
+
+            ByteString sigHeaderByteString = getSignatureHeaderAsByteString(signer, transactionContext);
+
+            ByteString signatureByteSting = transactionContext.signByteStrings(new User[] {signer},
+                    sigHeaderByteString, configUpdate)[0];
+
+            return ConfigSignature.newBuilder()
+                    .setSignatureHeader(sigHeaderByteString)
+                    .setSignature(signatureByteSting)
+                    .build().toByteArray();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(e);
+        } finally {
+            logger.debug("finally done");
+        }
+    }
+
+    ChannelEventQue getChannelEventQue() {
+        return channelEventQue;
+    }
+
+    ExecutorService getExecutorService() {
+        return client.getExecutorService();
+    }
+
+    protected void parseConfigBlock() throws TransactionException {
+
+        try {
+
+            final Block configBlock = getConfigurationBlock();
+
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s Got config block getting MSP data and anchorPeers data", name));
+
+            Envelope envelope = Envelope.parseFrom(configBlock.getData().getData(0));
+            Payload payload = Payload.parseFrom(envelope.getPayload());
+            ConfigEnvelope configEnvelope = ConfigEnvelope.parseFrom(payload.getData());
+            ConfigGroup channelGroup = configEnvelope.getConfig().getChannelGroup();
+            Map<String, MSP> newMSPS = traverseConfigGroupsMSP("", channelGroup, new HashMap<>(20));
+
+            msps = Collections.unmodifiableMap(newMSPS);
+
+//            anchorPeers = Collections.unmodifiableSet(traverseConfigGroupsAnchors("", channelGroup, new HashSet<>()));
+
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw new TransactionException(e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, MSP> traverseConfigGroupsMSP(String name, ConfigGroup configGroup, Map<String, MSP> msps) throws InvalidProtocolBufferException {
+
+        ConfigValue mspv = configGroup.getValuesMap().get("MSP");
+        if (null != mspv) {
+            if (!msps.containsKey(name)) {
+
+                MspConfig.MSPConfig mspConfig = MspConfig.MSPConfig.parseFrom(mspv.getValue());
+
+                MspConfig.FabricMSPConfig fabricMSPConfig = MspConfig.FabricMSPConfig.parseFrom(mspConfig.getConfig());
+
+                msps.put(name, new MSP(name, fabricMSPConfig));
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, ConfigGroup> gm : configGroup.getGroupsMap().entrySet()) {
+            traverseConfigGroupsMSP(gm.getKey(), gm.getValue(), msps);
+        }
+
+        return msps;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Provide the Channel's latest raw Configuration Block.
+     *
+     * @return Channel configuration block.
+     * @throws TransactionException
+     */
+
+    private Block getConfigurationBlock() throws TransactionException {
+
+        logger.debug(format("getConfigurationBlock for channel %s", name));
+
+        try {
+            Orderer orderer = getRandomOrderer();
+
+            long lastConfigIndex = getLastConfigIndex(orderer);
+
+            logger.debug(format("Last config index is %d", lastConfigIndex));
+
+            Block configBlock = getBlockByNumber(lastConfigIndex);
+
+            //Little extra parsing but make sure this really is a config block for this channel.
+            Envelope envelopeRet = Envelope.parseFrom(configBlock.getData().getData(0));
+            Payload payload = Payload.parseFrom(envelopeRet.getPayload());
+            ChannelHeader channelHeader = ChannelHeader.parseFrom(payload.getHeader().getChannelHeader());
+            if (channelHeader.getType() != HeaderType.CONFIG.getNumber()) {
+                throw new TransactionException(format("Bad last configuration block type %d, expected %d",
+                        channelHeader.getType(), HeaderType.CONFIG.getNumber()));
+            }
+
+            if (!name.equals(channelHeader.getChannelId())) {
+                throw new TransactionException(format("Bad last configuration block channel id %s, expected %s",
+                        channelHeader.getChannelId(), name));
+            }
+
+            if (null != diagnosticFileDumper) {
+                logger.trace(format("Channel %s getConfigurationBlock returned %s", name,
+                        diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticFile(String.valueOf(configBlock).getBytes())));
+            }
+
+            if (!logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s getConfigurationBlock returned", name));
+            }
+
+            return configBlock;
+
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw new TransactionException(e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Channel Configuration bytes. Bytes that can be used with configtxlator tool to upgrade the channel.
+     * Convert to Json for editing  with:
+     * {@code
+     * <p>
+     * curl -v   POST --data-binary @fooConfig http://host/protolator/decode/common.Config
+     * <p>
+     * }
+     * See http://hyperledger-fabric.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configtxlator.html
+     *
+     * @return Channel configuration bytes.
+     * @throws TransactionException
+     */
+
+    public byte[] getChannelConfigurationBytes() throws TransactionException {
+        try {
+            final Block configBlock = getConfigurationBlock();
+
+            Envelope envelopeRet = Envelope.parseFrom(configBlock.getData().getData(0));
+
+            Payload payload = Payload.parseFrom(envelopeRet.getPayload());
+
+            ConfigEnvelope configEnvelope = ConfigEnvelope.parseFrom(payload.getData());
+            return configEnvelope.getConfig().toByteArray();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new TransactionException(e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private long getLastConfigIndex(Orderer orderer) throws CryptoException, TransactionException, InvalidArgumentException, InvalidProtocolBufferException {
+        Block latestBlock = getLatestBlock(orderer);
+
+        BlockMetadata blockMetadata = latestBlock.getMetadata();
+
+        Metadata metaData = Metadata.parseFrom(blockMetadata.getMetadata(1));
+
+        LastConfig lastConfig = LastConfig.parseFrom(metaData.getValue());
+
+        return lastConfig.getIndex();
+    }
+
+    private Block getBlockByNumber(final long number) throws TransactionException {
+
+        logger.trace(format("getConfigurationBlock for channel %s", name));
+
+        try {
+
+            logger.trace(format("Last config index is %d", number));
+
+            SeekSpecified seekSpecified = SeekSpecified.newBuilder().setNumber(number).build();
+
+            SeekPosition seekPosition = SeekPosition.newBuilder()
+                    .setSpecified(seekSpecified)
+                    .build();
+
+            SeekInfo seekInfo = SeekInfo.newBuilder()
+                    .setStart(seekPosition)
+                    .setStop(seekPosition)
+                    .setBehavior(SeekInfo.SeekBehavior.BLOCK_UNTIL_READY)
+                    .build();
+
+            ArrayList<DeliverResponse> deliverResponses = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            seekBlock(seekInfo, deliverResponses, getRandomOrderer());
+
+            DeliverResponse blockresp = deliverResponses.get(1);
+
+            Block retBlock = blockresp.getBlock();
+            if (retBlock == null) {
+                throw new TransactionException(format("newest block for channel %s fetch bad deliver returned null:", name));
+            }
+
+            int dataCount = retBlock.getData().getDataCount();
+            if (dataCount < 1) {
+                throw new TransactionException(format("Bad config block data count %d", dataCount));
+            }
+
+            logger.trace(format("Received  block for channel %s, block no:%d, transaction count: %d",
+                    name, retBlock.getHeader().getNumber(), retBlock.getData().getDataCount()));
+
+            return retBlock;
+
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw new TransactionException(e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private int seekBlock(SeekInfo seekInfo, List<DeliverResponse> deliverResponses, Orderer ordererIn) throws TransactionException {
+
+        logger.trace(format("seekBlock for channel %s", name));
+        final long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        @SuppressWarnings ("UnusedAssignment")
+        int statusRC = 404;
+
+        try {
+
+            do {
+
+                statusRC = 404;
+
+                final Orderer orderer = ordererIn != null ? ordererIn : getRandomOrderer();
+
+                TransactionContext txContext = getTransactionContext();
+
+                DeliverResponse[] deliver = orderer.sendDeliver(createSeekInfoEnvelope(txContext, seekInfo));
+
+                if (deliver.length < 1) {
+                    logger.warn(format("Genesis block for channel %s fetch bad deliver missing status block only got blocks:%d", name, deliver.length));
+                    //odd so lets try again....
+                    statusRC = 404;
+
+                } else {
+
+                    DeliverResponse status = deliver[0];
+                    statusRC = status.getStatusValue();
+
+                    if (statusRC == 404 || statusRC == 503) { //404 - block not found.  503 - service not available usually means kafka is not ready but starting.
+                        logger.warn(format("Bad deliver expected status 200  got  %d, Channel %s", status.getStatusValue(), name));
+                        // keep trying... else
+                        statusRC = 404;
+
+                    } else if (statusRC != 200) { // Assume for anything other than 200 we have a non retryable situation
+                        throw new TransactionException(format("Bad newest block expected status 200  got  %d, Channel %s", status.getStatusValue(), name));
+                    } else {
+                        if (deliver.length < 2) {
+                            throw new TransactionException(format("Newest block for channel %s fetch bad deliver missing genesis block only got %d:", name, deliver.length));
+                        } else {
+
+                            deliverResponses.addAll(Arrays.asList(deliver));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                // Not 200 so sleep to try again
+
+                if (200 != statusRC) {
+                    long duration = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
+
+                    if (duration > config.getGenesisBlockWaitTime()) {
+                        throw new TransactionException(format("Getting block time exceeded %s seconds for channel %s", Long.toString(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(duration)), name));
+                    }
+                    try {
+                        Thread.sleep(ORDERER_RETRY_WAIT_TIME); //try again
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        TransactionException te = new TransactionException("seekBlock thread Sleep", e);
+                        logger.warn(te.getMessage(), te);
+                    }
+                }
+
+            } while (statusRC != 200);
+
+        } catch (TransactionException e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+            throw new TransactionException(e);
+        }
+
+        return statusRC;
+
+    }
+
+    private Block getLatestBlock(Orderer orderer) throws TransactionException {
+
+        logger.debug(format("getConfigurationBlock for channel %s", name));
+
+        SeekPosition seekPosition = SeekPosition.newBuilder()
+                .setNewest(Ab.SeekNewest.getDefaultInstance())
+                .build();
+
+        SeekInfo seekInfo = SeekInfo.newBuilder()
+                .setStart(seekPosition)
+                .setStop(seekPosition)
+                .setBehavior(SeekInfo.SeekBehavior.BLOCK_UNTIL_READY)
+                .build();
+
+        ArrayList<DeliverResponse> deliverResponses = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        seekBlock(seekInfo, deliverResponses, orderer);
+
+        DeliverResponse blockresp = deliverResponses.get(1);
+
+        Block latestBlock = blockresp.getBlock();
+
+        if (latestBlock == null) {
+            throw new TransactionException(format("newest block for channel %s fetch bad deliver returned null:", name));
+        }
+
+        logger.trace(format("Received latest  block for channel %s, block no:%d", name, latestBlock.getHeader().getNumber()));
+        return latestBlock;
+    }
+
+    public Collection<Orderer> getOrderers() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(orderers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send instantiate request to the channel. Chaincode is created and initialized.
+     *
+     * @param instantiateProposalRequest send instantiate chaincode proposal request.
+     * @return Collections of proposal responses
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> sendInstantiationProposal(InstantiateProposalRequest instantiateProposalRequest) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        return sendInstantiationProposal(instantiateProposalRequest, getChaincodePeers());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send instantiate request to the channel. Chaincode is created and initialized.
+     *
+     * @param instantiateProposalRequest
+     * @param peers
+     * @return responses from peers.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> sendInstantiationProposal(InstantiateProposalRequest instantiateProposalRequest,
+                                                                  Collection<Peer> peers) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+        checkChannelState();
+        if (null == instantiateProposalRequest) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("InstantiateProposalRequest is null");
+        }
+
+        instantiateProposalRequest.setSubmitted();
+
+        checkPeers(peers);
+
+        try {
+            TransactionContext transactionContext = getTransactionContext(instantiateProposalRequest.getUserContext());
+            transactionContext.setProposalWaitTime(instantiateProposalRequest.getProposalWaitTime());
+            InstantiateProposalBuilder instantiateProposalbuilder = InstantiateProposalBuilder.newBuilder();
+            instantiateProposalbuilder.context(transactionContext);
+            instantiateProposalbuilder.argss(instantiateProposalRequest.getArgs());
+            instantiateProposalbuilder.chaincodeName(instantiateProposalRequest.getChaincodeName());
+            instantiateProposalbuilder.chaincodePath(instantiateProposalRequest.getChaincodePath());
+            instantiateProposalbuilder.chaincodeVersion(instantiateProposalRequest.getChaincodeVersion());
+            instantiateProposalbuilder.chaincodEndorsementPolicy(instantiateProposalRequest.getChaincodeEndorsementPolicy());
+            instantiateProposalbuilder.setTransientMap(instantiateProposalRequest.getTransientMap());
+
+            FabricProposal.Proposal instantiateProposal = instantiateProposalbuilder.build();
+            SignedProposal signedProposal = getSignedProposal(transactionContext, instantiateProposal);
+
+            return sendProposalToPeers(peers, signedProposal, transactionContext);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new ProposalException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private TransactionContext getTransactionContext() throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        return getTransactionContext(client.getUserContext());
+    }
+
+    private TransactionContext getTransactionContext(User userContext) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        userContext = userContext != null ? userContext : client.getUserContext();
+
+        userContextCheck(userContext);
+
+        return new TransactionContext(this, userContext, client.getCryptoSuite());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send install chaincode request proposal to all the channels on the peer.
+     *
+     * @param installProposalRequest
+     * @return
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    Collection<ProposalResponse> sendInstallProposal(InstallProposalRequest installProposalRequest)
+            throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+        return sendInstallProposal(installProposalRequest, getChaincodePeers());
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send install chaincode request proposal to the channel.
+     *
+     * @param installProposalRequest
+     * @param peers
+     * @return
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    Collection<ProposalResponse> sendInstallProposal(InstallProposalRequest installProposalRequest, Collection<Peer> peers)
+            throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeers(peers);
+        if (null == installProposalRequest) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("InstallProposalRequest is null");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            TransactionContext transactionContext = getTransactionContext(installProposalRequest.getUserContext());
+            transactionContext.verify(false);  // Install will have no signing cause it's not really targeted to a channel.
+            transactionContext.setProposalWaitTime(installProposalRequest.getProposalWaitTime());
+            InstallProposalBuilder installProposalbuilder = InstallProposalBuilder.newBuilder();
+            installProposalbuilder.context(transactionContext);
+            installProposalbuilder.setChaincodeLanguage(installProposalRequest.getChaincodeLanguage());
+            installProposalbuilder.chaincodeName(installProposalRequest.getChaincodeName());
+            installProposalbuilder.chaincodePath(installProposalRequest.getChaincodePath());
+            installProposalbuilder.chaincodeVersion(installProposalRequest.getChaincodeVersion());
+            installProposalbuilder.setChaincodeSource(installProposalRequest.getChaincodeSourceLocation());
+            installProposalbuilder.setChaincodeInputStream(installProposalRequest.getChaincodeInputStream());
+
+            FabricProposal.Proposal deploymentProposal = installProposalbuilder.build();
+            SignedProposal signedProposal = getSignedProposal(transactionContext, deploymentProposal);
+
+            return sendProposalToPeers(peers, signedProposal, transactionContext);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new ProposalException(e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send Upgrade proposal proposal to upgrade chaincode to a new version.
+     *
+     * @param upgradeProposalRequest
+     * @return Collection of proposal responses.
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> sendUpgradeProposal(UpgradeProposalRequest upgradeProposalRequest) throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        return sendUpgradeProposal(upgradeProposalRequest, getChaincodePeers());
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send Upgrade proposal proposal to upgrade chaincode to a new version.
+     *
+     * @param upgradeProposalRequest
+     * @param peers                  the specific peers to send to.
+     * @return Collection of proposal responses.
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> sendUpgradeProposal(UpgradeProposalRequest upgradeProposalRequest, Collection<Peer> peers)
+            throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeers(peers);
+
+        if (null == upgradeProposalRequest) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Upgradeproposal is null");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            TransactionContext transactionContext = getTransactionContext(upgradeProposalRequest.getUserContext());
+            //transactionContext.verify(false);  // Install will have no signing cause it's not really targeted to a channel.
+            transactionContext.setProposalWaitTime(upgradeProposalRequest.getProposalWaitTime());
+            UpgradeProposalBuilder upgradeProposalBuilder = UpgradeProposalBuilder.newBuilder();
+            upgradeProposalBuilder.context(transactionContext);
+            upgradeProposalBuilder.argss(upgradeProposalRequest.getArgs());
+            upgradeProposalBuilder.chaincodeName(upgradeProposalRequest.getChaincodeName());
+            upgradeProposalBuilder.chaincodePath(upgradeProposalRequest.getChaincodePath());
+            upgradeProposalBuilder.chaincodeVersion(upgradeProposalRequest.getChaincodeVersion());
+            upgradeProposalBuilder.chaincodEndorsementPolicy(upgradeProposalRequest.getChaincodeEndorsementPolicy());
+
+            SignedProposal signedProposal = getSignedProposal(transactionContext, upgradeProposalBuilder.build());
+
+            return sendProposalToPeers(peers, signedProposal, transactionContext);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new ProposalException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private SignedProposal getSignedProposal(TransactionContext transactionContext, FabricProposal.Proposal proposal) throws CryptoException {
+
+        return SignedProposal.newBuilder()
+                .setProposalBytes(proposal.toByteString())
+                .setSignature(transactionContext.signByteString(proposal.toByteArray()))
+                .build();
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * query this channel for a Block by the block hash.
+     * The request is sent to a random peer in the channel.
+     *
+     * @param blockHash the hash of the Block in the chain
+     * @return the {@link BlockInfo} with the given block Hash
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public BlockInfo queryBlockByHash(byte[] blockHash) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+
+        if (blockHash == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("blockHash parameter is null.");
+        }
+        return queryBlockByHash(getRandomLedgerQueryPeer(), blockHash);
+    }
+
+    private void checkChannelState() throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        if (!initialized) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has not been initialized.", name));
+        }
+
+        userContextCheck(client.getUserContext());
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query a peer in this channel for a Block by the block hash.
+     *
+     * @param peer      the Peer to query.
+     * @param blockHash the hash of the Block in the chain.
+     * @return the {@link BlockInfo} with the given block Hash
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException if the channel is shutdown or any of the arguments are not valid.
+     * @throws ProposalException        if an error occurred processing the query.
+     */
+    public BlockInfo queryBlockByHash(Peer peer, byte[] blockHash) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        if (blockHash == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("blockHash parameter is null.");
+        }
+
+        ProposalResponse proposalResponse;
+        BlockInfo responseBlock;
+        try {
+            logger.debug("queryBlockByHash with hash : " + Hex.encodeHexString(blockHash) + "\n    to peer " + peer.getName() + " on channel " + name);
+            QuerySCCRequest querySCCRequest = new QuerySCCRequest(client.getUserContext());
+            querySCCRequest.setFcn(QuerySCCRequest.GETBLOCKBYHASH);
+            querySCCRequest.setArgs(name);
+            querySCCRequest.setArgBytes(new byte[][] {blockHash});
+
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposal(querySCCRequest, Collections.singletonList(peer));
+            proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+
+            if (proposalResponse.getStatus().getStatus() != 200) {
+                throw new PeerException(format("Unable to query block by hash %s %n.... for channel %s from peer %s \n    with message %s",
+                        Hex.encodeHexString(blockHash),
+                        name,
+                        peer.getName(),
+                        proposalResponse.getMessage()));
+            }
+            responseBlock = new BlockInfo(Block.parseFrom(proposalResponse.getProposalResponse().getResponse().getPayload()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String emsg = format("queryBlockByHash hash: %s peer %s channel %s error: %s",
+                    Hex.encodeHexString(blockHash), peer.getName(), name, e.getMessage());
+            logger.error(emsg, e);
+            throw new ProposalException(emsg, e);
+        }
+
+        return responseBlock;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * query this channel for a Block by the blockNumber.
+     * The request is sent to a random peer in the channel.
+     *
+     * @param blockNumber index of the Block in the chain
+     * @return the {@link BlockInfo} with the given blockNumber
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public BlockInfo queryBlockByNumber(long blockNumber) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+        return queryBlockByNumber(getRandomLedgerQueryPeer(), blockNumber);
+    }
+
+    private Peer getRandomLedgerQueryPeer() throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        final ArrayList<Peer> ledgerQueryPeers = new ArrayList<>(new HashSet<>(getLedgerQueryPeers())); //copy to avoid unlikely changes
+        if (ledgerQueryPeers.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Channel " + name + " does not have any ledger querying peers associated with it.");
+        }
+
+        return ledgerQueryPeers.get(RANDOM.nextInt(ledgerQueryPeers.size()));
+
+    }
+
+    private Orderer getRandomOrderer() throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        final ArrayList<Orderer> randPicks = new ArrayList<>(new HashSet<>(getOrderers())); //copy to avoid unlikely changes
+
+        if (randPicks.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Channel " + name + " does not have any orderers associated with it.");
+        }
+
+        return randPicks.get(RANDOM.nextInt(randPicks.size()));
+
+    }
+
+    private void checkPeer(Peer peer) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (peer == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Peer value is null.");
+        }
+        if (isSystemChannel()) {
+            return; // System owns no peers
+        }
+        if (!getPeers().contains(peer)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Channel " + name + " does not have peer " + peer.getName());
+        }
+        if (peer.getChannel() != this) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Peer " + peer.getName() + " not set for channel " + name);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void checkOrderer(Orderer orderer) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (orderer == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Orderer value is null.");
+        }
+        if (isSystemChannel()) {
+            return; // System owns no Orderers
+        }
+        if (!getOrderers().contains(orderer)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Channel " + name + " does not have orderer " + orderer.getName());
+        }
+        if (orderer.getChannel() != this) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Orderer " + orderer.getName() + " not set for channel " + name);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void checkPeers(Collection<Peer> peers) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (peers == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Collection of peers is null.");
+        }
+
+        if (peers.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Collection of peers is empty.");
+        }
+
+        for (Peer peer : peers) {
+            checkPeer(peer);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * query a peer in this channel for a Block by the blockNumber
+     *
+     * @param peer        the peer to send the request to
+     * @param blockNumber index of the Block in the chain
+     * @return the {@link BlockInfo} with the given blockNumber
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public BlockInfo queryBlockByNumber(Peer peer, long blockNumber) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        ProposalResponse proposalResponse;
+        BlockInfo responseBlock;
+        try {
+            logger.debug("queryBlockByNumber with blockNumber " + blockNumber + " to peer " + peer.getName() + " on channel " + name);
+            QuerySCCRequest querySCCRequest = new QuerySCCRequest(client.getUserContext());
+            querySCCRequest.setFcn(QuerySCCRequest.GETBLOCKBYNUMBER);
+            querySCCRequest.setArgs(name, Long.toUnsignedString(blockNumber));
+
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposal(querySCCRequest, Collections.singletonList(peer));
+            proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+
+            if (proposalResponse.getStatus().getStatus() != 200) {
+                throw new PeerException(format("Unable to query block by number %d for channel %s from peer %s with message %s",
+                        blockNumber,
+                        name,
+                        peer.getName(),
+                        proposalResponse.getMessage()));
+            }
+            responseBlock = new BlockInfo(Block.parseFrom(proposalResponse.getProposalResponse().getResponse().getPayload()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String emsg = format("queryBlockByNumber blockNumber %d peer %s channel %s error %s",
+                    blockNumber,
+                    peer.getName(),
+                    name,
+                    e.getMessage());
+            logger.error(emsg, e);
+            throw new ProposalException(emsg, e);
+        }
+
+        return responseBlock;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * query this channel for a Block by a TransactionID contained in the block
+     * The request is sent to a random peer in the channel
+     *
+     * @param txID the transactionID to query on
+     * @return the {@link BlockInfo} for the Block containing the transaction
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public BlockInfo queryBlockByTransactionID(String txID) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        return queryBlockByTransactionID(getRandomLedgerQueryPeer(), txID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * query a peer in this channel for a Block by a TransactionID contained in the block
+     *
+     * @param peer the peer to send the request to
+     * @param txID the transactionID to query on
+     * @return the {@link BlockInfo} for the Block containing the transaction
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public BlockInfo queryBlockByTransactionID(Peer peer, String txID) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        if (txID == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("TxID parameter is null.");
+        }
+
+        ProposalResponse proposalResponse;
+        BlockInfo responseBlock;
+        try {
+            logger.debug("queryBlockByTransactionID with txID " + txID + " \n    to peer" + peer.getName() + " on channel " + name);
+            QuerySCCRequest querySCCRequest = new QuerySCCRequest(client.getUserContext());
+            querySCCRequest.setFcn(QuerySCCRequest.GETBLOCKBYTXID);
+            querySCCRequest.setArgs(name, txID);
+
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposal(querySCCRequest, Collections.singletonList(peer));
+            proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+
+            if (proposalResponse.getStatus().getStatus() != 200) {
+                throw new PeerException(format("Unable to query block by TxID %s%n    for channel %s from peer %s with message %s",
+                        txID,
+                        name,
+                        peer.getName(),
+                        proposalResponse.getMessage()));
+            }
+            responseBlock = new BlockInfo(Block.parseFrom(proposalResponse.getProposalResponse().getResponse().getPayload()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String emsg = format("QueryBlockByTransactionID TxID %s%n peer %s channel %s error %s",
+                    txID,
+                    peer.getName(),
+                    name,
+                    e.getMessage());
+            logger.error(emsg, e);
+            throw new ProposalException(emsg, e);
+        }
+
+        return responseBlock;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * query this channel for chain information.
+     * The request is sent to a random peer in the channel
+     *
+     * @return a {@link BlockchainInfo} object containing the chain info requested
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public BlockchainInfo queryBlockchainInfo() throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        return queryBlockchainInfo(getRandomLedgerQueryPeer());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * query for chain information
+     *
+     * @param peer The peer to send the request to
+     * @return a {@link BlockchainInfo} object containing the chain info requested
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public BlockchainInfo queryBlockchainInfo(Peer peer) throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        BlockchainInfo response;
+        try {
+            logger.debug("queryBlockchainInfo to peer " + peer.getName() + " on channel " + name);
+            QuerySCCRequest querySCCRequest = new QuerySCCRequest(client.getUserContext());
+            querySCCRequest.setFcn(QuerySCCRequest.GETCHAININFO);
+            querySCCRequest.setArgs(name);
+
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposal(querySCCRequest, Collections.singletonList(peer));
+            ProposalResponse proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+
+            if (proposalResponse.getStatus().getStatus() != 200) {
+                throw new PeerException(format("Unable to query block channel info for channel %s from peer %s with message %s",
+                        name,
+                        peer.getName(),
+                        proposalResponse.getMessage()));
+            }
+            response = new BlockchainInfo(Ledger.BlockchainInfo.parseFrom(proposalResponse.getProposalResponse().getResponse().getPayload()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String emsg = format("queryBlockchainInfo peer %s channel %s error %s",
+                    peer.getName(),
+                    name,
+                    e.getMessage());
+            logger.error(emsg, e);
+            throw new ProposalException(emsg, e);
+        }
+
+        return response;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query this channel for a Fabric Transaction given its transactionID.
+     * The request is sent to a random peer in the channel.
+     *
+     * @param txID the ID of the transaction
+     * @return a {@link TransactionInfo}
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public TransactionInfo queryTransactionByID(String txID) throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        return queryTransactionByID(getRandomLedgerQueryPeer(), txID);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query for a Fabric Transaction given its transactionID
+     *
+     * @param txID the ID of the transaction
+     * @param peer the peer to send the request to
+     * @return a {@link TransactionInfo}
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+    public TransactionInfo queryTransactionByID(Peer peer, String txID) throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        if (txID == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("TxID parameter is null.");
+        }
+
+        TransactionInfo transactionInfo;
+        try {
+            logger.debug("queryTransactionByID with txID " + txID + "\n    from peer " + peer.getName() + " on channel " + name);
+            QuerySCCRequest querySCCRequest = new QuerySCCRequest(client.getUserContext());
+            querySCCRequest.setFcn(QuerySCCRequest.GETTRANSACTIONBYID);
+            querySCCRequest.setArgs(name, txID);
+
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposal(querySCCRequest, Collections.singletonList(peer));
+            ProposalResponse proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+
+            if (proposalResponse.getStatus().getStatus() != 200) {
+                throw new PeerException(format("Unable to query transaction info for ID %s%n for channel %s from peer %s with message %s",
+                        txID,
+                        name,
+                        peer.getName(),
+                        proposalResponse.getMessage()));
+            }
+            transactionInfo = new TransactionInfo(txID, ProcessedTransaction.parseFrom(proposalResponse.getProposalResponse().getResponse().getPayload()));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            String emsg = format("queryTransactionByID TxID %s%n peer %s channel %s error %s",
+                    txID,
+                    peer.getName(),
+                    name,
+                    e.getMessage());
+            logger.error(emsg, e);
+            throw new ProposalException(emsg, e);
+        }
+
+        return transactionInfo;
+    }
+
+    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // transactions order
+
+    Set<String> queryChannels(Peer peer) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        if (!isSystemChannel()) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("queryChannels should only be invoked on system channel.");
+        }
+
+        try {
+
+            TransactionContext context = getTransactionContext();
+
+            FabricProposal.Proposal q = QueryPeerChannelsBuilder.newBuilder().context(context).build();
+
+            SignedProposal qProposal = getSignedProposal(context, q);
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposalToPeers(Collections.singletonList(peer), qProposal, context);
+
+            if (null == proposalResponses) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with null for responses", peer.getName()));
+            }
+
+            if (proposalResponses.size() != 1) {
+
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query expected one response but got back %d  responses ", peer.getName(), proposalResponses.size()));
+            }
+
+            ProposalResponse proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+            if (proposalResponse.getStatus() != ChaincodeResponse.Status.SUCCESS) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Failed exception message is %s, status is %d", proposalResponse.getMessage(), proposalResponse.getStatus().getStatus()));
+
+            }
+
+            FabricProposalResponse.ProposalResponse fabricResponse = proposalResponse.getProposalResponse();
+            if (null == fabricResponse) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with empty fabric response", peer.getName()));
+
+            }
+
+            final Response fabricResponseResponse = fabricResponse.getResponse();
+
+            if (null == fabricResponseResponse) { //not likely but check it.
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with empty fabricResponseResponse", peer.getName()));
+            }
+
+            if (200 != fabricResponseResponse.getStatus()) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query expected 200, actual returned was: %d. "
+                        + fabricResponseResponse.getMessage(), peer.getName(), fabricResponseResponse.getStatus()));
+
+            }
+
+            ChannelQueryResponse qr = ChannelQueryResponse.parseFrom(fabricResponseResponse.getPayload());
+
+            Set<String> ret = new HashSet<>(qr.getChannelsCount());
+
+            for (Query.ChannelInfo x : qr.getChannelsList()) {
+                ret.add(x.getChannelId());
+
+            }
+            return ret;
+
+        } catch (ProposalException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new ProposalException(format("Query for peer %s channels failed. " + e.getMessage(), name), e);
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    List<ChaincodeInfo> queryInstalledChaincodes(Peer peer) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        if (!isSystemChannel()) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("queryInstalledChaincodes should only be invoked on system channel.");
+        }
+
+        try {
+
+            TransactionContext context = getTransactionContext();
+
+            FabricProposal.Proposal q = QueryInstalledChaincodesBuilder.newBuilder().context(context).build();
+
+            SignedProposal qProposal = getSignedProposal(context, q);
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposalToPeers(Collections.singletonList(peer), qProposal, context);
+
+            if (null == proposalResponses) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with null for responses", peer.getName()));
+            }
+
+            if (proposalResponses.size() != 1) {
+
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query expected one response but got back %d  responses ", peer.getName(), proposalResponses.size()));
+            }
+
+            ProposalResponse proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+
+            FabricProposalResponse.ProposalResponse fabricResponse = proposalResponse.getProposalResponse();
+            if (null == fabricResponse) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with empty fabric response", peer.getName()));
+
+            }
+
+            final Response fabricResponseResponse = fabricResponse.getResponse();
+
+            if (null == fabricResponseResponse) { //not likely but check it.
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with empty fabricResponseResponse", peer.getName()));
+            }
+
+            if (200 != fabricResponseResponse.getStatus()) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query expected 200, actual returned was: %d. "
+                        + fabricResponseResponse.getMessage(), peer.getName(), fabricResponseResponse.getStatus()));
+
+            }
+
+            ChaincodeQueryResponse chaincodeQueryResponse = ChaincodeQueryResponse.parseFrom(fabricResponseResponse.getPayload());
+
+            return chaincodeQueryResponse.getChaincodesList();
+
+        } catch (ProposalException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new ProposalException(format("Query for peer %s channels failed. " + e.getMessage(), name), e);
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query peer for chaincode that has been instantiated
+     *
+     * @param peer The peer to query.
+     * @return A list of ChaincodeInfo @see {@link ChaincodeInfo}
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+
+    public List<ChaincodeInfo> queryInstantiatedChaincodes(Peer peer) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeer(peer);
+
+        try {
+
+            TransactionContext context = getTransactionContext();
+
+            FabricProposal.Proposal q = QueryInstantiatedChaincodesBuilder.newBuilder().context(context).build();
+
+            SignedProposal qProposal = getSignedProposal(context, q);
+            Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = sendProposalToPeers(Collections.singletonList(peer), qProposal, context);
+
+            if (null == proposalResponses) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with null for responses", peer.getName()));
+            }
+
+            if (proposalResponses.size() != 1) {
+
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query expected one response but got back %d  responses ", peer.getName(), proposalResponses.size()));
+            }
+
+            ProposalResponse proposalResponse = proposalResponses.iterator().next();
+
+            FabricProposalResponse.ProposalResponse fabricResponse = proposalResponse.getProposalResponse();
+            if (null == fabricResponse) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with empty fabric response", peer.getName()));
+
+            }
+
+            final Response fabricResponseResponse = fabricResponse.getResponse();
+
+            if (null == fabricResponseResponse) { //not likely but check it.
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query return with empty fabricResponseResponse", peer.getName()));
+            }
+
+            if (200 != fabricResponseResponse.getStatus()) {
+                throw new ProposalException(format("Peer %s channel query expected 200, actual returned was: %d. "
+                        + fabricResponseResponse.getMessage(), peer.getName(), fabricResponseResponse.getStatus()));
+
+            }
+
+            ChaincodeQueryResponse chaincodeQueryResponse = ChaincodeQueryResponse.parseFrom(fabricResponseResponse.getPayload());
+
+            return chaincodeQueryResponse.getChaincodesList();
+
+        } catch (ProposalException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new ProposalException(format("Query for peer %s channels failed. " + e.getMessage(), name), e);
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a transaction  proposal.
+     *
+     * @param transactionProposalRequest The transaction proposal to be sent to all the peers.
+     * @return responses from peers.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> sendTransactionProposal(TransactionProposalRequest transactionProposalRequest) throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        return sendProposal(transactionProposalRequest, getEndorsingPeers());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send a transaction proposal to specific peers.
+     *
+     * @param transactionProposalRequest The transaction proposal to be sent to the peers.
+     * @param peers
+     * @return responses from peers.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> sendTransactionProposal(TransactionProposalRequest transactionProposalRequest, Collection<Peer> peers) throws ProposalException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        return sendProposal(transactionProposalRequest, peers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send Query proposal
+     *
+     * @param queryByChaincodeRequest
+     * @return Collection proposal responses.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> queryByChaincode(QueryByChaincodeRequest queryByChaincodeRequest) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+        return queryByChaincode(queryByChaincodeRequest, getChaincodeQueryPeers());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send Query proposal
+     *
+     * @param queryByChaincodeRequest
+     * @param peers
+     * @return responses from peers.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws ProposalException
+     */
+
+    public Collection<ProposalResponse> queryByChaincode(QueryByChaincodeRequest queryByChaincodeRequest, Collection<Peer> peers) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+        return sendProposal(queryByChaincodeRequest, peers);
+    }
+    ////////////////  Channel Block monitoring //////////////////////////////////
+
+    private Collection<ProposalResponse> sendProposal(TransactionRequest proposalRequest, Collection<Peer> peers) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+
+        checkChannelState();
+        checkPeers(peers);
+
+        if (null == proposalRequest) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("sendProposal queryProposalRequest is null");
+        }
+
+        proposalRequest.setSubmitted();
+
+        try {
+            TransactionContext transactionContext = getTransactionContext(proposalRequest.getUserContext());
+            transactionContext.verify(proposalRequest.doVerify());
+            transactionContext.setProposalWaitTime(proposalRequest.getProposalWaitTime());
+
+            // Protobuf message builder
+            ProposalBuilder proposalBuilder = ProposalBuilder.newBuilder();
+            proposalBuilder.context(transactionContext);
+            proposalBuilder.request(proposalRequest);
+
+            SignedProposal invokeProposal = getSignedProposal(transactionContext, proposalBuilder.build());
+            return sendProposalToPeers(peers, invokeProposal, transactionContext);
+        } catch (ProposalException e) {
+            throw e;
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            ProposalException exp = new ProposalException(e);
+            logger.error(exp.getMessage(), exp);
+            throw exp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Collection<ProposalResponse> sendProposalToPeers(Collection<Peer> peers,
+                                                             SignedProposal signedProposal,
+                                                             TransactionContext transactionContext) throws InvalidArgumentException, ProposalException {
+        checkPeers(peers);
+
+        class Pair {
+            private final Peer peer;
+            private final Future<FabricProposalResponse.ProposalResponse> future;
+
+            private Pair(Peer peer, Future<FabricProposalResponse.ProposalResponse> future) {
+                this.peer = peer;
+                this.future = future;
+            }
+        }
+        List<Pair> peerFuturePairs = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Peer peer : peers) {
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s send proposal to peer %s at url %s",
+                    name, peer.getName(), peer.getUrl()));
+
+            if (null != diagnosticFileDumper) {
+                logger.trace(format("Sending to channel %s, peer: %s, proposal: %s", name, peer.getName(),
+                        diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticProtobufFile(signedProposal.toByteArray())));
+
+            }
+
+            Future<FabricProposalResponse.ProposalResponse> proposalResponseListenableFuture;
+            try {
+                proposalResponseListenableFuture = peer.sendProposalAsync(signedProposal);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                proposalResponseListenableFuture = new CompletableFuture<>();
+                ((CompletableFuture) proposalResponseListenableFuture).completeExceptionally(e);
+
+            }
+            peerFuturePairs.add(new Pair(peer, proposalResponseListenableFuture));
+
+        }
+
+        Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Pair peerFuturePair : peerFuturePairs) {
+
+            FabricProposalResponse.ProposalResponse fabricResponse = null;
+            String message;
+            int status = 500;
+            final String peerName = peerFuturePair.peer.getName();
+            try {
+                fabricResponse = peerFuturePair.future.get(transactionContext.getProposalWaitTime(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                message = fabricResponse.getResponse().getMessage();
+                status = fabricResponse.getResponse().getStatus();
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s got back from peer %s status: %d, message: %s",
+                        name, peerName, status, message));
+                if (null != diagnosticFileDumper) {
+                    logger.trace(format("Got back from channel %s, peer: %s, proposal response: %s", name, peerName,
+                            diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticProtobufFile(fabricResponse.toByteArray())));
+
+                }
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                message = "Sending proposal to " + peerName + " failed because of interruption";
+                logger.error(message, e);
+            } catch (TimeoutException e) {
+                message = format("Sending proposal to " + peerName + " failed because of timeout(%d milliseconds) expiration",
+                        transactionContext.getProposalWaitTime());
+                logger.error(message, e);
+            } catch (ExecutionException e) {
+                Throwable cause = e.getCause();
+                if (cause instanceof Error) {
+                    String emsg = "Sending proposal to " + peerName + " failed because of " + cause.getMessage();
+                    logger.error(emsg, new Exception(cause)); //wrapped in exception to get full stack trace.
+                    throw (Error) cause;
+                } else {
+                    if (cause instanceof StatusRuntimeException) {
+                        message = format("Sending proposal to " + peerName + " failed because of: gRPC failure=%s",
+                                ((StatusRuntimeException) cause).getStatus());
+                    } else {
+                        message = format("Sending proposal to " + peerName + " failed because of: %s", cause.getMessage());
+                    }
+                    logger.error(message, new Exception(cause)); //wrapped in exception to get full stack trace.
+                }
+            }
+
+            ProposalResponse proposalResponse = new ProposalResponse(transactionContext.getTxID(),
+                    transactionContext.getChannelID(), status, message);
+            proposalResponse.setProposalResponse(fabricResponse);
+            proposalResponse.setProposal(signedProposal);
+            proposalResponse.setPeer(peerFuturePair.peer);
+
+            if (fabricResponse != null && transactionContext.getVerify()) {
+                proposalResponse.verify(client.getCryptoSuite());
+            }
+
+            proposalResponses.add(proposalResponse);
+        }
+
+        return proposalResponses;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send transaction to one of the orderers on the channel using a specific user context.
+     *
+     * @param proposalResponses The proposal responses to be sent to the orderer.
+     * @param userContext       The usercontext used for signing transaction.
+     * @return a future allowing access to the result of the transaction invocation once complete.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> sendTransaction(Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses, User userContext) {
+
+        return sendTransaction(proposalResponses, orderers, userContext);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send transaction to one of the orderers on the channel using the usercontext set on the client.
+     *
+     * @param proposalResponses .
+     * @return a future allowing access to the result of the transaction invocation once complete.
+     */
+    public CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> sendTransaction(Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses) {
+
+        return sendTransaction(proposalResponses, orderers);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send transaction to one of the specified orderers using the usercontext set on the client..
+     *
+     * @param proposalResponses The proposal responses to be sent to the orderer
+     * @param orderers          The orderers to send the transaction to.
+     * @return a future allowing access to the result of the transaction invocation once complete.
+     */
+
+    public CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> sendTransaction(Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses, Collection<Orderer> orderers) {
+
+        return sendTransaction(proposalResponses, orderers, client.getUserContext());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Send transaction to one of a specified set of orderers with the specified user context.
+     * IF there are no event hubs or eventing peers this future returns immediately completed
+     * indicating that orderer has accepted the transaction only.
+     *
+     * @param proposalResponses
+     * @param orderers
+     * @return Future allowing access to the result of the transaction invocation.
+     */
+
+    public CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> sendTransaction(Collection<ProposalResponse> proposalResponses, Collection<Orderer> orderers, User userContext) {
+        try {
+            checkChannelState();
+            userContextCheck(userContext);
+            if (null == proposalResponses) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException("sendTransaction proposalResponses was null");
+            }
+
+            if (null == orderers) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException("sendTransaction Orderers is null");
+            }
+
+            final ArrayList<Orderer> shuffeledOrderers = new ArrayList<>(orderers);
+            Collections.shuffle(shuffeledOrderers);
+
+            if (shuffeledOrderers.isEmpty()) {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException("sendTransaction Orderers to send to is empty.");
+            }
+
+            if (config.getProposalConsistencyValidation()) {
+                HashSet<ProposalResponse> invalid = new HashSet<>();
+                int consistencyGroups = SDKUtils.getProposalConsistencySets(proposalResponses, invalid).size();
+
+                if (consistencyGroups != 1 || !invalid.isEmpty()) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(format(
+                            "The proposal responses have %d inconsistent groups with %d that are invalid."
+                                    + " Expected all to be consistent and none to be invalid.",
+                            consistencyGroups, invalid.size()));
+
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            List<FabricProposalResponse.Endorsement> ed = new LinkedList<>();
+            FabricProposal.Proposal proposal = null;
+            ByteString proposalResponsePayload = null;
+            String proposalTransactionID = null;
+
+            for (ProposalResponse sdkProposalResponse : proposalResponses) {
+                ed.add(sdkProposalResponse.getProposalResponse().getEndorsement());
+                if (proposal == null) {
+                    proposal = sdkProposalResponse.getProposal();
+                    proposalTransactionID = sdkProposalResponse.getTransactionID();
+                    proposalResponsePayload = sdkProposalResponse.getProposalResponse().getPayload();
+
+                }
+            }
+
+            TransactionBuilder transactionBuilder = TransactionBuilder.newBuilder();
+
+            Payload transactionPayload = transactionBuilder
+                    .chaincodeProposal(proposal)
+                    .endorsements(ed)
+                    .proposalResponsePayload(proposalResponsePayload).build();
+
+            Envelope transactionEnvelope = createTransactionEnvelope(transactionPayload, userContext);
+
+            CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> sret;
+            if (getEventHubs().isEmpty() && getEventingPeers().isEmpty()) { //If there are no eventhubs to complete the future, complete it
+                // immediately but give no transaction event
+                logger.debug(format("Completing transaction id %s immediately no event hubs or peer eventing services found in channel %s.", proposalTransactionID, name));
+                sret = new CompletableFuture<>();
+                sret.complete(null);
+            } else {
+                sret = registerTxListener(proposalTransactionID);
+            }
+
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s sending transaction to orderer(s) with TxID %s ", name, proposalTransactionID));
+            boolean success = false;
+            Exception lException = null; // Save last exception to report to user .. others are just logged.
+
+            BroadcastResponse resp = null;
+            for (Orderer orderer : shuffeledOrderers) {
+                try {
+
+                    if (null != diagnosticFileDumper) {
+                        logger.trace(format("Sending to channel %s, orderer: %s, transaction: %s", name, orderer.getName(),
+                                diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticProtobufFile(transactionEnvelope.toByteArray())));
+                    }
+
+                    resp = orderer.sendTransaction(transactionEnvelope);
+                    lException = null; // no longer last exception .. maybe just failed.
+                    if (resp.getStatus() == Status.SUCCESS) {
+                        success = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    String emsg = format("Channel %s unsuccessful sendTransaction to orderer %s (%s)",
+                            name, orderer.getName(), orderer.getUrl());
+                    if (resp != null) {
+
+                        emsg = format("Channel %s unsuccessful sendTransaction to orderer %s (%s).  %s",
+                                name, orderer.getName(), orderer.getUrl(), getRespData(resp));
+                    }
+
+                    logger.error(emsg, e);
+                    lException = new Exception(emsg, e);
+
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            if (success) {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s successful sent to Orderer transaction id: %s",
+                        name, proposalTransactionID));
+                return sret;
+            } else {
+
+                String emsg = format("Channel %s failed to place transaction %s on Orderer. Cause: UNSUCCESSFUL. %s",
+                        name, proposalTransactionID, getRespData(resp));
+
+                unregisterTxListener(proposalTransactionID);
+
+                CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> ret = new CompletableFuture<>();
+                ret.completeExceptionally(lException != null ? new Exception(emsg, lException) : new Exception(emsg));
+                return ret;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+
+            CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            future.completeExceptionally(e);
+            return future;
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build response details
+     *
+     * @param resp
+     * @return
+     */
+    private String getRespData(BroadcastResponse resp) {
+
+        StringBuilder respdata = new StringBuilder(400);
+        if (resp != null) {
+            Status status = resp.getStatus();
+            if (null != status) {
+                respdata.append(status.name());
+                respdata.append("-");
+                respdata.append(status.getNumber());
+            }
+
+            String info = resp.getInfo();
+            if (null != info && !info.isEmpty()) {
+                if (respdata.length() > 0) {
+                    respdata.append(", ");
+                }
+
+                respdata.append("Additional information: ").append(info);
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        return respdata.toString();
+
+    }
+
+    private Envelope createTransactionEnvelope(Payload transactionPayload, User user) throws CryptoException {
+
+        return Envelope.newBuilder()
+                .setPayload(transactionPayload.toByteString())
+                .setSignature(ByteString.copyFrom(client.getCryptoSuite().sign(user.getEnrollment().getKey(), transactionPayload.toByteArray())))
+                .build();
+
+    }
+
+    byte[] getChannelConfigurationSignature(ChannelConfiguration channelConfiguration, User signer) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        userContextCheck(signer);
+
+        if (null == channelConfiguration) {
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("channelConfiguration is null");
+
+        }
+
+        try {
+
+            Envelope ccEnvelope = Envelope.parseFrom(channelConfiguration.getChannelConfigurationAsBytes());
+
+            final Payload ccPayload = Payload.parseFrom(ccEnvelope.getPayload());
+
+            TransactionContext transactionContext = getTransactionContext(signer);
+
+            final ConfigUpdateEnvelope configUpdateEnv = ConfigUpdateEnvelope.parseFrom(ccPayload.getData());
+
+            final ByteString configUpdate = configUpdateEnv.getConfigUpdate();
+
+            ByteString sigHeaderByteString = getSignatureHeaderAsByteString(signer, transactionContext);
+
+            ByteString signatureByteSting = transactionContext.signByteStrings(new User[] {signer},
+                    sigHeaderByteString, configUpdate)[0];
+
+            return ConfigSignature.newBuilder()
+                    .setSignatureHeader(sigHeaderByteString)
+                    .setSignature(signatureByteSting)
+                    .build().toByteArray();
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(e);
+        } finally {
+            logger.debug("finally done");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register a block listener.
+     *
+     * @param listener function with single argument with type {@link BlockEvent}
+     * @return The handle of the registered block listener.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException if the channel is shutdown.
+     */
+    public String registerBlockListener(BlockListener listener) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        return new BL(listener).getHandle();
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister a block listener.
+     *
+     * @param handle of Block listener to remove.
+     * @return false if not found.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException if the channel is shutdown or invalid arguments.
+     */
+    public boolean unregisterBlockListener(String handle) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        checkHandle(BLOCK_LISTENER_TAG, handle);
+
+        synchronized (blockListeners) {
+
+            return null != blockListeners.remove(handle);
+
+        }
+    }
+    //////////  Transaction monitoring  /////////////////////////////
+
+    private void startEventQue() {
+
+        if (eventQueueThread != null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        client.getExecutorService().execute(() -> {
+            eventQueueThread = Thread.currentThread();
+
+            while (!shutdown) {
+                if (!initialized) {
+                    try {
+                        logger.debug("not intialized:" + initialized);
+                        Thread.sleep(1);
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        logger.warn(e);
+                    }
+                    continue; //wait on sending events till the channel is initialized.
+                }
+                final BlockEvent blockEvent;
+                try {
+                    blockEvent = channelEventQue.getNextEvent();
+                } catch (EventHubException e) {
+                    if (!shutdown) {
+                        logger.error(e);
+                    }
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (blockEvent == null) {
+                    logger.warn("GOT null block event.");
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                try {
+
+                    final String blockchainID = blockEvent.getChannelId();
+                    final String from =
+                            format("Channel %s eventqueue got block event with block number: %d for channel: %s, from %s",
+                                    name, blockEvent.getBlockNumber(), blockchainID, blockEvent.getPeer() != null ? ("Peer: " + blockEvent.getPeer().getName()) :
+                                            ("Eventhub: " + blockEvent.getEventHub().getName()));
+
+                    logger.trace(from);
+
+                    if (!Objects.equals(name, blockchainID)) {
+                        logger.warn(format("Channel %s eventqueue got block event NOT FOR ME  channelId %s  from %s", name, blockchainID, from));
+                        continue; // not targeted for this channel
+                    }
+
+                    final ArrayList<BL> blcopy = new ArrayList<>(blockListeners.size() + 3);
+                    synchronized (blockListeners) {
+                        blcopy.addAll(blockListeners.values());
+                    }
+
+                    for (BL l : blcopy) {
+                        try {
+                            logger.trace(format("Sending block event '%s' to block listener %s", from, l.handle));
+                            client.getExecutorService().execute(() -> l.listener.received(blockEvent));
+                        } catch (Throwable e) { //Don't let one register stop rest.
+                            logger.error(format("Error calling block listener %s on channel: %s event: %s ", l.handle, name, from), e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    logger.error("Unable to parse event", e);
+                    logger.debug("event:\n)");
+                    logger.debug(blockEvent.toString());
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Own block listener to manage transactions.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+
+    private String registerTransactionListenerProcessor() throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s registerTransactionListenerProcessor starting", name));
+
+        // Transaction listener is internal Block listener for transactions
+
+        return registerBlockListener(blockEvent -> {
+
+            if (txListeners.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            for (TransactionEvent transactionEvent : blockEvent.getTransactionEvents()) {
+
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s got event for transaction %s ", name, transactionEvent.getTransactionID()));
+
+                List<TL> txL = new ArrayList<>(txListeners.size() + 2);
+                synchronized (txListeners) {
+                    LinkedList<TL> list = txListeners.get(transactionEvent.getTransactionID());
+                    if (null != list) {
+                        txL.addAll(list);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                for (TL l : txL) {
+                    try {
+                        // only if we get events from each eventhub on the channel fire the transactions event.
+                        //   if (getEventHubs().containsAll(l.eventReceived(transactionEvent.getEventHub()))) {
+                        if (l.eventReceived(transactionEvent)) {
+                            l.fire(transactionEvent);
+                        }
+
+                    } catch (Throwable e) {
+                        logger.error(e); // Don't let one register stop rest.
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    void runSweeper() {
+
+        if (shutdown || DELTA_SWEEP < 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (sweeper == null) {
+
+            sweeper = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(r -> {
+                Thread t = Executors.defaultThreadFactory().newThread(r);
+                t.setDaemon(true);
+                return t;
+            }).scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
+                try {
+
+                    if (txListeners != null) {
+
+                        synchronized (txListeners) {
+
+                            for (Iterator<Map.Entry<String, LinkedList<TL>>> it = txListeners.entrySet().iterator(); it.hasNext();
+                                    ) {
+
+                                Map.Entry<String, LinkedList<TL>> es = it.next();
+
+                                LinkedList<TL> tlLinkedList = es.getValue();
+                                tlLinkedList.removeIf(TL::sweepMe);
+                                if (tlLinkedList.isEmpty()) {
+                                    it.remove();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    logger.warn("Sweeper got error:" + e.getMessage(), e);
+                }
+
+            }, 0, DELTA_SWEEP, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register a transactionId that to get notification on when the event is seen in the block chain.
+     *
+     * @param txid
+     * @return
+     */
+
+    private CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> registerTxListener(String txid) {
+
+        CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
+
+        new TL(txid, future);
+
+        return future;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister a transactionId
+     *
+     * @param txid
+     */
+    private void unregisterTxListener(String txid) {
+
+        synchronized (txListeners) {
+
+            txListeners.remove(txid);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register a chaincode event listener. Both chaincodeId pattern AND eventName pattern must match to invoke
+     * the chaincodeEventListener
+     *
+     * @param chaincodeId            Java pattern for chaincode identifier also know as chaincode name. If ma
+     * @param eventName              Java pattern to match the event name.
+     * @param chaincodeEventListener The listener to be invoked if both chaincodeId and eventName pattern matches.
+     * @return Handle to be used to unregister the event listener {@link #unregisterChaincodeEventListener(String)}
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public String registerChaincodeEventListener(Pattern chaincodeId, Pattern eventName, ChaincodeEventListener chaincodeEventListener) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        if (chaincodeId == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("The chaincodeId argument may not be null.");
+        }
+
+        if (eventName == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("The eventName argument may not be null.");
+        }
+
+        if (chaincodeEventListener == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("The chaincodeEventListener argument may not be null.");
+        }
+
+        ChaincodeEventListenerEntry chaincodeEventListenerEntry = new ChaincodeEventListenerEntry(chaincodeId, eventName, chaincodeEventListener);
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (null == blh) {
+                blh = registerChaincodeListenerProcessor();
+            }
+        }
+        return chaincodeEventListenerEntry.handle;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister an existing chaincode event listener.
+     *
+     * @param handle Chaincode event listener handle to be unregistered.
+     * @return True if the chaincode handler was found and removed.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public boolean unregisterChaincodeEventListener(String handle) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        boolean ret;
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+        }
+
+        checkHandle(CHAINCODE_EVENTS_TAG, handle);
+
+        synchronized (chainCodeListeners) {
+            ret = null != chainCodeListeners.remove(handle);
+
+        }
+
+        synchronized (this) {
+            if (null != blh && chainCodeListeners.isEmpty()) {
+
+                unregisterBlockListener(blh);
+                blh = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+
+    }
+
+    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    ////////////////  Chaincode Events..  //////////////////////////////////
+
+    private String registerChaincodeListenerProcessor() throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s registerChaincodeListenerProcessor starting", name));
+
+        // Chaincode event listener is internal Block listener for chaincode events.
+
+        return registerBlockListener(blockEvent -> {
+
+            if (chainCodeListeners.isEmpty()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            LinkedList<ChaincodeEvent> chaincodeEvents = new LinkedList<>();
+
+            //Find the chaincode events in the transactions.
+
+            for (TransactionEvent transactionEvent : blockEvent.getTransactionEvents()) {
+
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s got event for transaction %s ", name, transactionEvent.getTransactionID()));
+
+                for (BlockInfo.TransactionEnvelopeInfo.TransactionActionInfo info : transactionEvent.getTransactionActionInfos()) {
+
+                    ChaincodeEvent event = info.getEvent();
+                    if (null != event) {
+                        chaincodeEvents.add(event);
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            if (!chaincodeEvents.isEmpty()) {
+
+                class MatchPair {
+                    final ChaincodeEventListenerEntry eventListener;
+                    final ChaincodeEvent event;
+
+                    MatchPair(ChaincodeEventListenerEntry eventListener, ChaincodeEvent event) {
+                        this.eventListener = eventListener;
+                        this.event = event;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                List<MatchPair> matches = new LinkedList<MatchPair>(); //Find matches.
+
+                synchronized (chainCodeListeners) {
+
+                    for (ChaincodeEventListenerEntry chaincodeEventListenerEntry : chainCodeListeners.values()) {
+
+                        for (ChaincodeEvent chaincodeEvent : chaincodeEvents) {
+
+                            if (chaincodeEventListenerEntry.isMatch(chaincodeEvent)) {
+
+                                matches.add(new MatchPair(chaincodeEventListenerEntry, chaincodeEvent));
+                            }
+
+                        }
+
+                    }
+                }
+
+                //fire events
+                for (MatchPair match : matches) {
+
+                    ChaincodeEventListenerEntry chaincodeEventListenerEntry = match.eventListener;
+                    ChaincodeEvent ce = match.event;
+                    chaincodeEventListenerEntry.fire(blockEvent, ce);
+
+                }
+
+            }
+
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Shutdown the channel with all resources released.
+     *
+     * @param force force immediate shutdown.
+     */
+
+    public synchronized void shutdown(boolean force) {
+
+        if (shutdown) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        initialized = false;
+        shutdown = true;
+        if (chainCodeListeners != null) {
+            chainCodeListeners.clear();
+
+        }
+
+        if (blockListeners != null) {
+            blockListeners.clear();
+        }
+
+        if (client != null) {
+            client.removeChannel(this);
+        }
+
+        client = null;
+
+        for (EventHub eh : eventHubs) {
+
+            try {
+                eh.shutdown();
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // Best effort.
+            }
+
+        }
+        eventHubs.clear();
+        for (Peer peer : new ArrayList<>(getPeers())) {
+
+            try {
+                removePeerInternal(peer);
+                peer.shutdown(force);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                // Best effort.
+            }
+        }
+        peers.clear(); // make sure.
+
+        //Make sure
+        for (Set<Peer> peerRoleSet : peerRoleSetMap.values()) {
+            peerRoleSet.clear();
+        }
+
+        for (Orderer orderer : getOrderers()) {
+            orderer.shutdown(force);
+        }
+
+        orderers.clear();
+
+        if (null != eventQueueThread) {
+
+            if (eventQueueThread != null) {
+                eventQueueThread.interrupt();
+            }
+            eventQueueThread = null;
+        }
+        ScheduledFuture<?> lsweeper = sweeper;
+        sweeper = null;
+
+        if (null != lsweeper) {
+            lsweeper.cancel(true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Serialize channel to a file using Java serialization.
+     * Deserialized channel will NOT be in an initialized state.
+     *
+     * @param file file
+     * @throws IOException
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     */
+
+    public void serializeChannel(File file) throws IOException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (null == file) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("File parameter may not be null");
+        }
+
+        Files.write(Paths.get(file.getAbsolutePath()), serializeChannel(),
+                StandardOpenOption.CREATE, StandardOpenOption.TRUNCATE_EXISTING, StandardOpenOption.WRITE);
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Serialize channel to a byte array using Java serialization.
+     * Deserialized channel will NOT be in an initialized state.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    public byte[] serializeChannel() throws IOException, InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        if (isShutdown()) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", getName()));
+        }
+
+        ObjectOutputStream out = null;
+
+        try {
+            ByteArrayOutputStream bai = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            out = new ObjectOutputStream(bai);
+            out.writeObject(this);
+            out.flush();
+            return bai.toByteArray();
+        } finally {
+            if (null != out) {
+                try {
+                    out.close();
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    logger.error(e); // best effort.
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
+        shutdown(true);
+        super.finalize();
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Options for the peer.
+     * These options are channel based.
+     */
+    public static class PeerOptions implements Cloneable, Serializable {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = -6906605662806520793L;
+
+        protected EnumSet<PeerRole> peerRoles;
+        protected Boolean newest = true;
+        protected Long startEvents;
+        protected Long stopEvents = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        protected boolean registerEventsForFilteredBlocks = false;
+
+        /**
+         * Is the peer eventing service registered for filtered blocks
+         *
+         * @return true if filtered blocks will be returned by the peer eventing service.
+         */
+        public boolean isRegisterEventsForFilteredBlocks() {
+            return registerEventsForFilteredBlocks;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Register the peer eventing services to return filtered blocks.
+         *
+         * @return the PeerOptions instance.
+         */
+
+        public PeerOptions registerEventsForFilteredBlocks() {
+            registerEventsForFilteredBlocks = true;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Register the peer eventing services to return full event blocks.
+         *
+         * @return the PeerOptions instance.
+         */
+
+        public PeerOptions registerEventsForBlocks() {
+            registerEventsForFilteredBlocks = false;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Get newest block on startup of peer eventing service.
+         *
+         * @return
+         */
+        public Boolean getNewest() {
+            return newest;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * The block number to start getting events from on start up of the peer eventing service..
+         *
+         * @return the start number
+         */
+
+        public Long getStartEvents() {
+            return startEvents;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * The stopping block number when the peer eventing service will stop sending blocks.
+         *
+         * @return the stop block number.
+         */
+
+        public Long getStopEvents() {
+            return stopEvents;
+        }
+
+        protected PeerOptions() {
+
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Create an instance of PeerOptions.
+         *
+         * @return the PeerOptions instance.
+         */
+
+        public static PeerOptions createPeerOptions() {
+            return new PeerOptions();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Return the roles the peer has.
+         *
+         * @return the roles {@link PeerRole}
+         */
+
+        public EnumSet<PeerRole> getPeerRoles() {
+            if (peerRoles == null) {
+                return PeerRole.ALL;
+            }
+            return peerRoles;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Set the roles this peer will have on the chain it will added or joined.
+         *
+         * @param peerRoles {@link PeerRole}
+         * @return This PeerOptions.
+         */
+
+        public PeerOptions setPeerRoles(EnumSet<PeerRole> peerRoles) {
+            this.peerRoles = peerRoles;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Add to the roles this peer will have on the chain it will added or joined.
+         *
+         * @param peerRole see {@link PeerRole}
+         * @return This PeerOptions.
+         */
+
+        public PeerOptions addPeerRole(PeerRole peerRole) {
+
+            if (peerRoles == null) {
+                peerRoles = EnumSet.noneOf(PeerRole.class);
+
+            }
+            peerRoles.add(peerRole);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Set the block number the eventing peer will start relieving events.
+         *
+         * @param start The staring block number.
+         * @return This PeerOptions.
+         */
+        public PeerOptions startEvents(long start) {
+            startEvents = start;
+            newest = null;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * This is the default. It will start retrieving events with the newest. Note this is not the
+         * next block that is added to the chain  but the current block on the chain.
+         *
+         * @return This PeerOptions.
+         */
+
+        public PeerOptions startEventsNewest() {
+            startEvents = null;
+            newest = true;
+
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * The block number to stop sending events.
+         *
+         * @param stop the number to stop sending events.
+         * @return This PeerOptions.
+         */
+        public PeerOptions stopEvents(long stop) {
+            stopEvents = stop;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Clone.
+         *
+         * @return return a duplicate of this instance.
+         */
+
+        public PeerOptions clone() {
+            try {
+                return (PeerOptions) super.clone();
+            } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(e);
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * MSPs
+     */
+
+    class MSP {
+        final String orgName;
+        final MspConfig.FabricMSPConfig fabricMSPConfig;
+        byte[][] adminCerts;
+        byte[][] rootCerts;
+        byte[][] intermediateCerts;
+
+        MSP(String orgName, MspConfig.FabricMSPConfig fabricMSPConfig) {
+            this.orgName = orgName;
+            this.fabricMSPConfig = fabricMSPConfig;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Known as the MSPID internally
+         *
+         * @return
+         */
+
+        String getID() {
+            return fabricMSPConfig.getName();
+
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * AdminCerts
+         *
+         * @return array of admin certs in PEM bytes format.
+         */
+        byte[][] getAdminCerts() {
+
+            if (null == adminCerts) {
+                adminCerts = new byte[fabricMSPConfig.getAdminsList().size()][];
+                int i = 0;
+                for (ByteString cert : fabricMSPConfig.getAdminsList()) {
+                    adminCerts[i++] = cert.toByteArray();
+                }
+            }
+            return adminCerts;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * RootCerts
+         *
+         * @return array of admin certs in PEM bytes format.
+         */
+        byte[][] getRootCerts() {
+
+            if (null == rootCerts) {
+                rootCerts = new byte[fabricMSPConfig.getRootCertsList().size()][];
+                int i = 0;
+                for (ByteString cert : fabricMSPConfig.getRootCertsList()) {
+                    rootCerts[i++] = cert.toByteArray();
+                }
+            }
+
+            return rootCerts;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * IntermediateCerts
+         *
+         * @return array of intermediate certs in PEM bytes format.
+         */
+        byte[][] getIntermediateCerts() {
+
+            if (null == intermediateCerts) {
+                intermediateCerts = new byte[fabricMSPConfig.getIntermediateCertsList().size()][];
+                int i = 0;
+                for (ByteString cert : fabricMSPConfig.getIntermediateCertsList()) {
+                    intermediateCerts[i++] = cert.toByteArray();
+                }
+            }
+            return intermediateCerts;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class ChannelEventQue {
+
+        private final BlockingQueue<BlockEvent> events = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(); //Thread safe
+        private Throwable eventException;
+
+        void eventError(Throwable t) {
+            eventException = t;
+        }
+
+        boolean addBEvent(BlockEvent event) {
+            if (shutdown) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            //For now just support blocks --- other types are also reported as blocks.
+
+            if (!event.isBlockEvent()) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // May be fed by multiple eventhubs but BlockingQueue.add() is thread-safe
+            events.add(event);
+
+            return true;
+
+        }
+
+        BlockEvent getNextEvent() throws EventHubException {
+            if (shutdown) {
+                throw new EventHubException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown", name));
+
+            }
+            BlockEvent ret = null;
+            if (eventException != null) {
+                throw new EventHubException(eventException);
+            }
+            try {
+                ret = events.take();
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                if (shutdown) {
+                    throw new EventHubException(eventException);
+
+                } else {
+                    logger.warn(e);
+                    if (eventException != null) {
+
+                        EventHubException eve = new EventHubException(eventException);
+                        logger.error(eve.getMessage(), eve);
+                        throw eve;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (eventException != null) {
+                throw new EventHubException(eventException);
+            }
+
+            if (shutdown) {
+
+                throw new EventHubException(format("Channel %s has been shutdown.", name));
+
+            }
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class BL {
+
+        final BlockListener listener;
+        final String handle;
+
+        BL(BlockListener listener) {
+
+            handle = BLOCK_LISTENER_TAG + Utils.generateUUID() + BLOCK_LISTENER_TAG;
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s blockListener %s starting", name, handle));
+
+            this.listener = listener;
+            synchronized (blockListeners) {
+
+                blockListeners.put(handle, this);
+
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        public String getHandle() {
+            return handle;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class TL {
+        final String txID;
+        final long createTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        final AtomicBoolean fired = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+        final CompletableFuture<TransactionEvent> future;
+        final Set<EventHub> unSeenEventHubs = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>());
+        final Set<Peer> unSeenPeers = Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<>());
+        long sweepTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + (long) (DELTA_SWEEP * 1.5);
+
+        TL(String txID, CompletableFuture<BlockEvent.TransactionEvent> future) {
+            this.txID = txID;
+            this.future = future;
+            unSeenPeers.addAll(getEventingPeers());
+            unSeenEventHubs.addAll(eventHubs);
+            addListener();
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Record transactions event.
+         *
+         * @param transactionEvent
+         * @return True if transactions have been seen on all eventing peers and eventhubs.
+         */
+        boolean eventReceived(TransactionEvent transactionEvent) {
+            sweepTime = System.currentTimeMillis() + DELTA_SWEEP; //seen activity keep it active.
+
+            Peer peer = transactionEvent.getPeer();
+            if (peer != null) {
+                unSeenPeers.remove(peer);
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s seen transaction event %s for peer %s", name, txID, peer.getName()));
+            } else if (null != transactionEvent.getEventHub()) {
+                EventHub eventHub = transactionEvent.getEventHub();
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s seen transaction event %s for eventHub %s", name, txID, eventHub.toString()));
+                unSeenEventHubs.remove(eventHub);
+            } else {
+                logger.error(format("Channel %s seen transaction event %s with no associated peer or eventhub", name, txID));
+            }
+
+            boolean isEmpty;
+            synchronized (this) {
+                isEmpty = unSeenEventHubs.isEmpty() && unSeenPeers.isEmpty();
+            }
+            return isEmpty;
+        }
+
+        private void addListener() {
+            runSweeper();
+            synchronized (txListeners) {
+                LinkedList<TL> tl = txListeners.computeIfAbsent(txID, k -> new LinkedList<>());
+                tl.add(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean sweepMe() { // Sweeps DO NOT fire future. user needs to put timeout on their futures for timeouts.
+
+            final boolean ret = sweepTime < System.currentTimeMillis() || fired.get() || future.isDone();
+
+            if (IS_DEBUG_LEVEL && ret) {
+
+                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(10000);
+                sb.append("Non reporting event hubs:");
+                String sep = "";
+                for (EventHub eh : unSeenEventHubs) {
+                    sb.append(sep).append(eh.getName());
+                    sep = ",";
+
+                }
+                if (sb.length() != 0) {
+                    sb.append(". ");
+
+                }
+                sep = "Non reporting peers: ";
+                for (Peer peer : unSeenPeers) {
+                    sb.append(sep).append(peer.getName());
+                    sep = ",";
+                }
+
+                logger.debug(format("Force removing transaction listener after %d ms for transaction %s. %s" +
+                                ". sweep timeout: %b, fired: %b, future done:%b",
+                        System.currentTimeMillis() - createTime, txID, sb.toString(),
+                        sweepTime < System.currentTimeMillis(), fired.get(), future.isDone()));
+
+            }
+
+            return ret;
+
+        }
+
+        void fire(BlockEvent.TransactionEvent transactionEvent) {
+
+            if (fired.getAndSet(true)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            synchronized (txListeners) {
+                LinkedList<TL> l = txListeners.get(txID);
+
+                if (null != l) {
+                    l.removeFirstOccurrence(this);
+                    if (l.size() == 0) {
+                        txListeners.remove(txID);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (future.isDone()) {
+                fired.set(true);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (transactionEvent.isValid()) {
+                logger.debug(format("Completing future for channel %s and transaction id: %s", name, txID));
+                client.getExecutorService().execute(() -> future.complete(transactionEvent));
+            } else {
+                logger.debug(format("Completing future as exception for channel %s and transaction id: %s, validation code: %02X",
+                        name, txID, transactionEvent.getValidationCode()));
+                client.getExecutorService().execute(() -> future.completeExceptionally(
+                        new TransactionEventException(format("Received invalid transaction event. Transaction ID %s status %s",
+                                transactionEvent.getTransactionID(),
+                                transactionEvent.getValidationCode()),
+                                transactionEvent)));
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private class ChaincodeEventListenerEntry {
+
+        private final Pattern chaincodeIdPattern;
+        private final Pattern eventNamePattern;
+        private final ChaincodeEventListener chaincodeEventListener;
+        private final String handle;
+
+        ChaincodeEventListenerEntry(Pattern chaincodeIdPattern, Pattern eventNamePattern, ChaincodeEventListener chaincodeEventListener) {
+            this.chaincodeIdPattern = chaincodeIdPattern;
+            this.eventNamePattern = eventNamePattern;
+            this.chaincodeEventListener = chaincodeEventListener;
+            this.handle = CHAINCODE_EVENTS_TAG + Utils.generateUUID() + CHAINCODE_EVENTS_TAG;
+
+            synchronized (chainCodeListeners) {
+
+                chainCodeListeners.put(handle, this);
+
+            }
+        }
+
+        boolean isMatch(ChaincodeEvent chaincodeEvent) {
+
+            return chaincodeIdPattern.matcher(chaincodeEvent.getChaincodeId()).matches() && eventNamePattern.matcher(chaincodeEvent.getEventName()).matches();
+
+        }
+
+        void fire(BlockEvent blockEvent, ChaincodeEvent ce) {
+
+            client.getExecutorService().execute(() -> chaincodeEventListener.received(handle, blockEvent, ce));
+
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.Channel.parseConfigBlock` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.Channel.client`. Potentially races with write in method `Channel.shutdown(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Channel.parseConfigBlock()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.Channel.parseConfigBlock():void.5fa4f5e62d18ae6a53bf5338c7662212
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/hyperledger/fabric/sdk/Channel.java
+
+### Key:
+Channel.java|parseConfigBlock|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b1646c8695f79f47fcdbea8cd20f27f4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9361/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9361/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21f5efa5684180e98ce9271e727799be622cb4d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9361/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1416 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fabric-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 24
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *
+ *  Copyright 2016,2017 DTCC, Fujitsu Australia Software Technology, IBM - All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Random;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException;
+import io.netty.util.internal.ConcurrentSet;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.discovery.Protocol;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.gossip.Message;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.msp.Identities;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.msp.MspConfigPackage;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.Channel.ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.ServiceDiscovery.SDLayout.SDGroup;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.InvalidProtocolBufferRuntimeException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.ServiceDiscoveryException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.Config;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.DiagnosticFileDumper;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.TransactionContext;
+
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.Utils.toHexString;
+
+public class ServiceDiscovery {
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(ServiceDiscovery.class);
+    private static final boolean DEBUG = logger.isDebugEnabled();
+    private static final Config config = Config.getConfig();
+    private static final boolean IS_TRACE_LEVEL = logger.isTraceEnabled();
+    private static final DiagnosticFileDumper diagnosticFileDumper = IS_TRACE_LEVEL
+            ? config.getDiagnosticFileDumper() : null;
+    private static final int SERVICE_DISCOVERY_WAITTIME = config.getServiceDiscoveryWaitTime();
+    private static final Random random = new Random();
+    private final Collection<Peer> serviceDiscoveryPeers;
+    private final Channel channel;
+    private final TransactionContext transactionContext;
+    private final String channelName;
+    private volatile Map<String, SDChaindcode> chaindcodeMap = new HashMap<>();
+    private static final boolean asLocalhost = config.discoverAsLocalhost();
+
+    ServiceDiscovery(Channel channel, Collection<Peer> serviceDiscoveryPeers, TransactionContext transactionContext) {
+        this.serviceDiscoveryPeers = serviceDiscoveryPeers;
+        this.channel = channel;
+        this.channelName = channel.getName();
+        this.transactionContext = transactionContext.retryTransactionSameContext();
+    }
+
+    SDChaindcode discoverEndorserEndpoint(TransactionContext transactionContext, final String name) throws ServiceDiscoveryException {
+        Map<String, SDChaindcode> lchaindcodeMap = chaindcodeMap;
+        if (lchaindcodeMap != null) { // check if we have it already.
+            SDChaindcode sdChaindcode = lchaindcodeMap.get(name);
+            if (null != sdChaindcode) {
+                return sdChaindcode;
+            }
+        }
+
+        final ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls serviceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls = new ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls(name);
+        LinkedList<ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls> cc = new LinkedList<>();
+        cc.add(serviceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls);
+        List<List<ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls>> ccl = new LinkedList<>();
+        ccl.add(cc);
+
+        Map<String, SDChaindcode> dchaindcodeMap = discoverEndorserEndpoints(transactionContext, ccl);
+        final SDChaindcode sdChaindcode = dchaindcodeMap.get(name);
+        if (null == sdChaindcode) {
+            throw new ServiceDiscoveryException(format("Failed to find any endorsers for chaincode %s. See logs for details", name));
+        }
+        return sdChaindcode;
+    }
+
+    Collection<String> getDiscoveredChaincodeNames() {
+        final SDNetwork lsdNetwork = fullNetworkDiscovery(false);
+        if (null == lsdNetwork) {
+            return Collections.emptyList();
+        }
+
+        return new ArrayList<>(lsdNetwork.getChaincodesNames());
+    }
+
+    class SDNetwork {
+        final Map<String, List<byte[]>> tlsCerts = new HashMap<>();
+        final Map<String, List<byte[]>> tlsIntermCerts = new HashMap<>();
+        long discoveryTime;
+
+        void addTlsCert(String mspid, byte[] cert) {
+            if (IS_TRACE_LEVEL) {
+                logger.trace(format("Channel %s service discovery MSPID %s adding TLSCert %s", channelName, mspid, toHexString(cert)));
+            }
+            tlsCerts.computeIfAbsent(mspid, k -> new LinkedList<>()).add(cert);
+        }
+
+        void addTlsIntermCert(String mspid, byte[] cert) {
+            if (IS_TRACE_LEVEL) {
+                logger.trace(format("Channel %s service discovery MSPID %s adding intermediate TLSCert %s", channelName, mspid, toHexString(cert)));
+            }
+            tlsIntermCerts.computeIfAbsent(mspid, k -> new LinkedList<>()).add(cert);
+        }
+
+        SDEndorser getEndorserByEndpoint(String endpoint) {
+            return endorsers.get(endpoint);
+        }
+
+        public Collection<SDEndorser> getEndorsers() {
+            return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(endorsers.values());
+        }
+
+        Map<String, SDEndorser> endorsers = Collections.emptyMap();
+
+        Map<String, SDOrderer> ordererEndpoints = Collections.emptyMap();
+
+        Set<String> getOrdererEndpoints() {
+            return Collections.unmodifiableSet(ordererEndpoints.keySet());
+        }
+
+        Collection<SDOrderer> getSDOrderers() {
+            return ordererEndpoints.values();
+        }
+
+        Set<String> getPeerEndpoints() {
+            return Collections.unmodifiableSet(endorsers.keySet());
+        }
+
+        Set<String> chaincodeNames = null;
+
+        Set<String> getChaincodesNames() {
+            if (null == chaincodeNames) {
+                if (null == endorsers) {
+                    chaincodeNames = Collections.emptySet();
+                    return chaincodeNames;
+                }
+
+                Set<String> ret = new HashSet<>();
+                endorsers.values().forEach(sdEndorser -> {
+                    if (null != sdEndorser.chaincodesList) {
+                        sdEndorser.chaincodesList.forEach(chaincode -> ret.add(chaincode.getName()));
+                    }
+                });
+                chaincodeNames = ret;
+            }
+
+            return chaincodeNames;
+        }
+
+        Collection<byte[]> getTlsCerts(final String mspid) {
+
+            final Collection<byte[]> bytes = tlsCerts.get(mspid);
+            if (null == bytes) {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s no tls ca certs for mspid: %s", channelName, mspid));
+                return Collections.emptyList();
+
+            }
+            if (bytes.isEmpty()) {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s no tls ca certs for mspid: %s", channelName, mspid));
+            }
+            return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(bytes);
+        }
+
+        Collection<byte[]> getTlsIntermediateCerts(String mspid) {
+            final Collection<byte[]> bytes = tlsIntermCerts.get(mspid);
+
+            if (null == bytes) {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s no tls intermediary ca certs for mspid: %s", channelName, mspid));
+                return Collections.emptyList();
+
+            }
+            if (bytes.isEmpty()) {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s no tls intermediary ca certs for mspid: %s", channelName, mspid));
+            }
+            return Collections.unmodifiableCollection(bytes);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    private volatile SDNetwork sdNetwork = null;
+
+    private final ConcurrentSet<ByteString> certs = new ConcurrentSet<>();
+
+    SDNetwork networkDiscovery(TransactionContext ltransactionContext, boolean force) {
+        logger.trace(format("Network discovery force: %b", force));
+
+        ArrayList<Peer> speers = new ArrayList<>(serviceDiscoveryPeers);
+        Collections.shuffle(speers);
+        SDNetwork ret = sdNetwork;
+
+        if (!force && null != ret && ret.discoveryTime + SERVICE_DISCOVER_FREQ_SECONDS * 1000 > System.currentTimeMillis()) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+        ret = null;
+
+        for (final Peer serviceDiscoveryPeer : speers) {
+            try {
+                SDNetwork lsdNetwork = new SDNetwork();
+                final byte[] clientTLSCertificateDigest = serviceDiscoveryPeer.getClientTLSCertificateDigest();
+
+                logger.info(format("Channel %s doing discovery with peer: %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString()));
+
+                if (null == clientTLSCertificateDigest) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException(format("Channel %s, peer %s requires mutual tls for service discovery.", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer));
+                }
+
+                ByteString clientIdent = ltransactionContext.getIdentity().toByteString();
+                ByteString tlshash = ByteString.copyFrom(clientTLSCertificateDigest);
+                Protocol.AuthInfo authentication = Protocol.AuthInfo.newBuilder().setClientIdentity(clientIdent).setClientTlsCertHash(tlshash).build();
+
+                List<Protocol.Query> fq = new ArrayList<>(2);
+                fq.add(Protocol.Query.newBuilder().setChannel(channelName).setConfigQuery(Protocol.ConfigQuery.newBuilder().build()).build());
+                fq.add(Protocol.Query.newBuilder().setChannel(channelName).setPeerQuery(Protocol.PeerMembershipQuery.newBuilder().build()).build());
+
+                Protocol.Request request = Protocol.Request.newBuilder().addAllQueries(fq).setAuthentication(authentication).build();
+                ByteString payloadBytes = request.toByteString();
+                ByteString signatureBytes = ltransactionContext.signByteStrings(payloadBytes);
+                Protocol.SignedRequest sr = Protocol.SignedRequest.newBuilder()
+                        .setPayload(payloadBytes).setSignature(signatureBytes).build();
+
+                if (IS_TRACE_LEVEL && null != diagnosticFileDumper) { // dump protobuf we sent
+                    logger.trace(format("Service discovery channel %s %s service chaincode query sent %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer,
+                            diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticProtobufFile(sr.toByteArray())));
+                }
+
+                final Protocol.Response response = serviceDiscoveryPeer.sendDiscoveryRequestAsync(sr).get(SERVICE_DISCOVERY_WAITTIME, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+
+                if (IS_TRACE_LEVEL && null != diagnosticFileDumper) { // dump protobuf we get
+                    logger.trace(format("Service discovery channel %s %s service discovery returned %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer,
+                            diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticProtobufFile(response.toByteArray())));
+                }
+
+                serviceDiscoveryPeer.hasConnected();
+                final List<Protocol.QueryResult> resultsList = response.getResultsList();
+                Protocol.QueryResult queryResult;
+                Protocol.QueryResult queryResult2;
+
+                queryResult = resultsList.get(0); //configquery
+                if (queryResult.getResultCase().getNumber() == Protocol.QueryResult.ERROR_FIELD_NUMBER) {
+                    logger.warn(format("Channel %s peer: %s error during service discovery %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString(), queryResult.getError().getContent()));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                queryResult2 = resultsList.get(1);
+                if (queryResult2.getResultCase().getNumber() == Protocol.QueryResult.ERROR_FIELD_NUMBER) {
+                    logger.warn(format("Channel %s peer %s service discovery error %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString(), queryResult2.getError().getContent()));
+                    continue;
+                }
+                Protocol.ConfigResult configResult = queryResult.getConfigResult();
+
+                Map<String, MspConfigPackage.FabricMSPConfig> msps = configResult.getMspsMap();
+                Set<ByteString> cbbs = new HashSet<>(msps.size() * 4);
+
+                for (Map.Entry<String, MspConfigPackage.FabricMSPConfig> i : msps.entrySet()) {
+                    final MspConfigPackage.FabricMSPConfig value = i.getValue();
+                    final String mspid = value.getName();
+                    cbbs.addAll(value.getRootCertsList());
+                    cbbs.addAll(value.getIntermediateCertsList());
+
+                    value.getTlsRootCertsList().forEach(bytes -> lsdNetwork.addTlsCert(mspid, bytes.toByteArray()));
+
+                    value.getTlsIntermediateCertsList().forEach(bytes -> lsdNetwork.addTlsIntermCert(mspid, bytes.toByteArray()));
+                }
+
+                List<byte[]> toaddCerts = new LinkedList<>();
+
+                synchronized (certs) {
+                    cbbs.forEach(bytes -> {
+                        if (certs.add(bytes)) {
+                            toaddCerts.add(bytes.toByteArray());
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+                if (!toaddCerts.isEmpty()) { // add them to crypto store.
+                    channel.client.getCryptoSuite().loadCACertificatesAsBytes(toaddCerts);
+                }
+
+                Map<String, SDOrderer> ordererEndpoints = new HashMap<>();
+                Map<String, Protocol.Endpoints> orderersMap = configResult.getOrderersMap();
+                for (Map.Entry<String, Protocol.Endpoints> i : orderersMap.entrySet()) {
+                    final String mspid = i.getKey();
+
+                    Protocol.Endpoints value = i.getValue();
+                    for (Protocol.Endpoint l : value.getEndpointList()) {
+                        logger.trace(format("Channel: %s peer: %s discovered orderer MSPID: %s, endpoint: %s:%s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer, mspid, l.getHost(), l.getPort()));
+                        String host = asLocalhost ? "localhost" : l.getHost();
+                        String endpoint = (host + ":" + l.getPort()).trim().toLowerCase();
+
+                        SDOrderer discoveredAlready = ordererEndpoints.get(endpoint);
+                        if (discoveredAlready != null) {
+                            if (!mspid.equals(discoveredAlready.getMspid())) {
+                                logger.error(format("Service discovery in channel: %s, peer: %s found Orderer endpoint: %s with two mspids: '%s', '%s'", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer, endpoint, mspid, discoveredAlready.getMspid()));
+                                continue; // report it and ignore.
+                            }
+                            logger.debug(format("Service discovery in channel: %s, peer: %s found Orderer endpoint: %s mspid: %s discovered twice", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer, endpoint, mspid));
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        Properties properties = new Properties();
+                        if (asLocalhost) {
+                            properties.put("hostnameOverride", l.getHost());
+                        }
+
+                        final SDOrderer sdOrderer = new SDOrderer(mspid, endpoint, lsdNetwork.getTlsCerts(mspid), lsdNetwork.getTlsIntermediateCerts(mspid), properties);
+
+                        ordererEndpoints.put(sdOrderer.getEndPoint(), sdOrderer);
+                    }
+                }
+                lsdNetwork.ordererEndpoints = ordererEndpoints;
+
+                Protocol.PeerMembershipResult membership = queryResult2.getMembers();
+
+                lsdNetwork.endorsers = new HashMap<>();
+
+                for (Map.Entry<String, Protocol.Peers> peers : membership.getPeersByOrgMap().entrySet()) {
+                    final String mspId = peers.getKey();
+                    final Protocol.Peers peer = peers.getValue();
+
+                    for (Protocol.Peer pp : peer.getPeersList()) {
+                        SDEndorser ppp = new SDEndorser(pp, lsdNetwork.getTlsCerts(mspId), lsdNetwork.getTlsIntermediateCerts(mspId), asLocalhost);
+
+                        SDEndorser discoveredAlready = lsdNetwork.endorsers.get(ppp.getEndpoint());
+                        if (null != discoveredAlready) {
+                            if (!mspId.equals(discoveredAlready.getMspid())) {
+                                logger.error(format("Service discovery in channel: %s, peer: %s,  found endorser endpoint: %s with two mspids: '%s', '%s'", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer, ppp.getEndpoint(), mspId, discoveredAlready.getMspid()));
+                                continue; // report it and ignore.
+                            }
+                            logger.debug(format("Service discovery in channel %s peer: %s found Endorser endpoint: %s mspid: %s discovered twice", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer, ppp.getEndpoint(), mspId));
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        logger.trace(format("Channel %s peer: %s discovered peer mspid group: %s, endpoint: %s, mspid: %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer, mspId, ppp.getEndpoint(), ppp.getMspid()));
+
+                        lsdNetwork.endorsers.put(ppp.getEndpoint(), ppp);
+                    }
+                }
+                lsdNetwork.discoveryTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+                sdNetwork = lsdNetwork;
+                ret = lsdNetwork;
+                break;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn(format("Channel %s peer %s service discovery error %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer, e.getMessage()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        logger.debug(format("Channel %s service discovery completed: %b", channelName, ret != null));
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    public static class SDOrderer {
+        private final String mspid;
+        private final Collection<byte[]> tlsCerts;
+        private final Collection<byte[]> tlsIntermediateCerts;
+        private final String endPoint;
+        private final Properties properties;
+
+        SDOrderer(String mspid, String endPoint, Collection<byte[]> tlsCerts, Collection<byte[]> tlsIntermediateCerts, Properties properties) {
+            this.mspid = mspid;
+            this.endPoint = endPoint;
+            this.tlsCerts = tlsCerts;
+            this.tlsIntermediateCerts = tlsIntermediateCerts;
+            this.properties = properties;
+        }
+
+        public Collection<byte[]> getTlsIntermediateCerts() {
+            return tlsIntermediateCerts;
+        }
+
+        public String getEndPoint() {
+            return endPoint;
+        }
+
+        public String getMspid() {
+            return mspid;
+        }
+
+        public Collection<byte[]> getTlsCerts() {
+            return tlsCerts;
+        }
+
+        public Properties getProperties() {
+            return properties;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Map<String, SDChaindcode> discoverEndorserEndpoints(TransactionContext transactionContext, List<List<ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls>> chaincodeNames) throws ServiceDiscoveryException {
+        if (null == chaincodeNames) {
+            logger.warn("Discover of chaincode names was null.");
+            return Collections.emptyMap();
+        }
+        if (chaincodeNames.isEmpty()) {
+            logger.warn("Discover of chaincode names was empty.");
+            return Collections.emptyMap();
+        }
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            StringBuilder cns = new StringBuilder(1000);
+            String sep = "";
+            cns.append("[");
+            for (List<ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls> s : chaincodeNames) {
+
+                ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls n = s.get(0);
+                cns.append(sep).append(n.write(s.subList(1, s.size())));
+                sep = ", ";
+            }
+            cns.append("]");
+            logger.debug(format("Channel %s doing discovery for chaincodes: %s", channelName, cns.toString()));
+        }
+
+        ArrayList<Peer> speers = new ArrayList<>(serviceDiscoveryPeers);
+        Collections.shuffle(speers);
+        final Map<String, SDChaindcode> ret = new HashMap<>();
+        SDNetwork sdNetwork = networkDiscovery(transactionContext, false);
+        ServiceDiscoveryException serviceDiscoveryException = null;
+
+        for (Peer serviceDiscoveryPeer : speers) {
+            serviceDiscoveryException = null;
+            try {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s doing discovery for chaincodes on peer: %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString()));
+
+                TransactionContext ltransactionContext = transactionContext.retryTransactionSameContext();
+                final byte[] clientTLSCertificateDigest = serviceDiscoveryPeer.getClientTLSCertificateDigest();
+
+                if (null == clientTLSCertificateDigest) {
+                    logger.warn(format("Channel %s peer %s requires mutual tls for service discovery.", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString()));
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                ByteString clientIdent = ltransactionContext.getIdentity().toByteString();
+                ByteString tlshash = ByteString.copyFrom(clientTLSCertificateDigest);
+                Protocol.AuthInfo authentication = Protocol.AuthInfo.newBuilder().setClientIdentity(clientIdent).setClientTlsCertHash(tlshash).build();
+
+                List<Protocol.Query> fq = new ArrayList<>(chaincodeNames.size());
+
+                for (List<ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls> chaincodeName : chaincodeNames) {
+                    if (ret.containsKey(chaincodeName.get(0).getName())) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    LinkedList<Protocol.ChaincodeCall> chaincodeCalls = new LinkedList<>();
+                    chaincodeName.forEach(serviceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls -> chaincodeCalls.add(serviceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls.build()));
+                    List<Protocol.ChaincodeInterest> cinn = new ArrayList<>(1);
+                    chaincodeName.forEach(ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls::build);
+                    Protocol.ChaincodeInterest cci = Protocol.ChaincodeInterest.newBuilder().addAllChaincodes(chaincodeCalls).build();
+                    cinn.add(cci);
+                    Protocol.ChaincodeQuery chaincodeQuery = Protocol.ChaincodeQuery.newBuilder().addAllInterests(cinn).build();
+
+                    fq.add(Protocol.Query.newBuilder().setChannel(channelName).setCcQuery(chaincodeQuery).build());
+                }
+
+                if (fq.size() == 0) {
+                    //this would be odd but lets take care of it.
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                Protocol.Request request = Protocol.Request.newBuilder().addAllQueries(fq).setAuthentication(authentication).build();
+                ByteString payloadBytes = request.toByteString();
+                ByteString signatureBytes = ltransactionContext.signByteStrings(payloadBytes);
+                Protocol.SignedRequest sr = Protocol.SignedRequest.newBuilder()
+                        .setPayload(payloadBytes).setSignature(signatureBytes).build();
+                if (IS_TRACE_LEVEL && null != diagnosticFileDumper) { // dump protobuf we sent
+                    logger.trace(format("Service discovery channel %s %s service chaincode query sent %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer,
+                            diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticProtobufFile(sr.toByteArray())));
+                }
+
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s peer %s sending chaincode query request", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString()));
+                final Protocol.Response response = serviceDiscoveryPeer.sendDiscoveryRequestAsync(sr).get(SERVICE_DISCOVERY_WAITTIME, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
+                if (IS_TRACE_LEVEL && null != diagnosticFileDumper) { // dump protobuf we get
+                    logger.trace(format("Service discovery channel %s %s service chaincode query returned %s", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer,
+                            diagnosticFileDumper.createDiagnosticProtobufFile(response.toByteArray())));
+                }
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s peer %s completed chaincode query request", channelName, serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString()));
+                serviceDiscoveryPeer.hasConnected();
+
+                for (Protocol.QueryResult queryResult : response.getResultsList()) {
+                    if (queryResult.getResultCase().getNumber() == Protocol.QueryResult.ERROR_FIELD_NUMBER) {
+                        ServiceDiscoveryException discoveryException = new ServiceDiscoveryException(format("Error %s", queryResult.getError().getContent()));
+                        logger.error(discoveryException.getMessage());
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (queryResult.getResultCase().getNumber() != Protocol.QueryResult.CC_QUERY_RES_FIELD_NUMBER) {
+                        ServiceDiscoveryException discoveryException = new ServiceDiscoveryException(format("Error expected chaincode endorsement query but got %s : ", queryResult.getResultCase().toString()));
+                        logger.error(discoveryException.getMessage());
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    Protocol.ChaincodeQueryResult ccQueryRes = queryResult.getCcQueryRes();
+                    if (ccQueryRes.getContentList().isEmpty()) {
+                        throw new ServiceDiscoveryException(format("Error %s", queryResult.getError().getContent()));
+                    }
+
+                    for (Protocol.EndorsementDescriptor es : ccQueryRes.getContentList()) {
+                        final String chaincode = es.getChaincode();
+                        List<SDLayout> layouts = new LinkedList<>();
+                        for (Protocol.Layout layout : es.getLayoutsList()) {
+                            SDLayout sdLayout = null;
+                            Map<String, Integer> quantitiesByGroupMap = layout.getQuantitiesByGroupMap();
+                            for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> qmap : quantitiesByGroupMap.entrySet()) {
+                                final String key = qmap.getKey();
+                                final int quantity = qmap.getValue();
+                                if (quantity < 1) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                Protocol.Peers peers = es.getEndorsersByGroupsMap().get(key);
+                                if (peers == null || peers.getPeersCount() == 0) {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+
+                                List<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers = new LinkedList<>();
+
+                                for (Protocol.Peer pp : peers.getPeersList()) {
+                                    SDEndorser ppp = new SDEndorser(pp, null, null, asLocalhost);
+                                    final String endPoint = ppp.getEndpoint();
+                                    SDEndorser nppp = sdNetwork.getEndorserByEndpoint(endPoint);
+                                    if (null == nppp) {
+                                        sdNetwork = networkDiscovery(transactionContext, true);
+                                        if (null == sdNetwork) {
+                                            throw new ServiceDiscoveryException("Failed to discover network resources.");
+                                        }
+                                        nppp = sdNetwork.getEndorserByEndpoint(ppp.getEndpoint());
+                                        if (null == nppp) {
+                                            throw new ServiceDiscoveryException(format("Failed to discover peer endpoint information %s for chaincode %s ", endPoint, chaincode));
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    sdEndorsers.add(nppp);
+                                }
+                                if (sdLayout == null) {
+                                    sdLayout = new SDLayout();
+                                    layouts.add(sdLayout);
+                                }
+                                sdLayout.addGroup(key, quantity, sdEndorsers);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (layouts.isEmpty()) {
+                            logger.warn(format("Channel %s chaincode %s discovered no layouts!", channelName, chaincode));
+                        } else {
+                            if (DEBUG) {
+                                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(1000);
+                                sb.append("Channel ").append(channelName)
+                                        .append(" found ").append(layouts.size()).append(" layouts for chaincode: ").append(es.getChaincode());
+                                sb.append(", layouts: [");
+
+                                String sep = "";
+                                for (SDLayout layout : layouts) {
+                                    sb.append(sep).append(layout);
+                                    sep = ", ";
+                                }
+                                sb.append("]");
+
+                                logger.debug(sb.toString());
+                            }
+                            ret.put(es.getChaincode(), new SDChaindcode(es.getChaincode(), layouts));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (ret.size() == chaincodeNames.size()) {
+                    break; // found them all.
+                }
+            } catch (ServiceDiscoveryException e) {
+                logger.warn(format("Service discovery error on peer %s. Error: %s", serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString(), e.getMessage()));
+                serviceDiscoveryException = e;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn(format("Service discovery error on peer %s. Error: %s", serviceDiscoveryPeer.toString(), e.getMessage()));
+                serviceDiscoveryException = new ServiceDiscoveryException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (null != serviceDiscoveryException) {
+            throw serviceDiscoveryException;
+        }
+        if (ret.size() != chaincodeNames.size()) {
+            logger.warn((format("Channel %s failed to find all layouts for chaincodes. Expected: %d and found: %d", channelName, chaincodeNames.size(), ret.size())));
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Endorsement selection by layout group that has least required and block height is the highest (most up to date).
+     */
+    static final EndorsementSelector ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION_LEAST_REQUIRED_BLOCKHEIGHT = sdChaindcode -> {
+        List<SDLayout> layouts = sdChaindcode.getLayouts();
+
+        class LGroup { // local book keeping.
+            int stillRequred;
+            final Set<SDEndorser> endorsers = new HashSet<>();
+
+            LGroup(SDGroup group) {
+                endorsers.addAll(group.getEndorsers());
+                this.stillRequred = group.getStillRequired();
+            }
+
+            // return true if still required
+            boolean endorsed(Set<SDEndorser> endorsed) {
+                for (SDEndorser sdEndorser : endorsed) {
+                    if (endorsers.contains(sdEndorser)) {
+                        endorsers.remove(sdEndorser);
+                        stillRequred = Math.max(0, stillRequred - 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                return stillRequred > 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        SDLayout pickedLayout = null;
+
+        Map<SDLayout, Set<SDEndorser>> layoutEndorsers = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // if (layouts.size() > 1) { // pick layout by least number of endorsers ..  least number of peers hit and smaller block!
+
+        for (SDLayout sdLayout : layouts) {
+            Set<LGroup> remainingGroups = new HashSet<>();
+            for (SDGroup sdGroup : sdLayout.getSDLGroups()) {
+                remainingGroups.add(new LGroup(sdGroup));
+            }
+            // These are required as there is no choice.
+            Set<SDEndorser> required = new HashSet<>();
+            for (LGroup lgroup : remainingGroups) {
+                if (lgroup.stillRequred == lgroup.endorsers.size()) {
+                    required.addAll(lgroup.endorsers);
+                }
+            }
+            //add those that there are no choice.
+
+            if (required.size() > 0) {
+                Set<LGroup> remove = new HashSet<>(remainingGroups.size());
+                for (LGroup lGroup : remainingGroups) {
+                    if (!lGroup.endorsed(required)) {
+                        remove.add(lGroup);
+                    }
+                }
+                remainingGroups.removeAll(remove);
+                Set<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers = layoutEndorsers.computeIfAbsent(sdLayout, k -> new HashSet<>());
+                sdEndorsers.addAll(required);
+            }
+
+            if (remainingGroups.isEmpty()) { // no more groups here done for this layout.
+                continue; // done with this layout there really were no choices.
+            }
+
+            //Now go through groups finding which endorsers can satisfy the most groups.
+
+            do {
+                Map<SDEndorser, Integer> matchCount = new HashMap<>();
+
+                for (LGroup group : remainingGroups) {
+                    for (SDEndorser sdEndorser : group.endorsers) {
+                        Integer count = matchCount.get(sdEndorser);
+                        if (count == null) {
+                            matchCount.put(sdEndorser, 1);
+                        } else {
+                            matchCount.put(sdEndorser, ++count);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Set<SDEndorser> theMost = new HashSet<>();
+                int maxMatch = 0;
+                for (Map.Entry<SDEndorser, Integer> m : matchCount.entrySet()) {
+                    int count = m.getValue();
+                    SDEndorser sdEndorser = m.getKey();
+                    if (count > maxMatch) {
+                        theMost.clear();
+                        theMost.add(sdEndorser);
+                        maxMatch = count;
+                    } else if (count == maxMatch) {
+                        theMost.add(sdEndorser);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Set<SDEndorser> theVeryMost = new HashSet<>(1);
+                long max = 0L;
+                // Tie breaker: Pick one with greatest ledger height.
+                for (SDEndorser sd : theMost) {
+                    if (sd.getLedgerHeight() > max) {
+                        max = sd.getLedgerHeight();
+                        theVeryMost.clear();
+                        theVeryMost.add(sd);
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                Set<LGroup> remove2 = new HashSet<>(remainingGroups.size());
+                for (LGroup lGroup : remainingGroups) {
+                    if (!lGroup.endorsed(theVeryMost)) {
+                        remove2.add(lGroup);
+                    }
+                }
+                Set<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers = layoutEndorsers.computeIfAbsent(sdLayout, k -> new HashSet<>());
+                sdEndorsers.addAll(theVeryMost);
+                remainingGroups.removeAll(remove2);
+            } while (!remainingGroups.isEmpty());
+
+            // Now pick the layout with least endorsers
+        }
+        //Pick layout which needs least endorsements.
+        int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        Set<SDLayout> theLeast = new HashSet<>();
+
+        for (Map.Entry<SDLayout, Set<SDEndorser>> l : layoutEndorsers.entrySet()) {
+            SDLayout sdLayoutK = l.getKey();
+            Integer count = l.getValue().size();
+            if (count < min) {
+                theLeast.clear();
+                theLeast.add(sdLayoutK);
+                min = count;
+            } else if (count == min) {
+                theLeast.add(sdLayoutK);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (theLeast.size() == 1) {
+            pickedLayout = theLeast.iterator().next();
+        } else {
+            long max = 0L;
+            // Tie breaker: Pick one with greatest ledger height.
+            for (SDLayout sdLayout : theLeast) {
+                int height = 0;
+                for (SDEndorser sdEndorser : layoutEndorsers.get(sdLayout)) {
+                    height += sdEndorser.getLedgerHeight();
+                }
+                if (height > max) {
+                    max = height;
+                    pickedLayout = sdLayout;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        final SDEndorserState sdEndorserState = new SDEndorserState();
+        sdEndorserState.setPickedEndorsers(layoutEndorsers.get(pickedLayout));
+        sdEndorserState.setPickedLayout(pickedLayout);
+
+        return sdEndorserState;
+    };
+
+    public static final EndorsementSelector DEFAULT_ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION = ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION_LEAST_REQUIRED_BLOCKHEIGHT;
+
+    /**
+     * Endorsement selection by random layout group and random endorsers there in.
+     */
+    public static final EndorsementSelector ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION_RANDOM = sdChaindcode -> {
+        List<SDLayout> layouts = sdChaindcode.getLayouts();
+
+        SDLayout pickedLayout = layouts.get(0);
+
+        if (layouts.size() > 1) { // more than one pick a random one.
+            pickedLayout = layouts.get(random.nextInt(layouts.size()));
+        }
+
+        Map<String, SDEndorser> retMap = new HashMap<>(); //hold results.
+
+        for (SDGroup group : pickedLayout.getSDLGroups()) { // go through groups getting random required endorsers
+            List<SDEndorser> endorsers = new ArrayList<>(group.getEndorsers());
+            int required = group.getStillRequired(); // what's needed in that group.
+            Collections.shuffle(endorsers); // randomize.
+            List<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers = endorsers.subList(0, required); // pick top endorsers.
+            sdEndorsers.forEach(sdEndorser -> {
+                retMap.putIfAbsent(sdEndorser.getEndpoint(), sdEndorser); // put if endpoint is not in there already.
+            });
+        }
+
+        final SDEndorserState sdEndorserState = new SDEndorserState(); //returned result.
+        sdEndorserState.setPickedEndorsers(retMap.values());
+        sdEndorserState.setPickedLayout(pickedLayout);
+
+        return sdEndorserState;
+    };
+
+    public static class SDChaindcode {
+        final String name;
+        final List<SDLayout> layouts;
+
+        SDChaindcode(SDChaindcode sdChaindcode) {
+            name = sdChaindcode.name;
+            layouts = new LinkedList<>();
+            sdChaindcode.layouts.forEach(sdLayout -> layouts.add(new SDLayout(sdLayout)));
+        }
+
+        SDChaindcode(String name, List<SDLayout> layouts) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.layouts = layouts;
+        }
+
+        public List<SDLayout> getLayouts() {
+            return Collections.unmodifiableList(layouts);
+        }
+
+        // returns number of layouts left.
+        int ignoreList(Collection<String> names) {
+            if (names != null && !names.isEmpty()) {
+                layouts.removeIf(sdLayout -> !sdLayout.ignoreList(names));
+            }
+            return layouts.size();
+        }
+
+        int ignoreListSDEndorser(Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers) {
+            if (sdEndorsers != null && !sdEndorsers.isEmpty()) {
+                layouts.removeIf(sdLayout -> !sdLayout.ignoreListSDEndorser(sdEndorsers));
+            }
+            return layouts.size();
+        }
+
+        boolean endorsedList(Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers) {
+            boolean ret = false;
+
+            for (SDLayout sdLayout : layouts) {
+                if (sdLayout.endorsedList(sdEndorsers)) {
+                    ret = true;
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        // return the set needed or null if the policy was not meet.
+        Collection<SDEndorser> meetsEndorsmentPolicy(Set<SDEndorser> endpoints) {
+            Collection<SDEndorser> ret = null; // not meet.
+
+            for (SDLayout sdLayout : layouts) {
+                final Collection<SDEndorser> needed = sdLayout.meetsEndorsmentPolicy(endpoints);
+
+                if (needed != null && (ret == null || ret.size() > needed.size())) {
+                    ret = needed;  // needed is less so lets go with that.
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(1000);
+            sb.append("SDChaindcode(name: ").append(name);
+            if (null != layouts && !layouts.isEmpty()) {
+                sb.append(", layouts: [");
+                String sep = "";
+                for (SDLayout sdLayout : layouts) {
+                    sb.append(sep).append(sdLayout + "");
+                    sep = " ,";
+                }
+                sb.append("]");
+            }
+            sb.append(")");
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class SDLayout {
+        final List<SDGroup> groups = new LinkedList<>();
+
+        SDLayout() { }
+
+        //Copy constructor
+        SDLayout(SDLayout sdLayout) {
+            for (SDGroup group : sdLayout.groups) {
+                new SDGroup(group);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(1000);
+
+            sb.append("SDLayout: {");
+
+            if (!groups.isEmpty()) {
+                sb.append("groups: [");
+                String sep2 = "";
+                for (SDGroup group : groups) {
+                    sb.append(sep2).append(group.toString());
+                    sep2 = ", ";
+                }
+                sb.append("]");
+            } else {
+                sb.append(", groups: []");
+            }
+            sb.append("}");
+
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+
+        //return true if the groups still exist to get endorsement.
+        boolean ignoreList(Collection<String> names) {
+            boolean ret = true;
+            HashSet<String> bnames = new HashSet<>(names);
+
+            for (SDGroup group : groups) {
+                if (!group.ignoreList(bnames)) {
+                    ret = false; // group can no longer be satisfied.
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        boolean ignoreListSDEndorser(Collection<SDEndorser> names) {
+            boolean ret = true;
+            HashSet<SDEndorser> bnames = new HashSet<>(names);
+
+            for (SDGroup group : groups) {
+                if (!group.ignoreListSDEndorser(bnames)) {
+                    ret = false; // group can no longer be satisfied.
+                }
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        // endorsement has been meet.
+        boolean endorsedList(Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers) {
+            int endorsementMeet = 0;
+            for (SDGroup group : groups) {
+                if (group.endorsedList(sdEndorsers)) {
+                    ++endorsementMeet;
+                }
+            }
+            return endorsementMeet >= groups.size();
+        }
+
+        //       Returns null when not meet and endorsers needed if it is.
+        Collection<SDEndorser> meetsEndorsmentPolicy(Set<SDEndorser> endpoints) {
+            Set<SDEndorser> ret = new HashSet<>();
+
+            for (SDGroup group : groups) {
+                Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers = group.meetsEndorsmentPolicy(endpoints, null);
+                if (null == sdEndorsers) {
+                    return null; // group was not satisfied
+                }
+                ret.addAll(sdEndorsers); // add all these endorsers.
+            }
+
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        public Collection<SDGroup> getSDLGroups() {
+            return new ArrayList<>(groups);
+        }
+
+        public class SDGroup {
+            final int required; // the number that's needed for the group to be endorsed.
+            final List<SDEndorser> endorsers = new LinkedList<>();
+            private final String name; // name of the groups - just for debug sake.
+            private int endorsed = 0; // number that have been now endorsed.
+
+            {
+                SDLayout.this.groups.add(this);
+            }
+
+            SDGroup(String name, int required, List<SDEndorser> endorsers) {
+                this.name = name;
+                this.required = required;
+                this.endorsers.addAll(endorsers);
+            }
+
+            SDGroup(SDGroup group) { //copy constructor
+                name = group.name;
+                required = group.required;
+                endorsers.addAll(group.endorsers);
+                endorsed = 0; // on copy reset to no endorsements
+            }
+
+            public int getStillRequired() {
+                return required - endorsed;
+            }
+
+            public String getName() {
+                return name;
+            }
+
+            public int getRequired() {
+                return required;
+            }
+
+            public Collection<SDEndorser> getEndorsers() {
+                return new ArrayList<>(endorsers);
+            }
+
+            //returns true if there are still sufficent endorsers for this group.
+            boolean ignoreList(Collection<String> names) {
+                HashSet<String> bnames = new HashSet<>(names);
+                endorsers.removeIf(endorser -> bnames.contains(endorser.getEndpoint()));
+                return endorsers.size() >= required;
+            }
+
+            //returns true if there are still sufficent endorsers for this group.
+            boolean ignoreListSDEndorser(Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers) {
+                HashSet<SDEndorser> bnames = new HashSet<>(sdEndorsers);
+                endorsers.removeIf(endorser -> bnames.contains(endorser));
+                return endorsers.size() >= required;
+            }
+
+            // retrun true if th endorsements have been meet.
+            boolean endorsedList(Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers) {
+                //This is going to look odd so here goes: Service discovery can't guarantee the endpoint certs are valid
+                // and so there may be multiple endpoints with different MSP ids. However if we have gotten an
+                // endorsement from an endpoint that means it's been satisfied and can be removed.
+
+                if (endorsed >= required) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (!sdEndorsers.isEmpty()) {
+                    final Set<String> enames = new HashSet<>(sdEndorsers.size());
+                    sdEndorsers.forEach(sdEndorser -> enames.add(sdEndorser.getEndpoint()));
+
+                    endorsers.removeIf(endorser -> {
+                        if (enames.contains(endorser.getEndpoint())) {
+                            endorsed = Math.min(required, endorsed++);
+                            return true; // remove it.
+                        }
+                        return false; // needs to stay in the list.
+                    });
+                }
+
+                return endorsed >= required;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public String toString() {
+                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(512);
+                sb.append("SDGroup: { name: ").append(name).append(", required: ").append(required);
+
+                if (!endorsers.isEmpty()) {
+                    sb.append(", endorsers: [");
+                    String sep2 = "";
+                    for (SDEndorser sdEndorser : endorsers) {
+                        sb.append(sep2).append(sdEndorser.toString());
+                        sep2 = ", ";
+                    }
+                    sb.append("]");
+                } else {
+                    sb.append(", endorsers: []");
+                }
+                sb.append("}");
+                return sb.toString();
+            }
+
+            // Returns
+            Collection<SDEndorser> meetsEndorsmentPolicy(Set<SDEndorser> allEndorsed, Collection<SDEndorser> requiredYet) {
+                Set<SDEndorser> ret = new HashSet<>(this.endorsers.size());
+                for (SDEndorser hasBeenEndorsed : allEndorsed) {
+                    for (SDEndorser sdEndorser : endorsers) {
+                        if (hasBeenEndorsed.equals(sdEndorser)) {
+                            ret.add(sdEndorser);
+                            if (ret.size() >= required) {
+                                return ret; // got what we needed.
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (null != requiredYet) {
+                    for (SDEndorser sdEndorser : endorsers) {
+                        if (!allEndorsed.contains(sdEndorser)) {
+                            requiredYet.add(sdEndorser);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return null; // group has not meet endorsement.
+            }
+        }
+
+        void addGroup(String key, int required, List<SDEndorser> endorsers) {
+            new SDGroup(key, required, endorsers);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class SDEndorserState {
+        private Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers = new ArrayList<>();
+        private SDLayout pickedLayout;
+
+        public void setPickedEndorsers(Collection<SDEndorser> sdEndorsers) {
+            this.sdEndorsers = sdEndorsers;
+        }
+
+        Collection<SDEndorser> getSdEndorsers() {
+            return sdEndorsers;
+        }
+
+        public void setPickedLayout(SDLayout pickedLayout) {
+            this.pickedLayout = pickedLayout;
+        }
+
+        public SDLayout getPickedLayout() {
+            return pickedLayout;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class SDEndorser {
+        private List<Message.Chaincode> chaincodesList;
+        // private final Protocol.Peer proto;
+        private String endPoint = null;
+        private String name = null;
+        private String mspid;
+        private long ledgerHeight = -1L;
+        private final Collection<byte[]> tlsCerts;
+        private final Collection<byte[]> tlsIntermediateCerts;
+        private final boolean asLocalhost;
+
+        SDEndorser() { // for testing only
+            tlsCerts = null;
+            tlsIntermediateCerts = null;
+            asLocalhost = false;
+        }
+
+        SDEndorser(Protocol.Peer peerRet, Collection<byte[]> tlsCerts, Collection<byte[]> tlsIntermediateCerts, boolean asLocalhost) {
+            this.tlsCerts = tlsCerts;
+            this.tlsIntermediateCerts = tlsIntermediateCerts;
+            this.asLocalhost = asLocalhost;
+
+            parseEndpoint(peerRet);
+            parseLedgerHeight(peerRet);
+            parseIdentity(peerRet);
+        }
+
+        Collection<byte[]> getTLSCerts() {
+            return tlsCerts;
+        }
+
+        Collection<byte[]> getTLSIntermediateCerts() {
+            return tlsIntermediateCerts;
+        }
+
+        public String getName() {
+            return name;
+        }
+
+        public String getEndpoint() {
+            return endPoint;
+        }
+
+        public long getLedgerHeight() {
+            return ledgerHeight;
+        }
+
+        private void parseIdentity(Protocol.Peer peerRet) {
+            try {
+                Identities.SerializedIdentity serializedIdentity = Identities.SerializedIdentity.parseFrom(peerRet.getIdentity());
+                mspid = serializedIdentity.getMspid();
+            } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
+                throw new InvalidProtocolBufferRuntimeException(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private String parseEndpoint(Protocol.Peer peerRet) throws InvalidProtocolBufferRuntimeException {
+            if (null == endPoint) {
+                try {
+                    Message.Envelope membershipInfo = peerRet.getMembershipInfo();
+                    final ByteString membershipInfoPayloadBytes = membershipInfo.getPayload();
+                    final Message.GossipMessage gossipMessageMemberInfo = Message.GossipMessage.parseFrom(membershipInfoPayloadBytes);
+
+                    if (Message.GossipMessage.ContentCase.ALIVE_MSG.getNumber() != gossipMessageMemberInfo.getContentCase().getNumber()) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException(format("Error %s", "bad"));
+                    }
+                    Message.AliveMessage aliveMsg = gossipMessageMemberInfo.getAliveMsg();
+                    name = aliveMsg.getMembership().getEndpoint();
+                    if (name != null) {
+                        if (asLocalhost) {
+                            endPoint = "localhost" + name.substring(name.lastIndexOf(':'));
+                        } else {
+                            endPoint = name.toLowerCase().trim(); //makes easier on comparing.
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
+                    throw new InvalidProtocolBufferRuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+            return endPoint;
+        }
+
+        private long parseLedgerHeight(Protocol.Peer peerRet) throws InvalidProtocolBufferRuntimeException {
+            if (-1L == ledgerHeight) {
+                try {
+                    Message.Envelope stateInfo = peerRet.getStateInfo();
+                    final Message.GossipMessage stateInfoGossipMessage = Message.GossipMessage.parseFrom(stateInfo.getPayload());
+                    Message.GossipMessage.ContentCase contentCase = stateInfoGossipMessage.getContentCase();
+                    if (contentCase.getNumber() != Message.GossipMessage.ContentCase.STATE_INFO.getNumber()) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException("" + contentCase.getNumber());
+                    }
+                    Message.StateInfo stateInfo1 = stateInfoGossipMessage.getStateInfo();
+                    ledgerHeight = stateInfo1.getProperties().getLedgerHeight();
+
+                    this.chaincodesList = stateInfo1.getProperties().getChaincodesList();
+                } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
+                    throw new InvalidProtocolBufferRuntimeException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return ledgerHeight;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+            if (obj == this) {
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (!(obj instanceof SDEndorser)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            SDEndorser other = (SDEndorser) obj;
+            return Objects.equals(mspid, other.getMspid()) && Objects.equals(endPoint, other.getEndpoint());
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(mspid, endPoint);
+        }
+
+        Set<String> getChaincodeNames() {
+            if (chaincodesList == null) {
+                return Collections.emptySet();
+            }
+
+            HashSet<String> ret = new HashSet<>(chaincodesList.size());
+
+            chaincodesList.forEach(chaincode -> ret.add(chaincode.getName()));
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        public String getMspid() {
+            return mspid;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "SDEndorser-" + mspid + "-" + endPoint;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static List<SDEndorser> topNbyHeight(int required, List<SDEndorser> endorsers) {
+        ArrayList<SDEndorser> ret = new ArrayList<>(endorsers);
+        ret.sort(Comparator.comparingLong(SDEndorser::getLedgerHeight));
+        return ret.subList(Math.max(ret.size() - required, 0), ret.size());
+    }
+
+    private ScheduledFuture<?> seviceDiscovery = null;
+
+    private static final int SERVICE_DISCOVER_FREQ_SECONDS = config.getServiceDiscoveryFreqSeconds();
+
+    void run() {
+        if (channel.isShutdown() || SERVICE_DISCOVER_FREQ_SECONDS < 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (seviceDiscovery == null) {
+            seviceDiscovery = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor(r -> {
+                Thread t = Executors.defaultThreadFactory().newThread(r);
+                t.setDaemon(true);
+                return t;
+            }).scheduleAtFixedRate(() -> {
+                logger.debug(format("Channel %s starting service rediscovery after %d seconds.", channelName, SERVICE_DISCOVER_FREQ_SECONDS));
+                fullNetworkDiscovery(true);
+
+            }, SERVICE_DISCOVER_FREQ_SECONDS, SERVICE_DISCOVER_FREQ_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
+        }
+    }
+
+    SDNetwork fullNetworkDiscovery(boolean force) {
+        if (channel.isShutdown()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        logger.trace(format("Full network discovery force: %b", force));
+        try {
+            SDNetwork osdNetwork = sdNetwork;
+            SDNetwork lsdNetwork = networkDiscovery(transactionContext.retryTransactionSameContext(), force);
+            if (channel.isShutdown() || null == lsdNetwork) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (osdNetwork != lsdNetwork) { // means it changed.
+                final Set<String> chaincodesNames = lsdNetwork.getChaincodesNames();
+                List<List<ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls>> lcc = new LinkedList<>();
+                chaincodesNames.forEach(s -> {
+                    List<ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls> lc = new LinkedList<>();
+                    lc.add(new ServiceDiscoveryChaincodeCalls(s));
+                    lcc.add(lc);
+                });
+                chaindcodeMap = discoverEndorserEndpoints(transactionContext.retryTransactionSameContext(), lcc);
+                if (channel.isShutdown()) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+
+                channel.sdUpdate(lsdNetwork);
+            }
+
+            return lsdNetwork;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.warn("Service discovery got error:" + e.getMessage(), e);
+        } finally {
+            logger.trace("Full network rediscovery completed.");
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    void shutdown() {
+        logger.trace("Service discovery shutdown.");
+        try {
+            final ScheduledFuture<?> lseviceDiscovery = seviceDiscovery;
+            seviceDiscovery = null;
+            if (null != lseviceDiscovery) {
+                lseviceDiscovery.cancel(true);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            logger.error(e);
+            //best effort.
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
+        shutdown();
+        super.finalize();
+    }
+
+    public interface EndorsementSelector {
+        SDEndorserState endorserSelector(SDChaindcode sdChaindcode);
+
+        EndorsementSelector ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION_RANDOM = ServiceDiscovery.ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION_RANDOM;
+        EndorsementSelector ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION_LEAST_REQUIRED_BLOCKHEIGHT = ServiceDiscovery.ENDORSEMENT_SELECTION_LEAST_REQUIRED_BLOCKHEIGHT;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `ltransactionContext.getIdentity()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 454.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map ServiceDiscovery.discoverEndorserEndpoints(TransactionContext,LinkedList)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.ServiceDiscovery.discoverEndorserEndpoints(org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.tra.a24d66cdc1df4137709b32c8bc37fc30
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/hyperledger/fabric/sdk/ServiceDiscovery.java
+
+### Key:
+ServiceDiscovery.java|discoverEndorserEndpoints|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+5aa2d75cb683d372419fe617a06e7dd0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9368/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9368/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb2859ca9cc22eb83bb055a24242d51f61d38a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9368/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** fabric-sdk-java
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2016 IBM, DTCC, Fujitsu Australia Software Technology - All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk;
+
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException;
+import io.grpc.ManagedChannel;
+import io.grpc.Status;
+import io.grpc.StatusRuntimeException;
+import io.grpc.stub.StreamObserver;
+import io.netty.util.internal.StringUtil;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.EventsGrpc;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.protos.peer.PeerEvents;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.CryptoException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.EventHubException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.exception.InvalidArgumentException;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.Config;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.ProtoUtils;
+import org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.TransactionContext;
+
+import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.helper.Utils.checkGrpcUrl;
+
+/**
+ * Class to manage fabric events.
+ * <p>
+ * Feeds Channel event queues with events
+ */
+
+public class EventHub implements Serializable {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2882609588201108148L;
+    private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(EventHub.class);
+    private static final Config config = Config.getConfig();
+    private static final long EVENTHUB_CONNECTION_WAIT_TIME = config.getEventHubConnectionWaitTime();
+
+    private final transient ExecutorService executorService;
+
+    private final String url;
+    private final String name;
+    private final Properties properties;
+    private transient ManagedChannel managedChannel;
+    private transient boolean connected = false;
+    private transient EventsGrpc.EventsStub events;
+    private transient StreamObserver<PeerEvents.SignedEvent> sender;
+    /**
+     * Event queue for all events from eventhubs in the channel
+     */
+    private transient Channel.ChannelEventQue eventQue;
+    private transient long connectedTime = 0L; // 0 := never connected
+    private transient boolean shutdown = false;
+    private Channel channel;
+    private transient TransactionContext transactionContext;
+
+    /**
+     * Get disconnected time.
+     *
+     * @return Time in milli seconds disconnect occurred. Zero if never disconnected
+     */
+    public long getDisconnectedTime() {
+        return disconnectedTime;
+    }
+
+    private long disconnectedTime;
+
+    /**
+     * Is event hub connected.
+     *
+     * @return boolean if true event hub is connected.
+     */
+    public boolean isConnected() {
+        return connected;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get last connect time.
+     *
+     * @return Time in milli seconds the event hub last connected. Zero if never connected.
+     */
+    public long getConnectedTime() {
+        return connectedTime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get last attempt time to connect the event hub.
+     *
+     * @return Last attempt time to connect the event hub in milli seconds. Zero when never attempted.
+     */
+
+    public long getLastConnectedAttempt() {
+        return lastConnectedAttempt;
+    }
+
+    private long lastConnectedAttempt;
+
+    EventHub(String name, String grpcURL, ExecutorService executorService, Properties properties) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+
+        Exception e = checkGrpcUrl(grpcURL);
+        if (e != null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Bad event hub url.", e);
+
+        }
+
+        if (StringUtil.isNullOrEmpty(name)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Invalid name for eventHub");
+        }
+
+        this.url = grpcURL;
+        this.name = name;
+        this.executorService = executorService;
+        this.properties = properties == null ? null : (Properties) properties.clone(); //keep our own copy.
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new instance.
+     *
+     * @param name
+     * @param url
+     * @param properties
+     * @return
+     */
+
+    static EventHub createNewInstance(String name, String url, ExecutorService executorService, Properties properties) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        return new EventHub(name, url, executorService, properties);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event hub name
+     *
+     * @return event hub name
+     */
+
+    public String getName() {
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Event hub properties
+     *
+     * @return Event hub properties
+     * @see HFClient#newEventHub(String, String, Properties)
+     */
+    public Properties getProperties() {
+        return properties == null ? null : (Properties) properties.clone();
+    }
+
+    boolean connect() throws EventHubException {
+
+        if (transactionContext == null) {
+            throw new EventHubException("Eventhub reconnect failed with no user context");
+        }
+
+        return connect(transactionContext);
+
+    }
+
+    private transient StreamObserver<PeerEvents.Event> eventStream = null; // Saved here to avoid potential garbage collection
+
+    synchronized boolean connect(final TransactionContext transactionContext) throws EventHubException {
+        if (connected) {
+            logger.warn(format("%s already connected.", toString()));
+            return true;
+        }
+        eventStream = null;
+
+        final CountDownLatch finishLatch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+
+        logger.debug(format("EventHub %s is connecting.", name));
+
+        lastConnectedAttempt = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+        managedChannel = new Endpoint(url, properties).getChannelBuilder().build();
+
+        events = EventsGrpc.newStub(managedChannel);
+
+        final ArrayList<Throwable> threw = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        final StreamObserver<PeerEvents.Event> eventStreamLocal = new StreamObserver<PeerEvents.Event>() {
+            @Override
+            public void onNext(PeerEvents.Event event) {
+
+                logger.debug(format("EventHub %s got  event type: %s", EventHub.this.name, event.getEventCase().name()));
+
+                if (event.getEventCase() == PeerEvents.Event.EventCase.BLOCK) {
+                    try {
+                        eventQue.addBEvent(new BlockEvent(EventHub.this, event));  //add to channel queue
+                    } catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
+                        EventHubException eventHubException = new EventHubException(format("%s onNext error %s", this, e.getMessage()), e);
+                        logger.error(eventHubException.getMessage());
+                        threw.add(eventHubException);
+                    }
+                } else if (event.getEventCase() == PeerEvents.Event.EventCase.REGISTER) {
+
+                    connected = true;
+                    connectedTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                    finishLatch.countDown();
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onError(Throwable t) {
+                if (shutdown) { //IF we're shutdown don't try anything more.
+                    logger.trace(format("%s was shutdown.", EventHub.this.toString()));
+                    connected = false;
+                    eventStream = null;
+                    finishLatch.countDown();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                final boolean isTerminated = managedChannel.isTerminated();
+                final boolean isChannelShutdown = managedChannel.isShutdown();
+
+                logger.error(format("%s terminated is %b shutdown is %b has error %s ", EventHub.this.toString(), isTerminated, isChannelShutdown,
+                        t.getMessage()), new EventHubException(t));
+                threw.add(t);
+                finishLatch.countDown();
+
+                //              logger.error("Error in stream: " + t.getMessage(), new EventHubException(t));
+                if (t instanceof StatusRuntimeException) {
+                    StatusRuntimeException sre = (StatusRuntimeException) t;
+                    Status sreStatus = sre.getStatus();
+                    logger.error(format("%s :StatusRuntimeException Status %s.  Description %s ", EventHub.this, sreStatus + "", sreStatus.getDescription()));
+                    if (sre.getStatus().getCode() == Status.Code.INTERNAL || sre.getStatus().getCode() == Status.Code.UNAVAILABLE) {
+
+                        connected = false;
+                        eventStream = null;
+                        disconnectedTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+                        try {
+                            if (!isChannelShutdown) {
+                                managedChannel.shutdownNow();
+                            }
+                            if (null != disconnectedHandler) {
+                                try {
+                                    disconnectedHandler.disconnected(EventHub.this);
+                                } catch (Exception e) {
+                                    logger.warn(format("Eventhub %s  %s", EventHub.this.name, e.getMessage()), e);
+                                    eventQue.eventError(e);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } catch (Exception e) {
+                            logger.warn(format("Eventhub %s Failed shutdown msg:  %s", EventHub.this.name, e.getMessage()), e);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onCompleted() {
+
+                logger.warn(format("Stream completed %s", EventHub.this.toString()));
+                finishLatch.countDown();
+
+            }
+        };
+
+        sender = events.chat(eventStreamLocal);
+        try {
+            blockListen(transactionContext);
+        } catch (CryptoException e) {
+            throw new EventHubException(e);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            if (!finishLatch.await(EVENTHUB_CONNECTION_WAIT_TIME, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+                EventHubException evh = new EventHubException(format("EventHub %s failed to connect in %s ms.", name, EVENTHUB_CONNECTION_WAIT_TIME));
+                logger.debug(evh.getMessage(), evh);
+
+                throw evh;
+            }
+            logger.trace(format("Eventhub %s Done waiting for reply!", name));
+
+        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.error(e);
+        }
+
+        if (!threw.isEmpty()) {
+            eventStream = null;
+            connected = false;
+            Throwable t = threw.iterator().next();
+
+            EventHubException evh = new EventHubException(t.getMessage(), t);
+            logger.error(format("EventHub %s Error in stream. error: " + t.getMessage(), toString()), evh);
+            throw evh;
+
+        }
+
+        logger.debug(format("Eventhub %s connect is done with connect status: %b ", name, connected));
+
+        if (connected) {
+            eventStream = eventStreamLocal;
+        }
+
+        return connected;
+
+    }
+
+    private void blockListen(TransactionContext transactionContext) throws CryptoException {
+
+        this.transactionContext = transactionContext;
+
+        PeerEvents.Register register = PeerEvents.Register.newBuilder()
+                .addEvents(PeerEvents.Interest.newBuilder().setEventType(PeerEvents.EventType.BLOCK).build()).build();
+        ByteString blockEventByteString = PeerEvents.Event.newBuilder().setRegister(register)
+                .setCreator(transactionContext.getIdentity().toByteString())
+                .setTimestamp(ProtoUtils.getCurrentFabricTimestamp())
+                .build().toByteString();
+        PeerEvents.SignedEvent signedBlockEvent = PeerEvents.SignedEvent.newBuilder()
+                .setEventBytes(blockEventByteString)
+                .setSignature(transactionContext.signByteString(blockEventByteString.toByteArray()))
+                .build();
+        sender.onNext(signedBlockEvent);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the GRPC URL used to connect.
+     *
+     * @return GRPC URL.
+     */
+    public String getUrl() {
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the channel queue that will receive events
+     *
+     * @param eventQue
+     */
+    void setEventQue(Channel.ChannelEventQue eventQue) {
+        this.eventQue = eventQue;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "EventHub:" + getName();
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        shutdown = true;
+        connected = false;
+        disconnectedHandler = null;
+        channel = null;
+        eventStream = null;
+        managedChannel.shutdownNow();
+    }
+
+    void setChannel(Channel channel) throws InvalidArgumentException {
+        if (channel == null) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("setChannel Channel can not be null");
+        }
+
+        if (null != this.channel) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(format("Can not add event hub  %s to channel %s because it already belongs to channel %s.",
+                    name, channel.getName(), this.channel.getName()));
+        }
+
+        this.channel = channel;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Eventhub disconnection notification interface
+     */
+    public interface EventHubDisconnected {
+
+        /**
+         * Called when a disconnect is detected.
+         *
+         * @param eventHub
+         * @throws EventHubException
+         */
+        void disconnected(EventHub eventHub) throws EventHubException;
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Default reconnect event hub implementation.  Applications are free to replace
+     */
+
+    protected transient EventHubDisconnected disconnectedHandler = new EventHub.EventHubDisconnected() {
+        @Override
+        public synchronized void disconnected(final EventHub eventHub) throws EventHubException {
+            logger.info(format("Detected disconnect %s", eventHub.toString()));
+
+            if (eventHub.connectedTime == 0) { //means event hub never connected
+                logger.error(format("%s failed on first connect no retries", eventHub.toString()));
+
+                eventHub.setEventHubDisconnectedHandler(null); //don't try again
+
+                //event hub never connected.
+                throw new EventHubException(format("%s never connected.", eventHub.toString()));
+            }
+
+            executorService.execute(() -> {
+
+                try {
+                    Thread.sleep(500);
+
+                    if (eventHub.connect()) {
+                        logger.info(format("Successful reconnect %s", eventHub.toString()));
+                    } else {
+                        logger.info(format("Failed reconnect %s", eventHub.toString()));
+                    }
+
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+
+                    logger.debug(format("Failed %s to reconnect. %s", toString(), e.getMessage()));
+
+                }
+
+            });
+
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Set class to handle Event hub disconnects
+     *
+     * @param newEventHubDisconnectedHandler New handler to replace.  If set to null no retry will take place.
+     * @return the old handler.
+     */
+
+    public EventHubDisconnected setEventHubDisconnectedHandler(EventHubDisconnected newEventHubDisconnectedHandler) {
+        EventHubDisconnected ret = disconnectedHandler;
+        disconnectedHandler = newEventHubDisconnectedHandler;
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `__new(org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.Endpoint).getChannelBuilder()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 192.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+boolean EventHub.connect(TransactionContext)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.EventHub.connect(org.hyperledger.fabric.sdk.transaction.TransactionContex.2a93b47644826e03ed4e2ded4fd1746f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/hyperledger/fabric/sdk/EventHub.java
+
+### Key:
+EventHub.java|connect|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4e40cf4b057cfc6102ca2104f1fe79e1
+
+### Hash:
+a6014e12d63eead4361da87f5551be12
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9411/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9411/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6176507999650895f1b55bea8be9e2895285ff6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9411/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** SonarTsPlugin
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.pablissimo.sonar;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+import org.sonar.api.utils.System2;
+import org.sonar.api.utils.TempFolder;
+import org.sonar.api.utils.command.Command;
+import org.sonar.api.utils.command.CommandExecutor;
+import org.sonar.api.utils.command.StringStreamConsumer;
+
+public class TsLintExecutorImpl implements TsLintExecutor {
+    public static final int MAX_COMMAND_LENGTH = 4096;
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TsLintExecutorImpl.class);
+
+    private boolean mustQuoteSpaceContainingPaths = false;
+    private TempFolder tempFolder;
+    
+    public TsLintExecutorImpl(System2 system, TempFolder tempFolder) {
+        this.mustQuoteSpaceContainingPaths = system.isOsWindows();
+        this.tempFolder = tempFolder;
+    }
+    
+    private String preparePath(String path) {
+        if (path == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        else if (path.contains(" ") && this.mustQuoteSpaceContainingPaths) {
+            return '"' + path + '"';
+        }
+        else {
+            return path;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    private Command getBaseCommand(TsLintExecutorConfig config, String tempPath) {
+        Command command =
+                Command
+                .create("node")
+                .addArgument(this.preparePath(config.getPathToTsLint()))
+                .addArgument("--format")
+                .addArgument("json");
+
+        String rulesDir = config.getRulesDir();
+        if (rulesDir != null && rulesDir.length() > 0) {
+            command
+                .addArgument("--rules-dir")
+                .addArgument(this.preparePath(rulesDir));
+        }
+        
+        if (tempPath != null && tempPath.length() > 0) {
+            command
+                .addArgument("--out")
+                .addArgument(this.preparePath(tempPath));
+        }
+
+        command
+            .addArgument("--config")
+            .addArgument(this.preparePath(config.getConfigFile()))
+            .setNewShell(false);
+
+        return command;
+    }
+
+    public List<String> execute(TsLintExecutorConfig config, List<String> files) {
+        if (config == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("config");
+        }
+        
+        if (files == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("files");
+        }
+        
+        // New up a command that's everything we need except the files to process
+        // We'll use this as our reference for chunking up files
+        File tslintOutputFile = this.tempFolder.newFile();
+        String tslintOutputFilePath = tslintOutputFile.getAbsolutePath();
+        
+        LOG.debug("Using a temporary path for TsLint output: " + tslintOutputFilePath);
+        
+        int baseCommandLength = getBaseCommand(config, tslintOutputFilePath).toCommandLine().length();
+        int availableForBatching = MAX_COMMAND_LENGTH - baseCommandLength;
+
+        List<List<String>> batches = new ArrayList<List<String>>();
+        List<String> currentBatch = new ArrayList<String>();
+        batches.add(currentBatch);
+
+        int currentBatchLength = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < files.size(); i++) {
+            String nextPath = this.preparePath(files.get(i).trim());
+
+            // +1 for the space we'll be adding between filenames
+            if (currentBatchLength + nextPath.length() + 1 > availableForBatching) {
+                // Too long to add to this batch, create new
+                currentBatch = new ArrayList<String>();
+                currentBatchLength = 0;
+                batches.add(currentBatch);
+            }
+
+            currentBatch.add(nextPath);
+            currentBatchLength += nextPath.length() + 1;
+        }
+
+        LOG.debug("Split " + files.size() + " files into " + batches.size() + " batches for processing");
+        
+        StringStreamConsumer stdOutConsumer = new StringStreamConsumer();
+        StringStreamConsumer stdErrConsumer = new StringStreamConsumer();
+        
+        List<String> toReturn = new ArrayList<String>();
+        
+        for (int i = 0; i < batches.size(); i++) {
+            StringBuilder outputBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+
+            List<String> thisBatch = batches.get(i);
+
+            Command thisCommand = getBaseCommand(config, tslintOutputFilePath);
+
+            for (int fileIndex = 0; fileIndex < thisBatch.size(); fileIndex++) {
+                thisCommand.addArgument(thisBatch.get(fileIndex));
+            }
+
+            LOG.debug("Executing TsLint with command: " + thisCommand.toCommandLine());
+
+            // Timeout is specified per file, not per batch (which can vary a lot)
+            // so multiply it up
+            this.createExecutor().execute(thisCommand, stdOutConsumer, stdErrConsumer, config.getTimeoutMs() * thisBatch.size());
+            
+            try {
+                BufferedReader reader = this.getBufferedReaderForFile(tslintOutputFile);
+                
+                String str;
+                while ((str = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+                    outputBuilder.append(str);
+                }
+                
+                reader.close();
+                
+                toReturn.add(outputBuilder.toString());
+            }
+            catch (IOException ex) {
+                LOG.error("Failed to re-read TsLint output from " + tslintOutputFilePath, ex);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return toReturn;
+    }
+    
+    protected BufferedReader getBufferedReaderForFile(File file) throws IOException {
+        return new BufferedReader(
+                new InputStreamReader(
+                           new FileInputStream(file), "UTF8"));
+    }
+
+    protected CommandExecutor createExecutor() {
+        return CommandExecutor.create();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `getBufferedReaderForFile(...)` at line 136 is not released after line 147.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 139
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List TsLintExecutorImpl.execute(TsLintExecutorConfig,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.pablissimo.sonar.TsLintExecutorImpl.execute(com.pablissimo.sonar.TsLintExecutorConfig,java.util..64f93eeea025c4238165949390572c3c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/pablissimo/sonar/TsLintExecutorImpl.java
+
+### Key:
+TsLintExecutorImpl.java|execute|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+d54375129813b1c5d9f10eb00e12d6a9
+
+### Hash:
+9392dfa72c2dee3966196b2e6655be8a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9416/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9416/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd6a73a4037ee8bd9d2e70680f3b767338cced6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9416/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+    
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        if (ts.length > 2) {
+            setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx, Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(ctx.getMainClass());
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConf()));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "nbApp", new ObjectProxy(this));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareIoc` reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.starterIocLoader`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp._run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareIoc()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareIoc():void.674739fecc4139c35432600c7c9226d8
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareIoc|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8353578d7c9713ca82f14e937a651f6c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9418/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9418/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..344c49e733c63d8f7b16d38652c763ac065dd189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9418/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主启动器类,必须设置
+     */
+    protected Class<?> mainClass;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (mainClass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(mainClass);
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+    	if (this.ctx == null) {
+            ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        }
+        if (ctx.getMainClass() == null && mainClass != null)
+            ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConfigureLoader().get()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.classLoader`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp._run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.classLoader might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareBasic()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic():void.dd6da23e2d20c27b6fe908f129d9169b
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareBasic|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+98c7e67e2a8c0cd99e6c38dd5c7b3e1c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9420/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9420/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b231eaf620cf2886812e33c6672d179082214d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9420/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主启动器类,必须设置
+     */
+    protected Class<?> mainClass;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (mainClass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(mainClass);
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+    	if (this.ctx == null) {
+            ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        }
+        if (ctx.getMainClass() == null && mainClass != null)
+            ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConfigureLoader().get()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic` indirectly writes to field `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.envHolder` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.envHolder might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareBasic()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic():void.dd6da23e2d20c27b6fe908f129d9169b
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareBasic|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+e76295e5b5c551be18c21a29c287b47e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9427/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9427/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c708f7c11903123f95a8419699fe3fbde65d38f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9427/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主启动器类,必须设置
+     */
+    protected Class<?> mainClass;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (mainClass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(mainClass);
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+    	if (this.ctx == null) {
+            ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        }
+        if (ctx.getMainClass() == null && mainClass != null)
+            ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConfigureLoader().get()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.resourceLoader`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp._run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.resourceLoader might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareBasic()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic():void.dd6da23e2d20c27b6fe908f129d9169b
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareBasic|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f15599c81206ea7da9990fc08ec39f93
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9429/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9429/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..617481a30fc8886cc1344b69c575f00f87b47598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9429/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 26
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.metrics.impl.MemoryCounterService;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.NbAppEventListener;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.NbAppEventListener.EventType;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.Mvcs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * 
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+
+    /**
+     * 日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+     */
+    protected static Log log;
+
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+
+    protected boolean prepared;
+
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    protected List<NbAppEventListener> listeners = new LinkedList<>();
+    
+    protected boolean started;
+
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        if (ts.length > 2) {
+            setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * 
+     * @param mainClass
+     *            主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        if (ts.length > 2) {
+            setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx, Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * 
+     * @param flag
+     *            默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+        this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            if (execute()) {
+                synchronized (lock) {
+                    lock.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            // 收尾
+            _shutdown();
+        }
+        catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public boolean execute() {
+        Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+        try {
+            // 各种预备操作
+        	listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepare(this, EventType.before));
+            this.prepare();
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepare(this, EventType.after));
+
+            // 依次启动
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenInitAppContext(this, EventType.before));
+            ctx.init();
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenInitAppContext(this, EventType.after));
+
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenStartServers(this, EventType.before));
+            ctx.startServers();
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenStartServers(this, EventType.after));
+
+            if (ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(ctx.getMainClass());
+
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.afterAppStated(this));
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("%s started : %sms", ctx.getConf().get("nutz.application.name", "NB"),  sw.du());
+            started = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void _shutdown() {
+        try {
+            ctx.stopServers();
+            ctx.depose();
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw Lang.wrapThrow(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        if (lock == null) {
+            _shutdown();
+        }
+        else {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+        if (prepared)
+            return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareBasic(this, EventType.before));
+        this.prepareBasic();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareBasic(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareConfigureLoader(this, EventType.before));
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareConfigureLoader(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 创建IocLoader体系
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIocLoader(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareIocLoader();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIocLoader(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 加载各种starter
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterClassList(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterClassList(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 打印配置文档
+        if (printProcDoc) {
+            PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader();
+            docReader.load(starterClasses);
+            Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+        }
+
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIoc(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareIoc();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIoc(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterInstance(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterInstance(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 从Ioc容器检索Listener
+        listeners.addAll(ctx.getBeans(NbAppEventListener.class));
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader = null;
+            InputStream ins = ctx.getResourceLoader().get("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader");
+            if (ins != null) {
+                String cnfLoader = new String(Streams.readBytes(ins)).trim();
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                    log.debugf("using %s as ConfigureLoader", cnfLoader);
+                    configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance();
+                }
+            }
+            if (configureLoader == null) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareIocLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+            int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+            List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+            args.add("*js");
+            args.add("ioc/");
+            args.add("*tx");
+            args.add("*async");
+            args.add("" + asyncPoolSize);
+            args.add("*anno");
+            args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+            IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+            if (iocBy != null) {
+                String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+                ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (int i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+                    if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+                        if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+                            switch (_args.get(0)) {
+                            case "*tx":
+                            case "*async":
+                            case "*anno":
+                            case "*js":
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                args.addAll(_args);
+                            }
+                            _args.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _args.add(tmp[i]);
+                }
+                if (_args.size() > 0) {
+                    switch (_args.get(0)) {
+                    case "*tx":
+                    case "*async":
+                    case "*anno":
+                    case "*js":
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        args.addAll(_args);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+    }
+
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+        starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+        HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                        String className = _tmp.trim();
+                        if (!classNames.add(className))
+                            continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareIoc() {
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")) {
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("appContext", ctx);
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("conf", ctx.getConf());
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("nbApp", this);
+            // 添加更多扩展bean
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("counterService", new MemoryCounterService());
+        }
+        Mvcs.ctx().iocs.put("nutz", ctx.getIoc());
+    }
+
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+                obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+        // 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setListener(NbAppEventListener listener) {
+        this.listeners.clear();
+        addListener(listener);
+    }
+    
+    public void addListener(NbAppEventListener listener) {
+    	this.listeners.add(listener);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isStarted() {
+        return started;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMainPackage(String mainPackage) {
+        getAppContext().setMainPackage(mainPackage);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepare` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.classLoader`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp.run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepare()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepare():void.3497bd920679b1a589201156049c849c
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-core/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepare|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+4984fac0e2fcd338dd98d23360c0cf8f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9442/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9442/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..317dffead7e85946cb316f1033b46b25f8532fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9442/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc2;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.ObjectProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+    
+	/**
+	 *  日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+	 */
+    protected static Log log;
+    
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主启动器类,必须设置
+     */
+    protected Class<?> mainClass;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+    
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+    
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+    
+    protected boolean prepared;
+    
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+    	StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+    	if (ts.length > 2) {
+    		setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+    	}
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * @param mainClass 主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.mainClass = mainClass;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * @param flag 默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+		this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+		return this;
+	}
+    
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+		return ctx;
+	}
+    
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            _run();
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 启动整个NbApp
+     */
+    public void _run() throws Exception {
+    	Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+
+        // 各种预备操作
+    	this.prepare();
+    	
+    	if (printProcDoc) {
+    		PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader(ctx);
+        	docReader.load();
+        	Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+    	}
+        
+        // 依次启动
+    	try {
+            ctx.init();
+
+            ctx.startServers();
+
+            if (mainClass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(mainClass);
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("NB started : %sms", sw.du());
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.wait();
+            }
+    	}
+    	catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+        }
+        // 收尾
+        ctx.stopServers();
+        ctx.depose();
+    }
+    
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            lock.notify();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+    	if (prepared)
+    		return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+    	this.prepareBasic();
+        
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+        
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        prepareIoc();
+        
+        // 加载各种starter
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+    	if (this.ctx == null) {
+            ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        }
+        if (ctx.getMainClass() == null && mainClass != null)
+            ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+        
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+        
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            String cnfLoader = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.ConfigureLoader");
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader;
+            if (Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            } else {
+                configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance(); 
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareIoc() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+        	int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+        	List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+        	args.add("*js");
+        	args.add("ioc/");
+        	args.add("*tx");
+        	args.add("*async");
+        	args.add(""+asyncPoolSize);
+        	args.add("*anno");
+        	args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+        	IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+        	if (iocBy != null) {
+        		String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+        		ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+        		for (int i=0;i<tmp.length;i++) {
+        			if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+        				if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+        					switch (_args.get(0)) {
+        					case "*tx":
+        					case "*async":
+        					case "*anno":
+        					case "*js":
+        						break;
+        					default:
+        						args.addAll(_args);
+        					}
+    						_args.clear();
+        				}
+        			}
+    				_args.add(tmp[i]);
+        		}
+        		if (_args.size() > 0) {
+        			switch (_args.get(0)) {
+					case "*tx":
+					case "*async":
+					case "*anno":
+					case "*js":
+						break;
+					default:
+						args.addAll(_args);
+					}
+        		}
+        	}
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")){
+            Ioc2 ioc2 = (Ioc2)ctx.getIoc();
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "appContext", new ObjectProxy(ctx));
+            ioc2.getIocContext().save("app", "conf", new ObjectProxy(ctx.getConfigureLoader().get()));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+    	starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+    	HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                    	String className = _tmp.trim();
+                    	if (!classNames.add(className))
+                    		continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+               obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            }
+            else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+    	// 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic` indirectly writes to field `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.mainClass` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+Note that the prefix path this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx has been contaminated during the execution, so the reported race on this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.mainClass might be a false positive.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepareBasic()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepareBasic():void.dd6da23e2d20c27b6fe908f129d9169b
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepareBasic|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+23227db03691157ee85c5fcb82ac79ed
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9444/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9444/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f0b74d12d16d7b527f91645328d872c2106d044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9444/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 22
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot.starter.beetlsql;
+
+import javax.sql.DataSource;
+
+import org.beetl.sql.core.ClasspathLoader;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.ConnectionSource;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.DefaultConnectionSource;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.DefaultNameConversion;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.Interceptor;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.NameConversion;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.SQLLoader;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.SQLManager;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.UnderlinedNameConversion;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.db.AbstractDBStyle;
+import org.beetl.sql.core.db.DBStyle;
+import org.beetl.sql.ext.DebugInterceptor;
+import org.nutz.boot.annotation.PropDoc;
+import org.nutz.boot.starter.jdbc.DataSourceStarter;
+import org.nutz.ioc.Ioc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.PropertiesProxy;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.Inject;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.resource.Scans;
+
+/**
+ * 封装BeetlSql的初始化逻辑
+ * 
+ * @author wendal(wendal1985@gmail.com)
+ *
+ */
+@IocBean
+public class BeetlSqlStarter {
+
+	protected static final String PRE = "beetlsql.";
+
+	@PropDoc(group = "beetlsql", value = "数据库类型", defaultValue = "mysql", possible = { "mysql", "oracle", "h2", "db2",
+			"postgres", "sqlite", "sqlserver", "sqlserver2012" })
+	public static final String PROP_DBSTYLE = PRE + "dbStyle";
+
+	@PropDoc(group = "beetlsql", value = "SQL目录", defaultValue = "/sqls/")
+	public static final String PROP_PATH = PRE + "path";
+
+	@PropDoc(group = "beetlsql", value = "命名转换方式", defaultValue = "default", possible = { "default", "under_lined" })
+	public static final String PROP_NAME_CONVERSION = PRE + "nameconv";
+
+	@PropDoc(group = "beetlsql", value = "是否使用DebugInterceptor", defaultValue = "true")
+	public static final String PROP_DEBUG = PRE + "debug";
+
+	@PropDoc(group = "beetlsql", value = "是否启用Trans支持", defaultValue = "true")
+	public static final String PROP_TRANS = PRE + "trans";
+
+	@Inject("refer:$ioc")
+	protected Ioc ioc;
+
+	@Inject
+	protected PropertiesProxy conf;
+
+	@IocBean(name = "beetlsqlDBStyle")
+	public DBStyle createDBStyle() throws Exception {
+		String type = conf.check(PROP_DBSTYLE);
+		// DBStyle的实现类总是 XXXStyle风格的命名,但大小写不一,所以需要循环判断一下
+		for (Class<?> klass : Scans.me().scanPackage(AbstractDBStyle.class.getPackage().getName())) {
+			if (klass.getName().endsWith("Style")) {
+				String name = klass.getSimpleName();
+				name = name.substring(0, name.length() - 5);
+				if (name.toLowerCase().equals(type))
+					return (DBStyle) klass.newInstance();
+			}
+		}
+		throw new RuntimeException("unsupport DBStyle=" + type);
+	}
+
+	@IocBean(name = "beetlsqlConnectionSource")
+	public ConnectionSource createConnectionSource(@Inject DataSource dataSource) {
+	    DataSource[] slaves = null;
+        if (Lang.loadClassQuite("org.nutz.boot.starter.jdbc.DataSourceStarter") != null) {
+            DataSource slaveDataSource = DataSourceStarter.getSlaveDataSource(ioc, conf);
+            if (slaveDataSource != null)
+                slaves = new DataSource[] {slaveDataSource};
+        }
+		if (conf.getBoolean(PROP_TRANS, true)) {
+			// 默认事务管理,就是没有管理
+			return new DefaultConnectionSource(dataSource, slaves);
+		}
+		// 支持 Trans.exec 或者 @Aop(TransAop.READ_COMMITTED)
+		return new NutzConnectionSource(dataSource, slaves);
+	}
+
+	@IocBean(name = "beetlsqlManager")
+	public SQLManager creatSQLManager(@Inject("refer:beetlsqlDBStyle") DBStyle dbStyle,
+			@Inject("beetlsqlConnectionSource") ConnectionSource ds) {
+		// BeetlSql默认/sql/,但NutzBoot的约定是/sqls/,入乡随俗吧
+		SQLLoader loader = new ClasspathLoader(conf.get(PROP_PATH, "/sqls/"));
+		// TODO 支持更多种类的NameConversion
+		NameConversion nameconv = "default".equals(conf.get(PROP_NAME_CONVERSION, "default"))
+				? new DefaultNameConversion()
+				: new UnderlinedNameConversion();
+		// 是否插入debug拦截器呢? 默认启用好了
+		if (conf.getBoolean(PROP_DEBUG, true))
+			return new SQLManager(dbStyle, loader, ds, nameconv, new Interceptor[] { new DebugInterceptor() });
+		return new SQLManager(dbStyle, loader, ds, nameconv);
+	}
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.nutz.boot.starter.jdbc.DataSourceStarter$DynaDataSourceSeletor` acquired by call to `getSlaveDataSource(...)` at line 78 is not released after line 84.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ConnectionSource BeetlSqlStarter.createConnectionSource(DataSource)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.starter.beetlsql.BeetlSqlStarter.createConnectionSource(javax.sql.DataSource):org.beet.7b6d9d317317c3e6e1bf2cf7239f3e27
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-starter/nutzboot-starter-beetlsql/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/starter/beetlsql/BeetlSqlStarter.java
+
+### Key:
+BeetlSqlStarter.java|createConnectionSource|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+4d9751f8fbc003a7fa964f8d5794988b
+
+### Hash:
+164258b27ba8f2e589ac801ae80b9320
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9445/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9445/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5abaf28b634fd10bcc832dfaffb99b5b32ac3714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9445/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** nutzboot
+**Bug ID:** 25
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.nutz.boot;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.AppContextAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ClassLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.EnvHolderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.IocAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.aware.ResourceLoaderAware;
+import org.nutz.boot.banner.SimpleBannerPrinter;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.config.impl.PropertiesConfigureLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.env.SystemPropertiesEnvHolder;
+import org.nutz.boot.ioc.IocLoaderProvider;
+import org.nutz.boot.metrics.impl.MemoryCounterService;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.ResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.resource.impl.SimpleResourceLoader;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.NbAppEventListener;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.NbAppEventListener.EventType;
+import org.nutz.boot.tools.PropDocReader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.IocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.impl.NutIoc;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.AnnotationIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.annotation.IocBean;
+import org.nutz.ioc.loader.combo.ComboIocLoader;
+import org.nutz.lang.Lang;
+import org.nutz.lang.Mirror;
+import org.nutz.lang.Stopwatch;
+import org.nutz.lang.Streams;
+import org.nutz.lang.Strings;
+import org.nutz.lang.util.LifeCycle;
+import org.nutz.log.Log;
+import org.nutz.log.LogAdapter;
+import org.nutz.log.Logs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.Mvcs;
+import org.nutz.mvc.annotation.IocBy;
+
+/**
+ * NutzBoot的主体
+ * 
+ * @author wendal
+ *
+ */
+public class NbApp extends Thread {
+
+    /**
+     * 日志属性要等日志适配器准备好了才能加载,这里不可以使用Logs.get();
+     */
+    protected static Log log;
+
+    /**
+     * 命令行参数
+     */
+    protected String[] args;
+
+    /**
+     * 是否允许命令行下的 -Dxxx.xxx.xxx=转为配置参数
+     */
+    protected boolean allowCommandLineProperties = true;
+
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    protected boolean printProcDoc;
+
+    /**
+     * 主上下文
+     */
+    protected AppContext ctx;
+
+    /**
+     * Starter共享的IocLoader
+     */
+    protected AnnotationIocLoader starterIocLoader;
+
+    /**
+     * Starter类列表
+     */
+    protected List<Class<?>> starterClasses;
+
+    protected boolean prepared;
+
+    protected Object lock = new Object();
+    
+    protected List<NbAppEventListener> listeners = new LinkedList<>();
+    
+    protected boolean started;
+
+    /**
+     * 创建一个NbApp,把调用本构造方法的类作为mainClass
+     */
+    public NbApp() {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        if (ts.length > 2) {
+            setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 基于mainClass创建一个NbApp
+     * 
+     * @param mainClass
+     *            主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        ctx = AppContext.getDefault();
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        StackTraceElement[] ts = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+        if (ts.length > 2) {
+            setMainClass(Lang.loadClassQuite(ts[2].getClassName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public NbApp(AppContext ctx, Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx = ctx;
+        setMainClass(mainClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置命令行参数,可选
+     */
+    public NbApp setArgs(String[] args) {
+        this.args = args;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 设置主启动类
+     */
+    public NbApp setMainClass(Class<?> mainClass) {
+        this.ctx.setMainClass(mainClass);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 是否允许从命令行读取配置信息, 例如 java -Dnutz.ioc.async.poolSize=128 xxx.jar
+     * 
+     * @param flag
+     *            默认允许
+     */
+    public NbApp setAllowCommandLineProperties(boolean flag) {
+        this.allowCommandLineProperties = flag;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 是否打印配置文档
+     */
+    public NbApp setPrintProcDoc(boolean printProcDoc) {
+        this.printProcDoc = printProcDoc;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 获取全局上下文
+     * 
+     * @return
+     */
+    public AppContext getAppContext() {
+        return ctx;
+    }
+
+    public void run() {
+        try {
+            if (execute()) {
+                synchronized (lock) {
+                    lock.wait();
+                }
+            }
+            // 收尾
+            _shutdown();
+        }
+        catch (Throwable e) {
+            Logs.get().error("something happen", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public boolean execute() {
+        Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.begin();
+        try {
+            // 各种预备操作
+        	listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepare(this, EventType.before));
+            this.prepare();
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepare(this, EventType.after));
+
+            // 依次启动
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenInitAppContext(this, EventType.before));
+            ctx.init();
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenInitAppContext(this, EventType.after));
+
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenStartServers(this, EventType.before));
+            ctx.startServers();
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenStartServers(this, EventType.after));
+
+            if (ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null)
+                ctx.getIoc().get(ctx.getMainClass());
+
+            listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.afterAppStated(this));
+
+            sw.stop();
+            log.infof("%s started : %sms", ctx.getConf().get("nutz.application.name", "NB"),  sw.du());
+            started = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+        catch (Throwable e) {
+            log.error("something happen!!", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public void _shutdown() {
+        try {
+            ctx.stopServers();
+            ctx.depose();
+        }
+        catch (Exception e) {
+            throw Lang.wrapThrow(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void shutdown() {
+        log.info("ok, shutting down ...");
+        if (lock == null) {
+            _shutdown();
+        }
+        else {
+            synchronized (lock) {
+                lock.notify();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 执行预备操作
+     */
+    public void prepare() throws Exception {
+        if (prepared)
+            return;
+        // 初始化上下文
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareBasic(this, EventType.before));
+        this.prepareBasic();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareBasic(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 打印Banner,暂时不可配置具体的类
+        new SimpleBannerPrinter().printBanner(ctx);
+
+        // 配置信息要准备好
+
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareConfigureLoader(this, EventType.before));
+        this.prepareConfigureLoader();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareConfigureLoader(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 创建IocLoader体系
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIocLoader(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareIocLoader();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIocLoader(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 加载各种starter
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterClassList(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareStarterClassList();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterClassList(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 打印配置文档
+        if (printProcDoc) {
+            PropDocReader docReader = new PropDocReader();
+            docReader.load(starterClasses);
+            Logs.get().info("Configure Manual:\r\n" + docReader.toMarkdown());
+        }
+
+        // 创建Ioc容器
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIoc(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareIoc();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareIoc(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 生成Starter实例
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterInstance(this, EventType.before));
+        prepareStarterInstance();
+        listeners.forEach((listener)->listener.whenPrepareStarterInstance(this, EventType.after));
+
+        // 从Ioc容器检索Listener
+        listeners.addAll(ctx.getBeans(NbAppEventListener.class));
+        
+        prepared = true;
+    }
+
+    public void prepareBasic() throws Exception {
+        // 检查ClassLoader的情况
+        if (ctx.getClassLoader() == null)
+            ctx.setClassLoader(NbApp.class.getClassLoader());
+
+        if (ctx.getEnvHolder() == null) {
+            ctx.setEnvHolder(new SystemPropertiesEnvHolder());
+        }
+
+        // 看看日志应该用哪个
+        String logAdapter = ctx.getEnvHolder().get("nutz.boot.base.LogAdapter");
+        if (!Strings.isBlank(logAdapter)) {
+            Logs.setAdapter((LogAdapter) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(logAdapter).newInstance());
+        }
+        log = Logs.get();
+        // 资源加载器
+        if (ctx.getResourceLoader() == null) {
+            ResourceLoader resourceLoader = new SimpleResourceLoader();
+            aware(resourceLoader);
+            ctx.setResourceLoader(resourceLoader);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareConfigureLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getConfigureLoader() == null) {
+            ConfigureLoader configureLoader = null;
+            InputStream ins = ctx.getResourceLoader().get("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.config.ConfigureLoader");
+            if (ins != null) {
+                String cnfLoader = new String(Streams.readBytes(ins)).trim();
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(cnfLoader)) {
+                    log.debugf("using %s as ConfigureLoader", cnfLoader);
+                    configureLoader = (ConfigureLoader) ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(cnfLoader).newInstance();
+                }
+            }
+            if (configureLoader == null) {
+                configureLoader = new PropertiesConfigureLoader();
+            }
+            configureLoader.setCommandLineProperties(allowCommandLineProperties, args);
+            aware(configureLoader);
+            ctx.setConfigureLoader(configureLoader);
+            if (configureLoader instanceof LifeCycle)
+                ((LifeCycle) configureLoader).init();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareIocLoader() throws Exception {
+        if (ctx.getComboIocLoader() == null) {
+            int asyncPoolSize = ctx.getConfigureLoader().get().getInt("nutz.ioc.async.poolSize", 64);
+            List<String> args = new ArrayList<>();
+            args.add("*js");
+            args.add("ioc/");
+            args.add("*tx");
+            args.add("*async");
+            args.add("" + asyncPoolSize);
+            args.add("*anno");
+            args.add(ctx.getPackage());
+            IocBy iocBy = ctx.getMainClass().getAnnotation(IocBy.class);
+            if (iocBy != null) {
+                String[] tmp = iocBy.args();
+                ArrayList<String> _args = new ArrayList<>();
+                for (int i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+                    if (tmp[i].startsWith("*")) {
+                        if (!_args.isEmpty()) {
+                            switch (_args.get(0)) {
+                            case "*tx":
+                            case "*async":
+                            case "*anno":
+                            case "*js":
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                args.addAll(_args);
+                            }
+                            _args.clear();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _args.add(tmp[i]);
+                }
+                if (_args.size() > 0) {
+                    switch (_args.get(0)) {
+                    case "*tx":
+                    case "*async":
+                    case "*anno":
+                    case "*js":
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        args.addAll(_args);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ctx.setComboIocLoader(new ComboIocLoader(args.toArray(new String[args.size()])));
+        }
+        // 用于加载Starter的IocLoader
+        starterIocLoader = new AnnotationIocLoader(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName() + ".starter");
+        ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(starterIocLoader);
+    }
+
+    public void prepareStarterClassList() throws Exception {
+        starterClasses = new ArrayList<>();
+        HashSet<String> classNames = new HashSet<>();
+        Enumeration<URL> _en = ctx.getClassLoader().getResources("META-INF/nutz/org.nutz.boot.starter.NbStarter");
+        while (_en.hasMoreElements()) {
+            URL url = _en.nextElement();
+            log.debug("Found " + url);
+            try (InputStream ins = url.openStream()) {
+                InputStreamReader reader = new InputStreamReader(ins);
+                String tmp = Streams.readAndClose(reader);
+                if (!Strings.isBlank(tmp)) {
+                    for (String _tmp : Strings.splitIgnoreBlank(tmp, "[\n]")) {
+                        String className = _tmp.trim();
+                        if (!classNames.add(className))
+                            continue;
+                        Class<?> klass = ctx.getClassLoader().loadClass(className);
+                        if (!klass.getPackage().getName().startsWith(NbApp.class.getPackage().getName()) && klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) != null) {
+                            starterIocLoader.addClass(klass);
+                        }
+                        starterClasses.add(klass);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void prepareIoc() {
+        if (ctx.getIoc() == null) {
+            ctx.setIoc(new NutIoc(ctx.getComboIocLoader()));
+        }
+        // 把核心对象放进ioc容器
+        if (!ctx.ioc.has("appContext")) {
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("appContext", ctx);
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("conf", ctx.getConf());
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("nbApp", this);
+            // 添加更多扩展bean
+        	ctx.ioc.addBean("counterService", new MemoryCounterService());
+        }
+        Mvcs.ctx().iocs.put("nutz", ctx.getIoc());
+    }
+
+    public void prepareStarterInstance() {
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+                obj = Mirror.me(klass).born();
+            } else {
+                continue;
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+        for (Class<?> klass : starterClasses) {
+            Object obj;
+            if (klass.getAnnotation(IocBean.class) == null) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                obj = ctx.getIoc().get(klass);
+            }
+            aware(obj);
+            if (obj instanceof IocLoaderProvider) {
+                IocLoader loader = ((IocLoaderProvider) obj).getIocLoader();
+                ctx.getComboIocLoader().addLoader(loader);
+            }
+            ctx.addStarter(obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void aware(Object obj) {
+        // 需要注入AppContext
+        if (obj instanceof AppContextAware) {
+            ((AppContextAware) obj).setAppContext(ctx);
+        }
+        // 需要注入ClassLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ClassLoaderAware) {
+            ((ClassLoaderAware) obj).setClassLoader(ctx.getClassLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入EnvHolder
+        if (obj instanceof EnvHolderAware) {
+            ((EnvHolderAware) obj).setEnvHolder(ctx.getEnvHolder());
+        }
+        // 需要注入ResourceLoader
+        if (obj instanceof ResourceLoaderAware) {
+            ((ResourceLoaderAware) obj).setResourceLoader(ctx.getResourceLoader());
+        }
+        // 需要注入Ioc
+        if (obj instanceof IocAware) {
+            ((IocAware) obj).setIoc(ctx.getIoc());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void setListener(NbAppEventListener listener) {
+        this.listeners.clear();
+        addListener(listener);
+    }
+    
+    public void addListener(NbAppEventListener listener) {
+    	this.listeners.add(listener);
+    }
+    
+    public boolean isStarted() {
+        return started;
+    }
+    
+    public void setMainPackage(String mainPackage) {
+        getAppContext().setMainPackage(mainPackage);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepare` indirectly reads without synchronization from `this.org.nutz.boot.NbApp.ctx.org.nutz.boot.AppContext.resourceLoader`. Potentially races with write in method `NbApp.run()`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NbApp.prepare()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.nutz.boot.NbApp.prepare():void.3497bd920679b1a589201156049c849c
+
+### File:
+nutzboot-core/src/main/java/org/nutz/boot/NbApp.java
+
+### Key:
+NbApp.java|prepare|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+41aab7de1410eeaccb40e67d6dbb9516
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9472/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9472/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0066d6b2a4f41eaafe20eb4f135ee7f13020c567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9472/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zalenium
+**Bug ID:** 14
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.google.common.base.Strings;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.AnsiProgressHandler;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DefaultDockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.exceptions.DockerException;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.*;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.mount.Mount;
+import com.spotify.docker.client.messages.swarm.*;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClient;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerClientRegistration;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.ContainerCreationStatus;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.proxy.DockeredSeleniumStarter;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.Environment;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.GoogleAnalyticsApi;
+import de.zalando.ep.zalenium.util.ZaleniumConfiguration;
+import org.apache.commons.collections4.CollectionUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.RandomStringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusCreated;
+import static com.spotify.docker.client.DockerClient.ListContainersParam.withStatusRunning;
+
+@SuppressWarnings("ConstantConditions")
+public class SwarmContainerClient implements ContainerClient {
+
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT";
+    private static final String ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT = "ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT";
+
+    private static final String SWARM_EXEC_IMAGE = "datagridsys/skopos-plugin-swarm-exec:latest";
+
+    private static final Environment defaultEnvironment = new Environment();
+
+    private static Environment env = defaultEnvironment;
+    private static String seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    private static String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    private static String dockerHost;
+    private static AtomicBoolean environmentInitialised = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    static {
+        readConfigurationFromEnvVariables();
+    }
+
+    private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SwarmContainerClient.class.getName());
+    private final GoogleAnalyticsApi ga = new GoogleAnalyticsApi();
+    private DockerClient dockerClient = new DefaultDockerClient(dockerHost);
+    private String nodeId;
+    private Map<String, String> seleniumContainerLabels = new HashMap<>();
+    private AtomicBoolean seleniumContainerLabelsChecked = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+    private static void readConfigurationFromEnvVariables() {
+
+        String cpuLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_CPU_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(cpuLimit);
+
+        String memoryLimit = env.getEnvVariable(ZALENIUM_SELENIUM_CONTAINER_MEMORY_LIMIT);
+        setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(memoryLimit);
+
+        String dockerHost = env.getStringEnvVariable("DOCKER_HOST", "unix:///var/run/docker.sock");
+        setDockerHost(dockerHost);
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    protected static void setEnv(final Environment env) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.env = env;
+    }
+
+    private static void setDockerHost(String dockerHost) {
+        // https://github.com/spotify/docker-client/issues/946
+        SwarmContainerClient.dockerHost = dockerHost.replace("tcp", "http");
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerCpuLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerCpuLimit(String seleniumContainerCpuLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerCpuLimit = seleniumContainerCpuLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static String getSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit() {
+        return seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    private static void setSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit(String seleniumContainerMemoryLimit) {
+        SwarmContainerClient.seleniumContainerMemoryLimit = seleniumContainerMemoryLimit;
+    }
+
+    public void setNodeId(String nodeId) {
+        this.nodeId = nodeId;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(URL remoteUrl) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                for (NetworkAttachment networkAttachment : CollectionUtils.emptyIfNull(task.networkAttachments())) {
+                    for (String address : networkAttachment.addresses()) {
+                        if (address.startsWith(remoteUrl.getHost())) {
+                            return task.status().containerStatus().containerId();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String getContainerId(String containerName) {
+        final String containerNameSearch = containerName.contains("/") ?
+                containerName : String.format("/%s", containerName);
+
+        List<Container> containerList = null;
+        try {
+            containerList = dockerClient.listContainers(withStatusRunning(), withStatusCreated());
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting containerId", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        if (containerList != null) {
+            String containerByName = containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> containerNameSearch.equalsIgnoreCase(container.names().get(0)))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(containerName);
+            return containerByName != null ? containerByName : containerList.stream()
+                    .filter(container -> container.names().get(0).contains(containerName))
+                    .findFirst().map(Container::id).orElse(containerName);
+        } else {
+            return containerName;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public InputStream copyFiles(String containerId, String folderName) {
+        // TODO: Implement behaviour
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public void stopContainer(String containerId) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                if (containerStatus != null && containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    String serviceId = task.serviceId();
+                    Service.Criteria criteria = Service.Criteria.builder()
+                            .serviceId(serviceId)
+                            .build();
+                    List<Service> services = dockerClient.listServices(criteria);
+                    if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(services)) {
+                        dockerClient.removeService(serviceId);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while stopping the container", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void executeCommand(String containerId, String[] command, boolean waitForExecution) {
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+
+            pullSwarmExecImage();
+
+            for (Task task : CollectionUtils.emptyIfNull(tasks)) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+
+                if (containerStatus != null && containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                    startSwarmExecContainer(task, command, containerId);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn("Error while executing comman on container {}", containerId);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        logger.warn("Couldn't execute command on container {}", containerId);
+    }
+
+    private void pullSwarmExecImage() {
+        try {
+            List<Image> images = dockerClient.listImages(DockerClient.ListImagesParam.byName(SWARM_EXEC_IMAGE));
+            if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(images)) {
+                dockerClient.pull(SWARM_EXEC_IMAGE, new AnsiProgressHandler());
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while checking (and pulling) if the image is present", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void startSwarmExecContainer(Task task, String[] command, String containerId) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        String taskId = task.id();
+
+        List<String> binds = new ArrayList<>();
+        binds.add("/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock");
+
+        HostConfig.Builder hostConfigBuilder = HostConfig.builder()
+                .autoRemove(true)
+                .appendBinds(binds);
+
+        HostConfig hostConfig = hostConfigBuilder.build();
+
+        command[0] = "task-exec";
+        command[1] = taskId;
+
+        logger.debug("Executing command: {} - on Container: {}",
+                Arrays.toString(command),
+                containerId);
+
+        ContainerConfig containerConfig = ContainerConfig.builder()
+                .image(SWARM_EXEC_IMAGE)
+                .hostConfig(hostConfig)
+                .cmd(command)
+                .build();
+
+        ContainerCreation containerCreation = dockerClient.createContainer(containerConfig);
+
+        dockerClient.startContainer(containerCreation.id());
+    }
+
+    public String getLatestDownloadedImage(String imageName) {
+        // TODO: verify this is handled by docker
+        return imageName;
+    }
+
+    public ContainerCreationStatus createContainer(String zaleniumContainerName, String image, Map<String, String> envVars,
+                                                   String nodePort) {
+        // TODO: is it meaningful to add labels to identify services/containers in the swarm?
+
+        List<String> flattenedEnvVars = envVars.entrySet().stream()
+                .map(e -> e.getKey() + "=" + e.getValue())
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+        final ContainerSpec containerSpec = buildContainerSpec(flattenedEnvVars, image);
+
+        final TaskSpec taskSpec = buildTaskSpec(containerSpec);
+
+        String noVncPort = envVars.get("NOVNC_PORT");
+        final ServiceSpec serviceSpec = buildServiceSpec(taskSpec, nodePort, noVncPort);
+
+        try {
+            ServiceCreateResponse service = dockerClient.createService(serviceSpec);
+
+            TaskStatus taskStatus = waitForTaskStatus(service.id());
+
+            if (taskStatus != null) {
+                return getContainerCreationStatus(service.id(), nodePort);
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+
+        logger.debug("Something went wrong while creating service");
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private ContainerSpec buildContainerSpec(List<String> flattenedEnvVars, String image) {
+        final Mount.Builder mountBuilder = Mount.builder()
+                .source("/dev/shm")
+                .target("/dev/shm")
+                .type("bind");
+
+        final ContainerSpec.Builder containerSpecBuilder = ContainerSpec.builder()
+                .env(flattenedEnvVars)
+                .image(image)
+                .mounts(mountBuilder.build());
+
+        loadSeleniumContainerLabels();
+
+        if (seleniumContainerLabels.size() > 0) {
+            containerSpecBuilder.labels(seleniumContainerLabels);
+        }
+
+        return containerSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskSpec buildTaskSpec(ContainerSpec containerSpec) {
+        final RestartPolicy restartPolicy = RestartPolicy.builder()
+                .condition("on-failure")
+                .build();
+
+        final List<String> placementList = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        placementList.add("node.role==worker");
+
+        final Placement placement = Placement.create(placementList);
+
+        Resources.Builder resourceBuilder = Resources.builder();
+        String cpuLimit = getSeleniumContainerCpuLimit();
+        String memLimit = getSeleniumContainerMemoryLimit();
+
+        if (!Strings.isNullOrEmpty(cpuLimit)) {
+            resourceBuilder.nanoCpus(Long.valueOf(cpuLimit));
+        }
+
+        if (!Strings.isNullOrEmpty(memLimit)) {
+            resourceBuilder.memoryBytes(Long.valueOf(memLimit));
+        }
+
+        ResourceRequirements resourceRequirements = ResourceRequirements.builder()
+                .limits(resourceBuilder.build())
+                .build();
+
+        final TaskSpec.Builder taskSpecBuilder = TaskSpec.builder()
+                .resources(resourceRequirements)
+                .restartPolicy(restartPolicy)
+                .placement(placement)
+                .containerSpec(containerSpec);
+
+        return taskSpecBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    private ServiceSpec buildServiceSpec(TaskSpec taskSpec, String nodePort, String noVncPort) {
+        final PortConfig nodePortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(nodePort))
+                .build();
+
+        final PortConfig noVncPortConfig = PortConfig.builder()
+                .targetPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .publishedPort(Integer.valueOf(noVncPort))
+                .build();
+
+        final EndpointSpec.Builder endpointSpecBuilder = EndpointSpec.builder()
+                .addPort(nodePortConfig)
+                .addPort(noVncPortConfig);
+
+        final NetworkAttachmentConfig networkAttachmentConfig = NetworkAttachmentConfig.builder()
+                .target(ZaleniumConfiguration.getSwarmOverlayNetwork())
+                .build();
+
+        return ServiceSpec.builder()
+                .name(generateServiceName())
+                .endpointSpec(endpointSpecBuilder.build())
+                .networks(networkAttachmentConfig)
+                .taskTemplate(taskSpec)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, 0);
+    }
+
+    private TaskStatus waitForTaskStatus(String serviceId, int attempts) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        int attemptsLimit = 100;
+        Thread.sleep(100);
+        String serviceName = dockerClient.inspectService(serviceId).spec().name();
+        Task.Criteria criteria = Task.Criteria.builder().serviceName(serviceName).build();
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks(criteria);
+        Task task = null;
+
+        if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(tasks)) {
+            task = tasks.get(0);
+        }
+
+        if (task == null && attempts < attemptsLimit) {
+            return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, attempts + 1);
+        } else {
+            ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+            if (containerStatus == null) {
+                return waitForTaskStatus(serviceId, attempts + 1);
+            }
+
+            logger.debug("container {} is ready", containerStatus.containerId());
+
+            return task.status();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private ContainerCreationStatus getContainerCreationStatus(String serviceId, String nodePort) throws DockerException, InterruptedException {
+        Service service = dockerClient.inspectService(serviceId);
+        Task.Criteria criteria = Task.Criteria.builder()
+                .serviceName(service.spec().name())
+                .build();
+        List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks(criteria);
+        for (Task task : tasks) {
+            if (task.serviceId().equals(serviceId)) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                if (containerStatus != null) {
+                    String containerId = containerStatus.containerId();
+                    String containerName = containerStatus.containerId();
+                    return new ContainerCreationStatus(true, containerName, containerId, nodePort);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private String generateServiceName() {
+        final String suffix = RandomStringUtils.randomAlphanumeric(6);
+        return String.format("node_%s", suffix);
+    }
+
+    private void loadSeleniumContainerLabels() {
+        if (!this.seleniumContainerLabelsChecked.getAndSet(true)) {
+            String containerLabels = env.getStringEnvVariable("SELENIUM_CONTAINER_LABELS", "");
+            if (containerLabels.length() == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            try {
+                for (String label : containerLabels.split(";")) {
+                    String[] split = label.split("=");
+                    seleniumContainerLabels.put(split[0], split[1]);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                logger.warn(nodeId + " Error while retrieving the added labels for the Selenium containers.", e);
+                ga.trackException(e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void initialiseContainerEnvironment() {
+        if (!environmentInitialised.getAndSet(true)) {
+            // Delete any leftover services from a previous time
+            deleteSwarmServices();
+            // Register a shutdown hook to cleanup pods
+            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(this::deleteSwarmServices, "SwarmContainerClient shutdown hook"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void deleteSwarmServices() {
+        // TODO: Implement functionality
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public ContainerClientRegistration registerNode(String zaleniumContainerName, URL remoteHost) {
+        ContainerClientRegistration registration = new ContainerClientRegistration();
+
+        Integer noVncPort = remoteHost.getPort() + DockeredSeleniumStarter.NO_VNC_PORT_GAP;
+
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(remoteHost);
+
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            logger.warn("No container id for {} - {}, can't register.", zaleniumContainerName, remoteHost.toExternalForm());
+        }
+
+        registration.setNoVncPort(noVncPort);
+        registration.setContainerId(containerId);
+        registration.setIpAddress(remoteHost.getHost());
+        return registration;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getContainerIp(String containerName) {
+        String containerId = this.getContainerId(containerName);
+
+        if (containerId == null) {
+            logger.warn("Failed to get id of container: {} ", containerName);
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            String swarmOverlayNetwork = ZaleniumConfiguration.getSwarmOverlayNetwork();
+            for (Task task : tasks) {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                if (containerStatus != null) {
+                    if (containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId)) {
+                        for (NetworkAttachment networkAttachment : CollectionUtils.emptyIfNull(task.networkAttachments())) {
+                            if (networkAttachment.network().spec().name().equals(swarmOverlayNetwork)) {
+                                String cidrSuffix = "/\\d+$";
+                                return networkAttachment.addresses().get(0).replaceAll(cidrSuffix, "");
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.debug(nodeId + " Error while getting the container IP.", e);
+            ga.trackException(e);
+        }
+
+        logger.warn("Failed to get ip of container: {}", containerName);
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isReady(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        String containerIp = this.getContainerIp(container.getContainerName());
+        if (containerIp != null) {
+            try {
+                URL statusUrl = new URL(String.format("http://%s:%s/wd/hub/status", containerIp, container.getNodePort()));
+                String status = IOUtils.toString(statusUrl, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+                String successMessage = "\"Node is running\"";
+                if (status.contains(successMessage)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.debug("Error while getting node status, probably the node is still starting up...", e);
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isTerminated(ContainerCreationStatus container) {
+        try {
+            List<String> termStates = Arrays.asList("complete", "failed", "shutdown", "rejected", "orphaned", "removed");
+            String containerId = container.getContainerId();
+            List<Task> tasks = dockerClient.listTasks();
+            boolean containerExists = tasks.stream().anyMatch(task -> {
+                ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                return containerStatus != null && containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId);
+            });
+
+            if (!containerExists) {
+                logger.info("Container {} has no corresponding task - flagging it as terminated", container);
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return tasks.stream().anyMatch(task -> {
+                    ContainerStatus containerStatus = task.status().containerStatus();
+                    boolean hasTerminalState = termStates.contains(task.status().state());
+                    boolean isContainer = containerStatus != null && containerStatus.containerId().equals(containerId);
+                    boolean isTerminated = isContainer && hasTerminalState;
+
+                    if (isTerminated) {
+                        logger.info("State of Container {} is {} - flagging it as terminated",
+                                container.getContainerId(),
+                                task.status().state());
+                    }
+
+                    return isTerminated;
+                });
+            }
+        } catch (DockerException | InterruptedException e) {
+            logger.warn("Failed to fetch container status [" + container.getContainerId() + "].", e);
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `containerStatus.containerId()`  at line 477.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String SwarmContainerClient.getContainerIp(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+de.zalando.ep.zalenium.container.swarm.SwarmContainerClient.getContainerIp(java.lang.String):java.la.b3196ce320e791b25607a27c8ba759ad
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/de/zalando/ep/zalenium/container/swarm/SwarmContainerClient.java
+
+### Key:
+SwarmContainerClient.java|getContainerIp|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+dbc8ddfcb2a81087d27ff6601b518b9b
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9480/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9480/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..420d834d9baeb3e367b19e7c715101f94068d1c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9480/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** niubi-job
+**Bug ID:** 5
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2002-2016 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.examples;
+
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.cluster.node.StandbyNode;
+import com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.scheduler.node.Node;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+
+/**
+ * @author Xiaolong Zuo
+ * @since 16/1/9 15:08
+ */
+public class StandbyNodeTest {
+
+    @org.junit.Test
+    public void test() throws InterruptedException, IOException {
+        Node node = new StandbyNode("localhost:2181,localhost:3181,localhost:4181", "http://localhost:8080/job");
+        node.join();
+        new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)).readLine();
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.curator.framework.recipes.cache.PathChildrenCache` acquired by call to `StandbyNode(...)` at line 34 is not released after line 35.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void StandbyNodeTest.test()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.zuoxiaolong.niubi.job.examples.StandbyNodeTest.test():void.92351daf9a3f4e88243bb02d5d30849d
+
+### File:
+niubi-job-examples/src/test/java/com/zuoxiaolong/niubi/job/examples/StandbyNodeTest.java
+
+### Key:
+StandbyNodeTest.java|test|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+da745a12a141ace2ebc92b29fe00e65f
+
+### Hash:
+e69cc42301dcf63350d3ec4852562cdf
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9481/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9481/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..03c754b306f490e14485ed754c278a1e82c71e5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9481/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** craft-atom
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.craft.atom.util;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+
+/**
+ * Io Util class
+ * 
+ * @author Frank Hu
+ * @version 1.0, 2009-9-1
+ */
+public class FileUtil {
+
+	private static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 16 * 1024;
+
+	private FileUtil() {
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Read input stream as bytes
+	 * 
+	 * @param inputStream
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public static byte[] readInputStream(InputStream inputStream) throws IOException {
+		ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+		byte[] buffer = new byte[16 * 1024];
+
+		int bytesRead = inputStream.read(buffer);
+		while (bytesRead != -1) {
+			outputStream.write(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
+			bytesRead = inputStream.read(buffer);
+		}
+
+		return outputStream.toByteArray();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Read a file as string
+	 * 
+	 * @param filePath
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public static String readFileAsString(String filePath) throws IOException {
+		byte[] buffer = new byte[(int) getFile(filePath).length()];
+		BufferedInputStream inputStream = null;
+		try {
+			inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(getFile(filePath)));
+			inputStream.read(buffer);
+		} finally {
+			inputStream.close();
+		}
+		return new String(buffer);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write string to a file
+	 * 
+	 * @param content
+	 * @param filePath
+	 * @throws Exception
+	 */
+	public static void writeStringToFile(String content, String filePath)
+			throws Exception {
+		BufferedOutputStream outputStream = null;
+		try {
+			outputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(getFile(filePath)));
+			outputStream.write(content.getBytes());
+			outputStream.flush();
+		} finally {
+			outputStream.close();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Get file from a file path.
+	 * 
+	 * @param filePath
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public static File getFile(String filePath) throws IOException {
+		return new File(filePath);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Copy a file
+	 * 
+	 * @param src
+	 * @param dst
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public static void copy(File src, File dst) throws IOException {
+		InputStream in = null;
+		OutputStream out = null;
+		try {
+			in = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(src), BUFFER_SIZE);
+			out = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(dst), BUFFER_SIZE);
+			byte[] buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
+			while (in.read(buffer) > 0) {
+				out.write(buffer);
+			}
+		} finally {
+			if (null != in) {
+				in.close();
+			}
+			if (null != out) {
+				out.close();
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a file suffix name
+	 * 
+	 * @param file
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static String suffix(File file) {
+		String name = file.getName();
+		int pos = name.lastIndexOf(".");
+		return name.substring(pos);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Get a file suffix name
+	 * 
+	 * @param file
+	 * @return
+	 */
+	public static String suffix(String fileName) {
+		int pos = fileName.lastIndexOf(".");
+		return fileName.substring(pos);
+	}
+	
+	/**
+	 * Delete a file according to a file path
+	 * 
+	 * @param filePath
+	 * @return
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public static boolean delete(String filePath) throws IOException {
+		File file = getFile(filePath);
+		return file.delete();
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `inputStream` last assigned on line 56 could be null and is dereferenced at line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String FileUtil.readFileAsString(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.craft.atom.util.FileUtil.readFileAsString(java.lang.String):java.lang.String.8936fac3e93f64e51ee502846f9c640e
+
+### File:
+craft-atom-util/src/main/java/org/craft/atom/util/FileUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+FileUtil.java|readFileAsString|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+5aca16f4905ed8a604b17a95d9409de0
+
+### Hash:
+2221d8090f8f6960683a0db27e919700
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9486/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9486/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6236f4d6107224d2aca9e35b834113ae812dd5d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9486/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 32
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package sklearn.pipeline;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.dmg.pmml.DataType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MiningFunction;
+import org.dmg.pmml.Model;
+import org.dmg.pmml.OpType;
+import org.jpmml.converter.Feature;
+import org.jpmml.converter.Schema;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.ClassDictUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.SkLearnEncoder;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.TupleUtil;
+import sklearn.Estimator;
+import sklearn.EstimatorUtil;
+import sklearn.HasClasses;
+import sklearn.HasNumberOfFeatures;
+import sklearn.Transformer;
+import sklearn.TransformerUtil;
+
+public class Pipeline extends Estimator implements HasClasses {
+
+	public Pipeline(String module, String name){
+		super(module, name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public MiningFunction getMiningFunction(){
+		Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+		return estimator.getMiningFunction();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isSupervised(){
+		Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+		return estimator.isSupervised();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getNumberOfFeatures(){
+		List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformers();
+		Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+		for(Transformer transformer : transformers){
+
+			if(transformer instanceof HasNumberOfFeatures){
+				HasNumberOfFeatures hasNumberOfFeatures = (HasNumberOfFeatures)transformer;
+
+				return hasNumberOfFeatures.getNumberOfFeatures();
+			}
+		}
+
+		return estimator.getNumberOfFeatures();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public OpType getOpType(){
+		List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformers();
+		Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+		for(Transformer transformer : transformers){
+			OpType opType = transformer.getOpType();
+
+			if(opType != null){
+				return opType;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return estimator.getOpType();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public DataType getDataType(){
+		List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformers();
+		Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+		for(Transformer transformer : transformers){
+			DataType dataType = transformer.getDataType();
+
+			if(dataType != null){
+				return dataType;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return estimator.getDataType();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public List<?> getClasses(){
+		Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+		return EstimatorUtil.getClasses(estimator);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Model encodeModel(Schema schema){
+		throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Model encodeModel(Schema schema, SkLearnEncoder encoder){
+		List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformers();
+		Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+		if(transformers.size() > 0){
+			List<String> ids = encoder.getIds();
+			List<Feature> features = encoder.getFeatures();
+
+			for(Transformer transformer : transformers){
+
+				if(transformer instanceof HasNumberOfFeatures){
+					HasNumberOfFeatures hasNumberOfFeatures = (HasNumberOfFeatures)transformer;
+
+					int numberOfFeatures = hasNumberOfFeatures.getNumberOfFeatures();
+					if(numberOfFeatures > -1){
+						ClassDictUtil.checkSize(numberOfFeatures, ids, features);
+					}
+				}
+
+				for(Feature feature : features){
+					encoder.updateType(feature.getName(), transformer.getOpType(), transformer.getDataType());
+				}
+
+				features = transformer.encodeFeatures(ids, features, encoder);
+			}
+
+			schema = new Schema(schema.getLabel(), features);
+		}
+
+		List<Feature> features = schema.getFeatures();
+
+		int numberOfFeatures = estimator.getNumberOfFeatures();
+		if(numberOfFeatures > -1){
+			ClassDictUtil.checkSize(numberOfFeatures, features);
+		}
+
+		return estimator.encodeModel(schema, encoder);
+	}
+
+	public List<Transformer> getTransformers(){
+		List<Object[]> transformerSteps = getTransformerSteps();
+
+		return TransformerUtil.asTransformerList(TupleUtil.extractElementList(transformerSteps, 1));
+	}
+
+	public List<Object[]> getTransformerSteps(){
+		List<Object[]> steps = getSteps();
+
+		if(steps.size() < 1){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing estimator step");
+		}
+
+		return steps.subList(0, steps.size() - 1);
+	}
+
+	public Estimator getEstimator(){
+		Object[] estimatorStep = getEstimatorStep();
+
+		return EstimatorUtil.asEstimator(TupleUtil.extractElement(estimatorStep, 1));
+	}
+
+	protected Object[] getEstimatorStep(){
+		List<Object[]> steps = getSteps();
+
+		if(steps.size() < 1){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Missing estimator step");
+		}
+
+		return steps.get(steps.size() - 1);
+	}
+
+	public List<Object[]> getSteps(){
+		return (List)get("steps");
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `steps` last assigned on line 183 could be null and is dereferenced at line 185.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+java.lang.Object[] Pipeline.getEstimatorStep()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.getEstimatorStep():java.lang.Object[].2ee963bab4fb91a740ac05d4ddce8e40
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sklearn/pipeline/Pipeline.java
+
+### Key:
+Pipeline.java|getEstimatorStep|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+18086a76ec6f499138a84f176568ec09
+
+### Hash:
+11d126c375f8b0b463a922f3e8a34efe
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9488/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9488/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69d3cedc6933d40360a8135a60d7685b1a043022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9488/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package sklearn.pipeline;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.dmg.pmml.DataType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.OpType;
+import org.jpmml.converter.Feature;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.ClassDictUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.SkLearnEncoder;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.TupleUtil;
+import sklearn.Estimator;
+import sklearn.EstimatorUtil;
+import sklearn.HasNumberOfFeatures;
+import sklearn.Transformer;
+import sklearn.TransformerUtil;
+
+public class Pipeline extends Transformer {
+
+	private boolean flexible = false;
+
+
+	public Pipeline(){
+		this("sklearn.pipeline", "Pipeline");
+	}
+
+	public Pipeline(String module, String name){
+		this(module, name, false);
+	}
+
+	protected Pipeline(String module, String name, boolean flexible){
+		super(module, name);
+
+		setFlexible(flexible);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public OpType getOpType(){
+		List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformers();
+
+		for(Transformer transformer : transformers){
+			return transformer.getOpType();
+		}
+
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public DataType getDataType(){
+		List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformers();
+
+		for(Transformer transformer : transformers){
+			return transformer.getDataType();
+		}
+
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public List<Feature> encodeFeatures(List<Feature> features, SkLearnEncoder encoder){
+		List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformers();
+
+		for(Transformer transformer : transformers){
+
+			if(transformer instanceof HasNumberOfFeatures){
+				HasNumberOfFeatures hasNumberOfFeatures = (HasNumberOfFeatures)transformer;
+
+				int numberOfFeatures = hasNumberOfFeatures.getNumberOfFeatures();
+				if(numberOfFeatures > -1){
+					ClassDictUtil.checkSize(numberOfFeatures, features);
+				}
+			}
+
+			encoder.updateFeatures(features, transformer);
+
+			features = transformer.encodeFeatures(features, encoder);
+		}
+
+		return features;
+	}
+
+	public List<Transformer> getTransformers(){
+		List<Object[]> steps = getSteps();
+		boolean flexible = isFlexible();
+
+		if(flexible && steps.size() > 0){
+			Estimator estimator = getEstimator();
+
+			if(estimator != null){
+				steps = steps.subList(0, steps.size() - 1);
+			}
+		}
+
+		return TransformerUtil.asTransformerList(TupleUtil.extractElementList(steps, 1));
+	}
+
+	public Estimator getEstimator(){
+		List<Object[]> steps = getSteps();
+		boolean flexible = isFlexible();
+
+		if(flexible && steps.size() > 0){
+			Object lastStep = TupleUtil.extractElement(steps.get(steps.size() - 1), 1);
+
+			try {
+				return EstimatorUtil.asEstimator(lastStep);
+			} catch(IllegalArgumentException iae){
+				// Ignored
+			}
+		}
+
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	public List<Object[]> getSteps(){
+		return (List)get("steps");
+	}
+
+	private boolean isFlexible(){
+		return this.flexible;
+	}
+
+	private void setFlexible(boolean flexible){
+		this.flexible = flexible;
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `steps` last assigned on line 100 could be null and is dereferenced at line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List Pipeline.getTransformers()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.getTransformers():java.util.List.98d0f51c77c0e7d38d958ad99a429640
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sklearn/pipeline/Pipeline.java
+
+### Key:
+Pipeline.java|getTransformers|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+0d5a2f2639f34d56cc8af6d106187976
+
+### Hash:
+18df2b64d83e65d096136bc7c1a335e6
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9489/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9489/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d05de0e120e4e62c842b4b05708e9865a8b7d4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9489/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 33
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package sklearn_pandas;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Function;
+import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+import net.razorvine.pickle.objects.ClassDict;
+import org.dmg.pmml.DataField;
+import org.dmg.pmml.FieldName;
+import org.jpmml.converter.Feature;
+import org.jpmml.converter.WildcardFeature;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.ClassDictUtil;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.SkLearnEncoder;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.TupleUtil;
+import sklearn.Transformer;
+
+public class DataFrameMapper extends ClassDict {
+
+	public DataFrameMapper(String module, String name){
+		super(module, name);
+	}
+
+	public void encodeFeatures(SkLearnEncoder encoder){
+		List<Object[]> steps = getFeatures();
+
+		for(int row = 0; row < steps.size(); row++){
+			Object[] step = steps.get(row);
+
+			List<String> ids = new ArrayList<>();
+			List<Feature> features = new ArrayList<>();
+
+			List<String> names = getNameList(step);
+			for(String name : names){
+				ids.add(name);
+
+				DataField dataField = encoder.createDataField(FieldName.create(name));
+
+				Feature feature = new WildcardFeature(encoder, dataField);
+
+				features.add(feature);
+			}
+
+			List<Transformer> transformers = getTransformerList(step);
+			for(int column = 0; column < transformers.size(); column++){
+				Transformer transformer = transformers.get(column);
+
+				for(Feature feature : features){
+					encoder.updateType(feature.getName(), transformer.getOpType(), transformer.getDataType());
+				}
+
+				features = transformer.encodeFeatures(ids, features, encoder);
+			}
+
+			encoder.addRow(ids, features);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public List<Object[]> getFeatures(){
+		return (List)get("features");
+	}
+
+	static
+	private List<String> getNameList(Object[] feature){
+		Function<Object, String> function = new Function<Object, String>(){
+
+			@Override
+			public String apply(Object object){
+
+				if(object instanceof String){
+					return (String)object;
+				}
+
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException("The key object (" + ClassDictUtil.formatClass(object) + ") is not a String");
+			}
+		};
+
+		try {
+			if(feature[0] instanceof List){
+				return new ArrayList<>(Lists.transform(((List)feature[0]), function));
+			}
+
+			return Collections.singletonList(function.apply(feature[0]));
+		} catch(RuntimeException re){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid mapping key", re);
+		}
+	}
+
+	static
+	private List<Transformer> getTransformerList(Object[] feature){
+		Function<Object, Transformer> function = new Function<Object, Transformer>(){
+
+			@Override
+			public Transformer apply(Object object){
+
+				if(object instanceof Transformer){
+					return (Transformer)object;
+				}
+
+				throw new IllegalArgumentException("The value object (" + ClassDictUtil.formatClass(object) + ") is not a Transformer or is not a supported Transformer subclass");
+			}
+		};
+
+		try {
+			if(feature[1] == null){
+				return Collections.emptyList();
+			} // End if
+
+			if(feature[1] instanceof TransformerPipeline){
+				TransformerPipeline transformerPipeline = (TransformerPipeline)feature[1];
+
+				List<Object[]> steps = transformerPipeline.getSteps();
+
+				return new ArrayList<>(Lists.transform((List)TupleUtil.extractElementList(steps, 1), function));
+			} // End if
+
+			if(feature[1] instanceof List){
+				return new ArrayList<>(Lists.transform((List)feature[1], function));
+			}
+
+			return Collections.singletonList(function.apply(feature[1]));
+		} catch(RuntimeException re){
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid mapping value", re);
+		}
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `steps` last assigned on line 44 could be null and is dereferenced at line 46.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void DataFrameMapper.encodeFeatures(SkLearnEncoder)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sklearn_pandas.DataFrameMapper.encodeFeatures(org.jpmml.sklearn.SkLearnEncoder):void.f0cdc0b7e20fd6a37b2109cfb89bf044
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sklearn_pandas/DataFrameMapper.java
+
+### Key:
+DataFrameMapper.java|encodeFeatures|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+19825d0378afc178d9a3b0dbf0e73dbf
+
+### Hash:
+d55deac81f47684cbacb94e50efa12b0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9501/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9501/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d6a6cca26464598c42fc780dfd8dc9b6c6f891a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9501/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package org.jpmml.sklearn;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import joblib.NDArrayWrapper;
+import net.razorvine.pickle.objects.ClassDict;
+import numpy.core.NDArray;
+import numpy.core.Scalar;
+
+public class ClassDictUtil {
+
+	private ClassDictUtil(){
+	}
+
+	static
+	public List<?> getArray(ClassDict dict, String name){
+		Object object = dict.get(name);
+
+		if(object instanceof NDArrayWrapper){
+			NDArrayWrapper array = (NDArrayWrapper)object;
+
+			Object content = array.getContent();
+
+			return toArray(content);
+		} else
+
+		if(object instanceof Scalar){
+			Scalar scalar = (Scalar)object;
+
+			Object data = scalar.getData();
+
+			return Collections.singletonList(data);
+		}
+
+		throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+	}
+
+	static
+	public List<?> getArray(ClassDict dict, String name, String key){
+		NDArrayWrapper nodes = (NDArrayWrapper)dict.get(name);
+
+		Map<String, ?> content = (Map<String, ?>)nodes.getContent();
+
+		return toArray(content.get(key));
+	}
+
+	static
+	private List<?> toArray(Object object){
+
+		if(object instanceof NDArray){
+			NDArray ndarray = (NDArray)object;
+
+			return ndarray.getData();
+		}
+
+		return (List<?>)object;
+	}
+
+	static
+	public String toString(ClassDict dict){
+		StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+
+		sb.append("\n{\n");
+
+		String sep = "";
+
+		List<? extends Map.Entry<String, ?>> entries = new ArrayList<>(dict.entrySet());
+
+		Comparator<Map.Entry<String, ?>> comparator = new Comparator<Map.Entry<String, ?>>(){
+
+			@Override
+			public int compare(Map.Entry<String, ?> left, Map.Entry<String, ?> right){
+				return (left.getKey()).compareToIgnoreCase(right.getKey());
+			}
+		};
+		Collections.sort(entries, comparator);
+
+		for(Map.Entry<String, ?> entry : entries){
+			sb.append(sep);
+
+			sep = "\n";
+
+			sb.append("\t" + entry.getKey() + "=" + entry.getValue() + ("/*" + (entry.getValue() != null ? entry.getValue().getClass() : "N/A") + "*/"));
+		}
+
+		sb.append("\n}\n");
+
+		return sb.toString();
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `nodes` last assigned on line 62 could be null and is dereferenced at line 64.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List ClassDictUtil.getArray(ClassDict,String,String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jpmml.sklearn.ClassDictUtil.getArray(net.razorvine.pickle.objects.ClassDict,java.lang.String,jav.4136e1e595eb65435c20c305319945ac
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jpmml/sklearn/ClassDictUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+ClassDictUtil.java|getArray|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+88a9d456c6c70359cc9430e108e79cdb
+
+### Hash:
+1be21550c6728b18093161590cf91d2d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9506/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9506/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6b0d2f765e9a3694edab1aead98f34283adb1a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9506/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jpmml-sklearn
+**Bug ID:** 21
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Villu Ruusmann
+ *
+ * This file is part of JPMML-SkLearn
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * JPMML-SkLearn is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with JPMML-SkLearn.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+package sklearn.neural_network;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+import numpy.core.NDArray;
+import numpy.core.NDArrayUtil;
+import org.dmg.pmml.MiningFunctionType;
+import org.dmg.pmml.NeuralNetwork;
+import org.dmg.pmml.Output;
+import org.jpmml.sklearn.Schema;
+import sklearn.Classifier;
+import sklearn.EstimatorUtil;
+
+public class MLPClassifier extends Classifier {
+
+	public MLPClassifier(String module, String name){
+		super(module, name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public int getNumberOfFeatures(){
+		List<?> coefs = getCoefs();
+
+		NDArray input = (NDArray)coefs.get(0);
+
+		int[] shape = NDArrayUtil.getShape(input);
+
+		return shape[0];
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public NeuralNetwork encodeModel(Schema schema){
+		String activation = getActivation();
+
+		List<?> coefs = getCoefs();
+		List<?> intercepts = getIntercepts();
+
+		Output output = EstimatorUtil.encodeClassifierOutput(schema);
+
+		NeuralNetwork neuralNetwork = NeuralNetworkUtil.encodeNeuralNetwork(MiningFunctionType.CLASSIFICATION, activation, coefs, intercepts, schema)
+			.setOutput(output);
+
+		return neuralNetwork;
+	}
+
+	public String getActivation(){
+		return (String)get("activation");
+	}
+
+	public List<?> getCoefs(){
+		return (List<?>)get("coefs_");
+	}
+
+	public List<?> getIntercepts(){
+		return (List<?>)get("intercepts_");
+	}
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `coefs` last assigned on line 40 could be null and is dereferenced at line 42.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int MLPClassifier.getNumberOfFeatures()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+sklearn.neural_network.MLPClassifier.getNumberOfFeatures():int.1a119451c14dfbb7f00cfbfb6d1f9b94
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/sklearn/neural_network/MLPClassifier.java
+
+### Key:
+MLPClassifier.java|getNumberOfFeatures|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+98e48d8af36063b905de6168fc1ae17c
+
+### Hash:
+cb10330b0a143b5c519ffa69590b8015
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9537/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9537/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1cb0c2f73a8e8f9a6ab8da94ed43a892bf04863
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9537/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2023 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hazelcast
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+ * Copyright (c) 2007-2008, Hazel Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at 
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package com.hazelcast.impl;
+
+import com.hazelcast.core.EntryEvent;
+import com.hazelcast.core.Hazelcast;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.BlockingQueueManager.Q.ScheduledOfferAction;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.BlockingQueueManager.Q.ScheduledPollAction;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.ClusterManager.AbstractRemotelyProcessable;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.Config.QConfig;
+import static com.hazelcast.impl.Constants.BlockingQueueOperations.*;
+import static com.hazelcast.impl.Constants.Objects.OBJECT_NULL;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.Address;
+import static com.hazelcast.nio.BufferUtil.*;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.Data;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.DataSerializable;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.PacketQueue;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.PacketQueue.Packet;
+
+import java.io.DataInput;
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+class BlockingQueueManager extends BaseManager {
+    private final Request remoteReq = new Request();
+    private final static BlockingQueueManager instance = new BlockingQueueManager();
+    private final Map<String, Q> mapQueues = new HashMap<String, Q>(10);
+    private final Map<Long, List<Data>> mapTxnPolledElements = new HashMap<Long, List<Data>>(10);
+    private static final int BLOCK_SIZE = 1000;
+    private int nextIndex = 0;
+
+    private BlockingQueueManager() {
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_POLL, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                try {
+                    handlePoll(packet);
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    Request req = new Request();
+                    req.setFromPacket(packet);
+                    printState(req, false, packet.conn.getEndPoint(), 1);
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_OFFER, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleOffer(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_BACKUP_ADD, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleBackup(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_BACKUP_REMOVE, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(Packet packet) {
+                handleBackup(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_PUBLISH, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handlePublish(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_ADD_TOPIC_LISTENER, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleAddTopicListener(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_SIZE, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleSize(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_PEEK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handlePoll(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_READ, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleRead(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_REMOVE, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleRemove(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_TXN_BACKUP_POLL, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleTxnBackupPoll(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_TXN_COMMIT, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleTxnCommit(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_ADD_BLOCK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleAddBlock(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_REMOVE_BLOCK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleRemoveBlock(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_FULL_BLOCK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleFullBlock(packet);
+            }
+        });
+
+    }
+
+    public static BlockingQueueManager get() {
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    class BlockBackupSyncRunner implements Runnable {
+        final BlockBackupSync blockSync;
+
+        public BlockBackupSyncRunner(BlockBackupSync blockSync) {
+            this.blockSync = blockSync;
+        }
+
+        public void run() {
+            while (!blockSync.done) {
+                try {
+                    synchronized (blockSync) {
+                        enqueueAndReturn(blockSync);
+                        blockSync.wait();
+                    }
+                    Thread.sleep(1);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BlockBackupSync implements Processable {
+        final Block block;
+        final Q q;
+        int index = 0;
+        final int indexUpto;
+        volatile boolean done = false;
+
+        public BlockBackupSync(Q q, Block block, int indexUpto) {
+            super();
+            this.q = q;
+            this.block = block;
+            this.indexUpto = indexUpto;
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            Data data = next();
+            if (data != null && data.size() != 0) {
+                q.sendBackup(true, thisAddress, data, block.blockId, index);
+                index++;
+                if (index > indexUpto) {
+                    done = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                done = true;
+            }
+            synchronized (BlockBackupSync.this) {
+                BlockBackupSync.this.notify();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Data next() {
+            while (true) {
+                Data data = block.get(index);
+                if (data != null) {
+                    return data;
+                }
+                index++;
+                if (index > indexUpto)
+                    return null;
+                if (index >= BLOCK_SIZE)
+                    return null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void syncForDead(Address addressDead) {
+        MemberImpl member = getNextMemberBeforeSync(addressDead, true, 1);
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            log(addressDead + " is dead and its backup was " + member);
+        }
+        Address addressNewOwner = (member == null) ? thisAddress : member.getAddress();
+
+        Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+        for (Q q : queues) {
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.address.equals(addressDead)) {
+                    // set the new owner
+                    block.address = addressNewOwner;
+                    block.resetAddIndex();
+                    if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                        if (addressNewOwner.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                            // I am the new owner so backup to next member
+                            int indexUpto = block.size() - 1;
+                            if (DEBUG) {
+                                log("IndexUpto " + indexUpto);
+                            }
+                            if (indexUpto > -1) {
+                                executeLocally(new BlockBackupSyncRunner(new BlockBackupSync(q, block,
+                                        indexUpto)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                    // If I am/was the owner of this block
+                    // did my backup change..
+                    // if so backup to the new next
+                    if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                        MemberImpl memberBackupWas = getNextMemberBeforeSync(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                        if (memberBackupWas == null
+                                || memberBackupWas.getAddress().equals(addressDead)) {
+                            int indexUpto = block.size() - 1;
+                            if (indexUpto > -1) {
+                                executeLocally(new BlockBackupSyncRunner(new BlockBackupSync(q, block,
+                                        indexUpto)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // packetalidate the dead member's scheduled actions
+            List<ScheduledPollAction> scheduledPollActions = q.lsScheduledPollActions;
+            for (ScheduledPollAction scheduledAction : scheduledPollActions) {
+                if (addressDead.equals(scheduledAction.request.caller)) {
+                    scheduledAction.setValid(false);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(scheduledAction);
+                }
+            }
+            List<ScheduledOfferAction> scheduledOfferActions = q.lsScheduledOfferActions;
+            for (ScheduledOfferAction scheduledAction : scheduledOfferActions) {
+                if (addressDead.equals(scheduledAction.request.caller)) {
+                    scheduledAction.setValid(false);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(scheduledAction);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        doResetBlockSizes();
+    }
+
+    public void syncForAdd() {
+        if (isMaster()) {
+            Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+            for (Q q : queues) {
+                List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+                for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                    int fullBlockId = -1;
+                    if (block.isFull()) {
+                        fullBlockId = block.blockId;
+                    }
+                    sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, fullBlockId, null, true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+        for (Q q : queues) {
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                    // If I am/was the owner of this block
+                    // did my backup change..
+                    // if so backup to the new next
+                    if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                        MemberImpl memberBackupWas = getNextMemberBeforeSync(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                        MemberImpl memberBackupIs = getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                        if (memberBackupWas == null || !memberBackupWas.equals(memberBackupIs)) {
+                            if (DEBUG) {
+                                log("Backup changed!!! so backing up to " + memberBackupIs);
+                            }
+                            int indexUpto = block.size() - 1;
+                            if (indexUpto > -1) {
+                                executeLocally(new BlockBackupSyncRunner(new BlockBackupSync(q, block,
+                                        indexUpto)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        doResetBlockSizes();
+    }
+
+    void doResetBlockSizes() {
+        Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+        for (Q q : queues) {
+            // q.printStack();
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            int size = 0;
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                    size += block.size();
+                }
+            }
+            q.size = size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleSize(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        packet.longValue = q.size;
+        sendResponse(packet);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    final void handleListenerRegisterations(boolean add, String name, Data key, Address address,
+                                            boolean includeValue) {
+        Q q = getQ(name);
+        if (add) {
+            q.addListener(address, includeValue);
+        } else {
+            q.removeListener(address);
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleTxnBackupPoll(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        doTxnBackupPoll(packet.txnId, doTake(packet.value));
+    }
+
+    final void handleTxnCommit(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        mapTxnPolledElements.remove(packet.txnId);
+    }
+
+    final void doTxnBackupPoll(long txnId, Data value) {
+        List<Data> lsTxnPolledElements = mapTxnPolledElements.get(txnId);
+        if (lsTxnPolledElements == null) {
+            lsTxnPolledElements = new ArrayList<Data>(1);
+            mapTxnPolledElements.put(txnId, lsTxnPolledElements);
+        }
+        lsTxnPolledElements.add(value);
+    }
+
+    final void handleBackup(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        try {
+            String name = packet.name;
+            int blockId = packet.blockId;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            if (packet.operation == OP_B_BACKUP_ADD) {
+                Data data = doTake(packet.value);
+                q.doBackup(true, data, blockId, (int) packet.longValue);
+            } else if (packet.operation == OP_B_BACKUP_REMOVE) {
+                q.doBackup(false, null, blockId, 0);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleRemoveBlock(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        try {
+            BlockUpdate addRemove = (BlockUpdate) ThreadContext.get().toObject(packet.value);
+            String name = packet.name;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            doRemoveBlock(q, packet.conn.getEndPoint(), addRemove.removeBlockId);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void doRemoveBlock(Q q, Address originalRemover, int blockId) {
+        Block blockRemoved = q.removeBlock(blockId);
+        if (isMaster()) {
+            sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(q.name, null, blockId, -1, originalRemover, false);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    final void handleFullBlock(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (isMaster()) {
+            String name = packet.name;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            doFullBlock(q, packet.blockId, packet.conn.getEndPoint());
+        }
+        packet.returnToContainer();
+    }
+
+    final void doFullBlock(Q q, int fullBlockId, Address originalFuller) {
+        int blockId = q.getLatestAddedBlock() + 1;
+        Address target = nextTarget();
+        Block newBlock = setFullAndCreateNewBlock(q, fullBlockId, target, blockId);
+        if (newBlock != null) {
+            sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(newBlock, fullBlockId, originalFuller, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleAddBlock(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        try {
+            BlockUpdate addRemove = (BlockUpdate) ThreadContext.get().toObject(packet.value);
+            String name = packet.name;
+            int blockId = addRemove.addBlockId;
+            Address addressOwner = addRemove.addAddress;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            setFullAndCreateNewBlock(q, addRemove.fullBlockId, addressOwner, blockId);
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Block setFullAndCreateNewBlock(Q q, int fullBlockId, Address newBlockOwner, int newBlockId) {
+        List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+        boolean exist = false;
+        for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+            if (block.blockId == newBlockId) {
+                exist = true;
+            }
+        }
+        Block newBlock = null;
+        if (!exist) {
+            newBlock = q.createBlock(newBlockOwner, newBlockId);
+            q.addBlock(newBlock);
+        }
+        if (fullBlockId != -1) {
+            q.setBlockFull(fullBlockId);
+        }
+        return newBlock;
+    }
+
+    final void handleOffer(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemoteOfferTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doOffer(remoteReq);
+            packet.longValue = remoteReq.longValue;
+            if (!remoteReq.scheduled) {
+                if (remoteReq.response == Boolean.TRUE) {
+                    sendResponse(packet);
+                } else {
+                    sendResponseFailure(packet);
+                }
+            } else {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handlePublish(Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemoteOfferTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doPublish(remoteReq);
+            packet.longValue = remoteReq.longValue;
+            if (!remoteReq.scheduled) {
+                if (remoteReq.response == Boolean.TRUE) {
+                    sendResponse(packet);
+                } else {
+                    sendResponseFailure(packet);
+                }
+            } else {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleAddTopicListener(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemoteOfferTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doAddTopicListener(remoteReq);
+            packet.longValue = remoteReq.longValue;
+            sendResponse(packet);
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final boolean rightRemoteOfferTarget(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        boolean invalid = false;
+        if (packet.blockId != q.blCurrentPut.blockId) {
+            if (packet.blockId > q.blCurrentPut.blockId) {
+                int size = q.lsBlocks.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Block block = q.lsBlocks.get(i);
+                    if (block.blockId == packet.blockId) {
+                        if (thisAddress.equals(block.address)) {
+                            q.blCurrentPut = block;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                invalid = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (q.blCurrentPut.isFull() || !thisAddress.equals(q.blCurrentPut.address)) {
+            invalid = true;
+        }
+        if (invalid) {
+            sendRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+        return (!invalid);
+    }
+
+    boolean rightRemotePollTarget(Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentTake == null) {
+            q.setCurrentTake();
+        }
+        boolean invalid = false;
+        if (packet.blockId != q.blCurrentTake.blockId) {
+            if (packet.blockId > q.blCurrentTake.blockId) {
+                int size = q.lsBlocks.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Block block = q.lsBlocks.get(i);
+                    if (block.blockId == packet.blockId) {
+                        if (thisAddress.equals(block.address)) {
+                            q.blCurrentTake = block;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                invalid = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if ((q.blCurrentTake.size() == 0 && q.blCurrentTake.isFull())
+                || !thisAddress.equals(q.blCurrentTake.address)) {
+            invalid = true;
+        }
+        if (invalid) {
+            sendRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+        return (!invalid);
+    }
+
+    final void handlePoll(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemotePollTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doPoll(remoteReq);
+            if (!remoteReq.scheduled) {
+                Data oldValue = (Data) remoteReq.response;
+                if (oldValue != null && oldValue.size() > 0) {
+                    doSet(oldValue, packet.value);
+                }
+                sendResponse(packet);
+            } else {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleRead(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        q.read(packet);
+    }
+
+    final void handleRemove(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        q.remove(packet);
+    }
+
+    final Address nextTarget() {
+        int size = lsMembers.size();
+        int index = nextIndex++ % size;
+        if (nextIndex >= size) {
+            nextIndex = 0;
+        }
+        return lsMembers.get(index).getAddress();
+    }
+
+    public Q getQ(String name) {
+        if (name == null)
+            return null;
+        Q q = mapQueues.get(name);
+        if (q == null) {
+            q = new Q(name);
+            mapQueues.put(name, q);
+        }
+        return q;
+    }
+
+    public class CommitPoll extends AbstractCall {
+        volatile long txnId = -1;
+        String name = null;
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_TXN_COMMIT;
+        }
+
+        public void commitPoll(String name) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.txnId = ThreadContext.get().getTxnId();
+            enqueueAndReturn(this);
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            MemberImpl nextMember = getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1);
+            if (nextMember != null) {
+                Address next = nextMember.getAddress();
+                PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                packet.name = name;
+                packet.operation = getOperation();
+                packet.txnId = txnId;
+                boolean sent = send(packet, next);
+                if (!sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class QDestroy {
+        public void destroy(String name) {
+            sendProcessableToAll(new Destroy(name), true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void destroy(String name) {
+        mapQueues.remove(name);
+    }
+
+    public class Size extends AbstractCall {
+        String name = null;
+        int total = 0;
+        int numberOfResponses = 0;
+        int numberOfExpectedResponses = 1;
+
+        public int getSize(String name) {
+            this.name = name;
+            synchronized (this) {
+                try {
+                    enqueueAndReturn(this);
+                    wait();
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+            return total;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisconnect(Address dead) {
+            redo();
+        }
+
+        public void reset() {
+            total = 0;
+            numberOfResponses = 0;
+            numberOfExpectedResponses = 0;
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            total += (int) packet.longValue;
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+            numberOfResponses++;
+            if (numberOfResponses >= numberOfExpectedResponses) {
+                removeCall(getId());
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    notify();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            reset();
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            if (DEBUG) {
+                q.printStack();
+            }
+            total += q.size;
+            numberOfResponses = 1;
+            if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                addCall(this);
+                numberOfExpectedResponses = lsMembers.size();
+                for (MemberImpl member : lsMembers) {
+                    if (!member.localMember()) {
+                        PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                        packet.name = name;
+                        packet.operation = getOperation();
+                        packet.callId = getId();
+                        packet.timeout = 0;
+                        boolean sent = send(packet, member.getAddress());
+                        if (!sent) {
+                            packet.returnToContainer();
+                            redo();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    this.notify();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_SIZE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class QIterator<E> implements Iterator<E>, Processable {
+
+        volatile String name;
+        volatile List<Integer> blocks = null;
+        int currentBlockId = -1;
+        int currentIndex = -1;
+        Object next = null;
+        boolean hasNextCalled = false;
+
+        public void set(String name) {
+            synchronized (QIterator.this) {
+                this.name = name;
+                enqueueAndReturn(QIterator.this);
+                try {
+                    QIterator.this.wait();
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            blocks = new ArrayList<Integer>(lsBlocks.size());
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                blocks.add(block.blockId);
+            }
+            synchronized (QIterator.this) {
+                QIterator.this.notify();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasNext() {
+            next = null;
+            while (next == null) {
+                boolean canRead = setNextBlock();
+                // System.out.println(currentBlockId + " Can read " + canRead);
+                if (!canRead)
+                    return false;
+                Read read = new Read();
+                next = read.read(name, currentBlockId, currentIndex);
+                // System.out.println(currentIndex + " Next " + next);
+                if (next == null) {
+                    currentIndex = -1;
+                } else {
+                    currentIndex = read.readIndex;
+                    currentIndex++;
+                }
+            }
+            hasNextCalled = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        boolean setNextBlock() {
+            if (currentIndex == -1 || currentIndex >= BLOCK_SIZE) {
+                if (blocks.size() == 0) {
+                    return false;
+                } else {
+                    currentBlockId = blocks.remove(0);
+                    currentIndex = 0;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public E next() {
+            if (!hasNextCalled) {
+                boolean hasNext = hasNext();
+                if (!hasNext) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            if (next != null) {
+                hasNextCalled = false;
+            }
+            return (E) next;
+        }
+
+        public void remove() {
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class Remove extends QueueBasedCall {
+        String name;
+        int blockId;
+        int index;
+
+        public Object remove(String name, int blockId, int index) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.blockId = blockId;
+            this.index = index;
+            enqueueAndReturn(this);
+            Object result;
+            try {
+                result = responses.take();
+                if (result == OBJECT_NULL)
+                    return null;
+                else {
+                    return ThreadContext.get().toObject((Data) result);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        void setResponse() {
+            responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            setResponse();
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisconnect(Address dead) {
+            process();
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            addCall(this);
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+
+            Address target = q.getBlockOwner(blockId);
+            if (target == null) {
+                responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+            } else if (target.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                q.remove(this);
+            } else {
+                Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                packet.name = name;
+                packet.operation = getOperation();
+                packet.callId = getId();
+                packet.blockId = blockId;
+                packet.timeout = 0;
+                packet.longValue = index;
+                boolean sent = false;
+                if (target != null) {
+                    sent = send(packet, target);
+                }
+                if (target == null || !sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                    responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_REMOVE;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class Read extends QueueBasedCall {
+        String name;
+        int blockId;
+        int index;
+        int readIndex = 0;
+
+        public Object read(String name, int blockId, int index) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.blockId = blockId;
+            this.index = index;
+            enqueueAndReturn(this);
+            Object result;
+            try {
+                result = responses.take();
+                if (result == OBJECT_NULL)
+                    return null;
+                else {
+                    return ThreadContext.get().toObject((Data) result);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        void setResponse(Data value, int index) {
+            responses.clear();
+            readIndex = index;
+            responses.add((value == null) ? OBJECT_NULL : value);
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            Data value = doTake(packet.value);
+            int indexRead = (int) packet.longValue;
+            setResponse(value, indexRead);
+            removeCall(getId());
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisconnect(Address dead) {
+            removeCall(getId());
+            enqueueAndReturn(Read.this);
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            responses.clear();
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            Address target = q.getBlockOwner(blockId);
+            if (target == null) {
+                responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+            } else if (target.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                q.read(this);
+            } else {
+                addCall(this);
+                PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                packet.name = name;
+                packet.operation = getOperation();
+                packet.callId = getId();
+                packet.blockId = blockId;
+                packet.timeout = 0;
+                packet.longValue = index;
+                boolean sent = send(packet, target);
+                if (!sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                    onDisconnect(target);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_READ;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class AddTopicListener extends LongOp {
+        public Long add(String name, Object value, long timeout, long txnId) {
+            return (Long) objectCall(OP_B_ADD_TOPIC_LISTENER, name, null, value, timeout, txnId, -1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void setTarget() {
+            target = getTargetForOffer(request);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void doLocalOp() {
+            doAddTopicListener(request);
+            setResult(Long.valueOf(request.recordId));
+        }
+    }
+
+    class Offer extends BooleanOp {
+
+        int doCount = 1;
+
+        public boolean publish(String name, Object value, long timeout, long txnId) {
+            return booleanCall(OP_B_PUBLISH, name, null, value, timeout, txnId, -1);
+        }
+
+        public boolean offer(String name, Object value, long timeout, long txnId) {
+            return booleanCall(OP_B_OFFER, name, null, value, timeout, txnId, -1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void handleNoneRedoResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            if (request.operation == OP_B_OFFER
+                    && packet.responseType == ResponseTypes.RESPONSE_SUCCESS) {
+                if (!zeroBackup) {
+                    if (getPreviousMemberBefore(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress().equals(
+                            packet.conn.getEndPoint())) {
+                        int itemIndex = (int) packet.longValue;
+                        if (itemIndex != -1) {
+                            Q q = getQ(request.name);
+                            if (request.value == null || request.value.size() == 0) {
+                                throw new RuntimeException("Invalid data " + request.value);
+                            }
+                            q.doBackup(true, request.value, request.blockId, (int) packet.longValue);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            super.handleNoneRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void process() {
+            if (doCount++ % 4 == 0) {
+                printState(request, true, target, doCount);
+
+            }
+            super.process();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void setTarget() {
+            target = getTargetForOffer(request);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void doLocalOp() {
+            if (request.operation == OP_B_OFFER) {
+                doOffer(request);
+                if (!request.scheduled) {
+                    setResult(request.response);
+                }
+            } else {
+                doPublish(request);
+                setResult(request.response);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Address getTargetForOffer(Request request) {
+        Address target = null;
+        Q q = getQ(request.name);
+        Block block = q.getCurrentPutBlock();
+        if (block == null) {
+            target = getMasterAddress();
+            request.blockId = 0;
+        } else {
+            target = block.address;
+            request.blockId = block.blockId;
+        }
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    class Poll extends TargetAwareOp {
+
+        public Object peek(String name) {
+            return objectCall(OP_B_PEEK, name, null, null, 0, -1, -1);
+        }
+
+        public Object poll(String name, long timeout) {
+            return objectCall(OP_B_POLL, name, null, null, timeout, -1, -1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void setTarget() {
+            Q q = getQ(request.name);
+            Block takeBlock = q.getCurrentTakeBlock();
+            if (takeBlock == null) {
+                target = getMasterAddress();
+                request.blockId = 0;
+            } else {
+                target = takeBlock.address;
+                request.blockId = takeBlock.blockId;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void doLocalOp() {
+            doPoll(request);
+            if (!request.scheduled) {
+                setResult(request.response);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void handleNoneRedoResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            if (request.operation == OP_B_POLL
+                    && packet.responseType == ResponseTypes.RESPONSE_SUCCESS) {
+                if (!zeroBackup) {
+                    if (getPreviousMemberBefore(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress().equals(
+                            packet.conn.getEndPoint())) {
+                        if (packet.value != null) {
+                            Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+                            q.doBackup(false, null, request.blockId, 0);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            super.handleNoneRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void doAddTopicListener(Request req) {
+        for (MemberImpl member : lsMembers) {
+            if (member.localMember()) {
+                handleListenerRegisterations(true, req.name, req.key, req.caller, true);
+            } else if (!member.getAddress().equals(req.caller)) {
+                sendProcessableTo(new TopicListenerRegistration(req.name, true, req.caller), member
+                        .getAddress());
+            }
+        }
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        req.recordId = q.getRecordId(q.blCurrentPut.blockId, q.blCurrentPut.addIndex);
+    }
+
+    public static class TopicListenerRegistration extends AbstractRemotelyProcessable {
+        String name = null;
+        boolean add = true;
+        Address listenerAddress = null;
+
+        public TopicListenerRegistration() {
+        }
+
+        public TopicListenerRegistration(String name, boolean add, Address listenerAddress) {
+            super();
+            this.name = name;
+            this.add = add;
+            this.listenerAddress = listenerAddress;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readData(DataInput in) throws IOException {
+            add = in.readBoolean();
+            listenerAddress = new Address();
+            listenerAddress.readData(in);
+            name = in.readUTF();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeData(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
+            out.writeBoolean(add);
+            listenerAddress.writeData(out);
+            out.writeUTF(name);
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            ListenerManager.get().handleListenerRegisterations(true, name, null, listenerAddress,
+                    true);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    void printState(Request request, boolean local, Address address, int doCount) {
+        Q q = getQ(request.name);
+        q.printStack();
+        System.out.println(local + " ===== CurrentRequest === " + doCount);
+        System.out.println("blockId: " + request.blockId);
+        System.out.println("operation: " + request.operation);
+        System.out.println("version: " + request.version);
+        System.out.println("timeout: " + request.timeout);
+        System.out.println("target: " + address);
+        System.out.println("=========== DONE =======");
+    }
+
+    void doPublish(Request req) {
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        int index = q.publish(req);
+        req.longValue = index;
+        req.response = Boolean.TRUE;
+    }
+
+    void doOffer(Request req) {
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        if (q.size >= q.maxSizePerJVM) {
+            if (req.hasEnoughTimeToSchedule()) {
+                req.scheduled = true;
+                final Request reqScheduled = (req.local) ? req : req.hardCopy();
+                if (reqScheduled.local) {
+                    if (reqScheduled.attachment == null) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException("Scheduled local but attachement is null");
+                    }
+                }
+                q.scheduleOffer(reqScheduled);
+            } else {
+                req.response = Boolean.FALSE;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        q.offer(req);
+        req.value = null;
+        req.response = Boolean.TRUE;
+    }
+
+    void doPoll(final Request req) {
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentTake == null) {
+            q.setCurrentTake();
+        }
+        if (q.blCurrentTake.size() == 0) {
+            if (req.hasEnoughTimeToSchedule()) {
+                req.scheduled = true;
+                final Request reqScheduled = (req.local) ? req : req.hardCopy();
+                if (reqScheduled.local) {
+                    if (reqScheduled.attachment == null) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException("Scheduled local but attachement is null");
+                    }
+                }
+                q.schedulePoll(reqScheduled);
+            } else {
+                req.response = null;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        Data value = null;
+        if (req.operation == OP_B_PEEK) {
+            value = q.peek();
+        } else {
+            value = q.poll(req);
+        }
+        req.response = value;
+    }
+
+    public void sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(Block block, int fullBlockId, Address except,
+                                            boolean add) {
+        sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block.name, block.address, block.blockId, fullBlockId, except, add);
+    }
+
+    public void sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(String name, Address addAddress, int blockId, int fullBlockId, Address except,
+                                            boolean add) {
+        int operation = OP_B_ADD_BLOCK;
+        if (!add) {
+            operation = OP_B_REMOVE_BLOCK;
+        }
+        if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+            int addBlockId = -1;
+            int removeBlockId = -1;
+            if (add) {
+                addBlockId = blockId;
+                except = null;
+            } else {
+                removeBlockId = blockId;
+            }
+            BlockUpdate addRemove = new BlockUpdate(addAddress, addBlockId, fullBlockId,
+                    removeBlockId);
+            for (MemberImpl member : lsMembers) {
+                if (!member.localMember()) {
+                    Address dest = member.getAddress();
+                    if (!dest.equals(except)) {
+                        send(name, operation, addRemove, dest);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void sendFullMessage(Block block) {
+        try {
+            PacketQueue.Packet packet = PacketQueue.get().obtainPacket();
+            packet.set(block.name, OP_B_FULL_BLOCK, null, null);
+            packet.blockId = block.blockId;
+            Address master = getMasterAddress();
+            boolean sent = send(packet, master);
+            if (!sent)
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class Q {
+        String name;
+        int size = 0;
+        List<Block> lsBlocks = new ArrayList<Block>(10);
+        Block blCurrentPut = null;
+        Block blCurrentTake = null;
+        int latestAddedBlock = -1;
+
+        List<ScheduledPollAction> lsScheduledPollActions = new ArrayList<ScheduledPollAction>(100);
+        List<ScheduledOfferAction> lsScheduledOfferActions = new ArrayList<ScheduledOfferAction>(
+                100);
+        int maxSizePerJVM = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        Map<Address, Boolean> mapListeners = new HashMap<Address, Boolean>(1);
+        boolean keepValues = true;
+
+        long maxAge = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        public Q(String name) {
+            if (name.startsWith("q:t:")) {
+                keepValues = false;
+            } else {
+                QConfig qconfig = Config.get().getQConfig(name.substring(2));
+                if (qconfig != null) {
+                    maxSizePerJVM = qconfig.maxSizePerJVM;
+                    log("qConfig " + qconfig.maxSizePerJVM);
+                }
+            }
+            this.name = name;
+            Address master = getMasterAddress();
+            if (master.isThisAddress()) {
+                Block block = createBlock(master, 0);
+                addBlock(block);
+                sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, -1, null, true);
+                for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+                    int blockId = i + 1;
+                    Address target = nextTarget();
+                    block = createBlock(target, blockId);
+                    addBlock(block);
+                    sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, -1, null, true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Block createBlock(Address address, int blockId) {
+            return new Block(address, blockId, maxAge, name, keepValues);
+        }
+
+        public Address getBlockOwner(int blockId) {
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.blockId == blockId)
+                    return block.address;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void addListener(Address address, boolean includeValue) {
+            mapListeners.put(address, includeValue);
+        }
+
+        public void removeListener(Address address) {
+            mapListeners.remove(address);
+        }
+
+        public void scheduleOffer(Request request) {
+            ScheduledOfferAction action = new ScheduledOfferAction(request);
+            lsScheduledOfferActions.add(action);
+            ClusterManager.get().registerScheduledAction(action);
+
+        }
+
+        public void schedulePoll(Request request) {
+            ScheduledPollAction action = new ScheduledPollAction(request);
+            lsScheduledPollActions.add(action);
+            ClusterManager.get().registerScheduledAction(action);
+        }
+
+        public class ScheduledPollAction extends ScheduledAction {
+
+            public ScheduledPollAction(Request request) {
+                super(request);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean consume() {
+                Q q = getQ(request.name);
+                Block currentTakeBlock = q.getCurrentTakeBlock();
+                valid = (currentTakeBlock.blockId == request.blockId)
+                        && thisAddress.equals(currentTakeBlock.address)
+                        && currentTakeBlock.size() > 0;
+                if (valid) {
+                    Data value = poll(request);
+                    request.response = value;
+                    request.key = null;
+                    request.value = null;
+                    returnScheduledAsSuccess(request);
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    onExpire();
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onExpire() {
+                request.response = null;
+                request.key = null;
+                request.value = null;
+                returnScheduledAsSuccess(request);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class ScheduledOfferAction extends ScheduledAction {
+
+            public ScheduledOfferAction(Request request) {
+                super(request);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean consume() {
+                // didn't expire but is it valid?
+                Q q = getQ(request.name);
+                Block currentPutBlock = q.getCurrentPutBlock();
+                valid = (currentPutBlock.blockId == request.blockId)
+                        && thisAddress.equals(currentPutBlock.address)
+                        && !currentPutBlock.isFull();
+                if (valid) {
+                    offer(request);
+                    request.response = Boolean.TRUE;
+                    request.key = null;
+                    request.value = null;
+                    returnScheduledAsBoolean(request);
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    onExpire();
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onExpire() {
+                request.response = Boolean.FALSE;
+                returnScheduledAsBoolean(request);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Block getBlock(int blockId) {
+            int size = lsBlocks.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                Block block = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                if (block.blockId == blockId) {
+                    return block;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void setBlockFull(int fullBlockId) {
+            // System.out.println("FULL block " + fullBlockId);
+            if (blCurrentPut != null && blCurrentPut.blockId == fullBlockId) {
+                blCurrentPut.setFull(true);
+                blCurrentPut = null;
+            }
+            if (blCurrentTake != null && blCurrentTake.blockId == fullBlockId) {
+                blCurrentTake.setFull(true);
+            }
+            int size = lsBlocks.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                Block block = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                if (block.blockId == fullBlockId) {
+                    block.setFull(true);
+                    blCurrentPut = null;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Block removeBlock(int blockId) {
+            try {
+                if (blCurrentPut != null && blCurrentPut.blockId == blockId) {
+                    blCurrentPut = null;
+                }
+
+                if (blCurrentTake != null && blCurrentTake.blockId == blockId) {
+                    blCurrentTake = null;
+                }
+                int size = lsBlocks.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Block b = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                    if (b.blockId == blockId) {
+                        blCurrentTake = null;
+                        return lsBlocks.remove(i);
+                    }
+                }
+                return null;
+            } finally {
+                if (blCurrentPut == null) {
+                    setCurrentPut();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void addBlock(Block newBlock) {
+            lsBlocks.add(newBlock);
+            latestAddedBlock = Math.max(newBlock.blockId, latestAddedBlock);
+            // System.out.println("Adding newBlock " + newBlock);
+            // printStack();
+        }
+
+        int getLatestAddedBlock() {
+            return latestAddedBlock;
+        }
+
+        public Block getCurrentPutBlock() {
+            if (blCurrentPut == null) {
+                setCurrentPut();
+            }
+            return blCurrentPut;
+        }
+
+        Block getCurrentTakeBlock() {
+            if (blCurrentTake == null) {
+                if (lsBlocks.size() == 0) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                blCurrentTake = lsBlocks.get(0);
+            }
+            return blCurrentTake;
+        }
+
+        public void setCurrentTake() {
+            if (blCurrentTake == null) {
+                blCurrentTake = lsBlocks.get(0);
+                // System.out.println("CurrentTake : " + blCurrentTake);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void remove(Remove remove) {
+            Block block = getBlock(remove.blockId);
+            if (block != null) {
+                block.remove(remove.index);
+            }
+            remove.setResponse();
+        }
+
+        void remove(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            int index = (int) packet.longValue;
+            int blockId = packet.blockId;
+            Block block = getBlock(blockId);
+            packet.longValue = -1;
+            if (block != null) {
+                block.remove(index);
+            }
+            sendResponse(packet);
+        }
+
+        void read(Read read) {
+            Block block = getBlock(read.blockId);
+            if (block == null) {
+                read.setResponse(null, -1);
+                return;
+            }
+            for (int i = read.index; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                Data data = block.get(i);
+                if (data != null) {
+                    Data value = ThreadContext.get().hardCopy(data);
+                    read.setResponse(value, i);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            read.setResponse(null, -1);
+        }
+
+        void read(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            int index = (int) packet.longValue;
+            int blockId = packet.blockId;
+            Block block = getBlock(blockId);
+            packet.longValue = -1;
+            if (block != null) {
+                blockLoop:
+                for (int i = index; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                    Data data = block.get(i);
+                    if (data != null) {
+                        doHardCopy(data, packet.value);
+                        packet.longValue = i;
+                        break blockLoop;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            sendResponse(packet);
+        }
+
+        void doFireEntryEvent(boolean add, Data value, long recordId) {
+            if (mapListeners.size() == 0)
+                return;
+            if (add) {
+                fireMapEvent(mapListeners, name, EntryEvent.TYPE_ADDED, value);
+            } else {
+                fireMapEvent(mapListeners, name, EntryEvent.TYPE_REMOVED, value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        long getRecordId(int blockId, int addIndex) {
+            return (blockId * BLOCK_SIZE) + addIndex;
+        }
+
+        int publish(Request req) {
+            int addIndex = blCurrentPut.add(req.value);
+            long recordId = getRecordId(blCurrentPut.blockId, addIndex);
+            doFireEntryEvent(true, req.value, recordId);
+            if (blCurrentPut.isFull()) {
+                fireBlockFullEvent(blCurrentPut);
+                blCurrentPut = null;
+                setCurrentPut();
+            }
+            return addIndex;
+        }
+
+        int offer(Request req) {
+            try {
+                int addIndex = blCurrentPut.add(req.value);
+                long recordId = getRecordId(blCurrentPut.blockId, addIndex);
+                req.recordId = recordId;
+                doFireEntryEvent(true, req.value, recordId);
+                size++;
+                sendBackup(true, req.caller, req.value, blCurrentPut.blockId, addIndex);
+                req.longValue = addIndex;
+                if (blCurrentPut.isFull()) {
+                    fireBlockFullEvent(blCurrentPut);
+                    blCurrentPut = null;
+                    setCurrentPut();
+                }
+                return addIndex;
+            } finally {
+                boolean consumed = false;
+                while (!consumed && lsScheduledPollActions.size() > 0) {
+                    ScheduledAction pollAction = lsScheduledPollActions.remove(0);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(pollAction);
+                    if (pollAction.expired()) {
+                        pollAction.onExpire();
+                    } else {
+                        consumed = pollAction.consume();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Data poll(Request request) {
+            try {
+                setCurrentTake();
+                Data value = blCurrentTake.remove();
+                if (request.txnId != -1) {
+                    MemberImpl backup = null;
+                    if (request.caller.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                        backup = getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                    } else {
+                        backup = getNextMemberAfter(request.caller, true, 1);
+                    }
+                    if (backup != null) {
+                        if (backup.getAddress().equals(thisAddress)) {
+                            doTxnBackupPoll(request.txnId, value);
+                        } else {
+                            sendTxnBackup(backup.getAddress(), value, request.txnId);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                size--;
+                long recordId = getRecordId(blCurrentTake.blockId, blCurrentTake.removeIndex);
+                request.recordId = recordId;
+                doFireEntryEvent(false, value, recordId);
+
+                sendBackup(false, request.caller, null, blCurrentTake.blockId, 0);
+                if (blCurrentTake.size() == 0 && blCurrentTake.isFull()) {
+                    fireBlockRemoveEvent(blCurrentTake);
+                    blCurrentTake = null;
+                }
+                return value;
+            } finally {
+                boolean consumed = false;
+                while (!consumed && lsScheduledOfferActions.size() > 0) {
+                    ScheduledOfferAction offerAction = lsScheduledOfferActions.remove(0);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(offerAction);
+                    if (offerAction.expired()) {
+                        offerAction.onExpire();
+                    } else {
+                        consumed = offerAction.consume();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        public Data peek() {
+            setCurrentTake();
+            if (blCurrentTake == null)
+                return null;
+            Data value = blCurrentTake.peek();
+            if (value == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return ThreadContext.get().hardCopy(value);
+        }
+
+        boolean doBackup(boolean add, Data data, int blockId, int addIndex) {
+            if (zeroBackup) return true;
+            Block block = getBlock(blockId);
+            if (block == null)
+                return false;
+            if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (add) {
+                boolean added = block.add(addIndex, data);
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                if (block.size() > 0) {
+                    block.remove();
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        boolean sendTxnBackup(Address address, Data value, long txnId) {
+            if (zeroBackup) return true;
+            PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket(name, null, value, OP_B_TXN_BACKUP_POLL, 0);
+            packet.txnId = txnId;
+            boolean sent = send(packet, address);
+            if (!sent) {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            return sent;
+        }
+
+        boolean sendBackup(boolean add, Address packetoker, Data data, int blockId, int addIndex) {
+            if (zeroBackup)
+                return true;
+            if (addIndex == -1)
+                throw new RuntimeException("addIndex cannot be -1");
+            if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                if (getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress().equals(packetoker)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                int operation = OP_B_BACKUP_REMOVE;
+                if (add) {
+                    operation = OP_B_BACKUP_ADD;
+                    data = doHardCopy(data);
+                }
+                PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket(name, null, data, operation, 0);
+                packet.blockId = blockId;
+                packet.longValue = addIndex;
+                boolean sent = send(packet, getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress());
+                if (!sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                }
+                return sent;
+            } else {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void fireBlockRemoveEvent(Block block) {
+            if (isMaster()) {
+                doRemoveBlock(Q.this, null, block.blockId);
+            } else {
+                removeBlock(block.blockId);
+                sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, -1, null, false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void fireBlockFullEvent(Block block) {
+            if (isMaster()) {
+                doFullBlock(Q.this, block.blockId, null);
+            } else {
+                sendFullMessage(block);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void setCurrentPut() {
+            int size = lsBlocks.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                Block block = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                // System.out.println("setCurrentPut check " + block);
+                if (!block.isFull()) {
+                    blCurrentPut = block;
+                    // System.out.println("Setting..currentPut " +
+                    // blCurrentPut);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void printStack() {
+            System.out.println("=========================");
+            System.out.println(Hazelcast.getCluster());
+            System.out.println("== " + thisAddress + " ==");
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                System.out.println(block);
+            }
+            System.out.println("--------------------");
+            System.out.println("CurrenTake " + blCurrentTake);
+            System.out.println("CurrentPut " + blCurrentPut);
+            System.out.println("== " + new Date() + " ==");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class Block {
+        final int blockId;
+        final String name;
+        Address address;
+        int addIndex = 0;
+        int removeIndex = 0;
+        Data[] values = null;
+        int size = 0;
+        boolean full = false;
+        final long maxAge;
+
+        public Block(Address address, int blockId, long maxAge, String name, boolean keepValues) {
+            super();
+            this.address = address;
+            this.blockId = blockId;
+            this.maxAge = maxAge;
+            this.name = name;
+            if (keepValues)
+                values = new Data[BLOCK_SIZE];
+        }
+
+        public Data peek() {
+            for (int i = removeIndex; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                if (values[i] != null) {
+                    Data value = values[i];
+                    removeIndex = i;
+                    return value;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public Data get(int index) {
+            return values[index];
+        }
+
+        void resetAddIndex() {
+            int index = BLOCK_SIZE - 1;
+            while (index > 0) {
+                if (values[index] != null) {
+                    addIndex = index + 1;
+                    if (addIndex >= BLOCK_SIZE) {
+                        full = true;
+                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+                index--;
+            }
+            index = 0;
+        }
+
+        public int add(Data data) {
+            if (values != null) {
+                if (values[addIndex] != null)
+                    return -1;
+                values[addIndex] = data;
+            }
+            size++;
+            int addedCurrentIndex = addIndex;
+            addIndex++;
+            if (addIndex >= BLOCK_SIZE) {
+                full = true;
+            }
+            return addedCurrentIndex;
+        }
+
+        public boolean add(int index, Data data) {
+            if (values[index] != null)
+                return false;
+            values[index] = data;
+            size++;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        boolean isFull() {
+            return full;
+        }
+
+        public void setFull(boolean full) {
+            this.full = full;
+        }
+
+        public Data remove(int index) {
+            Data value = values[index];
+            values[index] = null;
+            if (value != null)
+                size--;
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        public boolean readyToPoll() {
+            for (int i = removeIndex; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                if (values[i] != null) {
+                    Data value = values[i];
+                    long age = System.currentTimeMillis() - value.createDate;
+                    if (age > maxAge) {
+                        values[i] = null;
+                        size--;
+                    } else {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public Data remove() {
+            for (int i = removeIndex; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                if (values[i] != null) {
+                    Data value = values[i];
+                    values[i] = null;
+                    size--;
+                    removeIndex = i;
+                    return value;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Block [" + blockId + "] full=" + isFull() + ", size=" + size() + ", " + address;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class BlockUpdate implements DataSerializable {
+        int addBlockId = -1;
+        int removeBlockId = -1;
+        int fullBlockId = -1;
+        Address addAddress = null;
+
+        public BlockUpdate(Address addAddress, int addBlockId, int fullBlockId, int removeBlockId) {
+            this.addAddress = addAddress;
+            this.addBlockId = addBlockId;
+            this.fullBlockId = fullBlockId;
+            this.removeBlockId = removeBlockId;
+        }
+
+        public BlockUpdate() {
+        }
+
+        public void readData(DataInput in) throws IOException {
+            addBlockId = in.readInt();
+            removeBlockId = in.readInt();
+            fullBlockId = in.readInt();
+            if (addBlockId != -1) {
+                addAddress = new Address();
+                addAddress.readData(in);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void writeData(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
+            out.writeInt(addBlockId);
+            out.writeInt(removeBlockId);
+            out.writeInt(fullBlockId);
+            if (addBlockId != -1) {
+                addAddress.writeData(out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `q` last assigned on line 1168 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1169.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BlockingQueueManager.doPublish(BaseManager$Request)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.hazelcast.impl.BlockingQueueManager.doPublish(com.hazelcast.impl.BaseManager$Request):void.0f4e7521c0704cea697a88a39db92c16
+
+### File:
+src/com/hazelcast/impl/BlockingQueueManager.java
+
+### Key:
+BlockingQueueManager.java|doPublish|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+10ce9bc2f8f654d9238ee775756a456c
+
+### Hash:
+8a138a1159a915de22090dbca0ba3506
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9539/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9539/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d6e1097c4daf07c142b7ad81446ca076aa7a90b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9539/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2023 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** hazelcast
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/* 
+ * Copyright (c) 2007-2008, Hazel Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ * 
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at 
+ * 
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ * 
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+
+package com.hazelcast.impl;
+
+import com.hazelcast.core.EntryEvent;
+import com.hazelcast.core.Hazelcast;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.BlockingQueueManager.Q.ScheduledOfferAction;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.BlockingQueueManager.Q.ScheduledPollAction;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.ClusterManager.AbstractRemotelyProcessable;
+import com.hazelcast.impl.Config.QConfig;
+import static com.hazelcast.impl.Constants.BlockingQueueOperations.*;
+import static com.hazelcast.impl.Constants.Objects.OBJECT_NULL;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.Address;
+import static com.hazelcast.nio.BufferUtil.*;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.Data;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.DataSerializable;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.PacketQueue;
+import com.hazelcast.nio.PacketQueue.Packet;
+
+import java.io.DataInput;
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.*;
+
+class BlockingQueueManager extends BaseManager {
+    private final Request remoteReq = new Request();
+    private final static BlockingQueueManager instance = new BlockingQueueManager();
+    private final Map<String, Q> mapQueues = new HashMap<String, Q>(10);
+    private final Map<Long, List<Data>> mapTxnPolledElements = new HashMap<Long, List<Data>>(10);
+    private static final int BLOCK_SIZE = 1000;
+    private int nextIndex = 0;
+
+    private BlockingQueueManager() {
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_POLL, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                try {
+                    handlePoll(packet);
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    Request req = new Request();
+                    req.setFromPacket(packet);
+                    printState(req, false, packet.conn.getEndPoint(), 1);
+                    t.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_OFFER, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleOffer(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_BACKUP_ADD, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleBackup(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_BACKUP_REMOVE, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(Packet packet) {
+                handleBackup(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_PUBLISH, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handlePublish(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_ADD_TOPIC_LISTENER, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleAddTopicListener(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_SIZE, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleSize(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_PEEK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handlePoll(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_READ, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleRead(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_REMOVE, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleRemove(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_TXN_BACKUP_POLL, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleTxnBackupPoll(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_TXN_COMMIT, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleTxnCommit(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_ADD_BLOCK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleAddBlock(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_REMOVE_BLOCK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleRemoveBlock(packet);
+            }
+        });
+        ClusterService.get().registerPacketProcessor(OP_B_FULL_BLOCK, new PacketProcessor() {
+            public void process(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+                handleFullBlock(packet);
+            }
+        });
+
+    }
+
+    public static BlockingQueueManager get() {
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    class BlockBackupSyncRunner implements Runnable {
+        final BlockBackupSync blockSync;
+
+        public BlockBackupSyncRunner(BlockBackupSync blockSync) {
+            this.blockSync = blockSync;
+        }
+
+        public void run() {
+            while (!blockSync.done) {
+                try {
+                    synchronized (blockSync) {
+                        enqueueAndReturn(blockSync);
+                        blockSync.wait();
+                    }
+                    Thread.sleep(1);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class BlockBackupSync implements Processable {
+        final Block block;
+        final Q q;
+        int index = 0;
+        final int indexUpto;
+        volatile boolean done = false;
+
+        public BlockBackupSync(Q q, Block block, int indexUpto) {
+            super();
+            this.q = q;
+            this.block = block;
+            this.indexUpto = indexUpto;
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            Data data = next();
+            if (data != null && data.size() != 0) {
+                q.sendBackup(true, thisAddress, data, block.blockId, index);
+                index++;
+                if (index > indexUpto) {
+                    done = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                done = true;
+            }
+            synchronized (BlockBackupSync.this) {
+                BlockBackupSync.this.notify();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private Data next() {
+            while (true) {
+                Data data = block.get(index);
+                if (data != null) {
+                    return data;
+                }
+                index++;
+                if (index > indexUpto)
+                    return null;
+                if (index >= BLOCK_SIZE)
+                    return null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void syncForDead(Address addressDead) {
+        MemberImpl member = getNextMemberBeforeSync(addressDead, true, 1);
+        if (DEBUG) {
+            log(addressDead + " is dead and its backup was " + member);
+        }
+        Address addressNewOwner = (member == null) ? thisAddress : member.getAddress();
+
+        Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+        for (Q q : queues) {
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.address.equals(addressDead)) {
+                    // set the new owner
+                    block.address = addressNewOwner;
+                    block.resetAddIndex();
+                    if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                        if (addressNewOwner.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                            // I am the new owner so backup to next member
+                            int indexUpto = block.size() - 1;
+                            if (DEBUG) {
+                                log("IndexUpto " + indexUpto);
+                            }
+                            if (indexUpto > -1) {
+                                executeLocally(new BlockBackupSyncRunner(new BlockBackupSync(q, block,
+                                        indexUpto)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                    // If I am/was the owner of this block
+                    // did my backup change..
+                    // if so backup to the new next
+                    if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                        MemberImpl memberBackupWas = getNextMemberBeforeSync(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                        if (memberBackupWas == null
+                                || memberBackupWas.getAddress().equals(addressDead)) {
+                            int indexUpto = block.size() - 1;
+                            if (indexUpto > -1) {
+                                executeLocally(new BlockBackupSyncRunner(new BlockBackupSync(q, block,
+                                        indexUpto)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // packetalidate the dead member's scheduled actions
+            List<ScheduledPollAction> scheduledPollActions = q.lsScheduledPollActions;
+            for (ScheduledPollAction scheduledAction : scheduledPollActions) {
+                if (addressDead.equals(scheduledAction.request.caller)) {
+                    scheduledAction.setValid(false);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(scheduledAction);
+                }
+            }
+            List<ScheduledOfferAction> scheduledOfferActions = q.lsScheduledOfferActions;
+            for (ScheduledOfferAction scheduledAction : scheduledOfferActions) {
+                if (addressDead.equals(scheduledAction.request.caller)) {
+                    scheduledAction.setValid(false);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(scheduledAction);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        doResetBlockSizes();
+    }
+
+    public void syncForAdd() {
+        if (isMaster()) {
+            Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+            for (Q q : queues) {
+                List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+                for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                    int fullBlockId = -1;
+                    if (block.isFull()) {
+                        fullBlockId = block.blockId;
+                    }
+                    sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, fullBlockId, null, true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+        for (Q q : queues) {
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                    // If I am/was the owner of this block
+                    // did my backup change..
+                    // if so backup to the new next
+                    if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                        MemberImpl memberBackupWas = getNextMemberBeforeSync(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                        MemberImpl memberBackupIs = getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                        if (memberBackupWas == null || !memberBackupWas.equals(memberBackupIs)) {
+                            if (DEBUG) {
+                                log("Backup changed!!! so backing up to " + memberBackupIs);
+                            }
+                            int indexUpto = block.size() - 1;
+                            if (indexUpto > -1) {
+                                executeLocally(new BlockBackupSyncRunner(new BlockBackupSync(q, block,
+                                        indexUpto)));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        doResetBlockSizes();
+    }
+
+    void doResetBlockSizes() {
+        Collection<Q> queues = mapQueues.values();
+        for (Q q : queues) {
+            // q.printStack();
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            int size = 0;
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                    size += block.size();
+                }
+            }
+            q.size = size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleSize(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        packet.longValue = q.size;
+        sendResponse(packet);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    final void handleListenerRegisterations(boolean add, String name, Data key, Address address,
+                                            boolean includeValue) {
+        Q q = getQ(name);
+        if (add) {
+            q.addListener(address, includeValue);
+        } else {
+            q.removeListener(address);
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleTxnBackupPoll(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        doTxnBackupPoll(packet.txnId, doTake(packet.value));
+    }
+
+    final void handleTxnCommit(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        mapTxnPolledElements.remove(packet.txnId);
+    }
+
+    final void doTxnBackupPoll(long txnId, Data value) {
+        List<Data> lsTxnPolledElements = mapTxnPolledElements.get(txnId);
+        if (lsTxnPolledElements == null) {
+            lsTxnPolledElements = new ArrayList<Data>(1);
+            mapTxnPolledElements.put(txnId, lsTxnPolledElements);
+        }
+        lsTxnPolledElements.add(value);
+    }
+
+    final void handleBackup(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        try {
+            String name = packet.name;
+            int blockId = packet.blockId;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            if (packet.operation == OP_B_BACKUP_ADD) {
+                Data data = doTake(packet.value);
+                q.doBackup(true, data, blockId, (int) packet.longValue);
+            } else if (packet.operation == OP_B_BACKUP_REMOVE) {
+                q.doBackup(false, null, blockId, 0);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleRemoveBlock(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        try {
+            BlockUpdate addRemove = (BlockUpdate) ThreadContext.get().toObject(packet.value);
+            String name = packet.name;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            doRemoveBlock(q, packet.conn.getEndPoint(), addRemove.removeBlockId);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void doRemoveBlock(Q q, Address originalRemover, int blockId) {
+        Block blockRemoved = q.removeBlock(blockId);
+        if (isMaster()) {
+            sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(q.name, null, blockId, -1, originalRemover, false);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    final void handleFullBlock(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (isMaster()) {
+            String name = packet.name;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            doFullBlock(q, packet.blockId, packet.conn.getEndPoint());
+        }
+        packet.returnToContainer();
+    }
+
+    final void doFullBlock(Q q, int fullBlockId, Address originalFuller) {
+        int blockId = q.getLatestAddedBlock() + 1;
+        Address target = nextTarget();
+        Block newBlock = setFullAndCreateNewBlock(q, fullBlockId, target, blockId);
+        if (newBlock != null) {
+            sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(newBlock, fullBlockId, originalFuller, true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleAddBlock(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        try {
+            BlockUpdate addRemove = (BlockUpdate) ThreadContext.get().toObject(packet.value);
+            String name = packet.name;
+            int blockId = addRemove.addBlockId;
+            Address addressOwner = addRemove.addAddress;
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            setFullAndCreateNewBlock(q, addRemove.fullBlockId, addressOwner, blockId);
+
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        } finally {
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Block setFullAndCreateNewBlock(Q q, int fullBlockId, Address newBlockOwner, int newBlockId) {
+        List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+        boolean exist = false;
+        for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+            if (block.blockId == newBlockId) {
+                exist = true;
+            }
+        }
+        Block newBlock = null;
+        if (!exist) {
+            newBlock = q.createBlock(newBlockOwner, newBlockId);
+            q.addBlock(newBlock);
+        }
+        if (fullBlockId != -1) {
+            q.setBlockFull(fullBlockId);
+        }
+        return newBlock;
+    }
+
+    final void handleOffer(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemoteOfferTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doOffer(remoteReq);
+            packet.longValue = remoteReq.longValue;
+            if (!remoteReq.scheduled) {
+                if (remoteReq.response == Boolean.TRUE) {
+                    sendResponse(packet);
+                } else {
+                    sendResponseFailure(packet);
+                }
+            } else {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handlePublish(Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemoteOfferTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doPublish(remoteReq);
+            packet.longValue = remoteReq.longValue;
+            if (!remoteReq.scheduled) {
+                if (remoteReq.response == Boolean.TRUE) {
+                    sendResponse(packet);
+                } else {
+                    sendResponseFailure(packet);
+                }
+            } else {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleAddTopicListener(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemoteOfferTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doAddTopicListener(remoteReq);
+            packet.longValue = remoteReq.longValue;
+            sendResponse(packet);
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final boolean rightRemoteOfferTarget(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        boolean invalid = false;
+        if (packet.blockId != q.blCurrentPut.blockId) {
+            if (packet.blockId > q.blCurrentPut.blockId) {
+                int size = q.lsBlocks.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Block block = q.lsBlocks.get(i);
+                    if (block.blockId == packet.blockId) {
+                        if (thisAddress.equals(block.address)) {
+                            q.blCurrentPut = block;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                invalid = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if (q.blCurrentPut.isFull() || !thisAddress.equals(q.blCurrentPut.address)) {
+            invalid = true;
+        }
+        if (invalid) {
+            sendRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+        return (!invalid);
+    }
+
+    boolean rightRemotePollTarget(Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentTake == null) {
+            q.setCurrentTake();
+        }
+        boolean invalid = false;
+        if (packet.blockId != q.blCurrentTake.blockId) {
+            if (packet.blockId > q.blCurrentTake.blockId) {
+                int size = q.lsBlocks.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Block block = q.lsBlocks.get(i);
+                    if (block.blockId == packet.blockId) {
+                        if (thisAddress.equals(block.address)) {
+                            q.blCurrentTake = block;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                invalid = true;
+            }
+        }
+        if ((q.blCurrentTake.size() == 0 && q.blCurrentTake.isFull())
+                || !thisAddress.equals(q.blCurrentTake.address)) {
+            invalid = true;
+        }
+        if (invalid) {
+            sendRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+        return (!invalid);
+    }
+
+    final void handlePoll(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        if (rightRemotePollTarget(packet)) {
+            remoteReq.setFromPacket(packet);
+            doPoll(remoteReq);
+            if (!remoteReq.scheduled) {
+                Data oldValue = (Data) remoteReq.response;
+                if (oldValue != null && oldValue.size() > 0) {
+                    doSet(oldValue, packet.value);
+                }
+                sendResponse(packet);
+            } else {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            remoteReq.reset();
+        }
+    }
+
+    final void handleRead(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        q.read(packet);
+    }
+
+    final void handleRemove(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+        q.remove(packet);
+    }
+
+    final Address nextTarget() {
+        int size = lsMembers.size();
+        int index = nextIndex++ % size;
+        if (nextIndex >= size) {
+            nextIndex = 0;
+        }
+        return lsMembers.get(index).getAddress();
+    }
+
+    public Q getQ(String name) {
+        if (name == null)
+            return null;
+        Q q = mapQueues.get(name);
+        if (q == null) {
+            q = new Q(name);
+            mapQueues.put(name, q);
+        }
+        return q;
+    }
+
+    public class CommitPoll extends AbstractCall {
+        volatile long txnId = -1;
+        String name = null;
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_TXN_COMMIT;
+        }
+
+        public void commitPoll(String name) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.txnId = ThreadContext.get().getTxnId();
+            enqueueAndReturn(this);
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            MemberImpl nextMember = getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1);
+            if (nextMember != null) {
+                Address next = nextMember.getAddress();
+                PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                packet.name = name;
+                packet.operation = getOperation();
+                packet.txnId = txnId;
+                boolean sent = send(packet, next);
+                if (!sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    class QDestroy {
+        public void destroy(String name) {
+            sendProcessableToAll(new Destroy(name), true);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void destroy(String name) {
+        mapQueues.remove(name);
+    }
+
+    public class Size extends AbstractCall {
+        String name = null;
+        int total = 0;
+        int numberOfResponses = 0;
+        int numberOfExpectedResponses = 1;
+
+        public int getSize(String name) {
+            this.name = name;
+            synchronized (this) {
+                try {
+                    enqueueAndReturn(this);
+                    wait();
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+            return total;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisconnect(Address dead) {
+            redo();
+        }
+
+        public void reset() {
+            total = 0;
+            numberOfResponses = 0;
+            numberOfExpectedResponses = 0;
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            total += (int) packet.longValue;
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+            numberOfResponses++;
+            if (numberOfResponses >= numberOfExpectedResponses) {
+                removeCall(getId());
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    notify();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            reset();
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            if (DEBUG) {
+                q.printStack();
+            }
+            total += q.size;
+            numberOfResponses = 1;
+            if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                addCall(this);
+                numberOfExpectedResponses = lsMembers.size();
+                for (MemberImpl member : lsMembers) {
+                    if (!member.localMember()) {
+                        PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                        packet.name = name;
+                        packet.operation = getOperation();
+                        packet.callId = getId();
+                        packet.timeout = 0;
+                        boolean sent = send(packet, member.getAddress());
+                        if (!sent) {
+                            packet.returnToContainer();
+                            redo();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    this.notify();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_SIZE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    class QIterator<E> implements Iterator<E>, Processable {
+
+        volatile String name;
+        volatile List<Integer> blocks = null;
+        int currentBlockId = -1;
+        int currentIndex = -1;
+        Object next = null;
+        boolean hasNextCalled = false;
+
+        public void set(String name) {
+            synchronized (QIterator.this) {
+                this.name = name;
+                enqueueAndReturn(QIterator.this);
+                try {
+                    QIterator.this.wait();
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            List<Block> lsBlocks = q.lsBlocks;
+            blocks = new ArrayList<Integer>(lsBlocks.size());
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                blocks.add(block.blockId);
+            }
+            synchronized (QIterator.this) {
+                QIterator.this.notify();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public boolean hasNext() {
+            next = null;
+            while (next == null) {
+                boolean canRead = setNextBlock();
+                // System.out.println(currentBlockId + " Can read " + canRead);
+                if (!canRead)
+                    return false;
+                Read read = new Read();
+                next = read.read(name, currentBlockId, currentIndex);
+                // System.out.println(currentIndex + " Next " + next);
+                if (next == null) {
+                    currentIndex = -1;
+                } else {
+                    currentIndex = read.readIndex;
+                    currentIndex++;
+                }
+            }
+            hasNextCalled = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        boolean setNextBlock() {
+            if (currentIndex == -1 || currentIndex >= BLOCK_SIZE) {
+                if (blocks.size() == 0) {
+                    return false;
+                } else {
+                    currentBlockId = blocks.remove(0);
+                    currentIndex = 0;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        public E next() {
+            if (!hasNextCalled) {
+                boolean hasNext = hasNext();
+                if (!hasNext) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+            if (next != null) {
+                hasNextCalled = false;
+            }
+            return (E) next;
+        }
+
+        public void remove() {
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class Remove extends QueueBasedCall {
+        String name;
+        int blockId;
+        int index;
+
+        public Object remove(String name, int blockId, int index) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.blockId = blockId;
+            this.index = index;
+            enqueueAndReturn(this);
+            Object result;
+            try {
+                result = responses.take();
+                if (result == OBJECT_NULL)
+                    return null;
+                else {
+                    return ThreadContext.get().toObject((Data) result);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        void setResponse() {
+            responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            setResponse();
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisconnect(Address dead) {
+            process();
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            addCall(this);
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+
+            Address target = q.getBlockOwner(blockId);
+            if (target == null) {
+                responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+            } else if (target.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                q.remove(this);
+            } else {
+                Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                packet.name = name;
+                packet.operation = getOperation();
+                packet.callId = getId();
+                packet.blockId = blockId;
+                packet.timeout = 0;
+                packet.longValue = index;
+                boolean sent = false;
+                if (target != null) {
+                    sent = send(packet, target);
+                }
+                if (target == null || !sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                    responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_REMOVE;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    public class Read extends QueueBasedCall {
+        String name;
+        int blockId;
+        int index;
+        int readIndex = 0;
+
+        public Object read(String name, int blockId, int index) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.blockId = blockId;
+            this.index = index;
+            enqueueAndReturn(this);
+            Object result;
+            try {
+                result = responses.take();
+                if (result == OBJECT_NULL)
+                    return null;
+                else {
+                    return ThreadContext.get().toObject((Data) result);
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                e.printStackTrace();
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        void setResponse(Data value, int index) {
+            responses.clear();
+            readIndex = index;
+            responses.add((value == null) ? OBJECT_NULL : value);
+        }
+
+        public void handleResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            Data value = doTake(packet.value);
+            int indexRead = (int) packet.longValue;
+            setResponse(value, indexRead);
+            removeCall(getId());
+            packet.returnToContainer();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onDisconnect(Address dead) {
+            removeCall(getId());
+            enqueueAndReturn(Read.this);
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            responses.clear();
+            Q q = getQ(name);
+            Address target = q.getBlockOwner(blockId);
+            if (target == null) {
+                responses.add(OBJECT_NULL);
+            } else if (target.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                q.read(this);
+            } else {
+                addCall(this);
+                PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket();
+                packet.name = name;
+                packet.operation = getOperation();
+                packet.callId = getId();
+                packet.blockId = blockId;
+                packet.timeout = 0;
+                packet.longValue = index;
+                boolean sent = send(packet, target);
+                if (!sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                    onDisconnect(target);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public int getOperation() {
+            return OP_B_READ;
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    class AddTopicListener extends LongOp {
+        public Long add(String name, Object value, long timeout, long txnId) {
+            return (Long) objectCall(OP_B_ADD_TOPIC_LISTENER, name, null, value, timeout, txnId, -1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void setTarget() {
+            target = getTargetForOffer(request);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void doLocalOp() {
+            doAddTopicListener(request);
+            setResult(Long.valueOf(request.recordId));
+        }
+    }
+
+    class Offer extends BooleanOp {
+
+        int doCount = 1;
+
+        public boolean publish(String name, Object value, long timeout, long txnId) {
+            return booleanCall(OP_B_PUBLISH, name, null, value, timeout, txnId, -1);
+        }
+
+        public boolean offer(String name, Object value, long timeout, long txnId) {
+            return booleanCall(OP_B_OFFER, name, null, value, timeout, txnId, -1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void handleNoneRedoResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            if (request.operation == OP_B_OFFER
+                    && packet.responseType == ResponseTypes.RESPONSE_SUCCESS) {
+                if (!zeroBackup) {
+                    if (getPreviousMemberBefore(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress().equals(
+                            packet.conn.getEndPoint())) {
+                        int itemIndex = (int) packet.longValue;
+                        if (itemIndex != -1) {
+                            Q q = getQ(request.name);
+                            if (request.value == null || request.value.size() == 0) {
+                                throw new RuntimeException("Invalid data " + request.value);
+                            }
+                            q.doBackup(true, request.value, request.blockId, (int) packet.longValue);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            super.handleNoneRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void process() {
+            if (doCount++ % 4 == 0) {
+                printState(request, true, target, doCount);
+
+            }
+            super.process();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void setTarget() {
+            target = getTargetForOffer(request);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void doLocalOp() {
+            if (request.operation == OP_B_OFFER) {
+                doOffer(request);
+                if (!request.scheduled) {
+                    setResult(request.response);
+                }
+            } else {
+                doPublish(request);
+                setResult(request.response);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public Address getTargetForOffer(Request request) {
+        Address target = null;
+        Q q = getQ(request.name);
+        Block block = q.getCurrentPutBlock();
+        if (block == null) {
+            target = getMasterAddress();
+            request.blockId = 0;
+        } else {
+            target = block.address;
+            request.blockId = block.blockId;
+        }
+        return target;
+    }
+
+    class Poll extends TargetAwareOp {
+
+        public Object peek(String name) {
+            return objectCall(OP_B_PEEK, name, null, null, 0, -1, -1);
+        }
+
+        public Object poll(String name, long timeout) {
+            return objectCall(OP_B_POLL, name, null, null, timeout, -1, -1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void setTarget() {
+            Q q = getQ(request.name);
+            Block takeBlock = q.getCurrentTakeBlock();
+            if (takeBlock == null) {
+                target = getMasterAddress();
+                request.blockId = 0;
+            } else {
+                target = takeBlock.address;
+                request.blockId = takeBlock.blockId;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void doLocalOp() {
+            doPoll(request);
+            if (!request.scheduled) {
+                setResult(request.response);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        void handleNoneRedoResponse(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            if (request.operation == OP_B_POLL
+                    && packet.responseType == ResponseTypes.RESPONSE_SUCCESS) {
+                if (!zeroBackup) {
+                    if (getPreviousMemberBefore(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress().equals(
+                            packet.conn.getEndPoint())) {
+                        if (packet.value != null) {
+                            Q q = getQ(packet.name);
+                            q.doBackup(false, null, request.blockId, 0);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            super.handleNoneRedoResponse(packet);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void doAddTopicListener(Request req) {
+        for (MemberImpl member : lsMembers) {
+            if (member.localMember()) {
+                handleListenerRegisterations(true, req.name, req.key, req.caller, true);
+            } else if (!member.getAddress().equals(req.caller)) {
+                sendProcessableTo(new TopicListenerRegistration(req.name, true, req.caller), member
+                        .getAddress());
+            }
+        }
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        req.recordId = q.getRecordId(q.blCurrentPut.blockId, q.blCurrentPut.addIndex);
+    }
+
+    public static class TopicListenerRegistration extends AbstractRemotelyProcessable {
+        String name = null;
+        boolean add = true;
+        Address listenerAddress = null;
+
+        public TopicListenerRegistration() {
+        }
+
+        public TopicListenerRegistration(String name, boolean add, Address listenerAddress) {
+            super();
+            this.name = name;
+            this.add = add;
+            this.listenerAddress = listenerAddress;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void readData(DataInput in) throws IOException {
+            add = in.readBoolean();
+            listenerAddress = new Address();
+            listenerAddress.readData(in);
+            name = in.readUTF();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void writeData(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
+            out.writeBoolean(add);
+            listenerAddress.writeData(out);
+            out.writeUTF(name);
+        }
+
+        public void process() {
+            ListenerManager.get().handleListenerRegisterations(true, name, null, listenerAddress,
+                    true);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    void printState(Request request, boolean local, Address address, int doCount) {
+        Q q = getQ(request.name);
+        q.printStack();
+        System.out.println(local + " ===== CurrentRequest === " + doCount);
+        System.out.println("blockId: " + request.blockId);
+        System.out.println("operation: " + request.operation);
+        System.out.println("version: " + request.version);
+        System.out.println("timeout: " + request.timeout);
+        System.out.println("target: " + address);
+        System.out.println("=========== DONE =======");
+    }
+
+    void doPublish(Request req) {
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        int index = q.publish(req);
+        req.longValue = index;
+        req.response = Boolean.TRUE;
+    }
+
+    void doOffer(Request req) {
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentPut == null) {
+            q.setCurrentPut();
+        }
+        if (q.size >= q.maxSizePerJVM) {
+            if (req.hasEnoughTimeToSchedule()) {
+                req.scheduled = true;
+                final Request reqScheduled = (req.local) ? req : req.hardCopy();
+                if (reqScheduled.local) {
+                    if (reqScheduled.attachment == null) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException("Scheduled local but attachement is null");
+                    }
+                }
+                q.scheduleOffer(reqScheduled);
+            } else {
+                req.response = Boolean.FALSE;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        q.offer(req);
+        req.value = null;
+        req.response = Boolean.TRUE;
+    }
+
+    void doPoll(final Request req) {
+        Q q = getQ(req.name);
+        if (q.blCurrentTake == null) {
+            q.setCurrentTake();
+        }
+        if (q.blCurrentTake.size() == 0) {
+            if (req.hasEnoughTimeToSchedule()) {
+                req.scheduled = true;
+                final Request reqScheduled = (req.local) ? req : req.hardCopy();
+                if (reqScheduled.local) {
+                    if (reqScheduled.attachment == null) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException("Scheduled local but attachement is null");
+                    }
+                }
+                q.schedulePoll(reqScheduled);
+            } else {
+                req.response = null;
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        Data value = null;
+        if (req.operation == OP_B_PEEK) {
+            value = q.peek();
+        } else {
+            value = q.poll(req);
+        }
+        req.response = value;
+    }
+
+    public void sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(Block block, int fullBlockId, Address except,
+                                            boolean add) {
+        sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block.name, block.address, block.blockId, fullBlockId, except, add);
+    }
+
+    public void sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(String name, Address addAddress, int blockId, int fullBlockId, Address except,
+                                            boolean add) {
+        int operation = OP_B_ADD_BLOCK;
+        if (!add) {
+            operation = OP_B_REMOVE_BLOCK;
+        }
+        if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+            int addBlockId = -1;
+            int removeBlockId = -1;
+            if (add) {
+                addBlockId = blockId;
+                except = null;
+            } else {
+                removeBlockId = blockId;
+            }
+            BlockUpdate addRemove = new BlockUpdate(addAddress, addBlockId, fullBlockId,
+                    removeBlockId);
+            for (MemberImpl member : lsMembers) {
+                if (!member.localMember()) {
+                    Address dest = member.getAddress();
+                    if (!dest.equals(except)) {
+                        send(name, operation, addRemove, dest);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void sendFullMessage(Block block) {
+        try {
+            PacketQueue.Packet packet = PacketQueue.get().obtainPacket();
+            packet.set(block.name, OP_B_FULL_BLOCK, null, null);
+            packet.blockId = block.blockId;
+            Address master = getMasterAddress();
+            boolean sent = send(packet, master);
+            if (!sent)
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            e.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public class Q {
+        String name;
+        int size = 0;
+        List<Block> lsBlocks = new ArrayList<Block>(10);
+        Block blCurrentPut = null;
+        Block blCurrentTake = null;
+        int latestAddedBlock = -1;
+
+        List<ScheduledPollAction> lsScheduledPollActions = new ArrayList<ScheduledPollAction>(100);
+        List<ScheduledOfferAction> lsScheduledOfferActions = new ArrayList<ScheduledOfferAction>(
+                100);
+        int maxSizePerJVM = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        Map<Address, Boolean> mapListeners = new HashMap<Address, Boolean>(1);
+        boolean keepValues = true;
+
+        long maxAge = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+
+        public Q(String name) {
+            if (name.startsWith("q:t:")) {
+                keepValues = false;
+            } else {
+                QConfig qconfig = Config.get().getQConfig(name.substring(2));
+                if (qconfig != null) {
+                    maxSizePerJVM = qconfig.maxSizePerJVM;
+                    log("qConfig " + qconfig.maxSizePerJVM);
+                }
+            }
+            this.name = name;
+            Address master = getMasterAddress();
+            if (master.isThisAddress()) {
+                Block block = createBlock(master, 0);
+                addBlock(block);
+                sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, -1, null, true);
+                for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+                    int blockId = i + 1;
+                    Address target = nextTarget();
+                    block = createBlock(target, blockId);
+                    addBlock(block);
+                    sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, -1, null, true);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Block createBlock(Address address, int blockId) {
+            return new Block(address, blockId, maxAge, name, keepValues);
+        }
+
+        public Address getBlockOwner(int blockId) {
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                if (block.blockId == blockId)
+                    return block.address;
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void addListener(Address address, boolean includeValue) {
+            mapListeners.put(address, includeValue);
+        }
+
+        public void removeListener(Address address) {
+            mapListeners.remove(address);
+        }
+
+        public void scheduleOffer(Request request) {
+            ScheduledOfferAction action = new ScheduledOfferAction(request);
+            lsScheduledOfferActions.add(action);
+            ClusterManager.get().registerScheduledAction(action);
+
+        }
+
+        public void schedulePoll(Request request) {
+            ScheduledPollAction action = new ScheduledPollAction(request);
+            lsScheduledPollActions.add(action);
+            ClusterManager.get().registerScheduledAction(action);
+        }
+
+        public class ScheduledPollAction extends ScheduledAction {
+
+            public ScheduledPollAction(Request request) {
+                super(request);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean consume() {
+                Q q = getQ(request.name);
+                Block currentTakeBlock = q.getCurrentTakeBlock();
+                valid = (currentTakeBlock.blockId == request.blockId)
+                        && thisAddress.equals(currentTakeBlock.address)
+                        && currentTakeBlock.size() > 0;
+                if (valid) {
+                    Data value = poll(request);
+                    request.response = value;
+                    request.key = null;
+                    request.value = null;
+                    returnScheduledAsSuccess(request);
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    onExpire();
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onExpire() {
+                request.response = null;
+                request.key = null;
+                request.value = null;
+                returnScheduledAsSuccess(request);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public class ScheduledOfferAction extends ScheduledAction {
+
+            public ScheduledOfferAction(Request request) {
+                super(request);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public boolean consume() {
+                // didn't expire but is it valid?
+                Q q = getQ(request.name);
+                Block currentPutBlock = q.getCurrentPutBlock();
+                valid = (currentPutBlock.blockId == request.blockId)
+                        && thisAddress.equals(currentPutBlock.address)
+                        && !currentPutBlock.isFull();
+                if (valid) {
+                    offer(request);
+                    request.response = Boolean.TRUE;
+                    request.key = null;
+                    request.value = null;
+                    returnScheduledAsBoolean(request);
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    onExpire();
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void onExpire() {
+                request.response = Boolean.FALSE;
+                returnScheduledAsBoolean(request);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Block getBlock(int blockId) {
+            int size = lsBlocks.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                Block block = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                if (block.blockId == blockId) {
+                    return block;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public void setBlockFull(int fullBlockId) {
+            // System.out.println("FULL block " + fullBlockId);
+            if (blCurrentPut != null && blCurrentPut.blockId == fullBlockId) {
+                blCurrentPut.setFull(true);
+                blCurrentPut = null;
+            }
+            if (blCurrentTake != null && blCurrentTake.blockId == fullBlockId) {
+                blCurrentTake.setFull(true);
+            }
+            int size = lsBlocks.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                Block block = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                if (block.blockId == fullBlockId) {
+                    block.setFull(true);
+                    blCurrentPut = null;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Block removeBlock(int blockId) {
+            try {
+                if (blCurrentPut != null && blCurrentPut.blockId == blockId) {
+                    blCurrentPut = null;
+                }
+
+                if (blCurrentTake != null && blCurrentTake.blockId == blockId) {
+                    blCurrentTake = null;
+                }
+                int size = lsBlocks.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                    Block b = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                    if (b.blockId == blockId) {
+                        blCurrentTake = null;
+                        return lsBlocks.remove(i);
+                    }
+                }
+                return null;
+            } finally {
+                if (blCurrentPut == null) {
+                    setCurrentPut();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void addBlock(Block newBlock) {
+            lsBlocks.add(newBlock);
+            latestAddedBlock = Math.max(newBlock.blockId, latestAddedBlock);
+            // System.out.println("Adding newBlock " + newBlock);
+            // printStack();
+        }
+
+        int getLatestAddedBlock() {
+            return latestAddedBlock;
+        }
+
+        public Block getCurrentPutBlock() {
+            if (blCurrentPut == null) {
+                setCurrentPut();
+            }
+            return blCurrentPut;
+        }
+
+        Block getCurrentTakeBlock() {
+            if (blCurrentTake == null) {
+                if (lsBlocks.size() == 0) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+                blCurrentTake = lsBlocks.get(0);
+            }
+            return blCurrentTake;
+        }
+
+        public void setCurrentTake() {
+            if (blCurrentTake == null) {
+                blCurrentTake = lsBlocks.get(0);
+                // System.out.println("CurrentTake : " + blCurrentTake);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void remove(Remove remove) {
+            Block block = getBlock(remove.blockId);
+            if (block != null) {
+                block.remove(remove.index);
+            }
+            remove.setResponse();
+        }
+
+        void remove(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            int index = (int) packet.longValue;
+            int blockId = packet.blockId;
+            Block block = getBlock(blockId);
+            packet.longValue = -1;
+            if (block != null) {
+                block.remove(index);
+            }
+            sendResponse(packet);
+        }
+
+        void read(Read read) {
+            Block block = getBlock(read.blockId);
+            if (block == null) {
+                read.setResponse(null, -1);
+                return;
+            }
+            for (int i = read.index; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                Data data = block.get(i);
+                if (data != null) {
+                    Data value = ThreadContext.get().hardCopy(data);
+                    read.setResponse(value, i);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            read.setResponse(null, -1);
+        }
+
+        void read(PacketQueue.Packet packet) {
+            int index = (int) packet.longValue;
+            int blockId = packet.blockId;
+            Block block = getBlock(blockId);
+            packet.longValue = -1;
+            if (block != null) {
+                blockLoop:
+                for (int i = index; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                    Data data = block.get(i);
+                    if (data != null) {
+                        doHardCopy(data, packet.value);
+                        packet.longValue = i;
+                        break blockLoop;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            sendResponse(packet);
+        }
+
+        void doFireEntryEvent(boolean add, Data value, long recordId) {
+            if (mapListeners.size() == 0)
+                return;
+            if (add) {
+                fireMapEvent(mapListeners, name, EntryEvent.TYPE_ADDED, value);
+            } else {
+                fireMapEvent(mapListeners, name, EntryEvent.TYPE_REMOVED, value);
+            }
+        }
+
+        long getRecordId(int blockId, int addIndex) {
+            return (blockId * BLOCK_SIZE) + addIndex;
+        }
+
+        int publish(Request req) {
+            int addIndex = blCurrentPut.add(req.value);
+            long recordId = getRecordId(blCurrentPut.blockId, addIndex);
+            doFireEntryEvent(true, req.value, recordId);
+            if (blCurrentPut.isFull()) {
+                fireBlockFullEvent(blCurrentPut);
+                blCurrentPut = null;
+                setCurrentPut();
+            }
+            return addIndex;
+        }
+
+        int offer(Request req) {
+            try {
+                int addIndex = blCurrentPut.add(req.value);
+                long recordId = getRecordId(blCurrentPut.blockId, addIndex);
+                req.recordId = recordId;
+                doFireEntryEvent(true, req.value, recordId);
+                size++;
+                sendBackup(true, req.caller, req.value, blCurrentPut.blockId, addIndex);
+                req.longValue = addIndex;
+                if (blCurrentPut.isFull()) {
+                    fireBlockFullEvent(blCurrentPut);
+                    blCurrentPut = null;
+                    setCurrentPut();
+                }
+                return addIndex;
+            } finally {
+                boolean consumed = false;
+                while (!consumed && lsScheduledPollActions.size() > 0) {
+                    ScheduledAction pollAction = lsScheduledPollActions.remove(0);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(pollAction);
+                    if (pollAction.expired()) {
+                        pollAction.onExpire();
+                    } else {
+                        consumed = pollAction.consume();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public Data poll(Request request) {
+            try {
+                setCurrentTake();
+                Data value = blCurrentTake.remove();
+                if (request.txnId != -1) {
+                    MemberImpl backup = null;
+                    if (request.caller.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                        backup = getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1);
+                    } else {
+                        backup = getNextMemberAfter(request.caller, true, 1);
+                    }
+                    if (backup != null) {
+                        if (backup.getAddress().equals(thisAddress)) {
+                            doTxnBackupPoll(request.txnId, value);
+                        } else {
+                            sendTxnBackup(backup.getAddress(), value, request.txnId);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                size--;
+                long recordId = getRecordId(blCurrentTake.blockId, blCurrentTake.removeIndex);
+                request.recordId = recordId;
+                doFireEntryEvent(false, value, recordId);
+
+                sendBackup(false, request.caller, null, blCurrentTake.blockId, 0);
+                if (blCurrentTake.size() == 0 && blCurrentTake.isFull()) {
+                    fireBlockRemoveEvent(blCurrentTake);
+                    blCurrentTake = null;
+                }
+                return value;
+            } finally {
+                boolean consumed = false;
+                while (!consumed && lsScheduledOfferActions.size() > 0) {
+                    ScheduledOfferAction offerAction = lsScheduledOfferActions.remove(0);
+                    ClusterManager.get().deregisterScheduledAction(offerAction);
+                    if (offerAction.expired()) {
+                        offerAction.onExpire();
+                    } else {
+                        consumed = offerAction.consume();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        }
+
+        public Data peek() {
+            setCurrentTake();
+            if (blCurrentTake == null)
+                return null;
+            Data value = blCurrentTake.peek();
+            if (value == null) {
+                return null;
+            }
+            return ThreadContext.get().hardCopy(value);
+        }
+
+        boolean doBackup(boolean add, Data data, int blockId, int addIndex) {
+            if (zeroBackup) return true;
+            Block block = getBlock(blockId);
+            if (block == null)
+                return false;
+            if (block.address.equals(thisAddress)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if (add) {
+                boolean added = block.add(addIndex, data);
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                if (block.size() > 0) {
+                    block.remove();
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        boolean sendTxnBackup(Address address, Data value, long txnId) {
+            if (zeroBackup) return true;
+            PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket(name, null, value, OP_B_TXN_BACKUP_POLL, 0);
+            packet.txnId = txnId;
+            boolean sent = send(packet, address);
+            if (!sent) {
+                packet.returnToContainer();
+            }
+            return sent;
+        }
+
+        boolean sendBackup(boolean add, Address packetoker, Data data, int blockId, int addIndex) {
+            if (zeroBackup)
+                return true;
+            if (addIndex == -1)
+                throw new RuntimeException("addIndex cannot be -1");
+            if (lsMembers.size() > 1) {
+                if (getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress().equals(packetoker)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                int operation = OP_B_BACKUP_REMOVE;
+                if (add) {
+                    operation = OP_B_BACKUP_ADD;
+                    data = doHardCopy(data);
+                }
+                PacketQueue.Packet packet = obtainPacket(name, null, data, operation, 0);
+                packet.blockId = blockId;
+                packet.longValue = addIndex;
+                boolean sent = send(packet, getNextMemberAfter(thisAddress, true, 1).getAddress());
+                if (!sent) {
+                    packet.returnToContainer();
+                }
+                return sent;
+            } else {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void fireBlockRemoveEvent(Block block) {
+            if (isMaster()) {
+                doRemoveBlock(Q.this, null, block.blockId);
+            } else {
+                removeBlock(block.blockId);
+                sendAddBlockMessageToOthers(block, -1, null, false);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void fireBlockFullEvent(Block block) {
+            if (isMaster()) {
+                doFullBlock(Q.this, block.blockId, null);
+            } else {
+                sendFullMessage(block);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void setCurrentPut() {
+            int size = lsBlocks.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                Block block = lsBlocks.get(i);
+                // System.out.println("setCurrentPut check " + block);
+                if (!block.isFull()) {
+                    blCurrentPut = block;
+                    // System.out.println("Setting..currentPut " +
+                    // blCurrentPut);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void printStack() {
+            System.out.println("=========================");
+            System.out.println(Hazelcast.getCluster());
+            System.out.println("== " + thisAddress + " ==");
+            for (Block block : lsBlocks) {
+                System.out.println(block);
+            }
+            System.out.println("--------------------");
+            System.out.println("CurrenTake " + blCurrentTake);
+            System.out.println("CurrentPut " + blCurrentPut);
+            System.out.println("== " + new Date() + " ==");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class Block {
+        final int blockId;
+        final String name;
+        Address address;
+        int addIndex = 0;
+        int removeIndex = 0;
+        Data[] values = null;
+        int size = 0;
+        boolean full = false;
+        final long maxAge;
+
+        public Block(Address address, int blockId, long maxAge, String name, boolean keepValues) {
+            super();
+            this.address = address;
+            this.blockId = blockId;
+            this.maxAge = maxAge;
+            this.name = name;
+            if (keepValues)
+                values = new Data[BLOCK_SIZE];
+        }
+
+        public Data peek() {
+            for (int i = removeIndex; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                if (values[i] != null) {
+                    Data value = values[i];
+                    removeIndex = i;
+                    return value;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public Data get(int index) {
+            return values[index];
+        }
+
+        void resetAddIndex() {
+            int index = BLOCK_SIZE - 1;
+            while (index > 0) {
+                if (values[index] != null) {
+                    addIndex = index + 1;
+                    if (addIndex >= BLOCK_SIZE) {
+                        full = true;
+                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+                index--;
+            }
+            index = 0;
+        }
+
+        public int add(Data data) {
+            if (values != null) {
+                if (values[addIndex] != null)
+                    return -1;
+                values[addIndex] = data;
+            }
+            size++;
+            int addedCurrentIndex = addIndex;
+            addIndex++;
+            if (addIndex >= BLOCK_SIZE) {
+                full = true;
+            }
+            return addedCurrentIndex;
+        }
+
+        public boolean add(int index, Data data) {
+            if (values[index] != null)
+                return false;
+            values[index] = data;
+            size++;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        boolean isFull() {
+            return full;
+        }
+
+        public void setFull(boolean full) {
+            this.full = full;
+        }
+
+        public Data remove(int index) {
+            Data value = values[index];
+            values[index] = null;
+            if (value != null)
+                size--;
+            return value;
+        }
+
+        public boolean readyToPoll() {
+            for (int i = removeIndex; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                if (values[i] != null) {
+                    Data value = values[i];
+                    long age = System.currentTimeMillis() - value.createDate;
+                    if (age > maxAge) {
+                        values[i] = null;
+                        size--;
+                    } else {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public Data remove() {
+            for (int i = removeIndex; i < BLOCK_SIZE; i++) {
+                if (values[i] != null) {
+                    Data value = values[i];
+                    values[i] = null;
+                    size--;
+                    removeIndex = i;
+                    return value;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        public int size() {
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "Block [" + blockId + "] full=" + isFull() + ", size=" + size() + ", " + address;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class BlockUpdate implements DataSerializable {
+        int addBlockId = -1;
+        int removeBlockId = -1;
+        int fullBlockId = -1;
+        Address addAddress = null;
+
+        public BlockUpdate(Address addAddress, int addBlockId, int fullBlockId, int removeBlockId) {
+            this.addAddress = addAddress;
+            this.addBlockId = addBlockId;
+            this.fullBlockId = fullBlockId;
+            this.removeBlockId = removeBlockId;
+        }
+
+        public BlockUpdate() {
+        }
+
+        public void readData(DataInput in) throws IOException {
+            addBlockId = in.readInt();
+            removeBlockId = in.readInt();
+            fullBlockId = in.readInt();
+            if (addBlockId != -1) {
+                addAddress = new Address();
+                addAddress.readData(in);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void writeData(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
+            out.writeInt(addBlockId);
+            out.writeInt(removeBlockId);
+            out.writeInt(fullBlockId);
+            if (addBlockId != -1) {
+                addAddress.writeData(out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `q` last assigned on line 1111 could be null and is dereferenced at line 1112.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void BlockingQueueManager.doAddTopicListener(BaseManager$Request)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.hazelcast.impl.BlockingQueueManager.doAddTopicListener(com.hazelcast.impl.BaseManager$Request):v.9e2508c74c4cfe2fb2c3f2f18dbe8fa6
+
+### File:
+src/com/hazelcast/impl/BlockingQueueManager.java
+
+### Key:
+BlockingQueueManager.java|doAddTopicListener|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+510e2794ba6fd271f78b050b192e3038
+
+### Hash:
+30affe1e330f991e35ca18cb3af91547
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9612/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9612/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90a8344bdab50eb7effa668c7e23e77aa263bc24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9612/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 36
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.manager.zk;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.StringWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeMap;
+
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.exception.ZkMarshallingError;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.serialize.ZkSerializer;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixException;
+import org.apache.helix.ZNRecord;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonFactory;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonGenerator;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonParser;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.JsonToken;
+import org.restlet.engine.util.Base64;
+
+
+public class ZNRecordStreamingSerializer implements ZkSerializer {
+  private static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ZNRecordStreamingSerializer.class);
+
+  private static int getListFieldBound(ZNRecord record) {
+    int max = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+    if (record.getSimpleFields().containsKey(ZNRecord.LIST_FIELD_BOUND)) {
+      String maxStr = record.getSimpleField(ZNRecord.LIST_FIELD_BOUND);
+      try {
+        max = Integer.parseInt(maxStr);
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LOG.error("IllegalNumberFormat for list field bound: " + maxStr);
+      }
+    }
+    return max;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public byte[] serialize(Object data) throws ZkMarshallingError {
+    if (!(data instanceof ZNRecord)) {
+      // null is NOT an instance of any class
+      LOG.error("Input object must be of type ZNRecord but it is " + data
+          + ". Will not write to zk");
+      throw new HelixException("Input object is not of type ZNRecord (was " + data + ")");
+    }
+
+    // apply retention policy on list field
+    ZNRecord record = (ZNRecord) data;
+    int max = getListFieldBound(record);
+    if (max < Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+      Map<String, List<String>> listMap = record.getListFields();
+      for (String key : listMap.keySet()) {
+        List<String> list = listMap.get(key);
+        if (list.size() > max) {
+          listMap.put(key, list.subList(0, max));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    StringWriter sw = new StringWriter();
+    try {
+      JsonFactory f = new JsonFactory();
+      JsonGenerator g = f.createJsonGenerator(sw);
+
+      g.writeStartObject();
+
+      // write id field
+      g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+      g.writeStringField("id", record.getId());
+
+      // write simepleFields
+      g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+      g.writeObjectFieldStart("simpleFields");
+      for (String key : record.getSimpleFields().keySet()) {
+        g.writeRaw("\n    ");
+        g.writeStringField(key, record.getSimpleField(key));
+      }
+      g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+      g.writeEndObject(); // for simpleFields
+
+      // write listFields
+      g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+      g.writeObjectFieldStart("listFields");
+      for (String key : record.getListFields().keySet()) {
+        // g.writeStringField(key, record.getListField(key).toString());
+
+        // g.writeObjectFieldStart(key);
+        g.writeRaw("\n    ");
+        g.writeArrayFieldStart(key);
+        List<String> list = record.getListField(key);
+        for (String listValue : list) {
+          g.writeString(listValue);
+        }
+        // g.writeEndObject();
+        g.writeEndArray();
+
+      }
+      g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+      g.writeEndObject(); // for listFields
+
+      // write mapFields
+      g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+      g.writeObjectFieldStart("mapFields");
+      for (String key : record.getMapFields().keySet()) {
+        // g.writeStringField(key, record.getMapField(key).toString());
+        g.writeRaw("\n    ");
+        g.writeObjectFieldStart(key);
+        Map<String, String> map = record.getMapField(key);
+        for (String mapKey : map.keySet()) {
+          g.writeRaw("\n      ");
+          g.writeStringField(mapKey, map.get(mapKey));
+        }
+        g.writeRaw("\n    ");
+        g.writeEndObject();
+
+      }
+      g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+      g.writeEndObject(); // for mapFields
+
+      byte[] rawPayload = record.getRawPayload();
+      if (rawPayload != null && rawPayload.length > 0) {
+        // write rawPayload
+        g.writeRaw("\n  ");
+        g.writeStringField("rawPayload", Base64.encode(rawPayload, false));
+      }
+
+      g.writeRaw("\n");
+      g.writeEndObject(); // for whole znrecord
+
+      // important: will force flushing of output, close underlying output
+      // stream
+      g.close();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.error("Exception during data serialization. Will not write to zk. Data (first 1k): "
+          + sw.toString().substring(0, 1024), e);
+      throw new HelixException(e);
+    }
+
+    // check size
+    if (sw.toString().getBytes().length > ZNRecord.SIZE_LIMIT) {
+      LOG.error("Data size larger than 1M, ZNRecord.id: " + record.getId()
+          + ". Will not write to zk. Data (first 1k): " + sw.toString().substring(0, 1024));
+      throw new HelixException("Data size larger than 1M, ZNRecord.id: " + record.getId());
+    }
+
+    return sw.toString().getBytes();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Object deserialize(byte[] bytes) throws ZkMarshallingError {
+    if (bytes == null || bytes.length == 0) {
+      LOG.error("ZNode is empty.");
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
+    ZNRecord record = null;
+
+    try {
+      JsonFactory f = new JsonFactory();
+      JsonParser jp = f.createJsonParser(bais);
+
+      jp.nextToken(); // will return JsonToken.START_OBJECT (verify?)
+      while (jp.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
+        String fieldname = jp.getCurrentName();
+        jp.nextToken(); // move to value, or START_OBJECT/START_ARRAY
+        if ("id".equals(fieldname)) {
+          // contains an object
+          record = new ZNRecord(jp.getText());
+        } else if ("simpleFields".equals(fieldname)) {
+          while (jp.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
+            String key = jp.getCurrentName();
+            jp.nextToken(); // move to value
+            record.setSimpleField(key, jp.getText());
+          }
+        } else if ("mapFields".equals(fieldname)) {
+          // user.setVerified(jp.getCurrentToken() == JsonToken.VALUE_TRUE);
+          while (jp.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
+            String key = jp.getCurrentName();
+            record.setMapField(key, new TreeMap<String, String>());
+            jp.nextToken(); // move to value
+
+            while (jp.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
+              String mapKey = jp.getCurrentName();
+              jp.nextToken(); // move to value
+              record.getMapField(key).put(mapKey, jp.getText());
+            }
+          }
+
+        } else if ("listFields".equals(fieldname)) {
+          // user.setUserImage(jp.getBinaryValue());
+          while (jp.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
+            String key = jp.getCurrentName();
+            record.setListField(key, new ArrayList<String>());
+            jp.nextToken(); // move to value
+            while (jp.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_ARRAY) {
+              record.getListField(key).add(jp.getText());
+            }
+
+          }
+
+        } else if ("rawPayload".equals(fieldname)) {
+          record.setRawPayload(Base64.decode(jp.getText()));
+        } else {
+          throw new IllegalStateException("Unrecognized field '" + fieldname + "'!");
+        }
+      }
+      jp.close(); // ensure resources get cleaned up timely and properly
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOG.error("Exception during deserialization of bytes: " + new String(bytes), e);
+    }
+
+    return record;
+  }
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    ZNRecord record = new ZNRecord("record");
+    final int recordSize = 10;
+    for (int i = 0; i < recordSize; i++) {
+      record.setSimpleField("" + i, "" + i);
+      record.setListField("" + i, new ArrayList<String>());
+      for (int j = 0; j < recordSize; j++) {
+        record.getListField("" + i).add("" + j);
+      }
+
+      record.setMapField("" + i, new TreeMap<String, String>());
+      for (int j = 0; j < recordSize; j++) {
+        record.getMapField("" + i).put("" + j, "" + j);
+      }
+    }
+
+    ZNRecordStreamingSerializer serializer = new ZNRecordStreamingSerializer();
+    byte[] bytes = serializer.serialize(record);
+    System.out.println(new String(bytes));
+    ZNRecord record2 = (ZNRecord) serializer.deserialize(bytes);
+    System.out.println(record2);
+
+    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+      bytes = serializer.serialize(record);
+      // System.out.println(new String(bytes));
+      record2 = (ZNRecord) serializer.deserialize(bytes);
+      // System.out.println(record2);
+    }
+    long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    System.out.println("ZNRecordStreamingSerializer time used: " + (end - start));
+
+    ZNRecordSerializer serializer2 = new ZNRecordSerializer();
+    bytes = serializer2.serialize(record);
+    // System.out.println(new String(bytes));
+    record2 = (ZNRecord) serializer2.deserialize(bytes);
+    // System.out.println(record2);
+
+    start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+      bytes = serializer2.serialize(record);
+      // System.out.println(new String(bytes));
+      record2 = (ZNRecord) serializer2.deserialize(bytes);
+      // System.out.println(record2);
+    }
+    end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+    System.out.println("ZNRecordSerializer time used: " + (end - start));
+
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `record` last assigned on line 176 could be null and is dereferenced at line 213.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Object ZNRecordStreamingSerializer.deserialize(byte[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZNRecordStreamingSerializer.deserialize(byte[]):java.lang.Object.cdedc9809357a72edb66d8f57e43b2da
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/manager/zk/ZNRecordStreamingSerializer.java
+
+### Key:
+ZNRecordStreamingSerializer.java|deserialize|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+477eb785f049cce5d0732232a55a5cf0
+
+### Hash:
+56aacf463a17e67f4af9b283f3a4c931
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9615/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9615/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78e3e633b8d9dadbac756346c7f4440208aa4bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9615/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 62
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.manager.zk;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import javax.management.MBeanServer;
+import javax.management.ObjectName;
+
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.IZkDataListener;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.IZkStateListener;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.ZkConnection;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixException;
+import org.apache.helix.ZNRecord;
+import org.apache.helix.ZkUnitTestBase;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.MBeanRegistrar;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.MonitorDomainNames;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ZkClientMonitor;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ZkClientPathMonitor;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+import org.testng.Assert;
+import org.testng.AssertJUnit;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+public class TestZkClient extends ZkUnitTestBase {
+  private static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(TestZkClient.class);
+
+  ZkClient _zkClient;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public void beforeClass() {
+    _zkClient = new ZkClient(ZK_ADDR);
+    _zkClient.setZkSerializer(new ZNRecordSerializer());
+  }
+
+  @AfterClass
+  public void afterClass() {
+    _zkClient.close();
+  }
+
+  @Test()
+  void testGetStat() {
+    String path = "/tmp/getStatTest";
+    _zkClient.deleteRecursive(path);
+
+    Stat stat, newStat;
+    stat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertNull(stat);
+    _zkClient.createPersistent(path, true);
+
+    stat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertNotNull(stat);
+
+    newStat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertEquals(stat, newStat);
+
+    _zkClient.writeData(path, new ZNRecord("Test"));
+    newStat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertNotSame(stat, newStat);
+  }
+
+  @Test()
+  void testSessionExpire() throws Exception {
+    IZkStateListener listener = new IZkStateListener() {
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleStateChanged(KeeperState state) throws Exception {
+        System.out.println("In Old connection New state " + state);
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleNewSession() throws Exception {
+        System.out.println("In Old connection New session");
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleSessionEstablishmentError(Throwable var1) throws Exception {
+      }
+    };
+
+    _zkClient.subscribeStateChanges(listener);
+    ZkConnection connection = ((ZkConnection) _zkClient.getConnection());
+    ZooKeeper zookeeper = connection.getZookeeper();
+    System.out.println("old sessionId= " + zookeeper.getSessionId());
+    Watcher watcher = new Watcher() {
+      @Override
+      public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        System.out.println("In New connection In process event:" + event);
+      }
+    };
+    ZooKeeper newZookeeper =
+        new ZooKeeper(connection.getServers(), zookeeper.getSessionTimeout(), watcher,
+            zookeeper.getSessionId(), zookeeper.getSessionPasswd());
+    Thread.sleep(3000);
+    System.out.println("New sessionId= " + newZookeeper.getSessionId());
+    Thread.sleep(3000);
+    newZookeeper.close();
+    Thread.sleep(10000);
+    connection = ((ZkConnection) _zkClient.getConnection());
+    zookeeper = connection.getZookeeper();
+    System.out.println("After session expiry sessionId= " + zookeeper.getSessionId());
+  }
+
+  @Test(expectedExceptions = HelixException.class, expectedExceptionsMessageRegExp = "Data size larger than 1M.*")
+  void testDataSizeLimit() {
+    ZNRecord data = new ZNRecord(new String(new char[1024 * 1024]));
+    _zkClient.writeData("/test", data, -1);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testZkClientMonitor() throws Exception {
+    final String TEST_TAG = "test_monitor";
+    final String TEST_KEY = "test_key";
+    final String TEST_DATA = "testData";
+    final String TEST_ROOT = "/my_cluster/IDEALSTATES";
+    final String TEST_NODE = "/test_zkclient_monitor";
+    final String TEST_PATH = TEST_ROOT + TEST_NODE;
+
+    ZkClient zkClient = new ZkClient(ZK_ADDR, TEST_TAG, TEST_KEY);
+
+    final long TEST_DATA_SIZE = zkClient.serialize(TEST_DATA, TEST_PATH).length;
+
+    if (_zkClient.exists(TEST_PATH)) {
+      _zkClient.delete(TEST_PATH);
+    }
+    if (!_zkClient.exists(TEST_ROOT)) {
+      _zkClient.createPersistent(TEST_ROOT, true);
+    }
+
+    MBeanServer beanServer = ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer();
+
+    ObjectName name = MBeanRegistrar
+        .buildObjectName(MonitorDomainNames.HelixZkClient.name(), ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_TYPE,
+            TEST_TAG, ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_KEY, TEST_KEY);
+    ObjectName rootname = MBeanRegistrar
+        .buildObjectName(MonitorDomainNames.HelixZkClient.name(), ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_TYPE,
+            TEST_TAG, ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_KEY, TEST_KEY, ZkClientPathMonitor.MONITOR_PATH,
+            "Root");
+    ObjectName idealStatename = MBeanRegistrar
+        .buildObjectName(MonitorDomainNames.HelixZkClient.name(), ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_TYPE,
+            TEST_TAG, ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_KEY, TEST_KEY, ZkClientPathMonitor.MONITOR_PATH,
+            "IdealStates");
+    Assert.assertTrue(beanServer.isRegistered(rootname));
+    Assert.assertTrue(beanServer.isRegistered(idealStatename));
+
+    // Test exists
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    zkClient.exists(TEST_ROOT);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter") >= 0);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+
+    // Test create
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteBytesCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteBytesCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter"),
+        0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    zkClient.create(TEST_PATH, TEST_DATA, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    long origWriteTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter");
+    Assert.assertTrue(origWriteTotalLatencyCounter >= 0);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+    long origIdealStatesWriteTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter");
+    Assert.assertTrue(origIdealStatesWriteTotalLatencyCounter >= 0);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+
+    // Test read
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"), 0);
+    long origReadTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter");
+    long origIdealStatesReadTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter");
+    Assert.assertEquals(origIdealStatesReadTotalLatencyCounter, 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    zkClient.readData(TEST_PATH, new Stat());
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 2);
+    Assert
+        .assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origReadTotalLatencyCounter);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origIdealStatesReadTotalLatencyCounter);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+    zkClient.getChildren(TEST_PATH);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 3);
+    Assert
+        .assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    zkClient.getStat(TEST_PATH);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 4);
+    Assert
+        .assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 3);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    zkClient.readDataAndStat(TEST_PATH, new Stat(), true);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 5);
+
+    ZkAsyncCallbacks.ExistsCallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        new ZkAsyncCallbacks.ExistsCallbackHandler();
+    zkClient.asyncExists(TEST_PATH, callbackHandler);
+    callbackHandler.waitForSuccess();
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 6);
+
+    // Test write
+    zkClient.writeData(TEST_PATH, TEST_DATA);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteCounter"), 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE * 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteCounter"), 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE * 2);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origWriteTotalLatencyCounter);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origIdealStatesWriteTotalLatencyCounter);
+
+    // Test data change count
+    final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+    final Condition callbackFinish = lock.newCondition();
+    zkClient.subscribeDataChanges(TEST_PATH, new IZkDataListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void handleDataChange(String dataPath, Object data) throws Exception {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleDataDeleted(String dataPath) throws Exception {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+          callbackFinish.signal();
+        } finally {
+          lock.unlock();
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    lock.lock();
+    _zkClient.delete(TEST_PATH);
+    Assert.assertTrue(callbackFinish.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "DataChangeEventCounter"), 1);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.apache.helix.manager.zk.TestZkClient.testZkClientMonitor` indirectly writes to field `zkClientPathMonitor.org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ZkClientPathMonitor._lastResetTime` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestZkClient.testZkClientMonitor()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.manager.zk.TestZkClient.testZkClientMonitor():void.b03bc7d2192d1e78c498ad16ec5c64a7
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/test/java/org/apache/helix/manager/zk/TestZkClient.java
+
+### Key:
+TestZkClient.java|testZkClientMonitor|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+f032fa0b4250cc35eecf292a4eb0c7a9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9623/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9623/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0defa7cc7f2c4d3384b2294be72a5cef484b522a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9623/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 63
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.manager.zk;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
+import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
+import javax.management.MBeanServer;
+import javax.management.ObjectName;
+
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.IZkDataListener;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.IZkStateListener;
+import org.I0Itec.zkclient.ZkConnection;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixException;
+import org.apache.helix.ZNRecord;
+import org.apache.helix.ZkUnitTestBase;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.MBeanRegistrar;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.MonitorDomainNames;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ZkClientMonitor;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ZkClientPathMonitor;
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
+import org.testng.Assert;
+import org.testng.AssertJUnit;
+import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+public class TestZkClient extends ZkUnitTestBase {
+  private static Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(TestZkClient.class);
+
+  ZkClient _zkClient;
+
+  @BeforeClass
+  public void beforeClass() {
+    _zkClient = new ZkClient(ZK_ADDR);
+    _zkClient.setZkSerializer(new ZNRecordSerializer());
+  }
+
+  @AfterClass
+  public void afterClass() {
+    _zkClient.close();
+  }
+
+  @Test()
+  void testGetStat() {
+    String path = "/tmp/getStatTest";
+    _zkClient.deleteRecursive(path);
+
+    Stat stat, newStat;
+    stat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertNull(stat);
+    _zkClient.createPersistent(path, true);
+
+    stat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertNotNull(stat);
+
+    newStat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertEquals(stat, newStat);
+
+    _zkClient.writeData(path, new ZNRecord("Test"));
+    newStat = _zkClient.getStat(path);
+    AssertJUnit.assertNotSame(stat, newStat);
+  }
+
+  @Test()
+  void testSessionExpire() throws Exception {
+    IZkStateListener listener = new IZkStateListener() {
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleStateChanged(KeeperState state) throws Exception {
+        System.out.println("In Old connection New state " + state);
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleNewSession() throws Exception {
+        System.out.println("In Old connection New session");
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleSessionEstablishmentError(Throwable var1) throws Exception {
+      }
+    };
+
+    _zkClient.subscribeStateChanges(listener);
+    ZkConnection connection = ((ZkConnection) _zkClient.getConnection());
+    ZooKeeper zookeeper = connection.getZookeeper();
+    System.out.println("old sessionId= " + zookeeper.getSessionId());
+    Watcher watcher = new Watcher() {
+      @Override
+      public void process(WatchedEvent event) {
+        System.out.println("In New connection In process event:" + event);
+      }
+    };
+    ZooKeeper newZookeeper =
+        new ZooKeeper(connection.getServers(), zookeeper.getSessionTimeout(), watcher,
+            zookeeper.getSessionId(), zookeeper.getSessionPasswd());
+    Thread.sleep(3000);
+    System.out.println("New sessionId= " + newZookeeper.getSessionId());
+    Thread.sleep(3000);
+    newZookeeper.close();
+    Thread.sleep(10000);
+    connection = ((ZkConnection) _zkClient.getConnection());
+    zookeeper = connection.getZookeeper();
+    System.out.println("After session expiry sessionId= " + zookeeper.getSessionId());
+  }
+
+  @Test(expectedExceptions = HelixException.class, expectedExceptionsMessageRegExp = "Data size larger than 1M.*")
+  void testDataSizeLimit() {
+    ZNRecord data = new ZNRecord(new String(new char[1024 * 1024]));
+    _zkClient.writeData("/test", data, -1);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testZkClientMonitor() throws Exception {
+    final String TEST_TAG = "test_monitor";
+    final String TEST_KEY = "test_key";
+    final String TEST_DATA = "testData";
+    final String TEST_ROOT = "/my_cluster/IDEALSTATES";
+    final String TEST_NODE = "/test_zkclient_monitor";
+    final String TEST_PATH = TEST_ROOT + TEST_NODE;
+
+    ZkClient zkClient = new ZkClient(ZK_ADDR, TEST_TAG, TEST_KEY);
+
+    final long TEST_DATA_SIZE = zkClient.serialize(TEST_DATA, TEST_PATH).length;
+
+    if (_zkClient.exists(TEST_PATH)) {
+      _zkClient.delete(TEST_PATH);
+    }
+    if (!_zkClient.exists(TEST_ROOT)) {
+      _zkClient.createPersistent(TEST_ROOT, true);
+    }
+
+    MBeanServer beanServer = ManagementFactory.getPlatformMBeanServer();
+
+    ObjectName name = MBeanRegistrar
+        .buildObjectName(MonitorDomainNames.HelixZkClient.name(), ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_TYPE,
+            TEST_TAG, ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_KEY, TEST_KEY);
+    ObjectName rootname = MBeanRegistrar
+        .buildObjectName(MonitorDomainNames.HelixZkClient.name(), ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_TYPE,
+            TEST_TAG, ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_KEY, TEST_KEY, ZkClientPathMonitor.MONITOR_PATH,
+            "Root");
+    ObjectName idealStatename = MBeanRegistrar
+        .buildObjectName(MonitorDomainNames.HelixZkClient.name(), ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_TYPE,
+            TEST_TAG, ZkClientMonitor.MONITOR_KEY, TEST_KEY, ZkClientPathMonitor.MONITOR_PATH,
+            "IdealStates");
+    Assert.assertTrue(beanServer.isRegistered(rootname));
+    Assert.assertTrue(beanServer.isRegistered(idealStatename));
+
+    // Test exists
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    zkClient.exists(TEST_ROOT);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter") >= 0);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+
+    // Test create
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteBytesCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteBytesCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter"),
+        0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    zkClient.create(TEST_PATH, TEST_DATA, CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    long origWriteTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter");
+    Assert.assertTrue(origWriteTotalLatencyCounter >= 0);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+    long origIdealStatesWriteTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter");
+    Assert.assertTrue(origIdealStatesWriteTotalLatencyCounter >= 0);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+
+    // Test read
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"), 0);
+    long origReadTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter");
+    long origIdealStatesReadTotalLatencyCounter =
+        (long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter");
+    Assert.assertEquals(origIdealStatesReadTotalLatencyCounter, 0);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge"), 0);
+    zkClient.readData(TEST_PATH, new Stat());
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 2);
+    Assert
+        .assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 1);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origReadTotalLatencyCounter);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origIdealStatesReadTotalLatencyCounter);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadMaxLatencyGauge") >= 0);
+    zkClient.getChildren(TEST_PATH);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 3);
+    Assert
+        .assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    zkClient.getStat(TEST_PATH);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 4);
+    Assert
+        .assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadBytesCounter"), TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadCounter"), 3);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "ReadBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE);
+    zkClient.readDataAndStat(TEST_PATH, new Stat(), true);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 5);
+
+    ZkAsyncCallbacks.ExistsCallbackHandler callbackHandler =
+        new ZkAsyncCallbacks.ExistsCallbackHandler();
+    zkClient.asyncExists(TEST_PATH, callbackHandler);
+    callbackHandler.waitForSuccess();
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "ReadCounter"), 6);
+
+    // Test write
+    zkClient.writeData(TEST_PATH, TEST_DATA);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteCounter"), 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE * 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteCounter"), 2);
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteBytesCounter"),
+        TEST_DATA_SIZE * 2);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(rootname, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origWriteTotalLatencyCounter);
+    Assert.assertTrue((long) beanServer.getAttribute(idealStatename, "WriteTotalLatencyCounter")
+        >= origIdealStatesWriteTotalLatencyCounter);
+
+    // Test data change count
+    final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
+    final Condition callbackFinish = lock.newCondition();
+    zkClient.subscribeDataChanges(TEST_PATH, new IZkDataListener() {
+      @Override
+      public void handleDataChange(String dataPath, Object data) throws Exception {
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public void handleDataDeleted(String dataPath) throws Exception {
+        lock.lock();
+        try {
+          callbackFinish.signal();
+        } finally {
+          lock.unlock();
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    lock.lock();
+    _zkClient.delete(TEST_PATH);
+    Assert.assertTrue(callbackFinish.await(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS));
+    Assert.assertEquals((long) beanServer.getAttribute(name, "DataChangeEventCounter"), 1);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.helix.manager.zk.TestZkClient.testZkClientMonitor` indirectly reads with synchronization from `zkClientPathMonitor.org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ZkClientPathMonitor._lastResetTime`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `TestZkClient.testZkClientMonitor()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void TestZkClient.testZkClientMonitor()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.manager.zk.TestZkClient.testZkClientMonitor():void.b03bc7d2192d1e78c498ad16ec5c64a7
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/test/java/org/apache/helix/manager/zk/TestZkClient.java
+
+### Key:
+TestZkClient.java|testZkClientMonitor|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+596f1d7c04abb9cf907104918e905876
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9624/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9624/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..356f46abcd2835f0f4ebda119b0571dbc5047a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9624/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 64
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.controller.stages;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import org.apache.helix.*;
+import org.apache.helix.PropertyKey.Builder;
+import org.apache.helix.ZNRecordDelta.MergeOperation;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.LogUtil;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.AbstractAsyncBaseStage;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.AsyncWorkerType;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.StageException;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.DefaultSchedulerMessageHandlerFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.model.*;
+import org.apache.helix.model.Message.MessageType;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ClusterStatusMonitor;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class ExternalViewComputeStage extends AbstractAsyncBaseStage {
+  private static Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExternalViewComputeStage.class);
+
+  @Override
+  public AsyncWorkerType getAsyncWorkerType() {
+    return AsyncWorkerType.ExternalViewComputeWorker;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void execute(final ClusterEvent event) throws Exception {
+    _eventId = event.getEventId();
+    HelixManager manager = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.helixmanager.name());
+    Map<String, Resource> resourceMap = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.RESOURCES.name());
+    ClusterDataCache cache = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.ClusterDataCache.name());
+
+    if (manager == null || resourceMap == null || cache == null) {
+      throw new StageException("Missing attributes in event:" + event
+          + ". Requires ClusterManager|RESOURCES|DataCache");
+    }
+
+    HelixDataAccessor dataAccessor = manager.getHelixDataAccessor();
+    PropertyKey.Builder keyBuilder = dataAccessor.keyBuilder();
+
+    CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.CURRENT_STATE.name());
+
+    List<ExternalView> newExtViews = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    Map<String, ExternalView> curExtViews = cache.getExternalViews();
+
+    for (String resourceName : resourceMap.keySet()) {
+      ExternalView view = new ExternalView(resourceName);
+      // view.setBucketSize(currentStateOutput.getBucketSize(resourceName));
+      // if resource ideal state has bucket size, set it
+      // otherwise resource has been dropped, use bucket size from current state instead
+      Resource resource = resourceMap.get(resourceName);
+      if (resource.getBucketSize() > 0) {
+        view.setBucketSize(resource.getBucketSize());
+      } else {
+        view.setBucketSize(currentStateOutput.getBucketSize(resourceName));
+      }
+
+      int totalPendingMessageCount = 0;
+
+      for (Partition partition : resource.getPartitions()) {
+        Map<String, String> currentStateMap =
+            currentStateOutput.getCurrentStateMap(resourceName, partition);
+        if (currentStateMap != null && currentStateMap.size() > 0) {
+          // Set<String> disabledInstances
+          // = cache.getDisabledInstancesForResource(resource.toString());
+          for (String instance : currentStateMap.keySet()) {
+            // if (!disabledInstances.contains(instance))
+            // {
+            view.setState(partition.getPartitionName(), instance, currentStateMap.get(instance));
+            // }
+          }
+        }
+        totalPendingMessageCount +=
+            currentStateOutput.getPendingMessageMap(resource.getResourceName(), partition).size();
+      }
+
+      // Update cluster status monitor mbean
+      IdealState idealState = cache.getIdealState(resourceName);
+      if (!cache.isTaskCache()) {
+        ResourceConfig resourceConfig = cache.getResourceConfig(resourceName);
+        ClusterStatusMonitor clusterStatusMonitor =
+            event.getAttribute(AttributeName.clusterStatusMonitor.name());
+        if (clusterStatusMonitor != null) {
+          if (idealState != null && (resourceConfig == null || !resourceConfig
+              .isMonitoringDisabled())) {
+            if (!idealState.getStateModelDefRef()
+                .equalsIgnoreCase(DefaultSchedulerMessageHandlerFactory.SCHEDULER_TASK_QUEUE)) {
+              StateModelDefinition stateModelDef =
+                  cache.getStateModelDef(idealState.getStateModelDefRef());
+              clusterStatusMonitor
+                  .setResourceStatus(view, cache.getIdealState(view.getResourceName()),
+                      stateModelDef);
+              clusterStatusMonitor
+                  .updatePendingMessages(resource.getResourceName(), totalPendingMessageCount);
+            }
+          } else {
+            // Drop the metrics if the resource is dropped, or the MonitorDisabled is changed to true.
+            clusterStatusMonitor.unregisterResource(view.getResourceName());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      ExternalView curExtView = curExtViews.get(resourceName);
+      // copy simplefields from IS, in cases where IS is deleted copy it from existing ExternalView
+      if (idealState != null) {
+        view.getRecord().getSimpleFields().putAll(idealState.getRecord().getSimpleFields());
+      } else if (curExtView != null) {
+        view.getRecord().getSimpleFields().putAll(curExtView.getRecord().getSimpleFields());
+      }
+
+      // compare the new external view with current one, set only on different
+      if (curExtView == null || !curExtView.getRecord().equals(view.getRecord())) {
+        // Add external view to the list which will be written to ZK later.
+        newExtViews.add(view);
+
+        // For SCHEDULER_TASK_RESOURCE resource group (helix task queue), we need to find out which
+        // task partitions are finished (COMPLETED or ERROR), update the status update of the original
+        // scheduler message, and then remove the partitions from the ideal state
+        if (idealState != null
+            && idealState.getStateModelDefRef().equalsIgnoreCase(
+            DefaultSchedulerMessageHandlerFactory.SCHEDULER_TASK_QUEUE)) {
+          updateScheduledTaskStatus(view, manager, idealState);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    List<String> externalviewsToRemove = new ArrayList<>();
+    // TODO: consider not setting the externalview of SCHEDULER_TASK_QUEUE at all.
+    // Are there any entity that will be interested in its change?
+
+    // For the resource with DisableExternalView option turned on in IdealState
+    // We will not actually create or write the externalView to ZooKeeper.
+    List<PropertyKey> keys = new ArrayList<>();
+    for(Iterator<ExternalView> it = newExtViews.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
+      ExternalView view = it.next();
+      String resourceName = view.getResourceName();
+      IdealState idealState = cache.getIdealState(resourceName);
+      if (idealState != null && idealState.isExternalViewDisabled()) {
+        it.remove();
+        // remove the external view if the external view exists
+        if (curExtViews.containsKey(resourceName)) {
+          LogUtil
+              .logInfo(LOG, _eventId, "Remove externalView for resource: " + resourceName);
+          dataAccessor.removeProperty(keyBuilder.externalView(resourceName));
+          externalviewsToRemove.add(resourceName);
+        }
+      } else {
+        keys.add(keyBuilder.externalView(resourceName));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // add/update external-views
+    if (newExtViews.size() > 0) {
+      dataAccessor.setChildren(keys, newExtViews);
+      cache.updateExternalViews(newExtViews);
+    }
+
+    // remove dead external-views
+    for (String resourceName : curExtViews.keySet()) {
+      if (!resourceMap.keySet().contains(resourceName)) {
+        LogUtil.logInfo(LOG, _eventId, "Remove externalView for resource: " + resourceName);
+        dataAccessor.removeProperty(keyBuilder.externalView(resourceName));
+        externalviewsToRemove.add(resourceName);
+      }
+    }
+    cache.removeExternalViews(externalviewsToRemove);
+  }
+
+  private void updateScheduledTaskStatus(ExternalView ev, HelixManager manager,
+      IdealState taskQueueIdealState) {
+    HelixDataAccessor accessor = manager.getHelixDataAccessor();
+    ZNRecord finishedTasks = new ZNRecord(ev.getResourceName());
+
+    // Place holder for finished partitions
+    Map<String, String> emptyMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
+    List<String> emptyList = new LinkedList<String>();
+
+    Map<String, Integer> controllerMsgIdCountMap = new HashMap<String, Integer>();
+    Map<String, Map<String, String>> controllerMsgUpdates =
+        new HashMap<String, Map<String, String>>();
+
+    Builder keyBuilder = accessor.keyBuilder();
+
+    for (String taskPartitionName : ev.getPartitionSet()) {
+      for (String taskState : ev.getStateMap(taskPartitionName).values()) {
+        if (taskState.equalsIgnoreCase(HelixDefinedState.ERROR.toString()) || taskState
+            .equalsIgnoreCase("COMPLETED")) {
+          LogUtil.logInfo(LOG, _eventId, taskPartitionName + " finished as " + taskState);
+          finishedTasks.getListFields().put(taskPartitionName, emptyList);
+          finishedTasks.getMapFields().put(taskPartitionName, emptyMap);
+
+          // Update original scheduler message status update
+          if (taskQueueIdealState.getRecord().getMapField(taskPartitionName) != null) {
+            String controllerMsgId = taskQueueIdealState.getRecord().getMapField(taskPartitionName)
+                .get(DefaultSchedulerMessageHandlerFactory.CONTROLLER_MSG_ID);
+            if (controllerMsgId != null) {
+              LogUtil.logInfo(LOG, _eventId,
+                  taskPartitionName + " finished with controllerMsg " + controllerMsgId);
+              if (!controllerMsgUpdates.containsKey(controllerMsgId)) {
+                controllerMsgUpdates.put(controllerMsgId, new HashMap<String, String>());
+              }
+              controllerMsgUpdates.get(controllerMsgId).put(taskPartitionName, taskState);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // fill the controllerMsgIdCountMap
+    for (String taskId : taskQueueIdealState.getPartitionSet()) {
+      String controllerMsgId =
+          taskQueueIdealState.getRecord().getMapField(taskId)
+              .get(DefaultSchedulerMessageHandlerFactory.CONTROLLER_MSG_ID);
+      if (controllerMsgId != null) {
+        if (!controllerMsgIdCountMap.containsKey(controllerMsgId)) {
+          controllerMsgIdCountMap.put(controllerMsgId, 0);
+        }
+        controllerMsgIdCountMap.put(controllerMsgId,
+            (controllerMsgIdCountMap.get(controllerMsgId) + 1));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (controllerMsgUpdates.size() > 0) {
+      for (String controllerMsgId : controllerMsgUpdates.keySet()) {
+        PropertyKey controllerStatusUpdateKey =
+            keyBuilder.controllerTaskStatus(MessageType.SCHEDULER_MSG.name(), controllerMsgId);
+        StatusUpdate controllerStatusUpdate = accessor.getProperty(controllerStatusUpdateKey);
+        for (String taskPartitionName : controllerMsgUpdates.get(controllerMsgId).keySet()) {
+          Map<String, String> result = new HashMap<String, String>();
+          result.put("Result", controllerMsgUpdates.get(controllerMsgId).get(taskPartitionName));
+          controllerStatusUpdate.getRecord().setMapField(
+              "MessageResult "
+                  + taskQueueIdealState.getRecord().getMapField(taskPartitionName)
+                      .get(Message.Attributes.TGT_NAME.toString())
+                  + " "
+                  + taskPartitionName
+                  + " "
+                  + taskQueueIdealState.getRecord().getMapField(taskPartitionName)
+                      .get(Message.Attributes.MSG_ID.toString()), result);
+        }
+        // All done for the scheduled tasks that came from controllerMsgId, add summary for it
+        Integer controllerMsgIdCount = controllerMsgIdCountMap.get(controllerMsgId);
+        if (controllerMsgIdCount != null
+            && controllerMsgUpdates.get(controllerMsgId).size() == controllerMsgIdCount.intValue()) {
+          int finishedTasksNum = 0;
+          int completedTasksNum = 0;
+          for (String key : controllerStatusUpdate.getRecord().getMapFields().keySet()) {
+            if (key.startsWith("MessageResult ")) {
+              finishedTasksNum++;
+            }
+            if (controllerStatusUpdate.getRecord().getMapField(key).get("Result") != null) {
+              if (controllerStatusUpdate.getRecord().getMapField(key).get("Result")
+                  .equalsIgnoreCase("COMPLETED")) {
+                completedTasksNum++;
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          Map<String, String> summary = new TreeMap<String, String>();
+          summary.put("TotalMessages:", "" + finishedTasksNum);
+          summary.put("CompletedMessages", "" + completedTasksNum);
+
+          controllerStatusUpdate.getRecord().setMapField("Summary", summary);
+        }
+        // Update the statusUpdate of controllerMsgId
+        accessor.updateProperty(controllerStatusUpdateKey, controllerStatusUpdate);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (finishedTasks.getListFields().size() > 0) {
+      ZNRecordDelta znDelta = new ZNRecordDelta(finishedTasks, MergeOperation.SUBTRACT);
+      List<ZNRecordDelta> deltaList = new LinkedList<ZNRecordDelta>();
+      deltaList.add(znDelta);
+      IdealState delta = new IdealState(taskQueueIdealState.getResourceName());
+      delta.setDeltaList(deltaList);
+
+      // Remove the finished (COMPLETED or ERROR) tasks from the SCHEDULER_TASK_RESOURCE idealstate
+      keyBuilder = accessor.keyBuilder();
+      accessor.updateProperty(keyBuilder.idealStates(taskQueueIdealState.getResourceName()), delta);
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `currentStateOutput` last assigned on line 62 could be null and is dereferenced at line 77.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExternalViewComputeStage.execute(ClusterEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.controller.stages.ExternalViewComputeStage.execute(org.apache.helix.controller.stag.3b7620876e414c1dcc1327121b592176
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/controller/stages/ExternalViewComputeStage.java
+
+### Key:
+ExternalViewComputeStage.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+d2a1f5a2f88904bf44b9c7c6c658180d
+
+### Hash:
+45e7680d33c08184bb268da5adff3977
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9640/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9640/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f65d78c54b444fc114e0ba6d73e97a68ab959cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9640/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 85
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.rest.server;
+
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+
+import org.apache.helix.BaseDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.ConfigAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixAdmin;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixException;
+import org.apache.helix.InstanceType;
+import org.apache.helix.SystemPropertyKeys;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ByteArraySerializer;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixAdmin;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZKHelixDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZkBaseDataAccessor;
+import org.apache.helix.msdcommon.exception.InvalidRoutingDataException;
+import org.apache.helix.rest.metadatastore.ZkMetadataStoreDirectory;
+import org.apache.helix.task.TaskDriver;
+import org.apache.helix.tools.ClusterSetup;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.api.client.HelixZkClient;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.api.client.RealmAwareZkClient;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.constant.RoutingDataReaderType;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.datamodel.ZNRecord;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.datamodel.serializer.ZNRecordSerializer;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.impl.client.FederatedZkClient;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.impl.client.ZkClient;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.impl.factory.DedicatedZkClientFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.impl.factory.SharedZkClientFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.routing.RoutingDataManager;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.zkclient.IZkChildListener;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.zkclient.IZkDataListener;
+import org.apache.helix.zookeeper.zkclient.IZkStateListener;
+import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+public class ServerContext implements IZkDataListener, IZkChildListener, IZkStateListener {
+  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ServerContext.class);
+
+  private final String _zkAddr;
+  private boolean _isMultiZkEnabled;
+  private final String _msdsEndpoint;
+  private volatile RealmAwareZkClient _zkClient;
+
+  private volatile ZKHelixAdmin _zkHelixAdmin;
+  private volatile ClusterSetup _clusterSetup;
+  private volatile ConfigAccessor _configAccessor;
+  // A lazily-initialized base data accessor that reads/writes byte array to ZK
+  // TODO: Only read (deserialize) is supported at this time. This baseDataAccessor should support write (serialize) as needs arise
+  private volatile ZkBaseDataAccessor<byte[]> _byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor;
+  // 1 Cluster name will correspond to 1 helix data accessor
+  private final Map<String, HelixDataAccessor> _helixDataAccessorPool;
+  // 1 Cluster name will correspond to 1 task driver
+  private final Map<String, TaskDriver> _taskDriverPool;
+
+  /**
+   * Multi-ZK support
+   */
+  private ZkMetadataStoreDirectory _zkMetadataStoreDirectory;
+  // Create a dedicated ZkClient for listening to data changes in routing data
+  private RealmAwareZkClient _zkClientForListener;
+
+  public ServerContext(String zkAddr) {
+    this(zkAddr, false, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initializes a ServerContext for this namespace.
+   * @param zkAddr routing ZK address (on multi-zk mode)
+   * @param isMultiZkEnabled boolean flag for whether multi-zk mode is enabled
+   * @param msdsEndpoint if given, this server context will try to read routing data from this MSDS.
+   */
+  public ServerContext(String zkAddr, boolean isMultiZkEnabled, String msdsEndpoint) {
+    _zkAddr = zkAddr;
+    _isMultiZkEnabled = isMultiZkEnabled;
+    _msdsEndpoint = msdsEndpoint; // only applicable on multi-zk mode
+
+    // We should NOT initiate _zkClient and anything that depends on _zkClient in
+    // constructor, as it is reasonable to start up HelixRestServer first and then
+    // ZooKeeper. In this case, initializing _zkClient will fail and HelixRestServer
+    // cannot be started correctly.
+    _helixDataAccessorPool = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+    _taskDriverPool = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
+
+    // Initialize the singleton ZkMetadataStoreDirectory instance to allow it to be closed later
+    _zkMetadataStoreDirectory = ZkMetadataStoreDirectory.getInstance();
+  }
+
+  public RealmAwareZkClient getRealmAwareZkClient() {
+    if (_zkClient == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_zkClient == null) {
+          // If the multi ZK config is enabled, use FederatedZkClient on multi-realm mode
+          if (_isMultiZkEnabled || Boolean
+              .parseBoolean(System.getProperty(SystemPropertyKeys.MULTI_ZK_ENABLED))) {
+            try {
+              // Make sure the ServerContext is subscribed to routing data change so that it knows
+              // when to reset ZkClient and Helix APIs
+              if (_zkClientForListener == null) {
+                _zkClientForListener = DedicatedZkClientFactory.getInstance()
+                    .buildZkClient(new HelixZkClient.ZkConnectionConfig(_zkAddr),
+                        new HelixZkClient.ZkClientConfig()
+                            .setZkSerializer(new ZNRecordSerializer()));
+              }
+              // Refresh data subscription
+              _zkClientForListener.unsubscribeAll();
+              _zkClientForListener.subscribeRoutingDataChanges(this, this);
+              LOG.info("ServerContext: subscribed to routing data in routing ZK at {}!", _zkAddr);
+
+              RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkConnectionConfig.Builder connectionConfigBuilder =
+                  new RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkConnectionConfig.Builder();
+              // If MSDS endpoint is set for this namespace, use that instead.
+              if (_msdsEndpoint != null && !_msdsEndpoint.isEmpty()) {
+                connectionConfigBuilder.setRoutingDataSourceEndpoint(_msdsEndpoint)
+                    .setRoutingDataSourceType(RoutingDataReaderType.HTTP.name());
+              }
+              _zkClient = new FederatedZkClient(connectionConfigBuilder.build(),
+                  new RealmAwareZkClient.RealmAwareZkClientConfig()
+                      .setZkSerializer(new ZNRecordSerializer()));
+              LOG.info("ServerContext: FederatedZkClient created successfully!");
+            } catch (InvalidRoutingDataException | IllegalStateException e) {
+              throw new HelixException("Failed to create FederatedZkClient!", e);
+            }
+          } else {
+            // If multi ZK config is not set, just connect to the ZK address given
+            HelixZkClient.ZkClientConfig clientConfig = new HelixZkClient.ZkClientConfig();
+            clientConfig.setZkSerializer(new ZNRecordSerializer());
+            _zkClient = SharedZkClientFactory.getInstance()
+                .buildZkClient(new HelixZkClient.ZkConnectionConfig(_zkAddr), clientConfig);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _zkClient;
+  }
+
+  @Deprecated
+  public ZkClient getZkClient() {
+    return (ZkClient) getRealmAwareZkClient();
+  }
+
+  public HelixAdmin getHelixAdmin() {
+    if (_zkHelixAdmin == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_zkHelixAdmin == null) {
+          _zkHelixAdmin = new ZKHelixAdmin(getRealmAwareZkClient());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _zkHelixAdmin;
+  }
+
+  public ClusterSetup getClusterSetup() {
+    if (_clusterSetup == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_clusterSetup == null) {
+          _clusterSetup = new ClusterSetup(getRealmAwareZkClient(), getHelixAdmin());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _clusterSetup;
+  }
+
+  public TaskDriver getTaskDriver(String clusterName) {
+    TaskDriver taskDriver = _taskDriverPool.get(clusterName);
+    if (taskDriver == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (!_taskDriverPool.containsKey(clusterName)) {
+          _taskDriverPool.put(clusterName, new TaskDriver(getRealmAwareZkClient(), clusterName));
+        }
+        taskDriver = _taskDriverPool.get(clusterName);
+      }
+    }
+    return taskDriver;
+  }
+
+  public ConfigAccessor getConfigAccessor() {
+    if (_configAccessor == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_configAccessor == null) {
+          _configAccessor = new ConfigAccessor(getRealmAwareZkClient());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _configAccessor;
+  }
+
+  public HelixDataAccessor getDataAccessor(String clusterName) {
+    HelixDataAccessor dataAccessor = _helixDataAccessorPool.get(clusterName);
+    if (dataAccessor == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (!_helixDataAccessorPool.containsKey(clusterName)) {
+          ZkBaseDataAccessor<ZNRecord> baseDataAccessor =
+              new ZkBaseDataAccessor<>(getRealmAwareZkClient());
+          _helixDataAccessorPool.put(clusterName,
+              new ZKHelixDataAccessor(clusterName, InstanceType.ADMINISTRATOR, baseDataAccessor));
+        }
+        dataAccessor = _helixDataAccessorPool.get(clusterName);
+      }
+    }
+    return dataAccessor;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns a lazily-instantiated ZkBaseDataAccessor for the byte array type.
+   * @return
+   */
+  public BaseDataAccessor<byte[]> getByteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor() {
+    if (_byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor == null) {
+      synchronized (this) {
+        if (_byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor == null) {
+          _byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor =
+              new ZkBaseDataAccessor<>(_zkAddr, new ByteArraySerializer());
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return _byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor;
+  }
+
+  public void close() {
+    if (_zkClient != null) {
+      _zkClient.close();
+    }
+    if (_zkMetadataStoreDirectory != null) {
+      _zkMetadataStoreDirectory.close();
+    }
+    if (_zkClientForListener != null) {
+      _zkClientForListener.close();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleChildChange(String parentPath, List<String> currentChilds) {
+    if (_zkClientForListener == null || _zkClientForListener.isClosed()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Resubscribe
+    _zkClientForListener.unsubscribeAll();
+    _zkClientForListener.subscribeRoutingDataChanges(this, this);
+    resetZkResources();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleDataChange(String dataPath, Object data) {
+    if (_zkClientForListener == null || _zkClientForListener.isClosed()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    resetZkResources();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleDataDeleted(String dataPath) {
+    if (_zkClientForListener == null || _zkClientForListener.isClosed()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Resubscribe
+    _zkClientForListener.unsubscribeAll();
+    _zkClientForListener.subscribeRoutingDataChanges(this, this);
+    resetZkResources();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleStateChanged(Watcher.Event.KeeperState state) {
+    if (_zkClientForListener == null || _zkClientForListener.isClosed()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Resubscribe
+    _zkClientForListener.unsubscribeAll();
+    _zkClientForListener.subscribeRoutingDataChanges(this, this);
+    resetZkResources();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleNewSession(String sessionId) {
+    if (_zkClientForListener == null || _zkClientForListener.isClosed()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Resubscribe
+    _zkClientForListener.unsubscribeAll();
+    _zkClientForListener.subscribeRoutingDataChanges(this, this);
+    resetZkResources();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void handleSessionEstablishmentError(Throwable error) {
+    if (_zkClientForListener == null || _zkClientForListener.isClosed()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Resubscribe
+    _zkClientForListener.unsubscribeAll();
+    _zkClientForListener.subscribeRoutingDataChanges(this, this);
+    resetZkResources();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resets all internally cached routing data by closing and nullifying the ZkClient and Helix APIs.
+   * This is okay because routing data update should be infrequent.
+   */
+  private void resetZkResources() {
+    synchronized (this) {
+      LOG.info("ServerContext: Resetting ZK resources due to routing data change! Routing ZK: {}",
+          _zkAddr);
+      try {
+        // Reset RoutingDataManager's cache
+        RoutingDataManager.getInstance().reset();
+        // All Helix APIs will be closed implicitly because ZkClient is closed
+        if (_zkClient != null && !_zkClient.isClosed()) {
+          _zkClient.close();
+        }
+        if (_byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor != null) {
+          _byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor.close();
+        }
+        _zkClient = null;
+        _zkHelixAdmin = null;
+        _clusterSetup = null;
+        _configAccessor = null;
+        _byteArrayZkBaseDataAccessor = null;
+        _helixDataAccessorPool.clear();
+        _taskDriverPool.clear();
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LOG.error("Failed to reset ZkClient and Helix APIs in ServerContext!", e);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.apache.helix.rest.server.ServerContext.handleChildChange` reads without synchronization from `this.org.apache.helix.rest.server.ServerContext._zkClientForListener`. Potentially races with write in method `ServerContext.getTaskDriver(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ServerContext.handleChildChange(String,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.rest.server.ServerContext.handleChildChange(java.lang.String,java.util.List):void.864915c1d519544d0b5b12228f7c205e
+
+### File:
+helix-rest/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/rest/server/ServerContext.java
+
+### Key:
+ServerContext.java|handleChildChange|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+767f37bcfe2ff61fb7087377afb965b1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9647/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9647/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5a04082497d00a9dbab1d376ce1093fe6ff164e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9647/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 78
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package org.apache.helix.controller.stages;
+
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import javax.management.JMException;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixException;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManager;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixRebalanceException;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.LogUtil;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.dataproviders.ResourceControllerDataProvider;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.AbstractBaseStage;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.pipeline.StageException;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.AutoRebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.CustomRebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.MaintenanceRebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.Rebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.SemiAutoRebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.internal.MappingCalculator;
+import org.apache.helix.controller.rebalancer.waged.WagedRebalancer;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.metrics.MetricCollector;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.metrics.WagedRebalancerMetricCollector;
+import org.apache.helix.model.ClusterConfig;
+import org.apache.helix.model.IdealState;
+import org.apache.helix.model.InstanceConfig;
+import org.apache.helix.model.MaintenanceSignal;
+import org.apache.helix.model.Partition;
+import org.apache.helix.model.Resource;
+import org.apache.helix.model.ResourceAssignment;
+import org.apache.helix.model.StateModelDefinition;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ClusterStatusMonitor;
+import org.apache.helix.monitoring.mbeans.ResourceMonitor;
+import org.apache.helix.task.TaskConstants;
+import org.apache.helix.util.HelixUtil;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * For partition compute best possible (instance,state) pair based on
+ * IdealState,StateModel,LiveInstance
+ */
+public class BestPossibleStateCalcStage extends AbstractBaseStage {
+  private static final Logger logger =
+      LoggerFactory.getLogger(BestPossibleStateCalcStage.class.getName());
+  // Create a ThreadLocal of MetricCollector. Metrics could only be updated by the controller thread only.
+  private static final ThreadLocal<MetricCollector> METRIC_COLLECTOR_THREAD_LOCAL = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+  @Override
+  public void process(ClusterEvent event) throws Exception {
+    _eventId = event.getEventId();
+    CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.CURRENT_STATE.name());
+    final Map<String, Resource> resourceMap =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.RESOURCES_TO_REBALANCE.name());
+    final ClusterStatusMonitor clusterStatusMonitor =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.clusterStatusMonitor.name());
+    ResourceControllerDataProvider cache =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.ControllerDataProvider.name());
+
+    if (currentStateOutput == null || resourceMap == null || cache == null) {
+      throw new StageException(
+          "Missing attributes in event:" + event + ". Requires CURRENT_STATE|RESOURCES|DataCache");
+    }
+
+    final BestPossibleStateOutput bestPossibleStateOutput =
+        compute(event, resourceMap, currentStateOutput);
+    event.addAttribute(AttributeName.BEST_POSSIBLE_STATE.name(), bestPossibleStateOutput);
+
+    final Map<String, InstanceConfig> instanceConfigMap = cache.getInstanceConfigMap();
+    final Map<String, StateModelDefinition> stateModelDefMap = cache.getStateModelDefMap();
+    asyncExecute(cache.getAsyncTasksThreadPool(), new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() {
+        try {
+          if (clusterStatusMonitor != null) {
+            clusterStatusMonitor
+                .setPerInstanceResourceStatus(bestPossibleStateOutput, instanceConfigMap,
+                    resourceMap, stateModelDefMap);
+          }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+          LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId, "Could not update cluster status metrics!", e);
+        }
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  private BestPossibleStateOutput compute(ClusterEvent event, Map<String, Resource> resourceMap,
+      CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput) {
+    ResourceControllerDataProvider cache =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.ControllerDataProvider.name());
+    BestPossibleStateOutput output = new BestPossibleStateOutput();
+
+    HelixManager helixManager = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.helixmanager.name());
+    ClusterStatusMonitor clusterStatusMonitor =
+        event.getAttribute(AttributeName.clusterStatusMonitor.name());
+
+    // Check whether the offline/disabled instance count in the cluster reaches the set limit,
+    // if yes, pause the rebalancer.
+    boolean isValid =
+        validateOfflineInstancesLimit(cache, event.getAttribute(AttributeName.helixmanager.name()));
+
+    final List<String> failureResources = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    Map<String, Resource> calculatedResourceMap =
+        computeResourceBestPossibleStateWithWagedRebalancer(cache, currentStateOutput, helixManager,
+            resourceMap, output, failureResources);
+
+    Map<String, Resource> remainingResourceMap = new HashMap<>(resourceMap);
+    remainingResourceMap.keySet().removeAll(calculatedResourceMap.keySet());
+
+    // Fallback to the original single resource rebalancer calculation.
+    // This is required because we support mixed cluster that uses both WAGED rebalancer and the
+    // older rebalancers.
+    Iterator<Resource> itr = remainingResourceMap.values().iterator();
+    while (itr.hasNext()) {
+      Resource resource = itr.next();
+      boolean result = false;
+      try {
+        result = computeSingleResourceBestPossibleState(event, cache, currentStateOutput, resource,
+            output);
+      } catch (HelixException ex) {
+        LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId, String
+            .format("Exception when calculating best possible states for %s",
+                resource.getResourceName()), ex);
+
+      }
+      if (!result) {
+        failureResources.add(resource.getResourceName());
+        LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId, String
+            .format("Failed to calculate best possible states for %s", resource.getResourceName()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Check and report if resource rebalance has failure
+    updateRebalanceStatus(!isValid || !failureResources.isEmpty(), failureResources, helixManager,
+        cache, clusterStatusMonitor, String
+            .format("Failed to calculate best possible states for %d resources.",
+                failureResources.size()));
+
+    return output;
+  }
+
+  private void updateRebalanceStatus(final boolean hasFailure, final List<String> failedResources,
+      final HelixManager helixManager, final ResourceControllerDataProvider cache,
+      final ClusterStatusMonitor clusterStatusMonitor, final String errorMessage) {
+    asyncExecute(cache.getAsyncTasksThreadPool(), new Callable<Object>() {
+      @Override
+      public Object call() {
+        try {
+          if (hasFailure) {
+            /* TODO Enable this update when we resolve ZK server load issue. This will cause extra write to ZK.
+            if (_statusUpdateUtil != null) {
+              _statusUpdateUtil
+                  .logError(StatusUpdateUtil.ErrorType.RebalanceResourceFailure, this.getClass(),
+                      errorMessage, helixManager);
+            }
+            */
+            LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId, errorMessage);
+          }
+          if (clusterStatusMonitor != null) {
+            clusterStatusMonitor.setRebalanceFailureGauge(hasFailure);
+            clusterStatusMonitor.setResourceRebalanceStates(failedResources,
+                ResourceMonitor.RebalanceStatus.BEST_POSSIBLE_STATE_CAL_FAILED);
+          }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+          LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId, "Could not update cluster status!", e);
+        }
+        return null;
+      }
+    });
+  }
+
+  // Check whether the offline/disabled instance count in the cluster reaches the set limit,
+  // if yes, pause the rebalancer, and throw exception to terminate rebalance cycle.
+  private boolean validateOfflineInstancesLimit(final ResourceControllerDataProvider cache,
+      final HelixManager manager) {
+    int maxOfflineInstancesAllowed = cache.getClusterConfig().getMaxOfflineInstancesAllowed();
+    if (maxOfflineInstancesAllowed >= 0) {
+      int offlineCount = cache.getAllInstances().size() - cache.getEnabledLiveInstances().size();
+      if (offlineCount > maxOfflineInstancesAllowed) {
+        String errMsg = String.format(
+            "Offline Instances count %d greater than allowed count %d. Stop rebalance and put the cluster %s into maintenance mode.",
+            offlineCount, maxOfflineInstancesAllowed, cache.getClusterName());
+        if (manager != null) {
+          if (manager.getHelixDataAccessor()
+              .getProperty(manager.getHelixDataAccessor().keyBuilder().maintenance()) == null) {
+            manager.getClusterManagmentTool()
+                .autoEnableMaintenanceMode(manager.getClusterName(), true, errMsg,
+                    MaintenanceSignal.AutoTriggerReason.MAX_OFFLINE_INSTANCES_EXCEEDED);
+            LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId, errMsg);
+          }
+        } else {
+          LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId, "Failed to put cluster " + cache.getClusterName()
+              + " into maintenance mode, HelixManager is not set!");
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Rebalance with the WAGED rebalancer
+   * The rebalancer only calculates the new ideal assignment for all the resources that are
+   * configured to use the WAGED rebalancer.
+   *
+   * @param cache              Cluster data cache.
+   * @param currentStateOutput The current state information.
+   * @param helixManager
+   * @param resourceMap        The complete resource map. The method will filter the map for the compatible resources.
+   * @param output             The best possible state output.
+   * @param failureResources   The failure records that will be updated if any resource cannot be computed.
+   * @return The map of all the calculated resources.
+   */
+  private Map<String, Resource> computeResourceBestPossibleStateWithWagedRebalancer(
+      ResourceControllerDataProvider cache, CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput,
+      HelixManager helixManager, Map<String, Resource> resourceMap, BestPossibleStateOutput output,
+      List<String> failureResources) {
+    if (cache.isMaintenanceModeEnabled()) {
+      // The WAGED rebalancer won't be used while maintenance mode is enabled.
+      return Collections.emptyMap();
+    }
+
+    // Find the compatible resources: 1. FULL_AUTO 2. Configured to use the WAGED rebalancer
+    Map<String, Resource> wagedRebalancedResourceMap =
+        resourceMap.entrySet().stream().filter(resourceEntry -> {
+          IdealState is = cache.getIdealState(resourceEntry.getKey());
+          return is != null && is.getRebalanceMode().equals(IdealState.RebalanceMode.FULL_AUTO)
+              && WagedRebalancer.class.getName().equals(is.getRebalancerClassName());
+        }).collect(Collectors.toMap(resourceEntry -> resourceEntry.getKey(),
+            resourceEntry -> resourceEntry.getValue()));
+
+    Map<String, IdealState> newIdealStates = new HashMap<>();
+
+    // Init rebalancer with the rebalance preferences.
+    Map<ClusterConfig.GlobalRebalancePreferenceKey, Integer> preferences =
+        cache.getClusterConfig().getGlobalRebalancePreference();
+
+    if (METRIC_COLLECTOR_THREAD_LOCAL.get() == null) {
+      try {
+        // If HelixManager is null, we just pass in null for MetricCollector so that a
+        // non-functioning WagedRebalancerMetricCollector would be created in WagedRebalancer's
+        // constructor. This is to handle two cases: 1. HelixManager is null for non-testing cases -
+        // in this case, WagedRebalancer will not read/write to metadata store and just use
+        // CurrentState-based rebalancing. 2. Tests that require instrumenting the rebalancer for
+        // verifying whether the cluster has converged.
+        METRIC_COLLECTOR_THREAD_LOCAL.set(helixManager == null ? null
+            : new WagedRebalancerMetricCollector(helixManager.getClusterName()));
+      } catch (JMException e) {
+        LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId, String.format(
+            "MetricCollector instantiation failed! WagedRebalancer will not emit metrics due to JMException %s",
+            e));
+      }
+    }
+
+    // TODO avoid creating the rebalancer on every rebalance call for performance enhancement
+    WagedRebalancer wagedRebalancer =
+        new WagedRebalancer(helixManager, preferences, METRIC_COLLECTOR_THREAD_LOCAL.get());
+    try {
+      newIdealStates.putAll(wagedRebalancer.computeNewIdealStates(cache, wagedRebalancedResourceMap,
+          currentStateOutput));
+    } catch (HelixRebalanceException ex) {
+      // Note that unlike the legacy rebalancer, the WAGED rebalance won't return partial result.
+      // Since it calculates for all the eligible resources globally, a partial result is invalid.
+      // TODO propagate the rebalancer failure information to updateRebalanceStatus for monitoring.
+      LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId,
+          String.format(
+              "Failed to calculate the new Ideal States using the rebalancer %s due to %s",
+              wagedRebalancer.getClass().getSimpleName(), ex.getFailureType()),
+          ex);
+    } finally {
+      wagedRebalancer.close();
+    }
+    Iterator<Resource> itr = wagedRebalancedResourceMap.values().iterator();
+    while (itr.hasNext()) {
+      Resource resource = itr.next();
+      IdealState is = newIdealStates.get(resource.getResourceName());
+      // Check if the WAGED rebalancer has calculated the result for this resource or not.
+      if (is != null && checkBestPossibleStateCalculation(is)) {
+        // The WAGED rebalancer calculates a valid result, record in the output
+        updateBestPossibleStateOutput(output, resource, is);
+      } else {
+        failureResources.add(resource.getResourceName());
+        LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId, String
+            .format("Failed to calculate best possible states for %s.",
+                resource.getResourceName()));
+      }
+    }
+    return wagedRebalancedResourceMap;
+  }
+
+  private void updateBestPossibleStateOutput(BestPossibleStateOutput output, Resource resource,
+      IdealState computedIdealState) {
+    output.setPreferenceLists(resource.getResourceName(), computedIdealState.getPreferenceLists());
+    for (Partition partition : resource.getPartitions()) {
+      Map<String, String> newStateMap =
+          computedIdealState.getInstanceStateMap(partition.getPartitionName());
+      output.setState(resource.getResourceName(), partition, newStateMap);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private boolean computeSingleResourceBestPossibleState(ClusterEvent event,
+      ResourceControllerDataProvider cache, CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput,
+      Resource resource, BestPossibleStateOutput output) {
+    // for each ideal state
+    // read the state model def
+    // for each resource
+    // get the preference list
+    // for each instanceName check if its alive then assign a state
+
+    String resourceName = resource.getResourceName();
+    LogUtil.logDebug(logger, _eventId, "Processing resource:" + resourceName);
+    // Ideal state may be gone. In that case we need to get the state model name
+    // from the current state
+    IdealState idealState = cache.getIdealState(resourceName);
+    if (idealState == null) {
+      // if ideal state is deleted, use an empty one
+      LogUtil.logInfo(logger, _eventId, "resource:" + resourceName + " does not exist anymore");
+      idealState = new IdealState(resourceName);
+      idealState.setStateModelDefRef(resource.getStateModelDefRef());
+    }
+
+    // Skip resources are tasks for regular pipeline
+    if (idealState.getStateModelDefRef().equals(TaskConstants.STATE_MODEL_NAME)) {
+      LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId, String
+          .format("Resource %s should not be processed by %s pipeline", resourceName,
+              cache.getPipelineName()));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    Rebalancer<ResourceControllerDataProvider> rebalancer =
+        getRebalancer(idealState, resourceName, cache.isMaintenanceModeEnabled());
+    MappingCalculator<ResourceControllerDataProvider> mappingCalculator =
+        getMappingCalculator(rebalancer, resourceName);
+
+    if (rebalancer == null || mappingCalculator == null) {
+      LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId, "Error computing assignment for resource " + resourceName
+          + ". no rebalancer found. rebalancer: " + rebalancer + " mappingCalculator: "
+          + mappingCalculator);
+    }
+
+    if (rebalancer != null && mappingCalculator != null) {
+      ResourceAssignment partitionStateAssignment = null;
+      try {
+        HelixManager manager = event.getAttribute(AttributeName.helixmanager.name());
+        rebalancer.init(manager);
+        idealState =
+            rebalancer.computeNewIdealState(resourceName, idealState, currentStateOutput, cache);
+
+        output.setPreferenceLists(resourceName, idealState.getPreferenceLists());
+
+        // Use the internal MappingCalculator interface to compute the final assignment
+        // The next release will support rebalancers that compute the mapping from start to finish
+        partitionStateAssignment = mappingCalculator
+            .computeBestPossiblePartitionState(cache, idealState, resource, currentStateOutput);
+
+        if (partitionStateAssignment == null) {
+          LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId,
+              "PartitionStateAssignment is null, resource: " + resourceName);
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        for (Partition partition : resource.getPartitions()) {
+          Map<String, String> newStateMap = partitionStateAssignment.getReplicaMap(partition);
+          output.setState(resourceName, partition, newStateMap);
+        }
+
+        // Check if calculation is done successfully
+        return checkBestPossibleStateCalculation(idealState);
+      } catch (HelixException e) {
+        // No eligible instance is found.
+        LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId, e.getMessage());
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId,
+            "Error computing assignment for resource " + resourceName + ". Skipping." , e);
+      }
+    }
+    // Exception or rebalancer is not found
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private boolean checkBestPossibleStateCalculation(IdealState idealState) {
+    // If replicas is 0, indicate the resource is not fully initialized or ready to be rebalanced
+    if (idealState.getRebalanceMode() == IdealState.RebalanceMode.FULL_AUTO && !idealState
+        .getReplicas().equals("0")) {
+      Map<String, List<String>> preferenceLists = idealState.getPreferenceLists();
+      if (preferenceLists == null || preferenceLists.isEmpty()) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      int emptyListCount = 0;
+      for (List<String> preferenceList : preferenceLists.values()) {
+        if (preferenceList.isEmpty()) {
+          emptyListCount++;
+        }
+      }
+      // If all lists are empty, rebalance fails completely
+      return emptyListCount != preferenceLists.values().size();
+    } else {
+      // For non FULL_AUTO RebalanceMode, rebalancing is not controlled by Helix
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Rebalancer<ResourceControllerDataProvider> getCustomizedRebalancer(
+      String rebalancerClassName, String resourceName) {
+    Rebalancer<ResourceControllerDataProvider> customizedRebalancer = null;
+    if (rebalancerClassName != null) {
+      if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
+        LogUtil.logDebug(logger, _eventId,
+            "resource " + resourceName + " use idealStateRebalancer " + rebalancerClassName);
+      }
+      try {
+        customizedRebalancer = Rebalancer.class
+            .cast(HelixUtil.loadClass(getClass(), rebalancerClassName).newInstance());
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId,
+            "Exception while invoking custom rebalancer class:" + rebalancerClassName, e);
+      }
+    }
+    return customizedRebalancer;
+  }
+
+  private Rebalancer<ResourceControllerDataProvider> getRebalancer(IdealState idealState,
+      String resourceName, boolean isMaintenanceModeEnabled) {
+    Rebalancer<ResourceControllerDataProvider> rebalancer = null;
+    switch (idealState.getRebalanceMode()) {
+    case FULL_AUTO:
+      if (isMaintenanceModeEnabled) {
+        rebalancer = new MaintenanceRebalancer();
+      } else {
+        Rebalancer<ResourceControllerDataProvider> customizedRebalancer =
+            getCustomizedRebalancer(idealState.getRebalancerClassName(), resourceName);
+        if (customizedRebalancer != null) {
+          rebalancer = customizedRebalancer;
+        } else {
+          rebalancer = new AutoRebalancer();
+        }
+      }
+      break;
+    case SEMI_AUTO:
+      rebalancer = new SemiAutoRebalancer<>();
+      break;
+    case CUSTOMIZED:
+      rebalancer = new CustomRebalancer();
+      break;
+    case USER_DEFINED:
+    case TASK:
+      rebalancer = getCustomizedRebalancer(idealState.getRebalancerClassName(), resourceName);
+      break;
+    default:
+      LogUtil.logError(logger, _eventId,
+          "Fail to find the rebalancer, invalid rebalance mode " + idealState.getRebalanceMode());
+      break;
+    }
+    return rebalancer;
+  }
+
+  private MappingCalculator<ResourceControllerDataProvider> getMappingCalculator(
+      Rebalancer<ResourceControllerDataProvider> rebalancer, String resourceName) {
+    MappingCalculator<ResourceControllerDataProvider> mappingCalculator = null;
+
+    if (rebalancer != null) {
+      try {
+        mappingCalculator = MappingCalculator.class.cast(rebalancer);
+      } catch (ClassCastException e) {
+        LogUtil.logWarn(logger, _eventId,
+            "Rebalancer does not have a mapping calculator, defaulting to SEMI_AUTO, resource: "
+                + resourceName);
+      }
+    }
+    if (mappingCalculator == null) {
+      mappingCalculator = new SemiAutoRebalancer<>();
+    }
+
+    return mappingCalculator;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `org.apache.helix.manager.zk.ZkBucketDataAccessor` acquired by call to `WagedRebalancer(...)` at line 283 is not released after line 297.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 285
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map BestPossibleStateCalcStage.computeResourceBestPossibleStateWithWagedRebalancer(ResourceControllerDataProvider,CurrentStateOutput,HelixManager,Map,BestPossibleStateOutput,List)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.apache.helix.controller.stages.BestPossibleStateCalcStage.computeResourceBestPossibleStateWithWa.d368062e5cc2e2d2d2217eeab7039121
+
+### File:
+helix-core/src/main/java/org/apache/helix/controller/stages/BestPossibleStateCalcStage.java
+
+### Key:
+BestPossibleStateCalcStage.java|computeResourceBestPossibleStateWithWagedRebalancer|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+fdceee6316806f0a2625382fbfd798af
+
+### Hash:
+0740a780acb21044654b5b99d437fd82
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9648/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9648/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44c5ee9f56ea50bd392ecf25f21ba40abc87ccfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9648/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.linkedin.clustermanager.controller.stages;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
+
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.ClusterDataAccessor;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.ClusterManager;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.ZNRecord;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.ClusterDataAccessor.ClusterPropertyType;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.ExternalView;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.ResourceGroup;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.ResourceKey;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.pipeline.AbstractBaseStage;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.pipeline.StageException;
+
+public class ExternalViewComputeStage extends AbstractBaseStage
+{
+	private static Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ExternalViewComputeStage.class);
+
+	@Override
+	public void process(ClusterEvent event) throws Exception
+	{
+		ClusterManager manager = event.getAttribute("clustermanager");
+		if (manager == null)
+		{
+			throw new StageException("ClusterManager attribute value is null");
+		}
+		log.info("START ExternalViewComputeStage.process()");
+		ClusterDataAccessor dataAccessor = manager.getDataAccessor();
+		Map<String, ResourceGroup> resourceGroupMap = event
+		    .getAttribute(AttributeName.RESOURCE_GROUPS.toString());
+		CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput = event
+		    .getAttribute(AttributeName.CURRENT_STATE.toString());
+		for (String resourceGroupName : resourceGroupMap.keySet())
+		{
+			ZNRecord viewRecord = new ZNRecord();
+			viewRecord.setId(resourceGroupName);
+			ExternalView view = new ExternalView(viewRecord);
+			ResourceGroup resourceGroup = resourceGroupMap.get(resourceGroupName);
+			for (ResourceKey resource : resourceGroup.getResourceKeys())
+			{
+				Map<String, String> currentStateMap = currentStateOutput
+				    .getCurrentStateMap(resourceGroupName, resource);
+				if (currentStateMap != null && currentStateMap.size() > 0)
+				{
+					view.setStateMap(resource.getResourceKeyName(), currentStateMap);
+				}
+			}
+			dataAccessor.setClusterProperty(ClusterPropertyType.EXTERNALVIEW,
+			    resourceGroupName, view.getRecord());
+		}
+		log.info("START ExternalViewComputeStage.process()");
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `resourceGroupMap` last assigned on line 32 could be null and is dereferenced at line 35.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ExternalViewComputeStage.process(ClusterEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.linkedin.clustermanager.controller.stages.ExternalViewComputeStage.process(com.linkedin.clusterm.ffc76ee51aa65ed7f640a687163430f2
+
+### File:
+cluster-manager-core/src/main/java/com/linkedin/clustermanager/controller/stages/ExternalViewComputeStage.java
+
+### Key:
+ExternalViewComputeStage.java|process|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+75a3105ef036e14d28c2a0df35d92164
+
+### Hash:
+991be952079afdc7a41751f131ad361f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9649/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9649/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ad56ce65071d2c264c7a36dd44146adac474b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9649/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** helix
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.linkedin.clustermanager.controller.stages;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.CurrentState;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.LiveInstance;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.Message;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.Message.MessageType;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.ResourceGroup;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.model.ResourceKey;
+import com.linkedin.clustermanager.pipeline.AbstractBaseStage;
+
+/**
+ * For each LiveInstances select currentState and message whose sessionId
+ * matches sessionId from LiveInstance Get ResourceKey,State for all the
+ * resources computed in previous State [ResourceComputationStage]
+ *
+ * @author kgopalak
+ *
+ */
+public class CurrentStateComputationStage extends AbstractBaseStage
+{
+  @Override
+  public void process(ClusterEvent event) throws Exception
+  {
+    ClusterDataCache cache = event.getAttribute("ClusterDataCache");
+
+    Map<String, LiveInstance> liveInstances = cache.getLiveInstances();
+    CurrentStateOutput currentStateOutput = new CurrentStateOutput();
+    Map<String, ResourceGroup> resourceGroupMap = event
+        .getAttribute(AttributeName.RESOURCE_GROUPS.toString());
+
+    for (LiveInstance instance : liveInstances.values())
+    {
+      String instanceName = instance.getInstanceName();
+      List<Message> instanceMessages;
+      instanceMessages = cache.getMessages(instanceName);
+      for (Message message  : instanceMessages)
+      {
+        if (!MessageType.STATE_TRANSITION.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(
+            message.getMsgType()))
+        {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (!instance.getSessionId().equals(message.getTgtSessionId()))
+        {
+          continue;
+        }
+        String resourceGroupName = message.getResourceGroupName();
+        ResourceGroup resourceGroup = resourceGroupMap.get(resourceGroupName);
+        if (resourceGroup == null)
+        {
+          continue;
+        }
+        ResourceKey resourceKey = resourceGroup.getResourceKey(message
+            .getResourceKey());
+        if (resourceKey != null)
+        {
+          currentStateOutput.setPendingState(resourceGroupName, resourceKey,
+              instanceName, message.getToState());
+        } else
+        {
+          // log
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    for (LiveInstance instance : liveInstances.values())
+    {
+      String instanceName = instance.getInstanceName();
+
+      String clientSessionId = instance.getSessionId();
+      Map<String, CurrentState> currentStateMap = cache.getCurrentState(instanceName, clientSessionId);
+      for (CurrentState currentState : currentStateMap.values())
+      {
+
+        if (!instance.getSessionId().equals(currentState.getSessionId()))
+        {
+          continue;
+        }
+        String resourceGroupName = currentState.getResourceGroupName();
+        String stateModelDefName = currentState.getStateModelDefRef();
+        ResourceGroup resourceGroup = resourceGroupMap.get(resourceGroupName);
+        if (resourceGroup == null)
+        {
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (stateModelDefName != null)
+        {
+          currentStateOutput.setResourceGroupStateModelDef(resourceGroupName,
+              stateModelDefName);
+        }
+        Map<String, String> resourceKeyStateMap = currentState
+            .getResourceKeyStateMap();
+        for (String resourceKeyStr : resourceKeyStateMap.keySet())
+        {
+          ResourceKey resourceKey = resourceGroup
+              .getResourceKey(resourceKeyStr);
+          if (resourceKey != null)
+          {
+            currentStateOutput.setCurrentState(resourceGroupName, resourceKey,
+                instanceName, currentState.getState(resourceKeyStr));
+
+          } else
+          {
+            // log
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    event.addAttribute(AttributeName.CURRENT_STATE.toString(),
+        currentStateOutput);
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `cache` last assigned on line 27 could be null and is dereferenced at line 29.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void CurrentStateComputationStage.process(ClusterEvent)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.linkedin.clustermanager.controller.stages.CurrentStateComputationStage.process(com.linkedin.clus.8e278580a0ce523d401fca83c3b78f64
+
+### File:
+cluster-manager-core/src/main/java/com/linkedin/clustermanager/controller/stages/CurrentStateComputationStage.java
+
+### Key:
+CurrentStateComputationStage.java|process|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+6f60fb7cb2d7b2c9393d1f5f9c08da7d
+
+### Hash:
+362360a866900bc2e02483dc322c4054
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9670/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9670/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a29b6bc5607724356f7e3b80f572043a7211a894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9670/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 20
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.mac;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import oshi.hardware.UsbDevice;
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractUsbDevice;
+import oshi.util.ExecutingCommand;
+
+public class MacUsbDevice extends AbstractUsbDevice {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    private static final Pattern XML_STRING = Pattern.compile("<string>(.*?)</string>");
+
+    public MacUsbDevice(String name, String vendor, String serialNumber, UsbDevice[] connectedDevices) {
+        super(name, vendor, serialNumber, connectedDevices);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static UsbDevice[] getUsbDevices() {
+        // Get heirarchical list of USB devices
+        List<String> xml = ExecutingCommand.runNative("system_profiler SPUSBDataType -xml");
+        // Look for <key>_items</key> which prcedes <array> ... </array>
+        // Each pair of <dict> ... </dict> following is a USB device/hub
+        List<String> items = new ArrayList<>();
+        boolean copy = false;
+        int indent = 0;
+        for (String s : xml) {
+            s = s.trim();
+            // Read until <key>_items</key>
+            if (!copy && s.equals("<key>_items</key>")) {
+                copy = true;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // If we've fond items indent with each <array> tag and copy over
+            // everything with indent > 0.
+            if (copy) {
+                if (s.equals("</array>")) {
+                    if (--indent == 0) {
+                        copy = false;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (indent > 0) {
+                    items.add(s);
+                }
+                if (s.equals("<array>")) {
+                    indent++;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Items now contains 0 or more sets of <dict>...</dict>
+        return getUsbDevices(items);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a list of xml into USB devices
+     * 
+     * @param items
+     *            A list of XML beginning containing 0 or more <dict>...</dict>
+     *            entries corresponding to USB buses, hubs, or devices
+     * @return An array of usb devices corresponding to the <dict> entries
+     */
+    private static UsbDevice[] getUsbDevices(List<String> items) {
+        List<UsbDevice> usbDevices = new ArrayList<UsbDevice>();
+        List<String> item = new ArrayList<>();
+        // Separate out item between each pair of <dict>...</dict> tags
+        int indent = 0;
+        for (String s : items) {
+            if (s.equals("</dict>")) {
+                // If this is the final closing tag, add the singular device
+                // we've been accumulating in the item list
+                if (--indent == 0) {
+                    usbDevices.add(getUsbDevice(item));
+                    item.clear();
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (indent > 0) {
+                item.add(s);
+            }
+            if (s.equals("<dict>")) {
+                indent++;
+            }
+        }
+        return usbDevices.toArray(new UsbDevice[usbDevices.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses a list of xml (selected from inside <dict>...</dict> tags) into a
+     * USB device
+     * 
+     * @param data
+     *            A list of XML beginning containing an XML entry corresponding
+     *            to a USB bus, hub, or device
+     * @return A usb device corresponding to the entry
+     */
+    private static UsbDevice getUsbDevice(List<String> data) {
+        String name = "";
+        boolean readName = false;
+        String vendor = "";
+        boolean readVendor = false;
+        String serialNumber = "";
+        boolean readSerialNumber = false;
+        List<String> nested = new ArrayList<>();
+        boolean readNested = false;
+        int indent = 0;
+        for (String s : data) {
+            if (readName) {
+                name = parseXmlString(s);
+                readName = false;
+                continue;
+            } else if (readVendor) {
+                vendor = parseXmlString(s);
+                readVendor = false;
+                continue;
+            } else if (readSerialNumber) {
+                serialNumber = parseXmlString(s);
+                readSerialNumber = false;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (s.equals("</array>") || s.equals("</dict>")) {
+                if (--indent == 0) {
+                    readNested = false;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (readNested && indent > 0) {
+                nested.add(s);
+            }
+            if (s.equals("<array>") || s.equals("<dict>")) {
+                indent++;
+            }
+            if (indent == 0) {
+                switch (s) {
+                case "<key>_name</key>":
+                    readName = true;
+                    break;
+                case "<key>manufacturer</key>":
+                    readVendor = true;
+                    break;
+                case "<key>serial_num</key>":
+                    readSerialNumber = true;
+                    break;
+                case "<key>_items</key>":
+                    readNested = true;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return new MacUsbDevice(name, vendor, serialNumber, getUsbDevices(nested));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the string between tags
+     * 
+     * @param s
+     *            A string between <string> ... </string> tags
+     * @return The string
+     */
+    private static String parseXmlString(String s) {
+        Matcher matcher = XML_STRING.matcher(s);
+        if (matcher.find()) {
+            return matcher.group(1);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `xml` last assigned on line 45 could be null and is dereferenced at line 51.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+oshi.hardware.UsbDevice[] MacUsbDevice.getUsbDevices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.mac.MacUsbDevice.getUsbDevices():oshi.hardware.UsbDevice[].41407bebeac17284e6cb15fdddcffe29
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/mac/MacUsbDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+MacUsbDevice.java|getUsbDevices|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+eae2ee1cdadb82e549c2a1b7c9bd0e3a
+
+### Hash:
+bca5439291cd35c0629ab77d249f9f86
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9671/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9671/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4bd3f3d6ffd6809ea7f6ad3761fb3224bed823f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9671/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import oshi.hardware.UsbDevice;
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractUsbDevice;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil;
+
+public class WindowsUsbDevice extends AbstractUsbDevice {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    public WindowsUsbDevice(String name, String vendor, String serialNumber, UsbDevice[] connectedDevices) {
+        super(name, vendor, serialNumber, connectedDevices);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static UsbDevice[] getUsbDevices() {
+        List<UsbDevice> usbDevices = new ArrayList<UsbDevice>();
+
+        // Store map of pnpID to name, Manufacturer, serial
+        Map<String, String> nameMap = new HashMap<>();
+        Map<String, String> vendorMap = new HashMap<>();
+        Map<String, String> serialMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+        Map<String, List<String>> usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_PnPEntity",
+                "Name,Manufacturer,PnPDeviceID", null);
+        for (int i = 0; i < usbMap.get("Name").size(); i++) {
+            String pnpDeviceID = usbMap.get("PnPDeviceID").get(i);
+            nameMap.put(pnpDeviceID, usbMap.get("Name").get(i));
+            if (usbMap.get("Manufacturer").get(i).length() > 0) {
+                vendorMap.put(pnpDeviceID, usbMap.get("Manufacturer").get(i));
+            }
+            String serialNumber = "";
+            // Format: USB\VID_203A&PID_FFF9&MI_00\6&18C4CF61&0&0000
+            // Split by \ to get bus type (USB), VendorID/ProductID/Model
+            // Last field contains Serial # in hex as 2nd split by
+            // ampersands
+            String[] idSplit = pnpDeviceID.split("\\\\");
+            if (idSplit.length > 2) {
+                idSplit = idSplit[2].split("&");
+                if (idSplit.length > 3) {
+                    serialNumber = idSplit[1];
+                }
+            }
+            if (serialNumber.length() > 0) {
+                serialMap.put(pnpDeviceID, serialNumber);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Get serial # of disk drives (may overwrite previous, that's OK)
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_DiskDrive", "PNPDeviceID,SerialNumber", null);
+        for (int i = 0; i < usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").size(); i++) {
+            serialMap.put(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i),
+                    ParseUtil.hexStringToString(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i)));
+        }
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_PhysicalMedia", "PNPDeviceID,SerialNumber", null);
+        for (int i = 0; i < usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").size(); i++) {
+            serialMap.put(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i),
+                    ParseUtil.hexStringToString(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i)));
+        }
+
+        // Finally, prepare final list for output
+        // Start with controllers
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_USBController", "PNPDeviceID", null);
+        List<String> pnpDeviceIDs = usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID");
+        // Add any hubs
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_USBHub", "PNPDeviceID", null);
+        pnpDeviceIDs.addAll(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID"));
+        // Add any stray USB devices in the list
+        for (String pnpDeviceID : nameMap.keySet().stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList())) {
+            if (pnpDeviceID.startsWith("USB\\") && !pnpDeviceIDs.contains(pnpDeviceID)) {
+                pnpDeviceIDs.add(pnpDeviceID);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (String pnpDeviceID : pnpDeviceIDs) {
+            usbDevices.add(
+                    new WindowsUsbDevice(nameMap.getOrDefault(pnpDeviceID, ""), vendorMap.getOrDefault(pnpDeviceID, ""),
+                            serialMap.getOrDefault(pnpDeviceID, ""), new WindowsUsbDevice[0]));
+        }
+
+        return usbDevices.toArray(new UsbDevice[usbDevices.size()]);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `pnpDeviceIDs` last assigned on line 91 could be null and is dereferenced at line 94.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+oshi.hardware.UsbDevice[] WindowsUsbDevice.getUsbDevices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.windows.WindowsUsbDevice.getUsbDevices():oshi.hardware.UsbDevice[].a7bf038a3b11066a6bbcb92659f282b6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/windows/WindowsUsbDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsUsbDevice.java|getUsbDevices|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+fe32ac8446974b9ec9784530b0625ab0
+
+### Hash:
+cf67d4713f518023f924f82460456a58
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9676/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9676/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5e0cc94a99e98bb7bfb88b1282aecf1cae7cdc00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9676/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 29
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.util.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.NativeLong;
+import com.sun.jna.Pointer;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.OleAuto;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Variant.VARIANT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WTypes.BSTR;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinNT.HRESULT;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.COM.COMUtils;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.LongByReference;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference;
+
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.Ole32;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.EnumWbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemClassObject;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemLocator;
+import oshi.jna.platform.windows.COM.WbemServices;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to WMI queries
+ * 
+ * @author widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class WmiUtil {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WmiUtil.class);
+
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = "ROOT\\CIMV2";
+
+    private static boolean securityInitialized = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Enum for WMI queries for proper parsing from the returned VARIANT
+     */
+    public enum ValueType {
+        STRING, UINT32, FLOAT, DATETIME
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * For WMI queries requiring array input
+     */
+    private static ValueType[] STRING_TYPE = { ValueType.STRING };
+    private static ValueType[] UINT32_TYPE = { ValueType.UINT32 };
+    private static ValueType[] FLOAT_TYPE = { ValueType.FLOAT };
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Unsigned Integer value from WMI (as Long)
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Long containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Long selectUint32From(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Long) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Unsigned Integer values from WMI (as Longs)
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Longs with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Long>> selectUint32sFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, UINT32_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Long>> longMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (String key : result.keySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Long> longList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : result.get(key)) {
+                longList.add((Long) obj);
+            }
+            longMap.put(key, longList);
+        }
+        return longMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single Float value from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A Float containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static Float selectFloatFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (Float) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return 0f;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple Float values from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Floats with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Float>> selectFloatsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, FLOAT_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<Float>> floatMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (String key : result.keySet()) {
+            ArrayList<Float> floatList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : result.get(key)) {
+                floatList.add((Float) obj);
+            }
+            floatMap.put(key, floatList);
+        }
+        return floatMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a single String value from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param property
+     *            The property whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A string containing the value of the requested property
+     */
+    public static String selectStringFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String property, String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, property,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        if (result.containsKey(property) && !result.get(property).isEmpty()) {
+            return (String) result.get(property).get(0);
+        }
+        return "";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple String values from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing strings with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<String>> selectStringsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, STRING_TYPE);
+        HashMap<String, List<String>> strMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (String key : result.keySet()) {
+            ArrayList<String> strList = new ArrayList<>();
+            for (Object obj : result.get(key)) {
+                strList.add((String) obj);
+            }
+            strMap.put(key, strList);
+        }
+        return strMap;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get multiple individually typed values from WMI
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace or null to use the default
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The class to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma delimited list of properties whose value to return
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WQL where clause matching properties and keywords
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of types corresponding to the properties, or a single
+     *            element array
+     * @return A map, with each property as the key, containing Objects with the
+     *         value of the requested properties. Each list's order corresponds
+     *         to other lists. The type of the objects is identified by the
+     *         propertyTypes array. If only one propertyType is given, all
+     *         Objects will have that type. It is the responsibility of the
+     *         caller to cast the returned objects.
+     */
+    public static Map<String, List<Object>> selectObjectsFrom(String namespace, String wmiClass, String properties,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        Map<String, List<Object>> result = queryWMI(namespace == null ? DEFAULT_NAMESPACE : namespace, properties,
+                wmiClass, whereClause, propertyTypes);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Query WMI for values
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A single property or comma-delimited list of properties to
+     *            enumerate
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array corresponding to the properties, containing the type
+     *            of data being queried, to control how VARIANT is parsed
+     * @return A map, with the string value of each property as the key,
+     *         containing a list of Objects which can be cast appropriately per
+     *         valType. The order of objects in each list corresponds to the
+     *         other lists.
+     */
+    private static Map<String, List<Object>> queryWMI(String namespace, String properties, String wmiClass,
+            String whereClause, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        // Set up empty map
+        Map<String, List<Object>> values = new HashMap<>();
+        String[] props = properties.split(",");
+        for (int i = 0; i < props.length; i++) {
+            values.put(props[i], new ArrayList<Object>());
+        }
+
+        // Initialize COM
+        if (!initCOM()) {
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+
+        PointerByReference pSvc = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!connectServer(namespace, pSvc)) {
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+        WbemServices svc = new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue());
+
+        PointerByReference pEnumerator = new PointerByReference();
+        if (!selectProperties(svc, pEnumerator, properties, wmiClass, whereClause)) {
+            svc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return values;
+        }
+        EnumWbemClassObject enumerator = new EnumWbemClassObject(pEnumerator.getValue());
+
+        enumerateProperties(values, enumerator, props, propertyTypes);
+
+        // Cleanup
+        enumerator.Release();
+        svc.Release();
+        Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+        return values;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Below methods ported from: Getting WMI Data from Local Computer
+     * https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa390423(v=VS.85).aspx
+     * 
+     * Steps 1 - 7 correspond to the above link.
+     */
+    /**
+     * Initializes COM library and sets security to impersonate the local user
+     * 
+     * @return true if COM successfull initialized
+     */
+    private static boolean initCOM() {
+        // Step 1: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Initialize COM. ------------------------------------------
+        HRESULT hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeEx(null, Ole32.COINIT_MULTITHREADED);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize COM library. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (securityInitialized) {
+            // Only run CoInitializeSecuirty once
+            return true;
+        }
+        // Step 2: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set general COM security levels --------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoInitializeSecurity(null, new NativeLong(-1), null, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_DEFAULT, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE, null);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres) && hres.intValue() != Ole32.RPC_E_TOO_LATE) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Failed to initialize security. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        securityInitialized = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Obtains a locator to the WMI server and connects to the specified
+     * namespace
+     * 
+     * @param namespace
+     *            The namespace to connect to
+     * @param pSvc
+     *            A pointer to receive an indirect to the WMI service
+     * @return true if successful; pSvc will contain an indirect pointer to the
+     *         WMI service for future IWbemServices calls
+     */
+    private static boolean connectServer(String namespace, PointerByReference pSvc) {
+        // Step 3: ---------------------------------------------------
+        // Obtain the initial locator to WMI -------------------------
+        WbemLocator loc = WbemLocator.create();
+        if (loc == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Step 4: -----------------------------------------------------
+        // Connect to WMI through the IWbemLocator::ConnectServer method
+        // Connect to the namespace with the current user and obtain pointer
+        // pSvc to make IWbemServices calls.
+        HRESULT hres = loc.ConnectServer(new BSTR(namespace), null, null, null, null, null, null, pSvc);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not connect to namespace %s. Error code = 0x%08x", namespace,
+                    hres.intValue()));
+            loc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        LOG.debug("Connected to {} WMI namespace", namespace);
+        loc.Release();
+
+        // Step 5: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Set security levels on the proxy -------------------------
+        hres = Ole32.INSTANCE.CoSetProxyBlanket(pSvc.getValue(), Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_WINNT, Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHZ_NONE, null,
+                Ole32.RPC_C_AUTHN_LEVEL_CALL, Ole32.RPC_C_IMP_LEVEL_IMPERSONATE, null, Ole32.EOAC_NONE);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Could not set proxy blanket. Error code = 0x%08x", hres.intValue()));
+            new WbemServices(pSvc.getValue()).Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Selects properties from WMI. Returns immediately, even while results are
+     * being retrieved; results may begun to be enumerated in the forward
+     * direction only.
+     * 
+     * @param svc
+     *            A WbemServices object to make the calls
+     * @param pEnumerator
+     *            An enumerator to receive the results of the query
+     * @param properties
+     *            A comma separated list of properties to query
+     * @param wmiClass
+     *            The WMI class to query
+     * @param whereClause
+     *            A WHERE clause to narrow the query
+     * @return True if successful. The enumerator will allow enumeration of
+     *         results of the query
+     */
+    private static boolean selectProperties(WbemServices svc, PointerByReference pEnumerator, String properties,
+            String wmiClass, String whereClause) {
+        // Step 6: --------------------------------------------------
+        // Use the IWbemServices pointer to make requests of WMI ----
+        String query = String.format("SELECT %s FROM %s %s", properties, wmiClass,
+                whereClause != null ? whereClause : "");
+        LOG.debug("Query: {}", query);
+        HRESULT hres = svc.ExecQuery(new BSTR("WQL"), new BSTR(query),
+                new NativeLong(
+                        EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_FORWARD_ONLY | EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_FLAG_RETURN_IMMEDIATELY),
+                null, pEnumerator);
+        if (COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+            LOG.error(String.format("Query '%s' failed. Error code = 0x%08x", query, hres.intValue()));
+            svc.Release();
+            Ole32.INSTANCE.CoUninitialize();
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Enumerate the results of a WMI query. This method is called while results
+     * are still being retrieved and may iterate in the forward direction only.
+     * 
+     * @param values
+     *            A map to hold the results of the query using the property as
+     *            the key, and placing each enumerated result in a
+     *            (common-index) list for each property
+     * @param enumerator
+     *            The enumerator with the results
+     * @param properties
+     *            Comma-delimited list of properties to retrieve
+     * @param propertyTypes
+     *            An array of property types matching the properties or a single
+     *            property type which will be used for all properties
+     */
+    private static void enumerateProperties(Map<String, List<Object>> values, EnumWbemClassObject enumerator,
+            String[] properties, ValueType[] propertyTypes) {
+        if (propertyTypes.length > 1 && properties.length != propertyTypes.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Property type array size must be 1 or equal to properties array size.");
+        }
+        // Step 7: -------------------------------------------------
+        // Get the data from the query in step 6 -------------------
+        PointerByReference pclsObj = new PointerByReference();
+        LongByReference uReturn = new LongByReference(0L);
+        while (enumerator.getPointer() != Pointer.NULL) {
+            HRESULT hres = enumerator.Next(new NativeLong(EnumWbemClassObject.WBEM_INFINITE), new NativeLong(1),
+                    pclsObj, uReturn);
+            // Requested 1; if 0 objects returned, we're done
+            if (0L == uReturn.getValue() || COMUtils.FAILED(hres)) {
+                // Enumerator will be released by calling method so no need to
+                // release it here.
+                return;
+            }
+            VARIANT.ByReference vtProp = new VARIANT.ByReference();
+
+            // Get the value of the properties
+            WbemClassObject clsObj = new WbemClassObject(pclsObj.getValue());
+            for (int p = 0; p < properties.length; p++) {
+                String property = properties[p];
+                hres = clsObj.Get(new BSTR(property), new NativeLong(0L), vtProp, null, null);
+
+                ValueType propertyType = propertyTypes.length > 1 ? propertyTypes[p] : propertyTypes[0];
+                switch (propertyType) {
+                // WMI Longs will return as strings
+                case STRING:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? "unknown" : vtProp.stringValue());
+                    break;
+                // WMI Uint32s will return as longs
+                case UINT32: // WinDef.LONG TODO improve in JNA 4.3
+                    values.get(property)
+                            .add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0L : vtProp._variant.__variant.lVal.longValue());
+                    break;
+                case FLOAT:
+                    values.get(property).add(vtProp.getValue() == null ? 0f : vtProp.floatValue());
+                    break;
+                case DATETIME:
+                    // Read a string in format 20160513072950.782000-420 and
+                    // parse to a long representing ms since eopch
+                    values.get(property).add(ParseUtil.cimDateTimeToMillis(vtProp.stringValue()));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    // Should never get here! If you get this exception you've
+                    // added something to the enum without adding it here. Tsk.
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unimplemented enum type: " + propertyType.toString());
+                }
+                OleAuto.INSTANCE.VariantClear(vtProp.getPointer());
+            }
+            clsObj.Release();
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `$T1_339` last assigned on line 487 could be null and is dereferenced at line 487.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(HashMap,EnumWbemClassObject,java.lang.String[],oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil$ValueType[])
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil.enumerateProperties(java.util.HashMap,oshi.jna.platform.windows.C.5f6d66bc2e64d1f4d951514562ae9e5b
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/util/platform/windows/WmiUtil.java
+
+### Key:
+WmiUtil.java|enumerateProperties|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+df64850a52332193bad448f8258efd03
+
+### Hash:
+9f2ca014e0532b2e6caed858e0e0207f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9677/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9677/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..deda8ae894c489ce75d92613c4f72c0836ab00e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9677/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 16
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.mac;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import com.sun.jna.Native;
+import com.sun.jna.platform.mac.SystemB.HostCpuLoadInfo;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.IntByReference;
+import com.sun.jna.ptr.PointerByReference;
+
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractCentralProcessor;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.SystemB;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.SystemB.ProcTaskInfo;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.SystemB.Timeval;
+import oshi.util.ExecutingCommand;
+import oshi.util.FormatUtil;
+import oshi.util.platform.mac.SysctlUtil;
+
+/**
+ * A CPU.
+ * 
+ * @author alessandro[at]perucchi[dot]org
+ * @author alessio.fachechi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * @author widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class MacCentralProcessor extends AbstractCentralProcessor {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MacCentralProcessor.class);
+
+    private int maxProc = 1024;
+
+    /**
+     * Create a Processor
+     */
+    public MacCentralProcessor() {
+        // Initialize class variables
+        initVars();
+        // Initialize tick arrays
+        initTicks();
+        // Set max processes
+        this.maxProc = SysctlUtil.sysctl("kern.maxproc", 0x1000);
+
+        LOG.debug("Initialized Processor");
+    }
+
+    private void initVars() {
+        setVendor(SysctlUtil.sysctl("machdep.cpu.vendor", ""));
+        setName(SysctlUtil.sysctl("machdep.cpu.brand_string", ""));
+        setCpu64(SysctlUtil.sysctl("hw.cpu64bit_capable", 0) != 0);
+        int i = SysctlUtil.sysctl("machdep.cpu.stepping", -1);
+        setStepping(i < 0 ? "" : Integer.toString(i));
+        i = SysctlUtil.sysctl("machdep.cpu.model", -1);
+        setModel(i < 0 ? "" : Integer.toString(i));
+        i = SysctlUtil.sysctl("machdep.cpu.family", -1);
+        setFamily(i < 0 ? "" : Integer.toString(i));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates logical and physical processor counts from sysctl calls
+     */
+    protected void calculateProcessorCounts() {
+        this.logicalProcessorCount = SysctlUtil.sysctl("hw.logicalcpu", 1);
+        this.physicalProcessorCount = SysctlUtil.sysctl("hw.physicalcpu", 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long[] getSystemCpuLoadTicks() {
+        long[] ticks = new long[curTicks.length];
+        int machPort = SystemB.INSTANCE.mach_host_self();
+        HostCpuLoadInfo cpuLoadInfo = new HostCpuLoadInfo();
+        if (0 != SystemB.INSTANCE.host_statistics(machPort, SystemB.HOST_CPU_LOAD_INFO, cpuLoadInfo,
+                new IntByReference(cpuLoadInfo.size()))) {
+            LOG.error("Failed to get System CPU ticks. Error code: " + Native.getLastError());
+            return ticks;
+        }
+        // Switch order to match linux
+        ticks[0] = cpuLoadInfo.cpu_ticks[SystemB.CPU_STATE_USER];
+        ticks[1] = cpuLoadInfo.cpu_ticks[SystemB.CPU_STATE_NICE];
+        ticks[2] = cpuLoadInfo.cpu_ticks[SystemB.CPU_STATE_SYSTEM];
+        ticks[3] = cpuLoadInfo.cpu_ticks[SystemB.CPU_STATE_IDLE];
+        return ticks;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long getSystemIOWaitTicks() {
+        // Data not available on OS X
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long[] getSystemIrqTicks() {
+        // Data not available on OS X
+        return new long[2];
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public double[] getSystemLoadAverage(int nelem) {
+        if (nelem < 1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must include at least one element.");
+        }
+        if (nelem > 3) {
+            LOG.warn("Max elements of SystemLoadAverage is 3. " + nelem + " specified. Ignoring extra.");
+            nelem = 3;
+        }
+        double[] average = new double[nelem];
+        int retval = SystemB.INSTANCE.getloadavg(average, nelem);
+        if (retval < nelem) {
+            for (int i = Math.max(retval, 0); i < average.length; i++) {
+                average[i] = -1d;
+            }
+        }
+        return average;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long[][] getProcessorCpuLoadTicks() {
+        long[][] ticks = new long[logicalProcessorCount][4];
+
+        int machPort = SystemB.INSTANCE.mach_host_self();
+
+        IntByReference procCount = new IntByReference();
+        PointerByReference procCpuLoadInfo = new PointerByReference();
+        IntByReference procInfoCount = new IntByReference();
+        if (0 != SystemB.INSTANCE.host_processor_info(machPort, SystemB.PROCESSOR_CPU_LOAD_INFO, procCount,
+                procCpuLoadInfo, procInfoCount)) {
+            LOG.error("Failed to update CPU Load. Error code: " + Native.getLastError());
+            return ticks;
+        }
+
+        int[] cpuTicks = procCpuLoadInfo.getValue().getIntArray(0, procInfoCount.getValue());
+        for (int cpu = 0; cpu < procCount.getValue(); cpu++) {
+            for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+                int offset = cpu * SystemB.CPU_STATE_MAX;
+                ticks[cpu][0] = FormatUtil.getUnsignedInt(cpuTicks[offset + SystemB.CPU_STATE_USER]);
+                ticks[cpu][1] = FormatUtil.getUnsignedInt(cpuTicks[offset + SystemB.CPU_STATE_NICE]);
+                ticks[cpu][2] = FormatUtil.getUnsignedInt(cpuTicks[offset + SystemB.CPU_STATE_SYSTEM]);
+                ticks[cpu][3] = FormatUtil.getUnsignedInt(cpuTicks[offset + SystemB.CPU_STATE_IDLE]);
+            }
+        }
+        return ticks;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public long getSystemUptime() {
+        Timeval tv = new Timeval();
+        if (!SysctlUtil.sysctl("kern.boottime", tv)) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        // tv now points to a 16-bit timeval structure for boot time.
+        // First 8 bytes are seconds, second 8 bytes are microseconds (ignore)
+        return System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000 - tv.tv_sec;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String getSystemSerialNumber() {
+        if (this.cpuSerialNumber == null) {
+            ArrayList<String> hwInfo = ExecutingCommand.runNative("system_profiler SPHardwareDataType");
+            // Mavericks and later
+            for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+                if (checkLine.contains("Serial Number (system)")) {
+                    String[] snSplit = checkLine.split("\\s+");
+                    this.cpuSerialNumber = snSplit[snSplit.length - 1];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            // Panther and later
+            if (this.cpuSerialNumber == null) {
+                for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+                    if (checkLine.contains("r (system)")) {
+                        String[] snSplit = checkLine.split("\\s+");
+                        this.cpuSerialNumber = snSplit[snSplit.length - 1];
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (this.cpuSerialNumber == null) {
+                this.cpuSerialNumber = "unknown";
+            }
+        }
+        return this.cpuSerialNumber;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getProcessCount() {
+        return SystemB.INSTANCE.proc_listpids(SystemB.PROC_ALL_PIDS, 0, null, 0) / SystemB.INT_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getThreadCount() {
+        int[] pids = new int[this.maxProc];
+        int numberOfProcesses = SystemB.INSTANCE.proc_listpids(SystemB.PROC_ALL_PIDS, 0, pids, pids.length)
+                / SystemB.INT_SIZE;
+        int numberOfThreads = 0;
+        ProcTaskInfo taskInfo = new ProcTaskInfo();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numberOfProcesses; i++) {
+            SystemB.INSTANCE.proc_pidinfo(pids[i], SystemB.PROC_PIDTASKINFO, 0, taskInfo, taskInfo.size());
+            numberOfThreads += taskInfo.pti_threadnum;
+        }
+        return numberOfThreads;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `hwInfo` last assigned on line 196 could be null and is dereferenced at line 198.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+String MacCentralProcessor.getSystemSerialNumber()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.mac.MacCentralProcessor.getSystemSerialNumber():java.lang.String.26a775fbad27ee1d9867a6a7e4b2366b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/mac/MacCentralProcessor.java
+
+### Key:
+MacCentralProcessor.java|getSystemSerialNumber|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+df59744826b72acc0640f6ff3318facb
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9678/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9678/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..320a0a6155683dfbcd3557831cd72293208f9beb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9678/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 42
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/oshi/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2018 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/oshi/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.software.os.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.Kernel32; //NOSONAR
+import com.sun.jna.platform.win32.WinNT;
+
+import oshi.software.os.FileSystem;
+import oshi.software.os.OSFileStore;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.PdhUtil;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil;
+
+/**
+ * The Windows File System contains {@link OSFileStore}s which are a storage
+ * pool, device, partition, volume, concrete file system or other implementation
+ * specific means of file storage. In Windows, these are represented by a drive
+ * letter, e.g., "A:\" and "C:\"
+ *
+ * @author enrico[dot]bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class WindowsFileSystem implements FileSystem {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    private static final int BUFSIZE = 255;
+
+    private static final int SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS = 0x0001;
+
+    private static final String HANDLE_COUNT_COUNTER = "\\Process(_Total)\\Handle Count";
+
+    public WindowsFileSystem() {
+        // Set error mode to fail rather than prompt for FLoppy/CD-Rom
+        Kernel32.INSTANCE.SetErrorMode(SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets File System Information.
+     *
+     * @return An array of {@link OSFileStore} objects representing mounted
+     *         volumes. May return disconnected volumes with
+     *         {@link OSFileStore#getTotalSpace()} = 0.
+     */
+    @Override
+    public OSFileStore[] getFileStores() {
+        // Create list to hold results
+        ArrayList<OSFileStore> result;
+
+        // Begin with all the local volumes
+        result = getLocalVolumes();
+
+        // Build a map of existing mount point to OSFileStore
+        Map<String, OSFileStore> volumeMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (OSFileStore volume : result) {
+            volumeMap.put(volume.getMount(), volume);
+        }
+
+        // Iterate through volumes in WMI and update description (if it exists)
+        // or add new if it doesn't (expected for network drives)
+        for (OSFileStore wmiVolume : getWmiVolumes()) {
+            if (volumeMap.containsKey(wmiVolume.getMount())) {
+                // If the volume is already in our list, update the name field
+                // using WMI's more verbose name
+                volumeMap.get(wmiVolume.getMount()).setName(wmiVolume.getName());
+            } else {
+                // Otherwise add the new volume in its entirety
+                result.add(wmiVolume);
+            }
+        }
+        return result.toArray(new OSFileStore[result.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Private method for getting all mounted local drives.
+     *
+     * @return A list of {@link OSFileStore} objects representing all local
+     *         mounted volumes
+     */
+    private ArrayList<OSFileStore> getLocalVolumes() {
+        ArrayList<OSFileStore> fs;
+        String volume;
+        String strFsType;
+        String strName;
+        String strMount;
+        WinNT.HANDLE hVol;
+        WinNT.LARGE_INTEGER userFreeBytes;
+        WinNT.LARGE_INTEGER totalBytes;
+        WinNT.LARGE_INTEGER systemFreeBytes;
+        boolean retVal;
+        char[] aVolume;
+        char[] fstype;
+        char[] name;
+        char[] mount;
+
+        fs = new ArrayList<>();
+        aVolume = new char[BUFSIZE];
+
+        hVol = Kernel32.INSTANCE.FindFirstVolume(aVolume, BUFSIZE);
+        if (hVol == WinNT.INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+            return fs;
+        }
+
+        while (true) {
+            fstype = new char[16];
+            name = new char[BUFSIZE];
+            mount = new char[BUFSIZE];
+
+            userFreeBytes = new WinNT.LARGE_INTEGER(0L);
+            totalBytes = new WinNT.LARGE_INTEGER(0L);
+            systemFreeBytes = new WinNT.LARGE_INTEGER(0L);
+
+            volume = new String(aVolume).trim();
+            Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetVolumeInformation(volume, name, BUFSIZE, null, null, null, fstype, 16);
+            Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetVolumePathNamesForVolumeName(volume, mount, BUFSIZE, null);
+            Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetDiskFreeSpaceEx(volume, userFreeBytes, totalBytes, systemFreeBytes);
+
+            strMount = new String(mount).trim();
+            strName = new String(name).trim();
+            strFsType = new String(fstype).trim();
+            // Parse uuid from volume name
+            String uuid = ParseUtil.parseUuidOrDefault(volume, "");
+
+            if (!strMount.isEmpty()) {
+                // Volume is mounted
+                fs.add(new OSFileStore(String.format("%s (%s)", strName, strMount), volume, strMount,
+                        getDriveType(strMount), strFsType, uuid, systemFreeBytes.getValue(), totalBytes.getValue()));
+            }
+            retVal = Kernel32.INSTANCE.FindNextVolume(hVol, aVolume, BUFSIZE);
+            if (!retVal) {
+                Kernel32.INSTANCE.FindVolumeClose(hVol);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return fs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Private method for getting logical drives listed in WMI.
+     *
+     * @return A list of {@link OSFileStore} objects representing all network
+     *         mounted volumes
+     */
+    private List<OSFileStore> getWmiVolumes() {
+        Map<String, List<String>> drives;
+        List<OSFileStore> fs;
+        String volume;
+        long free;
+        long total;
+
+        fs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        drives = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_LogicalDisk",
+                "Name,Description,ProviderName,FileSystem,Freespace,Size", null);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < drives.get("Name").size(); i++) {
+            free = ParseUtil.parseLongOrDefault(drives.get("Freespace").get(i), 0L);
+            total = ParseUtil.parseLongOrDefault(drives.get("Size").get(i), 0L);
+            String description = drives.get("Description").get(i);
+
+            long type = WmiUtil.selectUint32From(null, "Win32_LogicalDisk", "DriveType",
+                    "WHERE Name = '" + drives.get("Name").get(i) + "'");
+            if (type != 4) {
+                char[] chrVolume = new char[BUFSIZE];
+                Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetVolumeNameForVolumeMountPoint(drives.get("Name").get(i) + "\\", chrVolume,
+                        BUFSIZE);
+                volume = new String(chrVolume).trim();
+            } else {
+                volume = drives.get("ProviderName").get(i);
+                String[] split = volume.split("\\\\");
+                if (split.length > 1 && split[split.length - 1].length() > 0) {
+                    description = split[split.length - 1];
+                }
+            }
+
+            fs.add(new OSFileStore(String.format("%s (%s)", description, drives.get("Name").get(i)), volume,
+                    drives.get("Name").get(i) + "\\", getDriveType(drives.get("Name").get(i)),
+                    drives.get("FileSystem").get(i), "", free, total));
+        }
+        return fs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Private method for getting mounted drive type.
+     *
+     * @param drive
+     *            Mounted drive
+     * @return A drive type description
+     */
+    private String getDriveType(String drive) {
+        switch (Kernel32.INSTANCE.GetDriveType(drive)) {
+        case 2:
+            return "Removable drive";
+        case 3:
+            return "Fixed drive";
+        case 4:
+            return "Network drive";
+        case 5:
+            return "CD-ROM";
+        case 6:
+            return "RAM drive";
+        default:
+            return "Unknown drive type";
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getOpenFileDescriptors() {
+        if (!PdhUtil.isCounter(HANDLE_COUNT_COUNTER)) {
+            PdhUtil.addCounter(HANDLE_COUNT_COUNTER);
+        }
+        return PdhUtil.queryCounter(HANDLE_COUNT_COUNTER);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getMaxFileDescriptors() {
+        // There is a theoretical limit of 65,536 user handles per session.
+        return 65536L;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `drives.get("ProviderName")` could be null and is dereferenced at line 190.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+List WindowsFileSystem.getWmiVolumes()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.software.os.windows.WindowsFileSystem.getWmiVolumes():java.util.List.1bc854c492ac8b9ae6e881d4b1a6b299
+
+### File:
+oshi-core/src/main/java/oshi/software/os/windows/WindowsFileSystem.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsFileSystem.java|getWmiVolumes|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+ea7038770fb5c2885e81ef03bc5c8fa8
+
+### Hash:
+f8886b958c27dea1484d420f2abcbc4e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9682/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9682/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..003c185fe35f7abc029bcb7cae0eeb7f1c8a2686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9682/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 17
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.software.os.mac;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.FileStore;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+import javax.swing.filechooser.FileSystemView;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.SystemB;
+import oshi.jna.platform.mac.SystemB.Statfs;
+import oshi.software.common.AbstractFileSystem;
+import oshi.software.os.OSFileStore;
+
+/**
+ * The Mac File System contains {@link OSFileStore}s which are a storage pool,
+ * device, partition, volume, concrete file system or other implementation
+ * specific means of file storage. In Mac OS X, these are found in the /Volumes
+ * directory.
+ * 
+ * @author widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ */
+public class MacFileSystem extends AbstractFileSystem {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MacFileSystem.class);
+
+    // Regexp matcher for /dev/disk1 etc.
+    private static final Pattern localDisk = Pattern.compile("/dev/disk\\d");
+
+    /**
+     * Gets File System Information.
+     * 
+     * @return An array of {@link OSFileStore} objects representing mounted
+     *         volumes. May return disconnected volumes with
+     *         {@link OSFileStore#getTotalSpace()} = 0.
+     */
+    public OSFileStore[] getFileStores() {
+        // Use getfsstat to map filesystem paths to types
+        Map<String, String> fstype = new HashMap<>();
+        // Query with null to get total # required
+        int numfs = SystemB.INSTANCE.getfsstat64(null, 0, 0);
+        if (numfs > 0) {
+            // Create array to hold results
+            Statfs[] fs = new Statfs[numfs];
+            // Fill array with results
+            numfs = SystemB.INSTANCE.getfsstat64(fs, numfs * (new Statfs()).size(), SystemB.MNT_NOWAIT);
+            for (int f = 0; f < numfs; f++) {
+                // Mount to name will match canonical path.
+                // Byte arrays are null-terminated strings
+                fstype.put(new String(fs[f].f_mntonname).trim(), new String(fs[f].f_fstypename).trim());
+            }
+        }
+        // Now list file systems
+        List<OSFileStore> fsList = new ArrayList<>();
+        FileSystemView fsv = FileSystemView.getFileSystemView();
+        // Mac file systems are mounted in /Volumes
+        File volumes = new File("/Volumes");
+        if (volumes != null) {
+            for (File f : volumes.listFiles()) {
+                // Everyone hates DS Store
+                if (f.getName().endsWith(".DS_Store")) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                String name = fsv.getSystemDisplayName(f);
+                String description = "Volume";
+                String type = "unknown";
+                try {
+                    String cp = f.getCanonicalPath();
+                    if (cp.equals("/"))
+                        name = name + " (/)";
+                    FileStore fs = Files.getFileStore(f.toPath());
+                    if (localDisk.matcher(fs.name()).matches()) {
+                        description = "Local Disk";
+                    }
+                    if (fs.name().startsWith("localhost:") || fs.name().startsWith("//")) {
+                        description = "Network Drive";
+                    }
+                    if (fstype.containsKey(cp)) {
+                        type = fstype.get(cp);
+                    }
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    LOG.trace("", e);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                fsList.add(new OSFileStore(name, description, type, f.getUsableSpace(), f.getTotalSpace()));
+            }
+        }
+        return fsList.toArray(new OSFileStore[fsList.size()]);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `volumes.listFiles()` could be null and is dereferenced at line 84.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+oshi.software.os.OSFileStore[] MacFileSystem.getFileStores()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.software.os.mac.MacFileSystem.getFileStores():oshi.software.os.OSFileStore[].ceb3d93a281d82660baa8bbd773535ea
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/software/os/mac/MacFileSystem.java
+
+### Key:
+MacFileSystem.java|getFileStores|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+24ee14a57e8a90ab88fc833015223ecd
+
+### Hash:
+a0f78a5edc15463fc3941dec07b4c3e2
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9683/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9683/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..323f82371d9843d30e5927709fb5fba46b43ff0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9683/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * 
+ */
+package oshi.util;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * @author alessandro[at]perucchi[dot]org
+ */
+
+public class ExecutingCommand {
+	public static ArrayList<String> runNative(String cmdToRun) {
+		Process p = null;
+		try {
+			p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmdToRun);
+			p.waitFor();
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			return null;
+		} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
+				p.getInputStream()));
+		String line = "";
+		ArrayList<String> sa = new ArrayList<String>();
+		try {
+			while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
+				sa.add(line);
+			}
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return sa;
+	}
+	
+	public static String getFirstAnswer(String cmd2launch) {
+		ArrayList<String> sa = ExecutingCommand
+				.runNative(cmd2launch);
+
+		if (sa != null)
+			return sa.get(0);
+		else
+			return null;
+	}
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.lang.Process` acquired to `p` by call to `exec(...)` at line 19 is not released after line 28.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+ArrayList ExecutingCommand.runNative(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.util.ExecutingCommand.runNative(java.lang.String):java.util.ArrayList.b507e4ca6f09d011711a4ea8f149d42c
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/util/ExecutingCommand.java
+
+### Key:
+ExecutingCommand.java|runNative|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3451cb93d845d85a147a6855623bf280
+
+### Hash:
+cc6556da7d4426a541049da8d057d75e
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9684/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9684/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2093cbf5dc2775db849d5d82b807fe5e39b3ed30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9684/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ * 
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ * 
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ * 
+ * Contributors:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * alessandro[at]perucchi[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import javax.json.Json;
+import javax.json.JsonArrayBuilder;
+import javax.json.JsonBuilderFactory;
+import javax.json.JsonObject;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import oshi.hardware.Sensors;
+import oshi.json.NullAwareJsonObjectBuilder;
+import oshi.util.ExecutingCommand;
+
+public class WindowsSensors implements Sensors {
+    private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(WindowsSensors.class);
+
+    private JsonBuilderFactory jsonFactory = Json.createBuilderFactory(null);
+
+    @Override
+    public double getCpuTemperature() {
+        ArrayList<String> hwInfo = ExecutingCommand.runNative("wmic Temperature get CurrentReading");
+        for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+            if (checkLine.length() == 0 || checkLine.toLowerCase().contains("currentreading")) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                // If successful this line is in tenths of degrees Kelvin
+                try {
+                    int tempK = Integer.parseInt(checkLine.trim());
+                    if (tempK > 0) {
+                        return (tempK - 2715) / 10d;
+                    }
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    // If we failed to parse, give up
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // Above query failed, try something else
+        hwInfo = ExecutingCommand
+                .runNative("wmic /namespace:\\\\root\\wmi PATH MSAcpi_ThermalZoneTemperature get CurrentTemperature");
+        for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+            if (checkLine.length() == 0 || checkLine.toLowerCase().contains("currenttemperature")) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                // If successful this line is in tenths of degrees Kelvin
+                try {
+                    int tempK = Integer.parseInt(checkLine.trim());
+                    if (tempK > 0) {
+                        return (tempK - 2715) / 10d;
+                    }
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    // If we failed to parse, give up
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // Above query failed, try something else
+        hwInfo = ExecutingCommand
+                .runNative("wmic /namespace:\\\\root\\cimv2 PATH Win32_TemperatureProbe get CurrentReading");
+        for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+            if (checkLine.length() == 0 || checkLine.toLowerCase().contains("currentreading")) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                // If successful this line is in tenths of degrees Kelvin
+                try {
+                    int tempK = Integer.parseInt(checkLine.trim());
+                    if (tempK > 0) {
+                        return (tempK - 2715) / 10d;
+                    }
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    // If we failed to parse, give up
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0d;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int[] getFanSpeeds() {
+        int[] fanSpeeds = new int[1];
+        ArrayList<String> hwInfo = ExecutingCommand
+                .runNative("wmic /namespace:\\\\root\\cimv2 PATH Win32_Fan get DesiredSpeed");
+        for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+            if (checkLine.length() == 0 || checkLine.toLowerCase().contains("desiredspeed")) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                // If successful
+                try {
+                    int rpm = Integer.parseInt(checkLine.trim());
+                    // Check if 8th bit (of 16 bit number) is set
+                    if (rpm > 0) {
+                        fanSpeeds[0] = rpm;
+                        return fanSpeeds;
+                    }
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    // If we failed to parse, give up
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return fanSpeeds;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public double getCpuVoltage() {
+        ArrayList<String> hwInfo = ExecutingCommand.runNative("wmic cpu get CurrentVoltage");
+        for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+            if (checkLine.length() == 0 || checkLine.toLowerCase().contains("currentvoltage")) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                // If successful this line is in tenths of volts
+                try {
+                    int decivolts = Integer.parseInt(checkLine.trim());
+                    if (decivolts > 0) {
+                        return decivolts / 10d;
+                    }
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    // If we failed to parse, give up
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // Above query failed, try something else
+        hwInfo = ExecutingCommand.runNative("wmic /namespace:\\\\root\\cimv2 PATH Win32_Processor get CurrentVoltage");
+        for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+            if (checkLine.length() == 0 || checkLine.toLowerCase().contains("currentreading")) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                // If successful:
+                // If the eighth bit is set, bits 0-6 contain the voltage
+                // multiplied by 10. If the eighth bit is not set, then the bit
+                // setting in VoltageCaps represents the voltage value.
+                try {
+                    int decivolts = Integer.parseInt(checkLine.trim());
+                    // Check if 8th bit (of 16 bit number) is set
+                    if ((decivolts & 0x80) > 0 && decivolts > 0) {
+                        return decivolts / 10d;
+                    }
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    // If we failed to parse, give up
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // Above query failed, try something else
+        hwInfo = ExecutingCommand.runNative("wmic /namespace:\\\\root\\cimv2 PATH Win32_Processor get VoltageCaps");
+        for (String checkLine : hwInfo) {
+            if (checkLine.length() == 0 || checkLine.toLowerCase().contains("currentreading")) {
+                continue;
+            } else {
+                // If successful:
+                // Bits 0-3 of the field represent specific voltages that the
+                // processor socket can accept.
+                try {
+                    int voltagebits = Integer.parseInt(checkLine.trim());
+                    // Return appropriate voltage
+                    if ((voltagebits & 0x1) > 0) {
+                        return 5.0;
+                    } else if ((voltagebits & 0x2) > 0) {
+                        return 3.3;
+                    } else if ((voltagebits & 0x4) > 0) {
+                        return 2.9;
+                    }
+                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                    // If we failed to parse, give up
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0d;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public JsonObject toJSON() {
+        JsonArrayBuilder fanSpeedsArrayBuilder = jsonFactory.createArrayBuilder();
+        for (int speed : getFanSpeeds()) {
+            fanSpeedsArrayBuilder.add(speed);
+        }
+        return NullAwareJsonObjectBuilder.wrap(jsonFactory.createObjectBuilder()).add("cpuTemperature", getCpuTemperature())
+                .add("fanSpeeds", fanSpeedsArrayBuilder.build()).add("cpuVoltage", getCpuVoltage()).build();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `hwInfo` last assigned on line 102 could be null and is dereferenced at line 103.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+int[] WindowsSensors.getFanSpeeds()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.windows.WindowsSensors.getFanSpeeds():int[].36294be608ec6758b5d80a009b04fa08
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/windows/WindowsSensors.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsSensors.java|getFanSpeeds|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+3136f63d7119a7aa69484bac205f617e
+
+### Hash:
+a5ddaf5bd77018bb06401ff7275cedb8
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9685/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9685/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de437ef224ce7dcac49c2c42d5bcbe5b0e25d661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9685/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** oshi
+**Bug ID:** 19
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * Oshi (https://github.com/dblock/oshi)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 - 2016 The Oshi Project Team
+ *
+ * All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
+ * are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
+ * which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
+ *
+ * Maintainers:
+ * dblock[at]dblock[dot]org
+ * widdis[at]gmail[dot]com
+ * enrico.bianchi[at]gmail[dot]com
+ *
+ * Contributors:
+ * https://github.com/dblock/oshi/graphs/contributors
+ */
+package oshi.hardware.platform.windows;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import oshi.hardware.UsbDevice;
+import oshi.hardware.common.AbstractUsbDevice;
+import oshi.util.ExecutingCommand;
+import oshi.util.ParseUtil;
+import oshi.util.platform.windows.WmiUtil;
+
+public class WindowsUsbDevice extends AbstractUsbDevice {
+
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+    public WindowsUsbDevice(String name, String vendor, String serialNumber, UsbDevice[] connectedDevices) {
+        super(name, vendor, serialNumber, connectedDevices);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Maps to store information using PNPDeviceID as the key
+     */
+    private static Map<String, String> nameMap = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<String, String> vendorMap = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<String, String> serialMap = new HashMap<>();
+    private static Map<String, List<String>> hubMap = new HashMap<>();
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     */
+    public static UsbDevice[] getUsbDevices() {
+        // Start by collecting information for all PNP devices. While in theory
+        // these could be individually queried with a WHERE clause, grabbing
+        // them all up front incurs minimal memory overhead in exchange for
+        // faster access later
+
+        // Clear maps
+        nameMap.clear();
+        vendorMap.clear();
+        serialMap.clear();
+
+        // Query Win32_PnPEntity to populate the maps
+        Map<String, List<String>> usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_PnPEntity",
+                "Name,Manufacturer,PnPDeviceID", null);
+        for (int i = 0; i < usbMap.get("Name").size(); i++) {
+            String pnpDeviceID = usbMap.get("PnPDeviceID").get(i);
+            nameMap.put(pnpDeviceID, usbMap.get("Name").get(i));
+            if (usbMap.get("Manufacturer").get(i).length() > 0) {
+                vendorMap.put(pnpDeviceID, usbMap.get("Manufacturer").get(i));
+            }
+            String serialNumber = "";
+            // PNPDeviceID: USB\VID_203A&PID_FFF9&MI_00\6&18C4CF61&0&0000
+            // Split by \ to get bus type (USB), VendorID/ProductID, other info
+            // As a temporary hack for a serial number, use last \-split field
+            // using 2nd &-split field if 4 fields
+            String[] idSplit = pnpDeviceID.split("\\\\");
+            if (idSplit.length > 2) {
+                idSplit = idSplit[2].split("&");
+                if (idSplit.length > 3) {
+                    serialNumber = idSplit[1];
+                }
+            }
+            if (serialNumber.length() > 0) {
+                serialMap.put(pnpDeviceID, serialNumber);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Disk drives or other physical media have a better way of getting
+        // serial number. Grab these and overwrite the temporary serial number
+        // assigned above if necessary
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_DiskDrive", "PNPDeviceID,SerialNumber", null);
+        for (int i = 0; i < usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").size(); i++) {
+            serialMap.put(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i),
+                    ParseUtil.hexStringToString(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i)));
+        }
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_PhysicalMedia", "PNPDeviceID,SerialNumber", null);
+        for (int i = 0; i < usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").size(); i++) {
+            serialMap.put(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i),
+                    ParseUtil.hexStringToString(usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID").get(i)));
+        }
+
+        // Some USB Devices are hubs to which other devices connect. Knowing
+        // which ones are hubs will help later when walking the device tree
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_USBHub", "PNPDeviceID", null);
+        List<String> usbHubs = usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID");
+
+        // Now build the hub map linking USB devices with their parent hub.
+        // At the top of the device tree are USB Controllers. All USB hubs and
+        // devices descend from these. Because this query returns pointers it's
+        // just not practical to try to query via COM so we use a command line
+        // in order to get USB devices in a text format
+        ArrayList<String> links = ExecutingCommand
+                .runNative("wmic path Win32_USBControllerDevice GET Antecedent,Dependent");
+        // This iteration actually walks the device tree in order so while the
+        // antecedent of all USB devices is its controller, we know that if a
+        // device is not a hub that the last hub listed is its parent
+        // Devices with PNPDeviceID containing "ROOTHUB" are special and will be
+        // parents of the next item(s)
+        // This won't id chained hubs (other than the root hub) but is a quick
+        // hack rather than walking the entire device tree using the SetupDI API
+        // and good enough since exactly how a USB device is connected is
+        // theoretically transparent to the user
+        hubMap.clear();
+        String currentHub = null;
+        String rootHub = null;
+        for (String s : links) {
+            String[] split = s.split("\\s+");
+            if (split.length < 2) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String antecedent = getId(split[0]);
+            String dependent = getId(split[1]);
+            // Ensure initial defaults are sane if something goes wrong
+            if (currentHub == null || rootHub == null) {
+                currentHub = antecedent;
+                rootHub = antecedent;
+            }
+            String parent;
+            if (dependent.contains("ROOT_HUB")) {
+                // This is a root hub, assign controller as parent;
+                parent = antecedent;
+                rootHub = dependent;
+                currentHub = dependent;
+            } else if (usbHubs.contains(dependent)) {
+                // This is a hub, assign parent as root hub
+                if (rootHub == null) {
+                    rootHub = antecedent;
+                }
+                parent = rootHub;
+                currentHub = dependent;
+            } else {
+                // This is not a hub, assign parent as previous hub
+                if (currentHub == null) {
+                    currentHub = antecedent;
+                }
+                parent = currentHub;
+            }
+            // Finally add the parent/child linkage to the map
+            if (!hubMap.containsKey(parent)) {
+                hubMap.put(parent, new ArrayList<String>());
+            }
+            hubMap.get(parent).add(dependent);
+        }
+
+        // Finally we simply get the device IDs of the USB Controllers. These
+        // will recurse downward to devices as needed
+        usbMap = WmiUtil.selectStringsFrom(null, "Win32_USBController", "PNPDeviceID", null);
+        List<UsbDevice> controllerDevices = new ArrayList<UsbDevice>();
+        for (String controllerDeviceID : usbMap.get("PNPDeviceID")) {
+            controllerDevices.add(getDeviceAndChildren(controllerDeviceID));
+        }
+        return controllerDevices.toArray(new UsbDevice[controllerDevices.size()]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively creates WindowsUsbDevices by fetching information from maps
+     * to populate fields
+     * 
+     * @param hubDeviceID
+     *            The PNPdeviceID of this device.
+     * @return A WindowsUsbDevice corresponding to this deviceID
+     */
+    private static WindowsUsbDevice getDeviceAndChildren(String hubDeviceID) {
+        List<String> pnpDeviceIDs = hubMap.getOrDefault(hubDeviceID, new ArrayList<>());
+        List<WindowsUsbDevice> usbDevices = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (String pnpDeviceID : pnpDeviceIDs) {
+            usbDevices.add(getDeviceAndChildren(pnpDeviceID));
+        }
+        return new WindowsUsbDevice(nameMap.getOrDefault(hubDeviceID, ""), vendorMap.getOrDefault(hubDeviceID, ""),
+                serialMap.getOrDefault(hubDeviceID, ""), usbDevices.toArray(new UsbDevice[usbDevices.size()]));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses DeviceID from CIM_USBController text
+     * 
+     * @param string
+     *            Text of form (stuff)DeviceID="(ID)"
+     * @return The parsed device ID
+     */
+    private static String getId(String s) {
+        String[] split = s.split("\"");
+        return split.length < 2 ? "" : split[1];
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `links` last assigned on line 113 could be null and is dereferenced at line 126.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+oshi.hardware.UsbDevice[] WindowsUsbDevice.getUsbDevices()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+oshi.hardware.platform.windows.WindowsUsbDevice.getUsbDevices():oshi.hardware.UsbDevice[].a7bf038a3b11066a6bbcb92659f282b6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/oshi/hardware/platform/windows/WindowsUsbDevice.java
+
+### Key:
+WindowsUsbDevice.java|getUsbDevices|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+eae2ee1cdadb82e549c2a1b7c9bd0e3a
+
+### Hash:
+9c8b4f3ceaab94fe823a14a424368dd1
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9733/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9733/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d29cada11f000311b23c82213845995e05841dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9733/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jboss-modules
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source.
+ * Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc., and individual contributors
+ * as indicated by the @author tags. See the copyright.txt file in the
+ * distribution for a full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.jboss.modules;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.ServiceLoader;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import org.jboss.modules.filter.PathFilter;
+import org.jboss.modules.filter.PathFilters;
+import org.jboss.modules.log.ModuleLogger;
+import org.jboss.modules.log.NoopModuleLogger;
+
+import __redirected.__JAXPRedirected;
+
+import static org.jboss.modules.Linkage.State.*;
+
+/**
+ * A module is a unit of classes and other resources, along with the specification of what is imported and exported
+ * by this module from and to other modules.  Modules are created by {@link ModuleLoader}s which build modules from
+ * various configuration information and resource roots.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:david.lloyd@redhat.com">David M. Lloyd</a>
+ * @author <a href="mailto:jbailey@redhat.com">John Bailey</a>
+ * @author <a href="mailto:flavia.rainone@jboss.com">Flavia Rainone</a>
+ * @author Jason T. Greene
+ * @author thomas.diesler@jboss.com
+ *
+ * @apiviz.landmark
+*/
+public final class Module {
+
+    private static final AtomicReference<ModuleLoader> BOOT_MODULE_LOADER = new AtomicReference<ModuleLoader>();
+
+    static {
+        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
+            public Void run() {
+                try {
+                    URL.setURLStreamHandlerFactory(new ModularURLStreamHandlerFactory());
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    // todo log a warning or something
+                }
+                try {
+                    URLConnection.setContentHandlerFactory(new ModularContentHandlerFactory());
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    // todo log a warning or something
+                }
+
+                __JAXPRedirected.initAll();
+
+                return null;
+            }
+        });
+
+        final String pkgsString = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PropertyReadAction("jboss.modules.system.pkgs"));
+        final List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
+        list.add("java.");
+        list.add("sun.reflect.");
+        list.add("__redirected.");
+        if (pkgsString != null) {
+            int i;
+            int nc = -1;
+            do {
+                i = nc + 1;
+                nc = pkgsString.indexOf(',', i);
+                String part;
+                if (nc == -1) {
+                    part = pkgsString.substring(i).trim();
+                } else {
+                    part = pkgsString.substring(i, nc).trim();
+                }
+                if (part.length() > 0) {
+                    list.add((part + ".").intern());
+                }
+            } while (nc != -1);
+        }
+        systemPackages = list.toArray(list.toArray(new String[list.size()]));
+        final ListIterator<String> iterator = list.listIterator();
+        // http://youtrack.jetbrains.net/issue/IDEA-72097
+        //noinspection WhileLoopReplaceableByForEach
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            iterator.set(iterator.next().replace('.', '/'));
+        }
+        systemPaths = list.toArray(list.toArray(new String[list.size()]));
+    }
+
+    // static properties
+
+    static final String[] systemPackages;
+    static final String[] systemPaths;
+
+    /**
+     * The system-wide module logger, which may be changed via {@link #setModuleLogger(org.jboss.modules.log.ModuleLogger)}.
+     */
+    static volatile ModuleLogger log = NoopModuleLogger.getInstance();
+
+    // immutable properties
+
+    /**
+     * The identifier of this module.
+     */
+    private final ModuleIdentifier identifier;
+    /**
+     * The name of the main class, if any (may be {@code null}).
+     */
+    private final String mainClassName;
+    /**
+     * The module class loader for this module.
+     */
+    private final ModuleClassLoader moduleClassLoader;
+    /**
+     * The module loader which created this module.
+     */
+    private final ModuleLoader moduleLoader;
+    /**
+     * This reference exists solely to prevent the {@code FutureModule} from getting GC'd prematurely.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unused" })
+    private final Object myKey;
+    /**
+     * The fallback local loader, if any is defined.
+     */
+    private final LocalLoader fallbackLoader;
+
+    // mutable properties
+
+    /**
+     * The linkage state.
+     */
+    private volatile Linkage linkage = Linkage.NONE;
+
+    // private constants
+
+    private static final RuntimePermission GET_CLASS_LOADER = new RuntimePermission("getClassLoader");
+    private static final RuntimePermission GET_BOOT_MODULE_LOADER = new RuntimePermission("getBootModuleLoader");
+    private static final RuntimePermission ACCESS_MODULE_LOGGER = new RuntimePermission("accessModuleLogger");
+    private static final RuntimePermission ADD_CONTENT_HANDLER_FACTORY = new RuntimePermission("addContentHandlerFactory");
+    private static final RuntimePermission ADD_URL_STREAM_HANDLER_FACTORY = new RuntimePermission("addURLStreamHandlerFactory");
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new instance from a module specification.
+     *
+     * @param spec the module specification
+     * @param moduleLoader the module loader
+     * @param myKey the key to keep a strong reference to
+     */
+    Module(final ConcreteModuleSpec spec, final ModuleLoader moduleLoader, final Object myKey) {
+        this.moduleLoader = moduleLoader;
+        this.myKey = myKey;
+
+        // Initialize state from the spec.
+        identifier = spec.getModuleIdentifier();
+        mainClassName = spec.getMainClass();
+        fallbackLoader = spec.getFallbackLoader();
+        //noinspection ThisEscapedInObjectConstruction
+        final ModuleClassLoader.Configuration configuration = new ModuleClassLoader.Configuration(this, spec.getAssertionSetting(), spec.getResourceLoaders(), spec.getClassFileTransformer());
+        final ModuleClassLoaderFactory factory = spec.getModuleClassLoaderFactory();
+        ModuleClassLoader moduleClassLoader = null;
+        if (factory != null) moduleClassLoader = factory.create(configuration);
+        if (moduleClassLoader == null) moduleClassLoader = new ModuleClassLoader(configuration);
+        this.moduleClassLoader = moduleClassLoader;
+    }
+
+    LocalLoader getFallbackLoader() {
+        return fallbackLoader;
+    }
+
+    Dependency[] getDependencies() {
+        return linkage.getSourceList();
+    }
+
+    ModuleClassLoader getClassLoaderPrivate() {
+        return moduleClassLoader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an exported resource from a specific root in this module.
+     *
+     * @param rootPath the module root to search
+     * @param resourcePath the path of the resource
+     * @return the resource
+     */
+    public Resource getExportedResource(final String rootPath, final String resourcePath) {
+        return moduleClassLoader.loadResourceLocal(rootPath, resourcePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run a module's main class, if any.
+     *
+     * @param args the arguments to pass
+     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no main method
+     * @throws InvocationTargetException if the main method failed
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the main class is not found
+     */
+    public void run(final String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        try {
+            if (mainClassName == null) {
+                throw new NoSuchMethodException("No main class defined for " + this);
+            }
+            final Class<?> mainClass = moduleClassLoader.loadClass(mainClassName);
+            final Method mainMethod = mainClass.getMethod("main", String[].class);
+            final int modifiers = mainMethod.getModifiers();
+            if (! Modifier.isStatic(modifiers)) {
+                throw new NoSuchMethodException("Main method is not static for " + this);
+            }
+            final ClassLoader previousClassLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+            try {
+                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(moduleClassLoader);
+                // ignore the return value
+                mainMethod.invoke(null, new Object[] {args});
+            } finally {
+                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(previousClassLoader);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            // unexpected; should be public
+            throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get this module's identifier.
+     *
+     * @return the identifier
+     */
+    public ModuleIdentifier getIdentifier() {
+        return identifier;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module loader which created this module.
+     *
+     * @return the module loader of this module
+     */
+    public ModuleLoader getModuleLoader() {
+        return moduleLoader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a service loader from this module.
+     *
+     * @param serviceType the service type class
+     * @param <S> the service type
+     * @return the service loader
+     */
+    public <S> ServiceLoader<S> loadService(Class<S> serviceType) {
+        return ServiceLoader.load(serviceType, moduleClassLoader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a service loader from a module in the caller's module loader. The caller's
+     * module loader refers to the loader of the module of the class that calls this method.
+     * Note that {@link #loadService(Class)} is more efficient since it does not need to crawl
+     * the stack.
+     *
+     * @param <S> the the service type
+     * @param identifier the module identifier containing the service loader
+     * @param serviceType the service type class
+     * @return the loaded service from the caller's module
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the named module failed to load
+     */
+    public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> loadServiceFromCallerModuleLoader(ModuleIdentifier identifier, Class<S> serviceType) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        return getCallerModuleLoader().loadModule(identifier).loadService(serviceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the class loader for a module.  The class loader can be used to access non-exported classes and
+     * resources of the module.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</code> permission to verify access to the class loader. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @return the module class loader
+     */
+    public ModuleClassLoader getClassLoader() {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(GET_CLASS_LOADER);
+        }
+        return moduleClassLoader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the paths exported by this module.
+     *
+     * @return the paths that are exported by this module
+     */
+    public Set<String> getExportedPaths() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(getPathsUnchecked(true).keySet());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module for a loaded class, or {@code null} if the class did not come from any module.
+     *
+     * @param clazz the class
+     * @return the module it came from
+     */
+    public static Module forClass(Class<?> clazz) {
+        final ClassLoader cl = clazz.getClassLoader();
+        return forClassLoader(cl, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module for a class loader, or {@code null} if the class loader is not associated with any module.  If
+     * the class loader is unknown, it is possible to check the parent class loader up the chain, and so on until a module is found.
+     *
+     * @param cl the class loader
+     * @param search {@code true} to search up the delegation chain
+     * @return the associated module
+     */
+    public static Module forClassLoader(ClassLoader cl, boolean search) {
+        if (cl instanceof ModuleClassLoader) {
+            return ((ModuleClassLoader) cl).getModule();
+        } else if (search) {
+            return forClassLoader(cl.getParent(), true);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the boot module loader. The boot module loader is the
+     * initial loader that is established by the module framework. It typically
+     * is based off of the environmental module path unless it is overridden by
+     * specifying a different class name for the {@code boot.module.loader} system
+     * property.
+     *
+     * @return the boot module loader
+     */
+    public static ModuleLoader getBootModuleLoader() {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(GET_BOOT_MODULE_LOADER);
+        }
+        ModuleLoader loader;
+        while ((loader = BOOT_MODULE_LOADER.get()) == null) {
+            loader = DefaultBootModuleLoaderHolder.INSTANCE;
+            if (BOOT_MODULE_LOADER.compareAndSet(null, loader)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            // get it again
+        }
+        return loader;
+    }
+
+    static void initBootModuleLoader(ModuleLoader loader) {
+        BOOT_MODULE_LOADER.set(loader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current module loader. The current module loader is the
+     * loader of the module from the calling class. Note that this method
+     * must crawl the stack to determine this, so other mechanisms are more
+     * efficient.
+     *
+     * @return the current module loader, or {@code null} if this method is called outside of a module
+     */
+    public static ModuleLoader getCallerModuleLoader() {
+        Module callerModule = getCallerModule();
+        return callerModule == null ? null : callerModule.getModuleLoader();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current thread's context module loader.  This loader is the one which defined the module
+     * whose class loader is, or is a parent of, the thread's current context class loader.  If there is none,
+     * then {@code null} is returned.
+     *
+     * @return the module loader, or {@code null} if none is set
+     */
+    public static ModuleLoader getContextModuleLoader() {
+        return Module.forClassLoader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), true).getModuleLoader();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a module from the current module loader. Note that this must crawl the
+     * stack to determine this, so other mechanisms are more efficient.
+     * @see #getCallerModuleLoader()
+     *
+     * @param identifier the module identifier
+     * @return the module
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the module could not be loaded
+     */
+    public static Module getModuleFromCallerModuleLoader(final ModuleIdentifier identifier) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        return getCallerModuleLoader().loadModule(identifier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the caller's module. The caller's module is the module containing the method that calls this
+     * method. Note that this method crawls the stack so other ways of obtaining the
+     * module are more efficient.
+     *
+     * @return the current module
+     */
+    public static Module getCallerModule() {
+        return forClass(CallerContext.getCallingClass());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module with the given identifier from the module loader used by this module.
+     *
+     * @param identifier the module identifier
+     * @return the module
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if an error occurs
+     */
+    public Module getModule(final ModuleIdentifier identifier) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        return moduleLoader.loadModule(identifier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class from a module in the system module loader.
+     *
+     * @see #getBootModuleLoader()
+     *
+     * @param moduleIdentifier the identifier of the module from which the class
+     *        should be loaded
+     * @param className the class name to load
+     * @return the class
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the module could not be loaded
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class could not be loaded
+     */
+    public static Class<?> loadClassFromBootModuleLoader(final ModuleIdentifier moduleIdentifier, final String className)
+            throws ModuleLoadException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        return Class.forName(className, true, getBootModuleLoader().loadModule(moduleIdentifier).getClassLoader());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class from a module in the caller's module loader.
+     *
+     * @see #getCallerModuleLoader()
+     *
+     * @param moduleIdentifier the identifier of the module from which the class
+     *        should be loaded
+     * @param className the class name to load
+     * @return the class
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the module could not be loaded
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class could not be loaded
+     */
+    public static Class<?> loadClassFromCallerModuleLoader(final ModuleIdentifier moduleIdentifier, final String className)
+            throws ModuleLoadException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        return Class.forName(className, true, getModuleFromCallerModuleLoader(moduleIdentifier).getClassLoader());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class from a local loader.
+     *
+     * @param className the class name
+     * @param exportsOnly {@code true} to only load if the class is exported, {@code false} to load any class
+     * @param resolve {@code true} to resolve the class after definition
+     * @return the class
+     */
+    Class<?> loadModuleClass(final String className, final boolean exportsOnly, final boolean resolve) {
+        for (String s : systemPackages) {
+            if (className.startsWith(s)) {
+                try {
+                    return moduleClassLoader.loadClass(className, resolve);
+                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final String path = pathOfClass(className);
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> paths = getPathsUnchecked(exportsOnly);
+        final List<LocalLoader> loaders = paths.get(path);
+        if (loaders != null) {
+            Class<?> clazz;
+            for (LocalLoader loader : loaders) {
+                clazz = loader.loadClassLocal(className, resolve);
+                if (clazz != null) {
+                    return clazz;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final LocalLoader fallbackLoader = this.fallbackLoader;
+        if (fallbackLoader != null) {
+            return fallbackLoader.loadClassLocal(className, resolve);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a resource from a local loader.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @param exportsOnly {@code true} to only consider exported resources
+     * @return the resource URL, or {@code null} if not found
+     */
+    URL getResource(final String name, final boolean exportsOnly) {
+        final String canonPath = PathUtils.canonicalize(name);
+        for (String s : Module.systemPaths) {
+            if (canonPath.startsWith(s)) {
+                return moduleClassLoader.getResource(canonPath);
+            }
+        }
+        log.trace("Attempting to find resource %s in %s", canonPath, this);
+        final String path = pathOf(canonPath);
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> paths = getPathsUnchecked(exportsOnly);
+        final List<LocalLoader> loaders = paths.get(path);
+        if (loaders != null) {
+            for (LocalLoader loader : loaders) {
+                final List<Resource> resourceList = loader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+                for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                    return resource.getURL();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final LocalLoader fallbackLoader = this.fallbackLoader;
+        if (fallbackLoader != null) {
+            final List<Resource> resourceList = fallbackLoader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+            for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                return resource.getURL();
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load all resources of a given name from a local loader.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @param exportsOnly {@code true} to only consider exported resources
+     * @return the enumeration of all the matching resource URLs (may be empty)
+     */
+    Enumeration<URL> getResources(final String name, final boolean exportsOnly) {
+        final String canonPath = PathUtils.canonicalize(name);
+        for (String s : Module.systemPaths) {
+            if (canonPath.startsWith(s)) {
+                try {
+                    return moduleClassLoader.getResources(canonPath);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    return ConcurrentClassLoader.EMPTY_ENUMERATION;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        log.trace("Attempting to find all resources %s in %s", canonPath, this);
+        final String path = pathOf(canonPath);
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> paths = getPathsUnchecked(exportsOnly);
+        final List<LocalLoader> loaders = paths.get(path);
+
+        final List<URL> list = new ArrayList<URL>();
+        if (loaders != null) {
+            for (LocalLoader loader : loaders) {
+                final List<Resource> resourceList = loader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+                for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                    list.add(resource.getURL());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final LocalLoader fallbackLoader = this.fallbackLoader;
+        if (fallbackLoader != null) {
+            final List<Resource> resourceList = fallbackLoader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+            for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                list.add(resource.getURL());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return list.size() == 0 ? ConcurrentClassLoader.EMPTY_ENUMERATION : Collections.enumeration(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an exported resource URL.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @return the resource, or {@code null} if it was not found
+     */
+    public URL getExportedResource(final String name) {
+        return getResource(name, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all exported resource URLs for a resource name.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @return the resource URLs
+     */
+    public Enumeration<URL> getExportedResources(final String name) {
+        return getResources(name, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the path name of a class.
+     *
+     * @param className the binary name of the class
+     * @return the parent path
+     */
+    static String pathOfClass(final String className) {
+        final String resourceName = className.replace('.', '/');
+        final String path;
+        final int idx = resourceName.lastIndexOf('/');
+        if (idx > -1) {
+            path = resourceName.substring(0, idx);
+        } else {
+            path = "";
+        }
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the path name of a resource.
+     *
+     * @param resourceName the resource name
+     * @return the parent path
+     */
+    static String pathOf(final String resourceName) {
+        final String path;
+        if (resourceName.indexOf('/') == 0) {
+            return pathOf(resourceName.substring(1));
+        }
+        final int idx = resourceName.lastIndexOf('/');
+        if (idx > -1) {
+            path = resourceName.substring(0, idx);
+        } else {
+            path = "";
+        }
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the file name of a class.
+     *
+     * @param className the class name
+     * @return the name of the corresponding class file
+     */
+    static String fileNameOfClass(final String className) {
+        return className.replace('.', '/') + ".class";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the string representation of this module.
+     *
+     * @return the string representation
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Module \"" + identifier + "\"" + " from " + moduleLoader.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the logger used by the module system.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("accessModuleLogger")</code> permission to verify access to the module logger. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @return the module logger
+     */
+    public static ModuleLogger getModuleLogger() {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ACCESS_MODULE_LOGGER);
+        }
+        return log;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change the logger used by the module system.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("accessModuleLogger")</code> permission to verify access to the module logger. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @param logger the new logger, must not be {@code null}
+     */
+    public static void setModuleLogger(final ModuleLogger logger) {
+        if (logger == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("logger is null");
+        }
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ACCESS_MODULE_LOGGER);
+        }
+        logger.greeting();
+        log = logger;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the start time in millis when Module.class was loaded.
+     *
+     * @return start time of Module.class load
+     */
+    public static long getStartTime() {
+        return StartTimeHolder.START_TIME;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an additional module which contains content handlers.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("addContentHandlerFactory")</code> permission to verify access. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @param module the module to add
+     */
+    public static void registerContentHandlerFactoryModule(Module module) {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ADD_CONTENT_HANDLER_FACTORY);
+        }
+        ModularContentHandlerFactory.addHandlerModule(module);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an additional module which contains URL handlers.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("addURLStreamHandlerFactory")</code> permission to verify access. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @param module the module to add
+     */
+    public static void registerURLStreamHandlerFactoryModule(Module module) {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ADD_URL_STREAM_HANDLER_FACTORY);
+        }
+        ModularURLStreamHandlerFactory.addHandlerModule(module);
+    }
+
+    // Linking and resolution
+
+    static final class Visited {
+        private final Module module;
+        private final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filters;
+        private final int hashCode;
+
+        Visited(final Module module, final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filters) {
+            this.module = module;
+            this.filters = filters;
+            hashCode = filters.hashCode() * 13 + module.hashCode();
+        }
+
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return hashCode;
+        }
+
+        public boolean equals(Object other) {
+            return other instanceof Visited && equals((Visited)other);
+        }
+
+        public boolean equals(Visited other) {
+            return this == other || other != null && module == other.module && filters.equals(other.filters);
+        }
+    }
+
+    long addPaths(Dependency[] dependencies, Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> map, FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack, Set<Visited> visited) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        long subtract = 0L;
+        moduleLoader.incScanCount();
+        for (Dependency dependency : dependencies) {
+            if (dependency instanceof ModuleDependency) {
+                final ModuleDependency moduleDependency = (ModuleDependency) dependency;
+                final ModuleLoader moduleLoader = moduleDependency.getModuleLoader();
+                final ModuleIdentifier id = moduleDependency.getIdentifier();
+                final Module module;
+
+                try {
+                    long pauseStart = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+                    try {
+                        module = moduleLoader.preloadModule(id);
+                    } finally {
+                        subtract += Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - pauseStart;
+                    }
+                } catch (ModuleLoadException ex) {
+                    if (moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        throw ex;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (module == null) {
+                    if (!moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                        throw new ModuleNotFoundException(id.toString());
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                final PathFilter importFilter = dependency.getImportFilter();
+                filterStack.add(importFilter);
+                subtract += module.addExportedPaths(module.getDependencies(), map, filterStack, visited);
+                filterStack.remove(importFilter);
+            } else if (dependency instanceof ModuleClassLoaderDependency) {
+                final ModuleClassLoaderDependency classLoaderDependency = (ModuleClassLoaderDependency) dependency;
+                final LocalLoader localLoader = classLoaderDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                final PathFilter importFilter = classLoaderDependency.getImportFilter();
+                final Set<String> paths = classLoaderDependency.getPaths();
+                for (String path : paths) {
+                    if (importFilter.accept(path)) {
+                        List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                        if (list == null) {
+                            map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>());
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (dependency instanceof LocalDependency) {
+                final LocalDependency localDependency = (LocalDependency) dependency;
+                final LocalLoader localLoader = localDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                final PathFilter importFilter = localDependency.getImportFilter();
+                final Set<String> paths = localDependency.getPaths();
+                for (String path : paths) {
+                    if (importFilter.accept(path)) {
+                        List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                        if (list == null) {
+                            map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>());
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // else unknown dep type so just skip
+        }
+        return subtract;
+    }
+
+    long addExportedPaths(Dependency[] dependencies, Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> map, FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack, Set<Visited> visited) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        if (!visited.add(new Visited(this, filterStack))) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        long subtract = 0L;
+        moduleLoader.incScanCount();
+        for (Dependency dependency : dependencies) {
+            final PathFilter exportFilter = dependency.getExportFilter();
+            // skip non-exported dependencies altogether
+            if (exportFilter != PathFilters.rejectAll()) {
+                if (dependency instanceof ModuleDependency) {
+                    final ModuleDependency moduleDependency = (ModuleDependency) dependency;
+                    final ModuleLoader moduleLoader = moduleDependency.getModuleLoader();
+                    final ModuleIdentifier id = moduleDependency.getIdentifier();
+                    final Module module;
+
+                    try {
+                        long pauseStart = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+                        try {
+                            module = moduleLoader.preloadModule(id);
+                        } finally {
+                            subtract += Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - pauseStart;
+                        }
+                    } catch (ModuleLoadException ex) {
+                        if (moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                            continue;
+                        } else {
+                            throw ex;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (module == null) {
+                        if (!moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                            throw new ModuleNotFoundException(id.toString());
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    final PathFilter importFilter = dependency.getImportFilter();
+                    if (filterStack.contains(importFilter) && filterStack.contains(exportFilter)) {
+                        subtract += module.addExportedPaths(module.getDependencies(), map, filterStack, visited);
+                    } else {
+                        final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> clone = filterStack.clone();
+                        clone.add(importFilter);
+                        clone.add(exportFilter);
+                        subtract += module.addExportedPaths(module.getDependencies(), map, clone, visited);
+                    }
+                } else if (dependency instanceof ModuleClassLoaderDependency) {
+                    final ModuleClassLoaderDependency classLoaderDependency = (ModuleClassLoaderDependency) dependency;
+                    final LocalLoader localLoader = classLoaderDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                    final Set<String> paths = classLoaderDependency.getPaths();
+                    for (String path : paths) {
+                        boolean accept = true;
+                        for (Object filter : filterStack.getRawArray()) {
+                            if (filter != null && ! ((PathFilter)filter).accept(path)) {
+                                accept = false; break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (accept && classLoaderDependency.getImportFilter().accept(path) && classLoaderDependency.getExportFilter().accept(path)) {
+                            List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                            if (list == null) {
+                                map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>(1));
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (dependency instanceof LocalDependency) {
+                    final LocalDependency localDependency = (LocalDependency) dependency;
+                    final LocalLoader localLoader = localDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                    final Set<String> paths = localDependency.getPaths();
+                    for (String path : paths) {
+                        boolean accept = true;
+                        for (Object filter : filterStack.getRawArray()) {
+                            if (filter != null && ! ((PathFilter)filter).accept(path)) {
+                                accept = false; break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (accept && localDependency.getImportFilter().accept(path) && localDependency.getExportFilter().accept(path)) {
+                            List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                            if (list == null) {
+                                map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>(1));
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // else unknown dep type so just skip
+            }
+        }
+        return subtract;
+    }
+
+    Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> getPaths(final boolean exports) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        Linkage linkage = this.linkage;
+        Linkage.State state = linkage.getState();
+        if (state.compareTo(exports ? LINKED_EXPORTS : LINKED) >= 0) {
+            return linkage.getPaths(exports);
+        }
+        // slow path loop
+        boolean intr = false;
+        try {
+            for (;;) {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    linkage = this.linkage;
+                    state = linkage.getState();
+                    while (state == (exports ? LINKING_EXPORTS : LINKING) || state == NEW) try {
+                        wait();
+                        linkage = this.linkage;
+                        state = linkage.getState();
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        intr = true;
+                    }
+                    if (state == (exports ? LINKED_EXPORTS : LINKED)) {
+                        return linkage.getPaths(exports);
+                    }
+                    this.linkage = linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), exports ? LINKING_EXPORTS : LINKING);
+                    // fall out and link
+                }
+                if (exports) {
+                    linkExports(linkage);
+                } else {
+                    link(linkage);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (intr) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> getPathsUnchecked(final boolean export) {
+        try {
+            return getPaths(export);
+        } catch (ModuleLoadException e) {
+            throw e.toError();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean link(final Linkage linkage) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        final HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>> importsMap = new HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>>();
+        final Dependency[] dependencies = linkage.getSourceList();
+        final long start = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+        long subtractTime = 0L;
+        try {
+            final Set<Visited> visited = new FastCopyHashSet<Visited>(16);
+            final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack = new FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter>(8);
+            subtractTime += addPaths(dependencies, importsMap, filterStack, visited);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (this.linkage == linkage) {
+                    this.linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), LINKED, importsMap, null);
+                    notifyAll();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                // else all our efforts were just wasted since someone changed the deps in the meantime
+                return false;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            moduleLoader.addLinkTime(Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - start - subtractTime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean linkExports(final Linkage linkage) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        final HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>> exportsMap = new HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>>();
+        final Dependency[] dependencies = linkage.getSourceList();
+        final long start = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+        long subtractTime = 0L;
+        try {
+            final Set<Visited> visited = new FastCopyHashSet<Visited>(16);
+            final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack = new FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter>(8);
+            subtractTime += addExportedPaths(dependencies, exportsMap, filterStack, visited);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (this.linkage == linkage) {
+                    this.linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), LINKED_EXPORTS, linkage.getAllPaths(), exportsMap);
+                    notifyAll();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                // else all our efforts were just wasted since someone changed the deps in the meantime
+                return false;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            moduleLoader.addLinkTime(Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - start - subtractTime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void linkIfNecessary() throws ModuleLoadException {
+        Linkage linkage = this.linkage;
+        if (linkage.getState().compareTo(LINKING) >= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            linkage = this.linkage;
+            if (linkage.getState().compareTo(LINKING) >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.linkage = linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), LINKING);
+        }
+        link(linkage);
+    }
+
+    void relink() throws ModuleLoadException {
+        link(linkage);
+    }
+
+    void setDependencies(final List<DependencySpec> dependencySpecs) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            linkage = new Linkage(calculateDependencies(dependencySpecs), Linkage.State.UNLINKED, null, null);
+            notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Dependency[] calculateDependencies(final List<DependencySpec> dependencySpecs) {
+        final Dependency[] dependencies = new Dependency[dependencySpecs.size()];
+        int i = 0;
+        for (DependencySpec spec : dependencySpecs) {
+            final Dependency dependency = spec.getDependency(this);
+            dependencies[i++] = dependency;
+        }
+        return dependencies;
+    }
+
+    String getMainClass() {
+        return mainClassName;
+    }
+
+    Package getPackage(final String name) {
+        List<LocalLoader> loaders = getPathsUnchecked(false).get(name.replace('.', '/'));
+        if (loaders != null) for (LocalLoader localLoader : loaders) {
+            Package pkg = localLoader.loadPackageLocal(name);
+            if (pkg != null) return pkg;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    Package[] getPackages() {
+        final ArrayList<Package> packages = new ArrayList<Package>();
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> allPaths = getPathsUnchecked(false);
+        next: for (String path : allPaths.keySet()) {
+            String packageName = path.replace('/', '.');
+            for (LocalLoader loader : allPaths.get(path)) {
+                Package pkg = loader.loadPackageLocal(packageName);
+                if (pkg != null) {
+                    packages.add(pkg);
+                }
+                continue next;
+            }
+        }
+        return packages.toArray(new Package[packages.size()]);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `org.jboss.modules.Module.getPathsUnchecked` indirectly writes to field `table.[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+Map Module.getPathsUnchecked(boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jboss.modules.Module.getPathsUnchecked(boolean):java.util.Map.a68fa709a7df307dde5deb99ccabce21
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jboss/modules/Module.java
+
+### Key:
+Module.java|getPathsUnchecked|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+8e7b43c818fa0ce3cdf75d51236f63de
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9734/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9734/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea64ecf2a49f218ac584015bf2cbd96c2ad78353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9734/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1179 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** jboss-modules
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * JBoss, Home of Professional Open Source.
+ * Copyright 2010, Red Hat, Inc., and individual contributors
+ * as indicated by the @author tags. See the copyright.txt file in the
+ * distribution for a full listing of individual contributors.
+ *
+ * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of
+ * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This software is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with this software; if not, write to the Free
+ * Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+ * 02110-1301 USA, or see the FSF site: http://www.fsf.org.
+ */
+
+package org.jboss.modules;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLConnection;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.ServiceLoader;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import org.jboss.modules.filter.PathFilter;
+import org.jboss.modules.filter.PathFilters;
+import org.jboss.modules.log.ModuleLogger;
+import org.jboss.modules.log.NoopModuleLogger;
+
+import __redirected.__JAXPRedirected;
+
+import static org.jboss.modules.Linkage.State.*;
+
+/**
+ * A module is a unit of classes and other resources, along with the specification of what is imported and exported
+ * by this module from and to other modules.  Modules are created by {@link ModuleLoader}s which build modules from
+ * various configuration information and resource roots.
+ *
+ * @author <a href="mailto:david.lloyd@redhat.com">David M. Lloyd</a>
+ * @author <a href="mailto:jbailey@redhat.com">John Bailey</a>
+ * @author <a href="mailto:flavia.rainone@jboss.com">Flavia Rainone</a>
+ * @author Jason T. Greene
+ * @author thomas.diesler@jboss.com
+ *
+ * @apiviz.landmark
+*/
+public final class Module {
+
+    private static final AtomicReference<ModuleLoader> BOOT_MODULE_LOADER = new AtomicReference<ModuleLoader>();
+
+    static {
+        AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
+            public Void run() {
+                try {
+                    URL.setURLStreamHandlerFactory(new ModularURLStreamHandlerFactory());
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    // todo log a warning or something
+                }
+                try {
+                    URLConnection.setContentHandlerFactory(new ModularContentHandlerFactory());
+                } catch (Throwable t) {
+                    // todo log a warning or something
+                }
+
+                __JAXPRedirected.initAll();
+
+                return null;
+            }
+        });
+
+        final String pkgsString = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PropertyReadAction("jboss.modules.system.pkgs"));
+        final List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
+        list.add("java.");
+        list.add("sun.reflect.");
+        list.add("__redirected.");
+        if (pkgsString != null) {
+            int i;
+            int nc = -1;
+            do {
+                i = nc + 1;
+                nc = pkgsString.indexOf(',', i);
+                String part;
+                if (nc == -1) {
+                    part = pkgsString.substring(i).trim();
+                } else {
+                    part = pkgsString.substring(i, nc).trim();
+                }
+                if (part.length() > 0) {
+                    list.add((part + ".").intern());
+                }
+            } while (nc != -1);
+        }
+        systemPackages = list.toArray(list.toArray(new String[list.size()]));
+        final ListIterator<String> iterator = list.listIterator();
+        // http://youtrack.jetbrains.net/issue/IDEA-72097
+        //noinspection WhileLoopReplaceableByForEach
+        while (iterator.hasNext()) {
+            iterator.set(iterator.next().replace('.', '/'));
+        }
+        systemPaths = list.toArray(list.toArray(new String[list.size()]));
+    }
+
+    // static properties
+
+    static final String[] systemPackages;
+    static final String[] systemPaths;
+
+    /**
+     * The system-wide module logger, which may be changed via {@link #setModuleLogger(org.jboss.modules.log.ModuleLogger)}.
+     */
+    static volatile ModuleLogger log = NoopModuleLogger.getInstance();
+
+    // immutable properties
+
+    /**
+     * The identifier of this module.
+     */
+    private final ModuleIdentifier identifier;
+    /**
+     * The name of the main class, if any (may be {@code null}).
+     */
+    private final String mainClassName;
+    /**
+     * The module class loader for this module.
+     */
+    private final ModuleClassLoader moduleClassLoader;
+    /**
+     * The module loader which created this module.
+     */
+    private final ModuleLoader moduleLoader;
+    /**
+     * This reference exists solely to prevent the {@code FutureModule} from getting GC'd prematurely.
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings({ "unused" })
+    private final Object myKey;
+    /**
+     * The fallback local loader, if any is defined.
+     */
+    private final LocalLoader fallbackLoader;
+
+    // mutable properties
+
+    /**
+     * The linkage state.
+     */
+    private volatile Linkage linkage = Linkage.NONE;
+
+    // private constants
+
+    private static final RuntimePermission GET_CLASS_LOADER = new RuntimePermission("getClassLoader");
+    private static final RuntimePermission GET_BOOT_MODULE_LOADER = new RuntimePermission("getBootModuleLoader");
+    private static final RuntimePermission ACCESS_MODULE_LOGGER = new RuntimePermission("accessModuleLogger");
+    private static final RuntimePermission ADD_CONTENT_HANDLER_FACTORY = new RuntimePermission("addContentHandlerFactory");
+    private static final RuntimePermission ADD_URL_STREAM_HANDLER_FACTORY = new RuntimePermission("addURLStreamHandlerFactory");
+
+    /**
+     * Construct a new instance from a module specification.
+     *
+     * @param spec the module specification
+     * @param moduleLoader the module loader
+     * @param myKey the key to keep a strong reference to
+     */
+    Module(final ConcreteModuleSpec spec, final ModuleLoader moduleLoader, final Object myKey) {
+        this.moduleLoader = moduleLoader;
+        this.myKey = myKey;
+
+        // Initialize state from the spec.
+        identifier = spec.getModuleIdentifier();
+        mainClassName = spec.getMainClass();
+        fallbackLoader = spec.getFallbackLoader();
+        //noinspection ThisEscapedInObjectConstruction
+        final ModuleClassLoader.Configuration configuration = new ModuleClassLoader.Configuration(this, spec.getAssertionSetting(), spec.getResourceLoaders(), spec.getClassFileTransformer());
+        final ModuleClassLoaderFactory factory = spec.getModuleClassLoaderFactory();
+        ModuleClassLoader moduleClassLoader = null;
+        if (factory != null) moduleClassLoader = factory.create(configuration);
+        if (moduleClassLoader == null) moduleClassLoader = new ModuleClassLoader(configuration);
+        this.moduleClassLoader = moduleClassLoader;
+    }
+
+    LocalLoader getFallbackLoader() {
+        return fallbackLoader;
+    }
+
+    Dependency[] getDependencies() {
+        return linkage.getSourceList();
+    }
+
+    ModuleClassLoader getClassLoaderPrivate() {
+        return moduleClassLoader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an exported resource from a specific root in this module.
+     *
+     * @param rootPath the module root to search
+     * @param resourcePath the path of the resource
+     * @return the resource
+     */
+    public Resource getExportedResource(final String rootPath, final String resourcePath) {
+        return moduleClassLoader.loadResourceLocal(rootPath, resourcePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run a module's main class, if any.
+     *
+     * @param args the arguments to pass
+     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no main method
+     * @throws InvocationTargetException if the main method failed
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the main class is not found
+     */
+    public void run(final String[] args) throws NoSuchMethodException, InvocationTargetException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        try {
+            if (mainClassName == null) {
+                throw new NoSuchMethodException("No main class defined for " + this);
+            }
+            final Class<?> mainClass = moduleClassLoader.loadClass(mainClassName);
+            final Method mainMethod = mainClass.getMethod("main", String[].class);
+            final int modifiers = mainMethod.getModifiers();
+            if (! Modifier.isStatic(modifiers)) {
+                throw new NoSuchMethodException("Main method is not static for " + this);
+            }
+            final ClassLoader previousClassLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+            try {
+                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(moduleClassLoader);
+                // ignore the return value
+                mainMethod.invoke(null, new Object[] {args});
+            } finally {
+                Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(previousClassLoader);
+            }
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+            // unexpected; should be public
+            throw new IllegalAccessError(e.getMessage());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get this module's identifier.
+     *
+     * @return the identifier
+     */
+    public ModuleIdentifier getIdentifier() {
+        return identifier;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module loader which created this module.
+     *
+     * @return the module loader of this module
+     */
+    public ModuleLoader getModuleLoader() {
+        return moduleLoader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a service loader from this module.
+     *
+     * @param serviceType the service type class
+     * @param <S> the service type
+     * @return the service loader
+     */
+    public <S> ServiceLoader<S> loadService(Class<S> serviceType) {
+        return ServiceLoader.load(serviceType, moduleClassLoader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a service loader from a module in the caller's module loader. The caller's
+     * module loader refers to the loader of the module of the class that calls this method.
+     * Note that {@link #loadService(Class)} is more efficient since it does not need to crawl
+     * the stack.
+     *
+     * @param <S> the the service type
+     * @param identifier the module identifier containing the service loader
+     * @param serviceType the service type class
+     * @return the loaded service from the caller's module
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the named module failed to load
+     */
+    public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> loadServiceFromCallerModuleLoader(ModuleIdentifier identifier, Class<S> serviceType) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        return getCallerModuleLoader().loadModule(identifier).loadService(serviceType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the class loader for a module.  The class loader can be used to access non-exported classes and
+     * resources of the module.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</code> permission to verify access to the class loader. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @return the module class loader
+     */
+    public ModuleClassLoader getClassLoader() {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(GET_CLASS_LOADER);
+        }
+        return moduleClassLoader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all the paths exported by this module.
+     *
+     * @return the paths that are exported by this module
+     */
+    public Set<String> getExportedPaths() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(getPathsUnchecked(true).keySet());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module for a loaded class, or {@code null} if the class did not come from any module.
+     *
+     * @param clazz the class
+     * @return the module it came from
+     */
+    public static Module forClass(Class<?> clazz) {
+        final ClassLoader cl = clazz.getClassLoader();
+        return forClassLoader(cl, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module for a class loader, or {@code null} if the class loader is not associated with any module.  If
+     * the class loader is unknown, it is possible to check the parent class loader up the chain, and so on until a module is found.
+     *
+     * @param cl the class loader
+     * @param search {@code true} to search up the delegation chain
+     * @return the associated module
+     */
+    public static Module forClassLoader(ClassLoader cl, boolean search) {
+        if (cl instanceof ModuleClassLoader) {
+            return ((ModuleClassLoader) cl).getModule();
+        } else if (search) {
+            return forClassLoader(cl.getParent(), true);
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the boot module loader. The boot module loader is the
+     * initial loader that is established by the module framework. It typically
+     * is based off of the environmental module path unless it is overridden by
+     * specifying a different class name for the {@code boot.module.loader} system
+     * property.
+     *
+     * @return the boot module loader
+     */
+    public static ModuleLoader getBootModuleLoader() {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(GET_BOOT_MODULE_LOADER);
+        }
+        ModuleLoader loader;
+        while ((loader = BOOT_MODULE_LOADER.get()) == null) {
+            loader = DefaultBootModuleLoaderHolder.INSTANCE;
+            if (BOOT_MODULE_LOADER.compareAndSet(null, loader)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            // get it again
+        }
+        return loader;
+    }
+
+    static void initBootModuleLoader(ModuleLoader loader) {
+        BOOT_MODULE_LOADER.set(loader);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the current module loader. The current module loader is the
+     * loader of the module from the calling class. Note that this method
+     * must crawl the stack to determine this, so other mechanisms are more
+     * efficient.
+     *
+     * @return the current module loader, or {@code null} if this method is called outside of a module
+     */
+    public static ModuleLoader getCallerModuleLoader() {
+        Module callerModule = getCallerModule();
+        return callerModule == null ? null : callerModule.getModuleLoader();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the current thread's context module loader.  This loader is the one which defined the module
+     * whose class loader is, or is a parent of, the thread's current context class loader.  If there is none,
+     * then {@code null} is returned.
+     *
+     * @return the module loader, or {@code null} if none is set
+     */
+    public static ModuleLoader getContextModuleLoader() {
+        return Module.forClassLoader(Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(), true).getModuleLoader();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a module from the current module loader. Note that this must crawl the
+     * stack to determine this, so other mechanisms are more efficient.
+     * @see #getCallerModuleLoader()
+     *
+     * @param identifier the module identifier
+     * @return the module
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the module could not be loaded
+     */
+    public static Module getModuleFromCallerModuleLoader(final ModuleIdentifier identifier) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        return getCallerModuleLoader().loadModule(identifier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the caller's module. The caller's module is the module containing the method that calls this
+     * method. Note that this method crawls the stack so other ways of obtaining the
+     * module are more efficient.
+     *
+     * @return the current module
+     */
+    public static Module getCallerModule() {
+        return forClass(CallerContext.getCallingClass());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the module with the given identifier from the module loader used by this module.
+     *
+     * @param identifier the module identifier
+     * @return the module
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if an error occurs
+     */
+    public Module getModule(final ModuleIdentifier identifier) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        return moduleLoader.loadModule(identifier);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class from a module in the system module loader.
+     *
+     * @see #getBootModuleLoader()
+     *
+     * @param moduleIdentifier the identifier of the module from which the class
+     *        should be loaded
+     * @param className the class name to load
+     * @return the class
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the module could not be loaded
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class could not be loaded
+     */
+    public static Class<?> loadClassFromBootModuleLoader(final ModuleIdentifier moduleIdentifier, final String className)
+            throws ModuleLoadException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        return Class.forName(className, true, getBootModuleLoader().loadModule(moduleIdentifier).getClassLoader());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class from a module in the caller's module loader.
+     *
+     * @see #getCallerModuleLoader()
+     *
+     * @param moduleIdentifier the identifier of the module from which the class
+     *        should be loaded
+     * @param className the class name to load
+     * @return the class
+     * @throws ModuleLoadException if the module could not be loaded
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class could not be loaded
+     */
+    public static Class<?> loadClassFromCallerModuleLoader(final ModuleIdentifier moduleIdentifier, final String className)
+            throws ModuleLoadException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        return Class.forName(className, true, getModuleFromCallerModuleLoader(moduleIdentifier).getClassLoader());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a class from a local loader.
+     *
+     * @param className the class name
+     * @param exportsOnly {@code true} to only load if the class is exported, {@code false} to load any class
+     * @param resolve {@code true} to resolve the class after definition
+     * @return the class
+     */
+    Class<?> loadModuleClass(final String className, final boolean exportsOnly, final boolean resolve) {
+        for (String s : systemPackages) {
+            if (className.startsWith(s)) {
+                try {
+                    return moduleClassLoader.loadClass(className, resolve);
+                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                    return null;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final String path = pathOfClass(className);
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> paths = getPathsUnchecked(exportsOnly);
+        final List<LocalLoader> loaders = paths.get(path);
+        if (loaders != null) {
+            Class<?> clazz;
+            for (LocalLoader loader : loaders) {
+                clazz = loader.loadClassLocal(className, resolve);
+                if (clazz != null) {
+                    return clazz;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final LocalLoader fallbackLoader = this.fallbackLoader;
+        if (fallbackLoader != null) {
+            return fallbackLoader.loadClassLocal(className, resolve);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load a resource from a local loader.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @param exportsOnly {@code true} to only consider exported resources
+     * @return the resource URL, or {@code null} if not found
+     */
+    URL getResource(final String name, final boolean exportsOnly) {
+        final String canonPath = PathUtils.canonicalize(name);
+        for (String s : Module.systemPaths) {
+            if (canonPath.startsWith(s)) {
+                return moduleClassLoader.getResource(canonPath);
+            }
+        }
+        log.trace("Attempting to find resource %s in %s", canonPath, this);
+        final String path = pathOf(canonPath);
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> paths = getPathsUnchecked(exportsOnly);
+        final List<LocalLoader> loaders = paths.get(path);
+        if (loaders != null) {
+            for (LocalLoader loader : loaders) {
+                final List<Resource> resourceList = loader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+                for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                    return resource.getURL();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final LocalLoader fallbackLoader = this.fallbackLoader;
+        if (fallbackLoader != null) {
+            final List<Resource> resourceList = fallbackLoader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+            for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                return resource.getURL();
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load all resources of a given name from a local loader.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @param exportsOnly {@code true} to only consider exported resources
+     * @return the enumeration of all the matching resource URLs (may be empty)
+     */
+    Enumeration<URL> getResources(final String name, final boolean exportsOnly) {
+        final String canonPath = PathUtils.canonicalize(name);
+        for (String s : Module.systemPaths) {
+            if (canonPath.startsWith(s)) {
+                try {
+                    return moduleClassLoader.getResources(canonPath);
+                } catch (IOException e) {
+                    return ConcurrentClassLoader.EMPTY_ENUMERATION;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        log.trace("Attempting to find all resources %s in %s", canonPath, this);
+        final String path = pathOf(canonPath);
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> paths = getPathsUnchecked(exportsOnly);
+        final List<LocalLoader> loaders = paths.get(path);
+
+        final List<URL> list = new ArrayList<URL>();
+        if (loaders != null) {
+            for (LocalLoader loader : loaders) {
+                final List<Resource> resourceList = loader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+                for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                    list.add(resource.getURL());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        final LocalLoader fallbackLoader = this.fallbackLoader;
+        if (fallbackLoader != null) {
+            final List<Resource> resourceList = fallbackLoader.loadResourceLocal(canonPath);
+            for (Resource resource : resourceList) {
+                list.add(resource.getURL());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return list.size() == 0 ? ConcurrentClassLoader.EMPTY_ENUMERATION : Collections.enumeration(list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an exported resource URL.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @return the resource, or {@code null} if it was not found
+     */
+    public URL getExportedResource(final String name) {
+        return getResource(name, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all exported resource URLs for a resource name.
+     *
+     * @param name the resource name
+     * @return the resource URLs
+     */
+    public Enumeration<URL> getExportedResources(final String name) {
+        return getResources(name, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the path name of a class.
+     *
+     * @param className the binary name of the class
+     * @return the parent path
+     */
+    static String pathOfClass(final String className) {
+        final String resourceName = className.replace('.', '/');
+        final String path;
+        final int idx = resourceName.lastIndexOf('/');
+        if (idx > -1) {
+            path = resourceName.substring(0, idx);
+        } else {
+            path = "";
+        }
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the path name of a resource.
+     *
+     * @param resourceName the resource name
+     * @return the parent path
+     */
+    static String pathOf(final String resourceName) {
+        final String path;
+        if (resourceName.indexOf('/') == 0) {
+            return pathOf(resourceName.substring(1));
+        }
+        final int idx = resourceName.lastIndexOf('/');
+        if (idx > -1) {
+            path = resourceName.substring(0, idx);
+        } else {
+            path = "";
+        }
+        return path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the file name of a class.
+     *
+     * @param className the class name
+     * @return the name of the corresponding class file
+     */
+    static String fileNameOfClass(final String className) {
+        return className.replace('.', '/') + ".class";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the string representation of this module.
+     *
+     * @return the string representation
+     */
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Module \"" + identifier + "\"" + " from " + moduleLoader.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the logger used by the module system.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("accessModuleLogger")</code> permission to verify access to the module logger. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @return the module logger
+     */
+    public static ModuleLogger getModuleLogger() {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ACCESS_MODULE_LOGGER);
+        }
+        return log;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Change the logger used by the module system.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("accessModuleLogger")</code> permission to verify access to the module logger. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @param logger the new logger, must not be {@code null}
+     */
+    public static void setModuleLogger(final ModuleLogger logger) {
+        if (logger == null) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("logger is null");
+        }
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ACCESS_MODULE_LOGGER);
+        }
+        logger.greeting();
+        log = logger;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return the start time in millis when Module.class was loaded.
+     *
+     * @return start time of Module.class load
+     */
+    public static long getStartTime() {
+        return StartTimeHolder.START_TIME;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an additional module which contains content handlers.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("addContentHandlerFactory")</code> permission to verify access. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @param module the module to add
+     */
+    public static void registerContentHandlerFactoryModule(Module module) {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ADD_CONTENT_HANDLER_FACTORY);
+        }
+        ModularContentHandlerFactory.addHandlerModule(module);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Register an additional module which contains URL handlers.
+     * <p>
+     * If a security manager is present, then this method invokes the security manager's {@code checkPermission} method
+     * with a <code>RuntimePermission("addURLStreamHandlerFactory")</code> permission to verify access. If
+     * access is not granted, a {@code SecurityException} will be thrown.
+     *
+     * @param module the module to add
+     */
+    public static void registerURLStreamHandlerFactoryModule(Module module) {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(ADD_URL_STREAM_HANDLER_FACTORY);
+        }
+        ModularURLStreamHandlerFactory.addHandlerModule(module);
+    }
+
+    // Linking and resolution
+
+    static final class Visited {
+        private final Module module;
+        private final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filters;
+        private final int hashCode;
+
+        Visited(final Module module, final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filters) {
+            this.module = module;
+            this.filters = filters;
+            hashCode = filters.hashCode() * 13 + module.hashCode();
+        }
+
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return hashCode;
+        }
+
+        public boolean equals(Object other) {
+            return other instanceof Visited && equals((Visited)other);
+        }
+
+        public boolean equals(Visited other) {
+            return this == other || other != null && module == other.module && filters.equals(other.filters);
+        }
+    }
+
+    long addPaths(Dependency[] dependencies, Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> map, FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack, Set<Visited> visited) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        long subtract = 0L;
+        moduleLoader.incScanCount();
+        for (Dependency dependency : dependencies) {
+            if (dependency instanceof ModuleDependency) {
+                final ModuleDependency moduleDependency = (ModuleDependency) dependency;
+                final ModuleLoader moduleLoader = moduleDependency.getModuleLoader();
+                final ModuleIdentifier id = moduleDependency.getIdentifier();
+                final Module module;
+
+                try {
+                    long pauseStart = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+                    try {
+                        module = moduleLoader.preloadModule(id);
+                    } finally {
+                        subtract += Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - pauseStart;
+                    }
+                } catch (ModuleLoadException ex) {
+                    if (moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        throw ex;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (module == null) {
+                    if (!moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                        throw new ModuleNotFoundException(id.toString());
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                final PathFilter importFilter = dependency.getImportFilter();
+                filterStack.add(importFilter);
+                subtract += module.addExportedPaths(module.getDependencies(), map, filterStack, visited);
+                filterStack.remove(importFilter);
+            } else if (dependency instanceof ModuleClassLoaderDependency) {
+                final ModuleClassLoaderDependency classLoaderDependency = (ModuleClassLoaderDependency) dependency;
+                final LocalLoader localLoader = classLoaderDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                final PathFilter importFilter = classLoaderDependency.getImportFilter();
+                final Set<String> paths = classLoaderDependency.getPaths();
+                for (String path : paths) {
+                    if (importFilter.accept(path)) {
+                        List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                        if (list == null) {
+                            map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>());
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (dependency instanceof LocalDependency) {
+                final LocalDependency localDependency = (LocalDependency) dependency;
+                final LocalLoader localLoader = localDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                final PathFilter importFilter = localDependency.getImportFilter();
+                final Set<String> paths = localDependency.getPaths();
+                for (String path : paths) {
+                    if (importFilter.accept(path)) {
+                        List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                        if (list == null) {
+                            map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>());
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                            list.add(localLoader);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // else unknown dep type so just skip
+        }
+        return subtract;
+    }
+
+    long addExportedPaths(Dependency[] dependencies, Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> map, FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack, Set<Visited> visited) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        if (!visited.add(new Visited(this, filterStack))) {
+            return 0L;
+        }
+        long subtract = 0L;
+        moduleLoader.incScanCount();
+        for (Dependency dependency : dependencies) {
+            final PathFilter exportFilter = dependency.getExportFilter();
+            // skip non-exported dependencies altogether
+            if (exportFilter != PathFilters.rejectAll()) {
+                if (dependency instanceof ModuleDependency) {
+                    final ModuleDependency moduleDependency = (ModuleDependency) dependency;
+                    final ModuleLoader moduleLoader = moduleDependency.getModuleLoader();
+                    final ModuleIdentifier id = moduleDependency.getIdentifier();
+                    final Module module;
+
+                    try {
+                        long pauseStart = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+                        try {
+                            module = moduleLoader.preloadModule(id);
+                        } finally {
+                            subtract += Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - pauseStart;
+                        }
+                    } catch (ModuleLoadException ex) {
+                        if (moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                            continue;
+                        } else {
+                            throw ex;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (module == null) {
+                        if (!moduleDependency.isOptional()) {
+                            throw new ModuleNotFoundException(id.toString());
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    final PathFilter importFilter = dependency.getImportFilter();
+                    if (filterStack.contains(importFilter) && filterStack.contains(exportFilter)) {
+                        subtract += module.addExportedPaths(module.getDependencies(), map, filterStack, visited);
+                    } else {
+                        final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> clone = filterStack.clone();
+                        clone.add(importFilter);
+                        clone.add(exportFilter);
+                        subtract += module.addExportedPaths(module.getDependencies(), map, clone, visited);
+                    }
+                } else if (dependency instanceof ModuleClassLoaderDependency) {
+                    final ModuleClassLoaderDependency classLoaderDependency = (ModuleClassLoaderDependency) dependency;
+                    final LocalLoader localLoader = classLoaderDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                    final Set<String> paths = classLoaderDependency.getPaths();
+                    for (String path : paths) {
+                        boolean accept = true;
+                        for (Object filter : filterStack.getRawArray()) {
+                            if (filter != null && ! ((PathFilter)filter).accept(path)) {
+                                accept = false; break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (accept && classLoaderDependency.getImportFilter().accept(path) && classLoaderDependency.getExportFilter().accept(path)) {
+                            List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                            if (list == null) {
+                                map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>(1));
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (dependency instanceof LocalDependency) {
+                    final LocalDependency localDependency = (LocalDependency) dependency;
+                    final LocalLoader localLoader = localDependency.getLocalLoader();
+                    final Set<String> paths = localDependency.getPaths();
+                    for (String path : paths) {
+                        boolean accept = true;
+                        for (Object filter : filterStack.getRawArray()) {
+                            if (filter != null && ! ((PathFilter)filter).accept(path)) {
+                                accept = false; break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (accept && localDependency.getImportFilter().accept(path) && localDependency.getExportFilter().accept(path)) {
+                            List<LocalLoader> list = map.get(path);
+                            if (list == null) {
+                                map.put(path, list = new ArrayList<LocalLoader>(1));
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            } else if (! list.contains(localLoader)) {
+                                list.add(localLoader);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                // else unknown dep type so just skip
+            }
+        }
+        return subtract;
+    }
+
+    Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> getPaths(final boolean exports) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        Linkage linkage = this.linkage;
+        Linkage.State state = linkage.getState();
+        if (state.compareTo(exports ? LINKED_EXPORTS : LINKED) >= 0) {
+            return linkage.getPaths(exports);
+        }
+        // slow path loop
+        boolean intr = false;
+        try {
+            for (;;) {
+                synchronized (this) {
+                    linkage = this.linkage;
+                    state = linkage.getState();
+                    while (state == (exports ? LINKING_EXPORTS : LINKING) || state == NEW) try {
+                        wait();
+                        linkage = this.linkage;
+                        state = linkage.getState();
+                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                        intr = true;
+                    }
+                    if (state == (exports ? LINKED_EXPORTS : LINKED)) {
+                        return linkage.getPaths(exports);
+                    }
+                    this.linkage = linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), exports ? LINKING_EXPORTS : LINKING);
+                    // fall out and link
+                }
+                if (exports) {
+                    linkExports(linkage);
+                } else {
+                    link(linkage);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            if (intr) {
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> getPathsUnchecked(final boolean export) {
+        try {
+            return getPaths(export);
+        } catch (ModuleLoadException e) {
+            throw e.toError();
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean link(final Linkage linkage) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        final HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>> importsMap = new HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>>();
+        final Dependency[] dependencies = linkage.getSourceList();
+        final long start = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+        long subtractTime = 0L;
+        try {
+            final Set<Visited> visited = new FastCopyHashSet<Visited>(16);
+            final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack = new FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter>(8);
+            subtractTime += addPaths(dependencies, importsMap, filterStack, visited);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (this.linkage == linkage) {
+                    this.linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), LINKED, importsMap, null);
+                    notifyAll();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                // else all our efforts were just wasted since someone changed the deps in the meantime
+                return false;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            moduleLoader.addLinkTime(Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - start - subtractTime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    boolean linkExports(final Linkage linkage) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        final HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>> exportsMap = new HashMap<String, List<LocalLoader>>();
+        final Dependency[] dependencies = linkage.getSourceList();
+        final long start = Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime();
+        long subtractTime = 0L;
+        try {
+            final Set<Visited> visited = new FastCopyHashSet<Visited>(16);
+            final FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter> filterStack = new FastCopyHashSet<PathFilter>(8);
+            subtractTime += addExportedPaths(dependencies, exportsMap, filterStack, visited);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                if (this.linkage == linkage) {
+                    this.linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), LINKED_EXPORTS, linkage.getAllPaths(), exportsMap);
+                    notifyAll();
+                    return true;
+                }
+                // else all our efforts were just wasted since someone changed the deps in the meantime
+                return false;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            moduleLoader.addLinkTime(Metrics.getCurrentCPUTime() - start - subtractTime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void linkIfNecessary() throws ModuleLoadException {
+        Linkage linkage = this.linkage;
+        if (linkage.getState().compareTo(LINKING) >= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            linkage = this.linkage;
+            if (linkage.getState().compareTo(LINKING) >= 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+            this.linkage = linkage = new Linkage(linkage.getSourceList(), LINKING);
+        }
+        link(linkage);
+    }
+
+    void relink() throws ModuleLoadException {
+        link(linkage);
+    }
+
+    void setDependencies(final List<DependencySpec> dependencySpecs) throws ModuleLoadException {
+        synchronized (this) {
+            linkage = new Linkage(calculateDependencies(dependencySpecs), Linkage.State.UNLINKED, null, null);
+            notifyAll();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Dependency[] calculateDependencies(final List<DependencySpec> dependencySpecs) {
+        final Dependency[] dependencies = new Dependency[dependencySpecs.size()];
+        int i = 0;
+        for (DependencySpec spec : dependencySpecs) {
+            final Dependency dependency = spec.getDependency(this);
+            dependencies[i++] = dependency;
+        }
+        return dependencies;
+    }
+
+    String getMainClass() {
+        return mainClassName;
+    }
+
+    Package getPackage(final String name) {
+        List<LocalLoader> loaders = getPathsUnchecked(false).get(name.replace('.', '/'));
+        if (loaders != null) for (LocalLoader localLoader : loaders) {
+            Package pkg = localLoader.loadPackageLocal(name);
+            if (pkg != null) return pkg;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    Package[] getPackages() {
+        final ArrayList<Package> packages = new ArrayList<Package>();
+        final Map<String, List<LocalLoader>> allPaths = getPathsUnchecked(false);
+        next: for (String path : allPaths.keySet()) {
+            String packageName = path.replace('/', '.');
+            for (LocalLoader loader : allPaths.get(path)) {
+                Package pkg = loader.loadPackageLocal(packageName);
+                if (pkg != null) {
+                    packages.add(pkg);
+                }
+                continue next;
+            }
+        }
+        return packages.toArray(new Package[packages.size()]);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `org.jboss.modules.Module.addPaths` indirectly reads without synchronization from `table.[_]`. Potentially races with write in method `Module.link(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+long Module.addPaths(org.jboss.modules.Dependency[],Map,FastCopyHashSet,Set)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+org.jboss.modules.Module.addPaths(org.jboss.modules.Dependency[],java.util.Map,org.jboss.modules.Fas.deb18ac3d22626a1199a4d784109363b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/org/jboss/modules/Module.java
+
+### Key:
+Module.java|addPaths|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+63eff89e392053255f82d0315e3e22e0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9814/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9814/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54a06c2f988dbfcf6e61a01e1401759879ef89df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9814/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pippo
+**Bug ID:** 1
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package ro.fortsoft.pippo.core;
+
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.controller.Controller;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.controller.ControllerHandler;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.controller.ControllerInitializationListenerList;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.controller.ControllerInstantiationListenerList;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.controller.ControllerInvokeListenerList;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.ClasspathResourceHandler;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.DefaultRouteMatcher;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.DefaultRouteNotFoundHandler;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.Route;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.RouteHandler;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.RouteMatcher;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.RouteNotFoundHandler;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.route.UrlBuilder;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.util.HttpCacheToolkit;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.util.MimeTypes;
+import ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.util.ServiceLocator;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/**
+ * @author Decebal Suiu
+ */
+public class Application {
+
+    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Application.class);
+
+    private PippoSettings pippoSettings;
+    private Languages languages;
+    private Messages messages;
+    private MimeTypes mimeTypes;
+    private HttpCacheToolkit httpCacheToolkit;
+    private TemplateEngine templateEngine;
+    private JsonEngine jsonEngine;
+    private XmlEngine xmlEngine;
+    private RouteMatcher routeMatcher;
+    private UrlBuilder urlBuilder;
+    private ExceptionHandler exceptionHandler;
+    private RouteNotFoundHandler routeNotFoundHandler;
+
+    private String uploadLocation = System.getProperty("java.io.tmpdir");
+    private long maximumUploadSize = -1L;
+
+    private ControllerInstantiationListenerList controllerInstantiationListeners;
+    private ControllerInitializationListenerList controllerInitializationListeners;
+    private ControllerInvokeListenerList controllerInvokeListeners;
+
+    private Map<String, Object> locals;
+
+    /**
+     * Get Application for current thread.
+     *
+     * @return The current thread's Application
+     */
+    public static Application get() {
+        Application application = ThreadContext.getApplication();
+        if (application == null) {
+            throw new PippoRuntimeException("There is no application attached to current thread '{}'",
+                    Thread.currentThread().getName());
+        }
+
+        return application;
+    }
+
+    public Application() {
+        this(new PippoSettings(RuntimeMode.getCurrent()));
+    }
+
+    public Application(PippoSettings settings) {
+        this.pippoSettings = settings;
+        this.languages = new Languages(settings);
+        this.messages = new Messages(languages);
+        this.mimeTypes = new MimeTypes(settings);
+        this.httpCacheToolkit = new HttpCacheToolkit(settings);
+    }
+
+    public void init() {
+    }
+
+    public void destroy() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The runtime mode. Must currently be either DEV, TEST, or PROD.
+     */
+    public RuntimeMode getRuntimeMode() {
+        return pippoSettings.getRuntimeMode();
+    }
+
+    public PippoSettings getPippoSettings() {
+        return pippoSettings;
+    }
+
+    public String getApplicationName() {
+        return pippoSettings.getString(PippoConstants.SETTING_APPLICATION_NAME, "");
+    }
+
+    public String getApplicationVersion() {
+        return pippoSettings.getString(PippoConstants.SETTING_APPLICATION_VERSION, "");
+    }
+
+    public Languages getLanguages() {
+        return languages;
+    }
+
+    public Messages getMessages() {
+        return messages;
+    }
+
+    public MimeTypes getMimeTypes() {
+        return mimeTypes;
+    }
+
+    public HttpCacheToolkit getHttpCacheToolkit() {
+        return httpCacheToolkit;
+    }
+
+    public TemplateEngine getTemplateEngine() {
+        if (templateEngine == null) {
+            TemplateEngine engine = ServiceLocator.locate(TemplateEngine.class);
+            setTemplateEngine(engine);
+        }
+
+        return templateEngine;
+    }
+
+    public void setTemplateEngine(TemplateEngine templateEngine) {
+        // initialize the engine first
+        templateEngine.init(this);
+
+        this.templateEngine = templateEngine;
+    }
+
+    public JsonEngine getJsonEngine() {
+        if (jsonEngine == null) {
+            jsonEngine = ServiceLocator.locate(JsonEngine.class);
+        }
+
+        return jsonEngine;
+    }
+
+    public void setJsonEngine(JsonEngine jsonEngine) {
+        this.jsonEngine = jsonEngine;
+    }
+
+    public XmlEngine getXmlEngine() {
+        if (xmlEngine == null) {
+            xmlEngine = ServiceLocator.locate(XmlEngine.class);
+        }
+
+        return xmlEngine;
+    }
+
+    public void setXmlEngine(XmlEngine xmlEngine) {
+        this.xmlEngine = xmlEngine;
+    }
+
+    public RouteMatcher getRouteMatcher() {
+        if (routeMatcher == null) {
+            routeMatcher = new DefaultRouteMatcher();
+        }
+
+        return routeMatcher;
+    }
+
+    public void setRouteMatcher(RouteMatcher routeMatcher) {
+        this.routeMatcher = routeMatcher;
+    }
+
+    void setContextPath(String contextPath) {
+        getUrlBuilder().setContextPath(contextPath);
+    }
+
+    public void GET(ClasspathResourceHandler resourceHandler) {
+        if (getUrlBuilder().urlPatternFor(resourceHandler.getClass()) != null) {
+            throw new PippoRuntimeException("You may only register one route for {}",
+                    resourceHandler.getClass().getSimpleName());
+        }
+        resourceHandler.setMimeTypes(mimeTypes);
+        resourceHandler.setHttpCacheToolkit(httpCacheToolkit);
+        addRoute(resourceHandler.getUrlPattern(), HttpConstants.Method.GET, resourceHandler);
+    }
+
+    public void GET(String urlPattern, RouteHandler routeHandler) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.GET, routeHandler);
+    }
+
+    public void GET(String urlPattern, Class<? extends Controller> controllerClass, String methodName) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.GET, new ControllerHandler(controllerClass, methodName));
+    }
+
+    public void POST(String urlPattern, RouteHandler routeHandler) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.POST, routeHandler);
+    }
+
+    public void POST(String urlPattern, Class<? extends Controller> controllerClass, String methodName) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.POST, new ControllerHandler(controllerClass, methodName));
+    }
+
+    public void DELETE(String urlPattern, RouteHandler routeHandler) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.DELETE, routeHandler);
+    }
+
+    public void DELETE(String urlPattern, Class<? extends Controller> controllerClass, String methodName) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.DELETE, new ControllerHandler(controllerClass, methodName));
+    }
+
+    public void HEAD(String urlPattern, RouteHandler routeHandler) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.HEAD, routeHandler);
+    }
+
+    public void HEAD(String urlPattern, Class<? extends Controller> controllerClass, String methodName) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.HEAD, new ControllerHandler(controllerClass, methodName));
+    }
+
+    public void PUT(String urlPattern, RouteHandler routeHandler) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.PUT, routeHandler);
+    }
+
+    public void PUT(String urlPattern, Class<? extends Controller> controllerClass, String methodName) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.PUT, new ControllerHandler(controllerClass, methodName));
+    }
+
+    public void PATCH(String urlPattern, RouteHandler routeHandler) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.PATCH, routeHandler);
+    }
+
+    public void PATCH(String urlPattern, Class<? extends Controller> controllerClass, String methodName) {
+        addRoute(urlPattern, HttpConstants.Method.PATCH, new ControllerHandler(controllerClass, methodName));
+    }
+
+    public void addRoute(String urlPattern, String requestMethod, RouteHandler routeHandler) {
+        Route route = new Route(urlPattern, requestMethod, routeHandler);
+        try {
+            getRouteMatcher().addRoute(route);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            log.error("Cannot add route '{}'", route, e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public ExceptionHandler getExceptionHandler() {
+        if (exceptionHandler == null) {
+            exceptionHandler = new DefaultExceptionHandler(this);
+        }
+
+        return exceptionHandler;
+    }
+
+    public void setExceptionHandler(ExceptionHandler exceptionHandler) {
+        this.exceptionHandler = exceptionHandler;
+    }
+
+    public RouteNotFoundHandler getRouteNotFoundHandler() {
+        if (routeNotFoundHandler == null) {
+            routeNotFoundHandler = new DefaultRouteNotFoundHandler(this);
+        }
+
+        return routeNotFoundHandler;
+    }
+
+    public void setRouteNotFoundHandler(RouteNotFoundHandler routeNotFoundHandler) {
+        this.routeNotFoundHandler = routeNotFoundHandler;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The directory location where files will be stored.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public String getUploadLocation() {
+        return uploadLocation;
+    }
+
+    public void setUploadLocation(String uploadLocation) {
+        this.uploadLocation = uploadLocation;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the maximum size allowed for uploaded files.
+     *
+     * @return
+     */
+    public long getMaximumUploadSize() {
+        return maximumUploadSize;
+    }
+
+    public void setMaximumUploadSize(long maximumUploadSize) {
+        this.maximumUploadSize = maximumUploadSize;
+    }
+
+    public ControllerInstantiationListenerList getControllerInstantiationListeners() {
+        if (controllerInstantiationListeners == null) {
+            controllerInstantiationListeners = new ControllerInstantiationListenerList();
+        }
+
+        return controllerInstantiationListeners;
+    }
+
+    public ControllerInitializationListenerList getControllerInitializationListeners() {
+        if (controllerInitializationListeners == null) {
+            controllerInitializationListeners = new ControllerInitializationListenerList();
+        }
+
+        return controllerInitializationListeners;
+    }
+
+    public ControllerInvokeListenerList getControllerInvokeListeners() {
+        if (controllerInvokeListeners == null) {
+            controllerInvokeListeners = new ControllerInvokeListenerList();
+        }
+
+        return controllerInvokeListeners;
+    }
+
+    public Map<String, Object> getLocals() {
+        if (locals == null) {
+            locals = new HashMap<>();
+        }
+
+        return locals;
+    }
+
+    public UrlBuilder getUrlBuilder() {
+        if (urlBuilder == null) {
+            urlBuilder = new UrlBuilder(getRouteMatcher());
+        }
+        return urlBuilder;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        String toString = (getApplicationName() + " " + getApplicationVersion()).trim();
+        if (toString.isEmpty()) {
+            super.toString();
+        }
+
+        return toString;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `engine` last assigned on line 140 could be null and is dereferenced by call to `setTemplateEngine(...)` at line 141.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+TemplateEngine Application.getTemplateEngine()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.Application.getTemplateEngine():ro.fortsoft.pippo.core.TemplateEngine.aaa513372b934a6267b17002d0e34332
+
+### File:
+pippo-core/src/main/java/ro/fortsoft/pippo/core/Application.java
+
+### Key:
+Application.java|getTemplateEngine|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+c2c6d13a2c84d986d78a05ce39beab70
+
+### Hash:
+dd284b286ff0021f279e6e59e7faf4fa
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9815/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9815/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1fe6e4d041685b043a50b952e4a830f807340c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9815/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** pippo
+**Bug ID:** 8
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 the original author or authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package ro.pippo.core.route;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import java.net.URISyntaxException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.*;
+
+public class PathTraversalResourceHandlerTest {
+
+    @Test
+    public void classpathResourceHandlerTest() throws URISyntaxException {
+        ClasspathResourceHandler handler = new ClasspathResourceHandler("/", "/public");
+
+        URL resourceUrl = handler.getResourceUrl("VISIBLE");
+        assertNotNull(resourceUrl);
+        Path visibleFile = Paths.get(resourceUrl.toURI());
+        assertNotNull(visibleFile);
+        Path basePath = visibleFile.getParent();
+        URL url = handler.getResourceUrl("../HIDDEN");
+        assertNotNull(url);
+        assertTrue("Path traversal security issue", Paths.get(url.toURI()).startsWith(basePath));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void webjarResourceHandlerTest() {
+        WebjarsResourceHandler handler = new WebjarsResourceHandler();
+
+        URL url = handler.getResourceUrl("../../../HIDDEN");
+        assertNull(url);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void publicResourceHandlerTest() throws URISyntaxException {
+        PublicResourceHandler handler = new PublicResourceHandler();
+
+        URL resourceUrl = handler.getResourceUrl("VISIBLE");
+        assertNotNull(resourceUrl);
+        Path visibleFile = Paths.get(resourceUrl.toURI());
+        assertNotNull(visibleFile);
+        Path basePath = visibleFile.getParent();
+        URL url = handler.getResourceUrl("../HIDDEN");
+        assertNotNull(url);
+        assertTrue("Path traversal security issue", Paths.get(url.toURI()).startsWith(basePath));
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `url` last assigned on line 60 could be null and is dereferenced at line 62.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void PathTraversalResourceHandlerTest.publicResourceHandlerTest()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+ro.pippo.core.route.PathTraversalResourceHandlerTest.publicResourceHandlerTest():void.5070c82934057969bb82a51e21c74c76
+
+### File:
+pippo-core/src/test/java/ro/pippo/core/route/PathTraversalResourceHandlerTest.java
+
+### Key:
+PathTraversalResourceHandlerTest.java|publicResourceHandlerTest|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+24ae6f170d625e18d33bb0779a6f88fd
+
+### Hash:
+626d3300bce9bf72fb17a221bcb71559
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9822/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9822/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2eed20b1122ef1c3f6cdac65f58277769078c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9822/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * This file is part of riak-java-pb-client 
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 by Trifork
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ **/
+
+package com.basho.riak.pbc;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp;
+import com.google.protobuf.MessageLite;
+
+/**
+ * Wraps the {@link Socket} used to send/receive data to Riak's protocol buffers interface.
+ * 
+ * See <a href="http://wiki.basho.com/PBC-API.html">Basho Wiki</a> for more details.
+ */
+class RiakConnection {
+
+	static final int DEFAULT_RIAK_PB_PORT = 8087;
+
+	 private Socket sock;
+	 private DataOutputStream dout;
+	 private DataInputStream din;
+
+	public RiakConnection(InetAddress addr, int port, int bufferSizeKb) throws IOException {
+	    sock = new Socket(addr, port);
+
+	    sock.setSendBufferSize(1024 * bufferSizeKb);
+
+	    dout = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(sock
+                .getOutputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+        din = new DataInputStream(
+                new BufferedInputStream(sock.getInputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+    }
+
+	///////////////////////
+
+	void send(int code, MessageLite req) throws IOException {
+		int len = req.getSerializedSize();
+		dout.writeInt(len + 1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		req.writeTo(dout);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	void send(int code) throws IOException {
+		dout.writeInt(1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	byte[] receive(int code) throws IOException {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+
+		byte[] data = null;
+        if (len > 1) {
+            data = new byte[len - 1];
+            din.readFully(data);
+        }
+
+        if (get_code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+            RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(data);
+            throw new RiakError(err);
+        }
+
+		if (code != get_code) {
+            throw new IOException("bad message code. Expected: " + code + " actual: " + get_code);
+        }
+
+		return data;
+	}
+
+	void receive_code(int code) throws IOException, RiakError {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+		if (code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+			RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(din);
+			throw new RiakError(err);
+		}
+		if (len != 1 || code != get_code) {
+			throw new IOException("bad message code");
+		}
+	}
+
+	static Timer TIMER = new Timer("riak-client-timeout-thread", true);
+	TimerTask idle_timeout;
+	
+	public void beginIdle() {
+		idle_timeout = new TimerTask() {
+			
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+				RiakConnection.this.timer_fired(this);
+			}
+		};
+		
+		TIMER.schedule(idle_timeout, 1000);
+	}
+
+	synchronized void timer_fired(TimerTask fired_timer) {
+		if (idle_timeout != fired_timer) {
+			// if it is not our current timer, then ignore
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		close();
+	}
+
+	void close() {
+		if (isClosed())
+			return;
+		
+		try {
+			sock.close();
+			din = null;
+			dout = null;
+			sock = null;
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	synchronized boolean endIdleAndCheckValid() {
+		TimerTask tt = idle_timeout;
+		if (tt != null) { tt.cancel(); }
+		idle_timeout = null;
+		
+		if (isClosed()) {
+			return false;
+		} else {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public DataOutputStream getOutputStream() {
+		return dout;
+	}
+
+	public boolean isClosed() {
+		return sock == null || sock.isClosed();
+	}
+	
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.send` reads without synchronization from `this.com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.dout`. Potentially races with write in method `RiakConnection.timer_fired(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RiakConnection.send(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.send(int):void.dff7e9c85b864ebb8243a7f15fb03cb6
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/basho/riak/pbc/RiakConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+RiakConnection.java|send|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+a0f4c2e1fbd329d8107d884dd4ace56c
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9823/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9823/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d50c1320ee1ac9e4e16b330f8ffc6d1f4b974dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9823/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 11
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * This file is part of riak-java-pb-client 
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 by Trifork
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ **/
+
+package com.basho.riak.pbc;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp;
+import com.google.protobuf.MessageLite;
+
+/**
+ * Wraps the {@link Socket} used to send/receive data to Riak's protocol buffers interface.
+ * 
+ * See <a href="http://wiki.basho.com/PBC-API.html">Basho Wiki</a> for more details.
+ */
+class RiakConnection {
+
+	static final int DEFAULT_RIAK_PB_PORT = 8087;
+
+	 private Socket sock;
+	 private DataOutputStream dout;
+	 private DataInputStream din;
+
+	public RiakConnection(InetAddress addr, int port, int bufferSizeKb) throws IOException {
+	    sock = new Socket(addr, port);
+
+	    sock.setSendBufferSize(1024 * bufferSizeKb);
+
+	    dout = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(sock
+                .getOutputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+        din = new DataInputStream(
+                new BufferedInputStream(sock.getInputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+    }
+
+	///////////////////////
+
+	void send(int code, MessageLite req) throws IOException {
+		int len = req.getSerializedSize();
+		dout.writeInt(len + 1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		req.writeTo(dout);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	void send(int code) throws IOException {
+		dout.writeInt(1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	byte[] receive(int code) throws IOException {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+
+		byte[] data = null;
+        if (len > 1) {
+            data = new byte[len - 1];
+            din.readFully(data);
+        }
+
+        if (get_code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+            RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(data);
+            throw new RiakError(err);
+        }
+
+		if (code != get_code) {
+            throw new IOException("bad message code. Expected: " + code + " actual: " + get_code);
+        }
+
+		return data;
+	}
+
+	void receive_code(int code) throws IOException, RiakError {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+		if (code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+			RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(din);
+			throw new RiakError(err);
+		}
+		if (len != 1 || code != get_code) {
+			throw new IOException("bad message code");
+		}
+	}
+
+	static Timer TIMER = new Timer("riak-client-timeout-thread", true);
+	TimerTask idle_timeout;
+	
+	public void beginIdle() {
+		idle_timeout = new TimerTask() {
+			
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+				RiakConnection.this.timer_fired(this);
+			}
+		};
+		
+		TIMER.schedule(idle_timeout, 1000);
+	}
+
+	synchronized void timer_fired(TimerTask fired_timer) {
+		if (idle_timeout != fired_timer) {
+			// if it is not our current timer, then ignore
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		close();
+	}
+
+	void close() {
+		if (isClosed())
+			return;
+		
+		try {
+			sock.close();
+			din = null;
+			dout = null;
+			sock = null;
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	synchronized boolean endIdleAndCheckValid() {
+		TimerTask tt = idle_timeout;
+		if (tt != null) { tt.cancel(); }
+		idle_timeout = null;
+		
+		if (isClosed()) {
+			return false;
+		} else {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public DataOutputStream getOutputStream() {
+		return dout;
+	}
+
+	public boolean isClosed() {
+		return sock == null || sock.isClosed();
+	}
+	
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.receive_code` reads without synchronization from `this.com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.din`. Potentially races with write in method `RiakConnection.timer_fired(...)`.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RiakConnection.receive_code(int)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.receive_code(int):void.9a55d8a4cd6ccb1831c284d58bc3f0da
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/basho/riak/pbc/RiakConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+RiakConnection.java|receive_code|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+1cc4504571794b04eb0de7d7e4abe542
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9824/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9824/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea9ea5d9c5d7d742dddff4c5cfbfd1018634c929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9824/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 7
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * This file is part of riak-java-pb-client 
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 by Trifork
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ **/
+
+package com.basho.riak.pbc;
+
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.prefs.BackingStoreException;
+import java.util.prefs.Preferences;
+import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
+
+import org.json.JSONObject;
+
+import com.basho.riak.client.http.util.Constants;
+import com.basho.riak.client.util.CharsetUtils;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbDelReq;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbGetClientIdResp;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbGetReq;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbGetResp;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbGetServerInfoResp;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbListBucketsResp;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbMapRedReq;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbPutReq;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbPutResp;
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbSetClientIdReq;
+import com.google.protobuf.ByteString;
+import com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException;
+//import com.trifork.riak.RPB.RpbListKeysResp;
+//import com.trifork.riak.RPB.RpbMapRedResp;
+
+/**
+ * Low level protocol buffers client.
+ */
+public class RiakClient implements RiakMessageCodes {
+
+    private static final int BUFFER_SIZE_KB;
+
+    static {
+        BUFFER_SIZE_KB = Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("com.basho.riak.client.pbc,buffer", "16"));
+    }
+
+    private static final RiakObject[] NO_RIAK_OBJECTS = new RiakObject[0];
+	private static final ByteString[] NO_BYTE_STRINGS = new ByteString[0];
+	//private static final String[] NO_STRINGS = new String[0];
+	//private static final MapReduceResponse[] NO_MAP_REDUCE_RESPONSES = new MapReduceResponse[0];
+
+	private String node;
+	private String serverVersion;
+	private InetAddress addr;
+	private int port;
+	private int bufferSizeKb;
+
+	/**
+	 * if this has been set (or gotten) then it will be applied to new
+	 * connections
+	 */
+	private volatile ByteString clientID;
+
+	public RiakClient(String host) throws IOException {
+		this(host, RiakConnection.DEFAULT_RIAK_PB_PORT);
+	}
+
+	public RiakClient(String host, int port) throws IOException {
+		this(InetAddress.getByName(host), port);
+	}
+
+	public RiakClient(InetAddress addr, int port) throws IOException {
+		this.addr = addr;
+		this.port = port;
+		this.bufferSizeKb = BUFFER_SIZE_KB;
+	}
+
+	public RiakClient(String host, int port, int bufferSizeKb)  throws IOException {
+	    this.addr = InetAddress.getByName(host);
+	    this.port = port;
+	    this.bufferSizeKb = bufferSizeKb;
+	}
+
+	private ThreadLocal<RiakConnection> connections = new ThreadLocal<RiakConnection>();
+
+	RiakConnection getConnection() throws IOException {
+		return getConnection(true);
+	}
+
+	RiakConnection getConnection(boolean setClientId) throws IOException {
+        RiakConnection c = connections.get();
+        if (c == null || !c.endIdleAndCheckValid()) {
+            c = new RiakConnection(addr, port, bufferSizeKb);
+
+            if (this.clientID != null && setClientId) {
+                connections.set(c);
+                setClientID(clientID);
+            }
+        }
+        connections.set(null);
+        return c;
+    }
+
+	void release(RiakConnection c) {
+		RiakConnection cc = connections.get();
+		if (cc == null) {
+			c.beginIdle();
+			connections.set(c);
+		} else {
+			c.close();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * helper method to use a reasonable default client id
+	 * beware, it caches the client id. If you call it multiple times on the same client
+	 * you get the *same* id (not good for reusing a client with different ids)
+	 * 
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public void prepareClientID() throws IOException {
+		Preferences prefs = Preferences.userNodeForPackage(RiakClient.class);
+
+		String clid = prefs.get("client_id", null);
+		if (clid == null) {
+			SecureRandom sr;
+			try {
+				sr = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG");
+				// Not totally secure, but doesn't need to be
+				// and 100% less prone to 30 second hangs on linux jdk5
+				sr.setSeed(UUID.randomUUID().getLeastSignificantBits() + new Date().getTime());
+			} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
+				throw new RuntimeException(e);
+			}
+			byte[] data = new byte[6];
+			sr.nextBytes(data);
+			clid = CharsetUtils.asString(Base64.encodeBase64Chunked(data), CharsetUtils.ISO_8859_1);
+			prefs.put("client_id", clid);
+			try {
+				prefs.flush();
+			} catch (BackingStoreException e) {
+				throw new IOException(e.toString());
+			}
+		}
+
+		setClientID(clid);
+	}
+
+	public void ping() throws IOException {
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_PingReq);
+			c.receive_code(MSG_PingResp);
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Warning: the riak client id is 4 bytes. This method silently truncates anymore bytes than that.
+	 * Be aware that if you have two client Ids, "boris1" and "boris2" this method will leave you with 1 client id, "bori".
+	 * Use {@link RiakClient#prepareClientID()} to generate a reasonably unique Id.
+	 * @see RiakClient#prepareClientID()
+	 * @param id
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 */
+	public void setClientID(String id) throws IOException {
+	    if(id == null || id.length() < Constants.RIAK_CLIENT_ID_LENGTH) {
+	        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Client ID must be at least " + Constants.RIAK_CLIENT_ID_LENGTH + " bytes long");
+	    }
+		setClientID(ByteString.copyFrom(CharsetUtils.utf8StringToBytes(id), 0, Constants.RIAK_CLIENT_ID_LENGTH));
+	}
+
+	// /////////////////////
+
+	public void setClientID(ByteString id) throws IOException {
+	    if(id.size() > Constants.RIAK_CLIENT_ID_LENGTH) {
+	        id = ByteString.copyFrom(id.toByteArray(), 0, Constants.RIAK_CLIENT_ID_LENGTH);
+	    }
+		RpbSetClientIdReq req = RPB.RpbSetClientIdReq.newBuilder().setClientId(
+				id).build();
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection(false);
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_SetClientIdReq, req);
+			c.receive_code(MSG_SetClientIdResp);
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+
+		this.clientID = id;
+	}
+
+	public String getClientID() throws IOException {
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_GetClientIdReq);
+			byte[] data = c.receive(MSG_GetClientIdResp);
+			if (data == null)
+				return null;
+			RpbGetClientIdResp res = RPB.RpbGetClientIdResp.parseFrom(data);
+			clientID = res.getClientId();
+			return clientID.toStringUtf8();
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public Map<String, String> getServerInfo() throws IOException {
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_GetServerInfoReq);
+			byte[] data = c.receive(MSG_GetServerInfoResp);
+			if (data == null)
+				return Collections.emptyMap();
+
+			RpbGetServerInfoResp res = RPB.RpbGetServerInfoResp.parseFrom(data);
+			if (res.hasNode()) {
+				this.node = res.getNode().toStringUtf8();
+			}
+			if (res.hasServerVersion()) {
+				this.serverVersion = res.getServerVersion().toStringUtf8();
+			}
+			Map<String, String> result = new HashMap<String, String>();
+			result.put("node", node);
+			result.put("server_version", serverVersion);
+			return result;
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// /////////////////////
+
+	public RiakObject[] fetch(String bucket, String key, int readQuorum)
+			throws IOException {
+		return fetch(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(bucket), ByteString
+				.copyFromUtf8(key), readQuorum);
+	}
+
+	public RiakObject[] fetch(ByteString bucket, ByteString key, int readQuorum)
+			throws IOException {
+		RpbGetReq req = RPB.RpbGetReq.newBuilder().setBucket(bucket)
+				.setKey(key).setR(readQuorum).build();
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_GetReq, req);
+			return process_fetch_reply(c, bucket, key);
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	public RiakObject[] fetch(String bucket, String key) throws IOException {
+		return fetch(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(bucket), ByteString
+				.copyFromUtf8(key));
+	}
+
+	public RiakObject[] fetch(ByteString bucket, ByteString key)
+			throws IOException {
+		RpbGetReq req = RPB.RpbGetReq.newBuilder().setBucket(bucket)
+				.setKey(key).build();
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_GetReq, req);
+			return process_fetch_reply(c, bucket, key);
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private RiakObject[] process_fetch_reply(RiakConnection c,
+			ByteString bucket, ByteString key) throws IOException,
+			InvalidProtocolBufferException {
+		byte[] rep = c.receive(MSG_GetResp);
+
+		if (rep == null) {
+			return NO_RIAK_OBJECTS;
+		}
+
+		RpbGetResp resp = RPB.RpbGetResp.parseFrom(rep);
+		int count = resp.getContentCount();
+		RiakObject[] out = new RiakObject[count];
+		ByteString vclock = resp.getVclock();
+		for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+			out[i] = new RiakObject(vclock, bucket, key, resp.getContent(i));
+		}
+		return out;
+	}
+
+	// /////////////////////
+
+	public ByteString[] store(RiakObject[] values, RequestMeta meta)
+			throws IOException {
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			BulkReader reader = new BulkReader(c, values.length);
+			Thread worker = new Thread(reader);
+			worker.start();
+
+			DataOutputStream dout = c.getOutputStream();
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
+				RiakObject value = values[i];
+
+				RPB.RpbPutReq.Builder builder = RPB.RpbPutReq.newBuilder()
+						.setBucket(value.getBucketBS())
+						.setKey(value.getKeyBS()).setContent(
+								value.buildContent());
+
+				if (value.getVclock() != null) {
+					builder.setVclock(value.getVclock());
+				}
+
+				builder.setReturnBody(true);
+
+				if (meta != null) {
+
+					if (meta.writeQuorum != null) {
+						builder.setW(meta.writeQuorum.intValue());
+					}
+
+					if (meta.durableWriteQuorum != null) {
+						builder.setDw(meta.durableWriteQuorum.intValue());
+					}
+				}
+
+				RpbPutReq req = builder.build();
+
+				int len = req.getSerializedSize();
+				dout.writeInt(len + 1);
+				dout.write(MSG_PutReq);
+				req.writeTo(dout);
+			}
+
+			dout.flush();
+
+			try {
+				worker.join();
+			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+
+			return reader.vclocks;
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	class BulkReader implements Runnable {
+
+		private ByteString[] vclocks;
+		private final RiakConnection c;
+
+		public BulkReader(RiakConnection c, int count) {
+			this.c = c;
+			this.vclocks = new ByteString[count];
+		}
+
+		public void run() {
+
+			try {
+				for (int i = 0; i < vclocks.length; i++) {
+					byte[] data = c.receive(MSG_PutResp);
+					if (data != null) {
+						RpbPutResp resp = RPB.RpbPutResp.parseFrom(data);
+						if (resp.hasVclock()) {
+							vclocks[i] = resp.getVclock();
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				// TODO
+				e.printStackTrace();
+			}
+
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	public void store(RiakObject value) throws IOException {
+		store(value, null);
+	}
+
+	public RiakObject[] store(RiakObject value, IRequestMeta meta)
+			throws IOException {
+
+		RPB.RpbPutReq.Builder builder = RPB.RpbPutReq.newBuilder().setBucket(
+				value.getBucketBS()).setKey(value.getKeyBS()).setContent(
+				value.buildContent());
+
+		if (value.getVclock() != null) {
+			builder.setVclock(value.getVclock());
+		}
+
+		if (meta != null) {
+			meta.preparePut(builder);
+		}
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_PutReq, builder.build());
+			byte[] r = c.receive(MSG_PutResp);
+
+			if (r == null) {
+				return NO_RIAK_OBJECTS;
+			}
+
+			RpbPutResp resp = RPB.RpbPutResp.parseFrom(r);
+
+			RiakObject[] res = new RiakObject[resp.getContentsCount()];
+			ByteString vclock = resp.getVclock();
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < res.length; i++) {
+				res[i] = new RiakObject(vclock, value.getBucketBS(), value
+						.getKeyBS(), resp.getContents(i));
+			}
+
+			return res;
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// /////////////////////
+
+	public void delete(String bucket, String key, int rw) throws IOException {
+		delete(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(bucket), ByteString.copyFromUtf8(key),
+				rw);
+	}
+
+	public void delete(ByteString bucket, ByteString key, int rw)
+			throws IOException {
+		RpbDelReq req = RPB.RpbDelReq.newBuilder().setBucket(bucket)
+				.setKey(key).setRw(rw).build();
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_DelReq, req);
+			c.receive_code(MSG_DelResp);
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	public void delete(String bucket, String key) throws IOException {
+		delete(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(bucket), ByteString.copyFromUtf8(key));
+	}
+
+	public void delete(ByteString bucket, ByteString key) throws IOException {
+		RpbDelReq req = RPB.RpbDelReq.newBuilder().setBucket(bucket)
+				.setKey(key).build();
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_DelReq, req);
+			c.receive_code(MSG_DelResp);
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public ByteString[] listBuckets() throws IOException {
+
+		byte[] data;
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_ListBucketsReq);
+
+			data = c.receive(MSG_ListBucketsResp);
+			if (data == null) {
+				return NO_BYTE_STRINGS;
+			}
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+
+		RpbListBucketsResp resp = RPB.RpbListBucketsResp.parseFrom(data);
+		ByteString[] out = new ByteString[resp.getBucketsCount()];
+		for (int i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
+			out[i] = resp.getBuckets(i);
+		}
+		return out;
+	}
+
+	public BucketProperties getBucketProperties(ByteString bucket)
+			throws IOException {
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_GetBucketReq, RPB.RpbGetBucketReq.newBuilder()
+					.setBucket(bucket).build());
+
+			byte[] data = c.receive(MSG_GetBucketResp);
+			BucketProperties bp = new BucketProperties();
+			if (data == null) {
+				return bp;
+			}
+
+			bp.init(RPB.RpbGetBucketResp.parseFrom(data));
+			return bp;
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	public void setBucketProperties(ByteString bucket, BucketProperties props)
+			throws IOException {
+
+		RPB.RpbSetBucketReq req = RPB.RpbSetBucketReq.newBuilder().setBucket(
+				bucket).setProps(props.build()).build();
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		try {
+			c.send(MSG_SetBucketReq, req);
+			c.receive_code(MSG_SetBucketResp);
+		} finally {
+			release(c);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// /////////////////////
+
+	public KeySource listKeys(ByteString bucket) throws IOException {
+
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+		c.send(MSG_ListKeysReq, RPB.RpbListKeysReq.newBuilder().setBucket(
+				bucket).build());
+
+		return new KeySource(this, c);
+	}
+
+	// /////////////////////
+
+	public MapReduceResponseSource mapReduce(JSONObject obj) throws IOException {
+		return mapReduce(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(obj.toString()),
+				new RequestMeta().contentType("application/json"));
+	}
+
+	public MapReduceResponseSource mapReduce(String request,
+			IRequestMeta meta) throws IOException {
+		return mapReduce(ByteString.copyFromUtf8(request), meta);
+	}
+	
+	public MapReduceResponseSource mapReduce(ByteString request,
+			IRequestMeta meta) throws IOException {
+		RiakConnection c = getConnection();
+
+		ByteString contentType = meta.getContentType();
+		if (contentType == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException("no content type");
+		}
+		RpbMapRedReq req = RPB.RpbMapRedReq.newBuilder().setRequest(request)
+				.setContentType(meta.getContentType()).build();
+
+		c.send(MSG_MapRedReq, req);
+		
+		return new MapReduceResponseSource(this, c, contentType);
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.DataInputStream` acquired by call to `getConnection(...)` at line 200 is not released after line 205.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 202
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RiakClient.setClientID(ByteString)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakClient.setClientID(com.google.protobuf.ByteString):void.af17e007bae664a35426613318902e69
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/basho/riak/pbc/RiakClient.java
+
+### Key:
+RiakClient.java|setClientID|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3458a9665feccaa41f237cf73dddd8f0
+
+### Hash:
+832d89cc0b292271fb35f69e339cc37f
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9840/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9840/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7a80cc2e92794045242391665bf43173e7a36f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9840/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** riak-java-client
+**Bug ID:** 13
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/**
+ * This file is part of riak-java-pb-client 
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2010 by Trifork
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *  
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ **/
+
+package com.basho.riak.pbc;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.InetAddress;
+import java.net.Socket;
+import java.util.Timer;
+import java.util.TimerTask;
+
+import com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp;
+import com.google.protobuf.MessageLite;
+
+/**
+ * Wraps the {@link Socket} used to send/receive data to Riak's protocol buffers interface.
+ * 
+ * See <a href="http://wiki.basho.com/PBC-API.html">Basho Wiki</a> for more details.
+ */
+class RiakConnection {
+
+	static final int DEFAULT_RIAK_PB_PORT = 8087;
+
+	 private Socket sock;
+	 private DataOutputStream dout;
+	 private DataInputStream din;
+
+	public RiakConnection(InetAddress addr, int port, int bufferSizeKb) throws IOException {
+	    sock = new Socket(addr, port);
+
+	    sock.setSendBufferSize(1024 * bufferSizeKb);
+
+	    dout = new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(sock
+                .getOutputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+        din = new DataInputStream(
+                new BufferedInputStream(sock.getInputStream(), 1024 * bufferSizeKb));
+    }
+
+	///////////////////////
+
+	void send(int code, MessageLite req) throws IOException {
+		int len = req.getSerializedSize();
+		dout.writeInt(len + 1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		req.writeTo(dout);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	void send(int code) throws IOException {
+		dout.writeInt(1);
+		dout.write(code);
+		dout.flush();
+	}
+
+	byte[] receive(int code) throws IOException {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+
+		byte[] data = null;
+        if (len > 1) {
+            data = new byte[len - 1];
+            din.readFully(data);
+        }
+
+        if (get_code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+            RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(data);
+            throw new RiakError(err);
+        }
+
+		if (code != get_code) {
+            throw new IOException("bad message code. Expected: " + code + " actual: " + get_code);
+        }
+
+		return data;
+	}
+
+	void receive_code(int code) throws IOException, RiakError {
+		int len = din.readInt();
+		int get_code = din.read();
+		if (code == RiakClient.MSG_ErrorResp) {
+			RpbErrorResp err = com.basho.riak.pbc.RPB.RpbErrorResp.parseFrom(din);
+			throw new RiakError(err);
+		}
+		if (len != 1 || code != get_code) {
+			throw new IOException("bad message code");
+		}
+	}
+
+	static Timer TIMER = new Timer("riak-client-timeout-thread", true);
+	TimerTask idle_timeout;
+	
+	public void beginIdle() {
+		idle_timeout = new TimerTask() {
+			
+			@Override
+			public void run() {
+				RiakConnection.this.timer_fired(this);
+			}
+		};
+		
+		TIMER.schedule(idle_timeout, 1000);
+	}
+
+	synchronized void timer_fired(TimerTask fired_timer) {
+		if (idle_timeout != fired_timer) {
+			// if it is not our current timer, then ignore
+			return;
+		}
+		
+		close();
+	}
+
+	void close() {
+		if (isClosed())
+			return;
+		
+		try {
+			sock.close();
+			din = null;
+			dout = null;
+			sock = null;
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// TODO Auto-generated catch block
+			e.printStackTrace();
+		}
+	}
+
+	synchronized boolean endIdleAndCheckValid() {
+		TimerTask tt = idle_timeout;
+		if (tt != null) { tt.cancel(); }
+		idle_timeout = null;
+		
+		if (isClosed()) {
+			return false;
+		} else {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	public DataOutputStream getOutputStream() {
+		return dout;
+	}
+
+	public boolean isClosed() {
+		return sock == null || sock.isClosed();
+	}
+	
+	
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.close` writes to field `this.com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.din` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because another access to the same memory occurs on a background thread, although this access may not.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void RiakConnection.close()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.basho.riak.pbc.RiakConnection.close():void.a946b834a56d1390933ecb12ed4186fc
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/basho/riak/pbc/RiakConnection.java
+
+### Key:
+RiakConnection.java|close|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7b03b9e8783461cd1e05e52327302748
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9847/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9847/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84adbbd8f741c70d2c4ecceb6f113750aa5307eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9847/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1049 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** android-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 9
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Jayway AB
+ * Copyright (C) 2007-2008 JVending Masa
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.phase01generatesources;
+
+import com.android.manifmerger.ManifestMerger;
+import com.android.manifmerger.MergerLog;
+import com.android.utils.StdLogger;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.AbstractAndroidMojo;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.CommandExecutor;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.ExecutionException;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.ZipExtractor;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.configuration.BuildConfigConstant;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.archiver.ArchiverException;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.archiver.UnArchiver;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.archiver.zip.ZipUnArchiver;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.logging.Logger;
+import org.codehaus.plexus.logging.console.ConsoleLogger;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+import javax.xml.transform.OutputKeys;
+import javax.xml.transform.Result;
+import javax.xml.transform.Source;
+import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
+import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
+import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
+import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileWriter;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+
+import static com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.AndroidExtension.AAR;
+import static com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.AndroidExtension.APK;
+import static com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.AndroidExtension.APKLIB;
+import static com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.AndroidExtension.APKSOURCES;
+
+/**
+ * Generates <code>R.java</code> based on resources specified by the <code>resources</code> configuration parameter.
+ * Generates java files based on aidl files.
+ *
+ * @author hugo.josefson@jayway.com
+ * @author Manfred Moser <manfred@simpligility.com>
+ * @author William Ferguson <william.ferguson@xandar.com.au>
+ * @author Malachi de AElfweald malachid@gmail.com
+ *
+ * @goal generate-sources
+ * @phase generate-sources
+ * @requiresProject true
+ * @requiresDependencyResolution compile
+ */
+public class GenerateSourcesMojo extends AbstractAndroidMojo
+{
+
+    /**
+     * <p>
+     * Override default merging. You must have SDK Tools r20+
+     * </p>
+     * 
+     * <p>
+     * <b>IMPORTANT:</b> The resource plugin needs to be disabled for the
+     * <code>process-resources</code> phase, so the "default-resources"
+     * execution must be added. Without this the non-merged manifest will get
+     * re-copied to the build directory.
+     * </p>
+     * 
+     * <p>
+     * The <code>androidManifestFile</code> should also be configured to pull
+     * from the build directory so that later phases will pull the merged
+     * manifest file.
+     * </p>
+     * <p>
+     * Example POM Setup:
+     * </p>
+     * 
+     * <pre>
+     * &lt;build&gt;
+     *     ...
+     *     &lt;plugins&gt;
+     *         ...
+     *         &lt;plugin&gt;
+     *             &lt;artifactId&gt;maven-resources-plugin&lt;/artifactId&gt;
+     *             &lt;version&gt;2.6&lt;/version&gt;
+     *             &lt;executions&gt;
+     *                 &lt;execution&gt;
+     *                     &lt;phase&gt;initialize&lt;/phase&gt;
+     *                     &lt;goals&gt;
+     *                         &lt;goal&gt;resources&lt;/goal&gt;
+     *                     &lt;/goals&gt;
+     *                 &lt;/execution&gt;
+     *                 <b>&lt;execution&gt;
+     *                     &lt;id&gt;default-resources&lt;/id&gt;
+     *                     &lt;phase&gt;DISABLED&lt;/phase&gt;
+     *                 &lt;/execution&gt;</b>
+     *             &lt;/executions&gt;
+     *         &lt;/plugin&gt;
+     *         &lt;plugin&gt;
+     *             &lt;groupId&gt;com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.generation2&lt;/groupId&gt;
+     *             &lt;artifactId&gt;android-maven-plugin&lt;/artifactId&gt;
+     *             &lt;configuration&gt;
+     *                 <b>&lt;androidManifestFile&gt;
+     *                     ${project.build.directory}/AndroidManifest.xml
+     *                 &lt;/androidManifestFile&gt;
+     *                 &lt;mergeManifests&gt;true&lt;/mergeManifests&gt;</b>
+     *             &lt;/configuration&gt;
+     *             &lt;extensions&gt;true&lt;/extensions&gt;
+     *         &lt;/plugin&gt;
+     *         ...
+     *     &lt;/plugins&gt;
+     *     ...
+     * &lt;/build&gt;
+     * </pre>
+     * <p>
+     * You can filter the pre-merged APK manifest. One important note about Eclipse, Eclipse will
+     * replace the merged manifest with a filtered pre-merged version when the project is refreshed.
+     * If you want to review the filtered merged version then you will need to open it outside Eclipse
+     * without refreshing the project in Eclipse. 
+     * </p>
+     * <pre>
+     * &lt;resources&gt;
+     *     &lt;resource&gt;
+     *         &lt;targetPath&gt;${project.build.directory}&lt;/targetPath&gt;
+     *         &lt;filtering&gt;true&lt;/filtering&gt;
+     *         &lt;directory&gt;${basedir}&lt;/directory&gt;
+     *         &lt;includes&gt;
+     *             &lt;include&gt;AndroidManifest.xml&lt;/include&gt;
+     *         &lt;/includes&gt;
+     *     &lt;/resource&gt;
+     * &lt;/resources&gt;
+     * </pre>
+     * 
+     * @parameter expression="${android.mergeManifests}" default-value="false"
+     */
+    protected boolean mergeManifests;
+
+    /**
+     * Override default generated folder containing R.java
+     *
+     * @parameter expression="${android.genDirectory}" default-value="${project.build.directory}/generated-sources/r"
+     */
+    protected File genDirectory;
+
+    /**
+     * Override default generated folder containing aidl classes
+     *
+     * @parameter expression="${android.genDirectoryAidl}"
+     * default-value="${project.build.directory}/generated-sources/aidl"
+     */
+    protected File genDirectoryAidl;
+
+    /**
+     * <p>Parameter designed to generate custom BuildConfig constants
+     *
+     * @parameter expression="${android.buildConfigConstants}"
+     * @readonly
+     */
+    protected BuildConfigConstant[] buildConfigConstants;
+
+    /**
+     * Generates the source.
+     *
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException if it fails.
+     * @throws MojoFailureException if it fails.
+     */
+    public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException
+    {
+
+        // If the current POM isn't an Android-related POM, then don't do
+        // anything.  This helps work with multi-module projects.
+        if ( ! isCurrentProjectAndroid() )
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            targetDirectory.mkdirs();
+            copyManifest();
+            // TODO Do we really want to continue supporting APKSOURCES? How long has it been deprecated
+            extractSourceDependencies();
+
+            // Extract the apklib and aar dependencies into unpacked-libs so that they can be referenced in the build.
+            extractLibraryDependencies();
+
+            // Copy project assets to combinedAssets so that aapt has a single assets folder to load.
+            copyFolder( assetsDirectory, combinedAssets );
+
+            final String[] relativeAidlFileNames1 = findRelativeAidlFileNames( sourceDirectory );
+            final String[] relativeAidlFileNames2 = findRelativeAidlFileNames( extractedDependenciesJavaSources );
+            final Map<String, String[]> relativeApklibAidlFileNames = new HashMap<String, String[]>();
+
+            for ( Artifact artifact : getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts( APKLIB ) )
+            {
+                final File libSourceFolder = getUnpackedApkLibSourceFolder( artifact );
+                final String[] apklibAidlFiles = findRelativeAidlFileNames( libSourceFolder );
+                relativeApklibAidlFileNames.put( artifact.getId(), apklibAidlFiles );
+            }
+
+            mergeManifests();
+            generateR();
+            generateBuildConfig();
+
+            // When compiling AIDL for this project,
+            // make sure we compile AIDL for dependencies as well.
+            // This is so project A, which depends on project B, can
+            // use AIDL info from project B in its own AIDL
+            Map<File, String[]> files = new HashMap<File, String[]>();
+            files.put( sourceDirectory, relativeAidlFileNames1 );
+            files.put( extractedDependenciesJavaSources, relativeAidlFileNames2 );
+            for ( Artifact artifact : getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts( APKLIB ) )
+            {
+                final File unpackedLibSourceFolder = getUnpackedApkLibSourceFolder( artifact );
+                files.put( unpackedLibSourceFolder, relativeApklibAidlFileNames.get( artifact.getId() ) );
+            }
+            generateAidlFiles( files );
+        }
+        catch ( MojoExecutionException e )
+        {
+            getLog().error( "Error when generating sources.", e );
+            throw e;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy the AndroidManifest.xml from sourceManifestFile to androidManifestFile
+     *
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException
+     */
+    protected void copyManifest() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        getLog().debug( "copyManifest: " + sourceManifestFile + " -> " + androidManifestFile );
+        if ( sourceManifestFile == null )
+        {
+            getLog().info( "Manifest copying disabled. Using default manifest only" );
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            DocumentBuilderFactory dbf = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+            DocumentBuilder db = dbf.newDocumentBuilder();
+            Document doc = db.parse( sourceManifestFile );
+            Source source = new DOMSource( doc );
+
+            TransformerFactory xfactory = TransformerFactory.newInstance();
+            Transformer xformer = xfactory.newTransformer();
+            xformer.setOutputProperty( OutputKeys.OMIT_XML_DECLARATION, "yes" );
+
+            FileWriter writer = null;
+            try
+            {
+                androidManifestFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
+
+                writer = new FileWriter( androidManifestFile, false );
+                if ( doc.getXmlEncoding() != null && doc.getXmlVersion() != null )
+                {
+                    String xmldecl = String.format( "<?xml version=\"%s\" encoding=\"%s\"?>%n",
+                            doc.getXmlVersion(), doc.getXmlEncoding() );
+
+                    writer.write( xmldecl );
+                }
+                Result result = new StreamResult( writer );
+                xformer.transform( source, result );
+                getLog().info( "Manifest copied from " + sourceManifestFile + " to " + androidManifestFile );
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                IOUtils.closeQuietly( writer );
+            }
+        }
+        catch ( Exception e )
+        {
+            getLog().error( "Error during copyManifest" );
+            throw new MojoExecutionException( "Error during copyManifest", e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extract the source dependencies.
+     *
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException if it fails.
+     */
+    protected void extractSourceDependencies() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        for ( Artifact artifact : getDirectDependencyArtifacts() )
+        {
+            String type = artifact.getType();
+            if ( type.equals( APKSOURCES ) )
+            {
+                getLog().debug( "Detected apksources dependency " + artifact + " with file " + artifact.getFile()
+                        + ". Will resolve and extract..." );
+
+                final File apksourcesFile = resolveArtifactToFile( artifact );
+                getLog().debug( "Extracting " + apksourcesFile + "..." );
+                extractApksources( apksourcesFile );
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ( extractedDependenciesJavaResources.exists() )
+        {
+            projectHelper.addResource( project, extractedDependenciesJavaResources.getAbsolutePath(), null, null );
+            project.addCompileSourceRoot( extractedDependenciesJavaSources.getAbsolutePath() );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void extractApksources( File apksourcesFile ) throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        if ( apksourcesFile.isDirectory() )
+        {
+            getLog().warn( "The apksources artifact points to '" + apksourcesFile
+                    + "' which is a directory; skipping unpacking it." );
+            return;
+        }
+        final UnArchiver unArchiver = new ZipUnArchiver( apksourcesFile )
+        {
+            @Override
+            protected Logger getLogger()
+            {
+                return new ConsoleLogger( Logger.LEVEL_DEBUG, "dependencies-unarchiver" );
+            }
+        };
+        extractedDependenciesDirectory.mkdirs();
+        unArchiver.setDestDirectory( extractedDependenciesDirectory );
+        try
+        {
+            unArchiver.extract();
+        }
+        catch ( ArchiverException e )
+        {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException( "ArchiverException while extracting " + apksourcesFile.getAbsolutePath()
+                    + ". Message: " + e.getLocalizedMessage(), e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void extractLibraryDependencies() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        final Collection<Artifact> artifacts = getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts();
+        getLog().info( "Extracting libs" );
+
+        for ( Artifact artifact : artifacts )
+        {
+            final String type = artifact.getType();
+            if ( type.equals( APKLIB ) )
+            {
+                getLog().info( "Extracting apklib " + artifact.getArtifactId() + "..." );
+                extractApklib( artifact );
+            }
+            else if ( type.equals( AAR ) )
+            {
+                getLog().info( "Extracting aar " + artifact.getArtifactId() + "..." );
+                extractAarLib( artifact );
+            }
+            else if ( type.equals( APK ) )
+            {
+                getLog().info( "Extracting apk " + artifact.getArtifactId() + "..." );
+                extractApkClassesJar( artifact );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                getLog().debug( "Not extracting " + artifact.getArtifactId() + "..." );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts ApkLib and adds the assets and apklib sources and resources to the build.
+     */
+    private void extractApklib( Artifact apklibArtifact ) throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        getUnpackedLibHelper().extractApklib( apklibArtifact );
+
+        // Copy the assets to the the combinedAssets folder.
+        // Add the apklib source and resource to the compile.
+        // NB apklib sources are added to compileSourceRoot because we may need to compile against them.
+        //    This means the apklib classes will be compiled into target/classes and packaged with this build.
+        copyFolder( getUnpackedLibAssetsFolder( apklibArtifact ), combinedAssets );
+
+        final File apklibSourceFolder = getUnpackedApkLibSourceFolder( apklibArtifact );
+        final List<String> resourceExclusions = Arrays.asList( "**/*.java", "**/*.aidl" );
+        projectHelper.addResource( project, apklibSourceFolder.getAbsolutePath(), null, resourceExclusions );
+        project.addCompileSourceRoot( apklibSourceFolder.getAbsolutePath() );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Extracts AarLib and if this is an APK build then adds the assets and resources to the build.
+     */
+    private void extractAarLib( Artifact aarArtifact ) throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        getUnpackedLibHelper().extractAarLib( aarArtifact );
+
+        // Copy the assets to the the combinedAssets folder, but only if an APK build.
+        // Ie we only want to package assets that we own.
+        // Assets should only live within their owners or the final APK.
+        if ( isAPKBuild() )
+        {
+            copyFolder( getUnpackedLibAssetsFolder( aarArtifact ), combinedAssets );
+        }
+
+        // Aar lib resources should only be included if we are building an apk.
+        // So we need to extract them into a folder that we then add to the resource classpath.
+        if ( isAPKBuild() )
+        {
+            // Extract the resources from the AAR classes and add them as a resource path to the project.
+            final File aarClassesJar = getUnpackedAarClassesJar( aarArtifact );
+            final ZipExtractor extractor = new ZipExtractor( getLog() );
+            final File javaResourcesFolder = getUnpackedAarJavaResourcesFolder( aarArtifact );
+            extractor.extract( aarClassesJar, javaResourcesFolder, ".class" );
+            projectHelper.addResource( project, javaResourcesFolder.getAbsolutePath(), null, null );
+            getLog().debug( "Added AAR resources to resource classpath : " + javaResourcesFolder );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copies a dependent APK jar over the top of the placeholder created for it in AarMavenLifeCycleParticipant.
+     *
+     * This is necessary because we need the classes of the APK added to the compile classpath.
+     * NB APK dependencies are uncommon as they should really only be used in a project that tests an apk.
+     *
+     * @param artifact  APK dependency for this project whose classes will be copied over.
+     */
+    private void extractApkClassesJar( Artifact artifact ) throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        final File apkClassesJar = getUnpackedLibHelper().getJarFileForApk( artifact );
+        final File unpackedClassesJar = getUnpackedLibHelper().getUnpackedClassesJar( artifact );
+        try
+        {
+            FileUtils.copyFile( apkClassesJar, unpackedClassesJar );
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e )
+        {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException(
+                    "Could not copy APK classes jar " + apkClassesJar + " to " + unpackedClassesJar, e );
+        }
+        getLog().debug( "Copied APK classes jar into compile classpath : " + unpackedClassesJar );
+
+    }
+
+    private void generateR() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        getLog().info( "Generating R file for " + project.getArtifact() );
+
+        genDirectory.mkdirs();
+
+        final File[] overlayDirectories = getResourceOverlayDirectories();
+        getLog().debug( "Resource overlay folders : " + Arrays.asList( overlayDirectories ) );
+
+        final CommandExecutor executor = CommandExecutor.Factory.createDefaultCommmandExecutor();
+        executor.setLogger( this.getLog() );
+
+        final List<String> commands = new ArrayList<String>();
+        commands.add( "package" );
+
+        commands.add( "-f" );
+        commands.add( "--no-crunch" );
+
+        // inputs
+        commands.add( "-I" );
+        commands.add( getAndroidSdk().getAndroidJar().getAbsolutePath() );
+
+        commands.add( "-M" );
+        commands.add( androidManifestFile.getAbsolutePath() );
+
+        // NB AndroidBuilder only adds a single folder - presumably it contains a merge of all resources.
+        for ( File resOverlayDir : overlayDirectories )
+        {
+            if ( resOverlayDir != null && resOverlayDir.exists() )
+            {
+                getLog().debug( "Adding resource overlay folder : " + resOverlayDir );
+                commands.add( "-S" );
+                commands.add( resOverlayDir.getAbsolutePath() );
+            }
+        }
+        if ( resourceDirectory.exists() )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "Adding resource folder : " + resourceDirectory );
+            commands.add( "-S" );
+            commands.add( resourceDirectory.getAbsolutePath() );
+        }
+
+        // Need to include any AAR or APKLIB dependencies when generating R because if any local
+        // resources directly reference dependent resources then R generation will crash.
+        addLibraryResourceFolders( commands );
+
+        // NB aapt only accepts a single assets parameter - combinedAssets is a merge of all assets
+        if ( combinedAssets.exists() )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "Adding assets folder : " + combinedAssets );
+            commands.add( "-A" );
+            commands.add( combinedAssets.getAbsolutePath() );
+        }
+
+        // outputs
+        commands.add( "-m" );
+        commands.add( "-J" );
+        commands.add( genDirectory.getAbsolutePath() );
+
+        // Write the output to an optional location
+        // Used by AndroidBuilder but not by us.
+        // final File optionalOutputLocation = some file;
+        // getLog().debug( "Using default package : " + optionalOutputLocation );
+        // commands.add( "-F" );
+        // commands.add( optionalOutputLocation.getAbsolutePath() );
+
+        // If a proguard file is defined then output Proguard options to it.
+        if ( proguardFile != null )
+        {
+            final File parentFolder = proguardFile.getParentFile();
+            if ( parentFolder != null )
+            {
+                parentFolder.mkdirs();
+            }
+            getLog().debug( "Adding proguard file : " + proguardFile );
+            commands.add( "-G" );
+            commands.add( proguardFile.getAbsolutePath() );
+        }
+
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotBlank( customPackage ) )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "Adding custom-package : " + customPackage );
+            commands.add( "--custom-package" );
+            commands.add( customPackage );
+        }
+
+        if ( AAR.equals( project.getArtifact().getType() ) )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "Adding non-constant-id" );
+            commands.add( "--non-constant-id" );
+        }
+
+        for ( String aaptExtraArg : aaptExtraArgs )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "Adding aapt arg : " + aaptExtraArg );
+            commands.add( aaptExtraArg );
+        }
+
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotBlank( configurations ) )
+        {
+            // Should be comma separated list of locales etc.
+            getLog().debug( "Adding resource configurations : " + configurations );
+            commands.add( "-c" );
+            commands.add( configurations );
+        }
+
+        // We need to generate R.txt for all projects as it needs to be consumed when generating R class.
+        // It also needs to be consumed when packaging aar.
+        commands.add( "--output-text-symbols" );
+        commands.add( targetDirectory.getAbsolutePath() );
+
+        // Allows us to supply multiple -S arguments.
+        commands.add( "--auto-add-overlay" );
+
+        getLog().debug( getAndroidSdk().getAaptPath() + " " + commands.toString() );
+        try
+        {
+            targetDirectory.mkdirs();
+            executor.executeCommand( getAndroidSdk().getAaptPath(), commands, project.getBasedir(), false );
+        }
+        catch ( ExecutionException e )
+        {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException( "", e );
+        }
+
+        // Generate R.java for apklibs
+        // Compatibility with Apklib which isn't present in AndroidBuilder
+        generateApkLibRs();
+
+        // Generate error corrected R.java for APKLIB dependencies, but only if this is an APK build.
+        final Set<Artifact> apklibDependencies = getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts( APKLIB );
+        if ( !apklibDependencies.isEmpty() && APK.equals( project.getArtifact().getType() ) )
+        {
+            // Generate R.java for each APKLIB based on R.txt
+            getLog().debug( "Generating R file for APKLIB dependencies" );
+            generateRJavaFromRTxt( apklibDependencies, "apklib" );
+        }
+
+        // Generate error corrected R.java for AAR dependencies.
+        final Set<Artifact> aarLibraries = getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts( AAR );
+        if ( !aarLibraries.isEmpty() )
+        {
+            // Generate R.java for each AAR based on R.txt
+            getLog().debug( "Generating R file for AAR dependencies" );
+            generateRJavaFromRTxt( aarLibraries, "aar" );
+        }
+
+        getLog().info( "Adding R gen folder to compile classpath: " + genDirectory );
+        project.addCompileSourceRoot( genDirectory.getAbsolutePath() );
+    }
+
+    private void generateRJavaFromRTxt( Set<Artifact> librariesToGenerateR, String type ) throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        new ResourceClassGenerator(
+                this, librariesToGenerateR, targetDirectory, genDirectory, getLog(), type
+        ).generateLibraryRs();
+    }
+
+    private void generateApkLibRs() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        getLog().debug( "Generating Rs for apklib deps of project " + project.getArtifact() );
+        for ( final Artifact artifact : getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts( APKLIB ) )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "Generating apklib R.java for " + artifact.getArtifactId() + "..." );
+            generateRForApkLibDependency( artifact );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addLibraryResourceFolders( List<String> commands )
+    {
+        for ( Artifact artifact : getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts() )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "Considering dep artifact : " + artifact );
+            if ( artifact.getType().equals( APKLIB ) || artifact.getType().equals( AAR ) )
+            {
+                final File apklibResDirectory = getUnpackedLibResourceFolder( artifact );
+                if ( apklibResDirectory.exists() )
+                {
+                    getLog().debug( "Adding apklib or aar resource folder : " + apklibResDirectory );
+                    commands.add( "-S" );
+                    commands.add( apklibResDirectory.getAbsolutePath() );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+     /**
+     * Executes aapt to generate the R class for the given apklib.
+     *
+     * @param apklibArtifact    apklib for which to generate the R class.
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException if it fails.
+     */
+    private void generateRForApkLibDependency( Artifact apklibArtifact ) throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        final File unpackDir = getUnpackedLibFolder( apklibArtifact );
+        getLog().info( "Generating R file for apklibrary: " + apklibArtifact.getGroupId()
+                + ":" + apklibArtifact.getArtifactId() );
+        final File apklibManifest = new File( unpackDir, "AndroidManifest.xml" );
+        final File apklibResDir = new File( unpackDir, "res" );
+
+        final CommandExecutor executor = CommandExecutor.Factory.createDefaultCommmandExecutor();
+        executor.setLogger( getLog() );
+
+        List<String> commands = new ArrayList<String>();
+        commands.add( "package" );
+        commands.add( "--non-constant-id" );
+        commands.add( "-m" );
+        commands.add( "-J" );
+        commands.add( genDirectory.getAbsolutePath() );
+        commands.add( "--custom-package" );
+        commands.add( extractPackageNameFromAndroidManifest( apklibManifest ) );
+        commands.add( "-M" );
+        commands.add( apklibManifest.getAbsolutePath() );
+
+        if ( apklibResDir.exists() )
+        {
+            // Add the APKLIB resources first so they overlay any of it's dependencies.
+            commands.add( "-S" );
+            commands.add( apklibResDir.getAbsolutePath() );
+        }
+
+        final Set<Artifact> apklibDeps = getDependencyResolver().getLibraryDependenciesFor( project, apklibArtifact );
+        getLog().debug( "apklib dependencies = " + apklibDeps );
+        for ( Artifact dependency : apklibDeps )
+        {
+            // Add in the resources that are dependencies of the apklib.
+            final String extension = dependency.getType();
+            final File dependencyResDir = getUnpackedLibResourceFolder( dependency );
+            if ( ( extension.equals( APKLIB ) || extension.equals( AAR ) ) && dependencyResDir.exists() )
+            {
+                commands.add( "-S" );
+                commands.add( dependencyResDir.getAbsolutePath() );
+            }
+        }
+
+        commands.add( "--auto-add-overlay" );
+
+        // Create combinedAssets for this apklib dependency - can't have multiple -A args
+        final File apklibCombAssets = new File( getUnpackedLibFolder( apklibArtifact ), "combined-assets" );
+        for ( Artifact dependency : apklibDeps )
+        {
+            // Accumulate assets for dependencies of the apklib (if they exist).
+            final String extension = dependency.getType();
+            final File dependencyAssetsDir = getUnpackedLibAssetsFolder( dependency );
+            if ( ( extension.equals( APKLIB ) || extension.equals( AAR ) ) )
+            {
+                copyFolder( dependencyAssetsDir, apklibCombAssets );
+            }
+        }
+        // Overlay the apklib dependency assets (if they exist)
+        final File apkLibAssetsDir = getUnpackedLibAssetsFolder( apklibArtifact );
+        copyFolder( apkLibAssetsDir, apklibCombAssets );
+
+        // If there are any combined assets for the apklib dependency then provide them to aapt.
+        if ( apklibCombAssets.exists() )
+        {
+            commands.add( "-A" );
+            commands.add( apklibCombAssets.getAbsolutePath() );
+        }
+
+        commands.add( "-I" );
+        commands.add( getAndroidSdk().getAndroidJar().getAbsolutePath() );
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotBlank( configurations ) )
+        {
+            commands.add( "-c" );
+            commands.add( configurations );
+        }
+
+        for ( String aaptExtraArg : aaptExtraArgs )
+        {
+            commands.add( aaptExtraArg );
+        }
+
+        // We need to generate R.txt for all projects as it needs to be consumed when generating R class.
+        // It also needs to be consumed when packaging aar.
+        commands.add( "--output-text-symbols" );
+        commands.add( unpackDir.getAbsolutePath() );
+
+        getLog().debug( getAndroidSdk().getAaptPath() + " " + commands.toString() );
+        try
+        {
+            executor.executeCommand( getAndroidSdk().getAaptPath(), commands, project.getBasedir(), false );
+        }
+        catch ( ExecutionException e )
+        {
+            throw new MojoExecutionException( "", e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void mergeManifests() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        getLog().debug( "mergeManifests: " + mergeManifests );
+
+        if ( !mergeManifests )
+        {
+            getLog().info( "Manifest merging disabled. Using project manifest only" );
+            return;
+        }
+
+        getLog().info( "Getting manifests of dependent apklibs" );
+        List<File> libManifests = new ArrayList<File>();
+        for ( Artifact artifact : getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts( APKLIB, AAR ) )
+        {
+            final File libManifest = new File( getUnpackedLibFolder( artifact ), "AndroidManifest.xml" );
+            if ( !libManifest.exists() )
+            {
+                throw new MojoExecutionException( artifact.getArtifactId() + " is missing AndroidManifest.xml" );
+            }
+
+            libManifests.add( libManifest );
+        }
+
+        if ( !libManifests.isEmpty() )
+        {
+            final File mergedManifest = new File( androidManifestFile.getParent(), "AndroidManifest-merged.xml" );
+            final StdLogger stdLogger = new StdLogger( StdLogger.Level.VERBOSE );
+            final ManifestMerger merger = new ManifestMerger( MergerLog.wrapSdkLog( stdLogger ), null );
+
+            getLog().info( "Merging manifests of dependent apklibs" );
+
+            final boolean mergeSuccess = merger.process( mergedManifest, androidManifestFile,
+                libManifests.toArray( new File[libManifests.size()] ),  null, null );
+
+            if ( mergeSuccess )
+            {
+                // Replace the original manifest file with the merged one so that
+                // the rest of the build will pick it up.
+                androidManifestFile.delete();
+                mergedManifest.renameTo( androidManifestFile );
+                getLog().info( "Done Merging Manifests of APKLIBs" );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                getLog().error( "Manifests were not merged!" );
+                throw new MojoExecutionException( "Manifests were not merged!" );
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            getLog().info( "No APKLIB manifests found. Using project manifest only." );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateBuildConfig() throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        getLog().debug( "Generating BuildConfig file" );
+
+        // Create the BuildConfig for our package.
+        String packageName = extractPackageNameFromAndroidManifest( androidManifestFile );
+        if ( StringUtils.isNotBlank( customPackage ) )
+        {
+            packageName = customPackage;
+        }
+        generateBuildConfigForPackage( packageName );
+
+        try
+        {
+            // Generate the BuildConfig for any APKLIB and AAR dependencies.
+            // Need to generate for AAR, because some old AARs like ActionBarSherlock do not have BuildConfig (or R)
+            for ( Artifact artifact : getTransitiveDependencyArtifacts( APKLIB, AAR ) )
+            {
+                final File manifest = new File( getUnpackedLibFolder( artifact ), "AndroidManifest.xml" );
+                final String depPackageName = extractPackageNameFromAndroidManifest( manifest );
+
+                if ( artifact.getType().equals( AAR ) )
+                {
+                    final JarFile jar = new JarFile( getUnpackedAarClassesJar( artifact ) );
+                    final JarEntry entry = jar.getJarEntry( depPackageName.replace( '.', '/' ) + "/BuildConfig.class" );
+
+                    if ( entry != null )
+                    {
+                        getLog().info( "Skip BuildConfig.java generation for "
+                                + artifact.getGroupId() + " " + artifact.getArtifactId() );
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                generateBuildConfigForPackage( depPackageName );
+            }
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e )
+        {
+            getLog().error( "Error generating BuildConfig ", e );
+            throw new MojoExecutionException( "Error generating BuildConfig", e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateBuildConfigForPackage( String packageName ) throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        File outputFolder = new File( genDirectory, packageName.replace( ".", File.separator ) );
+        outputFolder.mkdirs();
+
+        StringBuilder buildConfig = new StringBuilder();
+        buildConfig.append( "package " ).append( packageName ).append( ";\n\n" );
+        buildConfig.append( "public final class BuildConfig {\n" );
+        buildConfig.append( "  public static final boolean DEBUG = " ).append( !release ).append( ";\n" );
+        for ( BuildConfigConstant constant : buildConfigConstants )
+        {
+            String value = constant.getValue();
+            if ( "String".equals( constant.getType() ) )
+            {
+                value = "\"" + value + "\"";
+            }
+
+            buildConfig.append( "  public static final " )
+                       .append( constant.getType() )
+                       .append( " " )
+                       .append( constant.getName() )
+                       .append( " = " )
+                       .append( value )
+                       .append( ";\n" );
+        }
+        buildConfig.append( "}\n" );
+
+
+        File outputFile = new File( outputFolder, "BuildConfig.java" );
+        try
+        {
+            FileUtils.writeStringToFile( outputFile, buildConfig.toString() );
+        }
+        catch ( IOException e )
+        {
+            getLog().error( "Error generating BuildConfig ", e );
+            throw new MojoExecutionException( "Error generating BuildConfig", e );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a map of source directories to list of AIDL (relative) filenames within each,
+     * runs the AIDL compiler for each, such that all source directories are available to
+     * the AIDL compiler.
+     *
+     * @param files Map of source directory File instances to the relative paths to all AIDL files within
+     * @throws MojoExecutionException If the AIDL compiler fails
+     */
+    private void generateAidlFiles( Map<File /*sourceDirectory*/, String[] /*relativeAidlFileNames*/> files )
+            throws MojoExecutionException
+    {
+        List<String> protoCommands = new ArrayList<String>();
+        protoCommands.add( "-p" + getAndroidSdk().getPathForFrameworkAidl() );
+
+        genDirectoryAidl.mkdirs();
+        getLog().warn( "Adding AIDL gen folder to compile classpath: " + genDirectoryAidl );
+        project.addCompileSourceRoot( genDirectoryAidl.getPath() );
+        Set<File> sourceDirs = files.keySet();
+        for ( File sourceDir : sourceDirs )
+        {
+            protoCommands.add( "-I" + sourceDir );
+        }
+        for ( File sourceDir : sourceDirs )
+        {
+            for ( String relativeAidlFileName : files.get( sourceDir ) )
+            {
+                File targetDirectory = new File( genDirectoryAidl, new File( relativeAidlFileName ).getParent() );
+                targetDirectory.mkdirs();
+
+                final String shortAidlFileName = new File( relativeAidlFileName ).getName();
+                final String shortJavaFileName = shortAidlFileName.substring( 0, shortAidlFileName.lastIndexOf( "." ) )
+                                                 + ".java";
+                final File aidlFileInSourceDirectory = new File( sourceDir, relativeAidlFileName );
+
+                List<String> commands = new ArrayList<String>( protoCommands );
+                commands.add( aidlFileInSourceDirectory.getAbsolutePath() );
+                commands.add( new File( targetDirectory, shortJavaFileName ).getAbsolutePath() );
+                try
+                {
+                    CommandExecutor executor = CommandExecutor.Factory.createDefaultCommmandExecutor();
+                    executor.setLogger( this.getLog() );
+
+                    executor.executeCommand( getAndroidSdk().getAidlPath(), commands, project.getBasedir(),
+                            false );
+                }
+                catch ( ExecutionException e )
+                {
+                    throw new MojoExecutionException( "", e );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String[] findRelativeAidlFileNames( File sourceDirectory )
+    {
+        final String[] relativeAidlFileNames = findFilesInDirectory( sourceDirectory, "**/*.aidl" );
+        if ( relativeAidlFileNames.length == 0 )
+        {
+            getLog().debug( "ANDROID-904-002: Found aidl files: Count = " + relativeAidlFileNames.length );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            getLog().info( "ANDROID-904-002: Found aidl files: Count = " + relativeAidlFileNames.length );
+        }
+        return relativeAidlFileNames;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return true if the pom type is APK, APKLIB, or APKSOURCES
+     */
+    private boolean isCurrentProjectAndroid()
+    {
+        Set<String> androidArtifacts = new HashSet<String>()
+        {
+            {
+                addAll( Arrays.asList( APK, APKLIB, APKSOURCES, AAR ) );
+            }
+        };
+        return androidArtifacts.contains( project.getArtifact().getType() );
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.jar.JarFile` acquired to `jar` by call to `JarFile(...)` at line 833 is not released after line 834.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void GenerateSourcesMojo.generateBuildConfig()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.phase01generatesources.GenerateSourcesMojo.generateBuildConfig():vo.48d774a7e7ecc8f5bcf92c21c4b5c53b
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/jayway/maven/plugins/android/phase01generatesources/GenerateSourcesMojo.java
+
+### Key:
+GenerateSourcesMojo.java|generateBuildConfig|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+7e9fc31bc469440d6384630f8b346526
+
+### Hash:
+63f03828ac5c4cf93e372d925c9d5bdd
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9849/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9849/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d45f4190760fc12f03516d041703fbc1856f8e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9849/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,580 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** android-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 6
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.phase05compile;
+
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.AetherHelper;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.AndroidExtension;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.JarHelper;
+import com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.common.NativeHelper;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.io.filefilter.TrueFileFilter;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.Artifact;
+import org.apache.maven.artifact.DefaultArtifact;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException;
+import org.apache.maven.plugin.logging.Log;
+import org.sonatype.aether.RepositorySystem;
+import org.sonatype.aether.RepositorySystemSession;
+import org.sonatype.aether.repository.RemoteRepository;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+
+/**
+ * Various helper methods for dealing with Android Native makefiles.
+ *
+ * @author Johan Lindquist
+ */
+public class MakefileHelper
+{
+    public static final String MAKEFILE_CAPTURE_FILE = "ANDROID_MAVEN_PLUGIN_LOCAL_C_INCLUDES_FILE";
+    
+    public static final boolean IS_WINDOWS = System.getProperty( "os.name" ).toLowerCase().indexOf( "windows" ) >= 0;
+    public static final String WINDOWS_DRIVE_ROOT_REGEX = "[a-zA-Z]:\\\\";
+
+    /**
+     * Holder for the result of creating a makefile.  This in particular keep tracks of all directories created
+     * for extracted header files.
+     */
+    public static class MakefileHolder
+    {
+        String makeFile;
+        List<File> includeDirectories;
+
+        public MakefileHolder( List<File> includeDirectories, String makeFile )
+        {
+            this.includeDirectories = includeDirectories;
+            this.makeFile = makeFile;
+        }
+
+        public List<File> getIncludeDirectories()
+        {
+            return includeDirectories;
+        }
+
+        public String getMakeFile()
+        {
+            return makeFile;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Log log;
+    private final RepositorySystem repoSystem;
+    private final RepositorySystemSession repoSession;
+    private final List<RemoteRepository> projectRepos;
+    private final File unpackedApkLibsDirectory;
+    
+    /**
+     * Initialize the MakefileHelper by storing the supplied parameters to local variables.
+     * @param log
+     * @param repoSystem
+     * @param repoSession
+     * @param projectRepos
+     * @param unpackedApkLibsDirectory
+     */
+    public MakefileHelper( Log log,
+                           RepositorySystem repoSystem, RepositorySystemSession repoSession, 
+                           List<RemoteRepository> projectRepos, 
+                           File unpackedApkLibsDirectory )
+    {
+        this.log = log;
+        this.repoSystem = repoSystem;
+        this.repoSession = repoSession;
+        this.projectRepos = projectRepos;
+        this.unpackedApkLibsDirectory = unpackedApkLibsDirectory;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Cleans up all include directories created in the temp directory during the build.
+     *
+     * @param makefileHolder The holder produced by the
+     * {@link MakefileHelper#createMakefileFromArtifacts(java.io.File, java.util.Set,
+     * boolean, org.sonatype.aether.RepositorySystemSession, java.util.List, org.sonatype.aether.RepositorySystem)}
+     */
+    public static void cleanupAfterBuild( MakefileHolder makefileHolder )
+    {
+
+        if ( makefileHolder.getIncludeDirectories() != null )
+        {
+            for ( File file : makefileHolder.getIncludeDirectories() )
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    FileUtils.deleteDirectory( file );
+                }
+                catch ( IOException e )
+                {
+                    e.printStackTrace();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates an Android Makefile based on the specified set of static library dependency artifacts.
+     *
+     * @param outputDir         Directory to resolve artifact locations relative to.  Makefiles contain relative paths
+     * @param artifacts         The list of (static library) dependency artifacts to create the Makefile from
+     * @param useHeaderArchives If true, the Makefile should include a LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDES statement, pointing to
+     *                          the location where the header archive was expanded
+     * @param repoSession
+     * @param projectRepos
+     * @param repoSystem
+     * @return The created Makefile
+     */
+    public MakefileHolder createMakefileFromArtifacts( File outputDir, Set<Artifact> artifacts,
+                                                              String ndkArchitecture,
+                                                              boolean useHeaderArchives )
+            throws IOException, MojoExecutionException
+    {
+
+        final StringBuilder makeFile = new StringBuilder( "# Generated by Android Maven Plugin\n" );
+        final List<File> includeDirectories = new ArrayList<File>();
+
+        // Add now output - allows us to somewhat intelligently determine the include paths to use for the header
+        // archive
+        makeFile.append( "$(shell echo \"LOCAL_C_INCLUDES=$(LOCAL_C_INCLUDES)\" > $(" + MAKEFILE_CAPTURE_FILE + "))" );
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+        makeFile.append( "$(shell echo \"LOCAL_PATH=$(LOCAL_PATH)\" >> $(" + MAKEFILE_CAPTURE_FILE + "))" );
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+        makeFile.append( "$(shell echo \"LOCAL_MODULE_FILENAME=$(LOCAL_MODULE_FILENAME)\" >> $("
+                + MAKEFILE_CAPTURE_FILE + "))" );
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+        makeFile.append( "$(shell echo \"LOCAL_MODULE=$(LOCAL_MODULE)\" >> $(" + MAKEFILE_CAPTURE_FILE + "))" );
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+        makeFile.append( "$(shell echo \"LOCAL_CFLAGS=$(LOCAL_CFLAGS)\" >> $(" + MAKEFILE_CAPTURE_FILE + "))" );
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+
+        if ( ! artifacts.isEmpty() )
+        {
+            for ( Artifact artifact : artifacts )
+            {
+                boolean apklibStatic = false;
+
+                makeFile.append( "#\n" );
+                makeFile.append( "# Group ID: " );
+                makeFile.append( artifact.getGroupId() );
+                makeFile.append( '\n' );
+                makeFile.append( "# Artifact ID: " );
+                makeFile.append( artifact.getArtifactId() );
+                makeFile.append( '\n' );
+                makeFile.append( "# Artifact Type: " );
+                makeFile.append( artifact.getType() );
+                makeFile.append( '\n' );
+                makeFile.append( "# Version: " );
+                makeFile.append( artifact.getVersion() );
+                makeFile.append( '\n' );
+                makeFile.append( "include $(CLEAR_VARS)" );
+                makeFile.append( '\n' );
+                makeFile.append( "LOCAL_MODULE    := " );
+                makeFile.append( artifact.getArtifactId() );
+                makeFile.append( '\n' );
+                apklibStatic = addLibraryDetails( makeFile, outputDir, artifact, ndkArchitecture );
+                if ( useHeaderArchives )
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        Artifact harArtifact = new DefaultArtifact( artifact.getGroupId(), artifact.getArtifactId(),
+                                artifact.getVersion(), artifact.getScope(), "har", artifact.getClassifier(),
+                                artifact.getArtifactHandler() );
+                        final Artifact resolvedHarArtifact = AetherHelper
+                                .resolveArtifact( harArtifact, repoSystem, repoSession, projectRepos );
+
+                        File includeDir = new File( System.getProperty( "java.io.tmpdir" ),
+                                "android_maven_plugin_native_includes" + System.currentTimeMillis() + "_"
+                                        + resolvedHarArtifact.getArtifactId() );
+                        includeDir.deleteOnExit();
+                        includeDirectories.add( includeDir );
+
+                        JarHelper.unjar( new JarFile( resolvedHarArtifact.getFile() ), includeDir,
+                                new JarHelper.UnjarListener()
+                                {
+                                    @Override
+                                    public boolean include( JarEntry jarEntry )
+                                    {
+                                        return ! jarEntry.getName().startsWith( "META-INF" );
+                                    }
+                                } );
+
+                        makeFile.append( "LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDES := " );
+                        final String str = includeDir.getAbsolutePath();
+                        makeFile.append( str );
+                        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+                        
+                        if ( log.isDebugEnabled() )
+                        {
+                            Collection<File> includes = FileUtils.listFiles( includeDir,
+                                    TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE, TrueFileFilter.INSTANCE );
+                            log.debug( "Listing LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDES for " + artifact.getId() + ": " + includes );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch ( Exception e )
+                    {
+                        throw new MojoExecutionException(
+                                "Error while resolving header archive file for: " + artifact.getArtifactId(), e );
+                    }
+                }
+                if ( "a".equals( artifact.getType() ) || apklibStatic )
+                {
+                    makeFile.append( "include $(PREBUILT_STATIC_LIBRARY)\n" );
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    makeFile.append( "include $(PREBUILT_SHARED_LIBRARY)\n" );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return new MakefileHolder( includeDirectories, makeFile.toString() );
+    }
+
+    private boolean addLibraryDetails( StringBuilder makeFile, File outputDir,
+                                       Artifact artifact, String ndkArchitecture ) throws IOException
+    {
+        boolean apklibStatic = false;
+        if ( AndroidExtension.APKLIB.equals( artifact.getType() ) )
+        {
+            String classifier = artifact.getClassifier();
+            String architecture = ( classifier != null ) ? classifier : ndkArchitecture;
+            // 
+            // We assume that APKLIB contains a single static OR shared library
+            // that we should link against. The follow code identifies that file.
+            //
+            File[] staticLibs = NativeHelper.listNativeFiles( artifact, unpackedApkLibsDirectory, 
+                                                              architecture, true );
+            if ( staticLibs != null && staticLibs.length > 0 )
+            {
+                int libIdx = findApklibNativeLibrary( staticLibs, artifact.getArtifactId() );
+                apklibStatic = true;
+                addLibraryDetails( makeFile, outputDir, staticLibs[libIdx], "" );
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                File[] sharedLibs = NativeHelper.listNativeFiles( artifact, unpackedApkLibsDirectory, 
+                                                                  architecture, false );
+                if ( sharedLibs == null )
+                {
+                    throw new IOException( "Failed to find any library file in APKLIB" );
+                }
+                int libIdx = findApklibNativeLibrary( sharedLibs, artifact.getArtifactId() );
+                addLibraryDetails( makeFile, outputDir, sharedLibs[libIdx], "" );
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            addLibraryDetails( makeFile, outputDir, artifact.getFile(), artifact.getArtifactId() );
+        }
+
+        return apklibStatic;
+    }
+
+    private void addLibraryDetails( StringBuilder makeFile, File outputDir, File libFile, String outputName )
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        String localPath = resolveRelativePath( outputDir, libFile );
+        localPath = localPath.substring( 0, localPath.indexOf( libFile.getName() ) - 1 );
+
+        makeFile.append( "LOCAL_PATH := " );
+        makeFile.append( localPath );
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+        makeFile.append( "LOCAL_SRC_FILES := " );
+        makeFile.append( libFile.getName() );
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+        makeFile.append( "LOCAL_MODULE_FILENAME := " );
+        if ( "".equals( outputName ) )
+        {
+            makeFile.append( FilenameUtils.removeExtension( libFile.getName() ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            makeFile.append( outputName );
+        }
+        makeFile.append( '\n' );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param libs the array of possible library files. Must not be null.
+     * @return the index in the array of the library to use
+     * @throws IOException if a library cannot be identified
+     */
+    private int findApklibNativeLibrary( File[] libs, String artifactName ) throws IOException
+    {
+        int libIdx = -1;
+        
+        if ( libs.length == 1 )
+        
+        {
+            libIdx = 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            log.info( "Found multiple library files, looking for name match with artifact" );
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            for ( int i = 0; i < libs.length; i++ )
+            {
+                if ( sb.length() != 0 )
+                {
+                    sb.append( ", " );
+                }
+                sb.append( libs[i].getName() );
+                if ( libs[i].getName().startsWith( "lib" + artifactName ) )
+                {
+                    if ( libIdx != -1 )
+                    {
+                        // We have multiple matches, tell the user we can't handle this ...
+                        throw new IOException( "Found multiple libraries matching artifact name " + artifactName
+                                + ". Please use unique artifact/library names." );
+                        
+                    }
+                    libIdx = i;
+                }
+            }
+            if ( libIdx < 0 )
+            {
+                throw new IOException( "Unable to determine main library from " + sb.toString()
+                        + " APKLIB should contain only 1 library or a library matching the artifact name" );
+            }
+        }
+        return libIdx;
+    }
+    
+    /**
+     * Resolves the relative path of the specified artifact
+     *
+     * @param outputDirectory typically the parent directory of the directory containing the makefile
+     * @param file
+     * @return
+     */
+    protected static String resolveRelativePath( File outputDirectory, File file ) throws IOException
+    {
+        String resolvedPath = file.getCanonicalPath();
+        
+        String strOutputDirectoryPath = outputDirectory.getCanonicalPath();
+        String strFilePath = file.getCanonicalPath();
+        //System.out.println( "Resolving " + strFilePath + " against " + strOutputDirectoryPath );
+
+        if ( strFilePath.startsWith( strOutputDirectoryPath ) )
+        {
+            // Simple case where file is in a subdirectory of outputDirectory
+            resolvedPath =  strFilePath.substring( strOutputDirectoryPath.length() + 1 );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Look for commonality in paths
+            List<String> outputDirectoryPathParts = splitPath( outputDirectory.getCanonicalFile() );
+            List<String> filePathParts = splitPath( file.getCanonicalFile() );
+            int commonDepth = 0;
+            int maxCommonDepth = Math.min( outputDirectoryPathParts.size(), filePathParts.size() );
+            for ( int i = 0; 
+                    ( i < maxCommonDepth ) 
+                    && outputDirectoryPathParts.get( i ).equals( filePathParts.get( i ) ); 
+                    i++ )
+            {
+                commonDepth++;
+            }
+            // If there is a common root build a relative path between the common roots
+            if ( commonDepth > 0 )
+            {
+                final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+                stringBuilder.append( ".." );
+                for ( int i = 0; i < outputDirectoryPathParts.size() - commonDepth - 1; i++ )
+                {
+                    stringBuilder.append( File.separator );
+                    stringBuilder.append( ".." );
+                }
+                for ( int i = commonDepth; i < filePathParts.size(); i++ )
+                {
+                    stringBuilder.append( File.separator );
+                    stringBuilder.append( filePathParts.get( i ) );
+                }
+                resolvedPath = stringBuilder.toString();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if ( IS_WINDOWS )
+                {
+                    // Windows has no common root directory, cannot resolve a path
+                    // across drives so ...
+                    throw new IOException( "Unable to resolve relative path across windows drives" );
+                }
+
+                // no intersection between paths so calculate a path via the root directory
+                final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
+                
+                File depthCheck = outputDirectory.getParentFile();
+                while ( depthCheck != null )
+                {
+                    if ( stringBuilder.length() > 0 )
+                    {
+                        stringBuilder.append( File.separator );
+                    }
+                    stringBuilder.append( ".." );
+                    depthCheck = depthCheck.getParentFile();
+                }
+    
+                resolvedPath = stringBuilder.toString() + strFilePath;
+            }
+        }
+
+        //System.out.println( "resolvedPath = " + resolvedPath );
+        return resolvedPath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Method to split the path components of a file into a List
+     * @param f the file to split
+     * @return a new list containing the components of the path as strings
+     */
+    protected static List<String> splitPath( File f )
+    {
+        List<String> result;
+        File parent = f.getParentFile();
+        if ( parent == null )
+        {
+            result = new ArrayList<String>();
+            if ( f.getName().length() > 0 )
+            {
+                // We're at the root but have a name so we have a relative path
+                // for which we need to add the first component to the list
+                result.add( f.getName() );
+            }
+            else if ( IS_WINDOWS ) 
+            {
+                String strF = f.toString();
+                if ( strF.matches( WINDOWS_DRIVE_ROOT_REGEX ) )
+                {
+                    // We're on windows and the path is <Drive>:\ so we
+                    // add the <Drive>: to the list
+                    result.add( strF.substring( 0, strF.length() - 1 ).toUpperCase() );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            result = splitPath( parent );
+            result.add( f.getName() );
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a list of artifacts suitable for use in the LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES or LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES 
+     * variable in an Android makefile
+     *
+     * @param resolvedLibraryList
+     * @param staticLibrary
+     * @return a list of Ids for artifacts that include static or shared libraries
+     */
+    public String createLibraryList( Set<Artifact> resolvedLibraryList,
+                                     String ndkArchitecture,
+                                     boolean staticLibrary )
+    {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+        for ( Artifact a : resolvedLibraryList )
+        {
+            if ( staticLibrary && "a".equals( a.getType() ) )
+            {
+                sb.append( a.getArtifactId() );
+            }
+            if ( ! staticLibrary && "so".equals( a.getType() ) )
+            {
+                sb.append( a.getArtifactId() );
+            }
+            if ( AndroidExtension.APKLIB.equals( a.getType() ) )
+            {
+                File[] libFiles = NativeHelper.listNativeFiles( a, unpackedApkLibsDirectory, 
+                                                                ndkArchitecture, staticLibrary );
+                if ( libFiles != null && libFiles.length > 0 )
+                {
+                    sb.append( a.getArtifactId() );
+                }
+                
+            }
+            sb.append( " " );
+        }
+
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.util.jar.JarFile` acquired by call to `JarFile(...)` at line 195 is not released after line 195.
+**Note**: potential exception at line 195
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+MakefileHelper$MakefileHolder MakefileHelper.createMakefileFromArtifacts(File,Set,String,boolean)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.jayway.maven.plugins.android.phase05compile.MakefileHelper.createMakefileFromArtifacts(java.io.F.9c01dea32c860ab0e4cbf203f0e4833f
+
+### File:
+src/main/java/com/jayway/maven/plugins/android/phase05compile/MakefileHelper.java
+
+### Key:
+MakefileHelper.java|createMakefileFromArtifacts|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+3cc09a942e4229549bed859de33fc95d
+
+### Hash:
+345f301c82ec83157f4fa79e42e864bc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9871/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9871/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c7ede3c4c78193d48f6a8f08bd70d603be08a6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9871/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** java-apns
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.notnoop.apns.internal;
+
+import static com.notnoop.apns.internal.MockingUtils.*;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+
+import javax.net.SocketFactory;
+
+import org.junit.Assert;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.Ignore;
+
+import com.notnoop.apns.SimpleApnsNotification;
+
+
+public class ApnsConnectionTest {
+    SimpleApnsNotification msg = new SimpleApnsNotification ("a87d8878d878a79", "{\"aps\":{}}");
+
+    @Test
+    public void simpleSocket() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        SocketFactory factory = mockSocketFactory(baos, null);
+        packetSentRegardless(factory, baos);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @Ignore
+    public void closedSocket() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        SocketFactory factory = mockClosedThenOpenSocket(baos, null, true, 1);
+        packetSentRegardless(factory, baos);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void errorOnce() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        SocketFactory factory = mockClosedThenOpenSocket(baos, null, false, 1);
+        packetSentRegardless(factory, baos);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void errorTwice() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        SocketFactory factory = mockClosedThenOpenSocket(baos, null, false, 2);
+        packetSentRegardless(factory, baos);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Connection fails after three retries
+     */
+    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
+    public void errorThrice() {
+        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        SocketFactory factory = mockClosedThenOpenSocket(baos, null, false, 3);
+        packetSentRegardless(factory, baos);
+    }
+
+    private void packetSentRegardless(SocketFactory sf, ByteArrayOutputStream baos) {
+        ApnsConnectionImpl connection = new ApnsConnectionImpl(sf, "localhost", 80);
+        connection.DELAY_IN_MS = 0;
+        connection.sendMessage(msg);
+        Assert.assertArrayEquals(msg.marshall(), baos.toByteArray());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `com.notnoop.apns.internal.ApnsConnectionImpl` acquired to `connection` by call to `ApnsConnectionImpl(...)` at line 59 is not released after line 61.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void ApnsConnectionTest.packetSentRegardless(SocketFactory,ByteArrayOutputStream)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.notnoop.apns.internal.ApnsConnectionTest.packetSentRegardless(javax.net.SocketFactory,java.io.By.0c0a357a6d832fe3eaa9bd32a218aa84
+
+### File:
+src/test/java/com/notnoop/apns/internal/ApnsConnectionTest.java
+
+### Key:
+ApnsConnectionTest.java|packetSentRegardless|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+141d12c688da63d404fcff6ee9c41043
+
+### Hash:
+1fc59002d596500cb3bc40b397ff51c9
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9876/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9876/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..101ea898d897eaae65fd7fc9656641039ec2e6db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9876/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** frontend-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 4
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+public class NodeAndNPMInstaller {
+
+    private static final String INSTALL_PATH = "node";
+    private static final String VERSION = "version";
+
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NODEJS_DOWNLOAD_ROOT = "https://nodejs.org/dist/";
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NPM_DOWNLOAD_ROOT = "http://registry.npmjs.org/npm/-/";
+
+    private String nodeVersion, npmVersion, nodeDownloadRoot, npmDownloadRoot, userName, password;
+
+    private static final Object lock = new Object();
+
+    private final Logger logger;
+    private final InstallConfig config;
+    private final ArchiveExtractor archiveExtractor;
+    private final FileDownloader fileDownloader;
+
+    NodeAndNPMInstaller(InstallConfig config, ArchiveExtractor archiveExtractor, FileDownloader fileDownloader) {
+        this.logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
+        this.config = config;
+        this.archiveExtractor = archiveExtractor;
+        this.fileDownloader = fileDownloader;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNodeVersion (String nodeVersion) {
+        this.nodeVersion = nodeVersion;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNodeDownloadRoot (String nodeDownloadRoot) {
+        this.nodeDownloadRoot = nodeDownloadRoot;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNpmVersion (String npmVersion) {
+        this.npmVersion = npmVersion;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNpmDownloadRoot (String npmDownloadRoot) {
+        this.npmDownloadRoot = npmDownloadRoot;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setUserName (String userName) {
+        this.userName = userName;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setPassword (String password) {
+        this.password = password;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public void install() throws InstallationException {
+        if(nodeDownloadRoot == null || nodeDownloadRoot.isEmpty()){
+            nodeDownloadRoot = DEFAULT_NODEJS_DOWNLOAD_ROOT;
+        }
+        if(npmDownloadRoot == null || npmDownloadRoot.isEmpty()){
+            npmDownloadRoot = DEFAULT_NPM_DOWNLOAD_ROOT;
+        }
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (!nodeIsAlreadyInstalled()) {
+                logger.info("Installing node version {}", nodeVersion);
+                if (!nodeVersion.startsWith("v")) {
+                    logger.warn("Node version does not start with naming convention 'v'.");
+                }
+                if (config.getPlatform().isWindows()) {
+                    installNodeForWindows();
+                } else {
+                    installNodeDefault();
+                }
+            }
+            if (!npmIsAlreadyInstalled()) {
+                installNpm();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean nodeIsAlreadyInstalled() {
+        try {
+            NodeExecutorConfig executorConfig = new InstallNodeExecutorConfig(config);
+            File nodeFile = executorConfig.getNodePath();
+            if(nodeFile.exists()){
+                final String version = new NodeExecutor(executorConfig, Arrays.asList("--version"), null).executeAndGetResult();
+
+                if(version.equals(nodeVersion)){
+                    logger.info("Node {} is already installed.", version);
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    logger.info("Node {} was installed, but we need version {}", version, nodeVersion);
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (ProcessExecutionException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean npmIsAlreadyInstalled(){
+        try {
+            final File npmPackageJson = new File(config.getInstallDirectory() + Utils.normalize("/node/node_modules/npm/package.json"));
+            if(npmPackageJson.exists()){
+                HashMap<String,Object> data = new ObjectMapper().readValue(npmPackageJson, HashMap.class);
+                if(data.containsKey(VERSION)){
+                    final String foundNpmVersion = data.get(VERSION).toString();
+                    if(foundNpmVersion.equals(npmVersion)) {
+                        logger.info("NPM {} is already installed.", foundNpmVersion);
+                        return true;
+                    } else {
+                        logger.info("NPM {} was installed, but we need version {}", foundNpmVersion, npmVersion);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    logger.info("Could not read NPM version from package.json");
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex){
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not read package.json", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void installNpm() throws InstallationException {
+        try {
+            logger.info("Installing npm version {}", npmVersion);
+            final String downloadUrl = npmDownloadRoot +"npm-"+npmVersion+".tgz";
+
+            CacheDescriptor cacheDescriptor = new CacheDescriptor("npm", npmVersion, "tar.gz");
+
+            File archive = config.getCacheResolver().resolve(cacheDescriptor);
+
+            downloadFileIfMissing(downloadUrl, archive, userName, password);
+
+            File installDirectory = getInstallDirectory();
+            File nodeModulesDirectory = new File(installDirectory, "node_modules");
+
+            // We need to delete the existing npm directory first so we clean out any old files, and
+            // so we can rename the package directory below.
+            File oldNpmDirectory = new File(installDirectory, "npm");
+            File npmDirectory = new File(nodeModulesDirectory, "npm");
+            try {
+                if (oldNpmDirectory.isDirectory()) {
+                    FileUtils.deleteDirectory(oldNpmDirectory);
+                }
+                FileUtils.deleteDirectory(npmDirectory);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.warn("Failed to delete existing NPM installation.");
+            }
+
+            extractFile(archive, nodeModulesDirectory);
+
+            // handles difference between old and new download root (nodejs.org/dist/npm and registry.npmjs.org)
+            // see https://github.com/eirslett/frontend-maven-plugin/issues/65#issuecomment-52024254
+            File packageDirectory = new File(nodeModulesDirectory, "package");
+            if (packageDirectory.exists() && !npmDirectory.exists()) {
+                if (! packageDirectory.renameTo(npmDirectory)) {
+                    logger.warn("Cannot rename NPM directory, making a copy.");
+                    FileUtils.copyDirectory(packageDirectory, npmDirectory);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // create a copy of the npm scripts next to the node executable
+            for (String script : Arrays.asList("npm", "npm.cmd")) {
+                File scriptFile = new File(npmDirectory, "bin"+File.separator+script);
+                if (scriptFile.exists()) {
+                    File copy = new File(installDirectory, script);
+                    FileUtils.copyFile(scriptFile, copy);
+                    copy.setExecutable(true);
+                }
+            }
+
+            logger.info("Installed npm locally.");
+        } catch (DownloadException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not download npm", e);
+        } catch (ArchiveExtractionException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not extract the npm archive", e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not copy npm", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void installNodeDefault() throws InstallationException {
+        try {
+            final String longNodeFilename = config.getPlatform().getLongNodeFilename(nodeVersion);
+            String downloadUrl = nodeDownloadRoot + config.getPlatform().getNodeDownloadFilename(nodeVersion);
+            String classifier = config.getPlatform().getNodeClassifier();
+
+            File tmpDirectory = getTempDirectory();
+
+            CacheDescriptor cacheDescriptor = new CacheDescriptor("node", nodeVersion, classifier, "tar.gz");
+
+            File archive = config.getCacheResolver().resolve(cacheDescriptor);
+
+            downloadFileIfMissing(downloadUrl, archive, userName, password);
+
+            extractFile(archive, tmpDirectory);
+
+            // Search for the node binary
+            File nodeBinary = new File(tmpDirectory,longNodeFilename + File.separator + "bin" + File.separator + "node");
+            if(!nodeBinary.exists()){
+                throw new FileNotFoundException("Could not find the downloaded Node.js binary in "+nodeBinary);
+            } else {
+                File destinationDirectory = getInstallDirectory();
+
+                File destination = new File(destinationDirectory, "node");
+                logger.info("Copying node binary from {} to {}", nodeBinary, destination);
+                if(!nodeBinary.renameTo(destination)){
+                    throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node: Was not allowed to rename "+nodeBinary+" to "+destination);
+                }
+
+                if(!destination.setExecutable(true, false)){
+                  throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node: Was not allowed to make "+destination+" executable.");
+                }
+
+                deleteTempDirectory(tmpDirectory);
+
+                logger.info("Installed node locally.");
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node", e);
+        } catch (DownloadException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not download Node.js", e);
+        } catch (ArchiveExtractionException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not extract the Node archive", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void installNodeForWindows() throws InstallationException {
+        final String downloadUrl = nodeDownloadRoot + config.getPlatform().getNodeDownloadFilename(nodeVersion);
+        try {
+            File destinationDirectory = getInstallDirectory();
+
+            File destination = new File(destinationDirectory, "node.exe");
+
+            String classifier = config.getPlatform().getNodeClassifier();
+
+            CacheDescriptor cacheDescriptor = new CacheDescriptor("node", nodeVersion, classifier, "exe");
+
+            File binary = config.getCacheResolver().resolve(cacheDescriptor);
+
+            downloadFileIfMissing(downloadUrl, binary, userName, password);
+
+            logger.info("Copying node binary from {} to {}", binary, destination);
+            FileUtils.copyFile(binary, destination);
+
+            logger.info("Installed node locally.");
+        } catch (DownloadException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not download Node.js from: " + downloadUrl, e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node.js", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private File getTempDirectory() {
+        File tmpDirectory = new File(getInstallDirectory(), "tmp");
+        if (!tmpDirectory.exists()) {
+            logger.debug("Creating temporary directory {}", tmpDirectory);
+            tmpDirectory.mkdirs();
+        }
+        return tmpDirectory;
+    }
+
+    private File getInstallDirectory() {
+        File installDirectory = new File(config.getInstallDirectory(), INSTALL_PATH);
+        if (!installDirectory.exists()) {
+            logger.debug("Creating install directory {}", installDirectory);
+            installDirectory.mkdirs();
+        }
+        return installDirectory;
+    }
+
+    private void deleteTempDirectory(File tmpDirectory) throws IOException {
+        if (tmpDirectory != null && tmpDirectory.exists()) {
+            logger.debug("Deleting temporary directory {}", tmpDirectory);
+            FileUtils.deleteDirectory(tmpDirectory);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void extractFile(File archive, File destinationDirectory) throws ArchiveExtractionException {
+        logger.info("Unpacking {} into {}", archive, destinationDirectory);
+        archiveExtractor.extract(archive.getPath(), destinationDirectory.getPath());
+    }
+
+    private void downloadFileIfMissing(String downloadUrl, File destination, String userName, String password) throws DownloadException {
+        if (!destination.exists()) {
+            downloadFile(downloadUrl, destination, userName, password);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void downloadFile(String downloadUrl, File destination, String userName, String password) throws DownloadException {
+        logger.info("Downloading {} to {}", downloadUrl, destination);
+        fileDownloader.download(downloadUrl, destination.getPath(), userName, password);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib.NodeAndNPMInstaller.install` indirectly reads with synchronization from `this.com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib.NodeAndNPMInstaller.npmDownloadRoot`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `NodeAndNPMInstaller.install()`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NodeAndNPMInstaller.install()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib.NodeAndNPMInstaller.install():void.25620d4d1dced0926246685de6d199e0
+
+### File:
+frontend-plugin-core/src/main/java/com/github/eirslett/maven/plugins/frontend/lib/NodeAndNPMInstaller.java
+
+### Key:
+NodeAndNPMInstaller.java|install|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+45ba4195082d63090213c5b6e9706cbc
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9878/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9878/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..470901b46a458c2970c12cb700f1f001820295da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9878/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** frontend-maven-plugin
+**Bug ID:** 2
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
+import org.codehaus.jackson.map.ObjectMapper;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+public class NodeAndNPMInstaller {
+
+    private static final String INSTALL_PATH = "node";
+    private static final String VERSION = "version";
+
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NODEJS_DOWNLOAD_ROOT = "https://nodejs.org/dist/";
+    public static final String DEFAULT_NPM_DOWNLOAD_ROOT = "http://registry.npmjs.org/npm/-/";
+
+    private String nodeVersion, npmVersion, nodeDownloadRoot, npmDownloadRoot, userName, password;
+
+    private static final Object lock = new Object();
+
+    private final Logger logger;
+    private final InstallConfig config;
+    private final ArchiveExtractor archiveExtractor;
+    private final FileDownloader fileDownloader;
+
+    NodeAndNPMInstaller(InstallConfig config, ArchiveExtractor archiveExtractor, FileDownloader fileDownloader) {
+        this.logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(getClass());
+        this.config = config;
+        this.archiveExtractor = archiveExtractor;
+        this.fileDownloader = fileDownloader;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNodeVersion (String nodeVersion) {
+        this.nodeVersion = nodeVersion;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNodeDownloadRoot (String nodeDownloadRoot) {
+        this.nodeDownloadRoot = nodeDownloadRoot;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNpmVersion (String npmVersion) {
+        this.npmVersion = npmVersion;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setNpmDownloadRoot (String npmDownloadRoot) {
+        this.npmDownloadRoot = npmDownloadRoot;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setUserName (String userName) {
+        this.userName = userName;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public NodeAndNPMInstaller setPassword (String password) {
+        this.password = password;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public void install() throws InstallationException {
+        if(nodeDownloadRoot == null || nodeDownloadRoot.isEmpty()){
+            nodeDownloadRoot = DEFAULT_NODEJS_DOWNLOAD_ROOT;
+        }
+        if(npmDownloadRoot == null || npmDownloadRoot.isEmpty()){
+            npmDownloadRoot = DEFAULT_NPM_DOWNLOAD_ROOT;
+        }
+        synchronized (lock) {
+            if (!nodeIsAlreadyInstalled()) {
+                logger.info("Installing node version {}", nodeVersion);
+                if (!nodeVersion.startsWith("v")) {
+                    logger.warn("Node version does not start with naming convention 'v'.");
+                }
+                if (config.getPlatform().isWindows()) {
+                    installNodeForWindows();
+                } else {
+                    installNodeDefault();
+                }
+            }
+            if (!npmIsAlreadyInstalled()) {
+                installNpm();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean nodeIsAlreadyInstalled() {
+        try {
+            NodeExecutorConfig executorConfig = new InstallNodeExecutorConfig(config);
+            File nodeFile = executorConfig.getNodePath();
+            if(nodeFile.exists()){
+                final String version = new NodeExecutor(executorConfig, Arrays.asList("--version"), null).executeAndGetResult();
+
+                if(version.equals(nodeVersion)){
+                    logger.info("Node {} is already installed.", version);
+                    return true;
+                } else {
+                    logger.info("Node {} was installed, but we need version {}", version, nodeVersion);
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (ProcessExecutionException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean npmIsAlreadyInstalled(){
+        try {
+            final File npmPackageJson = new File(config.getInstallDirectory() + Utils.normalize("/node/node_modules/npm/package.json"));
+            if(npmPackageJson.exists()){
+                HashMap<String,Object> data = new ObjectMapper().readValue(npmPackageJson, HashMap.class);
+                if(data.containsKey(VERSION)){
+                    final String foundNpmVersion = data.get(VERSION).toString();
+                    if(foundNpmVersion.equals(npmVersion)) {
+                        logger.info("NPM {} is already installed.", foundNpmVersion);
+                        return true;
+                    } else {
+                        logger.info("NPM {} was installed, but we need version {}", foundNpmVersion, npmVersion);
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    logger.info("Could not read NPM version from package.json");
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } catch (IOException ex){
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not read package.json", ex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void installNpm() throws InstallationException {
+        try {
+            logger.info("Installing npm version {}", npmVersion);
+            final String downloadUrl = npmDownloadRoot +"npm-"+npmVersion+".tgz";
+
+            CacheDescriptor cacheDescriptor = new CacheDescriptor("npm", npmVersion, "tar.gz");
+
+            File archive = config.getCacheResolver().resolve(cacheDescriptor);
+
+            downloadFileIfMissing(downloadUrl, archive, userName, password);
+
+            File installDirectory = getInstallDirectory();
+            File nodeModulesDirectory = new File(installDirectory, "node_modules");
+
+            // We need to delete the existing npm directory first so we clean out any old files, and
+            // so we can rename the package directory below.
+            File oldNpmDirectory = new File(installDirectory, "npm");
+            File npmDirectory = new File(nodeModulesDirectory, "npm");
+            try {
+                if (oldNpmDirectory.isDirectory()) {
+                    FileUtils.deleteDirectory(oldNpmDirectory);
+                }
+                FileUtils.deleteDirectory(npmDirectory);
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+                logger.warn("Failed to delete existing NPM installation.");
+            }
+
+            extractFile(archive, nodeModulesDirectory);
+
+            // handles difference between old and new download root (nodejs.org/dist/npm and registry.npmjs.org)
+            // see https://github.com/eirslett/frontend-maven-plugin/issues/65#issuecomment-52024254
+            File packageDirectory = new File(nodeModulesDirectory, "package");
+            if (packageDirectory.exists() && !npmDirectory.exists()) {
+                if (! packageDirectory.renameTo(npmDirectory)) {
+                    logger.warn("Cannot rename NPM directory, making a copy.");
+                    FileUtils.copyDirectory(packageDirectory, npmDirectory);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // create a copy of the npm scripts next to the node executable
+            for (String script : Arrays.asList("npm", "npm.cmd")) {
+                File scriptFile = new File(npmDirectory, "bin"+File.separator+script);
+                if (scriptFile.exists()) {
+                    File copy = new File(installDirectory, script);
+                    FileUtils.copyFile(scriptFile, copy);
+                    copy.setExecutable(true);
+                }
+            }
+
+            logger.info("Installed npm locally.");
+        } catch (DownloadException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not download npm", e);
+        } catch (ArchiveExtractionException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not extract the npm archive", e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not copy npm", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void installNodeDefault() throws InstallationException {
+        try {
+            final String longNodeFilename = config.getPlatform().getLongNodeFilename(nodeVersion);
+            String downloadUrl = nodeDownloadRoot + config.getPlatform().getNodeDownloadFilename(nodeVersion);
+            String classifier = config.getPlatform().getNodeClassifier();
+
+            File tmpDirectory = getTempDirectory();
+
+            CacheDescriptor cacheDescriptor = new CacheDescriptor("node", nodeVersion, classifier, "tar.gz");
+
+            File archive = config.getCacheResolver().resolve(cacheDescriptor);
+
+            downloadFileIfMissing(downloadUrl, archive, userName, password);
+
+            extractFile(archive, tmpDirectory);
+
+            // Search for the node binary
+            File nodeBinary = new File(tmpDirectory,longNodeFilename + File.separator + "bin" + File.separator + "node");
+            if(!nodeBinary.exists()){
+                throw new FileNotFoundException("Could not find the downloaded Node.js binary in "+nodeBinary);
+            } else {
+                File destinationDirectory = getInstallDirectory();
+
+                File destination = new File(destinationDirectory, "node");
+                logger.info("Copying node binary from {} to {}", nodeBinary, destination);
+                if(!nodeBinary.renameTo(destination)){
+                    throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node: Was not allowed to rename "+nodeBinary+" to "+destination);
+                }
+
+                if(!destination.setExecutable(true, false)){
+                  throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node: Was not allowed to make "+destination+" executable.");
+                }
+
+                deleteTempDirectory(tmpDirectory);
+
+                logger.info("Installed node locally.");
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node", e);
+        } catch (DownloadException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not download Node.js", e);
+        } catch (ArchiveExtractionException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not extract the Node archive", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void installNodeForWindows() throws InstallationException {
+        final String downloadUrl = nodeDownloadRoot + config.getPlatform().getNodeDownloadFilename(nodeVersion);
+        try {
+            File destinationDirectory = getInstallDirectory();
+
+            File destination = new File(destinationDirectory, "node.exe");
+
+            String classifier = config.getPlatform().getNodeClassifier();
+
+            CacheDescriptor cacheDescriptor = new CacheDescriptor("node", nodeVersion, classifier, "exe");
+
+            File binary = config.getCacheResolver().resolve(cacheDescriptor);
+
+            downloadFileIfMissing(downloadUrl, binary, userName, password);
+
+            logger.info("Copying node binary from {} to {}", binary, destination);
+            FileUtils.copyFile(binary, destination);
+
+            logger.info("Installed node locally.");
+        } catch (DownloadException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not download Node.js from: " + downloadUrl, e);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new InstallationException("Could not install Node.js", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private File getTempDirectory() {
+        File tmpDirectory = new File(getInstallDirectory(), "tmp");
+        if (!tmpDirectory.exists()) {
+            logger.debug("Creating temporary directory {}", tmpDirectory);
+            tmpDirectory.mkdirs();
+        }
+        return tmpDirectory;
+    }
+
+    private File getInstallDirectory() {
+        File installDirectory = new File(config.getInstallDirectory(), INSTALL_PATH);
+        if (!installDirectory.exists()) {
+            logger.debug("Creating install directory {}", installDirectory);
+            installDirectory.mkdirs();
+        }
+        return installDirectory;
+    }
+
+    private void deleteTempDirectory(File tmpDirectory) throws IOException {
+        if (tmpDirectory != null && tmpDirectory.exists()) {
+            logger.debug("Deleting temporary directory {}", tmpDirectory);
+            FileUtils.deleteDirectory(tmpDirectory);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void extractFile(File archive, File destinationDirectory) throws ArchiveExtractionException {
+        logger.info("Unpacking {} into {}", archive, destinationDirectory);
+        archiveExtractor.extract(archive.getPath(), destinationDirectory.getPath());
+    }
+
+    private void downloadFileIfMissing(String downloadUrl, File destination, String userName, String password) throws DownloadException {
+        if (!destination.exists()) {
+            downloadFile(downloadUrl, destination, userName, password);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void downloadFile(String downloadUrl, File destination, String userName, String password) throws DownloadException {
+        logger.info("Downloading {} to {}", downloadUrl, destination);
+        fileDownloader.download(downloadUrl, destination.getPath(), userName, password);
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib.NodeAndNPMInstaller.install` writes to field `this.com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib.NodeAndNPMInstaller.npmDownloadRoot` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void NodeAndNPMInstaller.install()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.eirslett.maven.plugins.frontend.lib.NodeAndNPMInstaller.install():void.25620d4d1dced0926246685de6d199e0
+
+### File:
+frontend-plugin-core/src/main/java/com/github/eirslett/maven/plugins/frontend/lib/NodeAndNPMInstaller.java
+
+### Key:
+NodeAndNPMInstaller.java|install|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+b4e4047316f70a227d37bd5959da4d32
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9882/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9882/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7bd3a00aa996aded4f209d1bf685af2a1dec622e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9882/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zemberek-nlp
+**Bug ID:** 34
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package zemberek.embedding.fasttext;
+
+import zemberek.core.collections.IntVector;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class Model {
+
+    static class Node {
+        int parent;
+        int left;
+        int right;
+        long count; // TODO: this can be an int.
+        boolean binary;
+    }
+
+    static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
+
+        final float first;
+        final int second;
+
+        Pair(float first, int second) {
+            this.first = first;
+            this.second = second;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(Pair o) {
+            // descending.
+            return Float.compare(o.first, first);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Matrix wi_;
+    private Matrix wo_;
+    private Args args_;
+    private Vector hidden_;
+    private Vector output_;
+    private Vector grad_;
+    private int hsz_;
+    private int isz_;
+    private int osz_;
+    private float loss_;
+    private long nexamples_;
+    private static float[] t_sigmoid;
+    private static float[] t_log;
+    // used for negative sampling:
+    private int[] negatives;
+    private int negpos;
+    // used for hierarchical softmax:
+    private List<IntVector> paths = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<IntVector> codes = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Node[] tree;
+
+    private static final int NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE = 10000000;
+
+    private static final int SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+    private static final int MAX_SIGMOID = 8;
+    private static final int LOG_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+
+    Random random;
+
+    static {
+        initLog();
+        initSigmoid();
+    }
+
+    Model(Matrix wi,
+          Matrix wo,
+          Args args,
+          int seed) {
+        hidden_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        output_ = new Vector(wo.m_);
+        grad_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        random = new Random(seed);
+        wi_ = wi;
+        wo_ = wo;
+        args_ = args;
+        isz_ = wi.m_;
+        osz_ = wo.m_;
+        hsz_ = args.dim;
+        negpos = 0;
+        loss_ = 0.0f;
+        nexamples_ = 1;
+    }
+
+    private float binaryLogistic(int target, boolean label, float lr) {
+        float score = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden_, target));
+        float alpha = lr * ((label ? 1f : 0f) - score);
+        grad_.addRow(wo_, target, alpha);
+        synchronized (this) {
+            wo_.addRow(hidden_, target, alpha);
+        }
+        if (label) {
+            return -log(score);
+        } else {
+            return -log(1.0f - score);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private float negativeSampling(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        for (int n = 0; n <= args_.neg; n++) {
+            if (n == 0) {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(target, true, lr);
+            } else {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(getNegative(target), false, lr);
+            }
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+
+    private float hierarchicalSoftmax(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        IntVector binaryCode = codes.get(target);
+        IntVector pathToRoot = paths.get(target);
+        for (int i = 0; i < pathToRoot.size(); i++) {
+            loss += binaryLogistic(pathToRoot.get(i), binaryCode.get(i) == 1, lr);
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+    private void computeOutputSoftmax(Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        output.mul(wo_, hidden);
+        float max = output.data_[0], z = 0.0f;
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            max = Math.max(output.data_[i], max);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] = (float) Math.exp(output.data_[i] - max);
+            z += output.data_[i];
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] /= z;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void computeOutputSoftmax() {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    private float softmax(int target, float lr) {
+        grad_.zero();
+        computeOutputSoftmax();
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            float label = (i == target) ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+            float alpha = lr * (label - output_.data_[i]);
+            grad_.addRow(wo_, i, alpha);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                wo_.addRow(hidden_, i, alpha);
+            }
+        }
+        return -log(output_.data_[target]);
+    }
+
+    private void computeHidden(int[] input, Vector hidden) {
+        assert (hidden.size() == hsz_);
+        hidden.zero();
+        for (int i : input) {
+            hidden.addRow(wi_, i);
+        }
+        hidden.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+    }
+
+
+    private static final Comparator<Pair> PAIR_COMPARATOR =
+            (l, r) -> l.first > r.first ? 1 : 0;
+
+    List<Pair> predict(int[] input,
+                 int k,
+                 Vector hidden,
+                 Vector output) {
+        assert (k > 0);
+        computeHidden(input, hidden);
+        PriorityQueue<Pair> heap = new PriorityQueue<>(k+1, PAIR_COMPARATOR);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            dfs(k, 2 * osz_ - 2, 0.0f, heap, hidden);
+        } else {
+            findKBest(k, heap, hidden, output);
+        }
+        List<Pair> result = new ArrayList<>(heap);
+        Collections.sort(result);
+        return  result;
+    }
+
+    List<Pair> predict(int[] input, int k) {
+        return predict(input, k, hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    private void findKBest(int k,
+                           PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                           Vector hidden,
+                           Vector output) {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden, output);
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            if (heap.size() == k && log(output.data_[i]) < heap.peek().first) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            heap.add(new Pair(output.data_[i], i));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //todo: check here.
+    private void dfs(int k,
+                     int node,
+                     float score,
+                     PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                     Vector hidden) {
+        if (heap.size() == k && score < heap.peek().first) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (tree[node].left == -1 && tree[node].right == -1) {
+            heap.add(new Pair(score, node));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        float f = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden, node - osz_));
+        dfs(k, tree[node].left, score + log(1.0f - f), heap, hidden);
+        dfs(k, tree[node].right, score + log(f), heap, hidden);
+    }
+
+
+    void update(int[] input, int target, float lr) {
+        assert (target >= 0);
+        assert (target < osz_);
+        if (input.length == 0) return;
+        computeHidden(input, hidden_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            loss_ += negativeSampling(target, lr);
+        } else if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            loss_ += hierarchicalSoftmax(target, lr);
+        } else {
+            loss_ += softmax(target, lr);
+        }
+        nexamples_ += 1;
+
+        if (args_.model == Args.model_name.sup) {
+            grad_.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (int i : input) {
+                wi_.addRow(grad_, i, 1.0f);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setTargetCounts(long[] counts) {
+        assert (counts.length == osz_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            initTableNegatives(counts);
+        }
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            buildTree(counts);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void initTableNegatives(long[] counts) {
+        IntVector vec = new IntVector(counts.length*10);
+        float z = 0.0f;
+        for (long count : counts) {
+            z += (float) Math.pow(count, 0.5);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < counts.length; i++) {
+            float c = (float) Math.pow(counts[i], 0.5);
+            for (int j = 0; j < c * NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE / z; j++) {
+                vec.add(i);
+            }
+        }
+        vec.shuffle(random);
+        negatives = vec.copyOf();
+    }
+
+    private int getNegative(int target) {
+        int negative;
+        do {
+            negative = negatives[negpos];
+            negpos = (negpos + 1) % negatives.length;
+        } while (target == negative);
+        return negative;
+    }
+
+    private void buildTree(long[] counts) {
+        tree = new Node[2 * osz_ - 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            tree[i].parent = -1;
+            tree[i].left = -1;
+            tree[i].right = -1;
+            tree[i].count = (long) 1e15;
+            tree[i].binary = false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            tree[i].count = counts[i];
+        }
+        int leaf = osz_ - 1;
+        int node = osz_;
+        for (int i = osz_; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            int[] mini = new int[2];
+            for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+                if (leaf >= 0 && tree[leaf].count < tree[node].count) {
+                    mini[j] = leaf--;
+                } else {
+                    mini[j] = node++;
+                }
+            }
+            tree[i].left = mini[0];
+            tree[i].right = mini[1];
+            tree[i].count = tree[mini[0]].count + tree[mini[1]].count;
+            tree[mini[0]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].binary = true;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            IntVector path = new IntVector();
+            IntVector code = new IntVector();
+            int j = i;
+            while (tree[j].parent != -1) {
+                path.add(tree[j].parent - osz_);
+                code.add(tree[j].binary ? 1 : 0);
+                j = tree[j].parent;
+            }
+            paths.add(path);
+            codes.add(code);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float getLoss() {
+        return loss_ / nexamples_;
+    }
+
+    private static void initSigmoid() {
+        t_sigmoid = new float[SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = i * 2f * MAX_SIGMOID / SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE - MAX_SIGMOID;
+            t_sigmoid[i] = 1.0f / (1.0f + (float) Math.exp(-x));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void initLog() {
+        t_log = new float[LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = (i + 1e-5f) / LOG_TABLE_SIZE;
+            t_log[i] = (float) Math.log(x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private float log(float x) {
+        if (x > 1.0f) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        }
+        int i = (int) (x * LOG_TABLE_SIZE);
+        return t_log[i];
+    }
+
+    private float sigmoid(float x) {
+        if (x < -MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        } else if (x > MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 1.0f;
+        } else {
+            int i = (int) ((x + MAX_SIGMOID) * SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE / MAX_SIGMOID / 2);
+            return t_sigmoid[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Unprotected write. Non-private method `zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.update` indirectly writes to field `this.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.grad_.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Vector.data_.[_]` outside of synchronization.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void Model.update(int[],int,float)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.update(int[],int,float):void.49e2c20141a9f555936abeccf294c2e6
+
+### File:
+experiment/src/main/java/zemberek/embedding/fasttext/Model.java
+
+### Key:
+Model.java|update|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+fac7bcfb8ac1794c3ef91e8c37f057a4
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9885/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9885/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c925e801f906601aa72a5d4464affda699e7ef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9885/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** zemberek-nlp
+**Bug ID:** 18
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+package zemberek.embedding.fasttext;
+
+import zemberek.core.collections.IntVector;
+
+import java.util.*;
+
+public class Model {
+
+    static class Node {
+        int parent;
+        int left;
+        int right;
+        long count; // TODO: this can be an int.
+        boolean binary;
+    }
+
+    static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
+
+        final float first;
+        final int second;
+
+        Pair(float first, int second) {
+            this.first = first;
+            this.second = second;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int compareTo(Pair o) {
+            //TODO: check below
+            return Float.compare(this.first, o.first);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private Matrix wi_;
+    private Matrix wo_;
+    private Args args_;
+    private Vector hidden_;
+    private Vector output_;
+    private Vector grad_;
+    private int hsz_;
+    private int isz_;
+    private int osz_;
+    private float loss_;
+    private long nexamples_;
+    private static float[] t_sigmoid;
+    private static float[] t_log;
+    // used for negative sampling:
+    private int[] negatives;
+    private int negpos;
+    // used for hierarchical softmax:
+    private List<IntVector> paths = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<IntVector> codes = new ArrayList<>();
+    private Node[] tree;
+
+    private static final int NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE = 10000000;
+
+    private static final int SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+    private static final int MAX_SIGMOID = 8;
+    private static final int LOG_TABLE_SIZE = 512;
+
+    Random random;
+
+    static {
+        initLog();
+        initSigmoid();
+    }
+
+    Model(Matrix wi,
+          Matrix wo,
+          Args args,
+          int seed) {
+        hidden_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        output_ = new Vector(wo.m_);
+        grad_ = new Vector(args.dim);
+        random = new Random(seed);
+        wi_ = wi;
+        wo_ = wo;
+        args_ = args;
+        isz_ = wi.m_;
+        osz_ = wo.m_;
+        hsz_ = args.dim;
+        negpos = 0;
+        loss_ = 0.0f;
+        nexamples_ = 1;
+    }
+
+    float binaryLogistic(int target, boolean label, float lr) {
+        float score = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden_, target));
+        float alpha = lr * (label ? 1f : 0f - score);
+        grad_.addRow(wo_, target, alpha);
+        synchronized (this) {
+            wo_.addRow(hidden_, target, alpha);
+        }
+        if (label) {
+            return -log(score);
+        } else {
+            return -log(1.0f - score);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float negativeSampling(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        for (int n = 0; n <= args_.neg; n++) {
+            if (n == 0) {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(target, true, lr);
+            } else {
+                loss += binaryLogistic(getNegative(target), false, lr);
+            }
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+
+    float hierarchicalSoftmax(int target, float lr) {
+        float loss = 0.0f;
+        grad_.zero();
+        IntVector binaryCode = codes.get(target);
+        IntVector pathToRoot = paths.get(target);
+        for (int i = 0; i < pathToRoot.size(); i++) {
+            loss += binaryLogistic(pathToRoot.get(i), binaryCode.get(i) == 1, lr);
+        }
+        return loss;
+    }
+
+    void computeOutputSoftmax(Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        output.mul(wo_, hidden);
+        float max = output.data_[0], z = 0.0f;
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            max = Math.max(output.data_[i], max);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] = (float) Math.exp(output.data_[i] - max);
+            z += output.data_[i];
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            output.data_[i] /= z;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void computeOutputSoftmax() {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    float softmax(int target, float lr) {
+        grad_.zero();
+        computeOutputSoftmax();
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            float label = (i == target) ? 1.0f : 0.0f;
+            float alpha = lr * (label - output_.data_[i]);
+            grad_.addRow(wo_, i, alpha);
+            synchronized (this) {
+                wo_.addRow(hidden_, i, alpha);
+            }
+        }
+        return -log(output_.data_[target]);
+    }
+
+    void computeHidden(int[] input, Vector hidden) {
+        assert (hidden.size() == hsz_);
+        hidden.zero();
+        for (int i : input) {
+            hidden.addRow(wi_, i);
+        }
+        hidden.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+    }
+
+
+    void predict(int[] input, int k,
+                 PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                 Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        assert (k > 0);
+        //heap.reserve(k + 1);
+        computeHidden(input, hidden);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            dfs(k, 2 * osz_ - 2, 0.0f, heap, hidden);
+        } else {
+            findKBest(k, heap, hidden, output);
+        }
+        // TODO: write below if necessary.
+        //std::sort_heap(heap.begin(), heap.end(), comparePairs);
+    }
+
+    void predict(int[] input, int k,
+                 PriorityQueue<Pair> heap) {
+        predict(input, k, heap, hidden_, output_);
+    }
+
+    void findKBest(int k, PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+                   Vector hidden, Vector output) {
+        computeOutputSoftmax(hidden, output);
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            if (heap.size() == k && log(output.data_[i]) < heap.peek().first) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            heap.add(new Pair(output.data_[i], i));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //todo: check here.
+    void dfs(int k, int node, float score,
+             PriorityQueue<Pair> heap,
+             Vector hidden) {
+        if (heap.size() == k && score < heap.peek().first) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (tree[node].left == -1 && tree[node].right == -1) {
+            heap.add(new Pair(score, node));
+            if (heap.size() > k) {
+                heap.remove();
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        float f = sigmoid(wo_.dotRow(hidden, node - osz_));
+        dfs(k, tree[node].left, score + log(1.0f - f), heap, hidden);
+        dfs(k, tree[node].right, score + log(f), heap, hidden);
+    }
+
+
+    void update(int[] input, int target, float lr) {
+        assert (target >= 0);
+        assert (target < osz_);
+        if (input.length == 0) return;
+        computeHidden(input, hidden_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            loss_ += negativeSampling(target, lr);
+        } else if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            loss_ += hierarchicalSoftmax(target, lr);
+        } else {
+            loss_ += softmax(target, lr);
+        }
+        nexamples_ += 1;
+
+        if (args_.model == Args.model_name.sup) {
+            grad_.mul(1.0f / input.length);
+        }
+        synchronized (this) {
+            for (int i : input) {
+                wi_.addRow(grad_, i, 1.0f);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void setTargetCounts(long[] counts) {
+        assert (counts.length == osz_);
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.ns) {
+            initTableNegatives(counts);
+        }
+        if (args_.loss == Args.loss_name.hs) {
+            buildTree(counts);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    void initTableNegatives(long[] counts) {
+        IntVector vec = new IntVector(counts.length*10);
+        float z = 0.0f;
+        for (long count : counts) {
+            z += (float) Math.pow(count, 0.5);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < counts.length; i++) {
+            float c = (float) Math.pow(counts[i], 0.5);
+            for (int j = 0; j < c * NEGATIVE_TABLE_SIZE / z; j++) {
+                vec.add(i);
+            }
+        }
+        vec.shuffle(random);
+        negatives = vec.copyOf();
+    }
+
+    int getNegative(int target) {
+        int negative;
+        do {
+            negative = negatives[negpos];
+            negpos = (negpos + 1) % negatives.length;
+        } while (target == negative);
+        return negative;
+    }
+
+    void buildTree(long[] counts) {
+        tree = new Node[2 * osz_ - 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            tree[i].parent = -1;
+            tree[i].left = -1;
+            tree[i].right = -1;
+            tree[i].count = (long) 1e15;
+            tree[i].binary = false;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            tree[i].count = counts[i];
+        }
+        int leaf = osz_ - 1;
+        int node = osz_;
+        for (int i = osz_; i < 2 * osz_ - 1; i++) {
+            int[] mini = new int[2];
+            for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
+                if (leaf >= 0 && tree[leaf].count < tree[node].count) {
+                    mini[j] = leaf--;
+                } else {
+                    mini[j] = node++;
+                }
+            }
+            tree[i].left = mini[0];
+            tree[i].right = mini[1];
+            tree[i].count = tree[mini[0]].count + tree[mini[1]].count;
+            tree[mini[0]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].parent = i;
+            tree[mini[1]].binary = true;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < osz_; i++) {
+            IntVector path = new IntVector();
+            IntVector code = new IntVector();
+            int j = i;
+            while (tree[j].parent != -1) {
+                path.add(tree[j].parent - osz_);
+                code.add(tree[j].binary ? 1 : 0);
+                j = tree[j].parent;
+            }
+            paths.add(path);
+            codes.add(code);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float getLoss() {
+        return loss_ / nexamples_;
+    }
+
+    static void initSigmoid() {
+        t_sigmoid = new float[SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = i * 2f * MAX_SIGMOID / SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE - MAX_SIGMOID;
+            t_sigmoid[i] = 1.0f / (1.0f + (float) Math.exp(-x));
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void initLog() {
+        t_log = new float[LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1];
+        for (int i = 0; i < LOG_TABLE_SIZE + 1; i++) {
+            float x = (i + 1e-5f) / LOG_TABLE_SIZE;
+            t_log[i] = (float) Math.log(x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    float log(float x) {
+        if (x > 1.0f) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        }
+        int i = (int) (x * LOG_TABLE_SIZE);
+        return t_log[i];
+    }
+
+    float sigmoid(float x) {
+        if (x < -MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 0.0f;
+        } else if (x > MAX_SIGMOID) {
+            return 1.0f;
+        } else {
+            int i = (int) ((x + MAX_SIGMOID) * SIGMOID_TABLE_SIZE / MAX_SIGMOID / 2);
+            return t_sigmoid[i];
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Qualifier:
+Read/Write race. Non-private method `zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.softmax` indirectly reads with synchronization from `this.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.hidden_.zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Vector.data_.[_]`. Potentially races with unsynchronized write in method `Model.update(...)`.
+ Reporting because this access may occur on a background thread.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+float Model.softmax(int,float)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+zemberek.embedding.fasttext.Model.softmax(int,float):float.9b5d27486e0baa33be6326b35ed6f8ec
+
+### File:
+experiment/src/main/java/zemberek/embedding/fasttext/Model.java
+
+### Key:
+Model.java|softmax|THREAD_SAFETY_VIOLATION
+
+### Node Key:
+9c5d6d9028928346cc4fb44cced5dea1
+
+### Hash:
+7a9d51eacbba1d716d344dcf1ac27480
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Thread Safety Violation
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9959/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9959/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..09eef6f0ea1e996dedcee99107255d6f434b372e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9959/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javaparser
+**Bug ID:** 54
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Federico Tomassetti
+ * Copyright (C) 2017-2019 The JavaParser Team.
+ *
+ * This file is part of JavaParser.
+ *
+ * JavaParser can be used either under the terms of
+ * a) the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *     (at your option) any later version.
+ * b) the terms of the Apache License
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of both licenses in LICENCE.LGPL and
+ * LICENCE.APACHE. Please refer to those files for details.
+ *
+ * JavaParser is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ */
+
+package com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution;
+
+import com.github.javaparser.JavaParser;
+import com.github.javaparser.ParseStart;
+import com.github.javaparser.ParserConfiguration;
+import com.github.javaparser.StreamProvider;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.CompilationUnit;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.expr.FieldAccessExpr;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.JavaSymbolSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.CombinedTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.JavaParserTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.ReflectionTypeSolver;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class InternalClassInInterfaceTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedSamePackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "AClass.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 4);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceQualifiedSamePackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "AClass.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 5);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedDifferentPackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "differentpackage" + File.separator + "AClass2.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 6);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceQualifiedDifferentPackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "differentpackage" + File.separator + "AClass2.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 7);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.FileInputStream` acquired by call to `FileInputStream(...)` at line 59 is not released after line 59.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void InternalClassInInterfaceTest.resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedSamePackage()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.InternalClassInInterfaceTest.resolveFieldOfEnumAsInter.fbb1052e934ddc391d68deb54dd163ed
+
+### File:
+javaparser-symbol-solver-testing/src/test/java/com/github/javaparser/symbolsolver/resolution/InternalClassInInterfaceTest.java
+
+### Key:
+InternalClassInInterfaceTest.java|resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedSamePackage|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+f35d0a16b6796ff33e585cc4a3fd24ab
+
+### Hash:
+983ddc3c7bab7cc1964e01bc9592c541
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9961/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9961/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9596d86cc1a1db1970f01c262018d2f9ed04610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9961/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javaparser
+**Bug ID:** 30
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 Federico Tomassetti
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution;
+
+import com.github.javaparser.SlowTest;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.AbstractSymbolResolutionTest;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.SourceFileInfoExtractor;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.javaparsermodel.JavaParserFacade;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.CombinedTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.JavaParserTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.ReflectionTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.utils.LeanParserConfiguration;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+@SlowTest
+class AnalyseJavaParserTest extends AbstractSymbolResolutionTest {
+
+    private static final Path root = adaptPath("src/test/test_sourcecode/javaparser_src");
+    private static final Path properSrc = root.resolve("proper_source");
+
+    private SourceFileInfoExtractor getSourceFileInfoExtractor() {
+        CombinedTypeSolver combinedTypeSolver = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        combinedTypeSolver.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        combinedTypeSolver.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(properSrc, new LeanParserConfiguration()));
+        combinedTypeSolver.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(root.resolve("generated"), new LeanParserConfiguration()));
+        SourceFileInfoExtractor sourceFileInfoExtractor = new SourceFileInfoExtractor();
+        sourceFileInfoExtractor.setTypeSolver(combinedTypeSolver);
+        sourceFileInfoExtractor.setPrintFileName(false);
+        return sourceFileInfoExtractor;
+    }
+
+    private static String readFile(Path file)
+            throws IOException {
+        byte[] encoded = Files.readAllBytes(file);
+        return new String(encoded, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+    }
+
+    private static final boolean DEBUG = true;
+
+    private void parse(String fileName) throws IOException {
+        Path sourceFile = properSrc.resolve( fileName + ".java");
+        SourceFileInfoExtractor sourceFileInfoExtractor = getSourceFileInfoExtractor();
+        OutputStream outErrStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+        PrintStream outErr = new PrintStream(outErrStream);
+
+        sourceFileInfoExtractor.setOut(outErr);
+        sourceFileInfoExtractor.setErr(outErr);
+        sourceFileInfoExtractor.solve(sourceFile);
+        String output = outErrStream.toString();
+
+        String path = "expected_output/" + fileName.replaceAll("/", "_") + ".txt";
+        Path dstFile = adaptPath(root.resolve(path));
+
+        if (DEBUG && (sourceFileInfoExtractor.getKo() != 0 || sourceFileInfoExtractor.getUnsupported() != 0)) {
+            System.err.println(output);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(0, sourceFileInfoExtractor.getKo(), "No failures expected when analyzing " + path);
+        assertEquals(0, sourceFileInfoExtractor.getUnsupported(), "No UnsupportedOperationException expected when analyzing " + path);
+
+        String expected = readFile(dstFile);
+
+        String[] outputLines = output.split("\n");
+        String[] expectedLines = expected.split("\n");
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < Math.min(outputLines.length, expectedLines.length); i++) {
+            assertEquals(expectedLines[i].trim(), outputLines[i].trim(), "Line " + (i + 1) + " of " + path + " is different from what is expected");
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(expectedLines.length, outputLines.length);
+
+        JavaParserFacade.clearInstances();
+
+        // If we need to update the file uncomment these lines
+        //PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(dstFile.getAbsoluteFile(), "UTF-8");
+        //writer.print(output);
+        //writer.close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parsePositionUtils() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/PositionUtils");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseJavaParser() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/JavaParser");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseStatement() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/Statement");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseCatchClause() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/CatchClause");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseStatements() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/LabeledStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/BreakStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/ReturnStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/DoStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/AssertStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/ContinueStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/BlockStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/ExplicitConstructorInvocationStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/ExpressionStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/EmptyStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/SwitchStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/IfStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/SwitchEntryStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/SynchronizedStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/ForeachStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/ForStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/WhileStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/ThrowStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/TryStmt");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/stmt/TypeDeclarationStmt");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseExpressions() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/NameExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/FieldAccessExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/CharLiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/IntegerLiteralMinValueExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/IntegerLiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/ArrayCreationExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/VariableDeclarationExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/SuperExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/ArrayInitializerExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/EnclosedExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/Expression");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/SingleMemberAnnotationExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/MethodReferenceExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/ThisExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/LiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/AnnotationExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/InstanceOfExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/LongLiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/StringLiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/NullLiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/ObjectCreationExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/TypeExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/DoubleLiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/LongLiteralMinValueExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/MarkerAnnotationExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/LambdaExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/AssignExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/NormalAnnotationExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/QualifiedNameExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/MemberValuePair");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/ArrayAccessExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/ClassExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/MethodCallExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/ConditionalExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/CastExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/BooleanLiteralExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/BinaryExpr");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/expr/UnaryExpr");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseTypes() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/type/ClassOrInterfaceType");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/type/PrimitiveType");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/type/WildcardType");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/type/UnknownType");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/type/ReferenceType");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/type/VoidType");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/type/Type");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseVisitors() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/EqualsVisitor");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/ModifierVisitorAdapter");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/DumpVisitor");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/VoidVisitor");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/GenericVisitor");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/VoidVisitorAdapter");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/GenericVisitorAdapter");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseCloneVisitor() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/visitor/CloneVisitor");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseSourcesHelper() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/SourcesHelper");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseComments() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/comments/LineComment");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/comments/Comment");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/comments/CommentsParser");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/comments/JavadocComment");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/comments/BlockComment");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/comments/CommentsCollection");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void parseTheRest() throws IOException {
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/internal/Utils");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/AnnotationMemberDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/EnumDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/Parameter");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/EnumConstantDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/VariableDeclarator");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/TypeDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/EmptyMemberDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/ModifierSet");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/VariableDeclaratorId");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/BaseParameter");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/AnnotableNode");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/AnnotationDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/MethodDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/EmptyTypeDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/InitializerDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/BodyDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/FieldDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/ConstructorDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/WithDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/MultiTypeParameter");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/body/ClassOrInterfaceDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/TreeVisitor");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/PackageDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/DocumentableNode");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/NamedNode");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/Node");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/AccessSpecifier");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/CompilationUnit");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/TypeParameter");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ast/ImportDeclaration");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/Position");
+        parse("com/github/javaparser/ASTHelper");
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.PrintStream` acquired by call to `new()` at line 65 is not released after line 80.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void AnalyseJavaParserTest.parse(String)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.AnalyseJavaParserTest.parse(java.lang.String):void.95b04767c2e46c44ce608c17cda1a084
+
+### File:
+javaparser-symbol-solver-testing/src/test/java/com/github/javaparser/symbolsolver/resolution/AnalyseJavaParserTest.java
+
+### Key:
+AnalyseJavaParserTest.java|parse|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+14442cc3be013c833ab63ae2401ac83a
+
+### Hash:
+7e17745bc02c65d6a68220e6df5b146d
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9966/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9966/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a4560c28e67353f8fa85143b09792ebbb0a0de8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9966/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** javaparser
+**Bug ID:** 46
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Federico Tomassetti
+ * Copyright (C) 2017-2019 The JavaParser Team.
+ *
+ * This file is part of JavaParser.
+ *
+ * JavaParser can be used either under the terms of
+ * a) the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ *     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ *     (at your option) any later version.
+ * b) the terms of the Apache License
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of both licenses in LICENCE.LGPL and
+ * LICENCE.APACHE. Please refer to those files for details.
+ *
+ * JavaParser is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ */
+
+package com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution;
+
+import com.github.javaparser.JavaParser;
+import com.github.javaparser.ParseStart;
+import com.github.javaparser.ParserConfiguration;
+import com.github.javaparser.StreamProvider;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.CompilationUnit;
+import com.github.javaparser.ast.expr.FieldAccessExpr;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.JavaSymbolSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.CombinedTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.JavaParserTypeSolver;
+import com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.typesolvers.ReflectionTypeSolver;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Optional;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class InternalClassInInterfaceTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedSamePackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "AClass.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass));
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 4);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceQualifiedSamePackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "AClass.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass));
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 5);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedDifferentPackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "differentpackage" + File.separator + "AClass2.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass));
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 6);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceQualifiedDifferentPackage() throws IOException {
+        File src = new File("src/test/resources/internalClassInInterface");
+        File aClass = new File(src.getPath() + File.separator + "foo" + File.separator + "bar"
+                + File.separator + "differentpackage" + File.separator + "AClass2.java");
+
+        CombinedTypeSolver localCts = new CombinedTypeSolver();
+        localCts.add(new ReflectionTypeSolver());
+        localCts.add(new JavaParserTypeSolver(src));
+
+        ParserConfiguration parserConfiguration = new ParserConfiguration().setSymbolResolver(new JavaSymbolSolver(localCts));
+        JavaParser parser = new JavaParser(parserConfiguration);
+        StreamProvider classProvider = new StreamProvider(new FileInputStream(aClass));
+
+        CompilationUnit cu = parser.parse(ParseStart.COMPILATION_UNIT, classProvider).getResult().get();
+
+        Optional<FieldAccessExpr> fae = cu.findFirst(FieldAccessExpr.class, n -> n.toString().equals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType.ADDITION") && n.getRange().get().begin.line == 7);
+
+        assertTrue(fae.isPresent());
+
+        assertEquals("foo.bar.AnInterface.ListChangeType", fae.get().resolve().getType().describe());
+        assertEquals("ADDITION", fae.get().resolve().getName());
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Qualifier:
+resource of type `java.io.InputStreamReader` acquired by call to `StreamProvider(...)` at line 58 is not released after line 60.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void InternalClassInInterfaceTest.resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedSamePackage()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+com.github.javaparser.symbolsolver.resolution.InternalClassInInterfaceTest.resolveFieldOfEnumAsInter.fbb1052e934ddc391d68deb54dd163ed
+
+### File:
+javaparser-symbol-solver-testing/src/test/java/com/github/javaparser/symbolsolver/resolution/InternalClassInInterfaceTest.java
+
+### Key:
+InternalClassInInterfaceTest.java|resolveFieldOfEnumAsInternalClassOfInterfaceUnqualifiedSamePackage|RESOURCE_LEAK
+
+### Node Key:
+1e55ee1d1b05fb51bff8a15cb2c0a884
+
+### Hash:
+761de001e6fad71ecf01d047f67d3a25
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Resource Leak
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9992/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9992/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05d377270349f30d30c82fbf3c66ae5758fa48cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9992/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** heimdall
+**Bug ID:** 10
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+/*-
+ * =========================LICENSE_START==================================
+ * heimdall-gateway
+ * ========================================================================
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 Conductor Tecnologia SA
+ * ========================================================================
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * ==========================LICENSE_END===================================
+ */
+package br.com.conductor.heimdall.gateway.filter;
+
+import static org.springframework.cloud.netflix.zuul.filters.support.FilterConstants.POST_TYPE;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+
+import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+
+import org.apache.commons.lang.exception.ExceptionUtils;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
+import org.springframework.util.StreamUtils;
+
+import com.netflix.zuul.ZuulFilter;
+import com.netflix.zuul.context.RequestContext;
+
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.util.Constants;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.util.ContentTypeUtils;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.util.UrlUtil;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.gateway.trace.FilterDetail;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.gateway.trace.RequestResponseParser;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.gateway.trace.StackTraceImpl;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.gateway.trace.TraceContextHolder;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.middleware.spec.Helper;
+import br.com.twsoftware.alfred.object.Objeto;
+import lombok.Cleanup;
+
+/**
+ * Logs the response to the trace
+ *
+ * @author Marcelo Aguiar Rodrigues
+ */
+@Component
+public class LogResponseFilter extends ZuulFilter {
+
+    private FilterDetail detail = new FilterDetail();
+    @Autowired
+    private Helper helper;
+
+    @Override
+    public int filterOrder() {
+
+        return 102;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String filterType() {
+
+        return POST_TYPE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean shouldFilter() {
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Object run() {
+        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+        try {
+            execute();
+            detail.setStatus(Constants.SUCCESS);
+        } catch (Throwable e) {
+            detail.setStatus(Constants.FAILED);
+            TraceContextHolder.getInstance().getActualTrace().setStackTrace(new StackTraceImpl(e.getClass().getName(), e.getMessage(), ExceptionUtils.getStackTrace(e)));
+        } finally {
+            long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+            long duration = (endTime - startTime);
+
+            detail.setName(this.getClass().getSimpleName());
+            detail.setTimeInMillisRun(duration);
+            TraceContextHolder.getInstance().getActualTrace().addFilter(detail);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void execute() throws Throwable {
+        RequestContext ctx = RequestContext.getCurrentContext();
+
+
+        RequestResponseParser r = new RequestResponseParser();
+        r.setUri(UrlUtil.getCurrentUrl(ctx.getRequest()));
+
+        Map<String, String> headers = getResponseHeaders(ctx);
+        r.setHeaders(headers);
+
+        String content = headers.get(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE);
+
+        // if the content type is not defined by api server then permit to read the body. Prevent NPE
+        if (Objeto.isBlank(content)) content = "";
+
+        String[] types = content.split(";");
+
+        if (!ContentTypeUtils.belongsToBlackList(types)) {
+        	@Cleanup
+            InputStream stream = ctx.getResponseDataStream();
+            String body;
+
+            body = StreamUtils.copyToString(stream, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+
+            if (body.isEmpty() && helper.call().response().getBody() != null) {
+            	
+            	body = helper.call().response().getBody();            	
+            }
+
+            if (Objects.nonNull(body) && !body.isEmpty()) {
+            	
+            	r.setBody(body);
+            }
+            ctx.setResponseDataStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(body.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)));
+        }
+        TraceContextHolder.getInstance().getActualTrace().setResponse(r);
+    }
+
+    private Map<String, String> getResponseHeaders(RequestContext context) {
+        Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
+
+        final HttpServletResponse response = context.getResponse();
+        
+        context.getZuulResponseHeaders().stream().forEach(pair -> headers.put(pair.first(), pair.second()));
+        
+        final Collection<String> headerNames = response.getHeaderNames();
+
+        headerNames.forEach(s -> headers.putIfAbsent(s, response.getHeader(s)));       
+
+        return headers;
+    }
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object `content` last assigned on line 115 could be null and is dereferenced at line 120.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+void LogResponseFilter.execute()
+
+### Procedure Id:
+br.com.conductor.heimdall.gateway.filter.LogResponseFilter.execute():void.cff648ce18188cde7f76f946df5ba610
+
+### File:
+heimdall-gateway/src/main/java/br/com/conductor/heimdall/gateway/filter/LogResponseFilter.java
+
+### Key:
+LogResponseFilter.java|execute|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+4fcfc07e7017949c61249af151219375
+
+### Hash:
+5c1cc028612e67d5cf694c939e4a5a2a
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.
diff --git a/inferredbugs-9995/instruction.md b/inferredbugs-9995/instruction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d64e2fba506e0c8f78aa3b68298c0742bc728996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/inferredbugs-9995/instruction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+# InferredBugs Task - Java
+
+## Project Information
+
+**Project:** heimdall
+**Bug ID:** 3
+**Language:** java
+
+## Bug Information
+
+### File-Level Changes:
+
+**Before (Buggy File):**
+```java
+
+package br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.service;
+
+/*-
+ * =========================LICENSE_START==================================
+ * heimdall-core
+ * ========================================================================
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 Conductor Tecnologia SA
+ * ========================================================================
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ * ==========================LICENSE_END===================================
+ */
+
+import static br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.exception.ExceptionMessage.GLOBAL_RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND;
+import static br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.exception.ExceptionMessage.MIDDLEWARE_INVALID_FILE;
+import static br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.exception.ExceptionMessage.MIDDLEWARE_UNSUPPORTED_TYPE;
+import static br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.exception.ExceptionMessage.ONLY_ONE_MIDDLEWARE_PER_VERSION_AND_API;
+import static br.com.twsoftware.alfred.object.Objeto.isBlank;
+import static br.com.twsoftware.alfred.object.Objeto.notBlank;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+
+import org.apache.commons.io.FilenameUtils;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
+import org.springframework.data.domain.Example;
+import org.springframework.data.domain.ExampleMatcher;
+import org.springframework.data.domain.ExampleMatcher.StringMatcher;
+import org.springframework.data.domain.Page;
+import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
+import org.springframework.web.multipart.MultipartFile;
+
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.converter.GenericConverter;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.dto.MiddlewareDTO;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.dto.PageDTO;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.dto.PageableDTO;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.dto.page.MiddlewarePage;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.entity.Api;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.entity.Interceptor;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.entity.Middleware;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.enums.Status;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.enums.TypeInterceptor;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.environment.Property;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.exception.ExceptionMessage;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.exception.HeimdallException;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.repository.ApiRepository;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.repository.InterceptorRepository;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.repository.MiddlewareRepository;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.service.amqp.AMQPMiddlewareService;
+import br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.util.Pageable;
+import br.com.twsoftware.alfred.object.Objeto;
+import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides methods to create, read, update and delete the {@link Middleware} resource.
+ *
+ * @author Filipe Germano
+ *
+ */
+@Service
+@Slf4j
+public class MiddlewareService {
+
+     @Autowired
+     private MiddlewareRepository middlewareRepository;
+
+     @Autowired
+     private ApiRepository apiRepository;
+
+     @Autowired
+     private InterceptorRepository interceptorRepository;
+
+     @Autowired
+     private Property property;
+
+     @Value("${zuul.filter.root}")
+     private String root;
+
+     @Autowired
+     private AMQPMiddlewareService amqpMiddlewareService;
+
+     /**
+      * Finds a {@link Middleware} by its Id and {@link Api} Id.
+      *
+      * @param 	apiId 					The {@link Api} Id
+      * @param 	middlewareId 			The {@link Middleware} Id
+      * @return  						The {@link Middleware} associated with the {@link Api}
+      * @throws NotFoundException 		Resource not found
+      */
+     @Transactional(readOnly = true)
+     public Middleware find(Long apiId, Long middlewareId) {
+
+          Middleware middleware = middlewareRepository.findByApiIdAndId(apiId, middlewareId);
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(isBlank(middleware), GLOBAL_RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND);
+
+          return middleware;
+     }
+
+     /**
+      * Generates a paged list of the {@link Middleware} associated with a {@link Api}.
+      *
+      * @param 	apiId 					The ID of the {@link Api}
+      * @param 	middlewareDTO 			The {@link MiddlewareDTO}
+      * @param	pageableDTO 			The {@link PageableDTO}
+      * @return  						A paged {@link Middleware} list as a {@link MiddlewarePage} object
+      * @throws NotFoundException 		Resource not found
+      */
+     @Transactional(readOnly = true)
+     public MiddlewarePage list(Long apiId, MiddlewareDTO middlewareDTO, PageableDTO pageableDTO) {
+
+          Api api = apiRepository.findOne(apiId);
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(isBlank(api), GLOBAL_RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND);
+
+          Middleware middleware = GenericConverter.mapper(middlewareDTO, Middleware.class);
+          Api apiFind = new Api();
+          apiFind.setId(apiId);
+          middleware.setApi(apiFind);
+
+          Example<Middleware> example = Example.of(middleware, ExampleMatcher.matching().withIgnoreCase().withStringMatcher(StringMatcher.CONTAINING));
+
+          Pageable pageable = Pageable.setPageable(pageableDTO.getOffset(), pageableDTO.getLimit());
+          Page<Middleware> page = middlewareRepository.findAll(example, pageable);
+
+          MiddlewarePage middlewarePage = new MiddlewarePage(PageDTO.build(page));
+
+          return middlewarePage;
+     }
+
+     /**
+      * Generates a list of the {@link Middleware} associated with a {@link Api}.
+      *
+      * @param 	apiId 						The ID of the API
+      * @param 	middlewareDTO 				The middleware DTO
+      * @return 						 	The list of {@link Middleware}
+      * @throws NotFoundException 			Resource not found
+      */
+     @Transactional(readOnly = true)
+     public List<Middleware> list(Long apiId, MiddlewareDTO middlewareDTO) {
+
+          Api api = apiRepository.findOne(apiId);
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(isBlank(api), GLOBAL_RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND);
+
+          Middleware middleware = GenericConverter.mapper(middlewareDTO, Middleware.class);
+          Api apiFind = new Api();
+          apiFind.setId(apiId);
+          middleware.setApi(apiFind);
+
+          Example<Middleware> example = Example.of(middleware, ExampleMatcher.matching().withIgnoreCase().withStringMatcher(StringMatcher.CONTAINING));
+
+          List<Middleware> middlewares = middlewareRepository.findAll(example);
+
+          return middlewares;
+     }
+
+     /**
+      * Save a new {@link Middleware} for a {@link Api}.
+      *
+      * @param 	apiId 					The {@link Api} Id
+      * @param 	middlewareDTO 			The {@link MiddlewareDTO}
+      * @param 	file 					The packaged {@link Middleware} file
+      * @return 						The new {@link Middleware} created
+      * @throws NotFoundException 		Resource not found
+      * @throws BadRequestException		Only one middleware per version and api
+      * @throws BadRequestException		File type differs from .jar not supported
+      * @throws BadRequestException		Invalid middleware file
+      */
+     @Transactional
+     public Middleware save(Long apiId, MiddlewareDTO middlewareDTO, MultipartFile file) {
+
+    	  List<Middleware> middlewares = updateMiddlewaresStatus(middlewareRepository.findByApiId(apiId));
+
+    	  if (Objeto.notBlank(middlewares))
+    		  middlewareRepository.save(middlewares);
+
+          Api api = apiRepository.findOne(apiId);
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(isBlank(api), GLOBAL_RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND);
+
+          Middleware resData = middlewareRepository.findByApiIdAndVersion(apiId, middlewareDTO.getVersion());
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(notBlank(resData) && (resData.getApi().getId() == api.getId()), ONLY_ONE_MIDDLEWARE_PER_VERSION_AND_API);
+
+          String type = FilenameUtils.getExtension(file.getOriginalFilename());
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(!("jar".equalsIgnoreCase(type)), MIDDLEWARE_UNSUPPORTED_TYPE);
+
+          Middleware middleware = GenericConverter.mapper(middlewareDTO, Middleware.class);
+          middleware.setApi(api);
+          middleware.setPath(root + "/api/" + apiId + "/middleware");
+          middleware.setType(type);
+          try {
+
+               middleware.setFile(file.getBytes());
+          } catch (Exception e) {
+
+               log.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+               HeimdallException.checkThrow(isBlank(api), MIDDLEWARE_INVALID_FILE);
+          }
+
+          List<Interceptor> interceptors = interceptorRepository.findByTypeAndOperationResourceApiId(TypeInterceptor.MIDDLEWARE, middleware.getApi().getId());
+          middleware.setInterceptors(interceptors);
+          middleware = middlewareRepository.save(middleware);
+
+          amqpMiddlewareService.dispatchCreateMiddlewares(middleware.getId());
+
+          return middleware;
+     }
+
+     /**
+      * Updates a middleware by Middleware ID and API ID.
+      *
+      * @param 	apiId 					The ID of the API
+      * @param 	middlewareId 			The middleware ID
+      * @param	middlewareDTO 			The middleware DTO
+      * @return 						The middleware that was updated
+      * @throws NotFoundException		Resource not found
+      * @throws BadRequestException		Only one middleware per version and api
+      */
+     @Transactional
+     public Middleware update(Long apiId, Long middlewareId, MiddlewareDTO middlewareDTO) {
+
+          Middleware middleware = middlewareRepository.findByApiIdAndId(apiId, middlewareId);
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(isBlank(middleware), GLOBAL_RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND);
+
+          Middleware resData = middlewareRepository.findByApiIdAndVersion(apiId, middlewareDTO.getVersion());
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(notBlank(resData) && (resData.getApi().getId() == middleware.getApi().getId()) && (resData.getId() != middleware.getId()), ONLY_ONE_MIDDLEWARE_PER_VERSION_AND_API);
+
+          middleware = GenericConverter.mapper(middlewareDTO, middleware);
+
+          Boolean deleteDeprecated = property.getMiddlewares().getDeleteDeprecated();
+
+          if (middleware.getStatus().equals(Status.DEPRECATED))
+        	  if (Objeto.notBlank(deleteDeprecated) && deleteDeprecated)
+        		  middleware.setFile(null);
+
+          middleware = middlewareRepository.save(middleware);
+
+          amqpMiddlewareService.dispatchCreateMiddlewares(middlewareId);
+
+          return middleware;
+     }
+
+     /**
+      * Deletes a middleware by API ID and middleware ID
+      *
+      * @param 	apiId					The ID of the API
+      * @param 	middlewareId			The middleware ID
+      * @throws NotFoundException		Resource not found
+      * @throws BadRequestException		Middleware still contains interceptors associated
+      */
+     @Transactional
+     public void delete(Long apiId, Long middlewareId) {
+
+          Middleware middleware = middlewareRepository.findByApiIdAndId(apiId, middlewareId);
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow(isBlank(middleware), GLOBAL_RESOURCE_NOT_FOUND);
+          HeimdallException.checkThrow((Objeto.notBlank(middleware.getInterceptors()) && middleware.getInterceptors().size() > 0), ExceptionMessage.MIDDLEWARE_CONTAINS_INTERCEOPTORS);
+
+          amqpMiddlewareService.dispatchRemoveMiddlewares(middleware.getPath());
+          middlewareRepository.delete(middleware.getId());
+
+     }
+
+     /*
+      * Updates the status of current middleware repository based on the Property settings.
+      *
+      * ACTIVE -> changes status to INACTIVE
+      *
+      * INACTIVE -> deprecated if number exceeds property allowInactive,
+      * 			if deleteDeprecated is true, deletes the middleware file from database
+      *
+      * DEPRECATED -> do not change status
+      */
+	 private List<Middleware> updateMiddlewaresStatus(List<Middleware> list) {
+
+		if (Objeto.notBlank(list)) {
+			Map<Status, List<Middleware>> middlewareMap = list.stream()
+					.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Middleware::getStatus));
+
+			Integer allowInactive = property.getMiddlewares().getAllowInactive();
+			Boolean deleteDeprecated = property.getMiddlewares().getDeleteDeprecated();
+
+			if (Objeto.notBlank(allowInactive) && allowInactive != 0) {
+
+				List<Middleware> active = middlewareMap.get(Status.ACTIVE);
+				List<Middleware> inactive = middlewareMap.get(Status.INACTIVE);
+
+				active.forEach(m -> m.setStatus(Status.INACTIVE));
+				inactive.addAll(active);
+				inactive.sort((m1, m2) -> m2.getCreationDate().compareTo(m1.getCreationDate()));
+
+				inactive.stream().skip(allowInactive).forEach(m -> {
+					m.setStatus(Status.DEPRECATED);
+					if (Objeto.notBlank(deleteDeprecated) && deleteDeprecated)
+						m.setFile(null);
+				});
+
+			} else {
+				middlewareMap.get(Status.ACTIVE).forEach(m -> m.setStatus(Status.INACTIVE));
+			}
+
+			return list;
+		}
+
+		return null;
+
+	}
+
+}
+
+```
+
+### Bug Class:
+PROVER
+
+### Kind:
+ERROR
+
+### Bug Type:
+NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Qualifier:
+object returned by `build(page)` could be null and is dereferenced by call to `MiddlewarePage(...)` at line 137.
+
+### Severity:
+HIGH
+
+### Visibility:
+user
+
+### Procedure:
+MiddlewarePage MiddlewareService.list(Long,MiddlewareDTO,PageableDTO)
+
+### Procedure Id:
+br.com.conductor.heimdall.core.service.MiddlewareService.list(java.lang.Long,br.com.conductor.heimda.2aa0256b42ba507ea270290eca0d8494
+
+### File:
+heimdall-core/src/main/java/br/com/conductor/heimdall/core/service/MiddlewareService.java
+
+### Key:
+MiddlewareService.java|list|NULL_DEREFERENCE
+
+### Node Key:
+542279f0032e3bd5e5ff74cff086db2a
+
+### Hash:
+37c8a2d283f5b423683378d02c74daa0
+
+### Bug Type Hum:
+Null Dereference
+
+## Task
+
+Analyze the bug information provided above. Your task is to:
+
+1. **Understand the Bug**: Examine the buggy code and identify what the issue was
+2. **Analyze the Root Cause**: Determine why this bug occurred (logic error, edge case, etc.)
+3. **Evaluate the Fix**: Understand how the after code addresses the issue
+4. **Code Review**: Provide insights on code quality, potential improvements, and best practices
+
+### Analysis Questions:
+- What was the specific bug or issue in the original code?
+- What scenarios would trigger this bug?
+- How does the fix address the root cause?
+- Are there any potential edge cases the fix might miss?
+- What coding practices could have prevented this bug?
+- Are there alternative ways to implement the fix?
+
+Use the provided environment to explore, test, or reproduce the bug if needed.